THE ENTOMOLOGIST ^n ^(Unstrati'tr louriial OF / 2- GEiSTERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY EICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. EDWARD .. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. De. D. sharp, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. "By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made." VOLUME THE FORTY-FOURTH. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. 1911. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Adams, Feedk. C, F.E.S., ^74 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., 324 Adkin, Egbert, F.E.S., 67, 112. 186 Aldekson, Miss E. Maude, F.E.S., 126 Anderson, Joseph, 303, 364 Archer, G. D., 323, 326 Arkle, J., 69, 303 Baker, Herbert Wm., 325 Bauuann, R. T., 365, 366 Baynes, E. S. a., 2',)«), 406 Bayxes, Thomas, 34, 22;5 Bell, Sidney J., 159, 192,230, 376, 416 Bolton, Captain W. H. C, 323 BOWDITCH, C, 67 Boyd, A. W., F.E.S., 47, 406, 410 Briggs, Kev. Fred Julian, 114 Brockbank, Helena, 187 Bukr, Malcolm, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S., &c., 199 Burt, L. F., 322 Butler, W. E., F.E.S., 226, 325, 411, 412 Buxton, P. A. & D. A. J., 407, 408 Cameron, P., 56, 63, 286 Campion, F. W. & H., 237 Campion, Herbert, 275 Capper, Charles, 184 Carter, J. S., 154, 321, 326 Chadwick, Lloyd, 322, 325, 327 Champion, H. G., 405 Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., &c., 80 Chittenden, Fred. J., 225 Claxton, The Eev. \V., 184, 320 Clutten, W. G., 363 Clutterbuck, C. Glanville, F.E.S., 69, 155, 228 Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., 34, 100, 140, 176, 233, 327, 340 Cockayne, E. A., F.E.S., 253 Conquest, G. H., 157, 366 Coward, T. A., 406 Cuabtree, B. H., F.E.S., 319 Croft, E. O., M.D., F.E.S., 406 David, E. N., 226, 327 Day, Tlie Eev. A., 406 Delves, Wm., 326 Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 22, 104, 213, 269, 310 DoLTON, H. L., 301, 325, 405 DoNisTHORPE, Horace, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 389 Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S., 364, 365, 405, 409, 410 Ellis, H. Willoughdy, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 256 EssoN, L. G., 299 Everett, The Eev. E., 226, 363 Exeter, A. J., 410, 411 Earn, A. B., 363 Fitch, Edward A., F.E.S., 410 Fleet, H., 323, 326 Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge, E.N., F.E.S., 281, 346 Fountaine, Miss Margaret E., F.E.S., 14, 154, 404 Feohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 13, 35, 103, 155, 225, 226, 248, 322, 323, 377 G.AHAN, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 121, 165, 214, 245, 259, 312, 348, 392 Gandy, W., 322 Garrett, H., 321 Gerrard, v., 252 Gibbs, a. E., F.E.S., 135 GiRAULT, A. A., 178, 197 GooDCHiLD, Walter, 323 Gunton, J. C, 324 Hammond, L.F., 273 Harrison, J., 413 Harwood, W. H., 320, 321, 324, 326, 362, 363, 364,410 Hebbut, E. G., 325 HiGGiNs, L. G., 406 Hodge, Harold, 409, 410, 412 Holmes-Tarn, Captain H., 225 Hudson, C, 300 Huggins, H.. 323 Jackson, F. W. J., 408 Jones, A. H., F.E.S., 34, 112, 301 Jones, Laurence, 113 Joy, E. C, F.E.S., 365 Jupp, Bertram E., 252, 273, 274, 326 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., 142. 170 Kershaw, G. B., F.E.S., 324, 325, 367 KiDNER, A. E., 409 Laddiman, Eobt., 300 Leigh, Geo. F., F.E.S., 115 Leigh, S. H., F.E.S., 162 Lekay, H. G., 300 Littlewood, Frank, 75 Lowe, The Eev. F. E., M.A.,F.E.S.,367 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 48, 51, 96, 113, 157, 187, 192, 208, 225, 255, 257, 267, 279, 280, 299, 400 Lyle, G. T., 332, 365, 404 Lynn, Alfred Wm., 303 Mansbridge,Wm., F.E.S., 45, 7fi, 118, 191, 230, 375 IV INDEX. Mason, G. W., 409 Mathkw, Gervase F., F.Z.S., 67, 68, 3'27, 407 Meade-Waldo, Geoffrey, F.E.S., 326 Meldola, Professor R., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c., 146 Mellows, C, 275, 319, 321, 323, 365 Metcalfe, The Eev, John W., 300, 410, 411 Miyake, T., 90 MiLMAN, P. P., 252 Morgan, Ethel M., 300 Mokley, Claude, F.E.S., 34, 66, 108, 153, 161, 211, 224, 273, 299, 317 Morris, A. C, 40G Morton, Kenneth J., F.E.S., 81, 134 MouLTON, J. C, F.E.S., 183 Muirhead, J. W., 320, 321, 364 Newman, L. W., F.E.S., 99, 113, 321, 322, 324 NicHOLL, Mrs. M. D. B., 290 NicuoLL, The Rev. D. S. W., 325 Nicholson, C, 184 NoBBs, G., 85, 225, 407 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., F.E.S., 94, 184, 219 Nurse, The Rev. E. J., 300, 302 Oldaker, F. a., M.A., F.E.S., 37 Perkins, V. R., F.E.S., 185 Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 309 PoRRiTT, Geo. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., 227, 302 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 26, 59, 292 Raven, The Rev. G. E., 276 Reid, Percy C, 228, 365, 369 Reuss, T.. 4, 195 Richards, A., 367 Robertson, Geo. S., 300 Robertson, Major R. B., 319, 326 Robinson, Leslie H. Mosse, 40, 71 RoLLASON, W. A., F.K.S., 206 Rose, Arthur J., F.E.S., 324 Rothschild, The Hon. N. Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 49, 403 Rowland-Bkown, H., M.A., F.E.S.,4, 5, 40, 69, 76, 184, 194, 223, 227, 305, 318, 329, 334, 365, 385 Ryland, Ralph, 252 St. Aubyn, J., 274 Sharp, D., M.A., F.R.S., &c., 185 Siiarpe, E., 322 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 1, 357, 391, 399 Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., 318 Smith, B. Harold, 404, 406, 409, 410, 411, 412 Smith, Robt. S., 411 South, Richard, F.E.S., 1, 97, 119, 154, 160, 187, 192, 232, 252, 256, 276, 280, 300, 303, 304, 328, 376, 4C4, 405, 413 Speyer, E. R., F.E.S., 283 Spiller, a. J., 320, 323, 404 Stai.lman, F. H., 324, 364 Stenton, Rupert, F.E.S., 87 Stewart, A. M., 229, 243 Stiff, Alfred T., 155 Streeter, Ernest, 274 Strickland, E. H., 130, 179, 201, 249, 268 Studd, E. F., F.E.S., 319 Sweeting, H. R.. 45, 76, 118, 191, 230 Tarbat. The Rev. J. E., Ill, 112, 274, 407 Tatchell, Leonard, 325 Theobald, Fred W., M.A., F.E.S., &c., 16, 351, 397 Thompson, J., 412 Thurnall, a., 228, 319 Todd, R. Geoffrey, 34 Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 44, 117, 158, 191, 230, 255, 304, 374 Walker, J., 325 ■Warburg, J. C, 183, 302 Waters, R. R., 274 Webb, Sydney, 120, 208, 308 Wheeler, The Rev. George,, M.A., F.E.S., 10, 116, 190, 241, 254, 264, 278, 372, 382, 416 Wuitehouse, Dr. Beckwith, 366, 367, 407 WniTTAKER, Oscar, 375 Whittle, F. G., 224, 368, 408 WiGAN, John T., 34 Wileman, a. E., F.E.S., 29, 55, 60, 109, 148, 174, 204, 263, 271, 295, 314,343, 362, 400 Williams, Harold B., 320 Woodbridge, Francis C, F.E.S., 300 Worsley Wood, H., 363 INDEX. GENERAL. Aberration of Acronycta rumicis and A. alni, 97 ; of three Japanese Butter- flies, 55 Abnormal Emergence of Coremia desig- nata, 67 Abnormal Union of Butterilies, 403 A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Un- explored France, 305 (Charente), 334 (Basses-Pyrenees), 385 (Marshland of Gironde) Acherontia atropos in Berks, 405 ; in Bucks, 325 ; in Cornwall, 325, 405 ; in Hants, 407 ; in Norfolk, 405 ; in Sufl'olk, 325 Acronycta alni and Abraxas grossu- lariata ab. lacticolor in Warwick, 322 ^geria andrenteformis in Viburnum opulus, 252 Agrotis exclamationisin September, 321, 407, 408, 409 Amphidasys betularia ab. doubledayaria in Essex, 67, 155 An Algerian Holiday, 135, 170 An Autumn Morning in the Alleghany Mountains, 14 An interesting aberration of Eustroma reticulata (SchilT.), 59 A New Aphid-infesting Aphelinus which is not black, 178 A New Mosquito from Paraguay, 268 A New Species of Pimplinffi, 161 Apatura iris, etc., in Haslemere District, 273 A possible Hybrid of Agriades thetis, male, and Polyommatus icarus, fe- male, 4 Arctia caia in October, 411 A llevised List of the British Ants, 389 Argynnis lathonia in Guernsey, 300 ; in Kent, 324 A Second List of the Aphididae found in Kent, 351, 397 Athalia Group of the Genus Melittea, The, 10, 241, 264, 382 Autumnal Emergence of Polygonia c-album var. liutchinsoni, 112 Bees from the Himalaya Mountains, 176 Biological Inquiry into the Nature of Melanism in .Amphidasys betularia, Linn., 162 Black Aberration of Dasychira pudi- bunda, 319 Brachypterous Earwigs, 199 Breeding Trochilium apiformis, 228 Butterflies in a garden at Chichester, 364 ; in October, 364 By the Way, 223, 272, 297, 303, 316 Cap]3er Collection, The, 186 Captures at Light in Isle of Wight, 35 Caradrina exigua in Devonshire, 306 Carnivorous feeding of Platycleis brachy- ptera, 275 Cateremna terebrella in East Devon, 300 Catocala nupta, ab., 412 Cerura furcula in August, 322 Cheshire and Lancashire Odonata, 102 Chcerocampa nerii at Eastbourne, 66 Choerocampa (Eumorpha) elpenor in November, 411 Chrysopa flava (Neuroptera), 252 Chrysophanus dispar — A Memory, 226 Chrysophanus phla;as, 364 ; in the City, 364; ab. alba in Bucks, 320; var. eleus at Colchester, 320 ; var. schmidtii in Lanes, 320 ; in Wales, 300 ; varie- ties, 304, 412 Clytus arcuatus in North-east London, 252 Coccidae affecting Eubber Trees, 327 Colias edusa in Cheshire, 409 ; in Corn- wall, 409 ; in Essex, 409; in Sussex, 300 Colias hyale in Bucks, 299, 322; in Cheshire, 410; in Cornwall, 324, 409, 410; in Essex, 322, 323, 324, 410 ; in Isle of Wight, 299 ; in Kent, 322, 323, 324, 410 ; in Norfolk, 323 ; in Oxford, 300 ; in Scilly, 324 ; in Suffolk, 323 : in Sussex, 3(J0 ; in Wales, 299 ; near Norwich, 299 Collecting at Kendal (Westmorland), 71 Continental Neuroptera, etc., taken by Dr. Chapman in 1909 and 1910, 96 Conversazione of the Entomological Society of London, 222 Corcyra (Melasobla^ites) cephalonica at Colchester, 3()2 Corrections in names of three species of Phytophaga, 67 VI INDEX. Cyaniris argiolus, 274, 363 ; and L. arion, 307 Dates of Emergence of Certain Butter- flies in 1911, 301 Description of Ova and Young Larva of Chrysophanus amphidamus, 399 Descriptions of Three New Species of Odynerinaj from Japan, 286 Dipterous Parasite bred from Imago of Nyssia lapponaria, 253 Dragouliies bred in 1911, 412 Dragonflies of the New Forest, 267 Duration of the Larval Stage in some of tlie SesiidtE, 94 Early Appearance of Erebia epiphron var. cassiope and Parasemia planta- ginis in Westmorland, 319 Early Date for Ccenonympha typhon, 319 Emergence of a Bornean Cicada, 182 Ephyra pendularia var. subroseata in Lincolnshire, 409 Eristalis cestraceus, L., in Nortii Ame- rica (Diptera), 252 Errata, 115, 187, 369 Euripus fulguralis, 263, 362 Food of Vanessa antiopa larvm, 154 Formalin a Kemedy for Mould on Cabinet Specimens, 391 Four New Pterophoridaj, 281, 346 Further Notes on the British Cicada, Cicadetta montana (Hemiptera), 332 Geographical Distribution of Macaria liturata var. nigrofulvata, 302, 322, 363 George Henry Verrall (Obit.), 329 Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, 227 Gynandrous Lyctena icarus (alexis), 273 Hadena pisi in September, 321 Hatching of the Eggs of Argynnis laodice, 103 Heliothis armigera in Glamorganshire, 327 ; in Isle of Wight, 410 Hemerobius stigma (Neuroptera), 113 Heterusia taiwana, 362 Hippotion (Charocampa) celerio at Bir- kenhead, 252 Humble-bees of Formosa, The, 100 Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta in captivity, 99, 183, 224, 301, 319 Hydrilla palustris, etc., at Wicken, 111 Hygrochroa (Pericallia) syringaria in September, 322 Ichneumonida; taken in Cornwall, 1910, 206 Insects taken by Dr. T. A. Chapman in Switzerland, 1911, 356 Italian Forms of Zygsena transalpina, Esp., 154 Lampides bocticus in Guernsey, 367 Laphygma cxigua in Cornwall, 409 Larva of Arctia caia full-grown in September, 321 ; of Vanessa antiopa, 226 Late Autumn and Winter Emergence of Ematurga atomaria, 113 Lepidoptera at Light, 274 ; at Sallows at Windermere, 187 ; in the Hasle- mere District, 252 ; in the Isle of Wight, 225 ; in West Suffolk, 219 ; of Lincolnshire, The, 405 ; of Scotland in August, 368 ; of the Brecksand District, 275 ; of the Portsmouth Dis- trict, 275 ; of the Swedish Provinces of Jemtland and Lapland, 357 ; of Torquay, 404 Leucania unipuncta, Haw., exti-anea, Guen., in Devon, 366 Life-history of Anosia plexippus, 377 Limenitis sibylla in September, 363, 364 ; in Surrey, 299 Lophopteryx carmelita in North Lan- cashire, 225 Lycsena icarus, ab., 320 Macaria liturata, ab. nigrofulvata at Oxshott, 363 ; in Warwickshire, 322 Macaria liturata in North Lancashire, 34 Macroglossa stellatarum in Cornwall, 410 Mamestra brassicje in September, 409 Mamestra persicarise in Scotland, 225 Mamestra trifolii in September, 409 Melanic Ematurga atomaria at Burnley, 363 ; at Oxshott, 363 Natural History Museum for Natura- Hsts, The, 193 Nemoura dubitans, Morton, a Species of Plecoptera new to the British Fauna, 134 New African Geometridte, 292 New Genus of Australian Bees, A., 140 New Lepidoptera-Heterocera from For- mosa, 29, 60, 109, 148, 174, 204, 271, 295, 314 New Species of Boarmiinse from For- mosa, 343 New Species of Geometridte from For- mosa, 271, 295, 314, 400 New Species of Hemitheinas (Geome- trinffi, auctt.), 26 New Species of Syntomidse from British Guiana and South Brazil, 142 Nonagria sparganii in Sussex, 300 Non-hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta, 248 Notes on Durham Lepidoptera, 412 Note on Larva; of Agrotis ripse, 319 Note on Larva) of Merodon equestris, 225, 274 Note on the Roosting Habits of Heli- conius charitonia, 403 Note on Trochilium apiforme, 154 Notes by the Way, 32, 65, 108, 152 Notes from Has'lemcre for 1910, 35 Notes on Agrion armatus, Charp., 302 Notes on Amphidasys betularia, Te- phrosia biundularia, and Trichiura cratsegi, 301 INDEX. Vll Notes on a Butterfly Hunt in France in 1910,5 Notes on British Odonata in 1910, 257 Notes on British Orthoptera in 1910, 208 Notes on Chilosia grossa, Cordyceps, and Smerinthus tilias, 113 Notes on Lepidoptera in various Loca- lities, 368 Notes on Odonata observed in Great Britain during the Summer of 1909 and 1910, 283 Notes on the Dragonfly Season of 1910, 237 Notes on the Life-history of Antitropa erinnys, 114 Notes on the Life-history of Chrysopa flava, Scopoli, 126 Notes on the Life-history of Pararge hiera, Fabr., with Description of the Full-grown Larva, 1 Notes on the Varieties of Peronea cris- tana, 289, 308 Notodonta dromedarius in late July, 322 Number of Larval Stages of Lycrena acis, 13 Obituary : — Albert Harrison, 304, 328 George Henry Verrall, 328, 329 Gerald George Hodgson, 120 John William Tutt, 77 Samuel Scudder, 376 W. A. Rollason, 192 Odonata, Lancashire and Cheshire, 102 Odynerus callosus, 185 On Some Recent Attempts to Classify the Coleoptera in Accordance with their Phylogeny, 121, 165, 214, 245, 259, 312, 348, 392 On Twniopteryx putata, Newman (Plec- optera), with Notes on other Species of the Genus, 81 On the Economy of the Ichneumonid, Monoblastes palustris, Illgr., 87 On Two Undescribed Genera and Three New Species of Ichneumonidie from Borneo, 63 On Undescribed Evaniidfe taken at Ku- ching, Borneo, by Mr. John Hewitt, B.A.,56 Optical Instruments, 157 Ovipositing of Sesia apiformis, 862 Papilio machaon at Colchester, 320 ; in Essex, 365; in Herts, 365; in Middle- sex, 365 Pararge megsera, 364 Perizoma (Kmmelesia) tasniata in North De\on, 410 Phasgoaura viridissima (Orthoptera), Phryxus (Deilephila) livornica in Corn- wall, 274, 411; in Devon, 411; in Surrey, 365 ; in Sussex. 274 ; in the New Forest, 365 Phtheochroa (Argyrolepia) schreibersi- ana, Fnll., in Gloucestershire, 69 Pieris rapa? and P. napi triple-brooded in 1911, 321 Plusia moneta, 184 ; at Reading, 225 ; in Balham, 322 ; in Herts, 226 ; in Wales, 226 Plusia ni in Cornwall, 411 Polia xanthomista in Cornwall, 410 Preliminary List of the Aphididte found in Kent, 16 Public Exhibition of Butterflies, 303 Pyrameis atalanta, ab., 362, 412 Pyrameis atalanta and Vanessa io in 1910, 184 Query respecting Sesia sphegiformis, 228 Rare Coleoptera at Hiudhead, Surrey, 367 Recent Literature : — Annals of Scottish Natural History, 48 Monographia de los Nemopt^ridos, by R. P. Longinos Navas, 48 Dermaptera of the Seychelles, by Dr. Malcolm Burr, 48 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 48, 192 Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 48 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phal- ajnce in the British Museum, vol. x., by Sir George Hampson, 118 Annual Report of the New Jersey State Museum, 119 A Book of Nimble Beasts, by D. En- glish, 119 The Rhopalocera of Java ; Hesperida?, by M. C. Piepers, and P. C. T. Snellen, 159 Diptera Danica, Part iii., by W. Lundbeck, 160 On Some New Species of Leaf-hopper on Sugar-cane, by F. Muir, 192 Fossil Insects and a Crustacean from Florissant, Colorado, by T. D. A. Cockerell, 232 The Thorax of the Hymenoptera, by R. Evans Snodgrass, 232 A Handbook of the Tsetse-flies, by Ernest E. Austen, 256 Our Insect Friends and Foes, by F. Martin Duncan, 278 Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1910-11, 280 St. Albans and its Neighbourhood ; an Account of the Topography, Geology, Fauna, Flora, etc., 304 Regular Temperature Variation in Vanessa urticaj, 195, 318 Remarkable Aberration of Terias elathea, 153 Retarded Development on Emergence of Chesias rufata (obliquaria), 274 Rhopalocera of Cyprus, 404 vin INDEX. Ehynchota Indica (Heteroptcra), '22, 104, 'JIS, 269, 310 Scarcity of Pyrameis atalanta in 1910, 225 ; of Wasps in the Cheshire Dis- trict, 69 Second Brood of Boavmia repandata, 412 ; of Cerura furcula, 302 ; of Eurois prasina 3GG ; of L. sibyHa, 327 Second International Congress of Entomology, 403 Senta maritima, 184 Sirex gigas, 35 Six days at Glen Tilt, Perthshire, 155 Smerinthus ocellatus in the North Sea, 34 Societies : — Birmingham Natural History, 255 City of London Entomological, 158, 192, 230, 375, 416 Entomological Society of London, 37, 75, 115, 187, 253, 276, 369, 413. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 44, 76, 117, 191, 231, 374 Manchester Kntomological, 45 South London Entomological, 40, 116, 157, 190, 230, 254, 303, 372 Some Asiatic Bees of the Genus Anthophora, 233 Some Bees from Formosa, 1, 340 Some Ichneumonidous Synonyms, 211 Some New Culicidte from Western Australia, South Queensland, and Tasmania, 130, 179, 201, 249 Some Notes on Melanism, 243 Some Species of Crambi, with descrip- tions of two New Ones, 49 Species new to the Gloucestershire List, 155 Sphinx convolvuli in Bedfordshire, 406 ; in Bucks, 325 ; in Cornwall, 325 ; in Devon, 325, 406 ; in Dorset, 325 ; in Essex, 325, 365, 407; in Glamorgan- shire, 327 ; in Hants, 326, 406, 407 ; in Isle of Man, 406 ; in Isle of Wight, 326, 405 ; in Kent, 300, 324, 326, 407 ; in Manchester, 405 ; in Scilly, 324 ; in Suffolk, 326 ; in Surrey, 326, 406, 407 ; in Sussex, 326 ; in Warwick, 326; in Worcestershire, 406 Sphinx convolvuli reared from Ova to Pupa, 407 Spilosoma lubricipeda in September, 411 Sterrha sacraria in Cornwall, 410 ; in Scotland, 2:)9 Stridulation in the Pupa of an Ichncumonid, 404 Surrey Orthoptera, 51, 186, 225 Synonymic List of the Panorpida^ of Japan, A, and Description of a New Species, 90 Syntomis rubicunda, 34 Teratological Specimen of Noctua c- nigrum, 363 The Entomological Club, 187, 276, 413 The Macro-Lepidoptera of the World, 402 The Nature of Melanism, 318 The Scents of Butterflies, 303 The Tapping of Anobium tessellatum, 185 The Tutt Collection. 185 Third Brood of Notodonta ziczac, 365 ; of Papilio machaon, 321 Time of Appearance of Stilbia anomala, 411 Tortrix pronubana, 320 ; in Essex, 366 Triphffina pronubana in January, 113 Trochilium apiforme, 183; crabroni- formis, 229 Two New Species of Trichogrammatidfe from the United States and West Australia, 197 Unrecorded Occurrences of Euvanessa antiopa, 68 ; of Vanessa antiopa, 35, 112 Unusual dates of Occurrence and Emer- gence of Lepidoptera in 1911, 405 Unusual Emergence of Noctua plecta, 112 Unusual Pairing of Moths, 34 Vanessa antiopa in England, 184 ; at l^erkhamstead, 324 ; in Essex, 324 ; in Isle of Wight, 324 Vanessa io Double-brooded in 1911, 321 Varietal Names, 227 Varieties : — Abraxas grossulariata, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 416 Acronycta alni, 97 ; rumicis, 97 Agabus bipustulatus (Col.), 116 Agriades newmani (Hybrid), 5, 38 ; thetis, 43 Agrotis cursoria, 118 ; exclamationis, 42 Anarta cordigera, 303 Anosia plexippus (Terat.), 116 Anthous hiemorrhoidalis (Col.), 116 Anthrocera trifolii, 40 Arctia caia, 191, 373 Argynnis paphia, 159 Badister bipustulatus (Col.), 39 Boarmia repandata, 158 Brenthis euphrosyne, 42 Bryophila glandifera, 47 ; perla, 40 Cailophrys rubi, 40 Catocala nupta, 375 Cidaria populata, 244 ; truncata, 76 Cocnobia rufa, 159 ; coenonympha pamphilus, 416 Colias edusa, 415 Cosmotriche potatoria, 42 Ephyra sp. ?, 43 Epione advenaria, 43 Ematurga atomaria, 43, 46 Ennomos alniaria, 230; angularia, 158 Epinephele tithonus, 191 Eubolia bipunctaria, 43 INDEX. IX Euchelia jacobiere, 4'5, 76 Enchloe cardamines, 43 Fidouia atomaria (Gynand.), 43 Gnophos obscnrata, 159 Grammesia trilinearia, 43 Hesperia linea, 1-59 Hydriomene impluviata, 412 ; ruber- ata, 412 Lithosia deplana, 374, 414 Luperina gueneei, 115, 158 LycaBiia astrarche, 45 ; corydon, 375 ; orion, 44 Malacosoma castrensis, 116; neustria, 116 Melanargia galatea, 376, 413 Meliana flammea, 40 Melitffia artemis, 44 ; athalia, 44 ; aurinia, 158 ; varia, 40 Noctua augur, 192 ; dahlii, 76 Nemeophila plantaginis, 43, 76 Nemoria viridata, 45 Nola albulalis, 191 Panolis piniperda, 116 Phlogophora meticulosa, 116 Pieris napi (Gynand.), 43, 159, 374 Polygonia c-album, 43, 116, 158 Polyommatus icarus, 43 ; phleeas, 876, 376 Prosena sybaiita (Dipt.), 43 Pseudopterpna pruinata, 43 Smerinthus populi, 192, 231 Spilosoma menthastri, 40 Taniiocampa gothica, 44 Thera vanata, 244 Trichiura cratasgi, 159 Triphajna fimbria, 43 Vanessa atalanta, 43 ; urtica;, 195 Zanclognatha grisealis, 1 Zygffina filipendula, 159 Varieties of Chrysophanus phlteas and Dianthoecia conspersa, 320 Viviparity in Lepidoptera, 309 Wanted, Living Larvffi of Vanessa poly- chloros, 155 What has become of the British Saty- ridtB?, 146 Xanthia ocellaris near Downham Mar- ket, 411 XylophasiazonikoferiinBritain,1910,34 Zanclognatha grisealis ab., 1 Zygtena fiUpendulaj ab. flava in Surrey, 274 INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER. -The Special Index, given with the 'Entomologist' early in 1912, belongs to this Volume, and must be placed next to this General Index. PLATES. I. — Some Species of Crambi . . . . II. — The Genus Taniopteryx \ III. — Fore wings of Taniopteryx ) IV.-^C/irysojjayfa?;«, Scopoli V. — y^h&re FAipheno Q.\es, .... VI.— From the Walls of Tlem^en . VII. — Ayrion armatum . . . . ■ VIII. — Portrait of the late George Henry Verrall PAGE to face 49 81 121 137 161 257 329 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Zanclognatha grisealis, ab. . Agriades hybrid I'aprobanus gravelyi, sp. n. (Heterop.) . Eustroma reticulata, ab Monohlastus palustris, IWgx. (Hymen.) . Aulops galloisi s.'^.n. {^&\xxo^.) Acronycta rumicis, ab MetacantUus hilianiatus, Dist. Wing Venation in Coleoptera Portion of Wing of Grabhamia anstralis, sp. n. Sexual Organs in Coleoptera Vanessa urticce var. amploldes var. falcoides Culicada vandema, Portion of Wing of . ,, ,, Thorax of Forficula aurieularia var. forcipata Melitma berisalensis (neuration) Female palp of Andersonia tastnaniensis, denuded of scales Thorax of Andersonia tasmaniensis, n. sp. Euripus fulg^iralis, Wileman (not Matsumiira) 1 4 25 59 89 93 98 105 124, 125 133 168 195 203 204 209 241 250 251 263 SPECIAL INDEX. New Genera, Species, Sub-Species, and Varieties are marked ivith an asterisk. Order IV. MALLOPHAGA. cygni (Ornithobius), 48 goniopleurus (Ornithobius) 48 Order VII. ORTHOPTEKA. aculeatus (Nesogaster), 199 albipennis (Apterygida), 52 albopunctata [; = grisea] (Metriopteryx)-, 53 americana (Periplaueta), 53, 210 annulipes (Anisolabis), 52 arachidis (Labia), 52 auricularia (Forticula), 52, 199, 200, 208 auricularia var. forcipata (Forficula), 52, 208 australasiae (Periplaneta), 53 bicolor (Stauroderus), 54, 210 bicolor (Stenobothrus), 373 bipunctata (Arechura), 356 bipunctatus (Tetrix), 55, 211, 225 brachyptera (Metrioptera), 54, 187, 225 brachyptera (Platycleis), 275, 373 campestris (Gryllus), 53, 187 crurifolium (Pulchriphyllium), 47 decipiens (Forticula), 200 Demogorgon, 199 domesticus (Gryllus), 53, 187 dorsalis (Conocephalus), 53, 187, 210 elegans (Chorthii)phus), 54, 225 gerraanica (Blattella), 53 grandis (Marava), 199 griseo-aptera [=cinereus] (Pholido- ptera), 54, 210, 225 grossus (Mecostethus), 54, 211 Gryllotalpa, 298 gryllotalpa (Gryllotalpa), 53, 187 indicum (Allostethus), 199 Labiduridaj, 280 lapponicus (Ectobius), 53, 209 Entom. Vol. xliv. 1911. lesnei (Forficula), 52, 187, 209, 280 lineatus (Stenobothrus), 54 lurida (Forficula), 200 maculatus (Gomphocerus), 54, 210, 225, 275 minor (Labia), 52, 187, 225 miranda (Forficula), 199 moesta (Euborellia), 254 morosus (Dixippus), 373 nivea (Panchloi-a), 232 orientalis (Blatta), 53 panzeri (Ectobius), 52, 187, 209 parallelus (Chorthipphusi, 54, 211 parvulum (Echinosoma), 199 perspicillaris [=lividus] (Ectobius), 53 punctatissima (Leptophyes), 53, 187, 225 riparia (Labidura), 199, 208 roeselii (Metrioptera), 53 roeselii (Platycleis), 275 rutipes (Omocestus), 54 rufus (Gomphocerus). 54 silana [ = targionii] (Forficula), 199,200 subulatus (Tetrix), 55 surinamensis (Pycnoscelus), 53 sylvestris (Ncmobius), 52, 210 tetragona (Labia), 199 thalassina [=varium] (Meconema) 53, 187 unidentata (Labia), 199 verrucivora (Tettigonia), 53 viridissima (Phasgonura), 54, 113, 187, 210 viridylas (Omdcestiis); 54, 210, 211 ^ b 0. ■ F^B21 im Xll INDEX. Order VIII. PLECOPTERA. alpina (Dictyopteryx), 96, 356 braueri (Tjeniopteryx), 85, 86, 87 dubitans (Nemoura), 134 inermis (Leucti-a), 96 intricata (Dictyopteryx), 96 kempnyi (TaBiiiopteryx), 86, 87 marfjinata (Nemoura), 96 moiiilicornis (Tseniopteryx), 86 raontq.na (Isopteryx), 356 mortoni (Nemoura)' 97 nebulosa (Tffiniopteryx), 83, 84, 87 neglecta (Ta3niopteryx), 96, 356 Nephelopteryx, S3 obtusa (Nemoura), 356 putata (Nemoura), 81, 82 putata (TiBniopteryx),83, 84, 85, 86, 87 risi (Taeniopteryx) 81, 83, 84, 86, 87 rivulorum (Chloroperla), 356 seticornis (Tii^niopteryx), 86, 96 sinuata (Nemoura), 96 Taeniopteryx, 83 trifasciata (Tteniopteryx), 81,88, 85, 86, 87 tristis (Taeniopteryx), 85 Order XII. EPHEMEROPTEEA. Baetis sp., 356 helveticus (Ecdyurus), 96,356 Order XIII. ODONATA. [ = Paraneuropteea.] aenea (Cordulia), 238, 258, 268 alpestris (Somatochlora), 356 annulatus (Cordulegaster), 268, 284 armatum (Agrion), 257, 267, 302 cserulescens (Orthetrum), 267 cancellatuni (Orthetrum), 267 curtisii (Oxygastra), 267 cyanea (.Eschna), 102, 239, 258, 268, 285, 286, 412 cyathigerum (Enallagma), 102, 240, 258, 268, 285, 286 depressa (Libellula), 238, 258, 267, 284, 286, 332 dryas (Lestes), 239, 267, 285 dubia (Leucorrhinia), 102 elegans (Ischnura), 102, 239, 257, 258, 268, 285, 286, 412 elegans var. infuscans (Ischnura), 240 elegans var. rufescens (Ischnura), 240 flaveolum (Sympetrum), 102, 267 fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 267, 415 fulva (Libellula), 238, 257, 267 grandis (.Eschna), 102, 239, 268, 285, 412 hafniense [ = pratense] (Brachytron), 239 hastulatum (Agrion), 267, 356 imperator (Anax), 258, 268, 286 juncea (.Eschna), 258, 268, 356 mercuriale (Agrion), 268 metallica (Somatochlora), 238, 267, 284, 286 mixta (iEschna), 239, 258, 268, 285 naias (Erythrorama), 239, 257,258,267, 285, 286, 412 nyraphula (Pyrrhosoma), 97, 102, 239, 257, 258, 268, 285, 286, 412 nymphula var. fulvipes (Pyrrhosoma), 239 nymphula var. melanotum (Pyrrho- soma), 268 pennipes (Platycnemis), 239, 258, 268, 285 pratense (Brachytron), 97, 257, 268, 412 paella (Agrion), 102, 240, 257, 258, 268, 285, 286, 302, 412 pulchellum (Agrion), 102, 240, 257, 267, 285 pumilio (Ischnura), 268 pumilio var. aurantiacum (Ischnura), 268 quadrimaculata (Libellula), 238, 257, 258, 267, 284 quadrimaculata var. prfenubila (Libel- lula), 258 sanguineum (Sympetrum), 238, 258, 284 scoticum (Sympetrum), 102, 238, 258, 267 splendens (Calopteryx), 102, 239, 258, 268, 285, 286 sponsa (Lestes), 102, 239, 258, 268, 285 striolatum (Sympetrum), 238, 258, 267, 284 tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 258, 268, 285 tenellum var. erythrogastrum (Pyrrho- soma), 268 tenellum var. melanogastrum (Pyrrho- soma), 258, 268 Virgo (Calopteryx), 102, 268, 286 virgo var. anceps (Calopteryx), 102 vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 239, 268 vulgatum (Sympetrum), 267 INDEX. XIU Order XV. HEMIPTERA. abietana (Aphis), 355 abietis (Chermes), "21 absintliii (>[acrosipliuin), 35iJ aceris (Caitophorus), 19 ieneus (Eysarcoris), 372 albipennis (Plagiognathus), 373 *ali (Aiiisops), 107 alliana3 (Macrosiphum), 353 antennatus (Teratocoi'is), 374 avtemisiii) (Macrosiphum), 353 atricapilla (Serenthia), 269 atriplicis (Aphis), 18, 397, 398 avellanffi (Siphonophora), 16 avonffi (Aphis), 398 bellosus (Cryptus), 213 berberidis (Khopalosiphum), 354 bicolor (Pseudobryocoris), 311 biharaatus (Metacanthus), 105 brassica3 (Aphis), IB bursarius (Pemphigus), 21 calthffi (Rhopalosiphura), 354 campanuIiB (Macrosiphum), 353 capreffi (Siphocoryne), 18 capsellffi (Aphis), 355 Capyella, 214 cardamomi (Hubertiella), 260 cardamomum (Elettaria), 269 cardui (Aphis), 19 *carinata (Serenthia), 269 carnosa (Eudeis), 21 carnosa (Siphonophora), 17 carolffi (Aphis), 18 CastilloflB (Cardiococcus), 327 castilloffi (Inglisia), 327 centaureiE (Macrosiphum), 353 cerasi (Myzus), 18 chicrophyllii (Aphis), 398 chamomillie (Aphis), 398 chelidonii (Siphonophora), 17 chenopodii (Aspis), 355 "chilawensis (Acanthaspis), 106 chrysanthemi (Aphis), 398 cichonii (Macrosiphum), 353 circumflexa (Siphonophora), 17 convolvuli (Macrosiplium), 353 coryU (Callipterus), 20 craccaB (Aphis), 397 ' crassiceps (Zethieus), 311 cratiegi (Aphis), 18, 397 cratiegiella (Aphis), 397 cucurbiti (Aphis), 19 diantlii (Pihopalosiplmm), 18 diroda (Siphonopliora), 17 *eliyanus (Hegesideinus), 270 epilobii (Aphis), 355 eragrosUdis (Tycliea), 21 *Ernestinus, 311 evonymi (Aphis), 355 fab;.' (Aphis), 19 fagi (Psyllaphis), 20 fasciata (Mytilaspis), 327 fitchii (Aphis), 18 *tletcheri (^liomorpha), 22 fodiens (Scliizoneura), 20 formicaria (Forda), 21 fracticollis (Plociomerus), 273 fragarias (Siphonophora), 17 ftagariella (Siphonophora), 17 fuHginosa (Schizoneura), 20 galeopsidis (Phorodon), 354 gei (Macrosiphum), 352 genista) (Aphis), 355 gibba (Serenthia), 270 glyceriaa (Siphonoi^hora), 354 'gracilis (Capys), 213 granaria (Siphonophora), 17 gravelyi (Taprobanus), 25 grossularise (Aphis), 18 hedera; (Aphis), 18 *Hegesidemu3, 270 hieracii (Macrosiphum), 353 horni (Capys), 25 humuli (Phorodon), 17 hybridus (Pirates), 370 ilicis (Aphis), 397 *illuminata (Halyomorpha), 22 imperatoria (Pomponia), 183 jaceffi (Macrosiphum), 352 jacobteaB (Aphis), 398 juglandicola (PterocalHs), 20 juglandis (Ptychodes), 20 laburni (Aphis), 356 lactuarius (Pemphigus), 21 lactucfe (Aphis), 397 lactucffi (tthopalosiphum), 18 lactuc£B (Siphonophora), 17 lanigera (Schizoneura), 20 lantanaa (Aphis), 354 lappffi (Aphis), 397 laricis (Cliermes), 21 lathyri (Macrosiphum), 353 ligustri (Rhopalosiphum), 18 *limbatipennia (Henicocephalus), 106 lineatus (Nabis), 374 loti (Aphis), 398 lychnidis (Aphis), 354 lythri (Aphis), 355 macrinus (Scylax), 23 mahaleb (Aphis), 355 majusculus (Henicocephalus), 106 malacaipus (Capys), 25, 213 mali (Aphis), 18 malvie (Aphis), 397 millefohi (Siphonophora), 17 •mimicus (Ernestinus), 311 montana (Cicadetta), 332, 372 montandoni (Elasmucha), 104 *myosotidis (Aphis), 254 *nigrescens (Prionaca), 24 *notabiiis (Lethrof^us), 310 nymphrene (Rhopalosiphum), 18 XIV INDEX. ochropus (Aphis), 397 olivata (Macrosiphura), 353 opima (Aphis), 397 oxycantha' (Aphis), 398 papaveris (Aphis), 19 pelargonii (Siphonophora), 17 pellucida (Endeis), 21 Persicffi (Myzus), 18 picefe (Laehnus), 20 picridis (Aphis), 355 pilosa (Pterocomma), 19 pini (Chermes), 21 pinicohis (Laehnus), 20 pisi (Megoura), 353 pisi (Siphonophora), 17, 352 porrectus (Scylax), 23 pruni (Aphis), 19 *Pseudobryocoris, 311 punctatus (Maeropes), 106 pyraria (Aphis), 19 jDyri (Aphis), 19 quadripunctatus (Amulius), 107 quercus (Phylloxera), 21 quinquespinosa (Acanthaspis), 106 rhei (Aphis i, 355 ribicola (Macrosiphum), 353 ribis (Myzus), 18 rosffi (Siphonophora), 16 rosarum (Siphonophora), 17 rubi (Siphonophora), 17 rubrovittatus (Lepidosapthes), 327 ruticeps (Hebrus), 273 *rufipes (Maeropes), 105 18 rumicis (Aphis), 19, 253 salicis (Melanoxanthus), salicti (Aphis), 350 sambucaria (Aphis), 19 sanguinea (Huechys), 182 seabiosse (Macrosiphum), 352 setaria (Tychea), 21 setulosa (Tyehea), 21 signatorius (Aritanis), 213 solani (Aphis), 397 sonchii (Siphonophora), 17 sorbi (Aphis), 19 spirothecas (Pemphigus), 21 stietogala (Linotettix), 40 stellaria; (Macrosiphum), 352 strobilobium (Chermes), 21 symphyti (Aphis), 399 *Taprobanus, 24, 105 *tauriformis (Elasmucha), 104 *taurus (Compastes), 23 Teleonemia, 270 tiliffi (Pterocallis), 20 traKopogonis (Aphis) trivialis (Tychea), 21 troglodytes (Trama) tussilaginis (Macrosiphum), 353 ulmariae (Macrosiphum), 352 ulmi (Tetraneura), 21 umbellatarum (Aphis), 354 vicise (Megoura), 353 viminalis (Laehnus), 20 *viscus (Amulius), 107 xylostei (Khopalosiphum), 354 397 20 Older XVI. NEUEOPTEKA. alpina (Panorpa), 96, 356 annexa (Panorpa), 94 apicalis (Panorpodes), 90, 91 aspersa (Chrysopa), 96 bicornuta (Aulops), 92 bicornuta (Panorpa), 91 bouvieri (Panorpa), 91 brachypennis (Panorpa), 90, 92 chuzenjiensis (Panorpa), 91, 92 communis (Panorpa), 91, 93 cornigera (Aulops), 91 cornigera (Panorpa), 91, 93, 94 decorata (Panorpodes), 92 drouarti (Aulops), 92 dyscola (Aulops), 92 flava (Chrysopa), 126, 129, 189, 252 flavipes (Itaphidia), 9o germanica (Panorpa), 94, 96 galloisi (Aulops), 93 "■galloisi (Panorpa), 91, 93, 94 gokfflnsis (Panorpa), 91, 94 hageni (Panorpa), 91 irregularis (Aulops), 92 japonica (Aulops), 91 japonica (Panorpa), 93 klugi (Aulops), 91 Ifevipes (Bittacus), 92 leucoptera (Aulops), 91 lewisi (Aulops), 92 lewisi (Panorpa), 91 limbata (Panorpa), 90 limbata (Panorpodes), 92 lutaria (Sialis), 97, 356 macrogaster (Aulops), 91 magnicauda (Panorpa), 91, 22 Mantispidfe, 279 meridionalis (Panorpa), 96 multifasciaria (Aulops), 92 nffivia (Panorpa), 90, 91 nffivia (Panorpodes), 92 nikkcensis (Aulops), 92 niphonensis (Aulops), 92 nipponensis (Aulops), 90, 92 nipponicus (liittacus). 92 notata (Panorpodes), 92 notata (Eaphidia), 97 obscura (Aulops), 92 ochracea (Aulops), 92 ochraceopennis (Aulops), 92 Osmylus, 273 paganus (Mieromus), 96 Panorpidae, 279 INDEX. XV paradoxa (Panoi'podes), 92 parthenopffius (Dilar), "279 perla (Chrysopa), 90 pryeri (Aulops), 91 pulchra (Aulops), 92 rectifasciata (Aulops), 92 ritsemas (Leptopanorpa), 92 sieboldi (Leptopanorpa), 92 sinanoensis (Aulops), 92 sinense (Bittacusj, 91, 92 singularis (Panorpodes), 90, 92 stigma (Hemerobius), 113 striata (Aulops), 92 subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 96 takenouchii (Aulops), 92 tortricoides (Megalomus), 96 trizonata (Aulops), 92 vittata (Chrysopa), 126 vulgaris (Chrysopa), 97 vulgaris (Panorpa), 856 wormaldi (Aulops), 92 Order XVII. TRICHOPTEEA. alpestris (Stenophylax), 356 alpinus (Drusus), 97, 98 azurea (Mystacides), 356 bicolor (Trifeaodes), 239 biguttatus (Potamorites), 97 bis chrysotus (Drusus), 97, 356 conspersa (Plectrocnemia), 97 discolor (Drusus), 97, 356 tlavicornis (Limnophilus), 356 melanchsctes (Drusus), 97 ^/••i montanus (Philopotamus), 96 muelleri (Drusus), 97 nebulicola (Cryptothrix), 97 niger (Lithax), 97, 356 nigrescens (Drusus), 97 obsoleta (Phryganea), 356 pedemontanum (Sericostoma), 97 pellucidula (Hydropsyche), 96 persimilis (Rhyacophila), 96 rhorabicus (Limnophilus), 356 tristis (Rhyacophila), 96 vulgaris (Rhyacophila), dl bis zerberus (Acrophylax), 97 Order XVIII. LEPIDOPTERA. abdelkader (Satyrus), 172 abietaria (Boarraia), 41, 45, 164 abietella (Dioryctria), 319 abyla (Adelpha), 191 acaciiB (Thecla), 8 acis (Lycffiua), 13 actiEOu (Adopaea), 173 actaeon (Thymelicus). 7, 307, 335 actinote (Dimorphia), -iS *aculeata (Lobogonia), 61 adfEquata (Emmelesia), 156 adippe (Argynnis), 103 admetus (Polyommatus), 7, 8 adonides (Heliconius), 115 adrasta (Pararge), 340 advena (Aplecta), 255, 276, 375 advenaria (Epione), 43, 70 advenella (Rhodophaea), 221 adyte (Krebia), 255 £Eg,a (Morpho), 41 tegon (Plebeius), 41, 116, 389 ffigon (Rusticus), 41, 306, 307 *aEnea (Polyploca), 150 ffiscularia (Anisopteryx), 187 tetherie (Melitaja), 170, 173 sethiops (Erebia), 71, 155 agathina (Agrotis), 44, 74 agathon (Aporia), 40 aglaia (Argynnis), 55, 71, 307, 373 aglaope (Heliconius), 115 Agraptochlora, 28 ajax (Papilio), 15 alba (Chrysophanus), 320 albicillata (Melanthia), 46, 47 albiclausa (Plerocymia), 294 albicoUis (Acontia), 119 albicollis (Tarache), 119 albicolon (Melanchra), 270 *albicorpus (Mystrocneme), 143 albicostana (Peronea), 309 albifusa (Thalassodes), 27 *albipuncta (Thyatira), 30 *albipunctella (Sochchora), 347 *albofasciata (Deilemera), 31 albostriana (Peronea), 290 albovenosa (Arsilonche), 46, 111 albovittana (Peronea), 289 albulalis (Nola), 191 albulata (Emmelesia), 375 albulata (Emmelesia), 36 alcasjc (Carcharodus), 173, 389 alchemillata (Perizoma), 46 alciope (Acrcea), 415 alciphron (Chrysophanus), 8, 307 alcippina (Acraa), 40 alcippus (Limnas), 40 alexanor (Papilio), 0, 8 alexis (Lyc.'ena), 273 algffi (Bryophila), 186 algira (Zygajna), 174 algirica (Hipparchia), 414 algirica (Melitroa), 170, 173 allouD (Lycaena), 45 alni (Acronycta), 46, 97, 274, 322 XVI INDEX. alniaria (Ennoinos), 43, 73, 230 altheffi (Carcliarodus), 338 alticola (Hepialus), 340 alveus (Hesperia), 173 ambusta (Lobogonia), 61 amphidaiuas (Chrysophanus), 359, 399 *amphitiomera (lictropis), 294 *amplaria (Alcis), 345 amploides (Vanessa), 195 amyntas (Eveies), 307, 335 anacrepn (Heliconius), 44 anaxibia (Moi'pho), 41 anceps (Mamestra), 70 Anchocelis, 186 andiei (Philosamia), 47 andreniformis (J]geria), 44 andrenwformis (Sesia), 228, 230, 252, 278 andromedsB (Hesperia), 337, 340 andromediv (Syrichthus), 338 angularia (Ennomos), 158, 369 Anisogamia, 26 anomala (Sorocaba), 278 anomala (Stilbia), 368, 369, 411 anthea (Acerbas), 160 anthedon (Euralia), 371 antinorii (Deilemera), 372, 415 antiopa (Euvanessa), 42, 68, 112 antiopa (Vanessa), 15, 35, 112, 154, 158, 183, 184, 226, 324 antiqua (Orgyia), 369 aphirape (Brenthis), 350 apiciaria (Epione), 44, 46, 72, 375 apiformis (Trochilium), 94, 154, 183, 228, 229, 362 apollo (Parnassius), 6, 9, 303, 309 apta (Argadea), 158 aquata (Horisme), 294 arcania (Coenonympba), 135, 308 ai'canioides (CoBnonympba), 135, 137, 173 ardates (Nacaduba), 277 arenaria (Onychia), 293 areola (Xylocampa), 35 arete (Aphantopus), 255 argentana (Aphelia), 156 argeutea (I'olyommatus), 375 argentula (Bankia), 44, 46, 119 "argia insolita (Zizera), 55 argiades (Everes), 137, 307, 335, 336, 387 *argillacearia (Alcis), 315 argiolus (Celastrina), 40, 230, 373, 387 argiolus (Cyaniris), 35, 274, 301, 363, 367 argiolus (Lycffina), 375 argus (Plebeius), 41, 116, 389 argus (Kusticus), 6, 306, 307, 334, 335, 340 arion (Lyca;na), :!06, 307, 337, 367 *arizana (Acidalia), 400 *arizana (Alcis), 271 *arizana (Cidaria), 61 *arizana (Deroca), 149 *arizana (Mithuna), 109 armigera (Heliothis), 327, 410 artemis (Melitfea), 44 arundineta (Nonagria), 220 arundinis (Macrogaster), 111, 255 arundinis (Phragniatceeia), 46 ascauia (Papilio), 41 ashworthii (Agrotis), 46, 374 asiliformis (Sesia), 94 aspersana (Peronea), 221 assoeiata (Cidaria), 36 asteria (Melita?a), 242, 264, 382 asteris (CucuUia), 72 astrarche (Lycjena), 45 astrarche (Polyommatus), 170, 173 astyanax (Limenitis), 15 astyoche (Dismorphia), 41 atalanta (Pyrameis), '.)9, 173, 183, 184, 225, 248, 301, 308, 319, 322, 324, 337, 340, 362, 364, 412 atalanta (Vanessa), 15, 40, 43, 99 aterrima (Hydriomene), 413 athalia (Mefitaja), 10. 11, 44, 242, 255, 264, 306, 308, 382, 403 atomaria (Ematurga), 43, 46, 113, 363 atropos (Acherontia), 325, 405, 407 atropos (Manduca), 303 "attilia (Zephyrus), 55 aurago (Xanthia)', 220 aurantiaca (Papilio), 42 aurantiaria (Hybernia), 74 aurelia (Melitfea), 12, 242, 264, 383 augur (Graphiphora), 191 augur (Noctua), 192 auricoma (Acronycta), 186 aurinia (Melitfea), 44, 45, IIG, 117, 158, 383 aurivillii (Acraea), 415 auroraria (Hyria), 255 ausonia (Authocharis), 137, 171, 173 australis (Aporopbyla), 104 autumnaria (Ennomos), 374, 375 autumnata (Oporabia), 412 aversata (Acidalia), 41 avis (Callophrys), 303, 370 badiata (Anticlea), 187 baia (Noctua), 35, 230 barrettii (Dianthcecia), 40, 42, 255 baxteri (Luperina), 44, 158 belemia (Anthocharis), 139, 140, 173 belia (Anthocharis), 137, 173 *bella (Leucotmemis), 144 bellargus (Agriades), 38, 41, 277, 306 bellicula (I.ithacodia), 119 bembeciformis (Trochilium), 188, 190, 192, 228, 255 bentleyana (Peronea), 291 berberata (Anticlea), 220 berisalensis (Melitrea), 10, 12, 241, 264, 384 betulie (Ruralis), 116 betularia (Amphidasys), 46, 67, 73, 155, 163, 164, 301 betularia (Pachys), 375 INDEX. XVll bicolorana (Hylophila), 220 bicouima (Dysethia), 60 bideutata (Odontopera), 3G, 46, 74, 164 bifida (Cei-m-a), 220 bilineata (Camptogramma), 191, 276 *bilineata (liObogouia), 61 biluaaiia (Selenia), 72, 189, 232, 375 bin«;vella (Horaoeosoiiia), 221 binaria (Drepana), 36 bipiagiata (P.), 62 bipunctaria (Eubolia), 43 bipiinctata (iSenta), 159 *bisigua (Pheia), 146 bistortata (Tephrosia), 35 bistrigella (Cryptoblaptes), 410 biundularia (Tephrosia), 45, 46, 301 blandiata (Emmelesia), 156 blomeri (Asthena), 46, 231 boeticus (Lampides), 334, 336, 367, 387 boreata (Cheimatobia), 255 *bracoaida (Rhyncopyga), 143 bractea (Plusia), 368, 374 bi-assicffi (Mamestra), 407, 408, 409 brassicse (Pieris), 170, 172, 173, 324, 364 *brevifasciata (Alcis), 271 brevilinea (Nonagria), 34 britannicus (Papilio), 42 britomartis (Melita'a), 13, 242, 264, 383 brizct (Anthrocera), 339 brochella (Argyresthia), 156 bruiiiata (Cheimatobia), 74, 75 brunnea (Noctua), 35, 44 *brunnea (Oreta), 149 brunnea (Peronea), 309 "brunnea (Trilocha), 175 brunnearia (Selenia), 232, 375 bryonisB (Pieris), 328 bucephala (Phalera), 37, 46, 71. 369 c-album (Polygonia), 41, 43, 112, 116, 158, 195 caeruleocephala (Diloba), 70, 303 Cieruleopuncta (Chrysoplianus), 364 CiTJsiata (Larentia), 71, 156, 369 califraria (Tarache), 119 caia (Arctia), 41, 70, 190, 191, 321, 373, 411 calida (Polyommatus), 170, 171, 173 cambrica (Venusia), 47, 373 camelina (Lophopteryx), 36, 46 camelina (Notodonta), 72, 73, 225 Camilla (Limenitis), 7, 41, 335, 365 eaniola (Lithosia), 41 capsincola (Dianthoecia), 45, 276, 304 captiuncula (Phothedes), 71 carbonaria (Fidonia), 43 cardamiues (Euchloe), 35, 43, 414 cardui (Pyrameis), 136, 139, 172, 173, 219, 224, 230, 248, 302, 308, 340, 364, 368, 387 cardui (Vanessa), 324, 416 carmclita (Lophopteryx), 225 carola (Acronycta), 99 I carpophaga (Dianthoecia), 36, 47, 159, 276 j carthami (Hesperia), 7, 307 cassinea (Asteroscopus), 35 cassinea (Petasia). 70, 275 cassioides (Erebia), 337, 340 cassiope (lu-ebia), 319, 337, 340 castaneiu (JMacrogaster), 111, 118 castanese (Phragmatcecia), 46 *castanea (Thosea), 204 castigata (Eupithecia), 244 castrensis (Malacosoma), 116, 192 cecropia (Samia), 373 celerio (Chaarocampa), 252 celerio (Hippotion), 262 cenea (Papilio), 371 centaureata (Eupithecia), 408 centaurese (Hesperia), 359 centumnotata (Cidaria), 76 cephalariffi (Saturnia), 47 cephalonica (Corcyra), 362 cephalonica (Melissoblaptes), 362 cerasicolella (Lithocolletis), 228 certata (Eucosmia), 47 cervinata (Plerocyma), 294 cespitana (Sericoris), 368 cespitis (Luperina), 70, 190 I ceto (Erebia), 188, 255 1 chalybeata (Chlorodontopera), 297 chantana (Peronea), 290 chaonia (Drymonia), 47, 225, 274 Charaxes, 370 charitonia (Heliconius), 403 chenopodii (Hadena), 408 chi (Polia), 73, 369 chlorana (Earias), 46 christyi (Oporabia), 412 chryseis (Chrysophanus), 388 chrysippus (Limnas), 40, 372 chrysitis (Plusia), 275, 276, 408 chrysorrhoea (Porthesia), 112 cilialis (Nascia), 255 cineracea (B.), 344 cinerella (Brachycrossata), 156 cingulata (Herse), 158 'cinnamomia (Phragmatcecia), 151 cinxia (Melitaa), 10, 242, 383, 387 circe (Satyrus), 307, 308 circellaris (Xanthia), 74 citrago (Xanthia), 220 clarkii (Tripha}na), 230 claudia (Euptoieta), 15 clavaria (Plerocyma), 294 clavipeunis (Pterygopterus), 142 cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 7. 38, 135, 136, 173, 307, 414 clerkella (Lyonetia), 40 cnicana (Argyrolepia), 227 cnicana (Phalonia), 227 c-nigrum (Noctua), 363 codrus (Papilio), 373 ccelestis (Agriades), 277, 306, 307 cognatellus (Ypononieuta), 41 XVlll INDEX. Colias, 415 colquhounana (Sciaphila), 230 « combinata (Senta). 159, 184 conibusta (Xylopliasia), 36, 46 combusiaiia (Peionea), 291 comma (Grapta), 14 comma (Leucania), 70, 276 comma (Pamphila), 38 comes (Triphaena), 35, 230, 408 complana (Lithosia), 44 conformis (Xyliiia), 191 confu'sa (Anthrocera), 43 confusalis (Nola), 46, 47, 375 confusella (Tinea), 42 conjugella (Argyresthia), 156 connexa (Apamea), 186 consignata (Eupithecia), 46 consimilana (Peronea), 289 consimilis (Euripus), 277 consoitaria (Boarmia), 36 conspersa (Dianthoecia), 159, 320 conspersaua (Sciaphila), 368 conspicuata (Lobogonia), 61 contaminellus (Crambus), 49, 60, 51 contigua (Hadena), 374 contigua (Mamestra), 46 conversaria (Boarmia), 158, 375 convolvuli (Agrius), 374 convolvuli (Sphinx), 300, 324, 325, 326, 327, 365, 406, 407, 416 cordigera (Anarta), 303 cordula (Satyrus), 7 coretas (Everes), 7 Corgatha, 119 coridon (Agriades), 38, 41, 42, 277 corydon (Agriades), 4, 38, 307 corydon (Lycana), 147, 375 corydon (Polyommatus), 340 Cornelia (Argyresthia), 155 corticea (Agrotis), 321, 409 corylata (Cidaria), 36, 46, 73 coryli (Demas), 3fj, 369 *corusca (Narosa), 205 Cosmosoma, 278 costtestrigalis (Hypena), 256 costaestrigalis (Hypnodes), 368 *costata (Xanthorhoe), 62 crabroniforme (Trochilium), 94, 229 craccjE (Toxocampa), 231 crassa (Ectropis), 295 cratsegana (Tortrix), 368 cratsegi (Aporia), 307 cratsegi (Trichiura), 159, 255, 301 crenata (Gluphisia), 186 crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 375 cribralis (Herminia), 44, 255 crinanensis (Hydroecia), 44, 76 cristalana (Peronea), 290, 309 cristana (Peronea), 308, 309 cubicularis (Caradrina), 69, 408 cucubali (Dianthoecia), 45, 70 Cucullia, 372. 373 culiciformis (.l^jgeria), 44 culiciformis (Sesia), 94, 158, 188, 190, 192, 219 culminellus (Crambus), 49 'cuneilinearia (Hemerophila), 272 cursoria (Agrotis), 118, 368 curtisana (Peronea), 309 curtisii (Tripha-na), 230, 368 curvella (Argyresthia), 155 'curviiinea (Norraca), 174 cyanosticta (Vanessa), 159 cybele (Argynnis), 15 Cyclotorna, 369 Cymoihoe, 43 cynthia (Melitfea), 241, 383 Cynthia (Philosamia), 47 cytheris (Morpho), 41 dahlii (Noctiia), 71, 70, 368, 369 damon (Polyommatus), 8, 9 damone (Euchloe), 414 daphne (Argynnis), 7, 403 daplidice (lontia), 389 dardanus (Papilio), 371 davus (Ccenonympha), 319, 374 debiliata (Ohloroclystis), 47 decorata (Perizoma), 29 'decrepitata (Alois), 344 defoliaria (Hybernia), 74, 191, 255 deione (Melita;a), 10, 12, 242, 264, 382 delamerensis (Tephrosia), 301 delosaria (Ectropis), 295 delunaria (Selenia), 116 demantria (Cosmosoma), 158 'dentata (Hyposiccia), 110 deplana (Lithosia), 374, 414 depuncta (Noctua), 308 desfontainana (Peronea), 289, 309 designata (Coremia), 67, 156 dia (Brenthis), 307, 334, 337, 340 diaphanus (Hymenitis), 191 dictaea (Notodonta), 255 dictffia (Pheosia), 225 dictffioides (Notodonta), 71, 72, 73, 369 dictifioides (Pheosia), 36, 46, 220 dictynna (Melitma), 242, 264, 382 dictynnoides (Melitiea), 242, 264, 382 didyma (Melitaea), 10, 307, 308, 383 didymata (Larentia), 41, 156 diffusizona (Aoidalia), 293 dilutata (Oporabia), 74 dinia (Nacaduba), 277 'dimota (Agathia), 26 diroe (Gynoecia), 191 dispar (Chrysophanus), 226, 386, 388 disippus (L.), 15 dissimilis (Mamestra), 46 dissoluta (Nonagria), 220 distans (Oxyptilus), 221 distincta (Bryophila), 185 ditrapezium (Noctua), 35, 220 *divisaria (Alois), 344 dodonea (Drymonia), 225, 252 dodoneata (Eupithecia), 220 dolobraria (Eurymene), 274 dominula (Callimorpha), 190, 230, 373 INDEX. XIX dorilis (Chrysophanus), 8 dorilis (Loweia), 387, 389 dorus (Coenonympha), 43 doubledayaria (Amphidasys), 67, 155, 1G3, 301 dromedarius (Notodonta), 36, 72, 73, 255, 322, 369 dromus (Erebia), 337 duarseri (Euploea), 277 dubia (Euralia), 371 dubia (Orgyia), 39 duplana (lihyacionia), 414, 415 duplaris (Cymatophora), 255, 369 'duplicata (Ectropis), 344 *duplicilinea (Chrysocraspeda), 401 edusa (Colias), 38, 138, 139, 140, 172, 173, 219, 300, 307, 310, 323, 324, 334, 340, 387, 389, 409, 410, 415, 416 egeria (Pararge), 42, 135, 138, 147, 170, 173, 187, 219, 307, 308, 336 egerides (Pararge) , 135 elathea (Terias), 153 electra (Hemileuca), 47 eleus (Chrysophanus), 364 ehnguaria (Crocallis), 72 elpenor (Chierocampa), 411 elpenor (Eumorpha), 411 embla (Erebia), 359 encedon (Acrsa), 40 encedon (Acraja), 415 eurydiscaria (Alcis), 297 epiphron (Erebia), 319, 337, 340, 374 erato (Heliconius), 115 ericetata (Emmelesia), 156 erinnys (Antitropa), 114 erosaria (Ennomos), 70 'erytlirodactylus (Oxyptilus), 281 escheri (Polyommatus), 7, 43 Eublemma, 119 •eumixis (Thalassodes), 27 euphemus (Lycsena), 307 eupheno (Euchloii), 137, 171, 173 euphenoides (Euchloe), 137 euphrosyne (Argynnis), 219, 405 euphrosyne (Brenthis), 42, 307, 337, 340, 359 Euploea, 372 Eustrotia, 119 evelina (Stalachtis), 372 Evetria, 414 evias (Erebia), 7, 340 exanthemata (Cabera), 47, 276 exclamationis (Agrotis), 42, 276, 321, 407, 408, 409, 410 exigua (Caradrina), 366 exigua (Laphygma), 409 exililinea (Anisozyga), 26 exoleta (Calocampa), 74, 187 extensaria (Eupithecia), 375 extersaria (Tephrosia), 70 extranea (Leucania), 306 extrema (Tapinostola), 40, 42, 186 fagella (Chimabacche), 318 fagi (Stauropus), 36, 220, 252 falcataria (Urepana), 36, 73, 375 falcoides (Vanessa), 195 fasciana (Erastria), 119 fasciana (Lithacodia), 119 fasciata (Gnophos), 159 feisthamelii (Papilio), 373 ferulffi (Depressaria), 41 festaliella (Chrysocoris), 227 festaliella (Schreckensteinia), 227 festiva (Noctua), 35, 44, 70, 276, 368 festucas (Plusia), 255 feyeri (Heliconius), 115 fiara (Plcetzia), 114 ficus (Pachylus), 158 fidia (Satyrus), 8 filigrammaria (Oporabia), 44, 46, 47, 74, 412 filipendulffi (Anthrocera), 373 filipendula (Zygsena), 147, 159, 274 fimbria (Triphsena), 35, 43, 158, 255 *fininigra (Loxophlebia), 145 flammea (Meliana), 40, 46, 111, 255 flammeana (Peronea), 289 flava (Adopsea), 116 flava (Zygiena), 274 flavago (Gortyna), 37 flavescens (Bryophila), 185 flavicincta (Polia), 410 flavicinctata (Larentia), 369 flavicornis (Polyplocha), 35, 187 *flavicornis (Pterygopterus), 142 *flavipicta (Hirasa), 343 flavofasciata (Perizoma), 276 flavo-rufa (Xylophasia), 186 flavostriana (Peronea), 291 fluctuosa (Cymatophora), 36, 45 fluctuosa (Palimpsestis), 252 fontis (Bomoloeha), 47 forficellus (Schoanobius), 221 formosana (Heterusia), 362 •formosana (Susica), 151 fortuna (Argynnis), 56 fortunata (Epinephele), 138, 139, 171, 173 fowleri (Lycffina), 376 fractifascia (Deilemera), 31 fraxinata (Eupithecia), 412 freija (Brenthis), 359 frigga (Brenthis), 359 fritillum (Hesperia), 335 friihstorferi (Parnassius), 38 *fucataria (Alcis), 315 fulgens (Narosa), 205 fulguralis (Euripus), 26^, 362 fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 73 fulva (Tapinostola), 36, 74 fulvago (Xanthia), 72 fulvapicata (Abraxas), 416 fulvimitrella (Tinea), 42 •fulvipicta (Alcis), 296 *fulvipicta (Heliura), 146 fulvocristana (Peronea), 289 fulvostriana (Peronea), 289 c XX INDEX. fulvovittana (Peronea), 290 fumosa (Agrotis), 190 funebris (Euripus), 263 furcula (Cerura), 47 furcula (Dicranura), 71, 220, 302, 322, 369 *furva (Natada), 205 fusca (Coenobia), 159 fusca (Luperina), 115, 158 fusca (Lygranoa), 61 *fusca (Phragmatoecia), 151 fuscana (Coenobia), 43 fuscalis (Botys), 227 fuscalis (Pyrausta), 227 *fu9cifimbria (Gelasma), 28 *fuscifusa (Acidalia), 291 fuscula (Erastria), 70 gsedavtella (Argyresthia), 156 galactodactyla (Aciptilia), 221 galatea (Melanargia), 42, 308, 340, 376, 413 galbanella (Gelechia), 156 galiata (Melanippe), 71 gallica (Anthrocera), 7 gamma (Plusia), 74, 275, 276 gemina (Apamea), 70, 255 geminana (Grapholitha), 232 gemmaria (Alcis), 345 gemmaria (Boarmia), 41, 44, 116 gemmella (Stenolochia), 221 geniculeus (Crambus), 49 genistae (Hadena), 36, 70 geryon (Ino), 46 gigantellus (SchcEnobius), 221 glabraria (Cleora), 231, 368 glandifera (Bryophila), 47 glareosa (iNoctua), 73, 369 glauce (Anthocharis), 139, 140, 172, 173 glaucus (Papilio), 230 gleichenella (Elachista), 228 gordius (Chrysophanus), 8, 307 gothica (Ta^niocampa), 44, 46 graminis (CharEcas), 73 'grandis (Trichura), 144 grisealis (Zanclognatha), 1 griseata (Lithostege), 111, 276 griseola (Lithosia), 70 *griseoviridata (Boai'mia), 295 gi-ossulariata (Abraxas), 38, 40. 43, 44, 47, 158, 230, 304, 322, 373, 374, 375, 416 gueneei (Luperina), :43, 44, 115, 158, 231 *gutta (Argynnis), 55 haggertii (Ta3niocampa), 159 hamula (Drepana), 70, 255 harpagula (Drepana), 186 hastiana (Peronea), 290 haversoni (Saturnia), 47 haworthii (Cehena), 74 hecla (Colias), 361 hectus (Hepialus), 70 helice (Colias), 38, 140, 172, 173, 415, 416 helicina (Colias), 415 hellmanni (Tapinostola), 40, 44, 255 helveola (Lithosia), 368, 374 helvetina (Agrotis), 191 hepatica (Xylophasia), 70, 304 hera (Callimorpha), 304 herbida (Aplecta), 255, 366, 374 hercules (Morpho), 41 hermione (Satyrus), 307, 308 hethlandica (Hepialus), 280 heydena (Anisodes), 30 hexai^terata (Lobophora), 70 hiera (Pararge), 1, 7, 340 hilaris (Zygrena), 174 hippocoon (Papilio), 371 hippocrates (Papilio), 43 hippocrepidis (Anthrocera), 306, 374 hippolhoe (Chrysophanus), 8, 386, 388 *hirta (Chamaita), 110 hirtaria (Biston), 42, 231, 255, 304 hirtaria (Lycia), 46 hispidaria (Apocheima), 191 hispidaria (Nyssia), 191 hispulla (Epinephele), 138, 374 homerus (Papilio), 191 Horisme, 294 hospita (Arctia), 374 hospita (Parasemia), 319 humuli (Hepialus), 280 hungaricus (Crambus), 49 huntera (Vanessa), 15 hutchinsoni (Polygonia), 112, 116, 158 hyale (Colias), 7, 299, 300, 307, 322, "323, 373, 389, 410, 415, 416 hybridana (Sciaphila), 221 liylas (Polyommatus), 7, 340 hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 71, 116, 230, 255, 308 hyperanthus (Epinephele), 147, 230, 254 hypericella (Depressaria), 221 Hypochrysops, 278 ianira (Epinephele), 147, 158, 324 ianthina (Triphasna), 35 icarus (Lycffina), 76, 320, 324 icarus (Polyommatus), 4, 38, 42, 43, 171, 172, 173, 306, 307, 340, 387 icasia (Ecpantheria), 158 ichnusa (Vanessa), 195 iduna (Mehtrea), 241, 383 ilia (Heliconius), 115 ilicis (Strymon), 306, 307, 335, 340 ilicis (Thecla), 7 illunaria (Selenia), 375 imbutata (Carsia), 369 imitaria (Acidalia), 70, 408 immauata (Cidaria), 230 impluviata (Hydriomene), 46, 413 impudens (Leucania), 255 impura (Leucania), 34, 186 incarnatana (Spilonota), 368 incerta (Ta3niocampa), 44, 187 •inconspicuata (Loxophlebia), 145 •indigenata (Craspedia), 400 INDEX. XXI indistincta (Ectropis), 344 innotata (Eupithecia), 412 inornata (Miresa), 206 inornatana (Phoxopteryx), 368 inquinatellus (Crauibus), 49 insulana (Peronea), 308 'interalbata (Thalassodes), 27 interjecta (Triphaena), 70 intermedia (Pavarge), 135 intermedia (Xylophasia), 186 intermediana (Peronea), 291 intermediella (Fumea;, 221 iuterrogationis (Grapta), 14 *interrupta (Cidaria), 62 io (Vanessa), 40, 41, 159, 184, 196, 303, 308, 321, 364 iota (Plusia) 275, 276 iris fApatura), 41, 45, 273, 368, 392 irregularis (Dianthiccia), 111 irriguata (Eupithecia), 220 jacobffiffi (Euchelia), 43, 76 japonica (Caligula), 47 javanica (Acerbas), 160 jermyni (Parhestina), 40 *jonesi (Pseudosphex), 142 jurtina (Epinepiiele), 138, 173, 308, 335, 374 jutta (CEneis), 359 kadeni (DysdaBmonia), 278 kahri (Oreopsyche), 41 kuehniella (Ephestia), 155 labruscfe (Ptiolus), 158 lacertinaria (Drepana), 37, 73 lartes (Morpho), 41 1-album (Leucania), 42, 158 *lamprammodes (Onychia), 294 lanestris (Eriogaster), 78 laodice (Argynnis), 103 lapidata (Phibalapteryx), 43 lappona (Erebia), 41, 337, 339, 360 lapponaria (Nyssia), 47, 253 Larentia, 294 lariciata (Eupithecia), 74, 220 lathonia (Argynnis), 300, 324 lathonia (Issoria), 41, 340 laticolor (Abraxas), 322, 416 lefebvrei (Erebia), 337, 340 lemnalis (Cataclysta), 255 *lentiginosaria (Anisodes), 401 leporiua (Acronycta), 36, 72 leucographa (Pachnobia), 45, 187 leueographa (Taniocampa), 47 Libythea, 373 lichenana (Peronea), 309 lichenaria (Cleora), 368 lichenea (Epunda), 255 ligea (Erebia), 9 liguata (Plwbalapteryx), 369 ligniperda (Cossus), 40, 45, 220 ligula (Cerastis), 74 ligustri (Craniopbora), 220 ligustri (Sphinx), 114, 219, 368 "limbata (Asura),110, 111 limitata (Eubolia), 72 limniaee (Danais), 42 linea (Hesperia), 159 lineola (Adopfea), 301, 307 lineola (Hesperia), 118 lineola (Thymelicus), 340 literana (Leptogramma), 221 Lithacodia, 119 lithargyria (Leucania), 186 lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 276 liturata (Macaria), 34, 74, 302, 322 li vomica (Deilephila), 274, 365 livornica (Phryxus), 274, 365, 411 logEea (Rhyacionia), 414 lorquinii (Cupido), 173 lota (Orthosia), 74 lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 190, 245, 275, 411 lucasi (Melanargia), 139, 173 lucernea (Agrotis), 374 lucida (Acontia), 119 lucida (Tarache), 119 lucina (Nemeobius), 40 lugens (Melanargia), 413 lunaria (Selenia), 116 'lunatimargo (Antharmostes), 28 Luperina, 190 lupulina (Hepialus), 340, 408 luridata (Tephrosia), 45 lurideola (Lithosia), 36, 70 luteago (Dianthcecia), 40, 42 lutealis (Pionea), 41 lutealis (Scopula), 41 lutosa (Calamia), 116 lutulenta (Epunda), 255, 369 Lycfenopsis, 40 lyllus (Cicnonympha), 172, 173 lysimnia (Mechanitis), 41 niachaon (Papilio), 42, 230, 320, 321 macilenta (Orthosia), 74 mactata (Cidaria), 62 mfera (I'ararge), 340 maia (Hemileuca), 47 malvjE (Hesperia), 335, 373 malvoides (Hesperia), 335 manni (Pieris), 307 marcata (Pseudohazis), 47 margaritalis (Pionea), 221 marginaria (Hybernia), 187, 191, 221, 277 marginata (Chrysocraspeda), 401 marginepunctata (Acidalia), 373 maritima (Senta), 159, 184 marmorea (Perciana), 175 *mediorubra (Saurita), 144 medon (Polyommatus), 389 meeki (Ogyris), 278 megacephala (Acronycta). 26 megffira (Pararge), 72, 138. 147, 170, 173, 187. 364, 374, 389 megaspilaria gibbosa (Rhomborista), 27 melampus (Euebia), 255 melancholica (Cidaria), 62 •melanifera (Saurita), 144 meleager (Polyommatus), 8 XXll INDEX. Melitfea, 382 melpomene (Helieonius), 115 menelaus (Morpho), 41 menthastri (Spilosonia), 40, 191 merlana (Peronea), 309 merope (Melit;ta), 241, 264, 383 mesoides (Vanessa), 190 mesomela (Cybosia), 375 Mesosemia, 372 mesozonata (Hyposiccia), 110 meticulosa (Phlogophora), 74, 116 miata (Cidaria), 74 micacea (HydruBcia), 220 mimosfii (Argema), 47 miniata (Calligenia), 70 minimus(Cupido), 7, 45, 306, 307, 337,340 minima (LycEena), 147 minorata (Emmelesia), 156 minuata (Horisme), 294 misippus (Hypolimnas), 415 mnemosyne (Parnassius), 7, 38 monacharia (Pbigalia), 46 moneta (Plusia), 46, 118, 184, 225, 226, H22, 408 montivaga (Hesperia), 15 morpheus (Caradrina), 276 morpheus (Heteropterus), 336 mulciber (Euplcea), 277 munda (Tffiniocampa), 45, 47, 187 munitata (Cidaria), 369 munitata (Coremia), 156 murana (Myelobius), 116 murana (Scoparia), 156 murinata (Minoa), 375 murinipennella (Coleophora), 227 murrayi (Luperina), 115, 158, 231 niusculosa (Oria), 43 musculosa (Synia), 43 myelins (Crambus), 156 mylitta (Antberea), 231 myrica) (Acronycta), 186 nffivana (Grapholitha), 232 napi (Pieris), 43, 136, 158, 173, 321, 324, 328, 373, 374 nebulella (Homii>osoma), 221 J nebulosa (Aplecta), 35, 44, 254, 277, 328, 374, 375 nelamus (Erebia), 337, 340 nerii (Chserocampa), 66 neustria (Malacosoraa), 112, 116 nevadensis (Hemilenca), 47 newmoegeni (Hemilenca), 47 ni (Plnsia), 411 niavins (Amauris), 372 nicippe (Terias), 14 nictitans (Hydroecia), 44, 72 nigerrima (Hydriomene), 413 nigra (Agrotis), 190 nigra (Boarmia), 44, 46 nigra (Epunda), 255, 410 nigrescens (Papilio), 373 nigrescens (Triphsna), 230 nigricans (Agrotis), 190, 368 *nigrisigna (Narosa), 204 nigroca?rulea (Abraxas), 47 nigrocincta (Polia), 255 'nigrofascia (Aroa), 149 nigrofulvata (Macaria), 34, 302, 322, 363 "nigronotaria (Alcis), 296 nigropunctana (Peronea), 289 nigrorubida (Xylophasia), 186 nigro-striata (Senta), 159 nimbana (Carpocapsa), 221 noctualis (Eublemma), 119 nocturna (Parasiccia), 174 noma (CEneis), 361 notabilis (Helieonius), 115 nubeculosa (Asteroscopus), 47 nubeculosa (Petasia), 275 nupta (Catocala), 375, 412 nympha (Chamaita), 110 obfuscaria (Dasydia), 156 obliquaria (Chesias), 274 oblongata (Eupitbecia), 36 obscura (Agrotis), 186 obscura (Chrysophanus), 359 'obscura (Hydrelia), 401, 402 *obscura (Phragmatoecia), 151 obscuraria (Gnopbos), 164 obscurata (Gnophos), 159, 231 obsoleta (Leucania), 46 *obsoleta (Palimpsestis), 150 occulta (Aplecta), 73 ocellaris (Xanthia), 411 ocellata (Smerintbus), 34, 43, 369 ochrea (Xylophasia), 186 ochracella (Laverna), 227 ochracella (Momplia), 227 octogesima (Palimpsestis), 220 ocyptaria (Dysethia), 60 odius (Aganisthos), 191 oedipus (Ccenouympha), 306, 308,331 *olbia (Onychia), 293 oleracea (Hadena), 408 oleracea (Pieris), 253 o!ga (Oreta), 149 olivacea (Polia), 73 olivana (Eustrotia), 119 olivata (Larentia), 156 omega (Noctua), 192 ophiogramma (Apamea), 118, 255, 273 opima (Tffiniocampa), 187 optilete (Vacciniiana), 374, 414 or (Cymatophora), 369 orbiculosa (Oxytripia), 37 orbitulus (Latiorina), 374, 414 orbitulus (Lyca?na), 39 orbona (Tripha;na), 72, 368 orion (Lyca?na), 44 ornata (Gloriana), 190 ornata (Papilio), 373 ornata (Phyllode), 190 *ornatissima (Polia), 175 ornatrix (Deiopeia), 158 ornithopus (Xylina), 35 *ornithospila (Mnesithetis), 292 osiris (Cupido), 41 osseana (Aphelia), 156. 221 INDEX. XXUl ossianus (Brenthis), 359 ostrina (Eublemma), 119 ostrina (Thalpochares), 119 oslrinalis (Pyrausta), 221 ovulata (Eustroma), 59 oxyacanthaj (Miselia), 74 Oxyptilus, 281, 347 Ozarba, 119 palarica (Erebia), 186 pales (Brenthis), 337, 340 pallens (Leucania), 255, 276 pallida (Colias), 334, 387, 389 pallida (Leucania), 186 pallida (Susica), 151 pallida (Tripha;na), 230 palpina (Pterostoma), 46, 70 paludum (Aciptilia), 368 paludum (Trichoptilus), 405 palustrana (Mixodia), i56 palustris (Hydrilla), 111 pamphilus (Coenonympha), 36, 147, 172, 173, 308, 340, 389, 416 pandora (Dryas), 139, 170, 171, 173 paphia (Argynnis), 103, 159, 368 paphia (Dryas), 355 Papilio, 230 papilionaria (Geometra), 70, 72, 73, 375 parishii (Cyaniris), 277 parthenie (Melitsa), 8, 9, 11, 12, 40, 242, 264, 382, 387 parva (Eublemma), 119 *parva (Mithuna), 109 parva (Thalpochares), 119 parvidactyla (Oxyptilus), 368 passiphiie (Epinephele), 139, 172, 173 pastiuum (Toxocampa), 70 pavana (Eueides), 38 pavonia (Saturnia), 35, 47 pavonia-major (Saturnia), 116 pedaria (Phigalia), 35, 45 peltigera (Heliothis), 255 pendularia (Ephyra), 276, 374, 409 pennaria (Himera), 74, 255 'perflava (Mesothen), 145 perfumaria (Boarmia), 41, 44 perla (Bryophila), 40, 185 perlellus (Crambus), 49 perlepidana (Stigmonota), 221 persicariffi (Mamestra), 225 phegea (Syntomis), 374 pheretes (Albula), 374 pheretes (Albulina), 414 pherusa (Melanargia), 42 phicomone (Colias), 41 philenor (Papilio), 15 philippina (Epinephele), 139, 172, 173 philodice (Colias), 14 phlaeas (Chrysophanus), 72, 300, 320, 364, 412 phlseas (Polyommatus), 375, 376 phlffias (Rumieia), 136, 170, 173, 373, 374, 389 phoebe (Meliteea), 41, 170, 383 phragmitelia (Laverna), 227 phragmitella (Limnn-cia), 227 phragmitellus (Chilo), 221 phragmitidis (Calamia), 255, 376 phryganella (Lemnatophila), 221 phryxe (Aporia). 40 phyllis (Heliconius), 44 'pica (Asura), 111 picarella (Tinea), 42 picata (Cidaria), 36 piceata (Cidaria), 244 pilosaria (Phigalia), 164 pinastri (Uyloicus), 278 pinicolana (Retinia), 221 piniperda (Panolis), 116 pisi (Hadena), 191, 321 plagiata (Anaitis), 71 planemoides (Papilio), 371 plantaginis (Arctia), 374 plantaginis (Nemeophila). 36, 43, 46, 76 plantaginis (Parasemia), 319 Platyptilia, 281 plecta (Noctua), 70, 112 plesseni (Heliconius), 115 plexippus (Anosia), 42, 116, 377 plexippus (Danaida), 415 plexippus (Danais), 15 plotina (Melitwa), 383 plumbata (Melanthia), 368 podalirius (Iphiclides), 387 podalirius (Papilio), 170, 173, 373 *polybia (Pseudosphex), 142 polychloros (Eugonia), 308 polychloros (Vanessa), 219 popularis (Neuronia), 73 populata (Cidaria), 156, 231, 244 populeti (Tieniocampa), 187 populi (Amorpha), 43 populi (Limenitis), 42 populi (Pcecilocampa), 35, 37, 46, 70, 75 populi (Smerinthus), 192, 369, 416 porata (Ephyra), 43 posticana (Rhyacionia), 414, 415 potatoria (Cosmotriche), 42, 220, 372 potatoria (Odonestis), 70 prfficlara (Melita'a), 159 prasina (Aplecta), 374 prasinana (Hylophiia), 72, 220 procristalana (Peronea), 290 prodromaria (Amphidasys), 164, 187 profanana (Peronea), 291 profugella (Asychna), 155 profugella (Cataplectica), 155 progemmaria (Hybernia), 164 promissa (Catocala), 368 pronuba (Tripha-na), 72, 113, 191, 231, 408 pronubana (Tortrix), 320, 366 propuguata (Coremia), 156 prosapiaria (Ellopia), 45 protea (Hadena), 374, 408 proto (Pyrgus), 5 pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 43 XXIV INDEX. piunaria (Angeroua), 70, 231 pseudobombycella (Talffiporia), 221 Pseudosphex, 191 psi (Acronycta), 276, 408 psyttalea (Amauris), 371 pudibunda (Dasychira), 36, 37 pudorina (Leucania), 70 pulchenimella (Depressaria), 156 pulchrina (Plusia), 275 pulveraria (Numeria), 45, 70 pulverulenta (Ta^niocampa), 35, 159 punctavia (Ephyia), 43 punotigera (Ozarba), 119 *punctilinea (Parassicia), 174 punctularia (Tephrosia), 47 2Durdeyi (Rliyaciouia), 414 "purpureofascia (Oreta), 149 pusaria (Cabera), 73 puta (Agrotis), 408 putrescens (Leucania), 45 pygmaeana (Asthena), 221 Ijyretorum (Saturnia), 47, 231 pyrioa (Zeuzera), 220 pyrivorella (Lithocolletis), 228 pyrophila (Agrotis), 186 pyrrha (Peirhybiis), 42 quadra (Gnophria), 368 quadriplaga (Mithuna), 109 quercifolia (Gastropacha), 46, 255 quercus (Bombyx), 230 radiata (Spilosoma), 245 raidhalia (Charaxes), 277 *rantaizana (Prorhinia), 343 raps (Pieris), 135, 136, 139, 172, 173, 253, 321, 324, 340, 374, 376 ravida (Agrotis), 186 rectangulata (Cliloroclystis), 36 remissa (Aparaea), 70, 255 repandata (Boarmia). 35, 42, 44, 155, 158, 164, 276, 374, 375, 412 reticulata (Cidaria), 44 reticulata (Eustroma), 59 Retinia, 414 retusa (Tethea), 70 rliamni (Gonepteryx), 278, 337, 340, 389, 414 rhoio (Melitaea), 40 rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 164 Rhyacionia, 414 ricini (Philosamia), 47 *rimosaria (Alcis), 345 ripffi (Agrotis), 44, 319, 376 rippertii (Polyomrnatus), 7, 8 robsoni (Aplecta), 44, 254, 277, 328, 874, 375 rogenhoferi (Mesothen), 145 rossiana (Peronea), 309 rothlebii (Ccenonympha), 319 ruberata (Hydriomena), 373, 412 rubi (Callophrys), 36, 40, 307 rubi (Macrothylacia), 230 rubi (Noctua), 70, 72, 373 rubi (Thecla), 47 *rubricorpus (Mystrocneme), 143 rubicunda (Syntomis), 34 rubidata (Anticlea), 192 rubiginata (Acidalia), 111, 275 rubiginata (Anticlea), 220 rubiginata (Melanthia), 368 rubiginea (Dasycarapa), 405 rubiginosana (P;tdisca). 221 rubricosa (Paclinobia), 44, 187 *rubridisca (Spiiopera), 400 rubripicta (Heliconius), 115 "rubriveua (Hydrelia), 401 rufa (Coenobia), 43, 44, 159, 368 rufata (Chesias), 191f.274 rufescens (Leucania), 255 rufescens (Triphtena), 230 ruficincta (Larentia), 156 ruficristana (Peronea), 309 'rufilimbata (Calleriunys), 30 rufimitrella (Adela), 221 *rugosa (Tetraphleps), 205 ruraicis (Acronycta), 97, 274 rurea (Xylophasia), 36, 186, 276 russata (Cidaria), 245 russula (Diacrisia), 375 russula (Nemeophila), 71 rutilus (Chrysophanus), 386, 387 sacraria (Sterrha), 299, 410 salicata (Malenydris), 46 salicella (Antithesia), 221 salicis (Acronycta), 98 salicis (Stilpuotia), 69, 112 *salinellus nepos (Crambus), 50, 51 sambucaria (Uropteryx), 375, 409 sac (Hesperia), 335 sao (Pyrgus), 7, 387 saponaria (Neuronia), 276 satellitia (Scopelosoma), 74 schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 300, 320, 364 schreibersiana (Argyrolepia), 69 schreibersiana (Phtheochroa), 69 scipio (Erebia), 7 scolopacina (Xylophasia), 70, 231 Scoparia, 190 sebrus (Cupido), 41 *sectum (Mystrocneme), 143 segetum (Agrotis), 276, 407, 408 selasellus (Crambus), 49 selene (Argynnis), 71, 158, 374 selene (Brenthis), 230 semele (Hippaichia). 308, 414 semele (Satyrus), 147, 364 semiargus (Nomiades), 7, 340, 389 semifuscana (Paadisca), 221 *semilutea (Nudaria), 110 semistriana (Peronea), 291 semisyngrapha (Lyc;«na), 375 semiustana (Peronea), 291, 309 senex (Comacla), 255 senex (Nudaria), 44, 70 sequana (Peronea), 290 sequella (Cerostoma), 221 Serena (Hecatera), 111, 276 sericana (Peronea), 289 INDEX. XXV *sen-ata (Avacima), 271 Sibylla (Limenitis), 36, 273, 299, 327, 330, 363, 304, 3()8 sicula (Drepana), ISG sidiv (Hesperia), 27« sidiu (Syrichthus), 278 silaceata (Cidaria), 70, 231 silaceata (Eustroma), 36, 46 silhetar.a (Terias), 277 similis (Porthesia), 405, 411 *simplex (I'.uproctis), 150 siniplonia (Anthocharis), 338 simulans (Agrotis), 186 *simulata (Perizoma), 29 sinapis (Leptosia), 7, 339, 340, 414 sinuata (Anticlea), 220 sinuella (Hoina?osoma), 221 siterala (Cidavia), 368 sobrinata (Eupitlieeia), 46 Sochchora, 281, 347 sociata (JMelanippe), 71 Solaris (Acontia), 119 Solaris (Tarache), 119 solidagiiiis (Calocampa), 78 sorbiella (Argyresthia), 155 sordida (Melanchra), 276 sordidata (Hypsipetes), 72 spadiceana (Peronea), 291 sparganiella (Orthota;lia), 221 sparganii (Nonagria), 300 sparsata (Colix), 255 spheciformis (.Egeria), 372 sphegiforrais (Sesia), 158, 228 sphinx (Asteroscopus), 35, 46 spilotella (Monopis), 41 spini (Saturnia), 47 spini (Strymon), 306, 307 spini (Thecla), 7 spissicella (Nephopteryx), 221 splendida (Orgyia), 39 splendidella (Dioryctria), 319 sponsana (Peronea), 368 stabilis (T^eniocampa), 44 statilinus (Satyrus), 38 steinerti (Acronycta), 98 stellatarum (Macroglossa), 410 stenodactylus (Oxyptilus), 282 sthennyo (Erebia), 337 stipella (tEcophora), 156 straminea (Leucania), 44, 220, 255 strataria (Amphidasys), 35, 45 striana (Peronea), 289, 308, 309 strigilis (Miana), 70 strigillaria (Aspilates), 375 strigosa (Acronycta), 186 strobilella (Cydia), 300, 318 stygne (Erebia), 7, 9, 336, 338, 340 suasa (Hadena), 374, 408 suava (Eublemma), 119 subchantana (Peronea), 290 subcristalana (Peronea), 289 *subflava (Trisuloides), 31 'subtlavescens (Napata), 143 subfulvovittana (Peronea), 290, 309 •subgrisea (Zephyrus), 55 sublustris (Gelasma), 28 sublustris (Xylophasia), 70, 255 subplagiata (Hemerophila), 272 *subpunctata (Alcis), 296 SLibrosea (Noctua), 44, 186 subroseata (Ephyra), 374, 409 substriana (Peronea), 291 subtristata (Melanippe), 71 subvittana (Peronea), 309 succenturiata (Eupitlieeia), 67 suffumata (Cidaria), 214 suffusa (Bryophila), 186 suhrianna (Acronycta), 98 suspecta (Dyschorista), 369 suspecta (Orthosia), 73, 255 sylvata (Abraxas), 46 sylvanus (Augiades), 36, 307, 335 sylvanus (Hepialus), 255 sylvestrana (Khyacionia), 414 syngrapha (Agriades), 277, 307 syringaria (Hygrochroa), 36 syringaria (Pericallia), 116, 322 syringella (Gracilaria), 156 ta3niata (Emmelesia), 410 tfeniata (Perizoma), 410 tages (Nisoniades), 340, 373 'taiwana (Anisodes), 30 *taiwana (Artona), 174 *taiwana (Dysethia), 60 * taiwana (Episopthalma), 297 taiwana (Heterusia), 362 *taiwana (Macrocilix), 148 *taiwana (Palimpsestis), 150 * taiwana (Perciana), 175 * taiwana (Perizoma), 29 •taiwana (Siccia), 109 Tarache, 119 teloides (Vanessa), 196 temerata (Bapta), 70 templi (Dasypolia), 47 tendinosaria (Alcis), 315 tenebrosa (Kusina), 276 tenuiata (Eupitlieeia), 220 Teracolus, 415 terebrella (Cateremna), 300, 318 testacea (Lujierina), 43 testaeeata 90 erythrma (Clistopyga), 212 *erythrostomum (Gasteruption), 57 exaltatorius (Trogus), 212 exsecta (Lasius), 390 falcator (Campoplex), 208 flavus (Lasius), 39, 390 florea (Anthophora), 342 formosus (Pepsis), 118 fugax (Holenopsis), 389 fugitivus (Campoplex), 213 fuliginosus (Lasius), 38, 189, 255, 390 fulviventris (Olesicami^a), 207 *fulvolateralis (Bombus), 101 *fukaii (Rhynchium), 287 fusca (Lasius), 39U fusco-rutibarbis (Lasius), 390 fuscus (Salius), 118 gagates (Lasius), 390 gallica (Polistes), 370 gallicola (Pimpla), 162 garrula (Anthophora), 234 gigas (Leucospis), 416 gigas (Sirex), 35 glebaria (Lasius), 390 grarainicola (Myrmecina), 389 *gyangensis (Nomada), 176 hfemorrhoidale (Rhynchium), 287 harmalffi (Anthophora), 234 *Hemiphatnus, 63 *Heterapis, 140 hilaris (Exephanes), 207 Holonomada, 177 impenalis (Trachysphyrus), 212 incarnatus (Anagrus), 47 incitator (Clistopyga), 208 insularis (Anthophora), 342 kambana (Anthophora), 177 kollari (Cynips), 117 Lactolus, 63 laetatorius (Bassus), 212 lasvinodis (Myrmica), 390 lateralis (Ephialtes), 212 latissimus (Bombus), 101 latreillei (Myrmecina), 389 lepidus (Barichneumon), 206 leucomelas (Melanichneumon), 207,212 lineator (Ccelichneumon), 207 lineatus (Ephialteles), 212 lobicornis (Slyrmica), 390 *longispina (Palmerella), 64 ludovicus (Ambly teles), 212 *luna (Ufens), 198 luteus (Ophion), 213 lutorius (Trogus), 212 madderensis (Misoleptus\ 211 magellansis (Colpognathus), 212 malayana (Nomada), 16 Maldivense (Rhynchium), 287 mansuetor (Exochus), 207 mansuetor (Polyclistus), 207 mediator (Perithous), 207, 212 melanocastanus (Ctenichneumon), 212 melanobatus (Erigorgus), 207 mendax (Bombus), 176 metallicum (Rhynchium), 287 mikado (Hoplismenus), 212 mixtus (Lasius), 277, 390 monocerus (Glypta), 208 motatorius (Chasmias), 207 murinus (Meniscus), 208 mytilaspidis (Aphelinus), 178 INDEX. XXIX neoniger (Lasius), 39 niger(Lasius), 39, 39, 189, 390, 414 nigra (Palmerella), 65 nigricornis (Anthophora), 23.5 nigripalpis (Hemiphatnus), 63 niveocincta (Anthophora), 236, 237 nitidipennis (Cryptus), 212 nitidulus (Formicoxenus), 389 norvegica (Vespa), 317 nucum (Pimpla), 207 nylanderi (Leptothorax), 390 'nympha (Abbella), 197 occidentaHs (Anthophora), 177 oculatoria (Pimpla), 207 ostteus (Andricus), 374 *palliditarsus (Megischus), 56 palustris (Monoblastus), 87, 89 parietina (Anthophora), 177 patricins (Ichneumon), 212 pedatorius (Platylabus), 207 pellucidator (Pauargyrops), 206 peregrinus (Extastes), 211 peregrinator (Pycnocryptus), 206 perpusilla (Euryglossa), 141 persicoruin (Anthophora), 234 pharaonis (Monomorium), 415 picicornis (Anthophora), 235 pictus (Banchus), 208 pimplator (Meniscus), 207 plebeius (Ichneumon), 212 polyzonias (Phytodietus), 404 pomorura (Bombus), 101 postica (Heniiteles), 211 prffilatus (Phygadeuon), 212 pratensis (Formica), 413 pratensis (Lasius), 390 proserpina (Anthophora), 342 pulchellus (Mymar), 370 pulcherrimus (Cryptus), 212 punctatissima (Ponera), 389 *quadrata (Anthophora), 236 quadrifasciata (Anthophora), 234, 237 regalis (Mymar), 370 *rhinosus (Ccelioxys), 342 robusta (Pimpla), 208 rubescens (Lasius), 390 rufa (Formica), 390, 413 rufescens (Clistopyga), 212 ruficollis (Ephialtes), 212 *ruficollis (Megischus), 57 ruficollis (Pimpla), 207 ruficornis (Anthophora), 236 rufobarbis (Lasius), 390 rufocaudata (Ccfilioxys), 343 rufo-pratensis (Lasius), 390 ruginodis (Myrmica), 390 sal vise (Anthophora), 236 sanguinea (Formica), 413 sanguinea (Lasius), 390 *sauteri (Ccelioxys), 342 savignyi (Anthophora), 236 scabrinodis (Myrmica), 390 schenkii (Anthophora), 177 *sculpta (Heteraijis), 141 seulpturata (Glypta), 208 sericans (Microcryptus), 206 sexifasciata (Nomada), 177 siamensis (Ccelioxys), 343 *spinipes (Talorga), 64 sponsa (Pimpla), 213 •siantoni (Anthophora), 233 sulcinodis (Myrmica), 390 superans (Anthophora), 234 •Talorga 63 terminatorius (Ichneumon), 207 theresiffi (Neoponera), 254 *trichiosoma (Erania), 58 tristis (Eurylabus), 207 tuberum (Leptothorax), 390 Turnerella, 140 *ulicicida (Pimpla) umbratus (Lasius) 390, 414 unicolor (Ceratina) unifaseiata (Leptothorax), 390 *urens (Anthophora), 341 vagans (Phygadeuon), 211 variitarsus (Polyblastus), 208 velocissima (Anthophora), 235 vulpiua waltoni (Anthophora), 177 waltoni (Bombus), 176 westwoodi (Stenamma), 390 *wilemani (Bombus), 100 xanthorrhanis (Ichneumon), 212 *xerophila (Antliophora), 234, 237 zonata (Anthophora), 233 161 38, 189, 277, 369, 341 ubs/jripiions for 191 J {6s. post free) are now due, and should be once to West, Newman d Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London. Vol. XLIV.] JANUARY, 1911. fNo. 572 THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN IIIiistrHteb Imirnnl OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH TiIE ASSISTANCE OF ROBEUT ADKIN, F.E.S. | W. F. KIllBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S.j W. J. LUCAS. B.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., Ac. : CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.E.S. j Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E S., Ac. F. W.FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. ' G. H. VERRALL. F.E.S. " By mutual coniidence aud mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made." LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limitkd. DOUBLE NUMBER— Price One Shilling. INS & DONGA Manufacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets ire or oane, iaoluding Stick, Is. 3d., '2b., 2b. 6d. Folding ISett, iUrellft Nets (self-acting), Tfa. Pocket Boxes, (5d., 9d., Is., Is. 6d i.ig Boxes, yd., Is., Is. 6d., 'is. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozeii. liulogical Pins, assorted or mixed. Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2b. 6d. to as. Siiearine Tin, with brnsh, Is. 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready fur use, Is. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 66. Settins BoardH, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d. ; 1 i in., 8d. ; 2 in., lOd. ; 2^ in.. Is. ; 3i in., Is. 4d . ■t in., 1b. 6(5. ; 5 in.. Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, lOs. 6d. Seftirg Houses, 96. 6d., lis. 6d. ; corked back, 148. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d. Breeding .Cage, 2s. 6d., 48., oe., Ts. 6d. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, Is. 6d., is.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin. Is. 6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 48. 6d. Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 28. 6d. to 11b. Ceiiient for replacing Antennae, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, li. 6d., 2s., 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality, l8.6d. per dozen sijeets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d., Is. Papa Digger, in leather sheath, Is. 9(1. Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implomeutB for skinning, lOs. 6d. Scalpels, Is, 3d. ; Scissors, 2b. per pair; ICgyf-drills, 2d., 3d., 91.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animalp; Label-lists of Britisli Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Fiand and Fresh-water Sliells. 2d.: Useful Books on lueects, Eggs, kc. SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute insects of all other families. We stT'k various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have certain -.('■' ■ '. er the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. .ice, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiidse, &c.. . V pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. "We shall be pleased "'^ Patterns on application. ->JOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Ot evary description for Insects, Bikus' Eggs, Coins, Mickoscopioal Objects, Fossils, (fee. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LAUQK STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BUITISH, KOKOPKAN, AND KXOTIC). Birdt, Mitmtntih, ,6c., Pregorved and Mounted by FivBt-clans Worhtnen. 36, STRAND, W.C, LONDON, ENGLAND. DON'T FORGET I DEAL IN GENUINE BRITISH LEPiDOPTERA ONLY. TF yoii want a well-set insect with reliable data, fine healthy Ora, Lavvte, or Pupa, at a reasonable price, then seud to me for latest Price List. Remember Newman's ivonderful Relaxing Tins are only 2.S. 4:d. post free, and they keep your insects in splendid setting con- dition for weeks. Take one or two away on your holidays, and leave your setting-boards, &c., at home. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. I I FE= HISTORIES of British Lepidoptera, mounted on food-plant in neat glazed cases, selections on approval. British Lepidoptera, 1500 species, preserved larvae. British Coleoptera, 2000 species. Tropical Butterflies, 2500 species. Tropical Coleoptera, 6000 species. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, British and Tropical. Several good second-hand Cabinets, Show-boxes, &c. A. FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemouth. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] JANUAEY, 1911. [No. 572 ZANCLOGNATHA GRISEALIS, ab. i I The above curious aberration of Zandognatlia grisealis was captured at Wye, in Kent, by Mr. Percy Richards, on June 3rd, 1910. Compared with normal specimens it is rather larger in size and somewhat paler in colour ; the lines are blacker and thicker. The chief peculiarity of the specimen is that the first and second lines are close to each other ; the former is straight as usual, but nearer the middle of the wing ; the latter is obtusely angled at end of the cell, touches the first line on the costa, and approximates thereto on the inner margin. This species is a fairly constant one. It certainly exhibits slight variation in the tone of ground colour, but aberration in marking would seem to be very exceptional. EicHARD South. NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PARARGE HIERA, Fabr., with DESCRIPTION OF THE FULL-GROWN LARVA. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. Whilst at Semmering last June I confined several females of Pararge hiera over plants of various grasses for ova, which were deposited sparingly ; in all I obtained about three dozen, the ova, which were light green in colour, being of the usual round Satyrid form, and affixed in ones and twos by the parents to a blade of grass very near the apex ; in no case were they more than one inch from it. ENTOM. — January, 1911. b ^ THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The ova, on my return to England, were kept in a room which had an average indoors summer temperature, and the larvns emerged at the end of the month. Shortly after emergence they were transferred to a greenhouse which in the summer is kept without artificial heat, the door and top-lights in the day open, and the roof shaded hy tomato-plants. Under these conditions the average temperature would he somewhat warmer than that of the surrounding atmosphere not protected hy glass, especially at night. The larva throughout fed slowly, showing no tendency to produce an autumnal emergence of imagines, and the first one did not pupate until the end of August ; two others, the only ones to reach maturity, did not commence to change until the middle of September. I tried them on various grasses, hut the only one they would eat freely was Dactylis glomcrata, and, so far as I was able to see, they fed exclusively by night, remaining stretched out at full length on their food-plant during the day. The full-grown larva is about 30 mm. in length when stretched at rest on a blade of grass. The head is very rounded and prominent, and much wider than the second segment, which gives the larva the appearance of having 41 distinct neck ; it is grass-green in colour, thickly spo-'inkled with lighter tubercles, each one of which emits a green spine ; the ground colour of the remainder of the segments is of the same tint of green as the head, but lighter, and the tubercles and spines are at much greater intervals. The centre of the dorsal area from second to anal segments is darker than the rest, and is bounded on the sides by green stripes of lighter colour than that of the general area ; these two stripes are each about one millimetre in width in the centre, and taper off at each end, those towards the anus terminating in points ; half-way between these stripes and the spiracles are another pair of stripes which have the upper mar- gins of the same dark colour as the mid dorsal area, and which gradually shade off below to the colour of the general surface, the spiracles being green and inconspicuous. In the spiracular area is another pair of stripes of the same tint as those previously described. The anal points are light green and very spiny ; the ventral is of the same colour as the dorsal area. Pupation is certainly not subterraneous ; the three larvae which eventually became pupae attached themselves by the anal extremity to a pad of silk spun on the roof of the cage, but did not seem to have the strength to retain that position, and before changing, or possibly in the act of changing, fell to the soil on the floor of the cage and changed there ; probably a cold snap which just then intervened was responsible for this. The pupa is green, of the same tint as the larva, and is about 12 mm. long. There seems some doubt as to whether this species is usually NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PARARGE HIERA. d double-brooded. It is true that Dr. Kane and Dr. Lang give the emergence as from May to July, but, as the species occurs in Central Europe from about 2000 ft. to considerably over 5000 ft., the difference of altitude would account for this varia- tion of dates, without assuming that there was more than one brood ; but Mr. Wheeler, in his ' Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe,' gives two records which seem to prove conclusively that — in some instances, at any rate — Pararge hiera is double-brooded ; they are " Gruyeres, August 30th, 1897 (Rowland-Brown)," and " Certosa di Pesio, June and end of August, 1892 (Norris)." Both of these localities are at about 2000 ft., and therefore it seems probable that P. hiera is a single-brooded species everywhere except at the lowest levels on which it is found. I may mention that the females captured by me at Semmering were taken at an altitude of from 3000 ft. to 3500 ft. [Prior to the publication of Mr. Sheldon's paper it may be safely assumed that no British entomologist had successfully bred Pararge hiera through all its earlier stages. However, Herr J. Peyron, a member of the Entomological Society of Stockholm (Ent. Tidskrift, 1905, pp. 249-251), supplements Spuler's scanty note on the larva (Piaupen Gross-Schmette. Euroi3as, p. 50) with an excellent life-history of the species, in- cluding many interesting observations additional to and con- firming Mr. Sheldon's. The larva is hatched eight days after oviposition, and pupates after three moults only, " as is the rule in the genus Pararge," extended over six weeks in all. Under naturfj conditions the pupa is suspended head downwards from a blade of the food- plant {Phleum pi'atense), without other attachment ("fritt"), and in Scandinavia, as doubtless elsewhere where there is but one brood, passes the winter in this stage. Spuler, quoting Dorfmeister, of Vienna, but without reference to any particular publication, gives festuca as the food-plant. Frionnet (Premiers Etats des Lepids. Fr., p. 263) supplements this with holcus, probably on the same authority, adding " larva from September to April," which, in the light of Herr Peyron's and Mr. Sheldon's researches, is obviously inaccurate. As to the two emergences, Frey (Lepid. der Schweitz, Le- mann's translation, p. 36) leaves us in no doubt. He writes : " Butterfly twice a year in the plains and hilly districts. First brood from the first days of May, and then in July and August." At greater altitudes there is only one emergence, as, for instance, in the Balkans, where Mrs. NichoU found it very common on the Rilo Dagh, at about 5-6000 ft., in June (Elwes, "Butterflies of Bulgaria," Trans. Eut. Soc. Lond. 1900). I myself took it on the summit of the Stelvio in mid-July, 1900, but I regret to say that, on looking over my series, I can find none of those recorded B 2 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. as from Gruyeres, my impression now being that certain small and dark examples of Pararcie Jiicera, since arranged in their proper place and bearing a Gruyeres label, are the then-supposed hiera. But, of course, this does not in any way affect the evi- dence of Jiiera being double-brooded there, and elsewhere at suit- able levels.— H. Eowland-Brown.1 A POSSIBLE HYBRID OF AGIUADES THETIS S AND POLYOMMATUS ICARUS ?, OB OF A. CORY DON $ AND P. ICARUS 2. By T. Rbuss. Agkiades hybrid. The above figure represents an interesting " blue " taken by Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, in mid-September last at Folkestone while drying its wings after emerging from the pupa. In the upper side facies the brilliant blue, the marginal black- and-white spotting in the hind wings,* strongly suggest the parentage of A. thetis, while the almost pure white (aberrative) fringes with some signs of the inner grey border of P. icarns in the apex and slight black projection of the veining in the anal and outer angle of the hind wing suggest the influence of icariis. The strong blackening of the nervures, however, reaches as far into the wing area as in A. corydon ; the first black spot in the outer angle of the hind wing is also like that in corydon, and there are black and whitish scales mixed in with the blue ones in the margin of the fore wings, especially near the apex. These details may be aberrative, t but it is perhaps thinkable that a hybrid between A. corydon S'. diroda, Walker. — Wye, June, July, August, on roses and on wheat and barley ; Tonbridge ; Ash ; Canterbury. I feel sure there is a migration between the rose and Grafninacece of this species. Generally common on roses. S. i^isi, Kaltenbach. — Wye, abundant always, very harmful in some seasons, notably 1908, to field and garden peas ; Dover, 1904 ; Appledore, 1901 ; Tenterden, 1899. -S'. pelargonii, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Sellinge, Ashford, Linton, on geraniums and calceolarias in the open and under glass. S. lactucm, Kaltenbach. — I have seen this in most gardens I have visited in the county, and think the same species occurs on red currants. S. ruhi, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Dartford, Tonbridge, Sellinge, West- well, on the raspberry and also on bramljle in May and June; it occurs on the raspberries later. Curls the leaves of the latter, ])ut never does much harm. S. urticm, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Westwell, Ashford, Whitstable, Tunbridge Wells. Often very common on nettle. S. carnosa, Buckton. — Wye, 1900, on stinging-nettles. S. aveUancB, Schr. — Common all over the county where nuts are cultivated, and may be found on wild hazels. It often swarms on cobs and filberts, but seems to do little harm. S'. soncJiii, Linnyeus. — Wye, Hastingleigh, on SoncJins and Ccn- taurea nigra in 1902 ; heads of the latter smothered by it. S. fragariella, Theobald. — Swanley, 1905, on strawl)erries under glass. Genus Phorodon, Passerini. Phorodon JiiimuU, Schrank. — The common hop aphis, found in all hop-gardens in Kent, and also on sloe, damson, buUace, and plums. Migrates between the hops and prunes. Frequently causes endless loss to hop-growers and much expense in washing every year. BNTOM. — J.\NUARY, 1911. C 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Genus Myzus, Passerini. Myziis cerasi, Fabricius. — Widely distributed over tbe county. Sometimes does considerable harm to cherries. M. ijersicce, Sulzer. — Wye, 1901 and 1907, on peaches and nectarines, not seen since. M. ribis, Linnaeus. — Common all over the county on red currants and on gooseberries. Often very harmful. Genus Rhopalosiphum, Koch. BhoiMlosipJmm ribis, Linn. — Common on red and black currants, but mostly on the former in all parts of the county, June and July. I do not think that the red blisters on the leaves are caused by this aphis at all. B. lactuca, Kaltenbach. — Paddock Wood, Wye, Sellinge, Lin- ton, Swanley, Sevenoaks, Dover, Ash. This species occurs on sow-thistle and lettuce, and appears to be the same as the former species. B. nymphaa, Linnaeus. — I saw this on some yellow water-lilies on the military canal near Hythe in 1899, but have failed to find it since. B. Ugustri Kaltenbach. — W^ye, i\.ugust, 1901 and 1905, and Chil- ham, 1904, on privet in small numbers. B. dianthi, Schrank ? — I am not sure of the species, but it is apparently the common turnip aphis, and has occurred all over the county. Genus Melanoxanthus, Buckton. Melanoxanthus salicis, Linnaeus. — This large and beautiful aphis I have found in abundance at Wye in osier-beds, where it does con- siderable damage some year's, often occurring in enormous colonies. Genus Siphocoryne, Passerini. Sip}iocory7ie caprece, Fabricius. — Wye, June and July, 1901 to 1907, abundant on various Salix, most so on the goat willow ; Chil- ham, 1900 ; Woodchurch, 1899. Genus Aphis, LinnaBus. Aj^his brassiccc, Linnaeus. — Scattered all over the county, appear- ing mostly in late July and August, and often doing much harm. A. cratcegi, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Chilham, Whitstable, Canterbury, Linton, Dartford, Tonbridge, Sellinge, often abundant on the haw- thorn hedges. A. carotce, Koch. — Wye, Paddock Wood, Canterbury, Horsmon- den. On the roots and leaves of carrots. Walker's A. suhterranea is evidently the same. A. grossiilarice, Kaltenbach. — Maidstone, Wye, Sellinge, Faver- sham, Swanley, Orpington, Canterbury. Common on gooseberries and red currants, doing much harm. A. mali, Fabricius.— A common pest in all Kent orchards. A. fitchii, Sanderson. — Wye, Orpington, Swanley, Linton, Dart- ford, Newington, Sellinge, Hythe, &c. Common on apple; probably occurs everywhei'e. PRELIMINARY LIST OF APHIDID.K FOUND IN KENT. I'J A. pyraria, Kaltenbach. — Wye, very coinmon and harmful in my garden. A. cucurbiti, Buckton. — Wye, on marrows in August, 1910. A. sorbi, Kaltenbach. — Common in most districts, but espe- cially so in the Marden area on apples, where it does much harm. Also on hawthorn. The red blistered and rolled leaves are most marked. A. iwuni Reaumur. — Common all over the county and often doing much harm to plums. I am almost certain this species also migrates to the hop. A. hederce, Kaltenbach. — Occurs annually on ivy in my garden at Wye from July to September, and then disappears as a winged brood, first seen, 1901 ; Blackheath, June, 1906. A. rumicis, Linn^us. — ^On docks and thistles all over the county. It is undoubtedly one form of the destructive bean aphis or black fly, A.fabcB, Kirby & Spence. A. atriplicis, Linnaeus. — Wye and Stour Valley in 1904. It occurred in vast swarms in July, and settled on hops, leeks, onions, beet, wild chenopodia, mangolds, cabbage, dahlias, i*cc., coating the leaves wath masses of winged females, which at once produced living young. Soon after a fungoid disease swept them all off, but not before great damage was done. I have not seen the species since. A. papavcris, Fabricius. — -Wye, June and July. I have found this twice in my garden. One of the two dull olive-green aphides found in July, August, and September on asparagus is clearly the same. A. sambuci, Linnaeus. — Swanley, 1904, swarming on elder trees. A. cardiii, Linnaeus. — Wye, Crundale, Sellinge, in August, on thistles. A. sambucaria, Passerini. — -Wye, 1900, 1901, 1907; Swanley, 1905. June and July, and then disappears. Forms dense black masses on the top shoots of the elder trees. A. circumflexa, Buckton. — Lee, June, 1906, on salvias. A. pyri, Boyer de Fonscolombe. — Wye, July, 1908 ; curling the leaves of pears and changing them to pale yellow or pale rich red. Genus Hyalopterus, Koch. Hyalnptcrus pruni, Fabricius. — Wye and district, Linton, Dartford. Probably all over the county. Undoubtedly the same as H. arundinis, Fabricius. I have followed the leaving of the latter from r«eds {J uncus) and rushes {Ariindo) to the plums. Mr. Willcocks tells me the same happens in Cairo. Quite harmful to plums in Worcester and Herefordshire and at Wye in 1903 and 1905. Genus Caitophorus, Koch. Caitophorus aceris, Linnaeus. — Wye, 1905 to present year, in abundance on sycamore in all stages. Seems to do but little harm even wlien swarming beneath the leaves. Genus Pterocomma, Buckton. Pterocomma pilosa, Buckton. — Wye, with Melanoxanthus salicis c2 20 TIIK ENTOMOLOGIST. in small numbers; Eynsford, 1898, on weeping willows; Canterbury, 1897, &c. Genus Callipterus, Koch. Callipterus coryli, Goetze. — Wye, Linton, June to October, on hazel and on cultivated cob and filbert nuts. Genus Pterocallis, Passerini. Pterocallis jiiglandicola, Kaltenbach. — Wye, on walnuts, in 1894. Not seen since. P. tilice, Linnaeus. — Wye, Ashford, Canterbury, Tunbridge Wells, Ramsgate. Frequently in enormous numbers on limes. Genus Psyllaphis, Koch. Psyllaphisfagi, Linnaeus. — Wye, Kennington, Canterbury, Linton, on copper beech and common beech ; sometimes harmful. Genus Ptychodes, Buckton. Ptychodes juglandis, Finch. — Wye, in 1897, 1901, and 1907, on the upper surface of walnut leaves in swarms, but doing no apparent damage. One colony found in August, 1910. Genus Lachnus, Illiger. Lachnus 2^'''"'^(^olus, Kaltenbach. — Kennington, in 1904, East Peckham, on Scotch fir, 1906, July. L. viminaUs, Boyer de Fonscolombe.^Wye, in profusion in my garden and along railway on various Salix in 1904 ; some colonies eight inches long. L. picece, Walker. — Wye, Kennington, 1901 and 1906, both years in July, and after x\ugust 7th in 1901, and August 20th, 1906, they all disappeared. On the silver fir and the spruce. Genus Trama, Heyden. Trama troglodytes, Heyden. — Wye, on the roots of sow-thistle and on lettuce, often common. SCHIZONEUEINiE. Genus Schizoneura, Hartig. SchizDiieura lanigera, Hausman. — ^All over the county on apple, both root and stem forms occurring and doing much harm. Occa- sionally found on the pear and on wild crabs. S. fidiginosa, Buckton. — Wye, in Olantigh Gardens, in 1908, in numbers on Pinus sylvesti'is from June to September. Not seen since. \ 6(7. S. Cephalaria var. Haversoni (Armenia), 2-s. 9(/. Caligula Caehaia (Lidia), Is. dd. Samia Cecropia .S.A.), 5d. S. Colombia (U.S. A), 2s. 6d. Actias Selene (Lidia), Is. M. each. Argema Leto (hidia), 3x. each. Attacus Edwardsi (India), 3s. each. A. Ricini (Lidia', Is. each. A. Cynthia (U.S.A.), 5'/. each. Antheroa Roylei (hidia), 2s. each. A. ellylitta (Lidia), Is. (id. each. For sale, cheap. — To clear out for the approiuching spring. Fine, hv(n\ Alpina, ■• 1910, Miata,'' Togata,"' Carbonai-ia, Davus, Trepidaria, Conli- gera; also fine healthy Pupae of Hiitaria from Aviemore ; Carpini, CucuUina, ILlveticaria. For price lists apply to — R. LAWSON, 4, Moncrieffe Terrace, Craigie, Perth, N.B. REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (EsTABLISHliU 1884.) All Immense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larvae & Pnpas, & Set Specimens always on Sale. Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address — H. W^. HEAD, (Bntomoloqbt. BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. CONTENTS. Zanclognatha grisealis, ab. (with illustration), liiclMrd South, 1. Notes on tli. Life-history of Pararge hiera, Fabr., with Description of the FuU-gruwii Larva, W. G. Sheldon, 1. A possible Hybrid of Agriades thetis ^ and Poly- ommatus icarus $ , or of A. corydon 1. ; Blowpipes, 4d., fid.; Artificial Eyes for Birds ami Animals; Label-lists of Britisli Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., fid. ; ditto of T;and and Fresh-water Shells. 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c. SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute | insects of all other families. ' We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiidae, &c.. are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be pleased to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Insects, Bikus' Eaas, Coins, Microscopical Objects. Fossils, &c. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS EGGS (BRITISH, KUROPKAN, AND KXOTIC). Birds, Mnnimnl*, itc., Prfinfirvpd and Mottnted htj VirKtcla^K Worhninn 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. NEWMAN'S NEW BREEDING JARS. QUITE a new breeding-cage complete, most excellent lor rearing young larvte and small species. Sand and moss may be placed in them (especially quart size) for larvae to pupate in ; I can thoroughlj'^ recommend. Instructions printed on side of jars ; strong and cheap, made in three sizes ; half-pint, dd. each, 2s. Qd. per dozen ; pint, 4(7. each, 3s. Gd. per dozen ; quart, 5d. each, 4s. Qd. per dozen. Packing and postage 3cZ. extra on few, one dozen post free. Try one of each size ; you ivill want a dozen. Remember my Wondekfui. Relaxing Tins are still as good as ever, 2s. 4.d. and 3s. lid. post free ; they keep insects in lovely setting condition for weeks : also relax to perfection old dry insects. If you want well-set, relial)le insects, fine healthy ova, larvaj, and pupte, I have the finest to offer you. Send for latest price-lists. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. LIFE- HISTORIES of British Lepidoptera, mounted on food-plant in neat glazed cases, selections on approval. British Lepidoptera, 1500 species, presei-ved larvae. British Coleoptera, 2000 species. Tropical Butterflies, 2500 species. Tropical Coleoptera, 6000 species. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Homiptera, British and Tropical. Several good second-hand Cabinets, Sliow-boxes, &c. A, FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemouth. The Entomologist, March , 1911. Plate 111. MALES. FEMALES. Dr. Fr. Ris photo. West, Newman proe. FORE WINGS OF T^NIOPTERYX. The Entomologist, March, 191 Plate II. K. J. M. del. THE GENUS T/EN lOPTE RYX. West. Newman proc. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] MAECH, 1911. [No. 574 ON TMNIOPTERYX PUT AT A, Newman (PLECOPTERA), WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS. By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S. (Plates II. & III.) In the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 58, when describing Tceniopterijx risi, I made some remarks on T. trifasciata, Pict., partly based on material from Scotland in my own collection, and partly on Continental specimens received for examination from Mr. McLachlan. The species of the genus were, however, at that time very imperfectly understood, and in the light of what is now known it is almost certain that what I had then before me as T. trifasciata did not all belong to the same species. The material is not now available for re-examination. Quite a number of species belonging to the genus have since been satis- factorily separated. At the same time, I am not sure that unanimity of opinion yet prevails as to what constitutes the true T. trifasciata of Pictet, In the paper above-mentioned, the insects from Scotland were certainly what I then regarded as typical T. trifasciata. This determination was, I admit, to a great extent due to the fact that both McLachlan (' Catalogue of British Neuroptera,' 1870) and Albarda (* Catalogue des Nevropteres observees dans les Pays Bas,' &c., 1889) had referred Newman's Nemoura putata (the type of which was from Scotland) to T. trifasciata, Pict. Klapalek, on the other hand, has since put forward the view that the true T. trifasciata is to be found in an insect which he took at Vienna, in which the wings of the male are very much more reduced. I have not seen the female of this Vienna insect, but the male is a very different thing from the Scottish representa- tive of the trifasciata group. Certainly, on the whole, Klapjxlek's insect comes nearer to Pictet's figure than does the Scottish insect, to which, as far as I am able to judge at present, the ENTOM. — MARCH, 1911. G 82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. name of putata, Newman, must be applied, if Klapalek's view proves to be right. The final solution of the question will probably rest with the Swiss entomologists, when materials have been obtained from Geneva. Newman's description of his " Nemoura putata " appeared in the * Entomological Magazine,' vol. v. p. 401 (1838), and his diagnosis (for a copy of which I am indebted to Mr. Herbert Campion) is as follows : — *' Nemo, putata. — Fnsca, nitida ,• antennce vioniliformes, alls fere lonfjiores, et cum j)edihus, eoncolores : akefusco-thictce, hrevis- simce, vietatibias sedentis Jiaud dimidio exporrigentes. (Corp. long. •3 unc. ; alar, dilat. "55 unc.) • • • • • • "Inhabits Scotland. Taken by Mr. Walker at New Lanark : will form a genus of future authors." This diagnosis, without material change, is repeated in the * British Museum Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects,' Part I, 1852, p. 190, but there is nothing there to indicate that the Museum possessed an example. Nevertheless, the presumption is strong that Newman's type went to the British Museum. Professor Lowne, the Curator of the Entomological Club's Cabinets, informs me that he never had either Newman's British or foreign Perlidse, although he remembers seeing them at Newman's, and he suggests that they went to the British Museum. The late Mr. McLachlan long ago told me that Newman's foreign Perlid?e were in the British Museum, but he was never quite satisfied that the British examples were there, and I suppose the official records throw no light on the point. Mr. Herbert Campion very kindly made a search in the Museum Collection for this type, but without conclusive results. I suppose it is a well-known fact that Stephens's collection of Neuroptera was at one time arranged by someone who was not quite an expert in the order, and who seems to have been the cause of seriously impairing the value of the collection to future workers. Mr. Campion reports that there are three insects in the British cabinet over a printed label reading : " 21 putata Newm." Two of the insects, he says, have clearly nothing to do with the present question, but the third is of importance, and Stephens's own MS. label pinned beside it seems to relate to that specimen alone. Mr. Campion is satisfied, after comparing it with one of my males from Clydesdale, that the two belong to the same species. I am much inclined to think that this speci- men is either the actual type, or at least that it may have been received from the same source — that is, from Henry Walker, of New Lanark. While unfortunately it is not possible to get that absolute proof which a comparison with the known type would have ON t.t;niopteryx putata. 83 afforded, yet Newman's description can hardly refer to anything else than to my earlier T. trifasciata. The locality, New Lanark, refers no doubt to the Eiver Clyde, near that place. The banks of this river, which were my favourite hunting-grounds for many years, produces in early spring two species of Tcenio- 'pteryx, both of which have short-winged males, but the reference to the moniliform antenna? can apply to my trifasciata alone. The British species of Tceniopteryx are three in number, viz. putata, Newman, risi, Morton, and nehulosa, Linn6. Little needs to be said about the last-named, which is separable from the others at a glance. Klapalek has placed it in a separate genus, Nephelopteryx. If the two genera are adopted, they may be distinguished thus : — Cubitus of the fore wings emitting two to four branches outwards to the hind margin. Ventral plate {lamina suhgenitalis) of the male long . . . Taniopteryx, Pict. Cubitus of the fore wings emitting but one branch out- wards to the hind margin. Ventral plate of the male short ....... Nephelopteryx, Klap. In British examples of nehulosa the male, as has been indicated, has frequently very much abbreviated wings, but not always so ; specimens occasionally appear almost as full-winged as Continental examples. Mr. Martin E. Mosely recently sent me one from Dovedale in full-winged condition. It may be that micropterism is more dominant in the North, but it is probably not confined to that quarter. When the wings are full in the male, it of course approaches in appearance to the female. The shortest-winged males are very remarkable, sprawling creatures, the legs appearing to be out of all proportion to the size of the insect. The short-winged forms seem to have the apical pro- cess of the valvula suhanalis shorter than is usual in the long- winged condition (see fig. 7), but there is no very striking diffe- rence, and there may be a certain amount of individual variation. The short-winged male of nehulosa may also be separated from the male of putata by the moniliform antennge of the latter. The wing-markings in nehulosa are usually very vague, and I cannot say that I have ever seen a female example with such distinct fasciate markings in the wings as are shown in Albarda's figure ('Annales de la Soc. Ent. Belg.' xxxiii. pi. i.). 2\ nehu- losa appears very early, from February to April, according to locality and season, and it seems to last but a short time. The two other species, T. risi and T. putata, present no difficulty in determination. The latter, as a rule, occurs earlier than risi, but risi may be found as early as April along with the others, while it continues to appear in higher districts even to July. The differences between the two species may be tabulated thus : — g2 84 the entomologist. Males. a. Short winged ; in fore wing three sectors, as a rule, going from cubitus to hind margin ; neuration rather close, and markings in British examples, at least, usually small and faint. Antennae rather thick, joints moniliform. Ventral plate not produced at the apex, the margin of which is excised . . . initata, Newman. aa. Full winged ; in fore Aving two sectors, as a rule, going from cubitus to hind margin ; neuration wider ; ' fasciate markings usually distinct. Antennae slender, joints not moniliform. Ventral plate produced, up- turned, margins entire .... risi, Morton. (For side view of ventral plates, see figs.. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, pi. ii.) Females. a. Wings with three more or less distinct fasciae, and in addition the apex of the wing is occupied by a well- defined marking which may be connected posteriorly with the immediately preceding fascia, but which is frequently separated therefrom anteriorly by the space between the radial sector and the radius ; three or four sectors going from cubitus to hind margin imtata, Newman. aa. Wings with three more or less distinct fasciae, but the apex of the wing without any well-defined marking, although the whole apex beyond the outmost fascia may become somewhat darkened in very mature ex- amples. Neuration less close ; two or three sectors going from cubitus to hind margin . . . risi, Morton. In the meantime, I cannot attempt to give anything like an outline of the geographical distribution of these insects. Practi- cally the whole material dealt with has been drawn from Scot- land, chiefly from Eannoch and Clydesdale. All three abound in Perthshire at the proper time, and I took all of them in Lanarkshire on April 9th and 10th, 1910. I have little hesita- tion in saying that they occur pretty generally throughout Scot- land. No doubt they occur in many English localities. For T. risi, Mr. Porritt gives the following localities : Harden Clough, near Huddersfield, and Dunford Bridge, both in South- western Yorkshire (Porritt) ; and Buckden in Wharfedale, North- western Yorkshire (Carter). Other localities are Haslemere, Surrey (July), Eiver Yealm, at Cornwood (May 16th), both in McLachlan's collection ; and Mr. Briggs records it as rare at Exeter, Bickleigh Vale (Bignell), and not uncommon on East Lyn Piiver (April, Briggs). T. nehulosa, according to Briggs, has been taken near Exeter (Parfitt), and at Exminster (March, Bignell); and Porritt has it from Pickering, East Yorkshire (February 1st). The only species known from Ireland with certainty is T. risi, ON T/ENIOPTERYX PUTATA. 85 which is common about rapid streams in Co. Wicklow in April (Halbert). It may be useful to consider shortly some of the allied Conti- nental forms. With this end in view I have made camera lucida sketches of the apex of the abdomen from above of several species. These figures are more or less diagrammatic. The figures of the ventral plate serve only to show its outline ; no attempt has been made to represent fully the structures lying within the hollow of this plate. The form of the cerci is important and useful, but it appears that allowances must be made occasionally in respect of the position they happen to occupy in each preparation. The remarkable, strongly cbiti- nized vesicle, called by Klapalek the supra-anal lobus (or valvida supra-analis), is a very striking feature, and the point of the dorsal appendage of this organ affords good specific characters [cf. Klapalek, " Geschlechtstheile der Plecopteren " : 'Sitzungs- ber. der kais. akad. d. Wiss. in Wien, Mathem.-naturw. Classe,' Bd. cv. Abth. i. 1896, pp. 35-41, Taf. v. (named T. trifasciata, but refers to hraueri) ] . Comparing Klapalek's figures of the apex of the appendage of the supra-anal lobus of various species of Tceniopteryx (" Ueber neue und wenig bekannte Arten der Palaarctischen Neuropteroiden," p. 11: 'Bulletin internatl. de I'Academie des Sciences de Boheme,' 1901), T. yutata is a little suggestive of tristis, Klap., but this species is evidently different, having only two sectors going from the cubitus to the hind margin. It is very unlikely that putata will prove to be restricted to Great Britain. Yet, with one exception, I have never seen anything like it from the Continent. The exception is represented by a pair of TcBniopteryx from Czarnohora, in the Eastern Car- pathians, received from Mr. Josef Dziedzielewicz : kc. I am again indebted to Dr. Montandon for specimens of this species. Fam. HENICOCEPHALID^. Henicocephaliis limhatiyennis, sp. n. Head, anterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs ochraceovis ; antennae, and middle and posterior lobes of pro- notum, castaneous ; abdomen beneath with transverse fuscous mark- ings ; bemelytra pitchy-brown, a basal angulate spot ochraceous, the lateral and apical margins broadly sordidly stramineous ; antennae distinctly pilose, second joint distinctly longer than the third ; anterior lobe of bead considerably longer tlian posterior lobe, elon- gate, margins subparallel, posterior lobe globose, the ocelli near its anterior margins ; posterior lobe of pronotum distinctly wider than middle lobe, its lateral margins roundly oblique, middle lobe centrally longitudinally sulcate. Long. 8 milhm. Hah. Ceylon; Peradeniya (F. H. Gravely, Ind. Mus.). Mr. Gravely found this species " running about on the ground in the jungle." Allied to H. viajusculiis, Dist., but a smaller species, diffe- rently coloured, the pale lateral margin to the hemelytra broader and regularly continued to the apex, basal joint of antennae shorter and more incrassate, middle lobe of pronotum with the lateral margins rounded, not obliquely narrowed anteriorly, &c. Fam. REDUVIID^. Acantliaspis chilawensis, sp. n. Black ; antenniferous tubercles, spines at base of pronotum, basal angles and a large spot behind middle of corium, and lateral marginal spots to abdomen above and beneath, ochraceous ; legs pitchy- brown ; first joint of antennae about as long as head ; anterior lobe of pronotum sculptured, the anterior angles subprominent, posterior lobe closely rugose, lateral spines somewhat long, a little directed backward, their apices black, the two central basal spines much shorter, posteriorly directed ; scutellum wnth a long spine obliquely directed backward ; legs finely setose ; rostrum reaching the anterior coxae, first and second joints subequal in length. Long. 16 to 20 millim. Hah. Ceylon ; Ghilaw (E. E. Green). Closely allied to A. quinqucspinosa, Fabr., but basal central spines to pronotum smaller, their basal areas black, not ochra- ceous, spot to corium larger, less transverse, and more ob- long, &c. RHYNCHOTA INDICA (hETEROPTERa) . 107 Genus Amulius. Amulius viscus, sp. n. Head and antennie black, tlie latter with the base of third joint (rather broadly) and base of fourth joint (narrowly) ochraceous ; prono- tum pale sanguineous, the anterior angles, some central suffusions to anterior lobe and the posterior lobe — excluding lateral areas — black ; scutellum and corium black, apex of the former and a spot on apical area of the latter, ochraceous ; membrane shining bluish-black; connexivum black with large pale sanguineous spots , a central longitudinal fascia to head beneath, ochraceous; sternum pale sanguineous, disks of meso- and metasterna and lateral areas of the latter, black ; four spots near anterior margin of mesosternum ochraceous ; abdomen beneath dull ochraceous, connexivum as above and a series of large sublateral spots black ;-legs ochraceous or pale sanguineous; a broad central annulation and apex to anterior tibicC, apical areas of inter- mediate and posterior femora, the intermediate and posterior tibise and all the tarsi, black ; rostrum black, about or almost reaching base of head ; antennae with the first joint less than half the length of head, second nearly as long as pronotum, third longer than fourth ; anterior angles of pronotum long, spinously produced, the spines forwardly produced, curved, and slightly longer than first joint of antennge, basal pronotal margin posteriorly laminately produced and strongly centrally emarginate ; apex of scutellum somewhat tuber- culous. Long. 19 millim. Hah. Ceylon; Ratnapura (E. E. Green). Allied to the Malayan A. quadripunctatus, Stiil, but the anterior spinous pronotal angles black, much more slender, acute, and curved, &c. " In life — has the anterior tarsi covered with a viscid secre- tion resembling Canada balsam. In living examples the red areas are quite brilliant " (E. E. Green iu litt.). Fam. NOTONECTIDiE. Anisops ali, sp. n. Ochraceous, the liemelytra more or less shaded with fuliginous ; eyes black ; interocular space narrow, margins parallel, not or very slightly narrowing at base, above with a distinct central longitudinal impression, the margins of which are ridged, beneath narrow, parallel, of the same breadth throughout ; pronotum with a distinct waved carinate line on the anterior area, commencing on the lateral margins behind eyes and then roundly directed upward and united between the inner posterior angles of the eyes ; abdomen beneath fuscous. This species is allied in general coloration to A. sardea, Herr.-Schaff., and A. fieberi, Kirk. From both of these, however, it is distinctly separated by the narrow parallel interocular space, and by tlio dis- tinct carinate waved line to the pronotum. Long. 5 to 6^ millim. Hab. Ceylon; Diyatalawa (E. E. Green). 108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES BY THE WAY. The restriction of the terms "type" and "co-type" to definite limits is an exceedingly simple matter, if we could but agree as to the limits. A world-wide authority in his particular order startled me to-day by stating that " co-type " could be applied to any specimen pronounced by the original describer to be co-specific with the type — that, in fact, you sent him a specimen, captured years after the description was published, he compared it with the type, returned it to you as co-specific, and you became, in consequence, the happy possessor of a " co- type " ! Even " type" has a vague meaning for some authors. Two " types," both so labelled similarly by the author, were sold to a museum ; one was from Ceylon, and the other from Kuching ; his description gave " Kuching " as the only original locality — the sale of the Ceylon specimen as a type was, to say the least, irregular. " Co-types " are all the specimens of a single species immediately before the author when he draws up his description. The " type " is a single specimen selected at will by the author as most typical of this whole series of individuals. A nice point of synonymy was raised recently, for which we have no recollection of provision by the British Association or Zoological Congress : — If an author publish a specific name already figuring in the same genus, and a second man sub- sequently publish a description of the same species and make for it a new and valid genus, does the first name, which is not truly co-specific with the other species as placed, take priority in the second author's new genus ? In our last we mentioned Irish entomological research ; but a much more elaborate exploration has been going on respecting the insects of that very interesting group of islands off Mada- gascar known as the Seychelles. Prof. Stanley Gardiner, well known for his investigations in the Maldive and Laccadive Islands, will shortly publish a detailed description of them, but we have already arrived at the third volume of the general account of the fauna collected there during 1908 and 1909 by Mr. Hugh Scott, the Curator at Cambridge. This is given through the medium of the Trans. Linn. Soc. of last November, and graphically introduces us to the sterile granitic rocks, rising in places to an altitude of two to three thousand feet. It is a most fascinating locality, since " there are well-marked distinc- tions between the entomological faunas of different parts," many species are obviously introduced, and there is a distinct Oriental element ; forests at an elevation of some thousand feet were found most productive of truly indigenous species. ^ -kt 109 NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 62.) Mithuna arizana, sp. n. (? . Antennae fasciculate ; head and thorax pale brown, abdomen paler. Fore wings pale brown, darker freckled ; medial line dark brown, slightly oblique, interrupted above the middle ; submarginal line dark brown, rather broad, much interrupted. Hind wings fuscous, outer margin and fringes yellowish. $ . Similar to the male, but the medial line of fore wings is entire ; hind wings paler than those of the male. Expanse, 24 millim. Collection number, 694. One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.). The male captured in September, 1906, and the female in August, 1908. ab. parva, nov. Smaller, the medial line of fore wings only distinct on the costa and the inner margin ; the submarginal line less distinct and nearer the outer margin. Expanse, 18-19 millim. Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June 13th, 1906. Possibly these insects may be local forms of M. quadriplaga, Moore. Ilema tricolor, sp. n. Fore wings pale cinnamon-brown on basal two-thirds, blackish on outer third. Hind wings creamy white, a blackish border on the outer margin ; the latter is broadest towards costa, slightly indented below middle, and narrowed at anal angle. Under side as above, but the basal two-thirds of fore wings creamy white, and the costal mar- gins of all the wings streaked with yellow. Expanse, 28 millim. Collection number, 542 a. One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.). May 13, 1909. Siccia tahcana, sp. n. Head and thorax white, faintly tinged with brown. Fore wings white, powdered with pale brownish chiefly on costal area ; a black point near base of costa and a black mark below it ; three blackish spots on the costa, from the first are traces of an antemedial line, and from the third a curved series of dusky dots (the second from inner margin Imr-like) represent a postmedial line ; a blackisli spot at end of cell, and a dot about middle of cell ; submarginal line dusky, slender, with blackish dots upon it ; a blackish dot on the whitish fringes at apex, and a similar one about middle. Hind wings pale fuscous. Under side whitish ; fore wings clouded with fuscous ; hind wings with blackish discoidal dot and a dusky band beyond. Expanse, 22 millim. 110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Collection number, 678. One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), August 19, 1905. Niidaria (?) semUutea, sp. n. Fore wings white ; basal area, except extreme base, orange-yellow, limited by a partly curved line of the ground colour ; the outer area clouded with dark brown. Hind wings whitish, faintly tinged with yellow ; a dark cloud on outer margin towards the costa. Expanse, 16 millim. Collection number, 699. One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June, 1906. Chamaita hirta, sp. n. (? . White, semi-transparent, the veins of fore wings clothed with brownish hairs, except on outer third (perhaps denuded). 2 . Whitish, semi-transparent, obscurely mottled with brownish (? stain). Expanse, ^ 18 millim., $ 18-20 millim. Collection number, 681. One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), May, 1906, and a female specimen, from the same locality, taken in August of that year. Near C. nympha, Moore. Hyponccia dentata, sp. n. Head and thorax dark brown, abdomen paler. Fore wings whitish, suffused with pale brown ; basal third dark brown, hardly separate from a dark brown, dentate, antemedial line ; medial and postmedial lines dark brown, dentate, space enclosed by the lines suffused with the darker colour ; a black curved spot at end of cell, where the medial line is bent outwards, and a dot in the cell ; submarginal line dark brown, interrupted, broadest towards costa ; fringes whitish, preceded by a series of dark brown dots. Hind wings fuscous, fringes paler. Under side fuscous, costal and outer margins of fore wings and fringes of all wings paler. Expanse, 18 millim. Collection number, 698. One male specimen from Tainan (on the plains). May 14, 1906. Near H. mesozonata, Hampson. Asura limhata, sp. n. (7 . Antennas whitish above, reddish beneath ; head and thorax white, the latter marked with brownish. Fore wings brownish, a black dot at end of cell, from which a black streak runs towards base of the wing ; a subbasal line runs to a white streak on the inner margin, thence turns upw^ard, forming a white hook-like mark ; outer margin with white border, enclosing three browmish spots on the upper portion. Hind wings paler, with an interrupted white border on the outer margin. 5 . Paler, but this is probably due to its worn condition. Expanse, ^ 22 milhm., ? 24 milhm. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 111 Collection number, 695 a. One specimen of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.)- The male captured in April, 1907, and the female in May, 1908. Asura pica, sp. n. ? . Fore wings blackish with a white hook-like mark as in limhata, but the streak is more oblique to inner margin, and is twice interrupted near tbe costa ; the wbite outer border of limhata is here represented by four white spots — one on the costa before apex, one at apex, one at middle, and one at the inner angle ; all four united by a slender, wavy, submarginal white line. Hind wings blackish. Expanse, 18 millim. Collection number, 695. One female specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), September 22nd, 1906. May be a seasonal form of A. limhata. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Hydrilla palustris, &c., at Wicken. — Tbougli it is, perhaps, rather late in the day to tell of last summer's captures, it may be well to record that I was fortunate enough during a visit to Wicken in June to take two male specimens of Hydrilla jxdnstris. I believe four other specimens were taken about the same time by other collectors. Considering the amount of wind, oftentimes from the east, we had during our stay of nearly three weeks, my friend (the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, of Ottery St. Mary) and I did fairly well. Arsilache alhovenosa was not much in evidence, but I had never on my two previous visits seen so many Macrogaster castanece (arund inis) on the sheet, or such abundance of Meliana flammea. Four hard days' work at Tuddenham produced only about two dozen Acid alia riibiginala between us ; Lithostege griseata was almost over, but Agrophila trahealis was plentiful. In exploring for L. griseata we came upon a fresh locality for A. trahealis which promised well, but the presence of an irate farmer who would not listen to reason made future visits undesirable. The pine trees at Tuddenham are well-known as the resting place of Hecatera serena, but our experi- ence was that the trees were quite deserted for the flowers of the viper's bugloss {Echiuvi vulgare) which was growing in great profu- sion on the hillside. I took an entirely new series from the llowers, the moths settling quietly in brilliant sunshine. The Rev. J. W. Metcalfe was fortunate enough to take a specimen of Dianthcecia irregularis in the same way. The weather was fine during the whole of our stay except for one night when a thunderstorm was imminent, so much so as to drive us liome in haste, only to find that it had left Wicken practically untouclieil in its course, and to have the mortification of knowing the next morning that the previous night had been entomologically the night of the season. The continuance of wind, however, was a serious disadvantage. — Rev. J. E. Tarbat; Fareham, Hants. 112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Unusual Emergence of Noctua plecta. — On February 7th I found a perfectly fine specimen of Noctua plecta in the vestry of the church. The larva had probably pupated in the vestry in the autumn, and the warmth of the church had caused the imago to emerge at this early date. — Eev. J. E. Tarbat ; Fareham, Hants. Unrecorded Occurrences of Euvanessa antiopa. — Possibly some light is thrown upon the question of the identity of the larvae referred to as those of the Camberwell Beauty, in the quotation under the above heading, given by Mr. Eowland-Brown (antea, p. 68), by the following note which occurs in Humphreys and Westwood's 'British Moths,' vol. i. p. 91, where it is stated of the larva of Porthcsia chrijsorrhcea, L. : — " It feeds on various plants, especially whitetiiorn, in June, and has at times become so remarkably abundant as to cause a serious panic to Londoners, especially in 1782, when prayers were offered up in the churches against the enemy ; and the churchwardens and overseers of the neigh- bouring villages, after offering rewards for collecting these cater- pillars, attended to see them burnt by bushels." It will be noted that both the date and the measure by which the quantity of the caterpillars was estimated are the same in the two accounts, and I think we should not be far wrong in assuming that Professor Hall Grifiin's Camberwell Beauty caterpillars were none other than those of Porthesia chrysorrhoea. — Egbert Adkin ; Lewisham, Feb. 1911. With regard to Mr. Eowland-Brown's interesting reference in your last number to the abundance of larvae in Camberwell, in 1782, I think there is little doubt but that they were Stilimotia salicis, for I have met with them abroad — practically in thousands. Yet another species must be taken into consideration, viz. Malacosoma ncustria, the larvae of which many years ago (I am speaking of the fifties and early sixties) occurred in the greatest abundance. Trees in orchards, I can remember, were often denuded of their leaves, such were their ravages. My earliest recollections in entomology are associated with collect- ing the "rings" of ova of this species. With regard to Vanessa antiopa, in my experience the larvae are essentially sallow feeders. I have found them in Spain and commonly in the South of France but always on sallow. It is true the imagines frequent willows, but is it not the Cossus and other exudations which attract them ? — A. H. Jones ; February dth, 1911. Autumnal Emergence of Polygonia c-album, var. hutchinsoni. — During Sept. 1910, I sent the Eev. Alfred Stiff, of Leigh-on-Sea, some two dozen larvuB of c-album which I had bred from Wye Valley stock. During January of this year he wrote to me and said he had been most successful with them, and had bred four specimens of the var. hutchinsoni, which emerged mid-October. This seemed to me very strange, as none of the remainder of the brood in my hands had produced the variety, and I had never had, nor heard of the variety being bred in the autumn, it being purely a June or early July form. I had bred some of the new straw-coloured vai'iety, unheard-of before this year, and rather expected that he had mistaken these for var. hutchinsoni. I therefore asked him to let me see the specimens, and NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 113 greatly to my surprise found they were very fine and large var. hutchhisoni. — L. W. Newman; Bexley, Kent. Late Autumn and Winter Emergence of Ematurga ato- MARiA. — During 1910 I reared a considerable number of E. atomaria from ova from Lanes, parents ; the larvas fed up rapidly and pupated in June. During July I turned out my breeding pots, collected the pupae and stored them away in glass-top metal boxes, in as cold a place as possible for the winter. I did not again look at the pupae till September, when I was rather surprised to find six specimens had emerged, two being dead and the other four alive. I noticed several dozens were forming up, so these were removed to a breeding cage, and the imagines duly emerged. As others continued to form up, they also were removed from their cold place and kept warm. Moths continued to emerge right up to the beginning of January, when they stopped. In all, over twenty-five per cent, of the pupae emerged from September to January, a few almost every day. — L. W. Newman ; Bexley, Kent. Phasgonura viridissima (Orthoptera). — Mr. B. S. Williams sends me a fine female specimen of this grasshopper, that Surrey may no longer bear the reproach of having no certain record of this fine species. It was taken by himself at Pickett's Hole, Eanmore, August 13th, 1910.— W. J. Lucas. Hemerobius stigma (Neuroptera). — On January 29th last, a specimen of this brown lace wing was obtained by beating a young Scotch fir at the Black Pond, Esher Common, Surrey. I have found the species previously in this locality in mid-winter ; but still the capture may be worth recording. — -W. J. Lucas. Triph^na pronuba in January. — This evening (Jan. 27th) I took a T. pronuha flying around a lamp in a room. The specimen seemed to me to be too fresh for one of the partial second brood of September, 1910. Last October I found several larva? of this species, in the garden here, nearly full-grown and still feeding. Is this a common occurrence ? — Laurence Jones ; The Rectory, Marks Tey. Notes on Ghilosia grossa, Cordyceps, and Smerinthus tili^. — Reading the note on Ghilosia grossa by Lt.-Col. Nurse (' Entomo- logist,' vol. xliii., p. 313) reminds me that, under the same circum- stances, I used to come across pink larvae about one-third of an inch long. If I remember rightly, thei'e were several in one stem. I am afraid I did not trouble much about rearing them — probably I may be told they were some commoner well-known insect. This was when I was living near Plymouth. The illustration of Cordyceps militaris {I. c. p. 297) recalls the gruesome appearance of a large C. ligniperda larva I left in a cylindrical tin and neglected. As well as I can remember, the fungus was nearly an inch long and growing vertically from the whole length of the back. The damp atmosphere of the tin had evidently suited the fungus better than its host. Mr. Arkle's note (/. c. p. 291) that S. iilia is very rare in the Chester district is equally true of the Plymouth one, where I could never succeed in finding the species, though I used to dig up the pupte fairly freely entom. — march, 1911. I 114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. around elms about Oxford. Around Plymouth SiMnx lignstri seemed to be the commonest "hawk moth." A catalogue giving the distri- bution of the various "hawk moths" in the several counties would be highly interesting. — (Rev.) Feed. Julian Briggs ; Codrington College, Barbadoes, November 26th, 1910. Notes on the Lipe-History of Antiteopa erinnys. — The eggs are greyish white in colour, and are laid in great numbers on both sides of the leaves of a lily (Dracmna liooheriana) that grows wild in the woods and elsewhere. The leaves of this plant are about two to t\vo and a half inches in width, and very thick ; consequently the young larva when it emerges must be very strong, for as soon as it is hatched it at once eats a small portion of the leaf at the edge, and then turns down the same completely over itself, joining it firmly together with white silky thread. It is then light green in colour, with a black head. It comes out of its house to eat, and after about five days it closes up each end of the same and remains therein for about two and a half to three days whilst it changes its skin; it is then green in colour, with a yellow head with six false eyes on the same, black in colour. After moulting, the larva frequently occupies the old house, if large enough ; if not, it makes another, going through the same operation as before, but turning over a larger portion of the leaf. After about eight days it again changes its skin ; it is then much paler green, head yellow with a brown line down the centre, which widens at the mouth ; the six false eyes which are black are placed two on each side of the brown line on the front of the head and one on each side of the same. The larva now measures about three- quarters of an inch in length and eats freely, but returns very quickly to its house, always backwards, if disturbed whilst feeding. Seven days later it again changes its skin, and remains in the follow- ing state until it pupates (as the last two stages are practically identical in colour and markings) : the body very nearly white and very transparent ; there is a black line between the second and third segments, and between the eighth and ninth segments ; on the back there is a light yellow round spot, and on the last segment above the hind claspers there is a hard yellow patch very similar to the brown one in Plcetzia fiara. Head large and yellow in colour, with the brown marking more distinct and forming a triangle above the mouth ; the six false eyes black in colour and much larger. When full grown it is a little over two inches in length. I may mention that it always comes out of its house to drop its frass. When about to pupate, which it does sometimes in its last house, it completely covers in each end of the same — the part whence the perfect insect emerges with white silk, while the old cast skin fills up the other end. Sometimes it pupates on the under side of the leaf, and then it spins a lot of white silk on that portion of the leaf and fixes itself with a band across the centre of the body. It changes in about three to four days to a very fine pupa, which is pale bluish-white in colour and has the end of the abdomen very pointed ; there is a straight black line down the middle of the thorax ; the six false eyes are replaced by black spots on the pupa ; the case enclosing the trunk, which is only fixed to the pupa as far as the end of the wing cases, SOCIETIES. 115 is very long, extending about a quarter of an inch below the end of the pupa. It remains about twenty-one to twenty-eight days in this state. There is no doubt this species is very badly attacked by ichneumons, and also by dipterous flies, in all its stages, including the ovum. It is also eaten, whenever caught outside its house, by ants, mantis, cockroaches, &c., more particularly in the first two stages. The butterfly is fairly common, and has been fully described by Mr. Eoland Trimen.— Geo. F. Leigh, F.E.S. ; Durban, Natal, September 27th, 1910. Errata. — P. 75, line 1, for brumata read boreata ; p. 75, line 8, for back read bark. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, February 1st, 1911.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S., in the chair.— It was announced that the Council had nominated the Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., as President for the current year. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited several Heliconii from Eastern Ecuador, including the forms H. ruhri- l)icta, adonidcs, and feyeri with streaked hind wings. He observed that it seemed now to be possible and even likely that H. melpomene aglaope would eventually be proved to be linked with H. plesseni through these newly discovered forms, and that this species would then have to be sunk as a subspecies of H. melpomene. Similarly, H. notabilis through ilia and feyeri was probably only a subspecies of H. erato, though the material was insufficient at present to form a conclusion. — Dr. Nicholson exhibited a new species of Tacliyporus which he has named fasciatus. There were two specimens taken at Wicken Fen from under sedge refuse, the one in April, the other in August, 1910. This species is intermediate between T. solutus, Er., and T. clirysomelinus, L. It differs from the former in the shape of tlie antennae, which are of the same length, but are not thickened towards the apex ; by its finer puncturation throughout ; by the pro- nounced broad black band on the elytra ; and by the fact that the marginal bristles of the elytra are long and stout, as in T. chrysome- linus, and not short and fine, as in T. solutus. — ^Mr. H. J. Turner cxliibited several very interesting forms of Luperina guencei, includ- ing two new aberrations: — (i) ab. murrayi (n. ab.), which is quite tj^pical L. gueiieei in texture, shade of colour, and in markings, with this very marked difference, that the submarginal area between tlie dark marginal lunules and the sulmiarginal line is much paler than any other portion of the wing, throwing out by contrast these dai'k lunules very conspicuously ; (ii) ab. fusca (n. ab.), of which the three specimens exhibited are undoubted L. cjueneei in all their characters but depth of colour. These are believed to be the first melanic specimens which have been so far obtained. All the markings are much intensified, the ground colour is much darker than in typical examples, very dark grey with, in a good light, faint flushes of a ferruginous tint. The contrast ])et\veen ground colour and markings is very much stronger than in any of the other forms. — Mr. Cliampion exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. H. Keys the black variety of Athous 116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. hcemorrlwidalis, F., from Dartmoor, recorded by the latter in the Ent. Mo. Mag., xlvi., p. 262 ; and also a red variety of the male of Agabus bijyustulatus, L., from the same locality. — The Eev. A. T. Stiff, who was present as a visitor, exhibited some second-brood specimens of Polygonia c-album var. hutchinsoni. The vars. includ- ing three intermediates, emerged on October 16th, 19th (3), 20th, 21st (2), 22nd, 23rd and 26th, 1910. It is believed that there is no record of var. hutchinsoni having ever been bred in the 2nd brood of c-album. — Mr. Newman writes : "I have bred thousands of c-album of the second-brood in various years, and never one hutchinsoni, and I have never heard of any one else doing so." — Mr. Eowland-Brown and Mr. Bethune-Baker both observed that they had taken hybernated specimens of this form on the Continent. — Dr. O. M. Keuter commu- nicated a paper entitled " Bryocorina nonnulla iEthiopica descripta ab 0. M. Eeuter et B. Poppius." — Commander Walker, one of the Secretaries, read a paper on behalf of Col. Manders, entitled " A factor in the production of mutual resemblance in allied species of butterflies." The methods adopted in his experiments, and the conclusions drawn from them by the author, were to some extent the subject of criticism both by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall and Dr. Chapman. — Mr. Merrifield added a few observations with regard to the comparative immunity of Pierine butterflies from the attacks of birds. — A vote of condolence with the family of the late Mr. J. W. Tutt was moved from the chair, all the Fellows present signifying approval by rising. — George Wheeler, Hon. Sec. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society. — January 12th, 1911. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — The President referred to the great loss that the science of entomology had incurred by the death of Mr. J. W. Tutt, a past President of the Society. — Mr. Phillips, of Forest Gate, was elected a member. — Mr. Tonge exhibited photographs of the ova in sitii of Plebeius argus {oigon), Buralis betula, and Calamia hitosa, and also of the early stage of a wasp's nest [Vespa sylvestris) found in a pig-sty. — Mr. Lucas, a teratological example of Anosia plexi-pims with right fore wing shorter and narrower than normally and with concave outer margin. — Mr. Newman, (1) extremely light and very dark forms, with unusually small and very large forms, of Malacosoma castrensis and M. neustria; (2) a very red Phlogophora meticulosa; (3) second brood specimens of PericalUa syringaria, small and dark banded ; (4) second brood of Selcnia lunaria, i.e. ya.v.delunaria; and (5) living imagines, pup* and full-fed larvae of Aphantop2is hyperanthus reared by Mr. OUver. — Mr. Adkin, selections of several broods reared originally from a black female ab. nigra of Boarmia gemmaria, and communicated a full note on the results. — Mrs. Hemming, bred and caught series of Melitaa aurinia from Wiltshire, where the species has been somewhat common. — Mr. Hemming, on behalf of Mr. P. A. Buxton, the same species with the note that all emerged in the afternoon; he also showed series of Adopoiaflava from Sussex, show- ing two distinct forms.— Mr. Coote, two very dark green examples of Panolis piniperda. — Mr. Platt-Barrett, an example of Saturnia pavo7iia-7najor from Sicily. — Mr. Kaye, Myelobius vuirana, a sphingid- SOCIETIES. 117 like Pijrah from South America.— Mr. Step, specimens and a series of photograplis of the growth and development of the Myxogasler, Brefeldia maxima found by him at Horsley, and a cluster of oak galls Cynips kollari from which birds had systematically extracted the tenant larvae. — Dr. Hodgson, long series of varied forms of ill. aurinia of many localities. — Mr. West called attention to the drawer of the Society's type collection which he was exhil)iting, and to which, while rearranging, he had added some sixty species of Coleoptera from his own collection. — Mr. Priske showed a number of slides illustrative of the hfe-history of the glow-worm, which Mr. Main and he were observing, and read notes on what they had done so far. — ^Mr. Lucas read a paper: "Notes on the Natural Order Neuroptera," and showed a large number of lantern slides to illustrate his remarks. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Annual Meeting held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, December 19th, 1910, Mr. K. Newstead, M.Sc, F.E.S., Vice- President, in the chair. — The Reports of the Council and Hon. Treasurer were read and adopted, and the following members were elected as officers and Council for the ensuing year, viz. — President, S. J. Capper, F.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents, W. J. Lucas, B.A. ; C. E. Stott; Claude Morley, F.Z.S.; P. F. Tinne, M.A., M.B. ; Geo. Arnold, M.Sc. ; Treasurer, Dr. J. Cotton ; Secretaries, H. R. Sweet- ing and Wm. Mansbridge ; Librarian, F. N. Pierce; Council, E. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S. ; Wm. Webster, M.R.S.A.I. ; Wm. Mallinson ; W. T. Mellows; L. H. Lister; G. M. Taylor, M.A. ; C. B. Wilhams ; R. T. Cassal, M.R.C.S., L.S.A. ; 0. Whittaker; R. Wilding; and L. West, M.I.M.E. — Mr. Robert Newstead, the retiring Vice- President, deHvered the Address, which was entitled "The Taxo- nomic Value of the Genital Armature in the Tsetse Flies (Genus Glossina)." He stated that he had made a careful examination of all the hitherto described species of the genus Glossina, which had not only revealed some very striking morphological characters, but had led to the discovery of three hitherto undescribed species, Glossina suhmorsitans, Newst., G. hrevipalpis, Newst., and G. fiiscipes, Newst., and also to the re-establishment of Bigot's G. grossa. The scheme of classification adopted was based entirely upon the taxonomic characters of the male armature, which are the tr-ue and almost only natural anatomic elements that can at present be found in these insects. He had found that the species fell into three very striking and distinct groups, each being separated by very trenchant charac- ters. These are. Group I. {the fusca group). — This division includes the four largest species of the genus: G. fusca, Walker; G. grossa. Bigot, which have a Western distribution; G. longipennis, Corti; and G. hrevipalpis, Newst., occurring chiefly on the eastern side of the continent (Africa). In all of these species the claspers are quite free, there being no membrane stretching between them ; the distal extremities of these appendages have either a single large and bluntly pointed tooth-like extension, or they are bluntly bidentate ; the harpes in all cases being markedly different in their morpho- logical characters. Group II. (the iialpalis group). — To this division 118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. belong the following species : — G. j^cdjxilis, Eob. Desv. ; G. tachi- noides, Westwood ; G. fuscipes, Newst. ; and G. 'pallicera, Bigot. In all of these species the claspers of the males are connected by a thin and finely spinose membi'ane, which is deeply divided medially, but in all cases the distal extremities of the claspers are quite free and widely separated. Group III. (the morsitans group). — This group comprises : G. morsitans, Westwood ; G. submorsitans, Newst. ; and G. lomjipalpis, Wiedemann. In these the claspers are com- pletely united by a spinose membrane, and they are also fused medially. They are of very remarkable form, their shape somewhat resembling the scapula of a mammal in miniature, and are altogether much more highly complicated structures than those in either of the preceding groups. Thus we see in these three groups forms which are so widely different as to lead one to assume, without taking other external features into consideration, that they represent three distinct genera. Certain it is that these insects illustrate one fundamental principle of evolution, namely, that they have attained great develop- ment of one set of morphological characters and have retained others apparently of an ancestral type. January 16th, 1911. — Mr. Geo. Arnold, M.Sc, Vice-President, in the chair. — A discussion on " Arjrotis cursoria, and its Varieties " was opened by Mr. Wm. Mansbridge, and continued by Mr. T. Baxter, of St. Anne's-on-Sea, Mr. F. N. Pierce, and other members. — Mr. Baxter brought his fine varied series of cursoria for exhibition, which included some very rare forms, as well as the commoner vars. brunnea, ochrea, saggitta, ccerulea, costa-cceridea, and obsoleta. Mr. W. Mansbridge also brought a varied series from St. Anne's. At Wallasey and Crosby cursoria is of extremely rare occurrence and, though still common on the North Lancashire sandhills, it is not nearly so abundant as was the case some twenty years ago, owing to the encroachments made by builders and golfers upon its haunts. Mr. Baxter said tliat, having given particular attention to the matter, he had never seen the ordinary mottled form in coitu with the streaked form saggitta ; he suggested that there might be two species in collec- tions under the same name ; he had seen many pairs in copulation during the last season, but they were always of similar varieties. Other exhibits were by Mr. C. B. Williams : Hesperia lineola, Apamea ophio- gramma, and Plusia moncta, from Cambridge ; a series oi Macrogastcr castanece and a large number of local fen species from Wicken. — Mr. Geo. Arnold brought Pepsisformosus, from California, locally called the " Tarantula Killer," together with our largest British Pompilid, Salius fuscus, for comparison ; Amomma burmeister, male and female — the " Driver Ant "—from Central Africa.— H. E. Sweeting and Wm. Mans- bridge, Hon. Sees. RECENT LITERATUEE. Catalogue of the Lepicloptera Phalcence in the British Museum. Vol. X. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. London : Printed by Order of the Trustees. 1910. In this volume of eight hundred and thirty pages the Erastrianae, a subfamily of the Noctuidse, are catalogued and described. Of the RECENT LITERATURE. 119 twelve hundred and twenty-two species comprised in the suhfamily over one-fourth are novelties, whilst very nearly half of the one hun- dred and thirty-six genera to which the species are referred are new. More than half of the Erastrianae are included in the following six genera: — E ublem)iia, Huhn. {t. suav a, Unhn.), 230 species; Ozarha, Walk. (t. liunctigcra, Walk.), 107 species; Tarache, Hiibn. (t. caf- fraria, Cram.), 102 species ; Lithacodia, Hiibn. (t. hellicula, Hiibn.), 86 species; Eustrotia, Hiil^n. (t. uncula, Clerck), 73 species; Cor- gatha, Walk. (t. zonalis, Walk.), 53 species. On the other hand, upwards of sixty genera have each only one species, and seventeen other genera have but two species assigned to each of them. The British species of Erastrianae are : — 5147. Euhlemma {Thalpo- chares) ostrina, Hiibn. 5181. Eublemma [Thalpocharcs) parva, Hiibn. 5185. Euhlenwia noctualis, Hiibn. {Thalpochares) parva, Hiibn. 5807. Lithacodia (Erastria) fasciana, L. 5859. Eustrotia {Hydrelia) uncula, Clerck. 5862. Eustrotia olivana, Schiff. {Bankia argentula, Hiibn.). 6000. Erastria [Agrophila) trabealis. Scop. 6185. Tarache {Acontia) lucida, Hiifn. [solaris, Schiff., albicollis, Fab.). Numbers show position in arrangement. The present volume is the seventh of the series treating of the Noctuidte. Of this extensive family of moths considerably over six thousand species have, so far, been dealt with. Not only are the species fully described, and the distribution, as indicated by speci- mens in the National Collection, set out, but all the new species, and also those not previously illustrated, are figured. The previous Noctuid volumes are — iv. Agrotinae (1903) ; v. Hadeninte (1905) ; vi. Cucullianae (1906) ; vii.-ix. Acronyctinae (1908-10). It may be mentioned that the Atlas of Plates belonging to vol. x. will not be ready for a few months. Annual Report of the Neio Jersey State Museum. Including a Beport of the Insects of Neto Jersey. Pp. 880. Trenton, N. J. MacCrellish & Quigley. 1910. This is a revised and extended edition of an exceedingly useful list. It comprises references to 10,385 species, as against 8537 in the second edition (1900), known to occur in the State of New Jersey. Besides numerous illustrations in the text, there is a map, in colour, and three portraits — Head of the Biological Department, State Entomologist, and State Taxidermist. A Booh of Nimble Beasts. Bv Douglas English. Pp.319. London: Eveleigh Nash. 1910. For boys and girls who wish to know something about the appearance and habits of some of our smaller mammals and common insects, this attractive little book should be an acceptable gift. The illustrations, over two hundred in number, are from photographs taken by the author. There are four coloured plates. 120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. OBITUARY. We regret to announce the death of Gerald George Hodgson, who was born in Brighton on October 10th, 1860, and was educated at the College there, and at King's College, London. House Physician at King's College Hospital ; House Surgeon at the Brighton and Hove Dispensary ; and afterwards House Physician and House Sui-geon at the Sussex County Hospital. Succeeding his father, he was in pri- vate practice for eight years in Brighton, and for the last eight years had been attached to the Eoyal Eye Hospital, Southwark. A very busy and strenuous life left him but few opportunities of pursuing his favourite studies of botany and entomology, the latter for many years being most intermittent, but this dearth of oppor- tunities caused him to note more particularly the habits of the creatures he met with, and he studied closely those little things that incline to the paucity or abundance of insect life, so frequently neglected by the mere collector. In 1898 his health broke down, after a severe illness brought on by overwork and a bicycle accident, and upon his partial recovery he was peremptorily ordered to give up his profession and go for a long sea voyage. This culminated in his settling for a time in Queensland, where he took up some land and regained health in its culture. As opportunity served, he again used his net and obtained many rare and interesting butterflies whilst in the colony. Upon his return home, he took up his last medical appointment, and in his spare time arranged his cabinet of Lycaenidae upon a plan of his own, namely, to exhibit at a glance over the drawer similar aberrations and varietal forms of each species. Thus the columns represented the species, and the cross-files the aberrations, either common to all or only to a few of the butterflies, placed together as a group. Hodgson was a very hard worker in the field, and the toil he willingly underwent would deter many men, but with it all he was very successful, and his "luck" in obtaining varieties almost phe- nomenal. He was not a prolific writer, but his lectures and papers show much original work ; as witness an address given to the City of London Society, 1909, opening an intended discussion upon the relative " Importance to the Ehopalocera of the upper or under sides of the wings." In this he dealt with the subject in such detail that he really covered the whole ground and left nothing debatable to be entered upon. He was also a keen botanist, and probably knew more of the life-histories of our British Orchids in the unflowering stages than any living man. Dr. Hodgson's death was entirely unexpected. He left London, and was about to go to Devonshire for a short rest, but was found to have passed away in his sleep on Friday the 3rd ult. In private life he was geniality personified, and much beloved by the young, entering into their sports and games with enthusiasm ; whilst best of all, perhaps, was his rule of life, " If possible, let no day pass without doing some one an act of kindness." This shows what the real man was more than any adulatory epitaph. S. W. NEW APPARATUS FOR THE DIRECT PROJECTION in Natural Colours of MICROSCOPICAL SLIDES, LANTERN SLIDES, OPAQUE OBJECTS (such as Book Illustrations, Photo Prints, Diagrams, Skin Diseases, &c.), and SPECTRA; all combined in one apparatus, or separately, as desired. PROJECTION MICROSCOPES. ELECTRIC LANTERNS. NEW APPARATUS Fdll PHOTOMICROGRAPHY OF TRANSPARENT AND OPAQUE OBJECTS FROM LOWEST TO HIGHEST MAGNIFICATION. SPECIAL APPARATUS FOR WHOLE INSECTS. Descriptive Catalogues gratis on request. El ^ I -p — Oxford House, . L-CLl I Z., 9, Oxford Street, London, W. BARGAINS IN BOOKS, all new. — Crawley's Tree of Life, 12s., for Os. 6d. ; Pratt's Wild Flowers, 2 vols., 12s., for C*. ; Calvert's Moorish Remains in Spain, 42s., for 158. ; Schcrron 8 Zoological Society of London, 30e., for 10s. 6d. ; Johns' Flowers of the Field, coloured plates, 7s. Gd.; Fauld's Finger Prints Guide to Finger Print Identilication, 6s., for 2s. Gd.; Landor's Across Widest Africa, 2 vols., 42s., for ISs ; Thurston's Castes and Tribes oL S. India, numerous plates, 7 thick vols., a bargain, 24s.; Rambles on the Riviera, by E. Strasburger, coloured [ilates, 2l8. net, for lOs. Gd.; Physical Deterioration, by A. Watt Srayth, 6s., for 3s.; Bates' Naturalist on Eiver Amazons, 18s., for 98. Cd. ; Evolution of Life, by H. C. liastian, 7s. 6d. net, for 4s.; Essays on Museums, by Sir W. H. Flower, I2s. net, for 6s. ; Vernon Lee's Studies of 18th Century in Italy, 21h., for 9s. ; Geo. Eliot's Works, 21 vols., 52s. Gd., for 358,; Rodger's Sherwood Forest, 21s.. for 9s.; Folkard's Sailing Boat, 31s. Gd., for 7k. 6d. ; Encyclopedia Britannica, 35 vols., a bargain, £1 lOs. Collections of Valuable Books purchased. Rare and out of print Books supplied. State Wants. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOPS, 14 aTid 16, John Bright Street, Birmingham. REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (Established 1884.) Au liiimeiise Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larvae & Pupae, & Set Specimens always on Sale. Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address — H. V/. HEAD, (Btttomdogist BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. CONTENTS. On T;Tniopteryx putata, Newman (Plecoptera), with Notes on other Species of the Genus (with plates), Kenneth J. Morton, 81. On the Economy of the Ichneumonid Monoblastiis palustiis, Illgr. (with illustration), Rupert Stenton, 87. A Synonymic List of the Panorpidae of Japan, with Corrections to my former Paper, and Description of a New Species (with illustration), T. Miyake, 90. The Duration of the Larval Stage in some of the Sesiidte, C. G. Nurse. 94. Continental Nem'optera, &c., taken by Dr. T. A. Chapman in 1909 and 1910, W. J. Lucas, 96. Aberration of Acronycta alui and A. rumicis (with illustra- tion), Eichard South, 97. Hybernation of Pyrameis (Vanessa) atalanta in Cap- tivity, L. W. Neivvian,99. The Humble-Bees of Formosa, T .D. A. Cockerell, 100. Cheshire and South Lancashire Odonata, W. J. Lucas, 102. Hatching of the Eggs of Argynnis laodice, F. W. Frohawh, 103. Rhyuchota indica (Hetero- ptera) (with illustration), W. L. Distant, 104. Notes by the Way, C. M., 108. New Lepidoptera-Heterocera from Formosa (continued), A. E. Wileman, 109. Notes and Observations, 111. Societies, 115. Recent Literaturk, 118. Obituary, 120. - - . PRELIMINARY NOTICE. MR. J. C. STEVENS will offer for Sale by Auction at his Rooms, 38, King Street, Govent Garden, London, W.C., on Tuesday, April nth, the first portion of the COLLEC- TION of LEPIDOPTERA formed by the late J. W. TUTT, Esq., F.E.S., comprising the Drepanulid^, Dicranulid.e, NoTODONTiDiE, PYG^RiDiE, Cymatophorid^, and the greater part of the NocTU.aE ; also a Collection of the Pal^arctic Erebias, among which are a good series of Lefehrei, Scipio, Zapateri, and Palarica, &c. Unique opportunity for Students of the Noctuae to acquire most of the local forms as mentioned * British Noctuae,' vols, l.-lv. Catalogues may be had seven days prior. "'"t^o'^lVaI"'' DON'T FORGET ^IS^it^,. I COLLECT nearly all the species I sell, and now have for sale fine Selene, Cassiope, Arion, Statices, Glohdaria, N. Alhulalis, Caniola, T. Fulva vars., Ccespitis, Anceps, Ripce, P. Alpina (real Grampians), a pair of L. Gaeneei, Nebulosa vars., Cordigcra, Melanopa, Carhonaria, PiUveraria, Polyommata, E. Satyrata, Derivalis, Albistrifialis, S. Alpinalis, Decrepitalis, and many others, vars., &c. Fine wild Pupfe (none bred in) of Ocellatus, Mendica, Gothicina (fine vars.), dark Glauca, Genista, Lapponarla (fine), Pimpinelata, Obliquaria, and others. Fine lot of Ova. For Price Lists apply to — THOS. SALVAGE, THE PLAQUET, ARLINGTON, SUSSEX. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS. 52, HIGH HOLBOEN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Cnstoniers are requested to note tlie Addresses, as mistakes occur daily. Uj^vfriptions for 1911 (Bs. post free) are now due, and should be sent at ^ once to West, Newman d Co., 54, Hatton Garden. London. Vol. XLIV.1 APRIL, 1911. [No. 575. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN lltustrateb lournal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN. F.E.S. H.ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S, W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.E.S". F. W.FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Dr. D.SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. " By mutual confidence and mutual aid Qreat deeds are done and great discoveries made." LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, iMARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. DOUBLE NUMBER— Price One Shilling. \VATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets li'lain lliug Nets, wire or oaue, including Stick. Is. 8d., 28., 2b. 6d. Folding MetE 3s. 6il., 46. Dmbrella Nets (self-aotingj, Tfc. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. 66"^ Ziuo Uelaxiug Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6q., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four uozen.1 Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 28. 6d. to 86. Sugaring Tin, with brush, Is. 6d., 2s, Sugaring Mixture, ready for use,, Is. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 6s. Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; IJ in., 8d. ; 2 in.,10d. ; 2^ in., Is. ; 3i in., Is. 4d. 4 in.. Is. 6d.'; 5 in.. Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, lOs. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. Gd., lis. 6d. ; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d. Breeding Cage, 26. 6d., 48., 5s., 7s. 6d. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, Is. 6d., Is. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, Is. 6d., 2s. 9d., Ss. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 28. 6d. to lis. Cement for replacing Antennae, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, Is. 6d., 2s., 28. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality, ls.6d. per dozen slieets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d., Is. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath. Is. 9d. Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, lOa. 6d. Scalpels, Is. 3d. ; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3il., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh -water Shells. 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c. SILVER PIN5for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute insects of all other families. We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiidse, &c.. are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be pleased to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Insects, Birds' Egss, Coins, Miokoscopicai, Objects, Fossils, &c. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS IBRITISH, KOROPEAN, AND KXOTIC). Birds, Mavivinls, de., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. NEWMAN'S NEW BREEDING JARS. QUITE a new breeding-cage complete, most excellent lor rearing young larvae and small species. Sand and moss may be placed in them (especially quart size) for larvse to pupate in ; I can thoroughly recommend. Instructions printed on side of jars ; strong and cheap, made in three sizes ; half-pint, Zd. each, 2s. 9d. per dozen ; pint, Ad. eacji, os. (Sd. per dozen ; quart, od. each, 4s. Gd. per dozen. Packing and postage 3rf. extra on few, one dozen post free. Try one of each size; you will xvant a dozen. Remember my Wonderful Helaxing Tins -are still as good as ever, 2s. 4d!. and 8s. \\d. post free ; they keep insects in lovely setting condition for weeks: also relax to perfection old dry insects. If yon want well-set, reliable insects, fine healthy ova, larva;, and pupie, I have the finest to offer j'ou. Send for latest price-lists. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. I IFE=HISTORIES of British Lepidoptera, mounted on food-plant in neat glazed cases, selections on approval. British Lepidoptera, 1500 species, preserved larvoe. British Coleoptera, 2000 species. Tropical Butterflies, 2500 species. Tropical Coleoptera, GOOO species. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, British and Tropical. A large number of good second-hand Store-boxes, neat glazed Cases, and a few Cabinets. A. FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemouth. The Entomologist, April, 191 Plate IV. Hugh Main photo. 4 West, Newman proc. CHRYSOPA FLAVA, Scopoli. 1, Ova. 2, Larva. 3, Cocoon. 4, Nymph. 5, Imago. All x 2. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] APRIL, 1911. [No. 575 ON SOME RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE COLEOPTERA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR PHYLOGENY. By C. J. Gahan, M.A. (Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) The arrangement of the Coleoptera in the last edition of Reitter's ' Catalogue ' of the European species is one which appeared to be quite new and strange to many of our students of the British fauna. That arrangement seems, however, to have been based very largely upon the classification of the Coleoptera proposed by Ganglbauer in 1903, which itself is only one of three or four diffe- rent classifications published since the appearance of Sharp's in the second volume on ' Insects ' in the Cambridge Natural History. The classification proposed by Dr. Sharp, in which the families of Coleoptera are grouped together in sis series, beginning with one highly specialized group, the Lamellicornia, and ending with another as highly, or perhaps even more highly, specialized group, the Rhynchophora, was evidently not framed to accord with any particular views in regard to the phylogeny of the groups. In this respect it differs from those more recent classifications, in which the aim has been to arrive at correct views as to the origin and different lines of descent of the various groups and families, and to give expression to those views in the classification. As these attempts to classify the beetles in accordance with their phylogeny seem to be still not very generally known to British students, it is proposed here to give some account of them. ^ No serious attempt to establish a general classification of the Coleoptera, based upon phylogeny, seems to have been made until Professor Lameere undertook the task, whose first results were published in his " Notes pour la Classification des Coleo- pteres."* This paper, which received notice in the 'Entomo- logist ' at the time, is remarkable, not so much for the novelty of the classification proposed as for the many valuable hints and suggestions it contained, and the great stimulus it appears to -Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 355 (1900). ENTOM. — APRIL, 1911- K 122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. have given to others to work in the same field. Notwithstanding some serious mistakes which have since been very readily admitted by the author himself, Lameere's classification was a great step in the right direction. Previous to its publication, Ganglbauer had recognized that three different types of wing- venation are to be met with in the Coleoptera : one characteristic of the family-series Caraboidea ; another of a series of families that used to be included in the heterogeneous assemblage known as the Clavicornia, but which he for the first time had withdrawn to form into a distinct group or family-series, the Staphylinoidea; and a third type, occurring under various modifications in the different families that did not come into either of those two family-series. Accepting this threefold type of wing-venation as a basis for classification, Lameere divided the Coleoptera into three sub- orders : the Cantharidiformes, the Staphyliniformes, and the Carabiformes, the two latter corresponding almost wholly with the family-series Staphylinoidea and Caraboidea of Ganglbauer, but with a fresh arrangement of the families in each group. The Cantharidiformes he subdivided into ten groups, which from considerations of structure and phylogeny he placed in the following order : Teredilia, Malacodermata, Sternoxia, Macro- dactyla, Brachymera, Palpicornia, Clavicornia, Phytophaga (with which he includes the Longicornia and Ehynchophora, the Brenthidfe excepted, which he places among the Clavicornia), Heteromera, and Lamellicornia. He pointed out the absurdity of Leconte and Horn's view that the Ehynchophora were distinct from all other Coleoptera, and the lowest and most ancestral of all ; that, on the contrary, this group was very highly specialized, and so little distinct from the Phytophaga that they may reasonably be supposed to be derived directly from them and ought to be included in the same group. At this time he believed that the Teredilia (in which group were included the families Lymexylonidse, Anobiidte, Bostrichidte, Cupedidse, and DerodontidaB) contained the forms most nearly approaching to the ancestral type of beetle ; and he therefore placed the Cantharidiformes as the first of his three suborders. It was a mistake, as he has since recognized, not to place the Carabiformes first ; and for this his first proposed classification, of which we have given here the bare outlines, he has in a later paper * substituted another. In the meantime there had been two other very notable con- tributions to the morphology and classification of the Coleoptera, one from Professor Kolbe,t of Berlin, and the other from Herr * "Nouvelles Notes pour la Classification des Coleopteres," in Ann. Soc. Ent. Beh^. xlvii. p. 155 (1903). f " Vergleichend-merphologische Untersuchungen an Koleoptereu nebst Grundlachen zu einen System und zur Systematik derselben," in Archiv. fitr Naturg. 1901, Beiheft. p. 39. CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 123 Ganglbauer,* of Vienna. Each of these distinguished system- atists has given us a classification of his own, based on views in regard to the phylogeny and relationship of the different groups and families. Ganglbauer, whose paper came last, was enabled to give a full account, accompanied by rather searching criticism, of the classifications of his two predecessors. Professor Kolbe has since modified his views to some extent, as shown in a subsequent publication, t wherein he has revised his classification and entered more largely into the arguments in its favour. The three classifications, that of Ganglbauer and the later ones of Lameere and Kolbe, differ from each other in certain important respects, which is not strange considering the great difficulties the subject presents ; but they have also some very important points of agreement, and this may be considered a great gain to the systematics of the Coleoptera. The differences are due largely to the relative value assigned by each to the principal characters taken into consideration ; and as some of these characters had not been used before to any great extent in the classification of the Coleoptera, it may be well, first, to point out what they are, and to call attention to the different interpretations that have been or may be placed upon them. Wing-venation.~A.\thoi\gh it was not until quite recently that the wing-venation has been made to play any considerable part in the classification of the beetles, its study had not altogether been neglected. Burmeister, for example, had shown that the families Carabida3, Paussid^e, Dytiscidre, and Gyrinidte, possessed in common a characteristic type of wing-venation differing from that of other beetles, and on this ground had placed them together in the group Adephaga. Otto Eoger, as the result of his study of the wing-venation from a phylogenetic point of view, came to the conclusion that the Malacoderms represented an ancient type from which all other beetles, except the Adephaga, might be derived. The Adephaga he considered to be a very ancient type, which had already branched off from the common stem before the Malacoderms had arrived at a stage represented by any existing forms. So that here was already suggested a division of the Coleoptera into two main groups : the Adephaga on the one side, and the Malacoderms and their derivatives on the other. As will be seen later on, a division of the Coleoptera into two suborders, the Adephaga and the Polj^phaga, seems to be well justified on other grounds. In addition to the type characteristic of the Adephaga, two * " Systematisch-Koleopterologiscbe Studien," in Miinch. Kol. Zeit. i. p. 271 (1903). f " Mein System der Coleopteren," in Zcitschrift fiir wissensch. Insekten- biol. (1908,1. k2 124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. other types of wing-venation are, according to Ganglbauer, to be met with in the Coleoptera. Adopting the views and the nomenclature of Comstock and Needham, he designates the chief longitudinal veins in the wing as folloT/ : — Costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus, and analis. The first three run close together from the base along or quite near to the front margin of the wing. The media runs more diagonally from the base, dividing the wing into two considerable areas, which vary somewhat in their relative proportions. In the anterior area, between the media and the radius, two other longitudinal veins, one considered to be a branch (M^) of the media and the other (K2) a branch of the radius, may generally be recognized. In the posterior area lie the cubitus and analis and their branches. What appears to be the most primitive condition of the wing- venation in beetles occurs in the small family Cupedidte (Fig 1). Ri Sc c A4 '^'•^^ CU2 Al A2 Fig. 1. — Wing of Omma stanleyi, Newm. (Cupedida\) (After Kolbe.) Here all these veins remain in a more or less completely deve- loped and unmodified state, and are joined together by a greater number of transverse veins than are known to occur elsewhere in the Coleoptera. The anterior branch (M^^) of the media (M2) is a long vein running uninterruptedly almost from the base to the margin, and is joined by means of two transverse veins with the media, and by two with the posterior branch (R^) of the radius, which itself is joined to the radius by two transverse veins. There are to be seen also two transverse veins between the cubitus and media, and two between the cubitus and analis. Fig. 2. — Wing of Taclujpus flavipes, L. (Carabida\) (After Kempers.) In other beetles some or all of the transverse veins have disappeared, and the anterior branch (TVf^) of the media has also in some part of its length disappeared. CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 125 It is characteristic of the Adephagan wing that this hranch (M^) is joined to the media by means of one or two, generally by two, transverse veins. When two are present, an oblong cell is formed, which affords a ready means of recognizing the type. The Adephaga generally show a modification of the simpler and more primitive type, as met with in the Cupedidae. The anterior branch (M2) of the media has in part disappeared, especially in the proximal area of the wing, and the media itself shows a peculiar twist or bend in its course near the point where the transverse veins join on to it (Fig. 2). The chief characteristic of the Staphylinoidean type of wing- venation — the second of Ganglbauer's types — lies in the dis- appearance of all the transverse veins, and of the proximal part of the anterior branch (Mj^) of the media, the distal part only of this branch being left as an isolated vein in the apical area of the wing (Fig. 3). R2. Fig. 3. — Wing of Necrophorus vcsinlloides, Herbst. (After Kempers.) The third type of wing- venation* — the Cantharoidean type — is characterized by the curved, hook-like connection which the anterior branch (Mj) of the media makes with the media, so that it looks like a recurrent branch of the latter. In a similar manner the posterior branch (R^) of ^lie radius appears as a recurrent branch of that vein. The distal parts of these branches frequently appear in the apical area of the wing as radiating veins, but are sometimes altogether absent (Fig. 4). Sc c CUl CW2/|^, Fig. 4. — Wing of Lampijris noctilitca, L. * Ganglbauer figured the wing of Lygistoptcrus sanguineus to illustrate this type. This wing wants one of the two tranverse veins between A^ and Cu'^ ; and I have substituted for it the wing of Lajnjnjris, and lettered the veins in accordance with my own views. (To be continued.) 126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPA FLAVA, ScopoLi. By E. Maude Alderson, F.E.S. (Plate IV.) This species is one of our most frequently noticed British Chrysopids. This is in part due to its being a fairly common insect, and in part to its size, it being one of the largest — if not the largest — representative of the family in this countrj'. I have one female which measures 46 mm. in expanse ; and though this is the largest individual specimen I have met with, I have others which measure from 35-37 mm. McLachlan, in his " Monograph on the British Neuroptera Plauipennia" (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, part ii.), says: " G.flava especially frequents trees bordering streams." This is certainly true, but I do not think there is any connection between this species and water, and it is certainly quite as frequently found in gardens and woodlands. The only other British species with which C. fiava is likely to be confounded is C. vittata, Wesmael, and McLachlan has a note that these two have been constantly mixed in collections. They are of about equal size, but C. Jiava can at once be separated by the excised costal margin of the anterior wings. This character, which is constant, can be plainly seen in Mr. Main's photograph. The fore wings seem to rise somewhat abruptly from the thorax, and then at about one-third the costa gives a distinct "dip." C. vittata has a much more rounded costa, and the wings are more " ample " looking. Another good point of difference is the length of the second antennal joint in vittata, which is almost twice as long as in G.flava. C.flava, also, is of a richer shade of green, and possesses a broad yellow longitudinal line down the whole length of the thorax and abdo- men. C. vittata is also lighter on the thorax, but is more wholly and uniformly pale greenish in colour. All my specimens of C. flava I jfind on examination have been taken during the months of May and June. It must occur throughout the summer, however, as I have notes of ova found during July and August, and Mr. Main writes me that the example photographed was taken so late as August 20th. The very large female mentioned above was caught fluttering among the leaves of a climbing rose, and was evidently searching for aphides, near which to deposit her eggs. She laid thirty-nine ova on July 14th, which hatched out on the 20th of the same month. The ova have their footstalks united into a bundle, as shown in Mr. Main's photograph. Two other groups of ova which I possessed contained sixteen and nine ova respec- NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPA FLAVA. 127 tively. The group of sixteen was found on August 14th of last year, and were evidently just laid. They hatched on the 21st, which (taken in conjunction with my former experience) seems to fix the period between oviposition and emergence at about a week. The ova are of a lovely shade of soft pearly green when deposited. Two days later they begin to change colour, be- coming yellowish at the ends. They then gradually become paler in tint, until the day before hatching, when they appear wholly white, with two conspicuous brown spots at the apex — the eyes of the embryo. The larvae, when newly hatched, are about 2 mm. in length, of a shining transparent white, with a pearly lustre. Two rose- coloured lines run down the thorax, and continue down the abdo- men. By the second day the head markings appear. They consist of two straight lines, slightly converging towards the neck; the thoracic lines continue these markings down the body. The eyes are jet-black and very conspicuous ; two slight stripes run through them, along the sides of the head. The tibiaB are ringed with faint fuscous. These markings, though becoming more complicated with age, comprise the charac- teristic features in the general appearance of the larva in all stages. Some of them can be distinctly noted in the photograph. The following is a description of the full-grown larva, taken from my notes made at the time : — Length 12-13 mm. Colour pale straw-colour with reddish madder markings. The central area lighter, with a dark stripe running down the whole length of the back to the tail. The mottled markings on the back deepen at the sides, causing the appearance of darker side-stripes; but beyond this there is always a light line of pale straw-colour. S licking- spear s^ madder. AntenncB lighter in shade. Eyes black, with a dark line at the side of the head running up to the eye. Head transparent whitish. Characteristic head markings : two straight lines branching outwards, madder-fuscous, deepening at the ends nearest the thorax. Prothorax with two vertical dashes and a central spot, black. Meso- and metathorax each with two black dots. Legs straw-colour ; tarsi dark ringed. Underneath parts wholly straw-coloured. In general appearance the larva is much less hairy than other species of Chrysopidae that I have met with. It is also more cyhndrical in shape (not so flat- looking). It is an extremely active larva, running about vigorously as soon as hatched, and hunts its prey, or hides itself amongst the leaves, with great rapidity. It is very canni- balistic, attacking its neighbours savagely if hungry. On each occasion, when I have bred it from the egg, I have lost more than half the batch through not removing the young larvio as soon as hatched. The apices of the ova lying close together (owing to their being laid in groups), the young larvae can con- 128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. veniently rest on their own egg-shells and attack all the un- hatched ova within reach. As they are extremely voracious from birth, this may result in all being lost, except those that are lucky enough to hatch simultaneously. This happened with the first batch I possessed, numbering thirty-nine ova, from which I only secured some eight or nine larvae. I have a note at the time that the larvae remained motionless on their egg- shells for some considerable time, and that I could not discover what they were doing. That is some five or sis years ago. I know now, having had an exactly similar experience only last season, and shall always take care in future to remove the young larvae immediately they emerge. They are not so liable to attack one another later, unless short of food ; or unless one individual deliberately gets in another's way ; but they will do so at all stages of growth, even when the victim is spinning. I could not discover more than two changes of skin in my larvae, and from the observations I have made with other species this seems to be the normal number, though it seems difiicult to understand how full growth can be attained without more. The following table gives the dates of four individual larvae : — Hatched. 1st Change. 2nd Change. Spun up. 1. Aug. 14th Aug. 19th Aug. 23rd Sept. 3rd. 2. Aug. 14th Aug. 19th Aug. 23rd Sept. 4th. 3. Aug. 21st Aug. 27th Sept. 2nd Sept. 14tb. 4. Aug. 21st Aug. 27th Sept. 2nd Sept. 16th. I have never yet discovered Chrysopa ova earlier than midsummer, so I cannot say for certain whether the " lacewings " are double- brooded or not. My impression, however, is that they are not. I have kept imagines alive for a month in confinement, which seems to prove that the imaginal existence is longer than has been supposed, and few species emerge before the end of May or beginning of June in any quantity, so that it seems improbable that two broods can occur in the year. I can, however, only speak with certainty with regard to those I have bred, and in no case has the imago emerged until the following spring or summer. Emergence is not complete on the insect escaping from the cocoon, the imago being covered with a transparent pellicle, from which it frees itself by slitting the thorax. In this stage (which in a healthy example is very short) the wings are only 3 mm. in length, the fore wing appearing slightly shorter than the hind wing and resting above it. The eyes are of the same bright green as in the perfect insect. The antennae are quite short, and folded round the eyes like a ram's horn. They appear to lengthen rapidly, and when fully extended are curled underneath the body. The wings show their iridescence through the pellicle, and the bright yellow line on the thorax is as distinct as in the NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPA FLAVA. 129 full emergence. It is not often one gets a chance of observing this period of the insect's existence, but in the case of the example from which my description is taken the imago was unable through weakness to cast its pupal covering, and remained for two or three days in a helpless condition. Emergence (in the case of those I bred) generally took place in the morning. Mr. Main's experience was that, early in the season, a large percentage of emergences took place in the evening, between five and six p.m. Later in the year he observed many freshly emerged imagines, in the same spot, about eight in the morning, as he went to the station ; whilst on the return journey, in the afternoon, emergences were still going on. Mr. Main was fortu- nate enough to be able to make these observations in a place where C.flava was common; and his notes have the advantage over mine that they were taken from the insects in a state of nature, whereas my imagines were reared artificially. It may, perhaps, be safe to assume that emergences take place throughout the day, in the absence of further evidence, but more observation is needed on this and many other points. I was never fortunate enough to see either the emergence of the nymph from the cocoon, or the escape of the imago from its pupal covering. Mr. Main's impression is that the nymph, on emerging from the larval skin, cuts an opening in the cocoon, with jaws specialised for the purpose, and crawls out, the cocoon lid dropping back into its place behind it. He thinks the insect then gets a firm grip with its feet on some near object, and the imago at once escapes, from the splitting of the skin in the dorsal region. His experience coincides with mine in that, in the case of successful emergence, the whole process is a remarkably rapid one ; whilst disturbance generally results in failure to cast the pupal covering and consequent death. I am afraid these notes are very imperfect, but Mr. Main, who has kindly sent me larvfe from time to time, has asked for such observations as I can with confidence attach to this species. Some of the facts are also from notes taken some years ago, on a former occasion, when I bred C. flava. Other species are under observation, and I hope in time to be able to record the breeding of most of our familiar British members of the family. The larvae are very easy to rear, and give little trouble. More- over, their active existence is short, which makes them suitable subjects of observation for those who, like myself, have not much leisure. Further, I know of no published description of the larvfe, which makes their study more interesting ; and with the help of such beautiful photographs as Mr. Main produces, the value of such notes can be much enhanced, the Chrysopids being difiicult subjects for the pencil and brush. Park House, Worksop, Notts: January '25th, 1911. 130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. SOME NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, SOUTH QUEENSLAND, AND TASMANIA. By E. H. Strickland (Dip. S.E.A.C.). New Species found in a small Collection of Mosquitoes FROM Western Australia. This collection, which was made by Dr. Cleland, of the Department of Public Health, Perth, Western Australia, was sent to Mr. F. V. Theobald. All the twenty-two specimens sent were found to belong to the sub-family Culicinae, and at least seven of them represented species up to the present undescribed. Some of the specimens arrived in too damaged a condition to be identified. The new species, comprising three Culicelsa and one Grab- hamia, are described in detail below, together with notes on their habits, &c., made by Dr. Cleland. Type specimens of the species have been forwarded to the British Museum. Culicelsa ivestralis, n. sp. Thorax clothed with golden brown scales with three longitudinal lines of white scales. There is also a patch of white scales before the similarly clothed scutellum. Abdomen black with snowy white basal bands. Legs with black tarsi which have conspicuous snowy white basal bands. Femora and tibiae pale scaled ventrally. ? . Head black with large creamy narrow curved scales round the median line and back of head, and smaller narrow curved scales at the sides and round the eyes. The lateral flat scales are for the greater part white, but there is a deep purple band at the sides of the head. The upright forked scales are black. Eyes, silvery. Antennae with basal segment dark and bearing a few white flat scales and black hairs. Palpi with black and white mottled scales, which are mostly white at the apex. Proboscis not mottled. Thorax brown with three narrow longitudinal black lines, clothed on the apical two-thirds with golden brown narrow curved scales, which become larger and whiter on the basal third. There are also three indistinct lines of white scales stretching along the black lines of the thorax from the white patch, the median of which almost reaches the head, whereas the lateral lines terminate a little beyond the centre of the thorax in two more or less distinct white spots. Scutellum clothed with white narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes with small white narrow curved scales and l)lack bristles. Pleurae with white flat scales. Abdomen black with well-defined white basal bands on alP segments. A slight apical banding also is present on the two apical segments. Ventral surface with white scales except for a small dark central spot on each segment. Legs with very distinct white basal bands, femora with a slight NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 131 apical band also, they are mottled witli black and white scales all over. Femora, tibiae, and metatarsi mostly white scaled below. Tarsi deep black all over except for the white basal bands. Wings rather densely scaled with black scales. First fork cell considerably longer and narrower than the second fork cell, its stem somewhat over half the length of the cell. Supernumerary and mid cross-veins in a line with each other, posterior cross-vein about its own length distant from the mid cross-vein. Halteres with light stems and dark knobs which boar small white scales. Length 5-6'5 mm. Hab. Western Australia. Observations. — Described from three females. Of two of the specimens identified as belonging to this species Dr. Cleland says : — '* King's Park, Perth, and in closet, Perth . . . Vicious. Bites by day and all the year round." Specimen taken September 23th, 1906, and of the third, re- ferring to the larvae from which the specimen was hatched : — " Overflow from Port River, Adelaide, clear but still water. Salt, though perhaps not quite as salt as the sea. Enormous numbers of larvfe, especially in the shade. Most remained about four inches under water, occasionally coming up to surface. There seemed to be a stratum at this layer as various things floated there. Pupse appeared January 29th, 1906; nymphs, January 31st, 1906." The species is allied to Cnlicelsa alboannulatus, Macquart, but can be at once distinguished from it by the absence of a white ring near the apex of the femora. Culicelsa uniformis, n. sp. Thorax uniformly clothed with golden brown scales, except just before the scutellum where they are paler. Scutellum with creamy scales. Abdomen black with light ochreous basal bands. Tarsi black with snowy white basal bands. ? . Head black with creamy narrow curved scales at the back, more golden brown in front. The upright forked scales are black. The flat scales are black and white in patches. Palpi dark scaled with a few white scales and hairs at the apex. Thorax black with uniform golden brown narrow curved scales, except before the scutellum where they are of a lighter colour. Scutellum with creamy narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes with ochreous narrow curved scales, spindle-shaped scales and bristles. Pleurae with ochreous and white scales. Abdomen basally banded with light ochreous scales. Apical segment mottled and apically banded, the basal band is absent. The next segment is both apically and basally banded. Ventral surface creamy scaled. Femora mottled, ochreous and dark, knee spot oclireous. Tiba) unhanded. Tarsi with sharply defined white basal bands. First and second legs with last two tarsi unhanded. Hind legs with all tarsi banded. Wings not very densely scaled. First fork cell longer and 132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. narrower than the second posterior cell, its stem over half the length of tlie cell. Supernumerary cross-vein slightly nearer the base of the wing than the mid cross-vein. Hind cross-vein slightly more than its own length distant from the mid cross-vein. Halteres with ochreous stems and knobs, the latter bearing ochreous scales. Length 4-5-5 mm. Observations. — Described from two somewhat damaged fe- males. It is closely related to Cnlicclsa westralis, n. s^j., but the uniform thorax separates it from this species. It also comes near Culicelsa tugoi, Theobald, but has ochreous banding on the abdomen, whereas the latter has snowy white bands. Dr. Cleland's notes on this species are : — (1) " King's Park, Perth, and in closet, Perth. Vicious. Bites by day and all the year round." (2) "Port Kiver swamps, Adelaide. Bites severely, raising weals even in strong sunlight in the open and with a moderate breeze." The dates of capture were March 28th, 1907, and January 26th, 1906, respectively. Culicelsa similis, n. sp. Thorax uniformly clothed with golden brown scales, except just before the scutellum where they are paler. Scutellum with ochreous scales. x\bdominal bands white laterally, and ochreous on median area. Tarsal bands snowy white. $ . Head black with creamy narrow curved scales, black up- right forked scales, and flat scales in black and white patches. Palpi rather long, black with white apical scales, and a few white scales at the juncture of the second and third segments. Proboscis long. Thorax black, clothed with uniform golden brown scales, which become paler before the scutellum. Scutellum with ochreous narrow curved scales. Pleurge and prothoracic lobes with ochreous scales. Abdomen basally banded, bands white laterally but ochreous on median area. Apical segments not mottled, and without apical banding. Femora not mottled, dark scaled above, pale scaled below on basal half. Knee spot ochreous. Tarsi with well-defined white bands on most joints. Fore legs with three apical tarsi unhanded. Mid legs with two apical tarsi unhanded, and hind legs with apical tarsus unhanded. First fork cell longer and distinctly narrower than the second posterior, its stem not over half the length of the cell. Hind cross-vein almost one and a half times its own length distant from the mid cross-vein. Halteres with almost white stems, knobs blackish with white scales. Length 4-5-5 mm. Observations. — Described from a single perfect female. This is evidently very closely related to Culicelsa iiniformis, n. sp., but can easily be separated by possessing white lateral scales to the abdominal bands. The halteres also are quite distinctive. " Mt. Lofty, South Australia, January 9th, 1906. Caught in day by disturbing bushes, &c., near stationary pool of water. Bite severely." NEW CULICIDiE FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 133 Grahhamia auatralis, n. sp. This is a large, clumsily built species. Tliorax densely clothed with rich brown scales. Scutellum with white scales. Abdomen dark scaled basally, lighter apically with indistinct narrow basal bands. Legs with tarsi unhanded. Wing scales mottled. ? . Head densely scaled, and with a few long bristles. The curved scales are large and white in colour, except at the borders of the eyes where they are smaller and of a deep golden brown. The upright forked scales are numerous and all black. The flat scales at the sides of the head are mostly white, though a part of their area is covered with purplish dark scales. The eyes are mainly silvery but have large dark black irregular patches. Clypeus shiny black. Palpi densely clothed with dark scales, and a few outstand- ing bristles. Proboscis covered with mixed dark and white scales, giving it a mottled appearance. The basal joint of the antenna) is clothed with small dark hair-like l)ristles and a few small narrow flat white scales. Mesonotum dark brow^n thickly clothed with deep golden brown narrow curved scales, which are larger and of a white colour just before the scutellum. Three rows of bristles are also present, the central one of which is somewhat irregular. Scutellum with large white narrow curved scales and a few long bristles on the lateral lobes. Prothoracic lobes with white curved and hair-like scales. Pleurte plentifully covered with white flat scales. Abdomen mainly covered with dark flat scales of a violaceous reflection, Portion of wing of Grahltamia aH.'\., 46. Dmbrella Nets (self-acting), Tfa. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. 6d^ Zinc lielaxiug Boxes, Od., Is., Is. 6q., 'is. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozeb. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2fi. 6d| to 86. Sugaring Tin, with brush, Is. 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready for usej Is. 9il. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., os., 66. Settiugj Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d. ; IJ in., 8d. ; 2 in.,10d. ; 2^ in.. Is. ; 3i in., Is. 4d.j 4 in.. Is. 6d. ; 5 in.. Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, lOs. Od. Settin?^ Houses, 9s. Gd., lis. 6d. ; corked back, 14s. 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Birds, Mdintnalt, do., Preserved and Mounted by Firat-clasB Workmen. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. NEWMAN'S NEW BREEDING JARS. QUITE a new breeding-cage complete, most excellent for rearing young larv^i and small species. Sand and moss may be placed in them (especially quaii size) for larvae to pupate in ; I can thoroughly recommend. Instructions printeii on side of jars; strong and cheap, made in three sizes : half-pint, 'dd. each, 2s. 9(/. per dozen ; pint, 4id. each, Bs. Q>d. per dozen ; quart, 5^. each, 4s. 6fZ. per dozen. Packing and postage 3c?. extra on few, one dozen post free. Try one of each size you luill ivant a dozen. Remember my Wonderful Relaxing Tins are still :< good as ever, 2s. 4:d. and Ss. lid. post free ; they keep insects in lovely settiii condition for weeks: also relax to perfection old dry insects. If you want well-set, reliable insects, 'fine healthy ova, larvit, and pupai, I have the finest to offer yon. Send for latest price-lists. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. I IFE=H1ST0RIES of British Lepidoptera, mounted on food-plant in neat glazed cases, selections on approval. Britisli Lepidoptera, 1500 species, preserved larvae. British Coleoptera, 20(^" species. Tropical Butterflies, 2500 species. Tropical Coleoptei'a, 60(' species. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, British and Tropical. A lar;_ number of good second-hand Store-boxes, neat glazed Cases, and a iew Cabinets. A, FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemoutli. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] MAY, 1911. [No. 576 A NEW SPECIES OF PIMPLIN^. By Claude Moeley, F.Z.S., F.E.S. In Alay, 1908, Mr. G. T. Lyle noticed that many aborted flower-heads of gorse near Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, contained larvae, and from these he bred the Cecidomyiid, Aspondylia ulicis, Trail, together with several Chalcid parasites. During the following September the seeds of the gorse were much galled, and he collected a good many affected pods, breeding from them the same Cecidomyiid and two species of ChalcididfB. On September 20th two Ichneumonids emerged from the galled seed-pods, and some three or four hours after emergence were seen to be in cop. During 1909 Mr. Lyle failed in attempts to breed more of this Ichneumonid, but in the autumn of 1910 he was rewarded by the presence of five males and one female of the same species from the pods. He has been so good as to allow me to examine these, and, since they have certainly not been previously brought forward, I propose to call them Pimpla ulicicida, sp. nov. Head black, wdth only the palpi pale ; mandibles slender, with teeth of equal length. Antennae slender, filiform, and hardly longer than half body. Thorax nitidulous, and finely punctate throughout, with notauli short but deeply impressed ; mesonotum entirely or l)roadly at sides and base, mesopleurae and sternum more or less broadly, and metapleurse always, with metanotum often, bright red ; tegultB and a circular callosity beneath them stramineous ; meta- notum longitudinally bicarinate, with no discal areae, and the petiolar very short ; spiracles quite circular and not very small. Scutellum and postscutellum always entirely red. Abdomen linear, strongly punctate and white-pilose, with tlie tubercles obsolete as in Scambus ; entirely black above, with the segments longer than broad, and be- coming quadrate at fourth in female and sixth in male ; basal segniont parallel-sided, of male twice and of female but very slightly longer than broad, punctate throughout, male with discally parallel carina3 extending nearly to its apex ; terebra exactly as long as abdomen. Anterior legs stramineous, with only the onychii infuscate ; front ENTOM. — MAY, 1911. N 162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. femora not emarginate beneath ; hind coxa; and femora fulvous, with apices of former whitish, and the trochanters subinfuscate ; hind tibiffi dull white, infuscate at both base and apex, and subincrassate before the former ; apical hind tarsal joint at most thrice longer than penultimate; claws of female basally lobate. Areolet small, sub- sessile, and strongly transverse ; stigma pale piceous or luteous ; nervellus subgeniculate, though but obsoletely intercepted, a third below its centre. Length, 4-6 mm. rZ. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. Stanley A. Blenkarn, of Beckenham, was elected a member. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a series of Xylina conformis, all but one from Glamorganshire, and remarked on its occurrence and distribution. — Mr. Newman called attention to the devastation caused by some hitherto unknown disease among bees in the South of England. It was most contagious, and scarcely a hive remained over a large area. — Mr. Buckstone, a bred series of Apocheima (Nyssia) }iispidaria, and gave particulars as to breeding. He also contributed notes on the occurrence of numerous dwarf examples of Hybernia defoUaria at Richmond ; the pairing of H. marginaria male and H. defoUaria female ; delayed wing development of Chesias rufata ; pupation of Triphana pronuba after hybernation without feeding ; the finding of the ova of Spilosoma vwnthastri on the shell of a living snail ; and the occurrence of batches of ova of Hadena pisi on a small plum- tree. Mr. Newman said that A. hispidaria readily pupated in two inches of soil if the bottom of the cage was the concrete floor.— Mr. R. Adkin, two varieties of Arctia caja, from Yorkshire larvae. One with whole of fore wings dull smoky brown with very much diminished white markings, the hind wings black with only a few dull yellow, some ill-defined, patches ; the other with a concentrtition of the lighter colour of the fore wing towards the base, and of the darker colour towards the apex, wliile the hind wings were bright orange-red with much reduced black markings. He also showed living A. zonaria with eggs in sitil under bark of clematis. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting held February 20th, 1911, at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, Mr. Geo. x\rnold, M.Sc, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair. The Vice-President delivered a lecture on " Ants," in which he dealt chiefly with the recent discoveries connected with the habits of the subterranean fungus-eating species and the curious procedure of the females when founding a new colony. The ants which infest trees, constructing their nests in hollow parts of tlie branches, were also specially dealt with, and the economic effect of their presence described. The lecture was illustrated by a large number of speci- mens, and also by means of drawings on the blackboard. — H. R. Sweeting & Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees. 192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. City op London Entomological Society. — February 1th, 1911. — Mr. Chas. H. Williams was elected to membership. — Mr. S. J. Bell exhibited a series of Anticlea ruhidata, all of bright red form, bred from Isle of Wight ova. — Mr. G. Brooks, a very dark brown Smerinthus pojmli, Barrett, 1910. — Mr. H. M. Bdelsten, a series of Malacosoma castrensis, from Essex coast, including several unicolorous specimens. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, Noctua augur, var. omega, Finchley, June 28th, 1910, mentioned in Tutt's 'British Noctuge,' &c., as a very rare form. — Mr. L. W. Newman stated that osier stumps collected for Trochilnmi hemheciforuiis were found to contain both full fed and young larvae : the stumps being kept on the concrete floor of a hothouse during the winter, the young larvae migrated from the small to the larger stems, fed up, and pupated. Mr. Newman also drew attention to the fact that, while larvte of ^■Egeria culiciformis pupate head upwards in the stumps of birch, when feeding in year-old stems they pupate head downwards above the emergence cap. February 21st, 1911. — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited sticks show- ing borings of T. bembeciformis in both living and dead wood, also sticks containing larvae of musk-beetle which feed side by side with T. bembeciformis, and display similar habits. — S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Vol. iv. No. 3, Dec. 20th, 1910; No. 4, March 10th, 1911. University Press, Liverpool. These fine periodicals deal but little with entomology pure and simple, being mainly taken up with important papers on " Sleeping- Sickness " and other tropical diseases, mainly due to the operation of insects. The last paper of each number (in both cases by E. New- stead and H. F. Carter) is devoted to the description of new genera and species of mosquitoes. These are well illustrated, and should appeal to readers of the ' Entomologist ' who study the Diptera. There is also a paper on Glossina by R. Newstead in No. 3. W. J. Lucas. On some Neio Species of Leaf-}iopp)er [Perkins iella) on Sugar Cane. By F. MuiR (Bulletin No. 9, Entomological Series. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association). Pp. 1-14, five figures in text. Honolulu, 1910. Op the thirteen species of PerkinsieUa referred to, eight are de- scribed as new. The author remarks that the species may be sepa- rated by superficial characters as tabulated, but that the males are best distinguished by the genitalia. Obituaey. — We have heard, with very great regret, that our valued correspondent, Mr. W. A. Rollason, died on April 17th last. EXCHANGE. Duplicates. — Laiv£E of Aurinia (Welsh form). Desiderata. — Numerous. — C. W. Williams; Penarth. Duplicates. — Ova : Versicolor from wild Scotch parents (Forres). Desiderata. — Early staj^es of most butterflies. — A, W. Lynn ; 37, Rodsley Avenue, Oateshcad. Duplicates. — A few dozen ova, Nubeculosa females taken wild at Kannoch, April 10th, 1911. Desiderata. — Young larva Iris, or early stages of local and rare l)ecies, or offers. — Charles Mellows; ISootham ScJiool, York. Duplicates. — LarvcC : Hispidaria, Abietaria (<,'iving good percentage of black form). Desiderata — Many Geometer larvae, especially Repandata from Cornwall, North Devon, Delamere, Scotland, and Ireland. — Brian A. Bachlake ; 67, Ring- ford lioad, Wandsworth, S.W. Duplicates. — Blandina (Scotch), Davus (Scotch), Gei-yon, Z. Trifolii, Griseola, Fascelina,* Pudibinida, Perla, Puuorina, Micacea,* L. Gueneii (2, fair), Hispidus, Ophiograiunia, Cursoria,"'' Tritici,"' Prsecox,* Littoralis,* Ditrapezium,^'' Brunnea,-- I'lialassina,-'- Nigra,''' L. Spargauii-' (2), Moneta,* Grossulariata var. Rubiginata \ar. Plumbata, and many others. Desiderata. — Many Geometrae to renew; also early stages. — W. Yates; Summerfield, St. Anne' s-on- Sea, Lancashire. Duplicates. — Numerous set insects; also early stages. Desiderata. — Larvae of Grossulariata, especially from Yorkshire and Lancashne : also ova and larva of many other species. — Bernard S. Harwood ; 94, Station Eoad, Colchester. Duplicates. — Black Pilosaria,* Ilamnla,'" Croceago,''' Australis, Hastata,* Papilionaria, Palpina,'-' Ziczac, Autumnaria,-'- Unca, A. Ligustri,'" Fascelina,* Zonaria,''' Strataria, Meliloti, Conspersa, Togata,''- Ditrapezium,'''= Muralis, Dictita, Opima, Miuiosa, Hispidus, Nigra, Arion, Hera, Piniperda, Irroiella, Kubidata, Berberata, Straminea, Ac. Desiderata. — Larva? of Grossulai'iata (wild, Lanca- shire) and Caja (wild, Blackpool district). — W. J. Ogden; 87, The Common, TJpper Clapton, London, N. Duplicates. — Pupa?: M. Rubi and A. Villica, and imagines of same freshly killed and unset after emergence. Desiderata. — Numerous. — C. E. Newnham ; •• Nctheravon," Ringwood. Duplicates. — Plumigera, Camdina, Myricas, Albovenosa, Neurica (fair), Gemi- nipuncta, Typhse and var. Fraterna, Pinastri, Gytherea, Sordida, Ravida (fair), Interjecta, Dahlii, Opima, Populeti, Suspecta, and many others. Desiderata. — Leporina, Turca, Reticulata, Captiuucula, Ditrapezium, Retusa, Conspersa, Occulta, Tincta, Festucse, Interrogationis, and many common Noctua) and Geo- meters to extend. — {Rev.) C. E, Raven; 4, Park Terrace, Cambridge. To Correspondents. — All notes, papers, books for review, &c., and notices of change should be sent to the Editor — RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING. S.W. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. At very low prices. Catalogues gratis. Pupa} and Cocoons from South Africa and India. Please send your list of desiderata. Dr. R. LUCK & B. GEHLEN, Breslau xiii Viktoriastrasse 105. REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (Established 1884.) Au liiiineiise Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larva & Piipae, & Set Specimens always on Sale Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address — H. W^. HEAD, (Bittomologist. BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. CONTE NTS. A N Cabinets. . . . . A. FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemoutli. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] JULY, 1911. [No. 578 SOME ASIATIC BEES OF THE GENUS ANTHO- PHORA. By T. D. a. Cockekell. AntJiophora caldivelli, Cockerell. Foochow, China (H. E. Caldwell). U. S. National Museum. Formerly confused with A. zonata. The female has very bright greenish-blue bands, clypeus with a reversed j'ellow T, hind basi- tarsus with a good deal of white hair. Anthophora calceifera, Cockerell. Foochow, China (H. R. Caldwell). U. S. National Museum. Formerly confused with A. zonata. This species was described from Formosa. A male from Foochow differs from the type in having the lateral marks on clypeus somewhat smaller, and the abdominal bands all pale green. The fifth ventral segment of the male abdomen is emarginate in A. caldivelli, but has a straight edge in A. calceifera. Anthophora zonata (Linnaeus). Foochow, China (H. R. Caldwell). One female. Trong, Lower Siam (Dr. W. L.Abbott). U. S. National Museum, The male from Trong agrees with A. zonata from Formosa ; the four females differ much in size and in the tint of the abdominal bands, one large one has the bands a beautiful emerald-green. It seems improbable that there are two species here, but if there are, the males are needed for their satisfactory separation. Anthophora zonata stantoni, new subspecies or variety. 2 . Length about 12 mm. ; light face-markings formed as usual, but yellow ; hair of thorax above orange-fulvous mixed with black ; abdominal bands very brilliant, the first two greenish, the otlier two light blue ; hind tibiae with hair on outer side pale fulvous, on inner ENTOM. — JULY, 1911. S 234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. black ; hind basitarsi with much white liair on outer side ; wings dusky ; tegulse dull ferruginous ; eyes clear yellowish-green. Hah. Manila, Philippine Islands (W. A. Stanton). U. S. National Museum. The male may show that this is a distinct species, perhaps nearer to caldwelli than to zonata. The abdo- minal bands are essentially as in true zonata, not at all as in ivhitehcadi. Lepeletier says of female zonata that the hind tibife have the hair on outer side longitudinally divided into black and white ; some of the Siamese examples show this very well, but the liianila insect lacks this character, though it has a streak of black hair running down from the knee-plate. A closely related form is A. zonata andreivsi from Java and Borneo; it differs typically in the abdominal bands being yellowish-green, with coppery tints, but intermediate forms may occur. The hair on the hind tibiae in andreivsi is as in stantoni. A^ithophora superans, Walker. I have one of Walker's cotypes, labelled "Gebel Musa, Mt. Sinai." It is a male, and probably Walker's description was taken from this sex, although it is stated to represent a female. The species closely resembles A. garnda, but the first abdominal segment is entirely covered with fulvous hair, indicating an approach to A. harnialce. The following characters are signi- ficant : — Length about 18 mm., expanse about 28 ; pubescence fulvous ; hair of head and thorax above without dark hairs intermixed ; hair on inner side of hind basitarsi warm dark red ; wings dusky hyaline ; second s. m. exceedingly broad below, receiving first r. n. about middle ; b. n. meeting t. m. ; face-markings pale yelloiv, including front of scape broadly, the usual supraclypeal mark, lateral face- marks filling space between clypeus and eye, clypeus (without any black lateral marks, though lower margin is narrowly fusco-ferru- ginous as usual), labrum (with a small pellucid spot at each upper corner), and greater part of mandibles; labrum considerably broader than long ; third antennal joint fully as long as the next two com- bined ; flagellum very dark reddish beneath ; middle tarsi long, but not otherwise peculiar ; end of abdomen emarginate, hardly bi- dentate ; abdominal hair-bands broad, entirely fulvous. Anthophora quadrifasciata xerophila, new subspecies. 5 . Length almost 16 mm. ; similar to quadrifasciata, except as follows : hair of head and thorax above pale ochreous ; abdomen with four broad pure white bands ; face-markings white ; black lateral marks on clypeus smaller, not much broader than the interval be- tween them ; all the hair on first abdominal segment white. Very close indeed to A. pcrsicorum, Cockerell, but a little larger, antenna as far as third joint (rest missing) black, legs black, hind spurs black. The hair of hind basitarsus is entirely black, but the middle basi- tarsus has a large tuft of white occupying the basal half posteriorly. This runs exactly to A. quadrifasciata in Friese's tables. SOME ASIATIC BEES OF THE GENUS ANTHOPHORA. 235 Hah. Karachi, N.W. India, September, 1909 ; two females (E. Comber). British Museum. The wings are certainly no darker than in quadrifasciata ; they are distinctly darker in persicorum. Anthophora delicata, n. sp. (^ . Length about 10 mm. ; flagellum about 4i mm. ; black, in- cluding legs and antennae ; pubescence pure white, except on head and thorax above (including tubercles), where it is warm pale ochre- ous, of a very delicate and beautiful tint, on the middle of mesothorax and anterior part of scutellum with fuscous hairs intermixed ; hair on inner side of middle and hind tibiae and tarsi black, on inner side of anterior tarsi red ; hind tibiae with pure white hair on outer side ; hind basitarsi with hair all black except a small white tuft at base ; middle basitarsi covered with white hair on outer side ; spurs black ; antennae long ; third joint shorter than fifth, fourth broader than long ; face-markings light canary-yellow, including clypeus (with only a little black on each side above), a small supraclypeal mark (but no lateral marks), labrum (with a pair of elongate small basal spots), and mandibles except apex ; labrum a little broader than long ; eyes red ; face narrow, densely covered with white hair ; wings hyaline, with a glaucous tint, nervures piceous ; second s. m. narrow, receiving first r. n. much beyond middle ; b. n. falling a considerable distance short of t. m. ; abdomen with five broad white hair-bands, first segment hairy all over, but thinly on disc, so that it appears grey ; apex broadly emargiuate, subdentate. $ . Similar, but larger and more robust, length about 12 mm. ; face-markings similar, except that the black marks at sides of clypeus above are large, leaving a large triangular yellow interval between them, shining and irregularly punctured ; flagellum dark red beneath except at base ; third antennal joint as long as the next three together, fourth extremely short ; hair of hind basitarsus black, with a basal white tuft on outer side ; hair of middle tibia with a rufous apical patch ; wings brownish. The abdomen of one specimen carries two pollen-bodies of an asclepiad. Hah. Karachi, N.W. India, September, 1909 (E. Comber). British Museum. In Friese's tables the female runs to A. velocis- siuia and the male to A . nigricoiiiis. The following key will separate the allied species : — Spurs rufo-testaceous ; male clypeus with anterior margin and a median stripe light (Quetta) . incicornis, Fedtschenko. Spurs black . . , . . . . . .1. 1. Hind femora of male incrassate ; hind basitarsi of female wdiite haired with black apical tuft (Quetta) veloclssima, Fedtschenko. Hind femora of male not incrassate ..... 2. 2. Nervures red-brown ; face-markings ivory-white nigricornis, Morawitz. Nervures piceous ; face-markings yellow . . delicata, Ckll. The male is the type. s 2 236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Anthophora niveocincta, Smith. This species was described by Smith from a specimen in the Baly collection, and consequently the type is not in the British Museum. Bingham quotes the original description, adding that he has not recognized the species. Smith merely cited " India " as the locality, but Dours describes both sexes from Pondichery, and places the insect as a variety (subspecies) of A. alhigena. Mr. E. Comber has obtained both sexes in some numbers at Karachi, N.W. India ; also a female at Hyderabad, and a male (October, 1909) at Lyallpur. Dours cites A. calcns, Lepeletier, described from Africa, as the same species, but this is certainly not correct. Friese states that he does not know calens, but I have one from F. Smith's collection which seems to be correctly named, though the marginal hair-bands on the first three abdo- minal segments are fulvous, on the following two dull white. This, however, is a male, whereas Lepeletier describes a female, readily accounting for the difference. The insect is of course quite close to niveocincta, yet evidently distinct. A. niveocincta is the Indian (tropical) representative of A. alhigena, or more especially of the closely related species or race, A. savignyi, Lepeletier. The female niveocincta, compared with alhigena, differs thus : flagellum chestnut-red beneath ; scape usually with a yellow mark ; labrum longer in proportion to its breadth ; face-markings strongly yellow, median band of clypeus broader ; fifth abdominal segment with more white hair. Nurse reports true alhigena from Quetta. A. ruficornis, Sichel in Dours, sup- posed to be a variety of A. niveocincta, is doubtless a distinct species, known by its entirely red antennae in the female. Anthophora camelorum, n. n. Anthojihora ruficornis, Fedtschenko, Turkest. Apid. i. p. 35, 1875. (Not Sichel in Dours, 1869.) Visits Alhagi camelorum, Fischer. Anthophora alhigena quadrata, new subspecies. (? . Length about 9 mm. ; differing from A. niveocincta as follows : face-markings creamy-white (as in alhigena) ; labrum comparatively broad and short (as in alhigena) ; flagellum black ; hair of head and thorax above very pale ochreous, strongly mixed with black, pro- ducing a dull grey effect ; abdominal hair-bands thinner. This is almost the same as alhigena, but the clypeus has a pair of large quadrate black patches, emarginate below, their inner sides con- verging, but not closely approaching, above. The hind basitarsus is black-haired, with a tuft of white at base. End of abdomen bidentate. Hah., Nasik, N.W. India (E. Comber). British Museum. P. salvia;, Morawitz, is similar but larger, with the scape all black, whereas in our insect it carries a large cuneiform white mark. The face-markings of salvicB are yellow, more in the manner of niveocincta. NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1910. 237 Anthophora {niveocincta variety ?) amolita, n. sp. (? . Exactly like A. niveociticta, except as follows : flagellum black, dark chestnut beneath ; third antennal joint much longer and more slender, fourth about as long as broad ; black marks on clypeus (which do not noticeably diverge below) long, leaving only a narrow apical band. The labrum is fully as long as broad. Hah. Karachi, N.W. India (E. Comber). British Museum. The third antennal joint is about 432 ft long (272 in niveocincta) . This is probably distinct, but only one specimen is known. The following key separates the species collected by Mr. Comber in N.W. India, related to A. quadrifasciata and albi- gena: — Females . . . .1. Males ..... 8. 1. Large ; hair on fifth abdominal segment white only at sides ; sides of face densely covered with white hair, but no lateral face-marks . quadrifasciata xerophila, Ckll. Smaller ; fifth abdominal segment with hair white, except a black median apical patch ; flagellum ferruginous beneath ......... 2. 2. Larger ; inner edges of black marks on clypeus widely diverging below ; no lateral face-marks . delicata, Ckll. Smaller ; inner edges of black marks on clypeus parallel or nearly ; lateral face-marks present . . niveocincta, Sm. 3. Flagellum bright ferruginous beneath ; face-marks yellow ; scape with a yellow band or stripe in front niveocincta, Sm. Flagellum dark, at most {amolita) dark chestnut beneath . 4. 4. Scape all black ; flagellum long ; dark marks on clypeus much reduced ...... delicata, Ckll. Scape with a light band or stripe . . . . .5. 5. Labrum conspicuously broader than long ; antennae shorter; face-marks creamy-white ; apical light band of clypeus very broad ..... albigena quadrata, Ckll. Labrum about as broad as long ; antenme longer ; face- marks yellow ; apical light band of clypeus very narrow amolita, Ckll. Uuiversity of Colorado, Boulder : May, 1911. NOTES ON THE DEAGONFLY SEASON OF 1910. By F. W. & H. Campion. The poor summer of last year afforded us very few oppor- tunities for collecting Odonata. However, a few of the captures and observations which were made appear to be worth recording, as do also some of the experiences of our friend Mr. H. J. Watts, to whom we are indebted for the Gloucestershire specimens which we shall mention, as well as for some other records. 238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Sympetriim striolatum was taken at the Black Pond, Surrey ; Reculver, Kent ; and Staines, Middlesex : S. sanguineuin, both sexes, at Wisley, Surrey (Mr. Watts) : and S. scoticum at the Black Pond. LibelhUa deprcssa occurred at Hartford, Hunts (J. Peck, June 14th), and at Burnbam Beeches, Bucks (June 19th), and L. quadrimaculafa at Burnbam Beeches (June 19th), and Holme, Hunts (June 20th), A few more males of L. fnlva were obtained near Huntingdon on June 23rd, 25th, and 28th. All of them agreed with each other and with the single male taken in 1909 in having the basal spot on the hind wing strongly developed. In most of the specimens apical brown spots were present on the fore wings alone, although one of them, probably older than the rest, had similar spots on the hind wings also. All were fully matured ; but one, with fore wings considerably frayed, retained the immature fulvous coloration of the principal nervures. The specimens were all of good size, the smallest of them being 44 mm. in length, and 75*5 mm. in alar expanse, and the maximum measurements obtainable from the series being 48 mm. for length, and 81*5 mm. for expanse. All but one of these males exhibited the copulation-marks to which Dr. F. Bis has recently called attention, that is, the rubbing away of the blue powder from segment five, or segments five and six, through the female clinging with her spiny feet to that region of the male abdomen during copulation, which in this species is a protracted operation. The most interesting event which came to our knowledge during the year was the occurrence of Somatochlora metallica in Surrey. It will be remembered that as recently as 1908 the species was found, for the first time in England, in a part of Sussex. On June 26th, 1910, Mr. Watts took a fine male in a Surrey locality, and subsequently handed it to us for examina- tion. The abdomen was stouter than that of the two Sussex specimens kindly given to us by Mr, E. E. Speyer, and re- sembled more nearly in this respect Mr. J. J, F. X. King's Scottish specimens. A few individuals were seen by ourselves at the same place on one or two days in August, but another capture could not be effected. Notwithstanding the close general resemblance subsisting between S. metallica and Cordidia cenea, we were quite satisfied that the scarcer insect was the one seen on the occasions in question. When flying in brilliant sunshine, metallica looked distinctly golden, and altogether unlike the other species. Moreover, whenever it appeared about the level of the water, some of the Agrioninre teeming there were sure to dart towards it, a movement which obviously caused it annoyance. This curious conduct towards metallica on the part of smaller dragonflies was observed also by Mr. Speyer in Sussex, but we have never noticed anything of the kind in the case of C. cenea during our long acquaintance with that insect in Epping Forest. NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1910. 239 A single male of Gomphus vulgatissimus was taken by Mr. Watts at Ej-nsbam, near Oxford, on June 16tb. A female of Brachytron hafiiiense (= B. pratense) was pro- cured at Eamsey (Hunts) on June 21st. [In July, 1897, an exceptionally late date for tbe species, a very fine female occurred to Mr. K. J. Morton at Monkswood, in the same county.] jEschna mixta, Mr. Watts informed us, was met with again at Pul- borough, Sussex; a few males were taken by ourselves at Staines (October 2nd), and the species was also observed at the same place on October 16th. A male of ^E. cyanea, taken at Ealing on September 28th, was given to us by Mr. Charles C. Smith. On June 27th it was found that a male nymph of ^E. grandis, obtained at Burnham Beeches by Mr. H. F. Ashby (June 19th), and kejjt indoors, had already disclosed the imago. The species was seen in flight at the Black Pond on September 13th, and at Staines on October 2nd. Calopteryx splendens, as usual, was flying in numbers over the River Ouse, near Huntingdon, during June. An interesting male taken on the 25th of that month had the right fore wing considerably reduced in size, and the venation of the apical area in a very aberrant condition. Both of the British species of Lestinfe were met with, Lestes dry as, in teneral condition, near Eamsey, on June 21st, and L. sponsa at Byfleet, Surrey, on July 24th and August 4th and 7th. Specimens of Platycncmis pennipes were obtained at Wolver- cote, Gloucestershire, on June 17th. Erythronima naias was taken at Staines (May 22nd), Lechlade, Gloucestershire (June 15th), Wolvercote (June 17th), Holme (June 20th), and Byfleet (August 7th) ; and Pyrrhosoma nymphida at Staines, Lechlade (including the female var. fulvipes), Burnham Beeches, Holme, Ramsey, and Byfleet. Ischnura elegans occurred at Staines, Lechlade, Wolvercote, Holme, Ramsey, Hartford, and Byfleet. Immature specimens were plentiful at Hartford on June 25th and August 1st, and others were met with at Byfleet as late as August 7th. At Byfleet (August 4th) a male had larval water-mites on the under surface of segments four, five, six, and seven ; in the case of segments six and seven the mites had lodged themselves in the ventral canal and caused a considerable distension of the abdomen. At the same place (August 7th) a male with an insect in its jaws was kept under observation for some little time ; it was ulti- mately captured, and the prey found to be a small caddis-fly, which Mr. K. J. Morton was kind enough to determine for us as Tricenodes hicolor. This observation was especially interesting, as being the first instance within our knowledge of an Odouate feeding upon one of the Trichoptera. On the same occasion evidence was obtained of /. degans itself having fallen a victim 240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. to another predaceous animal, for a mutilated female of that species was found lying upon a growing leaf ; the contents of the thorax had been entirely abstracted, but the abdomen was left intact. Var. rufescens occurred sparingly at Staines on June 12th, but was quite common at Hartford on August Ist. Specimens were also met with at Byfieet on August 7th ; in one of them the black of segment nine had strongly invaded the blue of seg- ment eight, and formed a large spot of symmetrical outline occupying the apical third of the segment ; a little black from segment seven had also encroached upon segment eight basally. The form of the female known as infuscans was also present at Byfieet on the same date. A large colony of Agrion imlcliellum, reported to us by Mr. Watts in 1909, was met with at a stagnant pond at Staines on May 22nd. A living male was found there on June 12th entangled in a spider's web, from which, apparently, it was unable to escape. A remarkably small female was also taken ; it measured only 32 mm. in length, and 40'5 mm. in expanse. At Holme (June 20th) a teneral female had a good-sized water-mite lodged on the inferior surface of the tibia of the right fore leg, an unusual situation for such a creature. As early as June 28th (Hartford) some specimens bad their wings much frayed, and were obviously very old. Other localities which may be mentioned for the species are Wolvercote, Kamsey, and Byfieet. Localities recorded for Agrion puella were Staines, Lechlade, Burnham Beeches, Holme, Kamsey, Hartford, and Byfieet. A remarkable male from Gloucestershire, having the lateral branches of the U-shaped spot on segment two entirely separated from the transverse line, has been already mentioned in this magazine (vol. xliii. p. 331). Captures of Enallagina ciiathigerum ranged from May 22nd (Staines) to Sej^tember 13th (Black Pond) ; Lechlade, Wolvercote, and Holme were also among the places at which they were made. Teneral specimens were met with at Byfieet as late as August 4th, and the species was still emerging at the same place on August 7th. A male was obtained having the spot on segment two entirely discon- nected from the posterior circlet (Byfieet, August 4th). On the same occasion a female, without an attendant male, was observed to be getting out of the water of the Basingstoke Canal with the aid of weeds floating on the surface. When taken, it proved to be a female of the straw-coloured form, and quickly resumed its normal appearance and activity. Blue females were obtained at Byfieet (August 7th) and the Black Pond (September 13th) ; the first-named specimens included one in which the antehumeral stripes and the prothoracic spots and border were distinctly brown. 58, Eanelagh Road, Ealing : May 13th, 1911. 241 THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. By Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 13.) Tl. ot V C.W. The neuration of this group, and, indeed, of the whole genus, presents far more points of difference than could have been expected, and it has involved a prolonged study of the other two groups, as well as considerable excursions into the Argynnids and Brenthids. The accompanying diagram has been taken from var. berisalensis, and is drawn just twice the size of the original wing. I have, however, added, in dotted lines, the obsolete portions of nervure iii in the fore wing, and the nervure v in both wings, though these are quite invisible when the wing is flattened and mounted on card, as well as the indication of the cross nervule between iii 2 and iii3 in the hind wing, though this is never present in berisaloisis, because I shall have occasion to refer to them in treating of certain other species. I have used throughout the German nomenclature of Hoffmann, Spuler, and others, because all my notes had been made in this notation, and it can present no difficulty if accom- panied by a diagram ; and it has, moreover, the advantage of indicating the origin of the branch nervures, as may be seen from the neuration of the pupal wing. With regard to the colour and texture of the nervures, it may be said generally that in the exclusively northern or mountain species they are much darker and coarser than in the others. This is peculiarly the case in those of another group — ci/iitJiia, iduna, and merope, but both the colour and texture of these is approached by varia and (making due allowance for its small 242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. size) asteria ; aurelia also, though by no means exclusively a mountain species, approaches this group very closely, another indication of its nearness to varia. Next to these comes dictynnoides, also a more or less mountain species; whilst mountain athalia are darker than those of the plain, northern partheiiie than Italian, and berisalensis than typical deione. The finest and lightest species are dictynna, parthenie (Italian), and hritomartis, but, whilst hritomartis looks somewhat thicker than dictynna, the nervures of the former are apt to melt away to some extent with the action of the chemicals used for removing the scales, in a way which I have not noticed in any other species. It may be remarked here that while superficially the resemblance between asteria and mcrope is sometimes very close, yet the neuration (especially with regard to the point of de- parture of ii^ in the fore wing) connects the former definitely with the athalia-, and the latter as definitely with the aurinia- group ; in the same way, the form of the discoidal cell of the hind wing shows that we are right in placing deione with this group rather than with the group typified by cinxia. To take the nervures, so far as they are distinctive, one by one :— Fore wing : i does not really offer any distinction, always reaching the costa without any upward curve ; for, though I have found one specimen of athalia in which it anastomoses with iij^, and another in which it nearly does so, this seems to be due in both cases to the position of iij. iii runs almost absolutely parallel with i in parthenie, die- tynnoides, deione (type), generally in berisalensis, and occasionally in varia; it approaches i very gradually and almost con- tinuously in asteria, and generally in varia ; in aurelia it ap- proaches i very slightly and gradually, and turns equally slightly and gradually away again ; in dictynna it approaches rapidly and turns off gradually ; in hritomartis its position is between that of aurelia and that of dictynna ; in athalia it ap- proaches more closely, generally much more closely, to i, some- times to the point of actual anastomosis. The point of departure of ii^ from the main stem of ii varies in different specimens of the same species, but is generally somewhat further from the base in athalia than in others ; dictynna is perhaps the most variable, but the branch is gene- rally rather high up, sometimes close to the top corner of the discoidal cell, though sometimes rather low down ; in hritomartis the position is also variable, but is generally rather low down, and never, so far as I have seen, very high up. iig-iis offer no distinctive characters in this group. Traces of the main stem of iii, with its first bifurcation about half-way up the cell, which are very distinct in merope $ , are visible in this group in asteria, parthenie, and dictynna, and very slightly in dictynnoides. In dictynna, and possibly in hritomartis, SOME NOTES ON MELANISM. 243 it would seem to have divided very near the base ; but of the latter (in which, as a rule, it can scarcely be traced) I have one specimen, in which not merely a fold but an actual nervure (representing the main stem and the upper part of the primary fork) is visible, where the branch could only have sprung from quite near the outer edge of the discoidal cell. The outer (as opposed to the basal) ends of the primary fork are just visible at the secondary branching in northern -parthenie, and in aurelia and berisalensis (the upper one only in the last two), and more conspicuously, as a rule, in dictynna, as well as in some species of both the other groups. The four central cross nervules are really the secondary bifurcations of iii, and join iiij to iii2, and iiig to iiig. iiii and iii^ are more nearly parallel — i. e. nearer to Dryas papilla — in britomartis than in any other species of this group, though perhaps not more so than in aurinia, in which, however, they are much more curved, iii^ springs from near the corner of the discoidal cell, the short cross nervule coming outwards from the base at a sharp angle, in partlienie, deionc, herisalensis, and dictyiinoides, and generally in athalia and dictynna ; in brito- martis the cross nervule is more nearly, and sometimes quite, at right angles with ii ; in asteria and varia iiij^ springs from the corner of the cell or close to it, and almost as close in aurelia ; this point of departure is also by no means unusual in atJialia and dictynna. iiio is basally very close to iii^ in asteria and aurelia, less so in deione, rather farther away in parthenie, and still more so in athalia and berisalensis, more nearly parallel in varia, dictynna, and dictynnoides, most widely separated in britomartis ; but it is impossible to base any conclusion whatever on this characteristic, as there is considerable variety in the matter in the specimens of each species. iiig is perceptibly less curved at its basal end (even without a lens) in aurelia than in any other species ; the curve is slightly more abrupt in asteria, varia, and dictynna, and less so in deione, berisalensis, and britomartis. (To be continued.) SOME NOTES ON MELANISM. By a. M. Stewart. . Recently while passing along the edge of a small wood, in conversation with a gamekeeper friend, some remarks were passed on the occasional appearance of a black rabbit amongst those we saw around us. " Yes," my friend remarked, " wher- ever you see so many black ones you may depend upon it the stock is getting too much inbred. You see," he continued, " I 244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. have only a small bit of a place, and the way we are hemmed in here we can hardly prevent it, but I am getting some fresh stock down from the hills, and we will soon get rid of the black lot." Here, to me, was a new theory for melanism — may it not apply to insects as well as to the larger animals ? At least it is worth a little investigation and reflection. As for example, take the case of the environs of Paisley. To the north of the town there were at one time — within the memory of those still living — large tracts of virgin woodland interspersed with pine and birch woods. Gradually the woods were cut down, the heather burned, the land drained, and now all, or nearly all, this extensive area ia under crops. But, as remarked, not all — a very few small woods and moorland patches still remain. And here the insect and bird fauna peculiar to pine, heather and birch finds its last stronghold, huddled together no doubt they are — to the extinction of many species once recorded as frequent or common in the district. Small wonder, then, if inbreeding is rampant ! In a small wood of scarcely ten acres, with two acres of heather attached — virtually a fox cover — sur- rounded by smiling cornfields, the heather and pine insects are veritably on an island. And we do get quite a number of dark and black forms of a variety of species — Thera variata : eighty per cent, are dark, twenty per cent, are black, the type we rarely see. Eupithecia castigata, we get a perfectly black form ; it was known at one time as the " Paisley pug." Cidaria suffamata var. piceata is very frequent, and the same may be said of one or two others confined in these restricted areas. Take another illustration of the point. The August of 1909 I spent my holiday collecting in the north-east end of the Island of Arran. Now, there is no smoke or dirt there to support the theory of their influence, yet I found melanic forms of various species were common. In a long narrow rocky glen I came twice upon small patches of billberry, only a few clumps to each colony, and from each clump were disturbed several specimens of C. popidata ; they were all much darker than the typical form, and some of a unicolorous dark coffee colour. They never settled on the rocks. The formation here is a dark slate-coloured schist, with grey granite boulders in the burn, some of immense size, but popidata always sought refuge by diving into the heather or bracken thirty or forty yards up or down stream. I did not meet with the species again until I struck the second patch of food-plant, and then the same performance was repeated. Inbreeding under these conditions was not only probable but hardly avoidable, when we remember that the females of popu- lata scarcely fly at all, so badly are they equipped in the matter of wings. CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 245 How far these suggestions will stand after further investiga- tions it is too early yet to say, hut to those with the time and opportunity it opens up a new line of enquiry, which may lead to some tangible result. And after all is said and done as to the value of protective coloration in insects during the imago stage, it is really during the larval period that the greatest mortality occurs, and their enemies then are far more numerous. Ichneumons and birds, possibly, do the most damage in this respect. I once opened the stomach of a cuckoo shot amongst bilberry, and it was filled with the caterpillars of sawflies and Geometers, including one larva of the wood tiger — so that the ultimate shade of an imago is possibly of secondary importance. In the glen here referred to, C. nissata, Larentia ccesiata and L. olivata were very numerous, and their greatest enemies in the imago stage were the spiders. One species of formidable size was common, and as their webs were always stretched across fissures and crannies of the rocks, their toll of insect life must have been considerable, but it would hardly be a protection to any moth to be a shade darker or lighter than its fellows once it came in contact with one of these webs, which had usually the owner sitting in the centre waiting for his or her next meal ! Insect- feeding birds were rare — though a few large dragon-flies (C. annu- latus) were hawking up and down the stream, but so far as my observation went they did not molest these moths, even when sent flying amongst them by the dozen. In conclusion, I think Mr. Leigh is right when he says : — " There is probably some other factor at work in the production of melanic forms." And again : " It is of course quite probable that the dark colour of many species of moth is protective, while in others it may be of physiological importance, and associated in some way with constitutional hardiness," or, may I suggest ? climatically hardy but reproductively a disadvantage. Note. — The inbreeding of Spilosoma lubricipeda led to the production of the black form var. radiata. 38, Ferguslie, Paisley. ON SOME RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE COLEOPTEEA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR PHYLOGENY. By C. J. Gahan, M.A. (Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) (Continued from p. 21'.).) In the Synteliidae and Lamellicornia, the wing-venation is considerably modified, and by reduction of the veins it comes sometimes to look like that of the Staphylinoidea ; but there is 246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. generally no difficulty in recognizing the hook-like connection which the anterior branch (M^) of the media makes with the media, forming as it were a recurrent branch of the latter. It is scarcely probable that this character, which is the one most distinctive of the Cautharoidean type, has not been derived directly from that type, but derived instead directly and in- dependently from the Adephagan type. The larvae of the Lamellicornia (those of the Synteliidae are unknown) differ wholly in form and structure from those of the Staphylinoidea. The primitive segmentation of the abdomen which the Lamellicornia have in common with the Staphy- linoidea— the character which seems to weigh most with Kolbe — is not confined amongst the Polyphaga to those two groups ; it is a character also of the Malacoderms as a whole, and is met with as well in some of the lower forms of Teredilia, Dascil- loidea, Sternoxia, and Heteromera. And in view of this fact, admitted by Kolbe himself, I do not understand why he has not included the Malacoderms in his division Haplogastra, unless, as I have said, he is prepared to maintain that the wing-venation has been differently derived in each of his two divisions of the Polyphaga. In Lameere's classification the Staphylinoidea immediately follow tlie Lamellicornia in the linear arrangement, but that results from an entirely different view from Kolbe's, and is only because the Lamellicornia come as the highest and terminal group in his first division of the Polyphaga, while the Staphy- linoidea constitute the whole of his second division. Larval Form and Structure. — If further justification were needed for a division of the Coleoptera into the two suborders Adephaga and Polyphaga, it would be found in a study of the larvffi. The larvae of the Adej)haga differ from all other beetle larvae in having one more segment to each leg,* which also usually terminates in two claws, whereas in the other larvae it never has more than a single claw. They are not only distinct in structure from all other Coleopterous larvae, but they appear also to be more primitive. In their general form, their active movements, and their possession of jointed anal appendages, they recall Campodea and other Thysanura. The structure of their mouth-parts differs less from that of the imagines than it does in other Coleopterous larvae. The larvae of the Staphylinoidea also are active, Campodi- form, and possessed of anal appendages resembling cerci, and, * The only exception known at present occurs in the Paussidte. The first undoubted hirva of this family was recently described by Dr. Boving. It has only five segments in each leg, as compared with the six present in other Adephagan larvae. But its other characters point to its affinities with the Adephaga. CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTKRA. 247 notwithstanding the lesser number of segments in the legs, have a great general resemblance to those of the Adephaga. This resemblance is considered by Ganglbauer and Kolbe to indicate a relationship between the two groups, and is one of their reasons for placing the Staphylinoidea first in the suborder Polyphaga. It has been explained already that they regard the wing-venation of the Staphylinoidea as being derived directly from the Adephagan type, and that Lameere holds a different view. He believes that the resemblance between the larvfie of the Staphylinoidea and Adephaga has been brought about as the result of a convergence of characters, and is not to be attributed to any common inheritance. Nor does the Cam- podea-form of the Staphylinid larvfe appeal to bim as a sign of their more primitive origin over that of the Cantharidiformes. In consonance with his views upon the origin of meta- morphosis in insects, Lameere holds that in insects with a complete metamorphosis the cruciform type of larva is more primitive than the Campodiform type, and therefore he does not admit the truth of Brauer's law when applied to these insects, although that law — namely, the nearer the larva is to the imago and to the ancestral form the more primitive is the type— does, he thinks, hold good in the case of the Hetero- metabola. His views in this respect have left a marked influence on his classification. They explain to a great extent why he is so strong in maintaining the Cupedidfe as the most primitive family in the Adephaga, and in placing the Teredilia as the first and most primitive group in the suborder Polyphaga, although he has given other reasons also for adopting this course. There is, however, a mistake in one of his reasons for regarding the Cupedidse as the most primitive of the Adephaga, namely, that the abdominal rings are not fused together as they are in the other Adephaga. It is precisely for this reason that the sternites and pleurae of the second abdominal segment are completely fused with those of the third, that Ganglbauer con- siders the Cupedidse to be one of the more modified families of Adephaga, and that Kolbe in his later classification removes them from that suborder, in which, excepting the Paussidae, the second sternite is only partially fused with the third, being distinct from it at the sides of the abdomen. As Ganglbauer points out, mistakes of this kind are apt to arise from the custom followed by systematists of referring to the first visible sternite of the abdomen as the first ventral segment, whereas it is actually in some cases the sternite of the second, in others of the third segment, or else represents the sternites of the two fused together. The sternite of the first segment has in most cases disappeared, leaving no trace behind. 248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The principal characters taken into consideration for the purposes of classification have now, I hope, been sufficiently discussed to enable the reader to understand how the main differences in the three classifications have arisen. The other differences, relating chiefly to the number of the families and groups to be recognized and the arrangement of the families in each group, are less essential, and can best be considered if we give the outlines of each classification first before pointing out and discussing those that seem to be the more important. (To be continued.) NON-HYBERNATION OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. For many years past I have paid particular attention to the habits of Pyrameis atalanta in this country. My experience is based on careful observation and the life-history of this species under natural conditions. I am of opinion that P. atalanta does not hybernate in the British Isles any more than P. cardui does, and that there is no authentic record of atalanta ever having been found hybernating anywhere in Britain, and surely if it did spend the winter months in such a state, so common a species would have been detected, when we know of several instances of the decidedly rare Vanessa antiopa having done so. I know of- specimens of the latter which have from time to time been found during the winter months and early spring, and even of one seen on the wing in midwinter, but have never heard of atalanta after the first spell of cold weather in late autumn or early winter has set in, which I believe is fatal to the species. Therefore Mr. J. C. Warburg's views {antea, p. 183) on the subject are entirely contrary to my own, and I quite agree with Mr. L. W. Newman that atalanta' does not hybernate in this country. The occurrence of this species in Britain is due to immigration of specimens in the spring. Usually the eggs are not deposited until June, as the following notes will show, which may interest Mr. Warburg. On June 10th, 1894, I captured a female which deposited about one hundred eggs on the 14th. On June 27th, 1903, I watched a wild female depositing on nettles at Wallasea, Essex, and two days later (June 29th) I saw another depositing at Hockley, Essex. At 6 p.m. on May 24th, 1909, I captured a female while at rest on the wall of a house (Rayleigh, Essex), sitting with expanded wings resting in the sun. A strong east wind was then blowing which had been continuous for several days. I have every reason to believe this was a freshly arrived immigrant. Not wanting the specimen I gave her a drink and set her free. NEW CULICIDiB FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 249 The complete transformations of the summer emergence of atalanta are of short duration, occupying in all about fifty days — the egg state nine days ; larval state twenty-three days ; pupal state seventeen days — total forty-nine days from the time the egg is laid to the emergence of the imago. These are the aver- age periods, which are liable to vary somewhat according to temperature. The butterflies of the summer brood pair and produce others, so that a succession of broods occur during the summer and autumn, which accounts for the larvse in all stages occurring from about the middle or end of June until the middle of Sep- tember, and fully grown larvfe during the early part of October. May, 1911. SOME NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, SOUTH QUEENSLAND, AND TASMANIA. By E. H. Strickland (Dip. S.E.A.C.). (Continued from p. 204.) Stegomyia tasmaniensis, n. sp. Head with silvery scales round the eyes, remainder dark. Thorax clothed with dark scales all over. Scutellar scales also all dark. Pleurae and pro-thoracic lobes with silvery scales. Abdo- men dark scaled with silvery lateral spots. Legs dark, unhanded ; silvery knee-spots on all femora, and sil- very apical spot on all tibiae. The last two bind tarsi, with part of the third, are of a dull white colour. ? . Head clothed with flat scales, which are of a black colour, except round the posterior borders of the eyes, where tliey are white; and a few black upright forked scales at the back of the head. The proboscis and palpi are entirely covered with dark scales. Eyes dark brown. Clypeus black rugose. Mesothorax covered with blackish narrow curved scales with a slight brownish reflection. There are a few stout long bristles, especially about the wing roots. Scutellum with black flat scales, with a violaceous reflection, and strong pos- terior bristles to the lobes. Prothoracic lobes and pleurae witli sil- very spindle-shaped scales. Abdomen with black flat scales, with a violaceous reflection ; and with silvery apical lateral spots on all segments except the first two. Ventral surface of abdomen clothed with mixed white and dark scales, whicli are all white on the apical segment. Legs with a white apical spot on all the femora and tibiae. Fore and mid tarsi all dark, unhanded. Hind legs pale scaled on the inside along the entire length, last two hind tarsi, and part of third tarsus all dull white. Wings with brown scales, with a violaceous reflection. First fork cell long, slightly narrower than the second posterior, and its base considerable nearer the base of the wing ; its ENTOM. — JULY, 1911. T 250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. stem about one-fifth its length. Supernumerary cross- vein slightly nearer base of wing than the mid cross-vein, posterior cross-vein about two and a half times its own length distant from the mid cross-veiii. Length 5 mm. Habitat. —Tasm?inia,. Observations. — Described from four females, all rather damaged. Genus Andersonia, nov. gen. Head clothed in the centre with narrow curved and upright forked scales, and at the sides with flat scales as in Culex. Female palpi of four segments as in Culicada. Thorax clothed on the greater part with narrow-curved scales, but on either side just before the wing-roots is a patch of flat and broad spindle-shaped, scales. Scutellum with narrow-curved scales. Abdomen with flat scales. Wing venation and scales similar to Culicada. Male unknown. One species only is known at present and is found in Tasmania. This genus appears to be closely related to Culicada, from which, however, it can at once be separated by the presence of flat lateral scales on the thorax. Andersonia tasmaniensis, n. sp. $ . Head black, clothed with light golden small narrow curved scales, numerous simi- larly coloured vipright forked scales, and cream coloured lateral flat scales. There are very few bristles on the head. Eyes bronzy. An- tennae with basal segment and basal half of second segment testaceous, the remainder dark. Palpi with very small fourth segment, somewhat densely scaled. Proboscis all dark in colour. Thorax dark brown, clothed on the median area with small narrow curved scales, which are mainly of a dark brown colour ; there is, however, a lighter median line of more golden brown scales on the apical three-quarters of the thorax ; the basal quarter of the thorax is devoid of scales in the centre. There is, how- ever, a narrow line of golden brown scales on either side of this area, bounded laterally by another small bare patch, which extends al- Female palp of Ander- most to the wing-root. The apical lateral soH(-a/a6-mnHU'K,v(s, denuded thii-c[ of the thorax is clothed with large of scales. golden yellow narrow curved scales, which lie with their apices toward the centre of the thorax. Just in front of, and extending to, the wing-roots is a very conspicuous patch of large NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 251 creamy white, spindle-shaped, fiat and elongated narrow-ciuwod scales ; the last-mentioned, together with similar coloured hairs, are most numerous basally near the wing-roots. There are three distinct rows of black hristles on the thorax besides lateral bristles and those which surround the wing-roots. The central row terminates at tlie commencement of the bare patch before the scutellum. Scutelluni with light yellow narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes with light yellow narrow curved scales, and a few bristles. Pleurae with \- ^ ^ ( (I Thorax of Andersonia tasmaniensis, n. sp. creamy flat scales. Abdomen with flat scales. White basal lateral spots on all segments. This character does not appear to be quite constant, as in several specimens examined one or more spots were absent, while in two specimens there were traces of complete white basal bands on the second and third segments respectively. Ventral surface of abdomen white scaled. Wings densely clothed with brown Culicada-like scales. First fork cell narrower and considerably longer than the second posterior, its stem is not quite half its length. Supernumerary and mid cross-veins almost in a line, the former slightly nearer the wing base. Posterior cross-vein about its own length distant from the mid cross-vein. Legs with femora, testaceous and clothed with mottled dark and light scales, replaced apically by a spot of ochreous scales. Tibiye darker, but also mottled. Tarsi dark and all dark scaled. Length 5"5-6-5 mm. Habitat. — Tasmania. Observations. — Described from eighteen females sent by Dr. Anderson. There were no males. The species is very distinctive, the sides of the thorax being distinctly lighter in colour than the median area, and in this it superficially resembles Banksinella luteolatemlis (Theobald) ; the flat lateral scales, however, distin- guish it at once from any other described genus. South-Eaatern Af!;ncultaral College, Wye. November *22nd, 1910. 252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. HirpoTiON (Ch^rocampa) celerio at Birkenhead. — It may l)e of some interest to note that I saw, but did not unfortmiately capture, a specimen of C. celerio in the garden yesterday evening at dusk. It was hovering over the flowers of lupin and other plants. I feel certain that I made no mistake, as the moth was within two feet of me, and I got a very good view of it. — Ealph Eylands ; Highfields, Bidston Eoad, Birkenhead, June 12th, 1911. CLytus arcuatus in North-East London. ^A specimen of tliis beetle was found on a wall in Wick Road, Hackney, on June 10th. It was shown by Mr. J. O. Braithwaite, at the meeting of the North London Natural History Society, at Einsbury, on June 13th. — V. Gerrard ; " Kenmore," Connaught Avenue, Chingford, Essex, June 24th, 1911. ^geria andren^formis in Viburnum opulus. — On May 19th last I was agreeal)ly surprised to find an old liurrow of ^geria andrencBformis in a branch of guelder rose {Viburnum opulus). On opening it I found it had produced an ichneumon ! I have frequently searched V. opulus for signs of this species, but this is the only burrow I have detected. V. lantana is much more common than V. opulus in this district — Mid-Kent. Is V. opulus more often bored in localities where V. lantana does not so largely predominate ? — P. P. MiLMAN ; Burham, near Rochester, June 16th, 1911. Lepidoptera at Light in the Haslemere District. — On Monday night, June 5th, I took the following insects, on a white sheet placed in front of two acetylene lamps : Stauropus fagi (three males), Palimpsestis fluctuosa, and one example of Drymonia tri- macula (dodonea). Some twenty other quite decent things were secured. Nearly everything turned up late as usual ; the S. fagi did not appear until between 11.45 p.m. and 12.15 a.m. Mr. Norman Riley, of the South London Entomological Society, was with nie at the time. — Bertram E. Jupp ; Lyn Lodge, Camelsdale, Haslemere, June 16th, 1911. Eristalis cestraceus, L., in North America (Diptera). — -Several species of Syrphidte are known to be common to Europe and North America, but an addition to tlie list of such species has been made by Mr. Ernest E. Austen (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 2nd series, p. 63). When determining a female specimen of Eristalis, from East Prussia, recently presented to the National Collection by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Mr. Austen found that it was referable to E. aestraceus, L. At the same time he discovered that the specimen described by Walker, some sixty years ago, as E. astriformis was specifically identical with E. cestraceus, L. Chrysopa flava (Neuroptera). — In connection with Miss E. M, Alderson's paper {antea, p. 126) on this lacewing fly, the following records may be of interest for dates and localities. June 14th, 1896, one at the Black Pond, Esher Common, Surrey, by the side of its transparent filmy pupa-case ; the wings were not fully expanded. July 1st, 1901, one received from Twickenham, Middlesex. June 7th, SOCIETIES. 253 1903, a large specimen taken while tiying feebly in Surbiton, Surrey ; probably it had not long emerged. June 21st, 1903, a specimen taken at Balham, London. June 2]st, 1905, one taken at Horsley, Surrey. June 18th, 1907, one brought to me from Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. June 26th, 1909, one specimen, near Oxshott, Surrey. June 9th, 1910, an example taken from a fence in Fassett Road, Kingston-on-Tliames, Surrey.- June 12th, 1910, one taken at Claygate, Surrey. I have also two undated specimens from Macclesfield, Cheshire, given me by Mr. R. South.— W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames. A Dipterous Parasite bred from imago op Nyssia LArroNARiA. — In April, 1909, amongst some females of Nyssia Iwpponaria, Bdv., from which I was hoping to obtain ova, I was surprised to find one, which had been able to walk about three days l^efore, lying on its back and by its empty body the pupa of a dipterous parasite. From this the fly emerged twenty-two days later, and has been identified by Mr. C. J. Wainwright as a female of Phryxe vulgaris Fall. He has also been kind enough to tell me that, though it is an unusual event for an insect, parasitised in the larval stage, to develop fully, it is by no means unknown. But, if these flies have several broods, it seems to me possible that the egg was laid in the imago and that the whole oval and larval development of the fly took place in this stage. Females of Nyssia laiyponaria almost always live more than a fortnight, and some of these parasites pass through their early stages much more quickly than this. Apart from the rarity of the occurrence, it has a further interest in that, so far as I know, it is the first recorded parasite bred from Nyssia lapponaria in this country. — E. A. Cockayne ; 16, Cambridge Square, London. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, April btii, 1911.— The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair.— The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society : Messrs. H. W. Davey, Inspector of the Department of Agricvdture, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; H. Boileau, 90, rue de la Cote St. Tiiibault, Bois de Colombes, Seine, France ; Rufus Mallinson, Oakland, Windermere. — The President announced the death of Mr. P. C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, the oldest Honorary Fellow of the Society, and moved that an expression of sympathy be forwarded to his family. — Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Lachlan Gibb, of Montreal, Canada, three specimens (two males and one female) of a Pieris taken by Mr. Gibb at Lost River, Canada, in May, 1910, together with series of P. oleracea and P. rapce fi'ora the same and other Canadian localities for comparison. Mr. Gibb mentioned that P. rapoi was not an indigenous species, but was said to have been introduced into Canada some sixty years ago, and had not only thoroughly establislied itself, but had become one of the commonest butterflies, whereas P. oleracea, an indigenous species, appeared to be rapidly declining in numbers, and it had been suggested that the introduced species was driving it out. He asked the opinion of the Fellows upon the three specimens, and suggested the possibility of their being the 254 THE ENTOMOIiOGIST. result of natural hybridisation lietween P. oleracea and P. rapcB. — Dr. Dixey was of opinion that the three specimens in question were certainly not hybrids, and even probably only a variety of P. oleracea ; he pointed out that they differed less from the P. oleracea exhibited than did the series of P. rapcE from one another. — Mr. W. J. Lucas showed three specimens of Euborellia mossta, Gene, received on April 3rd from Hyeres, from Dr. Chapman, with four others of the same species. Both sexes were shown ; but they look rather alike owing to there being little difference in the callipers. E. moesta is quite black. There are just the rudiments of elytra, but no wings. Antennae dark fuscous, legs partly so, partly black. Mr. Lucas also exhibited a large ant, one of three specimens found this year at Svvanage in a bunch of bananas, supposed to have come from Jamaica. The President observed that the specimen belonged to the genus Neoponera, and was probably N. theresice, Ford, a Central American species. He added that the genus was a curious one, combining the possession of a sting with the single abdominal node characteristic of the stingless ants. — Mr. F. Muir exhibited two specimens of the bat Miniopterus schreibersi, with female Ascodipte.ron embedded at the base of the ear. He also showed specimens and enlarged drawings of the male, female, winged and wingless, larva and puparium of the Ascodi'pteron, and read the following note : — " These all came from Amboyna (Dutch East Indies). The male and winged female hatch out as normal imagines, the female, after finding her host, cuts her way under the skin at the base of the ear, and then casts her legs and wings ; her abdomen then develops to an enormous extent, and entirely envelops her head and thorax so that she appears as a ' bottled-shaped ' grub without legs or head. The larvae develop in the uterus in the usual pupiparous manner, and when full grown pass out through the vagina and fall to the ground, where they immediately pupate, hatching out as imagines in about thirty to thirty-one days. This species I have named Ascodipteron speiseriamm, after Dr. Paul Speiser, the authority on this group of flies. I took another species in North Queensland, living on the same species of bat." — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited, on behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver, of Wolverhampton, a series of E. hyperanthus bred during January and February, 1911, from ova laid by a Leamington female in July, 1910. The specimens, though rather small, showed a great tendency to produce large spots both on the upper and under side. — Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited living specimens of a longicorn beetle, Agapantkia asphodeli, sent by Dr. Chapman from Hyeres. — Commander Walker observed that he had found it in Malta (the only common longicorn there), and also at Gibraltar in the early spring, and always on asphodel. — George Wheeler, Hon. Sec. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— il/a?/ 11^/i, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited a long series of A'plecta nehulosa and its varieties ; a bred series from rohsoni male and thompsoni female which did not conform to the anticipated Mendelian proportions. Twenty-six per cent, were grey, forty-two per cent, rohsoni, and thirty-two per cent, thompsoni, instead of fifty per cent, robsoni and fifty per cent, thompsoni. — Messrs. R. Adkin, SOCIETIES. 255 Harrison, Main, and L. W. Newman, hybrids of Diston hirtaria and Nyssia zonaria. It was stated that females had not yet been obtained in the cross B. hirtaria male and N. zonaria female. Mr. Adkin read detailed notes on the characteristics of the hybrid specimens shown by him. — Mr. Gough, specimens of the arete form of AjyJiantojms hyperanthus from Kent and Surrey, together with intermediate and type forms. — Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a living female scorpion just received from the West Indies ; it had two young on its back where, it was stated, the parent deposited them and where they usually remained two or three weeks. — Mr. W. West (Greenwich) called at- tention to the Society's collection of Coleoptera, which had now been completely reset and cleaned, and to which Messrs. Ashby and Ashdown had recently made numerous additions. — Mr. H. Moore, some Coleoptera received alive from the Orange Free State. — Mr. E. Adkin, a bred series of Nyssia zonaria reared from Wallasey, and called attention to the laying over of numerous pupae for two winters, and to the much paler general coloration of a number of the specimens. — Mr. Blenkarn, the coleopteron Myrmcdonia funesta and the ant it cohabited with, Formica fuliginosus, from Sandown. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary. The Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society. — Entomological Section (late Birmingham Entomological Society).— Jan. 16th, 1911.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President of the Section, in the chair. — The President referred to the great loss to entomological science by the death of Mr. J. W. Tutt. A vote of condolence with liis family was passed, all members standing in their places. — Lepidoptera from Wicken Fen : Mr. Lloyd Chadwick exhibi- ted G. quercifolia, N. ziczac, N. dictcea, M. amndinis, M. flammea, G. phragmitellus, L. impudcns, L. straminea, L. pallens ab. rufescens, C. senex, A. gcmina ab. remissa, H. cribralis, T. hellmanni, H. auror- aria, H. costcestrigalis, C. sparsata, C. lemnalis, N. ciliaUs, A. advena, P. festuccB. — -Lepidoptera from Cornwall and Devon : Dr. Beckworth Whitehouse exhibited Polia nigrocincta, Dianthoscia barrettii, Heliothis IJeltigera, Epiinda lichcnea, E. nigra, Ghariclea umbra. — Lepidoptera from Henley-in-Arden : Mr. G. B. Manly exhibited Troc]iilium bembeciformis, Drepana hamula, Xylophasia sublustris, Apamea ophio- gramma, Hepialus sylvanus, Hybernia defoUaria, Himcra pennaria, Trichiura cratcegi, Notodonta dromedarius, Cirrhcedia xerampeUna, Cymatophora duplaris, Orthosia suspecta, Epimda lutulenta, Aplecta hcrbida, Tryphcena fimbria. — Teratological specimens : Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker exhibited the following : Erebia melampus with left hind wing short ; Melitcea athalia with right hind wing short ; Erebia adyte with right hind wing about half size ; Erebia ceto without a head — the specimen was swept off a flower and possibly the head had been seized by a spider ; the insect fluttered quite briskly nine hours afterwards. — Mr. G. T. Fountain exhibited Cheimatobia boreata taken under leaves during frost, November 20tli, 1910. — Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, specimens of the scarce beetle Cathormiocerus socius from the Isle of Wight, May, 1910. Feb. 30^/i.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President of the Section, in the chair. — Mr. W. Bowater exhibited hybrids Zojiaria x hirtaria bred from Yorkshire larvae sent by Mr. J. W. H. Harrison. Those 256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. bred from Zonaria male and hirtaria female were fertile and those from Zonaria female and hirtaria male were infertile. The hybrid females were semi-apterous.— Sir G. H. Kenrick gave a lecture on the Pierinae butterflies, and explained the classification of the group. He described the various types of ova, larvse, pupae, and imagines, and also the food-plants and the structure of the antennse and special scales occurring in certain species. The peculiar distribution and migration were explained, and the lecture was illustrated by a large series of specimens. — H. Willoughby Ellis, F.Z.S., E.E.S., Hon. Sec. EECENT LITERATUEE. A Handbook of the Tsetse-flies [GeJius Glossina] . By Ernest Edward Austen, Assistant in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Pp. i-x, 1-110. Ten plates in colour. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum. 1911. Chapter I. of this excellent and valuable work treats of the general characters of Tsetse-flies, and how they may be distinguished from other flies, especially members of the genera Stomoxys and Hamatopota, with which species of Glossina might be confused. Distribu-tion is also referred to, and a map of Africa with the "fly- belts" indicated thereon shows at a glance the infested areas. In chapter ii. (pp. 8-17) the external characters are discussed. Chapter iii. (pp. 18-22) mainly comprises tables of the groups and species. The other four chapters (pp. 23-105) are devoted to descriptions of the species, together with their distribution, bionomics, early stages (where known), affinities, and distinctive characters. Newstead's arrangement of the species in groups has been adopted, except that G. brevijxdpis, Newst., G. longvpennis, Costi,and G. medi- corum, 11. sp., constitute a fourth group of the genus. There are twenty-four illustrations in the text ; the figures on the plates, which are beautifully reproduced, are from drawings by A. G. Engel Terzi. Since the publication of Mr. Austen's ' Monograph of the Tsetse- flies ' in 1903 there has been very considerable additions to our know- ledge of these pests of Tropical Africa; also an increase in the number of described species. In the Monograph (now out of print) only seven species of Glossina were known, and G. palpalis had not then been recognized as the carrier of the parasite which causes " Sleeping Sickness." In the ' Handbook ' under notice fifteen species of " Tsetse-fiy " are dealt with, and two of these are described as new to science. Up to a very recent date Trypanosomiasis had only been traced with certainty to the bite of Glossina iKilpaUs. As our author points out, however, there is now reason to suspect that Trypanosoma gam- hiense, the parasite producing " Sleeping Sickness," may be conveyed by other species of Tsetse. It is therefore most important that medical officers and others engaged in fighting disease in Tropical Africa should be able to recognize the species of Glossina one from another. With this ' Handbook ' at their service there should be little, if any, difficulty in the identification of Tsetse-flies. SEITZ' The Macro=Lepidoptera of the World. The First Volume complete: RHOPALOCERA PAL/CARCTICA. Bound in Two Parts (text and plates separately) at the price of £3 or $15. With the expression of my best thanks to all the Subscribers to this magnificent work, I feel sure that the finish of the first volume will he welcome to all persons interested in Entomology, as well as to all Institutes, Museums, and Public Libraries, and increase their interest in the greatest standard work on Lepidoptera. At the same time I inform all the Subscribers to Seitz's work that Messrs. Williams and Norgate in London being no longer my agents in the United Kingdom, in order to insure regular despatch I beg the Subscribers to kindly let me know direct how many copies they have received to tliis day in general, and which was the last part from Messrs. Williams and Norgate specially. Should this work have l)een ordered through any other bookseller, I should be thankful for a short notice to me from this firm. Yours respectfully VERLAG DES SEITZ'SCHEN WERKES (Alfred Kernen), Stuttgart, Poststr. 7. pIRST Steps in the Principles of Flower Classi = fication according to the Natural System. By Rev. a. C. Morris. "The useful little compilation is just what it professes to be, intended for be- ginners in the study of Field Botany. . . . The detiuition and explanation of terms are very good. . . . It should have a ready sale." — Journal of Jhtuiii/, July, ldO[). "Extremely well adapted for the use of beginners."— Gen. Sec. Linnean Society. Price 7d. post free. London: WEST, NEWMAN dt CO., 54, Ilatton Garden. REMEMBER! ~ The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (Established 1884.) All Immeiise Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larvae & Pupae, & Set Specimens always on Sale. Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address— H. W. HEAD, (Btttomologist. BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. CONTENTS. Some Asiatic Bees of the' Genus Anthophora, T. D. A. Coekerell, 2B3. Notes on the Dragonfly Season of 1910, F. W. d- H. Campion, 237. Tho Athaha Group of the Genus Melitwa (with ilhistration), (continued), George Wheeler, 241. Some Notes on Melanism, A. M. Stewart, 243. On some Recent Attempts to Classify the Coleoptera in accordance with their Phylogeny (continued), C. J. Gahan, 245. Non-Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta, F. W. Frohawk, 248. Some New Culicidae from Western Australin, South Queensland, and Tasmanin (with illustrations), (continued), E. H. StricMand, 249. Notes and Observations. — Hippotion (Chfevocampa) celerio at Birkenhead, lialph Bylands, 252. Clytus arcimtus in North-East London, V. Gerrard. 252. yEgeri andr'enaaformis in Viburnum opulu.s, P. P, Mihnan, 252> Lepi- doptera at Light in the Haslemere District, Bertram K. Jiq^p. 252. Eristalit^ cestriiceus, L.. in North America (Diptera), 252. Chrysopa fiava (Neuroptera), W: y., Lucas, 252. A Dipterous Parasite bred from iinae;o of Nyssia lappo- naria, E. A. Cockayne, 253. Societies. — Entomological Society of London, 2-53. The South London Entnno- logical and Natural History Society. 2.'>4. T]\e P>irmi>'g)iam Natural History and Philosophical Society, 255. Recent Liteeaturb, 256. Have YOU tried our Specialities for Entomologists ? The " Suredeath " Killing Fluid, 6d. bottle. Pear Essence (great attraction in sugar), 6c?. Sugaring Mixture mixed with Pear Essence, Is. per tin. Send a post-card NOW for our New Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Apparatus ; also Lists, Artificial Eyes, Taxidermists' Re- quisites, Birds' Eggs, etc., now ready, either post free, or Full Catalogue (all departments) 2d. post free. 'Bargains for Buyers,' issued monthly, free. See this for list of clutches of Birds' Eggs, Stuffed Birds, Museum Cases, etc. Four-joint Folding Butterfly Nets from 2s. 6(/. Egg Drills, Blowpipe, etc., Is. 'Egg Collector's Guide,' Is. Larvaa ditto, Is. J. & W. DAVIS, Museum Works, Dartford. FOR SALE.— One set Tutt's British Lepidoptera,' vols. I. to X., covers sliglitly soiled, £'2 2.s, One set Tutt's 'British Noctuse,' 4 vols., covers slightlv soiled, 10.S. One Tutt's ' MigTation,' 2,s-. One .set Tutt's ' Practical Hints,' 3 vols., covers slightly soiled, 6s. 6^i A. STANLEY, 27, WHITBURN ROAD, LEWISHAM, S,E. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS. 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friende and Ciistonierf; are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur daily. •jbscT/ptions for 1911 {6s. post free) are now due, and should be sent at once to West, Newman d Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London. Vol. XLIVl AUGUST, 1911. [No. 579. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN |[liistrateb |ountHl OF GEIVERAL ENTOMOLOGY EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBEUT ADKIN, F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT. F.E.S.. Ac. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.E.S. F. W.FROHAWK, F.E.S, M.B.O.U. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS. B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Dr. D.SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., Ac G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S, " By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries m V'* AUG i LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT A CO., Limited Price Sixpence. WATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomologica' Apparatus and Cabinet&i ^lnhi King Nets, wire or oaue, inoluding Stiok, Is. 3d., 2s., 2b. 6d. Folding ^e\ 3s. 6i\., 46. Dmbrella Nets (eelf-aotiug), Ts. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. (> Ziue lielaxiug Boxes, 9d., Is,, Is. 6d., 26. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four doze Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed. Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2e. t; CO 86. Sugaring Tin, with brush. Is. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for Ub> , Is. 9d. per tin. 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If you want well-set. reliable insects, fine healthy ova, larvse, and pupte, I have the tinest to offer you. Send for latest price-lists. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. LIFE=HISTORIES of British Lepidoptera, moinited on food-plant in neat glazed cases, selections on approval. Britisl Lepidoptera, 1500 species, preserved larvae. British Coleoptera, 20Ui species. Tropical Butterflies, 2500 species. Tropical Coleoptera, 6000 species. Hj^menoptera; Diptera, Hemiptera, British and Tropical. A larg. number of good second-hand Store-boxes, neat glazed Cases, and a iew Cabinets. A. FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemouth. > Cl HO X j: CO ■OX) c i CS £- Q !■£« < DC < pi ^- Z o 5 o < "OJD •Ofl O C je> X n X X M S o E -»-> o t. s: a, o 3 o x: 0 ..t: a o V) CIJ i: ^ CtJ 0) ^ CD m X 3 H J 1- THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] AUGUST, 1911. [No. 579 NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1910. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Plate VII.) Though I was not able to identify the species, I caught a glimpse of an Agrionid dragonfly in the New Forest on April 26th ; but in spite of the fact that the season opened thus early, with the exception of Mr. G. T. Porritt's excursion to the Broads in search of Agrion armatum, little of interest has come to hand in connection with this order of insect during 1910. Mr. Porritt tells me that he found the species plentiful at one of the Broads and, if he had wished, could probably have secured a hundred specimens. He took six on May 26th, three on May 27th, and about a dozen on May 28th, the sexes being captured in about equal numbers. Unfortunately he did not discover the headquarters till the 28th, and then had only one and a half hours of sun, divided into two parts by a heavy storm ; but the species was on that day quite abundant. The first captured was a blue-marked specimen, and, curiously enough, Mr. Porritt does not think he saw another, he therefore concludes it is a rare form. This specimen was of as bright a blue as that of Agrion puella, Ischnwra elegans, or Ergthromina naias. All the other specimens had brilliant green markings, except three teneral females (taken in cop. with adult males), which were very dingy. There is no mistaking these A, armatum amongst the Agrion pidchellum, A. puella, I. elegans, &c., with which they fly, their green bodies, shining like emeralds, making the insects very con- spicuous. This bright colour unfortunately disappears rapidly as the dragonflies dry. Mr. Porritt found many dragonflies about, though it was somewhat early in the season. He enume- rates : — A. pidchellum, A. jmella, Vyrrhosomanymphula, E. naias, I. elegans (abundant), Lihcllula quadrimaculata (in good force), Brachytron pratense (common), Lihellida fulva (getting nicely ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1911. U 258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. out, though still teneral, and evidently going to be common again). On June 5th a large dragonfly, seen in Prince's Coverts near Claygate, Surrey, could not have been anything except Anax imperator. Here also were seen one or two Libellida depressa on June 12th, and a female A. puella on June 19th. At the Black Pond, in the same neighbourhood, on June 12th, Pyrrhosoma tenellum was taken in teneral condition, Cordulia cenea seemed fairly numerous, as also was L. quadrimaculata, while A. impe- rator was no doubt sighted more than once at a distance over the pond, and three of its empty nymph-skins were obtained. On June 19th, at the Pond, there were found: — L. quadrimaculata and its variety prceiiubila, C. cenea, A. imperator (numerous, one male being captured), Calopteryx splendens, P. nymphula, P. tenel- lum, and Enallagma cyathigerum. At the River Wey, near Byfleet, on June 26th, the dragonflies noticed were : — C. splen- dens (common), /. elegans, Platycnemis pennipes, and A. puella, while an E. naias was almost certainly seen, but was not secured. An expedition for A. imperator to the Black Pond on July 3rd was unsuccessful, though several were seen. Near Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight, on August 11th, Sym- petrum striolatum, S. sanguineum, JEschna mixta (one teneral male), jE. cyanea, and Lestes sponsa, were met with ; while on August 18th an Ischniira elegans was taken between Yarmouth and Thorley. On September 4th, at Silver stream Bog, in the New Forest, Synipetrum scoticum was ovipositing by striking the water at random, the male being attached to the female per collum. The eggs were being dropped into the open watery holes in the bog, and it is there clearly that the nymphs must be looked for. I took one very teneral example of the species on this date. Mr. N. P. Fenwick, Jnr., reports : — On June 18th, P. pennipes, I. elegans, A. puella, and B. pratense (one seen) at the River Mole, Esher, Surrey; July 30th, an entirely bronze female of P. tenellum (variety melanogastrum) taken at the Black Pond, Esher; August 7th, one male C. cenea taken at the Black Pond, apparently the first recorded capture of the species in August ; October 1st, a female ^E. cyanea captured in the garden at Esher. This capture of the bronze variety of P. tenellum is the first recorded for the Esher district and, I believe, for Surrey. Mr. T. Thornton Mackeith says (in litt., July 28th, 1910) that he captured A£schna juncea at Caldwell and Kilmacolm (identified by Mr. King) ; he also sent a female E, cyathigerum taken at Kilmacolm during the summer of 1910. Kingston-on-Thames, 1911. 259 ON SOME RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE COLEOPTERA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR PHYLOGENY. By C. J. Gahan, M.A. Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) (Continued from p. 248.) Ganglbauer's Classification. Ganglbauer divides the Coleoptera into suborders characterised as follows : — I. Suborder Adephaga. — Wing-venation of the first type. Testes simple, tubular. Male genital apparatus with only one pair of accessory glands (ectadenia). Ovaries with alternating nutritive and egg-chambers. Four Malpighian vessels. Larvae orthognathous ; campodeiform or only slightly departing from that form ; with two-jointed tarsi. One family- series. Families : Carabidae, Dytiscidse, Haliplidse, Gyrinidse, Rhysodidae, Cupedidae, Paussidae. II. Suborder Polyphaga. — Wing-venation of the second or third types. Testes compound, consisting of follicles. Male genital apparatus with one or more pairs of accessory glands. Ovaries with single terminal nutritive chamber. Four or six Malpighian vessels. Larvae with long or short legs, having one-jointed tarsi, or without legs ; campodeiform or cruciform ; orthognathous, hypognathous, or pseudorthognathous. 1. Family-Series Staphylinoidea. Wing-venation of the second type, in some forms so reduced that the type cannot be recognized. Gular sutures not confluent. Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct.* Antennae simple, or with the terminal joints thickened to form an unflattened club, occasionally irregular. Tarsi with a variable number of joints. Testicular follicles sessile. Male genital apparatus with two pairs of accessory glands (ectadenia and mesadenia). Four Malpighian vessels. Larvae campodeiform, or not widely deriva- tive therefrom, never grub-like or eruciform. Families : Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae, Scydmaenidae, Silphidae, Clambidae, Leptinidae, Platypsyllidae, Aphaenocephalidae, Corylo- phidae, Sphaeriidae, Trichopterygidie, Hydroscaphidae, Scaphi- diidae, Histeridifi. 2. Family- Series Diversicornia. Wing-venation of the third type, or approximating towards the second type, in some forms very reduced, and then without '■''- For pleural we should read lAeuro-sternal, both here and in the following groups, in order that this character may be correct. — C. J. G. U 2 260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. recognizable type. Gular sutures not confluent. Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct. Antennae variously constructed. Tarsi with variable number of joints (five to one), exceptionally hetero- merous, but then only in one sex. Testicular follicles sessile. Male genital apparatus with two or three pairs of accessory glands (ectadenia and mesadenia). Four or six Malpighian vessels. Larvee campodeiform or derivative therefrom ; ortlio- or hypo- or pseudortho-gnathous ; sometimes without legs ; generally straight, seldom with curved body, like the cockchafer grub. Families, provisionally arranged : Cantharidfe, Melyridae, Cleridffi, Corynetidne, Derodontida), Helodidse, Dascillidie, Chelo- nariid^e, Khipiceridfe, Cebrionidae, Elateridse, Eucnemidse, Thros- cidfe, Buprestidae, Lymexylonidse, Bostrychidfe, Anobiidse, Lyc- tidfe, Sphindidae, AspidiphoridaB, Ciidie, Dermestidge, Nosoden- dridae, Byrrhidfe, Dryopidas (^Parnidse), Georyssidie, Cyatho- ceridse, Heteroceridae, Hydrophilidae,* Sph^ritidse, Ostomid® (= Trogositidffi), Byturidae, Nitidulidfe, Synteliidae, Cucujidse, Erotylidfe, Catopochrotidfe, Phalacridse, Thorictidas, Gnostidse, Lathridiidffi, Mycetophagidfe, Adimeridfe, Colydiidae, Endomy- chidae, CoccinellidaG, ? Pseudocorylophidae. 3. Family-Series Heteromera. Wing-venation of the third type. Gular sutures not con- fluent. Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct. Antennae gene- rally simple, more rarely serrate, pectinate or flabellate, or with thickened club-iike ending. Tarsi heteromerous, five- jointed in the front and middle legs, four-jointed in the hind pair. Testicula,r follicles sessile. Male genital apparatus with two or three pairs of accessory glands (ectadenia and mesadenia). As a rule six, exceptionally only four, Malpighian vessels. Larva? hypognathous ; generally with short legs. Families, in provisional order : CEdemeridae, Pythidae, Pyro- chroidae, Xylophilida, Anthicidre, Meloidae, Pihipiphoridas, Mor- dellidae, Melandryidae, Monommidae, Nilionidae, Othniidte, ^Egiali- tidae, Lagriidas, Petriidae, AUeculidae (=Cistelidae), Tenebrionidae, Trictenotomidae. 4. Family- Series Phytophaga. Wing-venation of the third type. Gular sutures not confluent. Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct. Antennae generally simple, less often serrate, pectinate, &c., or with thickened terminal joints, very rarely irregular. Tarsi crypto-pentamerous, i. e. five-jointed, with the fourth joint very small, firmly united with the fifth, and sometimes very indistinct, the first three joints with broad sole ; rarely distinctly pentamerous and simple. '■' See note at end of Classification. CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 261 Testicular follicles rounded and pedicellate. Male genital appa- ratus with only one pair of simple or forked accessory glands (ectadenia). Six Malpighian vessels.* Larvae hypognatbous or pseudorthognatlious (Cerambycidpe), with somewhat short, short or rudimentary legs, or without legs. Families : Cerambycidse, Chrysomelidre, and Bruchidae. 5. Family- Series Khynchophora. Wing-venation of the third type, or approximating to the second type.t Head generally elongated and snout-like. Gular sutures confluent. Pleural sutures of prothorax gone. Epimera united behind the prosternal process. Antennae straight, or with elongate first joint and geniculate, the end joints then thickened and claviform. Tarsi crypto-pentamerous, and only exceptionally distinctly five-jointed, sometimes, as in the Proter- rhinidae and Aglyceridae, which probably belong to this group, crypto-tetramerous or trimerous. Testicular follicles rounded, pedicellate. Male genital apparatus with variously differentiated accessory glands. Six Malpighian vessels. Larvae hypognatbous ; with short legs or without legs ; eruciform. Families : Anthribidae, ? Proterrhinidae, ? Aglyceridae, Bren- thidae, Ourculionidae, Ipidae (= Scolytidae). 6. Family- Series Lamellicornia. Wing-venation of the third type, or by means of reduction approximating to the second type. Gular sutures separated. Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct. Antenna with highly differentiated club. Legs highly differentiated ; the front pair generally, by the structure of their tibiae, adapted for digging. Tarsi five-jointed, quite exceptionally four-jointed. The front tarsi in many Coprophoga wanting in both sexes or in the male only. Testicular follicles rounded and pedicellate. Male genital apparatus with only one pair of accessory glands (ectadenia), exceptionally {Cetonia) with three pairs (one pair ectadenia and two pairs mesadenia). Four Malpighian vessels. Larvae hypo- gnatbous, generally without ocelli, with thick curved body, and with legs. One family : Scarabaeid^e. , Not long after this classification was published, Ganglbauer 'i // had to reconsider the position of the family Hydrophilidac, and he decided to withdraw it from the family -series Diver sicornia, '■' According to L. Dufour, Donacia forms an exception with only four of these vessels, and other exceptions will pi'obably be made known when a sufticient unniber of the more primitive forms have been investigated. t An obvious misprint, which I have corrected, occurs here in the original, the 2 and 3 being interchanged. It is copied by Grobben in his edition of Claus's ' Lehrbuch der Zoologie.' * 26^ THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and to recognize it as a distinct group in itself.* This group or family-series — the Palpicornia — he places between the Staphyli- noidea and the Diversicornia. The larvae of many of the genera possess anal cerci, and from this he concludes that the group cannot be derived from any other, even the most primitive forms, existing amongst the Diversicornia ; on the other hand, the imagines have the Cantharoidean type of wing-venation, hence the group cannot be merged in the Staphylinoidea. Lameere's Classification (1903 . In this also the Coleoptera are divided into two suborders — the Adephaga and the Polyphaga. The Adephaga are subdivided into two groups : the Cupedi- formia and the Carabiformia. The Polyphaga are at first subdivided into two main sections or branches — the Cantharidiformia and the Staphyliniformia — corresponding with two of the three suborders of his earlier classification. The Cantharidiformia are, as in that classification, further subdivided into ten groups or family-series, seven of which, taken together, are equivalent to Ganglbauer's single series — the Diversicornia. The Rhynchophora are not recognized as a separate family-series, but, as derivative from the Phytophaga, are merged in that series. This classification is not so different from Ganglbauer's as it may at first sight appear. The division of the Polyphaga into two main branches, although not accepted by Ganglbauer in his classification, is quite in accordance with his views. For he admits of a Protostaphj'linideon, from which the Staphylinoidea are derived ; and he admits also of a Protocantharideon, from which directly, he thinks, each of the other five groups of the Polyphaga, with the exception of the Pihynchophora, may be derived. And since he agrees with Lameere that the Pihyncho- phora are derived from the Phytophaga, he ought to have included both in one group as Lameere has done, or else found some other means of expressing this view in the classification. I am myself not convinced that the Pihynchophora are derived directly from the Phytophaga, nor do I think they are more distinct from the Chrysomelidae than are the Longicorns. Pro- bably all three have been derived independently from the same or very closely related ancestors ; and I would suggest therefore the retention of the name Tetramera for the single large series, including the three minor groups : Longicornia, Phytophaga (in the old sense), and Pihynchophora. (To be continued.) * 'Kafer von Mitteleuropa,' Bd. iv. p. 151 (1904). 263 EURIPUS FULGURALIS, Matsumura. By a. E. Wilbman, F.E.S. The type of this species, which is in the Taiho Ku Museum, North Formosa, was taken by Mr. Kikuchi at Hokuzancho, Horisha, Nantocho, Formosa, in May, 1908. It seems to be closely allied to Euripus funchris, Leech (Butt. China, Japan, and Corea, p. 150, pi. xvi. tig. 1), judging from a coloured draw- ing of the type kindly made for me by Mr. Kawa Kami, Director of the Taiho Ku Museum. The discal cell of the fore wings has two rather wide transverse crimson bars, instead of a longitudinal crimson streak as in E. funchris; and there is a narrow inter- rupted outer-marginal crimson band on the hind wings, becoming obscure towards the costa. On the under side of fore wings the crimson bars are placed as on the upper side, but they are some- what narrower, and the first is irregular ; there are no bluish marks in the cell or between the veins; on the basal area of the hind wing are six crimson spots, two of these are bar-like and placed in the cell, two others are above the cell and more or less in line with a confluent basal pair ; the outer marginal crimson band is broader than on the upper side, more macular, and extended along the abdominal margin almost to the base of the Expanse 86 millim. wmg. 264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. THE ATHALIA GEOUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. By Eev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 243.) The small cross nervules representing the secondary bifurca- tions of iii, and the junction of iij with iii^, and iiig with iv.^, and which form the outer edge of the discoidal cell, are amongst the most characteristic parts of the neuration of the fore wing both in shape and texture. They are very thick and strong in varia and dictynnoides, and almost as thick in asteria and aurelia ; fairly thick in athalia generally, but rather variable in this species, thicker in herisalensis than in typical deione, in Swiss than in Italian partJienie, and in dictynna than in hrito- martis, though they are by no means thick in any of these ; they are, indeed, very thin in southern parthenie and in deione, and in britomartis are so slight that they tend to melt away with the action of the chemicals used in denuding the wings of their scales — at any rate, in the case of those portions which belong exclusively to iii, which are always somewhat slighter than the rest, the thinnest part invariably being the upper fork of the lower branch of the obsolete iii. The junction of iii^ with iir,, when it exists, and that of iiig with iv^, always points from the base upwards, generally sharply, though the former nervule in the case of britomartis makes a wide angle, sometimes quite a right angle. The other four nervules, which belong to iii, may be said normally to form a somewhat straggling W, a formation which is very clear in M. merope, and it is by the flattening of some of these lines and the extension of others that the charac- teristic differences in the shape of the discoidal cell are pro- duced. I shall call these nervules " the W," and speak of them as the first, second, &c., strokes of the W, counting from the costa downwards. The outer edge of the discoidal cell is flattest in varia, and most irregular in parthenie, but, though this is always true of the former, yet the degree of flatness or evenness varies. The first three strokes of the W are generally flattened out into an almost straight line, though ihe first two sometimes form the base of a U, and the fourth stroke makes with them an angle of only about ITO"^. The same formation obtains in asteria, except that a much sharper angle is formed by the fourth stroke, giving the effect of a slight peak at the lower outer corner of the discoidal cell. This peak is very distinct in aurelia, the first three lines being sometimes nearly straight, but the W sometimes very distinct, even in insects taken at the same time and place ; the peak is sharper and even more distinct in dictynnoides, and the W sometimes plainer, the third stroke standing distinctly away from the first two, even if the former are rather a shallow U than a V. In athalia this peak is very THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT^A . 265 distinct, but the resemblance to a W ceases altogether in the male, though remaining in the female, the four strokes in the former being merely a slightly wavy line. Dictynna is slightly variable, but the first two strokes are generally distinct, the last two frequently so, but there is very little peak. In hritomartis there is none at all ; the four strokes form a rather straggling Greek e. In deione the practical meeting of iiij and iii^ almost entirely does away with the first two strokes, but the third and fourth are ff.irly distinct, and there is a small peak. In heri- salensis these first two are represented by a short, straight, or curved line, and the peak is rather smaller. In 2^arthcnie, especially the more northern ones, the peak is very definite and acute, but the first three strokes are almost straightened out into one, the four forming a broad V rather than a W. The other nervures of the fore wing give no characteristics. In the hind wing the short pre-costal nervure (marked j^ i^ the diagram) presents surprisingly marked characteristics on careful inspection. It forms a sharply defined angle with i at its point of departure, and this may be a right angle, or rather greater, or less. It forms, again, in most species another angle about the middle of its course, which again may be a right angle, or greater, or less ; this latter angle, however, is not sharply defined, but generally slightly rounded, and I speak of it as greater than a right angle if the actual angle is so where the nervure bends, even if it afterwards approaches i. These two angles I refer to as (a) and (b). In asteria (a) is a right angle, (b) is greater, no part of the nervure being approximately parallel with the costa ; the second portion does not approach i, and stops well short of the costa. In varia both angles are slightly less than a right angle ; a slight approach is made towards i, but in the female, and sometimes also in the male, the second portion is very long and nearly reaches the costa. In aurelia (a) is slightly greater and {h) slightly less than a right angle, the nervure is nowhere nearly parallel with the costa, but nearly touches it in the female. In typical deione the nervure starts at a right angle and then stops short. In hritomartis it is the same, except that there is a very slight curve where the second portion should begin. In dictynna (a) is less than a right angle, and the whole nervure is then curved much like a scythe-blade. In dictynnoides it is much as in dictynna, but the curve is wider and shorter. In herisalensis (a) is a right and {b) an obtuse angle, and at the latter there is a short branch returning towards the base (see diagram). This is also present in athalin, but much less con- spicuously so ; both angles are slightly obtuse, but the second portion of the nervure curves inwards. In parthenie (a) is less, \b) greater than a right angle ; there is no return branch, but a slight thickening at [b). 266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The only distinctions afforded by i and ii are that in varia and aurelia the former springs in a more upright position from the latter, and that in asteria ii is further from i and nearer to iii towards the base than in any other species. The nervures of the hind wing which show most variety are iiij and iii2, but, on the other hand, they vary some- what in the same species. In varia the stem appears to be- long to iiij rather than to ii, as it really does, and to some extent this is also the case with dictijimoides, though in this specifes the formation tends towards that of aurelia {v. infra) ; it seems to belong equally to ii and to iiij in aurelia, berisalensis, and britomartis, and equally to ii and iii2 in deione, parthenie, athalia, and generally in dictynna ; only in asteria does it obviously belong to ii. In aurelia nearly always, and sometimes in jjarthenie and athalia, ii, iiij, and iii2 branch off from the same spot ; in asteria there is a short transverse nervule placed slantwise between ii and iiij, and a shorter and more per- pendicular one joining iii^ and iiia, though the latter is some- times absent, iii^ and iii2 forking out from one another as they do in athalia, parthenie, deione, generally in varia, and sometimes in dictynna. In all these latter, and in britomartis, and occa- sionally also in aurelia, there is a transverse nervule of varying length, joining ii and iiij ; varia sometimes has iiij and iii 2 joined by a short, nearly perpendicular nervule, as in asteria, these two nervures being occasionally joined by a short, curved nervule in dictynna, and nearly always in britomartis. Traces of the closing of the cell in the hind wing are to be found, in this group, in asteria, varia, dictynnoides, and more slightly in aurelia ; this is always represented by a short spur rising from iii 3 near its point of departure from iv^ (represented in the diagram, though it never occurs in beinsalensis) ; and sometimes in dictynnoides, and generally in varia (as in some species ot the other groups) there is a corresponding spur issuing downwards from iii 2 ; in one specimen of varia ? I have found these two spurs uniting so as to close the cell completely, as in the Argynnids and Brenthids ;* on the other hand, I have found one varia $ devoid of either spur. In deione, iiig branches off slightly nearer to the outer margin than in other species. In varia, iv^ and iv2 are parallel, and almost so in asteria, deione, berisalensis, and athalia, but diverge more in the other species, though the difference is not very noticeable. Nervure x is decidedly convex in parthenie, slightly so in athalia and dictynnoides, slightly angulated (in a convex direc- tion) near its inception in aurelia, varia, and dictynna, straight -•- Notwithstanding Spuler's diagrams to the contrary, I have never so far found a Brenthid with the cell open. In selene, which he gives as an example with open cell, I have invariably found it closed. DRAGONFLIES OF THE NEW FOREST. 267 in asteria and deione, straight or slightly convex in britomartis, and straight or slightly angulated in herisalensis. In britomartis, and much more markedly in dictynna, (5 is concave towards the disc ; in deione and berisalensis it is first slightly concave and then slightly convex, being somewhat ogival in form ; it inclines to convexity more or less in parthenie, and is nearly or quite straight in the other species. As many of these distinctions are not to be observed without denuding the wings, and are, therefore, useless for the determi- nation of specimens which are to be preserved for the cabinet, it appears to me useless at this point to attempt to place them in tabular form, which may, however, prove useful when treating of the phylogeny. (To be continued.) DKAGONFLIES OF THE NEW FOEEST. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. In the Victoria History of Hampshire is to be found a list of the dragonflies of the New Forest ; but as this list is much out of date a new one will probably be of use to entomologists visiting that interesting locality. As was to be expected in a large area that has always been to a great extent in a state of nature, where bogs as well as small ponds and streams are numerous, the dragonfly fauna is well represented. Of forty-two species which occur in the British Isles twenty- seven at least have been met with in the New Forest. Oxyaastra curtisii has been re- corded, but it is possibly the locality a few miles to the west that is intended. LibeUida J'alva is also found in this same locality, and has been taken at Ringwood (K. J. Morton, 1897), but a mile or two outside the Forest borders. Of those not yet recorded we might expect Sympetnim vidgatmn ; S. fonscoloitdni (casually) ; Somatochlora metallica (possibly) ; and the rest of the Agrionids known as British — Lestes dryas, Ertjthromma naias, Agrion pulcheliiun, A. armaturn, and A. Jiastulatum. It may be that others are simply awaiting a discoverer to become British also. 1. Sympetrum striolatum. — Very common in late summer and autumn. 2. S. fiaveolum. — A male was taken at Denny Bog by Major Kobertson and given to me in 1900. 3. S. scotimim. — On boggy ground, the nymphs probably living in the watery spots in the bogs. 4. Libellula depressa. — A fairly common spring species, sometimes continuing into August. 5. L. quadrimaculata. — Like the last, an early species. 6. Orthetrxim ccerulescens, — Very common, probably breeding in the bogs in the same way as S. scoticwn. 7. 0. cajicellatum. — Captui'ed near Brockenhurst, June 26tb, 1902 268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (K. G. Blair), and once taken by myself in August in Dame's Slough Inclosure. 8. Cordulia anea. — Keported by Mr. W. J. Ashdown, but apparently not common. 9. GompJiics vulgatissimus. — At two streams in the south of the Forest. 10. Cordulegastcr annulatus. — A fine insect, common in the Forest, flying throughout the summer. 11. Anaximperator. — This, the largest European dragonfly, seems to be^ fairly common. Though appearing in the spring, it extends into August. 12. Bracliijtron jyratense. — Near Beaulieu in 1900 (F. M. B. Carr). 13. ^schna mixta. — Occasionally taken — the smallest and least common of the iEschnas of southern Britain. 14. JE. juncea. — As the previous species, met with occasionally; not easily distinguished on the wing from the following one. 15. ^. cyanea. — Fairly common in summer and autumn. 16. jE. grandis. — Not common in the New Forest. Mr. Clark (Ent. Record, vol. ii. p. 301) records it at dusk, and on August 3rd, 1901, I saw one at Oberwater. 17. Calopteryx virgo. — Very common. 18. C. splendens. — Occurring locally, but not common. 19. Lestes sponsa. — At ponds, but perhaps not frequent. 20. Platycnemis pennipes. — Common, especially along streams. 21. Pyrrhosoma nympilmla. — Common, and on the wing for a long time. The form of the female (var. melanotum), with black- bronze abdomen, occurs. 22. P. tenellum. — Very common, especially over the bogs. The forms of the female (vars. mclanogastrum and erythrogastum), with black-bronze and crimson abdomens, respectively, are fairly frequent. 23. Isclinnra pumilio. — Common in a few localities in the south of the Forest, probably breeding in boggy ground. It w^as re- discovered there, June 3rd, 1900, by Mr. F. M. B. Carr and myself. The var. aurantiacum is frequent. 24. /. elegans. — Fairly common and well distributed. 25. Agrion puella. — Fairly common. 26. A. mercuriale. — In several localities — common in some — appear- ing in the spring and remaining on the wing during the summer. It seems to like a stream running through a bog. 27. E. cyathigcrwn. — Occurring, but apparently not very commonly. Kingston-on-Thames: July, 1911. A NEW MOSQUITO FROM PARAGUAY. By E. H. Strickland. Janthinosoma paraguayensis, nov. sp. $ . Head clothed on the vertex with yellow, upright, forked, and spindle-shaped scales, with deep violet scales at the sides. A few RHYNCHOTA INDICA (iIRTEROPTKRA). 209 yellow hairs project between the eyes. Palpi with l)lackish, some- what outstanding scales and bristles. Proboscis with similar coloured closely appressed scales. Disc of thorax covered with blackish-purple spindle-shaped scales, lateral and posterior margins with yellow scales, whicli are most numerous on the anterior half of the meso- notum, where they form a more or less distinct lateral spot. Pro- thoracic lobes with a few cream-coloured scales and black hairs. Anterior and posterior femora, except for their apices and the pos- terior side, and tlie middle femora except for its apex, golden yellow. Coxae with cream-coloured scales. Hind legs without very densely outstanding scales. Fourth hind tarsus white, last hind tarsus dark. Wings dusky brown, with brown scales and veins. Hind cross- vein not less than its length from small cross-vein. Abdomen with white scales on the first segment and hind angles of all the other segments except the last one, reddish-purple scales on second seg- ment, and dark purple on all remaining segments. Under side of all segments except the last with apical bands of white scales. First two segments golden yellow, wnth white scales all over. Length, 5"5 mm. Habitat. — Pueto Max, Paraguay. Season when found, January to April. Taken by Verz6nyi in 1905. Described from a single female. Differs from Janthinosoma varipes (Coquillett) in that the disc of the thorax is entirely covered with dark scales. South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. EHYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEROPTERA). By W. L. Distant. Fam. BERYTID^. Hiibertiella cardamomi. Kirk., J. Bombay N. H. See. xiv. p. 303, pi. A, f. 16, pi. C, f. 5 (1902) ; Dist. Faun. Brit. Ind. Rhynch. i. p. 424, f. 249 (1902). Mr. E. E. Green has sent me varietal specimens of this species in which the two dark spots on the posterior pronotal lobe are almost or entirely obliterated. These specimens were taken from Strohilanthus sp., so that the species is seen to be not entirely confined to Elettaria cardamomum. Fam. TINGIDID^. Genus Serenthia. Serenthia, Spin. Ess. p. 168 (1837). Type, S. atricapilla, Spin. Serenthia carinata, sp. n. Head black, a little elevated i^etween the eyes ; antennas brownish ochraceous, fourth joint apically black, first and second joints short, 270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. distinctly thickened, second a little shorter than first ; pronotum black, the anterior margin and the apical area behind the lateral angles, dull pale ochraceous, distinctly, centrally, longitudinally cari- nate for its entire length, coarsely punctate ; elytra finely areolate, excluding costal area, black for about two-thirds from base, subcostal area shaded with ochi'aceous, margins of the areolets black, or pice- ous except on costal area where they are ochraceous ; body beneath black ; legs pitchy-brown. Long. 3 millim. Hab. Ceylon ; Ambalangoda Lake (E. E. Green). Allied to S. gibba, Fieb., from which it structurally differs by the pronotum being distinctly longitudinally carinate for its entire length. Taken from Jtmcus sp. (E. E. Green). Hegesidemus, gen. nov. Elongate, narrow ; shortly spinous ; eyes inserted at base of head and close to anterior margin of pronotum ; antennae with the first and second joints short and thickened, second globose, shorter than first, third long and slender, fourth incrassate, a little longer than first and second together ; pronotum strongly longitudinally tricari- nate, the anterior lateral margins moderately dilated, hyaline and areolate, an anterior hood not covering base of head and which is centrally strongly longitudinally carinate, the anterior pronotal area distinctly convex, the posterior area or process angularly narrowed ; elytra elongate, discoidal area extending to about the middle of the elytra and with its margins distinctly raised, subcostal area some- what narrow, costal area hyaline, areolate, broadest on apical half, sutural area long and very finely areolate, more broadly so at apex ; legs of moderate length and slender. Allied to Teleonemia, Costa, from which it principally differs in the dilated, areolate lateral margins of the pronotum. Hegesidemus eliyanus, sp. n. Head piceous, eyes black ; antennae brownish ochraceous, the apical joint piceous ; pronotum with the anterior area castaneous, the posterior area piceous, the longitudinal carina and sometimes the hood, more or less ochraceous, the lateral dilated margins hyaline, areolate, the margins of the areolets fuscous ; elytra black or piceous; the costal area hyaline and areolate, the areolets in two longitudinal series, their margins fuscous, the discoidal area either altogether piceous, or brownish ochraceous with the raised margins darker, the disk rugulosely punctate, costal area hyaline and areolate, the margins of the areolets piceous or fuscous, sutural area piceous and with an intermediate pale spot near apex ; sternum black ; abdomen beneath testaceous, the base and apex black ; legs browniish ochraceous ; elytra longly passing the abdominal apex ; other structural characters as in generic diagnosis. Long. 5 millim. Hab. Ceylon ; Nuwera Eliya (E. E. Green). Taken from Strobilanthiis spp. (E, E. Green). Dr. Horvath (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. ix. p. 337), among some other proposed synonymy which will subsequently receive atten- NEW SPECIES OF GEOJIETRID^. FROM FORMOSA. 271 tion, has stated : — " Galeatus, Curt., Ent. Map;, i. p. 196 (1833) = Cadmillos, Dist., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. p. 113(1909); id. Faun. Brit. Ind. Ehyncli. v. p. 107 (1910). I have figured both these genera, and given differential structural characters, and must be content to leave these figures and descriptions to speak for themselves. NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRID^ FROM FORMOSA. By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S. Aracima serrata, sp. n. Fore wings greenish yellow ; crescent at outer end of the cell, and postmedial line dark purplish ; the line bluntly serrated, indented above dorsum. Hind wings greenish yellow ; postmedial line purplish, diffuse towards the costa, where there are clusters of purplish dots on each side of the line. Fringes of all the wings purplish. Under side yellowish, markings as above ; the hind wings rather paler than the fore wings. Expanse, 44 millim. A male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 10th, 1909. Collection number, 1824. Aids arizana, sp. n. Fore wings brownish with a faint purplish tinge, finely sprinkled with black atoms ; ante- and postmedial lines black, the first indis- tinct, bluntly angled below costa, the second almost parallel with termen, bluntly serrate ; space between lines paler, almost whitish ; discal mark dusky. Hind wings similar in colour to median area of fore wings ; postmedial line blackish, curved, and tapered towards the costa. Fringes preceded by a brown crenulate line. Under side of fore wings hardly paler between lines ; a pale apical patch and smaller pale patch below middle of terminal area ; lower two-thirds of postmedial line on hind wings double. Expanse, 36 millim. One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.), September, 1906. Collection number, 797. Aids hrevifasdata, sp. n. Fore wings ochreous brown ; ante- and postmedial lines repre- sented by black dots on the veins, each line from a blackish spot on the costa ; basal patch blackish ; discal spot black, oval, a diffuse spot above it on the costa ; subterminal line whitish but not clearly defined, passing through blackish clouds at apex, above middle, and at tornus ; area beyond the line powdered with blackish, black bars between veins in upper part. Hind wings ochreous brown, paler on costal area ; a broad blackish central band, not extended to costa, enclosing black discal dot ; terminal area barred with blackish as on 272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. fore wings, and clouded with blackish towards tornus ; traces of a pale subterminal line. Fringes preceded by an interrupted line of black lunules. Under side ochreous brown, powdered with blackish ; all the w4ngs have a black discal spot, and a dentate postmedial line also blackish. Expanse, 34 millim., J ; 36 millim., $ . A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September, 1906; and a female from the same locality, August, 1908. Collection number, 800. HemeropJiila cuneilinearia, sp. n. (J . Pale cinnamon-brown, striated and mottled wuth darker. Fore wings with two pale-edged blackish lines, the antemedial which is sinuous, bidentate towards the costa, commences near middle of costa, and terminates on dorsum at one-fourth from base ; the post- medial is acutely angled below the costa and from this angle a blackish streak runs to termen below apex, the middle of the line is bent inwards towards the antemedial ; space enclosed by lines greyish. Hind wings finely striated with blackish on basal two- thirds ; outer third suffused with reddish brown ; postmedial line blackish, slender, sinuate, internally edged with whitish ; subter- minal line pale, outwardly edged with dark brown, wavy. Under side pale greyish brown, speckled with dark brown and blackish ; all the wings have a black discal spot at end of cell, and a series of black dots representing postmedial line. 2 . Similar to the male, but the central third of fore wings is suffused with blackish, and the ante- and postmedial lines are conse- quently obscured ; the black striation on hind wings is heavier. Expanse, 46 millim. One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). The female obtained in May, and the male in June, 1908. Collection number, 798. Allied to H. subplagiata, Walk. (To be continued.) BY THE WAY. " Notice. — Sugaring on Trees is Prohibited. By Order," is a legend erected high on a venerable oak of Queen's Bower, in the New Forest, and probably unique among the many warnings to wanderers throughout the world. We remember that Herbert Goss had something to say respecting the legality of a prohibition which could relate to damage only in so far that lepidopterist sugar might be supposed to disfigure trees. However the law may run, it is certain that permission to sugar has, we are told, been categorically denied recent applicants by Mr. Lascelles, and that the keepers have orders to "clay" all fresh treaclings. During the festivities of last month entomologists foregathered about Brockenhurst and Lyndhurst, but the cold winds of the NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 273 preceding weeks rendered notable captures scarce and we (who were not looking for them) saw no uncommon Lepidoptera, among which Tortrix viridana swarmed everywhere on oak and was equalled in number only by vast hordes of Orchestes fagi on beech, the leaves of which were turned half brown by their ravages. Osmylus was netted ; Anoplodera unusually common about Holland's Wood; and Asem.um found on fir-posts; but Anthaxia was not seen when the May blossom was over. We want an entomological guide to the Forest badly ; Hutchinson's book mentions only a few species and terms Cicadetta, which is by no means uncommon locally this season, " Cicada hsema- toides"; the Victoria History list is peculiarly poor in the less worked groups. On the contrary, Brandon in May afforded capital collecting, and we have never, during fifteen years, seen insects of all Orders so abundant there. The Staunch and its carr were unusually dry for the time of year, yielding Hehrus ruficeps, Plocioinenis fracticollis, Chri/somela graminis, and larvae of Sesia hemheciforinis ; beetles, though not Diastictus, occurred plenti- fully at the latter locality, with such things as Trox sahidosus (seventy were counted in rabbits' fur), Onthophilus sidcatus (in rabbits' holes), Ajihodius constans, and Cistela liiperus. About Lakenheath Phyllohius viridicoUis was in great numbers, with a few Trigonoinetopus frontalis. Some sixteen kinds of sawflies and about forty Parasitica turned up in a few days. Brandon and Tuddenham Fen, where we also did well, should be more patronised by entomologists ; the ' White Hart,' at the former, is a capital inn, whence all the best spots are easy of access. C. M. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Gynandrous Lyc^na ICARUS (alexis). — I should like to record in the ' Entomologist ' the capture, on June 9th, near Boscastle, in North Cornwall, of a perfect gynandrous specimen of Lyccena alexis, left side male, right side female. I should also like to record the capture, in my garden here, of a number of specimens of Apaniea ophioqramma. — L. F. Hammond ; 17, Foxley Gardens, Purley, Surrey, July 7th, 1911. Apatura iris, &c., in Haslemere District. — While out for a stroll some three miles from Haslemere town, on Tuesday morning last, the 11th inst., I was surprised by a fine male Apatura iris, which suddenly appeared in a woodland path along which I was walking : it settled about six yards in front of me, in a slightly damp place on the path. By carefully approaching, I w^as successful in netting it. In the same locality I saw a nice sprinkling of Limenitis Sibylla, as well as a number of Argynnis _po_^j///rt. — Bertram E. Jupp; Lyn Lodge, Camelsdale, Haslemere, July 13th, 1911. ENTOM. — august, 1911. X 274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Cyaniris argiolus. — I took a specimen of G. argiolus this morning ; surely this is remarkably early for the second brood, although in such weather almost anything is possible, I suppose ! — B. E. J. ZYGiENA FILIPENDUL.E ab. FLAVA IN SuRREY. — On July 16th, 1911, I had the very good luck to take a fine specimen of Zygcena fiUpendulcB ab. flava at rest on a flower-head of devil's-bit scabious at Coulsdon, Surrey. — J. St. Aubyn ; " Tregotham," Endlesham Eoad, Balham. Eetarded Development on Emergence of Chesias rufata (obliquaria). — On June 18th, at 8 p.m., a specimen of Chesias rufata {ohliquaria) emerged in one of my cages. As its wings had not seemingly begun to develop when I went to bed, I concluded that the pupa had been kept too dry and that the insect would be crippled. Of this I felt certain when I found it in exactly the same condition at 7.30 the next morning. To my surprise, however, at 9 a.m. it was fully developed, and in proper condition. I remember seeing a note of a somewhat similar case, but cannot find the entry. — (Eev.) J. E. Tarbat ; The Vicarage, Fareham, Hants. Note on Larv^ op Merodon equestris, F. — Not without some regret I write to inform your readers and Mr. F. J. Chittenden of another bulb attacked by these larvae. Last winter four or five bulbs of Hippeastrum in my greenhouse were found to be infested with fair-sized grubs which I at once suspected to be Merodon ; so to make sure, they were placed in a breeding-cage, and this spring over a dozen imagos made their appearance. Fortunately my bulbs were not very costly ones, but considering the high prices paid for fine varieties, the loss caused by a single female might be serious. Curiously enough, the specific name of this plant is "equestre," and of the fly, "equestris." — Fredk. C. Adams; Fern Cottage, Lyndhurst, June 22nd, 1911. Phryxus (Deilephila) livornica in Sussex. — A female specimen of the Striped Hawk-moth was taken here on Sunday, July 2nd, and I should say by her appearance she had not been out of chrysalis very long ; she, however, laid about nine eggs in the bottle in which she was kept for the night. I have the insect in my possession, on the setting-board, sorry to say, slightly damaged at tip of fore wings. I have written to you, as I do not think a specimen has been recorded from this district before. — Ernest Streeter ; Church Street, Pet- worth, July 6th, 1911. Phryxus livornica in Cornwall. — A specimen of the Striped Hawk {Phryxus livornica) was recently sent to me by a friend, who got it near Newquay, Cornwall, on June 27th. — K. R. Waters ; 1, Hillmorton Road, Rugby, July 23rd, 1911. Lepidoptera at Light.— The arc lamps in York in early June seem to have proved very attractive to moths, for I found a very large number on the pavements in the town. These included Acro- nycta {Jochcera) alni (2), D. chaonia, several of the dark Acronycta rumicis, Eurymene dolobraria (2), and a rather good specimen of NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 275 Spilosoiiia lubricijjeda var. zatima. Species of Plusia were strongly attracted, and I found under a couple of lamps P. pulchrina, iota, chrysitis, gamma, and Ahrostola tri2)lasia. While Dicranura vinula was very abundant, the specimens were practically always female, and these females seemed to wisli to lay the instant they were boxed. I had always supposed that only male specimens of the Notodontidae were attracted by liglit. In breeding Petasia nubeculosa this year from the egg, I was much struck by the large variety of food-plants which it readily eats. I first experimented with the plants growing in the locality where the parent was obtained — sallow, aspen, bilberry, and dock— the first two of which it seemed at times to prefer to birch. It also ate heather, and I found that it would take greedily lime, ash, hawthorn, willow, alder, plum, strawberry, &c. ; probably it is as omnivorous as P. cassinea. This does not seem to have been generally recorded, though I am told that Barrett has remarked on its eating other food besides birch. — C. Mellows ; Bootham School, York. Carnivorous Feeding of Platycleis brachyptera. — On July 3rd Mr. R. South was good enough to give me three living Ortho- ptera, which he had obtained two days previously while trailing his net over the heather at Oxshott, Surrey. One of them was Gompho- cerus maculatus, and the others were undeveloped females of a species of Locustidas. One of the Locustids had undergone a moult in the glass-bottomed box in which it was enclosed, and when I looked at it again, I found that it had eaten its own cast skin. On reaching home, I turned out all three specimens into a good-sized fish-globe, and kept them regularly supplied with fresh grass, upon which they fed readily. After the lapse of several days, however, the Gompho- cerus was noticed to be getting very sluggish in its habits, and the next morning it was found to be dead and partly consumed ; later on, one of the Locustids was actually observed to be eating the body greedily. Mr. W. J. Lucas, who kindly examined one of the Locustids for me, stated that it might safely be regarded as Platycleis brachyptera, as that species was known to occur at Oxshott, and as P. roeselii, the only other species to which it could possibly belong, had not been recorded from that locaHty. — Herbert Campion; 58, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, July 21st, 1911. Lepidoptera of the Brecksand District. — In the ' Entomo- logist ' for March (vol. xliv. p. Ill) appeared an interesting note on the Lepidoptera of the Brecksand district, near Tuddenham, in Suffolk, by the Rev. J. E. Tarbat. It may be of interest to supple- ment this by an account of a brief visit to the same locality paid by me this year from June 13th to 16th. I have often before worked this district by day, and, indeed, accompanied Mr. Tarbat on one occasion last year, but have not previously been a))lo to do any night collecting there. The weather was cold, windy, and overcast, which may account for the absence of Acidalia rubiginata, and Agrophila tra'bealis, both of which I took on the same dates last year. Sugar was a complete failure, and the following list represents almost entirely the species captured by working hedgerows, rougli fields, etc., with a lamp between dusk and moonrise. Considering this and the 276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. very unfavourable w^eatlier, the results are not unsatisfactory. Litho- stege griseata v^as taken, both by beating herbage during the day and during its flight at dusk, and was in fine condition. It is, in my ex- perience, never abundant, and very local. I flushed a single speci- men from a small patch of waste land round a haystack on each of three days — June 1st, 14:th, and 15th — all fresh and perfect. Cer- tainly it emerges at intervals over a long period, as on the night of June 15th I took a female drying its wings after leaving the pupa. Besides this, the following insects were seen or taken: — A. psi, L. comma, L. ])allens (very abundant), X. rurea (one fine whitish- grey form), X. lithoxylea, N. saponaria, M. sordida, M. alhicolon (the Brecksand form is consistently darker than the usual coast type), C. morpheus, B. tenebrosa, A. vestigialis (quite a typical form), A. segetnm, A. exclamationis, N. f estiva, D. ca])sincola, D. carpophaga (pale buff -coloured), H. serena (common on fir-trunks), A. advena, H. tripartita, P. gamma, P. iota, P. chrysitis, H. uncula (a single specimen in marshy ground j, B. repandata (darker and less grey than the Cambridge form), E. pendularia, C. exanthemaria, B. taminata, P. flavofasciata, C. bilineata, and T. variata. Geometers, save for the last-named, were very scarce. It is certainly a most interesting district, and further study of its peculiar fauna seems likely to prove scientifically valuable. — (Kev.) C. E. Eaven ; 4, Park Terrace, Cam- bridge. The Entomological Club. — A meeting was held at the ' Hand and Spear' Hotel, Weybridge, on July 10th, 1911, Mr. Geo. T. Porritt in the chair. Mr. Eobert Adkin (O.M.) and Messrs A. H. Jones (H.M.), A. Sich (H.M.), and nine other visitors were present. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, May Srd, 1911.— The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair.— The President announced the death of two Fellows of the Society, the Eev. Canon Cruttwell, and Mr. W. A. Eollason. He then in- formed the Society that the authorities of the Science Museum had persuaded the Government to allow them to take a portion of the land belonging to the Natural History Museum at South Kensington for the purpose of erecting new buildings of their own, thereby pre- cluding much-needed additions to the Natural History Museum, especially in the Entomological Department, and on the motion of Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, seconded by Dr. Dixey, a protest was unanimously passed by the Society, the position being explained by both mover and seconder, and further comments being made by Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse and the Rev. G. Wheeler on the disastrous results of such a proceeding to the Natural History Museum. Mr. H. Eowland-Brown then moved that "If a deputation be appointed to wait on Mr. Eunciman with regard to this matter, the Officers and Council of the Entomological Society desire to be represented on it." This was seconded by Mr. Bethune-Baker and carried unanimously. — Commander J. J. Walker exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Geo. Brown SOCIETIES. 277 of Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, living specimens of Ilelophorus tubercu- latus, GylL, hitherto exceedingly rare as a British insect. These were taken by Mr. Brown at the end of April, walking about on bare dry peaty soil on the moors near Coatbridge. — Mr. O. E. Janson, a new and remarkable Lamellicorn beetle, belonging to the Grcmasto- chilides group of the Cetoniidae, in which the anterior tarsi were unmistakably six-jointed. He believed this was the first known instance in the whole of the Coleoptera where the tarsal joints exceeded five. The specimen was received from Uganda. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse suggested that it was probably an abnormal specimen, six-jointed tarsi being so far unknown in entomology. Mr. G. C. Champion expressed concurrence in this opinion. — Mr. A. Harrison, a drawer of Delamere Forest Aplecta nehulosa, bred last year from var. robsoni male and var. thompsoni female, by himself and Mr. H. Main. Only fifty moths were bred, 26 per cent, of the grey form, 42 per cent, of robsoni, and 32 per cent, of thompsoni. This result quite negatives the idea that the form robsoni was a heterozygote or hybrid (so-called), and that the grey form and thompsoni were homo- zygotes or pure. All the pi'evious results pointed to this conclusion, but the results obtained last year show that the problem is not so simple as this, and that it will require further experiments before it can be solved. — Mr. Donisthorpe, three females of Lasius mixtus, Nyl., a race of L. umbratus, Nyl., and a female of the latter for com- parison. He remarked that there were only two previous records of its capture in Britain. One of his specimens was taken at Wey- bridge last year, and another at Mickleham, in company with Mr. Crawley, where they each took a specimen last month. The third was captured this year by Mr. Dollman in Eichmond Park. — Mr. H. Rowland-Brown brought for exhibition examples of Agriades thetis (bellargus) ab. female coelestis, Obthr., taken last August at Dom- pierre-sur-Mer, Charente-Inf6rieure. He said that, so far as is known at present, this brilliant form of the blue female is confined in western Europe to the west and south-west of France ; roughly speaking between the valley of the Loire and the Gironde, where it occurs locally not unfrequently ; the blue form of A. coridon female, var. sunfjrapha also being found in the same calcareous region. — Mr. G. W. V. de Ehe-Philipe exhibited and described several new Indian butterflies, viz., Euplcea mulciber var. duarseri male, Charaxes raid- haka male, Euripus consimilis, new female dimorphic form torsa, Cyaniris parishii male, Nacaduba ardates var. male dima, and new aberration of Tcrias silhetana. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited three generations of Hybernia ?narginaria, being the result of a pairing between a dark male and female taken wild in Epping Forest in 1908. The 1909 brood did not vary much from the parents. The 1910 brood produced specimens with dark margins and three uni- colorous males. The 1911 brood produced specimens with lighter margins and dark interiors, but no unicolorous specimens. The darkest males and females were paired in each case. These dark forms have only appeared in Epping Forest the last few years. — Mr. G. C. Champion sent round living specimens of Corymbitcs purpurcus and Morimus lugiibris, taken by Dr. Chapman at Amelie-les-Bains, Pyi-6nees Orientales. — Mr. L. W. Newman showed a stick of Salix 278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. caprcea containing larvte supposed to be those of the " Wood Wasp." He pointed out that the larvae make caps Hke ^geria andrencs- formis, and that the cocoon is exactly like that of a " clear wing," and the workings very like those of Algeria. A discussion arose on this exhibit, in whicli widely different views were expressed even as to the order to which the larvae in question belonged. — Mr. A, G. Scorer exhibited a specimen of Hyloicus (Sjyhmx) jiinastri, of whose British origin he had no doubt. It was caught near Aldeburgh, and another specimen was taken at the same time. He also exhibited a gynandromorphic specimen of Gonepteryx rhamni, taken by himself at Salisbury, on September 2nd, 1894. It was evenly divided, the right side being female and the left male. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited some insects from India in one of Mr. Newman's relaxing boxes, which had remained throughout their journey as fresh as if just captured, and were in perfect condition for setting. He also exhibited tlie Saturniid moth, Dysdamonia kadeni, in its resting attitude. The hind wings are for the greater part concealed under the fore wrings, only the anal area and the tail projecting. The abdomen being bent towards the left side, the insect in this attitude resembles a crumpled dry leaf, and recalls the much smaller Bombycid — also exhibited — • Sorocaba anomala, which, as is well known, assumes a similar atti- tude when at rest. He further exhibited a species of Cosmosoma, family Syntomidse, partly covered with a white wool. According to the collector (A. H. Fassl), " the insect when touched ejects from a fold on the under side of the abdomen a white wool, which com- pletely envelops the specimen." The hitherto unknown female of Ogyris meeki, Roths., a Lycaenid from New Guinea, was likewise shown, together with the male and several Hypoclirysops. — Mr. Hawksliaw exhibited several drawers of Lepidoptera, beautifully arranged and set, placed on squared paper, and with the written history of every insect accompanying it. He explained that the drawers were all interchangeable and were arranged perpendicularly like books, instead of horizontally as usual. — Commander Walker communicated the following papers : — ^" Some African and a few Australian Aculeate Hymenoptera in the Oxford Museum," by the late Col. Bingham, with a prefatory note by Prof. Poulton ; commu- nicated by Rowland Turner. " A Contribution to the Life History of Hesperia {Syrichthus) sides," by Harold Powell. " Biological Notes on Indian Pierine Larvae," by Capt. Frazer. RECENT LITERATURE, Oicr Insect Friends and Foes. By F. Martin Duncan, F.R.P.S. Pp. i-xi. and 1-296. Sixteen Plates. London : Methuen & Co. 1911. In the sixteen plates Mr. Duncan has presented us with some very fine photographs, relating chiefly to well-known insects. The text too is interesting reading, but it lacks the charm of novelty — we seem to have met with so much of it before, Fabre and others RECENT LITERATURE. 279 having been drawn on to a great extent. Sufficient reasons are given for including Arachnids in the work, although the title speaks of insects only. The classification of the insects we are bound to state is very inadequate and out-of-date. One would like to see technical terms [e.g. pollination, fertilization, animal, nymph) used with a definite meaning. The last, for instance, is now usually applied to the whole stage between ovum and imago of insects, such as dragon- flies, with little post-embryonic development. The book has not been at all well seen througli the press, the slips in spelling and solecisms in expression being numerous. In a few places errors and questionable statements have crept into the matter. W T T 1. Fortieth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Many Illustrations. Ontario. 1909. As usual, full of useful information, chiefly in connection with economic entomology. 2. Nota sohre el Dilar parthenopaeus, Costa. By L. Navas. (Annu- ario del Museo Zoologico della E. Universita di Napoli.) Pp. 1-4, with fig. Feb. 1910. 3. (i.) Uber die Biologic von Glyphotaelius punctato-lineatus, Betz. nehst Bemerkungen ilher das freilebende Puffenstadium der Wasserinsekten. By Dr. C. Wesenberg-Lund. (ii.) Uber die siisswasserbiologischen Forscliungen in Ddnemark. By Dr. C. Wesenberg-Lund. (iii.) Naticral History of the Larvce of Donaciince. By Adam Giede Boving. Pp. 1-108, with seven beautiful plates, (iv.) Beiirdge zur Biologic der Wasserwanze : Aphclocheirus montandoni, Horvath. By Hj Ussing. (Sonder- abdruck aus Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie.) 1910. 4. A further Contribution towards the Knoivledgc of the PanorpidcR. By T. Miyake. Pp. 183-205, with plate. (Journal of the College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo.) Tokyo. April, 1910. 5. The Mantispidae of Japan. By T. Miyake. Pp. 213-227, with plate. (Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. of Tokyo.) Tokyo. April, 1910. 6. Ncuropteros chilenos. By L. Navas. Pp. 335-241, with fig. (Revista chilena de Historia Natural.) June, 1910. 7. Nevropteres des bords de la Meuse et de la Molignce (Nanmr). By L. Navas. (Revue de la Soci6t6 entomologique de Namur.) Oct. 1910. 8. Crisopidos (Ins. Neur.) nuevos. By L. Navas. 20 pp. Illus. S. Fiel. 1910. 9. Animal Report of Christ's Hospital Natural History Society. Horsham. 1910. Amongst the contents of this excellent report is a local list of the Lepidoptera. 10. Uber Berusteineinschlusse ini allgevieinen und die Coleopteren meiner Bernsteinsammlung. By R. Klebs. Pp. 217-242. 1910. 11. Palacopsylla klebsiana, n. sp. By Dr. Alfons Dampf. 12 pp. with two plates. 1910. 12. Ubersicht der Libellen Mittelleuropas (Libellen-Kalender). By 280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Wilhelm Leonhardt. Pp. 1-19. (Sonder-abdruck aus dem Entomologischen Jahrbuck fiir 1911.) 13. A Preliminary Revision of the Lahidurida, a Family of the Dermaptera (Orthoptera). By M. Burr, D.Sc. Pp. 161-203, with two plates. (Ent. See. Lond.) 1910. 14. Dermaptera of Seychelles (Orthoptera). By M. Burr, D.Sc. Pp. 123-133. iUus. (Trans. Lmn. Soc.) 1910. 15. Note sur la Distribution en Angleterre du Forficula lesnei, Finot (Orthoptera). By M. Burr, D.Sc. Pp. 121-3. (Bull. Soc. Ent. . France.) 1911. 16. On some South African Dermaptera (Earwigs) in the South African Museum {Cape Town). By M. Burr, D.Sc. Pp. 17. Illus. (Annals of the South African Museum.) June 15th, 1911. W. J. L. Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1910-11. With nine plates. Pp. i-xvi. ; 1-175. Published at the Society's Eooms, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. All but one of the ten papers in this valuable publication treat of entomology. In " The Lepidoptera of a London Garden " (pp. 1-12), Mr. Robert Adkin presents an annotated list of the moths and butterflies he has observed in the garden of his residence at Lewis- ham since 1880. Mr. Adkin also contributes " Notes on Hepialus h'umuli and its Shetland forms " (pp. 13, 14), in which he protests against the continued use of hethlandica, Staud. for the Shetland race of humuli, which Newman in 1865 named thulensis. An exceedingly useful contribution by Mr. Alfred Sich is entitled " Larval Legs " (pp. 15-17). "A Few Days with the Butterflies of Zermatt " (pp. 18-26), by Mr. Hy. J. Turner; "The Butterflies of Sicily" (pp. 27-38), by Mr. J. Piatt Barrett; and "An Entomological Trip to South Brazil" (pp. 54-65, plates iii. and iv.), by Mr. W. J. Kaye, are all very interesting. A highly important paper by Dr. T. A. Chapman, " On Insect Teratology " (pp. 39-53, plates i. and ii.) must be studied by every- one in any way interested in the subject. Those who incline to the study of our native species of Neuroptera should make a point of reading" The Natural Order of Insects — Neuroptera" (pp. 66-73, plates V. and vi.), by Mr. W. J. Lucas. In " Notes on the Glow-worm " (pp. 74-76, plates vii. and viii.), Messrs. R. A. R. Priske & H. Main give interesting details concerning the early stages of Lampyris noctiluca. Neuration of Lepidoptera is discussed at some length in the " Annual Address " (pp. 77-93) by the President, Mr. W. J. Kaye. The plates are from excellent photographs by Messrs. F. N. Clark (i. ii.), E. Dukenfield Jones (iii. iv.), W. J. Lucas (v. vi.). H. Main (vii. viii.), and E. Slip (ix.) ; all are exceedingly well reproduced. SECOND VOLUME. ILLUSTRATIONS OK DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA WITH DESCRIPTIONS ANDREW GRAY WEEKS, JR. 1911. This second volume contains 37 pages and 21 coloured plates, by , J. Henry Blake, ad nat., and B. Meisel, lithographer, descriptive of j 35 species hitherto undescribed or figured, from the Suapure district of -Venezviela, with a steel plate frontispiece of William Henry Edwards. Tlie plates are of the same high artistic order as those of the first volume. Vol. I, £3 3s., 117 pages, 45 plates, 81 new species. Vol. 2, £1 is. ADDRESS ORDERS TO : BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London. pIRST Steps ill the Principles of Flower CIassi = fication according to the Natural System. By Kev. a. C. Morris. f; " The aseful little compilation is just \vliat it professes to be, intended for be- ^ginners in the study of Field Botany. . . . The definition and explanation of terms , are very good. ... It should have a ready sale." — Jounud of Botany, .Tuly, 190'.). "Extremely well adapted for the use of beginners."— (■;<■((. ,SVc. lAttman Siwieti/. Price 7d. post free. London: WEST, NEWMAN d CO., 54, Hatton Garden. REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (Established 1884.) All Immense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larvae & Pupae, & Set Specimens always on Sale. Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address — H: W. HEAD, (Bntomologtst. BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. CONTENTS. Notes on Britisli Odonata in 1910 (with plate), W. J. Lucas, 2^^^. On some Recent Attempts to Classify the Coleoptera iti accordance with their Phylogeny (con- tiimed), (7. J. Gahan, 259. Eurii.us fulguralis, Matsumura (with illustration), ^4. /'.'. Wileman, 263. The Athalia Group of the Geuiis Melittea (continued), George Wheeler, 264. Dragonflies of the New Forest, W. J. Lucas, 267. A New Mosquito from Paraguay, E. H. Strictland, 268. Rhynchota indica (Heteroptera), W. L. Distant, 269. New Species of Geometridic from For- mosa, A.K. Wileman, 271. By the Way, C. M., 272. Notes and Observations, 273. Societies, 276. Recent Literaturk, 278. Have YOU tried our Specialities for Entomologists ? The " Suredeath " Killing Fluid, 6c?. bottle. Pear Essence (great attraction in sugar), M. Sugaring Mixture mixed with Pear Essence, Is. per tin. Send a post-card NOW for our New Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Apparatus ; also Lists, Artificial Eyes, Taxidermists' Ee- quisites, Birds' Eggs, etc., now ready, either post free, or Full Catalogue (all departments) Id. post free. 'Bargains for Buyers,' issued monthly, free. See this for hst of clutches of Birds' Eggs, Stufi'ed Birds, Museum Cases, etc. Four-joint Folding Butterfly Nets from 25. Qd. Egg Drills, Blowpipe, etc., Is. 'Egg Collector's Guide,' Is. Larvae ditto, Is. J. & W. DAVIS, Museum Works, Dartford. LUPERINA, QUENEEI, and Ab. BAXTERI, 5.S. each. Ab. MURRAYI, 156-. Ab. lOT^, 15s-. All specimens equal to bred. T. BAXTER, MIN-Y-DON, BROMLEY ROAD, ST. ANNES-ON- SEA, LANCASHIRE. ORNITHOPTERA!!! Goliath supremus, male and female; Paradisea, male and female ; Victorias, male and female ; Urvilliana, male, green and blue; Papilio laglaigei, female ; Toboroi, male and female; Bellerophon ; Mechowianus, Qallienus. RARE CHARAXES. — Hadhanus ; Nobilis ; Staudingeri, female. WILH. NIEPELT, TIRLAU bei FREIBURG, SEHL. GERMANY. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS. 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and CuBtoniers are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur daily. Subscriptions {6s. post free) siiould be sent to West, Newman d Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London. Vol. XLIVl SEPTEMBER, 1911. [No. 580. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Klustrateb lournal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. ■EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF KOBEUT ADKIN, F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S, W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S.. &c. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.E.S. F. W.FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Dr. D. sharp, F.R.S., F.E.S., Ac. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. " By mutual coniideuce and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries mn<.i' LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited Price Sixpence. WATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomologica' Apparatus and CabinetB< Plain King Nets, wire or cane, including Stick. Is. 3d., 28., 2s. 6d. Folding Nets, 3s. 6(1., 46. Dmbrella Nets (self-acting), Ts. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. 6(1. Ziuo Relaxing Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d., 2s. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozei . Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed. Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2fi. 6(i . to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brash, Is. 6d., 2s. Sngaring Mixture, ready for use, is. 9(1. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 66. Settii BoardH, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 1 i in., 8(1. ; 2 in.,10d. ; 2^ in., Is. ; 3i in., Is. 4(1 4 in., 1b. 6d. ; 5 in.. Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setti; Houses, 9s. 6d., lis. 6d.; corked back, 148. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. Bi.. Breeding Cage, 28. 6d., 48., os., Ts. 6d. Ooleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tnb(^ . Is. 6d., Is. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, ls.6d., 28. 9d., Ss. 6d., 48. 6d. Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s. fid. to lis. Cement for replacing Antennae, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, l3. 6d., 2s., 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality, Is. 6d. per dozen [ slieets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. to 8s. Glass-top and' Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9il., Is. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, Is. 9d. Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, lOs. 6d. Scalpels, Is. 3d. ; Scissors, 28. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 9il. ; Blowpipes, 4d., fid. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of lifind and Fresh-water Shells. 2d. : Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &.c. SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, (fee, as well as minn insects of all other families. We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instaiice, insecis liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiida>, &c.,_ are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be pleased'' to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of Hvery description for Insects, Biros' Eaas, Coins, Miouoscopioal Objects' Fossils, &c. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LAUQE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BRITISH, EDROPBAN, AND KXOTIC). Birds, Mdimndlt, do., Preserved and Mounted by First-clagu IVorUtnen. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. NEWMAN'S NEW BREEDING JARS. QUITE a new breeding-cage complete, most excellent tor rearing young liU-\ and small species. Sand and moss may be placed in them (especially quart size) for larvae to pupate in ; I can thoroughly recommend. Instructions printed on side of jars ; strotir/ and cheap, made in three sizes : half-pint, 'id. each, 2s. 9(/. per dozen; pint, 4cZ. each, 3s. 6^. per dozen; quart, bd. each, 4s. 6(Z. per dozei Packing and postage 'dd. extra on few, one dozen post free. Try one of each size you ivill ivant a dozen. Eemember my Wonderful Kelaxing Tins are still :< good as ever, 2s. 4:d. and 3s. lid. post free ; they keep insects in lovely settinL' condition for weeks: also relax to perfection old dry insects. If you want well-set. reliable insects, fine healthy ova, larvae, and pupte, I have the finest to off«r j'ou. Send for latest price-lists. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. I IFE=HISTORIES of British Lepidoptera, mounted^ on food-plant in neat glazed cases, selections on approval. British ; Lepidoptera, 1500 species, preserved larvae. British Coleoptera, 2000 ., species. Tropical Butterflies, 2500 species. Tropical Coleoptera, 6000 S species. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, British and Tropical. A lar^'r number of good second-hand Store-boxes, neat glazed Cases, and a fe^■' Cabinets. A. FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemouth. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] SEPTEMBEK, 1911. [No. 580 FOUE NEW PTEPtOPHORID^. By T. Bainbeigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S., F.Z.S. (Published with the sanction of the Inspector-General of Agriculture in India.) The following descriptions of new Pterophoridte were drawn up two years ago whilst working through the National Collection of Plume-moths, and, as I have already had occasion to refer to one species under its manuscript name (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, p. 141), and since the types are standing in the British Museum Collection under the names then given to them, it seems desirable to publish the descriptions. The first three species have been placed more or less pro- visionally in the genus Oxyptiliis, Z., but there is no doubt that this genus contains at present a very heterogeneous collection of exotic species, and that it will require subdivision in the near future. In the meantime, and until we have a larger knowledge of exotic forms, it seems premature to attempt to break it up, more especially as the number of species contained in it is at present moderate (about thirty). The fourth species belongs to Walker's genus Sochchora, which Mr. Meyrick has regarded (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1907, p. 482) as a synonym of Plati/ptilia, Hb., a view in which I am unable to concur, as Sochchora, Wlk., appears to me to be quite a distinct genus, more nearly allied to Oxi/ptilus than to Plati/ptilia. Oxyptilus erythrodactyliis, n. s. fS, Microscopioai. Objects, Fossils, tScc. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BRITISH, EOROPKAN, AND KXOTIC). ■Birdu, Mtiuumtln, dc. Preserved and Mounted by Fimt-clasn WorUvien. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. NEWMAN'S NEW BREEDING JARS. QUITE a new breeding-cage complete, most excellent tor rearing young larv;u and small species. Sand and moss may be placed 4n them (especially quan size) for larvse to pupate in ; I can thoroughly i-ecommend. Instructions printed on side of jars; strong and cheap, made in three sizes ; half-pint, od. each, 2s. 9(/. per dozen ; pint, Ad. each, os. Qd. per dozen ; quart, od. each, 4s. &d. per dozen. Packing and postage od. extra on few, one dozen post free. Try one of each size you tvill want a do^.en. Remember my Wonderfui, Relaxing Tins are still ;i good as ever, 2s. 4f?. and '6s. lid. post free ; they keep insects in lovely settini: condition for weeks : also relax to perfection old dry insects. If you want well-sei. reliable insects, fine healthy ova, larvae, and pupaj, I have the finest "to offer you. Send for latest price-lists. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. LIFE=HISTORIES of British Lepidoptera, mounted ot\ food-plant in neat glazed cases, selections on ajDproval. Britisl Lepidoptera, 1500 species, preserved larva>. British Coleoptera, 200( species. Tropical Butterflies, 2500 species. Tropical Coleoptera, 6000 species. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, British and Tropical. A largi number of good second-hand Store-boxes, neat glazed Cases, and a fe^^ Cabinets. A. FOBD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemouth. The Entomologist, November, 191 Plate VI , JJpB"' THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIV.] NOVEMBEE, 1911. [No. 582 GEORGE HENRY VERRALL, F.E.S. (Plate VIII.) Geoege Henry Verrall, of Sussex Lodge, Newmarket, who died on September 16th after a somewhat long and harassmg illness, was born at Lewes on February 7th, 1848, and was therefore in his sixty-fourth year. Educated at the Lewes Grammar School from 1857 to 1864, his early taste for entomo- logy and botany was fostered in a congenial atmosphere among the beautiful Sussex Downs, which have inspired with the true love of Nature so many of her most ardent disciples. At first secretary to his eldest brother, the late Mr. Fred. Verrall, he afterwards joined the well-known firm of racecourse managers and bankers, Messrs, Pratt & Co., and was concerned as auctioneer with the sale of many famous racehorses. And in this connection it is interesting to know that from among the heir- looms of his family he possessed a hammer of soHd gold, " to com- memorate the triumph of integrity, March 21st, 1842," presented to his uncle, the late Mr. P. Verrall, which was exchanged for the customary hammer whenever the bidding rose above four figures ! But though intimately associated with the Turf in all its branches, he has told the writer of this notice that he never made a bet on a horse. He was, indeed, as fearless a critic of the methods of some so-called "sportsmen" as he was the enemy of all that suggested a mean and sordid approach to the greater questions of life ; nor was his outspoken criticism ever levelled at those who did not deserve it. So it happened that, when at length he was persuaded to enter the lists as a Parliamentary candidate, he was as popular with his opponents as with his supporters. Mr. Verrall's tenure of the East Cambridgeshire seat, which he wrested from Sir Charles Rose on January 24tb, 1910, was not destined to be long main- tained, however ; and, after but nine months of Parliamentary life, the former occupant was reinstated. No doubt the great strain of two winter elections in a single year was the beginning of the end for him. A short time since he had announced his decision ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1911. 2 C 330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. to retire from the political arena ; and though he took several weeks' holiday on the South Coast this spring in search of health, those of us who saw him when he returned were pro- foundly impressed with his changed appearance. But nothing could affect his genial temperament, or his interest in business and social engagements. As entomologists it is not our province to dwell upon the professional and political aspects of Mr. Verrall's career. When only eighteen years of age he joined the Entomological Society of London, by whom his services as sometime Secretary were widely appreciated ; and we who are also members recall that to his election in 1887 w^as largely due the reorganization — I may say, perhaps, the resuscitation — of the Entomological Club, of which, with the exception of Dr. B. T. Lowne, no longer an active member, he was at the time of his death the doyen. Mr. Verrall was elected a member of the Entomological Society in 1866 ; it then consisted of only two hundred and seven members, and, when thirty-two years later he succeeded Mr. Roland Trimen in the Presidential Chair, he could say that but thirty-four had survived him. My own term of service as one of the Honorary Secretaries commenced in 1900, his second year of office ; but unless I had happened to attend the famous "Annual" of the Entomological Club under his chairmanship in January, 1900, I am quite certain I should never have oft'ered myself as a candidate for this post. So cordial and so encouraging was Mr. Verrall, however, when the suggestion was made by one or two of his guests that I did not hesitate for a moment : and I may add I owe to him, in great measure, the eleven most agreeable years of my entomological life. But I introduce this personal experience merely as an in- stance of the unvarying kindness which inspired his smallest actions. His great idea in these Entomological Club suppers of his was to bring together entomologists of all ages — the students of all Orders, scientific as well as unscientific. Every year I used to receive a letter from him asking for the names of new Fellows who had joined our ranks and others likely to do so, and in what proved to be his farewell speech to the Club last January, when the disappointment of a political reverse was heavy upon him, he was consoled obviously by the reflection that the number of his guests exceeded that of any similar occasion. Indeed, there could not have been far short of a hundred present. His custom of making the supper-table the occasion for a review of current social events in the entomo- logical world added a pleasant zest to the proceedings. More than once in the recent history of the Entomological Society there might have been something worse than a teacup storm had not Verrall, speaking openly and frankly, poured oil on the troubled waters ! He always spoke his mind, and GEORGE HENRY VERRALL. 331 whether in his business, on the poHtical platform, or in friendly discussion from the Chair, his remarks were distinguished by scrupulous honesty of purpose, and his commonsense advice and counsel were, therefore, the more gratefully received and acknowledfjed. Moreover Verrall, though by length of service a veteran in the field, kept pace with the modern developments of science which eventually brought entomology into the recog- nized forefront of the battle for knowledge. His heart was one with the " Young Guard " ; in an entomological, as well as in a general, sense he never grew old, and no more remarkable proof of his intellectual energy can be given than that but a few years back he undertook the onerous work of cataloguing, describing, and figuring the three thousand or so species of British Diptera in a thoroughly scientific manner. The volumes already pub- lished— V. Stratiomyidie, &c. (1909), and viii. Syrphidte, &c. (1901) — are an earnest of what this great work was intended to be, and in no department will he be more sincerely mourned and missed than among our Dipterists, some at least of whom have been encouraged to proceed upon their way in this neglected branch by his patient and sturdy example. With the termination of the late Edward Newman's pro- prietorship of 'The Entomologist,' and the commencement of our present Editor's term of ofBce one-and-twenty years ago, Mr. Verrall's name appears in the list of specialists invited to join the Reference Committee ; and on many occasions since he has given us the benefit of his wide knowledge. Perhaps, however, the greatest service rendered his brother scientists was the part he played, and the generous share he took, in saving the last of the Cambridgeshire fens from the fate which has befallen so many similar strongholds of Nature. We owe it to him, and to Mr. Walter Rothschild, indeed, that the greater part of Wicken has become " a national trust," wherein the naturalist and the botanist may pursue their in- vestigations, and the special marshland fauna and flora may continue to flourish unchecked. So that, if Verrall is remem- bered in the constituency which he represented for all too short a time as Member for Newmarket, we entomologists shall always acclaim him, as we did a few years back, as the Member for Wicken ! Of the value of his achievements as a lifelong devotee to the study of Diptera I am hardly entitled to venture an opinion ; but certain it is that no one possessed better qualifications than he did for the work. By virtue of his magnificent collections and complete library of reference, backed with forty years' experience in the field, he could justly claim the right to be heard and accepted as an authority of the first rank. In the realm of science his untimely death creates a void not easily to be filled. May his memory long be kept green in the 2 c 2 332 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. hearts of the many naturaHsts to whom he was ever friend and cheerful counsellor ! He leaves a widow, to whom we offer our sincere sympathy, but no son or daughter. His collections, subject to certain reservations in favour of the British Museum (Natural History), and library are bequeathed to his nephew and scientific helper, Mr. James E. Collin, F.E.S. H. Eowland-Brown. FUKTHEE NOTES ON THE BRITISH CICADA, CICADETTA MONTANA (HEMIPTERA). By G. T. Lyle. Since writing my notes on our native Cicada, now some two years ago (see Entom. xliii. 1), I have had several opportunities of improving my acquaintance with this scarce British insect and its habits. On June 3rd, 1910, I searched the known breeding-ground most thoroughly, but could find no trace of nymph-cases, and it was not until June 20th that I was successful in finding one, and two others rewarded my search on the 27th. My first visit to the locality this year (1911) was made on June 5th, when I soon found a nymph-case, and also heard two of the bugs singing, but, unfortunately, could not locate either. On June 11th two or three of the insects were singing at 11 a.m., and at 11.30 I was fortunate enough to see one on the wing. It was flying along, some two feet or so above the fern, with a fairly strong flight, its wings glistening in the sunlight. At first sight this insect appeared, while flying, to resemble LiheUiila depressa, although the flight was neither so strong nor so graceful as that of the dragonfly. This specimen, which I netted, turned out to be a fine female. It made no attempt whatever to escape from the net, but remained quiescent with folded wings. On this day the singing of the Cicadas was almost iucessant, but it was not until the afternoon that I succeeded in locating one in a pine-tree, some twelve feet above the ground. On being dislodged, it flew with a somewhat slow, heavy flight, into a neighbouring furze bush, where in the course of a few minutes it recommenced singing. The flight of this male was neither so light nor so rapid as that of the female which I captured in the morning. Unlike some of its foreign relatives, our Cicada can scarcely be described as a noisy insect, although its note is certainly very penetrating. I have heard its " song " described as a hum, as a buzz, and as a whistle, and to my ear it appears to partake of the nature of all three, reminding me of nothing so much as the NOTES ON THE BRITISH CICADA, CICADETTA MONTANA. 333 monotonous "whirr" of the nightjar {Caprimulgus europceus), pitched on a much higher and more musical note. The song swells in volume as it proceeds, and then dies gradually away, occasionally ceasing suddenly. It is not continuous, the musician taking frequent rests, which may last for several minutes. I found that I could distinctly hear the note twenty yards away, at which distance it might easily have been mistaken for a " singing in the ear." During the next fortnight I heard Cicadas several times, and found that, with practice, I could more easily locate them, and so disproved my original idea that they possess ventriloquial powers. The males seem to prefer the lower branches of the pine-trees from which to show off their musical abilities, though on one or two occasions I found the singer in a hawthorn bush. The insects become silent before sunset, and on dull cloudy days do not appear to attempt a song. On June 14th Messrs. Claude Morley & E. A= Elliott captured, at the same locality, a male, which was singing on a frond of bracken. In this case I think it probable that there was a newly emerged female in the immediate neighbourhood, as seems to have been generally the case when males have been noticed on the ferns. On Coronation Day, June 22nd, the weather broke up and, in spite of the fact that it soon returned to its previous torrid condition, I neither heard nor saw any- thing of C. montana afterwards. During the past season I have found some six or eight empty nymph-cases, all of which were lying loose on the turf under the bracken, within a space of some three by two j^ards. Careful search was made over a much larger area, but no others were discovered. In previous years they have been much more widely distributed. There is little doubt that the majority of recorded specimens, as well as the much larger number of insects that have been captured and sold by local professional entomologists, were taken in the neighbourhood of which I have written ; but it would be absurd to suggest that there are not other breeding- grounds in the New Forest. In 1901 I captured a male near Lady Cross Lodge, some two miles away, and I am indebted to Mr. Claude Morley for calling my attention to a record of a speci- men taken by Mr. W. E. Buckle on June 7th, 1886, near Eufus Stone (Entom. 1886, p. 283), which is at a distance of seven miles. In the National Collection are thirteen British specimens of C. montana, particulars of which have been kindly given to me by Mr. Morley. These, I think, may possibly be of interest. Two (male and female), New Forest (Bramwell) ; presented by Mrs. MacCulloch in 1856. One, "J. J. Weir," New Forest, 1879 ; Douglas Coll. in coll. Mason, bought in 1904. One, New 334 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Forest, 1880, Douglas Coll. in coll. Mason, bought in 1904. One (male), Lyndhurst, June 17th, 1885, Douglas Coll. in coll. Mason, bought in 1904 (in F. A. Marshall's writing). Four, ex coll. Stephens. Three " Gulliver," Lyndhurst, New Forest, June, 1892; presented by F. C.Adams in 1893. One, " G. Lewis," New Forest, June 17th, 1895, Douglas Coll., in coll. Mason, bought in 1904. Brockenhurst : August 18tli, 1911. A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 308.) (ii) The Basses-Pyrenees. Eaiix-Bonnes. I CAN hardly claim any particular originality in the choice of the hunting-grounds described in the first part of this paper. The coast from Biarritz to St. Jean de Luz is by no means " unexplored." On the contrary, many British collectors on the way to Spain, or returning from the Central Pyrenees, have visited this region, and given us the benefit of their experiences. The reason I selected Guethary was the reputed abundance of Coenonympha oedipus in that locality, and if Gu6thary failed us, then there was Biarritz only a little way off, where I had over- taken the rear-guard of the species in August, 1905 (Entom. vol. xxxviii. p. 273), and three weeks earlier in the field might ensure a bag of this interesting butterfly in good condition. Our opening day, July 2nd, was not auspicious — hazy, with mist blowing in from the sea, and the not-very-distant Pyrenees cloaked with heavy cloud. There were, however, gleams of sun- shine at intervals, but neither then, nor at any time, were butterflies on the wing. I attributed their absence,, of course, to the weather ; but in the event the only conclusion possible was that Guethary as a hunting-ground was a failure. Both on this day and the 4th, when the sun shone brilliantly, we quartered the country inland for miles over what suggested an ideal ground for our purpose — marshy heath and rough pasture, with occasional scrubby oak-woods. But C. oedipus wa,8 nowhere to be found, only the commonest species ; my own captures being limited on these two occasions to two very fine Lampides hoeticus (females), the largest I ever saw, a few fresh Brenthis dia, and one fine Colias edvsa ab. pallida ; though Mr. Warren took several more of the latter in the rough fields near the clifis. The only really plentiful butterfly in evidence on the heaths was liusiicus argus, L. {(egon) — all males ; while a battered female BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 335 Limenitis Camilla fui-nished a few eggs, which were successfully hatched, and the larvse hred for the second seasonal emergence in England by Mr. Warren. In a deep shady lane at one place the males of L. sibylla were also in force disputing the bramble blossom with hosts of E})inephile jurtina ; occasional examples also of Evercs argiades (amyntas) were picked up from the tall grasses. Guethary proving hopeless, we made two expeditions to Biarritz, but the first day, July ord, was again dull and hazy, and we only discovered really good ground after lunch on the second day, July 5th, which reminds me that practically all that ivas taken on the 3rd was our dejeuner, which I had hidden, as I thought, in perfect safety among the fern beneath a bush. Some keen-nosed native appropriated the poidet and eggs, leaving us but a modest ration of bread and cheese, though fortunately I had a few pieces of chocolate in my pocket. All this took place on the ground which I had found so rich in butterflies on my former visit. But on this occasion, as at Guethary — and it could not have been due to a retarded season, for the conditions in South-west France had been quite normal — insects were con- spicuous only by their absence. A fine fresh brood of Strijmon ilicis haunted the low, broken-down hedges, and E. argiades again was fairly common. R. argus (males) abounded, but nothing else, save for " skippers," one or two Thijmelicus actceon, Augiades sylvaims, a single Hesperia sao, and a single, much-wanted H. malvoides, Elw. & Edw. {= fritilliim, Rbr.).* Superficially, malvoides differs from the malvce of the Basses- Pyrenees by the much enlarged white spots. But this local difference apparently is not constant in the Alps ; and it is by close examination of the appendages alone that the fact has been established that the spring malrce and the summer {fri- tilhuii) malvoides are entirely different species, as Piambur — that master of correct entomological diagnosis — long since suggested. In the field, however, there should be no difliculty in distinguishing these two Dromios ! Malvce, as with us, is an early spring species, is single-brooded, and over before malvoides puts in an appearance. Thus it is only when we look '■'■'- lu the ' Bulletin de la Soc. Lepid. de Geneve ' (vol, ii. fasc. 2, Aug. 1911), as the result of full aud patient investigation, Dr. J. L. Keverdin distinguishes in masterly style the Hesperiids known to collectors as fritillum, Ebr., fritillum, Hb., and malvoides, Ehves & Edwards. " No doubt remains," he says, " as to the identity of /rt^i7^;i?n, Ebr., and 7nal- voides, Ehv. & Edw., and if the name oi fritillum, Kbr., should be replaced as preoccupied, what better denomination can be bestowed upon it than that of malvoides '? Have I not shown that the so-called fritillum. Kbr., is so analogous to malvce that I could discover no constant distinguishing character? Indeed, it resembles malvce as closely as it is possible so to do, and the appellation of malvoides acknowledges this resemblance in the happiest manner." 336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. over our series in the cabinet and have omitted to affix date- labels that the puzzle is disconcerting. Our second visit to Biarritz was rather more productive in numbers, and the lower marsh country nearer the station at the far end of Lac Mouriscot was a decided improvement on the locality chosen earlier in the day. Hereabouts I took a single perfect male Heteropterus morpheus (evidently only just emerg- ing), a few Lampides hoeticus, and Everes argiades females; and on the upper road the sand-banked hedges hung with ivy and clematis afforded covert for an extremely yellow-fulvous form of Pararge egeria. On the 6th, not without reluctance on my part — for the weather was now settled and fine, and the sea-bathing, from my bedroom at the extremfly comfortable, clean, and well-managed Hotel de la Plage, excellent — we set out in the early morning for Eaux-Bonnes, travelling by Pau and Laruns, with a short drive at the end of the journey to this once favourite watering- place. I say once, for there is an indescribable atmosphere of yesterday about Eaux-Bonnes. The town is almost entirely composed of hotels, pensions, and lodging-houses for the benefit of guests who never come apparently, and it remained empty all the time we were there; despite the list of "worthies" who have patronized the waters, including Mr. Joe Chamberlain (sic). Otherwise, that list is chiefly made up of Second Empire social celebrities drawn thither when the Emperor was doing his best to popularize and make fashionable the beauty-spots of the Pyrenees. " Too low a level " was our immediate verdict after ex- amining the entomological possibilities of the place ; while the beech-woods densely clothing the narrow ravine, into which Eaux-Bonnes is squeezed, confirmed our first impressions that we should have to cHmb at least 1500 ft. above the town to find the desired hunting-grounds. Consulting the map on our journey, I had come to the con- clusion that the high ridge between Eaux-Bonnes and Eaux- Chaudes promised the best results among the alpine butterflies, as afterwards proved to be the case when we climbed up to the Col de Lurd6 (6400 ft.), or the valley immediately beneath it facing east beneath the Pic de Goupey (7245 ft.), on July 7th, 10th, and 12th. With the exception of some mist on the 12th, all three days were exceptionally fine, and this only made the scarcity of species, as well as of specimens, the more vexatious. The first part of the walk is a steady grind up long zigzags, pro- tected from the fierce heat by a cool forest of beech, in which, of course, we saw nothing but an occasional battered Pararge egeria. Emerging after about an hour into the pastures, the first butter- fly was Erebia sti/gne, evidently just emerged, for we saw no females on the 7th ; but, with the exception of numerous BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 337 Pyrameis atalanta, hardly anything else was flying. And here, as everywhere else at Eaux-Bonnes, there was an extraordinary dearth of " blues " and Melitreas, while I think the only brown fritillaries we saw in our week's stay were Brenthis imles — one or two on the rhododendrons at about 5500 ft. — a casual B. dia, and very worn B. euphrosync. A few Cupido minimus and very occasional Lyccena avion almost complete the list of Lycaenidffi represented. Higher still, and immediately below the Col, we began to find butterflies more plentiful. The shaly, rather precipitous, walls on each side, covered in places with flowers and grasses, but for the most part bare, suggested Erehia lefe- bvrei, and we had already netted some rather worn E. lappona var. sthennyo at the entrance to the ravine. The sunny side soon yielded the rarer Erehia, and we spent the rest of the morning balancing ourselves as best we might on the slippery slopes of moving stones which are so dear to this warmth-loving species. But the moment the sun was hidden by a cloud, they disappeared like magic. My Eaux-Bonnes lefebvrei, contrasted with those from Gavarnie, run rather larger as a whole, while I can detect none in which the chestnut antemarginal band, so pronounced in many of the Gavarnie examples, is at all deve- loped. But lefebvrei is one of the most variable of insects, and I have not enough material before me to determine whether the obsolescence of the antemarginal band is a constant feature of the more western examples. Among the rhododendrons also we netted a few E. epiphron var. cassiope, Mr. Warren securing a female with white ocellations, and several ab. nclamns, while a single E. tyndarus var. cassioides, von Hohenw.* (dromus, Fabr.), was evidently the forerunner of the seasonal emergence. The only other butterflies, hereabouts, which could be called at all abundant were some very large Gonepteryx rhamni, but to the top of the Col, where we climbed for lunch and where there is one of the very rare mountain springs, hardly a butterfly was on the wing ; so that on each subsequent visit we did not trouble to proceed further than the lefebvrei ground. It was here also on the rock-strewn grass that I noticed a black and white "skipper" — in our experience the only one met with in the mountains hereabouts. Unfortunately I missed several, but Mr. Warren was more successful, and bagged some half-dozen of what, to our surprise, turned out to be Hesperia andromedce. This is, I believe, the first publication in England of II. an- dromedce as a Pyrenean butterfly t ; but on looking through '■^'- 'Balletin de la Soc. Lepid. Geneve,' vol. i. p. 215. f This statement requires some qualification. Since I wrote it I find that I had overlooked a passage in Dr. J. N. Keynes's account of " Butterflies in the Pyrenees in 190'J " (' Ent. Eecord,' vol, xxii. 1910, p. 109). lie says that, collecting with Mr. G. L. Keynes at Gavarnie on July 9th, "we were fortunate to take two specimens of what we believe to be Hesperia andro- medce. . . . We do not remember seeing any previous record of thie 338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. M, Oberthiir's 'Lepid. Comparee,' fasc. iv. pp. 397-8, I find the following interesting announcement : " Mrs. de la Batie [Beche] NichoU has written me that she found Syricthus androinedce in the Hautes-Pyrenees. For myself, I have seen no Pyrenean examples. I have taken the species in the Bernese Oberland at the end of June, 1898 ; but I do not believe, all the same, that it has been met with up to now in the French Alps authen- tically. It does not follow, however, by any means that S. andromedce could not be a Pyrenean species, as Mrs. Nicholl appears to be convinced it is." * Later on, when I had the good fortune to meet M. Charles Oberthiir at Gavarnie, I was able to show him the small series of Mr. Warren's Pyrenean androriiedcE, and I understand that a pair are to be figured in the ' Etudes ' of some future date, with my note relative to the circumstances of capture. Mrs. Nicholl tells me that her examples were secured some fourteen years since near the Lac Vert (6480 ft.), which is in the Hautes- Pyrenees, and about four hours up from Luchon, very close to the Spanish frontier: therefore considerably east of Eaux-Bonnes, and suggesting that the range of andromedce in these mountains is wide, even if it does not occur throughout the entire chain at sufficient altitudes. Had I read the Baron de Selys Longchamps's note on the Khopalocera of Eaux-Bonnes fifty years ago, before I started on my exploration of the mountains there, instead of a month or so after my return, I think it extremely probable that I should have tried my luck elsewhere. His account of a three weeks' visit from June 15th to July 10th, 1857 ('Bull. Ent. Soc. France,' 1858, p. Ixxii.) is not encouraging. In all that time he only encountered forty species, of which "the most remarkable were AntJiocharis simplonia, Carcharodus altJiece, and lui Syricthus a determiner. There was but a single Erehia (and of course it was E. stygne). . . . This fact should suffice to persuade an ento- mologist to choose any other locality than Eaux-Bonnes as the objective of an excursion in the Pyrenees." One wonders whether that " Syricthus a determiner " ivas species from the Pyrenees, and perhaps this is not surprising, considering its obscurity and apparent rarity." Dr. Keynes also informs me (m litt.) that neither he, nor Mr, Wheeler, feel any doubt that these two specimens ai'e genuine andromedce ; a .species with which they are well acquainted else- where. ■'- I find among the extra- Swiss localities for the species in Mr. Wheeler's ' Butterflies of Switzerland,' p. G, under H. andromedoi, •' Alios, July 15th- 18th, 1899 (Powell) " ; and I tliink this record must have escaped M. Ober- thiir, as Mr. Harold Powell, F.E.S. is an authority we can all trust and follow with perfect confidence. Milliere's "La Turbie, May," is a most unlikely record. La Turbie is only 1594 ft. above Monte Carlo and the sea- level; and Milliere seems to have had a bad eye for the identification of " macros " ! BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 339 ever identified, and whether after all it may not have been andromedce ! I can find no record of the Baron having pushed his enquiries further. Probably, like the majority of collectors, having read half-a-dozen descriptions of "skippers" which " might be it " ! and pored over as many imperfectly executed coloured plates, he gave it up as a bad job. At Biarritz, a month later, I observe, he had further accumulated "deux ou trois especes a etudier." From the remark about Erebias, how- ever, I am inclined to think he never got higher than the grass interval between the beech-woods and the upper zone, where certainly we found more than his single hete noire — stygne. Un- less, therefore, we had ascended far up under and on to the Col de Lurde, I do not suppose we should ever have seen andro- medce in the Pyrenees. Mr. Wheeler does not suggest a zone limit for the species in Switzerland ; the one or two examples in my collection I took high above Berisal, under the Wasenhorn, at not less than 6500 ft. ; and above Franzenshohe, on the Stelvio, which would be 7000 ft. at the lowest. Frey says that in the Austrian Alps it occurs at 4000 ft., but this must be exceptional, if authentic. On July 8th we explored the Val de la Sourde, the valley reaching far up into the mountains directly south-east. Heavy rain had fallen in the night, the air was still and oppressive, and in the rare forest-clearings only an occasional Leptosia sinapis fluttered languidly. About noon, however, we had come to a very steep piece of rock on the opposite side of a snow- strewn valley under the Pic de Ger, having caught absolutely nothing ; and here but a few worn Erebia lappona, and the sight of a distant herd of issard — the Pyrenean chamois — _re- warded our labour. While soon after the rain came rushing down, and we were forced to spend an hour or so in a shep- herd's hut — the only place in the whole day's excursion where drinkable water was procurable. On the 9th, Mr. Warren spent the morning, which was again very sultry, in some meadows below the town. A few Anthocera brizcB fell to his net, but no captures of any note. On the 11th, after a long walk under a tropical sun we arrived at the Col d'Aubisque (5610 ft.), on the route to Argeles, only to be baffled once again by a cold wind-driven mist at the summit. I think, however, that we did not miss much in this quarter, as the grass and mountain-sides were grazed close by innumerable flocks, and even where the sun was shining lower down, the lack of insect-life was due, I think, to the poverty of the vegetation ratber than to climatic drawbacks. The subjoined list is made up chiefly, therefore, of butterflies taken or observed in the neighbourhood of the Col de Lurde, for though we overhauled the maps, and reconnoitred in all directions, we could find no better, indeed no other, ground 340 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. which offered so fan* a chance of increasing our knowledge of the western Pyrenean Ehopalocera. Eaux-Bonnes, July 6th-12th. — Hesperia andromedce ; Thy- viclicus lineola ; Lyccena avion ; Ciqndo minimus ; Nomiades scmi- argiis, Polyommatus corydon, P. hylas, P. icarus ; Rusticus argus ; Strymon ilicis ; Papilio machaon, one or two flying round flowery slopes leading up from the Plateau d'Anouilles ; Pieris rapce ; AnthocJiaris simplonia, an odd example or two, very worn, under the Col de Lurde ; Leptosia sinapis ; Colias edusa ; Gonepteryx rliamni, all examples met with of large size in both sexes, not uncommon ; Issoria latkonia ; Brenthis euphrosyne, B. dia, B. pales, a fine bright form just coming out in the rhododendron region ; Melittea parthenie, very dark (one example) ; Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta ; Aglais urticce, Eugonia polychloros, outskirts of town ; Pararge mcera, var. adrasta, P. hicra, very worn, one example under Col de Lurde; P. egeria, common in the beech- woods ; Coc.nonympha pamphilus ; Erehia epiphron, var. cassiope, and ab. nclamus, on rhododendrons, just emerging ; E. stygne, common generally above 4000 ft. ; E. evias, one or two rather higher up than stygne ; E. lefebvrei ; E. tyndarus, var. cassi- oides, just coming out ; E. lappona, var. sthennyo, all examples, as in the central Pyrenees generally, referable to this variety ; Melanargia galatea, below the town. Thirty-six species in all. I may add that on the Col de Lurde I encountered also, for the first time, the dark little Hepialus alticola, Obth., which is about the size of H. lupidina, but of a dusky black upon a somewhat yellowish black ground-colour. At rest on a grass bent, it bore a striking resemblance to Nisoniadcs tages, and it was this, no doubt, which attracted my attention to the species. It seemed fairly common at this spot, but it was not until I was collecting under the Pic d'Astazou a week later at Gavarnie that I found it abundant, and made acquaintance with the extra- ordinary grub-like apterous female. (To be continued.) SOME BEES FEOM FOEMOSA.— L By T. D. a. Cockerell. The bees discussed below are part of the great Sauter collec- tion, now in the Berlin Museum. The collections of Mr. H. Sauter have added to our knowledge of the fauna of Formosa in so many different groups that his name is familiar to all students of Asiatic animals. The collection of bees is rich in new species, represented by long series of excellently preserved specimens, but includes neither newgenera nor very peculiar representatives of known genera. The Formosan bee-fauna is closely related to SOME BEES FROM FORMOSA. 341 that of tropical continental Asia, but contains in the mountains a distinct palnearctic element. As Friese has remarked, there is no particular affinity with the bee-fauna of Japan ; nor is there any evident Philippine element. Ceratina unicolor, Friese, 1911. Described from the female only. Thirteen specimens from Formosa (no special locality given) enable me to add some details. 2 . Varies greatly in size ; length, 9 to 11 mm. (? . Length, Ci-8| mm. ; resembles the female except in the usual sexual marks ; face-markings pale yellow or ochreous, including clypeus except broad upper and lateral borders, a small supra- clypeal mark (often reduced to a minute dot), broad bean-shaped lateral face- marks, the greater part of labrum, and usually a small spot on each mandible ; anterior femur, tibia, and basitarsus each with a yellow stripe ; apical segment of abdomen broad, little pro- duced at end, where it is truncate and subemarginate, AntJiojjhora iirens, n. sp. (? . Length 12-15 mm., robust, black, with the head and thorax above, and the pleura, covered with very bright fox-red hairs, mixed with black except on pleura and upper part of cheeks ; front with hair mixed red and black, lower part of face with coarse black hair, under side of head with long pure white hair, under side of thorax with creamy-white hair ; eyes red-brown ; inner oi^bits parallel, gently concave above; tongue very long (fully 11 mm.); maxillary palpi long and slender, with the second joint at least as long as the third to sixth together, the following ones successively shorter, tlie sixth extremely small ; paraglossai about 2 mm. long, sharply pointed, not hairy ; labial palpi very long, with the two apical joints extremely minute ; antennae black, the third joint apically, and the fourtli joint, slightly reddish beneath ; third joint a little longer than fourth and fifth combined, fourth much broader than long ; scape with a large yellowish-white patch in front ; clypeus rugose, feebly keeled in middle ; labrum large, broader than long ; face-markings creamy- white, as follows : lower margin of clypeus, a narrow median stripe, and broad anterior corners, a transverse supraclypeal band (broadly angulate in middle above), triangular lateral marks (filling space be- tween clypeus and eye, nearly to top of clypeus), labrum (except narrow margin, and the usual liasal spots), and basal half or more of mandibles ; mandibles bidentate ; malar space practically absent ; mesothorax closely punctured ; tegular light ferruginous ; wings dusky ; nervures piceous ; legs black, with fulvous hair on outer side and black on inner, on hind tarsi all black except a small fulvous tuft at extreme base ; a tuft of white hair at apex of hind tibia? ; spurs very large and long ; middle tarsi normal ; abdomen black with lino black pubescence, first segment with scattered red hair, conspicuous at sides, and forming a very narrow apical band ; second with an apical band of red hair, broad and dense at sides, narrow and evane- 342 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. scent in middle ; third with traces of a band at sides ; apex with two widely separated short stout spines ; venter black, with black hair. , $ . Looks exactly like the male ; face-marks nearly the same, but scape all black, and lateral marks reduced to a stripe or band along margin of clypeus ; third antennal joint slightly longer than the next three together ; mandibles long and thick, strongly bent ; middle tarsi with hair black, except some red on basitarsus ; hind basitarsus very broad, strongly concave and shining on outer side. Hab. Eight males and two females from Formosa (Sauter) ; no sjDecial locality given. A very distinct species, which may be compared with the following: A. fiorea, Sm., which differs by the ferruginous femora, and the narrow white hair-bands on abdomen; A. proserjnna, Grib., which is more elongate, with orange face-markings ; A. insularis, Sm., which differs at once in the coloration of the abdomen ; A. hrookia, Bingh., which has testaceous nervures, the clypeus with more yellow, and lighter wings. The type of A. urens is a male. Coelioxys afra satiteri, n. subsp. ? . Length, 9 mm. ; like C. afra, Lep., but mandibles black (the apical tooth obscurely reddish) ; legs and end of abdomen black ; anterior border of mesothorax with a median trilobed patch of white pubescence, instead of the stripe seen in C. afra, and there are no patches on each side of it, as there are in afra ; axillar teeth with the outer side straight (convex in afra). Hab. Taihanroku, Formosa, "11.6.08." (Sauter). This should possibly be regarded as a distinct species, but it is extremely close to C. afra. I suppose that Friese had this form before him when he recently recorded C. afra from Formosa. In its entirely black apex of abdomen it resembles the larger C. emarginata, Foerst. Coelio.vys I'hinosus, n. sp. 2 . Length, 11 mm. ; black, including the mandibles and legs ; pubescence of the usual kind, white ; at sides of face dense and very pale ochreous ; on anterior part of mesothorax loose, not forming spots or patches ; eyes strongly pubescent ; front rugose, obtusely elevated in the middle ; vertex with very large confluent punctures ; cheeks densely covered with white hair ; antenna black ; clypeus roughened but shining, strongly elevated in the middle to a keel, the side view nose-like, with a convex outline ; lower margin of clypeus strongly nodulose ; mandibles broad, w'ith a long oblique cutting edge ; mesothorax and scutellum very strongly and densely punc- tured, the latter without any smooth edge ; scutellum very obtusely angulate, not dentate, in middle ; axillar teeth short but evident ; tubercles strongly keeled ; tegulte dark rufo-piceous ; wings brown, hyaline basally ; abdomen strongly punctured, with narrow dull white hair-bands, enlarged at sides ; transverse grooves on second and third segments weak ; last dorsal very long, strongly keeled, neither notched at sides nor turned up at end ; last ventral long and NEW SPECIES OF BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. 343 narrow, sharply pointed, extending nearly half a millimetre heyond last dorsal, not at all notched at sides : under side of last ventral striated. Hah. Formosa (no special locality given). Easily known by the peculiar clypeus. The apical structures of the ahdomen are entirely of the type of C. brevis, Ev., and C. rufocaudata, Sm., except that the last dorsal is much more elongate. Com- pared with C. siamensis, Ckll., the abdomen of C. rJiinosiis is much more densely punctured, and the clypeus is entirely different. A second paper will deal with the genus Nomia as repre- sented in Formosa. NEW SPECIES OF BOAKMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 316.) Hij'asa flavijncta , sp. n. ^ . Fore wings brownish black, with a purplish tinge ; ante- medial line represented by three yellow dots, and the postmedial line by six or seven yellow dots, the upper four more or less united ; both lines followed by interrupted blackish bands ; a yellow lunule at end of the cell, and a larger yellow spot on costal area before postmedial line ; some yellow dots towards costa and dorsum represent the sub- terminal line. Hind wings brownish black with purplish tinge ; medial and postmedial lines indicated by more oi" less connected yellow dots ; a yellow spot about middle of medial line. Fringes of all tlie wings marked with yellow. Under side of fore wings similar to above ; yellow markings of hind wings much enlarged ; a black discal mark on all the wings, that on the hind wings the larger. Expanse, 26-28 millim. Collection number, 875. Two male specimens from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 11th, 1900, and August 14th, 1908. Proj'hinia rantaizana, sp. n.