I -7^ THE ENTOMOLOGIST ^n HJUustratfb Journal OF ' ^ GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY^''^ EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., Ac. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. C. J. GAHAN. M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Dr. D. sharp, F.R.S., F.E.S. , &c. ' By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made." VOLUME THE FORTY-SIXTH. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. 1913. C^\.A 0^^ \^ p^l^ LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Adkin, B.W., F.E.S., 222 Adkin, Egbert, F.E.S., 17, GO, 113, 170, 316, 317 Anderson, Joseph, 315, 31G Arkle, J., 91 Baumann, E. T., 31 Bentall, E. E., F.E.S., 4, 61 Benton, E. G., 19, 270 Betts, D. p., 29 BiDDLE, Eric, 61 BoLAM, George, 139, 170 Bowditch, F. W., 238 BocKELL, E. E., 245 Butt-Ekins, T., 217, 292 Cameron, A. E., M.A., B.Sc, 130 Campion, F. W., 77 Campion, Herbert, 37, 77, 188 Cansdale, W. D., F.E.S., 290 Carey, W. A., 222 Carter, J. S., 30, 112 Christy, W. M., M.A., F.E.S., 269 Claxton, The Eev. VV., 171, 196, 313 Clutterbuck, C. Granville, F.E.S., 315 Cockayne, E. A., F.E.S., 246 Cockereix, Olive J., 73 Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., 15, 34, 73, 164, 207, 213, 299, 308 Collin, J. E., F.E.S., 1 Coney, G. B., 3;i4 Corbet, A. S., 290 Dewey, J. J., 222 DoLTON, H. L., 313 Edwards, A. D., 290 Edwards, F. W., B.A., F.E.S., 291 Fisher, H. C. Jeddere, 19 FiSON, J. F. LORIMER, 316 FoLJAMBE, Godfrey A., 89 Foster, A. H., 222 FouNTAiNE, Margaret E., F.E.S., 112, 189, 214 Frohawk, F. W.. M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 40 62, 121, 145, 201, 209, 249, 263, 275 282, 321 Gahan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 199, 200, 271 Gardner, Willoughby, F.L.S., F.E.S. 195 Gibbs, a. E., F.L.S., F.E.S. , 104, 122 154 GiRACLT, A. A., 177, 255 trt Griffiths, G. C, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 221 -^ 334 i Gurney, Gerard H., F.E.S., 54, 101 "^ 158, 232 GWATKIN-WlI.LIAMS, E. S., 222 Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc, 50, 59, 96 .- Harwood, B. S., 221 ""- Harwood, W. H., 58 '^ Hayw.\rd, H. C, 247 Heath, G. H., 29 Hicks, John B., 61 Hocking, L. C, 28 Hodge, A. E., 314 Hodge, Harold, F.E.S., 18, 61 Hoole, The Eev. Arthur S., 19 Hughes, C. N., F.E.S., 269 J0RD.4.N, Dr. Karl, F.E.S., 32 Joseph, E. G., F.E.S., 334 Kershaw, G. Bertram, F.E.S., 62, 111 Laidlaw, F. F., M.A., 235 Lathy, Percy, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 98, 135 Lawson, Egbert, 333 Leigh, J. Hamilton, 196 Littlewood, Fr.ank, 315 LowE,TheEev.F.E.,M.A., F.E.S., 140, 291 Luc.\s, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 22, 31, 42, 71, 138, 180, 248, 252, 272, 306, 339 Lyle, G. T., F.E.S., 185, 244, 267, 301 Lyon, Francis H., 268 Manders, Lt.-Colonel C. N., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 292, 293 Manley, Capt. W. G., 316 Manly, J. B., 290 Mathew, G. F., 62 Meldola, Prof. E., D.Sc, LL.D., F.E.S., &c., 247, 316 Metcalfe, The Eev. John W., F.E.S., 305, 314 Minton, Arthur, 248 MoRLEY, Claude, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 24, 46, 118, 131, 169, 220, 221, 245, 259, 266 Morris, A. Capel, 140, 269, 291 Morton, F., 6 Morton, Kenneth J., F.E.S., 60, 73 MouLTON, J. C, B.Sc, F.E.G.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c., 278 Murray, J., 140 Nash, W. Gifford, 19, 61 Neave, B. W., 317 Newman, L. W., F.E.S., 222 Newnham, C. E., 60 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., F.E.S., 195 Oberthur, Charles, F.E.S., 109 Old.UvER, The Eev. F. A., M.A., F.E.S., 03, 291 Paskell, W., 269 Plum, H. V., 62 PosTANS, A. T., 269 Prideaux, E. M., F.E.S., 324 Eandle, John, 269 Eattray, Col. E. H., 315, 334 Eaven, The Eev. C. E., F.E.S., 246 EicHARDS, Percy, 61, 314 EiLEY, Norman D., F.E.S., 70, 339 EippoN, C, 294 Robertson, Major E, B., 269 IV INDEX. Rothschild, The Hon. N. C, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c., 87,275, 289, 297, 314 RODTLEDGE, George B., F.E.S., 171 Rowland-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 8, 25, 109, 118, 139, 149, 169, 172, 176, 268, 290, 296, 335 St. John, Winston St. A., 314 Sharp, David, M.A., M.B., F.E.S., F.E.S.,&c., 82 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 11. 80, 113, 120, 171, 283, 309, 328 Sladen, The Rev. G. A., 268, 291 Sloon, James N., 268 Smart, H. Douglas, 291 South, Richard, F.E.S., 19, 61, 62, 71, 72, 98, 114, 144, 169, 222, 269, 333, 336, 340 Spiller, a. p., 318 Stallman, F. H., 248 Stoneham, H. F., F.E.S., 334 Stowell, E. a. C, 316, 317 Tarrat, The Rev. J. E., 62 Taylor, W. R., B.A., 290, 314, 315 Theobald, F. V., M.A., F.E.S., &c., 108, 179 Thornevvill, Capt. F., 334 Thurnall, a., 269 Todd, R. Geoffroy, F.E.S., 208 Tuck, W. H., 72 TuLLOCH, Major B., F.E.S., 202 Tyerman, W. a., 19, 208 Vickers, J. H., 141 Wallis, H. H., 270 Watson, J. Henry, 63 Webb, S., 315 Wertheimstein, Charlotte de, 87 Williams, C. B., B.A., F.E.S., 0, 225, 273 Williams, B. S., 140, 333, 334 PLATES. I.— Portrait of the late W. F. Kh-by II. — Parydropiera discomyzina and Philygria s III. — Distinctive wing characters of Hesperiidas IV. — Aberrations of British Lepidoptera . V. — Illustrations of American Lepidoptera VI. — Chloroj^erla venosa and (jrammatica . VII. — Libellula fitlva VIII.— The Bridge at Mostar IX. — Cajnica, Bosnia X.— Faeces Ejector of He&peria sylvanus larva XL — Berlese Insect Collecting Funnel XII. — Forms of Diurni from Albarracin XIII. — Rhadinopsylla bivirgis, n. sp. . XIV. — Rhadinopsylla cedestis, n. sp. . mialata to face page 1 1 25 28 73 73 77 121 145 201 273 309 297 297 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Euchloe cardamines, aberration 28 Lahidura riparia, callipers 43 Eggshell of Brenthis frigya 80 Argynnis adippe 121 Ischnura elegans, with fly in its grasp 182 Egg of Sympetrum fonscolombii 183 Ova of Leucania unipimcta 209 Diagram of Eosentomon 226 Diagrams of terminal segments (Protura) 227 Isc/t?iMra (/an^retica, sp. nov., anal appendages 235 Ischnura immsi, sp. nov., anal appendages 236 Melanargia suwarovius, ovipositing 275 Stalk of bracken containing ova of Cicadetta montana ..... 302 Ova of Cicadetta montana .......... 303 Two new varieties of Phyciodes camillus 308 INDEX. GENEEAL. Aberrations of British Lepidoptera, some, 28, 109 Acrffiinae, Diagnoses of some American, 32 Albaraccin, Lepidoptera at, 282, 309, 328 Alps, Early August among the, 9^^ Alysia, The Noctuid Genus, 15 America, some Coleoptera from Central, 299 American Lepidoptera, Illustrations of, 73 Balkans, Butterfly Hunting in the, 104, 122, 154 Bees, some Oriental, 34 Bees of the Genus Megachile from Australia, 1G4 Beriese Funnel, The, 273 Biological Notes on Eaphidia maculi- collis, some, 6 Bird, The Audacity of a, 112 ; eating Butterflies, 334 Bred from Spruce, Thera variata and obeliscata, 246 British Islands, Coleoptera of the, 113 ; Lepidoptera, some Aberrations of, 28, 109 ; Neuroptera in 1912, 306 ; Odonata in 1912, 180 ; Orthoptera in 1912, 42, 138; Plecoptera, an Addi- tion to the List of, 73 ; Sawflies, Field Notes on, 46 Butterflies, Gift of, to the Leeds Univer- sity, 221 ; near Venice, 232 ; of Hong- Kong and Japan, notes on, 202; of the Csehtelek District of Central Hungary, 87 Callophrys avis in South France, 89 Cicadetta moncana in the New Forest, 301 Classification, Further note on Hes- periid, 8, 25, 109 Ccenonympha tiphon in North Wales, 91 Coleoptera from Central America, some, 299 ; of Glamorgan, 333 Collecting in Hungary, 54, 101, 158; near Vienna and in the Austrian Tyrol, 149 ; in Costa IJica, 189, 214 Collections, the Baxter, 59 ; the Druce 222 ; the Harrison, 16 ; the Hodges, 16 ; the Jeft'rey, 59 Coniferaa, Friends and Foes of the, 50, 96 Crane-flies and Sweets, 220 Diagnoses of some American Acrisinse, 32 Dichroramphas, some observed in 1913, 305 Diurni, a few comparative notes on some, in the Seasons 1912 and 1913, 324 Dragonflies bred in 1912, 17 Dragonfly Season of 1912, Notes on, 77 ; wing, another abnormal, 188 Early stages of Erebia embla, notes on, 112 Egg-laying of Hesperia sylvanus, note on, 289 Emergence, Early, of Demas coryli, 140 ; of Plusia moneta, 140 ; of Selenia lunaria, 62 Emerging in January, Hemerophila abruptaria, 113 ; Nemeobius lucina, 62 ; in November, Cucullia chamo- millae, 19, 62; in October, Euchloe cardamines, 317 Entomological Club, The, 20, 140, 222, 336 Ephemeroptera in Central Wales, 61 Field Notes on British Sawflies, 46 Fossil Asilid Fly from Colorado, A, 213 ; Mydaid Fly, The first, 207 Hadena oleracea destructive to Toma- toes, 333 Hesperiid Classification, Further notes on, 8, 25, 109 Hewitson's Drawings of Lepidoptera, 63 Hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta, 40, 111, 139, 171 Ichneumonidffi, Bassid, Parasitic on a species of Syrphid larva, 130 ; field notes on, 46 ; of the Dublin Museum, 259 ; Walker's Japanese, 131 VI INDEX. King, The, and the Entomological Society of London, 220 Larva State, Duration in the, of Tro- chilium apiformis, 58 Larv£e of Pieris brassicffi in January, 62 ; of Tortrix pronubana on Geranium, 291 ; the faeces ejector of lepidopter- ous, 201 Lepidoptera of the Norwegian Provinces of Finmark and Odalen, the, 11 ; Some, new to Suffolk, 195 Life-History of Argynnis hecate, 249 ; ofBrenthisfrigga,80; of Coenonympha tiphon, 145 ; of Erebiaepiphron, 209 ; of Hesperia linea ( = thaumas), 263 ; of Lycffina arion, 321 ; of Mela- nargia japygia subspecies suwarovius, 275 Light, Lepidoptera attracted to, 18 Localities : — Albarracin, 282, 309, 328 ; Alps, 93 ; America, 73, 299 ; Australia, 164, 295 ; Balkans, 104, 122, 154 ; Braemar, 269 ; Brasted District, 324; Bristol, 334; Bucks, 290, 334 ; Cambridge, 140, 315; Cardiff, 247, 267, 291; Carlisle, 140 ; CUfton, 221 ; Colchester, 221 ; Cornwall, 61, 252; Cumberland, 171; Curragh, 292 ; Derbyshire, 270, 314 ; Devon, 252; Ealing, 19, 290; East Grmstead, 18, 19; Eastbourne, 316; Essex, 61, 222, 269 ; Finmark, 11 ; France, South, 31, 89 ; Glamorgan, 61, 315, 333; Gloucestershire, 315 ; Hants, 269, 290, 315 ; Harrow, 291 ; Haslemere, 333 ; Herts, 222 ; Hong- kong, 202 ; Hungary, 54, 101, 158,— Central, 87 ; India, N., 235 ; Ireland, 334 ; Japan, 202 ; Kent, 61, 222, 290, 314, 315, 316 ; Lewisham, 316 ; Little- hampton, 19 ; London, 222, 315, 334; Malacca, 278; Malvern, 139; Mid- lands, 61 ; New Forest, 185 ; Nias,98, 135 ; Norfolk, 60, 268 ; Norwegian Provinces, 11 ; Norwood, S., 290 ; Notts, 269 ; Odalen, 11 ; Oxford, 334 ; Scotland, 268, 209, 314 ; Skye, 19 ; Staffs, 246 ; Suffolk, 195, 316 ; Surrey, 248 ; Sussex, 61, 140, 222, 269, 290, 315, 334; Tyrol, 149; Venice, 232; Vienna, 149 ; Wales, Central, 61,— North, 91, 170 ; Wanstead, 269 ; Westmorland, 314 ; Wight, Isle of, 61, 268, 291 ; Wilts, 291 ; Woking, 247; Yorkshire, 61, 291, 316 Malacca, A Brief Visit to, 278 Metrioptera roeselii (Orthoptera), Some further notes on, 37 Migration of Pyrameis atalanta on the Mediterranean, Spring, 170 Mymarida? and Trichogrammatidse of Australia, Additions to the, 255 Natural History Museum, The new Department of Entomology at, 15 Nenroptera, Ac, from the South of France, 31 New Butterflies from Nias, 98, 135 ; Gall inhabiting Eulophid Genus from Queensland, 177 ; Mosquitoes from Northern China, 179 ; Palfearctic Ephydridse (Diptera), 1 ; species of Ischnura (Odonata) from N. India, 235 ; of Lema and Crioceris, 238 of Meteorus (Braconidae), 244 Ehadinopsylla (Siphonaptera), 297 varieties of Phyciodes camillus, 308 Obituary : — Baker, George, 120 Boyd, Thomas, 22 Brabant, Georges Celestin, 24 Brown, J. Sandy, 72 Cameron, Peter, 24 Eeuter, Odo Moranel, 296 Orthoptera in Devon with North and East Cornwall, 252 Ova of Cyaniris argiolus on Portugal laurel, 268; of Leucania unipuncta, 208 Pairing, Unusual, of Noctuid Moths, 314 Pachnobia rubricosa in November, 60 Parasites of Hygrochroa syringaria, notes on, 266 ; Protozoan of Ichneu- monidse, 169 Parnassius apollo in Germany, 289 Pest, an unusual Parsnip, 58 Plecoptera in Central Wales, 61 Protura, A Eesume of the Present Know- ledge of the, 225 Rearing Papilio machaon. On, 4 Eecent Literattjee : — Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 22, 71, 248, 339 Beginner's Guide to the Microscope, by Chas. E. Heath, 70 Catalogue des Lepidopteres Observes dans I'Ouest de la France, by Henri Gelin and Daniel Lucas, 117 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phal- tenre of the British Museum, vol. xii., by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., 176 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Nor- thumberland, Durham, and New- castle-on-Tyne, by JohnE. Eobson, 340 Dictionary of Entomology, by N. K. Jardine, F.E.S., 118 Diptera' Danica, by William Lund- beck, 144 Entomologist's Log Book, by Alfred George Scorer, F.E.S., 71 INDEX. Vll Eugenio Rignano upon the Inheri- tance of Acquired Character, 118 Guide to Photomicrography, 248 Manchester Entomological Society. Tenth Annual Report and Trans- actions, 340 Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, Season li}12, 339 Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society for the Season 1912-13, 340 I'syllidarum Catalogus, by Dr. G. Aulman, 143 Report of the State Entomologist of Minnesota for the Years 1911 and 1912, 144 Review of Applied Entomology, 248 Text-Book of British Butterflies and Moths, by L. W. Newman and H. Leeds, 339 The Larch Sawfly (Nematus erich- sonii), by C. Gordon Hewitt, 22 The Life-History of Panorpa klugi, by T. Miyake, 271 The North American Dragonflies of the Genus yEschna, by E. M. Walker, B.A., 272 The Remarkable Life-History of a new family (Micromalthidae) of Co- leoptera, by Herbert S. Barber, 270 Theory of Evolution in the Light of Facts, by Karl Frank, 200 United States Department of Agricul- ture, Bureau of Entomology, 71 Review of Applied Entomology, 62 Scarce Sympetra (Odonata), 247 Season, Notes on the Past, 317 Settling Habit of Pyrameis cardui, 316 SOCIETIKS : — Entomological of London, 20, 63, 114, 172, 196, 220, 318, 336 Entomological of Washington, 169 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 70, 142, 175, 199, 234 Manchester Entomological, 68, 143, 174, 199, 224 South London Entomological, 67, 114, 141, 173, 197, 223, 294, 320, 338 Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, 168 Synonymy, Indian Ichneumon, 220 Thera variata and obeliscata bred from Spruce, 246 Third Brood of Cyaniris argiolus, a partial, 317 Trichoptera in Central Wales, 61 Types of Micro-Lepidoptera, the Thomas Boyd, 195 Unrecorded Apple Sawfly in Britain, 158 Varieties : — Abraxas grossulariata, 116, 223 Acidalia virgularia, 30, 115, 172 Aglais urtica), 329 Agriades corydon, 290,357 ; thersites, 312 ; thetis, 66, 115 Anthrocera trifolii, 115, 116 Argynnis adippe, 121, 141, 142 Brenthis euphrosyne, 338 ; frigga, 12 ; pales, 64 Chierocampa elpenor, 248 Chrysophanus virgaurea, 94 Cffinonympha tiplion, 93 Colias edusa, 115, 116, 336 Cupido sebrus, 328 I'.maturga atomaria, 69 Epinephele jurtina, 116,223; lycaon, 331 Erebia disa, 12 ; epistygne, 330 ; lap- pona, 13 Euchloe cardamines, 28, 109, 115, 142 Eustroma reticulata, 116 Haliplus confinis, 337 Melitfea didyma, 115 Nemeophila plantaginis, 116 CEneis noma, 12 Olethreutes ochroleucana, 141 Opisthograptis luteolata, 68 Pararge megsera, 28 Phyciodes camillus, 308 Plebeius argus, 310 Plusia moneta, 29 Polygonia c-album, 115 Polyommatus icarus, 64, 66 ; medon, 95 Pyrameis atalanta, 67, 116 Rumicia phlfeas, 66, 338 Saturnia carpini, 69 Smerinthus ocellatus-populi, 21, 67 Triph^na comes, 116 Venilia maculata, 29 Xanthorhoe sociata, 116 Zonosoma annulata, 21, 197 ; omicro- naria, 21 ; pendularia, 21, 197 Wing, Another abnormal Dragonfly, 188 Wings, Delayed development of, in Lithostege griseata, 245 ; of Coleo- ptera, notes on, 82 Yellow Imagines of Pieris brassicse, 282 SPECIAL INDEX. New Genera, Species, Suh-Species, and Varieties are marked uith an asterisk, Order PKOTUEA. Acerentomon, 228, 230 Acerent-ulus, 230 attinis (Acerentomon), 225, 230 cephalotes (Acerentulus), 231 eonfinis (Acerentulus), 231 doderoi (Acerentomon), 225, 230 Eosentomon, 227 germanica (Kosentomon), 231 gracilis (Acerentulus), 231 jabanicum (Eosentomon), 231 mexicana (Eosentomon), 231 microrhinus (Acerentomon), 230 minimus (Acerentulus), 231 perpusUlus (Acerentulus), 231 ribagai (P^osentomon), 231 silvestri (Eosentomon), 228, 231 tiarneus (Acerentulus), 231 transitorum (Eosentomon), 231 wheeleri (Eosentomon), 231 Order III. THYSANUEA. Campodea, 229 Order VI. SIPHONAPTEEA. altaica (Typhlopsylla), 297 *bivirgis (Khadinopsylla), 297 "cedestis (Rhadinopsylla), 298 fraterna (Typhlopsylla), 297 isacanthus (Rhadinopsylla), 297 masculana (Khadinopsylla), 297 pentacanthus (Rhadinopsylla), 297 Rhadinopsylla, 297 Order VII. OETHOPTEEA. aegyptium (Acridium), 198 albopunctata ( = grisea) (Metrioptera), 138, 254 americana (Periplaneta), 253 annulipes (Anisolabis), 252 auricularia (Forficula), 44, 138, 139, 252 auricularia, var. forcipata (Forficula), 44, 138, 295 bicolor (Stauroderus), 45, 40, 139, 254 bicolor, var. mollis (Stauroderus), 254 bicolor, var. nigrina (Stauroderus), 254 bicolor, var. purpurascens (Stauroderus), 254 bimaculata (Acheta), 198 bioculata (Sphodromantis), 340 bipunctatus (Tetrix), 46, 254 brachyptera (Metrioptera), 39, 254 campestris (Gryllus), 253 cinereus (Thamnotrizon), 295 crurifolium (Pulchriphyllum), 69, 340 cubensis (Blabera), 198 danicus ( = cinerascens) (Pachytylus), 254 domesticus (Gryllus), 138, 253 dorsalis (Conocephalus), 44, 138, 253 elegans (Ghorthippus), 46, 139 germanica (Battella), 253 griseo-aptera ( = cinereus) (Pholidop- tera), 138, 253, 295 grossus (Mecostethus), 46 gryllotalpa (Gryllotalpa), 44, 253 lapponicus (Ecobius), 44, 252 lesnei (Forficula), 138, 252 lineatus (Stenobothrus), 254 maculatus (Gomphocerus), 45, 139, 254 INDKX. IX maderaB (Rhyparobia) , 253 Mantis, 05 marmorata (Diastiammena), 33() migratorius (I'achytylus), *254 minor (Labia), 4:f, 252 nigra, var. vigorsii (Scapliuni), 319 orientalis (Blatta), 44, 253 panzeri, var. nigripes (Ectobius), 138, 295 (Chorthippus), 46, parallelus 254 parallelus, thippus) 44, 139, var. 254 purpurasceus (Chor- peregrina (Schistoccrca), 254 perspicillaris ( = lividus) (Ectobius), 138, 139, 253 punctatissimus (I.eptophyes), 138, 253 riparia (Labidura), 42, 43 roeselii(Metrioptera), 37, 38, 39, 44, 66, 138 rufipes (Omocestus), 254 rufus (Gomphocerus), 254, 338 subulatus (Tetrix), 46, 254 sylvestris (Nemobius), 44, 138 thalassinum ( — varium) (Necorenia), 138, 253 viridissima (Phasgonura), 44, 138, 253 viridulus (Omocestus), 45, 46, 254 Order VIII. PLECOPTEEA. alpina (Dictyopteryx), 31 cephalotes (Perla), 31 Chloroperla, 74 fuscipennis (Chloroperla), 74 geniculata (Leuctra), 61 grammatica (Chloroperla), 61, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 griseipennis (Chloroperla), 76 inconspicua (Nemoura), 31 klapaleki (Leuctra), 61 lateralis (Chloroperla), 74 Leuctra, 74 media (Chloroperla), 74 microcephala (Dictyopteryx), 117 Nemoura, 74 rivulorum (Chloroperla), 73 rufescens (Chloroperla), 74 variegata (Nemoura), 31 venosa (Chloroperla), 73', 74, 75, 76, 77 Order XII. EPHEMEROPTERA. danica (i^phemera), 117 ignita (Ephemerella), 61 notata (Ephemerella), 61 rhodani (Baetis), 61 sulphurea (Heptagenia), 61 venosus (Ecdyurus), 31, 61 Order XIII. ODONx\TA. [= Paraneuroptera.; ffinea (Cordulia), 17, 78 .Eschna, 79, 184, 185, 272 ^shna, 272 Agriocnemis, 236, 237 alpestris (Somatochlora), 20 Ampha33chna, 272 annulatus (Agrion), 181 annulatus (Cordulegaster), 17, 182 caerulea ( = borealis) (^Eschna), 20 caerulescens (Orthetrum), 31, 78, 182 constricta (^Eschna), 272 cyanea (iEschna), 17, 78, 182, 185 cyathigerum (Enallagma), 181, 182,185 depressa (Libellula), 79, 181 dryas (Lestes), 77 elegans (Ischnura), 17, 181, 182, 185 elegans, var. infuscens (Ishnura), 77 elegans, var. rufescans (Ischnura), 181, 182 flaveolum (Sympetrum), 60. 247 fluctuans (Neurothemis), 281 fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 31, 182, 183, 184, 247 fulva (Libellula), 79, 181, 189 *gangetica (Ischnura), 235, 237 grandis (^Eschna), 78, 272 hafniense (Brachytron), 78 *immsi (Ischnura), 236, 237 imperator (Anax), 181 interrupta (^Eschna), 272 Ischnura, 236, 237 isosceles (iEschna), 78, 272 juncea (.Eschna), 185, 272 Libellula, 79 mercuriale (Agrion), 182 mirabilis (Hemiphlebia), 237 mixta (iEschna), 182, 185 naias (Erythromma), 17, 78, 181 nvmphula (Pyrrhosoma), 17,77, 78, 180, "181, 182, 185 nymphula, var. fulvipes (Pyrrhosoma), 78 nymphula, var. melanotum (Pyrrho- soma), 78, 185 pennipes (Platycnemis), 77, 182, 272 Pentathemis, 79 Pornothemis, 189 pratense (Brachytron), 17, 78, 181 INDEX. pnella (Agrion), 17, 78, 182, 172, 185 pulchellum (Agrion), 77, 18] pumilio (Ischnura), 183 quadnmaculata (Libellula), 17, 180 sanguineum (Sympetrum), 79, 182 scoticum (Sympetrum), 182, 183, 185 senegalensis (Ischnura), 235 serrata (Pornothemis), 188 splendens (Calopteryx), 77, 181, 182 sponsa (Lestes), 182 striolatum (Sympetrum), 79, 182, 184, 185 tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 181, 182 tenellum, var. melanotum (Pyrrhosoma), 182 umbrosa (^Eschna), 272 Virgo (Calopteryx), 77, 181, 182 vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 78 Order XV. HEMIPTERA. 72 71 acerina (Drepanosiphum), 220 acuminata (.Elia), 198 ffistivalis (Aphelochirus), albipes (Psylla), 223 ater (Spiniger), 319 callosus (Sphenophorus) colorata (Psylla), 14-1 comes (Typhlocyba), 72 graminum (Toxoptera), 72 hieracii (Aphis), 131 hirtipes (Apiomerus), 19S iracundus (Harpactor), 198 lectularius (Cimex), 71 lowii (Psylla), 144 montana (Cicadetta), 198, 301 picta (Psylla), 144 pinicola (Lachnus), 52 scaraboides (Thyreocoris) , 176 Siphonaphora, 6 tessellata (Prociphilus), 72 tilire (Pterocallis), 131 Toxoptera, 72 uvse (Aspidiotes), 71 venata (Psylla), 144 Order XVI. NEUROPTERA. alba (Chrysopha), 307 Aulops, 271 barbara (Lertha), 115 bipennis (Nemoptera), 115 brachyiJennis (Panorpa), 272 chrysops (Osmylus), 187 coa (Nemoptera), 115 communis (Panorpa), 307 communis, var. vulgaris (Panorpa), 31 concinnus (Hemerobius), 307 flavipes (Raishidia), 31 formicarius (Myrmeleon), 31 germanica (Panorpa), 272, 307 klugi (Panorpa), 271 klugi, var. nigra (Panorpa), 272 lutaria (Sialis), 117 lutescens (Hemerobius), 307 maculicollis (Raphidia), 6, 8, 187, 188, 306 micans (Hemerobius), 307 nipponensis (Panorpa), 272 notata (Raphidia), 7, 174, 187, 188 orotypus (Hemerobius), 307 Panorpa, 271 pellucidus (Hemerobius), 307 perla (Chrysopa), 31, 307 prasina ( = aspersa) (Chrysopa), 307 quadrifasciatus (Hemerobius), 31 Raphidia, 6, 68 rufescens (Panorpa), 271 Sialis, 7, 188 subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 307 tenella (Chrysopa), 307 tineiformis (Coniopteryx), 196 variegatus (Hemerobius), 307 ventral is (Chrysopa), 307 vulgaris (Chrysopa), 307 xanthostigma (Jlaphidia), 306 Order XVII. TRICHOPTERA. auricula (Limnophilus), 62 discolor (Drusus), 31 fulvipes (Hydropsyche), 32 hirtura (Lepidostoma), 62 lepida (Hydropsyche), 62 luditicatus (Philopotamus), 32 lunatus (Limnophilus), 62 maurus (Berpea), 32 melanchajtes (Drusus), 31 muelleri (Drusus), 31 pedemontanum (Sericostoma), 32 pellucidula (Hydropsyche), 32 sparsus (Limnophilus), 62 subnubilus (Brachycentrus), 117 torrentium (Rhyacophila), 32 tristis (Rhyacophila), 32 vernale (Glossosoma), 62 vulgaris (Rhyacophila), 32 INDEX. XI Older XVIII. LEPIDOPTEEA. abruptaria (Hemerophila), 18, 113, 318 abscisana (Endemis), 195 acaciaj (Strymon), 1G2, 1(51 acaciiB (Thecla), 88, 15(5 aceris (Neptis), 88, 102, 104, lu9 Achiia, 176 achine (Pararge), 150 Acidalia, 170 Actiuote, 33 acuminitana (Dichrorampha), 306 'addenda (Erebia), 13 *adinda (Euthalia), 100 adippe (Argynnis), 89, 121, 127, 141, 142, 150, 153, 156, 174, 206, 252 adrasta (Epiphile), 217 adrasta (Pararge), 331 adusta (Hadena), 270 adustata (Ligdia), 6S, 69 advena (Aplecta), 293 aBgeus (Papilio), 295 SBgon (Lycaena), 318 aegon (Plebeius), 16, 310 aegon (Eusticus), 56, 57, 104 *ffirata (Actinote), 32 aethiops (Erebia), 89, 94, 95, 96, 153 afer (Erebia), 152 affinis (Calymnia) agammemnon (Papilio), 204, 208 agarithe (Callidryas), 193 agathina (Agrotis), 69, 320 aglaia (Argynnis), 16, 89, 94, 95, 156, 293, 330 agramella (Coleopbora), 115 alienella (Oncocera), 114 aigina (Brenthis), 330 alalia (Actinote), 32 alardus (Telegonus), 218 albania (Dismorpliia), 193 albipuncta (Leucania), 16, 114 albula (Terias), 192 alcaete (Carcharodus), 89, 95, 331 alcffiffi (Erynnis), 57, 233 alciphron(Chrysophanus),128, 129, 158, 159, 162, 174, 310 alciphron (Loweia), 320 alcon (Lycasna), 88 alipbera (Eueides), 215 alithea (Heliconius), 116 almoranda (Calophasia), 332 alniaria (Eugonia), 18 alpestrana (Dichrorampha), 306 alpinana (Dichrorampha), 306 alsus (Lycfena), 327 alternata (Semiothisa), 68 altheffi (Carcharodus), 160, 331 alveolus (Hesperia), 328 alveus (Hesperia), 8, 9, 10, 11, 25, 26, 27, 89 Alysia, 15 Alysina, 15 amandus (Polyommatus), 337 157 122, amaryllis (Heliconius), 215 amataria (Timandra), 19 amathusia (Argynnis), 154 ambustana (Tortrix), 141, 196 americus (Papilio), 191 amphidamas (Loweia), 320 anchisiades (Papilio), 192 andrffimon (Papilio), 67 andrei (Cricula), 199 andreniformis (^Egeria), 141 andromedae (Hesperia), 13, 153 anieta (Phyciodes), 216 annulata (Ephyra), 197 annulata (Zonosoma), 21 anteante (Actinote), 33 anteas (Actinote), 215 anteros (Polyommatus), 159 anthedon (Hypolimnas), 224 Antherea, 199 antimachus (Papilio), 116 antinorii (Deilemera), 172 antinympha (Catabapta), 176 antiopa (Euvanessa), 104 antiopa (Vanessa), 89 antiqua (Orgyia), 295 antonia (Hesperia), 319 Anua, 176 apiciaria (Epione), 18, 295 apidanus (Arhopala), 281 apiformis (Trochilium), 58 apoUo (Parnassius), 66, 69, 94, 143, 156, 289, 294 arcania (Ccenonympha), 89, 124, 150, 159, 160 areas (Lyctena). 153, 156, 157 archippus (Danais), 194 arctica (Brenthis), 15 arcuata (Nepticula), 23 arcuatella (Nepticula), 23 ardates (Nacaduba), 280 arenaria (Planema), 66 arete (Aphantopus), 153 arete (Erebia), 152 argia (Leuceronia), 65, ()6 argiades (Everes), 102, 103, 150, 234, 280 argiades (Lyc£ena), 87 argillacea (Dianthoecia), 70 argiolus (Celastrina), 94, 115, 116, 150, 295, 313, 319 argiolus (Cyaniris), 56, 88, 268, 317, 328 argus (Lycffina), 87 argus (Plebeius), 124, 154, 157, 310 argus (Eusticus), 56, 67, 104, 160, 161 Argynnis, 21, 174 argyphontes (Celastrina), 94, 115 argyrognomon (Lycrona), 87 argyrognomon (Eusticus), 94. 95, 150 arion (Lycana), 16, 88, 153, 174, 321 aristolochite (Papilio), 207 Xll INDEX. aristus (Euchenais), 217 armoricanus (Hesperia), 8, 26, 27 arragonensis (Agriades), 313 arsalte (Heliopetes), 219 arsilache (Brenthis), 95 artaxerxes (LyCtena), 174 arundineta (Nonagria), 19 arundinetella (Gelechia), 23 ashworthii (Agrotis), 68, 69, 174 assimilis (Crymodes), 269 astata (Callicore), 266 asteria (Melitaea), 153 astrarche (Lyciena), 88, 174, 314 astrarclie (Plebeius), 311 astrarche (Polyommatus), 126, 127, 234 atalanta (Pyrameis), 40, 41, 42, 60, 67, 89, 94, 111, 116, 139, 150, 171, 186, 222, 224, 248, 291, 295, 316, 317, 326, 329 ate (Dynamine), 216 athalia (Melitfea), 89, 94, 95, 119, 142, 150, 156, 162, 174, 330 athamas (Eulepis), lb7 atlites (Junouia), 281 atomaria (Ematurga), 69, 337 atra (Laverna), 175 atricollis (Nepticula), 23 atropos (Acherontia), 16, 314, 334 atropos (Manduca), 334 aufidena (Thecla), 218 aurantia (Agriades), 115 aurantiaca (Papilio), 142 aurantiaria (Hybernia), 19 aurelia (Melita^a), 89, 153, 156, 161 aureola (Lithosia), 318 auresiana (Argynnis), 21, 197 auriflua (Porthesia), 18 aurinia (Melit:ea), 14, 16,. 64, 67, 68, 141, 142, 285, 286 aurivillius (Colias), 293 ausonia (Anthocharis), 126, 127, 128, 309 autumnaria (Ennomos), 19, 68, 318 autumnaria (Oporabia), 51 aversata (Acidalia), 19 avis (Callophrys), 89 avis (Thecla), 127 *azagra (Agriades), 312 azurinus (Thecla), 218 badiata (Anticlea), 69 bajuvarica (Argynnis), 141 ballotas (Hesperia), 11 barrettii (Dianthcecia), 70 basalides (Tmolus), 218 baton (Lyca3na), 88 baton (Polyommatus), 57, 95 baton (Scolitantides), 310 baxteri (Luperina), 59 bejarensis (Plebeius), 310 belgiaria (Scodiona), 197 belia (Anthocharis), 17;^, 288, 309 bellargus (Agriades), 312 bellargus (Lycfena), 88 bellidice (Pontia), 309 bellieri (Hesperia), 11, 25, 28 beon (Thecla), 218 berenice (Danais), 194 betulae (Zephyrus), 88, 327 betularia (Pachys), 30 bianor (Papilio), 205, 206 bicolorana (Hylophila), 186 bicolorata (Mesoleuca), 175 bicostella (Pleurota), 332 bidentata (Gonodontis), 68 bidentata (Odontopera), 18, 51 bifida (Dicranura), 18 bifractella (Apodia), 195 bilinea (Grammesia) , 68 bilineata (Camptogramma), 19 bilunaria (Selenia), 18, 141 binaria (Drepana), 18 bipuncta (Pellicia), 219 *bipupillata (Eulacuta), 135 bipupillata (ffineis), 12 I bischoffaria (Acidalia), 31 biselliella (Tineola), 296 bistortata (Tephrosia), 67 bistriaris (Parallelia), 176 biundularia (Tephrosia), 18 blanda (Caradrina), 18 blandiata (Perizoma), 175 blandina (Erebia), 88, 212 Boarmia, 174 bceticus (Caroharodus), 286, 331 bceticus (Lampides), 173, 288, 295, 310 boisduvalii (Brenthis), 15 bolina (Hypolimnas), 224 bombycalis (Cledeobia), 332 *boopis (Epinephele), 331 boreata (Cheimatobia), 19 borneensis (Charaxes), 137 branchus (Papilio), 192 brassicfe (Barathra), 333 brassicffi (Mamestra), 333 brassicffi (Pieris), 16, 62, 88, 123, 127, 234, 282, 292, 293, 295, 309, 324, 325, 334 brevicrista (Tolype), 73 brumata (Cheimatobia), 19 *brunnea (Erebia), 13 brunnea (Noctua), 69 bryonire (Pieris), 340 *bulis (Actinote), 32 burnsi (Hemileuca), 69 cacalife (Hesperia), 153 cacicus (Papilio), 67 cadmus (Ccea), 217 C£erulea (Polyommatus), 312 caeruleocephala (Diloba), 18 caesiata (Larentia), 14 c:>?spiticiella (Coleophora), 53 caia (Aretia), 69, 162 calabraria (Rhodostrophia), 332 c-album (Polygonia), 67, 89, 115, 128, 150, 153, 329 callidice (Pontia), 94 Callidryas, 190 calliforaica (Mechanitis), 194 INDEX. Xlll callipteris (Lethe), 205, 206 calydonia (Pieris), 192 calydonia (Prothoe), 280 *calymnia (Actinote), 33 camelina (Lophopteryx), 18, 68 Camilla (Limenitis), 107, 124, 150, 152, 153, 158 camillus (Phyciodes), 308 cantaneri (Thais), 309 capreana (Penthina), 195 capsincola (Diantha;cia), 18, 318 carcarata (Orcynia), 1-11 caidamines (Euchloe), 28, 55, 57, 88, 103, 109, 115, 125, 142, 158, 161, 174, 293, 294, 309, 317, 324 cardui (Heliothis), 332 cardui (Pyiameis), 40, 56, 89, 105, 125, 160, 170, 186, 216, 222, 224, 234, 291, 295, 316, 317, 326, 329 cariinas (Hesperia). 8, 26, 27 carniolica (Zygiena), 129, 158 carpinata (Lobophora), 223 carpini (Saturnia), 69 carpophaga (Dianthcecia), 115 carthami (Hesperia), 26, 27, 102, 161, 162, 319, 332 carthami (Thalpochares), 319 casaicus (Plebeius), 311 cassiope (Erebia), 94, 139, 152, 153 cassiopea (Phyciodes), 216 castigata (Eupithecia), 19 Castina, 68 Catabapta, 176 Catagramina, 115 Catocala, 176 *cedestis (Actinote), 33 celeno (Lampides), 281 celerio (Chserocampa), 334 celerio (Hippotion), 334 celtis (Libythea), 127, 174, 223 cenea (Papilio), 66, 336 centaureata (Eupithecia), 19 Cerberus (Trichura), 141 ceres (Lycorea), 194 cerri (i'hecla), 128 Cervantes (Nisoniades), 332 cespitis (Luperina), 18, 314 chahdja (Metopoceras), 332 chalyljachma (Epicephala), 64 chamomillffi (CucuUia), 19, 62, 68, 69 Cliaraxes, 194 chariclea (Brenthis), 14 charithonia (Heliconius), 215 charon (Neptis), 99 *charonides (Neptis), 99 chinensis (Aglais), 329 chi (Polia), 67, 114 chiron (Timetes), 216 chlorodippe (Argynnis), 141 chrysantliemi (Anthrocera), 59 chryseis (Catopsilia), 207 chrysippus (Danais), 207 chrysippus (Limnas), 224 chrysitis (Plusia), 18 cinctaria (Boarmia), 186, 187 cinerea (Agrotis), 114 cingulata (Anthrocera), 289, 332 cinxia (MeHtaia), 14, 56, 57, 89, 107, 125, 142, 159, 161 cipris (Callidryas), 193 circe (Satyrus), 88, 89, 164 cirsii (Hesperia), 8, 26, 332 citrago (Cirrhia), 141 citrago (Xanthia), 18 citraria (Aspilates), 317 citrata (Larentia), 173 clara (Eresia), 216 clathrata (Chiasma), 116 clathrata (Strenia), 19 cleanthe (Melanargia), 330 cleodippe (Argynnis), 141 cleodoxa (Argynnis), 127, 128, 141, 174 Cleopatra (Clonepteryx), 337 Cleopatra (Rhodocera), 310 clitus (Thanaos), 219 cloacella (Scardia), 175 clorinde (Gonepteryx), 193 clytie (Apatura), 150, 156 coelestis (Agriades), 116 Ccenonympha, 340 coenosa (Laslia), 59 ccBsonia (Meganostoma), 193 Coleophora, 52 colonna (Papilio), 116 comes (Triphffina), 18, 116 comma (Augiades), 89 comma (Hesperia), 318 comma (Leucania), 18 comma (Pamphila), 95, 290 communana (Sciaphila), 201 concolor (Tapinostola), 110 contiua (Noctua), 199 confusa (Lethe), 206 confusalis (Nola), 68 consanguinea (Planema). 66 conspersa (Dianthoecia), 69 *conspicua (Actinote), 32 contiguaria (Acidalia), 143 conversaria (Boarmia), 68, 186 convolvuli (Sphinx), 16, 315 coracina (Psodos), 14, 320 coresia (Timetes), 216 coretas (Everes), 103 coretas (Lycsena), 88 coronillaria (Pseudopterna), 332 corticea (Agrotis), 18 corydon (Agriades), 66, 115, 290, 312, 337, 338 corydon (Lycaena), 88, 318, 328 corydon (Polyommatus), 94, 95, 96 coryli (Demas), 140 costovata (Xanthorhoe), 68 crameri (Opsiphanes), 194, 219 crassinia (Actinote), 33 crattegi (Aporia), 57, 88, 94, 104, 125, 150, 155, 160, 162, 163, 164, 295, 309 craterellus (Grambus), 332 crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 223 XIV INDEX. crocale (Catopsilia), 207 *crucis (Actinote), 33 crucivora (Pieris), 202 cucullatella (Nola), 175 culiciforniis (Sesia), 69 cultraria (Drepana), 16 cuprealis (Aglossa), 67 eurius (Leptocircus), 202, 203 cursoria (Agrotis), 141 curtisellus (Prays), 175 cyllarus (Lyca^na), 88 cyllarus (Noraiades), 56, 102, 103, 104, 124, 288, 329 cynaxa (Carystus), 219 cynorta (Papilio), 116 Cynthia (Melitsa), 153 cyrus (Papilio), .'.18 cytherea (Adelpha), 216 cytherea (Cerigo), 18 dffidalus (Hammanumida), 295 damans (Terias), 192 damon (Polyommatus), 95 damone (Euchloe), 174 daphne (Brenthis), 89, 128, 129, 206 daplidice (Pontia), 57, 88, 106, 160, 173, 234, 309 dardanus (Papilio), 66, 172, 319, 320 davus (Coenonynipha), 91 decolorata (Everes), 103 decolorata (Lycasna), 88 defoliaria (Hybernia), 19 deione (Melitsa), 33 delia (Terias), 192 delila (Colsnis), 215 delius (Parnassius), 143 demetrius (Papilio), 206 demoleus (Papilio), IIG demophoon (Heliconius), 215 dentina (Hadena), 18 Depressaria, 58 derivata (Anticlea), 19 desfontainii (Melita^a), 285, 288, 329 designata (Coreinia), 19 *desmiala (Actinote), 32 despectris (Circinnus), 175 dia (Brenthis), 56, 89, 157 diana (Lethe), 206 diceus (Actinote), 32 dictfea (Notodonta), 114 dictseoides (Notodonta), 18 dictynna (Melitfea), 89, 157 dictynnoides (Melitaea), 129 didyma (Apamea), 18 didyma (Melitfea), 89, 95, 104, 107, 115, 126, 127, 154, 157, 173, 234 didymata (Larentia), 68 diffinis (Calymnia), 18 diffissa (Protoparce), 320 diffusalis (Pyrausta), 332 diluta (Asphalia), 320 dirce (Gynoecia), 217 disa (Erebia), 12, 13 dispar (Chrysophanus), 56, 59, 87, 88, 149, 160, 337 dissoluta (Nonagria), 21 dives (Dryas), 116 dolobraria (Eurymene), 18 dorilis (Chrysophanus), 88, 94, 96 dorilis (Loweia), 57, 161 doris (Heliconius), 116 dorus (Coenonympha), 331 doryssus (Mechanitis), 194 dotata (Cidaria), 19 doubledayaria (Pachys), 30 dryas (Satyrus), 89 dyari (Epicnaptera), 73 Eantis, 219 edelsteni (Nonagria), 115 edusa (Colias), 61, 65, 67, 68, 88, 94, 95, 115, 116, 125, 129, 153, 157, 161,173, 221, 224,234, 248, 268, 269, 290, 291, 295, 310, 314, 315, 316, 317, 325, 334, 335, 336, 338 egea (Polygonia), 106, 107, 127, 128, 174 egeria (Pararge), 89, 102, 104, 126, 150, 155, 293 egerides (Pararge), 150, 158 elfezia (Cricula), 199 elinguaria (Crocalis), 18 elodia (Pieris), 192 elpeftor (Chrerocampa), 248 embla (Erebia), 112 emissa (Phyciodes). -'iOS empusa (Thecla), 218 encedon (Acr^a), 320 energa (Melasina), 319 enganieus (Charaxes), 138 eos (Apatura), 95 epaphus (Amphirene), 217 Ephesia, 176 Ephestia, 176 ephyia (Teracolus), 66 epione (Mormonia), 176 epiphron (Erebia), 69, 94, 139, 152, 153, 209 epistygne (Erebia), 330 erato (Heliconius), 116 Erebia, 67 Eresia, 68 eresia (Actinote), 32 ergane (Pieris), 105, 107, 123, 126, 127, 128, 173 ericetaria (Selidosoma), 269 eriphyle (Erebia), 152 eris (Argynnis), 161, 162, 330 eros (Polyommatus), 153 erosaria (Ennomos), 18 erosus (Systacea), 219 escheri (Agriades), 115, 312 escheri (Polyommatus), 106, 127, 295 eubule (Callidryas), 193 euchytina (Dircenna), 214 Eumonodia, 176 *eupele (Actinote), 33 eupheme (Zegris), 288, 309 euphemus (Lycana), 153 euphenides (Euchloe), 288, 309 euphorbia; (Hyles), 295, 320 INDEX. XV euphrosyne(Argynnis),69, 122, 317, 327 euphiosyne (Bienthis), 104, 125, 159, 338 europa (Lethe), 20(5 euryale (Erebia), 95, 337 eurypylus (Papilio), 204 Eurytus, 172 eurytus (Pseudacra;a), G4 euterpe (Terias), 192 evelina (Stalachtis), 295 evias (Erebia), 289 exanthemata (Cabera), 19 *excessa ((Eneis), 12 exclamationis (Agrotis), 18, 68, 295 extranea (Leucania), 208 exulans (Anthrocera), 13, 320 exulis (Crymodes), 16, 174, 269 fabia (Callidryas), 193 fagaria (Scodiona), 197 fagella (Chimabacche), 187 falcataria (Drepana), 18 faseeUna (Dasyehira), 69 fasciata (Arctia), 332 fasciellus (Crambus), 115 fasciuncula (Miana), 18 fatima (Anaitia), 190, 217 feisthamehi (Papiho), 309 ferentina (Ageronia), 217 ferrugata (Coremia), 69 ferruginea (Xanthia), 18 ferveus (Charaxes), 138 fervida (Callophrys), 310 f estiva (Noctua), 18, 199 filipendul* (Anthrocera), 16, 59, 115 filipendulaa (Zyga3na), 104, 337 fischeriella (Glyphipteryx), 23 flava (Adoptea), 332 tiavago (Xanthia), 18 *flavibasis (Actinote), 32 flavipalliata (Abraxas), 116 fluctuata (Melanippe), 14, 19, 68 fluctuata (Xanthorhoe), 68 fluctuosa (Cymatophora), 314 fluviata (Percnoptilota), 318 fortunata (Epinephele), 223 foulquieri (Hesperia), 11, 25 fraxinata (Eupithecia), 67, 68 freija (Brenthis), 12, 67 frigga (Brenthis), 12, 67, 80 frigidaria (Cidaria), 14 fritillum (Hesperia), 10, 11, 26, 27, 89 frumentalis (Evergestis), 332 fuciformis (Hemaris), 186 fugerator (Thymele), 218 fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 142 fulleri (Papiho), 116 fulminea (Ephesia), 176 fulva (Tapinostola), 18 fulvescens (Pteronymia), 215 fulvimitrella (Tinea), 175 fumata (Acidaha), 269 furcata (Hydriomene), 115 fusca (Luperina), 59 fuscantaria (Ennomos), 318 fuscata (Hybernia), 69, 140 galanthus (Hehconius), 215 galatea (Melanargia), 66, 89, 94, 129 154, 157, 162, 174 galba (Chiladse), 67 galiata (Melanippe), 68, 318 gambrisius (Papilio), 295 gamma (Plusia), 18, 140, 317 gaiidialis (Synchloe), 216 gemmaria (Boarmia), IS, 69, 296 gemmiferana (Endopisa), 314 genutia (Danais), 207 geryon (Ino), 68, 318 gilvago (Xanthia), 120 glareosa (Noctua), 320 glauca (Mamestra), 69 glaucata (Cilix), 175 glaucippe (Hebomoia), 203 glycerium (Anna;), 217 gnaphalii (Gucullia), 59 goante (Erebia), 94 gordius (Chrysophanus), 310 gordius (Loweia), 320 gorge (Erebia), 95 gothica (Tffiiiiocampa), 18 gracilis (Tajniocampa), 318, 319 graminis (Charreas), 142, 314 gravata (Ophisma), 176 griseata (Lithostege), 246 grossulariata (Abraxas), 16, 59, 67, 69, 116, 169, 170, 223, 340 gueneei (Luperina), 59 hamatospila (Theagenes), 219 hartmanniana (Brachy taenia), 195 hastata (Melanippe), 14 hastulata (Melanippe), 14 hazeleighensis (Abraxas), 116 hecabe (Terias), 280 hecate (Agynnis), 89, 128, 249 hecate (Brenthis), 161, 162, 174, 330 hegesia (Euptoiete), 216 hegesippus (Danais), 280 helenus (Papilio), 202, 206 helferi (Antherea). 199 helice (Colias), 67, 115, 234, 269, 290, 291, 315,316 Heliconius, 116, 215 helleri (Papilio), 67 heracliana (Depressaria), 58 heraldica (Ithomia), 214 herbosana (Dichrorampha), 305 hercules (Coscinocera), 175 hernies (Euptychia), 218 hermioue (Satyrus), 89, 129, 156, 295 herrichii (Hesperia), 11 herta (Melanargia), 105, 106, 108 hesione (Euptychia), 218 Hesperia, 8, 25 hesperica (Plebeius), 311 hesperica (Rusticus), 288 hesperitus (Thecla), 218 hesperus (Papilio), 118 hiera (Pararge), 57 hippocoon (Papilio), 319, 320, 336 XVI INDEX. hippocrepidis (Anthrocera), 150 hippodrome (Synchloe), 2l(j hippothoe (Chrysophanus), 94, 129, 149 hirtaria (Biston), 332 hispana (Agiiades), 313 hispanica (Athetis), 332 bispuUa (Epinephele), 223 hobleyi (Pseudacrffia), Go hochenwarthi (Plusia), 14, 320 hospiton (Papilio), 191 hiibneri (Eueides), 215 humiliata (Acidalia), 16 huntera (Vanessa), 216 hyale (Colias), 55, 56. 88, 94, 104, 153, 338, 157, 161, 173, 234, 290, 310, 316 hylas (Agriades). 313 hylas (Polyommatus), 161 hyparete (Delias), 281 hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 89, 96, 115, 116, 150, 153, 158, 293 hyperborea (Pachnobia), 13, 14 hypocbiona (Plebeius), 310 Hypopyra, 176 ianira (Epinepbele), 104, 125, 126, 128, 160, 161, 162, 163, 234, 293, 318 ianthina (Tripbiena), 18 iapygia (Melanargia), 162, 163 iberica (Hesperia), 11 iberica (Melita^a), 285, 286 icarinus (Polyommatus). 234 icarus (Lyc^na), 69, 88, 199 Icarus (Polyommatus), 56, 64, 66, 94, 95, 96, 102, 104, 115, 116, 124, 150, 154, 160, 161, 162, 224, 234, 290, 293, 295, 312, 327 icbnusa (Aglais), 329 ictericana (Tortrix). 295 ida (Epinepbele), 223 iduna (Melitaea), 14 ilaire (Tacbyris), 192 ilia (Apatura),88,95, 149, 150, 156, 157, 206 ilicifolia (Gastropacha), 120 ilicis (Strymon), 150, 162 ilicis (Tbecla), 88, 107, 128, 155 ilira (Neptis), 99 imitaria (Acidalia), 19 imitata (Melinsea), 194 immaculata (Callopbrys), 310 immaculata (Tatocbila), 319 impar (Bryopbila), 68, 114 impura (Leucania), 18 insequalis (Agriades), 115 ines (Melanargia), 288, 330 infausta (Aglaope), 332 inflatffi (Coleophora), 23 innotata (Eupitbecia), 59, 67, 68 intermedia (Cbrysophanus), 310 io (Vanessa), 40, 89, 150, 173, 234, 293, 295 iolas (Glaucopsyche), 223 iota (Luperina), 59 ipbicla (Adelpba), 216 224, 330, 223 ipbioides(Coenonympba), 331 ipbis (Coenonympha), 56, 89, 101, 102, 124, 150, 160, 163 ipbis (Pyrrbocbalcia), 64 iris (Apatura), 88, 96, 115, 150, 152, 153, 156, 157, 185, 305 irrorella (Senta), 16 isandra (Daptonoura), 192 ismenius (Heliconius), 116 isse (Pericope), 66 istbmia (Mechanitis), 194 jaceffi (Hesperia), 11 jacobffiiB (Eucbelia), 16, 18 jacobsese (Hypocritia), 116 janais (Syncbloe), 216 janioides (Epinepbele). 223 janira (Epinepbele), 155, 157, 199, 327 japygia (Melanargia), 66, 174, 275, jasius (Cbaraxes), 106, 128 jatropbffi (Anartia), 217 josepba (Pieris), 192 jucunda (Itbomia), 215 juno (Dione), 215 ■jurtina (Epinepbele), 89, 95, 96, 116 jutta ((Eneis), 67 *kabaja (Neptis), 99 kanda (Eutbalia), 100 *kannegietera (Kulepis), 136 *kannegieteri (Pantoporia), 99 kirbyi (Oiketicus), 175 klugii (Dircenna), 195 kresna (Atliyma), 99, 100 labotas (Mecbanitis), 194 labyrinthaa (Letbe), 206 lacbesis (Melanargia), 330 lacinia (Syncbloe), 216 lactearia (lodis), 18 lacticolor (Abraxas), 59, 116 laidion (Ccenonympba), 93 lalage (Hiposcritia), 98 1-album (Polygonia), 89 lanceolatus (Ccenonympba). 93 laodice (Argynnis). 88, 89, 250, 251, 262 lappona (Erebia), 13 lapponica (Brentbis), 67 laricella (Coleopbora), 51, 52,53, 54, 97, 98 larissa (Melanargia), 105 lasara (Neptis), 99 lastbenia (Euchloe), 109 latbonia (Argynnis), 89, 252 latbonia (Issoria), 56, 94, 101, 102, 104, 160, 161, 162, 174, 234, 330 latreilleanus (Papilio), 116 lavateraj (Carcbarodus), 89, 331 lavateree (Spilotbyrsus), 124, 129 lavaterte (Syricbtus), 88 laviana (Heliopetes), 219 lavinia (Junonia), 217 lefebvrei (Erebia), 69 lefeb%rii (Pampbila), 107 leigbi (Papilio), 172 lelex (Pbyciodes), 216 INDEX XVll leontine (Actinote), 32 leptogramma (Actinote), 32 lethe (Eurema), 217 leuce (Heliconius), 215 leucographa (Tteniocampa), 199 leiicomelanella (Gelecbia), 23 leucopha;ria (Hybernia), 69 leucothoti (Neptis), 280 levana (Araschnia), 89, 153, 2-17, 267, 291, 33G libatrix (Scoliopteryx), 314 lichenea (Epiinda), 142, 174, 318 ligea (Eiebia), 152, 153, 157 lignata (Phibalapteryx), 268 ligniperda (Cossus), 156 ligustri (Sphinx), 173 lilina (liCmonias), 218 limosipennella (Coleophora), 23 linea (Hesperia), 263, 289 lineola (Adopaea), 89, 150, 153 lithargyria (Leucania), 18 litborhiza (Xylocarapa), 18 lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 18 livornica (Deilephila), 172, 186 livornica (Phryxus), 115, 174, 186, 221, 320 longomaculata (Pieris), 123 lonicerffi (Antbrocera), 115 lorquinii (Attacus), 175 lorquinii (Cupido), 329 lota (Ortbosia), 18 lubentina (Euthalia), 101 lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 18 lucasi (Melanargia), 174 lucida (Acontia), 332 lucida (Tarache), 332 lucilla (Neptis), 129, 152, 153, 159, 174, 206 lucina (Hamearis) 267 lucina (Nemeobius), 19, 62, 68, 69, 88, 94, 267 luctuosa (Acontia), 317 luna (Pierella), 218 lunaria (Selenia), 18, 62 lunaris (Minucia), 176 lunigera (Agrotis), 320 Luperina, 59 lupina (Emesis), 218 lupulinus (Hepialus), 18 luridata (Tepbrosia), 68 lutarella (Lithosia), 268 lutea (Abraxas), 116 luteago (Dianthcecia), 70 luteata (Astbena), 175 luteella (Nepticula), 23 luteolata (Opisthograptis), 68 luteolata (Kumia), 18 lycaon (Epinepbele), 129, 331 lychnitis (Cucullia), 313 lycidas (Lyeaena), 2'.)6 lyorias (Nymphidium), 217 maacki (Papilio), 205 niachaon (Papilio), 4, 5, 6, 57, 69, 88, 94, 126, 129, 141, 142, 223, 247, 309 Macrocneme, 319 macularia (Charis), 218 macuiata (Venilia), 29, 125 ujasra (Pararge), 29, 57, 89, 94, 95, 96, 104. 123, 154, 160, 161, 331 magnimaculata (Pieris), 123 magnipuncta (Eumicia), 338 malvce (Hesperia), 9, 55, 89, 332 malvoides (Hesperia), 9, 332 manni (Pieris), 104, 129, 159, 173 Maoria, 15 marcella (Timetes), 217 margaritaria (Metrocampa), 18, 19 marginaria (Hyberina), 51, 69, 140 marginata (Lomaspilis), 19, 69, 175 marginatus (Heliothus), 114 marginepunctata (Acidaba), 31 marmorinaria (Hybernia), 69 niata (Phyciodes), 309 maturna (Melitisa), 150, 159 maura (Mania), 158 Maxula, 176 medon (Aricia), 115, 116, 335 medon (Polyommatus), 95 medusa (Erebia), 159 megSBra (Pararge), 28, 89, 96, 102, 126, 150, 234, 293, 318, 331 megara (Tithorea), 194 mehadensis (Melitsea), 156, 157, 174 melaleuca (Anarta), 14 melampelos (Actinote), 215 melampus (Erebia), 94, 95 melania (Catopbaga), 98 melannipus (Danais), 280 nielantbo (Tbyridia), 195 melas (Erebia), 151 meleager (Lyeaena), 88, 157, 158 meleager (Polyommatus), 129 melicerta (Acbasa), 175 meliloti (Antbrocera), 116, 150 meliloti (Zygasna), 129 Melitaea, 174, 319 melpomene (Heliconius), 116 mendica (Arctia), 143 mendica (Diapbora), 68 mendica (Spilosoma), 18 menestheus (Papilio), 116 menthastri (Spilosoma), 18 mephistopbeles (Adelpba), 216 meridionalis (Zegris), 288, 309 meton (Eekoa), 218 mexicana (Terias), 192 miata (Cidaria), 19 micacea (Hydnt'cia), 18 minima (Lycosna), 318 minimus (Cupido), 116, 124, 153 minor (Luperina), 59 minusculana (Sciapbila), 201 mirifica (Eulipbyra), 64 mithrax (Cbiomara), 219 *mitscbiiei (Cbaraxes), 137, 138 •mitscbkei (Euthalia), 100 mnemosyne (Parnassiuss 56, 102, 103, 129, 159 b XVIU INDEX. mnestra (Erebia), 95 moldavica (Cledeobia), 332 momina (Euthalia), 100 moneta (Dione), 216 moneta (Plusia), 18, 29, 118 monoglypha (Xylophasia), 18 montanus (Heliconius), 215 monteironis (Messaga), 64 Mormonia, 176 morpheus (Caradrina), 18 morpheus (Heteropterus), 88, 89 Morpho, 193 mucidaria (Gnophos) 332 munitata (Coremia), 14 muralis (Bryophila), 67, 114, 115 murrayi (Luperina), 59 mylotes (Papilio), 192 myrmidone (Colias), 88, 158, 163 nana (DianthcEcia), 318 napsea (Brenthis), 64 napsea (Pieris), 104 napi (Pieris), 17, 67, 88, 104, 115, 143, 154, 158, 293, 324, 340 narva (Synchloe), 216 navarina (Melitiea), 156, 174 nearchus (Antigonus), 219 nebulosa (Aplecta), 16, 69, 143, 294 neda (Terias), 192 neglectana (Hedya), 175 nemesis (Acmepteron), 193 Neptis, 280 nerissa (Huphina), 202, 203 nervosa (Depressaria), 59 neumorgeni (Hemileuca), 69 nevadensis (Melitsea), 330 ni (Plusia), 118 niavius (Amauris), 197 nicconicolens (Papilio), 206 nickerlii (Luperina), 59 nictitans (Hydroecia), 18 nigra (Boarmia), 69 nigra (Epunda), 70, 318 nigra (Gonodontis), 68 nigra (Polyommatus), 103 nigra (Scolitantides), 310 nigricauda (Eudamus), 219 nigricostana (Penthina), 195 nigrifoldella (Tinea), 170 nigrosparsata (Abraxas), 116 nigrovenata (Abraxas), 59 niobe (Argynnis), 161, 162 niphe (Argynnis), 207 nivescens (Agriades), 313 niveus (Papilio), 116 noma ((Eneis), 12, 67 norvegica (Argynnis), 141 nostrodamus (Pamphila), 107 nox (Actinote), 215 nuUifer (Agrotis), 15 nullifer (Alysia), 15 nuraata (Heliconius), 116 numida (Hesperia), 11 numitor (Papilio), 191 nupta (Catocala), 18 nupta (Catophaga), 98 nupta (Hiposcritia), 98 nutantella (Coleophora), 195 nyctineme (Pellicia), 219 obeliscata (Thera), 246 obfuscaria (Dasydia), 269 obliquaria (Chesias), 245 obliterata (Euchoeea), 175 *obscura (Erebia), 13 obscura (Graramesia), 68 obso'.eta (CEneis), 12 obtusa (Correbia). 300 oceidentalis (Hesperia), 117 occitanica (Melitosa), 330 occulta (Aplecta), 174, 290 occupata (Coenonyrapha), 124 ocellaris (Erebia), 337 ocellaris (Melileuca), 70 ocellaris (Mellinia), 142 ocellata (Melanthia), 19 ocellata (Mesoleuca), 295 ocellata (Smerinthus), 21 ocellatella (Gelechia), 23 ocellatus-populi (Smerintbus), 67, 115 ocliracea (ffineis), 12 ochroleucana (Olethreutes), 141 octogesima (Cymatophora), 116 ocypore (Emesis), 218 cedipus (Coenonympba), 117 oleracea (Hadena), 333 olympia (Eueides), 215 omicronaria (Zonosoma), 21 onopordi (Hesperia), 8, 26, 332 00 (Dicycla), 142 opacella (Acanthopsyche), 295 Ophiodes, 176 Opbisma, 176 Opbiusa, 176 ops (Emesis), 218 optilete (Polyommatus), 153 orbifer (Hesperia), 124 orbifer (Pyrgus), 55, 102 orbitulus (Plebeius), 67 orbona (Tripbaena), 116 orion (Lycsena), 124 orion (Polyommatus), 56, 102, 103, 106, 157, 159, 161 orion (Scolitantides), 223, 310 ornata (Polyommatus), 56, 102, 103 ornata (Scolitantides), 310 ornatissima (Argynnis), 141 osteria (Eulacura), 135 ostrina (Thalpochares) 319 otolais (Pyrrogyra), 216 oxyacanthffi (Miselia), 18, 142 ozotes (Achylodes), 219 Pachnobia, 199 palagmon (Carterocephalus), 201 pales (Brenthis), 64, 67, 94, 95 pallens (Leucania), 18 pallescentella (Tinea), 169, 173, 174 pallida (Colias), 310 pallida ((Eneis), 12 pallida (Phyciodes), 309 INDEX. XIX palpina (Pterostoma), 18 palusti-is (Hydrilla), 16 pammou (I'apilio), 318 pamphilus (CcBUonympha), 5(5, 89, 93, 95, 101, 105, 115, 139, 148, 155, 170, 196, 211. 234, 293, 331, 337 pandion (Papiiio), 192 pandora (Dryas), 127, 160, 162, 164 panoptes (Scolitantides), 310 paphia (Argyunis), 89, 292, 293 paphia (Dryas), 116, 128, 150, 153, 158 Papiiio, IIG, 126, 191, 295 papilionaria (Geometra), 18, 68 *parapheles (Actinote), 33 Parallelia, 176 parisatis (Apatura), 136 pasipliaB (Epinephele), 223, 331 patilla (Itliomia), 214 pavonia (Satnrnia), 186 pedaria (Pliigalia), 51, 98 peleides (JVIorplio), 193 pellenea (Actinote), 33 peltigera (Heliothis), 269 pendularia (Ephyra), 197 pendularia (Zonosoma), 21 penella (Heterogynnis), 332 pennaria (Himera), 18 pennigaria (Athrodopha), 332 *perisa (Actinote), 33 perla (Bryopliila), 67, 68, 115 persea (Melita?a), 115 petraria (Panagra), 19 petreus (Timetes) , 217 petrificata (Xylina), 318 petiverella (Dichrorampha), 306 piiffia (Thecla), 218 phfeodactyliis (Pterophorus), 61 pheerusa (Colaenis), 215 pharte (Erebia), 94, 153 phegea (Syntomis), 105 pheretes (Polyommatus), 94, 153 pheretiades (Plebeius), 67 pherusa (Melanargia), 174 phiala (Chiladse), 67 philea (Callidryas), 193 philenor (Papiiio), 5 philoxenus (CiEnonympha), 92 phlaeas (Chrysophanus), 56, 70, 88, 95, 153, 164, 234, 293, 310, 318, 327 phlffias (Rumicia), 66, 126, 127, 128, 338 phcBbe (Argynnis), 127, 156, 157 phcebe (Melitaea), 55, 56, 89, 102, 104, 161, 330 phcebe (Notodonta), 114 phorcas (Papiiio), 116 photinus (Papiiio), 191 Pieris, 192 pigra (Pygaera), 68 Pinacopteryx, 64 pinastri (Sphinx), 16 pini (Saturnia), 164 l^inicolella (Batachedra), 315 piniperda (Panolis), 51, 333 pinthias (Tithorea), 194 pisi (Mamestra), 320 pistacina (Anchocelis), 18 pityocampa (Cnethocampa), 318 pixe (Limnas), 217 plagiata (Anaitis), 19, 269 planemoides (Papiiio), 319, 320 plantaginis (Chelonia), 318 plantaginis (Nemeoishila), 116 Plebeius, 67 plecta (Noctua), 18 plesaura (Melanargia), 174 plumaria (Selidosoma), 269 plumbagana (Dichrorampha), 306 plumbana (Dichrorampha), 305 plumistraria (Eurranathis), 332 podalirius (Papiiio), 54, 55, 57, 88, 106, 125, 128, 129, 223, 309 pcocile (Synchloe), 216 polaris (Brenthis), 11, 12, 13, 67 polaris (Erebia), 12 polata (Cjdaria), 14 policenes (Papiiio), 116 politana (Dichrorampha), 306 polonus (Agriades), 116 polychloros (Eugonia), 16, 116, 128,329 polychloros (Vanessa), 89 polydamas (Papiiio), 191 polymnestor (Papiiio), 112 polymnia (Mechanitis), 194 polysperchon (Everes), 102 polytes (Papiiio), 206, 207, 281, 318 polyxena (Thais), 55, 56, 88,123, 124, 160 pomona (Catopsilia), 205, 207 pomonella (Carpocapsa), 72, 320 popularis (Neuronia), 18 populi (Amorpha), 19 populi (Limenitis), 150, 152 populi (PcBcilocampa), 18 populi (Smerinthus), 18, 337 porata (Ephyra), 18 porcellus (Chaerocampa), 156 porima (Araschnia), 291 potatoria (Cosmotriche), 16, 116 praxinoe (Dismorphia), 193 prieuri (Satyrus), 288 primulas (Noctua), 199 procellata (Melanthia), 68 procida (Melanargia), 129, 162, 174 pronoe (Erebia), 94, 153 pronuba (Triphtena), 18, 115 pronubana (Tortrix), 19, 60, 141, 196, 291, 313 prorsa (Araschnia), 291 protea (Hadena), 186 proterpia (Terias), 192 proteus (Eudamus), 218 proto (Pyrgus), 331 prunaria (Angeronia), 18 prunetorum (Nepticula), 23 pruni (Strymon), 150, 150, 162 psaphon (Charaxes), 137 Pseudacrfea, 172 pseudospretella (Borkhausenia), 295 psi (Acrouycta), 18, 69 XX INDEX. psodea (Erebia), 159 pudens (Eumonodia), 176 pudibunda (Dasychira), 18, 69 pulchella (Deiopeia), 270 pulchellata (Eupitriecia), 92, 318 puimlata (Eui^iihecia), 62 punctifera (Agriades), 116 purpurata (Heliothis), S62 pusaria (Cabera). 19 puta (Agrotis), 18 putris (Axylia), 18 pygniffiella (Argyresthia), 175 pygniffiola (Lithosia), 268 pylades (Cocceius), 219 Pyramarista, 176 pyramidea (Amphipyra), 70 pyranthe (Catopsilia), 207, 280, 281 pyrenaica (Erebia), 69 pyrrhje (Actinote), 33 quadripunctaria (Callimorpha), 96 quercus (Thecla), 158 quercus (Zephyrus), 8S radiata (Abraxas), 59 radiata (Chrysophanus), 318 ramburialis (Diasemia), 23, 59 rapaj (Pieris), 16, 56, 88, 94, 102, 115, 126, 1-28, 202, 205, 234, 292, 293, 309, 324, 334 raphani (Pontia), 309 ravola (Euphiedra), 65 reaghi (Phyciodes), 308 reclusa (Clostera), 18 rectifascia (Ectima), 216 regia (Gonometa), 64 regiana (Stigiiionota), 175 relata (Dircenna), 195 repandata (Boarmia), 18, 68, 69, 116, 187 reticulata (Eustroma), 116 retorta (Speiredonia), 176 retorta (Spirama), 176 revayanus (Sarrothripus), 187 rhadamanthus (Anthrocera), 289, 332 rhamni (Gonepteryx), 41, 56, 88, 104, 150, 292, 293, 317, 325, 335 rhamni (Rliodocera), 310 rhea (Apatura), 136 rhodopensis (Cceuonympha), 124, 125 ricini (Attacus), 19, 22 richardsoni (Anarta), 14 ridleyanus (Papilio), 116 roboraria (Boarmia), 18 robsoni (Aplecta), 69 *rohweri (Pliyciodes), 308 roxelana (Pararge), 159 rubellata (Acidaiia), 332 rubi (Calloplirys), 88, 90, 103, 310, 317 rubi (Macro thy lacia), 187 rubi (Noctua), 18 rubi (Thecla), 327 rubiginata (Acidaiia), 332 rubricosa (Twniocampa), 60 rufata (Chesias), 245, 246 rufescens (Pyramarista), 176 *ruficincta (Apatura), 136 rufolineata (Agriades), 312 rumina (Thais), 309 rurea (Xylophasia), 18 russata (Cidaria), 19 rutilus (Chrysophanus), 56, 87, 88, 149, 150, 160, 161, 163, 164, 337 ryffelensis (Hesperia), 11, 25 salicata (Melanydris), 68 sallei (Atarnes), 219 salpensa (Dynamine), 216 sambucaria (Ourapteryx), IS sanguinalis (Pyrausta), 332 sao (Pyrgus), 331 saponaria (Neuria), 318 sara (Heliconius), 215 sarpedon (Anthrocera), 332 sarpedon (Papilio), 204 satellitia (Scopelosoma), 18 saturnana (Dichrorampha), 305 satyrion (Coenonynipha), 94, 95, 153 saucia (Agrotis), 318 scabiosje (Anthrocera), 150 scabrella (Cerostonia), 295 schisticolor (Etiella), 71 schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 70 schoenicolella (Glyphipteryx), 23 scolitfformis (^Egeria). 246 scoliaformis (Sesia), 246 scotica (Ccenonympha), 124 scutulata (Acidaiia), 18 sebrus (Cupido), 288, 328 segetum (Agrotis,) 18 selene (Argynnis), 87, 89 semele (Hipparchia), 331 semele (Satyrus), 89, 120, 128 semiargus (Cyaniris), 124, 329 semiargus (Lycagna), 88 semiargus (Nomiades), 94, 104, 153, 234 semisyngrapha (Agriades), 115, 338 senectana (Dichrorampha), 306, 314 sennse (Callidryas), 193 sephyrus (Lycjena), 296 sequana (Dichrorampha). 306 serratuLe (Hesperia), 26, 27, 117, 332 servillana (Laspeyresia), 195 Setagrotis, 15 sexalisata (Lobophora), 19 Sibylla (Limenitis), 150, 152, 153 siciliae (Hesperia), 11 sicula (Drepana), 16 sidae (Hesperia), 88, 89, 124, 127, 319 similis (Porthesia), 337 simpliciana (Dichrorampha), 306 sinapis (Leptidia), 88 sinapis (Leptosia), 56, 94, 95, 96, 103, 109, 125, 128, 129, 150, 153, 154, 157, 173,293 sinapis (Leucophasia), 68, 140 sociahs (Eucheira), 65 sociata (Xauthorhoe), 116 Somabrachys, 201 sordaria (Gnophos), 14 sordida (Mamestra), 18 INDEX. XXI sordidiita (Hydiiouiene), 115 sordidiita (Hypsipetes), 68 spadicea (Cerastis), 18 sparganii (Leiicania), 295 spartiaia (Chesias), 245 specifica (Alysia), 15 Speiredonia, 17(j spini (Thecla), 88, 96, 105, 107, 126, 127, 128, 156, 810 spinula (Cilix), 18 Spirama, 176 splendida (Epinephele), 223 statices (luo), 199, 224 statira (Callidryas), 193 sticticalis (Loxostege), 72 stigmadice (Tatochila), 319 stigmatica (Noctua), 114 strataria (Pachys), 68 stratonice (Actinote), 32 strigilis (Miana), 18 strigula (Agrotis), 174 subalpina (Chrysophanus), 94 subfascia (Gonometa), 64, 172 subfulvata (Eupithecia), 19 subota (Phyciodes), 216 subsericeata (Acidalia), 18, 31 substituta (Apatura), 206 succenturiata (Eupithecia), 69 suffumosa (Spirama), 176 sull'usa (Agrotis), 318 suffusa (Brenthis), 64 sulphiirella (Dasycera), 175 surima (Actinote), 33 suwarovius (Melanargia), 162, 163, 275 syllius (Melanargia), 286 sylvanus (Adopsea), 150 sylvanus (Augiades), 89, 160, 161, 162, 233 sylvanus (Hesperia), 124, 202, 289 sylvata (Abraxas), 116 syngrapha (Agriades), 290, 337 syracusana (Melanargia), 174 syrichtus (Hesperia), 219 syringaria (Hygrochroa), 244, 266 syringaria (Pericallia), 18, 244 tabidaria (Rhodostrophia), 332 taeniata (Emmelesia), 314 Tfpniocampa, 199 tages (Nisoniades). 57, 103, 160, 233, 295, 332 tages (Thanaos), 69, 89 tanaceti (Dichrorampha), 305 tarsalis (Orcymia), 141 taurica (Epinephele), 223 telicanus (Lampides), 234, 288, 295, 310 temerata (Bapta), 68 tenebrata (Heliaca), 199, 224 tenebrosa (Rusina), 18 Tephrosia, 174 Terias, 192 terpsinoe (Actinote), 33 tersata (Phibalapteryx), 19 *teruelensis (Aglais), 329 testata (Lygris), 69 thalassina (Dynamine), 216 Thamala, 66 thauros (Phyciodes), 308 thauraas (Adopnca), 89, 153 thaumas (Hesperia), 263, 289 theona (Phyciodes), 216 theonus (Chilades), 218 thersamon (Chrysophanus), 56, 57, 88, 102, 160, 164, 233, 234 thersites (Agriades), 115, 288, 312 thetis (Agriades), 56, 66, 107, 115, 116, 127, 156, 160, 161 thoantides (Papilio), 320 thoas (Papilio), 191,320 thompsoni (Aplecta), 17 tincta (Aplecta), 294 tiphon (Coenonympha), 91, 124, 125, 139, 145, 196 tithonus (Agriades), 115, 290 tithonus (Epinephele), 88, 89, 94, 116, 223 tityrus (Hemaris), 186 togarna (Thecla), 218 townsendi (Oiketicus), 73 tragopogonis (Amphipyra), 18 trapezina (Calymnia), 116 trapezina (Cosniia), 115 trepidaria (Psodos), 320 trifenestrata (Cricula), 199 trifolii (Anthrocera), 16, 115, 116 trigeminella (Coleophora), 115 trigrammica (Grammesia), 18, 68 triloba (Hypopyra), 176 *tripupillata (CEneis), 12 *tristis (Phyciodes), 308 trite (Callidryas), 193 trivia (Melitsea), 57, 89, 101, 107, 154, 161, 162, 174 trophonius (Papilio), 172 tryxus (Xenophanes), 219 turbidana (Ephippiphora), 315 turbidana (Epiblema), 315 turcica (.Melanargia), 155 turritis (Anthocharis), 294 tutia (Colloleria), 214 tyndarus (Erebia), 94, 95 typhfB (Nonagria), 295, 320 typhon (Coenonympha), 115, 170, 293 udana (Eupcecilia), 171 ulmata (Abraxas), 116 umbra (Cremna), 218 umbratica (Cucullia), 18 umbrosa (Noctua), 18 umbrosalis (Evergestis), 332 undulata (Eucosmia), 140, 171 unguicella (Ancylis), 332 unidentana (Coremia), 19 unionalis (Margaronia), 314 unipuncta (Leucania), 208 unipupillata (CEneis), 12 unistrigata (Maxula), 176 urania (Agriades), 66 urticaj (Aglais), 150, 159, 160, 329 urticffi (Spilosoma), 295 urticffi (Vanessa), 16, 40, 89, 291, 293, 317, 325, 326, 334 XXll INDEX. vaccinii (Cerastis), 18 vanadis (Anthrocera), 320 *vandepolli (Charaxes), 137 vanillse (Dione), 215 variata (Thera), 70, 174, 223, 246 varleyata (Abraxas), 67, 116 velocella (Gelechia), 269 venezuelae (Pyrrhopyge), 218 verbasci (CucuUia), 313 vernaria (Geometra), 268 vetusta (Porosagrotes), 72 vicife (Anthrocera), 150 viminetella (Nepticula), 295 violaj (Telchinia), 337 virgaurana (Sciaphila), 201 virgaure* (Chrysophanus), 94, 96 virgaureas (Heodes), 152, 153 virgularia (Acidalia), 30, 115, 172, 174 *viriathus (Erebia), 331 viridaria (Nemoria), 69 viridisquama (Erastria), 332 vittata (Ccenocalpe), 268 vittelina (Leucania), 16, 320, 332 wahlboniiana (Sciaphila), 201 w-album (Thecla), 88 walkeri (Leptocircus), 203 westwoodii (Terias), 192 ■wiskotti (Minucia), 176 xanthoclora (Terias), 192 xanthodippe (Argynnis), 206 xanthographa (Noctua), 18, 141, 314 xanthomelas (Eugonia), 156 xuthus (Papilio), 206, 247 zalmoxis (Papilio), 116 zapateri (Erebia), 223 zephus (Mylon), 219 zephyrus (Plebeius), 311 zephyrus (Rusticus), 288 zetterstedtii (Anartia), 14 zetterstedtii (Platyptilia), 23 zinckenelia (Etiella), 71 zonaria (Nyssia), 68, 69 zuleika (Heliconius), 215 Order XIX. COLEOPTEEA. abietis (Hylobius), 53 Adephagus, 199 sedilis (Acanthociniis), 338 asneovirens (Rhynchites), 319 ffithiops (Pterostichus), 83 aquatilis (Homalota), 198 Aleunota, 67 amabilis (Lema), 242 anthracinus (Pterostichus), 83 arachnoides (Ecitomorpha), 173 arctica (Miscodera), 199, 224 areolatus (Perileptus), 199, 224 argus (Cartodere), 198 arizonica (Brachyacantha), 300 aterrimus (Pterostichus), 83, 338 Atheta, 67 atomus (Malthodes), 337 atrofasciata (Lema), 239 aurata (Cetonia), 296 auricomus (Quedius), 199, 224 * balsas (Lema), 241 *beir{ensis (Lema), 241 bifasciatum (Calopteron), 300 bifasciatum (Rhagium), 98 biloba (Ca?losis), 300 bimaculatus (Anthicus), 224 bistripunctulata (Brachyacantha), 299 bonnairei (Thorictus), 64 brevipes (Myrmecopora), 198 brevis (Ammtecius). 224 brunneus (Lyctus), 70 burchelli (Haplothorax), 336 Cffirulescens (Pterostichus), 82 *callangaensis (Lema), 239 carcharias (Saperda), 58 carpini (Acalyptus), 318 catenulatus (Carabus), 69 Ceramidia, 336 cerdo (Cerambyx), 141 cerealis (Chrysomela), 199, 224 cervus (Lucanus), 223 chalybeipennis (Lema), 241 *chiriquensis (Crioceris), 242 chloroplegia (Ceramidia), 336 Chrysomelas, 98 ciliaris (Anisotoma), 199, 224 clavicornis (vEgithus), 300 concinnus (Pterostichus), 82 confinis (Haliplus), 337 confluens (Coccinella), 336 cristatus (Coccinella), 83 Cryptocephalus, 198 cupreus (Pterostichus), 82 cyanoptera (Psylliodes), 336 debilis (MicromaUhus), 270 decempunctata (Coccinella), 336 decora (Brachyacantha), 300 defecta (Epilachna), 300 denticolis (Bledius), 198 dentipes (Brachyacantha), 300 didymus (Phileurus), 300 digitalis (Trachyphlffias), 198 diligens (Pterostichus), 85 dimidiatus (Pterostichus), 82 Donacia, 198 dromedarius (Crioceris), 243 eborina (Zonitis), 338 Eleodes, 71 endymion (Enema), 300 equestris (Cassida), 320 fasciatus (Trichius), 141, 295 filipes (Bledius), 198 foreli (Thorictus), 64 foveipennis (Crioceris), 243 *fulgentula (Lema), 239 fuscatus (Ocypus), 199. 224 INDEX. XXlll Geotrupes, 142 gibba (Crioceris), 243 glabra tus (Carabus), 69 giacilis (Pterostichus), 84 grandis (Anthonomus), 71 granulatiis (Carabus), 09 haroldi (Calomicraspis), 300 Harpalus, 142 inipqualis (Pterostichus), 85 insignis (CEthochfletes), 19K insterstitialis (Neleus), 300 laricis (Tomicus), 98 Lema, 238 lepidus (Pterostichus), 82 longicornis (Claviger), 319 longula (Lema), 238 madidus (Pterostichus), 82 *marcapatensis (Lema), 240 mechowi (Lema), 238 Melalontha, 142 Mesomphalia, 300 mexicanus (Hammaticherus), 300 .Alicroraalthus, 270 minor (Pterostichus), 84 monilicornis (Morio),300 mutator (Geotrupes), 198 Myodites, 173 Neleus, 300 nemerum (Phyllotreta), 69 niger (Pterostichus), 83 nigricorne (Bembidium), 199, 224 nigritus (Pterostichus), 84 nitida (Crioceris), 242 nobilis (Gnorimus), 69 nuUicedo (Crioceris), 242 obliterata (Adalia), 52 oblongoguttata (Mysia), 52 oblongopunctatus (Pterostichus), 83 ocellata (Coccinella), 52 oleus (Ocypus), 69 orinomus (Pterostichus), 83 paganus (Brachycerus), 69 pallidus (Thinobius), 198 paniceum (Anobium), 223, 295 parumpunctatus (Pterostichus), 223 parvulus (Ceuthorhynchus), 198 pennatus (Pterostichus), 83 peruana (Lema), 241 peruvianus (Dermestes), 198 piceus (Hydrophihis), 295 picimanus (Pterostichus), 85 *pini (Coccinella), 52 piniperda (Hylurgus), 98 pisi (Bruchus), 223 planifrons (Lema), 239 posticus (Phytonomus), 72 Psanimodes, 199 Pterostichus, 82 pubifrons (Lema), 239 punctatostriatus (Rhodocanthopus). 300 purpurascens (Lema), 239 quadripunctata (Clythra), 141 quinquestriatum (Bembidium), 199, 224 rhieticus (Pterostichus), 84 Rhagium, 98 Rhizotrogus, 199 ripicola (Lathrobium), 198 rufa(.Egialia), 199, 224 rufifrons (Dacne), 338 rufimana (Larial, 71 rufipennis (Acalyptus), 318 rufocincta (Amara), 199, 224 rufocincta (Lema), 240 rugosa (Anisotoma), 199, 224 sacerdendus (Bledius), 198 scalaris (Saperda), 141 scopolii (Cerambyx), 141 selousi (Apion), 198 septempunctata (Coccinella), 52 severini (Crioceris), 243 *sheppardi (Lema), 238 silaceus (Antherophagus), 224 similis (Lema), 240 ateriorarius (Geotrupes), 174 strenuus (Pterostichus), 85 striolus (Pterostichus), 85 sulcatus (Pseudopsis), 199, 224 sylvatica (Cicindela), 294 tectus (Ptinus), 174 Teleophorus, 175 trilineata (Photuris), 300 *tumida (Crioceris), 242 ursina (Brachyacantha), 299 vaporariorum (Cymindis), 224 vernalis (Pterostichus), 85 villosus (Heptaulicus), 199, 224 violaceo-marginata (Lema), 240 viridis (Cassida), 296, 320 vitreus (Pterostichus), 83 vittata (Cassida), 338 vulgaris (Melolontha), 69 vulgaris (Pterostichus), 83 *wickhami (Lema), 241 Order XXI. DIPTEEA. aenea (Pelina), 2 albimanus (Platycheirus), 130 *antiquella (Cophura), 213 Ascomyces, 199 badius (Leptogaster), 214 biroi (Culex), 179 blattoides (.Enigmatias), 3:17 brachyptera (Peyerimhoffia), 337 *broquetii (Grabharaia), 179 brunnipes (Heligmoneura), 319 calcitrans (Stomoxys), 175 Callicera, 177 castanipes (Asilus), 319 clausa (Cophura), 214 confusa (Tipula), 220 contusus (Taracticus), 214 Cophura, 214 cyhndrica (Leptogaster), 214 XXIV INDEX. Dioctria, 213 Discomyza, 1 *discomyzina (Parydroptera), 1 donaldsoni (Tabanus), 71 fagi (Mikiola), 294 ficarife (Uromyces). 199 florissautina (Dioctria), 213 fulviapicalis ( rabanus), 71 fur (Cophura), 213 fuscipleuris (Glossina), 175 Glossina, 175 guttiventris (Leptogaster), 214 hellii (Leptogaster), 214 irritans (Hsmatobia), 142 Leptogaster, 214 lubbocki (Platyphora), 337 maculatus (Physegaster), 319 marmorata (Tipula), 220 *miocenicus (Mydas), 208 miocenicus (Nicocles), 213 mocsaryi (Philygria), 3 morsitans (Glossina), 22, 175, 339 Mydas. 208 naganicensis (Tabanus), 71 octopunctatus (Taracticus), 214 oleracea (Tipula), 220, 295 palpalis (Glossina), 22, 64, 175 Parydra, 1 *Parydroptera, 1 Pelina, 2 peliostigraa (Tipula), 220 pennipes (Empis), 48 Philygria, 3 picta (Philygria), 3 planipalpis (Pegomya), 71 pruni (Cecidomyia), 223 pseudonifula (Culex), 179 Pjromelas, 5 renovatus (Taracticus), 214 replicata (Phalacrocera), 175 rafus (Nicocles), 214 *semialata (Philygria) 1 severini (Glossina), 175, 339 Simulium, 175 sinensis (Myzorhynchus), 179 sollicitans (Grabharaia), 180 stercoraria (Scatophaga), 117 Tabanus, 71 tigrina (Coenosia), 117 Tipulogaster, 214 tipuloides (Leptogaster), 214 vittatus (Mydas), 208 wellmani (Glossina), 64 Order XXII. HYMENOPTEEA. Abbella, 258 abdominalis (Camponotus), 21 accusator (Lampronota), 263 aceris (Phyllotoma), 294 aethiops (Camponotus), 196 affinis (Lasius), 318 agriensis (Ichneumon), 220 albicincta (Macrophya), 48 albicoxa (Glypta), 133 albidipes (Ichneumon), 132 albimanus (Campoplex), 134 albipuncta (Macropiiya), 47 alboannulata (Lareiga), 220 Allantus, 48 Allodape, 34 Amblyteles, 221 amcenus (Allantus), 48 Anaphes, 258 Andrena, 320 Anergates, 143 annulata (Macrophya), 48 annulator (Cratichneumon), 132 antennata (Pachyprotasis), 47 antiquus (Exochus), 261 apicata (Megachile), 167 apicifer (Macrus), 133 appropinquans (Ichneumon), 220 aptera (Biorhiza), 68 arator (Atractodes), 262 arcuatus (Allantus), 48 arenarius (Cryptus), 261 arenarius (Mesochorus), 261 Aritranis, 132 armatus (Anagra), 256 atra (Tenthredo), 49 Atractodes, 262 atrator (Ecthrus), 133 atratulus (Anergates), 319 atriceps (Camponotus), 21 atricilla (Astiphromnus), 261 atricilla (Cryptus), 261 atricilla (Mesochorus), 261 aucuparia (Rhogogaster), 47 aulicus (Mesoleius), 51 aurifluus (Cteniscus), 261 aurifluus (Tryphon), 261 aurifrons (Megachile), 168 auscultator (Periope), 261 austeni (Megachile), 167 *australica (Gonatoceroides), 255 australicum (Trichogramma), 257 australiensis (Anagrus), 256 *ayren8is (Gonatocerus), 257 baconi (Gonatocerus), 257 balteata (Fileanta), 221 balteata (Tenthredo). 49 basalis (Proterops), 135 bicinctus (Ischnocerus), 132 bicolor (Myrmecocystus), 64 bifasciatum (Limnobia), 220 blanda (Macrophya), 48 brevicornis (Lyga^onematus), 109 brunoi (Gonatocerus), 259 buddha (Ichneumon), 220 Cffispitum (Tetramorium), 197 *calidula (Tetraloniella), 34 INDEX. XXV caligata (Lampronota), 263 campestris (Tenthredopsis), 50 Ciniescens (Carapoplex), 24 Cardiochiles, 135 Cecidonomus, 134 ceratitis (Glypta), 133 ceylonicus (Halictus), 34 Charops, 134 chrysopyge (Megachile), 165 ciliata (Tiunidiclava), 257 cincta (Megachile), 338 cinctus (Hecabolus), 134 cingulatus (Gonatocerus), 259 citator (Atx"actodes), 262 Clepticus, 262 clotho (Ichneumon). 220 colon (Tenthredo), 49 com])lanatus (Cryptus), 261 complanatus (Mesochorus), 261 comptei (Gonatocerus), 256 confusaneus (Ichneumon), 220 confusaneus (Phteogenes), 220 coqueberti (Tenthredopsis), 50 cordata (Tenthredopsis) 49 cornifera (Megachile), 164 Coryphus, 132 coxalis (Helictes), 262 coxator (Callidiotes), 262 coxator (Mesatractodes), 262 crassicornis (Epyris), 135 Cratocryptus, 133 cratocryptus (Ichneumon), 230 Cryptus, 132 cultellator (Atractodes), 262 curtisii (Cteniscus), 260 curtisii (Tryphon), 260 cuvieri (Stethynium), 256 darwinii (Gonatocerus), 255 decoratus (Exochus), 261 degener (Acrodactyla), 262 denticornis (Lampronotus), 263 *derelicta (Megachile), 166 dimidiatus (Homocidus), 130 dionffius (Atractodes), 262 dissimilis (Porizon), 262 diversipes (Macrophya), 47 diversipes (Ichneumon), 132 di versus (Chelonus), 134 dominans (Porizon), 132 donisthorpei (Loxotropon), 21 dorsalis (Tenthredopsis), 50 dorsivittata (Tenthredopsis), 50 duodecimpunctata (Macrophya), 47 Eciton, 196 egregius (Enceros), 262 ephestisE (Amorphota), 24 Eriborus, 134 erichsoni (Nematus), 22, 51 erythropyga (Megachile), 165 erythrostomus (Megastylus), 261 europipa (Mutilla), 198, 316 Eurytoma, 173 exarator (Spathius), 134 excisa (Tenthredopsis), 50 exilis (Atractodes), 262 extensorius (Ichneumon), 220 fagi (Tenthredo), 49 fasciatus (Spathius), 134 *fasciatus (Zagrammosomoides), 177 femoralis (Tenthredopsis), 50 femorata (Cimbex), 197 fenestrata (Tenthredopsis), 50 ferruginea (Tenthredo), 49 Fileanta, 221 finchra (Ichneumon), 220 fiavipes (Orthocentrus), 261 liavus (Lasius), 21, 321 floralis (Mutilla), 338^ forcipata (Bembex), 175 Formicoxenus, 143 fortipes (Stenomacrus), 262 foveolatus (Atractodes), 262 fracticornis (Lampronota), 263 *fulgor (Gonatocerus). 259 fulgurans (Cryptus), 261 fulgurans (Mesochorus), 261 fulvicornis (Cryptus), 261 fulvicornis (Helictes), 261 fulvipes (Orthocentrus), 261 fulvipes (Rhogogaster), 47 fumatus (Atractodes), 262 fumipennis (Megachile), 164 fusca (Formica), 172 gagates (Formica), 172 gallica (Polistes). 295 geniculosus (Exenterus), 261 germanica (Vespa), 48, 296, 320 gigas (Sirex), 52, 175, 198 glabriventris (Miomeris), 261 gloriatorius (Earinus), 133 *Gonatoceroides, 255 Gonatocerus, 255 gutturosus (Halictus), 34 gynandromorpha (Tenthredopsis), 50 *hackeri (Megachile), 166 hajmosternus (Tryphon), 260 halictoides (Andrena), 36 halictura (Nomia), 36 Halictus, 21 Hecabolus, 21 Hemiteles, 267 henrica (Megachile), 165 heriadiformis (Megachile), 166 hirtipes (Dasypoda), 269 *horatii (Megachile), 165 howardi (Aphelitioidea), 258 hypocrita (Ichneumon), 220 ignita (Megachile), 165 imbiger (Phaeogenes), 220 incessor (Atractodes), 262 incitator (Clistopyga), 133 inquietus (Ichneumon), 220 inquietus (Oiorhinus), 220 intaminatus (Ichneumon), 221 integratus (Ichneumon), 134 Ischnus, 132 japonica (Rhodites), 135 japonicus (Synergus), 135 c XXVI INDEX. juniperi (Monoctenus), 196 *kaadiensis (Evytfeus), 34 *kandiensis (Halictus), 34 laevigatus (Exolytus), 133, 262 lanceolatus (Ichneumon), 132 laricis (Bassus), 262 lancis (Orthocentrus), 262 lateralis (Camponotus), 196 laticinctus (Mesostenus), 133 *latipenne (Stethynium), 256 latipes (Megachile), 168 latipes (Xylocopa), 281 lavoisieri (Stethynium), 256 leucogramraus (Phxtylabus), 260 leucomelas (Ichneumon), 24 *leucoptera (Nomia), 36 lictor (Exochus), 261 ligniperdus (Camponotus), 21 Limnerium, 134 linearis (Nematopodium), 134 linguarius (Porizon), 262 litterata (Tenthredopsis), 49 livida (Tenthredo), 42 longinoda (fficophylla), 64 lucidiventris (Megachile), 167 lucidus (Polyergus), 196 lucifer (Exetastes), 221 ludovicus (Ambly teles), 24 luridator (Callidiotes), 262 luridator (Mesatractodes), 262 lutea (Cimbex), 197 luteata (Ischnojoppa), 220 luteipes (Charops), 134 lyncea fChrysis), 338 lyncea (Tetrachrysis), 338 mackayensis (Megachile), 165 Macrophya, 47 macularis (Megachile), 168 maculata (Tenthredo), 48 maculipes (Cryptus), 133 madida (Acrodactyla), 262 mandibularis (Tenthredo), 48 marginellus (AUantus), 48 Megachile, 164 melancholica (Lampronota), 263 melanostictus (Meteorus), 244 melanurus (Pyracmon), 8 Melcha, 132 mellifer (Apis), 320 Mesochorus, 267 mesomela (Tenthredo), 49 Meteorus, 244, 266 microcephala (Tenthredopsis), 50 *mira (Abbella), 258 mitigosus (Exenterus), 261 mixtus (Lasius), 319 moderator (Porizon), 262 moestus (Lygasonematus), 108 moniliata (Tenthredo), 49 Mutilla, 316 neglecta (Macrophyia), 48 Nematopodius, 134 ♦niger (Meteorus), 244, 266 noctilio (Sirex), 52, 198 *nox (Gonatocerus), 258 nubilosa (Prosopsis), 21 numerica (Fileanta), 221 numerica (Ichneumon), 221 nursei (Andrena). 36 nursei (Nomia), 35 oculipes (Megachile), 168 olerum (Cryptus), 261 olerum (Mesochorus), 261 olivacea (Tenthredo), 49 Omorga, 134 Orthocentrus, 261 parca (Nomia), 35 parcella (Nomia), 36 *parciformis (Nomia), 35 pavida (Tenthredopsis), 50 pectoralis (Exochus), 261 Pentarthron, 172 percontatoria (Pimpla), 262 peregrinum (Stethynium), 257 Perilampa, 72 Perilissus, 134 Perineura, 47 peronatus (Bassus), 262 phffinicia (Pimpla), 262 phajnicia (Polysphincta), 262 phffiorrhfeus (Cteniscus), 261 ph;eorrhteus (Tryphon), 2G1 phaleraius (Ichneumon), 260 phaleratus (Platylabus), 260 Phanerotoma, 135 phenacopyga (Megachile), 165 Phyllotoma, (iS picea (Formica), 172 piceicornis (Atractodes), 262 picitarsis (AUodape), 34 pictus (Rhogogaster), 47 piger (Bracon), 134 pini (Lophyrus), 51, 196 pisorius (Protichneumon), 221 Polyblastus, 260 Pristomerus, 133 properator (Atractodes), 262 Prosopis, 21 puichra (Oligosita), 258 pulchricornis (Meteorus), 245 punctata (Tetraloniella), 35 punctulatus (Rhogogaster), 47 punctumalbum (Macrophya), 47 raptc (Pachy protasis), 47 reticulatus (G.), 132 Rhogogaster, 40 ribis (Macrophva), 48 ridibundus (Orthocentrus), 261 rossii ( Allan tus), 48 rothneyi (Amblyjoppa), 221 rothneyi (Ichneumon), 221 rothneyi (Protichneumon), 221 rubicunda (Formica), 196 rufa (Formica), 141 rufipes (Macrophya), 47 rutipes (Myermo), 220 rustica (Macrophya), 48 rustica (Nomia), 36 INDEX XXVll sacra (Oligosita), 258 salius (Atractodes), 262 sapphirus (Pepsis), 319 Sciopteryx, 46 scrophulariffi (Allantus), 48 scrutator (Atractodes), 262 scutellator (Meteorus), 215 semiluctuosa (Megachile), 168 semilutea (Hracon), 134 semistriata (Lissonota), 133 senator (Ephialtes), 262 senator (Pimpla), 262 senator (Plectiscus), 262 serricauda (Megachile), 168 serricornis (Bassus), 262 serricornis (Enceros), 262 smaragdina (ffieophylla), 64 spinipes (Odynerus), 197 spirifex (Sceliphron), 338 splendidulus (Microleptes), 261 spreta (Tenthrcdopsis), 50 spuriiis (Orthocentrus), 261 Stethyniura, 256 stygius (Mesoleptus), 134 subflava (Abbella), 257, 258 suvalta (Ichneumon), 221 sylvarum (Cryptus), 261 sylvarum (Mesochorus), 261 sylvestris (Vespa), 320 Synergus, 135 Syzeuctus, 133 talpa (Chorinagus), 261 talpa (Exochus), 261 taprobanffi (Ichneumon), 221 tarsatorius (Homocidus), 131 temula (Tenthredo), 49 tenebricosus (Atractodes), 262 Tenthredo, 48 Tenthredopsis, 49 Tetrachrysis, 338 Tetraloniella, 35 thornleyi (Tenthredopsis), 50 tilia3 (Tenthredopsis), 50 tiinidis (Halictus), 34 tomeiitella (Megachile), 165 torridus (Halictus), 34 Trichocryptus, 133 trichognatha (Megachile), 166 Trichogramma, 172 trilineatus (Stenichneumon), 169 tristis (Tenthredopsis), 50 tyndalli (Mymar), 256 umbratus (Lasius), 319 uniguttatus (Amblyteles), 221 vacillans (Exetastes), 221 vacillaus (Ichneumon), 221 validura (Limnerium), 72 variator (Cryptus), 132 varius (Cryptus), 262 varius (Helictes), 262 vastalis (Atractodes), 262 velox (Tenthredo), 49 ventralis (Sagaritis), 134 *victoriie (Megachile), 167 viridis (Rhogogaster), 47 vishnu (Barichneumon), 221 vishnu (Ichneumon), 221 vulgaris (Vespa), 320 Wheeleriella, 143 xauthogaster (Abbella), 257, 258 Xenoglossodes, 35 Zagrammosoma, 177 Zagrammosoraoides, 177 vptfons for 1913 {6s. post free) and are now due and should be sent to West, Newman d Co., 54, Hatton Garden. London. Vol. XLVI J JANUARY, 1913. ,No. 596. THE ENTOMOLOGIST lllustrafeb lltontjjig |ournal a K N K HAL E N^TO MO LOGY EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBRUT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. .J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. H. UOWriAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S. ! VV. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., Ac. j CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., P.Z.S. F. \V. FROHAWK F.E.S., M.B.O.U. I Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.K,, *c. "By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries m LONDON : WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GA: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limitrd. Price Sixpence. WATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabir.ets Plaiu liing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, Is. 3d., 28., 2s. 6d. Folding Nett, '6s. 6d., 48. Dmbrella Nets (self-aotino), 7&. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., le.. Is .6d. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., Is,, Is. 6d., Ss. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozeii. Entomological Pius, assorted or mixed, Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush. Is. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use is. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 6s., Gs. Setting: Boards.'flat or oval, 1 in., 6d. ; 1 i in., 8d. ; 2 in., lOd. ; 2^ in.. Is. ; 3i in., Is. 4d. ; 4 in., Is. 6d. ; 5 in., Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, lOs. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., lis. 6d. ; corked back, 148. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., le. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 48., 58., 7s. 6d. Ooleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, Is. 6d., Is. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin. Is. 6d., 2s. 9d., Ss. 6d., 48. 6d. Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 28. 6d. to lis. Cement for replacing Antennae, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, Is. 6d., 2s., 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality, Is. 6d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d., Is. Pupa Digger, in leather slieatli, Is. 9d. Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, Is. 3d. ; Scissors, 28. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d., Gd. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of Britisli Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Tjftnd and Fresh-water Sliells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c. SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute insects of all other faniilies. _ We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have certain." advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiida, &c., are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last miich longer. "We shall be pleased 10 send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objectsi Fossils, &c. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BRITISH, KDROPKAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mii7n7nals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by Firzt-claa WorUmen. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. FINISHED AT LAST. MY BOOK on the British Butterflies and Moths, now at printers, and will be on sale early in 1913. Order at once. Price 3s. 6d., postage 4d. This work is what every Collector has wanted. It contains vahuxble hints on collecting and breeding from my own personal experience, best food plants and substitutes (English and scientific names) for all Larvse, description of prominent varieties, mode of pupation, range in Great Britain, shows what stage each species is in every month. Index perfection, no matter by what English or scientific name you know an insect you can find its full life history, also its position in syste- matic arrangement at once. This work has taken my friend Mr. H. A. Leeds and self over seven years to compile and is right up-to-date, and we trust will prove the most valuable work ever issued. I can thoroughly recommend it to every Collector ; it suits the advanced collector as well as the schoolboy or beginner. "^''rite for my winter price lists at once. Many bargains. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. pOI^ 5ALE. — Six fair British P. Dispar (extinct Large Coppers), three * set reverse side, o5s. to 50s. each. Also fine Strigosa, Favicolor, Sparganii, Brevihnea, Exigua, Alpina, Exulis, Consnicillaris, Subrosea (fair), Barrettii, Bractea, Armigera, Peltigera, Grossulariata ab. Varleyata, Reticulata, &c., at half usual rates. Good 12-drawer Cabinet, los. Fifteen book-pattern Store-boxes, some nearly new, half cost. A. FORD, 86, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. The Entomologist, January, 1913. Plate I. Pholo by Lafayette, Dublin. West. Newman proc. / //-A^^^^^-l^ The Entomologist, January, 1913. Plate U. ijfl J. E. C. del. West, Newman proc. Figs. 1-2-3. Parydroptera discomyzina. Figs. 4-5. Philygria semialata. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVL] JANUAEY, 1913. [No. 596 PARYDROPTERA DISCOMYZINA AND PHILYGRIA SEMIALATA; NEW PALiEARCTIC EPHYDPJD^ (DIPTERA). By J. E. Collin, F.E.S. (Plate II.) A SINGLE specimen of a remarkable Ephydrid in the late Mr. Verrall's collection, bearing a locality label, " Rye, 25.5.02, W. Bennett," had always been a puzzle to me. I was therefore more than pleased to receive from Mr. Claude Morley, in July, and again in September, 1912, several specimens of the same fly, found by him at Southwold (Suffolk), where they occurred on the mud about the roots of the salt-marsh herbage. A study of these specimens convinced me that they must represent not only a new species but a new genus, which I propose to name Parydroptera discomyziiia, because, though in many respects resembling a Discomyza, it has a Parydra-like venation. Parydroptera, n. gen. Belonging to the subfamily Notiphilinae, and distinguished from Discomyza by its less flattened shape, less concave back of head, more rounded ridge between back of head and vertex, by the smooth face without bristles, the only pubescent arista, the absence of the humeral bristle, by the fronto-orbital bristle pointing forwards, not backwards, the smaller mouth-opening and stouter base of proboscis, and by its Parydra-like venation. Parydroptera discomyzina, n. sp. mological Club, 20 Societies, 20. Recent Literature, 22. Obituary, 22. DR. STAUDINGER & BANQ = HAAS, Blasewitz = Dresden, in their new Price List No. LVI. for 1913, ofYer more than 19,000 Species of well- named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARV^; &c. Separate Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (29,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (3600 species), DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500), ORTHOPTERA (1200), NEURO- TERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low. We sell no more living pupte. YOU MUST ITAVE al strain of rocalliuf; the technical terms you ha ifications, in the course of your Entoiiiolottical stu THE DICTIONARY OF ENTOMOLOGY aholishes this difficulty for the first time, by placing before you the meanings and derivations of 8000 words. This work is indispensable to Entomologists; it facilitates the study of the student, and enables the professor to be exact and precise. Compiled by N. K. JARDINE, F.E.S. PRICE Q/- net. half ro'iTi. Post free from "Publisheu.s," 2, Castle Stiieet, Ashford, Kent. Suld by all Booksellers and WEi5T, Newman & Co., 54, -Hatton Garden, Loudon. J .1 . experienced the menial strain of rocalliuf; the technical terms you have met witli, or their significations, in the course of your Entomolo^tical studies. bI Price 6s. Postage id. Leech's BRITISH PYRALIDES, including the AVENTIID/E, HERMINIID/E, HYPENID/t, AND PTEROPHORID/E. With Eighteen Fine Lithographic Plates. Copies with the plates coloured are very scarce, and only a few copies with plain plates now remain. E. SOUTH, 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, London, S.W. JAMES GARDNER, MANQFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 62, HIGH HOLBOKN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur daily. wbscriptions for 1913 {6s. post free) and are now due and should be sent to / West, Newman d Co., 64, Hatton Garden, London. Vol. XLVI.j FEBRUARY, 1913. No. 597 THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN lllustrateb Utontljljr |ournal GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A;, F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. ! W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &o. I CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. F. W. FROBAWK F.E.S., M.B.O.U. I Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S,, Ac "By miUaal oonfideDce and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries madej^_ .- ^ LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. DOUBLE NUMBER.— Price One Shilling. W^ ATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabirets Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick. Is. 3d., 28., 2b. 6d. Folding Nets, , 3b. 6d., 46. Dmbrella Nets (self-acting), 76. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is .6d. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 28. 6d . to 88. Suearing Tin, with brash, Is. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, Is. 9d. pertin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 28. 6d., 48., 5s., 68. Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d. ; U in., 8d. ; 2 in., lOd. ; 2i in., Is. ; 3i in., Is. 4d. ; 4 in., Is. 6d. ; 5 in., Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 98. 6d,, lis. 6d. ; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d. Breeding Gage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 7b. 6d. Ooleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, Is. 6d., Is. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, Is. 6d., 2b. 9d., 38. 6d., 48. 6d. Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., ?8. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s. 6d. to lis. Cement for replacing Antennse, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, Is. 6d., 28., 2s. 6d. ner pair. Cabinet Cork, 7by3i, best quality, Is.Gd. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. to Ss. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d., Is. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, Is. 9d. Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, lOs. 6d. Scalpels, Is. 8d. ; Scissors, 2b. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Sliells. 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c. SILVER PIN5for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute insects of all other families. We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiidae, &c., are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be pleased to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Insects, Birds' Eqss, Coins, Mioroscopioal Objects. Fossils, &c. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BRITISH, KOROPKAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, dc. Preserved and Mounted by Fir»t-olat» Worhmen. 36, STRAND, W.C, LONDON, ENGLAND. FINISHED AT LAST. MY BOOK on the British Butterflies and Moths, now at printers, and will be on sale early in 1913. Order at once. Price 3s. 6d., postage 4d. This work is what every Collector has wanted. It contains valuable hints on collecting and breeding from my own personal experience, best food plants and substitutes (English and scientific names) for all Larvae, description of prominent varieties, mode of pupation, range in Great Britain, shows what stage each species is in every month. Index perfection, no matter by what English or scientific name you know an insect you can find its full life history, also its position in syste- matic arrangement at once. This work has taken my friend Mr. H. A. Leeds and self over seven years to compile and is right up-to-date, and we trust will prove the most valuable 'work ever issued. I can thoroughly recommend it to every Collector ; it suits the advanced collector as well as the schoolboy or beginner. Write for my winter price lists at once. Many bargains. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. FOR 5ALE. — Fine British, on black pins : Helice, Is. M. ; Athalia, 4^. ; Epiphron, 3d. ; Artaxerxes, M. : Arion, 9d. ; Convolvuli, Qd. ; Porcellus, 3d, ; Muscerda, 6d. ; Cribrum, id. ; CuculUna, Ad. ; Chaonia, Ad. ; Trepida, Ad. ; Ocularis, 9d. ; Impar, Is. 6d. ; Alni, 9d. ; Obsoleta, 6c?. ; Putrescens, 4d. ; Maritima, 9d. ; Sparganii, Is. M. ; Brevilinea, Is. ; Flammea, Sd. ; Leucopha^a, Is. ; Connexa, 2s. ; Gueueei,9d. ; Exigua,2s.6(Z. ; Alpina,2s.; Oo,ls. ; Albimacula, Is.; Irregularis, 9icitarsis, Cameron. Bingham does not record Allodape from Ceylon, but Mr. Comber took a female of this genus at Sigiri in that island, March, 1910. It is ^i. picitarsis, described from the Leccadive Islands, as I have determined by means of a cotype of Cameron's species in my collection. Tetraloniella calidula, sp. n. (? . Length about 11 mm. ; flagellum 8 or almost ; anterior wing 71 ; black, covered with light fulvo-ochraceous hair, nowhere mixed with black, but ferruginous on inner side of basitarsi ; clypeus entirely lemon-yellow, densely rugoso-punctate ; labrum yellow; mandibles ferruginous apically, basally black with a very large triangular yellow SOME ORIENTAL BEES. 35 patch ; malar space a mere line ; eyes pale ochraceous ; facial quad- rangle higher than broad ; scape black, reddish apically ; flagellum entirely bright ferruginous ; third antennal joint al)out as long as its apical widtli ; mesothorax densely punctured ; thorax above, especi- ally the scutellum, with dense hair; teguUe pale ferruginous with a dusky basal spot, their surface covered with short reddish hair ; wings rather short, dusky, the basal half evidently reddish, stigma and ner- vures ferruginous ; first r. n. joining second s. m. near end ; legs black, densely clothed with ochraceous hair, apical joints of tarsi red ; abdomen robust, densely clothed with felt-like fulvo-ochraceous hair ; first segment with the usual long hair, but apical part broadly clothed with very short appressed hair, having in some lights a darker, yellowish-brown colour ; apical margin of second segment with the same brown colour, but very narrowly ; apical plate broad, truncate ; fifth and sixth segments with lateral spines, which are not con- spicuous. Hah. Andheri, Salsette, India, Sept. 13th, 1908 {N.B.K.). British Museum. I have not ventured to extract the mouth- parts of the unique type, but the reference to Tetraloniella seems safe. The species is nearest to T. jnmctata (Cam.), differing by the larger size, and having the abdomen entirely covered with fulvo-ochraceous hair. The insect reminds one of some of the American species of Xenoglossodcs, although differing much in detail. The marginal cell is shorter and more obtuse apically than in Xenoglossodes. Nomia nursei, Cameron. A male collected by Mr. Comber is labelled '' Seedbd.," which I take to mean Secunderabad, India. Nojnia parciformis, sp. n. 3 . Length about 8 mm., anterior wing a rather scant 7 ; black, the head and thorax with rather coarse yellowish- white hair, the dense hair of the face distinctly yellowish ; head broad ; mandibles rather stout and not especially long, reddish about the middle ; front striate ; vertex rugulose ; scape black, minutely roughened ; flagellum long, lively ferruginous beneath ; third and fourth antennal joints equal ; mesothorax with very fine and close punctures, but shining between ; scutellum more shining, the punctures not so close ; basal area of metathorax with delicate longitudinal ruga3 ; postscutellum densely covered with dull white hair ; tegulae translucent reddish- testaceous, not enlarged ; wings long, reddish hyahne, stigma and nervures ferruginous; second s. m. very small, a little higher than wide, receiving first r. n. beyond the middle ; femora black with the knees red, hind femora slender and simple ; tibiae red, the middle and especially hind pair broadly suffused with black ; hind tibise simple, the outer side dark, with a bright chestnut-red apical patch, the anterior margin bulging a little before the apex, but without the dis- tinct angle seen in N. parca, Kohl ; tarsi long, clear ferruginous, the hind basitarsi yellowish-white ; abdomen rather broad, inclined to be subclavate, but the basal segment a little broader than long ; surface 36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of abdomen shining, somewhat sericeous, the first segment with evident but excessively minute punctures ; hind margins of segments broadly translucent reddish, covered by dense white hair-bands, which in the type are largely abraded in the middle ; fourth ventral segment remarkable for a covering of fine tomentum, which in the middle is orange-fulvous ; apex of abdomen beneath with fulvous hair. Hah. Nasik, India (£. Co7»,6er). British Museum. A species of the group of A'', parca, Kohl, allied to the Indian N. parcella, Ckll., and halictnra, Ckll. From parcella it is known by the larger size, and details of the legs and wings. It cannot well be the undescribed male of N. halichira, owing to the differences in venation, &c. ; or, at least, the differences are such that it seems quite unsafe to assign it to halictura. In Bingham's tables it falls near N. rustica, Westwood, which has subtriangular hind tibiffi. Nomia leucoptera, sp. n. ? . Length 7 mm., anterior wing about 6| ; head and thorax black (metathorax behind, and metapleura, reddish) with greyish- white hair, the fringe on low'er edge of clypeus shining and golden- tinted ; abdomen rufo-fuscous ; tegulas small, translucent testaceous ; wings clear, iridescent, almost milky ; the large stigma and the ner- vures pale testaceous ; legs pale brownish-testaceous, with glittering hair. Head large, transversely oval, facial quadrangle very much broader than long, eyes small, cheeks broad ; mandibles long, brown in middle ; clypeus and front shining, the sides of front obscurely striate ; the microscope shows only piliferous punctures on front and face ; sides of vertex shining, with minute punctures ; scape long, curved, dark brown, fulvous at base ; flagellum clear ferruginous beneath, dusky above ; mesothorax shining, with sparse extremely minute punctures ; scutellum smooth and shining ; postscutellum covered with white felt-like hair ; area of metathorax scarcely defined, very narrow at sides, with slight indications of ridges ; second s. m. square, receiving first r. n. in middle ; third s. m. not nearly as long as first ; hair on inner side of hind tarsi light golden ; abdomen shining, with extremely minute widely separated punctures, the hind margins of segments testaceous, and with thin white hair-bands, obsolete on the first, except at extreme sides, interrupted on the second ; middle of apical segment with appressed golden hair. Hah. Karachi, India {E. Comher). British Museum. This looks like another member of the parca group, but it differs greatly from parciformis by its clear wings and much shorter third submarginal cell. From N. parcella, Ckll., it is readily known by the much broader face and paler legs. Andrena nursei, n. n. Andrena halictoides, Nurse, Jun., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xv. p. 566 (not of Smith) — Peshin. 37 FURTHEK NOTES ON METRIOPTERA ROESELII [ORTHOPTERA] . By Hekbert Campion. British records oi Metrioptera rocselii, Hagenb., are miiltiply- iug rapidly. Since the publication of my remarks in the last volume of this magazine (p. 117), the species has been made known from the North Essex coast {I. c. p. 207) and from near Gravesend (p. 224). In addition to these and the other known localities, there are two new ones on the south coast of Essex, where the insect was met with during 1912 by my friend Mr. A. Luvoni, of Westcliff. At one of the new localities it was first noticed on July 21st, when it occurred in some numbers in a place covered with rank vegetation. The captures made on that occasion, which I have seen, included imagines of both sexes, although most of the females were still nymphs. Thereafter, specimens continued to be taken, at intervals, until September 22nd, when the last were obtained. July 21st is the earliest and September 22nd is the latest of the exactly dated records for imagines with which I am acquainted. Two males procured on the last-named date survived in captivity until September 28th and October 12th respectively, ki the second of the new Essex habitats, which is well removed from the first, two females were taken on July 24th. Notwithstanding the fact that imagines were met with some time before the end of July, a female nymph was taken at Heme Bay so late in the summer as August 28tb. It will be observed that the new localities which have been discovered recently are all of them situated, like those previously known with certainty, either at the mouth of the Thames or on the East Coast south of the Humber. On the Continent of Europe, however, the species is not a littoral one, and its distribution is very general. Dr. Malcolm Burr is kind enough to write {in litt.) : — " It usually occurs in grassy meadows. I have taken it in Bosnia, in the mountains of Hercegovina, in the Park of Fontainebleand, and at Tiibingen in Wiirttemberg, and I have specimens from 6000 ft. in the Caucasus, from the Vosges, and the Carpathians. It occurs practically throughout France, and perhaps crosses the frontier into the Spanish Pyrenees. It occurs as far north as Sweden, and at least as far east as the Urals." Early in September last Mr. George T. Porritt visited Mr. Wallis Kew's old locality on the Lincolnshire coast, and found the species plentiful there. I learn, through Mr. Porritt's courtesy, that he did not observe a single specimen, of either sex, having the colour of the prothoracic border otherwise than bright grass green. At the end of August I was fortunately able to renew my own 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. acquaintance with M. roeselii in a state of nature. A visit to a locality near Heme Bay where it occurred many years ago — a slope overgrown with thistle, ragwort, and other plants — re- sulted in my detecting a few specimens, although the finding and taking of them was a matter of some difficulty. The coloration of the male seems to be more constant than that of the female, and I have not seen a specimen having the hind femora otherwise than light brown. The most variable characters are the pleural and abdominal spots and the pro- thoracic border, which may be either bright grass green or bright yellow, or even some intermediate colour. In some specimens the pale brown summit of the head has a median longitudinal line of lighter colour, which may continue across the pronotum, bordered on each side with black. A note was kept of the coloration of a female taken at Heme Bay on August 28th, which it may be useful to quote here, although, as will appear subsequently, the description did not apply, in several of its details, to other females which were examined in the living state : — Face dark green. Palpi greenish. Eyes dark chestnut ; a large black spot above each, crossed by a narrow line of yellowish running backwards from the eye. Antennae chestnut. Upper surface of head and prothorax light brown, with a yellowish median longitudinal line, bordered on each side with black. Lateral lobes of prothorax black, edged all round with bright grass green. Elytra light brown, with the principal longitudinal veins black. Three large green spots on each side of the thorax. Tibia3 of the fore and mid-legs greenish. Femora of the fore and mid-legs, and the whole of the hind legs, light brown. External surface of the hind femur with numerous stout transverse black lines. Abdomen above and anal appendages light brown ; sides of abdomen greenish ; a row of greenish- yellow markings along each side of the abdomen ; ventral surface light brown. Ovipositor mostly black. In some of the adult females which I have seen alive, however, bright green has been very conspicuous in their coloration, especially as regards the femora of the hind legs, whereas in others the preponderating colour has been light brown. At various times during August and September I succeeded in keeping two males and four females alive in captivity for periods ranging from six to twenty days. All, or nearly all, these specimens underwent a certain amount of change in their coloration, the green of the prothoracic border and of the lateral spots on the thorax and abdomen tending to become yellow, especially in the male, and the greenness of the fore and mid- legs giving place to light brown. In the two Essex males taken on September 22nd the colour of the border, at the time of FURTHER NOTES ON METRIOPTERA ROBSELII. 39 capture, was lemon-green. By the time one of them died, six days later, the border had become decidedly yellowish ; in the case of the other male, which lived two weeks longer, practically all trace of green disappeared before death. In all instances the transition from green to yellowish began at the posterior margin of the border, and proceeded from behind forwards. As throwing some light upon the direction taken by colour- development during the process of growth, I may mention that the female nymph obtained at Heme Bay on August 28th was very green indeed, and the green colour on the prothoracic lobe was not only present on the border, but invaded a considerable area of the lobe itself ; moreover, the black in the same region was not at all intense or clearly marked off from the green portion. The venter is another region of the body that is subject to considerable variation in respect of colour. In some specimens it is light brown, while in other examples it is golden or light yellow. All the living specimens which I have had under observation in captivity were enclosed in a large dry fish- globe kept indoors, and it is probable that, if they had been constantly exposed to the light as in a state of nature, the assumption of the fully adult coloration would have been more rapid and more complete. Again, it is not unlikely that the greenness of so many of the individuals taken in 1912 may have been due to the sunless weather which prevailed towards the close of the summer, and also to the circumstance that, during the same period, grass and other vegetation was kept particularly green by the constant rains. Like Mr. South's Essex male of 1911, all the specimens which were kept alive were fed upon fresh grass, from which they ate readily until it became at all dry. In the evening of September 30th it was noticed that the last female then remaining was moribund or even already dead, but it was not removed at that time. The next morning it was unquestionably dead, and the femora of both hind legs had been partially eaten away, no doubt by the male which was still surviving. When at last the female was removed, it was seen that all the tarsi of the fore and mid-legs had been nibbled away. Similarly, the tarsi of both mid-legs had been eaten by other individuals in the case of a male found dead in the fish-globe on September 28th. That these insects do not mutilate themselves in their last moments is shown by the fact that such individuals as ended their lives in solitude suffered no damage of this kind. It is worthy of note, however, that all the specimens which died in captivity, whether kept with others or not, had their antennae more or less broken. I have previously recorded instances of cannibalistic feeding on the part of M. brachyptera, and it now appears that the same habit is shared by M. roeselii also. 40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. I could not discover that oviposition took place in the case of any of the females which I kept in captivity, notwithstanding the fact that one of them was actually observed to pair with a male. Two from Heme Bay were enclosed, either in glass- bottomed boxes, or in the dry fish-globe with grass scattered over the floor. At a later date two Essex females were kept, together with two Essex males, in the same globe after the floor had been covered with an inch or two of dry earth, upon which fresh grass was thrown day by day. At the proper time both the grass and the earth were carefully examined for eggs, but none could be found. One of the captive females was cut open after death, and upwards of a dozen eggs were taken from the abdomen. They were warm brown, elliptical bodies, with a smooth surface, and measuring about 4 mm. in length and 1 mm. in width. An egg-mass extracted by Mr. Luvoni from an Essex female taken on August 18th included several quite colourless eggs, as well as a few brown ones. In conclusion, I must tender my best thanks to Mr. Luvoni for his readiness in collecting and supplying me with the material upon which much of the present paper is based. 58, Ranelagh Roatl, Ealing, W. HIBERNATION OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. Hitherto there appears to be no authentic instance on record of P. atalanta having been found in a state of hibernation in this country; it is, therefore, now a generally recognised belief that this butterfly, like its near ally, P. cardid, does not hibernate in the British Isles. But I am now able to place on record for the first time sufficient reliable evidence to prove that P. atalanta occasionally does successfully hibernate in Britain. For the following very interesting facts I am greatly indebted to Captain E. B. Purefoy in supplying me with full data and details, of not only his own observations concerning the hiberna- tion of atalanta, but also the most interesting facts of the observations made by Mr. Walter Barnes of Orpington, Kent. I may mention that Mr. Barnes is an experienced entomologist, therefore I give the facts as stated by him in his letter on the subject : — " Three cases of apparent hibernation have come under my observation. The first and most interesting case is that in which one atalanta, two io, and two urticce, were discovered quite accidentally by mj^seif. " In cutting back a rose tree which covered the side of the HIBERNATION OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. 41 bouse, one Saturday afternoon in February, 1907, two or tbree slates bad become loose, and were banging partly over the gutter; tliese I removed, and tbere were tbe butterflies in various positions clinging to tbe woodwork under the slates. Atalanta was in a horizontal position, tbe bead only slightly lower than tbe body, tbe upper wings nearly covered by tbe lower pair. From the difficulty in removing it, I should imagine tbe booklets and spines were both firmly embedded in tbe tiny interstices of the wood. The insect showed no signs of movement until it had been in a warm room for some time, when, after a considerable amount of vibration, it flew about the room. For some days it fed freely off moistened sugar, but died before the spring. " (2) A gardener trimming a thick holly hedge near by in January, brought to me a holly branch on which were two sleeping G. rhamni, both males. Tbe hedge was a very old one, and the dead leaves bad accumulated in a thick mass through tbe middle, forming a rainproof covering to tbe lower portions, from which the rhamni were taken. The day following the gardener called me to look at another kind of butterfly in the same hedge. This turned out to be a very fine female atalanta, fixed head downwards on a dead leaf under the thick covering already mentioned. At tbe same time I found a female rhamni also attached to a dead leaf, which it very closely resembled. Tbe last time I saw atalanta at rest was under the eaves of my house in early November, 1908. A week later when I went to examine it, I found only three wings, the insect bad evidently been devoured. All tbree atalanta were females, and the position taken up was different in each case." The following notes are from Captain Purefoy's observations, watb which he has been good enough to supply me. " The summer and autumn of 1908 were chiefly devoted by us to experimenting with this insect {atalanta). Most of October was very warm, and atalanta had fine opportunities of feeding up. When tbe weather turned cold certainly a number of tbe insects became quite torpid while clinging to bark, which they greatly resembled. They remained very exposed, but not more so than C. album. Both at Christmas and in January, and again in March, they met with terrible weather. Twice tbe whole roof nearly collapsed under tbe weight of snow, and tbe temperature dropped to zero. But for tbe exceptional cold I am sure that at least a dozen insects would have survived our long winter. We started with about a hundred. As it was, two beauties were seen flying strongly in February, and three others actually survived the whole winter. They worked out their own salvation. " Tbe female atalanta is the strongest and most vigorous butterfly I know, and, although our winter climate is unsuited to tbe species, I am sure that an occasional female does survive. ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1913. E 42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Very likely these females have paired. It is difficult to prove. The male has not much staying power." Captain Purefoy also tells me that the atalanta under his notice, which were flying about in his garden, declined to use the shelters provided for the hibernating butterflies, but remained throughout the winter quite in the open. After feeding till the end of October, they settled down for hibernation under the water shoots, or under the stouter limbs of trees. When cling- ing close to the bark of an old plum tree they were extremely difficult to see. Bright days always brought some out, so their numbers became gradually thined. Two very perfect specimens appeared on a warm day at the end of February, and flew strongly all the morning : in the end we were unable to trace them. The warm days in April found three survivors. BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1912. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Though no facts of first-rate importance have come to hand in connection with our Orthoptera during the past year, yet a few observations with regard to the habits of these insects have been made, and some little fresh knowledge has been gained as to their distribution in the British Isles. These are recorded in the present short paper. Forficulodea. — On August 20th myself and a friend, H. G. Eldon, sought for the Great Shore Earwig {Lahidura riparia) on the coast near Southbourne in Hampshire. After a rather lengthy quest we managed to obtain four, a male and a female from under the same shelter, and two females singly : one of the females was set free. When exposed to the light they all (or most) assumed the " threatening attitude," with callipers thrown forward over the back, and remained still, not trying to escape. In the evening, by artificial light, some nearly raw meat was given them, and the male at least ate of it freely. One of the females was noticed scratching briskly with mid and fore legs in the sand that ha^ been placed in the box with them, as if with intent to burrow. The male, which at some time had received an injury, was moribund on August 24th, and one of the females was in the same state on August 31st ; the remaining female was given alive to Mr. G. T. Porritt on September 11th. On August 26th we again visited the locality, and once more four specimens were found — two by Eldon (a deformed male and a very young nymph) and two by myself (a mature male and a mature female). The deformed specimen had the tips of its callipers bent at an angle and turned inwards (fig. 1), and had BRITISH ORTHOPTKRA IN 1912. 43 no wing-tips visible, while the wings themselves were either deformed or damaged.* L. riparia feeds readily after dark on raw beef, but in the daytime each one remains still in the darkest corner of the box. This clearly points to its being a nocturnal insect. On August 31st we again found four specimens — a fine female, a small nymph, and two males. One male had the left branch of the callipers considerably shorter than the right one (fig. 2). It was killed on September 1st and mounted. (x5) These insects are often noticed cleaning themselves assiduously, and they sometimes rub their body with their legs as if they were trying to allay irritation. If a little water is put in their box they go to it, and appear to drink it greedily. In the even- ing they will stand on " tip-toe " as it were, quite still for a long time in the bright light under a table-lamp, whereas in the day- time they like to hide away out of the light as much as possible. On leaving the New Forest early in September two males (caught August 26th and 31st) and a nymph (caught August 26th) were taken alive to Kingston-on-Thames. The nymph died on January 3rd, 1913, but the two males are alive at the time of writing.t Though they drink readily, they seldom now seem to wish to eat. It seems likely that, as Bournemouth extends, these earwigs may become extinct in that district in the near future, and at present we know of no other British locality. At Eastnor, in Herefordshire, a specimen of Labia minor was taken on May 20th, as it settled (0. Whittaker) ; and Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin had a male given to him, which was taken at Stoke Edith, in Herefordshire, in September. In the middle of May ■■'• The male taken on August 20th had but one visible wing-tip. f The male (caught August 31st) died about January 6th, 1913. K 2 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Colonel J. W. Yerbury sent me several common earwigs {Forficula auricularia) — a female found walking about on the sand at the sand-dunes near Studland, Dorset ; and two males and five females from South Haven Point, Dorset, where they were apparently common under fallen soil and roots of heather on the seashore : the males had rather long, slender callipers. Mr. S. E. Brock reports F . auricularia as universal in Linlithgow- shire. C. Adams sent me from Parkstone, Dorset, early in September, two nymphs of F. auricularia and a var. forcipata of the same species. Mr. Whittaker reports F. auricularia from Coventry, in Warwickshire, as was of course to be expected. Blattodea. — A specimen of Ectohius lapponicus was taken at Penslake, Surrey, on June 15th by Mr. F. M. Carr, on the occasion of the South London Society's excursion. I received a female from Mr. G. T. Lyle, who said it was common at sugar, in Holland's Wood in the New Forest, on July 6th. On July 12th he sent me a male imago, swept from rushes in a damp spot on a heath. There were also two tiny nymphs, which perhaps belonged to the same species. On August 1st an extremely dark Ectohius panzeri, var. nigripes, was taken at Hincheslea Bog, in the New Forest. Blatta orientalis was one of a few Orthoptera which Mr. 0. Whittaker was able to report from Coventry. Gryllodea. — Mr. C. W. Bracken tells me that a full-grown male example of Grijllotalpa gryllotalpa was taken alive on the sandhills at St. Enodoc near St. Minver, North Cornwall, during the week ending December 20th last. This capture is particularly interesting, as it goes to prove that the Mole Cricket hibernates in the perfect form. Both imagines and small nymphs of the Wood Cricket, Nemohius sylvestris, were found at Hurst Hill, in the New Forest, on September 8th. This cricket, also, is some- times found in the winter as an imago. Locustodea. — On July 9th Colonel J. W. Yerbury found Conocephalus dorsalis very immature at Walton-on-the-Naze : they were associated with Carex on the land side of the sea- wall. On August 28th Mr. G. T. Lyle found the Great Green Grasshopper, Phasgonura viridissima, plentiful and noisy by the side of the Avon at Christchurch, Hants ; on September 21st he met with it in bramble bushes at Wyke Regis near Weymouth, and the next day at Osmington Mills on furze bushes at the top of the cliff. Writing on September 10th Mr. G. T. Porritt sent me a living specimen of Platycleis roeselii, which he took at Trusthorpe on the Lincolnshire coast (Wallis Kew's old locality). During the previous fortnight he took a fair number of P. roeselii there, notwithstanding the atrocious entomological weather, and would probably have got considerably more had the weather been anything like favourable. All his specimens, without exception, had the semi-circular border round the side flaps of the pronotum BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1912. 45 of a bright grass-green colour, whereas the published descrip- tions of the insect give the colour as yellowish or yellowish- white. Mr. Porritt considers that this opinion was obtained from dried specimens, as he finds the green colour soon dis- appears after the death of the insect, and, in fact, from some of the earliest caught specimens, then on his setting-boards, the green had already quite faded away. In other respects, also, the colour is slightly different from that in published descrip- tions. Two specimens were captured on the morning of Septem- ber 9th, when a strong wintry gale was blowing, one of them being that sent alive to me. The insects occurred amongst very long grasses on the sandhills. Writing later in the same month Mr. F. W. Campion told me that he and Mr. A. Luvoni took the species at two or three places on the coast of Essex and Kent, one of them being Heme Bay, where it has been taken previously. Mr. Campion says that the specimen he described in the 'Entomologist' (vol. xlv. p. 117) certainly had bright yellow borders to the flaps of the pronotum, so that they are not always bright green as Mr. Porritt found them. Acridiodea. — Gomphocerus maculatus was found mature in the New Forest on June 29th. It was taken at Mynydd, in Carnarvonshire, a hill 700 ft. above sea-level, by Mr. E. A. C. Stowell, on August 8th-10th. Mr. S. E. Brock found this species in mid-August very abundant in many spots amongst short heather and bare ground at Kirkcowan, in the south of Wigtonshire. In Linlithgowshire Mr. Brock tells me that he has taken G. maculatus at Craigton (alt. about 250 ft.) on a railway bank and waste ground adjoining in great numbers on August 8th. He found it " in song " on June 23rd, 1912, in Linlithgowshire. G. maculatus has an almost endless range of colour variation ; some are richly spotted with cream, green, red, dark-brown, &c. ; some are nearly black ; others, when the elytra are closed, have a conspicuous pale stripe right down the back. Omocestus viridulus was met with on August 8th-10th on Mynydd Hill, in Carnarvonshire (E. A. C. Stowell) ; in mid- August at Kirkcowan, where it was abundant and widespread, especially along grassy roadsides, and also on the moors (S. E. Brock) ; Linlithgow and Bathgate Hills, abundant and widely spread all over the district (up to 800 ft.) along roadsides, pasture-land, &c. ; the earliest date of the insect "in song" in 1912 was June 23rd (Brock). Mr. Brock has noticed its dis- appearance within the last few years from one or two spots in the highly cultivated country near Kirkliston, in Linlithgow- shire. Mr. Whittaker reports 0. viridulus from Coventry. Stauroderus hicolor was found on August 8th-10th on Mynydd Hill (Stowell) ; in Cornwall at Sheirock, Port Wrickle, and Whitesand Bay Hotel, at the beginning of September (Yerbury) ; 46 tHE BNTOMOLOGlB*r. on the railway bank near Kirkcowan Station (Linlithgowshire), where it was very numerous in company with 0. viridulus (Brock). This last locality is about eight miles from the sea, which is possibly of interest, considering that *S'. bicolor appears to be almost, if not quite, confined to the immediate neighbour- hood of the shore in the Edinburgh district and Lothians generally (Brock). Chorthippus elegans was taken on July 5th and Gth in a salt marsh at Walton-on-the-Naze, and again at Walton-on-the-Naze on July 21st (Yerbury) ; it was abundant along the coast of Lincolnshire at Sutton-on-Sea, Trusthorpe, Mablethorpe, &c. (Porritt). Chorthippus parallelus. — This species, like its congener, C. elegans, appears to be a lover of damp ground. It was taken on August 8th-10th on Mynydd Hill (Stowell); and in Cornwall at Lelant on August 24th, and at Sheirock on September 4th (Yerbury). Mecostethus grossus was taken in the New Forest at Silverstream Bog: the first female, a fine large one, was captured on August 1st, and the first male on August 7th ; four small ones, three males and a female, were taken at the end of the month. Mr. G. Lamb took a specimen of Tetrix subulatus near Milton, Hants, on September 9th ; and Colonel Yerbury took the common species, T. hipunc- tatus, at Sheirock, in Cornwall, on the 4th and 10th of the same month. Kingston-on-Thames : January, 1913. FIELD NOTES ON BRITISH SAWFLIES. By Claude Moeley, F.Z.S., F.E.S., M.Soc.Ent.France. (Concluded from vol. xliii. p. 285.) The Tenthredinides is the last tribe of the sawflies in the modern grouping ; it is mainly remarkable for the large size and conspicuous coloration of its members, and the ubiquity dis- played by many of them during the early summer, more especially upon the margin of woods, where they may con- stantly be seen flitting about in the sun and resting upon the leaves of brambles, &c., apparently always at about three to four feet from the ground. The first genus, Sciopteryx, is ex- tremely rare, and I have never seen either of its species ; indeed, of one only a single indigenous specimen is known — that recorded by Rev. E. N. Bloomfield from Guestling, where it was captured as early as April 3rd (E.M.M. 1895, p. 24; not p. 22, as misprinted in the Nat. Hist, of Hastings, 3rd Suppl. 1898) ; it is now in Mr. Morice's collection. The five species of Rhogo- gaster, on the other hand, are all of frequent occurrence, though the third and the last occur in most numbers. Chitty and I FIELD NOTES ON BRITISH SAWFLIBS. 47 have found E. pictus (Morice forget to " masculate " the species of this genus) sparingly in the marshes of the Little Ouse at Brandon ; it has occurred to me at the Haven Street Woods in the Isle of Wight, and Miss Chawner takes it in the New Forest, always in June, I believe. E. punctulatus occurs with the follow- ing in woods, and is very liable to be mixed with it, though dis- tinctly rarer ; I have it from Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Isle of Wight. E. viridis, a beautiful and very pugnacious species (with which bottle no other insect !), is abundant everywhere from May to September ; Banchory in the Highlands (Elliott), Ardross in Co. Ross (Gorham), Tuddenham Fen (Chitty), Suffolk, New Forest, Isle of Wight, &c. It is especially common on the flowers of Heracleum sphondi/lium. E. fulvipes is confined to May, in my experience ; it occurs throughout Suffolk, and is usually taken on bramble-leaves. E. aucuparice is even earlier in its appearance, about April 28th ; it is commoner than the last, and only extends to early June. Usually taken by sweep- ing damp hedge-bottoms ; Burwell Fen in Cambs, and Skegness in Lines (Elliott), common all over Suffolk. Our single species of Perineura must be widely distributed, if the female in Capron's collection was from his usual locality, Shere in Surrey, for males are recorded from Cadder in Lanark, but these are the only known indigenous specimens ; it is said to occur in May, pro- bably among ferns (besides E. M. M. 1910, p. 236, cf. l. c. 1911, p. 103). Pachyprotasis rapce is one of the commonest British insects in June, continuing to appear sparingly through July and August, even to September in Scotland. All my specimens are from woods, usually by sweeping; Felden in Herts (Piffard), New Forest (Miss Chawner), Banchory (Elliott) ; abundant in Lincolnshire and Suffolk. P. automata has extremely rarely occurred to me, but is, I believe, common enough about Lynd- hurst ; Halbert took it at Belclare, on the Mayo coast, in July, 1910, and I once found it at Helpston Heath, near Peterborough, in June. The deep red and black, often with conspicuous white mark- ings, render Macrophya a striking genus, while the rarity of most of its species adds to its interest. Morice says all our species are "mostly fairly common, at« least in the southern counties," but I have not found them so. Excepting the two doubtfully British M. alhipuncta and M. diversipes, I have, never- theless, obtained all our species but M. rufipes, known from Swanage, Worthing, Effingham, and the New Forest. My M. punctumalhum were taken at the last locality by Miss Chawner ; it is said to frequent privet during May and June. M. duo- deciinpunctata seems much commoner in the fens and broads of the eastern counties than elsewhere ; Morice has taken it " occa- sionally," and suggests an attachment to alder, which is probably correct, for in East Anglian marshes, where that tree abounds, 48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. it is to be met with abundantly, often in such numbers as to become a pest in the sweep-net among reeds and osiers. It is confined here to June 5th-20th, and a diligent search at its headquarters on May 22nd and July 4th revealed none ; Wicken Fen in Cambs, Surlingham and Eockland Broads in Norfolk, very rare at Brockenhurst, but always to be found in North-west Suffolk at Barton Mills, Brandon, and Tuddenham Fen. M. rustica is more widely distributed, though rarer in the eastern counties. I have only a couple of specimens, taken at Woolpit, in Suffolk, by Rasor in July, 1904, and sent by Rev. E. N. Bloom- field, probably from the Hastings district. M. hlanda is very rare here ; I swept a single female from oak in a lane at Wher- stead, near Ipswich, on June 16th, 1904. M. annidata {neglecta, Cam.), on the contrary, is common in Suffolk at Timworth (Col. Nurse), Needham Market (Flatten), Bentley, Barton Mills, Bram- ford, and Moulton ; I have also seen it in the New Forest and Isle of Wight. Both M. albicincta and M. ribis seem rare ; the former has been swept in marshes at Brandon and Piockland Broad in early June, the latter at Burwell Fen, and once— only once in twelve years' collecting there— at Belstead, in Suffolk, at the end of May, 1904. Why so few Allantus species have turned up, I do not know, unless they be rare; at least one, A. rossii, seems doubtfully British, and 1 have never seen half the remain- ing nine. A. scrophularics is a remarkably handsome, vespiform species, always to be met with along with Vespa gennanica at ScropJmlaria nodosa throughout Suffolk. Sich has given it me from Malvern in Worcester ; it is not an early species, but is on the wing from the middle of June to that of August. Of A. marginellus and A. amoenus, I possess single examples only, pre- sumably captured about Ipswich in 1894, but if such were the case, it is strange they never put in a second appearance. A. arcuatus can be accused of no such retiring habits, for it is ubiquitous from June 5th to September upon all sorts of umbel- liferous flowers, from which I have frequently seen it chase flies, though I was never so fortunate as to witness a capture ; but Elliott has given me a female, which he took at Banchory in the Highlands, in the act of masticating a female Empis pennipes, Linn., proving its carnivorous propensities. I have it from Clare Island, Co. Mayo ; Glengarriff (Andrews), Skene and Ballater (Elliott), Isle of Wight, Hants, Wilts, Lines, Suffolk, and Northants. Next we come to the typical and handsome genus Tenthredo, all of which have terrible jaws, and must on no account be boxed with other insects. Only T. mandihularis of the thirteen indigenous species is unknown to me. T. maculata is one of our largest and most striking sawflies, and is beaten from bushes in the middle of sparse woods in the middle of June ; I took it this year flying slowlv along in the WilHngham Woods, near Louth, in Lincoln- FIELD NOTES ON BRITISH SAWFLIES. 49 shire (whence T.fagi is recorded in E. M. M. 1912, p. 159). It is always rare and of single occurrence in the Bentley Woods, near Ipswich, and Wilverly Inclosure, near Brockenhurst. T. temula is a very common species in Isle of Wight, New Forest, Northants, Lines, and Suffolk, not infrequently flitting about the undergrowth of the garden plantations at Monk Soham ; it seems nearly confined to the middle of June. T. mesomda is hardly rarer, and is almost invariably taken on umbelliferous flower-heads ; I have noted it in the counties given under the last species, and Dr. Cassal has found it at Ashby, near Don- caster. Its active span extends to July 20th, when males occurred to me on Heracleum sphondylium on the Southwold cliffs in 1901. Of T. olivacea, I possess only a pair, taken by Chitty at Loch Awe during May, 1893. T. atra, with its var. dispar, is not a very common kind in my experience, and is as often found in August as June, oftener in marshes than in woods ; Rockland Broad and Eaton in Norfolk, Bentley and Foxhall in Suffolk, Market Easeu in Lines, Brockenhurst, and Carramore Lake at Louisburgh in Mayo ; and, with it, I once swept T. moni- liata in the Rockland marshes. T. livida occurs everywhere, and both sexes vary a good deal in the extent of their rufescent coloration. It is abroad at the end of May, and extends at Monk Soham to Aug. 26th ; Totham in Essex (Prof. Image), Bristol (Charbonnier), Byfleet (Sich), Hereford (Gorham), Sutton in Surrey (Campbell- Taylor), Stradbally in June, 1907 (Andrews), Cannock Chase in June, 1904 (Tomlin), the New Forest, and Northants. My solitary T.fagi is a female, from the Bentley Woods, near Ipswich, on June 15th, 1895 ; my solitary T. velox was beaten from hazel at the same place on Aug. 16th, 1904 ; and a couple of T. colon were taken at Matlock early in Jul}', 1900, and at Cannock Chase on June 8th, 1904, by Tomlin. T.ferruginea is by no means common ; Baylis and I took a pair about Ipswich in 1894 ; Bradley has given me a female he took at Sutton, near Birmingham, in June, 1899 ; and Rev. W. F. Johnson captured another at Achill Sound, on the coast of Mayo, in June, 1911, along with a female 2\ balteata, which species I have only met with in the Wilverly Inclosure of the New Forest, where it would not appear to be rare. Tenthredopsis is treated of at the end of the present group on account of the difficulty attached to the determination of its species, between which there frequently exists a somewhat in- tangible distinction. The typical form of T. litterata is not very common in June ; Wainwright has taken it in Wyre Forest, and I have noted it at Betchworth in Surrey, Wilverly and Matley Bog in the New Forest, Brandon in Suffolk, Mablethorpe and Market Rasen in Lines. All its varieties are rarer, and I have only seen var. cordata from Ipswich on June 3rd, 1901, and Point of Aire, in Fhntshire, on June 17th, 1904 (Tomlin) ; var. 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. femoralis, from Bentley Woods and Cavendish in Suffolk, during early June ; and var. microcephala, found near Ipswich by Baylis, and recorded by me from Barham (E. M. M. 1897, p. 267). The handsome T. coqueberti, with its strong red and white markings, is abundant, and I have a long series from Chatham (de la Garde), Brandon (Elliott), Tostock (Tuck), Stradbally (Andrews), Hereford and Malvern (Gorham), the New Forest, Suffolk, Cambs, and Lines. T. excisa seems rarer, and, besides Louth in Lines, I have it only from Tostock, Lavenham, Mildenhall, Bentley, and Monk Soham in Suffolk. T. gijnandromorpha I have not seen, but T. dorsalis, Lep., is by no means rarely swept in my paddock here, in the Isle of Wight, New Forest, Wicken Fen, and Andrews has sent it me from Milford Haven, usually in woods ; though T. tilia, Linn., prefers marshes in the New Forest, Earlham near Norwich, in Lines and Suffolk, usually on sallow ; and Musham found it at Lincoln. T. campeatris, Linn., also occurs in my paddock, Matley Bog, and Wicken Fen ; Elliott has swept it at Tuddenham, and Tuck about Bungay in July. Adams has given me a single T. tristis, taken in his Lyndhurst garden in the middle of June, 1907 ; Tuck found a female T. dorsivittata, Cam., at Tostock eight years earlier ; and I captured what Mr. Morice queries as a female T. pavida on a willow-leaf in the garden here at the end of June, 1908. Three males of T.fenestrata turned up in the Lincolnshire Market Easen woods in June, 1912, together with a female of T. spreta, the males of which (or T. thornleiji) have been found in Matley Bog and my paddock. Comparatively few of our three hundred and sixty species are rare, as will be seen by the above account of one who has paid them no especial attention, but at the same time has hardly ever rejected the opportunity of bottling those that have come to his net. The group is a small one with us ; Piev. F. D. Morice's admirable ' Help-Notes ' have rendered the discrimination of our species a comparatively simple matter ; their life-histories are no less interesting than those of the Lepidoptera, are more fascinating because so very much less worked ; and the handsome appearance, with facility of capture, which they display, should recommend to everyone the study of our British Tenthredinidae. Monk Soham House, Suffolk : Nov. 20th, 1912. FKIENDS AND FOES OF THE CONIFERiE. By J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc. This paper is written chiefly for the purpose of drawing attention to a factor in Economic Entomology, which, in spite of its vital importance, seems to have been neglected ; this is the value of the various Arachnids and Phalangids in holding in FRIENDS AND FOES OF THE CONIFERiF.. 51 check enemies too small, or too well protected, to be dealt with by ordinary methods. Four woods, situated in various parts of the country, have formed the field of my observations. The first of these is a mixed pine and larch wood, although it contains a little alder and birch. The second, in its lower levels, contains larch and alder in approximately equal quantities, but higher up, the alder is replaced by Scotch fir and spruce. The other two are purely coniferous, and contain only spruce, larch, and Scotch fir. The trees in the first wood seem never to have had a reasonable chance of flourishing, for, at the very first, the larches were planted too closely together; and, instead of being strong healthy trees, becoming stronger with each thinning out, they have become sickly, and simply invite the hordes of insect pests they have succeeded in attracting. When I first commenced my work in this wood seven years ago, both pines and larches were attacked by sawflies ; the larch by the Larch Sawfly {Nematus {LygcBoncmatus) erichsonii) , and the pines by the Pine Sawfly {Lophyrus pini) ; but both of these at the present time, although not exterminated, are negligible quantities, for the attacks of the ichneumon Mesoleius aulicus, and, more particularly, the ravages of a white fungus in the soil, have destroyed them in myriads. Helping these agents too, during the winter, are the various ground beetles, belonging to the Carabidae, and also field voles. Unfortunately, these enemies are no " respecters of persons," and they attack and destroy parasitised cocoons as well as those containing sound larvae ; and it is, therefore, just possible that, when the parasitic ichneumons are becoming powerful enough to cope with the pest, they do more harm than good. It would, therefore, be better to beat the larches when the larvae of Nematus erichsonii are about to descend, and to allow the larvae thus obtained to pupate under artificial conditions. As the saw- flies and any super-parasites emerged they could be destroyed, whilst the ichneumons could be liberated in the woods to continue their good work. The sawflies were aided in the work of destruction by shoals of lepidopterous larvae, chief amongst which were those of Coleophora laricella, Phigalia pedaria, Gonodontis hidentata, Hybernia marginaria, and Oporabia autumnata. All of these, with the exception of //. marginaria^ were of sufficient import- ance to need special attention, but a succession of wet seasons has thinned out all except G. laricella and P. pedaria, both of which, especially C. laricella, do untold damage, and therefore demand treatment. Just after the young needles are put forth the hybernated larvae of G. laricella burrow into them and injure them to such an extent that I have seen thousands of trees early in June looking as if blighted by frost. The pines, too, suffered from the attacks of Panolis piniperda, the larvae of which could be beaten out in hundreds. It, too, is gone. 52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. In this wood, as well as in the second, the trees bear crowds of Lachnus pinicola, which, however, are kept under control by Ladybirds, chief of which are Coccinella ocellata, Mysia oblongo- guttata, Adalia obliterata, and a strong sturdy form of the Seven- spot Ladybird {Coccinella septempunctata) . This form is larger, and is of a deeper red than the type, and, as I have only seen it in pine woods, I call it var. pini. The larvae of these beetles can be observed in great quantities in some seasons. In spite of the good work done by all these friends, the larches in both woods are being killed off slowly but surely ; in the first, Coleophora laricella is the culprit, and in the second, the Woolly Larch Louse {Cherines laricis). These are not only destructive in themselves, but both so weaken the trees that they cannot resist the attacks of the Larch Fungus {Pezlza ivillkommii) , the spores of which find an entrance at the injured points. In the end, Sirex noctilio singles out the affected trees, and the presence of the huge grub of this insect soon causes their final collapse. I do not think that either Sirex gigas or S. noctilio ever attacks sound trees, for I have twice seen S. noctilio ovipositing, and in each case the tree was in a dying condition. Lastly, all the trees containing Sirex larvae had, when I examined them, been in a poor state for a long time, and consequently bore no low branches. It seems to me an extraordinary thing that such destructive insects as Coleophora laricella, Chermes laricis, and C. abietis are ever allowed to get into our coniferous woods, for they are not native insects. If all nursery stocks of both spruce and larch were sprayed in April and May, either with petroleum and flour emulsion, or lime sulphur wash * or with any arsenic spray, it would be impossible for these pests to reach new plantations. If preferred, the spraying could be done for two consecutive Springs on the young transplanted larches when the hybernated Coleophom larvae are renewing their cases, and the supply of needles, both for that purpose and for food, is limited. At the same time Chermes laricis and its form C. abietis are in their most defenceless condition. After the trees are once established the cost of spraying would be prohibitive. I could not help contrasting the poor state of these larches with the stately larches and spruces in the other two woods. It was not that the various enemies enumerated above were absent, for I could see signs of practically all. It was because they were all under the control of their natural enemies. What, then, are the natural enemies of Coleopliora laricella, Chermes laricis, and its form on the spruce, the Spruce Gall Louse {Oiermes abietis) ? By beating larch, spruce, and juniper, a simple answer was ''' This wash if not carefully used would injure the young foliage. Recent experiments, however, on peach trees, have shown that even their delicate blossoms escape unharmed when the spray is in competent hands. FRIENDS AND FOES OF THE CONIFERS. 53 obtained. The branches swarm with spiders, amongst which a "rare" species, Bulyphantes expunctm, predominates. Although considered very rare, in these woods it occurs in millions. It is far from being a typical Bobjphantes, for instead of being a ground spider like its congeners Bolyphantes alticeps and B. luteolus, it lives on the twigs of conifers. Spinning no snare, it spends its life devouring Aphids, although in all probability it will not reject other insects if obtainable. Chief amongst the Aphids beaten with it were Cliermes ahietis, C. laricis, and Lachnus picece; the first two in the winged state, and the last as larva*. The adult and subadult conditions of B. expunctus coincide with the assumption of the winged state by Chermes. It seems then that, if colonies of this spider were transferred from woods in which it was abundant to woods infested with Chermes, an enormous quantity of spruce and larch could be saved. I can confidently state that, in spite of the fewness of its recorded localities, this spider occurs in multitudes in most mixed spruce, larch, and juniper woods in the North of Scotland. In a little over an hour I have beaten enough specimens to supply all the arachnologists in the world several times over. Struck by the above observations first made in 1908, I have paid special attention to the study of pine wood spiders and their economic value. In the case of those possessing snares, I have examined the contents thereof to see what they preyed on. I was surprised when I examined the woods, in which the trees w^ere in the worst condition, to note that, except for the Micro- theridiids, the spider fauna was a scanty one. A few odd Meta segmentata, Zilla 10-notata, Drapetisca socialis, and Amaiirohius fenestralis, composed the " take," but all of the webmakers of these were evidently of great use. The fioccose snares of A. fenestralis were full of the wings of aphids, sawfiies, and last, but not least, of the elytra of the Pine Weevil {Hylohiiis ahietis), and of the various pine-feeding Scolytids. These useful Arachnids did not compensate for the almost total absence of the larger ground spiders belonging to the Drassidse and Lycosidse and the Epeirids. The cause of this absence was plain. When these plantations were made they were formed on an open moor, which was first fired to clear it of gorse and heather, and then surrounded by a stone wall. In this way all the larger spiders were cleared out, and their reintroduction effectually prevented. The " micros," able to colonise new ground by using their floating strands to carry them, got back again. It was possible, too, for winged insect pests to appear, and, together with those brought in with the trees, to increase and multiply without check until the advent of their enemies in the form of ichneumons, &c. Unfortunately, Coleophora laricella is but little affected by these insects, although one would have expected it to be the first attacked, for its near relative, C. ccespititiella, feeding on the 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. rushes on the moors near hy, is badly infested. Chermes, too, escapes to a great extent, for neither Syrphid nor Coccinellid larvae can get at it in its most destructive stages, and it can, therefore, do enormous damage. It is easy to see that, if one could introduce enemies of these creatures in the form of spiders which would attack them in their most vulnerable stages, and at a time when their destruction would be of most use, they would soon be held in check. It has already been indicated in what way Bolyphantes expunctus could be enlisted ; but, un- fortunately, it only becomes adult in August and September, and its use is limited to attacking Chermes. Possibly, as in the case of Bolyphantes luteolus and B. alticeps, a few adults hybernate and continue the work on Chermes in spring, but this does not provide for the summer months. For effective work during summer, therefore, it would be necessary to look out for spiders adult or subadult then. These spiders would have to satisfy the following conditions : — (1) They must be easily obtained. (2) They must be active and adult when Coleophora laricella is in the adult state. (3) Otherwise they should form an unbroken sequence to cope with other pests during the season. (4) They should be of arboreal habits. (To be continued.) A MONTH'S COLLECTING IN HUNGARY. By Gerard H. Gurney, F.E.S. On Monday, May 13th, I left Ostend in the Orient Express for Budapest for a month's collecting in Hungary. Previous collectors who have visited Hungary have generally done so well and found so many rare and interesting species there that I felt, at any rate, I might reasonably hope for a certain amount of success. It was therefore with great anticipations of good things to come that I sped across Europe, my first entomological observations beginning at the German frontier city of Passau, where the train stopped for nearly an hour, and I saw several apparently fresh specimens of Papilio podalirius sailing round some flowering shrubs which grew on either side of the Place in front of the cathedral. From Passau to Vienna the train runs through somewhat uninteresting country, but after leaving the latter city the surroundings become much more varied, with vine-clad slopes running up to the lower spurs of the Little Carpathians, and picturesque valleys which looked as though they might prove to be good collecting ground. As an entomological centre Budapest is not at all a con- venient spot, and it is only because several rare and local A month's collecting in HUNGARY. 55 species are found in the vicinity, and that accommodation is im- possible nearer to their localities, that one has perforce to stop there. It means quite a journey by tram or train to get any- where at all, as the town is so large it takes a very long time to get beyond the endless suburbs and ramifications of streets and houses ; moreover, this makes discovering fresh ground difficult, and one is apt to go again and again to the two well-known localities — i. e. the Schwabenburg and the Budafok marshes, excellent though they both are, instead of seeking fresh ground and perhaps turning up fresh species. I saw from a distance several places I should much liked to have worked, which looked as though they might produce very good results, if one had the time and means to get there. I had arranged to stay at the Hungaria, but I changed to the Hotel Bristol, which I found to be equally good, much quieter, and, most important of all, cheaper. My first day at Budapest, May 15th, was devoted chiefly to settling about the hotel and seeing various officials with regard to an expedition to Peszer, which can now only be visited with special permission, but on the 16th I was early on my way to the celebrated Schwabenburg, and after ten minutes in a steamer, twenty minutes in a tram, and forty minutes in a train, I arrived at the station of Schwabenburg itself, and then had only a short walk before I got to the wooded part of the hill which was the objective of my journey. This hill, which is called in Hungarian Svab-Hegy, has been so often described by previous writers that it is quite unnecessary for me to further dilate on it ; at the top are still large patches of untouched wood, with many open glades and spaces, and here I soon found butterflies to be common, though owing to the day being somewhat dull, with a good deal of wind and not much sun, they were not flying very freely. In the warmest and most sheltered spots the two " skippers," Hesperia vialvce and Pt/rgus orbifer were both quite common and in beautifully fresh condition; the two species were generally flying in the same places, though perhaps orbifer was rather more local than the other ; at first they are somewhat difficult to distinguish apart on the wing, though one soon sees that malvce is distinctly smaller and darker. Orbifer when quite fresh has a beautiful plum -coloured flush on the wings which, however, very quickly wears off; they appeared to be a very pugnacious species, constantly chasing other passing insects, to return again, after driving the intruder away, to the same spot. Flying briskly over the flowery spaces were many fresh Colias hyale, but the two commonest species on the wing were Papilio jjodalirius and Euchlo'e cardamines, the latter being extremely abundant, with fine large females. In one or two places Thais polyxena was fairly frequent and still in quite good order, and here also newly emerged Melitaa phoebe were not uncommon, and a single 56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Issoria lathonia. Near the top of the hill one fresh specimen of Parnassius mnemosyne was taken, and Cyaniris argiolus, Pieris rapcB, Leptosia sinapis, Gonepteryx rhamni, Coenonympha pam- philus were all of frequent occurrence, while a single specimen of Polyommatus orion var. ornata appeared to be the first fore- runner of its generation. The following day was cool and inclined to rain, and I spent a long time trying to find the well-known locality near Budafok for the two "eoppers," Chrysojjhanus dispar var. riitilus and C. thersamon, but went a good deal too far beyond the village and missed it, only having a very long walk through most un- promising-looking country, seeing practically nothing until late in the afternoon, when, coming back along the banks of the Danube, I picked up out of a little swampy dell a fresh male C. thersamon, two or three Melitcsa cinxia, and a single specimen of Rusticus arrjus {agon). The next day was wet, and it was not until the 19th that I was really collecting on the marshy ground which stretches from Budafok as far as and beyond the station of Kamaerardo ; on these marshes and in the adjoining wood I spent many delightful days, nearly always finding something fresh in this splendid locality, though perhaps butterflies were not generally as plentiful as I had expected. During the eight days I spent at Budapest the weather was anything but pro- pitious— only two days were really fine and hot, the others being wet ; moreover, several brilliantly fine days were com- pletely spoilt from an entomological point of view by the tremendously high wind, which made all collecting out of the question. However, the 19th was one of the perfect days, and I made the most of it, and seldom have I enjoyed a day more ; the valley in which I was collecting was still covered with uncut hay, amongst which flowering-plants of all descriptions grew in profusion ; the willow trees on either side of the little stream which runs the whole length of the valley were covered with emerald leaves, and among them great numbers of very tame golden orioles piped their flute-like notes. Further on, where there is a small swamp, great patches of yellow iris in full flower added brilliant touches of colour. Flying amongst the uncut hay were plenty of newly emerged Coenonympha iphis, with well- marked under sides ; fresh M. phoehe were also common, with occasional Brenthis dia. Sitting on the thyme flowers were fine large Polyommatus icariis males and several R. argus {ergon). Further along ^omiades cyllarus was not uncommon, fine large specimens, though not such giants as those I was to take in a fortnight's time at Herkulesbad ! Here also were odd examples of C. phlcsas, several newly emerged Agriades thetis males, and a few Pyrameis cardui, while C. hyale was everywhere abundant and quite fresh. At the corner where the wood joins the meadows I found T. polyxena plentiful, but they were mostly A month's collecting in HUNGARY. 57 much worn, and there were only very few which could be con- sidered worthy of cabinet rank ; here also I took a few fresh M. cinxia, smaller and darker than my specimens from the Eiviera or Digue, while E. cardamines and Nisoniades tages were both common. On the way home two Erynnis alcea were taken off the path near the farmhouse, and a few minutes after- wards, when I had almost despaired of seeing it, I captured two C. thersamon, both males in perfect condition. The following day, on the same marshes, I found C. thersamon common, but local, and was able to take a nice series of this lovely "copper." They were very fond of sitting on the white composite flowers of a plant which grew somewhat abundantly by the side of the path, and this was a very convenient habit, as it prevented the necessity of going into the standing hay after them ; when sitting with expanded wings to get all the heat from the rays of the afternoon sun they are a beautiful object, and one is easily able to pick out the good specimens and leave the others ; the females were scarce and I did not get more than three or four. Several other species were taken which I had not noticed the previous day ; R. argus {(egon) was becoming plentiful, and several fresh Loweia dorilis males were netted. In Promontor Wood a very fine dark form of Pararge mcera was frequent ; this variety was so much like a large P. hiera that I at first mistook it for that species. P. podalirius and P. machaon were both rather common, and single specimens of newly emerged Aporia cratcegi ; two very fine large male P. baton, and a few Pontia dapli- dice occurred ; while a pair of fresh Melittea trivia were secured at the wood. Of the latter species I had hoped to have secured a series on the Schwabenburg, but never saw more than one or two specimens on any of the three days I visited that locality. The best place near Budapest for M. trivia is Csepel, which is a large island in the Danube, a short distance south of the city, which I visited on the afternoon of the 24th, as I was anxious to secure a series of this species. After walking through the village towards the south end of the island for a couple of miles, one comes to a large stretch of virgin forest, which covers the whole of this end of the island ; it is mostly composed of small oaks, dwarf poplars, and thick juniper scrub planted on numerous sandhills, the open spaces and glades between them being covered with rushes, coarse grass, and flowering-plants growing very luxuriantly. The soil is very sandy, in fact the conditions here are almost exactly the same as in the forest at Peszer ; and probably both localities are untouched remains of the vast primeval forest which in bygone ages stretched for miles over this part of South-eastern Europe. Like Peszer, also, this end of Csepel Island is an extremely prolific locality for butterflies, and I found several species very abundant. (To be continued.) ENTOM. FEBRUARY, 1913. F 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Duration in the Larva State of Trochilium apipormis. — In recent volumes of the ' Entomologist ' there have been several notes on the earlier stages of this insect, and especially concerning the length of time it remains in the larva state. In the volume for 1911, p. 362, I recorded having seen a female on the bole of a balsam poplar in my garden engaged in ovipositing, dropping her eggs loosely on the ground at the base of the tree. A considerable number of eggs were laid, and after securing a dozen for a correspondent who wished to figure them, I left the rest, which I watched from day to day for some time. But one morning all trace of them had vanished, and I concluded that ants, earwigs, woodlice, or some other predatory beasts had devoured them. On August 2nd, 1912, however, my daughter drew my attention to a fine freshly emerged female moth at the bottom of the tree, and there was an empty pupa case pro- truding from its cocoon in the earth close by. It is of course possible that this particular moth resulted from an egg laid before 1911, but the tree showed no sign of any previous attack, though it had often been examined on the chance of finding this species or Saperda carcharias attacking it in previous years. It seems therefore probable that this moth was produced from one of the eggs which I saw being laid, and, if so, the newly hatched larva must have entered the earth and penetrated the underground portion of the stem or one of the roots. It is of course possible that other larvae may still be feeding in the roots, though there are no signs of them on the surface ; but so far as the evidence goes it seems to indicate that the larva is not always two years in arriving at maturity, as some writers have suggested. Though I have frequently found this insect on the boles of trees and at rest on leaves, I do not remember having seen it on the wing until one morning last July, when, several speci- mens were flying about among the poplars in my small plantation. Getting only a momentary ghmpse of the first, I mistook it for a hornet, less from its appearance than from the loud humming sound caused by the vibration of its wings ; but there could be no mistake about the sound. A good view of a perfectly fresh specimen flying in the sunshine is a sight to be remembered. — W. H. Harwood ; 62, Station Road, Colchester, January 4th, 1913. An unusual Parsnip Pest. — In North Durham last year I was struck by the enormous damage that seemed to have been done to some seeding parsnip plants {Pastinaca saliva). The flowers and immature seeds seemed to be spun together in huge masses, through which silk-hned tunnels passed in all directions. I suspected that this was the work of a Depressaria larva, but for a long time I failed to find one, as it was late in August when I observed the damage. However, close search on a very large plant yielded two larvae, which proved to be those of Depressaria heracliana. In many cases the plants were quite killed, and no seeds produced. As I knew that D. heracliana pupated in the stems of Heracleum sphondylium, its more usual food-plant, I examined the stems and sheathing leaves for pup», but not a single one could I find. I could see dozens of NOTKS AND OBSERVATIONS. 59 places where the larva had eaten hi order to penetrate the stem, but in no case had it succeeded in getting inside, and although I pulled whole plants to pieces and dug up the ground near the plants, I never found a single pupa. Where they had pupated was a mystery. It is certain that no mistake was made in the identification of the larvae, which agreed in every detail with those taken from HeraclGum. I see that the same species has been reported as affecting beds of seeding parsnips in nursery gardens in Canada. The advice given was to uproot the affected plants and destroy them. It would be a far better plan to destroy the plants of Ileracleum which are bound to be near by {Heracleum spliondylmm grows in Canada), and to hand-pick the flowers of the parsnips late in June or early in July. Any damage done previous to that could be neglected. That hand- picking is satisfactory in this case I have ample evidence, for when working at the Depressaria some time ago, I took all I could get from one locality, and for two or three years that spot produced none, although they are now as abundant as ever. The attacks of ichneumons on both Depressaria heracliana and its close ally Depressaria nervosa are of no importance. Not one per cent, is parasitised. A far more important enemy is the common earwig which destroys hundreds of pupaB. — J. W. H. Harrison ; 181, Abingdon Eoad, Middlesbrough. The Jeffrey and the Baxter Collections. — The collection formed by the late Mr. W. Rickman Jeffrey, of Ashford, and which " came under the hammer" at Stevens's Rooms on December 10th last, although by no means an extensive one, had some claims to antiquity. Few lots, however, appeared to attract any great amount of interest, but among those that received some attention may be mentioned a fine male Ghrysophanus dispar that realized seven guineas, and an equally good female that went for £6 10s.; two pairs of LcBlia ccenosa, which, when put up with a former lot that had failed to find a buyer, brought 32/6; and the lot in which a specimen of Diasemia ramburialis was included ran up to £2 5s. The more notable lots in Mr. T. Baxter's collection were a series of forty-one Luperina, described as "nickerlii, gueneei, baxteri, v. iota, V. murrayi, v. minor, v. fusca, all from St. Anne's, 1911, T. Baxter," for which 30/- was given ; a black form of Anthrocera filipendulce. (var. chrysanthemi) reared from a larva found by Mr. Baxter at Fleet- wood in 1888, which realized eleven guineas ; a lot in which fourteen Eupithecia innotata were included which sold for 30/- ; and a couple of rather well-marked varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, which brought 26/- and 21/- each respectively. Each of the collections contained four specimens of Cucullia gnaphalii, those in the former in a lot with sundry other species realized 20/-, while those in the latter by themselves brought 18/-. In the same sale were included some sixty odd more or less remarkable varieties of Abraxas grossulariata reared during recent years by Mr. Harwood, of Colchester, the result in the majority of cases of selected interbreeding, among which the more important lots were, to quote the catalogue descriptions, among the lacticolor-hitea forms — "a combination of radiata and nigro-venata with broad f2 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. yellow band" 20/-, " nigro-veiiata, a magnificent strongly marked female," 30/-, " an exceptionally fine light female with clear yellow ground colour," 32/6, "nigro-venata, a large and handsome radiated female," 32/6, and " a somewhat similar specimen suffused with black scales," 22/-. Of other forms, one described as "a magnificent female of nigro-venata type with broad orange band," sold for 45/-, and "a wild female deeply suffused with orange-yellow," made 42/-. The majority of the other lots went for a few shillings apiece, the total realized being just under £30 for the sixty-three speci- mens.— R. A. ToRTRix PRONUBANA REARED FROM IvY. — Some two or three years ago I reared a couple of specimens of Tortrix ])ronuhana from rolled ivy leaves ; but, as in the case of others that I have from time to time reared from privet, rose, and even Ghrysantliemnm, the plants on which they were found were growing in very close proximity to hedges of Euonymus japonica, on which larv» were known to be feeding, and the insects were either in the pupal web or had actually turned to pupae when found, I hesitated to regard the ivy as the food- plant, as there was a possibility that the full-fed larvae might have iDcen disturbed from the Euonymus and spun up in the other plants as the first suitable place that they came upon for pupation. In September last, however, I met with larvae feeding in ivy leaves far from any Euonymus, and not only were many, of them by no means full-fed, but were distributed in little patches over the ivy for nearly a mile, and every one that I took produced T. pronuhana, excepting in the case of two or three, from which a dipterous parasite known to infest that species emerged. We may therefore, I think, now accept ivy as one of the regular food-plants of the species. — Robert Adkin ; Lewisham, December, 1912. Sympetrum flaveolum, L., in Norfolk. — A fully mature male example of Sympetrum flaveolum, L., has just been submitted to me by the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild. This dragonfly was taken by Mr. J. H. Woodger, who informs me that he found it on the sand- hills of Blakeney Point, North Norfolk, between July 26th and 31st of the current year. I have not heard of the capture of S. flaveolum elsewhere in this country during 1912, and in view of the measure of uncertainty which still exists about the status of the species as a British insect, it seems desirable to record all such occurrences. — Kenneth J. Morton ; 13, Blackford Road, Edinburgh, December 18th, 1912. Pyrameis atalanta. — My experience differs from that of Mr. Postans (Bntom. vol. xlv. p. 324). P. atalanta larvae have been abundant here continuously, and in all stages, from the beginning of July until well into November. The last I found was full-fed Nov. 7th, and these pupated two days later. I noticed females laying eggs at the end of May and also in mid-August. Surely there can be no doubt that there are at least two broods of this insect ? — C. E. Newnham ; Ringwood. Pachnobia rubricosa in November. — On November 16th last, a moth flew to the window, attracted by my electric light. I opened NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 61 the window and the insect flew into the room and was captured. I was greatly surprised to lind that it was a freshly emerged specimen of P. ruhricosa. — Percy Eichards. Pterophorus ph^odactylus, Hiibn., in Yorkshire. — In ' The Naturalist ' for January (No. 672) Mr. W. Mansbridge records P. i)hceodactijlus as plentiful among Ononis arvensis at Sledmere on July 10th, 1902. Further Eecords of Colias edusa in Britain, 1912 : — Essex. — Mr. Norman Lott caught a very large female specimen on May 19th. It was flying about a market garden near Maldon. Several others were seen about the same time. — E. E. Bentall ; The Towers, Heybridge. Isle of Wight. — -A fine male was seen near Freshwater on May 13th. It was flying along the edge of the clift", and passed within a few yards of me. — John B. Hicks; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Koad, Bromley, Kent. Glamorgan. — On June 24th a specimen, in perfect condition, was taken from a flower-head of the common St. John's wort near Cardifi'. No other specimen of the species was seen until Sept. 21st, when one was noted at Marshfield. — F. Morton ; 126, Queen Street, Cardifi'. Kent. — C. edusa was common here during the latter part of July. — Percy Eichards ; Seabrook, Hythe. Sussex. — Between August 22nd and September 6th I captured ten specimens, all males, at High Down, between Littlehampton and Worthing. — W. Gifford Nash ; Bedford. Midlands. — Early in October I saw a beautiful specimen in Sutton Park, Birmingham. — Eric Biddle ; Selborne, Western Eoad, Wylde Green, Birmingham. Cornwall. — During September and the first week in October I was in West Cornwall, and whilst there saw eight or nine specimens of C. edusa, mostly in fresh condition. — Harold Hodge ; 9, High- bury Place, N. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera from Central Wales. — The species enumerated in the following list were among the very few_ insects I obtained at Llandrindod Wells, Eadnorshire, last August. For their identification I am indebted to Mr. Eaton (Ephemeroptera) and to Mr. Morton (Plecoptera and Trichoptera). I have also to thank Mr. H. Campion and Mr. Lucas for kind assistance in obtaining this authoritative determination. Three or four species of the Planipennia were also secured, and these will be referred to by Mr. Lucas in his paper on the species of the order noted in Britain during 1912 :— Ephemeroptera. — Eiihemerella ignita, Poda ; E. notata, Eaton ; Ba'etis rhodani, Pict. ; Heptogenia sidphurea, Miill. ; Ecdyurus venostcs, Fab. Disturbed from alder bushes growing on margin of the river Ithon at Shaky Bridge. Nearly all were of the female sex, and in subimago stage. They matured in the pill-boxes, and remained alive for several days. Plecoptera. — Chloroperla grammatica, Poda ; only one specimen captured. Leuctra geniculata, Steph. ; several seen. L. klapalcki, Kempny ; one specimen. 62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Trichoptera. — Limnophilus lunatus, Curtis (two) ; L. auricula, Curtis (one) ; L. sparsus, Curtis (several) ; Lepidostoma hirtum, Fab. (one) ; HydropsTjche lepida, Hag. (one) ; Glossosovm vernale, Pict. (one). The majority of these insects came to electric lights in house. — Richard South ; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting. Early Emergence of Selenia lunaria. — A year ago I recorded an early emergence of S. lunaria, viz. on January 15th, 1912. I have now to record a still earlier emergence of the same species. On looking at one of my pupa-cages on January 5th I found a female specimen fully developed, which may have emerged several days earlier. The cage had been kept in my dining-room. The mean temperature of the preceding weeks had, of course, been considerably over the average for the time of year. — (Rev.) J. E. Tarbat ; Fare- ham, January 16th, 1913. PiERis BRAssic^ Larv^ IN JANUARY. — In the ' Entomologist,' vol. xli. p. 39, I recorded finding four larvae of P. brassicce on January 4th, 1908, at Rayleigh, Essex ; these were fully grown, and had already begun spinning themselves up for pupation. In the same volume, p. 62, Mr. W. E. Butler states that he found several larvae of this species in his garden at Reading on January 10th, 1884, a very mild winter. I am now able to again record the appearance of the larvae of this butterfly in January. On the 12th ult. I received for identification four fully grown larvae from Mr. W. F. Dale, which he found feeding on brussels sprouts in his garden at Witney, Oxon. In his letter accompanying the specimens he says : " Until recently there were quite a lot of them, and during the past few days they have been crawling up the windows of the house to spin up." One of the four larvae received has pupated ; it spun up on the 13th and pupated 18th, the transformation occupying five days, although kept in a warm room. — F. W. Frohawk ; January 19th, 1913. Nemeobius lucina EMERGING IN DECEMBER. — Seeing Mr. R. G. Benton's note on the above in ' The Entomologist ' for January, I examined a few pupae (eleven) of N. lucina which I had kept out of doors, and I found that one imago had emerged and was lying dead but in good condition on the floor of the cage. — G. Bertram Ker- shaw ; West Wickham, Kent. Eupithecia (pumilata ?) IN January. — When staying in Truro I saw, on the evening of January 2nd, a Eupithecia, which I believe was pwnilata, sitting on the drawing-room wall. I had no entomo- logical apparatus with me and so did not box it. It was a perfectly fresh specimen and I do not think I am mistaken in the species. — H. V. Plum ; Kelly College, January 23rd, 1913. Cucullia chamomill^ emerging in Novebiber. — If Mr. W. A. Tyerman will turn to vol. xxv. of the ' Entomologist,' p. 16, he will see that I there recorded having bred a specimen of this moth on November 5th. — Gervasb F. Mathew ; Lee House, Dovercourt, January 20th, 1913. ' The Review of Applied Entomology.' — The Committee of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology will issue from January, 1913, a SOCIETIES. 68 monthly journal under the title quoted. It will be edited by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, and will deal chiefly with insects that are known to be either noxious or useful ; a summary of the current literature on the subject from all parts of the world will be given. Further particulars will be furnished by Messrs. Dulau & Co., Soho Square, W. Hewitson's Drawings of Lepidoptera. — Key to the Species. — In the Hancock Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne, is to be found an octavo volume of plates painted by Hewitson ; not to be seen, however, in the library with the other books of Hewitson, to which museum Mr. Hewitson at death bequeathed the whole of his splendid entomological library ; this volume reposes carefully in the safe. It consists of 532 exquisitely painted plates by Mr. Hewitson, with the name of the species opposite each in copper- plate writing ; they are magnificent miniatures of the species, not all, however, described by Mr. Hewitson. There 532 plates, averaging five illustrations to a page, with 1,881 specimens, and figuring in all about 1,537 species. They illustrate amongst others the following : PapilionidiE, Pieridae, Danaidae, Heliconidse, and other families. Mr. E. Leonard Gill, the Curator of the museum, first showed me this work during 1911, and I was much struck with the beauty of the drawings and the value as an adjunct of Hewitson's other books. This book indeed appears unknown, and recently when I was over I took the above particulars of it. It is bound with a title-page and notes by Lieutenant-Colonel Adamson as below : — " This wonderful collection of drawings of Butterflies was made by W. C. Hewitson. It contains 1,537 species, all beautifully coloured, and most of them named by him. It was bequeathed by him to the Natural History Society. April, 1899." The title-page is as follows: "A collection of original water-colour drawings of Rhopalocera by Wm. C. Hewitson ; was bequeathed by him with his Entomological library to the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle. August 6th, 1901. C. H. E. Adamson, Lt.-Col." I think some valuable determinations could be elucidated by a critical examination of this book.— -J. Henry Watson. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, November 6th, 1912.— The Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair.— Dr. Emile Frey-Gessner, La Roseraie, Geneve, Switzerland, was elected to the Honorary Fellowship rendered vacant by the death of Prof. Ganglbauer. — Messrs. G. C. Bodkin, Government Entomologist, George Town, British Guiana; C. Talbot Bowring, Acting Com- missioner of Customs, Wenchow, China ; Frederick Lionel Davis, J.P., M.R.C.S., (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), Behze, British Honduras ; Dr. John Dewitz, Devant-les-Ponts, Metz, Lorraine ; Howard Mountjoy Hallett, 13, Earl Road, Penarth, Glamorgan ; A. D. Imms, D.Sc, B.A., F.L.S., Forest Zoologist to the Government of India, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, U.P., India; Nigel Jardine, 64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 2, Castle Street, Ashford, Kent ; Harold H. King, Government Entomologist, Gordon College, Khartoum, Sudan ; Jal Phirozshah Mullan, M.A., Assistant Professor of Biology, St. Xavier's College, Chunam Kiln Eoad, Grant Eoad, Bombay, India ; Edward J. Pater- son, Fairholme, Crowborough ; W. Eait-Smith, 86, Gladstone Street, Abertillery, Monmouthshire ; and Dr. Adalbert Seitz, 59, Bismarck- strasse, Darmstadt, Germany, were elected Fellows of the Society. — The Kev. G. Wheeler exhibited, on behalf of the Rev. F. E. Lowe, a series of Brenthis pales taken in the Heuthal, Bernina Pass, on June 24th, 27th and 28th, 1912. Some were of the var. isis and some of the females of the ab. napcea, but the most remarkable were very pronounced examples of the ak suffusa, Wh., both male and female, some of the latter being almost completely black ; also, on behalf of Mr. R. M. Prideaux, a series of unusually blue females of Polyommatus icarus, taken in the spring of this year in the Westerham district. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a long and constant series of Melitcea aurinia, bred from two batches of ova laid by North Cornwall females ; the series comprised several hundred specimens and was exhibited to show the very small variation in such a large number of this variable species ; also, on behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver, a varied series of M. aurinia, bred by the latter, also from North Cornwall larvffi. — Mr. W. A. Lamborn, two larvaj and two bred imagines with corres- ponding pupa-cases of the Lycaenid butterfly Eulq^hyra mirifica, Hall. The larvae were found in a nest of the ant Cb]cophijlla smarag- dina var. longinoda, no less than nineteen being obtained from three. — Professor Poulton read a letter, written May 27th, 1912, fromPera- deniya, Ceylon, by Mr. E. E. Green, describing the production of the spherical structures on the cocoons of the Tineid moth Epicephala chalyhacma, Meyr., and exhibited the cocoons referred to therein. — Mr. J. A. de Gaye, examples of the West x\frican Agaristid moth Messaga monteironis, Butler, and its model the Hesperid Pyrrhochalcia iphis, Drury, captured by him. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, a living Buprestid larva (species uncertain) which had been found in Messrs. Allen and Hanbury's works at Ware in roots of sandalwood. — Dr. F. A. Dixey made some remarks on the Pierine genus Pinacopteryx, illustrating them by exhibiting ixiale and female specimens of most of the species, side by side with which were shown drawings made to scale of the plumules characteristic of each form. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a specimen of Thor ictus foreli var. honnairei, Wasm., a small beetle, fastened on to the antenna of an ant, Myrmecocystus bicolor, F. — Mr. A. Bacot, an Acridiine Orthopteron from the Ben- guella Plateau, which bore a very perfect resemblance to the scorched grass-stems, on one of which it was resting ; also specimens of the Dipteron Glossma j)alpalis var. toelhnani, Austen, from Catumbella River. — Mr. Eltringham, two specimens of an unusually large Lasio- campid larva which had been presented to the Hope Department by Mr. C. A. Foster, who took them in Sierra Leone. Each larva was about seven inches in length. Professor Poulton suggested that the larvae might perhaps be Gonometa suhfascia Walk., or G. regia, Auriv. — The following papers were read : — " On New Species of Fossorial Hymenoptera from South Africa, chiefly Elidiua3," by Rowland E. Turner, F.E.S. ; "The Life-History of Psejidacrcea euryius SOCIETIES. 65 liobUyi, Neave," by G. H. D. Carpenter, B.A., B.M., B.Ch., F.E.S. ; " Some Luminous Coleoptera from Ceylon," by E.Ernest Green, F.E.S. Wednesday, November 20th, 1912.— Tbe Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair. — The following were elected Fellows of the Society: — Miss Margery H. Briggs, B.Sc, 7, Winterstoke Gardens, Mill Hill, N.W. ; Messrs. Edward Ballard, Zomba, Nyassaland ; George Trevor Lyle, Bank House, Brockenhurst ; Rev. J. W. Met- calfe, The Vicarage, Ottery St. Mary ; Kurt, Baron Rosen, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich. — The Rev. G. Wheeler, one of the Secre- taries, announced that the Council had nominated the following Fellows as Officers and Council for the Session 1913-1914 : — Presi- dent, George T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones; Secretaries, Commander J. J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and the Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Librarian, George Charles Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.S. Other members of the Council, Robert Adkin, James B. Collin, John Hartley Durrant, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Harry Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., Gilbert \N. Nicholson, M.A., M.D., Hon. Nathaniel Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., W. E. Sharp, J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., Colbran J. Wainwright. — Mr. W. A. Lamborn exhibited (1) a small company of the Nymphaline butterfly Euphadra ravola, Hew., which he had bred in August last from larvae found together under one leaf near Oni Camp, Lagos ; (2) two bred families of the Pierine butterfly Leitce- ronia argia, Fabr., with the female parent in each case. — Mr. E. C. Bedwell, specimens of Lasiosomus enervis, H.S., one of the rarest of the British Lj^gaeidge. — Mr. O. E. Janson, specimens of a remarkable Mantid ootheca from Delagoa Bay that had been described and figured by the late Mr. Shelford. — Mr. E. C. Joy, two aberrant specimens of CoUas edusa, bred from Folkestone in October last. — Dr. K. Jordan, two nests of Eucheira socialis recently received from Western Mexico. The caterpillars of this Pierine butterfly live gregariously in an opaque nest of silk, which has an aperture at the lower end. Pupation takes place in the cavity of the nest, the pupte being suspended by the tail, as in the case of Nymphalidas. — The following papers were read : — " Notes on Various Central American Coleoptera, with De- scriptions of New Genera and Species," by G. C. Champion, A.L.S. F.Z.S., F.E.S.; "The Butterflies of the White Nile, a Study in Geographical Distribution," by G. B. Longstaff, M.A., M.D., F.E.S. A considerable discussion took place on the subject of Dr. Longstaff's paper. Wednesday, December Uh, 1912.— The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A. President, in the chair. — Mr. C. A. Foster, Worcestershire Regiment, Beechwood, Iffley, Oxford, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — The President announced the death of Mr. W. F. Kirby, formerly Honorary Secretary of the Society.— Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a diagram of the ootheca of a Mantis and read notes upon it. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a number of butterflies with one moth belonging to the principal Miillerian Association as found in Costa Rica. A number of specimens, both set and unset, of the principal Miillerian group from Caracas, Venezuela, were also shown, to exhibit the far closer resemblance of the under sides than the upper sides. 66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. From Santos, S. E. Brazil, were shown the principal members of a synaposematic group to call attention to a member of the group that had not been previously mentioned. The species was Pericopis isse, a Hypsid moth. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff, a small box of Chrysids, and started an interesting discussion on the means by which the metallic coloration was produced. — Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, series of Melanargia japygia and M. galatea from Sicily. — Mr. G. T. Porritt, a series of Platycleis roeselii taken by himself at Trusthorpe, on the Lincoln- shire coast this year. — Mr. W. A. Lamborn supplemented his previous account of two families of hved< Leucero7iia argia by referrring to a short series of females taken at Oni between April 1st, 1910, and January 25th, 1911, a period including a whole wet season and a part of two dry seasons. — Mr. J. A. Simes exhibited a short series of Parnassius apollo from the Government of Viatka, with a series from the Alps of Dauphiny and Switzerland for comparison. — Professor Poulton said that at his desire Miss Fountaine had kindly prepared an account of the extremely interesting family of Papilio dardamis reared by her in 1909 — the only Natal family at present known in which cenea is other than the most numerous of all the forms. He exhibited a male specimen of P. arenaria, taken by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on Bugalla, one of the Sesse Islands. P. arenaria had been shown by Dr. Karl Jordan to be a pale eastern geographical race of the fulvous P. consanguinea of the tropical west coast. It was therefore interesting to find such forms, tending towards an intermediate tint, in an island in the Victoria Nyanza. Professor Poulton also exhibited thirty-seven examples of Bumicia ■plilaas, captured on the same bank at Cerne Abbas, Dorset, in the hot August of 1911 and in the cold August of 1912, by Dr. E. C. L. Perkins. Eight out of the fourteen males captured in 1911 were much darker than any of the eight males captured in 1912. The copper tint of the eight 1912 females was more brilliantly lustrous than in the seven 1911 females. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, a series of Polyommatus icarus females principally from various localities on the North Downs, arranged according to the year and emergence to which they belonged.— The Kev. G. Wheeler, on behalf of Mr. R. M. Prideaux, some aberrational forms of Bimiicia phlaas and three female " Blues," consisting of one very dark specimen of Agriades corydon and two of A. thetis, one being of the ab. urania, Gerh., and the other having the fore wings dark and the hind wings symme- trically of a pale fawn-colour. Also the specimens of Agriades thetis ab. urania, Gerh., to which he had referred at a former meeting. All were taken between Gomshall and Dorking and were first-brood specimens of this year. Also a series of blue females of Polyomviatus icarus, most of them entirely blue, taken this spring at Notgrove in the Cotswolds, and for comparison the bluest female he had taken there previously, in which the blue scaling was less than the least blue of this spring's captures. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, specimens of Teracolus ephyia, Klug, and some allied forms, together with draw- ings of their respective scent scales. — The following papers were read: — " On some New and little-known Bornean Lycasnidae, with a Revision of the Thecline Genus Thamala, Moore," by J. C. Moulton, F.L.S., Curator of the Sarawak Museum ; " Descriptions of South SOCIETIES. 67 American Micro-Lepiaoptera," by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. ; " Synop- tic Table of the British Species of Aleunota and Atheta, Th.," by Malcohii Cameron, M.B., R.N. ; "Comparative Notes on Ghiladsc galba, Lea., and G. jthiala, Gr.-Gr.," by G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; "Notes on the Specific Distinction of Certain Species in the orbitulus and pheretiades Section of the Genus Plcbeius," by G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Mr. Bethune-Baker exhibited the species referred to in the latter paper, and mentioned the conclusions to which he had come as to their specific value or otherwise. — George Wheeler, M.A., Hon. Secretary. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— October Mth, 1912.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — The Secretary exhibited four specimens of Abraxas grosstilariata ab. varleyata, presented to the Society's cabinet by Mr. G. T. Porritt. — Mr. Ashdown, a collection of butterflies made during his holiday in Switzerland in June and July. — Mr. Colthrup, a series of very fine photographs of Lepidoptera at rest, and of famous entomological localities. — Mr. Newman, the one Golias edusa and four var. helice he had bred this year from a captured var. lielice ; some Pyrameis atalanta with smoky-red bands ; and a fine series of autumn-bred hybrids, ocellatiis-popiUi, showing much variability. These last had not been forced.— Mr. Tonge, a long series of Tephro- sia bistorta, second brood, bred from a female from Tilgate Forest, captured in the spring.— Mr. Kaye, an uncommon Pyrale, Aglossa cuprealis, captured in his house at Surbiton.— Mr. Edwards, the exotic Papilios, P. cacicus, from South America, and P. helleri and P. andrcemon from Mexico.— Mr. L. Gibb, a living example of Poly- gonia c-albmn. — Mr. Adkin, short series of Eupithecia mnotata and G. fraxinata, and initiated a discussion on the specific stability of these as two separate species. — Mr. Grosvenor, two drawers of Pieris napi, showing the geographical variation occurring in the British Isles.— Mr. Sheldon, all the species of the genus Erebia known to occur in Scandinavia and which he had taken in his trips there during 1911 and 1912. November Uth, 1912.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. H. W. Martin and Mr. Ronald Marshall, of Bexley, were elected members. — Mr. B. H. Smith presented a large collec- tion of British mosses to the Society's reference collections. The specimens were mounted and contained in thirty-one volumes. — Mr. Newman, twigs of sallow extensively attacked by tits for the larvae of beetles and the mites in the nodules caused by the last ; long and variable series of Polia chi from Sheffield, mostly dark ; and several series of Melitaa aurinia, including a very variable series bred at Birmingham, and a very uniform series bred at Bexley, both series originating from the same localities. — Mr. Sheldon, series of the Brenthids taken by him in Lapland this year, viz., B.frigga, B.freija, B. polaris and B. pales var. lapponica, with series of (Eneis jutta and (E. noma, pointing out the extreme variability of the last-named.— Mr. F. H. Grosvenor, a long series of B.perla from Deal, where it occurred in abundance in late August.— Mr. Tonge, the same species and a short series of B. muralis from the same place, including an 68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ab. imjjcir and a specimen as small as B. ]jerla.~Mi\ Bacot, a cm"ious mimetic Acridian from Portuguese West Africa, which rested on the charred stumps of vegetation burnt annually, and showed very perfect protective resemblance. — Mr. Gardner, long and varied series of British Lepidoptera, including Boarmia repandata from North Devon, with var. conversaria and many intermediates ; Hypsvpetcs sordidata from Forres, probably bilberry forms, many being very extreme ; Larentia didymata from many localities indicative of local races, and Melanippe Jiiictuata, including varied London forms and aberrations, with dark Scotch and Shetland forms. — Mr. H. Main, the galls of Biorhiza aptera on the rootlets of the oak, some cut open to show the workings, the larvaB, and the parasitic larvae. —Mr. W. J. Kaye, a fine set of the species of butterflies forming the principal Miillerian association in Costa Eica, including fourteen species of Ithomiinse, three species of HeliconiiniE, one Pierinse, one Eresia, and a new species of Castnia. He also showed a smaller, similar, mimetic group from Caracas, Venezuela. — Mr. Sheldon, the series of Eupi- thecia innotata and E. fraxinata referred to by him at the previous meeting. — Lantern slides were exhibited by Mr. W. West (Ashtead), sporangia of Myxomycetes ; Dr. Chapman, the delegates to the International Congress ; Mr. Tonge, ova of Lepidoptera in situ ; Mr. Main, life-histories of the snake-fly {Eaphidia), the alder-fly, and the "jumping" saw-fly {Phylotoma) ; and Mr. Dennis, galls caused by aphids and mites. — -Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. The Manchester Entomological Society. — The first meeting of the 1912-13 Session was held in the Manchester Museum on October 2nd, 1912. — The following exhibits were made : — Mr. E. Tait, Jr., series of Agrotis ashworthii from North Wales, including a number of dark specimens ; Nyssia zonaria bred from ova laid by a North Wales female ; Melitcea aurinia bred from Irish larvae ; Geometra p)apilionaria bred from Delamere larvae; Tephrosia luridata bred from Wyre Forest ova ; Cucullia chamomillcB from Carrington Moss, Cheshire ; a bred series of Ennomos autumnaria. Series from South Devon (taken in June, 1912) of Leucophasia sinapis, Melanippe pirocellata, Larentia rjaliata, Liydia adustata, Bapta temerata, and CoUas edusa; also a variety of Agrotis exclamationis . He also showed a fine series of Boarinia repandata, including the melanic form from North Wales, a different melanic form from Durham, and a pale form from South Wales.— Mr. W. P. Stocks, F.E.C.S., a large number of species, which included : — From Silverdale : Nemeohius lucina. Bio geryon, Nola confusalis, Grammesia trigrammica, with var. bilinea inclining to var. obscura, Ligdia adustata, Bapta temerata, Malenydris salicata, &c. From Baslow : Xanthorhoe fluctuata var. costovata, a beautiful example ; Bryophila perla, a series. From Selkirk: Pygcera pigra. From Fowey: Diaphora mendica. — Mr. C. F. Johnson, series of Ligdia adustata, Bio geryon, and Seviiothisa alternata, from Witherslack ; Lophopteryx camelina, Tephrosia lurid- ata and Pachys strataria, bred from larva3 beaten in Wyre Forest ; a peculiar buff-coloured specimen of Opisthograptis luteolata, taken at Stockport. — Mr. W. Mansbridge, series of Nyssia zonaria, from Crosby sandhills ; Gonodontis hidentata with var. nigra, from Brad- SOCIETIES. 09 ford parents; Ematurga atoinaria, from Dolamere, with_ melanic variety from Burnley; Mamestra glauca with dark variety, and Coremia fcrrugata, both spring and July forms, showing seasonal variation— from Burnley ; blue females of Lycana icarus, from the Crosby sandhills ; vars. of Abraxas grossulariata bred from wild Huddersfield larvte ; Boarmia repandata, with a pair of var. 7iigra, bred from Delamere Forest— the first var. nigra Mr. Mansbridge has taken in that locality ; a slaty form of Boarmia gemmaria from^ the Liverpool district ; Aplecta nebulosa with var. rohsoni and Sesia cidiciformis, from Delamere.— Mr. B. H. Crabtree :— Prom Lakeside, Windermere : bred series of Dasychira imdihunda and Acronycta psi ; series of Nemeobiiis kicina, Thanaos tages, and Argynnis euphrosyne. A bred series of Abraxas grossulariata from Huddersfield. Varieties of Arctia caia from wild Altrincham larvae.- Mr. A. E. Wright, the following series : Nyssia zonaria, from Blackpool ; Cucidlia chamo- milla, from St. Anne's-on-Sea ; Hybernia marginaria var. fuscata, from Burnley and St. Anne's-on-Sea ; Ljjgris testata, from Burnley, including one dark male ; Anticlea badiata, from St. Anne's-on-Sea and Burnley; a long series of Hybernia leiico2)hcBaria, including a number of var. marmorinaria from Delamere ; Ligdia adustata, Lomaspilis marginata, and Nenioria viridaria, from Witherslack ; a fine series of Ematurga atoinaria, from Witherslack, Delamere, and Burnley, including black forms, both sexes ; Mamestra glauca, from Burnley and Cannock Chase ; Eujnthccia succenturiata, from Southport. Mr. W. Buckley, bred series ol Boarmia repandata, Agrotisaslmorthii, A. agathina, and Noctiia brunnea, from Penmaenmawr; DiantJmcia conspersa, from Anglesea, which had been three winters in pupa. — Mr. L. Nathan, bred Dasychira fascelina, from Southport larvae ; Papilio machaon, from Wicken Fen, &c.— Mr. J. H. Watson, male and female living leaf-insects, Pidchrypkyllum crurifolium, from Ceylon, bred by Dr. Russell from ova sent last year ; two boxes of Parnassnis apollo, showing about fifteen subspecies. — Mr. J. E. Cope, the following Coleoptera :— Cara6? 'for Micros,, and the lesser Macros., or small insects of other orders ; specimens and ' prices on application, FISTS, for pointing out varieties, Gd. per 100, 300 for Is, CAREFUL WORK GUARANTEED. CASH WITH ORDER. F. LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL. CONTENTS. Further Notes on Hesperiid Classification (with plate) H. Rowland- Brown, 25 Some Aberrations of British Lepidoptera (with plate), 28. Neuroptera, &c., from the South of France, W. J, Lticas, 31. Diagnoses of Some American Acrffiinee, K. Jordan, 32. Some Oriental Bees, T. D. A. Cockerell, 34. Further Notes on Metrioptera roeselii (Orthoptera), Herbert Campion, 37. Hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta, F. W. Frohawk, 40. British Orthoptera in 1912 (with illustration), W. J. Lucas, 42. Field Notes 6n British Sawflies, Claude Morley, 46. Friends and Foes of the Coniferte, J. W. H. Harrison, 50. A Month's Collecting in Hungary, Qerard H. Gurney, 54. Notes and Obskkvations. — ]3uration in the Larva State of Trochilium apiformis, W. H. Harivood, 58. An Unusual Parsnip Pest, J. W. H. Harrison, 58. The Jeffrej' and the Baxter Collections, B. A., 59. Tortrix pronubana Reared from Ivy, Rohert Adkin, 60. Sympetrum flaveolum, L., in Norfolk, Kenneth J. Morton, 60. Pyrameis atalanta, C. E. Neivnhain, 60. Pachnobia rubri- cosa in November, Percy Richards, 60. Pterophorus phaeodactylus, Hubn.. in Yorkshire, 61. Further Kecords of Colias edusa in Britain, 1912, 61, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera from Central Wales, Richard South, 61. Early Emergence of Selenia lunaria, (Uev.) J. E. Tarbat, 62. Pieris brassicte Larvse in January, F. W. Frohawk, 62. Nemeobius lucina emerging in December, G. Bertram Kershaw, 62. Eupithecia (pumilata ?) in January, H. V. Plum, 62. Cueullia chamomillaj emerging in November Gervasc F. Mathelv, 62. ' The Review of Applied Entomology,' 62. Hewit- son's Drawings of Lepidoptera. — Key to the Species, J. Henry Watson, 63. Societies, 63. , Recent Literature, 70. Obituary, 72. DR. STAUDINGER&BANG-HAA5, Blasewitz-Dresden.intheif new Price List No. LVI. for 1913, offer more than 19,000 Species of well named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, ii: finest condition ; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARViE; &c. Separate Prio Lists for COLEOPTERA (29,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (3600 epeciesi. DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500), ORTHOPTERA (1200), NEURO TERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-orders Prices low. We sell no more living pupae. experienced the meutal Ktrain of recniliuK the technical terms you have mot with, or their significations, in the course of your Entomological studies. YOU MUST HAVE al strain of recailinK the technical terms you ha' ifioations, in the course of vour Entomological stu THE DICTIONARY OF ENTOMOLOGY abolishes this ilifficulty by placing before you for the first time the mufuiings and derivations of 3000 -wordi*. This work is iiiJispeusable to Entomologists; it facilitiit( .>< the study of the student and gives the luofessor a greater vocabulai y. Compilea by N. K. JARDINE, F.E.S. PRICE 6/- "et. haU roan. Post free from " Pubhsheh.s," 2, Castle Stkef.t, AsHi'ouri, Kent. So\A by all Booksellers and "West, Nkwman & Co., 54, Hattou Garden, London, ]:.<". FOR SALE.—' Entomologists' Record,' 1890-1909 (21 years). Four vols, bound. Eemainder in parts (one missing). Price £2 10s. Five Store-boxes, Gs. size, and SIX 4.s'. (ni. size — half price. E. W. BROWN, 62, CHURCH ROAD, GORLESTON-ON-SEA, JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION, All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Custornei are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakeB occnr daily. Subscriptions for 1913 {6s. post free) and are now due and should be sent to West, Newman d Co., 64, Hatton Garden, London. Vol. XLVI] MARCH, 1913. [No. 598. THE ENTOMOLOGIST lllustrateb llont^lj lournal GEISTERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF EOBEIiT ADKIN, F.E.S. H.ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &o. F. VV. FliOHAWK F.E.S., M.B.O.U. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Dr. D. sharp, F.U.S., F.E.S., Ac, "By mutual oonfidenoe and mutual aid Qreat deeds are done and great discoveries made." >^isitors were the Rev. F. D. Morice and Messrs. Durrant, Gahan, and Step. — Richard South {Ho7i. Sec). SOCIETIES. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— Dec. 12th, 1912.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. Ashdown exhibited a collection of over one hundred species of attractive Coleoptera obtained by him in Switzerland in June and July, 1911 and 1912, including Ceinmbyx cerdo, C. scopolii, Sapcrda scalaris, Trichius fasciatus, &c. — Mr. Tonge, very dark Noctua xantliocjraplia from Deal, at sugar, and a bred series of Cirrhia citrago from Dorking. — Mr. South, for Rev. W. Claxton, a series of Tortrix pronubana from Bournemouth, among which was a specimen identical with the ambus tana of Hiibner — it was the only one of the form reared ; also a form of Olethreutes ochroleucana from near Romford, with the apical third of fore wing greyish, enclosing dusky cloud-like markings almost parallel with the termen. — Mr. Kaye, three Syritomid moths, Orcynia carcarata from Caracas, mimicking a wasp ; 0. tarsalis from British Guiana, mimicking a fossorial wasp ; and Tricliura cerherus, male, with long anal projection, mimicking an ichneumon female with long ovipositor. The resem- blances were most pronounced. — Mr. Grosvenor, series of Melitcea aurinia from more than a dozen British localities, to show the geographical variation. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a series of under sides of Argynnis adippe, to show the variation obtainable on the Continent, including ab. cleodoxa, var. chlorodippe, var. cleodippe (the two last Spanish), ab. bajuvarica, ab. ornatissima, var. norvegica, &c. — Mr. Newman, very varied forms of Agrotis cursoria from Shetland. — Mr. Main, larviB of Glythra quadripunctata in their cases of excrement, taken by Mr. Donisthorpe from a nest of the ant Formica riifa. January 9th, 1913.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, E.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. E. H. StiiUman, of Dulwich, was elected a member. — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited three specimens of Papilio machaon reared from Norfolk larvae, having the wliole of the lunules on the outer margin of the hind wings more or less strongly orange. — Mr. Newman, a living female Selenia bilunaria bred out of doors on January 9th, the first of the brood emerged on December 20th. He also showed sprays of alder and buckthorn in leaf. — Mr. Rayward, the working of JEgeria andrenaformis in Viburmim, and a similar working in elder, which had all the characteristics of that of j3S. andrcnceformis. — Mr. Tonge, several species of butterflies from Redlands, California. — Mr. Gahan read a paper on "Mimicry in Coleoptera," and illustrated it with a large number of particularly mimetic species. January ^Srd. — Annual Meeting.- — Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — The Reports of the Council and Officers for the past year were read and adopted, and the President read the Annual Address in which, after discussing the affairs of the Society and reviewing the entomological happenings for the year, he sum- 142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. marised his own work in the study of the ova and early stages of the Lepidoptera. Tlie following is a list of the Officers and Council elected to serve for the ensuing year: — President, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. ; Vice- Presidents, W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. and B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S. ; Treasurer, T. W. Hall, F.E.S. ; Librarian, A. W. Dods ; Curator, W. West ; Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., and Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. ; Council, E. Adkin, F.E.S., C. W. Colthrup, T. W. Cowham, A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., A. Russell, F.E.S., W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S., and A. Sich, F.E.S. — Votes of thanks were passed to the President and other Officers. — Sjxcial Meeting. — It was unanimously agreed to appoint an Editor of ' Proceedings ' as an additional Officer and to increase the number of the Council from seven to nine. The new rules to take effect as from January 1st, 1913. — Ordinary Meeting. — Mr. Buckstone exhibited several short series of bred Phragmatobia fuliginosa, representing second and third broods from Aberdeen, first brood from Horsley, and second brood from Wendover. — Mr. Bacot, an enlarged photograph of an Indian flea, reputed to be one of the carriers of plague. — Mr. Dunster, specimens of Dicycla 00, Mellinia ocellaris and Misclia oxyacantha from Winchmore Hill. February ISth. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. C. R. Wixcey, of Palmer's Green, N., was elected a member. — It was annouiiced that Mr. Step had been made Editor of 'Proceedings,' and that Messrs. J. Piatt Barrett and N. D. Riley were added to the Council, in accordance with the alterations in the bye-laws passed at the Special Meeting held on January 23rd. — Mr. Buckstone exhibited several aberrations of Gharceas graviinis, in- cluding a remarkably uniform grey specimen, the markings being scarcely discernible. — Mr. West, six species of the coleopterous genus Ophonus {Harpalus in part), with the tedeagus mounted by the side of the males, and remarked that the study of this organ had revo- lutionized the previous identification of the species. — Mr. Andrews, a series ;^of the Dipteron Hamatobia irritans, taken off the backs of bullocks near Milford Haven. Around the horns, clustered in dense rings, flies liad frequently been noticed. — Mr. K. G. Blair, a large, living larva of a Geotrivpes sp. (dung beetle) and compared it with that of Melolontha. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a large number of Syntomidas, with their supposed models, taken by Dr. Davis, of Belize, in British Honduras. — Mr. Tonge, a fine bred series of Epunda lichenea, from Eastbourne. — Mr. Coote, bred Paiyilio machaon, in which the ground colour approached that of ab. aurantiaca. — Mr. Frohawk, various aberrations of Melitaa athalia, M. aurinia and 31. cinxia, including a fine melanic form of the first species and some fine under side forms of the last-named, together with drawings of an albino Argynnis adippe, an albino Euchloe cardamines, &c. — The rest of the evening was devoted to microscopical exhibits by Messrs. C. B. Williams, R. Adkin, F. Noad Clark, Ashdown, and W. West (Ash- tead). — Hy. J. Turner {Hon. Eep. Sec). Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, Monday, January 20th, 1913, Mr. R. Wilding, Vice-President, in the chair. — RECENT LITERATURK. 143 A paper by Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, entitled " Some Associa- tions between Ants of different Species," was read by the Hon. Sec. The paper fully described all tliat is known of these associations, and specially dealt with the relationship between species of Formicoxemis, Anergates, and Wheeleriella. A vote of thanks to the author was carried unanimously, and a discussion, showing a general interest in the subject, ensued. Exhibits were as follows: — A box of Micro- Lepidoptera by Mr. A. W. Boyd, collected in Lancashire and Cheshire during 1912, recording many new localities for species already on our list. — Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a buff male of Arctia mencUca from Co. Cork. — Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sec. The Manchester Entomological Society. — Meeting held in the Manchester Museum on Wednesday, December 4th, 1912, Mr. W. Buckley in the chair.— Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited Aplecta nebulosa from Argyll and the New Forest, and the three forms from Delamere. — Mr. J. H. Watson gave a lecture on " The Parnassiinge, an Ancient Group of Butterflies," which was illustrated by the exhibi- tion of his collection. The headquarters of the family is in Tibet, which more nearly approaches the conditions of the glacial epoch than any other country. The family is a very ancient one, and an allied form is found as a Miocene fossil. Mr. Watson exhibited twenty-two out of thirty-two species recognized by Mr. Kothschild, and another (P. delins) which he considered should be raised to specific rank. January 8th, 1913.— Mr. W. Buckley gave the Annual Presidential Address "On Collecting and Bearing Acidalia contiguaria, some Personal Experiences." In the first place, he gave his experiences in the field in N. Wales, with the insect in all its stages. Then he referred to its breeding in captivity ; 95% of the larvao survive the winter if dried knot-grass be used for hybernation. Finally, he gave full details of his experiments in breeding the light and dark forms. After breeding for three generations from the wild insects he made the four different pairings possible between the light and dark forms, with the following results :— (i) Light $ x dark 3- . One brood of sixty-nine imagines had 68-7% dark and 31-2% light; another brood, 75% dark and 25% light— practically Mendelian proportions, the hght form being the recessive, (ii) Dark 2 x light 3. Never fertile, though a number of pairings were made, (iii) Dark ? x dark j n ^ • One to five localities, equal quantities ; locality, date (= 191 ), and collector s name (three lines in all)— 1000 for 2s. M., 2000 for 4s., 3000 for 5s. ; locality and date only (two lines) -1000 for 2s., 2000 for 3s. Sd., 3000 for 4s. Unequal num- bers, or each additional line, Gd. extra. . Special:— MINUTE LABELS, printed in the smallest type m.\de, essential for Micros., and the lesser Macros., or small insects of other orders ; specimens and prices on application. FISTS, for pointing out varieties, 6d. per 100, 800 for Is. CAREFUL WORK GUARANTEED. CASH WITH ORDLL. F. LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL. CONTENTS. Variety of Argynnis adippe, (with illustration), F. W. Frohawli, 121. Bntterfly- hnntint; in the Balkans (with plate), A. E. Gibbs, 122. A Note on Two Species of Bassid Ichneumonidaj pai'asitic on a Species of Syrphid Larva, A. E. Cameron, 1.30. On Walker's Japanese IchneumonidDe, Claude Morley. 131. New Butterflies from Nias, Percy I. Lathy, 135. Orthoptera in 1912. (Supplementary List.), W. J. Lncas, 138. Notes and Observations, 139. Societies. 141. Recent Literature. 14B. r\R. STAUDINQER & BANQ = HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in their ■-^ new Price List No. LVI. f'r 1913. offer more than 19,000 Species of well- named IjEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARV^; &e. Separate Prick Lists for COLEOPTERA (29,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (3600 species) DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500i, OlITHOPTERA (1200), NEURO TERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low. We sell no more living pupae. THE DICTIONARY OF ENTOMOLOGY bound in half roan. Price 6s. net., from West, Newman ifc Co., 54, Hatton Garden, E.G. Trade, if f^ent by j^ost, id., foreign 5d., extra. Post free from " Pnbli^:hers," 2, Castle Street, Ashford, Kent. T SPECIAL NOTICE. HOS. SALVAGE of The Plaquet, Arlington, Berwick, Sussex, has for Sale a fine lot of Scotch and other British Lepidopteia, all in fine condition. Full data with every specimen. Quantity of PupEe, Ova, &c., all at extra lovi^ prices to clear. T. S. would like to work the North of Scotland (the Grampians) for the whole sugaring season, June to Septemher. Nocture and Tortrices especially. Three or four Subscrihers wanted. For Terms and Price List apply as above. TO COLLECTORS. TO BE SOLD, a Collection of tine Indian and other Butterflies and Moths, and also two Collections of Foreign Siiells. To be seen by appointment, on applica- tion to CHANCELLOR & SONS, ASCOT, BERKS. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Quaranteeu ; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Onstomers are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur daily. Subscriptions for 1913 {6s. post free) and are now due and should be sent to West, Newman d Co., 64, Hatton Garden, London. Vol. XLVI.] MAY, 1913. [No. 600. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Jllustrateb Pontblg lournal OF GEN^ERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBEKT ADKIN, F.E.S. I C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. H. KOWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S.. Ac. j CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. F. W. FROHAWK F.E.S., M.B.O.U. l Db. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., Ac. " By mutual oonfidenoe and mutual aid Qreat deeds are done and great disooverieB made." LONDON : WEST. NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN 8IMPK1N, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. Price Sixpence. W ATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets Plain King Nets, wire or oane, iuoiadiug Stiok. Is. 8d., 2b., 2b. 6d. Folding l^etb, 38. 6d., 46. Dinbrellft Nets (self-acting), 7b. Pocket Boxes, (id., 9d., Is., Is .62. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6d., 26. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per fonr dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed. Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2b. 6d. to 8b. Sugaring Tin, with brnsb, Is. 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, Is. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2b. 6d., 46., os., 66. Setting Boards, fiat or oval, 1 in.. 6d. ; 1 ^ in., 8d. ; 2 in., lUd. ; 2^ in.. Is. ; 8^ in.. Is. 4d. ; 4 in., Is. 6d. ; 5 in.. Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, lOs. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., lis. tid.; corked back, 14b. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., le., Is. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 46., Ss., 7s. 6d. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, Is. 6d., Is. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, Is. 6d., 2s. 9d., 8s. 6d.. 4b. 6d^ Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 2b. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Casefi, 2b. Od. to lis. Cement for replacing Antennae, 4d. per bottle. Steel ForcepB, Is. 6d., 28., 2fi. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 8i, best quality, is. 6d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. to 8b. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d., Is. Papa Digger, in leather sheath. Is. 9d. Taxidermist'e Companion, containing most necessary implementf^ for Hkinning, IUb. 6d. Scalpels, Is. 3d. ; Scissors, 28. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d.. fid.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2(1., 8d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, EggB, &o. SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute insects of all other families. We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, wliich have certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiidae, &c., are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. "We shall be pleased to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Inskots, Birds' Eoas, Coins, Microsoopioal Objects, Fossils, &o. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BRITISH, KUROPKAN, AND KXOTIO). Birds, Mammals, do,. Preserved and Mounted by Pirst-olaas Workmen. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. NOW ON SALE. MY BOOK on the British Butterflies and Moths. Order at once, direct from me. Price 3s. 6d., postage 4d. This work is what every Collector has wanted. It contains valuable hints on collecting and breeding from my own personal experience, best food plants and substitutes (English and scientific names) for all Larvae, description of prominent varieties, mode of pupation, range in Great Britain, shows what stage each species is in every month. Index perfection, no matter by what English or scientific name you know an insect you can find its full life history, also its position in systematic arrangement at once. This work has taken my friend Mr. H. A. Leeds and self over seven years to compile and is right up-to-date, and we trust will prove the most valuable work ever issued. I can thoroughly recommend it to every Collector ; it suits the advanced collector as well as the schoolboy or beginner. Write for my spring price lists at once. Many bargains. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. CABINETS FOR 5ALE. — Thirty-drawer Gurney, £16, excellent condition. Sixty- eight-drawer, oak, 3-tier, drawers 18 ins. by 18 ins., glass panel doors, good condition, ^12 10s. ; cost nearly treble. Thirty-six-drawer 3-tier mahogany, £7 10s. (sliding frames). Twenty 5s. store boxes, 3s. each ; several other sizes. British Pyrales, Crambites, Pterophori, Tortrices, and Tineee, half to quarter usual prices to clear ; selections on approval. A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. The Entomologist, May, 1913. Plate IX A. E. O. Pile. to. G. & U. Ltd. CAcJNICA. BOSNIA. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVL] MAY. 1913. [No. 600 THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CCENONYMPIIA TIPIION. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. On July 21st, 1903, the late Mr. F. G. Cannon watched a female C. tiphon deposit a single egg on a dead stalk of beaked rush {Rhynckospora alba), which he kindly sent me ; this hatched on August 5th, remaining fifteen days in the egg-state. He also sent me at the same time some live females from Witherslack ; these deposited about six dozen eggs during the following week, mostly on the plant of beaked rush sent with them, which I potted up and placed them upon. Most of the eggs hatched during the second week of August. I am also indebted to Mr. A. S. Tetley for several females which he captured for me on Whitby Moors, Yorkshire, on July 17th and 25th, 1909. These laid several eggs during the follow- ing weeks after their arrival, on the 19th and 28th respectively. One female deposited nine eggs in the chip-box during the journey. These laid during the end of the third week of July and hatched during the first week of August. On June 15th, 1911, Mr. Frank Littlewood kindly sent me eight females, and four more on the 17th, which he captured near Kendal. These were accompanied with a note, saying : " The species must have been on the wing by June 1st, as everything is so forward with the hot weather." These females I placed on growing plants of beaked rush, sent by Mr. Littlewood for the purpose. Altogether about two hundred eggs were laid during the latter part of June ; these started hatching early in July, and by the end of the third week some of the larvae had moulted once, owing to the continuous fine hot weather of that month ; on the 21st and 22nd the shade temperature was as high as 92° and 93°. On June 29th and 80th, 1912, I captured several females at Witherslack ; those reserved for eggs laid freely during the first half of July. The egg is large for the size of the butterfly, being ^J^ in. high, of an elliptic-spheroid form, with a swollen micropyle, which is very finely reticulated. The reticulations covering the ENTOM. — MAY, 1913. M 146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. surface of the egg increase in size over the rest of the crown, developing into irregular longitudinal keels down the side, which disappear on rounding the base ; these number about fifty alto- gether. The spaces between the keels are finely ribbed trans- versely. The colour when first laid is whitish ochreous-green, which gradually turns to a pale straw-yellow, and pale ochreous- brown spots appear under the shell, which gradually become more pronounced and form an irregular pattern of small blotches, and a more or less broken band forming an uneven zone. The shell then becomes opalescent, having a bluish reflection in the high light. The egg is laid singly on the blade or stem of grass. The larva escapes from the egg by eating away the shell in a line for about two-thirds of the circumference just below the crown ; it then forces itself out, the crown acting like a lid. Directly after emergence the larva measures j\y in. long. The body is slightly attenuated posteriorly, and strongly wrinkled transversely, each of the abdominal segments having six sub- divisions, the first of each being the widest. There are five longitudinal dull amber-coloured lines, one medio-dorsal and two on each side, i.e. one subdorsal and one immediately above the spiracles ; between these last two is a very fine and rather broken-up line of the same colour ; the lateral ridge is somewhat whiter than the dorsal surface, which is a pale pearly ochreous ; the ventral surface is rather darker ochreous. The anal points end in a short, slightly curved bristle. On the side of each seg- ment are five minute dusky claw-like points, all projecting back- wards, two between the dorsal lines, one just above the spiracle and two just below it ; on the claspers, legs, and last three seg- ments are simple white spines. The spiracles are dull olive- brown. The head is large and globular, light ochreous in colour, beset with tiny white points ; eye-spots black. The young larvae refused to feed on the beaked rush, but on supplying them with Poa annua they at once started feeding, and continued feeding well upon it. They feed during daytime when young. First moult, August 24th. Before first moult, twelve days old, it measures J in. long ; the ground colour is then greenish ochreous, but almost pure green over the greater part of the anterior half, due to the food showing through its semi-transparent body. The amber stripes of its earlier life are now of a darker hue, being drab, bordered below by a whitish line along the edge of the side stripes. Before second moult it measures I in. long, ground colour green, with darker green medio-dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular longitudinal stripes ; the first is bordered on each side by a fine whitish line, the subdorsal is bordered above by a broader and more conspicuous whitish stripe, and bordered below by a darker THE LIFE-HISTORY OF C(ENONYMPH.V TIPHON. 147 line than the ground colour ; the spiracular stripe is bordered below by a conspicuous and comparatively broad white stripe. The head is pale yellow-green, granulated, and beset with minute black points ; eye-spots black. The body is sprinkled with black claw-like points similar to the last stage. Several moulted second time during first week of September, and entered into hybernation during the latter half of the month, resting on the basal stems of grass. After second moult (after hybernation) about one hundred and ninety days old, it is f in. long, which is only a trifle longer than the previous stage, but a good deal stouter. Excepting the stripes, which are bolder, the colouring and pattern are the same as before moulting ; the hook-like points are more developed. On March 6th I examined plants upon which the larvse hybernated, and found eighteen had survived the winter ; a few of these were moving slowly about. The following day, being warm and sunny, I noticed three had crawled up the fine Festuca blades, and were eating the extreme tips in the sunshine. They continued feeding through March, usually during the morning when the sun had sufficiently warmed the temperature. Most of the larvae moulted third time during March. After third moult, nine months old, it measures ^ in. long. The whole colouring and markings are clearly defined ; the head is clear green, granular, and sprinkled with minute white points ; the body is likewise granular and studded with whitish warts, each bearing a thorn-like point. In captivity they feed on various grasses, especially Festuca, which they always eat at the tip, gradually eating it down. In movements they are most sluggish, gliding along in a very slow, slug-like motion. Upon the slightest disturbance they fall from the plant. On April 1st the first one fixed itself for the fourth and last moult. After fourth and last moult, fully grown, it measures 1 in. long. It is rather slender and slightly attenuated anteriorly, and more so posteriorly. The head is globular, granulated, and covered with extremely minute hair-like points, which develop into whitish hairs in front. The segmental divisions of the body are ill-defined, and each with six subdivisions forming transverse wrinkles. The surface, like the head, is granular, and sprinkled all over with minute whitish warts, each bearing a very minute claw-like point. The ground colour is grass-green, striped longitudinally with a very dark velvety green medio-dorsal band, palfist at each end; this is bordered with a fine whitish line ; a subdorsal white stripe tinged with lemon-yellow which terminates in the anal point ; a subspiracular stripe rather whiter ; all the stripes are equidistant. Between the subdorsal and subspiracular stripes m2 148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. is a dark green subcutaneous irregular line ; the anal points are rose-pink and white. The head is green, mouth-parts and eye- spots brownish ; legs and claspers also green. The first one spun up for pupation on May 10th, and pupated 6 a.m., May 13th, 1912. Another larva suspended for pupation on May 28th, and pupated early a.m., May 30th, 1911. This specimen was found by Mr. F. Littlewood at night. May 18th, by searching near Kendal, who very kindly sent it direct to me. The pupa greatly resembles C. pamjMlus, but has the abdo- men less curved and is rather larger. It measures ^q in. long, and is elegantly proportioned. Lateral view : head angular, thorax slightly "keeled and swollen dorsally, abdomen tapering and rather swollen towards the base and curving to the anal segment, which terminates in a knobbed cremaster amply pro- vided with a dense cluster of amber- coloured hooks, similar in construction to C. pampJiiliis. Ventral surface : the wings swollen near apex, the outline then slightly concaved to head. Dorsal view: head broad and truncated, angular at base of wings ; abdomen swollen at middle, then tapering to anal ex- tremity. The colour at first is a vivid translucent green oyer the head, thorax, and wings ; abdomen yellower green, which gradually becomes greener. After a day old to the end of the fourth day it is of a most intense, brilliant, clear emerald green, finely freckled with greenish-white very faint at first, which becomes more distinct after the fourth day. A dull olive-green streak runs along the inner margin of the wing, which forms a slight ridge bordered along the inner edge with a whitish streak ; these streaks are continued in front of the head but broken through by the antennae and eye ; two other streaks run parallel with the nervures, one medium, the other near the apex. The tip of tongue is dark green, gradually fading away about the middle, a dusky green medio-thoracic longitudinal streak and a dull purplish lateral streak on anal segment. The third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments have each a subdorsal yellowish- white wart. After the fourth day the green assumes a duller and rather deeper hue, and the white freckles show up in stronger contrast. Some specimens are very boldly marked with black. The colour then remains unchanged for a fortnight, after which time the wings assume a more ochreous tinge and become dull orange on the twenty-first day. The colouring of the imago then rapidly develops, changing to purplish-brown on the twenty-second day, while the head ^nd abdomen remain dull green ; and the imago emerged on the following day, the pupal state occupying twenty- three days. Another, which pupated May 25th, 1912, emerged early a.m., June 17th, 1912 ; this also being twenty-three days in the pupa. 149 COLLECTING NEAE VIENNA AND IN AUSTRIAN TYROL. By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. Before leaving England last year, towards the end of June, for an entomological holiday east of the Alps, I had made careful note of Miss Fountaine's paper on the " Butterflies of Hungary and Austria" (Entom. xxxi. p. 281), and decided to open the campaign at the Rohrwald, near Vienna, the locus classicus of the "Emperors." As it turned out, I was only to make one visit, indeed to collect at all for more than a single day in this lovely neighbourhood. But June 24th was a day of days, all said and done, though it ended in my being arrested, marched indig- nant before a gorgeously uniformed stationmaster, and fined five florins for travelling without a ticket, I being under the impression that I had purchased a return to Spillern, and the guard refusing my half of the offending paste-board, or payment for same. I mention this to warn my brother collectors what to expect of Austrian State Railways. I was informed officially at Vienna that our Consul had suffered in precisely the same way, and that there was no redress, on appeal, from the judgment of the omnipotent individual who treated me (as I looked, no doubt) like a tramp. Double tickets on the Austro-Hungarian systems are printed for cutting in half, apparently when children mider age travel. I should be glad, but hesitate, to think the stationmaster at Spillern accepted the torn half as a compliment to my juvenility. On arrival the way to the Rohrwald leads up through the town, then to the right on the Vienna road for about half a mile, and by a cart-road turning off to the left. It is a long and on such a midsummer day a decidedly hot walk, but for a couple of miles there is a footpath through fields and by the side of a stream, which eventually leads into the village of Unter- Rohrbach. Immediately outside Spillern the first Apatura ilia greeted me, a typical example in all its fresh beauty. I did not catch it, nor attempt to. In the fields, which unfortunately for me had just been mown, there were a few Chrysophanus hippothoe females of the spring brood still flying about, otherwise nothing worth mention ; nor was it until I had left the village behind, and was already on the outskirts of the famous forest, that the butterflies began to show up. Almost the first, and I never saw but this one of the species again, was a worn female C. dispar var. rittiluSy rather a surprise, as it is not included in Miss Fountaine's list. As I afterwards found, I should have kept straight along this road for a good mile past Ober-Rohrbach to reach the best collecting ground, but my instinct is always to follow up the brooks, and I made a divagation which occupied 150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. quite ail hour. Nor could it be said to have been altogether wasted, though butterflies were remarkable more for their quantity than their quality. Every bush was alive with Limenitis sihylla ; up and down the narrow path leading to a wide clearing dashed males of Apatura iris, extremely difficult to net here- abouts ; and Dry as pci'pkia, A. adippe, Melitcsa athalia, and Pararge egeria var. egerides literally swarmed. In the clearings, too, there was an abundance of Anthrocerids, chiefly A. liipim- crepidis, A. scahiosce, and A. vicice {meliloti). Lycsenids were not common. I only noted in the whole day one Rusticus argyro- gnomon, two or three Everes argiades, and occasional specimens of Polyommatus icariis and Celastrina argiolus. Adopcea sylvanus and A. lineola were, however, in full force, while on the road it was curious to observe the hibernated Vaiiessa io flying with freshly emerged Pyrameis atalanta and Polygonia c-album. Leaving this byway and regaining the main road, I presently struck the house of the Forester, and here the ways again diverge, a cart-track to the left leading to the heart of the forest, round the edge of a great marsh, that to the right (where there is a fine fountain, and the only drinking water available) leading up in the same direction, but on the further side of the marsh. I had hardly entered the wood when I realised the sc^vereignty of the Apaturids in all their splendour. Innumerable A. ilia, mostly typical, but some of the ab. clytie, all males, were running over the little moist patches on the sandy paths, or jostling one another from the mule-droppings. A. ins was quite as frequent and pugnacious, while everywhere the graceful L. sihylla, and, rather more rarely, L. Camilla, gleamed in the sunny glades. And presently I was aware of yet another of this lovely group — that Limenitis popidi which I had sought and seen, but never taken, in the forests of the Aisne. This butterfly is very soon battered. I took six or seven males during the day, and liberated them all as in one way or another defective ; the only perfect example escaped from the net. In much the same localities, on the grassy wayside banks, I took quite a decent series of that other Samoussy speciality, Melitcea maturna ; but this also was on the wane. Of the Batyrids, Pararge achine still survived ; P. megcera and Aphantopus hyperanthus were fresh, and also Coenonympha arcania, the one or two C. iphis netted being, on the contrary, in rags. Common also were Aporia cratcegi, Leptosia sinapis, Gonepteryx rhamni, and Aglais urticce, while the privet blossoms, beloved of maturna, yielded Strymon ilicis, and one or two very fine S. pruni. I had intended a second visit to the forest, or should have worked much more sedulously than I did. With regard to C. var. riitdus, I was informed by two Viennese entomologists I met on the way home that, though not unusual in some other suburban places, the Rohrbach district was not regarded as a favoured locality. Com- COLLECTING NEAR VIENNA AND IN AUSTRIAN TYROL. 151 pared with Budapest specimens of the first emergence, this solitary female is decidedly small, and there was remarkable uniformity among the Apaturids, so wonderfully variable in the western forests of Longuyon (Meurthe-et-Moselle), and Eclepens, N. Switzerland. The next three or four weeks were spent by me mainly at Herkulesbad, of which, in view of the several current and other interesting papers published in the ' Entomologist,' as well as Miss Fountaine's previous observations on the butterflies there, I propose to say no more than that the first fortnight of July is decidedly not the best time for the rarer species by which this beautiful Hungarian spa is linked in the memories of so many British collectors. My observations entirely concur with those of Dr. J. N. Keynes (Ent. Eec. vol. xxiii. p. 161) as to the appearances of Erebia melas. It is much earlier on the wing than our English authorities suggest. I saw it fresh on the Suskului on July 10th, a mountain, by the way, which yielded better results in every way than the more famous and much- hunted Domogled. On July 13th I was back at Budapest, but found the collecting most unproductive (weather hot, windy, and stormy). On the 18th, therefore, I set off for Wolfsberg to try my luck in Carinthia. The journey to Marburg was made under a flaming sky, and I envied the people sun-basking in their bathing clothes on the sandy shores of Lake Balaton. From Marburg to Wolfsberg the weather held, and the fine sunset ga,ve promise of a favourable morrow. My diary records : " July 18th, a fine hot day," and then the ominous words, **the last for a very long time." In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that I never had a really season- able day again to the 28th, when my collecting for 1912 was at an end. The 19th, however, was bright and warm in the morning, but as Baedaeker gives five hours for the Sau Alpe, my immediate objective, I did not start early enough in the morning. It should be five hours there, and at least four back, as I speedily realised after a broiling walk across the great cultivated Lavantthal, which separates Wolfsberg from the Sau. No English entomo- logists appear to have visited this locality since 1897, when the late Mr. F. C. Lemann, in company with Dr. T. A. Chapman, Mr. W. E. Nicholson, and Mr. K. Wylie Lloyd, made a successful expedition to the Carinthian Alps hereabouts {cp. *' The Butter- flies of Carinthia," Ent. Eec. vol. x. (1898), pp. 12-15), and had I reckoned the remoteness of this locality I should most certainly have made for Stelzing, their first headquarters, on the far side of the range, less than two hours from the upper slopes of the mountain known as the Grosse Sau Alpe (6828 ft.). Still, the Lavantthal approach, though wearisome in point of distance, is an agreeable hunting ground once across the valley, while the l52 THE EKTOMOLOGIST. Kor Alpe (7024 ft.) is actually best reached from Wolfsberg itself. The butterflies I particularly wanted were Erehia arete and E. eriphyle, with the exception of E. afer, the only two members of the group whose known haunts I have not visited at some time or other in my entomological rambles. I may at once say that I saw no vestige of either species, and, as far as arete is concerned, was somewhat comforted to hear from Herr Hofner, the local authority upon the Lepidoptera (Macro- and Micro-) of Carinthia,* that this was not the year for arete, it being, in his opinion, one of those mysterious species credited with intermittent appearances. I mention this not because I am convinced of its entire accuracy, but as an encouragement to any collector who may be inclined to break new ground on the Eastern Alps in 1913, or other " odd-number " yea,r8. Mr. Lemann found E. arete "widely distributed over the Sau Alpe," but non-existent on the Kor Alpe ; E. eriphyle on both Alps, but localized. The road leading up to the Sau from the Lavantthal is well wooded, with a copious rushing stream of crystal clearness, punctuated with occasional saw-mills. The forest passes from alder and beech to pine, and there are plenty of flowery bypaths and little meadows which, unfortunately, in my anxiety to reach the top, I barely entered. On the roadside (where the wild raspberries were in full fruit) Heodes virgaurecR males were extremely plentiful and in perfect con- dition, with occasional tawny females, the antemarginal points, as a rule, of clear cerulean blue, more richly coloured even than my Digne beauties of 1911. I was too late for Limenitis po2mli, but L. Camilla and L. sihijlla were equally abundant, and on the way up I netted several worn males of Neptis lucilla, which were immediately liberated, one perfect female being taken at rest on a Viburnum on the return journey. Indeed, I should say that lucilla was decidedly commoner hereabouts than at Herkulesbad. Males, also more or less battered, of Apatura iiis were settled by the roadside runnel, and I again took one fair female so intent upon her " afternoon tea " that I actually pill-boxed her — a record, I fancy, in the way of capture of this sex of iris. I had left Wolfsberg at eight. By one o'clock I was still far from the goal of my ambition, for the rain had come on, and some promiscuous collecting on the lower road had held me back. However, I went on directly it ceased, and presently the universal Erehia ligea gave place to the first specimens of E. epiphron var. cassiope, which, I need hardly say, I pounced upon, under the impression that they must be E. arete at last, I was now in sight of the summit ridge, and it was two o'clock, when down came the rain again, and I gave up in despair, with the prospect ">'■ Cp. Wien ent. Zeit. 1883, p, 193, and bis work on the Macro- lepidoptera of Carinthia. COLLECTING NEAR VIENNA AND IN AUSTRIAN TYROL. 153 of a loDg plod back through dripping woods and soaked to the skin. The afternoon, however, brightened, and as I got back to the lucilla ground the sun shone out once more. Here, now, I found Araschnia levana-prorsa, of which I have bred many in the past, but had never yet encountered the summer brood upon the wing. It was evidently just emerging, but is very easily lost in pursuit against the dark background of the trees. I got back to the extremely comfortable inn at Wolfsberg, kept for generations by the Pfundner family, about eight, and for the next three days (20th-22nd) collecting was impossible, though I made a start for the Kor Alpe on the 21st, at six a.m., to be a second time driven back by wind and weather. In the afternoon, however, I had the great pleasure of visiting Herr Gabriel Hofner, and going through his fine local collections, which are especially rich in Micros. He told me that all the big "Blues" of the Lyccena group are common in the Lavantthal, and both L. areas and L. euphemus in the immediate neighbourhood of the town. My one day on the Sau Alpe produced, among other commoner species, the following Ehopalocera : — Aclopaa lineola and A. thaumas ; Heodes virgaurecB, Chryso- phanus pJdceas ; Lyccena arion, Cupido minimus, Nomiades semi- argiis ; Leptosia sinapis, Colias edusa, C. hyale (in the plain) ; Apatara iris, Limenitis Camilla, L. sibylla, Neptis lucilla, Arasch- nia levana-prorsa, Pulygonia c-album, Dryas paphia, Argynnis adippe, Aphantopus hyperanthus (one fine example of ab. arete) ,- Erebia eyiphron var. cassiope, E. ligea, E. cethiops, and Coeno- nympha satyrion — a meagre list, and by no means representative of the splendid lepidopterous fauna of the district. July 23rd being no improvement on its predecessors, I made tracks for the Brenner, and took up my quarters once more at the Post Hotel, which I found (in the dependence) much im- proved in every respect. Since I was there in 1904, the whole mountain side on the opposite bank of the little stream has changed in character. The forests have been felled in many places ; the paths I knew have disappeared, while finger-posts indicate the chief routes for tourists on the climb. I spent four days at Brenner — all save the first wet — but on July 24th I took and saw more butterflies in three hours than upon the whole of the tour of six weeks put together, with the exception of that one memorable day outside Vienna, at the Rohrwald. For the rest it was bitterly cold, and the wind terrific at times. The Erebias were common as ever ; Erebia pharte females, rather worn ; typical E. prono'e females in very fine condition. On the Col below the Wolfendorn Melitcea asteria was fairly plentiful, and M. cynthia just emerging ; and hereabouts I also took, for the first time at Brenner, Hespcria andromedce, and, lower down, H. cacalice (common). The two Alpine "Blues," Polyommatus eros and P. pheretes, were quite common ; P. optilete rather less 154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. SO. But I have no more species to add to my previous lists of the Brenner (cp. Entom. vol. xxxvii. pp. 225-226, and Ent. Eec. vol. xiii. pp. 96-97), to which I bade a reluctant farewell on the 28tb, having endured certainly as bad a run of luck in the way of weather as I ever encountered on my Continental travels with a net. BUTTEEFLY-HUNTING IN THE BALKANS. By a. E. Gibbs, F.L.S. (Concluded from p. 130.) (Plate IX.) Bosnia. On the morning of June 19th I met by appointment at Sarajevo, Mr, P. J. Barraud, of Bushey Heath, who had come through from Vienna in the night, and the greater part of tbe time devoted to collecting in Bosnia was spent in his company. By the kindness of a friend, whose acquaintance I had made in Montenegro, we were able to explore, in his motor-car, the in- teresting and little visited country which lies on the borders of Servia, Montenegro, and Turkey. This is not the place to dwell upon the enjoyments of motoring in the Balkans, or to relate the adventures which befel us. Our headquarters, after leaving the capital, was Gorazda, on the Drina, a convenient centre with a fairly decent inn. The ride from Sarajevo to Gorazda, over a mountain pass 4000 ft. above sea-level, was an experience never to be forgotten. At Gorazda I became friendly with an Austrian gentleman, whose business took him to many of the towns and villages in the neighbourhood, and he kindly invited me to go with him on one of his journeys, offering me a seat in his carriage. So, while the car made a successful attempt to get across the Turkish frontier, I drove with Herr Folje to a place called Cajnica, most beautifully situated at the foot of a tir-covered hill. We lunched together at the hotel, and, while my friend was doing his business, I took my net and wandered up the shady mountain-side. There was a Turkish cemetery at its foot, where the grass was long and uncut, and I ventured to climb the fence to see what could be caught. The reward was found in a useful series of Argynnis amathusia, fresh from the chrysalis, which were flying, in company with Melitcea aurelia, among the graves. Much was not to be expected under the trees on the hillside, but I found a clearing where apparently it was intended some day to erect a pavilion, and here upon the wild flowers I took a specimen of M. trivia which was flying with M. didyma, Pleheius argus, Polyommatus icarus, Pararge mcera, and other common insects such as L. sinapis^ P. napi, BUTTERFLY-HUNTING IN THE BALKANS. 155 A. cratagi, and P. egeria. On the drive back to Gorazda we were overtaken by the car, and abandoning the carriage to the care of the driver, we all crowded into it — seven of us all told, belonging to four different nationalities, and each trying to narrate in his own tongue the events of the day. Mr. Barraud had done no butterfly-hunting, but the car, after adventures many and amusing, had succeeded in reaching Plevlje, in the sandjak of Novi-Bazar, where its appearance caused a great sensation. A day's collecting at Gorazda yielded poor results. In the morning we lost ourselves in the cow-tracks among the scrub on the mountains, and got nothing but a few specimens of 2\ ilicis, while my most notable capture in the afternoon was a bleached E. janira, which might have come from the New Forest. _ From Gorazda we went on to the town of Fo9a, a quaint and curious place on Austrian territory, but thoroughly Turkish in its appearance, with many mosques and picturesque but squalid bazaars. Like all these border towns it was full of the soldiers of the Emperor Franz Josef. The morning of June 25th, the day after our arrival, was intensely hot, and as we cUmbed up to a Dervish monastery on a hill above the town, it was evident that a storm was brewing. However, as time was precious, we persevered, and on a grassy slope we secured a few specimens of Melananjia galatea var. turcica, a darker form of the species than I had taken elsewhere. The only other capture worth mention was a large and well-marked female C.pamjjhilus of the southern summer form, with unusually broad dark borders, especially to the hind wings. But the storm was quickly gathering, and hardly had we got back to the town before it burst upon us with all its fury. After lunch we left Fo9a in torrential rain, which fortunately did not last long, for a thirty miles drive to the station of Ustipaca, on the wonderful eastern railway which Austria has built for strategic purposes through apparently inaccessible gorges right up to the Servian border line, where it abruptly stops. From Ustipaca we caught the evening train back to Sarajevo. Our next excursion was to the better wooded country in the north-west of Bosnia, travelling by railway from the capital to Jajce, one of the most interesting and historic places in the Balkans. Here there is an excellent hotel, with a landlord who speaks English. Near Jajce is an idyllic spot called Jesero, about three hours' walk up the valley of the Pliya, and on the morning of June 29th we drove there, intending to explore the valley beyond the village and walk home in the afternoon. The road to Jesero led by the side of two pretty lakes of the same name, and in the village a govern- ment resthouse has been erected, where a simple lunch, in which trout from the river is the chief item, can be obtained. The morning was bright, and as we passed through the village 156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. we saw several specimens of Ajmtura iris and A. ilia var. clyte, but did not succeed in securing either of them. The most abundant butterfly was a Melitaa, which turned out to be M. athalia var. mehadensis, and this insect settled in little companies on damp places in the road and on the horse-drop- pings. Wherever we went in the northern districts of Bosnia we met with it in great numbers. Just as we were leaving Jesero, near a picturesque mill, Mr. Barraud caught a fine specimen of Eugonia xanthomelas, the only one seen in the course of our wanderings. We walked a mile or so along the road beyond Jesero, and then turned up a valley on the right, where I saw Paniassius apollo. We had ordered lunch to be prepared for us at the little restaurant by the lake, and on our way back, in a flowery corner on the edge of a small field, we observed some Thechds flying over the brambles, and eight specimens of 2\ spini and one of 2\ acacia fell to my lot. After we had done justice to the trout we started to walk back to Jajce, intending to work the boggy ground by the lake- side, but the excessive rainfall had caused a rise in the water level, and it was quite impossible to wander many feet from the roadway. At one spot, however, where the ground was a little higher and dryer, we were able to investigate a small meadow in which the grass was uncut, and here I took several tiny Melitseas, only 28 mm. in expanse, which puzzled me. They proved to be dwarf specimens of M. aurelia, a species of which I took a short series of varying sizes on the margins of these low-lying meadows, A. jyJicehe, too, was flying in nice condition, and several specimens of A. thetis were added to the bag. The following day we determined to see what was to be had on higher ground, so we engaged a guide, hoping to find some mountain butterflies. But the quest proved rather disappointing, the hillsides being either closely grazed or so steep and stony as to prove very poor collecting ground. The most noteworthy capture was the striking aberration navarina of M. athalia, which I found in a meadow by the side of the railway on our homeward journey. Over the skrees S. hermione was flying, and at a turn of the footpath Lyccena areas found its way into the killing-bottle. After dinner that evening we strolled about the village, boxing a few moths from the white walls of the houses, below the arc lamps, which attracted night-flying insects in swarms, but which were too high up to be of much use for collecting purposes. Chcerocampa porcellus and Cossus Ugnipcrda were the most conspicuous insects taken. From Jajce we went to Banjaluka through the beautiful and verdant gorge of the Urbas, and on the fifty miles drive I think I saw more butterflies than during the whole of the rest of the holiday put together, the MeHtgeas swarming on the road in countless thousands. It was glorious butterfly weather, but BUTTERFLY-HUNTING IN THE BALKANS. 157 the way was long and there was no time to unfurl the nets. At Banjaluka, after a most interesting day spent in the market with the cameras, taking snapshots of the natives attired in striking and brightly coloured garments, Mr. Barraud and I parted company, my friend starting on his long homeward journey to England, while I returned for another day among the lepidoptera at beautiful Jajce. I decided next morning to work the wooded hill, on the lower slopes of which the old Christian village is built, and which had an inviting look from the terrace of the hotel. So, crossing the bridge, I " ascended the steep pathway between the houses and gardens. In a damp place in a maize field I found L. areas flying with A. phoebe, the latter in such shabby raiment as not to be worth catching. Higher up, in an uncut meadow, I got several dark M. galatea, but as a number of men were at work close by I thought it best to keep out of the standing grass. Then following a narrow track through a cornfield I hit upon some more meadows and grassy places among the woods, where C. edusa, A. aglaia, A. adippe, E.janira, and the common Melitseas and " blues " abounded. On July 5th at Travnik, a curious old town, I spent the best hours of the morning photographing the interesting scenes in the market, held round a painted mosque, which made an artistic background for my pictures. Then I went for a walk along the valley in search of insects, and got several nice male specimens of Lyccena meleager and watched an Apaturid, which I think was A. ilia flying round a willow tree, while M. galatea sported with C. edusa on the railway bank. But, as was so often the case, the bright morning was succeeded by a cloudy afternoon, and although I continued to work, this time on the north side of the town and in likely situations, nothing extraordinary was found. Travnik has every appearance of being a good butterfly place, and given a favourable season, the slopes of Mount Vlassic, which rises above the town, would doubtless be worth working. The insects I took at Travnik included C. hyale, L. sinapis, a dark form of P. orion, B. dia, and A. phoehe. On July 6th I found myself in Illije, a fashionable bathing station a few miles from Sarajevo. Half an hour's walk from the hotels, through a shady avenue which appeared to be endless and where, of course, there was no work for the net, brought me to the source of the river Bosna, which rises in the pretty grounds of a restaurant at the foot of the mountains. In the meadows by the side of the ponds a single specimen of Erehia ligea, with the white markings of the under side strongly developed, was found in company with E. (ethiops, which was fairly abundant, A. phoehe, M. var. mehadensis, M. dictynna, M. didyma, and P. argus. A beautiful male A. iris, the only Apaturid actually taken in Bosnia, was wheeling round the trees 158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. by the roadside, but a descent to earth proved fatal. Dryas paphia, in all the pristine beauty of its recent emergence, was flitting over the brambles, attracting the attention of a little Bosnian boy, who with a home-made net was trying to catch butterfles, while his parents were resting in the gardens. I returned home later in the day with this embryo entomologist who got me to name his captures for him. While I was eating my trout at the restaurant the cook brought me from the kitchen a specimen of Mania maura, so badly handled as to be hardly recognisable, but which had, of course, to be accepted with thanks, and afterwards added to the collection of my little friend of the home-made net. At the foot of the hill close by was a bank covered with brambles and wild flowers where butterflies abounded. Here I took Thecla quercus and Aphantopiis hyperanthus, the only representatives of the two species which I met with in the Balkans. The brambles proved very seductive to L. Camilla, which was here in good condition ; and higher up the hill, in a field, I got male L. melear/er, C. alciphron, and ZygcBiha carniolica. This pleasant day at Illije ended my col- lecting in Bosnia, save for a short expedition on the slopes of the Trebevic mountain above Sarajevo, in search of C. myrmidone which, according to the books, ought to be found there, and for which I twice searched in vain. On the whole my insect work in the Balkans was rather disappointing, but in every other respect the holiday was extremely successful, and proved to be one of the most inter- esting and enjoyable I have ever taken. A MONTH'S COLLECTING IN HUNGARY. By Gerard H. Gurney, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 104.) On June 4th I ascended the Domogled, which is a mountain east of the town, and rises to a height of about 3700 ft. It was a, brilliantly fine day, with hot sun and no wind. I saw very little of interest on the way up, though after passing the Weisses Kreuze Wood P. napi, P. cardamines, and P. egerides* all became exceedingly plentiful. Emerging from the beech forest after a very hot, lengthy climb, I found insects to be fairly numerous on the slopes of the peak, and if I did not get anything unusual the superb view spread out all round me amply made up for the lack of varieties. Looking to the south one saw a panoramic expanse of Roumania stretching away into a series of low hills and ■•'■ All of this species found here in June by me were egerides.—ll. R.-IB. A month's collecting in HUNGARY. 159 valleys as far as the eye could reach ; to the west the fields of Bosnia lay far below ; while north, in the dim distance, little silvery patches, that looked like pieces of shining glass, revealed the presence of the Danube, flowing from distant Budapest, nearly three hundred miles away. Where the beech forest ended, flying amongst the trees — fresh at this elevation and almost common — were quite a lot of P. man)ii. Here also were one or two P. mnemosyiie, and a few fresh M. cinxia. Beautifully dark females of B. euphrosyne were busy egg-laying on the small yellow pansies which grew abun- dantly here, and P. orion was not uncommon. In a little grassy hollow near the actual peak itself were one or two worn Aglais urticce. Descending again to the edge of the wood I intended to stop there some little time, as butterflies were rather numerous, but the repeated furious attacks of three enormous sheep-dogs caused me to beat a rather hasty retreat, and so I did nothing more there, but picked up a few P. orion near the Weisses Kreutz on the way down, altogether an interesting day, though I was disappointed in not meeting with either Neptis lucilla or Erebia medusa var. psodea.* The following da}^ I again went up the Czerna gorge. P. manni and N. aceris were both common, and I found Coenomjmpha arcania, a very brightly marked form, just beginning to come out, and I also took single examples of Melitcea maturna and Chrysophanus alciphron. With many regrets I left Herkulesbad that evening, arriving back again at Budapest the following morning, June 7th, and it was not long before I was again on the war-path, and on the way to the now familiar meadows at Budafok. A pleasant change of things had taken place during the ten days I had been -■= My impression after foiir expeditions to the mountains above Her- kulesbad in July this year is that the Suskului is a much more productive locality than the Domoo;led. The route is from the well-known Quelle about an hour beyond the Weisses Kreutz, and there is no water to be found after this spring on the way. The path is eventually much more open than that to the Domogled ; there is a fine flora, and there are no herds at any time on the top, and consequently no dogs. But there is a forester's hut with extremely agreeable occupants. The month of July is not to be recommended for Herkulesbad generally, as it is " between broods," so to speak. This year Pararge roxelana was in a more or less dishevelled condition on July 5tli in the Weisses Kreutz woods. Both Neptis lucilla (in the Quelle woods), N. aceris (in the Czernathal), and Erebia medusa var. 2^sodea (on the hills) were over. It should be noted, however, that E. melas, as Dr. J. N. Keynes has pointed out elsewhere, is a much earlier insect than we have been led to suppose hitherto. I saw it on the Suskului, at about 3000 ft., on July 10th, but there was a stiff breeze blowing, and before I could get my net to work the butterfly was carried far away ; and this happened more than once. Indeed, the wind spoilt collecting most days. Lepidopterists, however, visiting the Domogled in future should not fail to look for Polyommatns anteros, taken by Dr. Keynes near the summit, where, owing also to the high wind, I saw next to nothing, though the sun was in a clear sky. — H. R.-B. 160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. away ; the luxuriant hay and grass had grown up till nearly everywhere it was three-foot high, the flowers and flowering- plants were wonderful in their variety and abundance, large stretches of ground being purple with Salvia ijratensis. More- over, the butterflies, which, when I left were not generally in abundance, were now in the greatest plenty. Fresh A. cratcegi were in countless swarms everywhere, with E. ianira excessively common also ; hosts of newly emerged /. lathonia hovered wherever the hay was not quite so long ; while very numerous were R. argus, P. icariis (with very large males), and C. iphis, which were still in presentable condition. Fresh A. thetis were frequent, and the fine dark P. mcera common ; while Pyrameis cardui, A. urticce, and P. daplidice added to the bag. I had not gone far along the path towards Kamaerardo before I saw the first Chrysophanus dispar — only, of course, var. rittilus, flying along the side of a small ditch, with the sun shining full on it. It was, indeed, a brilliant object, and no one who has not seen this exquisite species on the wing can have any conception of the beauty of its red-gold wings when it is alive. This specimen, a male, in most perfect condition, was soon followed by others, and I found it to be common though local, and on this day I took nineteen perfect specimens, including five females ; they were all very large and fine, in fact, they run very close to many specimens of dispar. On subsequent days I found it to be quite common, though it was not found everywhere ; I took most of my specimens off the purple scabious, which was the only flower I ever saw Riitilus on ; never on the white composite, which previously had been so attractive to C. thersamon. But, to continue the account of my doings on June 7th : near the farmhouse by Kamaerardo Wood I got five fresh Carcharodus althcBce, and in the wood itself Strymon pruni was not uncommon, though already rather torn ; here, too, C. arcania was plentiful. On the Aristolochia, which grows at this point abundantly, were a great many larvae of T. polyxena, in all stages of growth ; while fresh Argiades sylvanus, worn N. tages, one or two P. daplidice, and plenty of M. plicehe were noted here. Bather further on, where some tall thistles were growing luxuriantly amongst the hay, I found a great profusion of butterflies, and secured, to my surprise, a magnificent male Dryas pandora off a thistle-head, to be followed almost directly after by two more specimens, and on subsequent days I got several others. This species is generally rare near Budaj^est, though found plentifully in many parts of Hungary ; all those I saw were in the vicinity of Kamaerardo Wood, and are very large specimens, though perhaps not so big as some Spanish ones. I paid other visits to these delightful marshes on the 10th and 12th, and always spent long and interesting days there. J A month's collecting in HUNGARY. 1C)1 On the 12th C. rutilus was really quite common, though some of the males were even then beginning to get a little bit worn. On the l'2th, too, I took a single specimen of Argijnnis niobe var. eris, which I had not seen before. The afternoon of the 11th I spent on the Schwabenburg, where in places butterflies were numerous. On one slope on the south side of the hill, A. niobe vsii-. eris was rather common ; here also, but confined to one very small dell, were three or four Brenthis hecate, a species whose acquaintance I had not expected to make until I got to Peszer ; it is very rare near Budapest, and extremely local in the few places it does occur in. M. trivia was very scarce, and I saw only three specimens, and these were a good deal worn ; but I. lathonia was common, and I netted one fresh Melitai aurelia, the only specimen seen. A. thi'tis and P. hylas were common in one or two spots, the latter rather small ; R. argus was frequent, but I saw no P. orion. H. carthami flew about gaily, and was still quite fresh, while other species noted on the Schwabenburg were A. sylvanus, E. cardamines, E. ianira, P. mcera, Loweia dorilis, P. icarus (very common), M. cinxia (worn), M. 'phoehe, and the two "clouded yellows," C. hyale and C. edusa. Before I left England I had been told it was extremely diffi- cult to get permission to go to Peszer, which, besides being a most wonderful locality for butterflies, is a very interesting place from other points of view. The forest is all Crown property, and leave can only be obtained from headquarters. However, thanks to the kindness of a friend in a high official position at Vienna, the necessary leave was willingly granted, and all arrangements made for me by the Agricultural Department, and I cannot say enough for the kindness aud courtesy of the gentle- men who made the plans which enabled the journey and day spent at Peszer to be enjoyed under the most delightful con- ditions. Accompanied by Professor Schmidt, of the National Museum, and Mr. Czillinger, of the Forestry Department, I left Budapest by the early morning train on the 13th. The day was almost perfect, a brilliant morning becoming slightly hazy towards the afternoon. Arriving at Also Dabas Station about 8.30 we were met by a waggonette, and then had a most interesting drive of over two hours, for the last hour across a flat plain, where the road or track got fainter and fainter until it disappeared alto- gether, and we simply drove over the short grass. On our left large swamps stretched away for miles, while in front lay the low line of forest towards which we were making our way. Small rodents, about the size of a guinea-pig, watched us keenly from the edge of their holes ; these were hamsters {Cricetasf rumen- tarius), very pretty little brown animals with brown and white heads. ENTOM. — MAY, 1913. N 16'2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The Forest of Peszer is a long, narrow strip of wood, com- posed mostly of acacia and poplar trees, though in one part oak and birch largely predominate ; the soil is very sandy. At the south end of the wood are numerous sandhills, between which are open glades ; the vegetation is exceedingly luxuriant and varied. No sooner had we entered the wood than we were amongst butterflies in great numbers ; in one or two places where we went in the afternoon the profusion of insects was so great that it made one's eyes ache to watch for long the continual movement of the thousands of fluttering wings hovering over the herbage. I think perhaps A. sylvanus was the most plentiful butterfly on the wing ; it was in swarms everywhere. The only other member of the family that I saw was H. carthami. In point of numbers, though, A. sylvanus was run very close by B. hecate, and this rare and local species was excessively abundant — all in perfect condition, and the newly emerged females very fine, with a beautiful purplish gloss on their wings. M. trivia was another very common species ; some worn, but most in perfect order. Fine dark M. athalia were also abundant, though rather more local. A single specimen of D. pandora was secured, the only one seen, but A. niobe var. eris and I. lathonia were both common. On the blossoms of the privet were many Theclids. Strymo7i acaci(E, S. ilicis, and S.pruni ; the first two species were very common, and both quite fresh, S. ilicis being of large size and very black ; S. pruni was frequent also, but generally much torn, in the open glades beautifully fresh C. alciphron males were greatly in evidence ; this species has a very quick flight, and is rather difficult to follow with the eye. The females seemed to be quite rare. Mdanargia galathea var. procida was excessively abundant in certain places — fine dark specimens, in the pink of condition — while A. cratcegi, E. ianira, and P. icarus were everywhere. On various plants were large numbers of full-fed larvae of Arctia caia, and a beautiful iridescent Longicorn {Lytta versicatoria) was very abundant on ash trees. We were given an excellent lunch by the chief forester's wife in their delightful house in the middle of the forest, and though perhaps one rather grudged the time necessary for its proper consumption, it would never have done, by hurrying through the meal, to have offended our host the forester, for we relied on him to take us to the spot, in a distant portion of the forest, where we hoped to find the much wanted Melanargia iapygia var. suvarovius. Our spirits rose high, cheered partly by his delicious home-made wine and partly by the assurance that " there was no hurry ; we should find plenty suvarovius," which assurance only made us want to hurry the more; and sure enough, when we did eventually, about two o'clock, reach the locality for this very local species, in two places, we found it very abundant and in perfect condition. A month's collecting in HUNGARY. 163 Excepting localities in South Russia, Peszer is the only place where this form of i\/. iapygia occurs in Europe. Of the very few entomologists who have previously visited Peszer, it has only once before been found in anything like abundance, and that was by Miss Fountaine in 1897 ; its appearance is generally so erratic that many years only two or three specimens will be taken in a season, and when we left Budapest I felt doubtful if we should even see it. The two localities at P6szer where it flies are not far apart, and are each about an acre in extent, and though we found wanderers in one or two other places, they were only stray ones from its headquarters. The soil in these two localities is almost entirely sand, and is covered with two or three species of coarse grass, one or more of which is doubtless the food-plant of suvarovius. All the speci- mens we took were very large and fine. In the full sun it flies swiftly and strongly, but settles on a flower-head or blade of grass directly a passing cloud obscures the sun, and during several dull periods I found tbree, and once four, specimens on one thistle. An interesting point about this species is that it fixes its eggs instead of dropping them promiscuously on to the ground, as all other Melanargias do. There were not many other butterflies on this particular bit of ground, but, returning to the forester's house late in the after- noon, I took three male Colias myrmidone, the first time I had come across this species in Hungary, though I had been con- tinually on the look-out for it ; it is much more plentiful in the second brood in July. And so ended a wonderful, red-letter day in one's entomological life — wonderful not only on account of the butterflies, but also because of the great interest and fascination of the place itself, with its teeming fauna and floral life all round one, and it was with overflowing boxes and speci- men cases that we got back to Budapest at 10.30 that night. I paid a final visit to the Budafok marshes on the 15th, and found another great change had taken place since my last visit ; all the hay had been cut, and not only that, but every scrap of standing herbage had been laid low also, and instead of innumerable butterflies fluttering everywhere, as I had left when last here only four days before, hardly a solitary insect was to be seen ! One rather wonders what happens to them all ; where do they go to ? No doubt the cratagi and the stronger flying species can seek out pastures new, but what becomes of the swarms of "blues," and the innumerable E. ian'ira and C. iphis which were so common ? Moreover, the destruction of j' oung larvae must be very great. Amongst the hay and on the edges of the streams the large water-dock flourishes exceedingly ; these plants must nearly all have had ova and young larva) of Rutilus on them, all of which necessarily perish when the plants are cut down, and it looks as if this locality would before long N 2 164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. know this beautiful "Copper" no more, while C. thersamon and other interesting species will probably share the same fate.* Leaving the meadows which proved so unprofitable, I went up a sandy lane on the left, the banks of which were thickly covered with sloe bushes ; flitting round these were numbers of S. acacice, all in beautifully fresh condition, while another D. pandora found its way into my net. Every sloe bush had three or four clusters of the orange eggs of A. cratcegi upon it, and in one place were covered with the enormous full-fed larvfe of Saturnia inni. The following day I left Budapest, and arrived in London two days later. BEES OF THE GENUS MEGACHILE FKOM AUSTRALIA. By T. D. a. Cockerell. Megachile cornifcra, Bad. This remarkable insect was described as from Sydney, where it certainly never was found. It has been rediscovered by Mr. Horace Brown at Southern Cross, two hundred and sixty miles inland from Perth, Western Australia ; both sexes were forwarded to me by Professor Froggatt. The male, not before known, resembles the female, but is more slender, about 19 mm. long, the quite narrow face covered with light yellow hair, and without prominences ; eyes red ; anterior tarsi flattened, very light yellow with a large ferruginous spot at the end of each joint, the last joint ferruginous, the first joint very short, crescentic, the whole tarsus very broadly fringed on each side with white hair ; anterior coxae with long curved spines ; hind tarsi extremely long ; middle tarsi short ; sixth abdominal segment with a broad transverse keel, obliquely emarginate in middle ; venter of abdo- men with much white hair. Also at Southern Cross, Mr. Brown collected a female of M.fiimipennis (Froggatt, 205). ''•' I traversed this same ground on July 16th ; the morning brilliantly fine, the afternoon attended by a downpour of tropical violence. The sole Chrysophanid observed was R. jMceas (one specimen), and hardly a butterfly was to be seen, except S. circe, on the sandy cart-track just before coming to the village of Kamaerardo. Evidently the second generation of C. disjiar var. Tiitilus, and C. thersamon had not emerged here ; but, as Mr. Gurney points out, the cutting had been conducted ruthlessly, and the mortality of larvae must have been enormous. I maj' add that on this ground I was asked by the forester for my "permit." I need scarcely say I had none, but I made him understand I was an English entomologist, and he appeared quite satisfied to let me proceed in peace. My bag for a six hours' day was abso- lutely nil ! C. thersamon, second generation, at Farkes Volgy, outside the Bude Cemetery, fresh, July 17th.— H. R.-B. BEES OF THE GENUS IMEGACHILE FROM AUSTRALIA. 165 Megachile phenacopyga, Cockerell. Waroona, Western Australia, March 9th, 1908 {G. F. Ber- thoud ; Froggatt, 208). A female from the same locality and collector (Froggatt, 207), but collected December 26th, 1908, agrees with a female " M. ignita, Sm.," from Western Australia, determined by F. Smith, "it looks much like M. phenacopgga, and is perhaps its female ; but if so, it cannot be M. ignita, since that species was originally described from a male with simple anterior tarsi. An argument in favour of the reference of these females to ignita rather than to phenacopijga is found in the fact that they have the tegument of the sixlh abdominal segment and the apical part of the fifth red, which is not true of male phenaco- yyga. A feature of the supposed female ignita is the presence of conspicuous white lateral hair patches on abdomen ; this dis- tinguishes it from M. mackayensis, henrici, &c. Smith indicates no such patches for male ignita. The abdomen of the supposed female ignita is of the relatively narrow, parallel- sided type, not broad like that of M. chrysopyga. Megachile horatii, sp. n. ^ . Length about 13 mm. ; hke M. erythropyga, Smith, but larger, with hair of face pure white ; third abdominal segment (as well as first and second) with lateral white hair-patches ; sixth seg- ment rather more produced; face narrower, with the eyes more parallel ; eyes black. Southern Cross, Western Australia, 1912 {Horace Broivn; Froggatt, 206). In the white hair of the face it is like the much smaller M. tomentella, Ckll. I must add, with regard to M. erythropyga, that I possess only the male (a specimen from F. Smith's collection labelled New Holland, and two collected by French in Victoria) ; Smith's short description is characteristic, but it should be added that the apical margin of the fourth abdominal segment, except at the sides, is covered with red hair. The female was described from the W. W. Saunders collection, and is presumably at Oxford. Judging from the descriptions, it seems quite possible that the sexes described do not belong together ; the female, in fact, is probably the insect referred to above as supposed M. ignita. Although the female of erythropyga has precedence of place on the page, it will be better, under the circumstances, to designate the male as the type. This leaves us with a series of readily distinguishable males {erythropyga, ignita, phenacopyga), and one (or two ?) females which will have to be connected with the males by workers in the field. 3 66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, Megachile derelicta, sp. n. ? . Length about 12 mm., anterior wing neariy 7, the wings relatively short ; black, elongated and parallel-sided, the abdomen widest at fourth segment ; hair of head and thorax rather scanty, but conspicuously white at sides of face, around the shining tubercles, on under side of thorax and on metathorax ; on the broad vertex, the mesothorax and scutellum, the thin hair is pale fuscous-tinted ; head rather large, with broad cheeks ; clypeus short and broad, the lower edge straight, but above the edge is a pair of large semicircular shining hollows, each one surmounted above by a small tubercle, the median space between the hollows occupied by a large tubercle ; upper part of clypeus, face and front densely punctured, vertex with tlie punctures sufficiently separate to have shining margins ; man- dibles long, the apical margin with three short teeth, the inner margin with a low angular projection ; labrum with a small red sub- apical tubercle, and its lateral apical corners acutely pointed; flagellum obscurely reddish beneath ; hind ocelli much nearer to each other than either is to the occipital margin ; mesothorax and scutellum shining, but very closely punctured ; area of metathorax dullish, depressed in middle ; tegulae dark rufous ; wings dilute brownish, nervures piceous ; legs black, with pale hair, the tarsi reddish apically ; abdomen closely punctured, second and third segments with a deep transverse depression ; sides of first abdominal segment with conspicuous white hair ; hind margins of second and third seg- ments with dense bands of pale yellowish hair, failing in middle, becoming white at sides ; extreme basal margins of third and fourth segments with an ochreous line ; fourth segment entirely without hair bands or spots ; fifth and sixth segments, except at sides, covered with pale yellow tomentum (between dilute orange and ochreous) ; ventral scopa white, on the last segment fuscous-tinged. (J . Length about 9 mm. ; hair of face entirely white ; anterior coxEe with tubercles in place of spines ; tarsi dark red, the anterior ones simple ; tegulae rufopiceous ; bands on second and third abdo- minal segments broadly interrupted in middle, and with very little yellowish ; pale yellow apical hair-patch including fifth segment and a broad apical band on fourth (except at sides), and the base of sixth ; sixth segment rather obtusely bidentate, the teeth broad-triangular ; no apical ventral spine. Female (type) from Windsor, Victoria {French ; Froggatt coll., 198) ; male from Victoria {French ; Froggatt coll., 50). Allied to M. tomentclla, Ckll. (male), but differing by the dusky wings and conspicuous hair-bauds. The female may be com- pared with M. iicriadiforinis, Sm., but it has no bands on the fourth abdominal segment. The species is also somewhat allied to M. trichognatha, GklL Megachile hackeri, sp. n. I had identified this as M. apicata, Sm., but comparison with the genuine apicata, from Victoria, shows it to be quite distinct. ? . Length, 8^ mm. ; similar to apicata, but the three clypeal teeth very low and widely spaced ; tiagellum dark (bright red beneath BEES OF THE GENUS MEGACHILE FKOM AUSTRALIA. 167 in apicata) ; mesothorax anteriorly without any traces of hair-spots ; bases of abdominal segments not broadly pilose ; sixth segment entirely red. (? . Length about 7 mm. ; differs from apicata by the dark mandibles (orange with dark base and apex in apicata) ; dark fiagellum (in apicata light red beneath except at apex) ; apex of abdomen (sixth segment, not the morphological apex) with a pair of small tubercles or obtuse teeth (shallowly emarginate in middle, with about four sharp irregularly placed teeth on each side in apicata). In both the anterior tarsi are simple and their coxae unarmed. The female (type) of M. hackeri is from Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, November 6th, 1911 (//. Hacker; Queens- land Museum, 18). The male (Queensland Museum, 44) has the same data. Megachile apicata, Smith. ?. Windsor, Victoria (French; Froggatt coll., 200). ^. Gippsland, Victoria, 1910 {Froggatt, 146). The male is new ; its characters are indicated above in com- parison with M. hackeri. Megachile victorice, sp. n. -nt by punt, id., foreign 5d. extra, or post free from "Publishers " 2, Castle Street, Ashford, Ki-nt. I FOR SALE. Tutt's ' British Lepidoptera,' vols. I. to X. * British Butterflies,' vols. I. to III. ,, 'British Noctuae,' vols. I. to IV. ,, ' Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist', parts I. to III., with Index. A. M. COCHRANE, 41, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E. WANT Eggs of 5aturnia pavonia var. carpini. Please send offers to — MR. ARTHUR FRITZSCHE, NEUHAUSEN (SWITZERLAND). " SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER INSECTS. For New Pbice List of Ova, Larv^, and Pup^, apply to W. H. HARWOOD & SON, STATION ROAD, COLCHESTER JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and CuBtomer^ are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes oooar daily. ascriptions for 1913 {6s. post free) and are now due and siiould te sent to West, Newman d Co., 54, Hatton Garden. London. Vol. XLVI i JUNE, 1913. ;No. 601 THE ENTOMOLOGIST lllusltateb ||l((n!ljl| |ournal GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. j C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS. B.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. : CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. F. W. FROHAWK F.E.S., M.B.O.U. i Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S.. Ar. 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Birds, Mammals, dc, Preserved and Mounted by Firtt-clasg Workmen. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. SOMETHING NEW/ GOOD AND CHEAP. ]VJEWMAN'S ELECTRIC LAMP, specially designed for Collectors, can be used as hand lamp, or attached to waist, with belt. Ideal for sugaring, small and neat, nickel plated, weight about eighteen ounces only. Gives eighteen hours continuous light ; dry battery. Lamp complete, 8s. M., postage M. New batteries. Is. each, postage M. Newman's Text Book, just out, the ideal book for Collectors ; life-history and food-plants of all species. "Write for full lists of ova, larvte, and pup*, and apparatus. L. W. NEWMAN, P.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. r* ABINETS FOK 5ALE. — Thirty-drawer Gurney, £16, excellent ^^ condition. Sixty-eight-drawer, oak, 3-tier, drawers 18 ins. by 18 ius., j^lass panel doors, o[ood condition, JdVl 10s.; co.-t nearly treble. Thirty-six-drawcr o-tier mahogany, .£7 10s. (slidino: frames). Twenty 5*. store boxes, Ss. each ; several other sizes. Britisli Pyrales, Crambites, Pterophori, Tortrices, and Tinea>. half to quarter usual prices to clear ; selections on approval. A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVI.l JUNE, 1913. [No. 601 A NEW GALL-INHABITING EULOPHID GENUS FROM QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA. By a. a. Girault. HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA. Family Eulophid^. Subfamily Elachertin^. Tribe Elachertini. Zagrammosomoides, new genus. i^cwa/c— With all of the characters of its subfamily and tribe as defined by Ashmead in 1904. Allied with and resembling Zagrammosoma, Ashmead, but more robust, the wings hyaline, the head not thin, not wider than long but triangular, the scutellum with four longitudinal grooved lines, the antennse ten-jointed with two-ring joints, the abdomen transversely banded. Separated from the other genera in bearing an additional ring-joint in the antennae, the longitudinal thoracic grooves and m cephahc characters. The thorax is noteworthy because of the very long scutum, which is twice the length of the scutellum, the latter bearing two longitudinal grooved Hues along each side. Mesonotum without a median groove. The abdomen is stout, sessile, ovate, sub- equal in length to the head and thorax combined, the ovipositor not exserted. The fore wings are large, with a short marginal fringe and normal discal ciliation, the postmarginal vein only shghtly developed but distinct, the stigmal vein two and a half times longer, the mar- ginal longer than the submarginal. The antenna has a well-defined club which is ovate and three-jointed, the three funicle joints are each much smaller than the pedicel and subquadrate ; scape long and stout. The pronotum lengthens considerably on each side. Genal sulcus long and distinct. Antennas inserted on a Hne with the ventral ends of the eyes. Metathoracic spiracle oval, moderate in size. Pro- podeum with a short, slight, median carina, but with no others. Mandibles three-dentate, the two outer teeth acute. il/a/e.— The same, but the pedicel is a httle longer, the club shorter, the abdomen shorter and depressed (in death), the same, or nearly, but in life a little less acute at the apex. Type. — The following species. ENTOM. — JUNE, 1913. ^ 178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 1. Zagrammosomoides fasciatus, sp. n. (normal position). Female. — Length about from 2-2-50 mm. General colour flavous, the eyes red, the wings hyaline, the appendages and venation con- colorous. Conspicuously marked with black as follows : in the dorsal aspect the abdomen is banded across the posterior margins of the segments commencing at base, there being six transverse stripes which lengthen (widen) distad, or else the middle ones are broader.''' The propodeum is black ; also the pronotum cephalad in the dorsal aspect on each side of the median line, appearing like two large cuneate spots ; a large ovate spot in the centre of the mesoscutellum, an ovate spot on each side of (not upon) the scutum, in the cephalic angle of each axilla, and a smaller spot at the caudo-lateral angle of the pronotum. Cephalad in the disk, the scutum is distinctly stained except along the median line ; each parapside is similarly stained, and also the vertex may be so, here the stained area projecting into the face (cephalic aspect) like wedges on each side. The ocelli are in a nearly straight line across the vertex. The antennae are suffused with dusky, as are also the femora of the legs, more or less. The proximal club-joint is nearly half as long as the entire club. Whole body finely, polygonally reticulated, the vertex and face with more or less obscure umbilicate punctures. (From many specimens, f -inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and Lomb.) Male. — Somewhat smaller ; the same, but the dark areas on the cephalic part of the scutum usvially black and nearly coalesced ; the abdomen bears only five transverse stripes which lengthen (become thicker) caudad, the second concaved at the meson, the fifth twice longer than the fourth, none of the distal four stripes with parallel margins. (From numerous specimens, similarly magnified.) Described at first from ten males and sixty-two females reared from a single globular green gall from the foliage of bloodwood gum (forest), Nelson, North (Queensland. The gall measured 1"2 cm. diameter, and was blushed with pink. It was obtained on August 22nd, 1912. When cut into halves the naked pupee of this eulophid were exposed, arranged in a flat layer circularly disposed about a common line like centre. Emergence commenced on August 23rd, and became general three days later, when the whole periphery of the gall became punctured with the minute exit-holes, as though it had been used some time for a pin-cushion. When approaching full development the white pupse first show the black markings, the yellow appearing last. Subsequently reared in enormous numbers from similar galls measuring 1'6 cm., the first two weeks in September. Habitat. — Australia : Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. Types. — No. Hy/1169, Queensland Museum, Brisbane; two males, two females, mounted on card points, two pins. This eulophid appears to be a true gall-making species. ■•'■ The penultimate stripe prolonged caudad at meson, the ultimate thin, the first concaved along the cephalic margin. There is some variation in these stripes. 179 A NEW MOSQUITO FROM NOllTHERN CHINA. 7 By Fred. V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S., &c. ^ X SMALL collection of Culicidae sent me by Dr. Brouquet, of Tien-Tsin, contained a long series of Myzorhynchus sinensis, Wiedemann, showing considerable variation in size, but most constant in markings ; a single female of Culex hiroi, Theobald ; and a female of C. pseudoinfula, Theob., and an undescribed species, which I have called Grahliamia broquetii. They were all taken in the Arsenal de I'Est, Tet-chili, North China. Culex pseudoinfula, Theob., I described from Pasuruan, Java and Samarang ; the type is in the Amsterdam Museum. Grabhamia broquetii, nov. sp. Head pale golden, brownish at the sides. Proboscis pale golden, l)lack at the apex and base; palpi dark, mottled with pale golden scales ; clypeus black. Thorax pale golden, with a median rich chestnut-brown line and a similar coloured area in front of the wings at the sides. Abdomen mostly white scaled, but with four pairs of black quadrangular marks, decreasing in size from the base apically. Legs golden yellow, with black tarsi, with narrow apical and basal creamy bands, last hind tarsal creamy white, last tarsal of fore and mid legs clay coloured. Wings w^itb mottled scales, the first, third, and fifth veins black scaled and the branches of the fourth mostly dark scaled. 2 , Head dark brown, clothed with rather long pale golden to almost creamy narrow-curved scales in the middle, flat rich golden ones at the sides and a small area in front, between the flat and narrow-curved scales, of very small rich golden scales ; upright forked scales on mid head pale creamy yellow, a patch of ])lack ones on each side, giving the general lirown lateral appearance when viewed with a lens ; a tuft of long pale scales projecting forwards between the eyes ; chaetae golden in the middle, darkened laterahy ; eyes coppery red to black. Antennae brown ; basal segment and second paler, the former with many flat creamy scales ; hairs brown. Clypeus dark. Pro- boscis golden scaled, dark at the apex and base, somewhat mottled. Palpi golden yellow, mottled with black scales, apex pale creamy yellow, cha3t8e dark. Thorax dark brown, shiny, clothed with pale golden narrow- curved scales, becoming paler behind, and with a moderate sized median line of rich reddish to chestnut-brown scales, and a similar coloured area in front before the wings ; chyetae brown and pale golden. Scutellum pale brown, with narrow-curved pallid scales and brown and golden posterior border bristles, which are numerous on the mid-lobe ; metanotum pale brown. Pleurae densely clothed with flat white scales. Abdomen densely clothed with flat white scales, the second, third, fourth, and fifth segments with a pair of black scaled areas, roughly quadrangular in outline ; a few scattered black scales on the last two o '2 180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. segments; basal segment white scaled; hairs pallid ; venter entirely white scaled. Legs pale golden (in one specimen almost creamy), a few scattered dark scales on the femora ; the tarsi dark scaled witli narrow apical and basal pale bands, metatarsi all pale scaled ; last fore and mid tarsal segments appearing pale, but there are traces of dark apical scales ; last hind tarsal wliite ; claws dark, all uniserrated ; chsetae brown and golden brown ; one specimen shows a few scattered dark scales on the tibiae and apex of the metatarsi. Wings with creamy and dark scales ; the first long vein with fiat dark scales, with a few scattered pale ones, the second pale scaled, with long lateral vein-scales, some sliglitly dusky ; third with flat black median scales and scanty, dusky, long, lateral vein-scales ; fourth pale scaled, with long lateral vein-scales, except on the apical half of the outer branch, where there are broad and dark scales and on nearly all the inner branch ; fifth vein all dark scaled, scales broad and flat ; sixth with long thin pale scales ; first fork-cell longer and narrower than the second, its base a little the nearer to the base of the wing, its stem not quite as long as tlie cell ; posterior cross-vein about its own length distant from the mid cross-vein. Length, 5 mm. Habitat. — Tet-chili, North China ; Tamsui, Formosa. Observations. — Described from three females sent me by Dr. Broquet. It is a very marked species, with a general resemblance, how- ever, to sollicitans, Walker. It can be told by the thoracic adornment, apical and basal leg-banding, and the marked wing and abdominal ornamentation. The colour of the eyes is diffe- rent in all three specimens — in one black, another coppery red, and the third silvery. The damaged specimen I recorded with a query as sollicitans, from Formosa (Mono. Culicid. i. p. 369, 1901), was evidently this species, as I have since received a specimen from that island that exactly agrees with Dr. Broquet's specimen. Types in the writer's collection. BRITISH ODONATA IN 1912. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. In 1912 the dragonfly season commenced early. I met with the first example in the New Forest on April 19th. Though not properly identified, it was no doubt a Pi/rrhosoma nymphula. Two days later three more were seen, also in the New Forest. On the 28th of the same month P. m/mphula was fairly common, though still in the teneral condition, at the Black Pond in Surrey, where also a teneral Libellula quadrimaculata was captured. BRITISH ODONATA IN 1912. 181 la the Broads, too, dragonflies were found to be rather early by Mr. G. T. Porritt. Writing June 11th, he says:—*'! spent Whit Week at the Norfolk Broads, but found Agrion armatum very scarce. Indeed I took only four (three males and one female) all the week, and saw perhaps six or eight more. I rather think I was too late for it this early season, as it was probably well out during the hot weather we had at the end of April. Even .1. pulchellum, usually the commonest dragonfly of the Broads, seemed in much reduced numbers and going over. Libellula falva was common, but the specimens I netted— of both sexes— were immature, as probably most, if not all, were. I certainly did not see a single adult blue male ; but one cannot well work for L. falva and A. armatum at the same time. The commonest dragonfly in the Broads was Erythromma naias, which abounded and was on the wing all day up to 7 o'clock in the evening, when there was any sun." Mr. Corbett, on Whit-Monday, visited Askern in Yorkshire, one of the older localities for L. falva, and found the species common, but all the specimens teneral. Mr. 0. Whittaker found Ischnara elegans abundant during May on the canal between Droitwich and Salwarpe, in Worcestershire — the only dragonfly in evidence there. He also found in May Calopteryx splendens on the Severn at Holt Fleet, in Worcester. At Studland, Dorset, Col. Yerbury took I. elegans, female, var. rafescens on May 8th and Enallagma cyathigerum, males, on the 11th and 12th. Mr. S. A. Blenkarn met with the following species in the Isle of Wight, the dates given being those on which the various species were first seen : — " Libellula depressa, one male, at a pond on Sandown cliffs. May 26th ; and at Brading Marshes on the 28th. Brachytron pratense, common at Sandown Marshes, May 18th. Calopteryx virgo, one, Brading Marshes, May 28th (new to the Isle of Wight list). C. splendens, one male, Sandown Marshes, May 24th; two males, Brading Marshes, May 28th. I. elegans, common, Sandown Marshes, May 18th. P. nymphida, a few, Sandown Marshes, May 25th. Pyrrhosoma tenellum, a few, Sandown Marshes, May 28th. A. pulchellum, a few, Sandown Marshes, May 25th. E. cyathigerum, common, San- down Marshes, May 18th." I took P. tenellum myself on June 9th at the Black Pond. Writing from Bournemouth, Mr. E. J. B. Sopp said :— " I found C. splendens common at Throop in June, but I. elegans was not nearly so common in the district as in 1911. At Littledown, in June, Anax imperator and E. cyathigerum were common after the middle of the month (I did not go there before). Mr. Kenneth Ryde told me of a big dragonfly that was common along the river Bourne (towards Westbourne) near the end of July. I asked him to catch one, and it turned out to 182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. be Cordulegaster annulatus. There were fewer dragonflies at Hengistbury (up to mid-July) this year than last. E. cyathi- gerum was also common at Christchurch on July 9th." By the side of the Great Ouse at Bedford, I captured I. elegans and C. splendcns on July 7th. On the Essex coast Col. Yerbury took: — Sympetrum sangiii- neuni, six, scarcely mature in colouring ; one male and female, July 4th, at Frinton-on-Sea ; two males and female, July 13th, at Frinton-on-Sea, when the species was in some numbers, many being in coitii; one male, July 9th, at Walton-on-Naze, at a bed of Carex under the sea-wall. Lestes sponsa, male, July 5th, at Walton-on-Naze ; one male, July 13th, at Frinton-on Sea. I. elegans, nine, at Frinton-on-Sea, July 4th, three males and six females ; one male was still holding its prey, a small W. J. Lucas photo. ( X 3.) Ischnura elegans, with fly in its grasp. fly, in its legs used as a trap * (see figure) ; two of the females were of the var. rufescens, and one had a tendency in that direc- tion. Agrion piiella, two males on July 4th, at Frinton-on-Sea. From July 27th to September 9th I was in the New Forest where I met with the following fifteen species: — Agrion mercu- riale, Culopteryx virgo, Platycnemis pennipes, Sympetrum strio- latum, S. scoticum, Orthetrum ccsrulescois, A^jschna eyanea, Ischnura elegans, Pyrrhosoma tenellum, and its var. melanotum, ALschna mixta, P. nymphula, Agrion puella, S. fonscolomhii, Enallagma cyathigerum, and Cordulegaster annulatus. This last I saw only on September 7th — a single specimen which I could not capture. As this is usually one of the commonest of the "-'•= I presume the fly may be looked upon as the dragonfly's prey, although Col. Yerbury did not notice its presence when putting his capture into the cyanide bottle. BRITISH ODONATA IN 1912. 183 summer dragonflies in the New Forest, its failure in 1912 is somewhat remarkable. I did not meet with Ischnura pumilio, but that may possibly have been over, and the same must be said of it for the corresponding period of the previous year. As late as August 29th I met with a recently emerged S. scoticum, and found the empty nymph-skin close at hand. On August 9th I went to the pond in the New Forest, where I captured Sympetrumfonscolombii in 1911. I could not find it, but there were scarcely any dragonflies at the pond, the wind being rather high and somewhat cool. On the way thither I captured, however, a female S. fonscolombii, which had a rosy blush to the abdomen. There was a chip out of its rather glossy wings ; otherwise it was in good condition. It appears certain that there was an immigration of this species into Britain in 1911; but what was the origin of this female? It was taken home alive. There I held it by its wings and allowed the extremity of the abdomen to dip into a watch-glass of water. Very soon it commenced egg-laying, and I obtained a large number. A few were put in formalin and water for examination ; the rest I reserved to see if they would hatch, hoping, if they did so and throve, to get imagines in 1914. When first laid on August 9th the eggs were whitish in colour. On August 11th most had become yellowish, and perhaps they were fertile, while the unchanged ones were not. Though when first laid the eggs appeared to be quite free and mobile, there was on August 21st, and had been for some time, a film containing them and attaching them lightly to the bottom of the vessel in which they had been placed. At the same time it kept them separate from one another, and no doubt would serve on occasion as a means of protection from injury. Perhaps this film may swell up after oviposition, as in the case of frog-spawn. The eggs are nearly elliptical in section (see figure) the longer axis being '5 millimeters or a trifle over, the minor axis being about two thirds of the longer one. One apex of the egg is a trifle more pointed than the other, and at this more pointed end is what looks like a small pedicel, but which may perhaps be connected with the micro- pyle. The slightly granulated surface does not show markings of any kind. Several almost transparent little nymphs had come out by the morning of September 4th, and probably had ^gg of s,mp.tr«,« hatched that morning. I could see nothing of yonscoiombu a pellicle surrounding any of them : all their legs ' ^ ''"'• seemed to be free. Others came out for a few days, till eventually there were quite a large number. The little nj'mphs swim quite freely with the help of their legs, moving forward in awkward zig-zag jerks. When they rest, their mid-legs are 184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. practically in a straight line, at right angles to the body. They were put into water from amongst the vegetation of a ditch, containing a quantity of minute life. In the morning of September 7th I saw two coming out of the egg, but could not detect the skin containing them. As, however, they seemed to be hampered in their movements, no doubt it was present. I am afraid none have survived. I saw one alive on October 27th, but previous to that had not seen one for a week or two, and I have seen none since. Mr. F. H. Haines, of Winfrith, Dorset, writes to me as follows with regard to captures that he made of S. fonscolomhii in 1912 : — " On July 15th last the crimson colour of some dragon- flies on a large heathland pond, north of VVareham, attracted me. Though excessively wary, their numbers made captures a mere matter of minutes and patient stealth. I was not collecting Odonata only, so after taking eight specimens (seven males and one female, the latter in cop.) we passed on. The wing nervures in the female specimen were not nearly so red as in the males taken, but it was teneral. S. striolatum was present, but in far less numbers than the rarer species, many of which looked very immature. My impression was strong that they had been bred there, perhaps exceptionally through the heat of 1911. Females were apparently in some numbers, even after deducting a pro- portion as really females of S. striolatum, or immature males of either species. Except that they are less autumnal insects, and keep nearer open water, their habits seem precisely those of S. striolatum. They would settle on the edges of the lake, on the tops of rushes growing in or round it, or amid the heather near the waterside. On July 27th I also saw many specimens over, and just round, a large pond on a heath near Warmwell. As before their condition was very bright and fresh, and I believe both sexes were present. I took a single male only for purposes of identification." On September 9th Mr. Porritt found S. striolatum abundant at various places on the Lincolnshire coast — Sutton-on- Sea, Trusthorpe, Mablethorpe, &c. Writing from Coventry on September 16th, Mr, 0. Whittaker said : — "Yesterday afternoon I saw a female jEschna (of which species I could not say) engaged in oviposition. She deposited her eggs in a floating leaf of Potamogeton, so that her abdomen was above the surface of the water ; but as she clung to a submerged leaf her head, thorax, and wings were entirely beneath the surface. She remained in this position for considerably more than half-an-hour (I timed her), frequently moving her wings with great rapidity. She must have laid about twenty or thirty eggs in the one leaf. Unfortunately, as it was some seven or eight feet from the bank, I could not secure them. Besides the ovipositing dragonfly there was one NEW FOREST NOTES, 1912. 185 flying about, and some local boys said, * There's a Hornet.' In Lancashire they are called ' Headers,' which in the dialect of that part is pronounced * Yedders.'" On September 20th Mr. Whittaker went to the pond and captured a specimen {J-Cschna cyanea) which he sent to me alive. Mr. F. W. Campion told me (September 24th) that Mr. Watts had taken P. ntjmphula var. melanotnm this year at Byfleet. This is, I believe, the first record of this form of P. nymphula from Surrey. On September 25th Mr. G. Bolam found a male Mschna jimcea at rest on heather near the top of Cross Fell, in Cumber- land. This he sent to me. In connection with this insect Mr. Bolam wrote (September 29th) :— " But it occurs all along these hills and also in the Cheviots in Northumberland and Roxburgh- shire, commonly though not plentifully. Here it is now to be met with in twos and threes about most of the burnsides and tarns. It is, perhaps, rather an upland species. On the 23rd I took one at rest, and saw others on the wing in both Cumber- land and Durham across the watershed, between this place and Middleton-in-Teesdale." Col. J. W. Yerbury took S. striolatum in Cornwall — at Lelant on August 24th; and at Downderry on September 15th. He also captured at Lelant a teneral female specimen of P. nymphula on so late a date as August 22nd. Lt.-Col. C. G. Nurse tells me that he took I. elegans, male, at Timworth, May lltli, and, female, at West Stow, June 24th ; P. nymphula, male, at Ampton on April 28th ; A. puella, female, at Ampton, May 17th ; and E. cyathigcrum, female, at Ampton, April 28th — all in West Suffolk. For myself the season of 1912 ended on October 6th, when I saw at the Black Pond, Surrey, S. striolatum, S. scoticum and an JEschna, which appeared to be M. mixta. Kingston-on-Thames : April, 1913. NEW FOEEST NOTES, 1912. By G. T. Lyle, F.E.S. When compared with the preceding year, 1912 does not show to advantage either climatically or entomologically. July and August were wretchedly wet months with us, and probably this accounted for the comparative scarcity of our commoner butterflies. In the previous autumn the larvae of Apatura iris had been much more plentiful than usual, consequently it was not surprising that this fine insect turned up in some numbers in July, but, alas ! in September and October the larvae were not 186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. correspondingly abundant, so that it seems likely that we shall see but little of our " emperor " for some few seasons. On March 24th I noticed a specimen of Pyrameis atalanta flying in Irons Hill Enclosure, and on July 14th a perfectly fresh imago of this species was seen. During the past ten years at any rate the larvse of P. cardui have never before been in such evidence. In June I collected many of the small caterpillars in the hope that I might breed parasites from them, but in this I was disappointed. A few full-fed larvae were still about on July 14th, and a friend captured a freshly emerged imago on that date. Perhaps the feature of the year was the great abundance of Hemaris tityus and H. fuciformis, particularly the latter. At rhododendron blossom this swarmed, so much so that a single collector captured ninety in two hours. Later on the ova were to be found commonly ; on a small honeysuckle bush I counted more than thirty eggs, which would, I should think, be about half the total number on the bush. These I allowed to remain so that I might take the caterpillars later on, again with an eye to parasites. When next I visited the spot, however, some three weeks later, not a larva was to be found. No prowling entomo- logist, I am convinced, had robbed me, had he done so, he would have left traces, such as broken leaves, twigs, &c., for, as is well known, it is usual and convenient when collecting eggs or young larvae of H. fuciformis to pick off the leaves to which they are attached. It was quite evident that the ova had hatched, for the curious round holes made in the leaves by the young larvae were everywhere apparent. The disappearance may perhaps be accounted for by the fact that a few yards away was a large nest of Formica riifa. H. fuciformis was first reported to me as being out on May 9th, and I witnessed the capture of a specimen in good condition so late as July 7th. Phryxus {Deilephila) livornica again visited us, Mr. E. Morris being fortunate enough to caj^ture two, male and female, both, however, in poor condition. The female lived only a few days in captivity, laying a single egg before dying ; this egg proved fertile, and the larva fed up well on vine, unfortunately succumbing in attempting to pupate. Our forest buruet, Zygcena meliloti, was, as usual, plentiful in its favoured locality. This is a matter for congratulation, as the number of collectors who discover or are told of its haunt is yearly increasing. I have frequently noticed that this species does not fly much before midday. Collectors who *' assembled " for males of Saturnia pavonia had no lack of sport, the insects being very abundant. While in company with Mr. W. J. Lucas a female of Boarmia cinctaria was taken from a fence so early in the year as April 5th. Being confined in a chip-box, it had laid a number of eggs by the morning of the 7th, which duly hatched on May Ist. Several of NEW FOREST NOTES, 1912. 187 the small larvae, which I placed on a plant of the common ornamental Genista growing in a pot indoors, throve well, the first pupating on June 2oth ; when reared in this manner larvae of B. cinctaria do not require a sleeve, as they never stray from the food-plant. Towards the end of April B. cinctaria was particularly plentiful, the favourite resting-places of the species during the day being the trunks of pine trees growing on the heaths. Attached to the hairs on a small larva of Macrothylacia ruhi found on July 6th were several tiny, vermillion, spider-like parasites ; these did not seem to incommode the larva in any way, and with its first ecdysis after capture they disappeared. In the early spring the abundance of the larvae of Boarniia repandata was very remarkable — they might be picked up in dozens at night while feeding on heather, honeysuckle, &c., in the rides of the enclosures. In previous years I have noticed that some five per cent, of the pupae produced the var. conver- saria, but in 1912 I bred only one specimen of the variety from over one hundred pupae. Larvae of Hylophila hicolorana were also more plentiful than usual ; unfortunately the majority of them, at any rate in captivity, were stricken with a fatal disease, which first mani- fested itself in the shape of minute red spots on the body of the larva, gradually mcreasing in size until the creature presented a blotched appearance and in a few days became flaccid and died. Another oak-feeding larva which turned up in some numbers was that of Hadena jJrotea ; it is certainly some years since it was so common with us. During August, September, and October the larvae one usually meets with at that time of the year were very scarce ; in fact, it was difficult to meet with anything excepting a few Chimabacche fagella. As is well known, the full-fed larvae of Sarrothripa reveyana may be found in June, I was therefore much surprised to "beat" a specimen on Sept, 4tb ; it pupated within a few days, and the imago duly emerged on Oct. 3rd. As to insects of other orders, I find but few notes in my diary worth recording. On May 28th I noticed several Osmylas cJivysops fluttering along under the banks of the Blackwater near Fletcher's Thorns, which is, I understand, a locality where they have been known to occur for some years past, and where larvae have been found by Dr. D. Sharp. Mr. C. B. Williams's notes on the life-history of Baphidia macidicollis (Entom. xlvi. 1913, p. 6) greatly interested me, the more so as he was successful in rearing a parasite {Pyracmon melanurus) from the larva. In describing the ova of B. notata (Entom. xli. 1908, p. 233), which appear to be very similar to those of B. macidicollis, I mentioned that the eggs I obtained were in contact one with another, as is the case with the ova of 188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Sialis, and had a very short pedestal at the thicker end on which they stood. Mr. WilHams calls attention to the fact that the " pedestal " which he describes as a *' globular appendage " is at the head end, and thinks that I must be mistaken in saying that the eggs stood on this end. He has had the advantage of seeing the ova when laid more naturally than was the case with the few I figured and described, which were deposited in a chip- box under anything but natural conditions. My ova were in a batch (five or six) as mentioned, and certainly rested on the thicker end, but, judging from the additional evidence we now have, this may have been an accident. Both R. notata and R. macnlicollis in the imaginal state were particularly plentiful with us in 1912. On May 18th in Irons Hill Enclosure they could be beaten in numbers from the small oaks growing under the pines, as many as five or six from a single tree. Placing two dozen or so in three large pill-boxes, I was surprised on my return home an hour or two later to find the great majority dead or dying, the bottoms of the boxes being strewn with debris of legs, antennfe, &c. The few mutilated survivors were still fighting, the superior size of R. notata apparently not giving it any advantage over its smaller relative. ANOTHER ABNORMAL DRAGONFLY WING. By Herbert Campion. Photo F. W. Campion. Hind wings of Poninthenm sevrata,Kmg., ^ . Enlarged 2 1 times. Upper figure — right wing (teratological). Lower figure — left wing (normal), seen from below. The teratological hind wing now figured belongs to a male of Pornothemis serrata, Kriig., from Borneo, and offers several BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN COSTA RICA. 189 points of resemblance to the fore wing of Libellula fidva, Mull., of which photographs were reproduced in the March number of this magazine (Plate vii.). Thus, the wing is considerably shorter than it should be, and the homology of some of the longitudinal veins in the apical half is very obscure. The pterostigma is also greatly exaggerated, although it does not occupy more than one cell, and the subcosta affords another instance of prolongation beyond the nodus in the same sub- family (Libellulinae). To facilitate comparison with a normal hind wing of Porno- theinis, the under side of the left hind wing of the same individual is shown below the teratologicai wing, and it will be seen that in the last-named the triangle is modified in form and position, and that the anal loop takes on a distinctly Corduliine shape. Furthermore, M4, until it ceases to be recognisable, runs nearly parallel with the radius, and the branches of the cubitus curve downwards less abruptly than usual. The specimen in question was taken at Matang lioad, Sara- wak, in 1909, by Mr. J. C. Moulton, and was forwarded to me, for examination, by Dr. F. F. Laidlaw. 58, Ranelagh Road, Ealing: April 28th, 1913. FIVE MONTHS' BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN COSTA RICA IN THE SUMMER OF 1911. By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S. There were two reasons why I went to Costa Rica, first, because the political situation in Mexico seemed leading on to conditions bordering on civil war, and secondly, owing to the fact that the cases of plague at La Guaira (the entrance port to Venezuela) seemed to be somewhat above the average ; and so I went to Costa Rica. There I found a country abounding with butterflies, but most difficult to work, at least on the Atlantic side (which was practically as far as my experience extended), chiefly owing to the climate and the undeveloped conditions of the country. We had left a rather serious drought behind us at Kingston, Jamaica, here in Costa Rica to find a very persistent and perpetual rainfall. What wonder that the low, flat country round Limon was nothing but immense swamps, for the most part densely wooded, but quite impenetrable, through which indeed it was only possible to pass at all by following the railway tracks, as there are no roads whatever on the Atlantic side of this extraordinary country ! Therefore the public thoroughfares are entirely along these railway lines, a system which naturally results in a good many deaths from misadventure, especially to animals, which are also allowed to feed freely on the rich, grassy 190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. banks on either side of the track. Thick, impenetrable bush, all swamps beneath, skirt the greater part of these lines, and here the big, blue Morphos (M. peleides) fly fearlessly through the dense undergrowth, giving the breathless entomologist only a very meagre chance of effecting the capture of one of these magnificent creatures, as it flops across the track to pass from one snake-haunted bush to the other. The snakes are very bad in Costa Kica, and we were con- stantly being warned to "be careful." A small and very beautiful scarlet and spotted species, commonly known as the coral snake, being especially dangerous — scarcely ever did any- one bitten by this venomous brute recover ; and as for the blood snake, a rather larger species, dark crimson in colour, death with blood oozing from every pore of the body was the certain result of too close an acquaintance there ! I only once saw one of these blood snakes, which was in a ravine near a mountain stream in the neighbourhood of San Jose ; it was not more than a yard off when I first caught sight of it, but looking upon me with evident suspicion, it cleared instantly, a course of action which, all things considered, was scarcely to be regretted. What struck me most about the collecting in Costa Rica is the immense variety of species, comparatively few of which were ever represented by any very great number of specimens. By far the commonest butterfly in every district we visited was Anartia fatima ; it was common in the swampy lowlands, and common, too, in the wet grassy lanes round San Jose (3400 feet), in fact, common everywhere. Some of the Callidnjas were also abundant in certain places, where they would sit in clusters on a patch of wet mud, and get up when disturbed in such bewildering multitudes that, in one's anxiety to net the rarer species amongst them, and only those in prime condition, it often resulted in very few being netted at all ; for they are shy butterflies, and when once disturbed, they do not very readily re-assemble at the same spot. The Heliconidse were well repre- sented everywhere, but no one species could ever be said to swarm, and several of them were decidedly rare. We did better in the neighbourhood of San Jose than anywhere else, especially in July, but this was, I think, largely owing to the fact that the facilities of penetrating into the surrounding country were certainly greater than at Limon or Guapiles, though this last- named place was wonderfully fascinating in the abundance and beauty of the species occurring there, and wonderfully fearsome as regards the accommodation to be obtained in its one and only inn ! It was a never-ceasing mortification to me that there were no tracks leading through those prolific forest swamps of the lowlands, or even if there was a small path, it soon came to an end, and, moreover, more often than not was rendered useless and BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN COSTA EICA. 191 impassable by the constant and heavy rainfall ; for who can catch butterflies, be they ever so abundant, standing over one's ankles in mud, whose peculiarly sticky qualities would suggest to the most unimaginative mind that an extract of glue could surely be obtained from the mud of Costa Rica ! In fact, it was not at all an unusual event to find oneself " stuck fast" in this black gluey mixture, and to see some beautiful unknown species of butterfly come and settle within easy reach of the net, only a few yards away from where the mud-bound biped would be standing exasperate but quite helpless and powerless to effect its capture, till the bright vision would vanish as it had come, all unconscious of the possible danger that had menaced it from below. I could not make out that in the lowlands of Costa Eica, at least on the Atlantic side, there is ever a dry season ; it rains all the time with, of course on some days, intervals, often of several hours, of fierce sunshine, and then it is that one sees the butterflies ! At San Jose, and in the higher mountains, there is a dry season, from December onwards during the winter months, which, however, the inhabitants call the " summer," and the wet season is the " winter " for them, though, of course, as Costa Rica lies north of the equator, this is not really the case. On the Pacific side the climate is, I believe, much drier, but of that I can say nothing from personal experience ; except for one day's collecting at Rio Grande, which only tended to give me some idea of what that side of Costa Rica would have been like had various circumstances not prevented me from even trying to work it. I was told, on more than one good authority, that, except for Morphos and Caligos, the Pacific side has cer- tainly far better collecting even than the Atlantic side, and from that one day at Rio Grande alone, I can readily believe it. The following is a list of the species taken during the five months, from March 23rd to August 14th, 1911, that we collected in Costa Rica — one hundred and fifty-seven in all : — Papilio aviericus, Koll. — This butterfly (which seems to come closer to P. hospiton than any other Papilio I know) was common all round San Jose in June and July. P. thoas, Linn. — Fairly common at Santo Domingo, near San Jose, in July. I secured two very fine females. P. pJwtimis, Doubld. — This Papilio was very common at Rio Grande on July 27th, but unfortunately the condition of the speci- mens left much to be desired, in fact, I only took one female I considered worth setting. P. 2)0 ly damns, Linn. — Observed at Limon ; not very common. I did not succeed in taking a good specimen, and having already a fine series of bred ones from Jamaica, perhaps I did not trouble very much about it. P. numitor. Cram. — A large Papilio larva, bearing a strong resemblance to the larva of Polydamus, found by me at San Antonio, 192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 11 kils. from San Jose, produced a female of this species ; this being the only specimen I have, for, though we occasionally saw what we believed to be the same butterfly flying over the flowers of tall forest trees, we never succeeded in netting one. P. pandion, Fold. — This butterfly, which must be very closely allied to P. anchisiades, Esp., occurred at San Jose in July. It was not common, and I only seem to have got one specimen. P. branchus, Doubld. — One female taken at Limon in August is all I have of this species. P. mylotes, Gray. — The commonest of all the Papilios in the low- lands, especially at Guapiles in April and May. I took a good many specimens there, and a few at Limon. Da-ptonoura isandra, Boisd. — Only seen at Limon in August, flying in some numbers round a flowering shrub, but very restless and difficult to catch, besides which all those that were netted were in poor condition. Tachyris ilaire, Godt. — Occurred at San Jose in June and July, but was not abundant. Pieris josepha, Godm. & Salv. — Only occasionally seen at San Jose ; but was very common at Rio Grande on July 27th. P. elodia, Boisd. — Common at Cartago and all round San Jose throughout the summer. I found a batch of Pieris ova one morning when we were gathering water-cresses for luncheon in an elevated meadow near Cartago, from which I eventually bred half a dozen specimens of this butterfly. Their fresh supplies of food-plant used to be purchased in the market at San Jose. The full-grown larva is rather like a green centipede to look at superficially, as it has an oily appearance ; in colour it is dull, pale green, ringed regularly with darker green from head to tail. P. calydonia, Boisd. — Common, but quite passe, at Rio Grande, July 27th. Terias alhula, Cram. — Fairly common at Limon and Guapiles. T. delia, Cram. — Common at San Jose ; also taken at Guapiles. T. neda, Godt. — At Limon, San Jose, and Guapiles, but not very common. T. euterpe, Menet. — Only fairly common. I have two males from Cartago in May, also a male and female from San Jose, the former of which is very grey on the under side of the hind wing. T. loeshDoodii, Boisd. — Common all round San Jose, flying along the damp, grassy lanes throughout the summer. A magnificent form. The female was comparatively scarce. T. damaris, Fold. — This lovely Terias was very common at San Jose in June and July, and the females were more easily to be met with than were those of the preceding species. T. xanthochlora, KoU. — Very scarce, only taken rarely in one locality near San Jose ; and I have also one specimen from Guapiles. T. mexicana, Boisd. — Very common at San Jose, also taken at' Cartago in May ; the females were not very scarce either. T. proterpia, Fabr. — This exceedingly beautiful butterfly occurred somewhat rarely near San Jose ; but it seemed to be fairly well represented in the great crowd of butterflies at Rio Grande. BUTTERFLY COLIiKCTING IN COSTA RICA. 193 Acmcpteron nemesis, Latr. — Occurred at Cartago and San Jos6, but was very scarce at both places. Dismorpliia albania, Bates.— One specimen only taken at San Jose in July ; I did not see any others. D. praxinoe, Doubld. — One specimen only from Guapiles in May. M eg ono stoma ccesonia, Stoll. — First seen at Cartago in May. At San Jose it flew fairly abundantly in the neighbourhood of the Pacific Railway Station, where there were some fields of a certain kind of vetch, on which I saw the females depositing their eggs ; it occurred wherever this vetch was growing. At Rio Grande, like many other things, it fairly swarmed. Callidryas fahia, Fab. — The males of this butterfly were very common at Guapiles, less so at Limon. I never saw it up country. C. statira, Cram. — Common at Guapiles, also at San Jose, less so at Limon. The females were less scarce than those of the preceding species. G. trite, Linn. — Taken at Guapiles and at Limon, but not at all common in either locality. I never saw a female. G. euhule {senncB, Linn.). — Widely distributed. Bred from Limon and at San Jos6. The larva, like all of this genus, feeds on cassias. G. agarithe, Boisd. —This glorious butterfly was common at Guapiles, still more so at San Jos6, flying wildly over the baranco at Santo Domingo, where the never-failing attraction of the Lantana flowers sometimes provided a possible chance of capturing this gaudy insect. One male taken in this locality has scarcely any of the brown markings on the under side, and is rather paler above (possibly another species '?). Agarithe was much less common at Limon, and the females were always scarce everywhere. G. ifnilea, Linn. — Most of my specimens of this butterfly were bred from ova and larvaj found near Limon, where this species was commoner than I ever found it anywhere else. I bred about an equal number of both sexes. The larva feeds on a large kind of Cassia, of which I was unable to discover the specific name. It also occurred at Guapiles and San Jose, at which latter place I again found the larva. G. cipris, Fabr. — I first made the acquaintance of this magnificent butterfly at Cartago in May ; here in this earthquake-stricken city it flew in the streets amongst the ruins. At San Jos6 in June and July it was quite common, even the females being much less scarce than is usually the case with other species of this genus. Gonepteryx clorinde, Godt. — This exquisite butterfly was very common all round San Jose from the end of June and throughout July. The females also were not scarce. Morplio peleides, KoU. — This is the only MorpJio I met with in Costa Rica, though I believe it is by no means the only one that occurs in that prolific country. We first saw it at Limon, where it would fly across the railway track from one forest swamp to the other, affording only a very poor chance of efl'ecting its capture. At Guapiles it was more frequent and easier to catch, as it would fly up and down along a broad stream, a flash of blue light against the dark ENTOM. — JUNE, 1913. P 194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. foliage of the trees, a sight of loveHness not easily to be forgotten. I stalked what I believed was a female one day for about ten minutes through thick but not swampy undergrowth ; she would settle repeatedly and low down, but always arranged to move on to another perch just before getting within reach of my net, till finally I lost sight of her, and then realized that I had been risking snakes, tarantula spiders, and other horrors all for nothing ! Not to mention that I found myself covered with ticks from head to foot, so much so, in fact, that a rapid retreat homewards was the only course to be pursued. Opsiphancs crameri, Fold. — Common and widely distributed. I bred it in some numbers at San Jose ; the larva occurring commonly on a certain ornamental palm which grew in all the public parks and gardens. The females even laid their eggs on the plants of this palm growing in pots on the balconies of the houses, where the larvae when found would be ruthlessly picked off and slaughtered by the Spanish seiloritas, who looked upon them as nothing but a pest and a nuisance, to be got rid of as quickly as possible. The very young larva when it first hatches from the egg is extremely like a young Charaxes, but it soon becomes much more slender and elon- gate than are the robust larvae of that genus ; also it has a long forked tail. Danais archipims, Eabr. — Not very common, flew on the Savannah at San Jose. D. berenico, Cram. — Widely distributed and often common. Lycorea ceres, Cram. — Not uncommon near San Jose in July ; mostly taken on the Lantana flowers in the famous butterfly-haunted baranco near Santo Domingo. TitJiorea pinthias, Godm. & Salv. — One specimen caught at Guapiles, where others were seen. I also obtained some ova by watching a wild female depositing her eggs on a large thick-leaved creeper overhanging a small stream. Four of the larvae grew and did well, but I was only able to get one of them into pupa before the leaves of the thick-leaved creeper that I had brought with me from Guapiles gave out ; and all my efforts were unavailing to find that same creeper at the elevation of San Jose (over 3000 feet), so the remaining three had to be turned out when just full-fed to search out a food-plant for themselves or die of starvation. The larva is ringed wdth black throughout on a yellow ground at the two ex- tremities, and bluish white in the centre, two long flexible horns protrude from the first segment behind the head, as in the larva of Tithorea megara, which occurs so commonly in Trinidad. The pupa was a suspended blob of glistening, polished gold, but retained nothing of its resplendent beauty when the butterfly had emerged, Melhuui imitata, Bates. — One specimen only, caught at Guapiles. Meckanitis scylax, Salv. — Also only one specimen from Guapiles. M. labotas, Dist. — One specimen from San Jose. M. doryssus, Bates. — Was taken at Limon, Guapiles, and San Jose. 31. istlnnia, Bates {calUfornica). — I bred a good series of this butterfl}^ from a batch of ova found at Limon. The larva was identical with that of M. polyvmia, of which I also bred several later NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 195 on in Ti-inidad. The pupa was bright shining gold. This butterfly occurred also at Guapiles, and (more rarely) at San Jose. Thy rid ia melantho, Bates. — One female only taken at Guapiles. Dirccnna klugii, Hiibn. — Common at Cartago in May, and at San Jose in June and July. D. relata, Butl. & Druce. — One specimen only, from San Jose. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. The Thomas Boyd Types of Micro-Lepidoptera. — It is satis- factory to put on record that these types, as detailed on p. 23 in the January number of this Magazine, are now placed in the National Collection at South Kensington Museum, having been generously pre- sented by Mrs. W. C. Boyd, of The Grange, Waltham Cross. — WiLLOUGHBY GARDNER ; Deganwy, North Wales, May 19th, 1913. The Spraying of Oak Trees in Richmond Park. — Some interest- ing experiments have just been carried out in Richmond Park, the object being the extermination of various leaf-eating caterpillars which have attacked the oak trees. The ravages of these caterpillars have been very serious, so that the trees have of late made but little progress owing to defoliation, and in numerous instances the trees have lost their tops. The experiments in question w^ere carried out under the direction of Mr. H. Maxwell Lefroy, Professor of Ento- mology at the Imperial College of Science, who advised the trees being treated with a spray solution. The group of trees operated upon was the Ham Cross plantation, which comprises about four hundred oaks, and the spraying mixture was a solution of lead chromate, which w^as applied by means of a petrol-driven pump of the Merry weather " Ravensbourne " pattern, supplying solution to six spraying nozzles simultaneously. The spraying of the trees in the plantation mentioned occupied two days, and if successful the same treatment will be carried out to the other plantations in the Park. By means of the special apparatus employed, the lead chromate was well and evenly distributed, and it remained on the trees. Some Lepidoptera new to Suffolk. — During the past two seasons I have paid more attention to Hymenoptera and Diptera than to Lepidoptera, but as I have taken a few species of the latter order which are not, I believe, as yet on the Suffolk list, I think I should record them : — Brachytcenia hartvianniana ; three captured on the trunks of old willows near Bury St. Edmunds. Laspeyresia servillana; a specimen at Ampton. Polychrosis abscisana; not un- common at Ampton. Penthina capreana; several at Tuddenham. P. nigricostana ; two at Ampton. Apodia bifractclla ; one at West Stow. Coleophora mttantella ; one at Tuddenham. I have to thank Mr. J. Hartley Durrant for determining most of the above insects for me. — (Lt.-Col.) C. G. Nurse; Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, April 28th, 1913. 196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CCENONYMPHA TIPHON AND C. PAMPHILUS ON SAME GrOUND. 1 only know C. tiphon in one locality — near Achnasheen, in Ross-shire, where it is very plentiful. There it is found on the same ground as G. pamiihilus, and I have netted liivge pa77i2)hilus in mistake for tiphon. I have noticed there that tiplion only flies in hright sunshine ; directly a cloud partially obscured the sun this butterfly settled amongst the grass-stems close to the ground, though pamphilus would still con- tinue on the wing. — J. Hamilton Leigh ; Culloden House, Inverness- shire. ToRTRix PRONUBANA. — A little incident has happened to me which may be worth recording. Early in April I discovered a Tortrix larva feeding in a geranium leaf in the greenhouse. I took care of it, and to-day (May 16th) the imago has appeared as T. pronubana, and a remarkable specimen of var. ambus tana at that. I cannot account for it being where it was, as I have never found a trace of the species here. Anyway, it seems a new food-plant. — (Rev.) W. Claxton ; Navestock, Romford. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, March 19th, 1913. — Rev. E. D. Morice, M.A., Vice-President, and afterwards Mr. J. H. Durrant, Vice-President, in the chair.— Messrs. Thomas Alfred Coward, F.Z.S., Brentwood, Bowdon, Cheshire; William H. Edwards, Natural History Department, Birmingham Museum ; Lewis Gough, Ph.D., Entomologist to the Government of Egypt, Department of Agriculture, Cairo ; John Hewitt, B.A., Director of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa ; Carlos E. Porter, C.M.Z.S., Professor of Zoology, Agricultural Institute, Santiago, Chile ; and Gilbert Storey, Entomological Research Commission, Natural History Museum, South Kensington, S.W., were elected Eellows of the Society. — Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited two larvae of Gonio'pteryx tineiformis, eight of which were beaten from pines at Oxshott, on the 16th inst.- — Mr. Donisthorpe, various species of ants of the genus Eciton, the " Wander Ants," and gave some account of their interesting habits. — Mr. W. C. Crawley, a few ants collected during September, 1909, in Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio, in- cluding Polyergus lucidus and Formica rubic^mda, two of the slave- makers, with their slaves ; and some species collected with Dr. Forel in Switzerland, August, 1912. Among the latter were Camponotus lateralis and C. oithiops, two species of special intei'est, as they belong to the xerothermic fauna, relics of a post-glacial period. — The Rev. F. D. Morice made the following exhibits by means of the epidiascope : — 1. Lantern-slides showing the pectinated antenn® of the male in the s&yvQ^ies Loj^hyrus pmi, L., and Monoctenus juniper i, L., the latter new to Britain and not yet recorded. It was taken pretty freely on juniper, at Nethy Bridge, in June, 1907, by Messrs H. Scott and C. G. Lamb. 2. Lantern-slides showing paradoxical (secondary sexual) characters in the legs of numerous male Aculeates (bees, wasps, and fossors). 3. Microphotos of the apex of the female " terebra" in Cirnbex lutea, L., and C, femorata, L. (magnified ninety SOCIETIES. 197 diameters). 4. Entomological Congress groups at Oxford and Tring. (Lantern-slides.) During the course of this exhibit, Dr. Chapman, at Mr. Morice's request, explained the manner in which he had seen the wings of the female Odynerus sjnnipcs imprisoned between the tridentate middle femora and excavated middle tibiie of the male. — A paper by Mr. H. Eltringham, M.A., F.L.S., "On the Scent- apparatus of Amauris niavius, L.," was read by the author, the black-and-white drawings by which it was illustrated being thrown on the screen. Wednesday, April 2}id, 1913.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair. — Messrs. Andre Avinoff, Liteyny, 12, St. Petersburg; W. Bowater, Russell Road, Moseley, Birming- ham ; J. S. Carter, Warren Hill Cottage, Eastbourne ; James David- son, M.Sc, Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, S.W. ; Arthur H. Foster, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Eng.), M.B.O.U., Sussex House, Hitchin ; J. A. de Gaye, King's College, Lagos, South Nigeria ; Oliver Hawkshaw, 3, Hill Street, Mayfair, W., and Millard, Liphook ; and Ernest Edward Piatt, 403, Essenwood Road, Durban, Natal, were elected Fellows of the Society. — The Rev. G. Wheeler explained that he had been mistaken in some of his observations on Argynnis auresiana, which he exhibited on October IGth. The name auresiana was given by Fruhstorfer, not by Oberthiir, and a few specimens were already known before Mr. Powell discovered it in numbers at Lambessa, as previously stated. It had also been figured by Turati. — Mr. E. Ernest Green exhibited cards showing the transferred wing-scales of butterflies. — Mr. Donis- thorpe, a specimen of Tetramorium ccespitum, L., worker, from a colony found by Mr. Evans on the Bass Rock in Scotland, March 21st, 1913 ; the most northern records known in Britain were Denbigh in Wales, and Cambridgeshire and Suffolk in England. — Mr. W. C. Crawley, numerous species, subspecies, etc., of ants from Egypt, which were taken at Helouan during December and January last. — Dr. Jordan gave a short account of the Zoological Congress at Monaco, with special reference to entomological nomenclature, and thanks were voted to the Society's delegates for their work at the Congress, and to Dr. Jordan in particular, for his interesting and satisfactory account of it. — The following papers were read : — " On the Classification of British Crabronidaj (Hymenoptera)," by R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc, M.A., F.L.S. " Descriptions of New Species of the Syrphid Genus Callicera (Diptera)," by the late G. H. Verrall, F.E.S. Edited by J. E. Collin, F.E.S. " Neue Pyrgotinen aus dem British Museum in London," von Friedrich Hendel, Wien. — George Wheelee, M.A., Hon. Secretary. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— ilp-iZ 10i/i.--Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. Buckstone exhibited living larvse of Scodiona fagaria (belgiaria) from Oxshott. — Mr. Newman, a remarkable aberration of a hybrid between Ephyra annulata, male, and E. pendularia, female, in which the outer half of all the wings was melanic. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs read a paper entitled " Through the Balkans with a Camera," illustrating his remarks with a number of lantern-slides of views and 198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. scenes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he made a collecting tour in 1912. April Mth.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— The evening was devoted to a special exhibition of specimens of orders other than Lepidoptera, and was a most successful meeting. — Mr. E. Adkin exhibited an original copy of ' A Naturalist's Calendar ' (1795), being extracts from Gilbert White's diaries, and a facsimile reprint of Gilbert White's ' Flora Selborniensis ' by the Selborne Society in 1911. Also he exhibited a spider's web and spider mounted between glass by the late Mr. H. Mc Arthur. — Mr, W. West (Greenwich) placed on the tables sixteen drawers of the Society's reference collections (British), viz. two of Orthoptera, presented by Dr. Malcolm Burr, &c., two of Neuroptera, presented by Mr. W. J. Lucas, Mr. W. J. Ashdown, &c., one of Hymenoptera, and eleven of Coleoptera.— Mr. West also exhibited twelve drawers of his own collection of British Heteroptera, Homoptera, and Psyllina. — Mr. E. A. Newbery, a number of new and rare species of British Coleo- ptera, including Apion selousi, Trachyphlcsus digitalis, Lathrohium ripicola, Homalota aquatilis,Myrmeco2)ora brevipes, Thinobiiis pallidus, Cartodere argus, Dermestes peruvianus, Bledius denticollis, B. filipies, B. sacerdendus, Ceuthorhijnchus parvulus, Laccobius purpurascens, Orthochcstes insignis, &c. — Mr. Priske, varied forms of the coleopteron Geotrupes mutator, from Hanwell. — Mr. Ashdown, examples of the species of Hemiptera and Hymenoptera taken in Switzerland, in- cluding Cicadetta montana, ^^lia acuviinata, Harpactor iracundus, M'utilla europaa, &c. — Mr. Sheldon, two species of " firefly " met with on the Continent. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Homoptera from S. America resembling Lepidoptera in form and marking, including the beautiful Pmciloptera plialcenoides ; Heteroptera of bizarre form and marking from Colombia, &c., including Apiomenis hirtipes with two curious processes (" Hags ") at the anal extremity of the abdo- men ; two large-bodied Orthoptera from the Transvaal used as food by the natives ; and a box of large and conspicuous insects from the up-country of Western Australia — Aculeata, Diptera, Ichneumonidte, Odonata, &c.— Mr. K. G. Blair, living scorpions, earwigs, and glow- worms from Monaco, and gave his experiences in the States of the "flashing " of the fireflies, and an account of the experiments there carried out with artificial "flashing." — Mr. Buckstone, insects of various orders from New South Wales. — Mr. Main, two species of cockroach and a large glowworm, &c. — Mr. Ashby, Hemiptera and Coleoptera from Oyo, Southern Nigeria, and his collection of Donacia, Chrysomela, and Gryptocephalus (Coleoptera). — Mr. Gibbs, a case containing specimens of Sirex noctilio and S. gigas, the sawflies whose larvie cause much damage to fir timber, and examples of the damage caused. He also showed a case of the various groups of the suborder Hemiptera, and gave notes on the two exhibits. — Mr. H. Moore, two drawers of Orthoptera, one mainly European, the other large exotic leaf crickets; a box of Xylocopidce, violet carpenter- bees from all over the world ; a case of lantern-flies, Fulgoridee ; foreign insects introduced to Deptford by shipping, such as Blabcra cubcnsis, Acheta bimaculata, Acridium agyptium, kc. ; and a selection of Orthoptera and Homoptera to illustrate a note on " Singing SOCIETIES. 199 Insects."— Mr. Andrews, specimens of "Witches' Broom" fungus-gall Ascomyces sp. ? on willow, and types of sixty-three species of Diptera taken in the months of March and April, chiefly at sallow-blossom.— Mr. Coxhead, specimens of plant-galls and some very beautiful water- colour drawings of the same, and the gall-fly Uromyces ficaria under the microscope. —Mr. West (Ashtead), four species of Collembola under the microscope. — Mi'. Edwards, large and conspicuous species of Phasmidffi, Mantidae, Gryllidae, and Hymenoptera chiefly from British North Borneo, together with the remarkable chelifer, Thely- phenus lucanoidcs, and the curious Arachnids, Actinacantha arcuata and Gasteracantha vittata.—B.Y. J. Turner {Ho7i. Bep. Sec). The Manchester Entomological Society. — April^nd, 1913. — Meeting held in the Manchester Museum. — The Secretary read on behalf of the Eev. S. Proudfoot, F.E.S., a paper entitled " The Delights of Entomology." — Mr. B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S., exhibited a long and remarkably varied series of Noctua j)rwmlce {f estiva) var. confiua bred from the Shetlands.— Mr. J. H. Watson showed some interesting Javan lepidoptera from the Ley den Museum. These were Cricula anclrei var. elazia female, hitherto undescribed ; a very curious aberration of G. andrei, without any fenestras ; Antherea nov. sp. (?), closely allied to A. helferi from Assam. He also showed C. andrei and trifenestrata from Assam, and C. trifenestrata from Burma. — Mr. R. Tait, junr., showed his series of the genera Pachnobia and Taniocampa, which included a fine lot of P. leucograpka. — Mr. J. E. Cope exhibited coleoptera from Robertson, Cape Colony, including two large species of Psavimodes, a large Adephagus beetle, and a small chafer similar to our own Bhizotrogns.~A. W. Boyd, M.A., Ho7i. Sec. OBITUARY. By the death of Mr. Herbert Druce, the Entomological Society of London loses one of its oldest and most prolific workers in the wide field of universal Lepidoptera. Born on July 14th, 181G, from his earliest boyhood he developed deep interest in entomology, and his election to the Society took place when he was just one and twenty. From that time onward he soon made a name as a dihgent collector and describer, among the more important of his contri- butions to contemporary scientific literature, and to our knowledge of the world's species, being the three volumes (with plates) dealing with Heterocera in the ' Biologia Centrali Americana,' upon which he concentrated his energies over a considerable number of years. In addition to this, he published several monographs of genera, and described a large number of species new to science in the ' Trans- actions ' of the Entomological Society of London, the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society, the ' Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,' and the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History.' Serving on the Council of the Entomological Society in 1885 and 1892, he was also a Fellow of the Linnean, the Zoological, and the Royal Geographical Societies. We hear that his magnificent collections are shortly to be sold. 200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. RECENT LITERATURE. The Theory of Evolution in the Light of Facts. By Karl Frank, S.J. With a Chapter on Ant Guests and Termite Guests. By Erich Wasmann, S.J. Translated from the German by Charles T. Druery, F.L.S. London : Kegan Paul. 5s. net. It is not easy to conjecture with what object this little book on Evolution has been written. Some parts of it might serve as a useful introduction for anyone who was about to read Darwin's ' Origin of Species ' for the first time. The author is almost as keen an advocate as Darwin himself of the theory of modification of species by adaptation and descent, and although he puts down to " a purposeful striving " of the individual certain of those variations or adaptations which Darwin could only explain by the use of the word " cl^ance," he seems to admit that the species which are not purpose- fully adapted to their environment are doomed to extinction. Father Frank, however, is by no means a whole-hearted Darwinian ; nor is he always quite fair to Darwin, for, while objecting strongly to the expression " chance variation," he forgets to mention that Darwin, who had no theological view to maintain, pleaded ignorance of the cause of variation as his excuse for making use of what he called " that wholly incorrect expression." The arguments brought forward in this book in an attempt to show the limitations of Evolution, and that no one class of plants or animals has been derived from another, are based chiefly upon the imperfection of the palaeontological record, and are anything but convincing. Entomologists who are left free to believe that the whole of our existing insects, in all their diversity of form and structure, are but the modified descendants of a single pre-existing order, the ancient Palseodictyoptera, will hardly be restrained from going a step further to seek the ancestor of the insect in some other form of animal life. They are puzzled even now to know to what class they can assign those interesting little creatures, the Protura, which exist, it appears, in abundance, and yet have only been discovered within the last half-dozen years. If these have remained unknown so long, what is there strange in the fact that so few transitional forms have been discovered as fossils in the rocks '? Father Frank claims to have " dealt fully" with the " chief postu- late " of the theory of Evolution — the origin and development of the animals from the plants. But his claim is scarcely justified. It is one thing to discuss the difi'erence between the "psyche" of an oak tree and of a donkey, and another to discover the soul of an amoeba, and to show wherein it differs from that of a lowly organized plant ; and Father Frank has not attempted the latter task. The chapter which Father Wasmann has contributed is very inte- resting, and the student of Coleoptera will find something of interest also in the table, taken from Handlirsch, which illustrates the pedi- gree of the beetles and their distribution in time. Faults in the translation give rise to contradictory statements in the book, and especially noticeable is the use of the word " family" in several cases where " phylum " or " group " should appear instead. C. J. G. THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS. O". T7. C:JrLOOIS.E3TT eft; SOKT (EsTAliLISHl.U ly-17j. Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus and Appliances. And Dealers in all kinds of Specimens lor Entomologists, Botanists, Ornitliologists, Gtiologists, ]\Iineralogists, Numismatists, Conclioiogists, itc, and for the use of Lecturers, Science Teachers, Colleges, Students, &.c. MUSEUMS FITTED AND AUUANGED. Specially made Cabinet for Birds' Eggs and Skins. 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LITTLEWOOD, 22, HtlGHGATE, KENDAL. CONTENTS. A New Gall-inhabiting Eulophid Genus from Queensland, Australia, A. A. Oirault, 177. A New Mosquito from Northern China, Fred V. Theobald, 179. British Odonata in 1912 (with illustrations), W. J. Lucas, 180. New Forest Notes, 1912, G. T. Lyle, 185. Another Abnormal Dragonfly Wing (with illustration), Herbert Campion, 188. Five Months' Butterfly Collecting in Costa Eica in the Summer of 1911, Margaret E. Fountaine, 189, Notes and Observations. — The Thomas Boyd Types of Micro-Lepidoptera, Willougliby Gardner, 195. The Spraying of Oak Trees in Riclrmond Park, 195. Some Lepidoptera new to Suffolk, {Lt.-Gol.) G. G. Nurse, 195. Cceno- nympha tiphon and C. pamphilus on same Ground, ./. Hamilton Leigh, 196. Tortrix pronubana (Rev.) W. Glaxton, 196. Societies, 196. - Obtuary, 199. Recent Literature, 200. DR. STAUDINaER& BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in their new Price List No. LVI. for 1913, of!"er more than 19,000 Species of well- named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARVAE; &c. Separate Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (29,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (3600 ppecies), DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA ^2500), ORTHOPTERA (1200). NEURO- TERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low. We sell no more living pupae. . - REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (Established 1884.) Au Immense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larvae & Pupae, & Set Specimens always on Sale Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address — H. ^V. HKAD, (Entomologist, BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. TO LEPIDOPTERISTS. One set Tutt's 'British Lepidoptera,' vols. I. to X., i'2 2s. (slightly soiled.) 'British Butterflies' vols. I. to III., 17s. 6^. (slightly soiled.) ,, ,, ' British Noctuse,' four vols., 10s. (slightly soiled.) ,, ,, ' Practical Hints,' three parts, 6s. 6^. A. STANLEY, 27, WHITBURN ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E. JAMES GARDNER, M/^NUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Cnetomeis are requested to note the Ad<1reases, as mistakes occur daily. Subscriptions for. 1913 {6s. post free] and are now due and should be sent to West, Newman <£ Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London. Vol. XLVI ] JULY, 1913. [No. 602. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN lllustrateb ffionfbb lournal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF IIOBICHT ADKIN. F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A.. F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. F. W. 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FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. The Entomologist, July, 1913. Plate X * I'm F V/.Frohawk adnat del. West.Newmar. lith. F_;-ECES EJECTOR OF HESPERIA SYLVANUS LARVA. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVI.] JULY, 1913. [No. 602 FxECES EJECTOR OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV^. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. (Plate X.) Certain lepidopterous larvae are provided with a remarkable comb-like apparatus for the forcible ejectment of their excreta, which probably is most highly developed in the Hesperidae. This organ has been referred to by Dr. 0. Hofmann in his description of Secaphila minusculana, published in the * Entomo- logist's Annual,' 1873, p. 62; stating :—" Immediately behind and under the anal plate, exactly above the anal opening, is a small semicircular plate of black chitine, about half the size of the anal plate itself, which is extended posteriorly in six long black thorns, and probably has for its object to assist in the evacuation of the excrement. This formation is entirely wanting in the closely allied S. wahlhomiann, but, on the other hand, it occurs again in the closely allied commiinana and virgaurana." Also, in 'Novitates Zoologicse,' vol. xvi. p. 831, Dr. K. Jordan describes and figures 'the anal comb or fork which he and the Hon. Walter Rothschild found in the larva of Somahrachys. In all the specimens examined each had either three or four tines ; these, he states, were " always practically of equal length. They vary in shape, inasmuch as some are pointed and others truncate and dentate. . . ." Dr. Jordan also adds : " We ascertained its use by observing the live larva under a lens. When the fieces leave the anus the rake is employed to push them outside, and give them a final jerk, which sends them rolling off the anal segment." In the life-history of Carterocephalus palcemon, which I pub- lished in the ' Entomologist,' 1892, vol. xxv. p. 256, I noted the fact that the larva of this species " has the power of casting its excrement sideways with considerable force, as if propelled by a spring, sending it a foot or more, which undoubtedly is a means to prevent fouHng its domicile." This habit, I have noticed, is common with the Hesperidae larvae. BNTOM. — JULY, 1913. Q 202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. While recently figuring the fully-grown larva of H. sylvanus, I carefully watched it under a lens to ascertain the exact way in which the pellets of excreta are ejected. This enabled me to make a momentary sketch of the performance, reproduced in the accompanying Plate, fig. 3. Just previous to the act the larva crawls backwards along its tubular dwelling (composed of either two or more blades of grass spun together in the form of a cylinder) until its extremity is either at or slightly protruded beyond the tube ; it then raises its anal segments, elevating the plate or flap, and evacuates the ffeces, which remain adhering to the anus. The comb is then brought down to the rim of the anal orifice, and remains so fixed for a moment or two, as if to obtain a firm pressure with the tips of the tines or teeth ; then, apparently with considerable power, it is suddenly released, spring- like, the comb flies up with a violent jerk, casting the pellet with remarkable force in an upward direction. In order to learn the distance the larva can cast the excrements, I placed three examples in a vertical position on a white cloth, and found the distance they fell (without rolling) between 2 ft. 6 in. and 3 ft., the furthest being exactly 3 ft. It will be seen by fig. 2 (posterior view) the comb consists of eighteen asymmetrical teeth, solidified over the greater portion, then separated and turned slightly outwards at the tips ; they gradually decrease in length from the long central ones, the whole forming a semi-ovate structure. The middle tooth or tine is dentated, the others being simple pointed. The colour is pale ochreous yellow, the four longest having black tips. Fig. 1 shows the anal flap and comb slightly raised (lateral view) . NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES OF HONG KONG AND JAPAN. By Major B. Tulloch, F.E.S. The most curious butterfly I have taken at Hong Kong is Pieris rapce. Not, of course, that the insect itself is curious, but the fact of this species being captured so far south, right in the Tropics, is curious. I have never heard of it having been seen or taken before in Hong Kong. The insect was quite perfect, evidently just emerged from the chrysalis. It approaches in appearance a small specimen of P. rapce var. crucivora, with a well-marked yellow basal streak on the under side of the hind wing. I captured it quite accidentally, under the impres- sion that it was a small specimen of Huphina nerissa, dry forms of which I was trying to catch. The capture was made on December 12th, 1912. The other butterflies on the wing at the spot in which I took it were P. helenus, Leptocircus curius var. BUTTERFLIES OF HONG KONG AND JAPAN. 208 tcalkeri, Rehomoia glaucippe, and Huphiiia nerissa, all tropical species. The manner in which H. glaucippe emerges from the chrysalis is very remarkable, if all butterflies of this species emerge in the same way as the one did which I watched coming out, in a breeding-cage. The pupse of this species are very bent back in the middle, so that in the pupal stage the legs of the insect are, as it were, in the air, the back of the unformed butterfly being downwards, when the pupse are attached to a vertical object. Whilst I was looking at the chrysalis in question, the butterfly began to emerge. After all its legs and wings had been withdrawn from the pupal case, it lay still for a few seconds with the body in the pupal case, the legs being free and pointing upwards. But there was nothing above the insect which it could catch hold of in order to enable it to get a purchase and withdraw the body from the case. _ The way in which the problem was solved was very interesting. After a pause of a few seconds in order to take breath, as it were, the insect suddenly gave a great heave by contracting and expanding its body quickly, and out it came, backwards, falling right over and making a complete back somersault. As it fell it seized the lower extremity of the pupal case with its legs, and there it remained and dried its wings, as if turning heels over head backwards was the easiest possible thing for emerging butter- flies. What happens if they miss the empty pupal case is, I suppose, that they catch hold of the nearest leaf or twig and hold on to that. On page 108, vol. ix. of Seitz's ' Macro-Lepidoptera of the World,' it is stated that the earlier stages of Leptocircus curius are unknown. I have bred many of these butterflies, of the variety loalkeri, so the following account may be of interest : — The egg is laid singly on the upper side of the climbing plant Illigera cordata, which is very local in Hong Kong. The egg is round, and pale shining green. The newly emerged caterpillar is dark olive-brown. Until a quarter grown it remains the same dark greenish brown colour, with a greyish white stripe along the spiracles. The legs are greyish white. As is usual in many " swallowtail " caterpillars the anterior segments of the young larvae are swollen, so that looking at the caterpillar from above it has the exact shape of a tennis racket, the swollen segments being very flattened out sideways. The young caterpillar eats irregular patches ofl" the thick upper surface of the leaves. It begins to feed at the edge of a leaf when about a quarter grown. When full grown the larvae are one inch in length, of a dull dark apple-green colour, the skin being rough like shagreen. The head is pale yellowish green, and on the neck are four small circular shining blact dots. A whitish line runs along the spiracles, and the legs are greyish white. Q 2 204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The full-grown caterpillar resembles a small caterpillar of P. eurypylus. When about to pupate the larvae become very pale semi-transparent green, exactly in the same way as do the caterpillars of P. agamemnon and P. eurypylus. The pupae in a wild state attach themselves to the upper surface of the leaves on which they feed. In the breeding-cage they wander off the leaves and fasten themselves to the glass or woodwork. The colour varies according to their surroundings. Ordinarily, if attached to leaves, the pupae are dull apple-green, the same colour as the caterpillar. On the thorax is a sharp projecting prominence which points forward, and from the apex of this prominence run five greyish brown fine lines, one down to the front of the head, two along the sides, and two along the back. These last four meet at the tail. In the breeding-cage the pupae which attach themselves to the glass are very pale green, almost transparent ; those which prefer wood on which to pupate assume the colour of the wood. The eggs, caterpillars, and pupae are exactly the same in colour and shape as those of P. eury2n/lus. As the food-plant is extremely local, so also is the perfect insect, but it is common where it occurs. I have never seen it hovering over water, as is described in Seitz, but it may do so. There is no water where the food-plant grows in Hong Kong. The butterfly has the usual Papilio habits, that is to say, it flutters its wings when feeding at flowers, and when resting sits with the wings open, the upper ones half covering the lower ones. The long thin tails are not moved independently from the hind wings, the apparent movement up and down being caused by the vibration of the hind wings themselves. During the hot weather a succession of broods come out, the pupal stage only lasting ten days at the outside. In the cold weather the pupal stage lasts from December to March. I am unable to give^ further minute details or illustrations, as my duties in South China as a general staff officer kept me too busy during the Chinese Revolution to keep exact records of dates as to the various changes of the larvae skins, &c. I notice in ' Butterfly-hunting in Many Lands,' by Dr. Longstaff, the statement on page 539 that P. sarpedon does not flutter when feeding. He is quite right to say does not " flutter," as the insect " vibrates" its wings. Does Dr. Long- staff mean that it keeps its wings quiet when feeding ? If so, I must differ. P. agamemnon, P. eurypylus, and P. sarpedon, all " vibrate " their wings so rapidly that the insect only rests on flowers on the tips of its toes as it were, when feeding, the rapid movement of the wings keeping the insect almost poised like a " humming-bird " hawk-moth. Indeed, so rapidly does sarpedon vibrate its wings that it is difficult to see whether the insect is perfect enough to be worth catching. There is another point with which I am not in agreement BUTTERFLIES OF HONG KONG AND JAPAN. 205 with Dr. Longstaff. He puts forward the theory that butterflies possibly orient themselves, or lie over sideways, in order to escape detection. From observations I have made on many hundreds of butterflies in South Africa, India, Malta, Mauritius, Japan, and South China, I am convinced that the so-called orientatation, or lying sideways, is only done in order to enable the sun to warm an additional wing area. A large number of butterflies orient themselves roughly towards sundown, and open their wings for the very obvious purpose of getting the warmth from the sun as it gets lower down in the heavens. Even " swallowtails " of various kinds do it, and I have seen P. rapce do it in Malta. The most obvious cases of inclining sideways for purposes of warmth were two I noticed in Hong Kong on two separate days in December last. The weather was bright and sunny, but a cold east wind was blowing, cold, that is to say, for the Tropics, and few butterflies were about. On each occasion the butterfly under observation was a Catopsilia pomona, one a male, and the other a female. Now ('. pomona, ordinarily, is a ver}'^ rapid flyer, and when it settles it does so suddenly, with a snap of the wings as it were, and when it does settle it is generally almost impossible to see, as it closes its wings on its back and remains perfectly upright. However, on each of the two occasions now mentioned the butterflies inclined sideways, so that the wings nearest the sun were at right angles to its beams. As the season was not the usual time when C. pomona is out, and the day was unusually chilly, obviously the butter- flies had inclined sideways for warmth and not for concealment. The result was, that instead of the butterflies being invisible when at rest, the moment they inclined over to the angle of 45° they became visible on the foliage at a distance of over fifty yards as bright yellow spots. The question of lessened shadows, as mentioned on page 551 of Dr. Longstaff's book, could not possibly arise as a means of protection. A bird would have made a bee-line for the yellow spots representing the butterflies, and the shadows would not have been seen until the bird, or the observer, was almost touching the butterflies. Last summer, 1912, I managed to get in two months' leave to Japan. Considering the heat of the climate in July and August, and the luxuriance of the vegetation, I was disappointed on the whole with the butterfly fauna. I managed, however, to take some fifty odd species of butterflies which I wanted, and managed to get a good series of each. Among my best captures were P. hianor var. maacki. These splendid butterflies were of two different types, some having metallic green markings others metallic blue markings The blue varieties are very fine to look at. The most local insect was Lethe callipteris, which I only found in the woods round Lake Chuzenji, above Nikko, some 4000 ft. up. Here it was quite common. In 20G THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Seitz's 'Macro-Lepidoptera,' vol. i., page 86, there is a state- ment that possibly L. callipteris is only a local race of L. lahyrinthea. Now L. callipteris is a very feeble flier. In fact, when flying it does not look like a lethe at all, as butterflies of this genus, at least those I have come across, L. europa, L. confusa, L. sicelis, and L. diana, are all rapid fliers, darting up and down and pitching suddenly on leaves, whereas L. calli- pteris flaps about slowly and deliberately. If, therefore, anybody can say whether L. lahyrinthea is a butterfly of rapid flight, or a feeble flier like L. callipteris, the matter would be nearer settle- ment as to whether they are one and the same species, but local races, or not. On the road up to Umoto from Chuzenji Apatura ilia var. substitiita was common. It is easy to catch, as it likes settling on the roadway. The marsh near Umoto is a grand collecting ground. Neptis lucilla, Argynnis daphne, and A. adippe var. xanthodippe ;(?), occurred in crowds amongst other things, the day I spent there. On page 10 of Seitz's work there is a statement that the caterpillar of P. devietrius is similar to that of P. xuthus, and also that the caterpillar of P. bianor is on the whole similar to that of P. demetrius. As I have bred the three above-mentioned butterflies from the larvre, and also P. p)olytes and P. helenus, I must beg to differ from Seitz's statement. The caterpillars of P. polytes, P. helenus, and P. demetrius are almost identical in marking, colour, and size. The larvae of P. bianor, at all events in Hong Kong, are quite different in appearance from the three preceding ones, and the larvae of P. xuthus is, again, quite different in appearance from any of the others. Whilst at Miyanoshita, Japan, I collected a number of larvae which puzzled me somewhat, as I thought they belonged to P. polytes, of which I have bred scores. But I knew that piolytes did not occur in that locality. Then I thought they might belong to P. helenus var. nicconicolens, but Seitz was doubtful of its occurrence in the central island of Japan. However, the puzzle was solved by the resultant butterflies turning out to be P. demetrius. There is no apparent difference between the larvae of P. polytes and P. demetrius, but those of P. helenus are somewhat larger, and the green is brighter. Otherwise all three look the same. On page 11 of Seitz's ' Macro-Lepidoptera,' vol. i., there is a statement that the occurrence of P. nicconicolens on the central island, at Nikko, requires couflrmatiou. I saw the insect myself at Kyoto and Myanoshita, in the central island, in August, 1912. As Miyanoshita and Nikko are both in the same island, and of the same altitude, viz., about 2000 ft., there appears to be no reason why it should not occur at Nikko. In vol. ix. of Seitz's work, page 163, one reason for THE FIRST FOSSir, MYDAID FLY. 207 separating Catoiisilia iiomona from C. crocale that ia adduced is that C. jmiiona has red antenna3 and C. crocale black ones. Judging from the behaviour of C. pyranthe in Hong Kong, however, this is no distinguishing mark. Looking at a series of twelve I bred here in June, 1912, I find that six are wet season (form chryseis) with grey antennte, five are dry season with pink antennae, and the twelfth, a sporting individual determined to take no chances, has one grey antenna and one pink one ; other- wise being of the dry form ! There are one or two points in connection with the mimicry theory which puzzle me in Hong Kong. P. polytes has two forms of the female here, one of which is like the male and the other is a " mimic " of P. aristolochice. The mimicking form is almost as common as the ordinary form of the female (polytes), yet I have never seen a specimen of P. aristolochice, either on Hong Kong island itself or in the New Territory, though it has been known to occur in Hong Kong. Again, Argynnis niphe, which is very common in Hong Kong and on the mainland, has a female which might be said to " mimic " D. chrysippus or D. genutia, both of which are also common, especially the latter, which the female niphe most resembles. But A. niphe does not, as a rule, occur at either the same place or time as chrysippus or genutia. Niphe loves the open grassy hilltops, and genutia the woods and edges of woods, keeping off hilltops altogether ; and chry- sippus, although not likmg such woody spots as genutia, does not occur on the breezy uplands with niphe. Moreover, niphe occurs chiefly during the wet season, i. e., spring and summer, and is hardly ever seen in the autumn here. Genutia, on the other hand, is most plentiful in the late autumn, and Chrysippus, when it occurs in the summer, does so in places where niphe is practically never seen. Chrysippus also occurs in the autumn, but is not so common as genutia. It seems, therefore, to be waste of energy on the part of the female nijyhe in Hong Kong to copy the colour- scheme of insects which she very rarely comes across. Why is it done at all? She ought to have reverted locally to the colour-scheme of the male. Hong Kong, 1913. THE FIRST FOSSIL MYDAID FLY. By T. D. a. Cockerbll. Handlirsch, in his great work 'Die Fossilen Insekten,' quotes Scudder as reporting " several " Mydaidse (Midasidte) from the Florissant shales. On looking up Scudder's exact words, we find that he merely said he had " several species of Midasidae or Hermoneuridfe." Since the latter family is represented by 208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. several described species from Florissant, Scudder's statement cannot be taken as positive evidence that be bad any Mydaidse at all, and up to the present time tbere has been nothing detinite on the palaeontology of the family. It is therefore with con- siderable pleasure that I recognize a veritable Mydaid among some materials gathered by one of the University of Colorado expeditions. Ml/das miocenicus, n, sp. Eepresented by a wing lacking the apex, which was probably about 12 mm. long, the breadth (depth) being a httle over 4 mm. ; hyahne, with a broad dusky suffusion along the veins, as in some of the living forms ; there is especially a fuscous cloud at the end of the discal cell. I cannot see anything in the venation w^hich does not accord excellently with the modern genus Mydas. Compared with the wing of 31. vittatus, as figured by Yerrili (' British Fhes,' V. p. 607), the following differences are apparent : — (1) Alula is broader and less produced. (2) End of anal cell is more distant (about 560 microns) from margin of wing. (3) Apex of fourth posterior cell more produced and acute, its lower apical side (from divergence of upper branch of fifth longitudinal vein to apex) 1010 microns long. (1) Discal cell on the combined second and third posteriors broader, the breadth 290 microns. (5) End of first basal cell rather broader, the breadth about 320 microns. (6) Stump of vein projecting into submarginal cell from base of second submarginal longer, about 560 microns. The costa carries many short black bristles. M. miocenicus was found at Station 14, in the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, by Mr. Geo. N. Fiohwer. According to Williston, the known living Mydaidas include about a hundred species, especially found in Australia, Africa, and South and Central America. Mydas occurs in New Mexico and Arizona. NOTES ON THE OVA OF LEUCANIA UNIPUNCTA (EXTRANEA). By E. Geoffrey Todd, F.E.S. I WAS last year on the South Devonshire coast, and had the good fortune to take two specimens of Lcucania unipuncta (extranea). A few notes on the ova of this uncommon migrant may be of interest. The first specimen was taken at sugar on August 28th. It was a female, and in hope of ova was placed in a tin containing grass-heads and dead reed-stems, and fed with sugar and water. It was very sluggish, and as it did not seem inclined to lay, it LIFE-HISTORY OK EUEBIA EPIPHRON. 209 was killed on September 3rd. A second specimen, also a female, was taken at sugar on August 31st, and was kept in the same way, with the result that on September 11th three small batches of ova were deposited. The moth died on September 14th, without laying any more eggs. The ova were laid in irregular batches, in the sheathing leaf of a dead reed-stem ; they were Ij mm. in diameter, yellowish in colour, round, with a smooth surface, devoid of markings. Each ovum was surrounded with a thick glutinous substance. A slight shrinking of the ova was observed on September 16th, and they ultimately proved to be infertile. I am indebted to Mr. Tonge for the photograph. The Limes, Hadley Green, Barnet. .LIFE-HISTORY OF EREBIA EPIPHRON. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. As there is apparently no published description of the larva of E. epiphroH in its last stage, I append the following complete life-history, having recently succeeded in rearing this species through all its various stages from eggs obtained from captive females last summer. The egg is rather less than 1 mm. high, standing erect, of an oblong shape, rather fullest below the middle, a flattened crown 210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and rounded base. There are from eighteen to twenty longi- tudinal keels, some rising just below the crowli, where they form a ridge, above which are angular projections ; the surface be- tween the keels is very finely ribbed transversely ; the micropyle is very slightly sunken. The whole structure is irregular and asymmetrical. The colour when first laid is a bright clear yellow, which gradually becomes rather duller ; on the fourth day it is speckled and blotched with pale reddish brown — these gradually deepen into rust-red ; afterwards it assumes a deeper drab hue, and finally the young larva shows plainly through the delicate shell, and hatches on the eighteenth day. The larva makes its exit by eating away the crown of the egg. Eggs laid July 6th hatched July 24th, remaining eighteen days in the egg state. Directly after emergence the larva measures 2 mm. long. The head is large and rounded, the surface rather deeply punc- tured, the clypeus very finely outlined ; about two dozen minute brown warts are scattered over the surface, each emitting a short whitish bristle ; the eye spots are black and brown, the mouth parts ochreous and dark brown ; a few longer curved bristles surround the mouth. The colour of the head is pale ochreous, the punctures rather darker. The body has the first segment larger than the rest, and gradually tapers to the anal extremity. The surface is finely granulated, of a very pale yellowish buff, rather yellower over the ventral surface. There are in all seven longitudinal orange- tawny lines, one medio-dorsal and three on either side above the spiracles. The segments rather deeply subdivided, and have each a number of shining black warts, each bearing a short, curved, whitish, thorn-like spine, three above and two below the spiracle on each segment. The spiracle is black and shining also. The legs and claspers are unicolorous with the body. Directly after it has emerged it eats a large portion of the empty shell, which forms its first meal. Before first moult, when nineteen days old, it measures 4 mm. long; it is then rather stoutish about the fourth segment, whence it gradually tapers posteriorly. The colour is green, with darker green longitudinal stripes and a subdorsal and sub- spiracular white stripe, the dark stripes being the orange ones before feeding. The head remains unchanged. It feeds principally at night, resting on the grass-blades during the day in a straight attitude, and falls to the ground at any disturbance. It is exceedingly sluggish in its movements. The first moult takes place about the end of the first week of August. Shortly before second moult it measures 6 mm. long. The colour is a pale green ; a medio-dorsal darker green line ; a whitish subdorsal line, bordered on either side by a fine darker LIFE-HISTORY OF BREBIA EPIPIIRON. 211 green line ; a grass-green spiracular band, bordered above by a fine subcutaneous whitish Une, and below by a broad and con- spicuous white stripe, terminating in the anal point, which is again bordered below by a grass-green band blending into the pale green of the ventral surface. The head is pale ochreous green, marked with brownish pink above the mouth, which is brown. The body is sprinkled with extremely minute dark brown warts, each emitting a tiny whitish spinous hair. The legs and claspers are tinged with pinkish brown. Second moult end of third week of August. After second moult, forty-five days old, it is 9 mm. long. The head is now light grass-green ; in other respects it is similar in colour and markings to the previous stage. The stripes are strongly defined and conspicuous. In this stage they enter into hybernation, gradually becoming less active and feeding at longer intervals between each meal. Hybernation commences during September, usually during the last ten days, and is continued for about five months, i.e. lasting until March. During the first week of March, one larva was observed feeding on the tip of a blade of fescue-grass. During this month the larva fed by day, when the sun sufficiently warmed the temperature. On March 31st this particular larva, when two hundred and forty days old, had attained a length of exactly 12 mm. All the colours had become richer, and the markings clearly defined ; the lateral stripe pale yellowish white, and the subdorsal stripe white. In all its movements it is very slow and slug-like. On April 6th it spun itself up for the third moult, but owing to the continuous cold, sunless weather of the first half of the month, the average day temperature being only about 40", the larva remained undergoing the change for eight days, moulting on April 14th. The following day it fed a little, and again once on the 16th. The next day being warm with sunshine, shade temperature 52° to 54°, it fed two or three times. After the third and last moult, fully grown, it measures 19 mm. long. The head is globular and green, roughly granu- lated, and sprinkled with minute whitish bristles ; mouth parts and eye spots brown and ochreous. The body is fusiform, the anal extremity terminating in two points similar to those of Coenonympha pamphilus in structure, but tinged with dull ochreous instead of pink. The ground colour is grass-green, with a darker green medio-dorsal longitudinal stripe bordered by a whitish green line. It is boldly marked longitudinally with two conspicuous dull white stripes ; the first is subdorsal, bordered on each side by a darker green line ; the second is lateral, and stands out in strong contrast against the 212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. darker green ventral surface ; midway between these two stripes is a faint and fine whitish green line, and another broader sub- cutaneous line of the same colour immediately below the spiracles, which are small and have a pale yellow anterior blotch. The legs are pale olive and the claspers green. The entire surface is granular and sprinkled with minute black claw-like points, each rising from a pale spot. Although the larvae in captivity readily feed on Poa annua, Festuca ovina, and other grasses, its natural food-plant in a wild state is Nardus stricta. When feeding on P. annua and other soft grasses it eats away the sides of the blades, but with Festuca, Nardus, and other hard rush-like species it eats away the ends, always starting at the extreme tip of the blade, taking slow and deliberate bites, appa- rently biting it through with some difficult^'. During the last stage the larvae frequently feed in the day- time, but mostly so at night. A larva which moulted on April 14th, 1913, for the third and last time, ceased feeding on May 14th, and pupated on the 19th, remaining thirty-five days in the last stage, and its total larval existence occupied a period of two hundred and eighty-eight days. The pupa measures from 10 mm. to 11 mm. long ; it is more elegantly formed than that of F. hlandina, as it is without the dorsal swelling of the second and third abdominal segments, and rather more slender in proportion. Lateral view : The head is somewhat square in front, thorax rounded, metathorax sunken, abdomen swollen at the middle, conical and tapering, anal segment terminating in a decurved elongated cremaster without any hooks, abdomen and wings running in a continuous curve ventrally. Dorsal view : Head truncated, slightly angular at base of wings ; these and the abdomen are uniform in outline, later conical, cremaster pointed. The ground-colour varies from light yellow-green to cream. The palest cream forms have the thorax and wings pale ochreous buff, abdomen cream or pale primrose-yellow. In all forms the head is shghtly darker. The head, thorax, limbs, and wings are streaked with olive-brown ; the wing-streaks run parallel between the nervures and along the discoidal cell ; the antennae, tongue, and eye are strongly outlined with the same colour, and a medio- dorsal streak extends from the head to the metathorax, blending into the green dorsal vessel, which forms a slightly darker longi- tudinal stripe ; the abdomen is more or less speckled with olive and dusky dots, some very minute, mostly running in longitudinal series ; the largest spots are on the ventral surface. The thorax and abdomen are sprinkled with minute spines, and the surface is finely granular. Being without cremastral hooks, the pupa is detached, merely resting low down among the grass-stems, which FOSSIL ASILID FLY FROM COLORADO. 213 are loosely spun together, forming a very slight cocoon-like structure. At first the colour is a translucent yellow-green, palest on the abdomen, which is streaked exactly similar to the larva, each stripe corresponding precisely in form and colour ; all the markings and speckles are pale olive. The pupal state occupies about twenty-one days. A FOSSIL ASILID FLY FROM COLORADO. By T. D. a. Cockbrell. Cophura antiquella, n. sp. Slender, length to end of fourth abdominal segment, 8| mm, ; wings 6 mm. long and 2 broad, hyaUne, without markings, venation extremely pale, but apical half of costa darkened ; head as preserved obtusely subcorneal, not as broad as thorax ; antennae about 640 /x long, the third joint broad and fusiform, its width near base about 160 ju, ; the part basad of the third joint exhibits what look like three lateral stout processes or pectinations, but these are discordant with the other characters of the insect, and are probably due to imper- fection of preservation ; thorax dark, doubtless black in life ; abdo- men elongate, pallid, with large quadrate dark dorsal patches on the segments, as in the living C. fur (Williston) ; legs pale ferruginous, the tibiae with a very thin, microscopical pilosity ; tibiaB long, the anterior ones If mm., the posterior ones about 3 mm., conspicuously longer than their femora, gently broadening (not abruptly swollen) apically ; hind tarsi thick. Venation (measurements in microns) : marginal cell open ; live posterior cells, all open ; anal cell closed a short distance before margin ; venation normal for the genus ; width (depth) of first submarginal cell at level of base of second 430; length of upper side of second submarginal 1760, its apical width 530, its width 320, from apex of wing 480 ; anterior cross-vein to base of second submarginal cell 1090 ; discal cell on first posterior 800, on second posterior 160, on third posterior 160. Miocene shales of Florissant, Station 13 B {Geo. N. Rohiver). Small Dioc^r/a-like Asilidee were evidently common at Floris- sant in Miocene times. The species of this group so far known may be tabulated as follows : — Anterior cross-vein about as distant from base of second submarginal cell as the length of that cell (a good character also for recent Dioctria) Dioctria florissantina (Ckll.). Anterior cross-vein not nearly so far from base of second submarginal cell as the length of that cell . . 1. 1. Second submarginal cell over 2400 microns long, its base 1309 from anterior cross-vein ; anal cell open Nicocles miocenimis, Ckll. Second submarginal cell less than 1920 microns long . 2. 214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 2. Second submarginal cell comparatively narrow, its depth 320 microns, from apex 256 fx . Taracticus contusus, Ckll. Second submarginal cell broader toward apex, its depth 320 microns, from apex 480 /x ; wing 6 mm. long . 3. 3. Apical sides of discal cell equal (160 /x), as in the living Taracticus octojninctatus and Cophura fur, the apical angle of the cell little greater than a right angle ; venation pale .... Cophura antiquella, Ckll. Apical sides of discal cell unequal, that on third posterior twice as long as that on second, as in the living • Nicochs rufus and Cophura clausa, the apical angle of the cell very much greater than a right angle; venation dark . • . . . Taracticus renovatus, Ckll. These can be readily distinguished from typical Leptogaster by the base of the second posterior cell, which is strongly pro- duced in Leptogaster. I have not found Leptogaster in the Florissant shales, but Professor Melander has kindly sent me a photograph of a very good specimen he found among the Floris- sant materials now in his hands. This fossil has the second posterior cell produced in the manner of the European L. ci/lin- drica and L. guttiventris, and the European fossil, L. hellii, Unger ; but the latter, if Heer's figure is correct, is very peculiar in having the anterior cross-vein meeting the basal end of the second posterior cell, and the anal cell broad in the middle and greatly narrowed apically. In the American L. hadius the anal cell is narrowed apically as in L. hellii, but the second posterior cell is no more produced basally than in Cophura. L. cglindrica {tipuloides, Fabr.) is the type of Leptogaster ; L. hadius, Loew, may stand as the type of a new subgenus (or genus ?). TiPULOGASTER. — This also has the second submarginal cell shorter than in typical Leptogaster, while the distance between its base and the anterior cross-vein is much greater. FIVE MONTHS' BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN COSTA RICA IN THE SUMMER OF 1911. By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 195.) Dircenna euchytina, Feld. — Five specimens, including two females .from Guapiles ; and one only from San Jose. Much rarer than klugii. Colloleria tutia, Hew. — One female from Limon in August. Ithomia heraldica, Bates. — Two males in June, and one female in July ; all from San Jose. I. p)atilla, Hew. — Not common at San Jose. I bred it from a larva found at San Antonio ; it was greenish, and most insignificent BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN COSTA RICA. 215 looking, but the pupa was polished gold on a green ground, and most beautiful. I. jucunda, Godm. & Salv. — Taken at Guapiles and Limon, not at all abundant. Pteronymia fulvescens, Godm. & Salv. — A pair from San Jose in July. Actinote anteas, Doubld. — Only seen on the wet grassy field in front of the Pacific station at San Jose. A.melavipelos, Godm. & Salv. — One specimen only from Guapiles in April. A. nox, Bates. — One specimen caught at San Antonio, near San Jos6, in May. Heliconius suleika, Hew. — This fine Heliconius we first saw at Limon in March and April. It was, however, in greater numbers and more easily caught in the baranco near Santo Domingo in July. H. leuce, Doubld.— At Limon in March, April, and August. It flew high, and was difficult to catch in consequence. H. galantlius, Bates. — Of this closely allied, but even more beautiful, species, one was taken at Limon in March, one at Guapiles, and two near Limon in August. It was less common at Limon than Uuce, though I do not recollect seeing the latter at Guapiles at all. H. demoplioon, Men. — Mostly from San Jose, where it was common, though I have two specimens from Guapiles. H. amaryllis, Feld. — Two only, from Limon in March and April. H. charithonia, Linn. — Two from San Jose, where (especially at Santo Domingo) it was fairly common. They are larger, and the black is more extended than in the specimens I have from Jamaica. H. montamis, Salv. — Very scarce. Only observed at San Jose. H. sara, Fabr. — Common at Guapiles in April and May, but much less so at Limon, where it occurred in the spring, and again in August. Eiteides hiibneri, Men. — Fairly common near San Jos6, especially at Santo Domingo. I have also one very large female taken at Rio Grande on July 27th. E. aliphera, Godt. — Occurred at Limon in March and April. The specimens seem rather paler than those from Trinidad. E. olympia, Feld. — Occurred also at Limon. Not very common. Colcenis delila, Fabr. — • Common at San Jose, also seen at Guapiles. C'. phcsrusa, Linn. — Common at Guapiles, less so at Limon. Only one specimen taken at San Jose, and no others seen. I bred it from Guapiles, the larva when full grown is a rich, deep, purple- brown, covered with long black spikes ; it feeds like that of all the closely allied genera on a kind of Passiflora. Dione juno, Cram. — Very common at San Jos6 in July. Occa- sionally seen at Limon and Guapiles. D. vanilla, Linn. — Widely distributed, but most common at San Jose. A huge form, nearly twice as large as some of the Jamaican specimens ; the larva, too, differed somewhat from those I had bred in that island, besides of course being a good deal larger. 216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. D. moneta, Hiibn. — Rather scarce at Cartage in May; abundant at San Jose in July. The larva is black, broadly speckled with yellow, and has the usual black spiracles. Feeds on Passiflora. Euptoiete hegesia, Doubld. — Common at San Jose, still more so at Rio Grande. Phyciodes anieta, Hew. — One specimen from Guapiles. P. lelex, Bates. — Taken only at Limon. Four specimens. P. subota, Godm. & Salv. — A much darker species. Common at San Jose ; taken also at Cartago. P. cassiopea, Godm. & Salv. — One female only, from Limon in March. P. theona, M6n. — Scarce at San Jos6 ; common, but passe, at Rio Grande on July 27th. Eresia clara, Bates. — Two specimens from Limon in March and April. Synchloe janais, Drury. — Occurred everywhere. I found some larvae at San Jose feeding on a kind of Pilea. It is black with red spots, and is thickly covered with short brown spines. The pupa is pale straw colour, streaked and spotted with black. S. lacinia, Hubn. — One specimen taken at Cartago. Fairly common at Rio Grande. S. hippodrome, Htibn. — This beautiful species we first saw flying over the smooth surface of a slowly flowing river, which crept through the swampy forest near Limon. We did not see it at Guapiles or San Jose ; but at Rio Grande it was one of the commonest species there. S. poecile, Feld. — Two females only, both taken at Rio Grande. S. narva, Fabr. — One male only from Guapiles. S. guadialis, Bates. — Not uncommon at one place in the bush near Guapiles ; females very scarce. Dynamine ate, Godm. & Salv. — h.t Limon in March and April. D. salpensa, Feld. — Two males from Limon in April. D. thalassina, Boisd. — A male and female from Limon in April. Callicore astata, Guer.— Bersa caught one specimen of this lovely butterfly on wet mud in the neighbourhood of the Savannah, at San Jos6. Ectima rectifascia, Butl. — One only from Guapiles. Pyrrogyra otolais. Bates. — One specimen only from Limon in March. Adelpha iphicla, Linn.— One taken at Limon in March. A. cytherea, Linn. — Not uncommon at Limon in March and April. Difficult to take in good condition. A. mephistoplieles, Butl. — I caught one specimen on the Savannah, at San Jos6. We did not see any others. Vanessa huntera, Fabr.— Several taken at San Jose. V. cardui, Linn. — This cosmopolitan butterfly was flying about the flowers in the Public Gardens at Cartago in May. Timetes chiron, Fabr. — Occurred at Guapiles, and much more plentifully at San Jose. T. coresia, Godt. — At Cartago and San Jos6 ; scarce in both localities. BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN COSTA RICA. 217 T. viarcella, Feld. — Cartage and San Jose ; also rather scarce. T. iMreus, Bates. — One specimen from Guapiles. A continuous occurrence of individuals of this species was observed by me one day at San Jose, passing overhead, always in the same direction, though not more than one at a time. Unfortunately they were invariably out of reach of the longest handled net, which was all the more annoying as they appeared to be in perfect condition, suggestive of recent emergence. Eurema lethe, Fabr. — Taken only near San Jose. Not at all common. Epiphile adrasta, Hev^. — Only one taken at San Jos6 ; no others observed. Junonia lavinia, Cram. — Eecorded only from San Jos6, but I feel sure I saw it in every other locality we visited. Anartia jatrophcB, Linn. — Common in one place just outside the town of Limon. Occurred, but not very commonly, at Guapiles. A.fatima, Fabr, — Abundant everywhere. Annce, glycerium, Doubld. & Hew. — Only seen near San Jose, not uncommon, but rather difficult to catch, and often damaged. Coia caclmus, Cram. — One specimen only from Guapiles, where a few others were observed. Amphirene epaphus, Latr. — Scarce at Guapiles in May, but very common at San Jose in June and July, especially on the Lantana flowers, in the baranco near Santo Domingo. Ageronia ferentina, Godt. — One from Guapiles, and one from Limon ; several others were seen. GyncBcia dirce, Doubld. & Hew. — I did not once see this butterfly on the wing in Costa Rica, and am only able to include it in this list because a small larva I found at Limon, feeding on the leaves of the trumpet-tree {Gecropia peltata), produced a fine male of this species, which was previously quite unknown to me : though some months later in Jamaica and Trinidad, in localities where dirce was fairly common, I bred a good many more. The larva is velvety black, with two long, spiky horns protruding from the head, of a brownish-drab colour, and it is ornamented throughout with spiky spiracles of a pale lemon-yellow colour, changing to white in the immediate region of the head. Smyrna kanvinskii, Hiibn. — I took one specimen of this butterfly close to the station at Rio Grande, while we were waiting for the train to take us back to San Jose. It was so cryptic when settled that had it not been for the sharp eyes of a small Spanish boy, who earned a well-merited half-colon for his most desirable assistance, I should never have detected it. The specimen was absolutely fresh, but had two slight injuries to the lower wings, so entirely alike and symmetrical that at first I thought it was their natural shape. L imnas pixe, Hoisd. — First taken at Guapiles, fairly common at San Jose in June ; but unfortunately I failed to discover that it was not a moth till later on in July, when but few of the specimens were worth netting. Nymphidium lyorias, Hew. — One from San Jose in July. Euchenais aristiis, StoU. — Two from San Jose in June. ENTOM. — JULY, 1913. R 218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Lemonias lilina ('?), Butl. — One from San Jos6 in July. Eviesis ojjs, Latr. — One from San Jos6 in July. E. ocyjjore, Geyer. — One from Guapiles in May. E. hqnna, Godm.& Salv. — Neither sexes scarce at San Jose in July. Crevina umbra, Boisd. — One from Guapiles in May. Charis macularia, Boisd. — Also only one from Guapiles in May. Pierella hma, Fabr. — A few taken in a cocoa plantation at Sabborio, near Limon, in August. Seen nowhere else. Euptychia hermes, Fabr. — At Guapiles and Limon. E. hesione, Stand. — Also only seen at Guapiles and Limon. Very difficult to find in good condition. Thecla hesperitus, Butl. & Druce. — One specimen only from San Jose in July. T. cmpusa, Hew. — One specimen caught at San Jose the same day as hesperitus. T. azurinus, Butl. & Druce. — I caught one beautiful specimen at Guapiles in April. T. beon, Cram. — Not uncommon at Limon in April. T. aufidena, Hew. — One male and one female, both caught by Bersa on the same day at Limon in April. T. togarna, Hew. — Occasionally met with at Limon, and after- wards at Guapiles. T. ijhcea, Godm. k Salv. — Two specimens from Herr Brade's garden near San Jose in July. Timolus basalides, Geyer. — Two specimens from San Jose in June and July. Bekoa meton, Cram. — Occasionally seen and captured near San Jos6. Cliilades theoiius, Lefebvre. — One from Limon in March. Epargyreus zestos, Hiibn. — One from San Jose in July. Telegoims alardus, Stoll. — One from San Jos6 in July. Others were seen, but it seemed to be very difficult to come across this beautiful " skipper" in good condition. Pyrrhopyge Venezuela, Doubld. — One (very fine) taken at Eio Grande. Thymelefugerator{?),Wa.\sh. — I bred several of what I believe to be this species at San Jose, in June and July, from larvae found when very young on a kind of wild sweet pea. The young larva creates for itself a little tent-shaped covering on the edge of the leaf by eating away a narrow groove, and then turning over a piece of it, and securing it by a web in the position desired, from which it only emerges to feed. When full-grown it is a beautiful object, bright apple-green, thickly irrorated with lemon-yellow. The head is shiny russet-brown, with an orange spot on either cheek ; the rudimentary legs are red. Eudaimis proteus, Linn. — I saw this butterfly not unfrequently but having already secured a long series in Cuba, all I seem to have from Costa Rica is one bred specimen from a larva I found while searching for the preceding, which it resembles in its habits. BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN COSTA MCA. 219 E. nigricauda, Mabille. — Bred on a coarse kind of grass, from an ovum I saw laid by a wild female at Limon in April. The full-fed larva is a rich russet-brown, with a row of seven white dots on either side. The head is shiny black. Achlyodes ozotes, Butl. — Fairly common at San Jose in June and July. Antigonus nearclms, Latr. — Taken only at Limon in April, and again in August. Eantis (?). — A large dark brown velvety species, which is well represented at South Kensington, but appeared to be at present un- named. I have one from Limon. * Thanaos clitus, Edw.— This pretty white-fringed " skipper " was very common at Santo Domingo in June and July. Pellicia hipuncta, Schaus. — One specimen from Limon in August. P. nyctineme, Butl. — Also only one specimen from Limon in August. Systasea erosus, Hiibn. — One specimen from Limon in April, and one from Eio Grande in July. Several others were seen. Chiomara mithrax, Moschler. — One specimen from Limon in April. Coccems pylades, Scudder. — Two specimens from San Jose in June and July. Xenophanes tnjxus, Cram. — One from Limon in April, and one from San Jose in July. Several others were seen. Theagenes hamatospila, Eeld. — One worn female from Limon in April. Carystus cynaxa, Hew. — The larva of this " skipper " feeds on the palm-leaves, and I occasionally came across it while looking for the larvai of Opsiphanes crameri at San Jose. I have three specimens bred from larviB, and one from a pupa found by Mr. Alan Wood. Both are white and chalky in texture. Atarnes sallei, Feld. — One from San Jose in July ; no others observed. Mylon zephiis, Butl. — One from San Jose in July; few others were seen. Heliopetes laviana, Hew. — Fairly common at Santo Domingo in June and July. H. arsalte, Linn. — Males very common at Limon in March, April, and August. One specimen (a female) from San Jose, the only female I have, and the only specimen I took in that locality, where this butterfly was decidedly scarce. Hcsperia syrichtus, Fabr. — Common all over. Before concluding these notes, I should like to express my grateful thanks to Mr. N. D. Riley, and also to Mr. W. Schaus, for the very kind help they gave me in the somewhat difficult task of identifying my specimens in the National Collection at South Kensington. February 16th, 1913. 220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS. The King and the Entomological Society of London. — At the last meeting of the Entomological Society of London it was announced that H.M. the King had been pleased to become a patron of the Society. This is the first occasion when the Sovereign has demonstrated officially his interest in our branch of science and the work associated wdth it, and we offer, therefore, our brother entomo- logists hearty congratulations upon the honour conferred on them. For those of us who have been present when His Majesty has been the guest of the Royal Society know very well that his interest in matters scientific is something more than formal. But many years have elapsed since a meeting of the Society was honoured by the presence of Royalty. The first (and last) royal names signed in the Fellows' Obligation Book are those of the Princess Victoria (after- wards Queen-Empress), and of her mother, the Duchess of Kent, who were present soon after the foundation of the Society in 1833. Crane-flies and Sweets. — In a lane here on May 23rd I was much struck by the unwonted attitude of a female Tipula 'peliostigvia, which was sitting on a dog-wood leaf in the hedge with her body closely adpressed. This appeared so unusual in the insects of the present genus, which seem to invariably stand high upon the tips of their elongate legs, that I looked more closely, and found that she was greedily sucking the honeydew which had fallen from a batch of the Aphidid, Drepanosiphnvi acerina, "Walk., on a superimposed maple shoot. I have never met with Tipulse on honeydew before, and consider the incident remarkable ; but that the genus is fond of sweets is, I believe, a well-known fact. Tipula viarmorata and T. confusa were both taken on overnight "sugar" in a north-east wind on the afternoon of September 23rd, 1898, in Bentley Woods, near Ipswich (along with several Limnohia bifasciata, Schr., which had occurred in the same situation on both the 13th of the same month and August 10th, 1895) ; and I find in my diary a note under September 9th, 1907, that on that day a female Tipula oleracea was observed by me " distinctly sucking the sweets from the stylopods of Angelica sylvestris by the River Waveney " at Beccles, in Suffolk. — Claude Moeley ; Monks Soham House, Suffolk. Indian Ichneumon Synonymy. — It may be well to put on record the synonymy of the fourteen species inadequately described by Peter Cameroii in 1897 (Mancher Phil. Soc. Memoirs, 1897, no. 4, pp. 3 et seqq.), of which I have examined all the types :— (1) I- agra- ensis, male, = Isclinojo])])a luteator, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 1798, p. 222. (2) I. appropinqiians, female, = Myermo n(fi2)es, Cam. Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 1901, p. 524, female. (3) I. hiiddha, female, = Ichneumon buddha, Cam. (closely allied to I. extensorius, Linn.). (4) /. clotho, female, = Lareiga alboannulata, Cam. Zeits. Hym.-Dip. 1905, p. 246, female. (5) I. confusaneus, female, = Phaeogenes con- fusaneus, Cam. (hardly distinct from P. impiger, Wesm.). (6) /. hypo- crita =: cratocryptus (Thoms. = finchra, Cam. Zeits. Hym.-Dip. vii. 1907, p. 463) hypocrita, Cam. (7) /. inquietus = Oiorhinus inquietus, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 221 Cam., female (the clypeal structure is distinct). (8) I. intaminatus, male, = cratocryptus (Thorns., nee Cam., Journ. Str. Br. E. Asiatic Sec. xliv. 1905, p. 141 = suvalta, Cam.) intaminatus, Cam. (9) /. integratus, male, = a Fileanta, very like the next species. (10) I. numericus, male, = Fileanta imvierica, Cam. (closely allied to F. baltcata, Cam. Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 1901, p. 526). (11) /. rothneyi, female (sic male), = Protichneumon (= Amblyjoppa, Cam.) rothneyi, Cam. (near P. pisorius, L.). (12) I. taprobance, female, = a typical Amblyieles, possibly a mere form of A. uniguttatus, Grav. (13) i". vacillans, male, = Exetastes vacillans, Cam. (allied to E. lucifer, Mori). (14) I. vishnu, ma\e, = Bar ichneumon vishnu. Cam. — Claude MoRLEY ; May, 1913. Gift of Butterflies to Leeds University. — The University of Leeds has recently received a valuable addition to its scientific collections in the presentation by Mrs. A. H. Clarke, of Earl's Court, of the collection of Continental and Exotic Macro-Lepidoptera made by her late husband, who was one of the Senior Fellows of the Entomological Society, and, up to a few years of his death in 1911, a frequent contributor to the ' Entomologist's Eecord.' Mr. Clarke's pursuit of entomology was a lifelong recreation in the intervals of a busy City career. In earlier years he was an active butterfly hunter, both in England and upon his holiday tours abroad, and the speci- mens so acquired formed the basis of his British and European collections, the latter of which (containing some 6500 specimens) is included in Mrs. Clarke's donation to the University. Mr. Clarke also got together, by judicious purchases extended over many years, one of the most representative collections of exotic butterflies in the possession of any amateur. This part of the collection consists of nearly 6000 specimens from all parts of the world, and is particularly valuable as a reference collection, not merely from the number and careful selection of the forms represented (some being of great rarity), but from the perfect condition and beauty of the specimens themselves. The whole donation enriches the entomological resources of the University by over 12,000 specimens, all carefully set, arranged and labelled; and to this Mrs. Clarke has generously added her husband's working, library of entomological literature, itself a present of great value and utility. The University authorities wish it to be known, in conformity with Mrs. Clarke's desires, that, after the immediate work of arranging and cataloguing has been concluded, the collections will be available for reference by entomologists generally upon apphcation to the Professor of Zoology at the University. Phryxus livornica at Clifton. — It may be of interest to record that a fine male Phryxus livornica was captured by Mr. Cyril H. Walker, F.E.C.S., on June 2nd last. It was hovering over flowers in his garden in Oakfield Eoad, Clifton.— Geo. C. Griffiths ; Pen- hurst, 3, Leigh Eoad, Clifton, Bristol. Colias edusa near Colchester. — On June 14th I saw a speci- men of Colias edusa flying swiftly just outside Wivenhoe Station near here. — B. S. Harwood; 62, Station Eoad, Colchester. 222 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CoLiAs EDUSA IN EssEX. — While I was cycling j-esterday on the high-road between Brentwood and Chelmsford, twenty-two miles from London, a fine male specimen of C. edusa passed within a yard of me, going at a great rate before the wind and was over the hedge before I could dismomit. The day was very hot and sunny, with a strong south-west wind, and there was a large clover field in the direction it had come from. It was apparently freshly emerged. Is not this very early and unusual ? — E. S. Gwatkin-Williams, Commander K.N. ; 70, Lissenden Mansions, Highgate Eoad, N.W., May 31st, 1913. CoLiAs EDUSA IN Heetfordshire. — On May 30th I took a fine male specimen of Colias edusa on the chalk hills about five miles from Hitchin. It appeared to be perfectly fresh. I hear that another specimen, also a male, was seen near Hitchin on or about the same date. We do not commonly see this butterfly in Herts except in "edusa" years. Perhaps this year will be one? — A. H. Foster; Hitchin, Herts. CoLiAs EDUSA IN Kent. — I havo pleasure in recording the capture of two female C. edusa, a pair in cop., and several males at Folkestone on June 15th and 16th. All, especially the females, were in very bad condition and evidently immigrants. I may add that I only saw one specimen of Pyrameis atalanta and two examples of P. cardui during four days' stay. — L. W. Newman ; Bexley. CoLiAS edusa near London. — On June 3rd, about 12.45 p.m., I had the pleasure of seeing a female Colias edusa flying in Kew Gardens. — B. W, Adkin ; 8, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent. CoLiAs edusa IN Sussex. — On June 2nd I saw three specimens of C. edusa (two males, one female) near Hailsham ; and on June 13th I found males of the species flying freely at Beachy Head. — J. T. Dewey ; 79, Hurst Eoad, Eastbourne. I have to-day seen three specimens of Colias edusa ; I w^as so surprised that I stopped to watch them, and one settled close to my feet. — Wm. a. Carey ; 36 and 38, Devonshire Eoad, Bexhill-on-Sea, June 17th, 1913. Druce Collection of Lepidoptera. — A magnificent collection of butterflies and moths, with its many types, formed by the late Herbert Druce, Esq., has passed into the Joicey Collection at "The Hill," Witley, Surrey, with the exception of the Lycaenidae and Hesperidifi, which are retained by Hamilton H. Druce, Esq. Entomologists are cordially invited to use the collection for naming and comparing. Entomological Club Meetings. — May 19th, at Simpson's Tavern, 100, Strand. Mr. Alfred Sich in the chair. Other members present were Messrs. Adkin, Eowland-Brown, and Donisthorpe. June 17th, at Welltield, 4, Lingards Eoad, Lewisham, S.E. Mr. Eobert Adkin in the chair. Messrs. Hall, Eowland-Brown, and Sich SOCIETIES. 223 were the other members who attended. Several other entomo- logists were present, as guests, on each occasion. — Kichard South {Hon. Sec). SOCIETIES. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— ilf a?/ 8^/;. --Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. E. B. Haynes, of Wimbledon, was elected a member. — Mr. H. E. Page exhibited a short series of Erebia zapateri taken by him in Spain, and which he was placing in the Society's cabinet. — Mr. Hugh Main, two living field-crickets from Lisbon in the curious cage in which they are kept for "singing." One specimen gave an exhibition of his power in the room.— Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, larva and pupa of Thera variata on spruce from the New Forest, and two fine Saturniids from Nairobi. — Mr. Sich, Rhopalocera from the South Tyrol, P. machaon, P. podalmus, Lyhitliea celtis, ScoUtantides orion, Glaucopsyche iolas, &c., and read a paper entitled " Spring in the South Tyrol." May 22nd. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, President, in the chair. — Messrs. Edwards, West (Ashtead), and Carr, exhibited pale blotched examples of Epinephele jiirtina ; Mr. Adkin, a series from various British localities, some near var. hispulla and one ab. splendida ; Mr. Gibbs, a series from Algeria, Corsica, Balkans, Vosges, Jura, &c., including var. hispulla, var. fortunata, var. taurica, &c., and short series of other species of the genus, E. janioides, E. ida, E. pasiphae, E. tithonus, with many vars. and aberrations ; Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a series from Portugal, Spain, Pyrenees, Teneriffe, Hyeres, Corsica, Algeria, Crete, Greece, Turkey, Switzerland (many places), Nieder- wald, Juras, French Alps, &c. — Mr. Main, colour photographs of Tepihrosia crepuscularia taken by himself. — Mr. Tonge, bred series of Lohophora carpinata from Tilgate Forest ; two specimens were distinctly green tinged. — Mr. Turner read a paper entitled " One of our Common Butterliies, Epinephele jurtina,'' showing the growth of our knowledge of the species from the time of Linnaeus, 1758, and the consequent growth of the nomenclature. June 12th. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited tobacco leaves that were much infested by a species of beetle which was afterwards identified as Anohium paniceum. The tobacco came recently from Turkey. — Mr. West (Greenwich), a series of the new hemipteron, Psylla albipes, discovered by him on white-beam tree. — Mr. Coxhead, blackthorn leaves with galls of the dipteron, Cecidomyia pruni, from Shooter's Hill. — Mr. Cowham, an aberration of Abraxas grossulariata with the black markings on the fore wings coalesced to a wide band suppressing the usual yellow markings. — Mr. H. Moore, larvge of the stag-beetle, Lucanus cervus, from Lewisham. — Mr. Blenkarn, a series of Bruchus pisi, a coleo- pteron found by Mr. Main in split peas in a Woodford shop, and a pair of the rare Pterostichus parumpunctatus taken at Chopwell, 224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Northumberland, in May, 1912.— Several reports were made of the occmTence of Colias ecliisa, Pyrameis atalaiita, and P. cardiii. — H. J. Turner {Hon. Report. Sec). The Manchester Entomological Society. — Meeting held in the Manchester Museum on March 5th, 1913.— Mr. J. H. Watson exhibited male and female Hi/polimnas anthedon from British East Africa; the female mimics Limnas chrysipjms (which was also shown) to a remarkable degree. He also showed a series of Hypolimnas holina, male and female, from Fanning Island, in the Central Pacific. This is the only butterfly found on the island, and the female is the most brilliant form of holina female known. Mr. Watson suggested that the female is reverting to the brilliant male colour, because it cannot profit from mimicry of another insect which does not occur there ; in other localities the holina female mimics other butterflies of a rnore sober appearance.— Mr. A. E. Salmon gave a lecture with lantern illustrations entitled " Plants that Prey on Insects." He divided these into three classes: (1) Plants which capture insects without making any definite movement for that purpose, such as the bladderwort, the pitcher-plant, and the toothwort. (2) Those which make definite movements to capture after stimulation has been given by the insects themselves, such as the sundews, the Venus fly-trap, and the butterwort. (3) Those which have sticky or hmed leaves, such as the Spanish fly-catcher or dew-leaf. He exhibited leaves of the pitcher-plant containing many insects. — A. W. Boyd, M.A., Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, April 21st, 1913. Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Messrs. Alan Cookson, Blundell Sands, and Alfred Watts, Oxton, were elected members of the Society. — Mr. R. Wilding gave an address entitled " Notes on Some Rare and Local Coleoptera, in the course of which he gave details of the haunts and habits of the following species, viz. : Miscodera arctica, Amara rufocincta, Bemhidiuyn 5-striatum, B. nigricorne, Cymindis vaporariorum, Perileptus areolatus, Ocypus fuscatus, Quedius auricomus, Pseudopsis stilcatus, Heptaidicus villosus, ^gialia rufa, Ammcecius hrevis, Anisotoma ciliaris, A. rugosa, Anthicus himaculatus, Antherophagus silaceiis, and Chrysomela cerealis. Mr. Wilding exhibited series of all these species in illustration of his remarks. A discussion ensued on the bionomics of the less known species occurring on the sandhills, from which it appeared that a good deal of research is still required, especially in connection with the larval habits.— Mr. Alfred Watts exhibited two specimens of Heliaca tenehrata captured by himself near Birkenhead. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed Epinephele janira, Ino statices, and Lyc(zna icarus, all very brightly coloured, from Co. Cork. — Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sec. THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS. (KsTABLISilKl) 1847,1. Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus and Appliances. * And Dealers in all kinds of Specimens for Entomologists, Botanists, Ornithologists, Geologists, Mineralogists, Numismatists, Conchologists, etc., and for the use of Lecturers, Science Teachers, Colleges, Students, &c. MUSEUMS FITTED AND AlillANGED. Specially made Cabinet for Birds' Eggs and Skins. The Drawers graduate in depth, and are all interchangeable. ALL BEST WOKK. ESTIMATES GIVEN. t^* All Goods at Store Prices. Great advantages in dealing direct toith the Blakers Send for Full Detailed Price List before ordering elsewhere. 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE, W. CALIFORNIA LEPIDOPTERA. EXPERIENCED Propagator and Collector of California Lepido- ^^ ptera again going to breed and collect in every locality of California. Gentlemen and Museums wishing large quantities of all taken, say from 10 to 100 of each species, can have them at a flat rate of '2,^1. each. Parties wanting only certain species should send for my price list, and save 50 per cent, on retail prices. Still a few of this season's catch on hand, Lycsena anna, 2s. per pair ; this Lycaena retails at about 8s. pair. Parnassius clodius, 2s. pair. Argynnis egleis, Is. M. pair, &c. Noctuidae and Geometridae, always '2|, &c.. are best ])inned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. "NVe sjball be pleased to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Mioroscopicai. Objects Fossils, &c. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A liAUGR STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIllUS' EGGS (KRITISH, KOKOPEAN, AND KXOTIC). Birds, Mdimnals, dc, Preserved and Mounted by Firstclaes Worhtneti. 36, STRAND, W.C, LONDON, ENGLAND. SOMETHING NEW, GOOD AND CHEAP. jSJEWMAN'S ELECTRIC LAMP, specially designed for Collectors, can be used as hand lamp, or attached to waist with belt. Ideal for sugaring, small and neat, nickel plated, weight about eighteen ounces onlj'. Gives eighteen hours continuous light; dry battery. Lamp complete, 8s. 6d., postage 4(Z. New batteries, Is. each, postage 3d. Newman's Text Book, just out, the ideal book for Collectors; life-history and food-plants of all species. Write for full lists of ova, larvae, and pupa, and apparatus. L. W. NEWMAN, P.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. REAMUE'S ' History of Insects,' 5 vols., original edition, published 1734; hundreds of plates, 355. Morris's 'British Moths,' 4 vols., coloured plates, nearly 2000 figures, including Micros, 45s. Thirty-six- drawer mahogany cabinet, £6 10s. ; 24-drawer, £5 15s. ; lO-drawci mahogany, 45s. A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNERKDUTH. i THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVL] AUGUST, 1913. [No. 603 A SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROTURA. By C. B. Williams, B.A., F.E.S. The only publication at present on the Protura in English is a rather short and popular article by Mr. R. S. Bagnall [1] ,* in which he gives the first record of their occurrence in Britain. The object of the present paper is to give more fully an account of this order, in the hope of calling the attention of English entomologists to the many interesting and unique characters which they possess, and also to give some account of the different views held on the much-debated question of their systematic position. The Protura are a group of minute, wingless arthropods, probably insects, the largest of which are not two millimetres in length. The most notable feature on first examination is the absence of antennae, which differentiates them immediately from all known insects (except the almost structureless female of the Strepsiptera) and, together with their lack of wings and elongate general appearance, has doubtless long caused them to be mistaken for larvae when, or if, they had been seen. A pointed head, three pairs of rather long legs, and a truncate many-segmented abdomen without cerci are also characteristic features, while on closer examination minute appendages may be made out on the ventral side of the first three abdominal segments. The group was first described so short a time ago as 1907 by Silvestri [18], from Italy, one species Acerentomon doderoi being described. In the following year Berlese published two short papers, the first [3] describing a new genus and four new species, the second [4] describing three more species, and giving some account of their internal structure. In 1909 appeared a short note by Borner [7, p. 125 footnote] ; descrip- tions of a species from America by Silvestri [19] ; and then Berlese's large monograph [5] which still remains by far the * The numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography at the end. ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1913. S 226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. most complete work on the group. Since that date many other papers have been published, which will be referred to later as necessary. The Protura are found in various habitats. In this country Bagnall has taken them under stones and under bark of trees, and I myself, by means of a Berlese funnel,* in peat and turf. Abroad they have been found in similar situations and also in moss. Eimsky-Korsakow [15] describes them as being solitary, and usually I found them only one or two at a time, but on one occasion I obtained fifty from one small block of peat, while Bagnall [1] alludes to finding them "in profusion." In connection with the absence cf an- tennae, they have developed the interesting and remarkable habit of walking on the two hind pairs of legs, with the rather elongate front pair held forward in front of the head, and acting as tactile organs. More- over, it is found on examination that the tarsi of the front legs are provided with a number of well-developed sense hairs, which enable them the more efficiently to take on their unusual function. This habit, which is extremely interesting to watch in living specimens, recalls a somewhat similar one seen ii\ several Acarids, more especially those Fig. l.-Diagram of Eo- ^jth loUg frOnt IcgS. aentomon. a. position of _,, .'-'.,.° t i r> • i ^ i ^ l ventral abdominal appeu- Tlicir food IS not definitely kuowu, but spTadl^'r-coSLs'- the structure of the mouth indicates that intheheadandprothorax. ^^qj^ food is not takcu, and it is probablc that the bark-inhabiting species eat soft tissue or sap, and the ground species decaying vegetable matter. They have never been bred, but larval forms of several species have been taken, differing from the adult in having a smaller number of abdominal segments. Eggs have not yet been found, but the comparatively large size of those seen in the oviducts seems to indicate that only one or two are laid at a time. The systematic position of the Protura has been the subject of much debate and cannot yet be said to be finally settled. There are so many conflicting and unusual characters that it is doubtful whether to consider them as insects, as Myriapods, or as a separate class intermediate between the two. It will be best before discussing the various views to consider in more ""^ I hope to give an account of this interesting apparatus in a future number of this Journal. PKESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROTURA. 227 detail the chief structural points on which their systematic position will depend. The antennne are completely ahsent in all known forms, Schepotieff's account of the antennae of Protapteron indicum [16] having been shown by Rimsky-Korsakow [13] to have been an error.* The mouth parts are entotrophic and somewhat resemble those of the Collembola. There are a pair of simple style- like mandibles and two pairs of maxillae (or maxillae and labium), each consisting of an inner and an outer lobe and a jointed palp. The maxillary palp is much larger than the labial palp and projects beyond the head at each side of the mouth. The number of abdominal segments in the adult is twelve, a number which is not found in any insect except in the embryonic stage. The earliest known larval stage, however, has only nine segments, the remaining three being interpolated, one at a time, between the ultimate and penultimate segments. This increase in the number of segments during life, or anamorphosis, is a Myriapod character, though in these the segments appear in groups {e. g. in Jidus terrestris, five at a time). The abdominal appendages are situated in pairs on the first, second, and third abdominal segments. In the family Eosentomidae (see later for classification) all are two-jointed, the second joint being small, retractile into the first, and with a small protrusible vesicle at the tip ; in the Aeerentomidae, how- ever, only the first pair are two-jointed, the others consisting of a single joint and all being much smaller than in the previous family. Anal cerci are completely lacking, and the ter- minal segment is truncate and shaped not unlike the telson of a crustacean, to which character they owe their name "Prot-ura," "primitive tail." The genital system in the female consists of two ventral paired ovaries and oviducts, each side forming a large straight unbranched tube reach- ing from about the metathorax to the ninth seg- ment, where they unite into a short vagina and open by a single pore between the eleventh and twelth segments. In the male there are two large testes which unite in front at about the level of the mesothorax, and long curled vasa deferentia open- ^ig- s.-Diagrams • „„ II ,Y • 1-1 1 of termiual segments ing separately on the penis, which can be pro- of maie (beiow) aud truded between the eleventh and twelth segments. *'""''^' ^'"'°''^- ■■'• Eimsky-Korsakow also states that Schepotieff was mistaken in his accounts of the mouth parts, abdominal appendages, and genital opening, and that his species Protapteroii indictim is a quite typical member of the genus Eosentomon. s2 228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The sexes may be distinguished by the structure of the genitalia in the last few segments as shown in fig. 2, The tracheal system is completely absent in the Acerento- midse, but in the Eosentomidae there are two pairs of lateral stigmata, one pair on the mesothorax and the other on the metathorax. According to the most recent account, that of Prell [10] , the tracheae from the front spiracle supply the head, thorax, and the two hind pairs of legs ; and those from the posterior spiracle supply the hind pair of legs and the abdomen. The front legs are without tracheae, while the hind pair are supplied from both spiracles, but the two systems do not communicate. Berlese's account differed slightly from this, and may be consulted in his monograph [5] . The nervous system consists of a supra-oesophageal ganglion in the head, which has a prolongation behind into the prothorax, a sub-oesophageal ganglion fused with the prothoracic ganglion, and a double ventral nerve-chord with ganglia in the meso- and metathorax and on each of the first six abdominal segments, that in the sixth segment being larger than the preceding ones. There are also supplementary ganglia in the thorax at the base of each leg. In the head and prothorax of some species of Eosentomon there are several remarkable structures called "konkremente " (concretions) by Eimsky-Korsakow [14] . These are small, dark, almost round bodies, apparently isolated, of which there are five pairs near the dorsal surface in the head, and three pairs in the prothorax near the ventral surface. They are arranged symmetrically, but are liable to be displaced and pressed over one another in mounted specimens. They were first described by Schepotieif in his Protapteron indicum [16] as " innere einschliisse " ; he, however, only mentions five as present in the prothorax. They were next mentioned by Piimsky-Korsakow [/. c] in his species Eosentomon silvestrii, and they occur in a species of the same genus, closely related to and possibly identical with this last, which I have taken in some numbers in England. Their function is quite unknown. Rimsky-Korsakow suggests that they are the accumulated secretion of some gland, while Schepotieff [1^,' p. 341] considers them similar to Belese's "corpora allata," which the latter describes on the head of Acerentomon and Eosentomon. True eyes are lacking, but there are, one each side of the head, rather nearer the front end, a pair of organs called " Pseudocelli " by Berlese. Their function is not understood. Becker [2, p. 398] considers them related to the " post-antennal organs," which he describes in Collembola, and suggests that they may have a vibratory function. The alimentary canal is a simple, straight tube, widening in PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROTURA. 229 the mesothorax to a long cylindrical mesenteron. About the region of the sixth abdominal segment this contracts again to the narrow hind intestine, and at the junction there are six very short Malpighian tubes, arranged in two groups of three. The muscular system, which is not of much interest in the present discussion, has been fully worked out by Berlese [5] and Prell [12] , while other points of interest are the paired glands which open on the eighth abdominal segment, and the presence of a single claw on the tarsus which is a Collembolon and Myriapod feature. The various views which have been put forward as to the systematic position of the Protura depend chiefly on the relative importance which the writers assign to the various structural characters we have considered, the whole question being the more difficult as, in the absence of any knowledge of their embryology, it is often impossible to decide whether any par- ticular feature is primitive or the result of specialization. Silvestri [18] first described them as an order Protura of the subclass Apterygota of the Insecta. Berlese [5] , considering the lack of antennae, the anamorphosis, and the large number of segments, removed them from the Insecta and treated them as an order Myrientomata of the class Myriapoda. Schepotieff [16 j united them with Campodea as a suborder Prothysanura of the Thysanura. Borner [8] , considering the entotrophic mouth-parts, and the lack of anal cerci to be more important than the lack of antennas, which he believes to be secondary, makes them an order of the Apterygota, and proposes the following classifica- tion for that subclass : — Subclass Apterygota. Super Section Ectotropa. Order 1. Archeognatha ... Machilidae. Order 2. Thysanura LepesmatidaB and Nicoletidse. Super Section Entotropha. Section a. Archinsecta. Order 3. Diplura Campodeidae, Japygidae, and Anagapygidae. Section b. EUipura. Order 4. Protura (Protapteridae) Eosentomidae, Acerentomidae. Order 5. Collembola Poduridae, Entomobryidae, Ne- elidae, SminthuridaB. At this time the supposed possession of antennae by Pro- tapteroii had not been contradicted, and their presence in a Proturon would have given more justification to the close relation which Borner supposes between these insects and the Collembola. Rimsky-Korsakow [13] considers the absence of antennae may 230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. be secondary, and draws a comparison between the small head, lack of antennae, and prolongation of the head ganglion into the prothorax as found in the Protura, and a similar combination in many insect larvae. He does not attach much importance to the mouth-parts for deciding the systematic position, but believes that the anamorphosis and the large number of abdominal segments must be primitive, and also the abdominal appendages and the position of the genital opening, which separate them at once from the CoUembola. He proposes to consider them as a class Myrientomata, between the Myriapoda and the Insecta. Prell [10] regards the anamorphosis as the most important and primitive character, while the number of abdominal seg- ments, the position of the genital opening, and the abdominal appendages, although also primitive, are of less importance. The lack of antennae and cerci, on the other hand, are secondary, as also is the reduction of the tracheal system in the Aceren- tomidae. He proposes the following arrangement : — Class Insecta. Subclass Anamerentoma (with anamorphosis). Order Protura (with twelve abdominal segments ; no antennae, &c.) Subclass Holomerentoma (with no anamorphosis). All the other Insecta. This classification seems to be the most sound yet put forward, as it points out the undoubted affinities which the Protura have with the Insecta, but at the same time recognizes the fact that they differ from the other orders of Insecta to a greater extent than these do among themselves. Prell does not think that the Protura are to be considered as in anyway the direct ancestors of the Holomerentoma, but as a group which branched off from the ancestors of the Insecta at a very early date, long before the origin of wings, and which has since become largely modified and specialized. The further subdivision within the order presents no great difficulties at present. The species fall naturally into two families, containing three genera, with the chief characteristics as follows : — Family I. — Acerentomid^. Tracheal system absent. Second and third abdominal appendages consisting of a single joint. Dorsal pleurites of the eighth abdominal segment with comb-like posterior margin. Genus 1. — Acerentomon. Labrum produced anteriorly into a long process. Maxillary palps l-jointed. Labial palps 3-jointed. Mandible terminating in a very long pointed style. Three species. — A. doderoi, Silvestri [18] ; A. micro- rhinus, Berlese [5] ; A. affinis, Bagnall.* * The description of this species, hitherto [1] only mentioned by name, will, I believe, appear in the Ent. Mo. Mag. for August, 1913. PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROTURA. 231 Genus 2. — Acerentulus. Labrum not produced. Mandible without long style. Maxillary palps 3-jointed. Labial palps 2-jointed, but the basal joint is very indistinct. Six species.—^, confinis, Berlese [3] ; A. tiarneus, Berlese [4] ; A. ccphalotes, Berlese [3] ; A. gracilis, Berlese [4] ; ^. miniimcs, Berlese [3] ; ^. perpusillus Berlese [5] . Family II. — Eosentomid^. Tracheal system present. Three pairs of abdominal appendages, larger than in the AcereJitomidce, and all 2-jointed. Palps as in Acerentulus. Genus 3. — Eosentomon. With the characters of the family. Seven species and one variety. — E. transitorum, Berlese [3] ; E. ribagai, Berlese [5] ; E. Wheeleri and var. incxicana, Silvestri [19] ; E. (Protapteron) indicum, Schepotieff [16J ; E. Silvestrti, Kimsky-Korsakow [14] ; E. germanicum, Prell [12] ; E. jabanicum, Berlese [6] . Both species, which I have taken in England, belong to the genus Eosentomon, but representatives of all three genera have been taken by Mr. Bagnall. Abroad their known distribution is being rapidly extended, and now includes Europe : Italy (Berlese, Silvestri), Russia, Austria, Finland (Rimsky-Korsakow), Norway (Prell), Sweden (Traghardt), Germany (Borner, Prell, Rimsky-Korsakow); Asia : India (Schepotieff) ; America : United States, Mexico (Silvestri). There is no doubt that within the next few years they will be found over a still greater area. My specimens have been collected in either 70 per cent, alcohol or Bouin's picro-formal (the latter for section-cutting), and double staining the whole insect with methylene blue and eosin has given fair results. The abdomen should be pricked with a fine needle to facilitate staining. Rimsky-Korsakow [14] suggests killing with boiling water or Gilson's fluid, and stains with dilute borax-carmine in 75 per cent, alcohol. Schepotieff used concentrated sublimate solution or Gilson's fluid, and Berlese uses hot acetic acid to produce extension of the mouth-parts and genitalia. The other writers, following an unfortunate custom among many entomologists, give no particulars of their methods. Bibliography. 1. Bagnall, R. S. : Some Primitive British Insects. I. TheProtura. Knowledge (London), New Series, vol. ix., 1912, p. 215. 2. Becker, E. : Zum Bau des Post-antennalorgans der Collembola. Zeit. f. wissenschaft. Zool., xciv., 1910, pp. 327-399. 3. Berlese, A. : Nuovo Acerentomidi. Redia v., 1908, pp. 16-19. ^32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 4. Berlese, a. : Osservazioni intorno agli Acerentomidi. Kedia v., 1908, pp. 110-122. 5. Monographia dei Myrientomata. Redia vi., 1909, pp. 1-182. 6. Per la Corologia dei Myrientomi. Eedia viii., 1912, p. 321. 7. BoRNER C. : Neue Homologien zwischen Crustaceen und Hexa- poden. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxiv., 1909, pp. 100-125. 8. Die phylogenetische Bedeutung der Protura. Biol. Centralbl., xxx., 1910, pp. 633-641. 9. Heymons : Zool. Zentralbl., 1910, p. 615. 10. Prell, H. : Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Protura I. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxviii., 1911, pp. 185-193. 11. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Protura II. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxix., 1912, pp. 357-365. 12. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Protura III. Zool. Anzeiger, xl., 1912, pp. 33-50. 13. RiMSKY-KoRSAKOw, V. : Uber die Systematische Stellung der Protura. Zool. Anzeiger, xxxvi., 1911, p. 164. 14. Uber die Organisation der Protura. Trav. Soc. Imp. Nat. St. Petersburg, xlii., 1911, pp. 1-24. 15. Zur geographischen Verbreitung und Biologie der Pro- tura. Eev. Russ. Ent., xi., 1911, pp. 411-417. 16. ScHEPOTiEFF, A. : Studien uber niedere Insecten I. Protapteron indicum. Zool. Jalirbuch., xxviii., 1909, pp. 121-138. 17. Neue Arbeiten uber niedere Insecten. Zool. Zentralbl., xvii., 1910, pp. 129-142. 18. SiLVESTRi, F. : Descrizione di nuovo genere di Insetti Apterygota, rappresentanti di un nuovo Ordine. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. ed Ag. di Portici, i., 1907, pp. 296-311. 19. Descrizione preliminare di varii Artropodi, specialmente di America, II. Atti Eeale Ace. dei Limcea, xviii., 1909, pp. 7-10. 20. Tragardth : Protura. Ent. Tidskr., xxxvii., 1911, pp. 189-200. The John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton, Surrey : June, 1913. BUTTERFLIES NEAR VENICE. By Gerard H. Gurney, F.E.S. The following is a list of butterflies which I took on the Lido, near Venice, on September 3rd of last year. It is necessarily short ; but may be of interest as showing that even in so unlikely a locality as those lagoon-girt swamps a variety of species are common. The " Lido " is the name given to the long strip of land formed by those islands which extends along the mouth of the lagoon, and forms the outer bulwark of Venice against the Adriatic : it is seven miles in length and, roughly BUTTERFLIES NEAR VENICE. 233 speaking, half a mile in breadth, and is well described by the poet Symonds as: — " A tract of land swept by the salt sea-foam, Fringed with acacia flowers and billowy-deep In meadow-grasses, where tall poppies sleep. And bees athirst for wilding honey roam." Recently, much of the land has been cultivated, numerous villas and hotels built, while charming pergolas covered with vines and roses run each side of the road. Innumerable visitors and tourists come over daily from Venice in the different steamers which every half hour cross in twenty minutes from the main- land ; the people come for the sea bathing for which the Lido is justly famous, and it was on my first visit to the shore for that purpose that I saw numerous butterflies, which resulted in my paying several more visits, during which I was able to devote my time to insects instead of the bathing. There is still a good deal of land uncultivated and not yet built over on the Lido ; rough ground with scattered pine trees, and fields of a few acres in extent on which grew a most luxuriant third crop of hay full of flowers, amongst which clover and a blue flowering lucerne were the commonest. Li these places butterflies were numerous, and also on the high rough bank running the whole length of the shore ; this bank is very wide and is covered with brambles, small acacia trees, and poplars, and on each side long grass and flowers with open patches of ground, quite a good place for insects. At the far end of the Lido is still a good deal of wood and virgin ground, but this I was not able to visit, otherwise I should no doubt have turned up more species than I did. The majority of species seen were generally quite fresh, and were all of them no doubt second and some third broods. Erynnis alcea. A few were flying in the hay-fields, but they had seen their best days, and I only kept a couple which could be considered worthy of cabinet rank. Nisoniades tages. Quite common and fresh, rather small per- haps, but in no way remarkable. Argiades sylvaims. Plentiful ; apparently a third brood recently emerged, as they were all quite fresh. Chrysophanus thersamon. I only took two specimens of this " Copper," both males and both much worn. They were in the same hay-tield flying along one of the numerous little dykes which are dug in all directions to irrigate the land. I think I saw another specimen in a difl'erent locality, but it was blown away before I could secure it. I presume the two specimens I took were examples of a second brood. C. thersamon was common near Budapest on May 23th, and I found it then quite fresh. C. jphlceas var. eleus. One specimen caught, the only one seen. Nomiades semiargus. A few rags of this species on the flowers 234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. by the side of the tram-lines, covered with dust and looking generally very dissipated ! Polyoinmatus icarus. Very common and quite fresh, a fine large form, the females brown with no blue at all ; several ab. icarmus. P. astrarche. Only one or two seen : they were not very brightly coloured examples. Everes argiades. I found a few specimens of this species in one hay-field. They were rather small and all of them worn. Lavipides telicaims. A very abundant species everywhere on the Lido, but its headquarters appeared to be the long bank running the whole length of the sea-shore ; I saw a specimen fly across the Grand Canal in the middle of Venice, and it was common in the public gardens at the end of the town. Specimens varied a good deal in size, but on the whole were rather large, and in the series I took, nearly all are notably larger than those which I have from Egypt. The females have fine black borders to the wings. The species was generally fresh, though it was difficult to get perfect specimens, quite two-thirds of those caught having to be released as they were too torn to keep. Pieris brassiccB. Freshly emerged specimens of brassiccB were flying about, with enormous females ; full-fed larvas of this species were also seen. P. rapcB. Common and fresh, the form was in no way remarkable. Pontia daplidice. Very frequently seen on the shore, settling on the flowers of the sea-aster ; the females laying on various Crucifers growing out of the sand, but well beyond the reach of the tide. Colias Jiyale. Fairly common. G. edusa. Very common, and var. helicc frequent. Issoria lathonia. A single rather worn male was caught close to the Excelsior Hotel. MelitcBCi didijma. This species was very common and extremely fine. The males of a rich brown-i'ed colour, the females large and of only a slightly deeper colour than the males ; they were generally in good condition. Pyrameis cardui. Exquisitely fresh cardid flew about nearly everywhere on the Lido. Vanessa io. I am not quite sure that I identified this species ; a large black looking butterfly flew over me one day when I was in a gondola, and I think it must have been io, but I did not see any others. Pararge megcsra. Fine, richly coloured specimens were common. Epinephile ianira var. liispulla. Fairly numerous on the lucerne flowers, which proved so attractive to telicaims ; both this and the preceding species were quite fresh. Ccenonympha pamphiliLs. Common, and in good condition. Keswick Hall, Norwich. 235 TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ISCHNUBA (ODONATA) FEOM NORTH INDIA. By F. F. Laidlaw, M.A. The specimens described below were sent to me for examination amongst a small collection of- dragontlies from the N.W. and Central Provinces of India by Dr. A. D. Imms, of the Indian Forest Research Institute at Dehra Dun. They present several features of interest, and belong to two species which do not appear to have been described previously. Ischnura gangetica, sp. nov. Two males Sat Tal Kumaon 12 . 5 : 12 (fully mature). Three males Shamket Kumaon 16. 12 : 12 (two males im- perfect, fully mature ; one male not quite mature). Length of abdomen, male 24 mm., of hind wing 15 mm. Build of I. senegalensis, but a trifle more robust. Venation. Postnodals on fore wing eight, exceptionally seven or nine. Arculus on fore wing placed well beyond the level of the second antenodal (but in one instance, on the left side, it lies before the level of this nerve). Pterostigma of fore wing black with milky white front border, its fore margin shorter than the hinder ; its antero-posterior diameter greater than its length from within outwards. Its hinder margin is strongly convex, and covers about three-quarters of the subjacent cell. Pterostigma of hind wing pale grey in colour, much smaller, oblique, its inner and Ischnura (jangctka, outer margins nearly parallel, covering barely ^P- "^v. half of the subjacent cell. Head. Under surfaces yellowish-white, anterior surface green, including the first joint of the antennae ; there is a fine black line at the base of the upper lip, and the nasus is black. The upper surface and distal joints of the antennae are black, with a round green (or blue?) postocular spot. Prothorax. This is black above, with a green margin in front, and pear-shaped lateral green mark on either side, and a very fine, green edge to the posterior margin. When looked at from above, this margin is seen to have a small, medium, angular projection, but there is no marked prominence. Thorax black dorsally, green at the sides, yellowish- white below ; with a fine, complete, green antehumeral band on either side. Abdomen black above, the anterior segments blue-green at the sides and below ; in the hinder segments the ventral colour develops an orange tone. Segments eight and nine entirely blue ; ten black above, blue ventrally. The articular rings are black, and the black dorsal band on each segment, after the first and second, is contracted at the very beginning of each segment, dilates, and then contracts again abruptly at its extreme hind end. Legs yellowish-green ; femora with a broad, longitudinal, dorsal 236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. band of black, tibiae with a similar but narrower band extending along the proximal two-thirds. Spines and tarsal articulations black. Anal appendages. Upper part black, with a square yellowish- white patch on each of their opposed surface. Lower pair yellowish- white, the apex black. Seen in profile the upper pair are stout, slightly bowed downwards, truncate, with their posterior margin concave, the upper end of this margin a little hooked ; the lower pair appear conical, tapering to an incurved apex. When looked at from behind the upper pair are divaricated, the white mark on each is conspicuous, while each has a very strong downwardly dii'ected spur near its base on its inner side ; round this spur, which is not seen in profile, the apex of the lower appendage is hooked from without inwards on either side. The tubercles at the apex of segment ten are perfectly white, very small but, on account of their colour, rather striking in appearance. The colouring is described from the least mature of the males, which is much more vividly marked than are the older specimens. These differ chiefly in having the green of the head, thorax, and prothorax less brilliant, and in having lost the white colour of the small apical tubercles of segment ten. On the other hand, the whitish patch on the upper anal appendages retain distinctness. The species may be defined shortly as an Ischnura with segments eight and nine wholly blue, and ten blue with black dorsum. Tubercles on ten very small. Colour green for the most part, with black markings. Pterostigmata of fore wings of male con- siderably larger than those of hind wings, their colouring black, with upper part white, not covering an entire cell ; pterostigmata, of hind wings grey. Posterior margin of prothorax not forming definite lobes. Anal appendages with conspicuous white patch on opposed surfaces of upper pair ; these have also a large downwardly directed spur. Ischnura immsi, sp. nov. One male Sender Bhandara, Central Provinces 8 . 12 : 1912. Length of abdomen 17 mm. ; of bind wing 11 mm. Build of an Acjriocnemis. Venation. Postnodals on fore wing seven. Arculus at level of second antenodal ; anal vein separating from the hind margin a considerable distance before the level of the cubito-anal cross vein, and at the level of the first ante- nodal. Upper side of quadrangle of fore wing quarter the length of its lower border, in hind wing about half. Pterostigmata of all wings grey, about equal in size, the . outer border very oblique ; covering two-thirds of the Ischnura immsi, ^^\^-^^^. n sp. nov. subjacent cell. Colouring blue with black marking. Head. Under surface white. Anterior surface blue, including first and second joints of the antennre, but the nasus black ; upper surface velvety black, a linear postocular mark on either side, blue, meeting its fellow in the middle line. Prothorax black, fore margin blue, blue marks on each lateral border, hind margin not lobed, with a fine blue edge. TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ISCHNURA, 237 Thorax black dorsally as far as the first lateral suture, with a pair of blue antehumeral bands, which are rather broad ; sides blue, under surface pale. Abdomen blue; segments one to seven with a black dorsal longitudinal band and black articulations, eight, nine and ten entirely blue. The black band on three to six is narrow for the greater part of its length ; at its posterior sixth it widens slightly, so as to form a diamond-shaped mark, narrowing again to join the black articular ring. Tubercles of ten rather prominent. Legs white, small ; femora with a narrow black band posteriorly, spines black. Anal appendages. Upper pair black ; lower pair white, their apex with a fine black point. In profile the upper pair are blunt and curved downwards ; the lower pair are a little longer, conical, directed upwards. When looked at directly from behind their appearance is as shown in the text-figure. Above them lies the square hollow projection formed by the tubercles of segment ten. The upper appendages show as a pair of crescentic structures, their concavities lying to their inner sides. That part of the appendage which is visible in profile is here seen as a small projection directed back- wards, rising from the margin of each of the upper pair. The lower pair have each a small dark apical projection approximated to the lower margin of the upper pair, though extending backward beyond them, and to be seen in profile. The species may be characterized briefly as follows : — A very small Ischnura, with feebly petiolated wings ; the ptero- stigmata of all four wings similar and unicolorous. Posterior margin of prothorax not lobed. Colouring blue wuth black marks, segments eight, nine, and ten entirely blue ; postocular spots linear, confluent. The smaller of these two species, I. immsi, approaches Agriocnemis very closely in the characters of its venation,, the small extent of the petiolation of the wing being very marked. On the other hand, whilst the arculus lies in line with the second antenodal nerve in this species, in I. gangetica it usually lies beyond the level of that nerve (though it is apparently somewhat variable in position ; and in this respect I. gangetica also approximates to Agriocnemis). It is worthy of remark that in I. gangetica the strong downwardly directed spur of the superior anal appendage recalls strongly that found in many species of Argiocnemis. The whitish patches occurring on these appendages are possibly " recognition marks." When the appendages are divaricated, these marks may be conspicuous in the living insect. One of the specimens has died with the appendages in this position. Compare Tillyard's note on the male of Hemiphlebia mirabilis, de Selys, and his remarks on the position of Ischnura and Agriocnemis amongst the Agrioninse (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1912, vol. xxxvii. pp. 443-464). The type specimens will be returned to the Indian Forest Eesearch Institute. Uffculme, Devon, July, 1913. 238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF LEMA, BY THE LATE MR. M. JACOBY, AND OF A FEW OTHER NEW SPECIES OF CRIOCERINI. By F. W. Bowditch. Among the papers of the late Mr. Jacoby I find descriptions of three new forms of Lema which he had prepared for pubHca- tion, and which I now have the pleasure of presenting. The types of all three of Mr. Jacoby's species are in the British Museum ; while, through the courtesy of Mr. Gahan, co-types are in my collection. Lema sheppardi, Jac. Narrow and elongate, black, vertex of head dark fulvous, uhorax somewhat elongate, purplish-black, strongly punctured anteriorly and with two deep rows of punctures, elytra fulvous, with deep, round and closely arranged punctures, the interstices at the apex, strongly and acutely costate. Length 8 mm. Head deeply constricted behind, eyes very large and prominent, deeply notched, interocular space obscure fulvous, clothed with short golden pubescence, the lateral grooves very deep, frontal tubercles broad, distinctly raised, labrum black, antennae extending to the middle of the elytra, black, the third and fourth joint equal, small, the following joints much longer, slightly flattened and nearly equal; thorax slightly longer than broad, deeply constricted near the base, the lateral excavation bounded at the sides by a perpen- dicular ridge, the anterior portion widened, their angles forming a slight tubercle, the disc with a shallow transverse sulcus at the sides which does not extend to the middle, the latter with two longi- tudinal rows of deep punctures ; other equally deep punctures are placed near the anterior angles, scutellum black ; elytra with ten rows of large and deep punctures and another short row near the scutellum, dark fulvous, the interstices strongly costate near the apex, where the punctures are smaller and more closely placed ; under side and legs black. Habitat. — Beira, E. Africa (P. A. Sheppard). This is one of the narrowly elongate species of Lema allied to L. longula, Quedenf. and probably L. Mechowi, Weise, well distinguished by the shape and structure of the thorax and its strong punctuation ; also by the colour and pubescence of the head. I received two specimens from Mr. Sheppard. Lema heiraensis, Jac. Fulvous, antennae (the basal two joints excepted) and the tibise and tarsi black, thorax widened anteriorly, minutely punctured at the middle, elytra strongly punctate, striate, with a deep basal depression, each elytron with a longitudinal black band from -the shoulder to below the middle and strongly narrowed at the base. Length 5 mm. DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF LEMA. 239 Head impunctate, fulvous, frontal elevations highly raised, joined in front but deeply divided behind, lateral grooves deep, finely pubescent, labrum and palpi fulvous, antenna black, the lower two joints and the base of the following two joints fulvous, third and fourth equal ; thorax not longer than broad, the anterior portion rather strongly widened, the sides deeply constricted near the base, the cavity bounded above by a short perpendicular ridge, the basal sulcus very deep, the middle of the disc with some few punctures arranged in rows, all the rest of the surface impunctate, scutellum truncate at the apex ; elytra v^ith a rather deep depression below the base, strongly punctate-striate, the ninth row of punctures entire, fulvous, each elytron with a posteriorly strongly widened black band which does not quite extend to the apex ; this band is rather sud- denly obliquely narrowed anteriorly and extends to the shoulders in a narrow stripe ; under-side and legs fulvous, the tibiae (the base excepted) and the tarsi black. Habitat. — Beira (P. A. Sbeppard). A well-marked species, of which three specimens are before me. The shape of the elytral dark bands obliquely narrow at the base, so as to separate the fulvous portion at the base into a somewhat elongate triangular space, below which only the sutural and lateral margins remain narrowly fulvous, which colour is again widened at the apex. L. atrofasciata, Jac, is of somewhat similar coloration but has differently coloured legs, and the elytral band is of nearly equal width and slightly narrowed at the middle ; the labrum and sides of the breast are black, &c. Lema fulgentida, Jac. Fulvous, the breast, the posterior femora at the apex and the tarsi more or less black, head finely pubescent, impunctate, thorax with deep basal and feeble anterior sulci, impunctate ; elytra cylin- drical, rather finely punctate-striate, feebly depressed below the base ; posterior femora with a minute tooth. Length 4 mm. Very closely allied to L. pubifrons, Jac, and L. ijlanifrons, Weise, so that it will be sufl&cient to point out the differences. From the first-named species the present insect differs in the longer antennae, which have their terminal joints distinctly widened, in the much more feeble anterior thoracic sulcus, the more cylindrically shaped elytra, and in the much more strongly developed legs and their colour. From L. jylcmifrons the species may be known by the entirely impunctate head, the colour of the antennae, very feeble elytral basal depression, the minutely dentate posterior femora, and the partly fulvous, partly black tarsi ; all the other characters are nearly similar. Habitat. — Beira (P. A. Sheppard). Lema callangaensis, nov. sp. (Jac. in litt.). Elongate, ferruginous, labrum, antennse (first joint excepted) knees, tibiae (almost entirely) and tarsi black. Length 3|-4 mm. Type, Callanga, Peru (coll. Bowditch). 240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Two examples sent by Messrs. Staudinger & Bang Haas with the foregoing manuscript name, and three others among the unnamed Jacoby material apparently from the same place. Exceedingly close to similis, Lac, the most obvious difference being the black labrum, the other differences being opinionative ; the thorax of callangaensis is perhaps a trifle more elongate and less compressed, the punctua- tion is similar, the elytra of callangaensis are a trifle stouter, and the punctuation somewhat stronger ; but these differences are slight, and more of degree than anything definite ; the black labrum is the same in four of my five examples, and rather dubious in the other. The above description will serve to draw attention to the two forms until they have further study. Lema marcapatensis, nov. sp. (Jac. in litt.). Head black, antennae black, becoming fuscous at tip, thorax rufous, shining, scutellum black, elytra, cyaneous blue or green, with two small dots on the basal margin, a curved fascia behind the middle, the apex broadly and the lateral margin narrowly, yellow ; body beneath and part of the first abdominal segment black, remainder of abdomen yellow, feet black with trochanters, and an elongate spot on the underside of the femora yellow, tarsi fuscous. Length 6| mm. Type, Marcapata, Peru (coll. Bowditch). Head with usual frontal puncture, transversely depressed behind the vertex, the extreme neck rufous, thorax rather strongly con- stricted and depressed behind, shining, impunctate, elytra with humeral and basal depressions fairly well marked, the elytral punc- tures becoming obsolete behind, and the intervals correspondingly costiform ; the fulvous band is placed behind the middle, and narrow, of equal width and convex in front, the front edge attaining the middle of the elytra ; the anterior edges of the apical yellow spot are slightly oblique or almost straight, the small yellow dot at the base is doubtless often absent, and probably the middle band varies a good deal; beneath, the black colour of the body is extended into the first segment of the abdomen by a lunate spot on each side, occupying about half the space ; the elongate femoral spots are particularly well developed on the four posterior legs. The above description is made on the basis of the elytra being cyaneous with yellow bands, but it could equally well be termed yellow with cyaneous markings. Distributed by Messrs. Staudinger & Bang Haas with the above manuscript name; very close to violaceo-margmata, Clark. Lema rufoc'incta, nov. sp. Violaceous, with head, thorax, femora, body beneath, and elytral margins (except part of the suture) yellow, antennas (except the first joint), tibiae, and tarsi black. Length 8 mm. Type, one example, Playa Vicente, Mexico (coll. Bowditch). Head with smooth, polished vertex, and deep side grooves, not DESCRIPTIONS OF THREK NEW SPECIES OF LEMA. 241 constricted behind, antennae not quite reaching the middle of the elytra, the first joint rufous, second short, third shorter than fourth ; pubescent from first to end, which is slightly fuscous, tliorax smooth polished, rather strongly constricted behind the middle, a few very fine punctures at the anterior angles, which are obsolete ; also two fairly regular rows on the disk (with scattered ones between), but all very fine and obsolete after the middle ; scutel fulvous, elytra shining violet, the punctures arranged in striae but not impressed, and obsolete behind, where the striae become plainer, sides parallel, a deep intrahumeral impression and a well-marked transverse impres- sion below the base (where, as usual, the punctures are the largest), the margin thickened at the sides, the yellow colour is confined at the sides to this margin ; it suffuses the tip and is again visible in the scutellar region, but does not extend below the basal depression. It shows, also, very narrowly at base where it connects with the lateral margin. My example bears five labels: " Playa Vicente," "Mexico Salte coll.," "12," " n.i.m.," "Jac. 2nd coll." It was unnamed in the Jacoby material. It seems to come near peruana, Jac. (type in my coll.). Lema balsas, nov. sp. Rufous, elytra dark shining, cosrulean blue, antennae except the basal joints, the posterior legs wholly, and the four anterior tarsi wholly, and tibiae partly, black, body beneath, except the thorax, dark shining, almost impunctate blue-black. Length 8 mm. Type, one example, Eio Balsas, Guerrero, Mexico (Wickham) (coll. Bowditch). Head with clypeus swollen, nearly smooth, with a deep foveate puncture in the middle; head not constricted behind the eyes, vertex swollen, transversely strigose with a deep foveate depression in the centre, antennae with four basal joints, smooth, first two rufous, three and four equal, rufous blackish, remainder black pubescent, not reaching the middle of the elytra; thorax rather short, anterior angles (viewed from above) rather prominent, coarsely, moderately punctate ; also a median row of finer punctures three or four wide, beginning at the anterior margin and running down the middle of the disk, and gradually tapering off to a deep fovea in the transverse depression at the rear; sides deeply coarctate a little behind the middle, the extreme base narrowly margined, scutel rufous, shghtly blackened ; elytra stout, parallel, finely punctate in regular striae (only the sutural being impressed), a well-marked short intrahumeral impression and a deep, transverse basal depression (foveate) and a large lateral, foveate puncture on the edge below the shoulder; the four anterior tibia3 are rufous below, shading into black above, the mesosternum punctured anterioi-ly. I place it near chalybeipennis, Lac. Lema wickliami, nov. sp. Rufous, elytra chalybeate blue, lower part of face, antennae and legs black. Length 5 mm. ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1913. T 242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Type, one example, Chihuahua, Mexico (Wickham) (coll. Bowditch). Front with a few fine punctures and a small frontal fovea, neck slightly constricted behind the eyes, thorax tubular, moderately con- stricted near the base, a few very fine punctures near the front, scutel rufous ; elytra deeply, coarsely quadrate punctate, arranged in regular striae, the punctures becoming smaller behind, where the intervals become costulate ; the femora are rather swollen and then suddenly constricted near the end ; allied to the small similarly coloured forms like amahilis, Jac, but easily distinguished from all by the black legs and antenn®, with entirely rufous body. Crioceris chiriquensis, nov. sp. (Jac. in litt.). Uniformly bright metalhc green, with labrum and joints 5-11 of antennae, blue-black and dull, underside more or less bluish ; elytra finely and nearly regularly punctulate striate, the entire surface minutely alutaceous, and with irregular fine wrinkles, giving a semi- dull appearance. Length 11 mm. Type Chiriqui, eight examples (coll. Bowditch). Size and form of imllicedo, Lac, and its allies ; head with a deep longitudinal groove in the vertex, with fine punctures on either side, surface alutaceous, joints three and four of antenna equal, the latter reaching beyond the middle of the body, thorax strongly constricted at middle, vaguely quadrifoveate on the disk (the foveae placed in a square), the surface alutaceous, and finely punctate and obsoletely strigose near the anterior angles and along the sides ; elytra nearly parallel, faintly punctulate striate, almost obsolete in places in some specimens, a faint lateral impression slightly one side of the middle, similar to nullicedo, Lac, and its allies ; as compared with nullicedo, the surface of chiriquensis is more distinctly alutaceous and wrinkled ; there is no trace of any transverse coloured band ; the curving of the tibige is about the same in both ; there are other minor differences of punctuation ; nitida, Lac, has a sparsely but distinctly punctate thorax. Crioceris tumida, nov. sp. Head rufous, elongate, clypeus swollen, sparingly punctured and pubescent, antennae with first 4 joints short, 3 and 4 equal, remainder broadened (slightly more so at tip) and closely articulated, vertex punctate, deeply grooved, neck strongly constricted ; thorax rufous yellow, elongate, faintly transversely depressed near base, strongly compressed laterally a trifle behind the middle, with a double line of very fine punctures down the middle, vanishing behind in a vague depression, and with a faintly marked fovea in either side before the middle ; scutellum hairy ; elytra much wider than the thorax, squarely truncate, with the scutellar region raised into a peaked hump ; general colour yellow, with a more or less interrupted rufous band behind the middle, and the apex and shoulders also indefinitely rufous, the surface polished and shining, as if varnished, with a few scattered deep foveate punctures between the shoulders and scutellar region ; only one or two on the hump, which is limited behind by a DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF LEMA. 243 rather regular row, the deepest of all, a few along the lateral margin and ante-apical region, the rufous colouring being as a rule exempt from fovea) ; beneath the glaze of colour can be easily seen regular rows of fine punctures, vanishing behind, body beneath rufous more or less pubescent. Length 8 mm. Type, two examples, N. Luzon (5-6000 ft.), Whitehead leg., among the Tring material. Most nearly related to gibha, Baly, and differing as follows : Joints 5, 6, 7 of the antennae are proportionately much longer in gihba, the double line of punctures on the thorax is much better defined in gihba, the thorax in gihba is more elongate, and viewed from above shows a well-marked anterior angle, which is very faint, almost lacking in tumida where the sides are almost completely rounded ; the elytral punctuation, as shown under the glazed surface, is coarse, quadrate, almost con- fluent in gibha, but very fine and distant in tumida. The general colour of gihba is old mahogany, tumida almost yellow. The body beneath in tumida is almost wholly dark rufous with abdominal rings edged with lighter colour ; femora strongly clavate, with pubescence more or less gathered into rings, tibiae and body more or less covered with grayish pubescence. Crioceris foveipennis, nov. sp. Form stout, colour yellow, with smooth black or very dark rufous spots on the elytra ; the scutellar region raised into a prominent hump, like gibha, Baly. Head with swollen, punctate, and pubescent clypeus ; smooth in front, the vertex deeply sulcate, punctured, pubescent, antennae short (like severini, Jac), joints 2-4 short, equal, shining, the second with a marked constriction, 5-11 pubescent, gradually broadened to 7, 8, 9, which are wider than long, and darkened, thorax cylindrical, with a well-marked anterior angle and very faint double row of discal punctures, moderately constricted back of the middle towards the base, so as to give the appearance oi' a wide collar, scutel pubescent ; elytra very shining, rather thickly covered with deep foveate punc- tures, arranged without order, the dark spots of varying size and without any particular order, a prominent post median and rounded apical being the most marked, and scattered patches round the hump and shoulders ; as a general rule the foveae avoid the colour, but when they do occur they form a circle of the ground yellow colour ; this tendency to form circles is noticeable at many points where the foveae approach the dark patches ; body beneath, fulvous, with dark spots on the sides and middle of the metasternum and each segment of the abdomen ; legs fulvous pubescent, with darker clouds on the femora, knees, and middle of the tibiae ; claws black. Length 8'5 mm. Type, one example, Belihul-Oya, Ceylon (Kannegieter), formerly part of Mr. Van de Poll's collection (coll. Bowditch). Belongs to the gibha, Baly, group ; allied to dromedaries, 244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Baly, by the colour and punctuation of the thorax, and to severini, Jac, by the shortened antennae, which hardly do more than reach the elytra ; the scattering of the dark colour patches on the elytra gives the species the most speckled appearance of any of the group. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF METEORUS (BRACONID^). By G. T. Lyle, F.E.S. Meteorus niger, sp. nov. Thorax and abdomen entirely black with the exception of the prosternum (sometimes the whole prothorax), which is flavous. Legs with coxge flavous, hind tibse apically darker above, claws black. Head narrower than the thorax, occiput and vertex fuscous, with the orbits flavo-testaceous, face, clypeus, cheeks, mandibles, and palpi flavous. Antennee filiform, as long as, or slightly longer than, the body, fuscous, lighter beneath, radicle flavous, annellus and base of post-annellus testaceous. Wings hyaline ; stigma nigropiceous ; nervures piceous, occasionally lighter ; recurrent nervure evected (I possess a female in which it is interstitial in the right wing only), second cubital areolet not, or scarcely, narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal groves distinct ; terebra black, rather longer than half the abdomen. Length, female without terebra, 4^ to 5 mm., expands 9|^ to 10 mm. ; male slightly smaller. Described from ten males and twenty-eight females. It should be noted that the terebra is very slightly longer than half the abdomen ; the stigma is infuscate throughout ; the lower basal nervure is distinctly postfuscal ; the recurrent nervure is emitted from near base of the second cubital cell; and the radial cell of the hind wing is not germinated by a transverse nerve. Meteorus niger is most closely allied to M. mclanostictiis, Capron, but differs therefrom principally in that the recurrent nervure is not continuous with the first intercubital ; the meso- sternum and metasternum are never testaceous ; the terebra is at least as long as half the abdomen ; the wings are hyaline ; the postbrachial cell is shorter when compared with the pras- brachial ; and the insect is smaller. This species (already referred to by me — but not described — in Entom. vol. xiv. p. 128) exhibits astonishingly little variation and is easily distinguished from its near relatives. In the New Forest it is a common solitary parasite of the larva of Hygrochroa {Pericallia) syringaria, from which host I have bred it in some numbers every year since 1903. Mr. Claude Morley informs me that he has received it from Mr. E. R. Buckell, who bred it from NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 245 New Forest specimens of the same host. Oviposition takes place in the autumn, and soon after the host larva starts feeding in the spring the parasite larva emerges. It spins a cocoon which is pendulous (suspended by a fine swing rope generally some 10 or 12 mm. in length), brown, shining and brighter in colour than those of M. pukhricornis, Wesm., M. melanostictus, and M. scutellator, Nees. The imago appears some fortnight or so later, and has occurred to me from April 4th to May 20th. So far this parasite has not been bred from any other hosts, though, undoubtedly, it is not confined to H. syringaria* In connection with the above I venture to transcribe a very interesting letter I received respecting the same host and parasite on June 5tb, 1911. — Claude Morley. I found some larvae of H. syringaria in the New Forest in late March ; I got in all thirty larvae ; they grew a little until the first week in April, and then each larva, before attaining its full growth, hung itself to the food-plant or to the roof of the breeding-cage by a thread of between two and four inches. The body was kept doubled up. The next day a larva so suspended was found to have a pupa- case of an ichneumon suspended from it. The larva was then practically dead and quite unable to feed, and had become very shrunken. They subsequently died from these ichneumons, whose pup£e were suspended by some two to eight inches of thread, which was coarser than that by which the larva had suspended itself. The upper end of the parasitic pupa-case was dark, and in the lower part, after about a fortnight, one could see the body of the ichneumon. The fly emerged by cutting off a circular cap from the lower end of the pupa-case, or in a few cases by eating a rather irregular hole through the side of the case. The darkest specimens, the males, all came out first ; and then the rather softer-bodied females, which had a yellowish patch in the centre of the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Out of the thirty New Forest larvae, not one was free from an ichneumon, and in no case did more than one come out of each larva, and they all acted in the same manner. Four larvae found ten miles from the New Forest were unattacked, and the imagos have come out. — E. E. Buckell ; Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Delayed Development of Wings in Lithostege geiseata. — Delayed development of the wings has been noticed in various species of Lepidoptera. Blenkarn wrote a note on it in the case of Chesias rufata [obliquaria) and C spartiata (Proc. South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc, March 23rd, 1911). A delay of ten hours was "^ [I have examined Mr. Lyle's types of both sexes, aud feel no doubt respecting the novelty of the species. — C. M.] 246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. observed, but on removal from a damp to a dry cage rapid expansion took place. I have myself noticed a delay of ten or twelve hours in Chesias rufata. This year I bred eleven Lithostege griseata ; of these three never showed any signs of expansion, two expanded partially, and six completely. Most of them emerged about six p.m., and one evening I was fortunate in seeing two run up out of the moss, and at once transferred them both to dry breeding-cages. One showed no sign of expansion till twenty-four hours after emergence, and then its wings grew rapidly and completely ; the other did not begin to expand until sixty-six hours after emergence, and then its growth was not quite complete. Under certain conditions these allied species of Geometers show a tendency to delay in the expansion of their wings, and if this occurs under natural conditions it must add greatly to their risks of death before propagating their kind. Mine all emerged in a damp box, in which some were left, but others were transferred to dry cages as soon as observed ; but absence of development and perfect development appeared to take place in either case. The numbers bred were too few to draw any conclusions as to the cause of the phenomenon. I should like to know if a delay of sixty-six hours has ever been noticed before. — E. A. Cockayne ; 16, Cambridge Square. Theba variata and obeliscata Bred from Spruce. — During a short visit to Brockenhurst early in April of this year I succeeded in repeating my experience of last season, as recorded by Mr. L. B. Prout in his article on Thera variata (Entom. vol. xlv. pp. 241-246). I obtained from the same row of spruces some thirty Thera larvse in various stages of growth. The larvae were much scarcer than on my previous visit, and nearly all of those secured proved to be ichneu- moned. They were fed entirely on spruce, and in May began to emerge. The first two were typical obeliscata, both large females of a red-brown shade, quite indistinguishable from other south-country specimens in my series. Three days later, on May 6th, a pair of true variata, exactly resembling those bred by me last year, and the pair figured by Mr. Prout, emerged. Unfortunately, I failed to secured a pairing. These were followed on the 12th by a female obeliscata — a pale form with a narrow dark bar — and on the 18th by a female variata, exactly similar to the earlier specimen. Since then nothing else but ichneumons have arrived ; but the evidence of these six, all obtained from the same row of spruce trees and bred under the same conditions, seems to prove clearly that the variation does not depend merely upon difference of food-plant. I had hoped to be able to cross the two forms, and the result of such a cross would be of con- siderable biological importance, but my material this season has been insufficient, and I can only trust that other entomologists with greater skill and fuller opportunities will try the experiment, which should not be a difficult one. — (Eev.) C. E. Raven ; 4, Park Terrace, Cambridge. ^GERiA (Sesia) scoli^formis IN STAFFS. — It may be of interest to record that at the end of May I succeeded in extracting from a birch-trunk on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, a pupa of ^. scolice- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 247 formis, which emerged on June 21st. Visiting the same locality again to-day, I was fortunate enough to take a fine female, flying round a tree-trunk in the afternoon sunshine, doubtless in search of a suitable place to deposit ova. I do not know whether the insect has been recorded from this locality before, but without doubt a con- siderable colony is established there. I had previously found empty pupa-cases which I had supposed to be this species, but as they are rather small compared with the older Welsh specimens I have seen in collections, I could not feel certain that they were not merely ^. culiciformis. — H. C. Hayward; The Croft, Eepton, July 1st, 1913. Papilio xuthus at Woking. — The occurrence of a living speci- men of an exotic butterfly in this country is always of sufficient interest to be placed on record, even if no satisfactory explanation of its appearance can be offei'ed. On May 27th, at about 4.15 p.m., Miss Eleanor Balfour noticed a strange butterfly hovering over some bushes of Skimmia japonica in the garden at Fisher's Hill, Woking. She netted the specimen, and, recognizing that it differed materially from our only native " swallow-tail " (P. machaon), sent it to me for inspection. It was obviously a stranger to this country, and a reference to the British Museum Collection enabled Sir George Hampson to identify the insect as Papilio xuthus, a native of China, Japan, and Corea. I am quite at a loss to account for its presence here ; it must, of course, have been imported, but how ? — as larva, pupa, or imago ? There are no conservatories about the premises where directly imported exotic plants are cultivated, and such foreign shrubs, &c., as are grown in the garden are procured in the usual way through nurserymen. So far as concerns scaly covering, the wings are in good condition, but large notched pieces are symmetri- cally jagged out of the hind wings, thus suggesting that the butterfly had emerged from the pupa here, and had been attacked by some bird (?) as a stranger. At any rate, apart from the mutilation referred to, the condition of the wings is such that the specimen cannot be regarded as a casual immigrant in the ordinary sense. I am quite ignorant of the life-history of this species ; perhaps some entomologist who is familiar with its history may be able to make some more definite suggestion as to the possible mode of intro- duction of this exotic — I vouch only for its capture as a living speci- men.— Kaphael Meldola; 6, Brunswick Square, W.C, July 11th 1913. Araschnia levana at Cardiff. — Whilst out yesterday in search of Brenthis euphrosyne, I caught a good specimen of Araschnia levana (as desci'ibed by Kirby), and was naturally surprised to find it near this locality. I could not find this fritillary mentioned in ' Butter- flies of the British Isles,' and consequently conclude it is not a re- cognized British species ; I should therefore be glad to hear whether this is so.— T. Butt Ekins ; Cardiff, May 29th, 1913. Scarce Sympetra (Odonata). — On looking through a box of dragonflies taken by Mr. C. B. WilHams, I was pleased to find a speci- men of Sympetrwn fonscolomhii, male, and another of S. flaveolum, male. The former was taken on August 12th, 1911, at Merton, 248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Surrey, while the latter was taken in the same year, and, Mr. Williams thinks, on the same day. It is generally supposed that these species are both migrants to Britain, and there appears to have been in 1911 a considerable flight of the former to our islands. — W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames. CoLiAs EDUSA AND Pyrameis atalanta IN SuRREY. — On June 15th, at Ranmore, I took a male Colias eclusa, a fine large specimen in good condition. My friend Mr. B. S. WilUams took a very worn and, as it laid no ova, apparently spent female. Two others were also seen. On June 12th a Pyrameis atalanta was seen in the garden at Dulwich.— F. H. Stallman ; " Braemar," 58, Thurlow Park Road, West Dulwich, S.E. Ch^rocampa elpenor, ab. — I have to-day had an " elephant hawk-moth" hatch out, which I think is rather interesting. The left side is quite normal but for two white spots on the costal margin of the fore wing towards the apex. The right fore wing is a much paler olive-green than the left, and the pinkish suffusions are replaced by pale hlac, and there is partly a third band of this colour across the base of the wing. The pink markings on the right side of the thorax are partly replaced by the same shade of lilac. The hind wings are quite normal. — Arthur Minton ; 9, Park Road, Bexhill, June 15th, 1918. RECENT LITERATURE. 1. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Series T. M. Vol. vii. No. 1. March 31st, 1913. Liverpool. — This part contains a lengthy, well-illustrated article on " Contributions to the Study of Colour Marking and other Variable Characters of Anophelinge, with Special Reference to the Systematic and Phylogenetic Grouping of Species," by Major S. R. Christophers. Besides this the references to entomology are of a most general nature in connection with disease-carrying Diptera. 2. We have from E. Leitz (18, Bloomsbury Square) a copy of an illustrated pamphlet (38 pp.) — Gtoide to PJiotomicrography — primarily prepared for users of apparatus made by this firm. Anyone interested in this subject should obtain a copy. Another pamphlet of a similar character is Directions for the Use of the Large Metallurgical Micro- scope with the Camera. 3. Bevieio of Applied Entomology (Series A, Agricultural, and Series B, Medical and Veterinary), issued monthly by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology (Dulau & Co., London), is intended to keep its readers up to date by giving abstracts, &c., of publications con- nected with these subjects. W. J. Lucas. THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS. (EsTAliLlsUKl) 1«-17). Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Gases, Store Boxes, Apparatus and Appliances. Ami Dealers in all kinds of Specimens lor Entomologists, Botanists, Oruitholo| OF CQ/V' /?!. / O J LONDON: "^^^^^^^HSO N 1 AH ^^^.' . WEST, NEWMAN & OO., 54, HA.TTON GARdSI SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limitkd. Price Sixpence. WATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomologies] Apparatus acd Cabirets Plaiu liiug Nets, wire or cane, iuclnding Stick. Is. 3d.. 2s., 2fi, 6d. Fokiiujj iNeit, 3s. 6iL, 46. Dmbrella Nets (self-acting), 7b. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is .6q. 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For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiidas. &c.. are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be pleased to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Inskcts, Bibds' Eqqs, Coins, Microscopiual Objects Fossils, «fec. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (BRITISH, KOROPKAN, AND KXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, dc, Preserved and Mounted by Firtt-clasg Worhy^ien. 35, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. SOMETHING NEW, GOOD AND CHEAP. JVJEWMAN'S ELECTRIC LAMP, specially designed for Collectors, can be used as hand lamp, or attached to waist with belt. Ideal for sugaring, small and neat, nickel plated, weight about eighteen ounces only. Gives eighteen hours continuous light ; dry battery. Lamp complete, 8s. 61^.. postage id. New batteries. Is. each, postage Sd. - Newman's Text Book, just out, the ideal book for Collectors ; life-history and food-plants of all species. Write for full lists of ova, larvae, and pupae, and apparatus. L. W. NEWMAN, P.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. 4 FEW FINE BRED Morjjho Epistrojnm, Is. Qd. ; M. ^ga, 2s. 6d. ; ■^ Ornithoptera Heciiha, 6s. Qd. per pair; 0. Miranda, 12s. M. per pair; Papilio Homerus, 12s. 6(7.; P. Antimaclms, 15s.; many others, selections on approval. Forty- drawer mahogany cabinet ; tvs'enty-six- drawer and twenty-drawer ditto, in first-class condition. Particulars from A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVL] SEPTEMBER, 1913. [No. G04 LIFE-HISTORY OF ARGYNNIS HECATE. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. Mr. K. Predota, * Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des Siebenbiirg. Vereins fiir Naturwissenschaften,' vol. Ixii. p. 4, 1912, states that he observed females of this butterfly selecting plants of the Dropwort {Spiraa filipendula) , and then depositing their eggs in the ground round their roots, but he failed to find the eggs. The Hon. N. Charles Rothschild and Miss Charlott^e de Wertheimstein, who observed the butterfly both at Peszer and at Csehtelek, in Hungary, tell me that it only occurs where the Spiraa fiUjyendida grows, and in those spots in the Peszer Wood where the plant is absent Argynnis hecate is not to be found. As this insect probably deposits only one or two eggs on a plant in a state of nature, it is not surprising that the above- mentioned observers failed to find the egg. It may further be remarked that, as this species hibernates in the egg-stage, this position is remarkably secure, as neither mowing the meadows nor grazing them with cattle can injure the egg of this butterfly either during the summer or the autumn. On June 10th, 1912, I had the pleasure of receiving from the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild four living females of Argynnis hecate; these I immediately fed with sugar and water, and placed them on plants of Spiraa Jilipendula, covered 'with gauze netting. During the remaining three weeks a large number of eggs were deposited ; nearly all were laid on the base of the stems of the plants, in many cases as low down as the butterfly could possibly reach with the ovipositor, viz., below the surface where the soil separated from the stems, forming a small narrow fissure, while some were laid in and upon the soil itself close to the stems. Several of the eggs were kept on the plants as laid out of doors throughout the whole period of the egg-state, from June, 1912, to March 7th, 1913; others were removed in February from the plants (the stems cut up with eggs attached) and brought indoors ; and some were kept indoors throughout the winter near a window facing north-west. All three lots started hatching on March 7th, 1913. ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1913. U 250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The egg measures '79 mm. high and ]06 mm. in diameter at the base ; it is of a pointed conical shape. Of several speci- mens examined, each had nine very prominent keels, six running the entire length and rising high above the crown, the three remaining keels originate much lower down, being two-thirds the length of the others ; all are transversely ribbed by about fourteen in number, these extend across the intervening spaces of the shell, which is granular. The micropyle is sunken, the keels standing high around it. When first laid, it is primrose-yellow in colour, which gradually deepens to coppery-reddish, then to a warm lilac-brown, and the keels pearl-grey with an ochreous tinge in shadow. They remain thus coloured throughout hibernation and until hatching. The young larva directly after hatching is rather large in proportion to the butterfly, measuring 1*33 mm. long. In structure it exactly resembles that of A. laodice, with the exception that on the lateral lobe of each segment hecate has only four hairs, while laodice has five, and the ground colour is a deeper olive-ochreous ; the head is shining olive-black beset with fine pectinated whitish bristles ; on the first segment is a transverse chitineous shining olive-brown disc. The dorsal surface of the anterior half of the body is darker than the rest. The surface is granular and densely sprinkled with dusky points. In other details of structure it is similar to laodice. The globose warts turn olive-brown when a day old. Owing to the continuous dull, chilly weather throughout the greater part of March and April, the larvae remained in a sluggish condition, feeding only at intervals, which proved fatal to a large number. The survivors remained fully six weeks in the first stage. The first moult occurred on April 25th, 1913. After first moult (shortly before second) it is 4*75 mm. long; the head is shining black beset with bristles. The ground colour of the body is pale ochreous checkered with purplish-brown, and a medio-dorsal and subdorsal line of the same colour. There are six longitudinal rows of blackish tubercles, each beset with a number of finely pectinated bristles, the base of each tubercle is pale amber blending into creamy-whitish, forming a series of pale square spots. The legs purplish and claspers olive. After second moult the ground colour is pearly-grey white, checkered and speckled with purplish-brown ; the tubercles cream-coloured with amber bases, and beset with black pectinated bristles. The head shining black mottled with ochreous ; legs black, claspers olive-brown and whitish-ochreous. After third moult it is 12*7 mm. in length. Similar to the previous stage, excepting the markings are more numerous and all clearly defined, also deeper in colour, with a conspicuous LIFE-HISTORY OF ARGYNNIS HECATE. 251 medio-dorsal Hue and a lateral white stripe. The black head is mottled on the crown with pearl-white, and the clypeus is yellow. After fourth moult, fully grown, it measures 30-16 mm. long. The head is black mottled with pearl-white and orange, face black, clypeus orange ; beset with numerous finely pectinated bristles of various lengths. Body slightly attenuated anteriorly, more so posteriorly ; all the tubercles are pearl-white with deep orange-amber bases amply beset with simple black-pointed spines, and small blackish hairs and bristles are scattered over the surface of the body. The segments are divided into four subdivisions, the largest occupying the anterior half, which bear the six tubercles, three on either side, which are dorsal, sub- dorsal, and subspiracular ; the latter situated on a conspicuous yellowish-white lateral stripe. The ground colour is pearly whitish, vermiculated, speckled and checkered with purplish- black ; a medio-dorsal longitudinal stripe of the same colour extends the entire length, and terminates at the apex of the anal conical point ; it is broken up at the segmental divisions. A series of black bands extend between the dorsal and subdorsal tubercles, one on each segment. The ventral surface is mottled with purplish-brown and roughly granulated. The first larva became fully grown and ceased feeding on May 24th ; it suspended itself on the 25th, and pupated May 27th. The larval existence occupying 111 days. The pupa measures 18 mm. long. Excepting its smaller size it very closely resembles that of Argynnis laodice both in form, colouring, and general structure. Dorsal view: Head with a pair of lateral angular horns, base of wings with similar angulated points, inner margin with a prominent ridge ; body narrowed across the middle, swollen at hind margins, abdomen attenuated. Lateral view: Head beaked in front, thorax angular and keeled, sunken at metathorax and base of abdomen, the latter strongly curved posteriorly, which terminates in a truncated cremaster furnished with hooks. Ventral surface of abdomen almost straight ; wings bulging near apex ; antennae slightly serrated at tip. The ground colour is pale pinkish-brown, entirely covered with a fine reticulated fibrous pattern, and a dark ashy marginal border to wings and a paler median bar. The abdomen is faintly striped longitudinally with dusky-brown, one stripe enclosing the spiracles, the other is subspiracular. There are two rows of prominent dorsal conical points, those on the thoracic segments and first and second abdominal segments are brilliant silver-gilt ; on the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments is a very small medio- dorsal point. The first one, which pupated on May 27th, produced a fine u 2 252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. male imago on June 17th, the pupal stage occupying twenty-one days. A. hecate partakes of the characters of other Argynnidse in its different stages. The egg mostly resembles A. adippe. The larva in the first stage is almost identical with A. laodice, and in the last stage closely resembles A. lathonia in structure. The pupa is similar to A. laodice. As already stated, the first stage of the larva was abnormally prolonged. This stage should probably last twenty days or less instead of forty-two days, and the emergence of the imago would take place during the first week of June, the usual time of its appearance in Hungary. It is interesting to note that March 7th, the date when the ova hatched, corresponds with the date when spring is considered to supersede winter in the plains of Hungary. ORTHOPTERA OF DEVON, WITH NORTH AND EAST CORNWALL. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Mr. C. W. Bracken has been good enough to send me a list of the records known to him of Orthoptera that have occurred in Devon and in North and East Cornwall. The publication of this list may not only be of use to those who are working at this order of insects, but it may also be the means of bringing to light other captures in a district that is well calculated to supply them. Forficulodea. Anisolahis annulipes. — Taken by Dr. Swale amongst the ashes of a bakehouse in Tavistock. Mr. J. H. Keys of Plymouth has some given him in June, 1894; but the bake- house is now pulled down. Labia minor. — Said to be abundant in South Devon, but Mr. Bracken does not find it so. It was taken "swarming" over cut grass at Beaumont Park, Plymouth, in 1899, and in Bloye's Infirmary, Week Street, Plymouth, October, 1890 (J. H. K.). Mr. Keys has pointed out its resemblance to the beetle Lithosia ochracea. Forficula auricularia is of course common everywhere. F. lesnei. — Sidmouth. Blattodea. Ectohius lapyonicus. — Exeter. Torquay, August 5th to 16th, 1899 ; at sugar. E. jxmzeri (with var. nigripes). — Tregantle and Whit- sands, fairly often; June 13th, 1891 ; July 6th, 1897 ; July and September, 1911 (J. H. K ). Abundant under old bark and ORTIIOPTERA OF DEVON, ETC. 253 rotten wood on posts adjoining Churston golf links (G. T. Porritt). E.persjricillaris {=lividus). — Occurrence somewhat doubtful. Blattdla (lermanka. — Forty young ones bred from one egg- capsule by Keys and Bignell, 1895, taken in a Plymouth restaurant. Probably still found in bakehouses in Plymouth. Blatta orientalis and Periplaiieta amcricana. — Common in Plymouth in houses, bakehouses, &c. (C. W. B.). Ilhyparohia madcrce. — A specimen taken in Great Western Docks at Plymouth, now in the Athenaeum Museum in that town. Gryllodea. Gryllotalpa grijUotalpa. — A full-grown male was taken alive on the sandhills at St. Enodoc near St. Minver, North Corn- wall, during the week ending December 20th, 1912 (C. W. B.). Near Exeter ? Gryllus domesticus.—^NTa.nga.ton, September, 1908 (P. de la Garde); considered " general in Devon." G. campestris.— Ml'. Bracken does not find it *' general in Devon," as it has been stated to be. Locustodea. Leptophyes punctatissivius. — Very abundant at Bude, and Woolacombe in North Devon, amongst herbage, brambles, &c., August, 1911, and 1912 (C. W. B.). Saltash, in Priory Garden, common, September, 1912 (C. W. B.). Shaugh Bridge, Septem- ber 23rd, 1912 (C. W. B.). Common at Churston at sugar (G. T. P.). Torquay, at sugar, August 5th to 16th, 1899. Cann Woods, frequently. Meconema thalassiniim ( = varium). — Torquay, at sugar, August 5th to 16th, 1899. Cann Woods, not common, Septem- ber 7th, 1913. Shaugh Woods, not common, September 19th, 1912. Common at Saltash, in Priory Garden, September 23rd, 1912. Brampford Speke, September, 1910 (C. W. B.). Found on oak, except in Priory Garden where it was most abundant on bay ; there were no limes in the garden, and only one oak, with high lower branches. Common at Churston and taken at sugar (G. T. P.). Conoceplialus dorsalis. — Abundant in marshy ground. Broad- lands, Churston (G. T. P.). Phasfionura viridissima. — Common generally in Devon and Cornwall. Taken at Mawgan, August, 1910 ; Loddiswell, 1904 ; Bovey, 1906 ; Bude, 1911 ; Woolacombe, 1912 (C. W. B.). Nymphs common at Beer, July, 1910 (G. T. Lyle), Common at Churston and taken at sugar (G. T. P.). Pholidoptera griseo-aptera {= cinerea). — Ivybridge, Torquay, at sugar, August 5th to 16th, 1899. Churston (G. T. P.). Bovey, August, 1906 (C. W. B.). Common at Bude in coarse 254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. herbage, August, 1911 ; similarly at Woolacombe, August, 1912; one taken at the latter place, August 8th, 1912, distinctly reddish chestnut colour (G. W. B.). Metrioptera albopunctata ( = grisea). — Torquay, at sugar, August 5th to 16th, 1899. Dawlish (Vict. History). One at Tregantle, Seiotember, 1911 (T. V. Hodgson). One at Braunton Burrows, very hght straw-colour, August 24th, 1912 (C. W. B.). M. brachyptera. — Haldon Heights. Acridiodea. Gomphocerus rufus. — Wembury ; Bolt Head. G. maculatus. — Woolacombe, opeii spaces. Stenohothrus lineatus. — Wembury. Omocestus virididus. — Perranporth, August, 1909; Woola- combe, August, 1912 (C. W. B.). 0. rvjipes.— Coast of Devon. Churston (G. T. P.). Woola- combe, August, 1912 (C. W. B.). Stauroderus bicolor. — Common everywhere, with vars. mollis purpurasceiis and nigrina (C. W. B.). Chorthippus parallelus. — Common everywhere. North and South Devon and North Cornwall (C. W. B.) ; with var. purpur- ascens (C. W. B.). Pachytylus migratorius. — Casually in Devon. P. danicus ( = cinerascens) . — Casually in Devon. Schistocerca peregrina. — Thirty taken in Plymouth, October 9th, 1869 ; the specimens in the Athenaeum Museum (G. C. Bignell). Tetrix bipunctatus. — Widemouth near Bude, North Cornwall, abundant in one field only, amongst short herbage near hedge in company with T. subidatus, August, 1911 (C. W. B.). Odd specimens at Wanson Mouth near Bude, August, 1911 (C. W. B.) Shaugh Bridge, April 1st, 1893, and Walkham Valley, June 1891 (G. C. B.). Watergate Bay near New Quay, August, 1910 and Newnham near Plympton, Sept. 1911 (C. W. B.). Abun dant in short grass on the border of Lee Woods near Woola combe. North Devon, in company with G. maculatus, August 8th 1912 (C. W. B.). T. subulatus. — As common as T. bijnmctatus in North Corn- wall, but much rarer in North Devon. Braunton Burrows, August 22nd, 1912 (C. W. B.). Bickleigh, April 22nd, 1891 (G. C. B.). Localities referred to. North Cormvall. — Watergate Bay ; Wanson Mouth ; Wide- mouth ; Bude ; Mawgau ; Perranporth. North Devon.— Near Ilfracombe ; Woolacombe ; Braunton ; Lee. Mid Devon. — Bovev. MYMAKID;E AND TRICHOGRAMMATID^E OF AUSTRALIA. 255 South Devon. — Loddiswell ; Bolt Head. Near Torquay. — Churston ; Ilaldon Heights. East Devon. — Beer ; Sidmonth Near Exeter. — Brampford Speke. South-east Cormcall. — Tregantle ; Whitsands near mouth of Tamar, on coast within fifteen miles of Plymouth ; Wembury ; Canu Woods ; Shaugh ; Bickleigh ; Plympton ; Newnham ; Walk- ham Valley ; Saltash (across River Tamar) ; Tavistock. Kingstou-on-Thames, 1913. ADDITIONS TO THE MYMARID^ AND TRICHO- GRAMMATID.E OF AUSTRALIA. By a. a. Girault. Since my treatment of these families as they occur in Australia, I have gathered some additional material, which is recorded in the following pages. 1. A New Subgenus of Mymarid^. Belonging to the subfamily Gonatocerinae, the following new subgenus : — Gonatoceroides, n. subg. Female. —The same as female Gonatoceriis in all structures, but the antennae only 10-jointed, the third funicle joint nearly as long as the pedicel, decidedly longer than either of the proximal two. Tarsi 5-jointed, abdomen subsessile. Male. — Unknown. Type. — The following species. Gonatoceroides australica, n. sp. (normal position). ■ Female. — Length, 0'80 mm. General colour dusky brown, the knees and proximal three tarsal joints, together with the cephalic femora and tibiae, pallid yellowish, the cephaHc femora dusky beneath proximad. Venation dark brown, the wings hyaline. Fore wings with a straight margin at extreme apex, moderately broad, bearing about thirty-three lines of fine discal cilia, the latter absent under the venation, excepting a line or two just under the marginal vein, and a fine, stiff, straight line along the caudal margin, running distad for some distance. Marginal cilia of fore wing short ; posterior wings narrow, not as wide as their longest marginal cilia, the extreme discal cilia confined to a few scattered ones at apex. Fourth funicle joint longest. (From one specimen, f-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and Lomb.) Male. — Not known. Described from a single female captured by sweeping in a forest near Ayr, Queensland, Novernber 7th, 1912. The species resembles closely Gonatocerus clarwini, Girault. 256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Habitat. — Australia : Ayr, Queensland. Type. — No. Hy 1273, Queensland Museum, Brisbane ; the above specimen in xylol-balsam. 2. New Habitats of Some Mymarid^. Mymar tyndalli, Girault, Proserpine, Queensland, November 3rd, 1912 ; sweeping miscellaneous vegetation and grass near a small pond in an open semi-cultivated field ; this specimen was much darker along the dorsum of thorax and distal half of abdomen ; it was also smaller. Anagrus armatus australiensis , Girault, was captured from a window at Nelson, North Queensland, November 11th, 1912; female. Also from windows at Proserpine, Queensland, November 4th, 1912; a female. Stethynium cuvieri, Girault, was captured at Nelson, North Queensland, from a window, October 19th, 1912 ; female. Gonatocerus comptei, Girault (two males), was captured at Proserpine, Queensland, November 4th, 1912, by sweeping grass, forest. Also the same species at Ayr, Queensland, represented by a female taken from a window in a smith's shop, November 6th, 1912. In this species the distal funicle joints are sometimes longer than usual, longer in relation to their width, and thus not more or less subquadrate (funicles 4-8). Stethynium larosieri (female) was captured at Ayr, Queens- land, November 7th, 1912, from a window in a smithy. The funicle joints were visible, and all are not subglobular, for the second joint is twice longer than broad and longest ; the other joints are subquadrate or subglobular. 3. Seventh New Species of Stethynium from Australia. Genus Stethynium, Enock. Stethynium latipenne, n. sp. (normal position). Male. — Length, 0-58 mm. Eobust for the genus. Lemon yellowish ; the pronotum, mesocutum excepting lateral and caudal margins and more obscurely along the median line, the tegula, the cephalic third of the parapside and all of the abdomen (including that part of the phragma projecting into it) contrasting velvety black ; antennas and legs pallid yellow, the former somewhat suffused with dusky ; distal tarsal joints dusky. Wings subhyahne. Phragma with a longitu- dinal median sulcus. Differs from all the Queensland species of the genus in bearing much broader fore wings, distinctly much broader than those of lavosieri, and bearing at their widest part about thirty lines of fine discal cilia ; longest mai'ginal cilia of fore wings somewhat over half those wings' greatest width and subequal in length to the longest cihaof the posterior wings ; the latter moderately broad, with about six lines of discal ciliation at apex, the mid-longitudinal cilia fading out not far caudad from apex. Cephalic marginal cilia of posterior wings distinctly longer than the greatest width of the blade. MYMARID/E AND TRICHOQRAMMATIDiB OF AUSTRALIA. 257 Differs from pcregvinum in general coloration, and in having the median thoracic sulcus. (From one specimen, magnified as above.) Female. — Not known. Described from a single male captured on a window at Proserpine, Queensland, November 4th, 1912. Habitat. — Australia : Proserpine, Queensland. Type.—'Ro. Hi) 1274, Queensland Museum, Brisbane ; the above specimen in xylol-balsam (mounted with a specimen of Anagrus arviatus). 4. Fifteenth Species of Gonatocerus from Australia. Genus Gonatocerus, Nees. Gonatocerus ayrensis, n. sp. (normal position). FcwiaZc— Length, 1-15 mm. Slender. Golden yellow, the head dusky black, the tip of abdomen and a narrow transverse band before it, black ; funicle and club black, the pedicel suffused somewhat with dusky ; middles of posterior femora and tibiae black. Antennas characteristic — all funicle joints long, except the first and last ; the first is only two-thirds the length of the second, which is slender and subequal to the pedicel; the distal funicle joint is only half the length of the joint preceding it, which is somewhat the longest joint of the funicle, subequal to funicle joint 5 and half the length of the long club ; the distal joint is oval. Scape long. Agrees with bacom, and may be the female of that species, but the cephalic two pairs of legs are lighter in ayrcnsis, there is no noticeable black on the thorax, and the proximal tarsal joints are longer. Also in ayrensis the scape is much longer than in baconi, but in some species of the genus this is a secondary sexual character. (From one specimen, magnified as above.) Male. — Not known. Described from one female captured from a shop window in the town of Ayr, Queensland, November 6tb, 1912. Habitat. — Australia : Ayr, Queensland. Type.—^o. Hy 1275, Queensland Museum, Brisbane; the forenoted specimen on a slide (mounted with an Aphelinoiden). 5. Some New Habitats of TRiCHOGRAMMATiDiE. Tumidiclava ciliata, Girault, Proserpine, Queensland, Novem- ber 4th, 1912, by sweeping grass in a narrow strip of jungle bordering a canal -like stream. Abbella xanthog aster, Girault, Proserpine, Queensland, November 3rd, 1912, a female by sweep- ing in the dry bed of Proserpine Kiver ; another female same place, same date, from window of a workshop in the town ; three females, November 6th, 1912, at Ayr, Queensland, from the windows of a blacksmith's shop. Abbella subjiava, Girault, Nelson (Cairns), North Queensland, October 29th, 1912, on windows. Trichogravima australicum, Girault, from window, 258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, Nelson, North Queensland, October 9th, 1912 ; and a female at Proserpine, Queensland, November 4th, 1912. Oligosita pulchra, Girault, sweeping grass near Cromarty (near Ayr), Queensland, November 8th, 1912 ; also at Ayr, November 6th, 1912, from the window of a smith's shop, a female. Oligosita sacra, Girault, from a window. Nelson, North Queensland, October 10th, 1912. Aphelinoidea hoivardii, Girault, a female, November 6th, 1912, from a window in a smithy, Ayr, Queensland. 6. A Second New Species of Abbella from Australia. Genus Abbella, Girault. Abbella mira, n. sp. (normal position). Female. — Length, 0-75 mm. Eather slender. Bright lemon- yellow, marked with velvety black as follows : — The face beneath the eyes, the pronotum, at least three large spots in a longitudinal line on each side of the distal half of the abdomen, under low magnifica- tion appearing like three transverse black stripes across the abdomen (sometimes a fourth spot near base), and a large subcrescentric sub- stigmal spot reaching half-way to the caudal wing margin and actually continued to that margin more obscurely after an inter- ruption. Otherwise as in s^ibjiava. Differs from suhflava in the larger substigmal spot and nearly complete banding of the wing, in bearing shorter marginal cilia around the fore wing, and in bearing a short oblique line of large discal cilia (4-5 cilia) from the stigmal vein partly hidden by the substigmal spot. The fore wings bear about twenty lines of discal ciliation around the apex, but only a few of the lines are very long. (From four specimens, magnified as in the preceding descriptions.) Male. — Not known. Described from four female specimens captured July 11th, 1912, at Townsville by sweeping grass ; November 6th and 7th, 1912, from windows of a smith's shop, Ayr; and on November 8th, 1912, by sweeping from the Ayr-Tov/nsville train between Cromarty and Stewart's Creek. The specimen of subjiava formerly recorded from Townsville is the foregoing female. Habitat. — Australia : Townsville, Ayr, and Stewart's Creek, North Queensland. Type. — No. Hy 1272, Queensland Museum, Brisbane ; one female on a slide (Ayr, November 6th), mounted with two specimens of A. xanthogaster. 7. Sixteenth Australian Species of Gonatocerus. Genus Gonatocerus, Nees. Gonatocerus nox, n. sp. Female. — Length, 0-75 mm. Slender. Similar to Gonatocerus cingulatus of Perkins, but the whole body uniformly sooty brownish, nearly black, coloured like most species of Anaphoidea or Anaphes ; also in the antennae, the fourth funicle joint ICHNEUMONIDiE OF THE DUBLIN MUSEUM. 259 is distinctly longer than the third, the two not subequal, as is frequent with cingulatus. Thus, a very dark brownish species with narroto fore wings. (From one specimen, similarly magnified.) Male. — Not known. Described from a female taken from windows in a blacksmith's shop in the town of Ayr, Queensland, November 7th, 1912. Habitat. — Australia : Ayr, Queensland. Type.—^o. Hy 1276, Queensland Museum, Brisbane; the above specimen in xylol-balsam (mounted with the type of Gonatoceriis fulgor, described below, and two other specimens). 8. Seventeenth Species of Gonatocerus from Australia. Genus Gonatocerus, Nees. Gonatocerus fulgor, n. sp. Male — Length, 0-90 mm. Like hrunoi, Girault, but the fore wings differ in that they are somewhat broader and shaped differently; thus they are not so regularly rounded at apex, flatter there ; the discal ciliation is noticeably denser (finer and shorter), and there are about thirty-three lines ; also the marginal ciha of both wings are somewhat shorter. The antennee are different from those of hrunoi in that the funicle joints are shorter, thus the proximal ones are barely twice longer than wide and the distal ones not more than two and a half times longer than wide. The pedicel is black, and the legs darker than those of hrunoi, more especially the posterior tibiae. Discal ciliation near apex of posterior wing moderately dense. (From one specimen, similarly magnified.) Female. — Not known. Described from one male taken from a window in a smithy at Ayr, Queensland, November 7th, 1912. The fore wings of this species approach in shape those of the broader-winged and (usually) brown members of the genus. Habitat. — Australia : Ayr, Queensland. Type. — No. Hy 1277, Queensland Museum, Brisbane ; the foregoing specimen (mounted in balsam with the type of Gonato- cerus nox and two other specimens). For the full treatment of the two families, see ' Memoirs Queensland Museum, Brisbane,' i. 1912, pp. 66-175. ON THE ICHNEUMONID^ OF THE DUBLIN MUSEUM. By Claude Morley, F.Z.S. Some slight account of the Ichneumonidse contained in the Dublin Museum, so little visited by specialists, may be of use to future students of this family, more especially in respect of the Haliday types therein contained ; the types of the species 260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. described by Haliday from South America in 1836 have ah-eady been referred to by me (Entom. 1911, p. 212) and are in the Natural History Museum, London. The specimens at Dublin may be divided into ten collections of varying size and import- ance, thus : — (1) a general museum collection, nearly entirely of Irish origin, manj^ with no data, extending to Ichneumoninge 186 specimens, plus Cryptinae 345, plus Ophioninse 446, plus Tryjjho- ninas 626, to which the Pimplinae bring a total of 869 specimens. (2) a small British collection made by Mr. Brown of quite small Hymenoptera, of which 76 are Ichneumonid^. (3) 181 German specimens, named by and acquired from Dr. Sigismund Brauns, of Mecklenburg. (4) a small collection of 91 exotic specimens, many of much interest as belonging to species not or but meagrely represented in Britain, with but some half-dozen of them given by Francis Walker to Haliday. (5) Haliday's Japanese (?) collection of sixteen specimens, set in a similar manner to that referred to by me at Entom. 1913, p. 131. (6) Haliday's Sicilian collection of sixty Mediterranean specimens, so little represented in Britain. (7) Haliday's Norwegian collection, a small one of a hundred or two specimens, evidently not taken by himself, for the mounting is extremely careless and much too bad to admit of determination ; with ten specimens from Britain and, probably. West Africa. (8) Haliday's English collection, mounted and more or less correctly named by Francis Walker : 321 specimens. (9) 173 specimens captured and localized by Walker from Broadstairs, Southampton, Lizard, Isle of Wight, Land's End, Lyme Regis, and North Wales. (10) Haliday's personal British (mainly Irish) collection, consisting of Ichneu- monintiB 127 specimens, plus Cryptinae 769, plus Pimplin^ 1011, plus Tryphoninse 1684, plus Ophioninse with total 1936 speci- mens, mainly in excellent condition, though few with definite locality, the Irish often marked by green sealing-wax on the pin- head, and the English sometimes similarly indicated by red. The total number in the Dublin Museum is about 3713 speci- mens. In this last collection were, as has several times been supposed in my * British Ichneumons,' the types of Haliday's species, described in his " New British Insects Indicated in Mr. Curtis's Guide" (Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 1839, pp. 112-121), and though none were labelled as such and many misplaced by Cane, Westwood and others, I was enabled to fix the great majority. They are as follows : — Ichneumon phaleratus {Platylahus phaleratus, Hal.) = P. leuco- grammus, Wesm. (1853). — A solitary female. Tryphon hcemosternus. — Type not found ; it was placed in the genus Polyhlastus in 1872, by Rev. T. A. Marshall, I know not upon what grounds. T. (Cteniscus) curtisii. — A solitary, unlabelled specimen. ICHNEUMONID.E OF THE DUBLIN MUSEUM. 261 Dr. A. Roman tells me {in lit. 2, ii. 1912) that this species also occurs in Sweden. T. {CtenUcus) aurifluus = Exenterm cjeniculosus, Schiod. Mag. Zool. ix. 1839, p. il nota; Holmgren et Brischke. Several females, including the type ; apparently not uncommon in Ireland. Sweden (Roman). T. (Cteniscm) j^hceorrhoeus. — k solitary male. The apical half of the abdomen is discally brick-red, with apices of the fifth and sixth segments bright flavous ; all the legs are testaceous, with only the hind coxa? nigrescent ; the clypeus, cheeks and face are flavous with a central black line down the last. In my table (Ichn. Brit. iv. 203) it should come next after Exentenis mitigosus, Grav., from which it differs in its subovate abdomen, incon- spicuous petiolar spiracles, &c. ; my record (loc. cit.) from the New Forest is an error. Sweden (Roman). Exochus antiqims.—'^o Exochid in Haliday's collection has alar areolet combined with pale frontal orbits (one fragment- head, front legs, antenna, and part of thorax — is labelled " N. S.," but its frontal orbits are not pale) ; nor can it be an Orthocentrus, which genus he knew well, for he ndimed fulvipes, spurius, ridibundus, ?LY\dflavipes, Grav., and possessed some one hundred and fifty specimens in all. E. lictor=E. decoratus, Holmgr. (1873).— A solitary female, with red-marked pin. E. pectoralis==E. decoratus, Holmgr. (1873).— A solitary male, marked " N. S.," of which the whole face and frontal orbits — not " facie orbita " only — are pale. E. talpa {Chorinmis talpa). — Type selected by me from eight specimens. [N^B — A. couple of female Microleptes splendidulus — exactly as figured in Ichn. Brit. iv. 22 — and a similar one labelled ** svlendididiLS " by Haliday, and a male — extremely like Stephens's figure of it — placed along with them, are in the collection. Roman synonymises Miomeris glabriventris^, Thorns. 0. E. xii. 1317, with this species.] Periope auscidtator. — The typical and solitary female was misplaced. Cryptus Mesochorus {Astiphrommus) atricilla. — Type neither indicated nor selectable. C. [Mesochorus) fidgurans. —Tyi^e labelled " fulgurans " in pencil on green paper. C {Mesochorus) oZenm.— Type labelled as the last ; a nomeii nudum. C. {Mesochorus) sylvarum. — Type as above ; the variety not indicated. C. {Mesochorus) complanatus and arenarius. — Types not indicated nor selectable. C. {H elides) fidvicornis. — Almost certainly Megastylus erythro- 262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. stomus, Grav. There are four of the latter in the collection, but I hesitated to select a type. C. (Helictes) cruentatus = Megastylus cruentator, Schiod. — Type selected by me from a series of nine Irish specimens ; not indicated by Haliday. C. (Helictes) varius. — Type not indicated nor selectable ; the description leaves little room for doubt that it is closely allied to Helictes coxalis, Forster. CZep^icMs.— Respecting this genus, I was able to determine nothing. Plectiscus, Pinipla (Ephialtes) senator. — Type not indicated. Pimpla {Polysphincta) phanicea. — Owned by Haliday to be a form of P. percontatoria, Miill. Acrodactyla madida. — Type (a dissected female) selected by me from nine examples of both sexes ; not indicated by Haliday. A. degener. — Type similarly selected from seven examples of both sexes. Bassus serricornis, Euceros serricornis = E. egregius, Holmgr. = Bassus peronatus, Marsh. A single pair, of which the female is the type, simply labelled " serricornis." B. {Orthocentrus) laricis. — Correctly synonymised with Stenomacrus fortipes, Thorns, in Ichn. Brit. Type not indicated, Por'izon linguarim. — Type neither jndicated nor selectable ; P. moderator and P. dissimilis are the only species of the genus named by Haliday. Atractodes, Grav. — Of this difficult genus are nearly two hundred specimens in the collection. A. incessor = Exolytus Icevigatus. — Type labelled " incessor." A. dionceus. — Type not indicated; probably a form of the last. A. scrutator =■ E. Icevigatus. — Type labelled " scrutator." A. vestalis. — A very long series; type labelled "vestalis." The species is now known as tenebricosus, Grav. A. albo-vinctus. — This species is not now contained in the collection at all. A. arator. — Type specifically labelled. A. salius. — Type not named, and cannot now be fixed. A. exilis. — Type not named nor selectable with certainty; sexes appear transposed. A. croceicornis. — Type labelled with the MS. name " simu- lans." A. piceicornis. — Type not named, and cannot be fixed. A.fumatus. — Type labelled specifically. A. eidtellaior =foveolatus, Grav., which latter Haliday mis- understood. A solitary female, carded, unlabelled. A. citator. — Type not to be fixed. A. properator = Callidiotes {Mesatractodes, Mori.), luridator, Grav. = coxator, Grav. LIFE-HISTORY OF HESPERIA LINF.A (= TIIAUMAS). 263 Lampronota fracticornis. — Doubtless = L. melancholica, though a type cannot be fixed among the nme examples m the collection. L. crenicornis = L. caligata. — Type (a dissected male) selected by me from twelve English and Irish males and females. L. denticornis = L. accusator, Fab., as I anticipated in 1908; female type selected by me from a single pair. Unfortunately I had no time to examine the remainder of the Parasitic Hymenoptera with any care ; there are far more Braconidtc than Ichneumonid^e, with no types yet excavated from the general chaos. Among the ChalcididnB I discovered a little group of specimens, named in Walker's caligraphy, which I believe to be part of the types of his Mon. Chalcid. ; and further investigation should yield much of interest in both these families and the Proctotrypida3, of which Haliday also wrote between 1833 and 1839. LIFE-HISTORY OF HESPERIA LINE A {= TRAUMAS). By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. (Continued from vol. xlv. p. 256.) The young larvae which hatched from the eggs and spun themselves up for hibernation during the first week of August, 1912, commenced emerging from their hibernacula on April 16th, 1913, by eating their way out of the cocoons, and shortly after fed on the tender blades of grass. One was separated from the rest and kept isolated for the purpose of observation, to which the following descriptions refer. After each meal it rested lying along the centre of the blade ; after feeding two or three times it spun two cords of silk from edge to edge of the blade, drawing them partly together, in which it lived. On the seventh day six cords were spun across the blade. The first moult took place on May 6th, twenty days after hibernation. After first moult, the ground colour is very pale greenish- ochreous, greenest over the middle segments. Head ochreous, clypeus darker, eye- spots dark ; surface granular, sparsely sprinkled with little black knobbed processes ; the body has a granulated surface resembling lizard skin, and is beset with tiny black stud-like knobs. A medio-dorsal green line extends from the head to the eleventh segment, which is uniformly pale ochreous without any markings, and beset laterally with sharply- pointed simple white hairs ; the medio-dorsal line is edged with light ochreous ; a fine subdorsal whitish line edged with green ; 264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the spiracles are outlined with dark brown ; legs and claspers ochreous. There is no dorsal collar on the first segment as in the previous stage. Second moult, May 19th, the second stage occupying thirteen days. After second moult it measures 7 mm. long ; ground colour bright green ; a medio-dorsal darker green stripe bordered by a pale yellowish line ; a fine subdorsal whitish line bordered on each side by a darker green line, and a whitish lateral line. The head is light greenish-ochreous, clypeus and medio-frontal line darker and continuous with the body stripe, eye-spots black ; the surface is finely granular and sprinkled with minute black points. The body is likewise granular, and is beset with minute stud-like j)rocesses ; the anal segment is fringed with whitish hairs. The ventral surface is flattened. If disturbed when out of its dwelling it falls to the ground and rolls in a complete ring, remaining so for a short time. Third moult. May 27th. After third moult measuring 14 mm. long. Head very pale whitish-ochreous-green, with a slightly darker central band con- tinuous with the medio-dorsal stripe, clypeus very indistinct, otherwise it is similar to previous stage ; the pale spiracles are placed on a very fine pale line. Fourth moult, June 6th. After the fourth and last moult, fully grown, the larva measures 21 mm. long. The head is globular, the surface reti- culated and sprinkled with minute white bristles, eyes dark ; the colour is ochreous-green with a slightly darker green band down the centre, but very faint. The body is swollen in the middle, tapering at the ends, the first segment is small and narrow, the anal segment terminating in a projecting flap, the segments subdivided into six divisions, the first one being much the widest ; the ground-colour is grass-green with a rather darker green longitudinal medio-dorsal band intersected by a central paler line, and bordered on either side by a pale yellowish line, and a similar subdorsal line ; the small yellow spiracles are situated on a fine pale line followed by a conspicuous yellowish-white lateral stripe, the ventral surface is darker green, on each clasper is a whitish crescentic mark. The first and last segments are wholly green. The legs fleshy-ochreous. Between the ninth to tenth and tenth to eleventh segments is a ventral patch of white waxy substance. The larva became fully grown and spun up for pupation on June 15th, and pupated June 17th. The larval state occupying 311 days. The pupa varies in length from 16 mm. to 19 mm. long. It is slender and tapering. Dorsal view : The head bears a short frontal conical point, LIFE-HISTORY OF HESPBRIA LINEA (= TIIATJMAS). 265 from the base of which the head slopes off to the rather pro- minent eyes ; across the neck it is shghtly contracted ; base of wings rather swollen, and very slightly narrowed across the middle ; the abdomen gradually tapering to the long cremastral horn, which is furnished with a cluster of projecting amber- coloured hooks. Lateral view : Head rounded with a central conical point ; thorax rounded, which is the greatest diameter of the pupa ; slightly sunken at the metathorax, the abdomen gradually tapering to anal segment, which terminates in a long flattened cremaster with a cluster of hooks only at the extremity ; the ventral surface forms almost a straight line. The long tongue- case, which is free from the apex of wings, reaches to the anal segment. The whole surface is granular and covered thickly with white powdery bloom of a waxy nature. On the head-horn are a few fine whitish bristles. Colouring : Immediately after pupation the head, thorax, and basal half of wings are pure rich brilliant green ; the apical half of wings paler ; the abdomen yellow-green ; the terminal detached portion of tongue-case is deep ochreous ; the cremaster and head-point flesh-colour. It is striped longitudinally like the larva. By slow degrees the colouring matures and loses the brilliancy ; the abdomen becomes whiter, and the wings and thorax duller. When seven days old the head is green, spread with a pinkish bloom, the frontal point deeper lilac-pink ; thorax grass-green ; wings greyer green ; abdomen whitish-yellow-green with a medio- dorsal longitudinal grass-green stripe, the last two segments fading into pale lilac ; cremaster darker. Just before emergence the pupa assumes a dull smoky-black, segmental divisions pale greenish, and wings dark copper-red. It is attached to the grass-blades by a cincture round the middle and by the cremastral hooks to a pad of silk spun on the surface of the blades ; usually three or four blades are spun together forming a tubular shelter in which the pupa is more or less concealed. The pupal period extends from twelve to seventeen days, according to temperature. The individual described, which pupated on June 17th, pro- duced a male imago on July 4th, remaining seventeen dajs in the pupa. One that pupated July 3rd, 1912, emerged July 16th (a female), remained thirteen days in pupa. Another which pupated on July 10th, emerged on July 22nd, also a female, was twelve days in the pupal state. ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER. 1913. 0,66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. BY THE WAY. " What is the ox-warble fly ? " The question raised quite a flutter of excitement in the Mother of Parliaments this afternoon [July 10th, 1913]. Mr. Chas, Bathurst, who is a great authority on all matters agricultural, in the course of a question to the Vice-President of the Irish Board of Agriculture, suggested that this quaintly-named creature caused great devastation to hives. That propensity did not arouse the languid interest of the Irish, although it appeared to have the support of the Chief Secretary for Ireland, who answered the question. Mr. Bathurst was not only anxious about what the ox-warble fly does, but he was gravely concerned because the English and Irish Boards of Agriculture gave entirely different accounts of its life history. The House pricked up its ears at this suggestion of division in Ministerial circles, and awaited with some interest Mr. Birrell's answer to the supplementary question. Mr. Birrell was equal to the occasion. " This sort of thing often happens in bio- graphy, " said the right hon. gentleman, resuming his seat amid much laughter, and a determination on the part of many members to " read up " at an early opportunity all about " the ox-warble fly. " . . . . Many Londoners will be cheered to-day by the grateful intelligence that Boxhill, one of the beauty spots of outer London, has been saved from the jerry-builder. The announce- ment was made this afternoon by Sir Robt. Hunter at a meeting of the National Trust. It would appear that a public benefactor in the person of a gentleman who modestly desires to remain anonymous has made an offer to purchase a part of. the mag- nificent estate upon which Boxhill stands and to present it to the Trust for the use of the public. For generations now Boxhill has been one of the most appreciated pleasure haunts of Londoners. It lies within a short distance of Dorking, and the public have for generations been allowed to roam over its heights and enjoy its delightful vistas of Surrey, Hampshire, and Sussex. — (Daily Paper.) C. M. ^ NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS. 'Note on Parasites of Hygeochroa syringaria. — In the August number of the ' Entomologist ' (vol. xlvi. p. 245) I notice that a letter written by Dr. E. R. Buckle to Mr. Claude Morley has been appended to my description of a new species of Metcorus (Braconidge), M. niger. As this letter appears in one or two respects to be at variance with the description, perhaps I may be allowed a few words of explanation. Dr. Buckle mentions that the larvoD of Hygrochroa NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 267 syringana which he liad under observation hung themselves from tho food-plant or roof of the breeding-cage by a thread, and that next day a larva so suspended was found to have a pupa-case of an ichneumon suspended from it. The letter reads as if this occurred with all the thirty larvoa mentioned by the writer. Although I have known a similar instance myself, it must not be taken that such is usually the case. In the ordinary way the parasitic larva emerges from the host when the latter is resting on a branch or leaf of the food-plant, attaching itself to the pabulum before quite severing connection with the host. When confined in a breeding-cage, the slightest jar causes the larvae of II. syringaria to drop, as described by Dr. Buckle, and it is easy to see that when weakened by the presence of a parasite they may be unable to climb back, and that consequently the parasitic larva is obliged to emerge when the host is in this unusual position. In a state of nature such a thing must be of rare occurrence. To quote from the letter: " The fly emerged by cutting off a circular cap from the lower end of the pupa-case, or, in a few cases, by eating a rather irregular hole through the side of the case." Now, with 31. niger, as with all other Meteoridse with which I am acquainted, the fly invariably removes a circular cap, the irregular holes that Dr. Buckle describes were no doubt made by hyperparasites, probably a species of Hemitelcs or Mesochorus. Again, to quote : " The darkest specimens, the males, all came out first ; and then the rather softer-bodied females, which had a yellowish patch in the center of the dorsal surface of the abdomen." In M. nigcr the female is quite as dark as her mate, not one of the hundred or so specimens I have examined showing any sign of such a yellowish patch as mentioned. In some species of Mesochorus, however, which I have bred hyperparasitically through Meteoridae, such markings are usual, so that I think if Dr. Buckle will re-exaiTiine his specimens, he will find that he has confused the parasite with the hyperparasite. McsocJwrus is, of course, widely removed from Meteorus, though in size the parasite and hyperparasite agree. In the study of the Parasitica, the snares and pitfalls set for the expe- rienced student are very numerous ; for the novice or unwary observer their name is legion. — G. T. Lyle ; Brockenhurst, August 8th, 1913. Araschnia levana at Cardiff. — Your correspondent Mr. T. Butt Ekins would be well advised to compare the insect which he assumes to be A. levana with the Continental spring form of this butterfly. Possibly, misled by the description in the text-book quoted, he has mistaken Hamearis (Nevieobius) lucina for levana, which, by the way, is not a " fritillary " at all. It has, I believe, never been reported British, even in the imaginative days of the " Kentish Cabinet " ; but it is difficult to understand why this species, which is not uncommon on the opposite side of the Channel, in the north-east departments of France, should not be indigenous or have established itself in our southern woods. It does not occur in tho north-west of France, or Brittany, for example ; but in the Nord is reported from the Forest of Mormal (Le Roi) ; and my correspondent M. Postel, of Foncqueyillers, Pas-de-Calais, informs me that it is 2G8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. common in the department of the Somme at Aveluy, occmTing also at Mailley-Maillet, and Coigneux. If Mr. Butt Ekins has not already determined the species of his captm^e and cares to send it to me for inspection I shall be happy to identify the same ; or I will send him, with pleasure, a specimen of the French levana, first brood. — H. Eowland-Brown ; Oxhey Grove, Harrow- Weald, August 18th, 1913. Geometea veenaria in Scotland. — While collecting at dusk I netted a specimen of Geometra vernaria, and was surprised to find on referring to ' Moths of the British Isles ' that this species is practically unknown up here. I shall be glad to know if there is any other instance of one of this species having been captured in Argyllshire or as far north as this. — James N. Sloon ; Blairbeg, Blaiimore, Argyllshire. I^ITHOSIA LUTARELLA PYGMJilOLA IN NORPOLK. — While collecting recently on the sandhills at Winterton, Norfolk, I took four speci- mens of Lithosia lutarella var. pygmceola, one at sugar on a bunch of marram heads, the others at rest on the marram grass. Two were taken on August 11th and two on August 14th. The weather at the time was unfavourable for collecting, the wind blowing steadily from the north-east, so that I had no opportunity of judging how plentiful pygmcBola really is in what I imagine to be a hitherto unknown locahty. — Francis H. Lyon ; 89, Clarence Gate Gardens, London, N.W. Cyaniris argiolus ova on Portugal Laurel. — On May 27th I noticed Cyaniris argiolus ovipositing on Portugal Laurel. I found two ova at the base of the terminal buds of two flowering sprays. Larvae from these hatched out on June 5th, and are feeding up well. There is plenty of holly in the garden. — (Eev.) C. A. Sladen ; Alton Barnes Eectory, Pewsey, Wilts, June 24th, 1913. Ccenocalpe vittata (Phibalapteryx lignata). — On June 16th and 17th I caught a few specimens of P. lignata locally, from which I obtained a small batch of ova. I placed the ova on Galium verum and the larvae commenced to emerge on June 28th. The first opportunity I had of counting the larvie I found thirty-seven about half-grown ; they fed up very well, showing a preference for the buds and flowers of the bedstraw. The first of the larvte pupated on July 18th, and the remainder during the next five or six days ; they spun up amongst the food plant mainly, while a few made slight cocoons on the surface of the sand. The moths — nineteen males and eighteen females— emerged upon the following dates : July 31st, eight; August 1st, eleven; August 2nd, ten; August 3rd, four; August 4th, four = nineteen males, eighteen females ; all fine speci- mens except two (slightly crippled). I have a good lot of ova from a pairing and hope to carry on a further brood. Perhaps I should add in conclusion, these have been reared in my greenhouse. — W. A. Tyeeman ; Chesterfield Koad, Ainsdale, Southport, August 5th, 1913. CoLiAS EDUSA IN IsLE OF WiGHT.- — On August 14th I captured two male specimens of G. edusa at Whitecliffe Bay, near St. Helens, Isle of Wight. Is this part of a summer brood or a summer immi- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 269 gration ? — A. Capel Morris ; Brookfield, Binstead Road, Ryde, I.W., August 15th, 1913. CoLiAs EDUSA IN EssEX. — Mr. A. Luvoni informs us that at Westdiff, Essex, he captured seventeen specimens of Golias edusa during the second and third weeks in August of this year. Both sexes were represented in about equal proportion. COLIAS EDUSA IN HaNTS, WeST SuSSEX, AND NoTTS. — C. CchlSa is about this year. I have seen a dozen or so, and caught a beautiful example of var. lielice. — (Major) R. B. Robertson ; Hillingbury Cottage, Chandler's Ford, Hants, August 23rd, 1913. On August 5th last I saw here a specimen of C. edusa. It was in good condition. — W. M. Christy ; Watergate, Emsworth. I captured a male specimen of G. edusa in the Blidworth district, Notts, on August 20th. — John Randle ; Annesley Road, Hucknall, Notts. COLIAS EDUSA AND DaSYPODA HIRTIPES IN SuSSEX. — I took a female specimen of Golias edusa near Shoreham, Sussex, on August 7th. A few days later the species was quite common ; at one time I noticed three sporting together. In a sandy spot near the sea I noticed a colony of the Hairy Bee {Dasypoda liirtipes), which were burrowing holes in the sand to a considerable depth. — W. Paskell; 85, Second Avenue, Manor Park, E., August 19th, 1913. HeLIOTHIS PELTIGERA AND AciDALIA FUMATA IN HAMPSHIRE. — I have to record the capture by myself of Acidalia fumata and Heliothis i^eltigera on Hayling Island, June 25th and 27th respec- tively. Both moths were females, and each deposited a number of fertile ova. — A. T. Postans ; 55, Raglan Street, Southsea, Hants, July 21st, 1913. Gelechia velocella at Wanstead. — Until Wednesday last I had never met with more than five or six specimens of this local moth, but on this occasion, when crossing a dry piece of meadow land, I noticed the second brood in abundance amongst the dried-up stems of its food-plant [Bumex acetosclla). I managed, after many attempts, to box a couple for verification. This is the most active member of the genus with which I am acquainted. Duponchel certainly gave it a most appropriate name ! — A. Thurnall ; August 1st, 3913. Selidosema ericetaria (plumaria) in Scotland. — As I notice that so recent an authority as Barrett states that Selidoseina plumaria has not been observed in Scotland, it may be of interest to record that I found it early this month in several localities at the west end of Loch Shiel in Argyllshire. It occurred usually at a moderate elevation, and rested on the rocks in company with Anaitis plagiata and Dasydia obfuscaria, from the latter of which it was difficult to distinguish on the wing. — C. N. Hughes; 3, Wyndham Place, Bryanston Square, W., August 16th, 1913. Crymodes exulis assimilis at Braemar. — I have much pleasure in recording the capture of a specimen of Grymodes exulis var. assimilis at Braemar in July last. With the exception of a piece 270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. out of the inner angle of the left front wing it is in very fair con- dition. Although it seemed an ideal night for sugaring, there was only one other insect (an Hadcena adusta) on the whole of my patch. Mr. Arthur Home, of Aberdeen, kindly identified it for me, and his decision was confirmed by Mr. J. P. Mutch, of Hornsey Eoad. — KoLAND G. Benton ; Muswell Hill, N. Deiopeia pulchella in Derbyshire. — May I bring to your notice the capture of a female Deiopeia pulchella. The moth was taken on June 14th by a member of the Trent College Nat. Hist. Soc, and was beaten out of laurel bushes in the college grounds. It is not a good specimen, probably owing to the buffetings received on its long journey. I believe there are very few, if any, records of the capture of Deiopeia pulchella in a locality so far from the sea as Trent, and, so far as I know, it is some years since it was taken at all in England. — H. H. Wallis ; Trent College, Derbyshire, July 24th, 1913. RECENT LITEEATURE. The Remarkable Life-history of a neio Family {Micromalthidce) of Beetles. By Herbert S. Barber, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. In this paper, which has just appeared in the ' Proceedings ' of the Biological Society of Washington (vol. xxvi. pp. 159-190, August 8th, 1913), Mr. Barber has given a further account"'' of his very inte- resting observations on the life-history of a little North American beetle, Micromalthus debilis, Lee. Although some of the most important stages in the life-history have not yet been observed, the facts already brought to light are more than sufficient to justify the claim that the life-history of this beetle is " the most remarkable in the Coleoptera, if not one of the most remarkable in the whole class Insecta." Micromalthus " combines in its life cycle — eggs by two methods of reproduction, seven or eight forms of larvae, adults through two distinct lines of larvae, oviparous paedogenesis and vivi- parous paedogenesis." The larvae live in rotten wood, and amongst them one form was observed which was more robust than the others, and appeared to be almost free from segmentation ; this gave birth to a numlDer of living young — minute white larvae, distinguished by having long slender legs of the Caraboid type : that is, with a distinct tarsal segment provided with two claws at the end. These larvae constitute a sort of migratory stage. They crawl away and wander for a time, then start burrowing in the wood, feed a little, and after a week or so moult into the second form, which is legless and much resembles a Cerambycid larva. A^fter one or two more moults the Cerambycoid larva either rarely pupates, or usually moults, dis- closing the paedogenetic form. After a period of about two weeks the young, numbering from three or four to thirty or forty, but usually about ten, are born, tail first, and begin the new generation. Certain individuals of the paedogenetic form, however, do not develop ^' A preliminary account appeared earlier this year (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, xv. No. 1). RECENT LITKRATURE. 271 embryos, and of these many die apparently barren, but others void, through the vulva, instead of several migratory or " caraboid " young, a single, large, soft, oval egg, which adheres to the side of the mother, and hatches in eight or ten days into a first stage larva utterly unlike the previous forms, and which much resembles a weevil larva in appearance. This larva feeds on the contents of the mother's body, and when full-fed changes into another form of larva having short, stumpy, three-jointed legs, and later pupates. It appears that from the pupa3 thus derived only male beetles are developed, whereas from the pupie derived directly from the Cerambycoid form of larvae only female beetles emerge. If subsequent observation confirm these results, we shall be faced with some extremely inte- resting facts indeed. Mr. Barber has not yet succeeded in getting the male and female beetles to pair, and has therefore not been able to observe the stages following upon the ordinary sexual mode of reproduction. He hopes to give a complete account of the extra- ordinary life-history of this beetle at a later date. We shall await it with the keenest interest. The Life-history of Panorpa klugi, McLach. (Journal of Coll. of Agric. Univ. of Tokyo, vol. iv. No. 2). By T. Miyake. Pp. 117-139, and 2 plates shewing larva and pupa, and structural details. Tokyo, 1912. In 1863 Brauer gave a life-history of Panorjm based on observa- tion of several European species. In 1895 Felt gave the result of his observations of the larval stage of the American insect, Panorpa rufesceyis. In the present paper Miyake is able to give the com- plete life-history of a Japanese species, Panorpa klugi. Enderlin places this and other Japanese species in a new genus, Aulops, but Miyake, after his work on this insect, does not consider the separa- tion justified. Our author gives a description of his breeding-cages, and especially the method employed for keeping the interior damp without excess of moisture. He fed his larvae on wounded or dead insects, since meat was not found to be satisfactory. The eggs were first put in Petri dishes, and great care was necessary to preserve both eggs and larvae from vegetable and animal parasites and other foes. Although eases have been mentioned of Panorpa preying on living insects, Miyake considers, and no doubt correctly, that such an occurrence is very exceptional, and that the food consists of dead or injured or even partially decayed insects. They sometimes feed on vegetable matter, e.g. petals of Sileiie armeria. After describing copulation, egg-laying, and eggs, Miyake gives a full description of the larva. The egg stage lasts about a week, and he concludes that the larva undergoes seven moults in ten to fifteen days, but the last stage lasts over a month. There are changes in the spiracles, also seven in number. The full account of larval habits is interesting reading. The pupa is free in its burrow, and this stage lasts six or seven days for the first brood. In his cages Miyake found that the females often lived more than a month, but the total length of life may be longer in natural conditions. Eggs 272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. care laid in May or June, and again in August or September. Conse- quently there are two broods a year, and this seems to be the case with P. germanica in Britain — sometimes, at any rate. The winter is passed by the larva, in its last larval stage, in the burrow. Two excellent plates illustrate the earUer stages of the insect. Miyake concludes his paper with the description of a subspecies, nigra, of which apparently P. nipponensis and P. brachijpennis are only other forms. ^y j Lucas. The North American Dragonflies of the Genus ^shna (University of Toronto Studies, Biological Series). By E. M. Walker, B.A., M.B. Pp. 213. Toronto, 1912. There has for a long time been a difference of opinion as to the spelling of the name of this genus. jEschna is generally used in Europe, and will probably continue to be used, especially as the change to JEshna would introduce a difficulty in connection with compounds such as Amphiceschna. This matter is, however, un- important in face of the excellent monograph of the North American members of the genus which Mr. Walker has produced. Throughout the work it is very obvious that our author is an experienced field naturalist, and we are therefore not surprised to find some lifty-six pages devoted to the biology and bionomics of the American ^schnas. The entomologist, therefore, who takes a com- prehensive view of his science (although he may not study dragon- flies in particular) will wish to inspect this monograph. Following these introductory pages are full, elaborate keys for the identification of both males and females, and in addition such nymphs as are known to science. Each species is then most fully treated, and the distribution, habits, relationships, and so on, are not forgotten. Of North American .^schnas, there are sixteen species, according to Walker, with four forms to JE. interrupta, and two to_a'E'. itmbrosa. In Europe there are nine, while in Britain we have six. Of these one species, ^. juncea, is common to Europe and North America, this being a British species also. After a list of works cited, we come to the plates, twenty-eight in number, six illustrating the abdomens of the imagines being coloured. All are excellent. Though we possess but six ^schnas to the North American sixteen, yet it is evident from the plates alone that there is much less diversity among the American species than amongst our own. Across the Atlantic there are none that resemble our ^. grandis and ^. isosceles. Mr. Walker mentions an interesting observation of yE. constricta ovipositing in the stem of a sweet-flag [Acor^ts calamus) some two and a half feet above the water. He thinks the eggs fall out as the plant withers. On one occasion I saw a Platycnemis pemiipes to all appearance ovipositing in the stem of a yellow water-lily flower some inches above the surface. If eggs were laid, they would later have been brought below the surface, when, after flowering, the fruit came down to water-level, as is the custom with this plant. Is it not necessary for the eggs to remain moist ? ^y j Lucas. THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS. J, T. C:::JI^OOI5LE5TT dk^ SOKT 1; ( lisT.VUr.lStlLlI LSI/,. Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus and Appliances. And Dealers in all kinds ot Specimens for Enlomolosists, Botanists, Oruitliologists, Geologists, ^Mineralogists, Numismatists, Conchoiogists, &c., and for the nse of Lecturers, Science Teachers, Colleges, Students, d. Subrosea (types), os., und many more. Sele&tionson approval. loO S2iecies of preserved larva about half usual rates. A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. The Entomologist, October, 1913. Plate XI. BERLESE INSECT COLLECTING FUNNEL. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVL] OOTOBEE, 1913. [No. 605 THE BERLESE FUNNEL. By C. B. Williams, B.A., F.E.S. (Plate XI.) It is remarkable that so little use has been made in this country of the interesting piece of apparatus invented by Berlese, in Italy, for collecting minute insects from soil, moss, or other similar materials. Although initially a little expensive, it is so simple to use and so efficient in collecting that it should appeal to all who take any interest in the smaller insects, Acarids, and other Arthropods. The apparatus (Plate xi.) consists essentially of a double walled metal funnel (fig. a), with a fine mesh sieve across the top and a tube leading to a small bottle at the bottom. The space between the two walls of the funnel is filled nearly to the top with water, which is kept warm by means of a small ring burner.* The material to be examined is broken up, if necessary, and spread out on the sieve, when the numerous small animals which it contains, moving downwards towards the warmth and away from the light, pass through the holes in the sieve, slip down the sides of the funnel and fall into the bottle at the bottom. The dimensions of the apparatus shown on the plate are as follows ; — Total height on stout iron tripod stand, 3 ft. 4 in. ; outside diameter of funnel, 24 in. ; depth of funnel, 20 in. ; space between the two walls at the top, 2 in. ; the tray sieve which rests in the top of the funnel is 3 in. deep and has a projecting lip (fig. b) to prevent any rubbish getting down between it and the funnel. The tube at the bottom, leading out ''•'• In the plate the burner is shown attached to a retort stand. This, of course, is unnecessary, as it could easily be fixed to one of the legs of the stand. ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1913. Y 274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of the funnel, is 1 in. in diameter.* The sieve itself consists of perforated zinc with holes 1 mm. {^^ in.) in diameter. The total cost in stout sheet zinc with an iron stand was a little over .£2 ; copper would be more lasting, but corres- pondingly expensive. The measurements could, of course, be altered to suit circumstances, and for general purposes one rather smaller than the above, about 18 in. in diameter, would be most con- venient, while one even smaller than this would be quite useful. The water in the funnel should be kept at a temperature of about 105-110° F., when the greater part of the catch will come through in the first twenty-four hours. If the raw material is plentiful, it is best to put in a fresh supply at this point, but if there is only a little of it to hand, or if it is for any reason required to examine more thoroughly any one lot, it may be left in several days. For ordinary purposes 70 % alcohol is the most convenient material to put in the bottle, but any fixing fluid may be used, while, if plain water be used many of the insects will remain alive until examined. For this it is most convenient to turn it out into a watchglass or shallow dish, and by examining under a dissecting microscope, any desired specimen can be removed with a fine pipette. A certain amount of rubbish or small particles of soil always comes through the sieve, especially from such materials as soil and peat, moss on the contrary giving practically none. Almost anything that will go into the sieve may be examined : soil, moss, garden rubbish, dead leaves, decaying wood, peat, grass, seaweed, birds' nests, &c., while to give an idea of the variety of material obtained, I may mention the following : — Small worms ; shells ; woodlice ; spiders ; chelifers ; Acarids (in profusion, especially Orobatidae) ; Miriapoda (Chilognatha, Diplopoda, Symphyla, Pauropoda) ; Protura; Thysanura (espe- cially Campodeidae) ; Collembola (in profusion) ; Aphaniptera (from birds' nests) ; Thysanoptera ; Psocidse ; Aphids ; Psyllids; ]3ymenoptera (ants, winged and wingless Chalcids, Prototripids, &c.) ; small caterpillars ; Coleoptera (Staphylinidre, small Carabidffi, Trichopterygidae, &c., and numbers of larvae); Diptera (of all sorts, including wingless forms and numbers of larvae). In fact, there is scarcely any group of insects of which repre- sentatives are not at some time found. The John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton, Surrey. * Care should be taken that in the making there is no projecting inside at the joint of the funnel and the tube, which would prevent things slipping past into the bottom. 275 COMPLETION OF the LIFE-HISTORY of MELANARGIA JAPYGIA suBSP. SUWAROVIUS. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S., and the Hon. N. Charles Rothschii.d, M.A., F.L.S. il/. suwarovius depositing. In a previous article* we gave an account of the habits of Melanargia japygia subsp. suwaroviun, and described the egg, the larva before its first moult, the adult larva, and the pupa. In the present paper some further details are recorded concerning the habits of this insect, and descriptions of the remaining stages are given. On June 19th at 11 a.m. a female' was observed depositing at Puszta Peszer. The butterfly flew from a thistle bloom in one of the flat open spaces to a " buczka " (sandhill), and alighted on a blade of Festuca glauca var. scahrifoUa, very rapidly sliding over to the position shown in the drawing, the weight of the ' Entomologist,' vol. xlv. No. 592, pp. 1-5. 1912. y2 276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. insect causing the grass to bend over. The butterfly held on to the grass by the hind legs only, the middle pair being folded across the thorax. By this device the abdomen is brought as close as possible to the grass blade. The insect then curved its abdomen almost in a circle and deposited two eggs, touching each other on the grass parallel to the longer axis of the grass blades. As the butterfly flew up the grass went back with a jerk. Again, on June 23rd about noon, six females of this butterfly were observed depositing. They all assumed the attitude already described. Two of the females deposited respectively a single egg and two eggs on the inflorescence of Koeleria gracilis. A third deposited two eggs on the inflorescence of Poa pratensis. A fourth, four eggs on a blade of Stipa (probably capillata), laid in a row touching each other, and parallel to the longer axis of the blade. A fifth, a single egg on a flower stalk of Asperula ajnanchica. The sixth female deposited five eggs on a plant of wild asparagus {A. officinalis), again laid in a row, and all touching each other. In our previous article we recorded the fact that a female had been observed by Miss Wertheimstein to deposit on Festuca sulcata, and that the larva had been found feeding on this plant. On August 23rd, 1912, the various plants of different grasses containing the eggs deposited between June 10th and July 5th were carefully examined, and to our surprise we found several larvae had been feeding, and were considerably grown and green in colour, the grass selected by the larvffi being Poa annua, although they were supplied with different kinds of Festuca and other grasses. They had eaten large pieces out of the edges of the P. annua blades. All the young larvae in our possession hitherto had immedi- ately entered into hibernation upon emergence from the egg. The larvae were in various stages, several had apparently only just started feeding; a large number were perfectly quiet, resting close to the egg shells, and had neither eaten nor moved since hatching. Also many were resting on the dead Festuca blades, which they closely resemble in colour. Upon placing a number of larvae on fresh plants potted up, some pots containing mixed plants of Festuca and P. annua, we noticed some of the larger larvae almost immediately started feeding on the P. annua. On August 29th one larva had fixed for moulting, and moulted the first time on September 1st, 1912. Shortly before first moult it measures 4-75 mm. long. The ground colour is a clear light green, with fine medio-dorsal, sub- dorsal, spiracular and lateral olive-brown lines, and a broad super-spiracular stripe of the same colour. Head and legs pale ochreous-greenish, claspers green. COMPLETION OF LIFE-HISTORY OF MELANARGIA JAPYGIA. 277 After first moult (forty-five days after) it is G'35 mm. long. The head is green, roughly granular, and studded with whitish hairs, each with a translucent bulbous base. The body is glaucous- green, with olive-brown longitudinal lines ; the medio-dorsal line is clearly defined and bordered by a fine whitish-green line ; the super-spiracular stripe is broad and suffused, darkest along the up})er edge and bordered below by a whitish lateral line ; immediately above the black spiracles is a fine pale green line intersecting the sufl'used band ; there is also a fine sub-dorsal brown line ; above the claspers is a fine brown line. The anal points are whitish. The body is rather densely sprinkled with slightly carved simple brownish hairs with black bases above the spiracles, while those covering the sub-spiracular and ventral surface are whitish with pale bases. The legs and claspers are green. Several of those which fed during the autumn survived hibernation and started feeding at the beginning of March, 1913. After feeding occasionally for a few days, the first one fixed itself for the second moult on March 9th, and moulted March 15th. This individual on March 31st (after second moult) measured 8*47 mm. long and somewhat stout in proportion, and very similar in all details to the previous stage. The head pale green, deeply pitted with darker green, which gives to the naked eye a rather ochreous-greeu appearance. It rests in a straight attitude, and feeds both by day and night. Other examples moulted a second time during latter part of March. The same specimen moulted the third time on April 21st, being thirty-seven days in the third stage. After third moult (seven days after) it measures 15 mm. long. Excepting having paler coloured spiracles, greenish legs, and less prominent points on the head, it is exactly similar in all details to its subsequent stage — i. e. after the fourth and last moult, previously described in this Journal. The fourth moult occurred on May 16th, the fourth stage lasting twenty-five days. It became fully grown at the end of May, and pupated during the first week of June. The larval existence extended between ten and eleven months. The imago, a fine male, emerged July 4th, the pupal stage occupying a month. In Hungary the normal time of appearance is about the middle of June. The climate of England is entirely different from that of Hungary, the summer being moist and cool instead of very dry and very hot, and the winter moist and warm rather than dry and very cold. Our observations, carried out in this country in 1912 and 1913 on the larvte of siiwarovius, show that the majority of the young larvae hibernate without feeding directly after emergence from the egg, but a few of them after remaining motionless for four or five weeks commenced to feed, moult, and hibernate after the first moult. 278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. So far only those larvae (i. e. those which fed before hibernation) have survived in England, all the rest dying during hibernation or just after. In Hungary it is possible that the larv£e have similar habits. The fact that the eggs are deposited on many plants, some of which cannot possibly be food-plants of the larvae, seems to indicate that the larvae hibernate without feeding, rest- ing during the late summer and autumn on the plants where the eggs were deposited, until they are ultimately beaten down by the snow. It is, however, by no means certain that the young larvae may not after a time leave the spot where the egg was deposited, and commence feeding before hibernation. Finally, it may be possible that Nature has devised a plan to avoid the dangers in the summer of a drought, and that some of the larvae hibernate without feeding at all, and some commence to feed before hibernation, if the grasses are not already too much dried up. A BEIEF VISIT TO MALACCA. By J. C. MouLTON, B.Sc, F.R.G.S., Curator of the Sarawak Museum. I SUPPOSE everyone who has pretensions to the title of entomologist has read Wallace's 'Malay Archipelago,' and while some may probably regard the chapter on Celebes as their favourite, others will read with renewed interest and delight the chapters on the Orang-utan of Borneo or on the Bn-ds of Paradise of New Guinea ; a few others, more fortunate, may have been to Malaya and seen some of the very places visited by the famous naturalist now nearly sixty years ago. Having had occasion to pay a brief visit to Malacca lately, I thought perhaps a few notes might be of interest to readers of the ' Entomologist,' who would like to be reminded of Wallace's collecting days there in 1854. From Singapore it takes about twelve hours by sea or rail to reach Malacca ; the former route is perhaps preferable, though one is apt to arrive off the town at 2 a.m., at which hour a three miles row ashore does not appeal to the sleepy traveller any more than does the next stage in the proceedings, which is to bang on the doors of the rest-house until one of the sleeping inmates is moved to admit the disturber. Owing to the shallow water no steamers can approach the shore, although a long pier juts out invitmgly, but closer inspection shows that this is now no longer in use, and, in fact, is dangerous to walk upon. To this lack of encouragement to passing ships to stop and enliven the place, Malacca, no doubt, owes its long continued air of peace and quiet, disturbed though it is on occasions by week- end invasions of motor-cars from neighbouring rubber estates. A BRIEF VISIT TO MALACCA. 279 Wallace's description, written over fifty years ago, still holds good to-day, and I quote it in the footnote below.* But this peaceful "left behind" existence is by no means characteristic of the old Malacca, the fortified Malacca of the Portuguese, the trading centre of the Dutch or the Malacca in the early days of the British occupation. Briefly its history is this : — After about a century of prosperous growth the Malay city of Singapore was invaded and sacked by a Javanese prince ; a certain number of survivors however escaped and fled up the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, and founded the city of Malacca about 1250 a.d. Here they flourished under their Malay chiefs until the advent of the Portuguese under Albuquerque in 1511. The large roofless church of St. Paul on the hill over- looking the coast, where the celebrated missionary St. Francis Xavier f was buried before being transferred to Goa, was built by them, also a large series of fortifications, now, alas ! no more, thanks to the misplaced energies of an English governor a hundred years ago. The whole of the Portuguese Eastern trade radiated from Malacca, which thus flourished as the most important trade centre in the East for nearly a hundred years. The Portuguese were succeeded by the Dutch, who have left some substantial buildings, chief of which is the old Stadt House, still used as Government offices, and the large church at the foot of the hill near the landing-j)lace. After nearly two hundred years of constant rivalry for the trade of the East, Malacca was taken by the English in 1795, and the Dutch were turned out. Sixteen years later a large expedition under Lord Minto was despatched from Malacca to Java, resulting in the occupation of that country by the English, with Stamford Baffles as Governor, only to give place again to the Dutch five years later in 1816. But Malacca remained ours, and round it neighbouring states have gradually come under British influence year by year, so that the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, and the Protected States in the Malay Peninsula, now form one large tract of country prospering day by day under British control and advice. From an entomological point of view Malacca has sadly * ' The Malay Archipelago,' by A. R. Wallace, 1902 edition, p. 19 :— " The old and picturesque town of Malacca is crowded along the banks of the small river, and consists of narrow streets of shops and dwelling-houses, occupied by the descendants of the Portuguese, and by Chinamen. In the suburbs are the houses of the English officials and of a few Portuguese merchants, embedded in groves of palms and fruit trees, whose varied aud beautiful foliage furnishes a pleasing relief to the eye, as well as most varied grateful shade. The old fort, the large Government House, and the ruins of a cathedral, attest the former wealth and importance of this place, which was once as much the centre of Eastern ti'ade as Singapore is now." f He died in December, 1552. 280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. deteriorated since Wallace's day, jungle giving place to rubber everywhere ; it is interesting to note that Ayer Panas, a place not far from Malacca, where Wallace spent some time collecting, is now the home of a flourishing rubber company which bears that name. It was at Ayer Panas that Wallace caught the first specimen of the handsome Nymphalid, Prothoe calydonia, described by Hewitson. He tells us that it was twelve years before the second specimen (from Borneo) was taken. In Sarawak it is regarded as a great rarity, some half a dozen specimens only having been taken in the last twenty years ; it is evidently an "unclean" feeder, as Wallace records its capture " on the dung of some carnivorous animal," and the late Mr. Shelford noted that Sarawak specimens were taken in traps baited with rotten fruit.* During my stay in Malacca I wandered out to Saint John's Hill, which lies a short distance to the east of the town ; a little jungle path leads up to the top, crowned by an old ruined fort, probably built by the Portuguese some four hundred years ago. Not having a net with me, I made use of the next best thing with me, viz. a notebook and pencil, and amused myself for an hour noting the insect life of this sun-lit spot. I reached the hill about 9.30 on a Sunday morning, and slowly followed the path gently sloping upwards. Almost the first butterfly to be seen was the conspicuous Danaid D. melanijypus hegesippiis, with fore wings reddish and black-veined, hind wings white with black veins. The little Lycfenids Nacaduha sp. (probably ardates, Moore), and Everes argiadcs, Pallas, appeared common on the sunny path ; I noticed two of the former united in cop. A conspicuous black and white barred Neptis {N. leucothoe) fluttered boldly ahead of me and alighted on a bush by the side of the path, facing outwards ; I notice they invariably do this — i.e. fly up to a bush and turn face about before settling, so that they cannot be surprised in the rear. I slowly approached one which stayed on the leaf, actually allowing me to touch its outstretched antennae before lazily taking flight again, apparently in no way flustered by my attentions. These Neptis occasionally rest with wings erect over their head, but more often with wings outspread in the sun. They never seem to exhibit signs of injuries suggesting bird or lizard bites, and their slow, fearless flight seems to imply unpalatable qualities. The common Eastern Pierine Terias hecabe put in an appearance ; then the large Catop&iliu pyranthe, hurrying along as if late for an appointment. Papilio agamemnon whirled over head at a tremendous rate, hovered at a flower for a moment, * ' A List of the Butterflies of Borneo, with Descriptions of New Species,' by E. Shelford, Journ. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc, No. 45, 1906, p. 131. A BRIEF VISIT TO MALACCA. 281 and then off again and out of sight down the hillside ; I don't known why he (or she?) was in such a hurry; usually, I think, they are not remarkahly fast fliers. A pretty little purple Lycrenid (ArJiopala apidanus, Cr.) caught my attention in a bush close by, working its hind wings up and down in a manner characteristic of so many tailed Lyctcnids here. The genus Arhopala is confined to Indo-Malaya, where some two hundred different species are recognized ; they usually frequent shady jungle, but occasionally catch the eye as they flit across a sunlit patch. Borneo appears to be their head- quarters, as no fewer than sixty species are found in that island. The common Junonia atlites was noticed flying over the bushes on the hillside ; then a large carpenter-bee {Xylocopa latipcs) hummed over head, settling clumsily on a flower for a moment. On the top of the hill in the old ruined fort a snake slid stealthily away through the coarse grass. A magnificent view lay before me to the east over long flat paddy fields and jungle to Mount Ophir, some thirty odd miles m the distance. By some this is supposed to be the Mount Ophir of Biblical fame, the source of gold in King Solomon's time ; but actual proof is unfortunately wanting, though I understand gold has been worked there on a small scale in recent times. To the west I could see the Malacca hill crowned with the ruined church of St. Paul ; while on neighbouring hills or undulating ground to the north one remarked Chinese graveyards, which, as is usual in the East, occupy the best building sites in or near most of the big towns. The inevitable rubber was of course in evidence, small patches being planted at the foot of this hill. Descending again slowly I noticed a worn female Catopsilia 2)}/ra)it}u', chased for a short time by a large Delias, apparently D. lii/parete, who might well be excused for mistaking the worn Catopsilia for its own kind. The common brown dragonfly Neurothemis Jiuctuans was in evidence, also a large hornet with brown-banded abdomen, probably Vespa cincta, Fab. A pretty little Lampides (L. celeno, Cr.) fluttered into the shelter of the trees as I passed ; further on the large Papilio P. polytes (a male) flaunted gaily ahead of me, and then one of those pretty dark Euthalias with light blue marginal border to the hind wings. A gorgeous moth, with blue and white markings above and bright yellow abdomen, fluttered slowly out of reach into the dark bushes by the side of the path. As one returns to Malacca along the well-kept road at the foot of the hill, bordering neat and picturesque Malay houses nestling among cocoanut plantations ; and, leaving that, as one comes to the outskirts of the town, heralded by Chinese noises and Chinese smells, all implying peaceful prosperity, it is hard to remember the very diflerent scenes that these same shores have witnessed in the years gone by. 282 THE ENTOBIOLOGIST. One would like to cherish the consoling thought that, though mere man and his works must ever change for better or for worse, Nature — and as entomologists we should like to say insect life in particular — endures indefinitely ; one would like to think that the insects Wallace saw in 1854 were there in Dutch times, were there in the days of the Portuguese, and, in all likelihood, were there before the foundation of Malacca more than five hundred years ago ; and with that thought one would like to look forward to further long periods, secure in the knowledge that the insects noted in 1913 will be noted again next year, ten or a hundred years hence. But, unfortunately, man the vandal and man the lover of Nature cannot exist together in the same place ; the former destroyed the old Portuguese fortifications at Malacca in the beginning of the nineteenth century ; a hundred years later his successors planted Wallace's collecting ground at Ayer Panas with rubber, and so it goes on, year by year, these historic places become less recognizable, and Nature gives way before the march of our boasted civilization. It is well that a Society for the encouragement of Nature reserves has been instituted in England ; it is by no means too soon to start the same in the East. Why should we sit idle, exclaiming piously " Sic transit gloria mundi"? "YELLOW IMAGINES OP PIERIS BRASSIC^:' By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. In the 22nd number of the ' Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift,' published at Guben on August 30th, 1913, there is an interesting note under the above heading on p. 151 by Mr. Franz Bandermann, of Halle a/ Saale, which I fancy may be of interest to English entomologists, and of which I append a translation : — " Many discoveries have been made through chance, and in this way I secured in quite a remarkable way yellow imagines of Pieris brassicts in May of this year. I was examining my boxes of duplicates in which several species were stored. In one of these boxes I had placed six examples of this Pierid which I had taken four days previously from the setting boards. As I noticed some mites moving in the box I killed them with benzine, without, however, touching any of the specimens with the liquid. After a week I wanted to put some more specimens in this box, and when I opened the lid I was much surprised to see some yellow brassicce. At first I could not find my explanation for this change of colour, but soon came to the conclusion that only the yellow paper, which had been used for pasting together LBPIDOPTERA AT ALBARRACIN. 283 the box, could be the cause of this change. I made an experi- ment with other imagines, but unfortunately the same result did not follow. All the same I am of the opinion that the vapour of the benzine dissolved the yellow pigment of the paper, and deposited it again on the fresh (i. e. recently caught) imagines. Experiments with older examples failed, and they remained white. The yellow examples are in my collection, and were exhibited by me at a meeting of our Entomological Society. " Franz Bandermann, " Halle a/ Saale." It is, perhaps, possible that freshly emerged examples of Pieridte may be tinted yellow by exposing them to the vapour of benzine, the wing membranes containing certain fluids which are not affected by this chemical when they have become hardened. LEPIDOPTEEA AT ALBARRACIN IN MAY AND JUNE, 1913. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. (Plate XII.)* Albarracin and its sierra are fairly well known to British lepidopterists, several of whom have visited them during the past twenty years ; but these visits have been made exclusively in the months of July and August, when certain very local and interesting butterflies are to be found in abundance, and so far as I am aware no one has ever observed the spring and early summer species occurring in this district. It was this fact that chiefly induced me to undertake an expedition to this most picturesque of Spanish towns last spring. A companion during a somewihat prolonged excursion of this description is a very desirable adjunct, and I was fortunate in persuading my friend Mr. A. H. Jones to accompany me, and all who know the genial Treasurer of the Entomological Society will realize the charm of his companionship and the value of his assistance. Albarracin is totally unknown to the foreign tourist. Baedeker does not mention it, and except during the months of August and September, when the inhabitants of Valencia and Saragossa visit the sierra in some numbers, attracted by its com- parative coolness and by the curing mineral springs which are found in certain parts, the district is left to those who dwell there permanently. There are nowadays numbers of books written in English on * Plate xii. will appear with the November instalment. 284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. various parts of Spain, but I think the bookmaker has rarely if ever visited Albarracin, for the onl}' mention I can find of it in hterature is, that the well known writer A. F. Calvert, in one of his books on Spanish cities, writes of Segovia as being, for picturesque and romantic situation, only equalled by Albarracin. Perhaps it is not very much out of place, even in an entomological article, to outline briefly the story of a town so famous entomologically and historically. The reason for its foundation was no doubt its possibilities for defence. The River Guadalavier, rising some considerable distance higher in the sierra, has formed one of the finest gorges I have seen in one particular part of its course ; for two miles or so the walls of this canon rise sheer many hundreds of feet, just affording room for the river to flow between them, and for a modern road to be cut alongside. At the lower end of this caiion the river suddenly makes a great bend, the shape of half of the letter S, almost enclosing a rugged ridge which rises some 150 to 200 ft. above the river ; this ridge has in its centre a crag, elevated perhaps 40 ft. above it. On this crag was built the first stronghold, no doubt before historic times. Later the sides of the ridge, and the narrow neck connecting it with the surrounding hills, were fortified with walls, which still in great part remain, and the crag became the citadel. These walls, with their frequent towers, which enclose a spring of excellent water, have the appearance of being erected in Moorish times, say about the year a.d. 1000, and no doubt they consti- tuted in the Middle Ages a very formidable defence. Nothing is known historically of the town before the year a.d. 1020, but it is strongly suspected to have been in pre-Eoman times known as Segobriga, and, as such, prominently associated with the Spaniard Viriathus, who about 150 b.c. held the Romans at bay for many years, inflicting repeated defeats upon them. Be this as it may, in the year a.d. 1020 a Moorish chief, Aben Razen, who was lord of the town and district, threw off the yoke of the Central Government at Cordova, and asserted his independence. This chief and his immediate successors seem to have waged war with the neighbouring Emirs of Sagunto, or Murviedro as it was then called, and Denia, and with the Spanish national hero, El Cid Campeador, who at one time was in possession of the town and kingdom of Valencia. El Cid in the height of his prosperity exacted an annual tribute of ten thousand pieces of gold from the Lord of Albarracin, which fact will aft'ord an idea of the considerable extent and value of the possessions of the latter. Towards the end of the twelfth century the Moorish King of Valencia, Mahommed Aben Lahar, in return for assist- ance rendered to him in war by a Navarrese knight, Pedro Ruiz de Azagra, granted to him the town and territory of Albarracin. The Moorish commander, however, refused to give LEPIDOPTERA AT ALBARRACIN. 285 up possession, and consequently Azagra was compelled to con- quer it. Upon obtaining possession the new lord declared bis in- dependence of the ruling Spanish powers of that period, the Kings of Castile and of Arragon, and be and his successors succeeded in keeping it for several generations. In the thirteenth century the town was besieged by Jaime I., of Arragon, " the Conqueror." The siege lasted for four months, and the assail- ants were eventually beaten off. Six years later a Mussulman force laid siege to the town without success. In 1284 it was for the third time besieged, and this time taken by its assailant, Pedro III., of Arragon. After various vicissitudes Albarracin and its territory was finally, in 1363, peaceably incorporated in the kingdom of Arragon, retaining great privileges, which remain in part even to the present day, for it has jurisdiction over an extent of country 97 kilometres by 61 kilometres ; and the community owns a great part of the surrounding forests and mountains. We were fortunate in making the acquaintance of the cul- tured Secretary of the Corporation of Albarracin, Don Mariano Eabinad, from whom we experienced great kindness, and who gave us valuable assistance and information in many ways, showing to us, amongst other things, the Municipal records, which are very perfect and voluminous. Those kept at Albarracin date back to 1340. The earlier ones are at Barcelona. We made enquiries as to the collections of the famous Spanish lepidopterist, Bernardo Zapater, who died at Albarracin a few years ago, and were informed they had been deposited in the museum of the Catholic College. An examination disclosed that there only remained three small boxes of all orders of insects, which by this time, in consequence of neglect, had resolved themselves almost entirely into dust. The following is a list of all the articles on the lepidoptera of the district of Albarracin, which I have been able to find in the English magazines : — •' The Butterflies of Arragon," by Mrs. Mary de la B. Nichol, F.E.S.; 'Transactions' of the London Entomological Society for 1897, p. 127. " A Few Weeks Entomologising in Spain," by T. A. Chap- man, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; ' Entomologists' Record,' xiv. p. 70. " The Lepidoptera of Central Spanish Sierras," by the present writer ; * Entomologists" Record,' xviii. p. 57. '' Melitaea desfontainii and M. aurinia var. iherica in Central Aragon" by Miss M. E. Fountaine, F.E.S. ; 'Entomologist,' xxxix. p. 42. " A Few Notes on Spanish Butterflies," by A. F. Rosa, M.D. ; 'Entomologist,' xli. p. 4. 286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. "In Sunny Spain," by Mrs. Kosa E. Page, B.A. ; 'Entomo- logists' Record,' xxv. p. 33. On Thursday, May 8th, we left London, and travelling via Barcelona and Valencia arrived at Albarr-aein on the following Tuesday. At Barcelona we stayed two nights, and spent a day on the hill of Tibidabo, where, in 1908, I had found the larva3 of the very fine Melitaea aurinia var. iberica in great abundance ; the imago should have been flying at the time of our visit, but a careful search did not reveal it, and with the exception of a specimen of Carcharodiis haeticus and some not over good examples of Melanargia syllius, we did not see anything worthy of note. Beyond Barcelona the journey is a very interesting one ; the Mediterranean is skirted all the way to Valencia, and the last fifty miles or so the railway passes entirely between orange orchards. Just at the time of our visit many of the trees were laden with golden fruit, and all of them were white with blossom, the perfume from which filled the entire country and was almost overpowering. A few miles before Valencia is reached the famous old city of Sagunto is passed, the siege of which by Hannibal was the cause of the Second Punic War. At Sagunto the railway branches inland to Tervel, the nearest railhead to Albarracin, passing some very beautiful country and interesting old historical towns. It does not seem, however, very likely ground for butterflies, very few of which were seen en route. At Tervel we stayed one night at the station, where there is now an excellent restaurant and good sleeping accommodation ; the next morning we travelled by diligence, which takes six hours or so to reach Albarracin, a distance of about twenty-four miles. On our arrival on May 13th the weather was not settled, and the next morning we awoke to find the ground covered with snow; this, however, melted during the day, and it was the only touch of winter we experienced. I cannot say that we saw great quantities of lepidoptera ; I question whether such are ever seen at Albarracin, which has an altitude of about 4000 ft., so early in the year ; but it must be borne in mind that last year was an unfavourable season over wide regions in Europe, and I cannot help thinking that this reason was accountable for, at any rate, some of the scarcity of specimens. Whether it was so or not, it is certain that, with the exception of a very few species, butterflies were scarce through- out the whole of our stay. We gathered from certain residents that the season was quite a fortnight later than the average, and this of course would account for a certain proportion of the scarcity. In any case it prevented us making excursions to the higher parts of the sierra, such as Bronchales, Griegos, Guadala- vier, 'fee, for if species were not out at 4000 ft., they obviously LEPIDOPTERA AT AL15ARRACIN. 287 would not be at 5000 ft. or upwards. As a matter of fact, reports from Bronchales as late as the middle of June spoke of the ground being covered with snow. Under these circum- stances the dates on which we found the different species must be qualified for reference by the late season. The weather generally was, as it usually is in Sunny Spain, magnificent ; bright sun from morning until evening on many days, tempered by a most delicious cooling breeze, and there were only one or two days on which our quarry did not fly. There were, however, days during which the temperature in our sitting-room did not reach more than 53° Fahr., and even on June 2nd it did not exceed 55°. A fortnight later there was a week of broken weather, with heavy thunderstorms accompanied by hail, each day. Arriving on May 13th I had to leave on June 21st. My friend, however, was able to remain at Albarracin until June 30th, and I am indebted to him for kindly allowing me to add to my observations the result of his own, both during my stay and after it had come to an end. I had expected to see many interesting birds at Albarracin, but in this respect the excursion was somewhat disappointing; it is true the smaller species, such as warblers, chats, buntings, &c., were abundant in the Guadalavier valley; but the Eaptores, which from the nature of the country and the sparseness of the population one would expect to be abundant, were remarkably scarce. There was certainly a magnificent red kite which treated us to its peerless aerial evolutions almost daily, a mile or so below the town, doubtless its eyrie was near by ; and one day near the village of Moscardon two Egyptian vultures were seen. Enquiries from Seiior Eabinad elicited the fact that the Ijimmergeyer is still occasionally seen in the neighbourhood. Wolves are common in the wilder parts of the sierra, causing great depredations amongst the flocks and herds ; and we learned that several cubs were killed during our visit a few miles from Albarracin, near a place we collected over pretty frequently. The prevailing surface rock at Albarracin is calcareous ; this is almost universal in the district, except that on the right bank of the Eiver Guadalavier, immediately below the town and extending some miles back into the hills, there is an outcrop of a Silurian formation, surmounted by a very deep red sandstone. On this latter formation at Puerta de la Losilla there is a large pine forest, beneath which is, amongst other plants, an extensive growth of a species of Vaccinium, which I think is V. vitis-idea. The prevailing tree in the calcareous country seemed to me to be a species of Cwpressus, but Dr. Chapman thinks it is the Savin tree ; there are also Jimiperus sabina, in places, considerable quantities of Ilex, and down the Guadalavier 288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. gorge there are here and there a number of ash trees. The undergrowth consists of several species oi Rhamnus, the curious Ephedra nebrodensis, Pistachia terehinthus, Artemisia fructicosa, and a great number of species of spiny leguminous plants and shrubs ; the most singular of these was a shrub entirely without visible stem, and consisting of a bundle of stout spines one or two inches long, between each of which protruded a most lovely mauve, papilionaceous blossom. The whole shrub, which was found chiefly on the summits of the hills, was a mass of brilliant colour. One of the most abundant plants was the common Mediterranean asiDhodel, which threw up spikes of bloom 3 or 4 ft. high, and which was a very picturesque object. A plant which carpeted the ground in places with its delicate pink blossoms was a small species of Malva, beloved of many species of butterflies. Another brilliant plant which grew in patches here and there was a species of Linum, with vivid blue flowers quite an inch in diameter. The flora is strikingly African in character. Springs of water are very infrequent, and except where irrigated the whole region is very dry and sterile. Our collecting was principally in the Guadalavier valley or gorge below the town. The first two miles or so of this consist of a wide valley known locally as Valdovecar ; the road runs down the centre, and has on the right the river and much fertile irrigated ground. On the left of the road are unenclosed corn- fields, which extend up the hillsides at intervals. These cornfields are the haunts of Zegris eupheme var. meridionalis, Euchloe euphenoides, Anthocharis belia, &c. Two kilometres below the town, between the road and the river, was a series of sainfoin fields, which during the earlier period of our visit was a gather- ing place of almost all the lepidoptera we could find in the district ; amongst these were Zegris var. meridionalis, Euchloe euphenoides, Agriades thersites, Cupido sehrus, Lampides hoeticus, L. telicanus, and Nomiades cyllarus. Below these fields the valley narrows and becomes a gorge, with only just room for the river and the road. In the first two kilometres of this gorge very little is to be found, but after this, at a place called Santa Croche, just where an old castle is seen perched ujwn a crag on the left, matters improve ; and from here onwards for several miles the lower slopes of the gorge and the cross ravines consti- tute probably the best ground for butterflies in the whole district, and are certainly the headquarters of such local species as Melitaea desfontainii, Rusticus zephyrus var. hesperica, and later in the season Satyrus prieuri. There is a wide valley leading out of the main valley, the first one on the left below Albarracin, which is known locally as the Vega. In early summer, and later on also, this is good ground ; here we first found Melanargia ines in some numbers. We of course made several visits to the hill district on the NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 289 right bank of the river, well known to previous visitors, and called Puerta de la Losilla ; and one day we took a mule-cart to Moscardon, a village some dozen miles above Albarracin, which is said in Zapater's Catalogue to produce Erebia evias; the day was, however, not favourable, with but little sun, and the only species not seen elsewhere was Anthrocera rhadamanthus var. cintjulata, of which we captured a few examples. Nowadays there are so many species of lepidoptera which are only recognizable with certainty by an examination of their genitalia, that I felt it necessary to submit specimens of all the species of which there could be any doubt to my friend Mr. A. L. Rayward, who most kindly undertook to make preparations of those organs, and to whom I am greatly indebted for so doing. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Note on the Egg-laying op Hesperia sylvanus. — It is stated in ' Butterflies of the British Isles ' by South, p. 193, and also in Tutt's ' British Butterflies,' vol. i. p. 136, on the authority of the late Mr. Ullyett, of Folkestone, that the female of this butterfly deposits its eggs within the sheath of a grass-stem. I recently had the opportunity, in Hungary, of watching several examples of this butterfly deposit, and in all cases the egg was laid in exactly the same manner. The butterfly alighted on a blade of grass almost parallel to its longer axis. It then curved its abdomen round beneath the blade and deposited an egg almost in the centre of the blade. Most of the eggs were laid on the lower surface of the grass blade, but a few were placed on the upper surface when the lower surface was the more exposed of the two. Mr. Ullyett's assertion, unquestionably incorrect, is the more remarkable, as he was an extremely accurate observer ; and the explanation probably lies in the fact that he mistook a female of Hesperia thaumas (linea) for this species, as thaumas adopts that method of laying its eggs which he describes. — N. Charles Rothschild; Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. Parnassius APOLLO IN GERMANY. — " In Dcutschland verboten " is a legend not unfamiliar to the tourist surveying the bookstalls of Lucerne and Vienna. But it has now achieved an extended significance, and collectors of palasarctic butterflies will be interested to hear that the capture of Parnassms apollo has been forbidden throughout the German Empire by an order of the Government. The order — for information of which I am indebted to M. Charles Oberthiir — has not come a day too soon, for the extermination of Apollo, already complete in the mountains of Silesia, is threatened elsewhere, despite the independent action of the Bavarian Govern- ment to put an end to over-collection of the species in the Bavarian highlands. A close season of a few years for a special butterfly is ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1913. Z 290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. an agreeable novelty. It is to be hoped that the German authorities will be more successful in enforcing it than has been the case else- where, where attempts have been made by State or Municipality to protect rare flowers and birds. — H. Eowland-Beown ; Harrow Weald, September 14th, 1913. CoLiAS EDUSA IN l3ucKS. — While collecting on August 15th on the Chiltern Hills, near Princes Eisborough, I took a male Colias edusa. The day was dull, and there was not a ray of sunshine to induce the flight of butterflies, though a few Agriacles corydon males were on the wing. Happening to beat a small dwarf conifer, how- ever, I put up this, the only " Clouded Yellow " I had seen in England for five years, with the exception of the female notified by me from Great Missenden last year. Unfortunately, though other- wise perfect with the freshness of a newly-emerged specimen, a large piece had been torn, apparently by a bird, from the right hind wing, I visited the same locality on several occasions during the month, but saw no more of the species. At another spot on the 9th I cap- tured a perfect example of A. corydon var. tithonus, Meig. (var. syn- grapha, Kef.), the first I have ever encountered on the Chilterns in some twenty years' collecting hereabouts. Pavq^hila comma, usually very abundant, was conspicuous only by its absence. I saw but one very dark female : possibly the flight was over. I should mention, also, the marked tendency of the " blues " this season, especially of Polyommatus icarus, to develop blue forms of the female. — H. Eowland-Brown ; Harrow Weald, September 13th, 1913. CoLiAS EDUSA AT Ealing.— As I was Walking near Eahng Broad- way station about mid-day yesterday (August 28th) a specimen of C. ediLsa swooped down over the houses within a few yards of me, and careered away across Haven Green. — W. E. Taylor (B.A.). CoLiAs EDUSA IN HAMPSHIRE. — A male specimen of G. edusa in fair condition was taken on September 17th in the Public Gardens at Bournemouth. — A. S. Corbet ; Bournemouth. CoLiAS EDUSA IN Kent. — Two friends of mine kindly collecting for me on a holiday at Eomney, Kent, reported that G. edusa was very abundant during the second week in August ; among a fine series brought back were two beautiful specimens of var. helice. Large numbers of the commoner species were captured, among which I was glad to find one A. occulta: is this not a rare insect so far south ? — J. B. Manly ; Park View, Henley-in-Arden, Warwick- shire, September 14th, 1913. CoLiAs EDUSA AT SouTH NoRwooD. — Whilst sitting in my back garden on Sunday last, the 24th inst., I observed a fine specimen of G. edusa (male) flitting over the flowers. — W. D. Comsdale; "Sunny Bank," South Norwood, S.E., August 30th, 1913. CoLiAs EDUSA IN SussEX. — G. cdusa has been plentiful in clover fields at Selsey this week, and I have caught some very fine specimens, the females being especially good and in perfect condition. I have also seen one G. hyale but failed to net it. — Miss A. D. Edwards ; Iron Latch Cottage, Selsey, Chichester, August 29th, 1913. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 291 CoLiAs EDUSA, &c., IN IsLE OF WiGiiT. — Oil Monday, August 25th, at Brooke, near Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, I captured three Pyrameis carclui as well as seeing two others. Numerous male Golias edusa were flying as well, and I also netted a good female on the slopes round Carisbrooke. — A. Capel Morris: Leafield, Gibsons Hill, Norwood, S.E., August 30th, 1913. CoLiAs EDUSA, &c., IN IsDE OF WiGHT. — I was staying at Bembridge, Isle of Wight, from August 27th till September 10th, and during the whole of that time I found G. edusa quite common in the clover fields, between Bembridge Harbour and Whitecliff Bay. Males were far more numerous than females, but I took one beautiful specimen of the female form helice. Many were rather worn, but quite half of those I saw were beautifully fresh, and there is no doubt at all that they were bred on the spot and not immigrants. Very few other butterflies were seen, except Pyrameis atalanta, and an occasional P. cardui or Vanessa urticcs. — F. A. Oldaker ; The Bed House, Haslemere, September 16th, 1913. CoLiAs EDUSA IN WILTSHIRE. — I saw sovoral specimens of G. edusa at Pewsey at the end of August. Others were noted throughout September up to date. — (Rev.) C. A. Sladen ; Alton Barnes Rectory, Pewsey, Wilts, September 23th, 1913. CoLiAS EDUSA IN YORKSHIRE. — I took Q. edusa in good condition at Bridlington, September 7th, 1913. — H. Douglas Smart ; Shelley, Huddersfield, September 14th, 1913. Larvj3 of Tortrix pronubana on Geranium. — I have just read Mr. Claxton's (p. 196) record of Tortrix inonuhana found feeding on geranium in his greenhouse. It is interesting to hear that this little species has reached Romford. If reference is made to the Entom. Record, vol. 20, p. 213, it will be seen, however, that geranium is not a new food-plant for this omnivorous insect. Perhaps if Mr. Claxton could trace the origin of any geranium cuttings he may have had from the south — or through a florist — he might be able to account for the presence of T. pronubana in his greenhouse. The larvaB are particularly fond of making their abode in that end of the stem which is left after the cutting is trimmed for striking. They often feed in considerable numbers in my boxes of geranium cuttings. — Frank E. Lowe ; Guernsey, August 21st, 1913. Tortrix pronubana at Harrow. — At dusk on September 16th I took a specimen of this moth on my open window here. — F. W. Edwards, Kingswear, Cornwall Road, Harrow. Araschnia levana in Britain. — I was interested in Mr. H. Rowland-Brown's remarks in the September issue (p. 267) of the ' Entomologist,' and am communicating with him direct, but in case any other reader is interested in this capture I would point out that there is no doubt as to its being A. levana, the species being clearly described by W. F. Kirby, F.E.S., in text, and he also gives splendid coloured figures of same, including var. ijorima and prorsa (see ' Butterflies and Moths of Europe,' Cassell & Co). This butterfly is also described and figured in ' Beetles, Butterflies, Moths and other Insects," by A. W. Keppell, F.E.S., and W. Egmont Kirby, but is 292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. here named Vanessa levana (the Least Tortoiseshell). I have made careful enquiries around the district where I got this specimen (Forest of Dean) but cannot trace anyone breeding foreign butterflies, so apparently it is the first British caught specimen. — T. Butt Ekins ; Loxbere House, Windsor Terrace, Penarth, September 22nd, 1913. Birds eating Butteeplies. — During the last two years I have noticed only two instances of birds catching butterflies, though I have kept a sharp look-out for them. In my small garden, of perhaps three-quarters of an acre, I have notes on no fewer than thirty-five species of birds, either in the garden or flying over, such as swifts and swallows. ISIo doubt this large number is due to the fact that my grounds are the most sheltered on the Curragh ridge, and give the birds some protection from the violent winds which blow from the south-west for the greater part of the year. Eight species have nested in the garden, and tasting experiments should, one would think, be fairly in evidence, but I have witnessed none. Of the two instances I am able to give, one was a chaffinch and the other a young robin, both the victims were " whites," P. brassicz and P. rapcB respectively. The chaffinch was driven off", but returned and finished its meal. It is noteworthy that on both occasions it was raining heavily, and both butterflies had been disturbed and were unable to do more than flutter, owing to the downpour. This supports the view held by myself and others that attacks on butter- flies are comparatively rare, owing to their being more difficult to capture than other prey. No doubt there are other reasons, one being, as Colonel Yerbury has expressed it, a maximum of wings and a minimum of body. The birds that have nested in the garden comprise the following: Mistle Thrush, Long Thrush, Blackbird, Chaffinch, Eobin, Gold Crested Wren, Hedge Accentor, Sparrow. — N. Mandees (Lt.-Col.) ; Curragh Camp. The Butterflies of the Cureagh Disteict.— The butterflies of the Curragh district are necessarily few in number, but though I was prepared for a paucity of species I was surprised to find that the exertions of two seasons' collecting only produced nineteen, and of these two, G. rhammi and A. pa-phia, are represented by single specimens. Butterflies in Ireland are near the western limit of their distribution ; but the chief impediment to their greater numbers, both in species and individuals, is, doubtless, to be found in adverse climatic conditions. Ireland is notoriously a wet district, but so far as my experience goes, and it is almost confined to the Curragh, it is not so much the rainfall as the extraordinary number of dull, cloudy days, often without rain, which follow each other with the most distressing regularity. While England was enjoying uninter- rupted sunshine in June and July, Ireland, or at any rate this part of it, was lying under a dense atmosphere of persistent cloud, which lasted week after week with, consequently, an almost total absence of butterfly and other insect hfe, and it was not until July was well advanced and in August that we had real summer weather. Last year was a contrast to this; then we had a fine spring and no summer ; this year we have had a very wet spring and a late warm summer, and the effect on the emergence of the spring butterflies NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 293 was remarkable, as the following dates indicate. P. rapce, April 10th, 1912 ; May 17th, 1913. P. egeria, April 16th 1912 ; May 15th, 1913. But the emergence of the summer butterflies was not delayed, as for instance, G. typlion, July 1st, 1912; July 1st, 1913. A. cujlaia, July 14th, 1912; July 12th, 1913. I have regarded as the Curragh district the country for about five miles round the barracks, which I may say are built on an exposed ridge, running due east and west, and surrounded on all sides by an undulating grassy plain, which is used by the troops. With the exception of a few small isolated hills, the country for several miles round is perfectly flat and, no doubt, at one time was an extensive morass ; a great number of the bogs have been drained, but there is a good deal of bog still remaining in the near neighbourhood. About two miles east of the Curragh is a small stretch of broken, hilly country covered with furze and Dracken, and on the top is a venerable earth-work, known as Knockaulin, covering some acres, and a relic of the far-off days when the native Irish were defending themselves from the incursions of the Danes. This is the best locality, and it was here that I found M. aurinia particularly abundant. This, with G. typhon and P. icariis, is the most interesting butterfly I met with, and from a batch of larvse found on Knockaulin I bred a series which comprised all the described Irish forms, and not a few of the English. Of G. typhon I only caught two last year and a dozen this, all I saw on the one favourable day and in the same acre of bog. They are likewise an interesting lot, as they seem to me to represent not only the Irish but also all the Bi-itish forms, which is curious in such a small number. To one brought up in the Darwinian tradition it is puzzling how they were ever considered to be anything more than one variable species. The females of P. icarus vary greatly, and the cause of it is difficult to trace. Last year was extremely wet, and they nearly all approximated to the usual form found in England, by the restriction of the blue scaling to the base of the wings ; this year, which has been fine and decidedly warmer, the blue has largely predominated, and in many all lour wings are entirely blue, with the exception of a brown edge to the forewings and red lunules to the hind wings. These are particularly handsome. The following is a complete list of the butterflies seen or captured: P. hrassicce, common ; P. rapa, abundant this year ; P. napi, abundant, the summer brood is remarkably fine ; E. cardamines, abundant ; L. sinapis, locally common in many places ; G. rhamni, one only ; V. urticcB, common this year; V. io, three only seen; A. paphia, one only ; A. aglaia, locally common ; M. aurinia, locally abundant ; L. egeria, very common everywhere; L. Megara, common; H. inaria, abundant ; H. hyjjeraiithus, very common ; G. typlion, scarce ; G. pamphilus, common ; G. phlceas, not common ; P. icarus, common where found. — N. Manders (Lt.-Col.) ; Curragh, Co. Kildare. Note on Aplecta advena. — There seems to be a considerable difference of opinion amongst the authorities regarding the life-history of this moth. Edward Newman says the larva is " full-fed at the beginning of September." Meyrick gives the life of the larva August to April. Another book in my possession corroborates Meyrick. South says the larva feeds " from July to September," and adds that 294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. " in confinement the moth sometimes emerges in the autumn." L. W. Newman, in the useful work he has just published, gives advena as a larva in August and September, and as a pupa from October to May. As this moth comes fairly freely to sugar in my own garden, I have tried breeding it several times. When about two-thirds grown I have always found the larvae show a strong desire to hibernate, and on one occasion I placed a number of larvae in the open, caged on turf in which dandelion, plantain, &c., were growing. They disappeared during the winter, but they showed themselves again about March, seemed quite lively and vigorous, and nibbled grass and the young dandelion shoots ; but though I tried them with a variety of other food, I apparently did not strike the right one for their sprirg consumption, and they all died off one by one. This goes to prove chat Meyrick is right, and that advena does the same as its near relatives, tincta and nehulosa, and hibernates as a larva under natural conditions. It would be interesting to have the experi- ences of other observers. While on the subject of the Aplectas, I may perhaps record a rather curious point in connection with tincta. Once I happened to be near a favourite haunt of the species on a very warm evening very early in the year, and, to see if tincta larvae moved so early, I examined the birch bushes, where I found plenty of the larvae in their last skins but one. I took some, but though they ate the food I gave them and changed their last skins, they did no good at all, and were easily passed by some larvte I took some three or four weeks later at the same spot, which fed up and pupated as easily as possible, as I have found they always do when taken in their last skins. The question is. What was the special food or con- dition the larvae required in their last instar but one ? Also, was it the same want that killed the advena larvae I hybernated? — C. Bippon ; Springfield House, Abingdon-on-Thames. SOCIETIES. The South London Entomological and Natural Histoky Society. — June 26i/i.--Mr. A. E. Tonge, President, in the chair. — Mr. Main exhibited pupa and living larva of Parnassius apollo and the larva of the tiger-beetle, Cicindela sylvatica, from near Meiringen, Switzerland. — Mr. Coxhead, galls on leaves of beech, and coloured drawings of the same. They were of the Cecidomyid, Mikiola fagi. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a series of Euchloe cardamines, from near Messina, Sicily, and pointed out that they were small compared with average British specimens, and were known as turritis, in v^hich the apical blotch is not extended beyond the discal spot. Mr. Main said that Phyllotoma aceris, the jumping sawfly, was now common in many places in the larval state. — Messrs. Sich, Adkin, Edwards, Barrett, and Dr. Chapman made remarks on the season. Juhj 10th. — ^Mr. A. E. Tonge, President, in the chair. — Mr. Main, a species of tick from a tortoise of Moroccan origin ; the males were small and blackish in colour, while the female was many times larger, and of a delicate pale slate-colour ; and cases of the Psychid, SOCIETIES. 295 Acantliopsyche opacclla. — Mr. Adkin, series of Cdastrina argiolus, (a) reared in July and August, 1912 and (b) reared in xApril and May, 1913, from the same lot of larvae from Eynsford ; (c) reared from Eastbourne larvae in April and May, 1913. The two spring series were much alike, and the females had much less of the heavy bordering of the summer emergence. — Mr. Edwards, several species of Papilio of the (Bgeus group from the Australian region, including the rare P. gambrisus. — Mr. Blair, a nest of the wasp Polistes gallica, from Meiringen, with the living female. — Mr. Turner, for Mr. Carr, a bred Cerostoma scabrella. — Mr. Barrett and others remarked on the comparative sizes of the captures of other seasons with the present. Some members considered that imagines were smaller this year, while others thought that they were quite up to the average size. July 24^/i.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr. Edwards exhibited a pair of the Erycinid Stalachtis evelina, from the Lower Amazons. — Mr. Adkin, Borkausenia pseudosiJretella, bred from hare's hair. — Mr. West, a series of the Coleopteron Anobium paniceum, found destroying tobacco leaves, by Mr. Adkin. — Mr. Curwen, some fifteen examples of Polyommatus icarus, from near Dorking, showing much variation in the spotting and coalescence of the spots on the under surface. — Mr. Hugh Main, parasites of the larva of Orgyia antiqua and the larva of the large water-beetle Hydrophilous piceus. — Mr. Ashdown, the larva of Hyles eupJwrbicB, from Switzerland. — Mr. Barrett read a note on the migration of the butterflies Aporia cratcegi and Pieris brassicce in Sicily. — Mr. Sich exhibited the cocoon of Nepticula viminetella. August litJi.—Mi'. A. E. Tonge, E.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. Adkin, a series of Spilosovm urticce, reared from larvae taken at Eastbourne in the autumn of 1912.— Mr. Edwards, varied examples of the African Hamanumida dcedalus, pointing out the extreme response of the under side markings to the environment ; the fungi Polyporus hispidus on an apple-tree, and Polystictus abietiiius from a fence; and the pupa of Tipula olcracea, the common "daddy- longlegs."— Mr. Barrett, Sicilian and Swiss Satyrus hermione, the former the larger ; Baytoardia telicanus and Lampides bmticus, from Sicily ; and the pupae of Nonagria sparganii and N. typh(B in situ, head upwards in the former, downward in the latter. — Mr. Dennis, a gall on plantain, caused by Tortrix icterana. — Mr. Curwen said that Colias edusa was common at Mickleham on August 10th, and also specimens of Nisoniades tages were obtained on the same date. August 28th.— M.T. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair. — Mr. Main exhibited the living imago of an ant-lion, which he had bred from a larva obtained in Switzerland in June last. It was a female, and while held would feed on flies presented to it. — Mr. West, the Orthoptera Thamnotrizon ciuereus and Forficula auricularia var. forcipata, from Dartford, and on behalf of Mr. Carr, the rare Coleopteron Trichius fasciatus, from Mid-Wales. — Mr. Adkin, a specimen of Agrotis exclamationis, from Lewisham, in which the reniform and orbicular stigmata were united. — Mr. Dunster, Colias edusa, from Lyme Eegis, P. atalanta, P. cardui, and V. io, from Crewkerne, with Epione apiciaria, Misoleuca ocellata, &c., from the same locality. — Mr. Curwen, series of Polyommatus escheri 296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and Lijcana sephyrus var. lycidas, from Switzerland. — Mr. Carr, ova of Boarmia gemmaria, deposited in a box among ova of one of the " thorns." — Mr. Turner, specimens of the Coleopteron Getonia aurata, from Cortina ; bred Gassicla viriclis (?) from larvae on a Salvia near Konig See, Bavaria ; and a nest of a wasp, taken from a wall on the road leading from Cortina to Pieve di Cadore. — Mr. Sich reported the occurrence of a Tineid, Tmeola biselliella, in some numbers, in the Indian rat-snake's den at the Zoological Gardens. — ^Mr. Step read a communication, describing how wasps (Vesjxi germanica) deliberately cut holes through tennis netting which had impeded the direct road to their nest in his garden. — H. J. Tuknee, Ho7i. Bep. Secretary. OBITUARY. Odd Morannal Reuter. There died, on September 2nd last, in Finland, Professor Odo Morannal Reuter, of the Finnish University of Helsingfors, who, among many other distinctions as an entomologist of the first rank, was one of the twelve Honorary Fellows of the Entomological Society of London, to which he was elected in 1906. Born at Abo sixty-three years ago, it was there that he passed the last years of his life and eventually died. But, though blind for the past five years, he never ceased to work at his favourite science, and the writer of this note well remembers the courageous and hopeful letter he addressed to his colleagues when he recognized that bhndness was inevitable. As Emeritus Professor of Zoology at Helsingfors, and a linguist proficient in all the tongues of Northern Europe, including English, hardly a year passed between 1870 and 1910 without some contribution from his laboratory to our knowledge of the less studied groups of insects. Articles upon Hemiptera-Hetero- ptera, Thysanoptera, and Collembola, fiUing as separata five pages of the Catalogue of the Entomological Society's Library, testify to the fertility of his genius and the diligence of his pen. He was also an accepted authority upon Economic Entomology, and published in Helsingfors, Stockholm, and Berlin many " popular " books devoted to animal psychology which enjoy a wide circulation. The last work of this kind, says a correspondent of the ' Morning Post ' (writing from Abo on September 4th), deals with the habits and instincts of solitary insects, and of this German and Finnish editions are in the press, with possibly an English edition to follow. But, though ento- mology was the dominant inspiration of his activities, Professor Reuter, like the late W. F. Kirby, gave considerable attention to the folk-lore and literature of Finland, using the tongue spoken by him in conversation, which was Swedish. Indeed, a poet himself, it would not be saying too much to describe him as the Fabre of the North, gifted alike with exceptional powers of observation and insight, and with the language of a seer with which to adorn his thoughts and mental speculations. H R -B EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 57, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W., England, lU'^'s to announce the publi^-ation of a new Price List (No. 18) coiitaiiiinf,' over i >00 species from all parts of the world. This Catalogue contains a large nuuilKu- rarities ami recently-described species at very moderate prices. Collections limstratiug Mimicry and Mimetic Combinations, Type Collections, and Lepidoptera in papers at specially reduced rates. An instructive series of Preparations of Neuration. Authors' nnmes are given throughout. This List will be mailed free on application, as will any of the following :~ Birdskins (over 5000 species) ; Birds' Eggs (over 1100 species) ; Mammals (over 300 species) ; Reptiles, Batrachians and Fishes (over 400 species). Please state which lists are required, and give name of this periodical. Localities guaranteed. All specimens sent on approval. CALIFORNIA LEPIDOPTERa! j;XPEPJENCED Propagator and Collector of California Lepido- ^ ptera again going to breed and collect in every locality of California. Gentlemen and Museums wishing large quantities of J all taken, say from 10 to 100 of each species, can have them at a r fiat rate of Q,H. each. Parties wanting only certain species should t send for my price list, and save 50 per cent, on retail prices. Still a few of this season's catch on hand, Lycaena anna, 2.s. per pair; this Lycciena retails at about 8s. pair. Parnassius clodius, 2s. pair. ; Argynnis egleis, Is. Sd. pair, &c. Noctuidae and Geometridae, always V 2^d. each for quantity orders of from 5 to 100 of each species. There are about 350 different species of Noctuidae and about 200 different species of Geometridae in California. Sent on approval, by my new system of mailing which insures us both. Prof. Jas. Sinclair, 333, Kearney St., San Francisco, California. "~ IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEIVIENT. J We offer the following imagines from Shetland : — Humuli var. Heth- j landica, Cursoria, Conspersa, Conflua, Occulta, Exulis, and others. "- ~ Fine Ai>s., Vars., and Kaub Si'kcies of British Lki'iuoptera. Selections on Approval. SECOND-HAND CABINETS AND STORE BOXES. PRICE LISTS FREE. LEONARD TATCHELL Sl CO., BREEDERS AND COLLECTORS, 23, THK APvCADE, BOUPtNEMOUTH. I OCALITY LABELS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS.— *-^ The "Data" label is uow consiJcrecl to be a necessary accompaniment of eveiy eutoinL)Iot,'ical specimon; and a neatly vuintkd label is superior iu every way to one liandwiitton— being more comijuct, always legible, and e&eutiug a great saving of time and labour. ■■ Cue to five localities, equal quantities; locality, date (= 191 ), and collector's name (three lines in all)— 1000 lor 'Is. (Sd., 2000 for 4s., 3000 for 5s. ; locality and date only (.two lines)— 1000 for 2s., 2000 for 3s. 3^., 3000 for 4s, Unequal num- bers, or each additional line, G^Z. extra. Special :-^MINUTE LABELS, printed iu the smallest type made, essential for Micros., and the lesser Macros., or small insects of other orders ; specimens and prices on application. - FISTS, for pointing out varieties, M. per 100, 300 for Is. CAREFUL WORK GUARANTEED. CASH WITH ORDER. F. LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL. GONTE NTS. The Berlese Funnel (with plate), C. B. Williams, 273. Completion of the Lil^ Historj^ of Melanargia japygia subsp. suwarovius (with illustration), F, ^' Frohawh and The Hon. N. Charles BothscMld, 275. A Brief Visit . Malacca, J. C. Moulton, 278. " Yellow Imagines of Pieris Brassicae," F. W. Frohawk, 282. Lepidoptera at Albarracin in May and June, 1913, W. G. Sheldon, 283. Notes and Observations — Note on the Egg-laying of Hesperia sylvanus, N. Charles Rothschild, 289. Parnassius apollo in Germany, H. Bo^vlofid- Bfoivn, 289. Colias edusa in Bucks, if. Boivland-Broiun, 290; at Ealint:, W. R. Taylor, 290; in Hampshire, A. 8. Corbet, 290 ; in Kent, J. B. Manhj. 290 ; at South Norwood, W. D. Gomsdale, 290 ; in Sussex, Aliss A. D. Edwards , 290; in Isle of Wight, vl. Capel Morris, F. A. Oldaker, 291; in Wiltshhe, „ C. A. Slndcn, 291; in Yorkshire, H. Douglas Smart, 291. Larvae of Tortrix I pronubana on Geranium, Frank. E. Lowe, 291. Tortrix pronubana at Harrow, ' F. W. Edwards, 291. Araschnia levana in Britain, T. Butt Ekins, 291. Birds eating Butterflies, N. Manders, 292. The Butterflies of the Curragh District, N. Manders, 292. Note on Aplecta advena, C. Bipjwn, 293. Societies, 294. Obituary, 296. DR. STAUDINQER& BANG = HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in their new Price List No. LVI. for 1918, offer more than 19,000 Species of well- named LICPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARV^; &c. Separate Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (29,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (3600 species), DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500), ORTHOPTERA (1200), NEURO- TERA (030), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low. We sell no more living pupae. T HE SCIENTIFIC AND PECUNIARY VALUE OF YOUR INSECTS will be enhanced if you employ the long winter evenings in affixing to every specimen a neab LOCALITY LABEL. Start right away, and systematically go throu"'^ your collection. A postcard to — FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL, will bring you samples and prices of neatly printed data labels, as supplied to leading Lepidopterists. REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (Established 1884.) Au luiineiise Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larvae & Pupae, & Set Specimeus always on Sale. Many GOOD VARIETIES and hlYBRIDS frequently in Stock. ■Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address — H. ^W. HEAD, (Entomologist, BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. 411 Articles Guaranteed : exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers are requested to note the Addressee, as mistakes' occur daily. Subscriptions to the 'Entomologist ' {6s. post free) st)ould be sent to West. Newman d Go., 54, Hatton Garden. London. Vol. XLVI 1 NOVEMBER, 1913. [No. 606. THE ENTOMOLOGIST IKustrateb ||Ioiitj)Ig |ournal GEIVERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBBUT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. { W. J. LUCAS, B.A.. F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S.. a germanica, V. sylvestris and V. vulgaris, to show the specific characters. — Mr. Curwen, a series of Loiveia alciphron var. gordius from Iselle, show- ing much variation in intensity of ground colour, and a short series of L. amphidavias from Caux, near Montreux. — Mr. Step, specimens of F. germanica and V. vulgaris, to show the difference in the appearance of the face. — Mr. Carr, the large spider Epeira quadrata from Crockham Hill, on heather, and reported Asphalia diluta common at sugar, Noctua glareosa common, and Agrotis agathina fairly common. — Mr. Sich reported Garpocapsa povw7iella as abundant. — Mr. Tonge reported larvae of Nonagria typha at Deal to be exten- sively parasitized this season. — Mr. Smith reported Phryxus livornica as occurring for the third year in succession at the Lizard, and also specimens of Leucania vitellina. Agrotis lunigera were in some numbers in the same locality. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Beport. Sec. Correction, August 28th, C. viridis = G. equestris. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. W. p. H. ROSENBERG, 57, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W., England, Dogs to announce the publication of a new Price List (No. 18) containing over !SOl)0 species from all parts of the world. This Catalogue contains a large ninnber ot rarities and recently-described species at very moderate prices. Collections ilhistratiiig Mimicry and Mimetic Combinations, Type Collections, and Lepidoptera in papers at specially voduccd rates. An instructive series of Preparations of Neuration. Authors' names are given throughout. This List will be mailed free on application, as will any of the following : — Birdskins (over 5000 species) ; Birds' Eggs (over 1100 species) ; Mammals ,vivcr 300 species) ; Reptiles, Batrachians and Fishes (over 400 species). Please state which lists are required, and give name of this periodical. Localities guaranteed. All specimens sent on approval. CALIFORNIA LEPIDOPTERA. ^EXPERIENCED Propagator and Collector of California Lepido- -^ ptera again going to breed and collect in every locality of California. Gentlemen and Museums wishing large quantities of all taken, sa}"^ from 10 to 100 of each species, can have them at al flat rate of 'Ikd. each. Parties wanting only certain species should send for my price list, and save 50 per cent, on retail prices. Still a few of this season's catch on hand, Lycsena anna, 2s. per pair ; this Lycivna retails at about 8s. pair. Parnassius clodius, 2s. pair. Argynnis egleis, Is. Sd. pair, &c. Noctuidse and Geometridse, always 'Ihd. each for quantity orders of from 5 to 100 of each species. There are about 350 different species of Noctuidae and about 200 different species of Geometridse in California. Sent on approval, by my new system of mailing which insures us both. Prof. Jas. Sinclair, 333, Kearney St., San Francisco, California. IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT. We offer the following imagines from Shetland: — Humuli var. Heth- landica, Cursoria, Conspersa, Conflua, Occulta, Exulis, and others. Fine Abs., Vars., and Eare Species of British Lepidoptera. Selections on Approval. ■ SECOND-HAND CABINETS AND STORE BOXES. price lists free, LEONARD TATCHELL & CO., BREEDERS AND COLLECTORS, 28, THb: ARCADE, BOURNEMOUTH. LOCALITY LABELS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS.— *-^ The "Pata" label is uow considered to be a necessary accoiupnuimeut of every entomological ni>ecimen; ami a neatly printed label is superior in every way to one handwritten— being more compact, lys legible, nud eitectiug a great saving of time and labour. One to live localities, equal quantities ; localitj^ date {— 191 ), and collector's name (three lines in all) — lUOO tor 2s. iuL, 2000 for 4.';., oOOO for 5s. ; locality iind date only (two lines) — 1000 for 2s., 2000 lor 3.s-. 'del., oOOO for 4s. Unequal num- bers, or eacli additional line, ijd. extra. Special: — MINUTE LABELS, printediu the smallest type made, essential ♦■"v Micros., and the lesser Macros., or small insects of other orders ; specimens and res on application. FISTS, for pointin<^ out varieties, Qd. per 100, iJOO for Is. CAREFUL WORK GUARANTEED. CASPI WITH ORDER. F. LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGA7E, KENDAL. CONTENTS. Two New Palaearctic Species of Rhadinopsylla, a Genus of Siphonaptera (with plates), The Hon. N. Charles Bothschild, 297. Some Coleoptera from Central America, T. D. A. Cockerell, 299. Cicadetta raontana in the New Forest (with illustrations), G. T. Lyle, 301. Some Dicroramphas observed in 1913, (Rev.) John W. Metcalfe, 305. British Neuroptera, 1912, W. J. Lucas, 306. Two New Varieties of Phyciodes camillus, Edwards (with illustration), T. D. A. Cockerell, 308. Lepidoptera at Albarracin in May and June, 1913 (with plate), T^. G. Sheldon, 809, Notes and Observations. — Tortrix pronubana, (Rev.) W. Claxton, 313. Note on CucuUia lychuitis, H. L. Dolton, 313. Margavonia unionalis at Hythe, Kent, Percy Richards, 314. Cymatophora fluctuosa in Scotland, N. Charles Rothschild, 314. Unusual Pairing of Noctuid Moths, A. E. Hodge, 314. Endopisa gemmiferana in Devon, {Rev.) J. W. Metcalfe, 314. Note on Scolio- pteryx libatrix, W. R. Taylor, 314. Notes from Derbyshire, &c., Winston St. A. St. John, 314. Emmelesia taeniata in Westmorland, Frank Little- wood, 314. Additions to the Gloucestershire List, C. Granville Clntterbnck, 315. Colias edusa and Sphinx convolviili in Glamorganshire, C. Granville Clutterhuck, 315. Colias edusa in Kent, R. H. Rattray, 315; 'in the City, S. Webh, 315 ; in Hants, Joseph Anderson, 315 ; in Cambridgeshire, W. R. Taylor, 315; in Sussex, E.A.C. Stoioell, 315; var. helice in Kent, W.- E. Manley, 316; at Lewisham and Eastbourne, R. Adkin, 316 ; in Suffolk, ./. F. Lorimer Fison,BlQ. Muiilia europaea in Yorkshire, JS. Me Wok, 316. Settling Habit of Pyrameis cardui, Joseph Anderson, 316. Cyaniris argiolus, a partial third brood, R. Adkin, 317. Euchloe cardamines emerging in October, B. W. Neave, 317. Notes on Gonepteryx rhamni, &c., E. A. G. Stoivell, 317. Notes on the Past Season, A. P. Sjnller, 317. Societies, 318. DR. STAUDINQER& BANQ = HAA5, Blasewitz- Dresden, intheir new Price List No. LVL for 1913, offer more than 19,000 Species of well- named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARViE; &c. Separate Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (29,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (3600 specie? i. DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA i2500), ORTHOPTERA (1200), NEURO- TERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (300). Discount for Cash-order> Prices low. We sell no more living pupfe. THE SCIENTIFIC AND PECUNIARY VALUE OF YOUR INSECTS will be enhanced if you employ the long winter evenings in affixing to every specimen a neat LOCALITY LABEL. Start right away, and systematically go through your collection. A postcard to — FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL, will bring you samples and prices of neatly printed data labels, as supplied to leading Lepidopterists. WANTED. — An expert Setter of Insects, prin = ci pally Lepidoptera. Apply — "T. N.," c/o West, Newman & Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 52, HIGH HOLBORN, and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed: exclianged if not approved of. Friends and Customerp are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur daily. ySubsorlptions to the • Entomologist ' {6s. post free) should be sent to West, Mewnian d Co., 54, Hatton Garden. London. Vol. XLVI 1 DECEMBER, 1913. [No. 607' THE ENTOMOLOGIST IllustratcJ) litontj)!)] |ournaI a E IV E HAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OK ROBICKT ADKIN. F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. F. W. FUOHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. Dk. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.K.H.. An. " By mutual contidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made." I LONDON : WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. DOUBLE NUMBER -Pricse One Shilling. WATKINS & DONCASTER Naturalists and Manufacturer of Entomological Apparatus aEd Cabirets Plam Itiug Nets, wire or oane, including Stick. Is. 3d., 26., 2b. 6d. Folding Netb, 33.6(1., 46, Dinbrella Nets (self-aotingj, 7b. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., is .6d. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, Od., Is., Is. 6d., 'is. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozeti. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, Is., Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2fi. 6r. to 8s. Snearine Tin, with brush. Is. 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready for UBt Is. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 28. 6d., 48., 5s., 66. Settin: Boards.'flat or oval, 1 in.. 6d.; U in., 8d. ; 2 in.,10d. ; 2^ in.. Is. ; Siiu-.' Is. 4a. i in.. Is. Cd. ; 5 in.. Is. lOd. ; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, lOs. 6d. Setting Bouses, 96. 6d., lis. Gd. ; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., Is., Is. 6g. Breeding Cage. 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 7s. 6d. Ooleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube , Is. 6d., Is.Sd. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, l8.6d., 2s. 9d., Ss, 6d., 48. 6d. Botanical Paper, Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 28. ()d. to lis. Cement for replacing Antennse, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, Is. 6d., 2s., 28. 6d. iier pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, beBt quality, Is. 6d. per dozeii sheets. Brass Ohforoform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. to 8b. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d., Is. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath. Is. 9d. Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary imnlementF for skinning, lOs. 6d. Scalpels, Is. 3d. ; Scissors, 2s. per o of Land and Fresii-water Shells. 2d. : Usetnl i3ooKs on insects, i^ggs, «c. SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minuli- insects of all other families. We stock various sizes and lengtljs of these Silver Pins, which have certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become "greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiidse, &( are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be please c to send patterns on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Mioroscopicai, Objects Fossils, ice. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post frefc. A LARGR STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIKDS' EGGg (BRITISH, KOROPKIN. AND KXOTIC) . Birds, MiiniTntils, tic, Preserved and Mounted by Firstciagx Worktnen 36, STRAND, W.C, LONDON, ENGLAND. M' Y NEW REVISED PRICE LIST OF SET BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA now being issued. Write at once if you have not received one. B'ine bred Yellow Dominula, 5s. each. Corydon var. Seniisyngrapha OS. each. Irish specimens (this year's) Artemis, 2s. 6d. per doz. Minos, 7s. pc doz. Hippocrepidis, 5s. per doz. Napi, 3s. 6d. per doz. ; and many other> My Text Book, the ideal work for Collectors; life-history and food-plani of every species, 3s. 9c?. post free. Newinan's Electric Lautp, specially designed for collectors, gives 18 hours continuous light, 8s. 6d., postage 4fZ. ; new batteries Is. each, postage 3c?. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. Bx\REETT'S ' Lepidoptera of the British Isles,' 11 vols., as new, well bound, cost £35. Price £21. Morris's 'British Moths,' 4 vols, (including all the Micros), 2000 coloured figures. 45s. 12 Store- boxes, 18 X 12 X 3, fitted with glazed lifting frames, cost £6 6s., quii clean and in good condition. £3 15s. A few fine British Coenosa, Viduaria, Subrosea, Auricoma, Pyrophila, 5trigosa. Qnaphalii. Barrettii, Palustris, &c. Varleyata and other varieties. A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLVL] DECEMBEE, 1913. [No. 607 NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF LYCMNA ARION. By F. W. Fkohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. In previous numbers of this Journal* the author has dealt with the different stages of Lyccena avion. Since the latest of these contributions (vol. xxxix. pp. 145-47) further attempts have been made to elucidate the doubtful points in the life-history of this insect, but it has to be confessed that a considerable gap still remains in our knowledge of the matter. It is the purpose of this note to give a brief account of the most recent observations of the author in the hope that suggestions tending to further progress may be elicited from others who may be interested in the subject. In the papers alluded to, the author recorded that the butterfly prefers to deposit its eggs on plants of wild thyme growing on or near anthills (the nests of Lasius flavus) ,f only a few eggs being deposited on each nest or group of plants. The young' larvae emerge in about nine days if temperature conditions are normal. The earliest food of the young larvte consists of the buds (flower) and blossoms of the thyme,! but they also readily devour one another.! Thyme continues to be the food of the larva until it has moulted three times. At this stage — about twenty days after emergence — it drops from the thyme plants,! and it is from this point that our knowledge of the life- history begins to be uncertain. We do not know what are the habitat or the food of the larva in its fourth stage. We are aware that the insect hibernates as a larva, § and it may be assumed that it feeds for some time before doing so. We are, however, ignorant as to the periods when it enters on and leaves hibernation, and as to its behaviour during that episode. The larva is full-grown in the first half of June, so that its last stage extends over nine months. In captivity, at the termination of their third moult, the larva3 refuse to remain longer on the thyme, and jerk themselves from ■•■ 'Entomologist,' xxxii. pp. 104-106; xxxvi. pp. 57-GO ; xxxviii, pp. 193-94 ; xxxix. pp. 145-47. \ Ibid, xxxvi. pp. 57-GO. + Ibid, xxxii. pp. 104-106. § Ibid, xxxix. pp. 145-47. ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1913. 2 C 322 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. it on to the earth.* There they proceed to hide themselves behind any suitable pieces of vegetation that they can find, their object being apparently to avoid the light. In the absence of hiding places they simply wander about aimlessly. In the night it is presumed the larvae search for food ; but it is esta- blished that at this point thpy have lost their cannibal habits. t The principal object of the experiments which are about to be described was to discover the natural food of the larvae after they drop off the thyme plants, and here two clues leading in apparently opposite directions present themselves. In the first place, the fact that the adult female deposits its eggs on plants growing on or near ants' nests, coupled with the well-known fact that ants are in the habit of milking the larvae of many Lycaenidae, suggested that the larvae of ario)i might be fed by ants or find food in their nests, t This theory is sup- ported by the discovery in Cornwall barely below the surface of the soil on the top of an ants' nest of three full-fed larvae | accompanied by one of smaller size — a discovery which definitely established the fact tbat the insect hibernates as a larva — but, as no more could be found in a large number of nests which were examined, the discovery in question may have been due to an accidental coincidence. There seems to be no reason to doubt that the larvae referred to had entered the soil for the purpose of pupation, the discovery of two pupae § in close proximity to one another by Mr. A. L. Ray ward and the author having made it clear that more than one larva may select the same spot for this purpose. The other theory is suggested by the fact that the larvae after the third moult eat honey and bore into green peas,t on which food they can subsist for several weeks. Much discussion has taken place since the publication of the author's previous articles in connection with the two theories which have been briefly mentioned, there being a sharp division of opinion among entomologists. Dr. Chapman (whose know- ledge of the earlier stages of European Lepidoptera is probably unrivalled) and those with him are convinced that the larva of arion lives within the nests of the ants after its third moult. In opposition to this view it is urged that the eggs may be deposited on the ants' nests only in order that the larvae may be protected from their natural enemies by the presence of the ants, which milk them ; and also that, if the larvae were ever really in the nests, they must have been found in the course of many thorough searches by the author and others. As to these searches it must of course be admitted that, as only a few eggs are deposited on each nest and the larvae are so small and in colour resemble the soil so closely in September when some of the searches were '■'- ' Entomologist,' xxsii. pp. 104-106. f Ibid, xxxvi, pp. 57-60. I Ibid, xxxix. pp. 145-47. § Ibid, xxxviii. pp. 193-94. NOTES ON THE LIFE-IIISTORY OF LYC/RNA ARION. 323 made, it is quite conceivable that some might have been over- looked. If further, as seems probable on the analogy of Cupido minima, which it much resembles in the larval state, the larva of arion should feed up in the autumn and hibernate as a fully fed larva, it would possibly be absent from the nest in the spring when careful searches were also ^made. While the negative result of these searches is thus explicable on Dr. Chapman's hypo- thesis, it must necessarily, as was first pointed out by the Hon. N. Charles Eothschild,* militate against it, and it must also be noted that this hypothesis fails to account in any way for the avidity of the larva for green peas. For the purpose of testing the rival hypothesis the author was able to secure, through the kindness of Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, a number of living colonies of the yellow ant (L. flavus) in observation nests. These observation nests are ingenious contrivances by which one is able to study in close detail colonies of ants living under circumstances closely re- sembling their natural condition. Incidentally, it may be mentioned here that the individuals composing a colony of L. flavus hibernate during the winter. They do not feed at all, nor is any food stored in the nest at this season. When a larva which had completed its third moult was placed in an observation nest containing L. flavus, it wandered from partition to partition as if in search of something. It was occasionally milked by the ants, but otherwise they took no notice of it, and it ate nothing except a little honey which had been placed in the nest for the ants. On the other hand, if a fresh green pea or a scarlet runner bean was ojBfered to the larva it at once bored into it and com- menced to feed. This experiment, which was repeated a number of times without any material variation in the results, seems to the author to prove conclusively that the larva of arion does not feed on the ova, larvae, pupaB or imagines of the ants, nor on their ejecta or excreta. It also proves that the ants do not feed it, though they might of course procure food for it. In another experiment, a portion of an ants' nest was placed in a glass cylinder with a little vegetation on the top. The colony inside was small, but appeared to be otherwise in a normally flourishing condition. A larva of arion which had just completed its third moult was then placed on the surface of the nest and carefully observed. The larva gave no indication of a desire to burrow into the nest or to approach the ants. It roamed about for a while, then rested beneath a small fragment of a grass root and finally succumbed. This experiment also appears to furnish convincing evidence that the larva does not normally live within ants' nests. It occurred to the author as an alternative explanation that ■'■ Ent. Rec. xxiii. p. 40. 2 c 2 324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the larva might conceivably subsist on the aphides which frequent roots on the surface of the soil, or on swellings produced by these aphides on the plants on which they feed, or on the excreta of these minute creatures, if any be deposited on the surface of the soil ; but it must be admitted that any such explanation is unlikely to prove correct. On the other hand, the structure and characteristics of the larva of arioyi so closely resemble those typical of larvae of other Lycaenidae that possess burrowing habits and subsist on succulent vegetable substances that, even if we were ignorant of the known fact that it feeds on fresh peas and beans, it would be difficult to avoid drawing the obvious inference. A FEW COMPARATIVE NOTES ON SOME DIURNI IN THE SEASONS 1912 AND 1913. By R. M. Prideaux. Where not otherwise stated, tbe following observations relate to the sandy wooded uplands in the neighbourhood of Brasted Chart, extending from Sevenoaks to Crockham Hill ; with a few notes from the parallel range of chalk hills (the North Downs) from Otford to Oxted. The season of 1912 began favourably, as was to be antici- pated after the exceptional summer of 1911, and butterflies appeared early and in abundance. The wet and cold summer that ensued, however, was so prohibitive of insect activities that 1913, in my experience, has been one of the worst seasons (especially the opening months) of which I have any records. The later appearances and second broods produced, it is true, specimens in more normal abundance. Pieris hrassicce. — 1912. From May lOtb fairly common ; second brood scarce, — 1913. First brood scarce ; single specimens from May 5th ; second brood common from July 11th (in S. Devon) and July 28th here. P. napi. — 1912. The first brood abundant from April 24th, but somewhat undersized specimens ; second brood scarce. — 1913. First brood scarce from May 21st ; second brood in abundance. P. rapa. — 1912. From late April common ; later scarcer. — 1913. First brood scarce, not seen before May 11th ; second brood in normal numbers. Euchloc cardamines. — 1912. First appearance (a female, curiously enough), April 21st ; subsequently very common ; ova found May 6th. Three males were seen fluttering round a pair in cop. for several minutes, May 10th. In the Boscastle district (N. Cornwall), where a fortnight was spent at the end of June and beginning of July, males of this species were recorded as late as June 24th. — 1913. A FEW COMPARATIVE NOTES ON SOME DIURNI. 325 Scarce and late, like nearly all the spring-emerging species ; not recorded till May 13th. Colias eclusa. — 1912. This species was evidently not rare at the end of June near Boscastle, but the cold and wet weather prevailing at the time precluded many chances of observation. A female, cap- tured on the 23rd, lived for several days, but subsequently died with- out laying. — 1913. The prevalence of " Clouded Yellows " this year has been a bright feature in an otherwise cheerless season. On June 3rd a female flew past me, near Westerham ; on the same day my friend, Mr. F. Gillett, captured one on the N. Downs near his house, from whose ova he was successful in rearing some specimens, and on the 15th a chance meeting with a collector at Crockham Hill revealed another female, just taken by him. As our records show, these early specimens were the precursors of an abundant later emergence. From August 16th to the 25th (and doubtless later) the species was common on the slopes of the N. Downs, males greatly preponderating. The absence of any record of the species in the first fortnight of July, which was spent near Salcombe, S. Devon, is noteworthy, as it is usually to be found in those parts ; pre- sumably, the period was just " between the broods," which will also account for the absence of Pierids during this visit, with the excep- tion of one P. brassicce, on July 11th. Gonepteryx rhamni. — 1912. This species is usually seen fairly commonly throughout these wooded hills, on which Bhamnus frangula grows plentifully ; and in the spring of 1912 they were in rather unusual abundance from March 11th onwards. Eggs, were found towards the end of April, and on the 28th seventeen were counted, all laid close together, on one shoot of buckthorn — an occur- rence the more remarkable in that on several adjacent bushes no ova could be found. Larvae that hatched on May 5th pupated on June 7th, and produced butterflies early in July. Scores of these butterflies were released in my garden, but scarcely any specimens w^ere subsequently seen at large there or in the adjacent woods, only five examples being recorded — four of these on September 8th and 21st, and one only during the miserably wet and cold August. — 1913, For the first time during nearly thirty years of recorded observations have I failed this spring to see hybernated specimens of this butterfly, nor could I discover that they had been seen by others in this immediate district. Mr. Gillett noted a few on the N. Downs, and I saw one male at Mereworth on June 14th. It is therefore scarcely surprising that the species in its summer emergence has been far to seek, only one being seen here, on September 28th. On the other hand, on the chalk hills opposite they have been fairly common this August. Although more eggs appear to be laid on the exposed and shrubby buckthorn bushes hereabouts, yet the larvai would seem to survive their enemies more successfully on the spread- ing tree-like growths of B. frangula, which grow under the deep shade of beech and other trees. Here I have found them full-grown frequently, but have searched for the pupa in vain, except on one occasion, when one was found attached to a stem of heather some yards from the food-plant. Vanessa urticcs. — 1912. After hybernation, April 17th. Not 326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. very common in the summer. Full-grown larvae were found here as late as September 27th, producing butterflies (in captivity) at the end of October until November 6th, all undersized specimens. — 1913. Not very common at any part of the season in my experience. V. 10. — 1912. A few hybernated specimens (the species is never abundant up here) from April 18th, on which date a specimen was seen feeding at sloe-blossom. Near Boscastle, at the end of June, the larvae of this species and of other Vanessids were remarkably plentiful, and on one large nettle patch near Camelford, on July 1st, larv£e of V. lo, V. urtica, Pyrameis cardui, and P. atalanta were all found feeding together. I do not record a single specimen of the fresh emergence here for 1912. — 1913. I have not seen this species at all here this year. Larvae were full-fed near Salcombe on July 1st, one imago seen near Dorking, August 30. Pyrameis cardui. — 1912. This was the butterfly of the season in my own experience, the early migrants especially appearing in very unusual numbers. The condition of these specimens varied largely, from (apparently) freshly emerged ones to such tattered, bleached survivals as, but for their flight, would have been hardly re- cognizable. The first was seen here on May 14th, feeding at the blossoms of the white beam ; and from this date till near the end of June (when I left home for a fortnight) they were everywhere — throughout the woodland, by roadsides, in gardens, &c. Bugle flowers were often an attraction, but more commonly they preferred settling on bare ground exposed to the sun. Ova were laid readily on field thistle in captivity on May 19th, but after reaching a half- grown condition the subsequent larvae (which hatched in eleven days) mostly died off from no apparent cause, as did many others that were captured at large. This high mortality, which is quite con- trary to my experience of the species, was a feature of the season, Mr. Newman tells me, in regard to this and other larvae, and was apparently due to climatic conditions. The butterflies were still in abundance near Boscastle in early July (still in " hybernated " con- dition mostly), where larvae were also found on thistle and nettle; and larvae were common hereabouts at the sides of cornfields, &c., during the remainder of July. On July 16th I had the supreme good fortune to find a pupa near Sevenoaks spun up in thistle, which the very next morning produced a superb aberration of the butterfly, closely resembling that figured in Newman's ' Butterflies ' (p. 64), The first freshly emerged specimen was seen on July 24th, and through- out the following month, whenever the wretched weather permitted their appearance, specimens were to be seen, but in nothing like the abundance that the profusion of their progenitors would have led one to expect. — 1913. Only one " early " specimen was seen here, a very fresh one, on May 30th, but specimens were not rare near Salcombe early in July. I only record one newly-emerged one here, on August 28th, and one larva, on July 18th, which soon died. P. atalanta. — 1912. After cardui this species was most note- worthy hereabouts. First seen. May 12th, at holly blossom, and common during the remainder of the month. At the end of June and early July specimens of variable freshness were frequent near Boscastle. I witnessed the laying of an egg on July 4th, hatched A FEW COMPARATIVE NOTES ON SOME DIURNI. 32? on the 12th, pupated August 16th, and emerged September 12th. Larvte were more abundant than I have ever known them, first in N. Cornwall and subsequently hereabouts. Specimens were bred from larvue (or pupie), found at large, from July i9th until Nov. 21st, with scarcely a week intervening without an emergence. Unlike the experience with cardui, there was practically no mortality amongst the larvae, either from parasites or from any other cause. The later appearance of the butterflies in nature was, of course, largely interfered with by the wet and cold season. — 1913. Two " hybernated " specimens, on June 3rd, here, and one on July 2nd, in S. Devon, are the only earlier records for the species I have for this year. Fresh specimens were observed, singly, from August 28th until October 18th ; not a sign of the larva — so common the pre- ceding year — have I seen. Argynnis euplirosijne. — 1912. These extensive woodlands, disap- pointing as they are in regard to butterfly life in general, ai'e speci- ally so where the Argynnids are concerned. A. euphrosyne is the only species to be relied upon, and that is far from abundant. In May, 1912, from the 10th onwards, it was much commoner than usual. — 1913. Scarcer this season, like most species ; also later, from May 24th until June 11th. Always more abundant in Mere- worth Wood, some miles east of Sevenoaks, but this is outside the radius under discussion. Epinephele janira. — 1912. First seen June 14th. — 1913. First seen June 13th — an early date, considering the delayed appearance of most species. I saw the last specimen on October 9th on the N. Downs, and it could doubtless have been recorded there even later in this warm and sunny autumn by residents on those more favoured and flowery hillsides. Zephyrus betulce. — 1912. A few full-grown larvae near Boscastle, beaten on June 22nd, all subsequently found to be ichneumoned. Thecla rubL— 1912. On the N. Downs on April 27th. A few single specimens on these hills (where it is never common) in May ; still out on the N. Downs on July 13th. Seen in cop. in N. Corn- wall, July 4th, and on the same day a specimen was seen to oviposit on gorse, the egg being laid near the tip of a shoot in the axil of a spine. — 1913. One, May 24th, near Sevenoaks ; the species still abundant on the S. Devon coast, in the first week of July. Chrysophanus phlceas. — 1912. From May 13th, common ; abundant near Oxted, May 23rd, the later appearances pretty common. Last record October 4th. — 1913. Very scarce in the early part of the summer ; first seen June 2nd. Not one specimen was recorded in S. Devon during the first fortnight of July, though butterflies in general were there fairly plentiful. The late summer specimens were pretty common on the N. Downs, and one was seen in Kew Gardens on August 20th. LyccBiia alsus. — 1913. This butterfly has been very scarce in its localities near Otford this season, where it is usually to be found in profusion. L. icarus. — 1912. First appearance, May 21st, on these hills ; abundant on May 23rd on the N. Downs, where a male specimen was found drying its wings at about 2 p.m. Second brood pretty B2S THE ENTOMOLOGIST. common on the chalk, but scarce here. — 1913. Remarkably scarce and late ; not seen at all by me until June 13th at Oxted, and then by no means common ; and Mr. Gillett tells me he only observed the species a few days earlier near his house on the N. Downs, a few miles further east. The second brood has, however, been abundant on the N. Downs, but by no means common hereabouts. L. corydon. — -1912. Two males, July 13th, near Otford ; females egg-laying near Oxted, September 7th. — 1913. Both sexes, only moderately common, near Oxted, August 14th. Gyaniris argiolus. — 1912. Some six or eight years ago this butterfly was by no means common hereabouts, in spite of the abundance of holly throughout the woods. Latterly, however, it has appeared in profusion, and even the adverse season of 1912, so detrimental to many species, seems to have affected this one less than most. From April 18th, when I record the first, a male, argiolus was abundant everywhere about these hills ; rather less so on the chalk. There, where holly is rare or absent, probably Gormis san- . guinea is one of the principal food-plants of the early brood of larvae. On May 9th I saw a female lay one egg on an immature flower umbel of this shrub just beneath a bud, and larv£B subsequently fed on the petals and unripe berries, rejecting calyx or leaves. It may be of interest to note that near Boscastle, late in June, being unable to find dogwood thereabouts, immature berries of privet and elder were offered the larvae but rejected, they having to be fed up finally on holly. The above-mentioned^egg hatched in nine days and pro- duced a butterfly on July 16th. Another egg was observed to be laid at the base of the ovary of a holly-blossom on May 11th. The last specimen I record of this brood was on June 9th, at rest upon a fence. The second brood began to appear on July 13th, specimens of which were less abundant than those of the earlier brood, but still common. A larva was found on ivy-bloom as late as Sep- tember 17th, producing a butterfly on April '17th of this year. — 1913. Although not nearly so abundant as last year, butterflies of both broods have been far from rare. First appearance of first brood, April 20th ; of the second, July 29th. A specimen in Kew Gardens, August 20th. Larvae of the second brood have been unusually com- mon on ivy in September last. Resperia alveolus. — 1912. First appearance, April 27th. — 1913. First appearance, May 21st. A perfectly fresh specimen was taken at Mereworth as late as June 14th. Brasted Chart, Kent, November 1st, 1913. LEPIDOPTERA AT ALBAKRACIN IN MAY AND JUNE, 1913. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 313.) Cupido sebrus. — This species first appeared in the sainfoin fields on May 24th, it was not abundant then, but later we found it LEPIDOPTERA AT ALBAKRACIN. 329 common at the bottom of hot dry gorges, in company with Melitaea dcsfontainii and other species. The specimens perplexed us a good deal, for they varied in expanse from 23 mm. -31 mm. and also in tint on tlie upper sides and in spotting on the under sides ; and bearing in mind that Zapater gives the nearly allied G. lorquinii as occurring, one could not be certain that some of the specimens were not that species. Mr. Rayward's careful examination of the genitalia, however, proves them to be all C. sebrus. Nearly all possess the second spot from costa on hind wing underneath, the absence of which is given by Kane as a distinguishing characteristic for C. sebrus. Cyaniris semiargus. — Only a few specimens seen, the first on June 7th. Zapater speaks of this species as not being common in the district. Nomiades cyllarus. — A very fine form was abundant in the sainfoin fields in May. Expanding up to 37 mm. both sexes have numerous bold ocelli underneath, and the blue at the base of the wings, upper side, in the females is much brighter than is the case in French specimens. Polygoma c-album. — One or two specimens were seen by Mr, Jones after I left. Zapater speaks of it as rather scarce. Eugonia j^olychloros. — Larvae were frequent on elm, and the images were just coming out on June 20th. Aglais urticae. — Larvae were common in May, and the imagos bred therefrom proved to be a very magnificent race, with an average wing expanse of 60 mm., and no doubt this expanse would be considerably inci'eased in the largest captured examples. The chief characteristic of the race, apart from size, is the richness of the tawny ground colour, which in this respect equals that of the Corsican form var. ichnusa, the width of the band on the hind wings in many examples, and the almost total suppression of the pale patches in the tawny bands, especially the one nearest the anal angle of the superiors. On my previous visit to the district I had noticed the rich coloured examples of this species, but they were not common and were strong on the wing, and I was then not able to secure a specimen for comparison. This form appears to be a well marked geographical race, which approaches in size and character- istics the Chinese form var. chinensis. I propose the name of var. teruelensis, n. var., for it. (See Plate xii., figs. 1, 2.) Pyrameis oardui. — Abundant. P. atalanta. — Not common, a few larvae and imagos. Melitaea dcsfontainii. — This fine Spanish species was first seen on May 24:th in the Guadalavier gorge near Santa Croche. Until June 7th we found it very scarce, only capturing one or two examples each day. On this date, however, Mr. Jones, on other species intent, prospected a cross gorge which came down to the main one, and discovered that this species was common in it, and from there we got as many specimens as we required. Afterwards we found it in similar places elsewhere, such as " The Vega," and on June 18th it was abundant at Losilla. The males frequent the bottom of hot stony gorges, settling upon the rocks, taking short flights, and when not startled returning to 330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the spot they started from ; the flight is characteristically Melitaea- like, and the specimens are not by any means easy to net. The females, which we did not find numerous, were occasionally to be found in the gorges, but more frequently in the undulating clearings on the ground above ; in these clearings between the savin trees there was usually plenty of the reputed food-plant, a species of Thymus, which Zapater calls T. aestivus. The specimens vary a good deal, within certain limits, but are always abundantly distinct from those of any other species. My largest male and female expand respectively 52 mm. and 57 mm. M. phoebe var. occitanica. — Common generally, first seen on June 1st. M. deione. — Fairly common, but very local, only found in the main gorge at Santa Croche. The specimens are much like those I have taken at Granada, var. nevadensis, but the females are not so large or so variegated, my largest Albarracin and Granada females expanding 49 mm. and 54 mm. respectively. M. athalia. — Zapater speaks of this species as being very rare ; he is probably right, for the only example we came across was a male taken by Mr. Jones, in the Guadalavier Gorge, above Albarracin, on June 23rd ; the specimen is undoubtedly this species, and is a fine, strongly marked form. Brenthis hecate. var. airjina. — This species, which in my previous visit. I had taken at Bronchales and Losilla, was very late in appearing ; Mr. Jones obtained a few examples at the latter locality on June 23rd; and again on June 28th ; they were confined to a very small spot. Issoria lathoiiia. — Common everywhere. Argynnis aglaia. — Common at Losilla on June 23rd. A, 7iiobe var. eris. — Common at Santa Croche at the end of June, Dry as pandora. — Frequent generally ; first seen on June 18th. Melauargia lachesis. — Common in some meadows near Santa Croche at the end of June. M. ja2)ygia var. cleanthe. — A few specimens were taken by Mr. Jones at Losilla on June 23rd and on June 28th. M. ines.—l first took a specimen on June 13th, on a hilltop on the way to Losilla ; then, on June 16th, about half a dozen others on the hills skirting the Vega. At the end of June I understand it became frequent, generally on the dry hillsides. The Albarracin form is rather smaller than my Malaga specimens. Mr. Jones has one specimen which is without the pair of ocelli on the costal margin of hind wings. Erebia epistygne. — The mention of this species being found near Albarracin in Zapater's Catalogue was one of the reasons why I felt compelled to time my visit early in May, for it seemed probable that specimens from this locality would prove distinct in some way from Southern French examples ; and as British collectors had never met with them, and there were no specimens in the National Collection, I was very curious to see what they were like. We therefore made our first excursion at Albarracin for this species on May 15th. Puerta de la Losilla, the nearest locality given by Zapater, is a good four miles, uphill grind, from the town, and we did not meet with LBPIDOPTERA AT ALBARRACIN. 331 our first specimen until we had got fully three miles beyond Losilla. Here, on stony, hilly gx'ound, E. eiyistygnc was not uncommon, and in two visits we obtained all we wished for. Afterwards we found odd examples amongst the hills in many directions round the town, and on one occasion I netted a male flying in a sainfoin field in the Valdevecar. The form, which is quite distinct in many respects from the French race, I have figured (Plate xii., figs. 6 and 7), and propose the varietal name of var. viriatJms, n. var., for it. It differs from its French congeners in size, the average wing expanse being about 46 mm., as against 54 mm., which is the average wing expanse of my Provence specimens; also in the narrower dark anal border to superiors — in some cases, as in fig. 7, this border is hardly perceptible — and the lighter anal tip to superiors ; the ocelli on all wings are more prominent, and the under sides are more grey, not so brown. Hipparchia semele. — Males of this species were first found on June 17th. Pararge maera var. adrasta. — A fine and extreme form of this was not uncommon in May. P. megaera. — Generally common. Epineiihele lycaon. — Mr. Jones captured a few males during the last days of his stay. There is a very fine form of the female, of which I have specimens, both from Albarracin and La Granja, and which is in other collections from Spain. This I have figured (Plate xii., fig. 4), and propose to name ab. hoopis, n. ab. In this form, as will be seen, the ocelli on the superiors are much enlarged by black shading, especially the one nearest the anal angle. E. pasiphae. — Common everywhere from June 8th, on which date the first specimens were seen. Gixnomjmpha dorus. — A few males were met with towards the end of June ; later on the species swarms ; they do not differ materially from Basses Alpes specimens. C. ipihioides. — This Spanish species was common at Losilla from June 11th onward. The specimens are not so large, nor are the ocelli so prominent as in my La Granja examples. C. paviphilus. — Frequent, but not common ; a small, weak form. Carcharodus alceae. — Apparently not common ; I only saw one example. C. altheae. — A single specimen taken by Mr. Jones, superficially identical with Swiss examples of this species, Mr. Eayward finds is actually it. C. baeticus. — Not common, but one picked up odd specimens everywliere. A good proportion of these w^ere netted as they were flying at the blossoms of Marrubium. G. lavaterae. — Not infrequent by the roadside at Santa Croche from June 5tli. The form is a small one, my largest example expanding only 34 mm. ; the ground colour of the superiors is rather browner than in Swiss specimens. Pyrgus proto was just coming out at the end of June ; later on it is abundant. P. sao. — Abundant generally. A form with very red under sides to the inferiors. 332 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Hesperia carthami. — Very abundant; a rather small and brightly- marked form first seen on June 6th. Mr. Eayward made certain of the identification by the genitalia. H. cirsii. — Some examples of a species of Hesperia taken by me at the end of July, 1905, prove, on an examination of genitalia being made by Mr. Eayward, to be this species ; they were abundant at that time in the Vega, and also at Santa Croche. H. serratulae. — A Hesperid which was first met with on Juno 18th, and which superficially appeared to be this species, was found on examination of the genitalia to be it. Specimens were taken at Santa Croche and Losilla, but they were not abundant. H. onopordi. — This species was fairly common. The first examples were taken on May 19th, and it continued in good con- dition until the end of June. The identification was confirmed by Mr. Eayward's preparation of the genitalia. H. malvoides. — Zapater speaks of H. malvae being not scarce. Undoubtedly by this is meant H. malvoides, which we did not find uncommon. A preparation of the genitalia by Mr. Eayward shows it to be this species. First taken on June 10th. Nisoniades tages. — Not infrequent from May 19th ; all that we saw were var. cervantes. Adopaea flava. — A few specimens were captured. It is not mentioned in Zapater's Catalogue, and is the only species of Eho- palocera we met with that is not. The Heterocera were not much worked, but the following species were taken or identified : — Aglaope infausta, Antkrocera rhadamantlius var. cingulata, A.sar- pedon, Arctiafasciata, Pseudopterna coronillaria, GnopJios vmcidaria, Acidalia rubellata, A. rubiginata, Athroolopha pennigaria, Eurran- athis plumistaria, Bhodostrophia calabraria var. tabidaria, Heliothis cardui var. purjjurata, Leiicania vitellina, Galophasia almoranda, Metopoceras chalidja, Athetis hispanica, Acontia Incida, Erastria viridisquama, Tarache lucida, Pyrausta sanguinalis, P. diffusalis, Cledeobia moldavica, Cledeobia bombycalis, Crambus craterellus, Evergestis frwnentalis, E. umbrosalis, Heterogynis penella, Ancylis unguicella, Pleurota bicostella. Youlgreave, South Croydon : September 4th, 1913. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. BiSTON HIRTARIA THREE YEARS IN PuP^. — On April 9th, 1910, I was fortunate in finding this insect m cop. and I successfully reared a good number of the larv». The larvtfi were a fine healthy lot, and were all down before the end of July. Not one specimen had appeared by April, 1911. The pup® were ahve and healthy, but showed no signs of emerging. They were always kept outside. On March 29th, 1912, three fine hirtaria appeared, one male and two females, and moths continued to emerge up to April 10th, though still a number failed to do so. On March 27th, 1913, one female appeared, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 333 and between this time and April 11th twenty-nine fine specimens in all emerged. — Egbert Lawson ; 4, Moncriefle Terrace, Craigie, Perth, N.B. CoLEOPTERA OP GLAMORGAN. — The first instalment of an annotated list, by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, of Coleoptera known to occur in the county of Glamorgan, will be found in ' Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society for 1912,' vol. xlv. pp. 41-58. Nearly three hundred species are entered as follows: — Cicindelidas, 2; Carabidue, 175 (4 doubtful) ; Haliplidas, 6 ; Pelobiidae, 1 ; Dytiscidae, 52 (1 doubtful) ; Gyrinidse, 5 (1 doubtful) ; Hydrophilidte, 58. Lepidoptera of Haslemere. — Mr. F. A. Oldaker has compiled an excellent list of the Lepidoptera occurring within six miles of Haslemere. This was recently published as ' Science Paper No. 5,' by the Haslemere Natural History Society. Two photographic plates and a map of the district accompany the list. Hadena oleracea destructive to Tomatoes. — I beheve it has not been brought to the notice of entomologists what havoc Hadena oleracea is creating amongst tomato growers. Tomato growers are suffering great losses all over the country (especially during this year) through this pest; and the trouble seems to be on the increase. In September I visited the nursery of a friend of mine who is one of the largest tomato growers in the North of London, and he showed me a bucket nearly full of pupge which his men had collected to burn. These all came out of one house. The only remedies seem to be to collect the larvae by hand, which is a slow process, and to take the top layer of soil off when the insects are in the pupal stage and burn it, which also means a great deal of labour. Of course being under glass the insects are protected against birds, and, though I examined a great number of larvae and pupae, I failed to find one ichneumoned. Being thus protected against two of their greatest enemies, the insects increase apace and make the nurseryman's fight against them all the harder. If any of your readers can suggest a better and more effective remedy than the two I have mentioned, I should be most grateful to hear from them. I have suggested that when the inseci is in the imago state next year fumigation might be tried, but I am rather doubtful as to the efficacy of ordinary fumigants on a insect with so much vitality as Hadena oleracea. — B. S. Williams ; 77, Durham Road, East Finchley, N. Aberration of Baratha (Mamestra) brassicji;. — On July 14th my father brought in to me a fine var. of M. brassica which he had found on a fence locally. The ground-colour is pale ochreous brown with dark fuscous markings, but the most remarkable point about the insect is the curious formation of the stigmata. The reniform and orbicular are joined by a white line, as in P. ^iniperda, only instead of being joined at the bottom, as in piiiiperda, they are joined at the top, giving the specimen a most extraordinary appearance. I also bred a fine form of this insect this year; the whole of the upper wings being suffused with deep blackish fuscous except the sub- terminal line, which is bright yellowish ochreous and broad, not 334 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. whitish and narrow, as is usual with this species. — B. S. Williams ; 77, Durham Eoad, East Finchley. CoLiAs EDUSA NEAR OxFORD. — During the last week in August, at Stanton Harcourt, about ten miles from Oxford, I saw about a dozen specimens of C. edusa, and captured three, only one of which was in really good condition. They were all males, and were seen in one clover-field. — Chas. F. Thornewill ; 15, St. Margaret's Eoad, Oxford, November 3, 1913. Birds eating Butterflies. — Eeferring to Lieut. -Col. Mander's note on this subject {antea, p. 292), I may say that when watching lucerne fields at Folkestone last August I frequently saw birds carry- ing what looked like pieces of paper into the hedges. I carefully stalked them and hid myself near. I then saw a sparrow fly out, pick off a butterfly and fly with it into the hedge. They did it frequently while I watched. None were caught on the wing, but picked off as they settled. Although Colias edusa and Vanessa nrticce were quite common, I never saw one taken, only common "whites," P. hrassica and P. rapce. — E. H. Eattray (Colonel) ; Tonbridge, Kent. Manduca (Acherontia) atropos in Ireland. — On October 12th, 1913, I secured a specimen of M. atrojios on the road running from Newbridge to the Curragh, about a mile from the town. The moth was at rest in the gutter, and the day was drawing to a close. Although I frequently hear of captures of this species in Ireland, this is only the second I have had the good fortune to meet with in that country. — H. T. Stoneham ; Stoneleigh, Eeigate, Surrey, November 5th, 1913. Manduca (Acherontia) atropos at Bristol. — A fine male speci- men of Manduca atropos was captured on October 19th in the graveyard of Bristol Cathedral, at rest on the wall of the Berkeley Chapel, by Mr. Hayward, Subsacrist. — Geo. C. Griffiths ; Penhurst, 3, Leigh Eoad, Chfton, Bristol, November 10th, 1913. HipPOTiON (Ch^rocampa) celerio in Sussex. — I have recently received from Mr. W. B. Ellis, of Arundel, a specimen of the above moth. The insect was captured by a lady on a window in Arundel on September 24th, 1913. Except for slight damage to the left lower wing, the specimen is in fine condition. — G. B. Coney ; The Hall, Batcombe, Evercreech. ToRTRix PRONUBANA. — On October 17th I took a male specimen of this moth on a shop window in Netting Hill Gate, W. I believe that this is the most easterly point at which it has been observed in the London district. — E. G. Josephs ; 23 Clanricarde Gardens, Bayswater. Colias edusa in Bucks. — Eeferring to my notice of Colias edusa (p. 290, antea, where for "conifer" read "juniper"), circumstances prevented my visiting the Chilterns hereabouts again until the end of September. The 27th was a very hot, beautiful day, and at 5 p.m. the temperature in the shade stood at 72 deg., despite the fresh NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 335 south-east wind blowing. I had marked out in my mind a special spot on the chalk hills where I might expect to meet with our "Clouded Yellow" in a favourable season, nor was I disappointed, for though practically all other butterflies, except G. rhamni, and belated females of A. medoii, had disappeared, I saw at least a dozen edusa in all, the males quite fresh, while I also had the pleasure of watching a worn female ovipositing. She chose by preference the most stunted plants j)f a Medicago growing sometimes actually in the gutter of the road, at this point confined between steep chalk banks well covered with Helianthcmum, Hippocrepis, and scabious. My presence in no way disconcerted her movements ; and she passed several times up and down the roadside, laying, I should think, quite a score of eggs, one at a time, and never two on the same small spray. Of these I brought a few home with me in situ, but when I came to open the air-tight box in which they were carried, a week later, I could find no trace either of larvae or ova, and I think the young larvae must have emerged and perished in the curled dry leaves which had been shaken out previous to examination. Cycling home by way of Tring, later in the day, I captured another perfect male on the side of the road just south of Aston-Clinton, and from the window of the train in the morning I had spotted yet another edusa on the railway bank between Chorley Wood and Chalfont Road Stations, where I see the late Eev. F. k. Walker met with it on Sep- tember 13th, 1900 (Entom. vol. xxxiii. p. 273). We may conclude, therefore, that the butterfly had been widespread in south and mid Buckinghamshire during the month. But to which brood did these newly emerged males side by side with worn females belong ? My own third-brood images were bred from ova deposited by a female taken in the Warren, Folkestone, about August 19th, and sent me by Mr. L. Newman. By the 28th all of the twenty-four were hatched, and they fed exclusively on Lotus corniciilatus, refusing Trifolium pratense when it was introduced. But though there was comparatively little difference in the dates of emergence, individual larvas developed much quicker than others. For instance, on Septem- ber 28th, when the first three hung up for pupation, others were no more than an inch long ; and I noticed that there is one moult, the third, which was most critical, seven or eight perishing at this stage apparently from exhaustion, as they ceased eating entirely, shrunk, and fell comatose from the food-plant. x\fter remaining three days rigid on the leno, pupation took place with the " forwards " (about thirty-three days from hatching). On October 2lst-22nd three full- sized females emerged (that is, about three full weeks after pupa- tion). Meanwhile, the third emergence, apparently, was proceeding in Buckinghamshire under natural conditions, and on October 9th, another magnificent day, I was once more on the Chilterns, and at the same spot where I had watched the female edusa ovipositing on September 27th, my companion, Mr. N. C. Rothschild, bagged a single fresh example of the same sex. I see Mr. Newman in his recently pubHshed book of ' British Butterflies and Moths ' says that "this larva may he forced from August ovum " (p. 18). This year, at all events, no artificial warmth has been required to mature the third brood. — H. Rowland-Brown ; Harrow Weald, October 26th, 1913. 336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Entomological Club Meetings. — July 5th, 1913, at Jesus College, Oxford. Professor E. B. Poulton in the chair. Other Members present were Mr. Horace Donisthorpe and Mr. W. Borrer (Hon. Member). July 12th, 1913, at the Hand and Spear Hotel, Weybridge. Mr. Porritt in the chair. Other Members present were Mr. E. Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Mr. T. W. Hall, and Mr. A. Sich ; also Mr. E. South (Hon. Member). October 24th, 1913, at Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon. Mr. T. W. Hall in the chair. The other Members present were Mr. E. Adkin, Mr, H. Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Eowland-Brown, and Mr. A. Sich ; also Mr. J. E. Collin and Mr. E. A. Smith (Hon. Members). SOCIETIES. Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, October 1st, 1913.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, E.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair. — Herr Wilhelm Junk, 68, Sachsische-strasse, Berlin, W. 15, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Mr. H. F. Bartlett exhibited a specimen of Haplotliorax hurchellii found under a stone on the lower part of Flagstaff Hill, St Helena, on March 25th, 1913.— Mr. P. A. Buxton, specimens of larval and imaginal Embiidae (species as yet un- determined) from various localities in Tunis and Algeria and from the coast to south of the Atlas Mountains. — Mr. E. E. Green, a Drilid (?) beetle, from Ceylon, with remarkable elongate spatulate mandibular and maxillary palpi. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, on behalf of Mr. G. T. Lyle, some silk wound from a Braconid cocoon, together with specimens of the cocoons themselves. — Mr. C. B. Williams, specimens of the cocoons of the three British Coniopterygids. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, several boxes of Lepidoptera in illustration of the geographical rela- tions of Mimicry. — Prof. Poulton read an extract from a letter written by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, showing that the hijJi^ocoon form at Chirinda in S. E. Ehodesia is, genetically, just as pre- dominant as the cenea form is in the Durban district. — ^Dr. Burr exhibited a specimen of Diestrammena marmorata, Haan, a Stenopel- matid Locustid from Japan, which occurs alive in Eelf's Nursery at St. Leonard's. — Mr. H. Eowland-Brown, an example of Araschnia levana, sent him by Mr. T. Butt Ekins, of Penarth, who said that he had captured it at the end of May this year, on the outskirts of the Forest of Dean. — Commander J. J. Walker, a female Colias edusa, F., taken by himself in the Isle of Sheppey, August 21st, 1913, in which the margin of the hind wings was almost entirely clear golden yellow. Also a specimen of a Ceramidia near G. chloroplegia, Druce, taken by a lady in a fruiterer's shop in North Oxford ; no doubt imported with fruit. Also the following Coleoptera : — (1) a short series of the very rare Halticid beetle Psylliodes cyano- •ptera, 111., taken in June, 1913, at Wood Walton Fen. (2) A specimen of CoccineUa 10-punctata, L., var. confiuens, Harr., taken in the Isle of Sheppey, June, 1912, and another very curious aberration of the same beetle with golden yellow spots from Wytham Park, Berks, July SOCIETIES. 337 30th, 1913. (3) The very rare male of Malthodes atomus, Thorns., also from Wytham Park, June 14th, 1913. (4) A monstrosity of Haliphcs confinis, Stepli., with three perfectly developed tarsi on the right hind leg. — Mr. Dadd, a collection of Catocalids. — Mr. Durrant, on hehalf of Mrs. W. C. Boyd, a series of specimens of British Lepidoptera of great historical interest, which she is presenting to the British Museum. — Mr. H. 0. Holford, a specimen of Coenonyinjyha pamphilus of ahnormally large size, taken at Newlands Corner, and a female of Eviaturga atomaria, almost without markings, from Milford. — Mr. D. Pearson, a drawer of butterflies taken this summer in the Tyrol, including specimens of the large Tyrolean form of Pohjommatus amandus, and a series of Erehia euryale var. ocellaris. — The following papers were read : — " Illustrations of Specific Differences in the Saws of Female Dolerids," by Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S. " Additions and Corrections to my List of the Kho- palocera of Trinidad (1904)," by W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. " On the Urti- cating Properties of Porthesia similis," by H. Eltringham, M.A., F.E.S. Wednesday, October 15th, 1913.— Eev. F. D. Morice. M.A., Vice- President, in the chair. — The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. Edward O. Armitage, Geelong, Victoria, Australia ; F. W. Cragg, M.D., Capt. I.M.S., King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Saidapet, Madras ; Walter James Dow, The Cottage, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom ; Leslie John William Newman, Dept. of Agriculture, Perth, W. Australia. — Mr. F. H. Gravely exhibited lantern- slides showing the connection between asymmetry and geographical distribution in the Indo- Australian Passalids. — Mr. F. Enock, photographs of the male and female of a new Mymarid. — Mr. Donisthorpe, specimens of the rare myrmecophilous Diptera, Platyphora lubbocki, Verrall, Mnigviatias blattoides, Meinert, and Pcyerimhoffia brachyptera, Kieff. — The Hon. N. C. Rothschild, speci- mens of Zygczna filipendulce from the Isle of Lismore, Scotland, and an example resembling them from Folkestone. Also specimens of Chrysophanus dispar var. riUilus from Hungary and other localities. — Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, examples of Chrysophamis dispar var. rutilus captured by him in the marshes of the Gironde below Bordeaux, on August 1st and 2nd, 1911, to compare with the much larger form taken in Hungary by Mr. N. C. Rothshild. Also a specimen of Agriades coridon var. syngrapha, Kef., taken in the Chiltern Hills on August 9th, 1913, being the first ever recorded therefrom ; with several examples of this variety taken by him at Dompierre-sur-Mer, and other female forms. — Capt. E. B. Purefoy, a short series of G. cleopatra which included two gynandro- morphous specimens. Mr. L. W. Newman, four gynandromorphous specimens of Smerinthus populi, three with the left side female and right side male, and one vice versa. In three of the specimens there was no trace of variation in the wings either in size or markings, the antennae only denoting gynandromorphism. Also four curious female specimens of A. coridon, three having the right pair of wings much smaller than the left and heavily dusted with blue scales, the left side being normal ; also one specimen similar but vice versa. All BNTOM. — DECEMBER. 1913. 2 D 338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. were taken wild in Herts in 1913. — Dr. G. W. Nicholson, a specimen of Pterostichics aterrimus, Pk., from Cloverhill, Co. Cavan. The only other Irish record is from Co. Cork. — Mr. E. E. Green, a transfer of a remarkable aberration of Telchinia violce, Fab., taken by Mr. G. Halkett, in Ceylon. Also Jassidae from Ceylon, parasitised by an undetermined species of Gonatopus. — The Eev. G. Wheeler, on behalf of Miss Macbride, a number of living specimens of the Longicorn beetle Acantliocinus ceclilis, L., taken in a timber-yard at Bow. — Dr. Longstaff, on behalf of Mrs. Waterfield, a box of Sudanese Pierine butterflies taken by her, and on which she contributed notes. — Prof. Poulton, a set of four males and one female, and another of two males and one female, of Metriorrhynchus semiflahellatus, Thorns. Both sets were captured at Moor Plantation, near Ibadan, S. Nigeria, by Mr. Lamborn. Also the following insects, bred by Mr. W. A. Lamborn from the nests of Hymenoptera-Aculeata at Moor Planta- tion : — 1. A male Megachile cincta (Sept. 17th), and the Cantharid beetle Zonitis ehorina, Fahr. (Sept. 17th). 2. Odynerus sp. inc. (Sept. 17th) ; the species exists unnamed in the collection of the British Museum. 3. A female M ut ilia flor alls, Klug. — "This female Mutillid emerged July 26th, from a mud nest, probably that of Sceliphron sjnrifex, L., found July 14th." 4. Chrysis {Tetrachrysis) sp. inc. (July 26th), Chrysis {Tetrachrysis) lyncea, F. (Aug. 3rd), and Sceliphron sjnrifex, L., female (July 31st). All these insects emerged at the recorded dates, from a mud nest of S. spirifex. — George Wheeler, M.A., Ho7i. Secretary. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— Sej^tember 25th.— Mi\ A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Exhibition of lantern-slides by members as follows : — Mr. C. B. Williams, an adult male Embiid, bred from a larva from Algeria ; also a piece of bark showing the silky tunnels made by the Embiid larva. — Mr. Dennis, flower groups in nature, and the fuller's teazle growing and drying for use. — Mr. Main, details of the hfe- history of the larch-sawfly, and gave an account of its habits at the different stages. — Mr. Lucas, specimens of the local grasshopper, Gomphocenis ritfus, from Bookham Common, and also a bred female. — Mr. Newman, Agriades coridon from Herts, including ab. semisyn- grapha, and a female specimen with asymmetrical wings, the smaller pair dusted with blue. — Mr. Curwen, Brenthis euphrosyne from several localities, those from the higher Alps being mostly large and light in colour, instead of dark and small as usually stated. — Mr. Moore, the aberration of Bumicia phlceas, captured "during the recent Field Meeting at Worms Heath. The upper and under side of the forewings had much enlarged spots = ab. magnip)uncta. — Mr. West (Greenwich), a series of the Coleopteron, Dac7ie rufifrons, taken from the fungus recently exhibited by Mr. Edwards, and a short series of the beautiful Cassida vittata. — Several members reported that Colias edusa had been seen in numbers at various places, Boxhill, Margate, Folkestone, &c., and that G. hyale had been taken. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Beport. Sec. 339 RECENT LITERATURE. Text-Book of British Butterflies and Moths. By L. W. Newman and H. Leeds. Pp. 1-217. St. Albans: Gibbs & Bamforth, Ltd., 1913. This very well arranged and practical handl)ook to the British Lepidoptera really seems to be the last thing in collecting made easy, and to the man who wishes to fill liis cabinet in the most expeditious manner it is the very thing he has been looking for these many years. We have been waiting a long time for something to replace " Merrin." The bulk of the book (pp. 16-122) consists of the Treatise — hardly a well-chosen title — given in tabular form under each species (English and scientific names), the time of occurrence of each stage of the insect, its food-plant, and many other useful facts, including localities. And it is very satisfactory to note that under this heading the information afforded, though exact and often detailed, is not such that it would be likely immediately to hasten the extinction of some of our rarest insects. The Systematic Arrangement is a laudable attempt at a difficult task — no arrangement can suit everybody's ideas, but might not the author's names have been included ? The list of food-plants is quite useful, and the index, the key to a book of this kind, so far as tested, leaves nothing to be desired. One other point — why have the butterflies been kept separate from the moths throughout ? Is it for the benefit of the collector, whose interests do not extend beyond the five dozen odd species to be found in these Islands ? In any case, it is a serious drawback to quick reference, . and might easily have been foreseen. The authors are to be congratulated upon so successfully carrying through such an arduous task; the collector, without doubt, will not be slow to reap the benefit. .^ ^ _, ^ N. D. R. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Series T. M. vol. vii. No. 2, Liverpool, June 10th, 1913, and No. 3 a, Liverpool, August 11th, 1913. As usual this periodical is chiefly occupied, as far as entomologists are concerned, with Diptera in connection with disease. By those who give attention to this subject much matter of interest \vill be found. More especially concerned wdth entomology is a report by the entomologist, Llewellyn Lloyd, on Gloss ina morsitans, and the description by Prof. R. Newstead, P.R.S., of a new Tsetse-fly, Gloss ina sever ini, from the Congo Free State. W. J. Lucas. Thirty-sixth Annual lieport and Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. Session 1912. Pp. 1-56. Published by the Society. " Ichneumons" form the subject of the Vice-President's Address (Mr. Claude Morley), and Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe contributes a paper " On Some Remarkable Associations between Ants of Different 340 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Species." A Porti-ait of the late Mr. Samuel James Capper is also included. Manchester Entomological Society. Tenth. Annual Beport and Trans- actions. 1912. Pp. 1-49. Published by the Society. Among the contents are two papers — "Notes on the Life-History of the Leaf-Insect {Pulchriphijllium crurifolium, Serv.) and the Mantis [Sjihodromantis bioculata, Burm.)," by Mr. H. S. Leigh ; and " Notes on the Actias Group of Saturnidae and Descriptions of Two New Genera," by Mr. J. Henry Watson. There is also a plate, from a photograph by Mr. K. Tait, Junr., on which are shown twelve interesting aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata. The descriptive letterpress accompanying the plate is by Mr. B. H. Crabtree. Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society for the Session 1912-13. With ten plates. Pp. i-xvii and 1-154. Published at the Society's Rooms, Hibernia Chambers, London, S.E. Thebe are several papers of very great interest to entomologists in this excellent volume. Among them the following may be mentioned: — "Varietal Names" (pp. 1-6, plates i.-iii.), by Eobert Adkin, F.E.S. ; " Labelling Entomological Specimens " (pp. 7-12), by R. Adkin ; " The Genus Cos7ionynipha " (pp. 13-20), by A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.E.S. ; "Notes on Earwigs" (pp. 21-27, plates iv., v.), by W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ; " Mimicry in Coleoptera " (pp. 28-38, plates viii.-x.), by C. J. Gahan, M.A., F.E.S. ; and " An Outhne of the Generic Types of British Lepidopterous Ova, with some excep- tions " (pp. 46-59), by A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. The latter forms part of the " Annual Address." The three figures on plate vii. depict remarkable beetle larvas exhibited by Mr. C. J. Gahan ; and two specimens of Pieris napi var. bryonies are shown on plate vi. A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. By John E. Robson, F.E.S. Vol. ii. — Micro-Lepidoptera. Part ii. — Tineina and Pterophorina. Index to Vol. ii. Edited by John Gardner, F.E.S. Pp. i-vi and 107-289. London : WilHams & Norgate. 1913. In this instalment — the final one — -of the important Catalogue of Northumberland and Durham Lepidoptera compiled by the late Mr. Robson, three hundred and ninety-seven species belonging to the Tineina and fifteen species of Pterophorina are enumerated. Valuable, often copious, notes accompany each entry. The part now under notice, together with part i. (published in 1905), forms vol. xv. of the ' Natural History Transactions of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.' It includes an Introduction by Mr. Gardner, also indexes to genera and species, and a portrait of the author of the Catalogue. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 57, Haverstock Hill, London, N.W., England, lU\i,'.s to announce the publication of a new Pnce List (No. 18) containing over ; 80U0 species from all parts of the world. This Catalogue contains a large number ' of rarities and recently-ilescvibed species at very moderate prices. Collections illustrating Mimicry and Mimetic Combinations, Type Collections, and Lepidoptera in papers at specially reduced ratee. An instructive series of Preparations of Neuration. Authors' names are given throughout. This List will be mailed free on application, as will any of the foUowitig : — Birdskins (over 5000 species) ; Birds' Eggs (over 1100 species) ; Mammals > .\er 800 species) ; Reptiles, Batrachians and Fishes (over 400 species). Please state which lists are required, and give name of this periodical. Localities guaranteed. All specimens sent on approval. CALIFORNIA LEPIDOPTERA. INEXPERIENCED Propagator and Collector of California Lepido- I ^ ptera again going to breed and collect in every locality of [ California. Gentlemen and Museums wishing large quantities of ? all taken, say from 10 to 100 of each species, can have them at a \ flat rate of '2hi. each. Parties wanting only certain species should '^cnd for my price list, and save 50 per cent, on retail prices. Still a ; of this season's catch on hand, Lycsena anna, 2s. per pair; this 1 \o;ena retails at about 8s. pair. Parnassius clodius, 2s. pair. Argynnis egleis. Is. Sd. pair, &c. Noctuidae and Geometridse, always /. each for quantity orders of from 5 to 100 of each species. There . e about 3.50 different species of Noctuidae and about 200 different i species of Geometridse in California. Sent on approval, by my new I system of mailing which insures us both. , Prof. Jas. Sinclair, 333, Kearney St., San Francisco, California. LEONARD TATCHELL & Co., Breeders and Collectors of British Butterflies and Moths. 23, THE ARCADE, BOURNEMOUTH. r Offer Llioir New Lists of LIVING LARV^ and PTJPM, Imagines, Life-histories, and APPARATUS. MANY GOOD VARS. & MELANIC FORMS. 10, 12, 15, 20, AND IO-Drawer Cabinets for Sale. Full particulars ON APPLICATION. LOCALITY LABELS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS.— ^^ The "Data" label is now considerod to bo a uecessaiy accoiujjauiiueut of every entuimlogical imen; and a neatly intiSJ-ED label is superior iu every way to one handwritten — being more uompact, ■3 legible, and ciTectiug a great saving of time and labour. One to five localities, equal quantities; localitv, date (= 191 ), and colleett)r's ae (three lines in all)— lUOO for 2s. Gd., 2000 for 48., 3000 for 5s. ; locality and o only (two lines)— 1000 for 2s., 2000 for os. od., oOOO for 4s. Unequal uum- -, or each additional line, Gd. extra. Special : — MINUTE LABELS, printed in the smallest type made, essential Micros., and the lesser Macros., or small insects of other orders ; specimens and cs on appheation. FISTS, for pointing out varieties, 6^. per 100, 300 for Is. CAREFUL WORK GUARANTEED. CASH WITH ORDER. F. LITTLEWQGD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL. CONTENTS. Notes on the Life -history of Lycaena arion, F. W. Frokawk, 321. A few Com- parative Notes on some Dim'ni in the Seasons 1912 and 1913, R. M. Prideaux. 324. Lepidoptera at Albarracin in May and June, 1913, W. G. Sheldon, 828. NoTKS AND Obskp.vations.— Biston hirtaria three yeara in Pupae, Robert Lawson, 332. Coleoptera of Glamorsjan, 333. Lepidoptera of Haslemere, 33^, Hadena oleracea destructive to Tomatoes, B. S. Williams, 333. Aberration of Baratha (Mamestra) brassicse, B. S. WiUiaws, 333. CoHas ednsa near Oxford, Chas. F. Thorneiuill. 334, Birds eating Butterflies, R. H. liaftraij, 334. Mandiica (Acherontia) atropos in Ireland, H. T. Stoneluoii. 334. Manduca (Acherontia) atropos at Bristol, Geo. C. Griffiths, 334. Hippo lion- (Chrerocampa) celerio in Sussex. G. B. Coney, 334! Tortri.x pronubana, K. G. Josephs, 334. Colias edusa in Bucks, JT. liowland-Brcxion, 334; Entomological Club Meetings, 336. Societies, 336. Recent Literature. 339. THE DICTIONARY OF ENTOMOLOGY The 'Entomologist' of March says: " The title of this well-pvinted book is what c.-xtches the eye ; it is presumptuous, and presumption pays, us a rnle, iiowoilavs— we hope this hoolc will. Kor it is a good book ; and contains, we have no hesitation in saying (not being presumptuous), a great Oeal we did not know. The author is a Classic rather than an Eutoniologist, aid gives us the true meaning of the words rather than that in which they are iiow used in our somewhat slipshod descriptions. Kor, i)i reality, this is a Dictionary of [the classical meaaing of ihe descrii)tive terms used in] Entomology The book is worth its price.— CM." Hound in hall roan. Price 6«. net. Sold by all booksellers and West, Newm.'VN & Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London, B.C. Trade, if unit hij post, id., foreign iid. extra, or post free from " Publishers," 2, Castle Street, Ashford, Kent. pELlX L DAMES, F.E.S., Berlin = Uchterfelde, * wishes to buy Trans. Ent. Soc. London, for I9i2> and 1913. Offers of works and pamphlets on Entomology always solicited. Second-hand catalogues sent on applica- tion. State class of Insects on which hterature is wanted. REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FAR.iVl in the BRITISH ISLES is HEAD'S. (Established 1884.) Au linuiense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larvs & Pups, & Set Specimens always on Sale. Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address— H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS 52, HIGH HOLBORN. and 29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. PRICED LISTS^ONWIPPLICATION. All Articles Guaranteed : exchai^eci if.'tiot approved of. Friends aud Customers are reauested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur aily. i_ __