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THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


An Illustrated Journal 
OF 4 AS 


ee 


GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. ‘- 
A Gow 


EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 


ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. 
H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. 
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8. 
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. 


‘ By mutual confidence and mutual aid 
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.’ 


VOLUME THE FORTY-SEVENTH. / 
SA se 


LONDON: 


WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. 
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Liurtep. 


1914. 


CaP iy 


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J 


“LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


ANDERSON, J., 301 
ARKLE, J., 206, 226 
AustEN, E. E., 70 
Baker, H. W., 324 
Barrett, C. G., 277 
BaRRett, J. Puatr, 132, 152, 226 
BETHUNE-BAKER, G., 39 
Bouam, GrorGs, 71, 251 
Boyp, A. W., M.A., 112, 135 
BrackEn, C. W., B.A., F.E.S., 96, 131 
Brinviey, H. H., 65 
Brock, 8. E., 105 
Brown, F., 277 
Bucxuurst, A. 8., 225 
Bourras, A. L., 277 
Buss, A., 40 
Buxton, P. A., 206 
Campton, F. W., 63 
Campton, H., 63 
Carr, J. W., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. 66, 95 
Carr, L. A., 205 
Cuapwick, L., 152 
Cuarman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 218 
Cuartss, S. A., 106 
CiutTrerBuck, C. GRANVILLE, F.E.S., 40, 
106 
CocxkERELL, Prof. T. D. A., 32, 114, 131, 
142, 191, 197, 213, 242, 305 
Coney, B. A., 105 
Corset, A. 8., 151 
Davin, E. ee a 39 
Daws, W., 224 
Distant, W. L., 87 
Dotton, H. ie, 40, 204 
E\petstTeEn, H. M., 71 
Exeter, A. J., 41 
Fett, EK. P., 86 
Frouawk, F. W., M.B.0.U., F.E.S., 179, 
212, 301 
Fryer, J. C. F., M.A., F.E.S., 300 
Ganan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 160, 188 
Gripes, A. EH., F.L.S., F.E.S., 54 
Giravtt, A. A., 53, 68, 197 
Goon, R. D., 300 
GuRNEY, GerRARD H., F.E.S., 147, 173, 
278, 301 
HAINES; ) eee, | DIPSH.,, M.R.C:S., 
L.R.C.P., 129, 146, 224 
Hamer, S. H., 151 
Harovine, M. J., 277 
_., Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc., 92 
Hicks, JouN Be oo; 72, 207 
= Hones, Harotp, 39, 252, 279, 325 
Houamns, A. W., 325 
Hont, H. £., 104 
Honter, R. L., 204 


Jackson, F. W. J., 300 

JEDDERE-FIsHER, H. C., 277 

Keusaui, The Rey. J. E., 40 

KersHaw, G. Bertram, 38 

Legs, A. H., 225 

Lowe, Rev. F. E., M.A., F.E.S., 14, 60 

Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 77, 97, 112, 
143, 180, 190, 203, 230, 252, 256 

Louvonr, A. B., 99 

yim, GT, EELS... 73, 105, 119) 2a, 
287 

Macminuan, W. W., 131 

ManssripGE, W., 48, 72, 109, 136, 183, 
208, 328 

Maruev, G. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 42, 113, 
132 

Metpora, Prof. R., D.Se., LL.D., F.R.S., 


&e., 225 

Metiows, C., 131, 180 

MetcanFe, Rev. Joun W., F.E.S., 
244 


Moraan, D., 206, 301 

Morey, CuavubE, F.Z.S., F.H.S., 23, 37, 
137, 170, 184, 215, 225 

Morton, KennEtH J., F.E.S., 1, 49, 209 

Neave, B. W., 181 

Nevinson, E. B., 299 

OupakER, Rev. F. A., M.A., F.E.S., 
276 

Outver, G. B., 325 

PickarD-CamBRiIpGE, A. W., 206 

Puiu, H. V., 152 

PripEaux, R. M., F.E.S., 228, 253, 303 

Ramsey, L. N. G., M.A., B.Se., 20 

Ret, P. C., 39, 274, 277 

Rensuaw, G. B., F.E.S., 299 

Ricuarps, Percy, 205 

Riuey, Norman D., F.E.S., 48 

Rippon, C., F.E.S., 251 

Rosertson, Major BR. B., 106 

Rosinson, A., 253 

Roruscuitp, The Hon. N. C., M.A, 
F.L.S., F.E.S., &e., 7 

RovurnepGe, GEorGE B., F.E.S., 225 

Rowxianp-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 8, 
34, 41, 55, 87, 126, 177, 180, 185, 207, 
281, 301, 304, 308 

Sr. Joun, W. S. A., 324, 326 

Sane, G. B., 71; 107 

Suarp, EH. P., 106 

Surupon, W. G., F.E.S., 82, 141, 152, 
224, 233, 269, 293, 315 

Sutra, R. 8., 324 

Soury, Ricuarp, F.L.S., 106, 136, 180, 
183, 205, 208, 224, 225, 230, 231, 232, 
255, 280, 324 


iv 


Spruuer, A. J., 251 

Stirr, Rev. T. A., 323, 324 

STowE LL, EK. N. C., 38, 39 

Strupp, E. F., 181 

Taytor, W. R., 180 

THEOBALD, F. V., M.A., F.E.S., &c., 
28, 36, 100 

THURNALL, A., 313 

Turner, H. J., 47, 109, 135, 159, 182, 
208, 229, 280, 303, 327 

Tyrrman, W. A., 40 


INDEX. 


WHEELER, Rev. G., M.A.. 45, 108, 158, 182 

WHIcHER, S., 251 

WuirtincHam, Rev. 
297, 325 

Wuemay, A. E., F.E.S., 161, 201, 219, 
266, 290, 318 

Wit11am, B. S., 181 

Wiutiums, C. B., B.A., F.E.S., 51, 247, 
249, 262 

WiuuraMs, H. B., 328 

Wiuiams, J. W., 252 


W.. Goyehebesss 


Warp, J.D., 40 Winston, St. A. Sv. J., M.B.C.S., 
Wuatn, C. W., 106 M.R.C.P., 326 
PLATES. 
PAGE 
I { Meteorus albiditarsis, M. niger, M. fragilis and cocoons of ) to. face 73 
six species of Meteorus . : : 
Il.—Sympetrum striolatum x 77 
IlI.—Erebia ligea, var. adyte, Hb., franciion to topical aged: it. * 113 
| Wicken Fen as it is. ] 
IV 1. Reed bed near Wicken Village shows HB opel HE ee is 185 
2. A ‘*Load’’ in the Fen } 
V.—Hemerobiid Wings 3 : Fy 209 
VI. ( Macrocentrus marginator, Zele infumator, Z. discolor, 257 
Z. testaceator, and cocoons of four species : 
VII.—At Le Lauteret. A Haunt of P. thersites . “ 4 : " 305 
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. 
Sympetrum striolatum (lateral thoracic markings) ; é ¢ : 4 
Three figures illustrating oviposition of Rhyssa : 2 ; : : Age el 
Rectinasus buxtoni, sp. nov. 29 
Forda rotunda, sp. nov. 31 
Tyrbula scudderi 5 33 
Metanea chapmani {a cn of aldomen from above L. é : . Ba) 
Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov. Head and prothorax . : é : + be 
Forficula auricularia : . 65 
Ascalaphus coccajus. Pupa-skin 97 
Argynnis selene, aberration 113 
Arctia villica, aberration . 113 
Diestrammena marmorata, female 145 
Psephenoides immsi sp. nov. 188 
Kakothrips robustus . 247 


Podagrion pachymerum 


264, 265 


INDEX. 


oe 


GENERAL. 


Aberrations of Argynnis selene and 
Arctia villica, 113 

Acronycta menyanthidis emerging in 
November, 40 

Acronycta strigosa, &c., in Cambridge- 
shire, 313 

Aphididw, Additions to the list of Kent, 
100 

Araschnia levana in Herefordshire, 325 

Arctiade, New species of, from Formosa, 
161 

Atlantic forms of Sympetrum striola- 
tum, Some remarks on, ol 


Bee resembling a Wasp, A, 142 

Bees, Australian Halictine, 242 

Bees, Australian, of the Genus Eury- 
glossa, 213 

Bees, New Australian, 197 

Bees, New and little known, 114 

Bees, Some Tasmanian, 305 

Braconide, British, Contribution to our 
knowledge of, 78, 119, 257, 287 

Butterfly collecting in Sicily and Cala- 
bria in 1912 and 1913, 132, 152 

Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Un- 
explored France, A, 8, 55, 87, 126 

Butterflies of Derbyshire, 324 

Butterflies of Venice and Neighbour- 
hood, 206 

Butterflies, Russian, An Expedition in 
search of, 233, 269, 293, 315 


Cerura bifida in August, 277 

Chalcid Parasite of Mantis eggs, Poda- 
grion pachymerum, Notes on, 262 

Cicada, Description of a new, from W. 
Africa, 87 

Coleoptera, Eggs of Prionus coriarius, 
252; of Norfolk, 180; of the Family 
Psephenide, a new Genus of, 188 

Cordulegaster annulatus in the Nymph 
Stage, 325 

Courtship of Gomphocerus maculatus at 
Craigton (Linlithgowshire), Notes on, 
104 

Crambi, A successful hunt for some of 
our local, 244 

Cyaniris argiolus in §S. E. Sussex, 
Abundance of, 276 


Dauphiny, Three weeks in, 281, 308 

Delamere Forest, A day in, 226 

Dermatobia in Guatemala, 131 

‘‘Do houseflies hybernate ?”’ 69 

Dragonflies bred in 1913, 39; in 1914, 
278 

Dragonfly at Sea, A, 39, 72 

Dragonfly season of 1913, Notes on 
the, 63 


Earlier stages of Colias hecla, The, 82 

Karly pupation of Lasiocampa quercus, 
324 

Eggs of Prionus coriarius (Coleoptera), 
252 

Emergence : Acronycta menyanthidis 
in November, 40; of Conchylis gigan- 
tana (alternana), 297; Harly, of 
Smerinthus ocellatus x Amorpha 
populi (hybridus), 251; Retarded, of 
Pararge egeria, 106, 131; of Saturnia 
pavonia (carpini), Delayed, 104 

Entomological jottings from Chichester, 
301 

Entomological trip to Corsica, An 
account of an, 147, 173 

Entomology of Helianthus, The, 191 

Euchloé cardamines, Appearance of, 
225; Harly appearance of, 206; Two 
years in pupa, 181 

EKurois occulta in Essex, 323 


Formaldehyde useful in setting insects, 
325 


Fossil Orthoptera of Florissant, Colo- 
rado, The, 32 


Garden Notes, 215 
Geometride, New 
Formosa, 201, 290 
Grasshoppers, Tropical, in England, 131 
Gynandromorphous bred specimens of 
Catopsilia (Callidryas) crocale, 204 
Gynandrous P. icarus, 277 


species of, from 


Hemiptera of Norfolk, 180 

Hesperiids, European, Notes on, 141,177 

Hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta, 151, 
181; of the larve of Lycena argiades, 
179 


vil INDEX. 


Hymenoptera, Dorset, 129; submitted 
for determination, 225 

Insects, Continental, of various orders 
taken by Dr. Chapman in 1913, 97 


Larva of Thecla spini, Description of a 
full fed, 152 

Larve of Acherontia atropos near Nor- 
wich, 277 

Larve of Zygena exulans, Notes on the, 
180 

Late appearances of Acidalia emutaria 
and 'l’oxocampa pastinum in Lincoln- 
shire, 324 

Lepidoptera of La Sainte Baume, 
S. France, Some notes on the, 14, 60 

Life Histories of Hesperia tessellum and 
H. cribrellum, 7 

Locauiries :-— 

Africa, W., 87; Algeria, 28; Alps, 
Basses, 180; America, C., 54; Ame- 
rica, S.,51; Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 277; 
Australia, 197,213,242; Australia, N., 
197; Berkshire, 204; Calabria, 132, 
152; Cambridgeshire, 313; Chi- 
chester, 301 ; Colorado (Florissant), 
32; Cornwall, 224; Corsica, 147, 
173, 224; Cumberland, N., 225; 
Derbyshire, 324, Devon, 323; Dorset- 
shire, 129, 146, 300; Dovedale, 39, 
106; Hastbourne, 106; Epping 
Forest, 104; Essex, 41, 323; Felix- 
stowe, 301; Formosa, 161, 201, 219, 
266, 290, 319; Forest of Dean, 325; 
France, 8, 49, 55, 87, 126; France 
(La Sainte Baume), 14; France 
(Vercors, Dréme), 13; France (Villars 
de Lans, Isére), 13; Glamorganshire, 
39; Gloucestershire, 40, 105, 106 ; 
Guatemala, 131; Hants, 39, 40, 277; 
Herefordshire, 325; Kent, 40, 100, 
205, 224, 301; Lanes, 40; Lincoln- 
shire, 324; Linlithgowshire (Craig- 
ton), 104; London, N.W., 204; 
Middlesex, 41; Norfolk, 277, 324; 
Norwich, 277; Nottinghamshire, 63, 
95, 223; Queensland, 53; Russia, 
233, 269, 293; Salcombe, 70; Samoa, 
36; Shetland, 274; Sicily, 132, 152; 
Skye, Isle of, 106; Sussex, S.K., 276; 
Venice, 206 ; Wicken Fen, 151, 218, 
252, 298, 299; Worcestershire, 251 

Lycenidex, The Sleeping attitude of, 212 


Melanic female of Biston hirtaria, 180 

Metamorphosis of Phasgoneura viridis- 
sima, Notes on the, 99 

Middlesex Lepidoptera in 1914, Abun- 
dance of, 301 

Mildness of the past season, Note illus- 
trating, 38 

Monograph of the Genus Acroricnus, 
A, 170; Joppidium (Walsh), A, 137; 
Osprhynchotus (Spinola), A, 23 


Mosquito from Samoa, A new, 36 

Moths captured by light trap, 227, 253, 
302 

Moths casually passing more than a 
year in the pupal state, 71 : 

Myrmecophilous Aphides from Algeria, 
Two new, 28 

Neuroptera, British in 1913, 190; Con- 
tinental, 203; of Nottinghamshire, 
The, 66 

New Central American Syntomide, 54 

New Genus of Miscogasteridew (Hymen- 
optera Chalcidoidea), 68 

New Species of Chirothrips (Thysan- 
optera) from S. America, A, 51 

New Species of Eurytoma from Queens- 
land which lives in the stems of 
Eucalyptus, A, 53 

New species of Metancea from France, 
A, 49 

Noctuide, New Species of, from For- 
mosa, 161, 219, 226, 319 

OxrruaRy :— 
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., 184 
Corbin, George, Bentley, 160 
Dobson, H. T., 256 
Warren, William, 303 

Odonata, 96 

Odonata, Continental, 203 

Odonata, British, in 1913, 77 

Orthoptera, British, in 1913, 143 

Oviposition of Rhyssa, Note on the, 20 


Pairing of Moths, Unusual, 38 

Pecilopsis (Harrison), The Genus, 
92 

Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum), 
Abundance of, 205, 225 

Prolonged pupal duration in Eriogaster 
lanestris, 152 

Psocidse of Nottinghamshire, The, 95 


Rearing Dasypolia templi, Note on, 38 
Recent Lirerature :— 

Annals of Tropical Medicine and 
Parasitology, 112 

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Pha- 
lene in the British Museum, vol. 
xlii., by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bt., 
208 

Common British Beetles, by Rev. C. 
A. Hall, F.R.M.S., 231 

Common British Moths, by A. M. 
Stewart, 48 

Contribution towards a Monograph of 
the Homopterous Insects of the 
Family Delphacide of North and 
South America, vol xlvii., 232 

Descriptions of twenty-three New 
Genera and thirty-one New Species 
of Ichneumon Flies, by H. L. 

, Viereck, 232 

Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée, 
Fasc. ix. lve et 2e Parties, 304 


INDEX. Vii 


Hymenoptera, Superfamilies Apoidea 
and Chalcidoidea, of the Yale- 
Dominican Expedition, by J. C. 
Crawford, 256 

Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 
136, 208 

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 
vols. 5-6, 280 

Monograph of the Jumping Lice or 
Psyllide of the New World, by D. 
L. Crawford, 255 

Names applied to the North American 
Bees of the Genera Lithurgus, 
Anthidium, and Allies, by T. D. A. 
Cockerell, 256 

New Genera and Species of Micro- 
Lepidoptera from Panama, by A. 
Busck, 256 

New Hymenoptera from North 
America, by A. B. Gahan, 256 

New Species of Noctuid Moths from 
Tropical America, by W. Schaus, 
232 

North American Springtails of the 
Subfamily Tomocerine, by J. W. 
Folsum, 232 

Pond Problems, by E. E. Unwin, 
M.Se., 255 

Proceedings of the South London 
Entomological and Natural History 
Society for 1913-14, 232 

Proceedings of the United States 
National Museum, vols. xlvi., xlvii., 
232 

Revision of the Ichneumonidex, Based 
on the Collection in the British 
Museum, with descriptions of New 
Genera and Species, 230 

Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan, 
by T. Miyake, 229 

The Forty-third Annual Report of the 
Entomological Society of Ontario 
for 1912, 112 

The Journal of the Board of Agri- 
culture of British Guiana, vol. vii. 
232 

The Life of the Fly, by J. H. Fabre, 159 

The Life of the Spider, by J. H. Fabre, 
159 

The Noctuid Moths of the Genera 
Palindia and Dyomyx, by H. Dyar, 
256 


Transactions of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History 
Society for 1911, 1912 and 1913, 48, 
231 

Type Species of the Genera of Ich- 
neumon Flies, by H. L. Viereck, 231 
Reversion of Arctic Hrebia ligea, &., 34 
Rhopalocera taken and observed at 
Villars de Lans (Isére), and in the 

Vercors (Dréme), List of, 13 


Scelionid Parasite of Locust’s Eggs from 
the Northern Territory of Australia, 
A new, 197 

Socrnrins :— 

Derbyshire Entomological, 136 

Entomological of London, 43, 107, 
156, 181 

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- 
gical, 47, 72, 109, 135, 182, 208, 328 

London Natural History, 327 

Manchester Entomological, 109, 135 

South London Entomological, 45, 108, 
134, 158, 182, 207, 228, 279, 303, 326 

Sphinx convolvuli in Norfolk, 324 

Stomoxys at a high altitude, 131 

Synpherobius (Hemerobius), Notes on 
the British Species of, 209 

Synonymy of Ichneumon obliteratus and 
I. barbifrons, 37 


Thysanoptera, Kakothrips, n. gen., A 
Division of the Genus Frankliniella, 
247 


VARIETIES :— 
Agriades corydon, 180 
Chrysophanus phleas, 277 
Gonodontis bidentata, 132 
Lycena corydon, 251; icarus, 251 
Pyralis costalis, 131 
Zygena transalpina, 205 

*Verrall Supper,”’ The, 71 

Viviparous British Beetle, Phytodecta 
viminalis, 249 


Wasps active in December, 39 
Wicken Fen, Its Conservation for 
Entomology, 185 


Xanthorhoé galiata var. unilobata in 
Devon, 323 


SPECIAL iN Dl xX. 


New Genera, Species, Sub-Species, and Varieties are marked with an asterisk. 


Order PROTURA. 


Acerentemon, 157 Acerentulus, 182 
Order ZORAPTERA, p. 157. 
Order I. COLLEMBOLA, p. 184. 


Order VII. ORTHOPTERA. 


Agathemera, 32 marmorata (Diestrammena), 144, 145 
Anabrus, 32 minor (Labia), 144 
auricularia (Forficula), 65 multispinosa (Tyrbula), 33, 34 
auricularia, var. forcipata (Forficula), | Orchelium, 32 

66 Paleorchnia, 32 
bicolor (Stauroderus), 144 parallelus (Chorthippus), 143, 144 
bipunctatus (Tetrix), 144 Photina, 34 
brachyptera (Metrioptera), 144 phymateus (Aigrotera), 229 
Capnobotes, 32 punctatissimus (Leptophyes), 144 
carolina (Stagomantis), 265 quadripunctata (Phaneroptera), 131 
cinereus (Thamnotrizon), 143 religiosa (Mantis), 262, 263, 265 
*costalis (Lithophotina), 34 rufipes (Omocestus), 98, 144 
falcata (Phaneroptera), 131 rufus (Gomphocerus), 144 
floccosa (Lithophotina), 34 *scudderi (Tyrbula), 33 
gigantea (Forficula), 300 Stagmomantis, 34 
griseo-aptera (Pholidoptera), 143, 144 sylvestris (Nemobius), 144 
grossus (Mecostethus), 143, 144 Teniopodites, 32 
Gryllacris, 32 texana (Stirapleura), 33 
Ischnoptera, 32 Tyrbula, 33 
Labiduromma, 32 viridissima (Phasgonura), 99, 143, 301 
lineatus (Stenobothrus), 144 viridulus (Omocestus), 143, 144 
Lithymnetes, 32 vulgaris (Gryllotalpa), 229 
maculatus (Gomphocerus), 104, 105, 143, Zetobora, 32 

144 


Order VIII. PLECOPTERA. 


marginata (Nemoura), 97 
variegata (Nemoura), 98 


cinerea (Nemoura), 97 
inconspicua (Nemoura), 98 
lateralis (Nemoura), 98 


Order IX. PSOCOPTERA. 


burmeisteri (Cecilius), 96 
cruciatus (Graphopsocus), 95 
cyanops (Elipsocus), 95 


abietis (Elipsocus), 95 
bifasciata (Amphigerontia), 95 
briggsi (Ectopsocus), 96 


INDEX. 1X 


divinatorius (Troctes), 96 
fasciata (Amphigerontia), 95 
flavidus (Cecilius), 96 
flaviceps (Philotarsus), 95 
guestfalicus (Hyperetes), 96 
immaculatus (Stenopsocus), 95 


longicornis (Psocus), 95 
nebulosus (Psocus), 95 
pedicularia (Pterodela), 96 
unipunctatus (Mesopsocus), 95 
variegata (Amphigerontia), 95 
westwoodi (Elipsocus), 95 


Order X. ISOPTERA. 


lucifugus (Leucotermes), 30 


Order XIII. 


zenea (Cordulia), 39, 77, 98 

annulatus (Cordulegaster), 39, 64, 78,79, 
204, 278, 325 

brunneum (Orthetrum), 98 

cerulescens (Orthetrum), 63, 78, 96, 203 

cancellatum (Orthetrum), 78, 96 

cyanea (Aischna), 79 

cyathigerum (Enallagma), 64, 77, 78, 98, 
278 

depressa (Libellula), 64, 78, 203 

dubia (Leucorrhinia), 78, 226 

elegans (Ischnura), 39, 64, 77, 78, 98, 278 

elegans, var. rufescens (Ischnura), 78 

ephippiger (Hemianax), 79 

fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 78, 79 

fulva (Libellula), 64 

grandis (Aischna), 39, 79, 278 

hemorrhoidalis (Calopteryx), 204 

hafniense (Brachytron), 64 

hastulatum (Agrion), 78 

imperator (Anax), 78, 79 

isosceles (Aischna), 79, 98 

juncea (Aischna), 79, 98, 226 

mercuriale (Agrion), 78, 79, 204 

meridionale (Sympetrum), 96 

metallica (Somatochlora), 63 

mixta (Aischna), 79 

naias (Hrythromma), 39, 64, 78, 278 


ODONATA. { = PaRANEUROPTERA. | 


nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 39, 63, 64, 77, 
78, 98, 204, 218, 278 

pennipes (Platyenemis), 63, 78, 204 

pratense (Brachytron), 278 

puella (Agrion), 63, 64, 77, 78, 218, 278 

pulchellum (Agrion), 64 

pumilio (Ischnura), 78, 79 

quadrimaculata (Libellula), 39, 64, 77, 
98, 278 

ruficollis (Libellula), 1 

scoticum (Sympetrum), 2, 72, 79 

splendens (Calopteryx), 64, 203 

sponsa (Lestes}, 78, 278 

striolatum (Sympetrum), 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 
39, 64, 78, 79, 80, 81, 96, 278 


striolatum, var. nigrescens (Sym- 
petrum), 2 
striolatum, var. nigrifemur (Sym- 


petrum), 1, 2, 3, 7 

tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 63, 78 

tenellum, var. melanotum (Pyrrhosoma), 
78 

uncatus (Onychogomphus), 203 

virgo (Calopteryx), 39, 63, 64, 78, 79, 
203, 278 

vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 39, 78 

vulgatum (Sympetrum), 3, 81, 96, 98 


Order XIV. THYSANOPTERA. 


cephalica (Frankliniella), 248 
Chirothrips, 51 
crassus (Chirothrips), 52 
floridensis (Frankliniella), 248 
Frankliniella, 51, 247, 248 
*frontalis (Chirothrips), 51, 52 
fusca (Frankliniella), 248 
gosypii (Frankliniella), 248 
hamatus (Chirothrips), 52 
helianthi (Frankliniella), 248 
insularis (Frankliniella), 248 
intonsa (=vulgatissimus) (Franklini- 
ella), 248 
Kakothrips, 247, 248 
manicatus (Chirothrips), 53 
melanommata (Frankliniella), 248 
mexicana (Chirothrips), 53 
minuta (Frankliniella), 248 


nervo3us (Frankliniella), 248 
nobilis (Megathrips), 248 
obesus (Chirothrips), 52 
occidentalis (Frankliniella), 248 
Physopus, 248 
Physothrips, 51 
pisivora (Thrips), 247 
robusta (Euthrips), 247 
robusta (Frankliniella), 247, 248 
robusta (Physopus), 247 
robustus (Kakothrips), 248 
runneri (Frankliniella), 248 
similis (Chirothrips), 53 
stylosa (Frankliniella), 248 
sulphurea (Frankliniella), 248 
tenuicornis (Frankliniella), 248 
Thrips, 51 
tritici (Frankliniella), 196, 248 

b 


INDEX. 


Order XV. HEMIPTERA. 


affinis (Scolopostethus), 146 
agilis (Hulachnus), 103 

agilis (Pachnus), 103 

agilis (Stenocephalus), 146 
albomarginatus (Gnathoconus), 146 
ambiguus (Psallus), 147 
ambrosie (Macrosiphum), 196 
angustulus (Ischnocoris), 146 
apterus (Halticus), 147 
aquilegie (Macrosiphum), 102 
arbustorum (Plagiognathus), 147 
arundinis (Macrosiphum), 102 
ater (Rhopalotomus), 147 
beccabungee (Aphis), 102 

bet (Macrosiphum), 101 
betule (Vacuna), 103 

betuleti (Psallus), 147 

bidens (Picromerus), 146 
bidentata (Pygolampis), 207 
binotatus (Stenotus), 147 
bipunctatus (Calocoris), 147 
bumeliz (Brysocrypta), 103 
*buxtoni (Rectinasus), 29 
calcaratus (Miris), 147 
campestris (Lyctocoris), 147 
cervinus (Lygus), 147 

chiragra (Rhyparochromus), 146 
cincta (Salda), 147 

cinerea (Nepa), 147 

citri (Pseudococecus), 207 
claviculus (Cymus), 146 

cocksi (Salda), 147 

coerulea (Zicrona), 146 
contractus (Notochilus), 146 
coriaceus (Chaitophorus), 103 
corticalis (Chermes), 182 

coryli (Phylus), 147 
crategarium (Macrosiphum), 102 
currens (Velia), 146 

decoratus (Scolopostethus), 146 
denticulatus (Coreus), 146 
depressus (Aradus), 146 
diplanterer (Macrosiphum), 102 
dolobrata (Leptopterna), 147 
duffieldii (Macrosiphum), 101 
dumosa (Jalla), 158 

elegantula (Microphysa), 147 
ericetorum (Nabis), 146 
ericetorum (Orthotylus), 147 
fagi (Phyllaphis), 229 

fallenii (Psallus), 147 

ferrugata (Leptopterna), 147 
flavomarginatus (Nabis), 146 
flavonotatus (Cyllocoris), 147 
foeniculi (Siphocoryne). 103 
fraxini (Phyllopsis), 229 
fraxinicola (Phyllopsis), 229 
galii (Aphis), 102 

geminatus (Ischnorhynchus), 146 
geoffroyi (Corixa), 147 
gibbifera (Gerris), 218 
gigantea (Musoda), 87 


glandicolor (Cymus), 146 
glauca (Notonecta), 147 
gossypii (Aphis), 102 
gothicus (Lopus), 147 
graminis (Macrosiphum), 101 
griseus (Hlasmostethus), 146 
hemorrhoidale (Acanthosoma), 146 
helianthi (Aphis), 196 
hieroglyphica (Corixa), 147 
histrionicus (Cyllocoris), 147 
holsatus (Miris), 147 


.humuli (Monanthia), 146 


infusus (Calocoris), 147 
interstinctum (Acanthosoma), 146 
inule (Phorodon), 103 

inuncta (Podops), 146 

juniperi (Lachnus), 103 

kalnii (Lygus), 147 

leta (Serenthia), 146 

levigatus (Miris), 147 

lanarius (Capsus), 216 
lanternaria (Fulgoria), 182 
lativentris (Nabis), 146 
limbatus (Nabis), 146 

lineatus (Nysius), 146 
lineolatus (Calcoris), 147 
littoralis (Salda), 147 

lituratus (Piezodorus), 146 
locustris (Gerris), 146 
longipennis (Macrosiphum), 102 
lonicerze (Rhopalosiphum), 103 
loti (Macrosiphum), 101 
luctuosus (Schirus), 146 
maculatus (Corizus), 146 
merkeli (Pithanus), 147 

mesta (Corixa), 147 

major (Nabis), 146 

malvze (Macrosiphum), 101 
marginatus (Syromastes), 146 
melanocephalus (Hyalopterus), 103 
melanocephalus (Phylus), 147 
merioptera (Heterotoma), 147 
micropterum (Macrodema), 146 
minuta (Triphleps), 147 
nasturtil (Aphis), 102 
nemoralis (Anthocoris), 147 
nemorum (Anthocoris), 147 
nymphexe (Rhopalosiphum), 104 
ochromelas (Calocoris), 147 
ochrotrichus (Orthotylus), 147 
padi (Aphis), 102 

palliceps (Phylus), 147 
pastinace (Lygus), 147 
pastinacex (Siphocoryne), 103 
paykulli (Macrotylus), 147 
pedestris (Stygnus), 146 
petasitidis (Aphis), 102 

picere (Lachnus), 104 

piceus (Drymus), 146 

pilosella (Salda), 147 . 

pini (Aphanus), 146 

polygoni (Aphis), 102 


INDEX. xl 


populus (Chaitophorus), 103 
pretextatus (Rhyparochromus), 146 
prasina (Palomena), 146 

primulz (Macrosiphum), 101 
punctatus (Rhacognathus), 146 
pyri (Myzus), 102 

quercus (Psallus), 147 

radicis (Trama), 104 

*Rectinasus, 28 

ranunculi (Aphis), 102 

reuteri (Phytocoris), 147 

rosarum (Myzus), 102 
roseo-maculatus (Calocoris), 147 
roseus (Psallus), 147 | 
rotunda (Forda), 30 
rubiellum (Macrosiphum), 101 | 
rufipes (Pentatoma), 146 | 
rugosus (Nabis), 146 

sahlbergi (Corixa), 147 

salicis (Melanoxantherium), 104 
saltatoria (Salda), 147 

scapha (Knoplops), 146 
scarabeoides (Thyreocoris), 146 
signata (Lachnus), 103 


sileneum (Macrosiphum), 102 


Order XVI. 


alba (Chrysopha), 67 

aleyrodiformis (Semidalis). 67 

angulatus (Micromus), 67 

arakave (Panorpa), 230 

Ascalaphus, 279, 303 

atrifrons (Hemerobius), 68, 209 

Aulops, 229 

beticus (Ascalaphus), 204 

Bittacus, 229, 230 

Boreus, 229 

Boriomyia, 209 

capitata (Nothochrysa), 68 

coccajus (Ascalaphus), 97, 98 

cognata (Panorpa), 43, 68, 179, 191 

communis (Panorpa), 68, 191, 229 

concinnus (Hemerobius), 190, 209 

Coniopteryx, 134 

conspersus (Sympherobius), 212 

elegans (Hemerobius), 67, 209, 210, 211, 
212 


flava (Chrysopa), 46, 67, 191 
fuliginosa (Sialis), 66 

fuscata (Sisyra), 67 

germanica (Panorpa), 68, 99, 19i 
hageni (Panorpa), 229 
hakusanensis (Panorpa), 230 
Hemerobius, 209 

hispanicus (Ascalaphus), 204 
humuli (Hemerobius), 67, 209 
inconspicuus (Hemerobius), 68, 209, 210 
klugi (Panorpa), 230 
Leptopanorpa, 229 

limbatellus (Hemerobius), 209 
longicornis (Ascalaphus), 204 
lutaria (Sialis), 66,98, 190 
lutescens (Hemerobius), 67, 209 
maculicollis (Raphidia), 190 


stagnorum (Hydrometra), 146 
staphylew (Rhopalosiphum), 103 
stellarie (Macrosiphum), 101 
subapterus (Coranus), 146 
sylvaticus (Drymus), 146 
sylvestris (Anthocoris), 216 
taraxaci (Macrosiphum), 101 
tenellus (Orthotylus), 147 
thomsoni (Scolopostethus), 146 
thoracica (Harpocera), 147 
ticinensis (Calocoris), 147 
tilie (Pediopsis), 229 
tipularius (Neides), 146 
tricornis (Dictyonota), 146 
trifolii (Macrosiphum), 101 
tripustulatus (Liocoris), 147 
ulmi (Phytocoris), 147 

urticee (Heterogaster), 146 
variabilis (Psallus), 147 
varians (Psallus), 147 

verna (Campylostira), 146 
veronice (Macrosiphum), 102 
virgula (Campyloneura), 147° 
viridis (Chermes), 182 

whitei (Myzus), 103 


NEUROPTERA. 


marginatus (Bittacus), 230 
marshami (Hemerobius), 211, 212 
micans (Hemerobius), 67, 191, 209 
mortoni (Hemerobius), 210 
nervosus (Hemerobius), 67, 191, 209 
nitidulus (Hemerobius), 67, 209 
notata (Raphidia), 66, 98, 190 
orientalis (Corydalis), 43 

orotypus (Hemerobius), 67, 209 
paganus (Micromus), 67 

Panorpa, 43, 229, 230 
Panorpodes, 229, 230 

parvulus (Hemerobius), 209 
pellucidus (Hemerobius), 210 
perla (Chrysopa), 67, 98, 191 
phyllochroma (Chrysopa), 67 

pini (Hemerobius), 210 

plumbeus (Creagris), 204 

prasina (Chrysopa), 67 
psociformis (Coniopteryx), 191 
psociformis (Conwentzia), 67 
pygmaeus (Hemerobius), 212 


’ quadrifasciatus (Hemerobius), 67, 99, 


190, 209 
septempunctata (Chrysopa), 67 
stigma (Hemerobius), 68, 191, 209 
striatellus (Sympherobius), 210, 211, 212 
subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 67, 209, 212 
Sympherobius, 209 
takaoensis (Bittacus), 230 
tenella (Chrysopa), 67, 191 
tineiformis (Coniopteryx), 68 
venosus (Sympherobius), 212 
ventralis (Chrysopa), 67 
vulgaris (Chrysopa), 68, 99, 191 
xanthostigma (Raphidia), 67 


Xl INDEX. 


Order XVII. TRICHOPTERA. 


albardana (Rhyacophila), 99 
centralis (Limnophilus), 78 
*chapmani (Metancea), 49, 50, 51, 99 
fimbriata (Apatania), 99 

flavipennis (Metancea), 49, 50, 51 
granulatus (Plitocolepus), 98 


latipennis (Stenophylax), 99 
ludificatus (Philopotamus), 98 
pedemontanum (Sericostoma), 99 
pullata (Berwa), 99 

ucenorum (Stenophylax), 99 


Order XVIII. LEPIDOPTERA. 


*abannulata (Hrebia), 283 
abbreviata (Eupithecia), 111, 120 
aboculata (Hrebia), 283 
abruptaria (Hemerophila), 227 
absinthiata (Eupithecia), 110 
acacie (Thecla), 16, 20, 56, 271 
achatinella (Nyctegretes), 245 
achiller (Anthrocera), 311 
achillez (Zygena), 63 
*acronyctoides (Stretchia), 163 
actzon (Thymelicus), 20, 57, 59 
acuminitana (Dichrorampha), 106 
acuminitana (Hemimene), 106 
adippe (Argynnis), 13, 19, 20, 128 
adonis (Agriades), 17 
adrasta (Pararge), 35 
adusta (Hadena), 275 
adustata (Ligdia), 110, 302 
advena (Philosamia), 110, 111 
adyte (Erebia), 34, 35 
zegon (Lycena), 110, 150 
segon (Plebeius), 10, 16, 57,177, 278, 282 
gon (Rusticus), 61 
aéllo (Gineis), 303 
zstimaria (Semiothisa), 63 
zetheria (Melita), 294 
afer (Hrebia), 236, 296 
agathina (Agrotis), 111, 123 
aglaia (Argynnis), 19, 20, 45, 46, 57, 
89, 128, 285, 312, 313 
*albibasis (Macrobarasa), 220 
*albibasis (Polyploca), 322 
*albicosta (Hyposada), 168 
*albidisca (Chytonix), 165 
*albidorsalis (Asura), 161 
*albigutta (Oruza), 167 
*albipuncta (Mecodina), 222 
*albirena (Euplexia), 165 
albistriana (Peronea), 112 
albistriga (Pydna), 323 
albonota (Huplexia), 166 
albonotata (Chytonix), 165 
albula (Nola), 39 
albulata (KEmmelesia), 275, 276 
alezee (Carcharodus), 175, 177, 316 
alcee (Erynnis), 20, 206 
alcetas (Everes), 273 
alchemillata (Perizoma), 254 
alciphron (Chrysophanus), 13 


alcon (Lycena), 127 

alcyone (Satyrus), 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 59 

alecto (Hrebia), 282, 284, 309 

alexandre (Ornithoptera), 46 

alexanor (Papilio), 55 

allionia (Tephroclystia), 62 

alni (Jochera), 279, 298 

alpina (Ithysia), 92 

alpinellus (Crambus), 246 

alpinum (Daseocheta), 183 

alstromeriella (Depressaria), 259, 289 

altheew (Carcharodus), 126, 313 

althes (Spilothyrus), 155 

alveus (Hesperia), 12, 13, 20, 57, 58, 313, 
89, 126, 141, 177, 178, 285, 310, 312 

amandus (Polyommatus), 241, 273 

amata (Timandra), 302 

amataria (Timandra), 54 

amathusia (Brenthis), 56, 312, 313 

Anacroniata, 183 

ancilla (Naclia), 45 

anderida (Heliconius), 107 

andrei (Philosamia), 111 

andromedx (Hesperia), 285, 286, 310, 
312, 313 

angelice (Zygena), 61, 63 

angulifera (Samia), 279 

angustalis (Cledeobia), 244 

annulata (Ephyra), 43 

annulata (Zonosoma), 43, 46 

annulatus (Cordulegaster), 325 

anthe (Satyrus), 297 

Anthrocera, 303, 326 

anthyllidis (Anthrocera), 326 

antico-obsoleta (Polyommatus), 327 

antiopa (Euvanessa), 20, 56, 277 

antiopa (Vanessa), 301 

antiqua (Orgyia), 225, 283 

Apocheima, 92 

apollo (Parnassius), 10, 11, 12, 13, 45, 
57, 90, 110, 127, 229, 282, 311, 313 

apollonius (Parnassius), 229 

appendiculata (Brachodes), 318 

arcania (Ccenonympha), 11, 14, 19, 20, 
316 

arenacearia (Eubolia), 318 

arge (Melanargia), 134 

argentina (Cucullia), 317 


| argentipedella (Nepticula), 208 


INDEX. 


argentula (Banksia), 299 

argentula (Erastria), 317 

argiades (Lycena), 179 

argiolus (Celastrina), 13, 20, 46, 229, 
293, 301 

argiolus (Cyaniris), 110, 206, 229, 276, 
301, 328 

argus (Argina), 159 

argus (Lycena), 110, 150 

argus (Plebeius), 10, 12, 13, 16, 20, 57, 
90, 127, 156, 177, 273, 282, 310, 313 

argyrognomon (Plebeius), 56, 57, 59, 89, 
127, 273 

arion (Lycena), 10, 12, 13, 56, 57, 241, 
293, 313 

aristeus (Satyrus), 175, 177 

*arizanensis (Thermesia), 320 

armoricanus (Hesperia), 12, 142, 178, 
316 

arsilache (Brenthis), 128 

artaxerxes (Lycena), 110 

artemis (Melitea), 136 

arundineta (Nonagria), 253 

arundinis (Nonagria), 253 

ashworthii (Agrotis), 110, 112, 328 

aspersana (Peronea), 245 

astrarche (Lycena), 18, 47, 70,106, 110, 
328 


astrarche (Plebeius), 39, 149 

astrarche (Polyommatus), 155, 273 

atalanta (Pyrameis), 13, 19, 35, 41, 70, 
105, 150, 151, 174, 177, 181, 193, 226, 
276, 284, 296, 301, 303, 313, 324 

athalia (Melitea), 10, 16, 20, 134, 182, 
207, 313 

atomaria (Ematurga), 47, 110, 123, 206, 
254, 318 

atomaria (Fidonia), 135, 136, 208, 226 

atricapitana (Eupeecilia), 247 

atriplicis (Hadena), 298, 299, 314, 315 

atropos (Acherontia), 205, 224, 227, 
328 

atropos (Manduca), 301 

Audela, 183 

augusta (Aporia), 154 

aurantiaca (Papilio), 269 

aurelia (Melitsea), 294 

aurinia (Melitea), 45, 110, 128, 207 

ausonia (Anthocharis), 270 

ausonia (Kuchloé), 19, 133, 154, 155 

australis (Acidalia), 62 

australis (Aporophylla), 110 

Automeris, 44 

autonoé (Satyrus), 242 

avellanella (Ornix), 208 

aversa (Gonanticlea), 292 

aversata (Acidalia), 62 

*azurica (Polyommatus), 127 

badiata (Anticlea), 227 

baliodactyla (Aciptilia), 245 

Baratha, 183 

baroni (Melitzea), 195 

barrettii (Diantheecia), 45, 327 

basalis (Nanaguna), 169 


xill 


| basijuncta (Polyommatus), 327 
basilinea (Apamea), 227, 253 
baton (Polyommatus), 154, 175, 177 
baton (Scolitantides), 273 
bavius (Scolitantides), 243 
belia (Anthocharis), 270 
bella (Hromene), 62, 63 
bellargus (Agriades), 17 
bellargus (Lycsena), 110 
bellargus (Polyommatus), 274 
bellidice (Pontia), 269, 270 
bellieri (Hesperia), 58, 126, 142, 178 
bellieri (Lycena), 151 
bellieri (Polyommatus), 177 
betule (Thecla), 120 
betularia (Pachys), 254 
betulella (Phycis), 260 
biarcuata (Polyommatus), 327 
bicolorana (Hylophila), 62, 63, 124 
bicoloria (Miana), 302 
bidentata (Gonodontis), 76, 132, 227, 290 
*bifasciata (Thermesia), 320 
bifida (Cerura), 277 
*biformata (Phoenicoprocta), 54 
bilineata (Camptogramma), 254 
bilineata (Larentia), 62 
bilunaria (Selenia), 47, 254, 302 
binaria (Drepana), 62 
*bipartita (Eustrotia), 168 
*bipuncta (Cirphis), 164 
bipunctanus (Melissoblaptes), 245 
bipunctaria (Eubolia), 109 
bipunctaria (Ortholitha), 245 
bipupillata (Ceenonympha), 19 
biselliella (Tinea), 77 
Biston, 92 
bistortata (Tephrosia), 110 
biundularia (‘l'ephrosia), 109 
beetica (Melitwea), 44 
beeticus (Lampides), 149, 176, 177 
boisduvali (Pseudacrea), 44 
bractea (Plusia), 135 
brassicz (Pieris), 13, 19, 128, 149, 151, 

153, 158, 174, 175, 177, 206, 269, 313 
breviculata (Tephroclystia), 62 
brevilinea (Arenostola), 225 
brevilinea (Leucania), 225 
broadwayi (Napata), 54 
brumata (Cheimatobia), 120, 123 
brunnea (Noctua), 254 
bryoniz (Pieris), 90, 313 
bucephala (Phalera), 228, 253 
cacaliz (Hesperia), 58, 126, 285, 286, 313 
cecus (Hesperia), 178 
*cerulea (Polyommatus), 277 
cerulea-grisea (Cupido), 274 
exruleocephala (Diloba), 111 
ceruleopunctata (Chrysophanus), 20 
cresia (Dianthecia), 111 
cesiata (Larentia), 275 
calabraria (Rhodostrophia), 62 
e-album (Grapta), 325 
c-album (Polygonia), 19, 56, 57, 155, 
177, 206, 294, 528 


Cc 


X1V 


calida (Polyommatus), 175, 177 

caliginea (Anacroniata), 183 

callidice (Pontia), 58, 285, 313 

Callidryas, 204 

calliopsis (Plebeius), 56 

Calocasia, 183 

Calymnia, 48 

camelina (Lophopteryx), 228 

camilla (Limenitis), 11, 17, 19, 56, 312, 
313 

candidata (Asthena), 110, 111 

caniola (Lithosia), 63 

canningi (Philosamia), 111 

cantaneri (Thais), 43 

capsincola (Dianthecia), 228, 229, 253, 
254 

eapsophila (Dianthecia), 45, 111, 328 

cardamines (Euchloé), 10, 13, 47, 133, 
154, 180, 181, 206, 207, 225, 251, 270, 
301, 313, 327 

cardui (Pyrameis), 10, 13, 17, 19, 41, 70, 
128, 149, 155, 173, 176, 177, 276, 278, 
284, 294, 301, 303, 313, 324 

carlin (Hesperia), 142, 178, 286, 310, 
312, 313 

carlota (Phyciodes), 194, 195 

carniolica (Anthrocera), 59, 311 

carpini (Saturnia), 104 

carpophaga (Diantheecia), 228, 253 

carthami (Hesperia), 20, 57, 89, 126 

cassinea (Bombyx), 122 

cassioides (Hrebia), 57, 59, 129, 284 

cassiope (Hrebia), 57, 90, 128, 282, 308, 
309, 313 

casta (Calophasia), 317 

castrensis (Malacosoma), 317 

Catephia, 183 

Cauninda, 183 

celerio (Chzerocampa), 40, 135 

celerio (Hypotion), 40 

celtis (Libythea), 18, 20, 236, 293 

centumnotata (Cidaria), 48, 328 

cerri (Thecla), 15 

cespitalis (Herbula), 244 

cespitis (Luperina), 45 

cespitis (Tholera), 302, 303 

ceto (Erebia), 108, 128, 282, 308, 313 

chamomille (Cucullia), 110 

chi (Polia), 328 

chlorana (Earias), 40 

chloridice (Pontia), 242 

christiienssoni (Colias), 271 

chrysidiformis (Sesia), 260 

chrysitis (Plusia), 131, 254 

chryson (Plusia), 131 

cinerea (Agrotis), 227, 253 

cinnus (Agriades), 18, 20 

cinxia (Melitewa), 19, 46, 294 

circe (Hipparchia), 156 

circe (Satyrus), 20, 59, 176, 177, 296 

circellata (Acidalia), 208, 226 

circuitaria (Acidalia), 62 

cirsii (Hesperia), 57, 126, 142, 177, 178 

cleodoxa (Argynnis), 155 

clathralis (Phlyctenodes), 318 


INDEX. 


cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 16, 19, 107, 
157 

clerkella (Lyonetia), 157 

clymene (Pararge), 241, 315 

clytie (Apatura), 279 

e-nigrum (Noctua), 302 

Coatlantona, 134 

celata (Pseudomicronia), 202 

celestina (Glaucopsyche), 240, 274 

ceelibaria (Gnophos), 38 

ccenia (Junonia), 193 

ceenia (Lithacodia), 168 

coenosa (Lelia), 315 

ceruleopunctata (Chrysophanus), 301 

coerulescens (Polyommatus), 286 

Colias, 271 

combusta (Xylophasia), 135 

comes (Triphzena), 303 

comma (Augiades), 313 

comma (Hesperia), 156 

comma (I.eucania), 228, 253 

complana (Lithosia), 63 

compta (Dianthecia), 62 

concinnata (Cidaria), 47 

concolor (Tapinostola), 46 

conflua (Noctua), 275 

confluens (Parnassius), 111 

coniferana (Stigmonota), 247 

conigera (Leucania), 254, 302 

*conjuncta (Trachea), 29 

*connexa (Laphygma), 166 

consobrina (Zygeena), 63 

consortaria (Boarmia), 318 

*conspecta (Hriopyga), 163 

*conspersa (Bapta), 201 

conspersa (Dianthcecia), 110, 275, 276 

contaminei (Anthrocera), 326 

contaminellus (Crambus), 244 

*contigua (Fodina), 221 

contiguaria (Acidalia), 111, 328 

conversa (Catocala), 62 

conversaria (Boarmia), 46, 48, 327 

convolvuli (Sphinx), 72, 324 

conyze (Hesperia), 178 

cordula (Satyrus), 10, 11, 13, 14, 56, 
312 

corinna (Cenonympha), 150, 151, 174, 
175, 177 

coronana (Peronea), 112 

corsica (Lycena), 151 

corsica (Orgyia), 150, 151, 177 

*cortes (Napata), 54 

corticea (Agrotis), 254 

corydon (Agriades), 11, 13, 18, 20, 46, 
127 

corydon (Lycena), 110, 251 

corydon (Polyommatus), 311, 313 

coryli (Demas), 183 

Cosmia, 48 

Cosmodesmus, 107 

cossoides (Batracharta), 221 

costalis (Pyralis), 131 

costajuncta (Polyommatus), 327 

costana (Tortrix), 135 

crabroniformis (Trochilium), 135 


INDEX. XV 


Crambus, 61 

crategi (Aporia), 10, 13, 19, 153, 154, 
269, 282, 296, 311, 313 

craterellus (Crambus), 61, 63 

crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 109, 227 

cribrellum (Hesperia), 8, 316 

cribrum (Emydia), 160, 245 

cribrum (Myelois), 204 

cribrum (Myelophila), 204 

croatica (Macroglossa), 317 

crocale (Callidryas), 204 

crocale (Catopsilia), 204 

crocealis (Ebulea), 259 

cruciferarum (Plutella), 205, 225 

cruda (Txniocampa), 227 

cucubali (Diantheecia), 72, 111, 227, 253, 
254 

cuculatella (Nola), 120, 123, 124, 135 

culiciformis (Sesia), 260 

culmellus (Crambus), 61, 63 

cuneata (Abraxas), 136 

Curetis, 181 

cyllarus (Glaucopsyche), 45, 293 

cyllarus (Nomiades), 11 

cynthia (Melita), 128 

cynthia (Philosamia), 279 

damon (Agriades), 127 

damon (Polyommatus), 89, 286, 313 

damone (Euchloé), 133, 134, 154 

daphne (Brenthis), 295 

daplidice (Pieris), 154, 155 

daplidice (Pontia), 175, 177, 269 

dardanus (Papilio), 44 

darwiniana (Ccenonympha), 57, 128 

Daseocheta, 183 

dealbata (Scoria), 318 

decipiens (Kerala), 220 

decorata (Acidalia), 61, 62 

defoliaria (Hybernia), 135 

degeneraria (Acidalia), 62 

deione (Melita), 286 

Delias, 280 

delius (Parnassius), 57, 89, 111, 127, 310, 
312, 313 

delphius (Parnassius), 229 

dentalis (Odontia), 245 

dentina (Mamestra), 110, 227, 253 

deplana (Lithosia), 47 

*derufata (Melitea), 56 

desfontainii (Melitea), 44, 46 

designata (Coremia), 302 

determinata (Acidalia), 60, 61, 62 

dia (Brenthis), 16, 19, 20, 295, 313 

diana (Colias), 271 

dichotoma (Amata), 319 

dicta (Pheosia), 227 

dictynna (Melitsza), 10, 313 

didyma (Melitswa), 19, 20, 46, 56, 134, 313 

dilucida (Apopestes), 62 

dilucidana (Conchylis), 245 

dilutaria (Acidalia), 62 

dilutata (Oporabia), 111 

Diphthera, 183 

diplaga (Euproctis), 322 


dipsaceus (Heliothis), 317 

discobolus (Parnassius), 229 

*discitincta (Cosmotriche), 321 

Dismorpha, 280 

dispar (Lymantria), 111 

disseverans (Baratha), 183 

distributa (Nola), 161 

*divisa (Batracharta), 221 

divisana (Peronea), 112 

dolus (Polyommatus), 18, 20 

dominula (Callimorpha), 72 

donzelii (Polyommatus), 286, 313 

dorilis (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 272 

doris (Heliconius), 44 

dorus (Ccenonympha), 19, 20 

doubledayaria (Pachys), 204 

dromus (Hrebia), 57, 284 

*dubia (Semiothisa), 291 

dubitata (Triphosa), 254 

duponcheli (Hrebia), 58, 59, 128, 129, 
283, 313 

dysodea (Hecatera), 277 

edusa (Colias), 13, 19, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 
59, 70, 90, 128, 149, 155, 158, 174, 
175, 176, 177, 206, 207, 270, 271, 278, 
300, 301, 303, 313 

egea (Vanessa), 133, 155 

egeria (Pararge), 70, 106, 131, 149, 174, 
177, 207 

egerides (Pararge), 35, 316 

egialea (Amauris), 107 

eleus (Chrysophanus), 20, 149, 151,173, 
177 


elinguaria (Crocalis), 132, 254, 302 

elisa (Argynnis), 173, 174, 176, 177 

elongella (Gracilaria), 259 

emutaria (Acidalia), 324 

eos (Melitza), 182 

epiphron (Erebia), 91, 128, 309 

Erebia, 34, 91 

eremita (Psilura), 46 

eris (Argynnis), 19, 20, 46, 57, 89, 156, 
295, 313 

eroides (Polyommatus), 273 

eros (Polyommatus), 57, 127, 273, 286, 
309, 313 

erynnys (Erebia), 129 

erythrus (Zygeena), 62, 63 

escheri (Agriades), 13, 57, 59, 127 

escheri (Polyommatus), 17, 20, 158, 286, 
313 

esculi (Thecla), 16, 20 

Euclidia, 183 

Euclidimera, 183 

eumedon (Aricia), 303 

eumedon (Polyommatus), 285, 313 

eupheme (Zegris), 236, 240, 270 

euphenoides (Euchloé), 132 

euphorbie (Deilephila), 62, 224 

euphorbie (Hyles), 224 

euphborbiata (Minoa), 62 

euphrosyne (Argynnis), 207 

euphrosyne (Brenthis), 10, 20, 47, 295, 
313 


XV1 


Kupithecia, 71 

euryades (Heliconius), 158 

euryale (Erebia), 57, 129, 282, 286, 312, 
313 

eurybia (Chrysophanus), 57, 89, 127, 
285, 310, 313 

eurytheme (Colias), 193 

exalbata (Siona), 318 

exclamationis (Agrotis), 228, 253, 254 

exigua (Caradrina), 62 

extrema (Zizera), 327 

exulans (Anthrocera), 286, 310 

exulans (Zygena), 180 

exulis (Crymodes), 275 

fabricana (Sericoris), 76 

fagella (Chimabacche), 260 

falcataria (Drepana), 110 

fascelina (Dasychira), 159 

fascelis (Melitea), 295 

*fasciata (Pseudomicronia), 201 

fausta (Anthrocera), 59, 311 

favicolor (Leucania), 277 

favillaceana (Capua), 47 

ferrugata (Coremia), 110, 227, 254, 302 

festuce (Phytometra), 183 

ficklini (Dianthecia), 43 

filigrammaria (Oporabia), 111 

filipendulw (Anthrocera), 158, 326 

filipendule (Zygrna), 63, 160, 300 

fimbria (Agrotis), 122 

fimbria (Triphena), 122, 125 

flammea (Meliana), 253 

flava (Adopza), 317 

flavipalliata (Abraxas), 136 

flavicincta (Polia), 39, 302 

flavus (Thymelicus), 10, 13, 20 

fluctuata (Xanthorhoé), 227, 253, 302, 
303 

fluviata (Percnoptilota), 38, 111 

formicipennis (Sesia), 260 

*formosana (Liparopsis), 323 

formosa (Kuchromia), 159 

foulquieri (Hesperia), 58, 126, 178 

foulquieri (Polyommatus), 17 

franconica (Clisiocampa), 133 

fraxinata (Kupithecia), 110, 135 

fraxini (Catocala), 40, 135 

frithi (Antherea), 111 

fritillum (Hesperia), 57, 58,126,177, 178 

frugalis (Pydna), 267 

frugalis (Remigia), 183 

fuciformis (Hemaris), 62 

fugax (Solenopsis), 43 

fulgurita (Kribomorpha), 279 

fulvago (Xanthia), 303 

fulvana (Catoptria), 245 

fulvata (Larentia), 62 

fumaria (Biston), 181 

fumata (Acidalia), 47, 110 

funebris (Pyrausta), 63 

furcata (Hydriomena), 254 

furva (Mamestra), 275, 328 

*fusca (Fodina), 221 

*fuscimarginalis (Nola), 161 


INDEX. 


gabrielis (Papilio), 181 

galatea (Melanargia), 11, 12, 14, 155, 
156, 296, 313 

galiata (Xanthorhoé), 323 

gallii (Celerio), 228, 279 

gambrisius (Papilio), 181 

gamma (Plusia), 41, 111, 131, 135, 228, 
253, 254, 302, 303, 317 

gavarnica (Hrebia), 283 

gemmaria (Boarmia), 254 

gemmiferana (Laspeyresia), 328 

genistea (Mamestra), 227 

gentiana (Penthina), 328 

geryon (Adscita), 107 

geryon (Ino), 107 

gigantea (Conchylis), 245, 297 

gilvago (Mellinia), 47 

gilvaria (Aspilates), 246 

glabra (Orrhodia), 106 

glacialis (Krebia), 128 

glareosa (Noctua), 276 

glariaria (Phasiane), 318 

glauca (Hadena), 47 

glauca (Mamestra), 110 

glaucata (Cilix), 120, 254 

glaucinaria (Gnophos), 228 

glaucopsis (Ceenonympha), 19 

globularis (Ino), 63 

globulariz (Procris), 317 

glyphica (Euclidia), 62 

goante (Hrebia), 57, 90, 129, 313 

Gonospileia, 183 

gordius (Chrysophanus), 13, 15, 20, 59 

gordius (Lycena), 154 

gorge (Hrebia), 58, 90, 91, 129, 284, 285, 
313 


gorgone (Erebia), 90 

gorgophone (Erebia), 90, 91, 128 

gothica (Tzniocampa), 227 

gracilis (Teniocampa), 76, 111, 227 

greecaria (Ithysia), 92 

graminis (Chareas), 38, 276 

egriseata (Lithostege), 71 

*griseotincta (Albara), 267 

grossulariata (Abraxas), 105, 106, 107, 
109, 136, 328 

gutta (Plusia), 317 

gyrata (Ephyra), 62 

halterate (Diptilon), 135 

hamana (Euxanthis), 318 

*hampsoni (Metzmene), 319 

hardwickii (Parnassius), 229 

hartmanniana (Argyrolepia), 47 

hastiana (Peronea), 77, 111 

haworthii (Celena), 276 

hecate (Brenthis), 16, 19, 20 

hecatzus (Papilio), 46 

hecla (Colias), 82, 83, 84, 85, 270 

hecuba (Ornithoptera), 46 

helice (Colias), 158, 176, 207, 327 

Heliconius, 47 

helvola (Lithosia), 47 

herbosana (Dichrorhampha), 106 

herbosana (Hemimene), 106 


INDEX. 


hermione (Hipparchia), 156 

hermione (Satyrus), 11, 14, 19, 20, 296 

herrichi (Parnassius), 111 

Hesperia, 177 

hesperica (Plebeius), 44, 45 

hiera (Pararge), 10, 15 

hippocrepidis (Anthrocera), 326 

hippolyte (Satyrus), 242 

hippothoé (Chrysophanus), 310 

hirtaria (Biston), 71, 180 

hirtaria (Lycia), 92, 93, 94, 327 

hispana (Agriades), 180 

hispana (Polyommatus), 180 

hispidaria (Apocheima), 207 

hispulla (Epinephele), 149, 173, 176, 177 

hobleyi (Pseudacreea), 44 

hospita (Parasemia), 285 

hospiton (Papilio), 148, 176, 224 

humili (Hepialus), 275 

hutchinsoni (Grapta), 325 

hutchinsoni (Polygonia), 294, 328 

hyale (Colias), 12, 13, 19, 59, 90, 177, 
206, 207, 270, 271, 313 

hydara (Heliconius), 158 

hylas (Agriades), 127 

hylas (Polyommatus), 12, 13, 20, 57, 
282, 286, 310, 311,313 

hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 11, 14, 45 

iacularia (Rhodostrophia), 318 

iberica (Melitea), 46 

icarinus (Polyommatus), 16, 46 

icarus (Lycena), 41, 70, 106 

icarus (Polyommatus), 10, 13, 17, 20, 
39, 46, 127, 149, 153, 158, 173, 174, 
175, 177, 207, 212, 228, 251, 273, 277, 
278, 279, 280, 303, 309, 313, 327, 328 

ichnusa (Aglais), 150, 174, 177 

ictericana (Spaleroptera), 244 

ida (Epinephele), 149, 175, 176, 177 

ilia (Apatura), 279 

iliades (Apatura), 279 

ilicifolia (Gastropacha), 158, 228, 327 

ilicifolia (Lasiocampa), 157 

ilicis (Thecla), 11, 13, 16, 20, 27, 312, 
313 

illunaris (Pseudophia), 62 

illustris (Automeris), 279 

imitata (Acidalia), 62 

immaculata (Dryas), 175, 176, 177 

immaculata (Scolitantides), 273 

imperator (Parnassius), 229 

impura (Leucania), 254, 303 

inequalis (Agriades), 327 

incarnata (Heliothis), 317 

inconspicua (Pydna), 267 

indica (Pyrameis), 43 

indica (Vanessa), 43 

infausta (Aglaope), 56 

ino (Brenthis), 285, 311, 312, 313 

inornata (Acidalia), 62 

inquinatellus (Crambus), 247 

instabilis (Teniocampa), 227 

insularis (Antherea), 111 

intermedia (Epinephele), 316 


XVll 


intermedia (Mellinia), 47 

intermedia (Pararge), 20 

intermedia (Polyommatus), 18 

io (Vanessa), 13, 41, 70, 174, 177, 205, 
207, 276, 324 

iochalcea (Abraxas), 136 

iphioides (Coenonympha), 316 

iphis (Cononympha), 57, 89, 128, 310, 
313 


iris (Apatura), 279 

*isabelle (Pecilopsis), 92, 93, 94 

ismeria (Phyciodes), 194, 195 

isomera (Eustrotia), 169 

italica (Ithysia), 92 

Ithysia, 92 

jacobee (Hypocrita), 180, 227, 253 

jaguarinaria (Arichanna), 202 

japygia (Melanargia), 156 

jasius (Charaxes), 133, 177 

jucunda (Kublemma), 63 

jurtina (Epinephele), 14, 20, 47, 128, 
149, 206, 232, 313, 315 

*kanshireiensis (Pydna), 322 

*kanshireiensis (Thermesia), 320 

*kanshireiensis (Semiothisa), 290 

kuhlmanni (Argynnis), 295 

lacinia (Synchloé), 195 

lacticolor (Abraxas), 136, 328 

lacunana (Sericoris), 76 

lanarius (Microbiston), 92 

lanceolata (Ceenonympha), 226 

lanestris (Kriogaster), 134, 152, 157 

lappona (Hrebia), 129, 285, 286, 312, 313 

lapponaria (Peecilopsis), 92, 93, 94 

lariciaria (Boarmia), 39 

lastoursi (Philosamia), 111 

lathonia (Issoria), 13, 59, 89, 128, 129, 
149, 174, 177, 295, 313 

lavandule (Zygena), 61, 63 

lavatere (Carcharodus), 313 

leander (Ceenonympha), 241, 316 

lecheana (Ptycholoma), 158 . 

lefebvrei (Hrebia), 284 

*lentiginosa (Kerala), 220 

leonardi (Parnassius), 111 

leporina (Acronycta), 110 

leucomelanella (Lita), 208 

leucophearia (Hybernia), 120, 183 

levana (Araschnia), 325 

libythea (Appias), 44 

licheana (Tortrix), 259 

lichenea (Epunda), 135 

ligea (Hrebia), 34, 35 

ligustri (Craniophora), 164 

lilacina (Dryas), 182 

limbatus (Teracolus), 44 

Limenitis, 232 

limitata (Ortholitha), 254 

lineago (Mellinia), 47 

linearia (Ephyra), 62, 303 

lineola (Adopea), 41, 311, 312, 317 

lineola (Thymelicus), 13, 20, 57, 126 

literosa (Miana), 111 

lithargyria (Leucania). 110, 254, 802 


XVill 


lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 254 

litigiosaria (Acidalia), 61, 62 

littoralis (Leucania), 111, 225 

littoralis (Prodenia), 157 

liturata (Semiothisa), 76, 110 

lobulina (Cosmotriche), 321 

lonicere (Anthrocera), 286, 311 

lonicerse (Zygzena), 61, 63 

lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 253 

lucernea (Agrotis), 47, 110, 135, 328 

lucida (Acontia), 317 

lucilla (Neptis), 241, 293 

lucina (Nemeobius), 300 

luctuosa (Acontia), 254 

lunaria (Selenia), 279 

lunigera (Agrotis), 328 

lunosa (Anchocelis), 303 

lunosa (Omphalocelis), 303 

lupulina (Hepialus), 228 

lurideola (Lithosia), 63, 254 

lutea (Xanthia), 303 

lutearia (Lythria), 318 

luteata (Rumia), 62 

luteolata (Opistograptis), 227, 253, 254, 
302 

lutulenta (Epunda), 105 

lyeaon (Epinephele), 56, 89, 128, 313, 316 

lychnidis (Amathes), 136, 303 

lychnidis (Orthosia), 136 

Lycia, 92 

lycidas (Plebeius), 44 

lydia (Polyommatus), 274 

lyllus (Coenonympha), 173, 177 

machaon (Papilio), 10, 13, 19, 127, 155, 
175, 177, 187, 207, 253, 269, 282, 301, 
311, 313 

macilentaria (Acidalia), 61, 62 

maculata (Agriades), 127 

maculata (Perenia), 202 

maculipennis (Plutella), 205, 225, 318 

meniata (Ortholitha), 62 

mera (Pararge), 10, 13, 20, 313, 316 

magdalena (Melitsea), 19 

magnifica (Citheronia), 279 

magnifica (Parnassius), 110 

malvz (Hesperia), 142, 178, 317 

malvoides (Hesperia), 58, 142, 178, 285, 
313 

manni (Pieris), 269 

margaritellus (Crambus), 226 

marginaria (Hybernia), 135 

*marginata (Bapta), 201 

marginata (Ligdia), 228, 254 

marginata (Lomaspilis), 302 

marginepunctata (Acidalia), 62, 108, 
318 

maritima (Senta), 299 

marmorinaria (Hybernia), 183 

matura (Cerigo), 254, 302 

maura (Mania), 280 

mayrana (Peronea), 112 

medon (Aricia), 12, 13, 16, 18, 20 

medon (Plebeius), 39, 106 

medon (Polyommatus), 127, 310, 313 


INDEX. 


megera (Pararge), 11, 13, 20, 41, 70, 206, 
207, 313, 316 

melampus (Erebia), 309, 313 

Melanargia, 46 

melanella (Lita), 159° 

melanotoxa (Polyommatus), 327 

meleager (Polyommatus), 18 

Melinza, 47 

Melitwa, 134 

melotis (Hesperia), 178 

mendica (Diaphora), 110, 227 

menephron (Psilogramma), 279 

menthastri (Spilosoma), 110, 227, 253 

menyanthidis (Acronycta), 40, 110 

merope (Melita), 128, 310, 313 

Metaporia, 280 

meticulosa (Phlogophora), 254, 275, 302, 
303 

meticulosa (Trigonophora), 254 

mi (Iuclidia), 110 

mi (Euclidimera), 183 

micacea (Hydreecia), 302, 303 

microdactylus (Leioptilus), 328 

mima (Hypolimnas), 158 

miniata (Calligenia), 47 

minima enaee 327 

minimus (Cupido), 11, 13, 18, 20, 127, 
207, 313 

minutissimus (Agriades), 327 

miniosa (Tsniocampa), 76 

misella (Tinea), 318 

mnemosyne (Parnassius), 241, 269 

mnestra (Erebia), 58, 90, 91, 128, 284, 
313 

Mocis, 183 

meeschleril(Hesperia), 316 

Monacha, 136 

monacha (Lymantria), 71, 251 

monacha (Psilura), 46 

monocharia (Phigalia), 135 

moneta (Plusia), 160, 223 

moniliata (Acidalia), 62 

monoglypha (Xylophasia), 135, 254, 
302 


montanata (Xanthorhoé), 47, 228, 253, 
275 

morpheus (Caradrina), 253, 254, 303 

mosara (Aidia), 222 

mouffetella (Gelechia), 259 

mucidaria (Gnophos), 63 

mundana (Nudaria), 39 

mundataria (Aspilates), 318 

munita (Gonospileia), 183 

munitata (Coremia), 275, 276 

muricata (Hyria), 47 . 

murinaria (Kubolia), 63, 318 

murinata (Minoa), 52 

musculana (Cnephasia), 47 

myrmidone (Colias), 206, 207 

myrtilli (Anarta), 123 

nana (Diantheecia), 72, 328 

nanata (Eupithecia), 120 

nanatella (Depressaria), 259 


| napa (Brenthis), 128 


INDEX. 


napi (Pieris), 10, 13, 19, 41, 136, 174, 
177, 206, 303, 313 

nebulosa (Aplecta), 45, 111, 124, 135, 
328 

nebulosa (Mamestra), 124 

*nebulosa (Parasiccia), 162 

*nebulosa (Pydna), 267 

neera (Melita), 295 

neglecta (Noctua), 111 

neomiris (Satyrus), 174, 175, 176, 177 

neril (Cherocampa), 40, 72 

nerii (Daphnis), 40 

neustria (Malacosoma), 62, 254 

ni (Plusia), 317 

niavius (Amauris), 107 

nictitans (Hydreecia), 254, 302 

nigra (Amporophyla), 303 

nigra (Boarmia), 135 

nigra (Odontoptera), 136, 328 

nigrifoldella (Tinea), 232 

*nigrifrons (Amata), 318 

nigrofasciaria (Anticlea), 227 

nigromaculana (Grapholitha), 245 

*nigropunctata (Scolitantides), 273 

nigrosparsata (Abraxas), 47, 328 

niobe (Argynnis), 128, 295, 310, 312, 
313 

noctuella (Nomophila), 41 

nymphagoga (Catocala), 62 

obelisca (Agrotis), 110 

obeliscata (Thera), 72, 111, 120, 231 

oberthiiri (Philosamia), 111 

oblongata (Eupithecia), 228, 253, 302 

oblongata (Tephroclystia), 62 

*obscura (Aidia), 222 

obscura (Erebia), 108 

obscura (Harmatelia), 222 

obscura (Lycena), 293 

*obscura (Westermannia), 169 

*obscurata (Gnophos), 111 

obscuraria (Acacis), 292 

obsoleta (Leucania), 300 

obsoleta (Zizera), 327 

occidentalis (Hesperia), 178 

occulta (Kurois), 275, 323 

ocellaris (Mellinia), 47, 108 

ocellata (Mesoleuca), 228, 254, 302 

ocellatus (Smerinthus), 46, 251, 253, 
327 

ochracea (Ochria), 303 

ochrata (Acidalia), 62, 244 

“ochreipuncta (Micromonodes), 166 

ochroleuca (Eremobia), 246 

ochsenheimeri (Zygzena), 63 

octogesima (Cymatophora), 300 

octomaculalis (Ennychia), 259 

octomaculata (Pyrausta), 63 

ocularis (Acronycta), 298 

ocularis (Palimpsestes), 314 

oleracea (Mamestra), 254 

*olivacea (Chytonix), 165 

*olivescens (Heterolocha), 291 

omphale (Chrysophanus), 272 

ononaria (Aplasta), 62 


X1X 


ononidis (Zygena), 63 

onopordi (Hesperia), 141, 178 

oo (Dicycla), 300 

opalescens (Albara), 268 

opalescens (Thyatira), 268 

opima (Teniocampa), 227, 300 

optilete (Polyommatus), 90, 127 

orbifer (Pyrgus), 236, 316 

orbicularis (Polyploca), 322 

orbitulus (Plebeius), 57 

orbitulus (Polyommatus), 127, 310, 313 

orichalcia (Plusia), 131 

ormenus (Papilio), 181 

ornata (Acidalia), 302 

ornata (Polyommatus), 16 

ornithopus (Graptolitha), 25 

ornithopus (Xylina), 125, 260 

ostrina (Thalpochares), 43 

palwno (Colias), 90 

pales (Brenthis), 37, 128, 285, 312, 313 

pallens (Leucania), 109, 111, 254, 255, 
302 


pallescens (Apatura), 279 

pallescentella (Tinea), 232 

pallida (Colias), 19, 270 

pallida (Pydna), 267 

*pallida (Rivula), 266 

palpina (Pterostoma), 302 

palumbella (Salebria), 63 

palustris (Anthrocera), 326 

pamphilus (Ccenonympha), 11, 14, 19, 
20, 41, 70, 128, 206, 228, 231, 313, 
316 

pandora (Argynnis), 156 

pandora (Dryas), 173, 174, 182, 175, 
177 


paniscus (Carterocephalus), 328 

panoptes (Scolitantides), 273 

Panthea, 183 , 

paphia (Antherwa), 279 

paphia (Argynnis), 46, 70 

paphia (Dryas), 19, 20, 148, 175, 176, 
177 

papilionaria (Geometra), 47, 109, 111, 
122 


parallela (Micra), 317 
parisiensis (Agriades), 327 
parthenias (Brephos), 47 
parthenie (Melita), 17, 20 
parvipuncta (Cyaniris), 174, 176, 177 
pasiphaé (Epinephele), 20 
pastinum (Toxocampa), 325 
passetii (Hurois), 323 

paula (Micra), 317 

paupercula (Dryas), 175, 177 
pavonia (Saturnia), 46, 104, 158 
pedaria (Phigalia), 135 

Pelamia, 183 

pelopia (Argynnis), 46 

peltigera (Heliothis), 111, 317 
pendularia (Zonosoma), 43, 46 
penella (Heterogynnis), 63 
*pennata (Thyatira), 268 
perfumaria (Boarmia), 48 


XX 


perfusca (Notodonta), 72 

Perisamia, 46 ’ 

perla (Bryophila), 302 

perneyi (Antherea), 279 

persona (Callimorpha), 46 

petraria (Lozogramma), 228 

pfluemeri (Syntomis), 45 

pheodactylus (Mimacocoptilus), 245 

Pharmacophagus, 107 

pharte (EKrebia), 282, 286, 308, 309, 
313 


phasaianoides (Pelamia), 183 

phegea (Syntomis), 45, 279, 303, 317 

pheretes (Albulina), 303 

pheretes (Polyommatus), 57, 90, 127, 
309, 313 

pherusa (Melanargia), 154, 229 

phicomone (Colias), 12, 13, 57, 58, 59, 
90, 128, 285, 311, 313 

phleas (Chrysophanus), 15, 20, 41, 70, 
127, 252, 272, 276, 301, 313 

phleas (Rumicia), 327 

pheebe (Melita), 20, 46, 311, 313 

phryne (Triphysa), 242 

Phyciodes, 134 

Phytometra, 183 

*picata (Craniophora), 164 

Pieris, 44 

pinetellus (Crambus), 247 

piniperda (Panolis), 76 

pisi (Mamestra), 228 

plagiata (Anaitis), 228, 253 

plantaginis (Nemeophila), 72, 107 

plantaginis (Parasemia), 110, 285 

Platycerusa, 183 

plecta (Noctua), 302 

plexippus (Anosia), 134 

Plumigera, 136 

Plusia, 183 

pluto (Hrebia), 58, 128, 283 

podalirius (Papilio), 11, 13, 19, 155, 177, 
207, 269, 282, 313 

Pecilopsis, 92 

polemusa (Cirphis), 164 

polonus (Agriades), 17, 20 

polychloros (Eugonia), 11, 13, 19, 175, 
177, 294 

polygramma (Thalpochares), 62 

polyphenaria (Dindica), 293 

polyxena (Thais), 136, 154 

pomonaria (Peecilopsis), 92, 93, 94 

popularis (Epineuronia), 303 

populeti (Txniocampa), 288, 300 

populi (Amorpha), 46, 251, 327 

populi (Pecilocampa), 120 

populi (Smerinthus), 254, 327 

porphyria (Agrotis), 275 

*postflava (Arichanna), 282 

postico-apicalis (Polyommatus), 327 

postimaculata (Fodina), 221 

*postvittata (Lithacodia), 168 

*primula (Brenthis), 128 

primule (Noctua), 254 

procida (Melanargia), 20, 156, 296 


INDEX. 


Prodromaria, 38 
promethea (Samia), 279 
pronoé (Hrebia), 159 
pronuba (Triphena), 122, 125, 254, 275, 
302, 303 
pronubana (Tortrix), 76 
protea (Eumichtis), 302 
proto (Pyrgus), 316 
prunaria (Angeronia), 47 
pruni (Adscita), 56 
pruni (Strymon), 207 
pruni (Thecla), 271 
pryadvena (Philosamia), 110 
pryeri (Philosamia), 111 
pseudonomion (Parnassius), 45 
pulchella (Deiopeia), 160 
pulchellata (Eupithecia), 228 
*pulchra (Prionia), 291 
pulchrina (Plusia), 254 
pulverulenta (Te#niocampa), 76 
pulveraria (Numeria), 110, 327 
pumilata (Tephroclystia), 62 
puncta (Agriades), 17 
puncta (Polyommatus), 274 
*punctivena (Archanara), 167 
punctularia (Tephrosia), 111 
pupillaria (Kphyra), 62 
purpuralis (Anthrocera), 286 
purpuralis (Pyrausta), 63 
purpuraria (Lythria), 205, 318 
*purpureofasciata (Huproctis), 321 
purpurina (Micra), 317 
purpurina (Thalpochares), 62 
pygmeata (Hupithecia), 228 
pygmeola (Lithosia), 244 
pylaon (Scolitantides), 240, 273 
pyraliata (Cidaria), 254 
pyramidea (Amphipyra), 71, 280 
pyrenella (Oreopsyche), 279, 280 
pyri (Saturnia), 279 
pyrina (Zeuzera), 254 
pyropella (Pleurota), 318 
quadrifasciaria (Coremia), 45 
*quadrilinealis (Adrapsa), 222 
quadripunctata (Caradrina), 254 
quercana (Phibalocera), 120, 260 
quercifolia (Gastropacha), 324 
quercinaria (Hnnomos) 47, 120 
quercus (Lasiocampa), 110, 111, 133, 
324 
quercus (Thecla), 120 
quercus (Zephyrus), 20, 272 
rachel# (Pecilopsis), 92, 93 
radiata (Abraxas), 136 
radiatella (Cerostoma), 119, 120 
rape@ (Pieris), 13, 19, 41, 128, 132, 153, 
175, 177, 193, 206, 269 
raschkiella (Laverna), 208 
ravida (Agrotis), 299, 318 
Remigia, 183 
renalis (Hoemerosia), 62 
repandata (Boarmia), 46, 47, 109, 110, 
111, 135, 288, 290, 327, 328 
reticulata (Cidaria), 136 


INDEX. XX1 


reticulata (Neuria), 253, 279 

rhamnata (Scotosia), 318 

rhamni (Gonepteryx), 11, 13, 19, 177, 
271, 280, 313 

ribeana (Tortrix), 259 

roboris (Lxosopis), 16, 20 

robsoni (Aplecta), 47, 110, 111, 328 

romanovi (Parnassius), 229 

rosearia (Prionia), 292 

rothliebii (Cenonympha), 47 

rubi (Callophrys), 20, 186, 272 

rubi (Macrothylacia), 123 

rubi (Noctua), 253, 302 

rubiginata (Acidalia), 62 

rufa (Coenobia), 300 

rufaria (Acidalia), 62 

rufolunulata (Agriades), 45 

rumicis (Acronycta), 62 

rumina (Thais), 43 

russata (Cidaria), 328 

rutilus (Chrysophanus), 186, 187, 272 

ryffelensis (Hesperia), 126, 178 

sacraria (Sterrha), 62 

Safia, 183 

sagittata (Cidaria), 253, 314 

sanguinalis (Pyrausta), 63 

sao (Hesperia), 155, 312, 313 

sao (Pyrgus), 20, 89, 126, 285 

sareptana (Melitea), 294 

sareptensis (Colias), 271 

saturnana (Dichrorampha), 328 

satyrion (Ccenonympha), 313 

sarpedon (Anthrocera), 326 

sarpedon (Zygeena), 63 

scandanavica (Parnassius), 110 

*schamyl (Callophrys), 272 

schreibersiana (Commophila), 314 

schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 277 

scipio (Erebia), 55, 59, 128, 281, 310, 
311, 312, 313 

scirpi (Leucania), 62 

scitula (Thalpochares), 62 

scolieformis (Aigeria), 45 

scripturosa (Xylina), 318 

scutosa (Heliothis), 317 

sebrus (Cupido), 274, 313 

secalis eee 254, 302 

segetum (Agrotis,) 253, 254 

selene (Argynnis), 113 

semele (Hipparchia), 20, 56, 315 

semele (Satyrus), 70, 136 

semi-allous (Lycena), 328 

semiargus (Cyaniris), 329 

semiargus (Lycena), 156 

semiargus (Nomiades), 18, 20, 127, 282, 
313 

semisyngrapha (Agriades), 17, 46, 327 

semisyngrapha (Lycena), 110 

sepiaria (Trephonia), 62, 63 

sequella (Cerostoma), 39 

serena (Hecatera), 47, 254 

sericea (Trisuloides), 183 

sericealis (Rivula), 62, 266 

sericeata (Acidalia), 61, 62, 318 


serratule (Hesperia), 57, 58, 126, 141, 
174, 177, 178, 285, 309, 312, 313 

side (Hesperia), 317 

silaceata (Hustroma), 111, 254 

similata (Acidalia), 318 

simplonia (Anthocharis), 58, 270, 282, 
303, 308, 310, 312, 313 

sinapis (Leptidia). 13, 19, 149, 150, 174 

sinapis (Leptosia), 174, 177, 270, 313 

sinapis (Leucophasia), 133, 206, 328 

*sinuata (Eugoa), 161 

smaragdaria, (Euchloris), 318 

sobrinata (Eupithecia), 110 

sodorensium (Boarmia), 46 

solieraria (Boarmia), 62, 63 

sordida (Hama), 253 

*sordida (Nanaguna), 169 

*sordida (Pydna), 267 

spartiata (Chesias), 110, 111 

sphinx (Asteroscopus), 123 

sphinx (Brachionycha), 123 

spini (Thecla), 11, 13, 15, 20, 56, 152, 271 

spinula (Cilix), 228 

splendana (Cydia), 318 

spumosum (Stibadium), 193 

stabilis (Teniocampa), 76, 125, 227 

statices (Procris), 300 

statilinus (Argynnis), 156 

stellatarum (Macroglossa), 62, 90, 152 

sticticalis (Phlyctenodes), 318 

stigmosa (Scotogramma), 318 

straminea (Leucania), 300 

straminea (Pydna), 268 

stratarius (Biston), 92 

striata (Lycena), 251 

striata (Polyommatus), 327 

strigosa (Acronycta), 218, 251, 298, 299, 
300, 314 

strigosa (Hyboma), 218 

strigillaria (Aspilates), 110, 111 

strigula (Agrotis), 119, 120, 122, 254 

strigula (Lycophotea), 119, 120, 122 

stubbendorfii (Parnassius), 229 

stygne (Erebia), 10, 11, 13, 14, 47, 57 
59, 128, 282, 283, 284, 285, 312, 313 

Styriaca (Parnassius), 111 

suava (Hublemma) 63 

subalpina (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 57, 
127, 207, 313 

subapennina (Polyommatus), 17 

*subfalcata (Gonanticlea), 292 

sublustris (Xylophasia), 254, 300 

submutata (Acidalia), 62 

subobsoleta (Polyommatus), 327 

*subornata (Mecodina), 223 

subsequa (Tripheena), 110 

subsericeata (Acidalia), 47 

substrigilis (Oxyambulyx), 279 

subtilata (Acidalia), 318 

subtusa (Tethea), 110 

suffumata (Cidaria), 157 

suffumata (Lampropteryx), 111, 128 

*suffusa (Kerala), 220 

*suffusa (Perenia), 202 


+] 


XXll 


sulphuralis (Phlyctsznodes), 318 

superba (Westermannia), 169 

suwarovius (Melanargia), 240, 296 

sybilla (Limenitis), 17 

sylvanus (Augiades), 13, 313, 317 

sylvanus (Pamphilus), 20 

Syngrapha, 183 

syngrapha (Agriades), 17, 46 

Synthymia, 183 

Syrichtus (Hesperia), 126 

syringaria (Hygrochroa), 120 

syringaria (Pericallia), 120 

tabidaria (Rhodostrophia), 62 

tages (Nisoniades), 47, 206, 317 

*taiwana (Anticlea), 203 

*taiwana (Dindica), 292 

*taiwana (Noctua), 152 

*takaoensis (Parallelia), 319 

Tambana, 183 

tanaceti (Dichrorampha), 106 

tanaceti (Hemimene), 106 

taras (Syrichtus), 328 

taraxaci (Caradrina), 254 

tarpeia (Cineis), 242 

tartaricus (Microbiston), 92 

telicanus (Tarucus), 149, 156, 177 

templi (Dasypolia), 38 

tenebrosa (Rusina), 228, 253 

Tephroclystia, 61 

tessellum (Hesperia), 8, 241, 316 

testacea (Luperina), 302, 303 

tetralunaria (Selenia), 47 

tetrica (Satyrus), 297 

thalassina (Mamestra), 227, 254 

tharos (Phyciodes), 195 

thaumas (Hesperia), 10 

thersamon (Chrysophanus), 272 

thersites (Agriades), 13, 45, 46, 59, 157 

thersites (Polyommatus), 273, 286, 309, 
311, 313 

thersites (Coenonympha), 19 

thetis (Agriades), 13, 17, 20, 46, 47, 303, 
327 

thulei (Noctua), 275 

tigelius (Pararge), 149, 151, 175, 177 

tiphon (Ceenonympha), 46, 128, 226 

tipuliformis (Sesia), 260 

titania (Acontia), 317 

tithonus (Epinephele), 14, 70, 149, 175, 
best 

trabealis (Emmelia), 317 

tragopogonis (Amphipyra), 254, 302, 
303 


transalpina (Anthrocera), 311 
transalpina (Zygena), 63, 205, 286 
trapezina (Calymnia), 43 
trapezina (Cosmia), 43 
triangulum (Noctua), 260, 262 
trifolii (Anthrocera), 47, 326 
trifolii (Zygena), 160 
trigeminata (Acidalia), 62 
trigotephras (Orgyia), 62 
trigrammica (Grammesia), 253 
trilinea (Grammesia), 228 


INDEX. 


trilinearia (Ephyra), 62 

tripartita (Abrostola), 111, 253, 302 

triquetra (Euclidia), 318 

tristata (Melanippe), 108 

Trisuloides, 183 

trivia (Melitwa), 241, 295 

truncata (Cidaria), 47, 48, 253, 303 

tyndarus (Hrebia), 129, 284, 312, 313 

typhon (Ccenonympha), 47, 110 

ultimaria (Tephroclystia), 62 

ulula (Dyspessa), 63 

ulve (Senta), 300 

umbratica (Cucullia), 228, 254 

undata (Cauninda), 183 

unicolorata (Ematurga), 251 

unicolorata (Fidonia), 251 

unilobata (Xanthorhoé), 323 

unipunctalis (Pyralis), 152 

uralensis (Anthocharis), 270 

urticee (Abrostola), 111 

urtice (Aglais), 10, 
313 

urticee (Vanessa), 38, 41, 133, 160, 276, 
324 

vaccinii (Orrhodia), 227 

vafra (Scoparia), 135 

valesiaca (Hrebia), 284 

valezina (Dryas), 175, 176, 177 

varia (Melitwa), 46, 58, 128, 313 

variata (Thera), 72, 111, 120, 231, 253, 
303 

variegana (Peronea), 135 

*variegata (Chytonix), 164 

*variegata (Hadena), 162 

variegata (Tambana), 183 

varleyata (Abraxas), 47, 109, 111 

vellida (Hepialus), 276 

*venipicta (Acasis), 292 

venosa (Chalcosia), 158 

venosata (Eupithecia), 253, 275, 276 

vernaria (Geometra), 62, 254 

vernetensis (Zygena), 63 

versicolor (Endromis), 38 

yverticalis (Botys), 259 

verticalis (Phlyctanodes), 318 

vespiformis (Sesia), 260 

vibicaria (Rhodostrophia), 62, 318 

vibicigella (Coleophora), 318 

villica (Arctia), 113, 114 

viminalis (Bombycia), 254 

vinula (Dicranura), 228 

viretata (Lobophora), 47, 110 

*virgata (Pydna), 266 

virgauree (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 57, 
89, 127, 312, 313 

virgularia (Acidalia), 46, 62 

viridana (Tortrix), 241, 259 

viridaria (Prothymnia), 62 

viridata (Nemoria), 62 

vitalbata (Phibalapteryx), 254, 302 

vittata (Phibalapteryx), 72 

vittata (Polyommatus), 18, 20 

vittelina (Leucania), 110 

volgaria (Kuchloris), 318 


13, 128, 284, 


INDEX. 


*volgensis (Euchloé), 270 

wahlbergi (Hypolimnas), 157, 158 

w-album (Thecla), 271 

*wardi (Arctia), 114 

weidemeyeri (Basilarchia), 193 

werdandi (Colias), 83, 270 

xanthographa (Noctua), 38, 122, 302, 
303 


hogan (Segetia), 122 
xantholopha (Macrobarasa), 220 
xeranthemi (Cucullia), 318 


Xxiil 


xylostella (Cerostoma), 259 

Zale, 183 

zapatosa (Sagana), 111 

zephyrus (Plebeius), 44, 236 
zermattensis (Chrysophanus), 312 
zetica (Chalcosia), 158 

ziczac (Notodonta), 71 

zonaria (Ithysia), 92, 94 

zonaria (Nyssia), 47, 110, 183, 207, 327 
Zygena, 154, 229 


Order XIX. COLEOPTERA. 


zeneus (Corymbites), 112 
albicincta (Epitoxa), 43 
argentatus (Phyllobius), 112 
arietus (Clytus), 112 

atra (Hispa), 158 

betule (Deporans), 112 
Bruchophagus, 53 

brunnea (Crioceris), 279 
cacaliz (Orina), 249 
calcaratus (Phyllobius), 112 
campestris (Cicindela), 46 
centaurus (Archon), 158 
communis (Amara), 112 
constrictus (Desmoris), 196 
conyergens (Hippodamia), 193 
coriarius (Prionus), 104, 252 
coryli (Strophosomus), 112 
Crioceris, 228 

domesticum (Anobium), 110 
exclamationis (Chrysomela), 193, 196 
fulvus (Desmoris), 196 
gloriosa (Orina), 249 
hemorrhoidalis (Athous), 112 
hemorrhoidalis (Megarhinus), 280 
*immsi (Psephenides), 189 
interrupta (Episcaphula), 107 
italica (Luciola), 228, 279 

lilii (Crioceris), 279 
Longicornia, 182 

lunatus (Diphyllus), 77 
marginatus (Dolopius), 112 
melanocephalus (Calathus), 112 
merdigera (Crioceris), 279 
nubilus (Liophleus), 217 


Order XXI. 


zstuum (Limnophora), 182 
Anthocoris, 217 

Banksinella, 112 

bimaculata (Dictenidia), 218 
calcitrans (Stomoxys), 131 
caloptera (Laglasia), 107 
chameleon (Stratiomyia), 112 
ciliata (Fannia), 182 
coccidivora (Diadiplosis), 86 
crabroniformis (Asilus), 182 
cyaniventris (Dermatobia), 131 
Dermatobia, 131 


oblongus (Phyllobius), 112 
Orina, 249 

pariseta (Thoricius), 107 
Phytodecta, 249 

picipes (Otiorrhynchus), 112 
*picus (Hurytoma), 53 
pilula (Byrrhus), 112 
populi (Melasoma), 279 
Prionus, 110 
Psammechus, 110 
*Psephenoides, 189 
Psephenus, 188 
Rhipiphorus, 188 

rubi (Batophila), 217 
rufipes (Phytodecta), 250 
saxea (Stretchia), 163 
schonherri (Barynotus), 112 
sikore (Semiclaviger), 182 
speciosa (Orina), 249 
spinosus (Dectes), 195 
staphylia (Chrysomela), 112 
superba (Orina), 249 
suturalis (Lochmea), 182 
ulicis (Apion), 112 
variabilis (Phytodecta), 249 
viminalis (Gonioctena), 249 
viminalis (Phytodecta), 249 
violaceum (Apion), 112 
virescens (Aidemera), 157 
vittigera (Orina), 249 
vorax (Apion), 217 

whitei (Hudectus), 157 
wisel (Goliathus), 157 


DIPTERA. 


Dioctria, 216 

domestica (Musca), 69, 131 
fasciata (Stegiomyia), 37 
fatigans (Culex), 37 

fera (Tachinus), 182 
finalis (Tephritis), 195 
Glossina, 182 

griseola (Macronychia), 182 
grossa (Tachinus), 182 
guttatus (Syrphus), 45 
Hilara, 216 

longipennis (Strauzia), 195 


XX1V 


Mansonia, 37 

minuta (Tachydromia), 216 
morsitans (Glossina), 182 
nobilitatus (Peecilobothrus), 218 
obliqua (Allograpta), 131 
pallidiventris (Tachydromia), 217 
parvicornis (Chirosia), 182 
Phormia, 192 

potamida (Stratiomyia), 122 
pseudoscutellaris (Stegiomyia), 37 


Order XXII. 


abdominalis (Macrocentrus), 258 
aceris (Phyllotoma), 46 
Acroricnus, 23, 137 

acuminata (Ccelioxys), 130 
zquatus (Branchus), 138 

sereus (Panargyrops), 120 

affinis (Salius), 129 

Agenia, 173 

albatorius (Cryptus), 25 
albiditarsis (Meteorus), 75 
*altitudinis (Euryglossa), 213, 214 
ambulator (Acroricnus), 170, 178 
ambulator (Cryptus), 172 

analis (Andrena), 130 
angophore (Hxoneura), 200 
annulicorne (Joppidium), 138, 141 
annulipes (Mesoleptus), 25 
annulipes (Syzeuctus), 25 
antipodes (Binghamiella), 199 
apicale (Joppidium), 138, 139 
apicata (Andrena), 130 
apparitorius (Cryptus), 25 
approximator (Rhyssa), 22 
ardens (Joppidium), 138 
ardescens (Ccelioxys), 115 
areator (Hemiteles), 77 

arenaria (Cerceris), 252 
argentata (Andrena), 130 
asperithorax (Halictus), 307 
atrator (Meteorus), 77 
*atronitens (Parasphecodes), 242 
aurantipennis (Megachile), 119 
aurulenta (Osmia), 130 

azteca (Ccelioxys), 116 
barbifrons (Ichneumon), 37 
Baryceros, 137 

basalis (Ccelioxys), 119 

basalis (Odynerus), 138 
bellicosum (Joppidium), 138, 140 
bellicosus (Cryptus), 140 

bellosus (Cryptus), 140 

beroni (Ccelioxys), 117 

bibulus (Cryptus), 25 

bicarinata (Colioxys), 116, 117 
bicingulatus (Halictus), 307 
bicolor (Exoneura), 200 

bicolor (Mimesa), 129 

bicolor (Osmia), 130 

bifida (Nomada), 130 

bimaculata (Anérena), 130 


INDEX. 


pygmma (Lispe), 182 

pyrophila (Sarcophaga), 280 
saliciperda (Cecidomyia), 158, 182 
*samoaensis (Pseudoteniorhynchus), 36 
Sciara, 216 

Sepsis, 192 

Styringomyia, 182 

Teniorhynchus, 37, 112 

terre-nove (Phormia), 131 

vibrans (Seoptera), 218 


HYMENOPTERA. 


bimaculatus (Meteorus), 122 
Binghamiella, 308 
birenimaculatus (Odynerus), 173 
borealis (Nomada), 130 
botanica (Exoneura), 200 
*bribiensis (Allodapa), 200 
bruneri (Anthophorula), 114 
Buathra, 25 
ceruleipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139, 140 
cesar (Lucilius), 130 
calcaratus (Panurgus), 130 
calliopsella (Euryglossa), 213 
calliopsiformis (Huryglossa), 213 
Callomelitta, 308 
campestris (Ammophila), 224 
campestris (Gorytes), 129 
capensis (Osprhynchotus), 24 
capitatus (Ccelioxys), 119 
capitosus (Crabro), 129 
cetii (Andrena), 130 
chapmani (Halictus), 243 
chichimica (Ccelioxys), 118 
chloropthalma (Bracon), 289 
chloropthalma (Zele), 287, 288, 289 
chloropthalmus (Phylax), 289 
chloropthalmus (Rhogas), 288, 289 
chrysopthalmus (Meteorus), 76 
chrysosceles (Andrena), 130 
circumcincta (Megachile), 130 
circumdatus (Halictus), 243, 307 
Closterocerus, 123 
cloutieri (Acroricnus), 171 
coarctata (Humenes), 130 
Ceelioxys, 118 
ceruleipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139, 140 
cognatus (Halictus), 307 
collaris (Bracon), 261 
collaris (Macrocentrus), 258, 261, 262, 
287 
compactula (Anthophorula), 114 
confusa (Prosopis), 130 
contracta (Ponera), 131 
coquilletti (Anthophorula), 114 
corniger (Passalecus), 129 
*costaricensis (Ccelioxys), 117, 118 
*crabronica (Kuryglossa), 142, 199 
crassimanus (Mesochorus), 120 
Cryptus, 25, 137 
cupulifera (Allodape), 119 
deceptor (Meteorus), 76 


INDEX. 


decoloratus (Meteorus), 123 

depilis (Iridomyrmex), 192 

destillatorium (Sceliphron), 172 

Diadasia, 115 

*disclusus (Halictus), 243 

discolor (Zele), 287, 290 

Distantella, 23 

donabile (Joppidium), 140 

donabilis (Joppidium), 140 

dorsata (Andrena), 130 

Dorylus, 107 

dubiosum (Joppoceras), 137, 138 

edwardsi (Acroricnus), 171 

elegans (Acroricnus), 170 

Entedon, 123 

*Epiteropia, 68 

equalis (Macrocentrus), 258, 261 

equestris (Mimesa), 129 

Euceros, 137 

Eulophus, 123, 216 

Eumenes, 171 

europxa (Mutilla), 129 

Euryglossa, 308 

Kuryglossidia, 198 

Examolopis, 115 

Exoneura, 308 

extensor (Hubadizon), 260 

5-fasciata (Cerceris), 129 

femorata (Lissonata), 217 

filator (Meteorus), 74, 124 

filicornis (Hedycryptus), 25 

flavipes (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27, 28 

flavus (Lasius), 107 

fragilis (Meteorus), 124 

*frederici (Exomalopsis), 115 

fugax (Solenopsis), 43 

fumidicauda (Parasphecodes), 243 

furcatus (Podalirius), 130 

fusca (Formica), 45 

fuscipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139, 
140 

fuscipennis (Cryptus), 140 

fuscipes (Andrena), 130 

gallica (Polistes), 228 

*gseminator (Zele), 287, 289 

geniculatus (Certonotus), 230 

gigas (Osprhynchotus), 24, 26, 27, 28 

gilesi (Halictus), 307 

Halictus, 308 

*hematopus (Halictus), 307 

hemorrhoidalis (Cilissa), 130 

hamulata (Exoneura), 200, 308 

hattorfiana (Andrena), 130 

hedleyi (Halictus), 244 

Hedyeryptus, 25 

*hemichlora (Euryglossa), 214 

herrichii (Odynerus), 130 

himalayensis (Cryptus), 25 

hirtipes (Dasypoda), 251, 252 

Homolobus, 257, 287 

Hyleoides, 142 

Ichneumon, 137 

ichneumonides (Kuryglossidia), 198 

ichneumonides (Methoca), 129 


XXV 


ictericus (Meteorus), 76 
inconspicua (Euryglossa), 215 
indicus (Cryptus), 25 
infirmus (Macrocentrus), 258, 261 
*infumator (Zele), 287, 288, 290 
insidiator (Cryptus), 25 
instabilis (Halictus), 243 
*insularis (Binghamiella), 199 
*insularis (Exoneura), 200 
interruptus (Crabro), 130 
interruptus (Nysson), 129 
itinerans (Iridomyrmex), 192 
jonellus (Bombus), 129 
Joppa, 137 
Joppidium, 137, 170 
Joppoceras, 137 
junceus (Acroricnus), 170, 174 
junceus (Cryptus), 173 
klugianus (Podagrion), 263 
labiata (Macropis), 130 
Labrorychus, 230 
lacticinctus (Gorytes), 129 . 
levipes (Odynerus), 130 
lanarius (Halictus), 307 
*latissima (Kuryglossa), 215 
*launcestonensis (Paracolletes), 305 
leaiana (Osmia), 218 
leporina (Cilissa), 130 
leporina (Ceelioxys), 117 
leucochrysea (Ccelioxys), 117 
leucomelana (Osmia), 130 
leviventris (Meteorus), 125 
ligniseca (Megachile), 130 
linearis (Rogas), 259 
Linoceras, 23, 170, 172 
Lissonota, 218 
*littleri (Callomelitta), 305 
*littleri (Halictus), 307 
lituratus (Crabro), 130 
luctuosa (Melecta), 130 
luculentus (Cryptus), 25 
luridus (Meteorus), 124, 125 
*luzonicus (Ccelioxys), 118 
macrobatus (Acroricnus), 170, 171 
macrobatus (Cryptus), 171, 173 
Macrocentrus, 257 
macrocercus (Ichneumon), 140 
maculata (Kuryglossa),214 
maculatus (Cer_pales), 129 
merens (Nomia), 307 
marginata (Allodape), 119 
marginator (Macrocentrus), 258, 259, 
261 
marginatus (Paracolletes), 305 
Megachile, 308 
melanoleucus (Acroricnus), 170, 173 
melanoleucus (Cryptus), 172 
melanoleucus (Linocerus), 172 
*melanopterus (Halictus), 243 
*melanosoma (Huryglossa), 214 
melanostictus (Meteorus), 74, 120 
mellifer (Apis), 192 
Meteorus, 74, 122 
*morgani (Anthophorula), 114 


XXV1 INDEX. 


nebriceps (Joppidium), 138 

niger (Meteorus), 120 

nigra (Euryglossa), 215 
nitidifrons (Kuryglossa), 199 
nitidipennis (Cryptus), 140 
Nomia, 308 

nursei (Cryptus), 25 

objurgator (Cryptus), 25 
objurgator (Ichneumon), 25 
objurgator (Osprhynchotus), 24, 25 
obliteratus (Ichneumon), 37 
obscurus (Cryptus), 26 
*occidentalis (Exoneura), 200 
Odynerus, 130, 173 

Ophion, 287 

orientalis (Cryptus), 25 

Osmia, 171 

Osprhynchotus, 23, 170 

otomita (Ccelioxys), 115, 116 
Oxybelus, 129 

pachymerum (Podagrion), 263, 265 
pachymerum (Priomerus), 263 
Pachitomus, 263 

pallipes (Macrocentrus), 259 
Paniscus, 287 

Paracolletes, 308 

Parasphecodes, 308 

Passalecus, 218 

Pemphredon, 218 

perhumilis (Prosopis), 306 
Perilampus, 120 

peronatus (Acroricnus), 170, 172 
peronatus (Osprhynchotus), 23 
persuasoria (Rhyssa), 21, 22, 225 
philippensis (Ccelioxys), 119 
Phygadeuon, 137 

picta (Callomelitta), 305 

pictus (Odynerus), 130 

pilapes (Andrena), 130 

pilicornis (Osmia), 130 

pilosella (Distantella), 25 
planiceps (Exomalopsis), 115 
plorator (Parasphecodes), 243 
Podagrion, 263, 264, 265 
porrectorius (Habrocryptus), 172 
preecox (Andrena), 130 

prasinus (Halictus), 130 
prolongata (Xyphydria), 22 
Prosopis, 308 

Protelus, 74 

pulcher (Acroricnus), 170 
pulcherrimus (Cryptus), 27 
pulcherrimus (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27 
pulchricornis (Meteorus), 74, 76,119, 121 
*purpurascens (Euryglossidia), 197, 198 
Pyramishyssa, 230 
quadridentata (Ccelioxys), 150 
quadrifasciatus (Gorytes), 129 
quercina (Ccelioxys), 116 
rectangulata (Huryglossidia), 198 
religiosus (Palmon), 263 
*reticulatithorax (Epiterobia), 68 
reticulosus (Sphecodes), 130 
retusus (Podalirius), 130 


*rhodopterus (Parasphecodes), 306 
Rhyssa, 20, 32 

ridens (Euryglossa), 214 
roberjeotiana (Nomada), 130 
rose (Andrena), 130 

rubiginosa (Euryglossa), 214, 215 
rubriceps (Joppidium), 138, 139 
ruficeps (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27 
ruficolle (Joppidium), 139 
ruficornis (Xenodocon), 171 
ruficrus (Apanteles), 225 

rufipes (Epeolus), 130 

rufiventris (Buathra), 25 
*rufotegularis (Parasphecodes), 306 
sabulosa (Ammophila), 225, 251 
sanguinea (Formica), 129 
sanguinipes (Halictus), 307 
sanguinosus (Ccelioxys), 116 
Sceliphron, 172 

schenki (Cremastogaster), 181, 182 
scutellator (Meteorus), 121, 122 
seductor (Acroricnus), 170, 171 
seductor (Ichneumon), 171 
*semisanguineus (Scelio), 197 
sexfasciata (Nomada), 252 
signatus (Crabro), 129 

simiatus (Odynerus), 130 

similis (Andrena), 130 
smaragdina (Cicophylla), 157 
solidaginis (Nomada), 252 
solskyi (Stigmus), 129 
*sonorensis (Coelioxys), 116 
spinigera (Andrena), 130 
spinulosa (Osmia), 30 

spirifex (Pelopseus), 171 

stuchila (Paraphecodes), 306 
subterranea (Aphenogaster), 107 
subulosus (Mellinus), 129 
*submerans (Nomia), 307 
succinetus (Colletes}, 130 . 
sulcinodis (Myrmica), 129 
sumatrana (Ccelioxys), 119 
syriacus (Acroricnus), 23, 170, 172 
syriacus (Osprhynchotus), 172 
taluchis (Parasphecodes), 306 
tarsoleucus (Cryptus), 25 
tasmaniz (Halictus), 244 
Terobia, 68 

testaceator (Zele), 76, 287, 288, 289 
tetricus (Mesochorus), 120 
texana (Anthophorula), 114 
texana (Ccelioxys), 116 

Thalessa, 22 


thoracicus (Macrocentrus), 258, 259, 261 


tibialis (Crabro), 129 
totonaca (Ccelioxys), 118 
Trichiosoma, 157 

Trigona, 192 

trinotata (Distantella), 24 
*triodonta (Ccelioxys), 117 
tropica (Ceratina), 119 
tumorifera (Ccelioxys), 117 
*turneri (Exoneura), 199 
*undulata (Kuryglossa), 198 


unicolor (Allodape), 201 


unicolor (Meteorus), 122 
unicolor (Pompilus), 129 
uniglumis (Oxybelus), 129 


ursinus (Panurgus), 130 
vagus (Crabro), 130 


variegatus (Sphecodes), 130 


INDEX. 


viaticus (Myrmecocystus), 107 
villosula (Euryglossa), 199 
violator (Ichneumon), 24 
violator (Osprhynchotus), 24 
virescens (Cicophylla), 157 
Xenodocon, 170 

yucatanense (Joppidium), 140 


versicolor (Megachile), 130 Zele, 76, 257, 287 
versicolor (Meteorus), 74, 122, 123 Zemiotus, 74 
vexator (Meteorus), 77 


P 
P 


wall 


easel: 
1312. 1, 
Psigey 
Seite 


ADDENDA. 


33, after megera add Satyrus cordula. 


HWRRATA, 


25, for pherestes read pheretes. 

5, for cordulea read cordula. 

38, for eighty-nine read ninety. 

20 from bottom, for climene read clymene. 


XXVli 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVIL1 JANUARY, 1914. [No. 608 


SOME REMARKS ON THE ATLANTIC FORMS OF 
SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, Cuarp. 


By Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S. 


In the ‘ Revue des Odonates’ (1850), p. 43, in discussing the 
Libellula ruficollis of Charpentier, de Selys writes as follows :— 
‘*M. Hagen m’a communiqué deux des trois exemplaires types 
recus de Portugal par M. de Charpentier ; ce sont de vrais strio- 
lata males trés adultes, mais en mauvais état de conservation. 
i Les pieds sont comme tournés au gras et les lignes 
jaunes sont trés-étroites, surtout sur les cuisses (qui au premier 
abord paraissent noirdtres), mais elles existent. la taille est 
trés grande, mais pas sans exemple en Belgique.”’ Lower down 
on the same page we read: “‘J’ai vu dans la collection de Miss 
Ball a Dublin, des exemplaires males adultes qui avaient aussi 
les pieds trés-peu lignés de jaune.” 

In the “‘ Revision des Diplax paléarctiques ”’ (‘ Annales de la 
Soc. Ent. Belg.,’ xxviii. p. 85 (1884), de Selys describes a race 
of S. striolatum from Madeira under the name of nigrifemur, of 
which he says:—‘‘ Les femurs sont noiratres sans ligne jaunatre, 
et aux tibias le jaunatre n’occupe qu’une raie externe étroite. 
La taille est trés grande: abdomen ff 27: 2 26-29. Aijle 
inferieure ¢ 30-33; ¢? 30-83... les parties noiratres des cotés 
du thorax sont trés foncées, de sorte que. les deux bandes 
jaunatres qui les divisent, sont fort tranchées.” 

These are the first indications of the existence of what may 
be termed an Atlantic race of S. striolatum characterized by 
darker femora, and usually by more strongly pronounced lateral 
thoracic markings than in the more typical forms. 

The next occasion on which exceptionally dark S. striolatuwm 
are alluded to, the insects in question came from a somewhat 
unexpected and in some respects rather remote point, and the 
imagination of those who had to do with them seems to have 
been rather exercised concerning them. 

Mr. Lucas in ‘ Entomologist,’ May, 1900, p. 1389, recorded 
the capture at Stornoway by Mr. Fremlin of two females of a 
Sympetrum, and wrote of them as follows :—‘‘ The conclusion to 
which we must come, seeing there are two specimens thus pre- 


ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1914. B 


2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


cluding an aberration, appears to be that the insects belong to a 
form of S. striolatum somewhat resembling S. scoticum (probably 
a local race), or else that both insects are hybrids between the 
two species. Mr. McLachlan, who has examined the insects, 
ae to the latter opinion.” A good figure accompanies this 
record. 

Further, in ‘ Entomologist’ for June, 1912, p. 171, Mr. Lucas 
records a pair of dragonflies captured by Colonel Yerbury at 
Lochinver, Ross-shire (I presume Sutherland is meant), which 
are said to be the very counterparts of the Stornoway specimens. 
He gives to these examples the name of S. nigrescens, and con- 
siders them either a new species or a very distinct race of 
striolatum. In his remarks there seems still to be a tendency to 
associate the insects in some way with S. scoticum, and one is 
tempted to regard his description as a little forced to maintain 
this. Unfortunately Mr. Lucas does not compare his specimens 
with those from other localities in Scotland, England, Ireland, 
or elsewhere. There is accordingly room for some further 
observations. 

When Mr. Lucas’s original remarks appeared in 1900 I was 
not greatly interested in the subject. In 1912 his suggestion of 
the existence of a species of Sympetrum localized in the extreme 
north-west of Scotland seemed inconceivable, and considering 
the known powers of Sympetrum as a flier, the idea of a local 
race restricted to the same region was almost equally difficult to 
accept. After comparing the description with that of the var. 
nigrifemur, which it at once recalled, I gave the matter no 
further consideration until I received an enquiry from Dr. Ris 
asking me what I knew of S. nigrescens, the description of which 
had been brought under his notice by Mr. Herbert Campion. 
With the ready co-operation of my friend and neighbour Mr. 
William Evans, I was able without any delay to send Dr. Ris speci- 
mens from the west of Scotland evidently similar to Mr. Lucas’s, 
and, together with these, series of S. striolatum from the north of 
Ireland and the New Forest for comparison. Since then, by the 
kind assistance of friends and correspondents, I have examined 
quite a number of examples from different localities, and the 
conclusion come to is that the form described by Lucas extends 
with a certain amount of variation, both individual and local, 
over the whole western fringe of Scotland; while examples from 
Ireland, especially from the north and west, although more variable 
and in some respects intermediate, still retain some of the same 
characters, and in any breaking up of the species into races 
would fall to be associated with the Scottish form rather than 
with the typical one. Fortunately Dr. Ris visited Brussels in 
the autumn, and was able to re-examine the types of nigrifemur. 
His conclusions on the whole subject will appear in the additions 
to his great work on the Libelluline, but I believe that I have 


ATLANTIC FORMS OF SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, CHARP. 3 


his sanction to state that our Scottish insect will fall in his 
revision of S. striolatum under the subspecies nigrifemur. 

Just after sending the material to Dr. Ris, Mr. G. G. Black- 
wood, of Edinburgh, brought to me most opportunely a very 
nice little series (four males, one female) of S. striolatum, in very 
mature condition, which he had taken at Mallaig, Inverness- 
shire, on September 4th last; and having found it useful to 
tabulate the principal characters of these and of the more typical 
English form, I give here a reproduction of this tabulation in 
part, along with two diagrams showing the lateral thoracic 
markings, taken respectively from males from Thorney, Cam- 
bridgeshire (Fig. 1) and Mallaig (Fig. 2). 


EneuisH. (Male.) WESTERN ScortisH. (Male.) 


Line at base of the frons ends at the Line extends downwards somewhat, 
eye, without going downwards. as in vulgatum. 


Humeral and second lateral sutures Humeral suture more heavily marked 


very narrowly marked with black. 
The first lateral suture in its upper 
part hardly marked at all (some- 
times, however, the narrow median 
field (F, G) may be lightly outlined 
in fuscous). 


Usually five fairly well-defined yel- 
lowish spots surrounded by black 
on the sides of the thorax above 
the legs. These spots are distri- 
buted thus on 


. | mesinfrepisternum. 
c: mesepimeron. 

D . . 

= metinfrepisternum. 


This field is the metepisternum, 
| and in the typical forms is 
not divided into spots. 

The above spots may be more or less 
confluent; thus a, B may be con- 
fluent or just separated by a narrow 
neck, rarely quite separate; Cc may 
touch E or may be distinctly sepa- 
rate; D may be partially confluent 
with E or narrowly separated. 

Sternum mostly yellowish, the 


sutures sometimes marked with 
blackish. 


with blackish. Narrow middle 
field usually strongly outlined in 
fuscous and divided by a broad 
diagonal line, the two enclosed 
spots (F, G) varying in size, but 
the one nearer the stigma always 
smaller and triangular. 

Note.— Even in an otherwise 
very dark example, the infuscated 
outline of the middle field is slight 
and the diagonal division hardly 
marked. 


Spots A, B, C, D,E variable, but all 


much reduced in size, and in the 
Mallaig examples never confluent. 


Sternum mostly blackish posteriorly, 


with a yellowish oval marking on 
either side of the middle line, these 
markings diverging caudad and 
having a yellowish tail (the black 
condition is no doubt in part the 
result of age), 

B 2 


4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Eneutsu. (Male.) WESTERN ScortrisH. (Male.) 


Trochanters with a large black spot; Legs in the Mallaig specimens prac- 
femora and tibie externally yel- tically all black except distal half 
lowish, the yellow on femora of anterior trochauters and the yel- 
divided by a strong black line. low lines on all the tibize. While 

there is no reason to doubt that 
the legs are much blacker always 
than in the typical forms, there is 
here and there just the faintest 
trace of yellow on the femora, the 
relics of a certain amount of that 
colour which has become gradually 
obliterated through age (see on 
this point the slight discrepancy 
in Mr. Lucas’s two descriptions). 


Abdomen beneath marked longitudi- Very broad black markings occupy 
nally with black. the greater part of each side of the 
ventral suture, the red being re- 
duced to mere streaks. Rounded 

spots near genitalia small. 
Black lateral longitudinal mark- 
ings much more strongly developed 

than in the typical forms. 


Hind wings 27-30 mm. Hind wings 25°5-27 mm. 


Two males (coll. W. Evans), Glen Aros, Mull (August 6th), 
and Morvern, Argyllshire (July), agree very well with the Mallaig 
examples, that from Mull being especially dark. A female from 
Moidart, Inverness-shire, in September (coll. Evans), has the 
thoracic spots rather larger, and the femora distinctly lined 
with yellow. 

A fine male from Talladale, Loch Maree, Ross-shire (August 
11th), which has the sides of thorax very darkly marked, has 
distinct narrow yellow lines on the femora, while a female also 
from the Loch Maree district is very similar to the Moidart 
female (male and female, coll. J. J. F. X. King). Two very 
small specimens (male and female, the latter teneral, hind wing, 
male, 24 mm.) are also in King’s collection, without label, but 


ATLANTIC FORMS OF SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, CHARP. 5 


believed to be from the island of Coll. In these the boundaries 
of the middle field are heavily shaded, and the legs are narrowly 
lined with yellow. Further, Mr. King reports two males from 
the island of Islay (July 18th), which are of the true western 
Scottish form, the lateral markings of thorax agreeing with 
diagram No. 2, excepting that spot @ is rather larger, the dark 
boundary of the upper part of the field being narrow. 

Three examples from Tayvallich, in Kintyre, deserve special 
notice (two males and one female, coll. A. M. Stewart, Paisley). 
The tendency of the line at the base of the frons to go down- 
wards is not so much pronounced, being more strongly marked 
downwards in the female than in the males. ‘'he narrow 
middle field of the thorax is distinctly outlined in fuscous, but 
the diagonal line is less clearly developed (partly, I think, a 
matter of age). Thoracic spots rather larger than in the northern 
examples, but c, p, E always well separated by broad black 
margins; in one male a and B widely separated ; in the other 
two connected by a narrow neck. The yellow spots on the 
metasternum long oval, the yellow tails becoming definite long 
wedge-shaped markings; following these is an irregular semi- 
circular black marking of varying breadth, the space enclosed 
being yellowish, but tending to become fuscescent and probably 
becoming blackish with age. In the males the narrow yellow 
lines on the femora are distinct ; but in the female they tend to 
become infuscated. Ventral surface of abdomen perhaps some- 
what discoloured, but apparently not differing from the northern 
specimens, and in great part black. . 

The above are from the northern part of Kintyre, and they 
constitute a natural link with the Irish forms. The extreme 
southern point of the long peninsula of Kintyre is only a matter 
of twelve and a half miles distant from the Irish coast, surely a 
mere trifle to a migrating Sympetrum. 

From Emyvale, Co. Monaghan, Ireland, I have before me a 
series of four males and three females. They are rather young, 
but they have much in common with the Scottish forms. The 
femora are lined with yellow, but the legs are over all darker 
than in the typical forms. The thoracic lateral spots are variable 
in size, but in some they are quite as small as in some of the 
Scottish specimens; A, B, c, D, E are completely isolated in all 
of them; the narrow middle field is always outlined in fuscous, 
and in three of them (one male and two females) the diagonal 
line is clearly marked. Six of these have more or less dark 
shading at the side of the eye. 

By the very kind assistance of Mr. J. N. Halbert, I have been 
able to examine a series of specimens obligingly lent by the 
National Museum, Dublin, and originating from many different 
points in Ireland. They are from the following localities, viz. :— 

Males (one from each locality) :—1. Rostrevor, Co. Down, 


6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


September 2nd. 2. Dublin. 38. Cappagh, Co. Waterford. 
3a. Cappagh, Co. Waterford (coll. J.J. F. X. King). 4. Cappo- 
quin, Co. Waterford, August 8rd. 5. Glencar, Co. Kerry. 
6. Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, July 30th. 7. Killarney, Co. Kerry, 
July 15th. 7a. Killarney, Co. Kerry, August 7th (coll. King). 
8. Mallaranny, Co. Mayo, July. 9. Westport, Co. Mayo. 
10. Clare Island, Co. Mayo, July. 11. Achill Sound, Co. Mayo. 
12. Coolmore, Co. Donegal. 138. Derry. 14. Poyntz Pass, 
Armagh, September 26th. 

Females (one from each locality) :—1. Cappagh, Co. Water- 
ford. 2. Waterville, Co. Kerry, July 27th (teneral). 8. Park- 
naskilla, Co. Kerry. 4. Westport, Co. Mayo. 5. Ardara, 
Co. Donegal. 

Hind wing, male, 263-28 ; female, 274-29. 

In analysing the above, it may be said, with regard to the 
males, that the femora are in the darker condition alluded to 
under the Emyvale specimens, any exceptions being unimportant. 
The thoracic spots a, B, c, D, H (with one or two exceptions where 
A, B are nearly connected) are of variable and usually moderate 
size, but they are practically always completely isolated, and in 
6, 9, and 11 run rather small, approaching the Scottish form. 
The middle field of the thorax, however, is frequently hardly 
outlined at all; this is the case in 1, 2, 3a, 4,5, 6; in the others 
it is outlined, although sometimes rather faintly; in 9 strongly, 
with traces of the diagonal line. The sternum, in nearly every 
case, is marked with black, sometimes rather strongly; and the 
under side of the abdomen seems much blacker as a rule, especi- 
ally in the anterior segments, than in the more typical forms. 
The shading at the side of the eyes is more or less marked in 
3a, 6, 7, Ta, 9, 12, 13, 14, and in the others hardly or not at all 
indicated. The females are less satisfactory in condition. The 
thoracic spots A, B, 0, D, E are all isolated except a, B in 1, 2, 4, 
in which they are narrowly connected ; the middle field is always 
outlined. 

Further Irish material in Mr. King’s collection, examined by 
him, seems to be very constant in regard to the generally darker 
condition of the legs, and also the usually darker condition of 
the under side of the abdomen, but is in other respects variable. 
In a male from Wexford; male, Westport; male, Killarney, and 
two males from Cappoquin, the lateral markings of the thorax 
are much as in diagram No.1; while females from Killarney 
and Cong, Co. Mayo, are almost similar in that respect. One 
female from Athlone is almost a typical striolatum as regards the 
thorax; another from the same locality is an intermediate. One 
from West Meath has the middle field outlined in fuscous, while 
another from the same county is described as very near to an 
example from Islay. 

Three males from the Isle of Man, also sent by the Dublin 


LIFE-HISTORIES OF HESPERIA TESSELLUM AND H. CRIBRELLUM. 7 


Museum, are interesting. They tend towards the intermediate 
condition, the spots, especially c, p, z, being smaller and the 
legs darker than in the typical form. 

Finally, a female taken by myself at Christiansand,.Norway 
(June 17th), may be mentioned. Although very young and the 
infuscation of the yellow on the femora only slight, the nigri- 
femur characters hold good in respect of spots a, B, c, D, B being 
all well separated, the fuscous outline of the middle field being 
heavily marked, the diagonal line being also broad and well 
defined. Hind-wing 27 mm. 

The distribution of Sympetrum striolatum in Scotland has 
been fully and carefully worked out by Mr. Evans (‘‘ Odonata of 
the Forth Area,” Proc. Roy. Physical Soc., xvi. pp. 87-96, 
1905, and ‘Annals Scot. Nat. Hist.,’ 1911, pp. 14-25). It seems 
worthy of notice that, while the species apparently occurs all 
along the western seaboard of Scotland, including at least the 
larger islands, it is found rarely in the east of Scotland, and 
almost certainly does not breed there. Further, I am inclined 
to believe that the ordinary northern limit of S. striolatum as a 
British breeding species on the east coast must be drawn con- 
siderably south of the Scottish border, probably about the 
Humber, but further observations are required to verify this. 
Mr. Porritt says that he has no doubt that the species breeds 
regularly in the low-lying lands at Askern and probably all over 
that (the Doncaster) district, but not in the hilly districts of the 
county, 7. e. north, north-east, east, and most of the south-west, 
although it seems to occur sporadically in most parts of the 
county. He also thinks it may breed in the Hull and Goole 
district, although he has never seen it there. 

Ireland and the west of Scotland have in common a com- 
paratively mild and moist winter climate, and this condition 
may not only render possible the existence of S. striolatum in 
the west and north, while it fails on the east coast of our country, 
but also account for its melanic tendencies. Very likely these 
tendencies vary from season to season, and no doubt the infiux 
of migrants from other areas has something to do with the 
presence of intermediates. 

18, Blackford Road, Edinburgh: November, 1913. 


NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF HESPERIA 
TESSELLUM AND dH. CRIBRELLUM. 


By tHe Hon. N. Caarues Roruscuinp, M.A., F.E.S. 


Herrn Hermann Ranenow, when recently collecting in the 
Ural Mountains, was fortunate enough to discover the larve and 
food-plants of the above-named insects, and has permitted me to 
record his observations in this Journal. 


8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hesperia tessellum. 


Caterpillars were found from the middle of May to the 10th 
of June on a species of Phlomis (certainly from the description, 
P. tuberosa). The larve spin the two edges of a leaf together on 
the upper surface, and live within this leaf. The colour of the 
larva is mouse-grey, with a black head and yellow collar. There 
are two black rows of dots on the back, an excellent characteristic 
of the species. The imago begins to emerge after the middle 
of June, and there is apparently a partial second brood in the 
beginning of August. 

Hesperia cribrellum. 

The larva of this species is indistinguishable from that of 
H. carthami var. meschlert, and lives spun up among the leaves 
of a species of Potentilla. The caterpillar is full-fed in May, and 
the imago emerges at the beginning of June. 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF 
UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 


By H. Rowuanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from vol. xlv. p. 17.) 
(iv) Isére and Dréme. The Vercors. 


AFTER a year’s silence on the subject of ‘‘ fresh woods and 
pastures new”’ explored in France, I am again able to take up 
my pen to continue the series of short papers published by me in 
the ‘Entomologist’ for 1911-12. And I am the more encouraged 
to do so when I hear that my brother naturalists and collectors 
not only read these papers, but actually follow in my footsteps; - 
and this at other seasons of the year than those of my travel. 
So that, as time goes on, we may hope to obtain not only a 
fleeting record of the captures and observations of a week or two 
spent in the several localities, but a solid contribution to the 
knowledge of the lepidoptera occurring there from year’s end to 
year’s end. Most of us are compelled to do our collecting at fixed 
times of the year—usually in July and August—in the holiday 
season in fact. It has seldom fallen to my lot to get abroad 
before the last week of June, when the first flight of most of the 
southern species of the plains is over. And this year I did not 
leave London before July 1st. 

For some time past I had had my entomological eye, so to 
speak, fixed on the western Dauphiny, that is to say, the country 
west and south of Grenoble, between the Isére and the Drome, 
and within the departments bearing the names of the respective 
rivers. An application to the Cyclists’ Touring Club of France for 
information of this region brought me among other fascinating 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 9 


booklets that published by the ‘‘ Syndicat d’Initiative de Valence- 
sur-Rhone et dela Drome.” A glance at its contents decided 
me to try the country known collectively as the Vercors, and 
a cyclist friend having passed through the Lans valley earlier in 
the summer and given satisfactory account, I took the morning 
tourist-car from Grenoble on July 2nd, one of the many now 
‘*‘doing”’ the Alps and outlying ‘‘ massifs’’ in connection with 
the P.L.M. and Sud Railways. By these means rapid communi- 
cations have been opened up with well-known entomological 
centres, and a vast region of new country placed within easy 
reach of the main lines. But after five weeks’ experience of 
them I cannot say that I view the automobile alpine—by the 
way the Academy is divided as to whether it is masculine or 
feminine—as an unmixed blessing. From the tourist’s point of 
view the cars travel far too swiftly—it is impossible to enjoy 
the scenery ; while at present many of the mountain roads are 
wholly unfit for motor traffic, and the shaking amounts to 
positive torture of mind as well as of body. For when the setting 
boards are full the anxious collector is speculating all the time 
how many pins have got loose in the boxes, and trembling for 
the fate of his rarities. On several occasions, notably on the 
road from Barcelunnette to Prunieéres, the railway station on the 
Briancon line, irreparable damage was done in the way of broken 
antenne and split wings. Those who do their setting, as I do, 
en route will do well, therefore, to examine the boards before and 
after any involuntary game of Cup-and-Ball ofthe kind. Further, 
the turns and twists of the mountain roads, bad enough in the 
old diligence days, are nerve-shattering at the pace taken by 
the French chauffeur; and, worst of all for the entomologist, 
except when going slow uphill, the delight of spotting species by 
the roadside is destroyed; even more so of the occasional walk 
ahead with net or pill boxes by footpath short cuts, while 
the horses-toil round the dusty zigzags. It was really quite 
a relief when, on one occasion at least, 1 found the motor, for 
want of passengers, superseded by the decayed and decrepit 
diligence, otherwise consigned to indefinite stivation. But 
against these drawbacks may be reckoned the rapidity of the 
journey. Localities formerly reached in a day’s drive are 
now but a few hours distant. While the completion of the 
Annot tunnel on the Digne-Nice line has at length united by 
rail and motor the Basses-Alpes and the Alpes-Maritimes. In 
the ‘‘fifties”’ it took Bellier and Guillemot two days and two nights 
in the diligence from Grenoble to Larche. The journey, with 
intervals, now occupies barely twelve hours. 

The Vercors may be reached either from Valence or Grenoble, 
the usual starting point being Pont-en-Royans ; but wishing to 
explore the Lans valley, as well as to see something on foot of 
the Gorges of the Bourne, to which the road leads through 


10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Villars, I chose the longer route. From Sassenage the road is 
all up-hill, with steep gradients, and, as the motor slowed down, 
I was able to see something of the larger butterflies at all 
events on the flowery banks and rocky promontories through 
which we wound. ‘The morning was fine; the sun full on the 
slopes below the Gorge d’Engins, and butterflies were in force 
with Satyrus cordula (males) in the ascendant, and very soon the 
familar Hrebia stygne. Occasional Parnassius apollo sailed lazily 
down the gullies, and the “‘ blues’’ were represented by Plebewus 
argus (egon). Aporia crategi swung from the ox-eyed-daisy- 
heads as we topped the Gorge and entered on the long, green, 
highly cultivated valley of the Lans, and there even the 
‘‘ whites’ became scarce until we reached the charming little 
country-house Hotel du Pare, where I put up for a couple 
of days; nor should I have pressed on so soon had not the 
weather, from warm and sunny, changed suddenly to cool, with 
much cloud hanging low upon the hills I had hoped to climb. 
Flying down the road on the afternoon of the 2nd I saw one 
freshly emerged Papilio machaon—the only one of its kind met 
with until the very end of July—while a stroll towards the 
Gorges of the Bourne brought me to much promising ground, 
the waste places gay with the flowers of a fine red thistle-like 
Centaurea, usually most attractive to my game. The next day, 
therefore, I walked down the Gorge, which is singularly 
beautiful with its forest and rushing stream, as far as the 
bridge where the road divides, that to the left towards St. 
Martin-en-Vercors, that to the right towards Pont-en-Royans. 
The weather was all against collecting, but before mid-day 
there were fitful gleams of sunshine, and at one or two points 
by the roadside butterflies were flying, but difficult to reach 
owing to the extreme steepness of the slopes, which, by the way, 
were rosy with an abundance of ripe alpine strawberries. Hrebia 
stygne was the commonest insect with A. crategi, and on one 
small patch, full of wild balsams not yet in flower, Huchloe 
cardamines and the spring form of Pieris napi were surprisingly 
fresh, in contrast to Brenthis euphrosyne and Pararge hiera, both 
of which species had seen their best days; a small dark race of 
P. mera evidently just emerging. One fresh male, Melitea 
dictynna, was put up among some raspberry bushes, where 
M. athalia also occurred singly. Aglais urtice and Pyrameis 
cardui showed the hibernators and their progeny overlapping. 
The Lycznids were Polyommatus icarus and (one) Lycena arion. 
But it was now so cold and the wind so high that I had to give 
up collecting; the only other butterflies observed being 
Thymelicus flavus (thawmas), Chrysophanus dorilis var. subalpina, 
and one male C. virgauree picked up crushed on the gravel 
path in front of the hotel. July 4th was equally windy and 
cool—fine without sun—and the mountains still canopied with 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 11 


cloud, so that I had little hope of achieving much in the way of 
a bag on the path to the Col Vert—a mountain walk decidedly 
reminiscent of the green unproductive Plombs of Cantal, de- 
scribed by me in the ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xli. p. 266), the 
similarity being heightened by the clumps of golden Genista 
sagittalis—a food-plant by the way of Nomiades cyllarus, as. 
M. Rehfous tells us.* ‘The presence of innumerable herds also 
warned me of what I might expect, and the few butterflies met 
with, chiefly Canonympha pamphilus and Cupido minimus, were 
actually kicked out of the herbage. Waking next morning to 
the same depressing weather conditions, I took advantage of the 
motor for Pont-en-Royans, which makes the tour of the Gorges, 
and after an interesting and exciting journey found the sun 
shining brightly upon the most picturesque of riverside towns. 
Thence the road mounts by the Petits Goulets to the Grands 
Goulets, and on to Baraques, where I spent the rest of this and 
the succeeding day with decidedly better results. Here there is 
plenty of excellent collecting ground towards the northern 
entrance to the Gorges, as well as between Baraques and La 
Chapelle*en-Vercors, whither I was bound; and I only regret 
that time prevented my making a longer stay, and that I had 
not been able to include Pont-en-Royans itself in the plan of 
campaign. Agriades corydon males were flying on the dusty road 
outside Pont-en-Royans, and Parnassius apollo was soon in 
evidence; S. cordula and E. stygne common at the gates of the 
Grands Goulets in the Vallée d’Hchevis on the 5th and 
most of the 6th under a hot sun. Both Thecla ilicis and 
T’. spint pervaded the low sloe-bushes, with decidedly passées 
P. podalirius females evidently ovipositing, and rather worn 
occasional Limenitis camilla. Ccenonympha arcania, Aphantopus 
hyperanthus, Pararge megera, and Melanargia galatea, were all 
common and fresh ; the first perfect males of Satyrus hermione 
basked on the warm rocks and feasted upon the usual dainties ! 
Brilhant G. rhamni affected the same small coppices by the 
roadside, and a large tawny-winged butterfly which flew into my 
net proved to be a newly emerged male Hugonia polychloros. 

An even better terrain for butterflies, however, lies about a 
mile and a half out of Baraques on the road to La Chapelle, my 
next objective. At this point the mountains descend in easy 
slopes to the road, and there is an abundance of shrub and flora; 
the same red Centaurea, as before mentioned, again proving a 
most effective lure for many species. Following a cart track up 
the hill I was soon at work on what should have been a most 
productive locality if only the sun had obliged. The afternoon 
was far advanced before it came out at all strongly, and then 
nearly everything had gone to roost. The morning of the 7th 


*« * Bull. Soe. Lépid. Genéve,’ vol. ii. fase. 4, p. 241. 


12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


did however yield an hour or two of warmth, and whenever the 
sun broke through for a minute or two butterflies became 
tantalisingly profuse. Iwas especially anxious to investigate the 
Hesperiids of Drome, but though I worked hard at this point 
and quartered every acre of the likely-looking ground, I only 
succeeded in netting one of the elusive Black-and-White Skippers 
which whizzed past me at long intervals, but seemed never to 
rest upon the wing and to disappear like magic the moment the 
light failed. This one example is of considerable interest all 
the same. It is a splendid male Hesperia alveus—a true moun- 
tain species as we now know, and entirely different from H. 
armoricanus, the “‘ alveus’’ of the plains as heretofore supposed. 
The coloration of the under side is also quite different to that of 
my Pyrenean and Swiss Alpine examples, the ground tint being 
deep rich green and not yellow- or olive-green, in this respect 
resembling a single example of the same species taken by me last 
year at Herkulesbad. Another surprise was the first Colias 
captured—C. phicomone—a male, the largest I have seen; and 
this at the lowest altitude I ever encountered the species—about 
3000 ft. (Mr. Wheeler places the range in the Central Alps from 
4000 ft. to 8000 ft., but mentions one even lower record, 2240 ft., 
Oberstalden (Frey) ). Of the Lycenids, Polyommatus hylas was 
the most distinguished—a few males—and Aricia medon 
(astrarche) the commonest; and the latter, if not actually 
abundant, at least flying together in some quantity. Plebeius 
argus raales were also well to the fore, and there were plenty of 
Lycena arion males flitting with M. galatea over a little patch of 
wheat at the foot of the slopes, the blades swaying in the wind 
seeming also to have a peculiar fascination for P. apollo as 
it made a regular up-and-down hill flight. C. hyale, very 
swift on the wing, was common. But before noon the clouds 
were up, and the night at La Chapelle-en-Vercors, in the cleanest 
of little inns, so cold and grey, that I was again on the road south 
at five in the morning, bound for the Col de Rousset in the 
voiture publique which here, at all events, has not been snuffed 
out by the motor. At this time of day, with a dour sky and 
keen wind blowing, the road from La Chapelle to La Britiéere 
and Rousset at the foot of the Col seemed uninviting. From the 
latter village, however, the road becomes decidedly interesting, 
and with sun and blue sky later in the day would no doubt be 
productive, though it is still quite northern in character— 
forest-trees and flora alike. 

Finally, plunging into a long tunnel, we emerged at the 
Refuge just below the actual summit of the Col de Rousset, and 
at a step we had passed from the cool beech forests and 
pallid verdure of the north to the true Midi of barren lavender- 
haunted mountains, and aromatic wastes presently animated 
with the myriad insect-life that moves and has its being under 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 13 


the gracious influence of the sun. Above, a mist still hung over 
the topmost cairn surmounting the tunnel. Three thousand 
feet below lay Die glittering in the sun, and the sound of the 
bells of the incoming diligence, mingling with those of the 
herds on the dewy hill-pastures, was borne upwards with 
the wind of the morning which is the breath of Provence. An 
hour or so, with hot coffee and rolls, in the still chilly 
*‘ cazebo’’ of the Refuge, and the sun was on the Col itself, and 
presently, as we moved downwards, the limestone ravines be- 
came alive with Hrebia stygne, Parnassius apollo, and Satyrus 
cordula, Argynnis adippe, Issoria lathonia, S. alcyone; and in the 
lavender region ‘‘ Blues” battling with the strong wind which 
now blew up thick clouds of dust until we were all as white as 
any Pierid of them all. Lower down, where the lavender and 
wild-thyme were in full blossom, Colzas edusa put in an appear- 
ance ; and I noted the first Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius 
males, gleaming like jewels on the purple spikes of bloom with 
azure A, thetis, P. hylas and A. escheri, the richly-purpled 
“Blue” flying with them, being no, doubt that latest of 
rediscovered Lycenids, Agriades thersites, though I did not 
recognize it at the time. [ had hardly reached Die railway 
station, however, when a whirlwind of dust, precursor of a 
thunder shower, of exceptional violeace enveloped me ; and grate- 
ful, indeed, was the rain upon the parched Avenue du Chemin 
de Fer, as I endured it for a half hour in a fly-haunted, frowsy 
restaurant, before the train—the slowest ‘“‘omnibus”’ surely 
that ever crept—bore me away to Veynes, and late in a warm 
night, now ‘‘ full of stars,” to Digne of many pleasant memories, 
entomological and otherwise. 


List or RHOPALOCERA TAKEN AND OBSERVED AT VILLARS-DE- 
Lans (IshrE), aND IN THE VeERcorS (Droéme):—G. G.=Grands 
Goulets. G.B.= Gorges dela Bourne. La Ch. = La Chapelle- 
en-Vercors.—Hesperia alveus, La Ch.; Augiades sylvanus ; 
Thymelicus lineola, T. flavus; Chrysophanus dorilis. var. sub- 
alpina, G.B.; C. virgauree, Villard, C. alciphron var. gordius, 
above Die; Lycena arion, La Ch., G. B.; Cupido minimus, 
Villard, La Ch.; Aricia medon, G. B., La Ch.; Polyommatus 
icarus, P. hylas, La Ch.; Agriades escheri, above Die; A. corydon, 
Pont-en-Royans, A. thetis, and probably A. thersites, south side 
Col de Rousset; Plebeius argus, G. B., La Ch.; Celastrina argiolus, 
La Ch.; Thecla ilicis, T. spini, G. G., La Ch.; Papilio poda- 
lirius, G. G., P. machaon, Villard; Parnassius apollo, above 
Pont-en-Royans, G. G., LaCh., Col de Rousset; Aporia crategi; 
Pieris brassice, P. rape, P. napi, G. B.; Huchloé cardamines, 
G. B.; Leptidia sinapis, Colias phicomone, La Ch.; C. hyale, 
C. edusa, Col de Rousset ; Gonepteryx rhamni, G.G., La Ch. ; 
Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui ; Vanessa io, La Ch.; Aglais urtice, 
Eugonia polychloros, G. G.; Pararge mera, P. hiera, G. B., 


14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


P. megera; Satyrus hermione, G. G., La Ch., S. uleyone, Col de 
Rousset, S. cordula, above Grenoble, Pont-en-Royans, G. G., 
La Ch., Col de Rousset; Hpinephele jurtina, E. tithonus, La Ch.; 
Aphantopus hyperanthus, G. G., La Ch.; Canonympha arcania, 
C. pamphilus ; Hrebia stygne, Gorge d’Engins, G. G., G. B., 
Col de Rousset ; Melanargia galatea. 

(To be continued.) 


SOME NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE 
BAUME, VAR, 8S. FRANCE. 


By Rev. F. E. Lows, M.A., F.E.S. 


I. Burrerruizs. 


WE spent part of our two last summers at La Sainte Baume 
in Provence, a neighbourhood little explored, I think, by English 
collectors. Our experience extended from June 24th to July 
2nd in 1912, and from June 21st to July 5th in 1918. Asa 
hunting-ground it proved a most interesting locality to the 
lepidopterist, both for butterflies and, more particularly perhaps, 
for moths. 

The range of mountains known as La Chaine de la Sainte 
Baume attains an average height of 2000 ft., and forms a bow- 
shaped ridge running nearly parallel with the Mediterranean. 
To the west the range terminates in the bold perpendicular mass 
of limestone known as the Pic de Bretagne (8129 ft.), just within 
the Department of Bouches-du-Rhone. From thence the moun- 
tains, with a slight curve to the north-east, run across the 
Department of Var, and come to a fine climax in the Pointe des 
Beguines (3362 ft.). After this the ridge rapidly declines in 
height, and merges in the generally hilly surface of this part of 
Provence. The north part of the chain, on which is the famous 
Grotto, from which the mountains take their name, is precipitous, 
making almost a straight line against the sky between its two 
extreme points. All the lower half of this side is clothed with 
what is claimed to be virgin forest. It contains few really fine 
trees ; but is exceptional in character for these regions. At the 
foot of the mountains extends the tableland known as the Plateau 
du Plan d’Aups, some 1800 ft. above sea-level. Here, immedi- 
ately under the Grotto, is the Hotellerie de la Sainte Baume, our 
headquarters. 

The Hotellerie deserves a few words to itself, both on account 
of the kindness of our host and hostess and also owing to its 
history. The building was originally a religious house in charge 
of the Dominicans, who were dispossessed by the Government in 
1904. It was purchased by its present owners, largely with a 


LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE. 15 


motive of preserving its religious uses. And to those to whom 
it appeals, there is an extraordinary charm in the devotional 
atmosphere surrounding the place. For centuries it has been 
a sacred spot to the warm-hearted and highly imaginative 
Provencals. The centre of this feeling is a Grotto three-quarters 
of an hour walk above the Hotellerie, in which, according to tradi- 
tion, St. Mary Magdalene spent the last thirty-three years of her 
life in penitential devotions. This large cave has been transformed 
into a spacious church. At the back is a narrow natural plat- 
form in the rock, upon which the Saint is said to have performed 
her devotions, called Le Rocher de la Pénitence. Below is a . 
reclining figure in marble of the Magdalene, a gift of the famous 
Mgr. Dupanloup. The Grotto has for centuries attracted annu- 
ally great numbers of pilgrims, among whom have been both 
Popes and Kings. It is still in the present day the most highly 
esteemed goal of Provencal devotees. 

There is a beautiful little modern chapel in the Hotellerie, 
containing some good mural paintings. Here Mass is celebrated 
every morning, and all the staff and many of the visitors attend. 

The Plateau du Plan d’Aups is reached by carriage and good 
roads, ascending in the usual sweeps and zigzags, either from 
Aubagne vid Gémenos on the west, or vid Nans from St. Maxmin 
on the east. There is also another way from Auriol, joining the 
Gémenos road outside the village of Plan d’Aups. 

The plateau itself, of curious geological formation, is a stony, 
arid plain, covered with stunted vegetation and a few small 
isolated fir trees; flowers, at least at midsummer, are few. The 
mountains of Sainte Baume wall it in on the south side, and 
corresponding hills of less altitude, and more irregular, on the 
north; at the east and west are deep valleys, through which 
the above roads descend. The north side of the plateau is 
curiously seared by irregular ridges of rock running from east to 
west, about which is a considerable growth of broom and scrub, 
often concealing dangerous holes and fissures between the up- 
standing rock. All this is good ground for “‘ Hairstreaks,” and 
** Blues ” especially. 

On the first two days the wind rather interfered with collect- 
ing, afterwards the weather was perfect. On June 22nd, there- 
fore, I confined my work to the north side of the plateau where 
the shrubs and rocks afforded some shelter, and there were many 
warm corners. One of my first captures was an excessively 
small female Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius. This insect, 
I fancy, is very far from common in this neighbourhood. I only 
took one other this year; that also a female. But their condi- 
tion did not in the least suggest that the species was over. 
Last year I only took one male. C. phleas, the only other 
“‘ Copper” seen, was also quite a rarity. Perhaps later broods 
would be more abundant. At this date Thecla spini was just 


16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


emerging, but became very common later. The specimens were 
not so largeas those I have taken at Digne and La Granja; more 
like the Rhone valley (Swiss) examples, but with the white line 
and blue spot on the under side more pronounced. Thecla ilicis, 
abundant, was generally worn; and var. esculi perhaps commoner 
still, but I did not find 7. tlicis var. cerri. Of T. acacie I was 
able to secure a few in fine condition and of large size; still it 
was very scarce, and considerably more alert than its congeners. 
One is accustomed to see Plebeius argus (egon) very abundant at 
times, but never have I seen anything like the multitude of this 
little ‘‘ Blue” extending over so wide an area. They fly in 
numbers over the whole plateau, and hang from every grass 
stem. The males were all of the form we expect in the south, 
with shining silvery white under sides. The females showed 
some variety. They were pretty evenly divided between all 
brown forms, and others suffused in various degrees with blue, 
but in many cases in both forms there is a very fine but strongly 
defined white line on the upper side hind wing just before the 
fringe. I sent one or two of these to Mr. Wheeler for inspection ; 
who writes: ‘‘ The white line on the upper side hind wing is very 
remarkable. I have only noticed it hitherto in medon, and it is 
hardly so marked in any specimens I have ever seen, even of 
that species.’ Of course, one effect of the white line is to throw 
up the orange chevrons into greater prominence. The orange 
in most cases (though not always) is continuous on both wings 
almost to the costa of the fore wing. In one beautiful brown 
specimen there is a series of small, but very distinct, blue spots 
on the inner side of the orange marks, on the upper side hind 
wing, faintly suggesting the marking of Orion var. ornata. One 
other male aberration is destitute of all spots on the under side 
of fore wings, including the discoidal, except the outer row, 
thereby outdoing Icarus var. icarinus; and in the lower wings 
the three spots nearest the anal-angle are long and elongated. 
The next day I turned my steps towards the woods on the 
east, especially one protected by a notice ‘“‘ Chasse Gardée ’— 
which I took not to exclude a butterfly net. Here I saw the first 
of a coming shower of Gonepteryx cleopatra, a male. Last year, 
by the way, I was rather surprised to see several females two or 
three days before a male appeared. Melanargia syllius had been 
not uncommon, but was much worn. The best thing was 
Leosopis roboris which appeared in increasing numbers during 
our stay. I saw no ash at Sainte Baume; evidently the food- 
plant here is oak; some German authors give also privet, and 
even elder. The specimens were finer than those of Digne, and 
the species much more abundant. Brenthis hecate also began to 
show itself on the edge of the wood, and B. dia was of 
exceptionally large size. I also got a very nice banded male 
of Melitea athaha. All the athalia were dark, and very strongly 


LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE. 17 


marked. M. parthenie was in its last stage of tattered garments. 
On the 24th Limenitis camilla was not infrequent on the road 
descending to Nans, and G. cleopatra (females) and Satyrus 
alcyone first appeared. On June 25th I made across the plateau 
in the opposite direction to climb the Col de Bretagne. I 
afterwards found that there is a much better path and much 
better sport by the forest under the mountains. All the way 
insects were most abundant. In one or two openings, or little 
meadows, which slope southwards from the edge of the wood to 
the plateau, I saw, I think, a greater number of butterflies than 
I have ever seen in an equal space—not excepting Swiss locali- 
ties. LL. camilla was specially noticeable. I have often seen 
L. sybilla in flocks, but never before camilla, though the latter 
is, I should say, a more widely distributed species. 

At the top of the Col, just under the perpendicular mass of 
the Pic de Bretagne, Polyommatus escheri was well represented 
by strikingly fine specimens of both sexes. One female shot 
with blue was the first I have seen of this form. I sent it to 
Mr. Wheeler, who informs me that ‘“‘ this slightly blue form of 
female escheri is stated by Turati to be cominon in the Alpes 
Maritimes.” Mr. Wheeler further says that there is another 
form about as blue as corydon ab. semisyngrapha; this has been 
named subapennina by Turati, and is not very scarce on the 
lower slopes of the Apennines; and that he himself has taken 
one such at Fiesole, which he exhibited before the Entomological 
Society, London, in 1909. These, I suppose, are comparatively 
newly noted varieties, as I find no allusion to any blue forms of 
the female either in Staudinger, Ruhl, Wheeler, or the new 
editions of Spuler’s or Berge’s ‘Huropean Butterflies.* P. 
eschert was to be taken all over the district, but it was on the 
Col that it evinced the greatest beauty of form. In this walk 
Pyrameis cardui was often to be seen, six and eight at a time. 
Agriades thetis (bellargus ? adonis?) was also there, both worn and 
in good order. The males generally large and of a deep blue, 
rather of the lilac tone of colour, and frequent among them 
ab. puncta, Tutt. Last year I had taken a very beautiful male 
hybrid, polonus, and hoped, but in vain, to renew my good 
fortune this year. A few ragged icarus were to be seen, and a 


* The Polyommatus escheri of the Bouches du Rhéne has a special 
form, and, though not so large as Andalusian examples, is generally larger 
than those found on the Central Alps. M. Oberthiir makes special mention 
of the female form (Lépid. Comparée, fase. iv. p. 214), to which he has given 
the name var. fouwlquieri, after M. Gédéon Foulquier, of Marseilles, who, 
with Dr. Siepi, has done so much to introduce lepidopterists to the fauna of 
this interesting region. I do not think either of them report the form 
analogous to syngrapha; but the “ slightly blue” form is not uncommon in 
the hill districts of the south-east. I have myself taken it at Nyons (Dréme), 
Allos (Basses-Alpes), and St. Martin-Vésubie (Alpes-Maritimes) ; and, in the 
words of M. Oberthiir, these, like var. fowlquiert, “ montrent prés du corps, 
des atomes bleus.”—(H. R.-B.). 

ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1914. Cc 


18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


new brood began to appear before we left, but I should say the 
species was not very abundant. The same remarks apply to 
Cupido minimus and Nomiades semiargus ; while of Aricia medon 
(astrarche) I saw but one, freshly emerged, near Nans at the end 
of my visit. 

While writing of the ‘‘ Blues’’ I will here make a leap of a 
few days. On June 380th we moved down to the Hotel de Lorges, 
near old Nans, at the foot of the road ascending to the plateau 
of Plan d’Aups. This hotel is some 800 ft. lower down than 
the Hotellerie. Late in the afternoon my wife and I, after 
having taken rooms and arranged our baggage, went for a short 
stroll. She called my attention to what she thought to be a 
strange form of corydon at rest. I caught it and pill-boxed it, 
but could only see the under side, which looked like a somewhat 
unusual P. meleager. When killed it proved to be a typical 
male Dolus. Of course on the next day we were on the look-out 
for more, but it was not until two days later that it turned up 
again, and then not on the same ground. The first specimen 
was taken on the rocky sides of the hill upon which the ruined 
chateau stands, but the rest were taken in the clearings of the 
wood and edges of fields skirting the wood. On July 6th I got 
six males and four females, and Mrs. Lowe two of each sex. In 
this locality Dolus presents the double interest of affording 
specimens both of the type and of var. vittata, usually assigned 
solely to the Department of Lozére. I left before the species 
was fully out, but my captures show of the type eleven males 
and seven females, against five males and one female var. vittata. 
It must be noted, however, that some of these reckoned of the 
type form have a decided tendency to the streak on the upper 
side hind wing which distinguishes the variety. They might be 
called var. intermedia. This is particularly true of Certain of 
the males. 

All former specimens in my cabinet came from Florac and 
Mende, the gifts of Mr. Jones and Mr. Rowland-Brown, and are 
of course var. vittata. On comparing these with this year’s 
catch at Nans, it is at once evident that the Nans specimens are 
on an average considerably larger than those from the Mende 
district—a much darker blue, and also have a very much 
broader black edge to the wings. It is quite easy to pick out a 
Nans specimen if you mix them together. 

Agriades corydon began to appear on July 2nd at Nans, and 
came out very slowly—the males with rather dark and sharply 
defined margin; the females did not show up before we left. I 
took one very beautiful example of var. cinnus. 

One fine female, Libythea celtis, was taken between Nans and 
Sainte Baume off flowers of bramble. But I never saw another, 
neither could I see any plants of Celtis australis. At Sainte 
Baume Satyrus alcyone had appeared on June 24th; at Nans, 


LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE. 19 


S. hermione came to hand with wings hardly dry on June 30th. 
Of the Argynnids Brenthis hecate was fairly common and widely 
distributed. B. dia passing, but had been remarkably fine and 
very common. Of the big brotherhood, Argynnis niobe var. eris, 
was the first to be seen, and not common; next A. adippe and 
A. aglaia; and, lastly, Dryas paphia; these would all be 
doubtless common later. 

The little Canonympha dorus was very local, and never 
abundant; C. arcania not in great numbers. C. pamphilus 
gave me several nice forms, two var. bipupillata, one fine ab. 
thersites, and, lastly, a beautiful female, in which the round 
spot towards the apex of fore wings is of enormous size, with 
white pupil on under side 3 mm. in diameter, or the exact size 
of the letter O in Queen Victoria’s name on a florin of 1890. 
This aberration I have decided to call glawcopis, until I hear 
that it has been named before. 

Before leaving on July 5th I had an hour or so in the 
immediate neighbourhood of our hotel, and was lucky enough 
to take a very perfect aberration of Melitea didyma (female). 
These things are difficult to describe, and one is very conscious 
of M. Oberthur’s reasons for demanding a figure of all named 
varieties. The striking feature of this specimen is the wide 
expanse of clear colour on the disk of all wings, devoid of the 
usual black markings. It is yellow of the lightest occidentalis 
forms, and the fore wings have no central markings whatever 
between the single sharp zigzag black edge of the fringe and 
two basal spots, which are open rings; above these, next the 
costa, are two open marks which form the figure 30. The 
lower wings are of the same ground colour as the upper, and all 
black marks are gathered together in a central band formed by 
wedge-shaped dashes. On the under side the primaries, which 
are of a darker reddish tint than on the upper side, are 
traversed by a central band of seven black dashes. The 
secondaries, of a pale cold yellow, have the central light band 
strongly defined between rows of large black spots, after which 
the wing is self-coloured up to the black line before the fringe. I 
have given to this, in honour of the locality, the name ab. 
magdalena. The following is the complete list of butterflies 
from Sainte Baume district noted by me, seventy-four in all, 
exclusive of varieties. 


PaPILIoNIDH.—Papilio podalirius, P. machaon. 

PIERIDE.—Aporia crategi ; Pieris brassicae, P. rape, P. napi ; 
Euchloe belia var. ausonia (one); Leptidia sinapis, scarce ; 
Colias edusa and var. pallida (one), C. hyale, scarce; Gonepteryx 
rhammi, G. cleopatra. 

NympHALIDE. — Limenitis camilla; Pyrameis atalanta, P. 
cardui; Hugonia polychloros; Polygonia c-album; Huvanessa 

c 2 


20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


antiopa ; Melitea phabe, M. cinxia (one), M. didyma, M. athalia, 
M. parthenie ; Argynnis niobe var. eris, A. aglaia, A. adippe ; 
Dryas paphia; Brenthis hecate, B. dia, B. euphrosyne (one 
worn). 

Satyripm.—Pararge egeria var. intermedia, P. mera, P. 
megera; Satyrus hermione, S. alecyone, S. circe ; Hipparchia 
semele; Epinephele jurtina, E. pasiphe; Canonympha pamphilus 
and vars. C. dorus, C. arcania; Melanargia syllius, M. galathea 
var. procida. 

LisytHeipm.—Libythea celtis. 

Lycmnipm.—Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius; C. phleas 
and var. eleus-ceruleopunctata; Cupido minimus; Nomiades 
semiargus ; Polyommatus dolus and var. vittata, P. hylas, P. 
escheri, P. icarus ; Agriades thetis and hyb. polonus, A. corydon 
and ab. cinnus; Aricia medon; Plebeius argus; Celastrina 
argiolus ; Leosopis roboris; Thecla spini, T. ihcis, T. escult, 
T. acacia ; Callophrys rubt; Zephyrus quercus. 

Hesreripm.—LHrynnis aleee (one); Hesperia cartham, H. 
alveus var.?*; Pyrgus sao; Thymelicus acteon common, 1’. 
lineola, T’. flavus ; Pamphilus sylvanus. 


NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF RHYSSA. 
By L. N. G. Ramsay, M.A., B.Sc. 


Tue remarkable insects of the genus Rhyssa have for long 
been known to prey on the wood-boring larve of Siricide, 
introducing their eggs into the tunnels of the latter by means of 
their enormously elongated ovipositor. The ovipositor is some- 
times even found sticking ina Sirex-infested log (as, for example, 
the specimens exhibited in the insect gallery at South Kensington), 
but, I understand, the manner in which the insect contrives to 
insert this unwieldy appliance into the tree-trunk has not 
hitherto been fully described. I hope, therefore, that the 
following account may be of interest to entomologists. 

The event described was witnessed in the summer of 1909, 
while I was staying in the southern part of the Black Forest, to 
the west of the Wehratal. On the afternoon of August 29th, 
while skirting a wood—the very finest conifers of the Black 
Forest flourish in this locality—I happened to pause beside a pile 
of small pine-logs, and as I stood there one of these extraordinary 
insects appeared and settled on one of the logs. I will quote 
verbatim from my notes written the same day :—“‘ It sat still for 
some time, and then began to walk about, feeling every hole and 


* Probably H. belliert var. fowlquiert.—(H. R.-B.) 


NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF RHYSSA. ea | 


corner in the rough bark with its long antenne. After a minute 
or two of this it stopped, and drew up its long body, doubling the 
long black ovipositor underneath itself; it had to hitch itself up 
- several times before it got the long needle into position under- 
neath, with the tip in a crevice. Then it gripped the bark with 
its claws and gradually thrust the ovipositor about half an inch 
into the bark, then suddenly flew away, perhaps because it 
completed laying the eggs, perhaps because I had gone too 
Glose.s aye: ie 

Immediately after, I made the rough sketches of the beast 
which accompany this note. These are probably a little larger 
than life, although the insect was a very large one. I noted 
that the abdomen was black and white, the legs pale, and the 
antenne black. 


EXPLANATION OF FicureEs (diagrammatic).—1. The insect reconnoitring 
the bark with its antenne. 2. Getting the ovipositor into position. 3. The 
insect just before flying away; the ovipositor thrust home in a crevice. 
(Sketched from life.) 


At the time I was unaware of the insect’s identity, but on 
seeing the specimens of Rhyssa exhibited at the Natural History 
Museum this year, I at once recognised my old acquaintance, 
and comparison of the other species of the genus in the cabinet 
collections there leaves little, if any, doubt that this was 
R. persuasoria. 

The figures will help to indicate the manner in which the 
insect succeeded in bringing its unwieldy ovipositor to bear on 
the log. As mentioned above, these were drawn before I left the 
spot (with the exception of the second, which I have added now 
to make the action clearer), and they are reproduced without 
any change from my original rough drawings. As the insect 


99, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


had already taken its departure, they are necessarily crude, as 
it was the only example of its kind on which I had ever set eyes. 
For this and for their obvious artistic defects I shall make no 
further apology, as they are merely intended to convey the 
manner in which the insect accomplished its object. 

Sharp* figures (after Riley) the allied genus Thalessa in the 
act of oviposition, and states that in both these genera the 
ovipositor “‘is brought into use by being bent on itself over the 
back of the insect, so as to bring the tip vertically down on to 
the wood, through which it is then forced by a series of efforts ; 
the sheaths do not enter the wood.” 

It is evident that this description does not tally with the 
foregoing observations on Rhyssa. The insect figured by Sharp 
follows his statements in having its long ovipositor bent on itself, 
out ofits normal and approximately straight form, into an almost 
complete circle. From purely physical considerations, is it not 
a little difficult to understand how a non-muscular structure 
could be curved at will in this way? The possibility suggests 
itself to the present writer that the insect there figured, after 
having inserted its ovipositor in the manner described in this 
note for Rhyssa, may have pivoted its body through an angle of 
180° around the flexible fixed ovipositor, in its efforts to thrust 
the latter into an unusually resistant piece of wood. This might 
easily happen through the insect’s shifting its feet again and 
again to obtain a better purchase, and would explain the whole 
matter very simply, as the ovipositor in such a case would 
naturally assume the position figured. 


[There can be no doubt at all that Mr. Ramsay’s notes refer 
to R. persuasoria, L., which has an extremely wide distribution 
through Europe to Canada and the United States in the West, 
and the Himalayas in the Hast, since it is to the best of my 
knowledge the only species attacking pinetophagous larve. R. 
approximator, Fab., is said by Holmgren to attack Xyphydria 
prolongata, which feeds in oak; and there are several interesting 
accounts of the American species’ economy (Canad. Entom. xi. 
1879, p. 15, &c.) and Harrington has (I. c. xix. p. 206) put on 
record ‘“‘ The Nuptials of Thalessa.” Myr. Ramsay appears to 
take it for granted that these insects bore for themselves an egg- 
passage through the solid wood; but it is by no means proved 
that they do not oftener introduce them along the tunnel of the 
host larva (cf. Morl. Ichn. Brit. iii. p. 25, et Revision Ichn. Brit. 
Mus. u. p. 10).—Ciaupr Morty. | 


* ‘Cambridge Natural History, Insects,’ pt. i. p. 554, 1895. 


23 


A MONOGRAPH or tHe Genus OSPRHYNCHOTUS, Srinoua. 
Family IconzEumonip#: Subfamily Cryprinm: Tribe Crypripes. 


By CraupEe Mortey, F.Z.S., &e. 


THis genus has been twice excellently described; in the 
first place, by Spinola (Magaz. de Zool. x1. 1841, p. 45), and 
later, in ignorance of any previous knowledge of it, by de 
Saussure (Distant’s ‘ Naturalist in the Transvaal,’ 1892, p. 229, 
under the name Distantella), though neither author assigned it 
a very definite classified position. That it is distinct from 
Acroricnus, Ratz. (= Linoceras, Tasch.), I am able to state from 
an examination of the typical species of both genera; Dalla 
Torre treated Ratzeburg’s genus as synonymous, but Schmiedek- 
necht in 1904 correctly tabulated the palearctic kinds under 
Acroricnus, which differs from Osprhynchotus in possessing two 
strong metanotal transcarine in place of only a subbasal one, 
in having the hind tibiz normal and not incrassate throughout, 
in its lack of central setz beneath the hind onychii, in its less 
‘compressed abdomen, posteriorly broader head with less excavate 
frons, in its centrally intercepted nervellus ; but most especially 
in having the mouth parts but slightly produced, whereas in 
true Osprhynchotus species they are rostriform, with both cheeks 
and clypeus no shorter than the face, surmounted by strongly 
exserted labrum and ligula, extending in all to three and a 
half millimetres below the scrobes in the typical species. 
‘*Osprynchotus’”’ peronatus, Cam. (Kntom. 1902, p. 182; placed in 
** Linnoceras”’ by its author at ‘ Spolia Zeylanica,’ 1905, p. 97) is 
an Acroricnus and very common in India, whence I have seen 
it from the Khasi Hills, Simla, Labatach, Sikkim, Shillong, and 
the Kangra Valley. I may be permitted to here bring forward 
the unknown female of Acroricnus syriacus, Mocs. (Magy. Akad. 
Term. Ertek. xii. P. 11, 1888, p. 12, male), which differs from 
the male in little but its terebra, and this is as long as the 
abdomen, excepting the petiole; it is a true member of that 
genus and was captured by Hscalera during 1900 at Kuh Sefid 
in south-west Persia. 

The large size and nigrescent or brunneous wings of 
Osprhynchotus render it one of the most conspicuous genera of 
the Ichneumonide. That considerable confusion has existed 
concerning the synonymy of the species is owing to the fact that 
Brullé, in my opinion, described an extremely rare one in 1846, 
and that Tosquinet mistook it for the commonest in 1896. 

W. A. Schulz’s remarks upon this genus (Zool. Annalen, 
1911, pp. 35-87), all the species of which he there wishes to 
regard as synonymous, appear to have been based upon 
insufficient material; he professes to have seen five examples of 
my last species, thirteen of my first, and an unrecorded number 
united under my second to fourth. Among these he failed to 


24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


discover any plastic distinctions sufficient to justify specific rank 
(though I consider the difference in shape of the areolet and 
brachial cell to be constant), and thinks the “distribution of 
red-brown colour varies greatly, apparently according to in- 
dividual developement”; to me this variation appears very 
slight, and that of the hind tibial colour even less so. The 
synonymy of the whole genus is repeated in the same critic’s 
“‘ Zweihundert alte Hymenopteren”’ (Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1912, 
p. 68), where O. violator, Thunb., alone is allowed to stand, 
though far antedated by O. objurgator, Fab., as I pointed out in 
1909. 
TABLE OF SPECIES. 
(8). 1. Wings, basal abdominal segment and part of thorax black. 
(3). 2. Areolet externally subrectangular above ; bra- 
chial cell apically less explanate; anus pale; 
flagellar pale band usually six-jointed . 1. violator, Thunb. 
(2). 3. Areolet externally rounded above; brachial 
cell apically strongly explanate; anus black; 
flagellar pale band usually four-jointed. 
4. Propleurz and temples utterly glabrous; hind 
tibize white only to their centre . . 2. objurgator, Fab. 
5. Propleurz striate and temples pilose; central 
hind tibial flavous band extending far beyond centre. 
6. Hind tibial black band longer than calearia: 
length 27 mm. : k 3 ; . 3. gigas, Kriech. 
(6). 7. Hind tibial black band not longer; length 
21 mm. . . 4. ruficeps, Cam. 
8 
9 


(1). 8. Wings brown, basal abdominal segment and 
nearly whole thorax red. 
(10). 9. Wings basally paler; flagellum and hind legs 
red and not pale banded . O. pulcherrimus, Kirby. 
(9). 10. Wings unicolorous; flagellum and hind legs 
black, pale banded ; : 2 . 8. flavipes, Brullé. 


1. OSPRHYNCHOTUS VIOLATOR, Thunb. 


Ichneumon violator, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Sc. Petersb. ix. 1824, 
p- 803; cf. Roman, Zool. Bidr. Uppsala, i. 1912, p. 288. 
Osprhynchotus capensis, Spin. Mag. Zool. xi. 1841, p. 75, 
male, female. Distantella trinotata, Sauss. Nat. Trans- 
vaal, 1892, p. 280, female. 

Maximilien Spinola beautifully figures (loc. cit. pl. Ixxv.) 
both sexes with details of the head and of the male abdomen, 
which latter is not apically pale; he regarded the genus as a 
‘‘ Sous-famille des Ophionides”’ and derived his generic name 
from the rostriform mouth; only three examples of both sexes 
were known to him, from the Cape of Good Hope. I have 
examined what Mr. W. L. Distant assures me is the type 
specimen of Saussure’s elaborately described genus Distantella, 
and find it to be entirely synonymous with O. capensis, Spin. 


A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS OSPRHYNCHOTUS. 25 


This genus has since been employed by both Cameron* and 
Schmiedeknecht, with the erroneous characters ascribed to it 
by Ashmead (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1900, p. 41), for very 
different insects, whose position is consequently untenable. 
Though Saussure records only a single female from Pretoria, 
there is a long series of (presumably) cotypes from that locality 
in Distant’s collection, now in Mus. Brit.; the former was at a 
loss where to place the genus and adds, “ Je ne crois pas pouvoir 
le placer, ailleurs que dans la tribe des Cryptiens.”’ ‘There area 
score of females in Mus. Brit. found by Dr. Smith in 1844 in 
South Africa, in 1852 in West Africa, in 1859 at Knysna in 
South Africa, later at Sterkfontein, &c., in the Transvaal, 
Queenstown in Cape Colony, and in March, 1900, at Slievyra, 
in Natal. I have also seen it from Bonnefoi, in the Transvaal, 
in the Deutsches Entomologisches Museum of Berlin. 


2. OSPRHYNCHOTUS OBJURGATOR, Fab. 


Ichneumon objurgator, Fab. 8. I. 1781, p. 426; Cryptus objur- 
gator, Fab. Piez. 1804, p.79, female. Osprynchotus heros, 
Schlet. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1891, p. 33, female; Tosq. 
l. c. 1896, p. 248, male, female. 


This species is described :—Head and thorax dull red and 
punctate; male face white; antenne black, white-banded; 
abdomen black, smooth and shining, apically compressed; legs 
black, the front ones dull red with tibiz dull stramineous, the 
hind tibiz and sometimes their tarsi pure white-banded ; wings 
infuscate-violaceous ; length, male 20 mm. and female 28 mm. 
All this, as I have already pointed out (Entom. 1909, p. 135), 
exactly agrees with the type of Fabricius’s species, which is still 
preserved in the Banksian Cabinet in the British Museum. This 
species is extremely constant in the coloration of its hind tibie, 
and the score in Mus. Brit. all have pure white hind tibial bands, 
extending only to the centre, in both sexes. Schletterer’s female 
was from the equator in the Congo, Fabricius’s from ‘‘ Africa 
equinoctiali”; Tosquinet gives it a range through Togoland, 
the Cameroons and Senegal, to Sierra Leone; and it appears 
pretty constant to that latitude, for I have seen examples only 


* Distantella pilosella, Cameron (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1909, 
p. 729) is a true Cryptws, sensu Thoms., male. Of Cameron’s other Indian 
species of Cryptus, C. luculentus (Entom. 1905, p. 85) = tarsolewcus, Schr. ; 
C. himalayensis (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1904, p. 106) = Hedycryptus—not a good 
genus—filicornis, Cam. (Zeits. Hym.-Dip. 1903, p. 299); C. orientalis 
(Manch. Mem. 1897, p. 16) = obscurus, Grav. ; C.nurset (J. Bomb. N. Hist. 
Soc. 1906, p. 285) = insidiator, Smith; Bwathra—not a good genus—ru/i- 
ventris (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. 284) must be included and is probably hardly 
distinct from apparitortus, Vill.; nor is C. bibulws (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1904, 
p- 106) from C. albatorius, Vill. Cryptus indicus, Cam. (Manch. Mem. 
1897, p. 15) = Mesoleptus annulipes, Cam. (lib. cit. 1900, p. 103) = Syzeuctus 
annulipes, Morley, Fauna of India, Ichn. 1913, p. 286.—C. M. 


26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from Sierra Leone in 1888 (Rev. F. D. Morgan), Sierra Leone 
(J. J. Simpson and W. G. Clements in 1893), Shengay in the 
north Sherbro District of Sierra Leone in 1910 (W. Addison), 
Kokona on March 26th, 1912, Gigbema on August 22nd, 1912, 
Bunbumbo on August 15th and 16th, 1912, and Kamagbouse on 
April 6th, 1912; from Nigeria at Ilorin on June 8rd, 1912, 
Minna during 1911 (J. W. Scott-Macfie), and on October 18th, 
1910 (J. J. Simpson), Oshogbo, in southern Nigeria, in 1910 
(Dr. T. F. G. Mayer) ; from the Congo in 1848 (Dr. Richardson) 
and 1890 (Miss Sharpe); from the Kast Neave has sent several 
females from the Tero Forest, near Buddu, taken at the end 
of September, 1911, at 8800 ft., and near Kumi and Lake Kiogo 
at 3500 ft. in the Uganda Protectorate during the preceding 
August. The Deut. Ent. Museum has it from Togo and the 
Cameroons. 
3. OspRHYNcHoTUS GIGas, Kriech. 
Osprynchotus gigas, Kriech. Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna, iv. 1894, 
p. 86, female. 

This I believe to be the commonest species of the genus. It 
is described :—Black; head transverse, posteriorly obliquely 
constricted and red with the facial orbits paler, fulvescent ; 
antenne black with scape red, and the eighth to twelfth joints 
pale fulvous; mesonotum rugosely punctate, and not at all red; 
metanotum rugose; scutellum somewhat convex, punctate, 
centrally subglabrous, with the prescutellar lateral lamine red- 
marked; abdomen glabrous and nitidulous, with terebra 12 mm. 
in length; front legs red, with infuscate tarsi; the posterior 
black with a band, occupying about two-thirds of the hind tibie, 
pale flavous; most of the apical half of the hind metatarsi, and 
whole of the second to fourth joints, concolorous; wings dark 
violaceous, with their apices broadly black; a subpellucid mark 
beyond the stigmal base, and three hyaline fenestre in the 
disco-cubital, second recurrent and outer areolar nervure; 
length, 27 mm. Kriechbaumer’s above account is not very 
accessible and was overlooked by Tosquinet; I, consequently, 
give it in extenso from his part of the paper ‘‘ Rassegna degl’ 
Imenotteri Raccolti nel Mozambico dal Cav. Fornasini.”’ 

I have seen a hundred and forty specimens of both sexes (the 
male differs in no way but its paler red capital colour) which 
agree exactly with this description from Abyssinia, British East 
Africa, Uganda, German Hast Africa, Nyassaland, Mocambique, 
Delagoa Bay, north and north-east Rhodesia, Natal; and a 
male in the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s collection which is labelled 
** Senegal,” but several of his African localities were incorrect, 
and the present species seems rare or wanting towards the east 
of the Continent. I have seen both sexes in the Deut. Ent. 
Museum from Three Sisters, near Barberton, in the Transvaal, 
where they occurred during October and December. 


A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS OSPRHYNCHOTUS. 27 


4, OSPRHYNCHOTUS RUFICEPS, Cam. 


Osprynchotus ruficeps, Cam. Ann. 8. African Mus. 1906, p. 142, 
female. 

Male and female. A black species, with flagellar band 
stramineous; female with head, under side of scape, and most 
of prothorax red; male with face, under side of scape flavous, 
thorax black; both sexes have the hind tibiew flavous with 
extreme base, and a band at their apex not longer than their 
calearia, black; hind tarsi flavous with a band at their base 
shorter than the calecaria, and onychu, black ; wings violaceous; 
length, 21 mm., terebra, 10 mm. I greatly doubt if this species 
be aught but a small and southern form of the last; Cameron 
did not know O. gigas, Kriech., and the present species seems 
separable from it only in its smaller size and narrower black 
hind tibial band. It was described from the Umvoti River in 
Natal; and I have seen a dozen examples, agreeing in the above 
characters, from East Karoo, in Cape Colony (A. Howarth), Port 
Natal, in 1856 (Mr. Plant), Howick, in Natal (J. Cregoe), the 
Transvaal on November 29th, 1896 (A. Ross and A. J. Cholmley, 
1906), Johannesburg and Sterkfontein (H. P. Thomasset), and 
Pretoria (Distant). 


5. OSPRHYNCHOTUS PULCHERRIMUS, Kirby. 
Cryptus pulcherrimus, Kirby, Bull. Liverpool Museum, iii. 1900, 
p. 14, and ‘The Natural History of Sokotra and Abdelkuri,’ 
by H. O. Forbes, 19038, p. 237. 

The type was taken at Homhil (one female) at 1500 ft. in 
Eastern Sokotra on January 23rd, 1899; and cotypes:—One 
female at Dahamish at 350 ft., in Sokotra, on December 24th, 
1898; one female at Goahal Valley, in Eastern Sokotra, on 
January 16th, 1899, and one male at Thluteed at 1200 ft., in 
Sokotra, on January 15th, 1899. All these are in Mus. Brit. 
The lack of all black or red markings renders this species 
conspicuously distinct ; its mouth is no less rostriform than in 
its congeners, and I was in error (Entom. 1911, p. 212) in 
ascribing it to the genus Acroricnus croricnus, Ratz. 


6. OsPRHYNCHOTUS FLAVIPES, Brulle. 


Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. 1846, p. 185, female; (?) Tosq. Mem. 
Soc. Ent. Belg. 1896, p. 246, male, female. 

This species was originally recorded from Senegal only; 
subsequently, Tosquinet, whose description looks like a com- 
pound of Brullé’s and that of O. gigas, Kriech., adds such diverse 
localities as Togoland, Angola, the Cape, Tanganyka, the Congo, 
and Scioa, but I place no reliance upon his -knowledge of the 
present genus. In my own experience, which is slender, this 
species is extremely rare, and has, I believe, been misunderstood 
by all subsequent authors. Schulz professes to recognize it 
from both Senegal and Senegambia. I have seen but a singie 


28 “THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


female, labelled ‘‘ Gambia” in the British Museum, which would 
point to a range nearly as restricted as that of the last species ; 
this female exactly agrees with Brullé’s description in every way, 
especially in the red basal segment and the terebral length of 
twelve millimetres, not only eight as indicated by Tosquinet. 
The species referred to under the present name by Col. Bingham, 
(Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. 1909, p. 179) from Mount Ruwenzori, is 
O. gigas, which was at that time mistaken for it in the National 
Collection. The coloration of O. flavipes is quite distinctive :— 
Head, thorax, scape and extreme apices of antenne rosy; the 
last with only two joints white; mesonotum and metanotum 
sometimes more or less, but never entirely, nigrescent; abdomen 
black, with the basal segment entirely red; legs ferrugineous 
with the hind femora, tibie and tarsi black, the basal half of 
their tibiz and second to fourth tarsal joints very pale flavous ; 
wings brownish, not at all nigrescent, but with violaceous 
reflection ; length, female, 25 mm. 


TWO new MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDES rrom ALGERIA. 
By Frep. V. Tueosatp, M.A., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., &e. 


Tur two new Aphides described here were taken by Mr. P. 
A. Buxton and Mr. R. Gurney in ants’ nests in Algeria; one of 
them was also found with termites. So far only a single aphid 
has been recorded from the nests of white ants, namely, T'ermit- 
aphis circumvallata, Wasmann (Tijdschr. v. Entomol. xlv. 1902, 
pe 10o,) plrg, ies. Te airsCh) 

Professor Robert Newstead informs me that he is describing 
another peculiar form from termite nests in the West Indies. 

One of the two species described here is very marked, and 
this I have placed in a new genus for which I propose the name 
Rectinasus. The other comes in the genus Forda, although the 
adult female presents a somewhat different form to the other 
known Fordas. The ant hosts are given with the species 
described. 

Genus Recrinasus, nov. gen. 

Antenne of five segments, long, often over half the length of the 
body, rather thin, the first and second segments small, of about equal 
length, third and fifth long, about equal in length, fourth short, 
slightly longer than the second, the first and second have a short 
blunt spine, at the apex and base respectively. Hyes small. 
Proboscis long, from two-thirds the length of the body to a little 
longer than the body, carried at a marked angle to the body, often 
nearly at right angles ; acuminate, hairy. Setaceous mandibles and 
maxilla long. Body segmented. Cornicles absent. Legs rather 
. long and thin, but somewhat thicker in young forms. 


* This insect has since been placed in a new family. 


TWO NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDES FROM ALGERIA. 29 


The marked characters of this genus are the antenne and 
the projecting long proboscis. 

The viviparous apterous female only known. 

Found in company with ants. 


_Rectinasus buxtoni, nov. sp. 

Apterous viviparous female-—Ochreous yellow to pale yellow and 
almost pearly white, pubescent; legs and antennze brown; proboscis 
black at the apex, brown to nearly the base in some, paler in others. 
Eyes black. Frons more or less porrected. Vertex convex to flat, 
broad, hairy. Antenne of five segments, the two basal ones small, 
of nearly equal length, the basal one somewhat the wider, the apex 
a. 


Rectinasus buxtoni, nov. sp. 


A. Head of apterous viviparous female; a, antenne; al, joint of first and 
second segments, showing spines a?; a*, apex of antenne; b, eye; c, labrum; cl, 
maxille ; c? and c3, mandibles; d, proboscis. 5B. Variations in head a, b, and c. 
C. Lateral tubercle. D. Labrum, d! apex further enlarged. 


of the first and base of the second with a-small dark, blunt, median 
projecting process, pointed towards one another, third segment long, 
fourth short, but longer than the second, fifth as long as the third, 
ending in a short, blunt nail, a small round sensorium at the apex of 
the fourth and a peculiar shaped one at the base of the nail on 
the fifth ; all the segments hairy, in some the antenne are nearly as 
long as the proboscis, in others shorter. Proboscis carried at a 
marked angle to the body, bent near the base, acuminate, the apex 
of the last segment, which is long and thin, black, hairy; setaceous 
mandibles and maxille long ; labrum moderately long, porrected, base 
with some hairs. The proboscis varies in length, usually about two- 
thirds the length of the body, but may be longer. Frons often porrected. 


30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Pronotum constricted from the rest of the body, which is oval. 

Abdomen with short hairs on the anterior three-fourths, longer 
ones behind with shorter ones between. Cauda rounded to cone- 
shaped, very hirsute, hairs long. Pore-like, oval, flat tubercles at 
the sides. 

Legs rather long and thin, projecting; femora wider than the 
tibiz, tarsi of two segments, the basal one small, all the segments 
with fine short hairs. 


Length.—1°5 to 2°3 mm. 

Habitat.—Lambése, Batna, EK. Algeria. 

Time of Capture.— April 5th, 1918. 

Notes.—A large number taken in ants’ nests (Pherdole palli- 
dula, Nyl.), under the same stone as a nest of the termite 
(Leucotermes lucifugus, Ross), and three specimens from nest of 
Bothryomyrmex meridionalis by Mr. R. Gurney at the same time. 
The head varies somewhat in form; in some it is convex in 
front, in others flat, and some appear to have a median sulcus. 
The relative length of the antenne and proboscis also varies; in 
young forms they are about the same length, in older ones the 
antenne are considerably shorter than the proboscis. With 
regard to the connection with termites there is some doubt, for Mr. 
Buxton sends the following from his notebook :—‘‘ Ant, Aphis and 
Termite all under the same stone. The termites probably not 
in association, but ants and aphides actually in the same nest.”’ 

The termite has been determined by Holmgren as Leuco- 
termes lucifugus, Ross. 


Forda rotunda, nov. sp. 


Apterous viviparous female-——Dull white above, much domed ; 
flattened below, brown, the marked segments darkened apically. 

Antenne less than one-fourth the length of the body, thin, of five 
segments, the two basal ones short, about the same length, the basal 
one wider than the second, third segment the longest, slightly narrower 
than the second, about as long as the fourth and fifth together, the last 
two equal, a single round sensorium near the apex of the fourth and 
one large one and one or two small round ones at the base of the very 
short, blunt nail on the fifth, the last two segments brown, the rest 
yellowish, all the segments with fine short hairs. 

Eyes small and black, projecting from the side of the head. 
Vertex rounded or curved, nude. Proboscis short and _ thick, 
reaching just past the second cox, dark at the tip, with two sub- 
terminal sete; setaceous mandibles and maxill# rather short, the 
former spirally curled; proboscis bent under the body and more or 
less closely applied to it. A few hairs on the posterior of the body ; 
cauda very hirsute, hairs curved apically; no trace of segmentation 
on the white domed dorsum which has the appearance of white kid ; 
markedly segmented on the brown venter. 

Legs brown, first and second pairs very short, the femora thick 
and nearly as long as the tibie; tarsi of two segments, the same 
length in the first two pair of legs; third pair of legs longer, just 


TWO NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDES FROM ALGERIA. 31 


projecting beyond the body, femora much thicker and shorter than 
the tibiae; tarsi longer than in the two front pairs; the basal segment 
of the feet, small; tibize and tarsi hairy, hairs very fine and short. 

Length.—3 mm. 

Inmature viviparous female.-—Colour varying from pale yellow 
to dull brownish grey. Legs pale yellowish brown. Antennex 
with the last two segments pale brown; two basal segments short, 
about equal length, the basal one broader than the second, the third 
the longest, about as long as the fourth and fifth, which are equal, a 
sensorium on the apex of the fourth and one at the base of the short 
blunt nail on the fifth, with two to four smaller ones surrounding 


Forda rotunda, nov. sp. 
A. Head of mature apterous female; c, antenne; c!, further enlarged apex ; 
b, proboscis; b!, mandibles; b?, maxille; a, eye; al, eye further enlarged. B. 
Head and antenn# of immature female. D. Front tarsus. E. Proboscis. F. 
Lateral view of cauda. G. Hind tarsus. 


it, all the segments with small hairs. Eyes small and black, not so 
projecting as in the adult. Proboscis reaching just to the third 
cox, of similar form to the adult. Legs longer in proportion than 
the adult, well projecting from the body, otherwise similar. Cauda 
rounded, hairy, hairs long and curved apically. 

Length.—2 to 2°5 mm. 

Habitat— Hammam Meskoutine, EH. Algeria. 

Time of Capture.—April 3rd, 1913. 

Notes.—One mature female and four immature ones taken 
in ants’ nests (T’apinoma erraticum). 

There is no doubt that these are all one species, although the 
mature form looks very different, its swollen appearance, its white 
kid-like upper surface and flat brown venter with marked segmen- 
tation is very characteristic, the younger forms are more Forda- 
like, whilst the adult approaches a Tycheoides in appearance but 
the antenna are Forda-like. The hairy cauda is prominent in all. 

The types of both species have been placed in the National 
Museum at South Kensington. 


32, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE FOSSIL ORTHOPTERA OF FLORISSANT, 
COLORADO. 


By T. D. A. CockERELL. 


ORTHOPTERA are uncommon in the Tertiary rocks, and 
usually poorly preserved, although they must have abounded in 
former times as now. Probably most of the species were better 
able to escape destruction during volcanic eruptions than 
smaller and more fragile insects. The Miocene shales of Floris- 
sant have yielded no fewer than thirty-three species, and although 
this must be but a small fragment of the Orthopterous fauna of 
that time, it is sufficient to give us some idea of the types exist- 
ing perhaps a million years ago. Two new species have been 
recently discovered by Professor Wickham, and are described 
below. 

The Forficulide are represented at Florissant by the extinct 
genus Labiduromma, Scudder, with no fewer than ten species. 
Karwigs are the only Orthoptera in the shales which can be 
called common. 

Blattide are represented by three genera still living in 
America, each with a single species. It is possible that the 
species referred to Zetobora is really an Ischnoptera, and iden- 
tical with the described member of that genus. 

The Mantide are represented by three species, referred to 
two genera, both believed to be extinct. Scudder has described 
one Phasmid, placing it in Agathemera, a neotropical genus still 
extant. In the Acridiide we find the apparently extinct genus 
Teniopodites, Ckll. of the Acridiine; three species of Gidipodine ; 
and three of Tryxaline. All these Acridians, whenever their 
generic characters can be made out, seem to belong to extinct 
genera. In the Locustide we have Palgorehnia, Ckll., a remark- 
able extinct genus referred to Phaneropterine ; a very dubious 
member of the Pseudophylline ; Lithymnetes, Scudd., an extinet 
genus placed in the Oriental and Australian group Phyllo- 
pharine ; a Conocephaline referred to the living genus Orcheli- 
mum; two Decticine, belonging to the living genera Capnobotes 
and Anabrus; and two species of the widely distributed Gryll- 
acris, of the subfamily Gryllacridine (Gryllacrine, Kirby, 
Scudder). 

As the list stands, less than a third of the species seem to 
belong to modern genera, and it is quite possible that if we had 
complete specimens of these, at least some of them would prove 
to be incorrectly assigned. On the other hand, it may be that 
some of the genera described as extinct are still living. The 
whole matter must stand subject to future revision, should 
better materials be brought to light; but we can at least say 
this, that the Miocene Orthoptera of Colorado were, on the 


THE FOSSIL ORTHOPTERA OF FLORISSANT, COLORADO. 33 


whole, strikingly different from the existing fauna of that region, 
and were like those of warmer regions to the south. The appa- 
rent resemblances in some cases to the Old World fauna may 
possibly be deceptive, but if they are not, they fall in line with 
the indisputable occurrence of such Old World genera as Glossina 
and Halter. 

ACRIDIIDE. 


Tyrbula scuddert, n. sp. 

Hind leg with femur 174 mm. long, 34 wide, superior carine 
strongly marked ; many broad oblique brown bars, broader than the 
intervals between them. Tibia of same leg 182 mm. long, $ mm. 
wide, the hind margin with sixteen large, two medium, and four 
small spines, the uppermost (small) one 32 mm. from base of tibia, 
the first large spine 7 mm. from base; the large spines formed as in 
T. multispinosa, but so closely set that their bases almost touch, and 
the longest spines are nearly 1} mm. long; the longer spine at apex 
of tibia is about 1 mm. long. Tarsus 6 mm. long. 

Tegmen as preserved about 29 mm. long, but if complete it would 
probably be about 32 mm.; width about 5mm. A slight indistinct 
marbling, but no distinct spots or bands. Venation as indicated in 


Tyrbula scudderi, Cockerell. a. Tegmen. bs. Tibial spines. 


the figure; the costal region broadly expanded, with oblique, rarely 
branching veins, much as in Straplewra texana as figured by 
McNeill; the first subcostal branch must be very short, as it is not 
clearly visible, the base of the costal field being suffusedly brown 
without well-preserved veins; the rest of the venation shows a 
general resemblance to that of various Tryxalines, with the following 
peculiarities : radius branching about middle of tegmen, the branches 
continuing close together, joined by numerous cross veins, approach- 
ing in apical field, but diverging again, the lower branch giving off 
below at least three long oblique veins; media branching a little 
beyond the radius, the branches widely divergent, forming an open 
fork, but gradually approaching as they go toward margin ; cubitus 
simple, ultimately joining first anal. In the figure the stems of the 
media and radius are too close together; with a good lens they can 
be seen to be distinctly separate, joined by numerous small cross- 
veins, but the media is only half as far from the radius as it is from 
the cubitus. 


Miocene shales of Florissant, Wilson Ranch (H. F’. Wick- 
ham). I make the leg the type, because it shows parts which 
can be compared with the descriptions of Scudder’s two species 
of Tyrbula. The tegmen was on another piece of shale, but I 

ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1914. D 


34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


feel confident that it belongs to the same species. This is 
probably Scudder’s supposed TJ’. multispinosa from Florissant ; 
but the true 7’. multispinosa is a different insect, from the 
Kocene of Wyoming. The Wyoming species is the type of the 
genus, and very possibly better material of it would indicate 
that the Florissant insects belong to a different genus. 


MANTID&. 


Iathophotina costalis, n. sp. 

Tegmen, as preserved (base and apex wanting), about 18 mm. 
long, actual length probably 25; pallid, the veins appearing light 
reddish, perhaps green in life; similar to LZ. floccosa, but with the 
costal field much larger (nearly 2 mm. broad near middle), and the 
inferior branches of the media not forked. The first superior branch 
of the radius is nearly 2 mm. before the apical fork (or origin of last 
inferior branch) of media. The subcostal vein is thin, but quite 
distinct, and is joined to the radius by oblique cross-veins, some 
having a sigmoid curve. The costal field is finely reticulated, agree- 
ing herein with Stagmomantis and not with Photina. The width of 
the tegmen in middle is a little over 8 mm. 


Miocene shales of Florissant, Wilson Ranch (H. F. Wickham). 


REVERSION or ARCTIC HREBIA LIGEA var. ADYTE, 
Hs., anD ALPINE PARARGE MARA var. ADRASTA 
to THE TYPE-FORM. HIBERNATION or PYR4A- 
MEIS ATALANTA ann PARARGE EGERIA var. 
EGERIDES. 


By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 


Mr. Wiuuiam Carter, of Hamburg, has been good enough 
to furnish me with a copy and translation of a paper communi- 
cated by Herr August Selzer to the Entomological Society of 
Hamburg, which contains several items of considerable interest 
to those of us who study the bionomics of the western pale- 
arctic butterflies. For some time in the arrangement of the 
genus Hrebia considerable doubt appears to have existed as to 
the actual species of which Hubner’s adyte is a variety. If 
any such doubt remains at the present, it should be finally dis- 
pelled by the results of the breeding experiments successfully 
carried through by Herr Seizer who, from ova obtained from 
Lapland adyte, has derived typical ligea. 

Adyte was common enough at Abisko, Swedish Lapland, 
when I was collecting there in July, 1906 (‘ Entomologist,’ 
xxxix. p. 247), and it was here, also, that Herr Selzer took the 
females from which he bred the typical form in Hamburg. 


REVERSION OF ARCTIC EREBIA LIGEA, ETC. 35 


They were placed upon grass immediately, and commenced 
laying; the ova were kept, out of doors, and the larve emerged 
in the February of 1911, being half-grown at the end of June, 
when they proceeded to estivate. Reappearing at the end of 
August, they fed up and pupated, being now kept in a warm 
room. The first imago appeared on October 12th, the last on 
December 31st. 

The larve differed considerably in appearance from the 
ordinary form of Harz ligea, being darker and plainly striped. 
In nature ligea ova lie over the winter, and Herr Selzer says 
that “the larve which emerge in the spring hibernate the 
winter following,’ an imago rarely occurring late in_ the 
summer; so that the life-cycle of the typical ligea of the Harz 
extends apparently through two years. 

A comparison of adyte imagines from the Engadine and from 
Zermatt showed them to be identical with the Lapland form. 
Those in my own collection do not differ materially from 
examples from Cortina, the Brenner, &c., and, as I said before 
(loc. cit.) of the Abisko specimens, the superficial differences 
from the type are not marked in the male to any great degree. 
But those bred from Herr Selzer’s Abisko ova were absolutely 
identical with the EH. ligea from the Harz Mountains. Mr. 
Carter kindly sent me also a photograph illustrating in detail 
the results of this experiment, but, unfortunately, | am unable 
to reproduce it in this Journal, owing to the size of the block. 
It would be interesting to discover how far Lapland adyte, bred 
under natural conditions in Hamburg, would approximate to the 
type. But, as Herr Selzer claims, the contention as regards the 
specific identity of adyte and ligea may now be considered settled. 

As throwing further light on the subject of type reversion, 
Herr Selzer proceeds to record his experiences with Pararge 
mera var. adrasta. From females of this variety captured at 
Zermatt, sent to Hamburg for the purpose, ova were obtained, 
the larve still differing slightly from Harz typical form. But 
no difference was observable between the resulting imagines and 
the typical form. So that it may be inferred that the change 
back, due no doubt to altered conditions of climate and tempe- 
rature, comes about in the pupal phase principally, as has been 
demonstrated, I think, by the experiments of Mr. Merrifield 
and others. 

Two further notes by the same author, communicated to the 
‘Internationalen Entomologischen Zeitschrift’ (No. 42, Jan. 
18th, 1913, p. 298) on the subject of hibernation are also 
exceptionally interesting to British lepidopterists. Herr Selzer 
says that he found a freshly emerged Pyrameis atalanta at 
Heiligenhafen, on the Baltic, in the early part of June, and 
regarding this as an indication that the butterfly passes the 
winter in the pupal phase, he searched the same spot lies in 

ae 


36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the year for larve, found them, and through the winter of last 
year had live pupe in his cages. ie ea tells us that of the 
larve of Pararge egeria var. egerides* (usually single-brooded in 
the Harz) obtained from captured females in June, half fed-up 
and emerged in Hamburg in the following September, the rest 
pupating at the end of that month and in October, and in this 
phase hibernating for a spring emergence. 


A NEW MOSQUITO FROM SAMOA. 
By Frep. V. Taropap, M.A., F.E.S., &c. 


Pseudoteniorhynchus samoensis, n. sp. 


Head brown, with narrow pale border around the eyes and pale 
line in the middle, a dark patch on each side ; black upright scales 
all over the head. Proboscis almost black, with a median creamy 
band. Thorax deep brown, with somewhat marked median lines and 
two pale spots before the bare space in front of scutellum. Abdo- 
men deep blackish-brown, unbanded except for a narrow pale basal 
broken band on the last segment, with basal, almost white, lateral 
spots; venter with third and fourth segments with basal pale bands, 
the fifth with a line of pale scales at the apex, others with traces of 
basal bands. Legs deep brown, narrowly banded, the bands mainly 
basal, but traces on the apices. Wings brown scaled. 

?. Head shiny blackish, with a few small pale narrow-curved 
scales and numerous upright black forked scales all over it, a line of 
pale narrow-curved scales around the eyes and small flat grey and 
dark lateral scales, a median nude line appearing pale; proboscis 
rather thick, black with a median pale creamy band, black chet 
ventrally at the base; palpi moderately long, black-scaled; clypeus 
deep brownish black. 

Thorax black, with small, narrow-curved thin brown scales, very 
dense, two spots of similar but pale golden scales before the bare 
space in front of the scutellum, traces of two median parallel bare 
lines showing as dark lines, with two lines of paler hairs in the 
middle and others at the sides; lateral chetz black, very dense over 
the wing-roots and a number on each side of the bare space passing 
back to the scutellum; scutellum paler, with small narrow-curved 
dark scales and long black posterior border-bristles, dense on the 
lateral lobes: metanotum brown; pleure black and grey with some 
small flat whitish scales. 

Abdomen black, unbanded, with small basal creamy white lateral 
spots, which are prominent on the last segment, nearly forming a band; 
posterior border hairs pallid; venter with basal pale bands, the fifth 
with a white band near or on the apical border; on the sixth and 
seventh segments the basal lateral spots spread out along the sides 
of the segments to some extent. 

Legs dark brownish black, the fore pair with a small apical yellow 
spot on femora and tibiz and on the first four tarsals basal pale 


A NEW MOSQUITO FROM SAMOA. 37 


bands; in the mid pair very similar, but slightly more prominent ; in 
the hind the banding still more prominent, in all traces of it on the 
apices of the segments; femora and tibie with numerous black 
chet ; ungues small, equal and simple. 

Wings rather narrow, with dense brown scales, rather broad and 
straight with shorter and broader median vein-scales; first fork-cell 
longer but about the same width as the second fork-cell, their bases 
about level; stem of the first not quite half as long as the cell; 
stem of the second about half as long as the cell; posterior cross- 
vein much longer than the mid cross-vein close to it. Halteres with 
pale stem and large fuscous knob with pale scales, especially at the 
apex. 

Length, 4°8 mm. 

Habitat.—Apia, Samoa. 

Observations.—Described from a single perfect female sent 
me by Dr. K. Friederiks, Government Zoologist of Samoa; two 
specimens were taken in a privy. 

It forms a very marked species of Pseudoteniorhynchus, easily 
told by the brown thorax having no posterior pale spots and by 
the abdominal ornamentation. The type I have presented to 
the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. 

Dr. Friederiks tells me the other mosquitoes found in 
Samoa are Stegomyia fasciata, Fab.; Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris, 
Thorp ; Culex fatigans, Wied; and a species of Mansonia (i.e., 
Temorhynchus). 


SYNONYMY OF ICHNEUMON OBLITERATUS AND 
I. BARBIFRONS. 


By Cuaupe Mortey, F.E.S8. 


Some time ago Dr. T. A. Chapman was so good as to present 
me with a female of Ichneumon obliteratus, Wesmael (Ichn. 
Miscellanea, 1855, p. 18), which emerged on August 21st, 1910, 
from the pupa of Brenthis pales, found at Furka, in Switzerland, 
on 28th of the previous month. When first describing the 
species, Wesmael knew but a single female: ‘‘ M. le Dr. Kriech- 
baumer a pris cette femelle aux environs de UVoire, en Suisse.” 
Giraud (Ann. Soc. France, 1877, p. 898) says Fallou bred it— 
evidently still the female only—and adds in a footnote, ‘“‘ L’ J. 
obliteratus provient de chenilles d’Argynnis pales prises en juillet 
1866, autour de l’hospice du Simplon, dans le Valais,’ Switzer- 
land. Berthoumieu in 1894 simply epitomises this (somewhat 
incorrectly), and adds “‘ Holstein,” in Prussia, apparently on 
his own authority. ‘‘ Male inconnu.”’ 

Dr. Chapman has just sent me three more females with a 
single male, bred during August, 1912, at Col d’Iseran, in the 


38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Graian Alps of Savoie, France, about fifteen miles north of 
Mt. Cenis, at 9000 ft., from pupx of Gnophus celibaria. The 
females are cospecific with the above, and the male is quite 
certainly its alternate sex, which has not hitherto been associated 
with it, though described by Holmgren in 1878 (Verh. z.-b. Ges. 
Wien, xxvii. p. 173, in his ‘‘Hnumeratio Ichneumonidum 
exhibens species in alpibus Tirolie captas’’) in the male sex 
only under the name Ichnewmon barbifrons, on account of the 
elongate capital pilosity found only in this sex, or to a much 
less degree in the female. His description is excellent, but he 
indicates no more exact locality, and no one has since recognized 
the species. 


Monk Soham, Suffolk: October 15th, 1913. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Unusuat Patrinc or Morus.—I was interested to see in the 
‘Entomologist’ for November, 1913 (vol. xlvi. p. 314), Mr. A. E. 
Hodge’s note upon the pairing of a male N. xanthographa with a 
female C. graminis. Some years ago, whilst living in London, I had 
a male H. versicolor pair with a female Prodromaria. Many ova 
were laid, but these proved infertile and soon shrivelled up.— 
G. Bertram KersHaw; West Wickham, Kent, November 3rd, 1913. 


Note Inuustratinc Minpness oF tHE Past Season. —I cap- 
tured a very worn male of Percnoptilota fluviata on my study 
window on September 30th, a perfectly fresh male on October 25th, 
and a third male in good condition on November 26th. This seems 
to indicate the maturing of two broods after the end of September. 
Vanessa urtice appeared in the garden on November 24th. A bat 
was hawking round street lamps on November 23th.—H. N. C. 
Stowe; Laleham, Bexhill-on-Sea, December 12th, 1913. 


NOTE ON REARING DasypouIA TEmpLI.—In July of last year I 
collected a number of larve of D. templi in the neighbourhood of 
Kinloch Rannoch, but from over thirty larve I only bred two insects, 
all the rest being stung. This year, in July, I collected more larvee 
in Cornwall, and practically all these attained the imago stage. The 
Scotch insects emerged on September 20th and 26th, while the 
Cornish insects did not begin to appear until October 28th, and 
continued till November 12th. This may have been caused by the 
difference in the two seasons, but I think it more probable the 
Scotch winter being earlier, insects from there habitually emerge 
at an earlier date. The larve are easy to find in infected plants of 
Heracleum sphondylium, and very easy to rear, in my experience. 
All that I did was to dig up with a trowel infected plants and 
replant them in a large tin or rhubarb pot, together with a few 
uninfected plants—and this I covered with a perforated zine cylinder 
with a muslin top. The larve required no attention, and when full 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 39 


fed left the plants and pupated in the surrounding earth, without 
any cocoon.—Prrcy C. Rem; Feering Bury, Kelvedon. 


DraGonrules Brep in 1913.—I have bred this year Gomphus 
vulgatissinmus (one), 4’schna grandis, Cordulia enea, Libellula quadri- 
maculata, Sympetrum striolatum, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Ischnura 
elegans, Hrythromma naias, and Calopteryx virgo. The nymph 
of Gomphus vulgatissimus was obtained in the New Forest in May. 
It is the first time I have taken one of this species, though I have 
for some years collected nymphs (and bred, too) in the same place 
in the forest, on one day at any rate, in early summer. I got no 
Cordulegaster annulatus this year, though they have generally turned 
up there, or, more accurately, have been turned up. A few hours on 
the Ouse, near St. Ives, in early June produced many Ischnura 
elegans and one nymph—an Anisopterid—which I have not yet been 
able to identify. It is growing fast, living mainly on small snails; 
but it is now taking to worms, which it refused for a long time.— 
Haroup Hopes; 9, Highbury Place, London, N. 


PLEBEIUS (LCaiNA) MEDON (ASTRARCHE) IN DoveDALE.—Referring 
to the note of Mr. St. John (vol. xlvi. p. 314), I was in Dovedale 
in July, 1908, and found this species quite common and I secured, 
as did Mr. St. John, quite a good series of thoroughly typical 
specimens. Insects generally were decidedly scarce, though I took 
one specially prettily marked blue female of Polyommatus icarus. 
Nudaria mundana was not uncommon on the walls of the outbuild- 
ings of some of the farmyards, whilst Boarmia bistortata lariciaria, 
Dbld. occurred in the dale. I also took one or two pretty Cerostoma 
sequella—and, apart from lepidoptera, Sirex gigas females were seen 
several times, though I only took a single specimen.—G. T. BeTHunz- 
BakER. : 


A Draconriy at SeA.—On September 6th, somewhere in mid- 
sea, between Kevel and Helsingfors, I saw the insect flying about 
over the deck. It subsequently settled on a chair, where it was 
caught by a fellow-passenger, who gave it to me. The presence of 
this dragonfly seemed curious, since there was no land within a good 
many miles, neither had we touched land since leaving England. 
—Joun B. Hicks; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Road, Bromley, Kent, 
November 8th, 1913. 


Wasps Active Iv DEcEMBER.—On December 5th I was much 
interested watching wasps, apparently workers, going in and out of 
a nest in the ground. This must be unusual.—H. C. StowzLt; 
Laleham, Bexhill-on-Sea, December 12th, 1913. 


PoLIA FLAVICINCTA IN GLAMORGANSHIRE.—I took this moth at 
sugar on October 2nd last in my garden. I can find no record of its 
being taken in this county before.—E. U. Davin; Yscallog, Llandaff, 
November 24th, 1913. 


NoLa ALBULA IN Hants.—I have much pleasure in reporting the 
capture of Nola albula whilst’ collecting in Hampshire (about July 
18th and 19th). My friend, Mr. Danby, has two specimens, and I 


40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


have one. Others were taken, but unfortunately got damaged in 
travelling. Am I right in believing this to be a new record for the 
county ?—ArtHurR Buss; 43, Gleneldon Road, Streatham, 8. W. 


ACRONYCTA MENYANTHIDIS EMERGING In NovEMBER.—On looking 
in my pupa-cage on November 3rd, I was surprised to find that a 
female specimen of Acronycta menyanthidis had emerged from pupe 
sent me from “ Barnard Castle,” all collected this year. They were 
kept in a glass-top bottle in a room with no fire, temperature about 
55° to 60°. I thought it would be interesting to record this, because 
I can find no record of so late an emergence.—H. L. Douron; 
27, Brunswick Street, Reading, November 17th, 1913. 


HARIAS CHLORANA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—In August, 1912, the Rev. 
G. M. Smith found about a dozen larve of this species feeding on the 
osiers growing on the Severn bank near Gloucester. One or two 
imagos emerged in the following September, but the rest hibernated 
as pupee and came out at intervals during May, June, and July of 
this present year. It is curious that this species has not apparently 
been observed in this county hitherto.—C. GRANVILLE CLUTTERBUCK, 
F.E.S.; 23, Heathville Road, Gloucester, November 16th, 1913. 


Hypotion (CHHROCAMPA) CELERIO IN Hants.—A specimen of 
C. celerio was caught by a cat in a house in this parish last 
September. The locality is less than a mile from the sea, between 
Lymington and Christchurch. -—(Rey.) J. E. Kentsatn; Milton 
Rectory, New Milton, November 22nd, 1913. 


DapPHNis (CHAROCAMPA) NERII.—One of these very rare visitors 
occurred here this season, and was captured on September 16th. 
The moth was seen on the wing at about 4.15 p.m. by two small 
village boys, who eventually succeeded in their endeavours, with the 
aid of their caps, &c. The following day it was brought to my house 
(partly for identification), being a pitiable sight but still alive; it is, 
nevertheless, sufficient to serve as a record. My friend Mr. Brown 
of Ainsdale kindly lent me the moth for exhibition at the November 
meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.— 
W. A. Tyerman; Derby Villa, Ainsdale, Southport, November 19th, 
1913. 


CATOCALA FRAXINI IN Lancos.—A specimen of Catocala fraxint 
(Clifton Nonpareil) was caught at Grange-over-Sands, Lanes, 
September 7th, 1913, in the grounds of Yewbarrow Hall, the 
residence of Hvan A. Leigh, Esq.—J. Davis Warp; Limehurst, 
Grange-over-Sands. 


Conias EDUSA REARED IN Kent.—On May 23rd, 1913, my son 
brought to me a female Colzas edusa he had caught with his cap in 
a waste field not fifty yards away from our house. I succeeded in 
keeping it alive for three weeks. During that time it kindly obliged 
with one hundred and fifty ova; these I placed singly in airtight tins 
with a glass top, my intention being to try for a second brood, but 
the larvee grew so slowly that I had to abandon the idea. The first 
imago emerged on August 15th and the last on September 9th. I 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 41 


might add the larva were kept indoors and out of the sun, so 
probably this had something to do with slow growth. Altogether I 
bred a nice long series, but with little or no variation —A. J. HxETER; 
Watling Street, Dartford, Kent, October 17th, 1913. 


Cormias EDUSA IN MippLEsEx.—Jn previous Hdusa years I have 
usually observed one or two examples here in August or September. 
But this season the ‘‘clouded yellow” has not put in an appearance. 
However, my cousin, Dr. R. P. Cox, of Ealing, informs me that in 
August several visited his garden; and he reports it also to have 
been not uncommon at Shipley, in Sussex, and at Torquay.—H. 
RowutanD-Brown ; Harrow Weald, December 15th, 1913. 


Novss on Conias EvusA, &c., IN Essex.—I first noticed C. edusa 
here on August 20th. The next day I visited a small field of lucerne 
about ten minutes’ walk from my house. On the way a bright looking 
female edusa passed me in the road, but my net was in my pocket. 
On reaching the field not a specimen of edusa was to be seen, but 
after waiting for nearly an hour, a male flew by and settled on one 
of the lucerne flowers and was captured, and in the course of half an 
hour I saw three more, and caught two of them—both males. There 
was a fair amount of bloom on the lucerne, and it was a warm bright 
afternoon, but butterflies were very scarce. I only noticed single 
examples of Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardut, Vanessa 20, a few fresh 
V. urtice, and one or two each of Cenonympha pamphilus, Lycena 
acarus, Chrysophanus phig@as, and Adopea lineola. Pararge megera 
was the most numerous, and there were a few Pers rape and 
P. napi which were noticeable on account of their small size. Two 
of the napi I caught are, I think, the smallest I ever saw, measur- 
ing barely 14 in. across the wings. A few Plusia gamma were 
buzzing about amongst the flowers, and one or two Nomophila 
noctuella (S. hybridalis) were disturbed from the herbage. On 
August 25th I saw a large female edusa flying along the high road. 
The next day I went to Walton-on-the-Naze, as I thought that might 
be a more likely neighbourhood, and I particularly wanted to get a 
female C. edusa for eggs. On arriving at Walton I walked out to the 
eastward of the town, by the footpath on the top of the cliffs, and 
when about half way to the Naze saw a bright-looking female flying 
about willow herb some distance below me, but she would not come 
within reach, nor could I get down to her. Further on I was pleased 
to see, on my left, a large clover field one mass of bloom—indeed, I 
smelt it long before I saw it. Here I thought I should surely find 
all the edusa in the neighbourhood congregated, but was disappointed, 
for when I got into the field, nothing was to be seen but a few rape, 
napi, &e. I stopped there for more than an hour, sat under a hedge, 
eat my lunch, and smoked a pipe, but no edusa would come. It was 
gloriously hot and bright—just the day for them. After this I 
walked a little further along the coast, beyond the Naze, and then 
turned back, as it was time to go to the station for my train home— 
and I had hardly done so when a male edusa came dashing along and 
was secured. On the 28th I saw another male at Dovercourt, and 
this was the last. 


42, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


On August 27th I received five living females from my friend 
Commander Gwatkin- Williams, R.N., who had taken them the day 
before at. Broadstairs, where C. edusa appears to have been rather 
plentiful. They were placed under muslin hoods over growing plants 
of white clover and birdsfoot trefoil in flower-pots, and put in a warm 
place in the garden. Next day I saw a good many eggs had been 
laid, and by the time the last female died, two or three hundred ova 
had been deposited. The eggs were pearly-white at first, but soon 
changed to orange, and by September 2nd some had become lead 
colour, and larvee began to hatch out the following day. The young 
larvee were dingy-olive, with shining black heads, and their first act 
was to devour their egg-shells, then, after they had rested a bit, they 
wandered about, and finally settled either in the middle or at one 
of the corners of a leaf, and began to nibble at the upper cuticle, 
making small blotches. They laid up for their first change on 
September 10th, and some had got through by the 12th, and were 
then dull green, with minute black dots and short pale hairs. I will 
not give any further account of their progress, as that has been done 
so many times by other writers. The pots were kept in a window 
facing south, and everything went well with the larve until the 
temperature began to fall towards the beginning of October, when 
many of the smaller ones began to sicken and die off. Some of the 
larger ones by this time were nearly full grown. On October 9th I 
noticed one had attached itself to the side of the muslin hood, and 
the next day became a pupa. By the 17th there were a dozen pupe, 
but scores of larvee had died, and those remaining would not eat, 
and eventually they all perished. None of them appeared to make 
any attempt to hibernate. By this time it was getting very much 
colder, and I had started a fire in my sitting-room. All the pupx 
were now pinned to a sheet of cork, and this was placed under a 
glass cylinder, with a French Clocke over it, on a table close to the 
window, where they got the full benefit of the sun. On the 26th 
the first pupa began to change colour, and by the 31st the wing 
cases were bright orange, and the black margins of the wings plainly 
visible, and on November 2nd, about noon, I observed the butterfly 
trying to escape from its chrysalis, and it had evidently been trying 
for a little time before I noticed it, as its wings were hanging down 
partially developed, so I lifted glass and cylinder and, with a pair of 
forceps, managed to free it, but it was then so feeble it could not 
grasp anything, and I had to hold it by its front legs, after which I 
managed to tie a piece of silk round them, then passed the silk over 
a pin in a piece of cork and left it, and eventually the wings grew 
to their full size, though one of them was slightly puckered, but I 
managed to smooth this out when I set it. Other pups were 
changing colour at this time, but most of the butterflies seemed 
to be unable to emerge, and I only bred five altogether, viz: 
November 2nd, one male; November 6th, one female; November 
9th, two males; November 11th, one male. Unfortunately I have 
no greenhouse, if I had I should no doubt have bred a larger number 
of the butterflies—GrrvAsE F. Matnew; Lee House, Dovercourt, 
November 17th, 1913. 


43 
SOCIETIES. 


ENNTOMOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon.— Wednesday, November 5th, 
1913.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the 
chair.—Mr. A. P. Semenoff Tian-Shanski was elected an Honorary 
Fellow in the place of the late Prof. O. M. Reuter.—The following 
gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society :—Messrs. Hugh 
Warren Bedford, Church Felles, Horley; Harold $8. Cheavin, F.R.M.S., 
F.N.P.S., Clematis House, Somerset Road, Huddersfield; Charles 
Alban William Duffield, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and Wye College, 
Kent; W. Egmont Kirby, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court Road, 
Chiswick, W.; Louis Meaden, Melbourne, Dyke Road, Preston, 
Brighton; F. V. Bruce Miller, Livingston, N. Rhodesia; Alexander 
David Peacock, 137, Wingrove Gardens, and Armstrong College, New- 
castle-on-Tyne; H. Ananthaswamy Rao, Curator of the Government 
Museum, Bangalore, India; Percival Nathan Whitley, New College, 
Oxford, and Brankwood, Halifax.—The question of the change of title 
of the Society was opened for discussion, but the preponderance of 
feeling appeared to be somewhat against any change.—The President 
brought before the meeting the necessity of forming a fund for the 
care of that portion of Wicken Fen left by the late Mr. G. H. Verrall 
to the National Trust, and at his request Mr. Rowland-Brown 
expressed his readiness to act as Treasurer for any subscriptions 
given by Fellows of the Society.—Dr. G. B. Longstaff exhibited a 
series of seventeen Thais rumina, L. (including a female of the var. 
cantener, Held.), taken in March, 1918, at Ronda, and called atten- 
tion to the characters suggestive of a distasteful butterfly —Mr. 
W. J. Lucas, three species of Panorpa, including a female of the scarce 
scorpion-fly, Panorpa cognata.—Mr. H. Lupton, a specimen of U'halpo- 
chares ostrina, taken in the middie of June, 1913, about four miles from 
Ilfracombe. Also two specimens of Dianthacia luteago vay. ficklina, 
taken in the middle of the same month on the coast of N. Devon.— 
Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter read notes in connection with his exhibit of 
Epitoxa albicincta. He also exhibited a case of miscellaneous insects 
and communicated notes upon them. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited 
males, winged females, and a deilated female and workers of the very 
rare ant, Solenopsis fugax, Latr., taken at Blackgang, Isle of Wight, on 
August 26th, 1913—Mr. HE. E. Green, an aberrant example of 
Pyrameis (Vanessa) indica, Herbst, from Ceylon.—Comm. J. J. 
Walker, a female specimen of the gigantic Neuropteron, Corydalis 
orientalis, Mclach., taken by a native collector at Chuchow.—Mr. 
L. W. Newman, the following Heterocera :—(1) Calymnia (Cosmia) 
trapezina. A melanic female—a worn specimen taken at sugar in 
Bexley Woods. (2) Zonosoma (Ephyra) annulata and pendularia ; 
a long and very varied series of both species, showing extreme light, 
dark, and intermediate forms and one very pink Z. pendularia. 
(3) A series of hybrid Z. pendularia, female, and annulata, male ; 
specimens showing the markings of pendularia most pronounced 
and the coloration of annulata prominent.—The following papers 
were read :—‘‘ New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar,” by 
Sir G. H. Kenrick, Bart., F.E.S. ‘The Culicide of Australia,” by 
Frank H. Taylor, F.H.S. ‘Descriptions of New Species of Staphylinidee 


44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from India,” by Malcolm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.H.S. “ Pseudacrea 
eurytus hobleyz, Neave, and its models on Bugalla Island, Lake 
Victoria, with other members of the same combination,” by G. D. H. 
Carpenter, B.A., M.D., F.E.S. “ Pseudacrea boisduvalt, Doubl., and 
its models with special reference to Bugalla Island,” by the same. 
“The inheritance of small variations in the pattern of Papilio dar- 
danus, Brown,” by the same. 

Wednesday, November 19th, 1913.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, 
H.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.—It was announced that the 
Council had decided to make an annual grant of two guineas towards 
the maintenance of Wicken Fen.—The following gentlemen were 
elected Fellows of the Society :—Messrs. B. G. Adams, 15, Fernshaw 
Road, Chelsea; Barnard Ormiston Dickinson, B.A., 57, Castelnau, 
Barnes, 5.W.; Alfred Oliver Rowden, 3, Archibald Road, Exeter ; 
Oscar Whittaker, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-upon- Mersey, Cheshire. 
—The following Fellows were nominated by the Council as Officers 
and Council for next year:—President, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, 
H.L.S., F.Z.S.; Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Commander 
J.J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.8., and Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S.; 
Librarian, Mr. G. C. Champion, A.L.8., F.Z.8.; other Members of 
the Council: Messrs. E. A. Butler, B.A., B.Sc.; J. E. Collin; S. 
Edwards; Dr. H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.; C. J. Gahan, 
M.A.; A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; E. HE. Green; G. Meade-Waldo, 
M.A.; Dr. G. W. Nicholson, M.A., M.D.; Hon. N. C. Rothschild, 
M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.8.; H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.; and C. J. Wain- 
wright. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited specimens of both sexes of 
Pleberus zephyrus var. hesperica, taken by him in June last, at 
Albarracin in Spain; P. zephyrus, type, and var. lycidas were also 
exhibited for comparison. Also from Albarracin, Melite@a desfon- 
taint var. betica, Rbr., the Spanish form of M. desfontainii, Godt., 
(an Algerian butterfly); both sexes were exhibited —Mr. E. E. Green, 
two Pierid butterflies, of distinct genera, taken am cotta at Aripu, 
Ceylon, viz., Appias lbythea, Fab., male, and Teracolus limbatus, 
Butl., female. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a large and very variable series of 
Heliconius doris, L.—Dr. Chapman, some Erebias, showing parallel 
variation in several species in different localities. He raised the 
question whether this was a case of mimicry, and a considerable 
discussion followed.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, a drawer containing specimens 
of the genus Pzerzs, with drawings of their scent-scales, and remarked 
upon them.—Mr. A. Bacot, slides showing the development of Plague 
bacilli in the alimentary canal of the flea, and the method of infection 
through the mouth, and read an important paper on the subject.— 
Dr. K. Jordan, some specimens of a lepidopterous larva discovered 
by the Rev. A. Miles Moss, F.E.S., who, when collecting near Para, 
noticed a Saturniid caterpillar with black intersegmental bands and 
long branched spines, a species of Auwtomeris, some of the black bands 
of which appeared to be swollen. To his amazement these swellings, 
when touched, quickly slid over the back of the caterpiltar to the 
other side with the hurried motion of a Pyralid larva, and indeed 
turned out to be small lepidopterous larvee as black and glossy as 
the bands of the Automeris caterpillar.—The following papers were 
read :—* Revision of the Mexican and Central American Malachiide 


SOCIETIES. 45 


and Melyridw, with descriptions of new genera and species,” by 
George Charles Champion, ¥.Z.S.  ‘ Four new genera and species of 
Hymenoptera from Australia,” and ‘‘ Three new species of Australian 
Hymenoptera,” by A. A. Girault, communicated by A. M. Lea, F.E.S., 
Government Entomologist, South Australia—Guro. WHEELER, M.A., 
Hon. Secretary. 


THe Sovuta Lonpon EntomonocicaL anpD Naturau History 
Soctety.— October 9th, 1913.--Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.H.S., President, in 
the chair.—Large additions to the Society’s reference collection of 
British Lepidoptera from Mr. W. G. Dawson were announced.—Mr. 
Lucas read a paper: ‘The Shorthorned Acridians of the British 
Isles,’’ and illustrated his remarks with lantern slides of all the 
species—Mr. Ashdown exhibited Lepidoptera taken by him in 
Switzerland in June and July last.—Mr. Colthrup, a snail shell from 
which he had bred a Dipteron, presumably parasitic in the snail.— 
Mr. Andrews, a scarce Dipteron, the Syrphid S. guttatus, taken at 
Bexley in August.—Mr. Step, living examples of the ant-nest Isopod 
Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii, found in a nest of Formica fusca.—Mr. 
West (Ashtead), enlarged photographs of the same rare woodlouse. 
—Mr. Curwen, specimens of Syntomis phegea ‘and its var. pflwemeri, 
in which the white spots were reduced in size and number, from 
Pallanza and Iselle, together with specimens of the rare Nacha 
ancilla.—Mr. Newman, picked series from a large number of bred 
Melitea aurinia, from County Clare and Oban. The variation was 
extremely small, although the larvae were samples of many broods.— 
Mr. Tonge, a series of Coremia quadrifasciaria, bred from a female 
taken at Albury, Surrey, showing but little variation. 

October 23rd, 1913.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the 
chair.—Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., gave an account of the Mimicry 
exhibited by the Nymphalines of North America, illustrating his 
remarks by specimens and lantern slides.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited 
a collection of the Sphingidee found in the Island of Trinidad. There 
were about forty species in all.—Mr. Sheldon, series of species taken 
by him near Albarracin, Central Spain, including Pleberus zephyrus 
var. hesperica, Agriades thetis ab. rufolunulata, A. thersites, and 
Glaucopsyche cyllarus. Dr. Chapman was of opinion that A. thersztes 
only occurred when sainfoin was indigenous.—Mr. L. W. Newman, 
Lepidoptera from County Clare, County Cork, and Killarney, in- 
cluding very light Aplecta nebulosa, very dark Luperina cespitis, 
Aphantopus hyperanthus, with greenish shade on the under side, 
Aiigeria scoheformis, bred Dianthaecia capsophila, D. luteago var. 
barrettw, &e. The weather was very bad from April to the end of 
September.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, a specimen of Argynnis aglava, with 
a strongly marked blotch formed by the coalescence of several spots 
on the fore wings. 

November 13th, 1913.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the 
chair.—Prof. W. Bateson, F.R.S., gave an address on the ‘Problem 
of Species which overlap Geographically,” illustrating his remarks 
with numerous lantern slides—Mr. Curwen exhibited specimens of 
Parnassius apollo from Eelépens and the Laquinthal, mostly very 
large examples, and including var. psewdonomion from Helépens.— 


46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Mr. Newman, long and variable series of Zonosoma annulata and 
Z. pendularia, with many dark aberrations; and also a series of the 
ere between these two species, showing well the characters of 
oth. 

November 27th, 1913.—The President in the chair.—The Annual 
Exhibition of Varieties, &¢.—Mr. West (Greenwich), the Hon. 
Curator, fifteen cabinet drawers of the Society’s reference collection, 
with which had been incorporated a portion of the Dawson collec- 
tion.-—Dr. Chapman, a nearly black Argynnis aglaia from Le Lauteret, 
July 13th, 1913, and specimens of Agriades thersites, Polyommatus 
wcarus, and var. icarinus, with diagrams to show the different align- 
ment of spots.—Mr. Edwards, a box of conspicuously coloured 
Heterocera from Burmah.—Mr. H. Moore, the rare Papilio hecateus 
from the Solomon Islands.—Mr. Schmassmann, a series of varieties 
in the male of Ornithoptera hecuba, and a pair of the gorgeous 
O. alecandre from New Guinea.—The Rey. G. Wheeler, examples of 
melanic and xanthic aberrations, including Argynnis niobe ab. pelopia, 
Melitea phebe ab., M. varia ab., M. cinxia ab., and Melanargia ab. 
of the former, and A. niode v. erts, Callimorpha dominula v. persona, 
&e., of the latter, and referred to many species in which yellow was 
produced in aberrational forms.—Mr. R. Adkin, a series of third 
brood Celastrina argiolus, and discussed the species as to its appear- 
ance during the present season. He also showed long series of 
Agriades corydon, including ab. syngrapha, ab. semisyngrapha, and 
many other fine aberrations and series from many localities ——Mr. 
Baumann, a series of Boarmia repandata from several localities, 
including var. sodorenstwm and var. conversaria, and specimens of 
the melanic form of Acidalia virgularia, which he was placing in the 
Society’s collection.—Mr. Bright, a large number of striking aberra- 
tions of British Lepidoptera, including long series of under sides of 
Agriades thetis and A. corydon, a white aberration of Argynnis paphia, 
Colas edusa, with wings richly shot with purple, a curious Saturnia 
pavonia of female coloration with male antenne, &c.—Mr. Grosvenor, 
his fine collection of Cenonympha tiphon and its local races.—Mr. 
Curwen, numerous Lyczenide taken by him in Italy and Switzerland, 
and many aberrations of Melitea didyma.—Mr. Newman, a varied 
series of recently bred Smerinthus ocellatus ; series of Amorpha popula 
from pale cream to almost black colour, with intermediate and rich 
pink forms ; and a series of hybrid ocellatus males and popula females, 
two being of the rare female form.—Mr. A. Gibbs, a section of his 
collection of South American Nymphalids, including many of the 
brilliant species in the genus Perisamia.—Mr. W. G. Sheldon, long 
series of Melitea desfontainit, taken by him at Albarracin this year, 
and a series of M. awrinia v. therica, from near Barcelona, for com- 
parison.—Mr. T. W. Hall, cabinet drawers of Agriades corydon and 
A. thetis, showing great aberration with very pronounced blue 
females, and some females curiously splashed with blue.—Mr. Main, 
frames containing series of photographs of the life-histories of 
Cicindela campestris (tiger-beetle), Chrysopa flava (lace-wing fly), 
Phyllotoma aceris (jumping sawfly), &e.—Mr. Tonge, a bred series of 
Psilura monacha, including the black form ab. eremzta; a long series 
of T'apinostola concolor, &e.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, a case of twenty-three 


SOCIETIES. AT 


pairs of the South American genera Melinea and Heliconius, found 
flying together and assimilating to each other in colour.—Com- 
mander Gwatkin- Williams, aberrations of British Lepidoptera from 
Treland, including Epinephele jurtina, with banded hind wings, 
females; several Czdaria, which possibly may be C. concinnata, 
Xanthorhoé montanata, with band obsolete, confluent Anthrocera 
trifolit, Huchloé cardanunes, females with ochreous hind wings, &c.— 
Mr. Chas. Oldham, two collections of small chalk stones that he had 
collected within a small radius of the openings of two wasps’ nests, 
and which the wasps had been unable to carry to a greater distance. 
—Mr. A. W. Buckstone, for Mr. Archer, a bleached form of Angerona 
prunaria, male, from Oxshott; an almost black Lithosia helvola 
(deplana) from Wimbledcn; and an Acidalia which was supposed to 
be a very aberrant form of A. subsericeata.—Mr. H. Worsley- Wood, 
numerous forms of Mellinia ocellaris, including ab. lineago, ab. inter- 
media, with M. gilvago for comparison; yellow Brephos parthenias 
from Wimbledon, and lead-coloured males of Agriades thetis from 
Corfe.—Rev. J. Tarbat, black suffused forms of Brenthis ewphrosyne 
ab. nigro-sparsata of Abraxas grossulariata, and a Cidaria truncata 
with a broad-banded fore wing.—Mr. Haynes, a series of hybrid 
Selenia tetralunaria males and S. bilunaria females, with a large 
preponderance of gynandromorphous specimens; melanic and 
ochreous varieties of Hnnomos quercinaria, &c.—Mr. H. J. Turner, 
a series of Hrebia stygne from the Continent to show the extreme 
local variation in the Alps and Pyrenees.—Messrs. Sharp & C. W. 
Colthrup, many Colias edusa from the south-eastern district, re- 
presentative of the species in 1913.—H. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENToMOLOGICAL SocteTy.—October 
20th, 1913.—Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, 
Liverpool.—The President, Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., in the chair.— 
Exhibitions were as follows:—Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a long- 
bred series of Hadena glauca from Burnley, some of which showed a 
strong melanic tendency; also from Burnley the melanic variation 
of Hmaturga atomaria, Hyria muricata, purple form, and Canonympha 
typhon var. rothliebiz from Witherslack; Nyssia zonaria from the 
Crosby Sandhills, and the insects captured on the occasion of the 
Society’s field meeting at Mold on June 7th, 1913, including Lobo- 
phora viretata, Cnephasia musculana, Capua favillaceana, Argyrolepia 
hartmanmana, and Agriopis aprilina (larva).—Mr. R. Tait showed a 
long and variable series of the beautiful melanic form of Boarmia 
repandata from Penmaenmawr, also bred Agrotis lucernea from the 
same district; varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, including ab. 
varleyata, bred from various localities in 1913; Aplecta nebulosa var. 
robsoni and Geometra papilionaria from Delamere; Hecatera serena 
and Calligenia miniata from Sussex. Mr. Tait also gave an account 
of his collecting holiday in Sussex, from which it appeared that 
Lepidoptera had been as difficult to obtain in the South of England 
as in the North during the past summer.—Mr. Johnson exhibited a 
long and fine series of C. typhon, including some very dark forms, 
from Witherslack; also Acizdalia fwmata, Nissoniades tages, and 
Lycena astrarche from the same place.—Dr. P. F. Tinne, various 


48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


species of autumn lepidoptera from the North of Ireland, including a 
nicely varied series of Cidaria truncata, several being the var. cen- 
tumnotata. All the members present reported a very poor season 
from a collector’s point of view.—Wmn. Manssripce, Hon. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Common British Moths. By A. M. Stewart. London: Adam & 
Charles Black. 1913. Pp. viii, 1-88. Sixteen plates. 


Tuts little book is a worthy companion-volume to the ‘ British 
Butterflies’ by the same author, already noticed in the ‘ Entomolo- 
gist’ for 1912, p. 212. The eight coloured plates are really of most 
excellent workmanship, one is inclined to think some of the best ever 
produced, certainly in entomological literature. They are splendidly 
clear, and marvellously accurate in colour. They contain figures of 
some two hundred species, all those mentioned in the text in fact, 
and though only three-fourths natural size it should be quite im- 
possible to identify wrongly any of the species figured. The black- 
and-white plates of preserved larve, &c., have been well chosen, the 
text is obviously the work of a practical entomologist, and the 
species described form a very excellent representative collection of 
the commoner British moths, amongst them, one is pleased to note, 
some of the ‘ Micros” being given a place. Errors of any kind 
seem exceedingly few, although it is difficult to understand how the 
specimen of Boarnua repandata var. conversaria, figured on Plate 15, 
came to be labelled “ B. gemmarza var. perfumaria,” probably by acci- 
dent. The book is absolutely ideal for the young beginner. 

N.. DR: 


Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural 
History Society for the year 1911. Pp. 32. Published by the 
Society, The London Institution, Finsbury Circus, 1912. 


WE have received a copy of the above Society’s ‘ Transactions ’ 
for 1911. Apart from the notes in the President’s address upon the 
season’s collecting and upon the scarcity of some insects formerly so 
common in their haunts, there is a short but quite interesting paper 
by Mr. Tautz upon the species of the genus Cosmia (Calymmnia). 
This includes a record of C. pyralina from Middlesex (Pinner), a 
species which the author states had not been previously recorded, so 
far as he knew, from that county, but here he is in error, as the species 
is pretty generally known to inhabit Middlesex, and was recorded 
from Mill Hill over thirty years ago. 

N..D) B. 


Zz 


“DATA” “LABELS FOR LEPIDOPTERA. 


26 eee cn ‘1 to 6 sorts, equal numbers, any wording, see specimens below -— 


he a H. Smi ae Z VER, Davis, {a it Langley, ; ++ -F. Roberts, 
+ Darenth Wed. wae "New Forest. Cty S Kents Rannoch. 
oy P 19° \ 19 


If ‘anequal ate are ordered, 6d. extra will be charged. Minimum charge for small quantities, 16. 
These are’ neatly printed similar to the above. We have supplied these labels to Entomologists in all 


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We also supply labels for minute. insects printed in the Smallest Type made. (see specimens below). 
These are 3/6 per Ashish 


ow Davis, A us gle y mm F. Roberts, 
Daren \ Ws foo AL New ore Rannoch. 


4 a W. DAVIS, “CONTAAOTONS, Museum Works, Dartford, 


CALIFORNIA. LEPIDOPTERA. 


UR Propagator and Collector of California Lepido- 


ptera again going to breed and collect in every locality of 
- California. Gentlemen and Museums wishing large quantities of 


yall taken, RY from 10 to 100 of each species, can ‘have them at a 
- flat rate of 23d. each. Parties wanting only certain species should 


send for my price list, and save 50 per cent. on retail prices. Still a 


few of this season’s catch on hand, Lycsena anna, 2s. per pair; this 
 Lycena retails at about 8s. pair. Parnassius clodius, 2s. pair. 


Argynnis egleis, 1s. 3d. pair, &¢. Noctuide and Geometride, always 


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are about 350 different species of Noctuidw.and about 200 different 


species of Geometride in California. Sent on approval, by my new 


system of mailing which insures us both. 


: Prof, Jas. Sinclair, 333, Kearney St., San Francisco, California. 


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One to five localities, equal quantities; locality, date (191 ), and collector's 
name (three lines in all)—1000 for 2s. 6d., 2000 for 4s., 3060 for 5s.; locality and 
date only (two lines)—1000 for 2s., 2000 for 3s. 3d., 3000 for 4s. Unequal num- 
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qe ei tha we vee 33 ae hie : 
Some "Renusee on the Avandia ms of Sympetrum striolatum 
(with illustrations), Kenneth 74 orton, 1. Notes ‘on the Life-h 

Hesperia tessellum and H. crib rellum, 

Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Unex cae Feinnes H. Rowland-Br ) 

- Some Notes on the Lepidoptera of ‘La Sainte Baume, Var, S. France, (R 

_ By BE. Lowe, 14. Note on the ‘Oviposition of Rhyssa (with | illustrations 

‘L.N. G. Ramsay, 20, A Mon yraph of the Genus Osprhynchotus, Spinol 

~ Claude Morley, 23. Two New Myrmecophilous Aphides trom Algeria, (with 

illustrations), Fred. V. Theobald, 28. The Fossil Orthoptera of Florissant, 

Colorado (with illustration), we D, A. Cockerell, 32. Reversion of Aretic 

Erebia: ligea’ var: adyte, eeEDi, and Alpine Pararge mera var. adrasta to the 

Type: forni. Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta and Pararge | egeria var. 

egerides, H, Rowland-Brown, 34. A New Mosquito from Samoa, Fred. V. 

Theobald, 36. Synonymy - of Ichneumon obliteratus and J. barbifrons, 

Claude Morley, 37. ii 

Norrs AND OBSERVATIONS. Regt aicial Bantes of Moths, G. Bertram 7» Mepahas 38. wa 

Note Illustrating Mildness of the Past. Season, H. N. C. Stowell, 38. Note’ - 

of Rearing Das a templi, Percy G. Reid,.38. Dragonflies Bred in 1918, 
Harold Hodge, 3 Plebeius (Lycena) medon (astrar che) i in Dovedale, G. T. 


4 
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_ ‘Bethwne-Baker, 39.. A Dragonfly at Sea, John B. Hicks, 39. Wasps Active ra 
‘in Deeember, H.C. ‘Stowell, 89. Polia flavicineta in Glamorganshire, Bi Te 
David, 39, Nola albula in Hants, Arthur Buss, 39, Acronycta menyanthidis _ 
cna ae in November, H..L. Dolton, 40. Barias chlorana in Gloucester- F 
shire, C Granville Clutter buck, 40, Hipotion (Cherocampa) celerio in Hants, 
(Rev.) y) E.. Kelsall, 40. Daphnis (Chzerocampa) nerii, W. A. Tyerman, 40. 
Catocala fraxini in Lambs:, J. Davis Ward, 40. Colias edusa Reared‘i in Kent, 


A. J, Haxeter, 40. Colias edusa in Middlesex, H. Rowland- Brown, 41, Thuis é 
‘on Colias aft sh, &e., in Essex, Gervase F. Mathew, 41. ‘ 
Romi, 43. “2 RECENT Literature, 48. a4 : 


“D® STAUDINGER & BANG- HAAS, Blasewitz- Dresden, in their: 

new Price List No. LYII. for 1914 (116 pag.), offer more than 20,000 — 
Species of well-named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts. of the 1 
“would, in finest condition; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARVA, &c. SEPARATE. © 
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA. (80,000 species, 208 pag.), for HYMENO- | 
P'TERA (3600 species), DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500),ORTHOPTERA — 
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orders. Priceslow. We sell no more living pupe. ; 


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tp ee ee 


FEBRUARY, 1914... (No. 609. 


re eran anaes eeaeMaN Naess 


‘THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST | 


AN 


Plusteated Monthly Journal 


OF 


GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. | 


“EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.-E.S. 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF | 


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sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s.6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and 
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pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 8d., 94.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and 
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ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.: Useful Books on Insects, Bees, ke." 

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &e., as well as minute 
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My Text Book, the ideal work for Collectors; life-history and food-plants 
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POR SALE. — lLang’s ‘ Butterflies of . Europe,’ 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.] FEBRUARY, 1914. (No. 609 


A NEW SPECIES OF METANGA FROM FRANCE. 
By Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S. 


In examining a small lot of Trichoptera taken by Dr. 
Chapman last summer in the Alps of Dauphiné, forwarded by 
Mr. Lucas, I found four insects, which at first sight I supposed 
to be Metanea flavipennis, Pict. On confronting these, however, 
with McLachlan’s figures, I was surprised to find that the details 
did not agree satisfactorily, and on looking over the material in 
my collection it was manifest that there were two species, and 
these rather distinct ones, mixed together, examples from 
Murgtal (Ris), Silvaplana (Morton), and Carinthia (Klapalek), 
pertaining to the species described and figured by McLachlan, 
while others from the Val Bedretto (Ris) were evidently the same 
as Dr. Chapman’s. I asked Dr. Ris to go over his material, and 
he confirms my view of the matter. The only explanation of 
the oversight that can be offered is the identical general appear- 
ance of the two species, and even with regard to the profile view 
of the genitalia the similarity is rather remarkable. I propose 
to describe this hitherto overlooked species as— 


Metanewa chapman, n. sp. 

Very similar in appearance to H. flavipennis, Pict. Head, 
thorax, palpi, legs, and under side of body testaceous, hairs golden ; 
abdomen above darker. Basal joint of antennz and between the 
posterior ocelli slightly fuscescent. Spines of legs black. 

Anterior wings narrow and elongate, pale yellowish, shining 
neuration concolorous, pubescence of membrane dense, golden 
Discoidal cell about the same length as its footstalk. Posterior 
wings whitish, subhyaline with pale veins; first apical cell variable, 
but narrower at the base than second; second broader, moderately 
oblique at the base in the direction opposite to the first; third 
longer than first and second, almost acute at the base; upper branch 
of cubitus furcating about, or a little beyond the level of the 
beginning of the discoidal cell. 

In the male the apex of the abdomen above is rather deeply 
concave, the posterior margin covered with scattered black tubercles, 
the side produced into rather long finger-shaped processes whose tips 


ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1914. E 


50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


are very slightly curved downwards, these processes also tuberculate, 
more densely so towards the apex which thereby becomes black. 
Superior appendages pale yellow with rounded outline when seen 
from the side, concave internally. Intermediate appendages viewed 
from behind, separate, each arising from a narrow stem and spreading 
out in broad triangular form with three distal projections, the two side 
ones small, the other long, horn-like, slightly inturned with a small 
tooth before the apex. Inferior appendages large; from beneath 
they are close together at the base, diverging slightly, concave 
internally, rounded at the apex, which is very slightly inturned and 
clothed internally with short spines and spinous hairs. 

I am unable satisfactorily to describe the female. Differences 
probably exist in the genitalia as compared with H. flavipennis, and 
these could very likely be defined from Canada- balsam preparations. 

Expanse of wings, male, 19-20 mm.; female, 21 mm. 


bo 


Metanea chapmani. 
1. Apex of abdomen viewed from above. 2. Apex of abdomen viewed from side. 


Three males, one female, Lauteret, Alps of Dauphiné 
(Chapman, July 22nd, August 5th). Also occurs in Val Bed- 
retto (Ris, September 6th, 1896; July 20th, 1906): Splugen 
(Ris, July 16th, 1897), uncertain whether from the Swiss or the 
Italian side, probably the latter; Madonna di San Martino 
(July 29th and August 1st, 1889, Nageli in Ris coll.). 

Differs from H. flavipennis, especially in the direction of the 
blackened processes of the last dorsal segment. These in H. 
flavipennis are turned to the side almost at right angles to the 
long axis of the abdomen, whereas in H. chapmani they are 
nearly parallel, only very slightly out-turned. 

MeLachlan gives the following localities for H. flavipennis: 
Dis&ey/zis, Grisons (July 25th, Stainton), Bergun (Zeller), Leuk, 
Valais (October 2nd, Frey Gessner) Hospice St. Bernard ; 
Priitigau and Pontresina according to Meyer-Dur; Meyringen 
(McLachlan, August 16th), Champery, Valais (Haton, August 
20th), Samoéns, Savoy (Eaton, September 5th) ; Carinthia (Sep- 


A NEW SPECIES OF CHIROTHRIPS FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 51 


tember, Zeller). Hagen stated that he had it from the Harz, 
Bavarian Alps, and Styria (?). Ulmer adds Hessen. Supposing 
it to be the true flavipennis of Pictet, it should occur in the Val 
d’Illiers, Valais. This list may require revision, as some of 
these localities may refer to H. chapmani. I found H. flavi- 
pennis commonly at Silvaplana (July 18th to 25th, 1904); Ris 
has taken it in the Murgtal (July 27th, 1888), at Cierfs in the 
Munstertal (July 14th, 29th, 1909); and Klapdélek in Carinthia 
(July 31st, 1899). 


A NEW SPECIES OF CHIROTHRIPS (Tuysanoprera) 
FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 


By C. B. Wiuurams, B.A., F.E.S. 


At the beginning of this year I received a small collection of 
miscellaneous insects from Mr. W. O. Backhouse, taken near 
Buenos Ayres, in the Argentine Republic, South America. Four 
genera of Thysanoptera were represented—Chirothrips, Franklin- 
tella, Physothrips, and Thrips; the Chirothrips, which is a distinct 
species, is described below; notes on the others are reserved for 
the present, in the hope of getting further material to elucidate 
some doubtful points. 

Gen. CHIROTHRIPS. ) 
Haliday, Ent. Mag. 1886, iii. p. 444; emend. Uzel, Monog. d. 
Thysanopt. 1895, p. 79; emend. Hinds, Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. 1902, xxvi. p. 133. 


Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov. 

Female (macropterous). 

Measurements.—Head, length 0:15 mm., width (behind the eyes) 
0:122 mm.; prothorax, length 0:22 mm., greatest width 0-26 mm. ; 
pterothorax, length 0°32 mm., width 0°30 mm.; abdomen width 
0-35 mm.; wing, length (from basal lobe) 0°80 mm., width (about 
halfway along) 0:045 mm. 

Antenne :—segment 1 2 3 4 5 6 ic 8 
leneih, (u)~ 14. ; 304, 38 >, 34, 734. 42... 22 16 
Width (4). (36. 405,24 24, 2h BO 7. 5 

Total length, about 1-4 mm., antenne 0°24 mm. — 

Colour uniform dark grey brown, fore tibiz and all tarsi a little 
paler, the third segment of the antenne distinctly lighter. 

Head (Fig. 1.) longer than wide, produced beyond the eyes into a 
long prominence more than half as long as the remaining portion of 
the head. The sides of this at first diverge slightly and then converge 
rapidly to a rounded point; on the converging portion the antennz 
are situated. There are no long hairs on the head but several small 
ones which vary slightly in position and may not be quite sym- 
metrical. In general they conform to the arrangement shown in the 

E 2 


bo THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


figure. Hyes dark and relatively far back. Ocellc distinct, the 
posterior ones behind the level of the back of the eyes. Crescents 
red-brown, distinct (in mounted specimens). Mouth cone rounded, 
reaching about two-fifths across the pro- 
sternum. Mazillary palps three seg- 
mented, the basal segment shortest, the 
apical longest ; four or five sensory hairs 
at the tip. Labial palps two segmented, 
the basal segment very short and in- 
distinct, not much more than a ridge on 
the labium. Antenne about two-thirds 
longer than the head; the first segment 
short and broad, the second much longer 
and narrower except at the apex where 
it is produced outwards into a blunt 
prominence, the third with a distinct 
pedicel, the fourth and fifth equally 
long, the sixth the longest, the eighth 
longer than the seventh. Colour: first 
and second dark, third clear, fourth to 
eighth darker but not so dark as the 
Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov. first two. An unforked sense-cone on 
Head and prothorax. the third and fourth segments. 
Prothorax long, as wide as the head 
in front but much widened posteriorly, the whole surface of the 
pronotum finely striated and with a number of minute hairs 
scattered unsymmetrically over its surface. No long spines at 
the front angles, two at each hind angle and about six smaller 
hairs on each side along the hind margin. Pterothorax slightly 
wider than the prothorax in front, gradually narrowing behind. 
Legs normal for the genus, fore femora thickened and produced 
outwards at the base, tibize also thickened. All tarsi (except for 
a small dark spot at the base of the second segment) and fore 
tibie lighter than the rest of the legs. Fore wings pale brown, 
clearer at the base. About twenty (eighteen to twenty-one) spines 
on the costal vein, the distal ones finer and longer than the proximal; 
five or six spines at the base of the fore vein and two on its apical 
half; four, five, or six on the hind vein. The veins are usually very 
indistinct except near the base of the wings; this varies in different 
specimens. Hind wings clear, vein indistinguishable. 

Abdomen normal, hairs on the ninth and tenth segments pale 
and weak. The ninth segment short, about half as long as the 
tenth. 

Described from eleven macropterous females taken near 
Buenos Ayres, Argentine, South America, in January, 1918, by 
W. O. Backhouse, probably from a plant (Composite) locally 
known as ‘‘ cepocaballo.”’ 

Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum. 

This species may be easily separated from all others of this 
genus by the great prolongation of the head beyond the eyes, 
and also from hamatus, Trybom, obesus, Hinds, crassus, Hinds, 


A NEW SPECIES OF EURYTOMA FROM QUEENSLAND. 53 


and mexicana, Crawford, by having two spines at the hind angle 
of the prothorax, and from both manicatus, Bagnall, and similis, 
Bagnall (if these two are really distinct and not forms of 
the same variable species), by the more slender antenne and 
relatively longer prothorax. 


The John Innes Horticultural Institution, 
Merton, Surrey: January, 1914. 


A NEW SPECIES. OF EURYTOMA FROM QUEENS- 
LAND, WHICH LIVES IN THE STEMS OF 
KUCALYPTUS. 


By A. A. Grravutt. 


Tue following species seems phytophagous, since I found it 
inhabiting short grooves or channels under the bark of young 
Eucalyptus trees, somewhat after the manner of Scolytide. 
Where occurring, the stems of the trees were somewhat swollen. 
When one thinks of it, this species does not seem to differ greatly 
in habit from the other members of its tribe, which seem to live 
on galls rather than upon gall-makers. Has the parasitic habit 
of the Eurytomini been proved ? The genus Bruchophagus would 
incline one to doubt. 


Genus Hurytoma, Illiger. 
Eurytoma picus, n. sp. 

Black, the legs, tegule and scape rich reddish brown, the hind 
cox black, the wings hyaline; flagellum brownish yellow, knees 
and tips of tibie yellow. Propodeum with a rather broad median 
groove. Venation pale; postmarginal and stigmal veins subequal. 
Scape obclavate; pedicel a little shorter than funicle 1, which is 
longest of the funicles, much longer than wide, about twice the 
length of funicle 5, which is somewhat wider than long, funicle 4 
a little longer than wide, funicle 2 subequal to the pedicel. Club 
with three distinct joints, the antennze 11-jointed. Mandibles tri- 
dentate. Hind tibie with two spurs. Pronotum with a more 
or less distinct, obtuse median carina. Punctuation not quite 
as dense as usual, the cephalic part of scutum densely, transversely 
lineolated. 

Male.—Not known. 


Described from two females taken from short grooves under 
the bark of young eucalypt trees in the forest, October 16th, 1913. 
Habitat.—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 
T'ype.-—One of the above specimens on a tag, the head and a 
hind leg on a slide. In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane. 
: Magnification 3-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and 
iomb. 


54 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NEW CENTRAL AMERICAN SYNTOMIDA. 
By A. E. Gress, F.L.S. 


Amone the Lepidoptera which I have recently received from 
British Honduras are two Syntomid moths which appear to be 
new to science. They were both captured at a small seaport 
called Punta Gorda in the south of the colony, not far from the 
frontier of Guatemala. I append descriptions. 


, Phenicoprocta biformata, n. sp. 

Head black ; frons blue; palpi orange below ; antennz white at 
tips; tegule orange with blue spots at base; patigia and thorax 
orange ; coxe orange-red ; abdomen, first segment blue with paired 
red stripes, remainder brownish black with dorsal and lateral metallic- 
green stripes and bluish-green terminal segment ; fore wings hyaline, 
veins broadly black, oval discoidal spot from costa to lower angle of 
cell, margins broadly black, widening at apex and on outer margin; 
hind wings hyaline, with dark borders, widening at apex and tornus. 

Var. 1. Fore wings scaled, brown-black. 

Expanse, 30 mm. 


Habitat.—Punta Gorda, British Honduras, July, 19138. Types 
in British Museum ; co-types of var. 1 in Mus. Gibbs. 


Napata cortes, n. sp. 

Black; tegule and patigia with paired blue-white spots; fore 
cox white; tibie reddish ; first joints of tarsi white; metathorax 
with blue-green spot; first segment of abdomen black with a few 
blue scales and blue-green lateral spots; medial segments blue-green 
dorsally, with darker transverse bands; large white ventral patch on 
bagal segments ; remainder of abdomen ventrally and the terminal 
segments dorsally red; fore wing with bluish spot at base of costa ; 
small hyaline spot extending across cell near base, and a larger one 
below it, another in cell near upper angle; a transverse series of four 
spots beyond cell, one above vein 6 and a smaller one below it, a 
minute spot above vein 4 and a larger one below it extending almost 
to vein 3; hind wing with hyaline patch at base; spot near end of 
cell and extending almost across it; below, fore wing with bluish 
costal streak, hind wing with blue basal streak above hyaline patch, 
costa narrowly and apex and outer margin broadly blue. 

Eixpanse, 41 mm. 

Habitat.—Punta Gorda, British Honduras, June, 1913. 

Napata cortes has a general resemblance to N. broadwayi, 
Schaus., a Trinidad species, but it may be readily distinguished 
by the large hyaline patch at the base of the hind wing and the 
red terminal segments of the abdomen. 


55 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF 
UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 


By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 14.) 


(v) Basses-Alpes. (a) Allos. 


As in the case of a previous paper of the series, some quali- 
fication of title is necessary. Donzel * discovered Allos in 1831. 
It has received several recent visits from English collectors, 
myself included, and I have given a short account of a week 
spent here in August, 1908 (‘ Entomologist, vol. xli. p. 268). 
However, as I was in this part of the Basses-Alpes at an earlier 
date than on the occasion of my last visit, or that of the late 
Mr. J. W. Tutt (‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ vol. xix. pp. 197-199), 
I trust my experiences may be useful to those who wish to 
explore the upper valley of the Verdon during the summer 
months. Allos remains primitive. The motor services, the 
endless procession of touring cars have left it unperturbed ; and 
the little Hotel du Midi, where Mdlle. Pascal works so hard for 
the comfort of her pensionnaires, is as archaic and roughly com- 
fortable as ever. 

After a rather disappointing entomological week at Digne— 
for the universal drought in the lower lands of Provence had 
burnt up all the green herb—I took train for Thorame-Haute 
by the familiar narrow-gauge line. Here the alpine motors of 
the Sud Company pick up, and they are almost as cheap as the 
former rusty diligence. Between St. André and the starting- 
point there are doubtless many fine butterfly corners as sug- 
gested by glimpses caught from the windows of the never- 
express train. Such a one there is near the station before 
Thorame, and there I bade farewell to Papilio alexanor—so un- 
accountably and unusually rare in 1913 in its native haunts at 
Digne. The drive is pleasant enough by Beauvezer and Colmars, 
with its narrow medieval streets, through which the motor 
steers, scraping the stucco from the walls of the overhanging 
houses—a veritable threading of the needle’s eye. The climb 
scarcely begins before Colmars, from the gate of which town it 
is practically all uphill, and as dusty a road as ever provoked 
the thirst of man and beast. Still, there are several good 
stretches of collecting ground by the river en route, as I found 
when, on the hottest day of the year, I descended in quest of 
Erebia scipio at points indicated by Mr. Powell (‘ Entomologist,’ 
vol. xli. p. 298). 

I left Digne at eight o’clock, and reached my destination 


& ‘Notice Entomologique sur les Environs de Digne et quelques Points 
des Basses-Alpes,’ par M. Hugues Donzel.. Lyon, 1861. 


56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


about 1.30, and after a late déjeuner at once set off to investi- 
gate the first length of the classic ‘‘ Route du Lac d’Allos,” 
where I hoped to capture in good condition some at least of the 
butterflies over or on the wane when I was here in 1908. With 
the exception of July 20th and 22nd, the whole of my collecting 
at Allos was done between the village and the lake. The mule- 
path mounts steeply from the one street and then more gently, 
and sometimes between thick hedges, past meadows already 
harvested, to the first bridge over the Chadoulin stream. On 
the southward slopes butterflies were generally in evidence, but 
more distinguished by quantity than by quality. Here on the 
lavender tufts—this being about the vertical limit of the plant— 
the males of Hpinephele lycaon were freshly emerged. Of the 
‘‘ Blues,” Plebetus argyrognomon predominated, but the beautiful 
blue female, var. calliopis, Bsdv., of which I had secured a 
specimen or two at Digne, evidently belongs tv the lower levels 
and the hotter limestone. A few perfect males of Lycena arion 
haunted the lavender. Here, also, one warm afternoon towards 
sunset I picked up a curious aberrant form of Melitea didyma 
settled to roost. On the under side, while all the black spots 
and lines remain, the usual tawny markings, notably those of 
the basal and ante-marginal bands of the hind wings, have 
almost entirely disappeared, giving a peculiar black-and-white 
chequered appearance to the insect as it sat motionless on the 
stalk (=derufata, n. ab.). 

Hereabouts, too, a low hedge fencing a new-mown field was 
alive with a diminutive race of Aglaope infausta, both sexes in 
fine condition, and with them a few Adscita pruni were kicked 
up from the grass, though neither ‘‘ Burnets”’ nor ‘‘ Foresters ” 
were at all frequent, and at this point the same remark applies 
to the Hesperiide, for which I was chiefly on the alert. But, 
as everywhere else in the south-east this year, Satyrus cordula 
was abundant; not so Hipparchia semele, though possibly it was 
still somewhat early for the latter. 

The only Theclid at all common was 7’. spint, some of the 
males extraordinarily small, the high Alpes-Maritimes form, as 
a rule, being of quite the average size. But not one single 
T’. acacie did I encounter along the line of sloe bushes, where 
the females were common enough in August, 1908, and where 
by all rules the males should now have been disporting them- 
selves. Brenthis amathusia, also not rare near the bridge in 
that year, was another absentee. Sailing over the willows I 
saw not a few superb Huvanessa antiopa, with rarer Limenitis 
camilla and Polygonia c-album. 

A recent writer has remarked on the moisture-loving pro- 
pensities of the Camberwell Beauty, and I noticed that it would 
frequently lie with wings flat and fully extended on the stones 
facing the sun; and also that very occasionally it joined the 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 57 


Lycenid and Hesperiid “drinking clubs” on the surface damp. 
They never alighted on the mule-droppings so much affested by 
mountain Lycenide, though P. c-albwm is not above such attrac- 
tions; and in the spring on the Riviera I have observed that 
the last-mentioned species is much addicted to the rotten olives 
left in the orchards from the previous year’s harvest. One 
Sunday afternoon I crossed the bridge here to explore the path 
through the pine woods, returning along the water channel 
which diverts a part of the river to supply the farms above 
Allos. But these woods and slopes yielded nothing beyond 
swarms of buzzing and biting flies. 

The route now ascends sharply on the right bank to the 
chalets of Champ Richard, and then from a narrow gorge of 
loose slaty formation debouches on a more open valley, where 
again the newly constructed path separates from the old, and 
mounts by zigzags through flowery pastures and occasional 
larch spinneys. When the sun reaches these upper slopes 
rather late in the morning there is plenty to occupy atten- 
tion. Canonympha iphis hardly gives place to C. arcania var. 
darwiniana; Plebeius argus (egon), much less plentiful than 
P. argyrognomon, gems with wings of lapis-lazuli the red-gold 
arnica daisies. Colias phicomone is everywhere, the females 
just now ina majority. Males of Hrebia stygne, H. goante, and 
HE. tyndarus var. cassioides (=dromus) cross and re-cross the 
mule track. The larger Argynnids—A. aglaia and A. niobe (all 
var. erts)—are already sucking the sweet juices of the purple 
thistles in company with males of Chrysophanus hippothde var. 
eurybia and Polyommatus eros. A little higher still H. ewryale 
affects the woods, and the clearings by the roadside are bright 
with C. virgauree, P. pheretes (males and females), Parnassius 
apollo, and occasional E. epiphron var. casstope. About three- 
quarters of an hour from the last-mentioned bridge a spring 
empties itself into the torrent; and here over the saxifrage and 
thick wet moss P. delius was flying at a safe distance from the 
net. Once more the road crosses the stream, and zigzags- 
upward through young forests, the nursery of the Maison 
Forestiére, which now comes into view at a sudden turn. Insects 
of all orders swarm at this point. The morning is fair and the 
air delicious with the scent of the many Papilionacez, which 
make a veritable Field of Cloth of Gold, interwoven with 
the duller purples of the vetches. A mud-bath hereabouts 
invites a swarm of P. eros, P. hylas, and Agriades escheri ; 
Lycéna arion is rare, even more so P. orbitulus, which, common 
in the Swiss Alps, never seems abundant in the Basses-Alpes 
and Alpes Maritimes. Hesperia alveus, H. fritillum (= cirsia, 
Rbr.), H. carthamt, and H. serratule represent the Black-and- 
White Skippers; Thymelicus lineola and T'. acteon the Brown. 
To the ‘‘ Coppers’ may now be added C. dorilis var. subalpina 


58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of both sexes. High up at the back of the Foresters’ House 
there is a fine piece of rough ground carpeted with soft seeding 
grasses and alpine flowers. The high fresh wind carries a single 
Anthocharis simplonia male into my net ; the infrequent Pontia 
callidice are in rags; but, ascending the last long slope, which 
ends where the mountains are mirrored in the lake, the Erebias 
once more claim attention. 

E. gorge, with occasional ab. erinnys and EH. mnestra, swell 
the catalogue. Within five minutes of the ridge, on the skrees 
facing towards Allos, and exactly at the point where the path to 
the Lacs de l’Encombrette diverges to the right, I discovered on 
my second expedition the headquarters of H. alecto var. dupon- 
chet, Obthr., thus obviating the grind up Mont Pélat, where it 
is reported by Mr. Harold Powell. A more harassing insect to 
chase and capture Ido not know. To begin with, the favoured 
ground is always a weary scramble, composed of loose stones 
and treacherous for the feet, where the most illusive and blackest 
‘of all the Hrebias flits restlessly over the rock, or rarely pauses 
to toy a moment with the scanty yellow Doronicum patches (I 
cannot find much to differentiate var. duwponcheli from ab. pluto). 
Added to this, the nature of the locality ensures for every perfect 
imago a half-dozen in tatters, while crumpling and failure of 
wing-pigment is of frequent occurrence. The females were few 
in number; in vain I watched for one to alight and oviposit 
and clear up the still outstanding mystery of the food-plant of 
the species. 

Below the path and on the rock-strewn ‘‘ pelouse’’ that falls 
to the mouth of the subterranean stream draining the still 
invisible Lac d’Allos, Melitea varia is common with C. phico- 
mone, a8 well as the small Erebias. Here, also, I took a couple 
of wasted H. cacalie, and even more passés H. malvoides, Klw. 
and Kdw. (= fritillum, Rbr.)—the Dromio of H. malve—for the 
specific confirmation of which I am much indebted to Professor 
Reverdin, to whom the three or four examples caught at a single 
sweep of the net were submitted. I do not doubt that earlier 
in the season this Skipper occurs in most suitable localities 
throughout the lower Basses-Alpes. Allos, however, may now 
be added authoritatively to Professor Reverdin’s list of French 
localities published in his masterly treatise on the two species 
(Bull. Soc. Lépid. Genéve, vol. ii. fas. 2, p. 78, 1911). Through- 
out the valley, from Champ Richard upwards, H. serratule was 
frequent ; and I have from the same region in my collection a 
few Hesperiids, which seem to me to be intermediates between 
H, bellierit, Obthr., and the var. foulquieri, which M. Oberthur 
retains provisionally under alveus, but will, I think, some day 
not far off be found nearer associated with belliert. 

I was surprised to find so few butterflies on the slopes lead- 
ing down to the matchless lakelet, where in 1908 insects were 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 59 


fairly plentiful. Except a few shabby Cassioides and the 
ubiquitous C. phicomone, there was nothing to tempt me from 
the rock behind which, and sheltered from the keen wind, I dis- 
posed of my lunch. So I devoted the greater part of the time 
on each occasion to Alecto-Duponcheli. 

July 22nd, the hottest day of the month, I spent working 
down the Verdon river-bed, which, in the customary way of 
Alpine torrent streams, breaks up into many subsidiary chan- 
nels, leaving broad stony islets covered with dwarf willow, 
lavender, Epilobium angustiflorum, great clumps of Astragalus 
alpinus (?), and tangled vetches, with occasional tufts of wild 
thyme. The lavender was especially affected by A. escheri, 
P. argyrognomon, and females of C. alciphron var. gordius, the 
latter in poor condition, while Anthrocera fausta gleamed ver- 
million-winged in equal abundance with A. carniolica. The 
steep cliffs of the right bank, however, disclosed no LE. scipio, as 
I had hoped, after a long search for a ford waded knee-deep 
through spring-cold water. A rare pool for trout at all events; 
and trout is the picce de résistance of every meal in these delec- 
table mountains. Returning to the causeway at the end of the 
long poplar avenue, which extends for a mile or so, the valley 
once more opens out, and on the left bank, where the old road 
follows the course of the river, there is a sun-burnt stretch of 
waste land with sparse berberis bushes, mullein, and again some 
fine lavender in full bloom. IT’. acteon, A. thersites and Issoria 
lathonia were the principal visitors; on the dusty upper road 
Satyrus circe was flying with S. alcyone, but very little besides, 
and it was not until I was well in sight of Colmars itself that 
I could get a draught of drinking water at a hospitable farm- 
house, in the garden of which the ripe red currants hung in 
‘luscious clusters. 

The neighbouring lucerne fields were gay with Colias edusa 
and C. hyale, but so great was the heat of the afternoon that at 
two o'clock I boarded the P.L.M. motor and was quickly rushed 
back to Allog. Above the village and right up to the Col there 
is very little promising ground. The slopes on this side are 
mostly disafforested and grazed close. I tried not to think that 
the few Erebias I saw from the car, when on my journey of the 
24th to Barcelonnette, were H. scipio. I am now sure they 
were not—only stygne. 

I have been asked where, in my Continental wanderings, I 
have found butterflies in the greatest profusion. It is not an 
easy question to answer, for ‘‘ distance lends enchantment to 
the view ’’ of most entomologists when the time arrives to survey 
in retrospect the happy hunting grounds of the past. I am 
inclined to think that certain stages of the road to the Lac 
d’Allos I have attempted to describe come nearest to El Dorado. 
Then follow the Kaux Thermales valley at Digne, in June; 


60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


St. Martin-Vésubie, or the Ganter Bridge below Berisal, in 
mid-July ; with a far-away April vision of Hadrian’s Villa at 
Tivoli, with its winged legions ‘‘ fleeting the time carelessly as 
in Arcady.’”’ In point of numbers only, some secluded spots in 
the Chiltern Hills have provided almost as cheerful an abundance. 
Last year (1913) the Basses-Alpes were at least blessed with a 
summer of sunshine and butterflies in striking contrast to the 
melancholy conditions and the meagre bags reported from 
Switzerland and Central Europe generally. 


(To be continued.) 


SOME NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE 
BAUME, VAR, 8S. FRANCE. 


By Rev. F. E. Lows, M.A., F.E.S. 


II. Tue Morus. 


TuoucHu Switzerland can never be without interest, after 
many years’ experience of it the collector begins to crave for 
new ground. If Norway does not appeal to him, he probably 
decides to explore as far south as the limits of his time and 
purse permit. This was my case in the summer of 1912—but 
—Where to go? was the question. I wisely consulted Mr. 
Rowland-Brown, to every entomologist a veritable ‘‘ Baedeker ”’ 
for France; who, after dismissing my suggestion of Thorenc— 
of which he had received no reports—proposed La Ste. Baume 
as being a centre well spoken of by French, and little known to 
English, collectors. Thither I went therefore, and spent such 
an interesting ten days that I returned again for a slightly 
longer visit this year. I had sent a selection of my 1912 cap- 
tures for identification to Mr. Prout, who is always kind enough 
to help me out of any difficulties with geometers. It was an 
unexpected pleasure to hear from him that I had fallen upon a 
very good thing, viz., Acidalia determinata. He wrote: ‘‘ You 
have some interesting forms, and 4. determinata was quite a 
surprise. I had never even seen the species until a few weeks 
ago, when Pungler very kindly sent a valuable box of Acidalids 
for my inspection . . . and included a pair of this species, one 
from Calabria and one from Taurus. Where exactly is Ste. 
Baume? It will surely be a new locality for this insect. If 
you ever visit this place again, work for a series.” Here was 
sufficient incentive, and this year my wife and I returned with 
ardour to the search, and were successful in getting together 
about thirty specimens. Perhaps it is early days to express an 


NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME. 61 


Opinion, but it appears to be very local even where it exists.* 
We found it restricted to quite a small space on the edge of the 
wood which borders the north-east corner of the plateau before 
beginning the descent to Nans. But its allies, A. macilentaria 
and A. litigiosaria, are fairly commonly distributed over all the 
neighbourhood, more particularly the former. From neither of 
these could I pretend to distinguish it in flight; but A. macilen- 
taria, which is most like it on the upper side, is readily distin- 
guished when caught by its dark strongly-marked under side. 
A. determinata is not an active insect and is easily overlooked, 
as it seems rarely to fly unless disturbed; but like other 
** waves,” it is fond of lying spread out on a leaf—not, I think, 
in the full sun, but rather close to the ground, and where longer 
branches above afford a slight shade. In our experience, it was 
always driven out of little stunted oak bushes; whether it had 
any closer connection with these than the fact they provided a 
pleasant resting-place I cannot venture to suggest. From the 
list of captures appended it will be seen that the Acidalids 
proved a strong and interesting family in this region, while the 
Larentids were remarkably few and ordinary. The Zygenids 
provided variety, but with the exception of Z. angelice and 
Z. lonicere coud hardly be considered numerous. That almost 
most beautiful ‘‘burnet” of all, 7. lavandule, appeared only 
separately on the road to Nans; but on crossing the Col de 
Bretagne, I found a large colony feasting on the flowers of 
“hemp agrimony,” or a plant like it, growing in a hollow by 
the side of the Gémenos road. This, I think, is an unusual 
occurrence, for at Bondol, where Z. lavandule was more com- 
mon, I always took it singly and generally on the wing. 
Z. erythus, on the contrary, has the burnet-habit of congregating, 
and was seldom seen alone, but had a restricted headquarters 
of its own; and gave its attentions to a tall wiry scabious with 
little wizened flowers, which would have been justly despised in 
any better watered land. Probably the more active habits of 
lavandule accounted for a difficulty in getting good specimens. 
It seems also to be a slightly earlier species. The most remark- 
able feature in ‘“‘ moth-land,” perhaps, was the extraordinary 
quantity of three small species in the herbage of the plain of 
Plan d’Aup. I have already remarked in a former paper on the 
abundance of Rusticus egon. But even more wonderful—espe- 
cially in 1912—was the enormous number of Acidalia sericeata 
‘and A. decorata, disturbed in walking over the plateau; and 
with them almost as many Crambus craterellus —the only 
Crambus observed, with the exception of two or three C. cwmellus. 

Among the “ pugs,’ Mr. Prout has praise for T’ephroclystia 

* An indirect but suggestive token of the rarity of A. determinata, in 


collections may be gathered from the fact that it is not offered for sale in 
either the Staudinger, Bang-Haas, or Bartel price-lists. 


62, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


allionia and T. ultimaria. The handsome Ortholitha meniata 
was very common in the woods and at light; and ascending the 
wooded path to the Col de Bretagne Minoa murinata, in spite of 
its small size, was a prominent feature. The Noctue and the 
Tephroclystie were all taken at light, the other families nearly 
all netted in the daytime, the chief exceptions being Acidalia 
virgularia var. australis, A. submutata, Ephyra pupillaria, 
Boarmia solieraria (one male), Trephonia sepiaria (two), Hylo- 
phila bicolorana, Eromene bella, which were attracted by light. 

Besides Mr. Prout, I am also under obligations to Dr. 
Chapman for naming certain specimens and to Mr. Bethune- 
Baker for help with the Zygenids. It is impossible to foresee 
what system of nomenclature this paper may represent after it 
has passed the Editor’s hands; but in making my list I have 
followed the Staudinger-Rebelschen Catalog. 1901. As Mons. 
Culot says in his preface to vol. ii. of ‘ Noctuelles d’Europe’: 
‘‘Le catalogue que j’ai pris pour guide, parce qu’il est le plus 
répandu.” I hesitate to add with him: ‘ Et non parce quwil 
représente une classification rationnelle.’’ Such criticism is for 
the ever-conflicting experts. 

We spent two or three days at Bondol on the sea coast, 
hunting Zygena erythus, While there I took a few rather good 
moths at light, and as Bondol is not far distant from La Ste. 
Baume, I have added these captures as a separate note. 


Heterocera oF Ste. Baume anp Nans. 

SpHincipz.—Macroglossa stellatarum, Deilephila euphorhne, 
Hemaris fuciformis. 

LyMANTRIIDE.—Orgyia trigotephras (var. corsica ?). 

Lastocamprpm.-—Malacosoma neustria. 

DRrepPaANipz#.—Drepana binaria (one female). 

Noctuip™.—Acronycta rumicis (dark), Dianthecia compta, 
Caradrina exigua, Leucania scirpi, Thalpochares polygramma, 
T. purpurina, T. scitula, Rivula sericealis, Prothymnia viridania, 
Hemerosia renalis, Catocala conversa, C. nymphagoga, Apopestes 
dilucida, Huclidia glyphica. 

GEOMETRIDH.—A plasta ononaria, Geometra vernaria, Nemoria 
viridata, Acidalia ochrata, A. macilentaria, A. determinata, 
A. rufaria, A. litigiosaria, A. sericeata, A. moniliata, A. virgularia 
var. australis, A. circuitaria (two), A. trigeminata, A. dilutaria, 
A. degeneraria, A. inornata, A. aversata, A. rubiginata, A. mar- 
ginepunctata, A. submutata, A. imitata, A. decorata, HEphyra 
pupillaria, and var. gyrata, E. linearia (trilinearia, Bkh.), Rhodo- 
strophia vibicaria, R. calabraria and ab. tabidaria. 

LARENTINE.—Sterrha sacraria, Ortholitha meniata, Minoa 
murinata (euphorbiata), Larentia fulvata (one), L. bilineata (one), 
Tephroclystia (Hupithecia) allionia, T. breviculata, T. ultimaria, 
T’. oblongata, T’. pumilata, Rumia luteata (one). 


NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON oF 1918. 63 


Boarmunm.—Boarmia solieraria, Trephonia sepiaria, Hubolia 
murinaria. 

Cympipm.—Hylophila bicolorana. 

Hererocynipz.—Heterogynis penella. 

Lirnosun®.—Lithosia lurideola, L. complana, L. caniola. 

YyvamNIDE.—Zygena scabiose var. orion, Z. sarpedon and 
var. vernetensis, Z. achillee, Z. lonicere and var. ochsenheimert, 
Z. transalpina, Z. angelice, Z. lavandule and var. consobrina, 
Z. hilaris var. ononidis (one). 

Ino (apscrta), I. globularie, Dyspessa ulula. 

Pyrauips, &ce.—Crambus craterellus, C. cumellus, Hromene 
bella, Pyraustra sanguinalis, P. purpuralis, P. funebris (octo- 
maculata), P. cingulata, Titanio polinalis, Evergestis sophialis, 
Salebria palumbella. 

At Bonpou. 

Zygena erythus, Z. filipendule; and at light, Semiothisa 
(Macaria) estimaria, Gnophos mucidaria, Hublemma_ suava, 
E. jucunda, Pseudophia illunaris. 


NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1913. 
By F. W. & H. Campion. 


THE most interesting dragonfly seen by us during the present 
year was a female of Somatochlora metallica taken in Surrey on 
June 8th (H. J. Watts). The capture was made in the same 
locality as that which furnished the male obtained by the same 
entomologist on June 26th, 1910 (Entom. xliv. p. 238). When 
first taken, Mr. Watts tells us, this female was in somewhat 
teneral condition, but it was kept alive for a few days and deve- 
loped into a very fine specimen. When we saw the insect, after 
it had left the setting-board, the wings, including the ptero- 
stigmata, were of a beautiful amber, the colour being richest in 
the region of the costa. In a fully adult female from Guisachan, 
taken in August, 1899, by Mr. J. J. F. X. King, with which we 
compared the Surrey specimen, the pterostigmata are pinkish- 
red, and the wings are only slightly tinged with brown. Well 
authenticated records for this species from any part of Great 
Britain south of the Grampians are still very few, and its 
~ occurrence in Sussex in 1908 came to Odonatists as quite a 
surprise. 

During the last week in May Mr. R. South visited the New 
Forest, and obtained at Brockenhurst (May 380th) Calopteryx 
virgo, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, and Agrion puella. From the same 
locality we also received, through the kindness of Mr. South, 
Platycnemis pennipes, Pyrrhosoma tenellum, Orthetrum cerulescens, 


64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and Sympetrum striolatum, all dated July 16th, as well as 
Enallagma cyathigerum and Erythromma naias, likewise taken in 
July. Furthermore, Mr. South was good enough to give us 
Enallagma cyathigerum, male, caught by himself at the Black 
Pond, Surrey, on August 13th. 

From the Eastbourne district Mr. Harold Bosley kindly sent 
us A. puella (two teneral males, near Pevensey, May 24th), A. 
pulchellum (a teneral pair, near Pevensey, May 24th; two pairs, 
Eastbourne Marshes, June 14th), and Ischnura elegans (two 
males, Eastbourne Marshes, June 14th). 

At Westcliff, Essex, Mr. A. Luvoni recorded P. nymphula and 
Libellula depressa on May 25th, I. elegans on May 31st, and A. 
puella on June Ist. 

During June we re-visited our old Huntingdonshire localities, 
and, among other species, again met with Libellula fulva (near 
Huntingdon, June 16th and 18th), L. quadrimaculata and Brachy- 
tron hafniense (near Ramsey, June 17th), Calopteryx splendens 
(near Huntingdon, June 12th), and Hrythromma naias (near 
Huntingdon, June 21st). 

Finally,.Dr. F. F. Laidlaw has favoured us with a list of the 
species observed by him in Devonshire during 1913. His report, 
which is in the following terms, relates to Uffculme, except in 
the case of those records for which other localities are specially 
mentioned :— 

‘‘The earliest Odonate met with was Pyrrhosoma nymphula. 
I saw a female specimen on May 11th, and the species was 
flying in some numbers the next day. Calopteryx virgo put in 
an appearance nearly a month later than it did last year. I 
observed the first specimen, a teneral male, on May 28rd, but 
the species was very abundant by May 28th. On the last-named 
date I saw very many specimens, and the insect seemed to me 
to be much more numerous than it was last year. Hxactly the 
opposite was the case with C. splendens, which was first noticed 
on June 15th, but which was never so abundant as in 1912 or so 
numerous as its congener.  Libellula depressa occurred on May 
26th at Sheldon. Brachytron hafniense was taken at Burlescombe 
by Mr. H. Pearse on May 27th. Ireceived a female of B. hafniense 
from near Langport, in Somerset, and a female of Agrion pul- 
chellum, also from Langport, through the kindness of Miss 
D. Wright (June 4th). Other records are Agrion puella (Willand, 
June 16th), Hnallagma cyathigerum (Willand, June 20th), Cordule- 
gaster annulatus (September 7th and 19th) and Sympetrum 
striolatum, males, (Burlescombe, September 21st and 28th). On 
June 27th I saw an Auschnid chased in a playful way by a 
sparrow, which, however, it easily evaded.” 


58, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W.: Dec. 26th, 1913. 


65 


FORFICULA AURICULARIA. 
By H. H. Brinnuey. 


Forficula auricularia (slightly magnified). 


Tue individuals in the photograph reproduced are a female 
and two males, the latter being as regards length of callipers 
“high” and “‘low,” following the terminology of Bateson (Proc. 
Zool. Soc. London, Noy. 15, 1892, p. 585). They were obtained 
in September, 1918, on the uninhabited islet of Rosevear in the 
Scillies, situated about two miles east of the Bishop Rock. This 
islet swarms with earwigs which are mostly large bodied, while 
the ‘‘ high ’’ male is much commoner than the ‘‘low.’”’ Rosevear 
was inhabited from 1850 to 1858 by the workmen employed to 
build the present Bishop Lighthouse. Is it possible that the 
remarkable abundance of earwigs, on an islet whose features are 
mainly masses of granite and a vegetation of sea-pink and giant 
mallow, is related to this human settlement of half a century 
ago? On Round Island, the northernmost islet of the Scilly 
eroup, earwigs are also very numerous and seem to feed chiefly 
on the kitchen refuse thrown ‘‘ over cliff’’ by the light keepers, 
the only human inhabitants. 

The specimen illustrated has callipers 12°25 mm. in length, 
and thus markedly exceeds that taken by Mr. P. M. Bright at 
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in 1910, and illustrated in the 
‘Entomologist,’ June, 1911, p. 209. In Mr. Bateson’s collection 
of 1892 in the Farn Islands six specimens had callipers 9°0 mm. 
long, and in 1907 and 1908 I obtained four from the same 
locality with callipers 8°75 mm. In a collection made on Round 
Island in 1911 I found thirty-four males with callipers 10 mm. 
or more, among which the highest had the value 11°0 mm, 


ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1914. F 


66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Till I measured the Rosevear specimen the above was the largest 
‘high’ male or var. forcipata known to me. _ It is probable 
that Mr. Bright’s Freshwater specimen, on my method of 
measurement, has callipers slightly more than 10 mm., because 
they were apparently measured in situ. The latter method 
is quite unsatisfactory when a large series is being measured to 
ascertain the amount of variation, because the degree to which 
the bases of the callipers are telescoped into the last abdominal 
segment differs in a series of individuals. So I always extract 
the callipers to expose the small process, a kind of condyle, 
which is situated on the external margin of the calliper and is 
usually only just hidden by the last abdominal tergum. The 
callipers are then laid on squared mm. paper and measured in a 
straight line from the ‘‘condyle”’ to the distal extremity, the 
curvature being disregarded. This is permissible, because, though 
‘‘high’’ males possess straighter callipers than do the ‘‘low,” as 
the correlation is constant the curve of variation is not vitiated. 
Unfortunately the body of the Rosevear ‘“‘high” male was 
damaged either at capture or in subsequent transport in spirit, 
so that it could not be set symmetrically for photographing. 

I have not yet measured the other Rosevear males, but there 
are many which closely approach the example illustrated. Taken 
altogether they seem to possess in both body and callipers the 
largest average dimensions of any collection from one locality I 
have seen. 


Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge: December, 1913. 


THE NEUROPTERA OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 


By J. We Care, M.A,de.s.; 2 .G.8: 
(Professor of Biology, University College, Nottingham.) 


THE distribution of these insects in Britain is still so in- 
sufficiently worked out that a list of the species recently taken 
in Nottinghamshire may be of some use. With few exceptions 
all have been collected during 1912-13 by myself, and every 
specimen recorded has been identified or confirmed by Mr. 
Kenneth J. Morton, to whom I am greatly indebted for much 
generous assistance with this and other groups of Neuropteroid 
insects. 

Srauip# (Alder-flies). 
Sialas lutarca, Linn.—By rivers, canals, and ponds everywhere. 
S. fuliginosa, Pict.—EHaton, near Retford, May 29th, 1901. 


RapuHipup# (Snake-flies). 
Raphidia notata, Fab.—Epperstone Park, May 12th and June 


THE NEUROPTERA OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 67 


20th, 1912 (J. W. Saunt); Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, June 
12th, 1912. 

R. xanthostigma, Schum.—Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, 
several, June 10th—14th, 1912; also at Langford Moor, near Newark, 
June, 1904. 

HeMEROBIIDe (Brown Lacewings). 


Sisyra fuscata, Fab.—Sherwood Forest, near Ollerton, July, 1912. 

Hemerobius elegans, Steph.—Burton Joyce, July 9th, 1904. 

H. micans, Oliv—Thorney, August,’ 1913 (L. A. Carr); Epper- 
stone Park, September 6th, 1913. 

H. nitidulus, Fab.—Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913. 

H. humuli, Linn.—Nether Langwith, August 19th, 1912; West 
Leake, May 27th, 1913; Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913. 

H. lutescens, Fab.—Common. Nottingham; East and West 
Leake; Kirkby-in-Ashfield ; Epperstone Park; Thorney; Sherwood 
Forest, &c.; dates varying from May 17th to September 24th. 

H. orotypus, Walleng. Aspley Woods, near Nottingham, August 

9th, 1912; Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, September 25th, 1913. 

H. nervosus, Fab.—Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913. 

H. subnebulosus, Steph.— Everywhere common. Taken con- 
tinuously from April 24th to September 12th. : ; 

H. quadrifasciatus, Reut.—Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, 
June 10th—14th, 1912 (L. A. Cary). 

Micromus paganus, Linn.—Aspley Woods, June 28th and July 
26th, 1912; Kirkby-in-Ashfield, June 28th, 1913. 

M. angulatus, Steph. — Sherwood Forest, near HEdwinstowe, 
September 25th, 1913. 


CurysoPip& (Green Lacewings). 


Chrysopa flava, Scop.—Holme Pierrepont, June 1st, 1912 (F. M. 
Robinson); Caythorpe, September, 1912; Kirkby-in-Ashfield, June 
28th, 1913. 

C. alba, Linn.—Epperstone Park, June 22nd, 1913 (J. W. Saunt). 

C. tenella, Schrd.—Bulwell Hall Park, July 8th, 1912. 

C. septempunctata, Wesm.— Ollerton, Sherwood Forest, July, 
1912; Nottingham, common on hawthorn trees in my garden and 
elsewhere in the city. 

C. prasina, Ramb.—Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, August 
1st, 1911. 

C. ventralis, Curt.—Nottingham, 1912 (J. W. Saunt). 

C. phyllochroma, Wesm.—East Leake, June 18th, 1912. 

C. perla, Linn.—-Budby-carr, Sherwood Forest, several, July 9th, 
1913; Worksop, 1913 (J. E. Hodding); Cotgrave, June 21st, 1913 
(Saunt). 

CoNIOPTERYGID. 

Conwentzia psociformis, Curt. — Nottingham, May 27th, 1913; 
Warsop, July 14th, 1913. 

Semidalis aleyrodifornus, Steph.—Nottingham, 1901; East Leake, 
July 3rd, 1911; Upton, near Southwell, beaten from ash and oak, 
June 30th, 1913; Fiskerton, from Pyrus malus, July 25th, 1913, 


68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Coniopteryx tinetformis, Steph. — Thorney, August 15th—19th, 
1913 (L. A. Carr). 

PANoRPIDH (Scorpion-flies). 

Panorpa communts, Linn.—Common throughout the county, June 
12th—August 24th, 1913. 

P. cognata, Ramb.—Bulwell, July 6th, 1912 (Ff. M. Robinson) ; 
Thorney, August 15th-19th, 1918, two specimens (L. A. Carr); near 
Newbound Mill, Teversall, August 3rd, 1912. 

P. germanica, Linn.—Common everywhere in Notts; taken from 
May 11th to September 12th. 


[In addition to those above mentioned, the following species 
have been recorded for Nottinghamshire :—- 

Hemerobius inconspicuus, MeLach.—Clumber Park, 1908 (Lady 
Robinson). 

H. stigma, Steph.—Worksop, 1904 (Lady Robinson). 

H. atrifrons, McLach. and H. concinnus, Steph.— Worksop, 1908 
(Lady Robinson). 

Chrysopa vulgaris, Schrd.—South Leverton (Rev. A. Thornley) ; 
Shireoaks, Worksop (J. T. Houghton). 

Nothochrysa capitata, Fab.—Sherwood Forest (H. Donisthorpe).] 


A NEW GENUS OF TRYDYMINE MISCOGASTERIDAG 
(HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA). 


By A. A. GiIrauut. 


TRYDYMINI. 
H}PITEROBIA, N. gen. 

Female. —Agreeing with Terobia, Foerster, but the scutellum with 
a distinct cross suture before apex, and the marginal vein is fully 
twice the length of the stigmal, which is distinctly shorter than the 
postmarginal. Both mandibles flattened, distinctly 4-dentate. Abdo- 
men conic-ovate, keeled beneath, the second segment longest, occupy- 
ing about a fifth of the surface, its caudal margin with a slight notch 
at the meson; abdomen somewhat longer than the rest of the body. 
Antenne with the first ring-joint very short, inserted below the 
middle of the face but somewhat above the ventral ends of the eyes. 
Lateral margins of propodeum carinated, but true lateral carine 
absent, the median carina distinct, not very long, complete. Spiracle 
small, round, central (i.e. midway between cephalic and caudal 
margins, far from cephalic margin). Parapsidal furrows deep. 

Male.—Not known. 


Type.—The following species. 


Epiterobia reticulatithorax, n. sp. 
Female—Length, 1:15 mm. Dark coppery green, the wings 
hyaline, the thorax finely reticulated, the lines not raised, smooth on 
scutellum caudad of cross-suture; propodeum glabrous. Coxe con- 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 69 


colorous, the femora also, the knees, tibiz and tarsi pale. Mandibles 
somewhat like an outspread hand with the last finger-joints turned 
down and the thumb hidden. Antennz pale yellowish, the pedicel 
above at base and the club dusky. Club somewhat enlarged; funicle 
joints subglobular, wider than long, increasing somewhat in size, 
distad, but always shorter than the pedicel, which is a little longer 
than wide. Club apparently with a minute apical fourth joint 
(excluding this, antenne 13-jointed with two ring joints). 

Described from one female captured by sweeping in forest, 
December 2nd, 1912 (A. P. Dodd). 

Habitat.—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland. 

Type.—The above specimen on a tag, the head and a hind 
leg on a slide. In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane. 

The species was described with a Bausch and Lomb micro- 
scope, ?-inch objective, 1-inch optic. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Do Hovuss-Fiirs Hypernate?—It is commonly believed that 
the persistence of Musca domestica from one season to another is 
ensured by the survival of a certain number of fertilized females, 
which pass through the winter usually in a dormant condition in 
nooks and crannies in houses, and become the mothers of the earliest 
broods of the following year. In spite, however, of the large amount 
of attention bestowed upon the House-fly during the last few years, 
owing to the recognition of its importance as a disease-carrier, 
definite proof that the insect hybernates in the perfect state is still 
wanting; indeed, Dr. Henry Skinner, as the result of an observation 
made by him last March at Philadelphia, U.S.A., has recently an- 
swered the question at the head of this note by stating that: 
‘“‘House-flies pass the winter in the pupal stage and in no other 
way” (‘Entomological News,’ vol. xxiv, No. 7, July, 1913, p. 304). 
This conclusion, it should be noted, is directly at variance with 
results obtained in this country by both Newstead and Jepson. 

Did we possess exact knowledge of what happens to the House- 
fly in the interval that elapses between the disappearance of the last 
belated stragglers in November and December, and the sporadic 
invasion of our dwellings in the following June by the earliest 
skirmishers of the season, it is obvious that we might be able to deal 
more effectually with an ever-recurring menace to the public health. 
This point has not been overlooked in the investigations upon “ Flies 
as Carriers of Infection,’ which for several years past have been 
carried on by the Local Government Board, under the direction of 
Dr. 5. Monckton Copeman, F.R.S., but hitherto the results have 
been purely negative. Hybernating flies belonging to several species 
have been found in attics and elsewhere, but upon careful exami- 
nation it was found that these did not include a single House-fly. 
In this matter the importance of accurate determination of species 
is obvious, and the object of the present note is to enlist during the 


70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


present winter the sympathetic aid of readers of this Journal, in 
securing and forwarding for identification collections of hybernating 
flies. Such flies may be looked for in attics and other unoccupied 
rooms, in chinks and crannies in living rooms, such as the space 
between a shutter or a loose piece of wall-paper and the wall, and in 
stables, barns and other outbuildings close to houses. Every con- 
signment of flies so collected, if forwarded (with label stating place 
and date of capture) either to Dr. S. Monckton Copeman, F.R.S., 
Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W., or to the writer, will be 
gratefully and promptly acknowledged and investigated. The flies 
should be placed, just as they are, in a small tin box or wide-mouthed 
bottle, well protected by soft wrapping and despatched by parcel 
post. Such parcels, if sent to Dr. Copeman at the Local Government 
Board, and marked * O.H.M.S.,” need not be stamped.—Ernest H. 
AustEN ; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 
S.W., January 10th, 1914. 


Notes From SaLtcomBe, AuGcust, 1913.—Colias edusa was first 
seen on the Kingsbridge Road on August 10th after church, and was 
apparently a freshly emerged male. There was a large clover field a 
short distance away, but although the field was visited on all 
suitable occasions for several days, and at intervals until the end of 
the month, not a single other specimen was seen in that neighbour- 
hood. On August 15th a male appeared on the tennis courts and 
was promptly acquired with the help of a racquet. The same day my 
wife discovered the species flying quite freely in a steep stubby field 
on the Portlemouth side of the harbour. A few specimens were 
generally to be found there in sunshine for the next ten days, when 
they became scarcer. It was a great pleasure to find Vanessa io 
commoner than I have seen it for thirty years. It occurred almost 
everywhere, but swarmed in some of the ravines on the Bolt, where 
at least half a dozen on one occasion were feeding on an inaccessible 
clump of valerian, its chief attraction. No doubt these were the 
imagines from the larve noted as common at Salcombe by Mr. R. M. 
Prideaux on July 1st. V. zo was in the pink of condition, a large 
percentage being absolutely perfect and very fine. Pyrameis 
cardut were very common in the clover field and in good condition. 
P. atalanta appeared frequently towards the end of the month. On 
August 19th a number were flying on the sandhills at Hope, where 
they were greatly attracted by the Hryngiwm, then in full bloom. 
Argynnis paphia was about over, but a few were seen in the 
Courtenay Woods and on the Bolt. Satyrus semele was common on 
the barer part of Bolt Head, but was worn, and only four perfect 
specimens was taken. Pararge egeria was numerous in all suitable 
localities and in all conditions. Pararge megera and EH pinephele 
tithonus swarmed on the banks at the sides of the high roads, but 
both were dilapidated. Canonympha pamphilus and Chrysophanus 
phleas were present in some numbers in the edusa field and less 
commonly elsewhere. Lycena astrarche occurred in one corner of 
the same field, but was confined to a space of about fifteen yards 
square, and it was met with nowhere else. J. ecarus was the only 
blue seen, and not a single skipper or hairstreak was noted. 


ad 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. rial! 


Eupithecia larvee were common on Galiwm, Artemisia, and Senecio. 
Dusking was not very successful, and sugaring on the cliffs was 
unproductive during the greater part of the month. By far the 
most common insect at sugar in the Courtenay Woods was Amphi- 
pyra pyramidea, which came freely during the last days of our 
visit. On one occasion five were successfully boxed from one patch. 
Four Lymantria monacha came to the lantern one night in a pine 
wood. The flowers of Senecio near the sea were not worth working, 
although in 1912 at Sutton-on-Sea common species swarmed on it. 
—G. Hanson Sate; Littleover House, Littleover, Derby. 


Morus CASUALLY PASSING MORE THAN A YEAR IN THE PUPAL 
Srate.—Mr. Robert Lawson’s note upon some examples of Bzston 
hirtaria, which spent nearly three years as pupz with him (Entom. 
xlvi. p. 332), interests me much, as I have long suspected that to 
something of this kind may perhaps be attributed the extra 
abundance of certain insects in certain years so often remarked 
upon. I have had several species of caterpillars from time to time 
in my rearing cages, that have missed the usual time of emergence, 
and duly turned to imagines in the following year; but will, mean- 
while, only mention one case which is curiously like that referred to 
by Mr. Lawson. In August and September, 1888, larvee of Notodonta 
ziczac happened to be unusually numerous round Berwick-on-Tweed, 
and a number of them were transferred to the breeding cages, 
Most of these duly emerged in the following year, from May 22nd up 
to July 14th, but a few pupe remained alive in the cage till 1891, 
when one perfect insect emerged from one of them on July 18th, 
none of the remainder being then alive. But the point I particularly 
wish to emphasize is that, although upon the poplar trees from 
which the larvae had been gathered in 1888, no ziczac caterpillars 
appeared in either 1889 or 1890, in the autumn of 1891 they were 
again numerous. It might, of course, have been no more than a 
coincidence, but it strongly suggested some conditions, climatic or 
otherwise, especially favourable to the species, and common to the 
years 1888 and 1891; as well as that certain of the wild insects might 
also have passed the intervening two summers in the pupal state.— 
GrorGE Bortam; Alston, Cumberland. 


LITHOSTEGE GRISEATA SECOND Broop.—I had a few larve of this 
species last year which duly pupated, and I was much surprised to 
find on looking at the cages in September that five moths had 
emerged (two males and three females). They had evidently paired 
and laid, as there were some old eggshells about, but the larvee had of 
course perished. This may account for the scarcity of the species 
some seasons, as if there is a second emergence the resulting larve 
would surely perish, as the S¢symbriwm would be dying and the seeds 
fallen before the larve could feed up.—H. M. Eprtstren; Forty Hill, 
Enfield. 


“THE VERRALL SuPPER.”—No entomological event of the year, 
as we have before asserted, is of greater social interest or of more 
value for founding friendships than the “ Verrall’” supper, which 
annually perpetuates the memory of those given by the late G. H. 
Verrall and that of the donor. In 1913 the number of guests was 


72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


but little under one hundred, but on January 20th of the present 
year that record was broken, as one hundred and three then sat 
down to supper. Among those present were Adkin, Andrews, Arrow, 
Atmore, Black, Bateson, Bethune-Baker, Bouskill, Burr, Bagnell, 
Bacot, Bethel, Blair, Butler, Buxton, G. C. and H. G. Champion, 
Chapman, Collin, Cameron, Campion, Cockayne, Crawley, Dixey, 
Donisthorpe, Druce, Durrant, Stanley and F. W. Edwards, Elliott, 
Frohawk, Frisby, Fryer, Gahan, Gibbs, Hall, Harmer, Hodge, Image, 
O. E. and J. O. Janson, Jackson, Jenkinson, Jennings, Jones, Joy, 
Jordan, Joseph, Lloyd, Lucas, Main, Meade- Waldo, Mitford, Morley, ~ 
Morice, Nurse, Nicholson, Porritt, Poulton, Prout, W. Rothschild, 
Rowland-Brown, Riley, W. EH. Sharp, Sich, Skinner, Smith, Step, 
Tomlin, Tonge, Turner, Wainwright, Walker, C. O. Waterhouse, and 
Wheeler. 

A DraGonFruy at SeA.—The dragonfly taken at sea mentioned 
on p. 39 has been kindly identified for me by Mr. W. J. Lucas. It 
is a fully coloured male of Sympetruwm scoticum. It was taken 
between Revel and Helsingfors, the former name being previously 
misprinted as “ Kevel.’”—Joun B. Hicks; Stoneleigh, Hlmfield Road, 
Bromley, Kent, Jan. 8th, 1914. 


Errata.—Page 27, line 13 from bottom, delete ‘“ croricnus.” 
Page 36, line 10, for ‘‘samoensis”’ read “samoaensis.” Page 37, line 19, 
for “no posterior” read ‘‘two posterior”; line 24, for ‘‘ Thorp” read 
« Theobald.” 


SOCIETIES. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL Society.—November 
17th, 1918.—The President in the chair—Mr. W. Bowater, 
B.D.S., F.E.S., Brandon Lodge, Russell Road, Moseley, Birming- 
ham, and Arnold W. Hughes, 33, Lacy Road, Everton, Liverpool, 
were elected members of the Society.—Dr. P. F. Tinne read a 
paper entitled ‘Insects concerned in the Pollination of Plants,” 
in which he dealt very thoroughly with the part played by 
insects in this important process. Dr, Tinne gave many interesting 
examples, chiefly drawn from the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, as 
to the methods of the various species; he described the structure of 
the floral organs of plants which facilitated the operations of the 
insect principally concerned in the pollination; and also indicated 
how unwelcome or inefficient visitors were repelled and imprisoned 
or otherwise prevented from interfering with the process.—The fol- 
lowing exhibits were made :—By Mr. W. A. Tyerman—A fine bred 
series of Notodonta dromedarius var. perfusca, Dianthecia nana, 
D. cucubali, and Phibalapteryx vittata, from the Southport district ; 
also Sphinx convoluuli, Nemeophila plantaginis, and Callimorpha 
dominula. A specimen of Cherocampa neri, captured by a farmer 
near Ainsdale on September 14th, 1913; it was in a very dilapidated 
condition, but easily recognisable, and it forms a very interesting 
addition to our county list—Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a short 
series of Thera variata and pale forms of 7’. obeliscata for com- 
parison.— Wm. Manssrince, Hon. Sec. 


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Bagels and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. 


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49. A New Species of Chirothrips (Thysanopteya) from South ae ae oo ie 3 


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aurieularia (with illustration), H. H. Brindley; 65. ‘The Neuroptera of 
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NorEs AND OBSERVATIONS, 69. Socierizs, 72. 


[®- STAUDINGER & BANG- HAAS, Blasewitz- Dresden, i in their 


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BRITISH AND EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 
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forms ot very distinct types. 
The collection formed by the late Mr. B. E. Jupp, of Haslemere, 
including many bred specimens, Other collections of BRITISH LEPI- 


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EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, including some scarce specimens. 
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ic Smith W. Davis, eds mnEley, ¥. Roberta, 
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The Entomologist, March, 1914. Plate I. 


10 


Photos G. T. Lyle. 


Meteorus albiditarsis, female. 2. M. niger, female. 

M. niger, male. 4. M. fragilis, female. 

Cocoon of M. melanostictus from which the hyperparasite Mesochorus crassimanus 
emerged. 

Cocoon of M. pulchricornis showing the cap remoyed by the imago in emerging. 

Cocoon of M. albiditarsis. 8. Cocoon of M. ictericus. 

Cocoons of M. leviventris. 10. Cocoon of M. deceptor. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.] MARCH, 1914. [No. 610 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE 
BRITISH BRACONIDA. No. I. METEORIDA. 


By G. T Lyte, F.E.S. 
(PuateE I.) 


Waritine in 1898, the late George Carter Bignell, to whom 
we owe, perhaps, more of our knowledge of the British Braconide 
than to any other, mentions that the number of British students 
of the Ichneumonide during the nineteenth century would not 
amount to a dozen. As regards the Braconide, since Bignell 
published his South Devon list in 1901,* I am not aware of 
any literature having appeared on the subject in this country, 
with the exception of a few scattered notes in various periodicals, 
and Mr. Claude Morley’s papers which were published in the 
‘Entomologist’ for 1906, 1907, and 1908. 

There would seem to be several reasons for this neglect of a 
most interesting group, one being the want of a cheap text-book 
on the subject to encourage the young student, and another the 
fact that several authors have described new species from in- 
sufficient material, often from a single specimen, so that where 
species run so closely together and individuals vary so much, a 
certain amount of confusion has arisen. The Rev. T. A. 
Marshall, however, did much to dispel this in his excellent 
monograph, published in the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885-1889, and 
even more in his three volumes on the Braconid comprised in 
‘Species des Hyménopteéres d’Kurope et d’Algérie,’ 1888-1901. 

During the past ten. years I have given a good deal of 
attention to the breeding of hymenopterous parasites, and 
although the work has been considerable I feel that the results 
have repaid me, as in no other way could a knowledge of the life- 
histories of the insects be obtained. I am also much indebted 
to various gentlemen who have been good enough to present me 
with specimens which they have bred, often, I fear, much to 
their disgust, and particularly to Mr. Claude Morley who has 


* ‘The Ichneumonide of 8. Devon,’ part 2, Braconide, Trans. Devons. 
for Advan. Sci., Lit. and Art. f 


ENTOM.—MARCH, 1914. G 


74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


very kindly forwarded to me the whole of his collection of 
Meteoride for inspection. 

Ashmead, in his classification of the Ichneumonide,* divides 
his subfamily Meteorine into five genera, restoring Zemiotus 
and Protelus (Forster) which had been rejected, apparently for 
very good reasons, by Marshall. For convenience sake, however, 
I will treat our British representatives as of but one genus, 
Meteorus, Hal.,t as did Morley in his notes.t 

The British species are comparatively few in number, some 
thirty-five or so having been recorded, including two or three 
rather doubtful ones. They are distinguished by having three 
cubital areolets on the fore wings, and, as in the true ichneumons, 
a petiolated abdomen. While usually parasitic on the larve of 
Lepidoptera, some are known to prey on the larve of Coleoptera, 
and Morley has published a record of M. versicolor having been 
bred from the larva of a Tenthredinid. 

From April until late autumn they are to be found on the 
wing, and although I have no knowledge that they ever hibernate 
in the perfect state, it is possible that at least M. jilator, 
which has often been taken in November, and M. melanostictus 
which | have found so late as December 17th, may do so. 

Most of the Meteoride are solitary parasites, though a few 
are social; of the former several weave brown shining cocoons 
which are suspended by a silken thread from leaves or twigs of 
the plant on which the host has fed. This swing rope is 
generally from a half to two inches in length, though I have 
known it to reach eight inches. Marshall writes of these 
cocoons§: ‘‘ The head of the insect is always turned downwards, 
and, as it spins by the mouth, we have to account for the fact 
that somehow it is able to reverse its position in the air, since 
at the moment of its first suspension the head would naturally 
be uppermost; so far as I know, no observation has yet been 
made to explain this circumstance.’ With regard to this, I 
have several times watched the larva of M. pulchricornis emerge 
from its host, and the proceeding is somewhat as follows :— 
The head of the parasite larva is, of course, protruded first, and 
when about half the body is free a pad of silk is spun on the leaf 
or twig on which the host rests; after this the remainder of the 
body is withdrawn, and the parasite lowers itself from the pad 
by a thread of silk, the head being uppermost, as mentioned by 
Marshall. By a severe muscular effort, which is not always 
successful at the first attempt, the apical segment is now brought 
up until it touches the mouth, and apparently the thread is 
grasped between the apical and the adjoining segments,|| the 


* Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. vol. xxiii. 1900. + Halliday, Ent. Mag. iii. p. 24. 

{ *Kntomologist,’ 1908, p. 125. § Trans. Ent. Soc. 1887, p. 89. 

|| Berthoumieu describes the pedal processes on the apical segments of 
larvee of Ichneumonide in Ann. Soe. France, 1895. 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDZE. 75 


attachment being at once made secure by the addition of a few 
twists of silk, after which the head is drawn away leaving the 
larva suspended by its anal extremity; the formation of the 
cocoon is then commenced. Some two hours are occupied by 
the larva in covering itself with the cocoon, but for many hours 
afterwards it may be seen hard at work spinning within. 

In all the cases observed by me the parasite larva emerged 
from the side of the seventh or eighth segment of the host, I 
believe, through a spiracle. 

As I mentioned before, I know of no instance of a Meteorid 
hibernating in the perfect state, but with several species the 
winter is passed within the body of the host, either as an ovum or 
young larva, and with a few others as a larva within the cocoon. 
My experience is that pupation does not take place until within 
a fortnight or so of the emergence of the imago, no matter how 
long a period may be spent within the cocoon. On emerging, the 
imago removes a neat cap from one end of its cocoon (fig. 6) ; 
with those species which construct fusiform cocoons the cap is 
always removed from the smaller end. 

In the following notes, unless otherwise stated, the records 
are my own, and the insects mentioned have been captured or 
bred in the New Forest. 


Meteorus albiditarsis (Curtis).* (Fig. 1.)—This, the largest 
species we have, may easily be distinguished from all other 
British Meteoride by having the radial areolet of the under 
wing divided by a distinct transverse nervure. It seems 
to be generally distributed and is fairly common in May and 
June; on those dull cold days which are, as a rule, only too 
frequent in the late spring, it may often be beaten from 
thorn bushes. 

A solitary parasite of the larvee of Noctue, the parasite larva 
emerging from the host when the latter is about to pupate in its 
subterranean earthern cocoon, within which the cocoon of the 
parasite is constructed. Marshall well describes this cocoon as 
‘‘felted stramineous with some loose flocculence’’; it consists of 
three layers, outside the ‘‘ loose flocculence,” which easily comes 
away when the cocoon is handled, then the cocoon proper, which 
is rather similar in colour'and texture to that of the ‘‘silk worm”’ 
of commerce, and within this a thin transparent, brownish 
envelope of a material much resembling goldbeater’s skin. On 
October 1st, 1913, I exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological 
Society of London a skein of silk wound from two of these 
cocoons (fig. 7). 

At least a period of ten months appears to be spent in the 
larva state, in which condition the winter is passed within the 
cocoon. I believe that sometimes even a second winter is so 


* ‘British Entomology,’ pl. cecexv. 


G 2 


76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


passed, for a cocoon which was spun in June, 1912, was found to 
still contain the larva, living and unchanged, in September, 1913. 

The female somewhat resembles Zele testaceator (Curtis), with 
which species it has frequently been confused in collections; in 
Zele, however, the recurrent nervure is very widely rejected, and 
the abdomen does not possess a true petiole, as in Meteorus. 

I have bred it from a cocoon dug up at roots of an oak tree, 
April 14th, 1904, from larva of T’eniocampa miniosa, May 11th, 
1918, and also from larve of T. gracilis, T. pulverulenta, 
T’. stabilis, and Panolis piniperda. 


M. chrysopthalmus (Nees).*—I possess 2 male, beaten from 
birch, May 5th, 1912, which I must refer to this species, as the 
costal cell is slightly longer than the median. Very similar to 
the next, though the females differ in the length of the terebra. 

M. deceptor (Wesm.).t— Generally bred from larve of 
Geometre, a solitary parasite. The cocoon is white, felted, 
fusiform and without loose flocculence; it is found within that of 
its host, which is usually underground, 9} mm. in length (fig. 10). 
I have obtained this parasite from larve of Gonodontis bidentata 
and Semiothisa liturata in May. Single brooded, the winter 
being passed in the larva state within the cocoon. 

In Morley’s collection is a pair bred by Clutten at Burnley, 
from larve of a geometer; in this case the male is testaceous 
and not nigropiceous. 


M. ictericus (Nees).—Marshall considered this to be ‘‘ perhaps 
the commonest British species.’ Although fairly plentiful, there 
are certainly others that are far more so, at any rate, in the 
New Forest. 

It would seem that Curtis, Halliday, and other writers con- 
fused this species with M. pulchricornis, and even Marshall 
cannot have seen the cocoon, for he assumes Curtis’s figure to 
be correct, and describes it as “‘ pensile, yellowish brown, shining, 
and semi-transparent.” Bignell, however, is correct in saying 
that it is ‘‘white and very thin,” and so early as 1884 Bouché t 
described the cocoon as ‘albus chartaceus’’ and not -pensile. 
All that I have seen agree with the descriptions of Bignell and 
Bouché, being cylindrical, not fusiform, and constructed within 
rolled leaves. The transformations of the insect are visible 
through the cocoon (fig. 8). 

Generally bred from larve of Tortrices, a solitary parasite. 
I have obtained it from a cocoon found on oak, June 6th, 1910 
(New Forest), and also from larve of either Sericoris fabricana 
or S. lacunana taken at Burgess Hill, Sussex, May, 1911. In 
Morley’s collection is a female bred by R. Adkin, October 12th, 
1910, from a larva of T'ortrix pronubana, and two males bred by 


* Nees-ab-Esenbech. Hym. Ich. Affinium Mon. vol. i. 1834. 
+ Wesmael, Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux. 1835. } Naturgesch. d. Ins. 


The Entomologist, March, 1914. Plate II. 


W. J. Lucas del. 
SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM. 
NymMPH (x about 4). 


BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913. 77 


R. South from larve of Peronea hastiana, October 18th, 1904, 
and October 21st, 1904, host from St. Anne’s, Lancashire. 


M. vexator (Hal.).—Is easily known by the size of the 
stigma, which is as large or even larger than the first cubital 
cell, with a considerable pale spot at the inner angle. We are 
indebted to Morley for redescribing this species,* from speci- 
mens bred by Keys at Plymouth out of a fungus, together with 
the clavicorn beetle Diphyllus lunatus (Fab.). Halliday described 
the female from a single insect, while Marshall, who described 
its supposititious male, had only a dilapidated specimen before 
him. In Morley’s insects the antenne of the male are 26-jointed, 
of the female 24, and the recurrent nervure is rejected. 

M., atrator (Curtis).—In August, 1913, C. W. Colthrup sent 
me from Eastbourne two females which he had captured with 
three specimens of the hyperparasite Hemiteles areator. The 
insects were caught while running about on furniture which was 
infested with the moth Tinea biselliella, and were evidently 
searching for the larve of the lepidopteron. Morley has a 
female which was also taken indoors. I believe that no specified 
host has before been cited for this species, and it appears to 
have been but rarely observed, which seems strange in the case 
of so beneficial an insect. 

(To be continued.) 


BRITS ODONATA IN, i19t3: 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. 
(PuateE II.) 


AutHoueH the spring was an early one, I did not meet with 
a dragonfly till May 18th, when Pyrrhosoma nymphula and 
Tibellula quadrimaculata, the latter in teneral condition, were 
taken at the Black Pond, near Oxshott, in Surrey; no other 
species was seen—not even Hnallagma cyathigerum. On May 
25th the same locality was again visited, when a male and a 
female of Cordulia enea were taken, and E. cyathigerum was on 
the wing, as well as P. nymphula and L. quadrimaculata; but, on 
the whole, dragonflies were not very evident in a locality where 
they are usually so plentiful by this date. 

On June Ist a visit was paid to Frensham Ponds and the 
swampy ground near them, in the south-west corner of Surrey ; 
but the weather was dull. However, H. cyathigerum was found 
to be numerous. There were also a few J. elegans, and a female 
Agrion puella was taken. One or two teneral examples of 


* Entom. p. 4, 1912. 


78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Orthetrum cancellatum were met with at the larger pond, and a 
nymph-skin was secured. Calopteryx virgo occurred in a wet 
field near the smaller pond, most of the females taken being 
very dark. On June 8th, another dull day, the canal-side at 
Byfleet was visited. Owing to the weather, no doubt, dragonflies 
were not numerous, but A. puella, P. nymphula, and Hrythromma 
naias were captured. 

During the first half of June Col. J. W. Yerbury captured for 
me a few dragonflies in the north of Scotland. They were— 
Leucorrhinia dubia, a male, June 8rd, at Nethy Bridge; 
P. nymphula, a female, June 4th, at Aviemore, grasping its 
prey, a caddis-fly named Limnophilus centralis; EH. cyathigerum, 
three males and a female, at Aviemore, from June 6th—16th, the 
male taken on the 16th holding its prey, a small moth named 
Crambus pratellus; Agrion hastulatum, nine males and two 
females, at Aviemore, from June 9th-16th. The last-named 
species varied much in the development of the lateral marks on 
the second segment of the abdomen, and from two they were 
nearly or quite absent. Females of this species seem seldom to 
be captured. On June 21st Mr. P. Richards found J. elegans in 
swarms at Seabrook, in Kent, and sent me a male for identifica- 
tion. On July 29th Col. Yerbury obtained a male P. nymphula 
at Mynnyd Eppint, in Wales, at an altitude of about 1500 ft. ; 
no other dragonfly was seen. 

In the New Forest, from June 27th—29th, dragonflies were 
found to be fairly numerous. A. puella, Platyenemis pennipes, 
P. nymphula, and Orthetrum cerulescens were common, but the 
last species was in teneral condition. Calopteryx virgo was out 
in fair numbers, and there were a few I. elegans, one being 
obtained of the var. rufescens. Of Pyrrhosoma tenellum one 
female was taken, but of Cordulegaster annulatus 1 am not 
certain that I saw a single specimen, although, judging by other 
records, it should have been on the wing by this date. Neither 
Agrion mercuriale nor Ischnura pumilio, nor Gomphus vulgatis- 
simus was met with, although a special search was made for the 
last two. A week later, July 4th-6th, again the same two 
species were not to be seen; but A. mercuriale was taken 
plentifully behind Holm Hill, one only, however, being a 
female, which was found to be attacked by red acari. On this 
occasion P. tenellum was met with again. 

From July 27th onwards some time was spent in the New 
Forest, and on July 28th a visit was paid to the pond on Beau- 
lieu Heath, where Sympetrum fonscolombii was taken in 1911. 
Though I sought for over an hour in the bright, hot sunshine, 
the only dragonflies found were Lestes sponsa, P. tenellum (and 
its var. melanotum), I. elegans, E. cyathigerum, O. caerulescens, 
a Libellula depressa and an Anax imperator somewhat doubtfully, 
and Sympetrum striolatum. I feel certain that amongst the last 


BRITISH ODONATA IN 1918. 79 


was not a single S. fonscolombii, though offspring of the 1911 
specimens, if they had bred there, would probably have been 
due in 1918. Mr. F. H. Haines, of Winfrith, Dorset, was a little 
more successful with this species. Writing August 8rd, 1913, he 
told me that on July 24th he saw several specimens on a pond 
at Morden and took a male and female in cop.; as well as a 
second male. They were in nothing like the abundance of 1912, 
and their wariness was wonderful. He might have made twenty 
captures of S. striolatum for one of S.fonscolombii. On July 25th 
he tried West Knighton pond and thinks he saw one of the 
latter species, but could not capture it. A friend of his having 
reported the species at Creech, south of Wareham, on August 
2nd they together visited both Creech and Morden, but found 
nothing, though S. striolatum was abundant at Creech, and they 
took an Avschnia juncea and a worn A. imperator at Morden. 
Mr. Haines did not find the pond at Creech such a one as he 
would associate with S. fonscolombu, although his friend knew 
the dragonfly. It prefers heathland ponds, fed by swamps 
with much decomposing vegetable matter in them all round, 
causing the water to be very warm. The Creech pond was deep 
and cold. He thought perhaps a swarm might have paid a 
visit and passed on. Some days previously he found the species 
still well in evidence at Morden and took another male. So 
this year he has four specimens, three males and one female— 
three taken on one day, one on another. 

On August 1st C. annulatus was common at Beaulieu River, 
and from this time there appeared to be no dearth of them in 
the Forest, so the adverse season of 1912 had not affected the 
1913 imagines. On the same date an Avschna cyanea, female, 
was captured, apparently but recently emerged, as the spots 
were whitish-blue. On the next day an 4. juncea was captured 
at Woodfidley. On August 16th in the central part of the 
Forest dragonflies were numerous, almost all being S. striolatum. 
On August 25th I could not find A. mercuriale, and presume it 
was over. J. pumilio I was not able to find at all during the 
season. Towards the end of August C. virgo had disappeared. 

Mr. W. H. Harwood tells me that a specimen of schna 
isosceles was taken at Wicken Fen on September 28th, which 
seems to be a very late date for this species. 

After a long absence, a visit was paid to the Black Pond on 
September 28th, when S. striolatum and S. scoticum were found 
to be plentiful. There were also a few Aischnas, of which males 
of 4. juncea and AL. grandis were captured; the former settled 
on the front of my coat and was there netted. Judging by size 
Af. mata appeared to be present also. 

Mr. K. J. Morton is able to record that a female Hemianax 
ephippiger was found in Ireland (vide E. M. M. Jan. 1914) in 
October, 1913. This is, of course, an accidental occurrence, as 


80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


was that of the female of the same species which was taken flying 
in a street in Devonport on February 24th, 1903.* 

On November 16th the Black Pond was again visited to see 
if S. striolatum was still on the wing. The latest date on which 
I had previously seen it was November 14th in 1897, and as the 
autumn was mild there was a chance of a later date being 
recorded. None were seen, however; but it is quite possible that 
they were not over, for the weather was not altogether favourable. 

Some very interesting notes have come to hand concerning 
this, which is perhaps the commonest of English dragonflies. 
Miss D. Molesworth, of Brighton (in litt., Oct. 21st, and again 
Noy. 6th, 19138), told me that she had had under inspection a 
number of S. striolatum from the deposition of the egg till the 
emergence of the imago, the whole life-cycle occupying less than 
a year. The female was caught ovipositing on September 18th, 
1912, and, after being kept from water, was on September 20th 
held over it, when she gave more eggs. These hatched between 
October 21st and 25th. The nymphs did not grow at a uniform 
rate, and the wing-cases appeared on the largest towards the 
end of April, 1918. By June, four of the nymphs had reached 
a length of 16 mm. and then became restless. There were 
plenty of water-weeds in the aquarium, but they did not attempt 
to climb, though earlier in the year many ‘‘demoiselles”’ had 
scaled the water-plantain leaves and successfully emerged. 
Miss Molesworth then had to leave them for three weeks and on 
her return all four were dead. Meanwhile, others had reached 
the same stage; but as each attained a length of 16 mm. it 
died. In August a bank was made in one corner of the aquarium, 
reaching above water-level, and strips of wood about two feet long 
were inserted in it. In September the nymphs began one by 
one to climb to various heights—some to the top, some less than 
six inches. The first emerged on September 4th and the last on 
October 12th, 1918. Before the last had emerged, the boards 
were removed and a bank was built round the water-plantain 
stems. The nymph climbed and the imago emerged quite 
happily. That the earlier ones were ready to emerge was clear, 
for they partially did so under water. The female, from which 
the eggs were obtained, was depositing them in water not 
more than six inches deep, and the nymphs were kept in water ° 
of about that depth. In water of greater depth they left the 
bottom and began to crawl on the weeds. In 1913 another 
female deposited eges on August 26th, and the first nymphs: 
emerged on September 14th, less than three weeks later, but 
they were kept in a warm room! The largest nymph was 4mm. 
long on October 21st; it was observed demolishing a smaller 
companion. 


* Figured, natural size, in ‘ Entomologist,’ xxxvii. pl. 3. 


BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913. 81 


It should be stated that the aquarium in which the 1912 
nymphs wére bred was standing on a brick window-sill, where 
the window was open day and night all through the winter. The 
weather being mild the water did not freeze, though it did in 
former years. In fact a nymph of a larger species was on one 
occasion frozen in the middle of a solid piece of ice and 
remained so for two days. When the thaw came it revived and 
seemed none the worse. These nymphs were not forced, there- 
fore, by unusual heat, but probably were by receiving an 
unnatural amount of food. As soon as they began to eat 
Chironomus larve, they were fed almost daily and when nearly 
full-grown would sometimes eat as many as eight in succession, 
though each was as long as the nymph itself. Probably in 
confinement space has something to do with the rate of growth. 
For a few kept in a very small bottle with abundance of food 
scarcely grew at all, and when they were moved into a larger 
aquarium, where food must have been more difficult to procure, 
because less plentiful, they were found to be scarcely more than 
half the size of some which had already been there for six weeks. 
All emerged in the early morning, usually on dull days. One 
nymph showed a particular aversion to sunshine. Being ready 
to emerge, it crawled out of the water ona cloudy morning. 
When on the wood the sun came out rather suddenly, and the 
nymph immediately scrambled and fell down. As soon as the 
sun disappeared it climbed up again; but on the sun’s reappear- 
ance it repeated its previous performance. It did this three 
times, and the nymph was not contented till the aquarium was 
shaded, when it emerged none the worse for what had happened. 

Miss Molesworth’s interesting notes may suitably be supple- 
mented by a description* and figure (Plate II.) of a full-grown 
nymph of S. striolatum, which I have therefore prepared :— 


Description.—General colowr sepia, from very pale to quite dark. 
Length, including anal appendages, about 18 mm.; greatest breadth, 
about 7mm. Head of moderate size; in outline a flattened pentagon ; 
width about 5°56 mm. Antenne of seven segments, the basal two 
short and rather swollen, the rest more slender, with a ringed appear- 
ance. Mask (labium) tapering backwards to the middle hinge where 
it is narrow; this hinge’ almost as far back as the insertion of the 
midlegs; extremity spoon-shaped, covering the face; palpi broad, 
where they approach one another and there serrated ; teeth reddish ; 
movable hooks, long, sharp, slender; centre of Sabium produced in 
an obtuse angle; on this lobe, internally, are two semicircles of long 
reddish hairs, about fourteen in each, the lateral margin of each 
palpus fringed with a similar row of hairs, pointing inwards. Several 
pale marks in front of vertex, which also has pale markings. Hyes 


* A figure of S. vulgatum (= striolatwm) in W. H. Nunny’s paper, 
‘Science Gossip,’ July, 1894, does not appear to represent a Sympetrum at 
all, and is certainly not S. striolatum. 


82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


prominent, somewhat hemispherical, situated at the fore-corners of 
the head. Occiput rather broad, rough, bearing some long hairs. 
Top of head as a whole slightly convex. Prothorax collar-like, a 
dark patch in centre, hind-margin convex. Mesothoracic spiracles 
dark, very conspicuous. Meso- and metanotwm variegated with 
lighter and darker tints. Legs long, slender, joints darker; femora 
and fore- and mid-tibiz ringed with darker sepia bands; fore- and 
mid-tibize hairy, hind tibia rather spiny; fore-legs about 10 mm. 
long, mid-legs about 11 mm., hind-legs nearly 16 mm. Wing-cases 
about 5 mm. long. Abdomen broad and somewhat flattened; with 
pale, long, slender, recurved mid-dorsal spines on segments six, seven 
and eight, and a small one on five hidden by the wing-cases; a pair of 
lateral spines on eight and nine, those on eight being of moderate 
length, those on nine conspicuously long, equal in length to the last 
two segments; two or four dark dots on the dorsal part of several of 
the hinder segments; also lines of paler or darker suffusions on the 
dorsal surface, which vary considerably according to the depth of 
colouring of the specimens; ventral surface of nymph-skin fairly 
uniform in colouring. Anal appendages short, hairy; wpper, tri- 
angular, pointed; laterals, shorter and more slender; lower, more 
than half as long again as upper, and flat when looked at from the 
side. It is somewhat difficult to describe the hairiness of a dried 
nymph-skin, consequently it has been little referred to. 

[Material.—(i.) A nymph-skin from which a male imago emerged 
on July 28th, 1903; (i1.) askin of a nymph, taken in Richmond Park, 
Surrey, from which a male was bred on July 10th, 1903; (iii.) other 
nymph-skins found under such conditions as to admit no doubt of 
their identity. Nos. i. and ii. were the specimens chiefly employed. 
The figure is enlarged a little over four times. ] 


THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA. 
By W. G. SHeupon, F.E.S. 


So far as I am aware, the only lepidopterist who has written 
anything on the earlier stages of this beautiful Arctic species is 
Staudinger, and his brief note is in one important respect 
inaccurate. 

Staudinger, who passed the summer of 1860 in the north of 
Norway, during his sojourn there met with Colias hecla abun- 
dantly, near Bossekop, in the Alten Fjord. He states: ‘‘the 
headquarters of this species was a flat sandy peninsula in the 
bed of the River Alten”; in this place ‘“‘ Phaca lapponica, 
De Candolle, the undoubted food-plant, grew very abundantly, 
and I noticed the females ova-depositing thereon.” 

The Phaca lapponica of De Candolle is, according to the 
‘Conspectus Flore Kurope’ of Nyman, now known as Ozytropis 
lapponica, a plant which, so far as I know, does not occur at 
Bossekop ; at any rate, I carefully examined the headquarters of 


THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA. 83 


C. hecla described by Staudinger, during my stay there in 1912, 
and the only leguminous plant I could find in the district was 
the Astragalus alpinus of Linné, which the ‘ Index Kewensis ’ 
states is the Phaca astragalina of De Candolle, and which grew 
freely, locally. 

Later on, at Laxelv, in the Porsanger Fjord, as noted in 
‘Entomologist,’ xlv. p. 339, I found C. hecla in great numbers, 
flying over flat rough meadows and fields in which A. alpinus 
grew abundantly ; this plant is undoubtedly its food-plant there, 
and almost certainly, for the above reasons, at Bossekop also. 

I do not, of course, know in how many localities in Lapland 
—a great part of which is entirely unexplored—C. hecla is found, 
and if it is always associated with A. alpinus, but it is certainly 
a very local species, found only in the above-mentioned localities 
of those I have explored, although it is stated to occur also on the 
north side of the Tornea Traske in Swedish Lapland. In all of 
these localities A. alpinus is an abundant plant; but it is so 
local that I do not recollect ever seeing a specimen elsewhere, 
though I have explored a great many miles of suitable country 
in Arctic Scandinavia. 

The only other leguminous plant I could find in the Por- 
sanger Fjord was what I think was a species of Vicia, which in 
the latter part of July had beautiful trusses of mauve flowers, 
and which grew about one foot high, and was plentiful along the 
shores of the Fjord at Kistrand. This plant the larve of 
C. hecla refused to feed upon. They also refused white and red 
clover, which I offered to them on my journey home, and which 
grew freely at Tromso and at various places touched at south of 
that town. 

It seems probable that the larve of the two exclusively Arctic 
species of Colias occurring in Kurope—C. hecla and C. werdandi 
—feed exclusively in nature on A. alpinus. It should, however, 
be noted that C. hecla does not occur on the south side of the 
Tornea Traske, where A. alpinus is an abundant plant, and 
where C. werdandi flies in great numbers. 

The ova of C. hecla were to be found plentifully at Laxelv at 
the time of my visit, July 11th to July 16th, 1912, almost every 
individual food-plant éxamined having some attached to it; they 
are deposited singly. 

The ova is of the usual Colias type, upright, the vertical 
and horizontal diameters are 1°25 mm. and 0°65 mm. respec- 
tively. It has vertical ribs, about twenty-six in number; the 
distance they are apart is ‘(05 mm.; numerous very shallow 
transverse ribs connect the vertical ribs. The diameter of the 
apex of the ovais‘15 mm. The micropylar area consists of a 
number of shallow cells; it is not noticeably depressed. The 
surface of the ova is shining and opalescent. The larva 
emerges from the side. 


84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The ova from which the foregoing description was made 
was deposited by a captive female on a plant of A. alpinus, on 
July 12th; it was then creamy white in colour; on the 18th it 
had changed to light red, and on the 14th to bright coral-red ; 
on the 20th it was leaden coloured. The larva emerged on the 
22nd. It thus appears that the period of the ova stage is ten days. 

It will be seen, on reference to my description of the ova of 
Colias werdandi in ‘ Entomologist’ xliv. p. 122, that the ova of 
these two species are identical in size and in all other respects, 
except that in C. werdandi the colour changes to deep orange 
instead of to coral-red, which the ova of C. hecla does. The period 
of this stage is in the case of C. werdandi two days longer. 

Immediately after emergence the larva was 1°50 mm. long. 
The head was black, the remainder of the segments were dull 
green, transparent and thickly studded with tubercles, each 
tubercle having in its centre a spine. The larva at this stage 
eats holes in the upper cuticle of a leaflet of its food-plant, and 
rests stretched out at full length on the midrib thereof; it 
changed into the second stage on July 27th, and was then 2mm. 
long and stout in proportion to its length. Colour dull green, 
very spiny, head greenish brown, spiny and shining, the re- 
mainder of the segments had a dark medio-dorsal stripe, lighter 
subdorsal area bounded below by darker stripes. The spiracular 
stripes are lighter than the remainder of the surface of the larva. 

The change to the third stage took place on August “22nd. 
The larva was then 4 mm. long; head light amber-coloured ; 
dorsal area dull dark green; subdorsal areas light green of the 
same tint, bordered on the lower edges with dark stripes of the 
same tint as the dorsal area. The spiracular stripes were of 
lighter green, the ventral area was of the same tint as the sub- 
dorsal. All the segments were thickly covered with black 
tubercles, each one of which emitted a black spine. ‘The 
spiracles were light green with black circumferences. On 
August 29th the larva was slowly feeding; on September 6th it 
ceased feeding altogether, and was placed in a cool cellar in a 
flower-pot which contained dry sand and Sphagnum. 

My stock of ova when I left Laxelv on July 16th was twenty- 
two, but by the time I reached England, on August 38rd, they 
had been reduced to half a dozen more or less unhealthy larve. 
A. alpinus is a most difficult plant to transplant or to keep fresh 
and healthy when it is dug up, and all my plants were yellow 
and unhealthy on arrival at home. Of these half dozen larve 
only two reached the hibernating stage, and one of these two 
died soon after being placed in winter quarters, reducing my 
stock early in October to a single specimen. 

This larva remained quiescent and stretched out on the 
Sphagnum. 

I had intended, upon the first sign of frost appearing, to 


THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA. 85 


take it out of doors, so that it might get some approach to its 
natural home conditions in winter, and afterwards to force it, 
but the winter turned out to be exceptionally mild, and by 
January 23th, there not having been any frost, I brought the 
larva up and placed itin a warm room. I didnot have a plant of 
A. alpinus in leaf, and so offered the larva young leaves of Colutea 
arborescens, which I had ascertained the previous summer it 
would eat. On January 22nd it commenced to feed upon 
these, and fed very slowly for several weeks, so slowly, however, 
that its daily meal, which was usually taken when the sun was 
shining, did not exceed a notch in a leaflet the size of an average 
pin’s head. In the beginning of March it sickened and died. 
During the time it was feeding in the winter the size only in- 
creased a very little, not more than a millimeter in length. In all 
probability, to successfully rear this larva would entail its being 
kept at a temperature below freezing point for several months. 

In its natural habitat the snow would probably be gone by 
the middle of May. Staudinger mentions that at Bossekop the 
first male was taken on June 18th, 1860, but it certainly was not 
out there on the day I left, June 22nd, 1912. On my arrival at 
Laxely on July 11th, fully one-third of the specimens flying 
about were more or less worn. The season was rather a late 
one, and I should say that June 20th, as the first date of emer- 
gence on an average season, is probably not far wrong. 

Astragalus alpinus in Lapland entirely loses all trace of 
foliage in the winter, and until the middle of June, or rather 
later, it does not develop sufficient new leaves to feed the larva 
upon; this being the case, there seem to be three possible 
theories of its behaviour after hibernation :— 

(1) That it has an alternative food-plant. Ido not think this 
probable for, as before stated, I could not find another leguminous 
plant in its haunts, and one cannot imagine it feeding upon 
anything else. 

(2) That it feeds upon the roots of A. alpinus. This is pos- 
sible, for this plant has long succulent roots, very much after the 
style of Lotus corniculatus. 

(3) That it feeds very slowly through the summer on the 
leaves of A. alpinus, hibernating a second time, either as a full- 
fed larva or as a pupa. Iam inclined to think that this latter 
theory will prove the correct one. The larva I had in confine- 
ment seemed perfectly healthy and satisfied with its daily 
minute meal for weeks, which is just what one would expect it 
to do in a state of nature if this theory be correct, for the leaves 
until the middle of June are very minute and would not suflice 
to satisfy a more vigorous appetite. But, of course, my larva 
had not been subjected to its natural low winter temperature for 
many months, and one does not know what effect the unusual 
treatment received might have had upon its appetite. 

Youlgreave, South Croydon: January 13th, 1914. 


86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DIADIPLOSIS COCCIDIVORA, N. sp. 
By E. Porter FE.t. 


Tue small midges described below were reared in some 
numbers from a species of Pseudococcus by A. Rutherford, 
Government Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, 
Peradeniya, Ceylon, and forwarded for identification under the 
date of November 27th, 1913. This species appears to be 
congeneric with D. cocci, Felt, a species reared earlier by Mr. 
William H. Patterson from larve preying upon the eggs of 
black scale, Saissetia nigra, in St. Vincent, West Indies. The 
two species are quite different, and further studies may result in 
their being referred to different genera. 


g. Length 1 mm. Antenne probably half longer than the 
body, presumably thickly haired, fuscous yellowish ; fourteen segments, 
the fifth binodose, the two portions of the stem each with a length 
approximately a quarter greater than the diameter, the distal enlarge- 
ment with a length a quarter greater than its diameter, and bearing 
two moderately stout circumfili. Palpi: the first segment small, 
globose; the second with a length nearly three times its diameter ; 
the third a little longer, more slender. Mesonotum dark yellowish 
brown, the submedian lines, scutellum and postscutellum fuscous 
yellowish. Abdomen fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, the third 
vein uniting with costa at the apex of the wing, the fifth joining the 
posterior margin at the distal fourth, its branch at the basal third. 
Halteres and legs a nearly uniform fuscous yellowish, tarsi probably 
somewhat darker; claws moderately stout, strongly curved, the 
anterior and mid unidentate, the posterior simple, the pulvilli about 
half the length of the claws. Genitalia: basal clasp segment 
moderately short, stout ; terminal clasp segment short, stout, with a 
rather large, strongly curved apical spur; dorsal plate long, deeply 
and triangularly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded and sparsely 
setose ; ventral plate moderately long, tapering to a narrowly rounded 
setose apex. Harpes foliate, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex, 
laterally with a thick patch of long, stout sete; style long, slender, 
slightly curved. 

@. Length 15mm. Antenne probably nearly as long as the 
body, sparsely haired, dark brown ; fourteen subsessile segments, the 
fifth with a stem one-sixth the length of the cylindric basal enlarge- 
ment, which latter has a length about thrice its diameter. Palpi: 
the first segment subglobose, the second with a length more than 
three times its diameter, the third half longer than the second, 
and more slender. Mesonotum dark yellowish brown. Abdomen 
yellowish orange. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes narrowly 
oval and sparsely setose, otherwise nearly as in the male. 

Type Cecid a2486. 


State Museum, Albany, N.Y. 


87 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CICADA FROM WEST 
AFRICA. 


By W. L. Distant. 


Musoda gigantea, sp. nov. 

3g. Head and pronotum pale testaceous, the latter with the 
fissures darker, and the lateral and posterior margins ochraceous; 
eyes greyish-white; mesonotum dark ochraceous with darker mott- 
lings and four obconical spots at anterior margin, the two central 
spots largest ; abdomen castaneous, the posterior segmental margins, 
a narrow central longitudinal fascia, and the anal area more or less 
pale ochraceous ; body beneath pale ochraceous, the face and legs 
darker and more pale testaceous; tegmina and wings hyaline, 
venation, costal membrane to tegmina, and narrow basal suffusion 
to wings pale testaceous; head with the front conically prominent, 
anteriorly more darkly transversely striate; vertex narrowly longitu- 
dinally incised between the ocelli; face short, broad and convex, a 
short, broad, central sulecation on its anterior area, its lateral areas 
strongly transversely striate; rostrum reaching the intermediate 
coxe ; opercula not passing base of abdomen, obliquely directed 
inwardly, their apices rounded and widely separated; anterior femora 
shortly and finely toothed beneath on apical areas; pronotum some- 
what broadly, centrally, longitudinally suleate, the fissures profound; 
abdomen broad, robust, above strongly, centrally ridged, the lateral 
areas oblique, basal segment strongly, centrally, conically produced, 
beneath obliquely depressed towards apex. 

Long. excl. tegm. 3, 29 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim. 


Hab. West Africa; Cameroons (Conradt). British Museum. 
This is the second but larger species of the genus yet described. 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF 
UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 


By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 60.) 


(vi) Basses-Alpes. (b) Larche. 


To speak of Larche as “‘ unexplored” is less inappropriate, per- 
haps, than would appear in view of the recorded visits made in 
past years by French entomologists. Donzel, in the “ forties,” 
collected hereabouts; but he seems not to have published the 
results of his expedition as minutely as he has recorded the 
lepidopterous fauna of Digne and the lower Basses-Alpes. It is 
to Antoine Guillemot, to Bellier de la Chavignerie, and to Berce 
that we owe the first detailed accounts of the numerous Lepi- 
doptera met with at this point of the Italian frontier; and after 


88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the lapse of fifty-eight years it may be agreeable to those 
interested in the butterflies of a little-known corner of the 
Alps to retrace the footsteps of these pioneers. 

The published account of their experiences given by Guillemot 
is rare. It is tobe found neither in the library of the Natural 
History Museum, South Kensington, nor of the Entomological 
Society of London; and it is only within the last month, and 
after this paper was printed, that I saw a copy included 
among the separata of a foreign bookseller. I am indebted, 
therefore, to the kindness of M. Charles Oberthiir for a loan of 
the work.* 

As far as I can see, Larche has changed little in appearance 
since Guillemot and Bellier were there in 1855, from Jnly 
29th to August 3rd. The hotel accommodation is decidedly 
worse, for while they speak of comfortable quarters and good 
plain food, 1 am afraid I cannot endorse their recommendation 
of the inn I visited. However, I was lucky enough to find my 
bedroom occupied when I came up from Barcelonnette on the 
morning of the 25th, and by the courtesy and kindness of the 
Commandant of the garrison, whom I chanced to meet in the 
road, I was enabled to obtain excellent quarters with M. Mathieu, 
the local butcher—quarters usually filled by officers of the 
Alpine regiments on the march and on manceuvres. Both 
Monsieur and Madame were extremely kind and attentive, and I 
cordially advise any of my readers who may fancy a week or 
two at Larche to do as I did—put up in their chalet, lay in a 
good supply of tinned foods, biscuits, &c., for lunch in the open, 
and which are for sale at the small grocer’s shop in the village ; 
and after the premier déjeuner of coffee and rolls, return to the 
auberge only to dine. 

In one respect, it is true, Larche has changed. Many of the 
enterprising inhabitants having amassed fortunes, especially in 
Mexico, have come back to build large stucco villas and live in 
their native place, for the summer months at any rate. It is 
possible, therefore, that with the steady increase of motor traftic 
into Italy by this route, one of these proud proprietors may 
devise a scheme for the reception of boarders, though the summer 
at this altitude—5568 ft.—is short: eight weeks at the most. 

I did not know, when I decided to finish my entomological 
tour at Larche, that M. Oberthur’s two collectors from Digne 
had passed the previous season (1912) there. Nor had I the 
report of their experiences to guide me, as partly recorded in 
recent published fascicules of ‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée’ 
(Rennes, 1918, fase. vii., ‘Observations sur les Syrichthus du 


* © Vinet-Cing Jours de Chasses aux Lépidoptéres 4 Barcelonnette, et a 
Larche,’ par A. Guillemot. Clermont. 1856. Cp., also, ‘Observations sur 
les Lépidoptéres des Basses-Alpes,’ par Bellier de la Chavignerie, Ann. 
Soc. Ent. France, 1854, p. 29, 1856, p. 5, and 1859, p. 177. 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 89 


groupe d’Alveus’). Also, I had no intention when I left England 
of visiting the Basses-Alpes at all, but had planned to turn west 
from Le Vercors (vide antea, p. 8) into Ardéche. I had not 
provided myself, therefore, with Bellier’s notes, which might 
have assisted me to the right localities, though a chance meet- 
ing at Barcelonnette with Mr. E. A. Tucker and Mr. Charles 
Morris, of Cannes—both ardent lepidopterists—gave me the 
clue to a locality in which, as I subsequently discovered, these 
French naturalists made their most important captures. 

The journey from Barcelonnette is advertised in summer to 
be performed by motor omnibus. As a matter of fact, when the 
motor reached Condamine—the half-way house—the driver was 
seized with a sudden spasm of economy for petrol; and another 
and altogether ‘‘ ancient piece’”’ was trundled out of the coach- 
house to perform the last long uphill climb. After the dizzy 
ordeal of the day before on the Col d’Allos the change was 
delightful; and as we jogged peacefully along the road it was 
possible to survey the splendid scenery and to note chance 
insects on the wayside flowers. But for the greater part of the 
journey, the forest gradually disappearing and the flora of the 
valley giving place to the veritable mountain kind, there was 
little on the wing, as the sun was still hidden behind the ever- 
rising barrier of the hills. 

When the room difficulty had been settled, I set off for the 
Lauzanier valley, the road diverging from that to Italy, and 
crossing by pastures to the left bank of the Ubayette. The first 
butterfly to attract attention was a remarkably fine brood of 
I. lathonia, just emerged and in perfect condition, with males of 
Epinephele lycaon flitting mera-like over and about the stone 
walls of the cornfields. On past the bridge, females of A. damon 
were in some profusion, with P. argyrognomon, C. virgauree— 
all males—some worn C. hippothoé, var. eurybia females, and a 
fair sprinkling of Argynnids—aglaia, and niobe, var. eris (very 
rarely typical). The season was, however, getting late for the 
mountain meadows; and I quite agree with Bellier, who recom- 
mends a visit to Larche before they are cut, as with the hay goes 
much of the best collecting. Down by the stream I could see 
some small Parnasside swinging lazily over the Sedum beds; and 
these subsequently proved to be Parnassius delius, rather worn. 
The steep grassy banks on the left-hand side of the mule path 
were full of butterflies, chiefly of the commoner alpine sorts; 
conspicuous by their numbers and exquisite condition being 
Cenonympha iphis, while occasional Black-and-White Skippers 
on the track itself were either Hesperia carthami, H. alveus, or 
Pyrgus sao. Unfortunately, upon the whole length of the green 
valley, which ends with a steep climb to the Refuge hut, vast 
herds of sheep, goats, and horses had been grazing ; and it was 


ENTOM.—MARCH, 1914. H 


90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


here also that for half an hour I sat and watched the strapping 
Chasseurs Alpins of the French Army defile before me—fresh, 
merry, and brisk as are all these mountain infantrymen, even 
with eight hours’ march behind them over these stark moun- 
tains. The little herbage left by the shepherds’ flocks the army 
mules seemed to have finished up; and for quite an hour’s 
walking I encountered practically nothing of note—a few scattered 
Colias phicomone, a very occasional Hrebia epiphron, var. cas- 
siope, and rarer Polyommatus pheretes; even Plebeius argus, the 
ubiquitous, had diminished, and, of course, as soon as I attained 
a ‘not bad eminence,’”’ in went the sun, down came the mist, 
and collecting butterflies in the Lauzanier was over for the day, 
though it was barely one o’clock. So after lunch and a welcome 
foot-washing in the torrent (strongly recommended for weary 
and sore feet), I turned back, seeing nothing more on the wing 
until just past the opposite hamlet of Maison-Méane, where the 
last rays of a belated sun woke ‘into momentary activity a few 
fine male EH. goante. 

Next day being gloriously fine, I set out for the Lac de la 
Madeleine, which lies on the Italian side of the Col de Larche 
(6545 ft.), a few hundred yards across the frontier, and about an 
hour and a half’s easy walking from Larche itself. Quite the 
commonest insect about was Macroglossum stellatarum, and 
wherever the sun touched the little patches of sainfoin and 
lucerne, Colias edusa and C. hyale were chasing one another, 
with P. apollo and the usual common Pierids. But I did not 
come across P. napi, var. bryonie; and I think that, this being a 
single-brooded species in the Alps, it was probably over. Push- 
ing on, I did not unfurl until I had reached the “‘ International 
House,” where the red-white-and-blue and the red-white-and- 
sreen posts upon the roadside denote the meeting of France 
and Italy. The Italian Dogana is somewhat further on by the 
Lake, and the affable Customs officer in command, who 
regarded my net as an excellent piece of fooling, not being able 
to direct me to any mountain path which would bring me back 
into the Lauzanier, I missed no doubt the best collecting 
ground hereabouts. For example, I failed entirely to hit 
the right spot for C. paleno, which I suspect occurs only on 
the Italian slopes, for nowhere could I discover the indispensable 
Vaccinium, upon which, in common with P. optilete, the larva 
feeds. 

Within a few yards of the Lake itself, however, I did come 
across a, to me, new and exceptionally interesting form of Hrebia 
mnestra, this being the variety named by Bellier gorgophone, 
and described by him as a distinct species (Ann. Soc. France, 
1868, pp. 419-420), intermediate between H. gorge of the Alps 
and EH. gorgone of the Pyrenees, but later determined as a 
localized form of mnestra. This variety is apparently so little 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 91 


known to British collectors that I think it is worth while to re- 
produce in brief Bellier’s account of it. 


‘Male, rusty brown; all four wings traversed as to two-thirds 
of their breadth by a ferruginous band which mingles somewhat with 
the ground colour, especially on the hind wings. 

“Up. s. f. ws.—Band with two black white-pupilled eyes (some- 
times absent); h. ws. without ocellation. 

“Un. s. f. ws. lighter and more reddish brown, reproducing the 
pattern of the upper side. H. ws. reddish grey, with a broad median 
band of dark brown slightly lunulate ; a marginal band of the same 
colour. Fringes unicolorous on both sides. 

“Female larger than male, from which it hardly differs on the 
upper side, except that the brown is more yellowish and the ferru- 
ginous band clearer. Un.s.h. ws. much clearer grey, with two 
bands of reddish brown, on which the nervures show somewhat 
whitish. Fringes of all the wings plain and unicolorous on both 
sides. 

“Differs from gorge by the wings being more rounded, and the 
fringes simple, not barred. Ground colour of the under side duller 
in tint; band thicker, less festooned, and showing less distinctly from 
the ground colour.” 


In male specimens sent by Dr. Verity, of Florence, to the 
Natural History Museum from the Italian Maritime Alps, the 
blackish-brown androconia are very strongly marked. Bellier 
also notes that it prefers the green pastures like epiphron to the 
gorge-haunted rocks; and this is my experience, also, of the 
species. 

I may add that the plate in the ‘ Annales’ by no means does 
justice to the rich coloration of the var. gorgophone, except that 
of the figure of the under side of the male; and it is to be 
hoped that in some future number of his beautiful ‘ Lépido- 
ptérologie Comparée,’ M. Charles Oberthur will find a place for 
male and female figures of this very striking form of mnestra— 
if such it be. Curiously enough, Mr. H. J. Elwes, in his ‘ Re- 
vision of the Genus Hrebia’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1898, 
pp- 169-207), makes no mention of it either under mnestra or 
gorge. Of the mnestra group, in his previous ‘ Notes on the Genus 
Erebia’ (loc. cit. 1889, p. 333), he merely remarks that “‘ little need 
be said, as they are species little subject to variation and of limited 
distribution.” Of the Pyrenean LH. gorgone, with which Bellier 
associated it, Dr. Chapman says (loc. cit. 1898, p. 222), ‘‘if it is 
a variety of anything, it is a variety of mnestra.” But he, too, 
in his exhaustive examination of the male appendages of the 
genus, does not appear to have had any material to work out 
the affinities of the Basses-Alpes gorgophone. 


(To be continued.) 


92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE GENUS PdAICILOPSIS (Harrison). 
By J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc. 


Part I.—Preuimrmnary REMARKS. 


As I have pointed out elsewhere, the ‘“‘ genus’”’ Biston, as 
represented in Staudinger’s ‘ Catalogue,’ isa very heterogeneous 
collection, comprising elements from no fewer than six distinct 
genera. These are :— 


Biston (Leach); type stratarius. 

Lycia (Hub.); type hirtaria. 

Ithysia (Hub.); type zonaria. 

Pecilopsis (Harrison) ; type pomonaria. 

Apocheima (H. 8.); type hispidaria. 

Microbiston (Stgr.); type lanarius (Ev.) (= tartaricus (Stgr.) ). 

It was originally my intention to take these genera in turn, 
and to deal with each of the species in all its stages in detail. 
The imagines of the genus Jthysia have already been discussed, 
and the treatment of the other forms postponed in order to give 
time for the completion of the life-histories of I[thysia grecaria, 
I. alpina, and I. italica, but it has been found impossible to rear 
(even in a hothouse) these exclusively Southern forms. In the 
meantime, however, I am glad to say that I have been able to 
secure, and describe at length, the early stages ofall of the species 
in the genus Pecilopsis, and therefore propose to complete my 
work in that section now. This genus was described in Lepid. 
Comp. fase. vii. p. 344, and I have but little to add to the 
description given there, except that one very important observa- 
tion has been made which justifies further my separation of 
these species from Ithysia. This is the fact that, whilst the 
chromosome number in Ithysia is 112, in Pecilopsis it is 56, and 
in Lycta 28. 

It has become imperative that I should take up this genus 
now, because I have discovered in the course of my studies that 
the Central European form that passes for P. lapponaria is not 
that insect at all, although, fortunately, our Scotch insect is so. 
Not only is this true, but, in addition, the two forms fall into two 
different sections of the genus, which contains four species form- 
ing two closely allied groups of two. These groups are :— 

The two species Pacilopsis lapponaria and P. rachele. 
The two species P. pomonaria and P. isabelle. 

The first group is probably Northern in its origin, for P. lap- 
ponaria ranges from Lapland to Livonia, and then reappears in 
Scotland; whilst P. rachele is widely distributed in America, 
from Montana and Manitoba along the Mackenzie Valley to 
Alaska. The other group is of Central European origin, pomo- 
naria having its headquarters in North Central Germany, but 
extending, although sparsely, to Eastern France, Scandinavia, 


THE GENUS P@CILOPSIS. “93 


and Austria. The other species is of more limited distribution, 
for it is confined to the Silesian Mountains and to the Alps of 
Switzerland, Bavaria and the Tyrol. 

It will be seen that I have been compelled to erect a new 
species for the so-called lapponaria from the Alps and Silesia. 
I have tried hard to avoid this necessary split, and to persuade 
myself that the form is but a mountain form of pomonaria, but 
it will not do; there are differences of specific value at every 
stage of its existence—differences greater in many instances 
than those occurring in the case of two obviously distinct species 
like L. hirtaria and P. pomonaria at corresponding points. In 
fact, had one been so inclined, it would have been perfectly 
feasible to break this genus on larval differences, such as has 
been done in other groups, and then find this separation 
justified by imaginal characters. In sucha case lapponaria would 
fall into one subgenus whilst isabelle would fall into the other ! 

After these preliminary remarks, I had intended to take the 
species in detail, but I think it better to give a brief description 
of the Central European form isabelle, and then contrast it, 
in all the salient points, with its nearest ally pomonaria, on the 
one hand, and on the other with lapponaria, with which it has 
been so long lumped. There would be no gain in comparing it 
with rachele, for that insect, although perfectly distinct, is 
sufficiently close to lapponaria to obviate any such comparison. 


Pecilopsis isabelle, sp. n. (=lapponaria, auct. part.). 


Male.—Tone of whole insect much blacker than its congeners. 
Fore wings subhyaline, with the ground area before the second line 
feebly provided with silvery white scales. First, second and median 
lines present, undecided, but fairly broad; median and second lines 
tending to fuse toward the lower margin; second line followed by 
feeble white line. A zigzag subterminal line intersects the more or 
less dark terminal band. Veins, especially those of the cell, black ; 
costal groove black, mixed with orange-yellow scales. Fore wings 
fairly long, rownded at the tip. Hind wings hyaline, except for a 
few white scales at the base. Fringes narrow, black. Antenne black, 
not pectinated to the apex. Head reddish, collar white, thorax and 
abdomen black, with fairly,.broad red median stripe; patagia outlined 
in white. Genitalia, tip of valve rounded. 

Female.—Wings rudimentary, but longer than those of the other 
three species, provided with longish, stiff grey hairs. Body black, 
sprinkled everywhere, like the wings, with orange-red scales, only 
concentrated to form a median line on the thorax; a few scattered 
white scales may be present also; the whole provided with long 
rather coarse hair. Antenne thick, heavily grey scaled, feebly 
pectinated when freshly emerged. 

Types, one male and one female from Innsbruck, Tyrol. 

A table giving the points of difference between this species and 
P. pomonaria and P. lapponaria is appended. 


94 


LARVA. 


OVUM 


Young larva. .|Black, 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Pomonaria. 


..e-(9mall translucent 


with white 
spots and bars 


Second instar|Usual form of genus 


Full-grown 


..|Short, stout; pattern 


decided ; texture 
coarse; colour yel- 
lowish 


Isabelle. 


Lapponaria. 


Fairly large; glaucous|As in pomonaria 


green, more opaque 


&e. 
Green; striped 
mimic larch needles 


Pattern nearly 


Ground purplish. 


Greenish ; no spots,/As in pomonaria, but 


with more whitespots 
on spiracular stripe 


to|As in pomonaria 


the/Longer; skin texture 
same asin pomonaria.| fine; stripes degraded 


as in zonaria 


Larch—refuses other|Birch, Erica, Myrica 


gale, many trees and 
shrubs 


As in pomonaria— 
shorter 


Pattern as described. 
Red median stripe 


and white outlines 
of patagia very clear 


Food........|Oak — most forest 
trees foods 
PUPA ele aiecss's Red brown, rather] Yellower brown 
polished 
Antenne ..../Tip clear Tip clear 
Collar ......|Broad white Narrow white 
Thorax......'Pattern as in descrip- 
. tion of isabelle, but 
g coarser, and colours 
4 less decided; whole 
a much paler 
3 Fore wings ..'Long—tip rounded As in pomonaria 
- Fringes .. White; black spots atiNarrow; black 
ends of veins; fairly 
broad 
Valvesof geni- Tip rounded, as in 
talta: jelem crc hirtaria narrower 


As in pomonaria, but 


Pectinations indi- 
cated at tip 

Black 

Much broader. No 


pattern, medio dorsal 
red stripe clear; fur 
paler laterally 


Shorter and broader ; 
tip angular 

Broad ; silky dark fus- 
cous, like zonaria 


Tip with definite 
angle as in zonaria 


FEMALE IMAGO. 


Antenne ....|Rather thin; black |Thick; pale 


Thorax andjColour black, irregu-|Scales redder, simi- 
abdomen larly speckled with) larly scattered. Few 
rusty scales. Hairs} pale scales. Hairs 
short pale much longer and 
paler 
Wings ......|Rudimentary, very|Much longer; scales 
short, with rusty) redder, but some 
scales and few pale| almost white scales 
hairs present. Hairs much 
longer 
Whole outline/Long As in pomonaria 
of insect 


Thin; black 


Red scales definitely 
massed in a broad 
median stripe down 
both thorax & abdo- 
men; hairs pale short 


Variable in size, but 
never so long as 
in isabelle. Hairs 
darker and shorter 


Shorter and rounder 


95 


THE PSOCIDZ OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 
By J. W. Carr, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. 


Waite collecting Hemiptera during the last two summers a 
good many Psocids were obtained, and as no members of this 
family have hitherto been recorded for Nottinghamshire, a list 
of the species captured may be of some use as a contribution to 
our knowledge of the distribution in Britain of these delicate 
and interesting little insects. I am indebted to Mr. Kenneth 
J. Morton for his kindness in examining and identifying all my 
captures. 


Amphigerontia variegata, Latr.—Common on trunk of sycamore 
tree in my garden at Sherwood, Nottingham; Thorney; both in 
August, 1913. 

A. fasciata, Fab. — Near Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, June 
12th, 1912. 

A. bifasciata, Latr.—On hawthorn hedge, and commonly on trunk 
of sycamore in garden, Sherwood, Nottingham, July 17th to August 
10th, 1913; swept from Callwna near Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, 
September 25th, 1918. 

Psocus nebulosus, Steph., and P. longicornis, Fab. — Thorney, 
August 15th—-19th, 1913 (L. A. Carr). 

Stenopsocus immaculatus, Steph.—Aspley Woods, near Notting- 
ham; The Dumbles, Kirkby-in-Ashfield; Upton, near Southwell, 
on Hawthorn: Normanton-on-the-Wolds and Plumtree, on Salix; 
Thorney ; taken from June 28th to September 3rd, 1913. Taken also 
by F. M. Robinson in Bulcote Wood, October 16th, 1913. 

Graphopsocus cruciatus, L.— Common. Aspley and Beauvale 
Woods, July, 1912; Fiskerton ; Kingston Park; West Leake Hills ; 
North Collingham ; Widmerpool : Sherwood Forest, near Edwin- 
stowe:—all in 1913 between July 25th and September 25th. Also 
taken by F. M. Robinson in Lambley Dumbles and at Papplewick, 
October 3rd—9th, 1913. 

Mesopsocus unipunctatus, Miill.—Aspley Woods, near Nottingham ; 
Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe: both June, 1912. Radcliffe- 
on-Trent; The Dumbles, Kirkby-in-Ashfield; Upton, near Southwell; 
Sherwood, Nottingham, June 21st to August 13th, 1913. 

Philotarsus flaviceps, ‘Steph——West Leake Hills, August 21st, 
1913. 

Elipsocus westwoodi, McLach.—On trunk of sycamore tree in my 
garden, Sherwood, Nottingham; Arnold, near Nottingham; Upton, 
near Southwell; Widmerpool, on Corylus; Sherwood Forest, near 
Edwinstowe. Taken from July 12th to September 25th, 1913. 

H. abietis, Kolbe. — Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, June, 1912; 
Fiskerton, on oak; Arnold, on oak; Epperstone Park, on Pteris and 
on Castanea; Kingston Park, on Salix : North. Collingham, on Salix; 
Thorney. All J uly to September, 1913. 

E. cyanops, Rost.—Arnold, near Nottingham, July 24th, 1913; 
North Collingham, on hawthorn, August 25th, 1913. 


96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Pterodela pedicularia, L.—Nottingham, common on windows and 
tables in my study, August 15th to 30th, 1913; also noticed, less 
commonly, throughout September. 

Ectopsocus briggst, McLach.—Widmerpool, on oak, August 18th, 
1913. 

Cecilius flavidus, Steph.—West Leake Hills, abundant on oak, 
ash, and beech, August 10th, 1912, August 15th—21st, 1913; Hast 
Leake, August 11th, 1912; Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, August 
30th, 1912; Thorney, August, 1913; Widmerpool, on oak, birch, 
and Salexz, August 18th, 1913; North Collingham, on ash, August 
25th, 1913. 

“ C. burmeistert, Brauer.—Thorney, August 15th-19th, 1913 (L. A. 
arr). 

Hyperetes questfalicus, Kolbe.-—Among papers in room at Univer- 
sity College, Nottingham, December 13th, 1912. 

Troctes divinatorius, Mill.—Also among papers in same room as 
last species, February 10th, 1913. 


SYMPETRUM MERIDIONALE, Sstys, AND OTHER 
ODONATA. 


By C. W. Bracgsen, B.A., F.E.S. 


A Few cases of insects formerly belonging to the veteran 
entomologist, Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Saltash, near Plymouth, 
came into my possession after his death. Among them was a 
store-box of Neuroptera (sensu lato), collected by the Rev. T. A. 
Marshall, of Botus-Fleming, Cornwall, who died in 1903. On 
going through this recently I found a Sympetrum labelled vulga- 
tum, Swanage, no date. As there were no striolatwm in the box, 
I concluded that Marshall either intended it for the latter species, 
using the older name, or that he had really taken vulgatum, a 
rare occurrence. I sent the insect to Mr. W. J. Lucas, who is 
of opinion that it is neither vulgatum nor striolatum but 
meridionale. If so, the specimen is of considerable interest, 
since Mr. Lucas, in his ‘ British Dragonflies,’ says: ‘“‘ The claim 
of this insect to a position on the British list rests on two 
females of old date.’’ Most of Marshall’s specimens were 
Corsican, but there were several others from Swanage, including 
some fine Orthetrum cancellatum. It may be worth mentioning 
that one of the Corsican O. ce@rulescens has the left anterior 
wing much abbreviated. The right wing is 28 mm. long, the 
left only 20 mm., the pterostigma being about the same distance 
from the body on each side. 


Plymouth. 


97 


CONTINENTAL INSECTS OF VARIOUS ORDERS 
TAKEN BY DR. T. A. CHAPMAN IN 1913. 


wowed. loweas,. B.A. FaniS. 


Pupa-skin of Ascalaphus coccajus. Magnification a little over 24 nat. size. 


One antenna could not be withdrawn, and it is shown broken, or bitten off. 
The pupal-jaws are well seen; and it must be borne in mind that they were 
worked by the imaginal jaws that were not then withdrawn from them. The 
pupal-skin is very ethereal, as can easily be seen. The head has become detached 
from the body. 


Arter each of two entomological excursions to the Continent 
in 1918, Dr. Chapman was kind enough to give me a small 
collection of insects, which he was able to take, belonging to the 
less-known Natural Orders. In April, May, and June, he visited 
the Rhone valley in Switzerland and the district of the Italian 
Lakes, and this first collection contained insects from Sierre 
(1760 ft.) in the Rhone valley, from Locarno (680 ft.) on Lago 
Maggiore in Switzerland, and from Pallanza (680 ft.), also on 
Lago Maggiore, but in Italy. 

In July and August the scene of operations was transferred 
to France, and the. second collection contained insects from 
Lautaret (6790 ft.) and Bourg d’Oisans (2860 ft.) in Dauphiné. 
The former is a well-known botanical and entomological locality, 
and the latter is in the valley of the Rimauche, on the way up to 
Lautaret. 

My thanks are due to Mr. K. J. Morton for naming a number 
of the specimens. 

First CoLLECcTION. 
Plecoptera. 
Nemoura marginata. Locarno, April. 
N. cinerea. Locarno, April. 


98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


*N. lateralis. Locarno, April. 
N. variegata. Pallanza, May 19th—26th. 


Odonata (= Paraneuroptera). 

Inbellula quadrimaculata. Two males and three females in more 
or less teneral condition; Locarno, April. One male possessed 
strongly developed nodal spots and longitudinal saffron suffu- 
sion, but was otherwise normal; the others were of the var. 
prenubila, some being of a more pronounced type than the 
others. 

*Orthetrum brunneum. One male; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd. 
Cordulia @nea. One female; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd. 
Aischna isosceles. One male; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd. 
Pyrrhosoma nymphula. One female; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd. 
Ischnura elegans. One male; Locarno, April; one male; Sierre, 

May 27th-June 2nd. 

Einallagma cyathigerum. Two males; Sierre, May 27th- 

June 2nd. 


Neuroptera. 
*Ascalaphus coccajus. Four males; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd. 
One of these was accompanied by the very delicate pupa-skin. 
In emerging it appears that one antenna stuck fast in its case 
(figure). It is well-developed but is broken off, the knob 
and part of the shank remaining in the case. Dr. Chapman 
thinks this is not an isolated occurrence, and that the insect, 
when confronted with the difficulty, itself bites off the 

‘antenna. 
Sialis lutarva. Three; Locarno, April. - 

Raphidia notata. One female; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd. 
Chrysopa perla. One; Locarno, April. 


Trichoptera. 
*Plitocolepus granulatus. Two; Locarno, April. 
*Philopotamus ludificatus. One; Locarno, April; one; Pallanza, 
May 19th—26th. 


SECOND COLLECTION. 
Orthoptera. 
Omocestus rufipes. One; Bourg d’Oisans, August 6th—-21st. 


Plecoptera. 
Nemoura inconspicua. Two females; Lautaret, July 22nd— 
August 5th. 
N. variegata. One male; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th. 


Odonata (= Paraneuroptera). 
Aiischna juncea. One female; Lautaret, July 22nd—August 5th. 
Sympetrum vulgatum. Four males and three females; Bourg 
d’Oisans, August 6th-2lst. Most of these were teneral in 
condition to a greater or less degree, and pale in colour. 


METAMORPHOSIS OF PHASGONURA VIRIDISSIMA. 99 


Neuroptera. 
Hemerobius quadrifasciatus. One; Lautaret, July 22nd—August 
5th 


Chrysopa vulgaris. Two; Lautaret, July 22nd—August dth. 
Panorpa germanica. One female; Bourg d’Oisans, August 
6th—21st. 


Trichoptera. 
Stenophylax latepennis. One; Bourg d’Oisans, August 6th—21st. 

*S. ucenorum. One male and two females; Lautaret, J uly 22nd— 
August dth. 

*Metanea chapmant. Three males and one female; Lautaret, July 
22nd-August 5th. This is a new species, and has been 
described by Mr. K. J. Morton (antea, p. 49), where details of 
structure are figured. 

Apatama fimbriata. One male; Lautaret, July 22nd—August 5th. 

*Sericostoma pedemontanum. One female; Lautaret, July 22nd- 
August oth. 

Berea pullata. One male; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th. 

*Rhyacophila albardana. One male and one female; Lautaret, 
July 22nd—August 5th. 


The species marked with an asterisk (*) do not belong to the 
British fauna. 


Kingston-on-Thames: February, 1914. 


NOTES ON THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PHASGONURA 
VIRIDISSIMA, L. ([OrtHoptera.] 


By Anprew B. Lvvont. 


On June 22nd of last year a female nymph of this species 
was obtained while sweeping some long grass in a field at 
Westcliff, Essex. Judging by its development after subsequent 
moults, it would appear to have been at about the second or 
third moult when captured, the ovipositor being about 8 mm. 
long, and the wings barely noticeable. It was placed in a cage 
together with an assortment of plants likely to be found in its 
natural haunts; such as various species of grass, dandelion, 
knapweed, bindweed, and one or two kinds of buttercup. The 
following day it was found to have been feeding freely on the 
common creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens), an operation it 
apparently performed at night or in the early morning, as I 
never succeeded in observing it in the act. On visiting the 
locality later, from which this specimen was obtained, I found 
the above-mentioned plant growing in profusion, and, therefore, 
it seems highly probable that this is its food-plant in a state of 
nature. On June 25th it moulted, the ovipositor then measuring 


100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


6 mm., and the wings 8 mm. The next moult occurred on 
July 10th, the dimensions increasing to—ovipositor 15 mm., 
wings 9 mm., and total length 34 mm. The antenne, which 
were damaged and of unequal length before, became normal 
after the second moult. It greatly appreciated being placed in 
the sun, leaning over on one side and extending the long 
jumping legs to expose as much of its body as possible. These 
sun-baths appeared necessary after each moult to enable it to 
acquire firmness and proper coloration, an operation extending 
over a period of about two days. For three days before a moult 
the nymph ceased to feed, and became sluggish and whitish in 
colour, somewhat after the style of a snake before sloughing 
its skin. 

The empty nymph skin was always eaten immediately after 
being cast, this employing the insect about an hour and a half, 
the skin of the large hind legs being eaten last. The final moult 
took place on July 31st at about 6.30 am. The imago, after 
eating the empty skin, clung for some time to the grass stems to 
allow the wings to unfold and attain their proper development. 
This specimen when taken in the hand would bite fiercely with 
the mandibles, occasionally retaining its hold until set at 
liberty. 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIST (OF KENT. APHIDIDAY 
By Frep. V. Turopap, M.A., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., &e. 


Durine the past two years I have found or identified from 
material previously collected the following Aphides, so far not 
recorded from Kent, and some of which are new to the British 
fauna. Several new species of Macrosiphum have been described 
since the previous list, and these are also included here. 

The year 1913 was noticeable for three things: first, the 
comparative paucity of the species of Aphides to be found, 
secondly, the presence of numbers of sexupare in the autumn 
months, and thirdly, the vast numbers of three or four species. 
Most abundant and harmful of all has been Aphis sorbi, which did 
untold damage to the apple crop; next in importance has been 
A. abietina, Walker, which has been most harmful to the Sitka 
and Norway spruces in Ireland and parts of the South of 
England, in many cases causing complete defoliation. This is 
one of the species which breeds entirely viviparously, no sexu- 
pare having been found, whilst parthenogenetic females occur 
right through the winter. So far no sexupare have been found 
of A. gossypii, Glover, the so-called Cotton Aphis, which is 
recorded here for the first time in Britain. Only once have I 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDIDA. 101 - 


found oviparous females, also of the Woolly Aphis (Hriosoma 
lanigera, Hausmann), and as far as recent experiments go that I 
have carried out, there does not appear to be any migration between 
the elm and the apple in this country, as has been shown to occur 
in America by Miss Edith Patch. Moreover, I have had one badly 
attacked apple tree netted for some three years, and no alate 
whatever have appeared. Reproduction without sexupare in 
some species may evidently occur for a long time. ‘The list 
given here does not include any fresh localities for the Aphides 
of Kent so far recorded (vide ‘Hntomologist,’ January, 1911, 
pp. 16-21, and November, 1911, and January, 1912), only new 
species found in the county. 


Genus MacrosipHum, Passerini. 


Macrosiphum taraxaci, Kaltenbach.—On dandelion (Leontodon 
taraxacum). Wye, June 17th, 1911, and July 20th, 1912; 
Blean Wood, July 7th, 1912. 

M. duffieldu, Theobald.—On tulips, March 27th, 1918. 
Maidstone, many alate and aptere of this beautifully marked 
species brought me by Mr. Adrian Duffield, and others sent by 
Mr. Bunyard. 

M. primule, Theobald.—On cultivated primulas and on the 
wild primrose in gardens. Maidstone, March 27th, 1913; 
Stouting, near Hythe, April 28th, 1913 (A. Duffield); Wye, 
June 26th, 1913. 

M. bete, Theobald.—On mangolds, beetroots, sugar beet, 
and several wild Chenopodiacee. Herne Bay, July 4th, 1911; 
Wye, July 2nd-14th, 1911; Faversham, July 4th, 1911; Dover, 
July 4th, 1911; Bromley, July 2nd, 1911, and Thanet generally; 
Tonbridge, July 26th, 1913. 

M. arundinis, Theobald.—On Arundo phragmitis. Wye, 
August, 1912; Romney Marsh, July 17th, 1913, in small 
colonies. 

M. graminis, Theobald.—On meadow foxtail and Timothy 
grasses; Wye, August 23th, 1911, evidently very uncommon. 

M. rubiellum, Theobald.—On bramble (Rubus fruticosus) 
and raspberry (f. ideus), Mayto June. Wye, Ashford, Paddock 
Wood, Tonbridge, Maidstone, Ramsgate, abundant. 

M. malve, Mosley. — On Malva sylvestris and Malva, sp.? 
Wye, June 7th, 1913, two alate females. 

M. trifolti, Theobald.—On T'rifolium procumbens. Wye, 
August, 1912, in small numbers. 

M. loti, Theobald.—On Lotus corniculatus. Wye, July and 
August, 1912 and 1913. Alate and aptere in the last year. 

M. stellarie, Theobald.—On Stellaria, spp. Wye, May, 1912. 
I found this species in vast numbers in alate form at Bramley, 
in Surrey, in May, 1913. This was erroneously placed under 
Schrank’s name (Entom. December, 1911). 


102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


M. crategarium, Walker.—On hawthorn. Wye, June 7th, 
1911, and July Ist, 1911. 

M. sileneum, Theobald.—On Silene inflata. Wye, July 10th, 
1911, and August 14th, 1912. <A few isolated specimens. 

M. aquilegie, Theobald.—On cultivated columbines. Stout- 
ing, near Hythe, April 28th, 1918. Collected by Mr. Adrian 
Duffield; Wye, March 24th, 1912, and June 17th, 1912. 

M. veronice, Theobald.—On Veronica beccabunga. Wye, 
May 22nd, 1912. 

M. longipennis, Buckton.—On water grass. Romney Marsh, 
June, 1910. 

M. diplanteree, Koch.—On Malva, sp.? Wye, June 9th, 1911. 


Genus Apuis, Linneus. 


Aphis galit, Koch.—On_ bedstraw (Galiwm, sp.?). Wye, 
June 7th, 19138; Crundale, June 14th, 1913; Folkestone, June 
27th, 1918, alate and aptere in dense clusters. 

A. beccabunge, Koch.—On Veronica beccabunga. Wye, June 
19th, 1911. A few apterz and one alate female scattered about 
on the flower stalks and leaves. 

A. polygoni, V. d. Goot.—On Polygonum, sp.? Wye, July 
20th, 1911. A single alate female, with a few lice. 

A. petasitidis, Buckton.—On Tussilago petasites. Herne Bay, 
July 14th, 1911. I took two alate females of this species, but 
have failed to find it since then. 

A. nasturtti, Kaltenbach.—On watercress. Wye, July 20th, 
1911; August 7th, 1912, and July 7th, 1918, on the flower 
heads; numerous aptere in 19138, but only two alate. 

A. padi, Reaumur.—On bird cherry, Bearstead, October 18th, 
1913. Large numbers of sexupare sent me by Mr. E. E. Green. 
The oviparous females were depositing their ova on the leaves, 
and continued to do so until the end of the month; the ova 
remain firmly attached to the leaves which fall. Males also 
present. 

A. ranunculi, Kaltenbach.—On dandelion roots, with ants in 
attendance. Wye, October 22nd, 1911. 

A. gossypii, Glover.—On cucumbers under glass, and on 
marrows in the open. Wye, June 7th, 1918, and July 8th, 
1913. I have also received this aphis from other localities in 
England. It is commonly known as the Cotton and Melon 
Aphis, and does much harm to that crop in America, Africa, &c. 
It is now well known in Russia, and is probably one of the world- 
wide species. 

Genus Myzus, Passerini. 
Myzus rosarum, Kaltenbach.—On roses. Wye, May 10th, 


1912. 
M. pyri, Koch.—On pears. Wye, September 7th, 1913. I 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDID&E. 103 


found the oviparous females laying their ova firmly fixed to the 
leaves in my garden, but could not find a male. 


M. whitei, Theobald. —On currants, Beltring, Paddock Wood, 
July 18th, 1912. Alatee only. 


Genus RuHopaLosipHum, Koch. 
Rhopalosiphum staphylee, Koch:—On Malva sp.? Wye, 
June 7th, 1913. One alate female. 


R. lonicere, Siebold.—On Lapsana communis. Wye, July 
4th, 1918. . 


Genus SrpHocoryneE, Passerini. 
Siphocoryne pastinacee, Koch.—On various Umbellifere, with 


S. capree. Wye, July 4th, 1911; Faversham, August 2nd, 
1912. 


S. feeniculim—On fennel. Abundant at Sevenoaks in June, 
1912 and 1913; smothering the plants. 


Genus PuHoropon, Passerini. 


Phorodon inule, Passerinii—On Inula dysenterica. Wye, 
October 18th, 1913. The oviparous females laying their ova 
firmly fixed on the leaves, and a few on Potentilla acerina. 


Genus Hyauopterus, Koch. 


Hyalopterus melanocephalus, Buckton.—On Silene inflata. 
Whitstable, July 28rd, 1913. 


Genus Lacunvs, Llliger. 
Lachnus (EHulachnus) agilis, Kaltenbach.—On Pinus sylvestris. 
Wye, May 20th, 1913. 
L. (Lachniella) junipert signata, Del Guercio.—On junipers. 


Wye Downs, June, 1913. Collected by Mr. Duffield; many 
alate. 


Genus CHarttopHoRus, Koch. 


Chaitophorus coriaceus, Koch.—On sycamore. Wye, May 
14th, 1918. 


C. populus, Linneus.—On poplars. Wye, July 21st, 1913. 


Genus Vacuna, Heyden. 


Vacuna betule, Kaltenbach.—On birch. The Warren, Ash- 
ford, June 12th, 1913; and Wye, June 22nd, 1913. Buckton’s 
Thelaxes betulina from Guestling is only this species. 


Genus Brysocrypta, Haliday. 


Brysocrypta bumelia, Schrank.—On ash. Wye, July 3rd, 
1912; a few aptere on?leaf petioles. 


104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Genus Trama, Heyden. 


Trama radicis, Kaltenbach.—On roots of artichokes with 
ants. Wye, December 14th, 19138. Masses of aptere and 
nymphe, one, a late female, hatched on February 7th, 1914. 


In addition to these species new to Kent, I may mention 
that Rhopalosiphum nymphee, Linneus, occurred in quantity 
on Alisma at Wye in July, 1911, and July, 1918, and also 
at Norwich in 1912; and Melanoxantherium salicis, Linneus, 
in 1918 near the ponds on Romney Marsh. I have also found 
the large Lachnus picee, Walker, on one spruce in large 
numbers at Tunbridge Wells, and these suddenly disappeared 
when alate, as in previous years when I have found this species. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


PRIONUS CORIARIUS IN Eppina Forrest.—The past season seems 
to have been very favourable for this beetle, as I captured three fine 
specimens during the last week in July. Two of these were males, 
and they were found resting upon the boles of a very large oak tree ; 
at the base of the trunk were a few holes, three of these being in the 
earth, out of which the insects must have emerged, as it is well 
known that the larve feed within the underground roots. The 
female, which is very large, was taken at some arc lamps, and is the 
second one I have taken this way. Although this insect is so large, 
it is fairly inconspicuous during the day when at rest upon trees, as 
it’ seems to have a good protective resemblance. My personal 
experience of the insect seems to point to its increase of late years 
in the Forest, as I have taken seven during the last three years—four 
males and three females—H. E. Hunr; 255, Chingford Road, 
Walthamstow, Essex. 


DELAYED EMERGENCE OF SATURNIA PAVONIA (CARPINI).—From 
a few ova, received from a friend at the New Forest, I reared a 
few larve of this species, sixteen in all, during the summer of 1912; 
all of these spun up as usual, but only four imagines emerged 
last April—three males and one female. The rest of the pups are 
laying over and are quite healthy, and I hope to get the moths 
out during the coming season.—H. EH. Hunt; 255, Chingford Road, 
Walthamstow, Essex, January 30th, 1914. 


Noves on “ CourTsHrip ”’ OF GOMPHOCERUS MACULATUS (ORTHOP- 
TERA) AT CRAIGTON, LINLITHGOWSHIRE.—On August 8th, 1913, 
many G. maculatus were stridulating. Hearing one individual 
emitting an occasional single note in addition to the ordinary 
“song,” I approached cautiously, and witnessed the following little 
incident. A male and female G. maculatus were settled side by side 
in close proximity, the female almost motionless, and the male 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 105 


stridulating at intervals, for the most part in a very low tone, only 
just audible at the distance of a few inches. Every now and then he 
made a single abrupt movement of the thighs, thus causing the 
short, single note which had first attracted my attention ; this sound 
was usually made by only one leg. For some minutes the two 
maintained their relative positions, only altered slightly by small 
movements of the male. Occasionally the latter extended his low 
call into the full normal song. Apparently attracted by the last 
a second male soon came hurrying up, pausing once or twice to call 
by the way. On his approach the first male moved aside somewhat, 
later commencing to feed. Number two settled face to face with the 
female, and uttered the soft call as the other had done. The female 
now began to show symptoms of boredom, and, cutting off a long 
stem of grass with her mandibles, proceeded leisurely to munch it 
up. When finished, she walked slowly off, and was not followed by 
either male, although number two raised his voice to a louder pitch 
as the female increased her distance, as if in the vain hope of arrest- 
ing her attention. A few yards further on the female was accosted 
by a third and more excitable male, and a repetition of the previous 
scene took place. For nearly three-quarters of an hour the male did 
his utmost to please his prospective partner, singing his soft song 
almost incessantly, and frequently swaying his body from side to 
side in a most curious manner. The relative positions of the two 
varied, the male being sometimes face to face with the other, but as 
frequently by her side. He was always cautious not to approach too 
closely, as, when he seemed too pressing in his attentions, the 
female moved abruptly off, although otherwise quiescent. At 
considerable intervals of time the male broke into the loud song, 
always prefixing it by the short single note. The incident was at 
length terminated by the female suddenly leaping off to some 
distance, leaving the disconsolate male alone. Truly courtship in 
G. maculatus requires patience!—S. EH. Brock; Kirkliston, Lin- 
lithgowshire, January, 1914. 


PYRAMEIS ATALANTA IN F'EBRUARY.—When walking along the 
edge of Ironshill enclosure this morning I was rather surprised to 
see a butterfly which, flying past me, settled on the sandy bank of 
the enclosure. A nearer approach proved it to be Pyrameis atalanta. 
I watched the insect for some little time at a distance of a couple of 
yards or so, and left it still basking in the bright sunshine.—G. 
Lyte; Brockenhurst, February 1st, 1914. 


GLOUCESTERSHIRE List or LreripoptErRA.—On looking through 
Hudd’s ‘List of Lepidoptera of the Bristol District,’ I find no 
mention of Hpunda lutulenta in Gloucestershire. I captured three 
at sugar here in Pucklechurch in September, 1908. Ido not know 
if this is a new record, as Hudd’s list is a little out of date.—B. A. 
Coney ; Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire, February 12th, 1914. 


ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA IN DEcEMBER.—On December 14th, 
1913, I took a freshly emerged Abraxas grossulariata at rest on 


ENTOM.-—MARCH, 1914. I 


106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a wall in Eastbourne. It was not near a greenhouse.—S. A. 
Cuartes; 170, Mayfield Place, Eastbourne. 


ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA IN DECEMBER.—I have to record the 
capture of a specimen of Abrawas grossulariata, as it was flying 
through the arches of Ravenscourt Park Station on December 4th, 
1913, about 4 p.m. It was a good specimen, not crippled in any 
way, and rather a large one. It was flying perhaps a trifle weakly, 
but strongly enough to fly out of reach the moment I let it go. I 
regret now that I did not keep the specimen.—C. W. Wuatu; 19, 
Shaftesbury Road, Ravenscourt Park, W. 


[A second brood of this species was recorded in 1903 (Entom. 
XXxvi. pp. 289, 318).—Ep.] 


LEPIDOPTERA OF THE IsnuE or SkyE.—As I propose to visit the 
Isle of Skye next July, I should be glad to know what one might 
expect to meet with in the way of moths and butterflies during the 
month in that locality—(Major) R. B. Roperrson; Hillingbury 
Cottage, Chandler’s Ford, Hants. 


RETARDED EMERGENCE OF PARAGE EGERIA.—At the end of last 
June I took a female P. egeria and she laid a few eggs, which hatched 
in due course and fed up with the exception of four or five, which 
seemed as if they were going to die. I, however, placed them in 
another pot with grass, and they fed slowly, pupating at the end of 
October and in November, one at a time. I! now have four pupe, 
two look as if they were on the point of emergence, nearly black, and 
two still quite green; this being about three months in pupa state. 
It looks as if they were waiting for the spring before emerging. 
Has it ever been noted that this insect in a wild state passes the 
winter in the pupal state? Imagines from the larva which fed up 
began emerging on September 11th.—(Major) R. B. RoBeRtson ; 
Chandler’s Ford, Hants, February 6th, 1914. 


ORRHODIA ERYTHROCEPHALA ab. GLABRA AT HAsTBOURNE.—On 
November 30th O. erythrocephala ab. glabra came to sugar in a wood 
in this neighbourhood. This, I believe, is the first recorded capture 
in Sussex since the early seventies. Although a steady rain was fall- 
ing, quite a number of insects visited my patches. I sugared on 
several evenings during the first fortnight of December, but with no 
further success—Epwin P. SHarp. . 


HEMIMENE (DICHRORAMPHA) 'TANACETI (HERBOSANA) NOT IN 
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—Referring to my note (Hntom. xly. p. 101) I 
find that the specimens therein recorded must be referred to the 
second brood of Henwmene (Dichrorampha) acuminitana, and that 
we cannot yet claim herbosana as a Gloucestershire insect.—C. 
GRANVILLE CLuTTERBUCE, F.H.S.; 23, Heathville Road, Gloucester, 
January 16th, 1914. 


PLEeBEIUS (LYCH#NA) MEDON (ASTRARCHE) IN DovEDALE.—With 
further reference to the occurrence of this insect in Dovedale noted 


SOCIETIES. 107 


by Dr. St. John (Entom. xlvi. p. 314) last year, and by Mr. G. T. 
Bethune-Baker (p. 39 in your last issue) in July, 1908, we used to 
take it there frequently thirty years ‘ago, and I have heard of it 
several times since. The Derbyshire limestone seems to produce 
some pretty female examples of Lycena icarus, for I found a very 
fine race on difficult ground in the Via Gellia on June 5th, 1911, and 
the only female captured was very beautiful. Ino (Adscita) geryon 
was taken at the same time.—G. Hanson Sate; Littleover House, 
Littleover, Derby. 


SOCIETIES. 


ENntTomoboeican Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, December 3rd, 
1913.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the 
chair.—Mr. Walter Ormiston, of Kalupahani, Haldumille, Ceylon, 
was elected a Fellow of the Society.—Dr. G. B. Longstaff presented 
to the Society, on behalf of a number of subscribers, a copy of 
Hiibner’s ‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge,’ original edition.—Mr. G. T. 
Porritt exhibited two curious specimens of Abraxas grossulariata.— 
Miss Diana R. Wilson, who was present as a visitor, butterflies 
caught in Brazil this year, during the last week of January and the 
first week of February.—Prof. Poulton, eight examples of Hpv- 
scaphula interrupta, Lac., found in one clay cell, and eleven examples 
found in another, by Mr. C. O. Farquharson, B.Se., at Moor Planta- 
tion, near Ibadan, 8. Nigeria. He also read notes received from Mr. 
Lamborn, on the Driver Ants (Dorylus) of Southern Nigeria, and 
exhibited the material referred to.—Dr. K. Jordan, a series of species 
of the two groups of Papilios called by Haase Cosmodesmus and 
Pharmacophagus respectively —Mr. Champion, a specimen of Tho- 
rictus parciseta, Wasm., attached to the scape of the left antenna of 
a worker of an ant, Myrmecocystus viaticus, ¥.—Mr. W. C. Crawley, 
(1) Three deilated females of L. niger, L., taken Isle of Wight, July, 
1911; these, after rearing workers, fought until only one survived. 
(2) A female of Aphenogaster subterranea, Latr., taken August, 1912, 
at Yvorne with Prof. Forel, after marriage-flight, brought up two 
workers by September, 1913. (3) Six females of L. flavus, Fabr., 
taken after marriage-flight at Seaton, July 14th, 1912. They built a 
cell together and brought up workers, by June 23rd, 1913.—Mr. 
O. H. Janson, specimens of Laglasia caloptera, Bigot, one of the 
curious forms of Diptera with stalked eyes, from Dutch New Guinea. 
—Capt. E. B. Purefoy, two more specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra 
with gynandromorphous colouring.—Mr. HE. B. Ashby, a number of 
Nearctic butterflies—Mr. W. J. Kaye, a very large series of specimens 
of Heliconius anderida, ranging into a number of forms which 
tended to become fairly definite subspecies in different geographical 
regions.—Dr. H. Hltringham gave a preliminary account of the scent 
apparatus in Amauris egialea, comparing the same with that of A. 
navius, illustrated by drawings, and microphotographs of sections of 
the brush.—The following paper was read: ‘‘ New Species of South 


108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


American Butterflies,’ by W. F. H. Rosenberg, F.E.S., and 
G. Talbot, F.E.S. Mr. Talbot made exhibits in connection with 
this paper. 


Wednesday, January 21st, 1914.—Annual Meeting.—Mr. G. T. 
Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S., F.L.8., President, in the chair.—No other 
names having been received in addition to those proposed by the 
Council as Officers and Council for the ensuing year, the latter were 
declared by the President to be elected.—Mr. R. W. Lloyd, one of the 
Auditors, read the Auditors’ Report, which was adopted on the 
motion of Mr. H. E. Page, seconded by Mr. J. Platt Barrett.—The Rev. 
G. Wheeler, one of the Secretaries, then read the Report of the 
Council, which was adopted on the motion of Mr. R. 8. Standen, 
seconded by Mr. R. W. Lloyd.—The President then delivered an ad- 
dress, after which Prof. Poulton moved a vote of thanks to him, coupled 
with the request that he would allow the Address to be printed as a 
part of the Society’s Proceedings; this was seconded by Mr. W. J. 
Lucas and carried by acclamation.—The President returned thanks 
and Mr. O. E. Janson then proposed a vote of thanks to the other 
officers for their services during the past year; this was seconded by 
Mr. T. F. P. Hoar and carried; the Treasurer and the two Secre- 
taries returning thanks in a few words.—GrorRGE WHEELER, M.A., 
Hon. Secretary. 


THe South Lonpon Enromonocican AND NaAturat HisrTory 
Socrmry.—December 12th, 1913.--Mr. A. E. Tonge, President, in the 
chair.—Mr. Tatchell, of Bournemouth, was elected a member.—Mr. 
W. J. Kaye read a paper, “The Ithomiine,” and illustrated it with 
a fine selection of examples of the different groups of the subfamily. 
—Mr. Hall reported a case of the occurrence of the ‘furniture mite,” 
and asked how the pest could be effectively dealt with—Mr. Step, a 
box of Diptera, chiefly Syrphide, taken at flowers of Michaelmas 
Daisy in October and December.—Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Nemeophila 
plantaginis bred from ova laid by a Grasmere female in July, 1912. 
One larva fed up and pupated in September, and the imago came out 
on Oct. 27th. The rest hibernated several together in the débris of 
the cage, and emerged in due course the following June.—He also 
showed four Mellinia ocellaris, presented to the Society by Mr. 
H. Worsley-Wood.—Mr. Curwen, a series of Hrebia ceto near the 
form ab. obscura from the Simplon Pass.—Mr. Carr, a collection of 
Lepidoptera from Staffordshire and N. Wales, including very strongly 
marked forms of Acidalia marginepunctata, and some nicely banded 
examples of Melanippe tristata—Mr. Adkin read a Report of the 
Annual Conference of Delegates of Societies affiliated to the British 
Association. 


January 8th, 1914.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the 
chair.—Messrs. D. A. Gotch, of Northampton; A. Leeds, of Kneb- 
worth; W. H. Jackson, of Wimbledon; and T. H. Archer, of South- 
fields, were elected members.—Mr. Hugh Main gave an interesting 
account of his holiday in Switzerland in 1913, entitled ‘‘ The Brunig 
Road,” and illustrated his address with a large number of lantern 


SOCIETIES. 109 


slides, made mainly from his own photographs.—Mr. Step, a photo- 
graph by Mr. West (Ashtead), of the ‘‘ furniture mite” Glyciphagus 
cursor. 


January 22nd, 1914.—Annual Meeting.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.5., 
President, in the chair.— The Balance Sheet and Report of the 
Council were received and adopted, and the Officers and Council for 
the coming year were declared elected.—The President read his 
Annual Address, and after giving an account of the present status 
of the Society, dealt at considerable length with some phases of 
his special study of the ova of Lepidoptera, particularly wild-laid 
ova.—The usual votes of thanks were accorded, and the new Presi- 
dent, Mr. B. H. Smith, took the chair.—Mr. Newman exhibited a 
small specimen of Leucania pallens, taken at sugar at Newark, with 
three well-developed antennze, of which one was much thicker than 
usual, and towards the tip was bifid.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. 
fiep. Secretary. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL Society.—Annual 
Meeting of the Society held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, 
Liverpool, December 15th, 1913, the President, Mr. F. N. Pierce, in 
the chair—Mr. John M. Wilding, 52a, Orrell Lane, Liverpool, was 
elected a member of the Society.—The following members were 
elected Officers and Council for next year, vzz.:—President, R. Wild- 
ing; Vice-Presidents, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., R. Newstead, F.R.S., 
M.8c., J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S., H. R. Sweeting, M.A.; Hon. 
Treasurer, J. Cotton; Librarian, F. N. Pierce; Hon. Secretary, 
Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S.; Council, L. West, H. 8. Leigh, F.E.S., 
A. EK. Gibbs, F.L.8., F.H.S.; A. W. Boyd, M.A., F.E.S., C. E. Stott, 
P. F. Tinne, M.A., §. P. Doudney, Wm. Webster, R. S. Bagnall, 
H.L.S., F.E.S.—Mr. F. N. Pierce delivered the Presidential Address, 
taking for his subject ‘‘ The Hairs and Scales of Lepidoptera.” The 
President described in detail his original observations upon this 
branch of insect morphology, and illustrated the same by many 
drawings and microscopic preparations. In the course of his remarks 
he described a difference he had found between certain scales in 
Tephrosia crepuscularia and biundularia for exhibition, and stated 
that this was the only difference of a structural character he had been 
able to discover in these two species.—Mr. R. Wilding brought a 
specimen of Hubolia bipunctaria for exhibition, and stated that it 
was taken by himself so long ago as July, 1880, but he had never 
before recorded it. Captured at West Kirby, this is the second 
record of this unlikely moth for our two counties.—Dr. J. Cotton 
showed a number of colour photographs of Lepidoptera by the Paget 
process, and pointed out the advantages of these plates over the 
older processes.—Wwm. Manssrinag, Hon. Sec. 


THE MaAncuEesteR EnromonoeicaL Sociery.— Meetings held in 
the Manchester Museum.—October 1st, 1913.—The following exhibits 
were made :—Mr. R. Tait, Junr.: a long series of Abraxas grossu- 
lariata varieties bred during 1913, including var. varleyata; a fine 
series of the melanic variety of Boarmia repandata from Penmaen- 
mawr, bred in 1913; a series of Geometra papilionaria bred from 


110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Delamere larve; Agrotis lucernea, bred from Penmaenmawr; Cu- 
cullia chamomille, bred from Devonshire larvee, and Aplecta nebulosa 
var. robsont bred from Delamere larve, 1913.—Mr. W. P. Stocks: a 
large number of species, including Lycena argus (= egon), Drepana 
falcataria, Anarta myrtille, and Aspilates strigillarza from Delamere ; 
Lobophora viretata, Ligdia adustata, Diaphora mendica, Asthena 
candidata, Leucania lithargyria, Tephrosia bistortata, Euclidia mi, 
Mamestra dentina, Eupithecia sobrinata, Numeria pulveraria, &e., 
from Silverdale; Semothisa liturata, Acronycta menyanthidis, &e., 
from Witherslack.—Mr. W. Buckley: a series of Agrotis ashworthiw 
from N. Wales, including one that resembled A. lucernea superficially, 
and an asymmetrical example; a series of Dianthecia conspersa 
from N. Wales. These had been two years in pupa and included 
two dark forms.—Mr. L. Nathan: Lasiocampa quercus from Ainsdale 
larvee ; Phragmatobia fuliginosa bred from the Isle of Man, &c.—Mr. 
VY. Coryton: A large number of species taken and bred in Cheshire 
in 1913, including Acronycta leporina, Tethea subtusa, Hupithecia 
fraxinata, EH. absinthiata, Chesias spartiata, &c., and a number of 
Micro-Lepidoptera.—Mr. J. H. Watson: a new Philosanuia hybrid— 
P. pryeri, male, x P. cynthia advena, female, this being the reverse 
cross to the one named pryadvena in the Trans. Manch. Ent. Soc. 
1912. Also Parnassius apollo apollo ex Gothland Is. and P. apollo 
scandimavica for comparison; also P. apollo alpheraki {. magnifica 
of. Xsienschopolskii—Mr. J. E. Cope showed the following Coleo- 
ptera: Boll weevil from the Mississippi delta, 1913; Anobiswm 
domesticum from .Ashton-under-Lyne, Lanes, July, 1913; Atomaria 
atricapilla from Ashton Moss, August, 1913; Psammechus sp.—a 
foreign species caught on bananas ; Prionus sp. from BBO oe 
Canada, August, 1912. 


November 5th, 1913.—The following exhibits were made :—Mr. 
W. Mansbridge: a series of Nyssza zonaria, showing variation, from 
Crosby, Lancashire; bred series of Hmaturga atomaria, showing 
black forms, both male and female, Mamestra glauca and Coremia 
ferrugata from Burnley; Cenonympha typhon and Lycena astrarche 
(approaching var. artaxerxes) from Witherslack; Parasemia planta- 
gins from the South of England; Boarnuia repandata from Delamere, 
the Liverpool district and Portsmouth—Mr. B. H. Crabtree: a 
series from Hertfordshire of Lycena corydon, female, var. sem- 
syngrapha, some females having very light under sides, and others 
having the pair of wings on one side smaller than those on the other 
side; a short series of under side varieties of Lycena bellargus from 
Folkestone ; very light yellow forms of Hmaturga atomaria from 
Wansford ; two under side varieties of Lycena astrarche var. arta- 
xerxes, with very few markings, from Aberdeen; a short series of 
very yellow forms of Spzlosoma menthastri from Aberdeen, showing 
radiated markings; three varieties of Melitea aurinia from Oban and 
County Clare-—Mr. C. F. Johnson: a long series of Cenonympha 
typhon, Lycena astrarche, and Acidalia fumata from Witherslack ; a 
long and varied series of Aporophyla australis, Agrotis obelisca and 
Anchocelis lunosa, and specimens of Lewcania vitellina and Triphena 
subsequa, all taken at Freshwater from September 7th to 16th, 1913, 


SOCIETIES. 111 


—Mr. R. M. Pearce: Lasiocampa quercus, reared from ova to imagines 
on ivy in thirteen months, with ova, pups, and larve; bred Lymantria 
dispar with larve and pup; fourteen species of butterflies from 
Anglesea.—Mr. A. E. Wright: from Witherslack a number of species, 
including Cyaniris argiolus, Lampropteryx suffumata, Triphosa 
dubitata, Hupithecia abbreviata, Hustroma  silaceata, Tephrosia 
punctularia, Asthena candidata, Gnophos obscurata (bred) ; from St. 
Anne’s-on-Sea: a specimen of Percnoptilota fluwviata, series of 
Leucania littoralis, L. pallens (red form), and Miana literosa, &e. ; 
from Burnley: Oporabia filigrammaria. and Celena haworthit.—Mr. 
R. Tait, Junr.; long series of Agrotis agathina bred from Delamere 
and N. Wales larvae; Noctwa castanea var. neglecta bred from Delamere 
larve; Boarmia repandata bred from Durham larvee.—Mr. V. Coryton: 
Chesias spartiata, Dilobia ceruleocephala and Oporabia dilutata from 
Delamere; a dark var. of Plusta gamma from North Cheshire.—Mr. 
J. H. Watson: a new sub-species of Antherea frithy from the. 
Andaman Islands, named inswlaris by him; he also showed three 
new Philosamia hybrids: Philosamia hybr. andre: = P. cynthia 
canning, male, x P. cynthia advenu, female; Philosamia. hybr. 
lastourst = P. cynthia advena, male, x P. cynthia canningt, female ; 
Philosamia hybr. oberthiiri = P. pryeri, male, x P. cynthia advena, 
female; together with their parents. 


December 3rd, 1913.—Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited and gave notes 
on Abraxas grossulariata var. varleyata. A varleyata female paired 
with a type male produced fifty-six types; from these he bred a second 
brood in September, October, and November, including a good 
number of -var. varleyata, both male and female. Some of these were 
splendid forms, showing some little variation inter se—Mr. Buckley 
read some further notes on Acidalia contiguaria.. It appears that a 
dark female paired with a light male is sterile in the second genera- 
tion.—Mr. W. Mansbridge showed series of Thera variata and 
T. obeliscata.—Mr. W. B. Lees, an example of Heliothis peltigera, 
taken in Platt Fields Park, Manchester, on June Ist, 1913, and a red 
Leucania pallens, from Northenden.—Mr. R. Tait, Jr., autumn Lepi- 
doptera from Monkswood.—Mr. A. W. Boyd, a short series of T’enzo- 
campa gracilis and a pair of Geometra papilionaria, from Rostherne, 
Cheshire; also a few Aspillates strigillaria and Aplecta nebulosa 
(both type and var. robsonz), and an example of Acronycta menyan- 
thidis, from Delamere.—Mr. J. H. Watson, a series of Sagana zapa- 
tosa, a Saturnid from Colombia, 8. America, with cocoon and pupa ; 
also the following forms of Parnassius deliws :—ab. herrichi, leonardz, 
subsp. styriaca, from the Styrian Alps in Austria, and its ab. confluens 
(Hoff.). 

January Tth, 1914.—Mr. J. H. Watson gave the Annual Presi- 
dential Address—“ The History of our Entomological Science.” He 
described the lives and works of many of the earliest zoologists and 
entomologists, and in many cases exhibited their original books. He 
surveyed entomological science from its origin to the present day.— 
Mr. J. E. R. Allen exhibited series of Dianthecia cesia, D. cucubali, 
and D. capsophila, from Donegal larvee, and also Abrostola tripartita 
with var. wrtice, from Lancashire and Cheshire. 


113 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


February 4th, 1914.—Mr. B. H. Crabtree showed three ichneu- 
mons bred from the larve of Agrotis ashworthit.—Mr. W. Mansbridge, 
a series of Peronea hastiana, selected from a large number bred from 
Ainsdale, on the Lancashire coast; these included vars. divisana, 
mayrana, coronana, albistriana, and unnamed melanic varieties.—Mr. 
H. Horsfall, two living larvee taken in the open on February Ist: 
Phragmatobia fuliginosa and a small noctuid larva.—Mr. J. EH. Cope, 
photographs of two Delamere localities and a few of the Coleoptera 
taken there: Amara communis, Calathus melanocephalus, Byrrhus 
pilula, Chrysomela staphylea, Corymbites eneus, Barynotus schén- 
herri, Apion violaceum, and A. ulicis, Phyllobius calcaratus and 
P. oblongus from one locality; from birches in the other: Athous 
henorrhoidalis, Dolopius marginatus, Clytus arvetus, Deporans betule, 
Otiorrhynchus picipes, Strophosomus coryli and Phyllobius argentatus. 
—The rest of the evening was occupied by a microscope exhibition. 
Several members brought microscopes and slides, and Mr. Buckley 
opened with a discussion on the methods of wet and dry mounting.— 
Mr. J. B. Garnett showed some remarkable Hymenoptera and Diptera. 
—A. W. Boyp, M.A., Hon. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Series T.M., vol. vii., 
Nos. 38 and 4, November 7th, 1913, and December 30th, 1913. 
Liverpool. 


No. 38 contains nothing specially relating to Entomology. In 
No. 4, however, will be found:—(i) A paper on “Isle of Wight 
Disease,” in connection with insects other than Hive-bees, by H. B. 
Fantham and Annie Porter ; (ii) ‘‘ Certain Mosquitos of the genera 
Banksinella, Theobald, and Teniorhynchus, Arribalzaga,” by H. F. 
Carter (well illustrated) ; (iii) ‘‘ New Culicide from the Sudan,” by 
F. V. Theobald; and (iv) “ Parasite of Strateomyia chameleon and 
S. potamida (Diptera), with remarks on the biology of the hosts,” by 
H. B. Fantham and Annie Porter. 

Weide 


The Forty-third Annual Report of the Entomological Society of 
Ontario for 1912. Toronto. 1913. 


THouGH containing no paper of striking importance, the 144 
pages of this Report (with a number of illustrations) are replete 
with useful and interesting information touching various sides of 


entomology. 
Wie: di dan 


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“CONTENT SO cries 


‘Contributions to hs Knowledge of the British Brion ak No. 1. Meteori¢ 
(with plate), G. 1, Lyle, 78. British’ Odonata in’ 1913 (with. plate), ae 
Lucas, 77. The Earlier Stages ‘of Colias hecla, W. G. ‘Sheldon, $2.” ‘Diadi- 
plosis coceidivora, n. sp., H. “Porter” Felt, 86. Description of a New Cicada 
from West Africa, W: Di Distant, 87. A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of — 


Unexplored Frante, H. Rowland-Brown (continued), 87.. The Genus. Peci- ms 


lopsis (Harrison), J. W. H. Harrison, 92. -' The Psocide of Nottinghamshire, _ ne 
J. W. Carr, 95. Sympetrum: meridionale, Selys, and other Odonata, OES 


Bracken, 96. Continental Insects of Various Orders taken by Dr. ae 
Chapman in 1913 (with illustration), W. J. Lucas, 97. Notes on the. Meta-~ 
morphosis of Phasgonura ‘viridissima, I. [Orthoptera], “Andrew B. Luwoni, 
99. Additions to the List of erent Aphidide, Hred. V. Theobald, 100. 
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 104. , Socierius, 107. RECENT LITERATURE, 113. 


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“SANQUIVAY UL palq MOL JO SBT “ZAIB_EY WOTT vah2) + MOI ISNT ‘DabY ZIVFT OBVIIAV 0} OZIS UL [Vnba Mod Jo yserT = *quared 
puvydery woiy sinquvyy ur poaq seyduiexgy : MOT a[ppryy "MOL O[pptur Jo yuared Moa Jo ysery =*(puvldery) agfipy “awa : MOL ayarT 
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"TIT 938 1d [FE abvd aovj oF) "PGI ‘lady ‘Isigsojowojyuy eu 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.] 


APRIL, 1914. [No. 611 


ABERRATIONS OF ARGYNNIS SELENE AND ARCTIA 
VILLICA. 


By Gervase F’. Maruew, Paymaster-in-Chief R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S. 


Tue above figures have been photographed from varieties 
captured or bred in this neighbourhood. No.1 is a peculiar 
variety of A. selene, which was taken on June 10th, 1910. Its 
chief feature is the remarkable shape of its wings, which are 
much shorter, broader, and more rounded than in typical 
examples, and which caused it to fly in a very striking manner; 


ENTOM.—APRIL, 1914. K 


114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


so much so that when first seen I thought it was some queer 
Geometer, and was surprised, after I had netted it, to find out 
what it was. Unfortunately, the photograph is rather blurred, 
and does not show the markings very clearly. The submarginal 
rows of black spots on both wings are much larger than usual, 
and those of the hind wings reach the apex of the marginal 
black chevrons. The disc is paler and not so heavily marked as 
in ordinary specimens. The markings on the under side are 
almost similar. 

No. 2 is a beautiful variety of A. villica. The first example 
of this striking form was taken here more than twenty years 
ago. It was discovered by Colonel A. J. H. Ward, D.L., V.D., 
sitting on a bush in his garden; and he was so struck by its 
beauty that he sent and asked me to come and look at it, as he 
thought it might be of use to me. Of course I was delighted 
when I saw it, and boxed it at once! Since then I have bred a 
few, and nearly always of the same type; as it seems to be 
peculiar to this neighbourhood, I think it deserves a varietal 
name, and I have therefore called it wardi in honour of its finder. 
There is no need to give a description as the figure is so clear. 
It seems to be a very uncommon variety, for I have not bred 
many out of the hundreds of larve I have reared year after year. 
In addition to this form, I have bred one or two nice specimens 
having the basal spots of upper wings united. 

No. 8 is an extremely beautiful and asymmetrical variety, 
and was the only variety bred out of some two hundred larve I 
reared last season. 


Lee House, Dovercourt, February 7th, 1914. 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES. 
By T. D. A. CockeRreELu. 


Anthophorula brunert (Crawford). 


Dallas, ‘'exas, on Helianthus, September 22nd, 1905, four 
males (I. C. Bishopp). 


Anthophorula morgant, sp. nov. 

@. Length 6 mm. or slightly over; black, closely related to 
A. brunert, but differing thus: smaller (size of male brunerz) ; wings 
greyish, nervures and stigma dull dusky reddish (stigma in brunerz is 
clear amber); hair on inner side of hind basitarsus dark fuscous ; 
abdominal hair-bands whiter. The dusky stigma, dark tegule and 
well punctured mesothorax readily separate it from A. texana (Friese). 
The well punctured mesothorax separates it at once from A. coquilletts 
(Ashm.). From A. compactula (Ckll.) it is known by the less brightly 
coloured flagellum, the black or piceous tegule, and the broad, 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES. 115 


shining, hardly punctured hind margin of first abdominal segment. 
There are three submarginal cells. 

Hab. Falfurrias, Texas, on Helianthus, May 18th, 1907 
(A. C. Morgan). 

Exomalopsis frederici, sp. nov. 

g. Length about 84 mm., expanse 16; black, mandibles dark 
‘red except at base, tibize at apex, and the tarsi ferruginous; hair of 
head and thorax long and abundant, shining white on face, cheeks 
and under side of thorax, fulvous on head and thorax above, very 
bright on anterior half of mesothorax; flagellum obscure brown 
beneath ; vertex shining; ocelli large, in a scarcely curved line; 
mesothorax closely and distinctly punctured, except on disc posteriorly, 
where it is shining and sparsely punctured; base of metathorax with 
strong punctures and small shining spaces; tegule bright reddish- 
amber; wings clear, dusky at apex, stigma and nervures clear amber- 
colour; stigma large; b. n. going far basad of t. m.; second gs. m. 
broad, receiving first r. n. far beyond middle; legs with pale hair, 
fulvous on inner side of tarsi, middle and hind tibiz with dark fuscous 
hair on outer side; hind tibie thick, but legs otherwise ordinary ; 
abdomen shining, very finely punctured; hind margins of second and 
following segments with entire pale fulvous hair-bands, that on 
second narrow and submarginal; segments before the bands with fine 
short hair, only clearly seen in side view, that on second ochreous, 
on the others black; apex of abdomen broadly rounded, ferruginous. 

Hab. Mexico (F. Smith coll., 79, 22). British Museum. In 
Friese’s table of EHxomalopsis this runs to HL. planiceps, Sm., 
which differs conspicuously in the colour of the pubescence. 

The insect looks rather like a small Diadasia. The hind 
spur is strongly curved at end. 


Calioxys ardescens, Cockerell. 


Guayaquil, Kcuador, one male, one female (v. Buchwald ; 
Alfken coll. 6). These are quite identical with the Brazilian 
C. ardescens. ‘The female, not before known, is about 138 mm. 
long, and resembles the male except in the usual sexual 
characters. The last dorsal segment of abdomen is keeled, 
and ends obtusely; the last ventral is rather broad, and is 
narrowed, but not distinctly notched, before the end. The 
insect reminds one of C. otomita, Cress., from which it differs 
especially as follows :—Ridge between antenne high, extending 
down to clypeus, which is obtusely elevated in the middle (the 
lower edge of clypeus is shallowly emarginate); middle of 
mesothorax with sparser and smaller punctures; middle of 
apical margin. of clypeus much less angulate; last dorsal 
segment much broader apically; last ventral broader, and 
rather abruptly narrowed before the end. In Schrottky’s table 
of Brazilian species this female runs to C. pygidialis, Schrottky, 
but differs from it by the absence of a median tooth on scutellum 


and a ventral keel on abdomen. 
K 2 


116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Celioxys sanguinosus, Cockerell. 


Guacimo, Costa Rica, June 21st, 1908, one female (J. C. 
Crawford). U.S. National Museum. The last ventral segment 
has a well-defined tooth-like apex, whereas the type has only a 
nodule, but the specimens are evidently conspecific. 


Celioxys azteca, Cresson. 


San José, Costa Rica, May 81st, 1903, ‘‘on orquetilla,” one 
female (J. C. Crawford). U.S. National Museum. 


Celioxys texana sonorensis, subsp. nov. 

3. Length about 84 mm.; face densely covered with white 
hair; first two joints of antenne dark red, the others black ; hair on 
eyes shorter than in male terana from Wisconsin ; region surround- 
ing middle ocellus strongly elevated ; mandibles with a red subapical 
spot; cheeks thinly covered with white hair, more densely below 
(texana from Wisconsin has a large bare space, wholly wanting in 
sonorensis) ; mesothorax closely and very coarsely punctured; two 
conspicuous spots of creamy hair on anterior margin, and a thinly 
hairy triangle between; scutellum densely punctured, the hind 
margin with pale hair, and not tuberculate or angular; tegule clear 
bright ferruginous ; first r. n. joining second s. m. at extreme base ; 
legs bright clear ferruginous, the tarsi strongly dusky; spurs clear 
red; abdomen clouded with red at sides and beneath; apical segment 
deeply excavated, with three teeth on each side, but one of them 
more or less bifid, no median tooth; fourth ventral segment with two 
red teeth on apical margin, not extending beyond the fringe of white hair. 

Hab. San José de Guaymas, Mexico, April 10th (L. O. 
Howard). This insect has caused me some perplexity, because, 
except for the smaller size, it agrees fairly well with Cresson’s 
brief account of male texana. It is certainly quite distinct from 
the Wisconsin insect which Dr. Graenicher has sent me as 
tecana; but Dr. Graenicher’s female, which certainly seems to 
belong with the male, appears to be veritable texana as described 
by Cresson. Dr. Howard’s bee has the appearance of a desert 
insect, and should be distinct from the Texan species, which 
may well range into Wisconsin. Very possibly the new form 
represents a distinct species, C. sonorensis, but until it is com- 
pared with the type of texana it may be given only subspecific rank. 

In my table of male Celioxys in Canadian ‘ Entomologist,’ 
C. sonorensis runs to C. quercina, Ckll., differing by the absence 
of a median process at end of abdomen, the rounded (instead of 
squarely truncate) hind margin of scutellum, the red colour at 
sides of abdomen beneath, and the smaller size. It is allied, 
however. 

Celioxys otomita bicarinata, subsp. nov. 

?. Exactly like C. otomita, Cresson, except that the clypeus has 
on its lower two-fifths a pair of parallel longitudinal ridges, with a 
depression between. 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES. 117 


Hab. Guayaquil, Ecuador (v. Buchwald; Alfken coll. 7). 
C. leporina, Sky., has a deeply suleate clypeus, but is very 
different from bicarinata. Our insect is in many respects similar 
to C. tumorifera, Ckll., based on a male from Peru. There are, 
however, many differences ; thus in twmorifera the occipital mar- 
gin is a long way from the ocelli, in bicarinata it is close to them. 


Celioxys triodonta, sp. nov. 


$. Length about 10 mm.; black, with the tegule, legs, under 
side of abdomen (except bases of segments) and extreme sides of 
abdomen more or less, all dark ferruginous ; antennz black, the last 
two joints ferruginous basally; mandibles dark red; face narrow, 
densely covered with pale golden hair; hair on eyes short; cheeks 
with a smooth bevelled space below; hair of thorax yellowish, no 
distinct spots on mesothorax anteriorly ; mesothorax with very large 
punctures, well separated on disc posteriorly; scutellum short, 
strongly punctured, but smooth on each side of the delicate median 
keel, which leads to a prominent marginal tooth; axillar spines long, 
and nearly straight seen from above; wings dilute fuscous; anterior 
coxe with large red spines; spurs-red; abdomen shining, the hair- 
bands as usual, but weak; fifth segment with a red spine on each 
side; sixth with six large spines, and a very short and small, but 
distinct, median one; fourth ventral segment with two short dark 
spines close together ; fifth with a deep oval depression. 


Hab. Guayaquil, Ecuador (v. Buchwald; Alfken coll. 8). 
Very similar to C. leucochrysea, Ckll., also from Guayaquil, 
but leucochrysea has the face broader below, hair on eyes shorter 
and white (yellow in triodonta), last two antennal joints wholly 
black, median tooth of scutellum much less prominent, and 
axillar teeth shorter and more curved, no median apical tooth 
on abdomen, lower apical spines longer and more parallel. By 
the structure of the scutellum, C. triodonta is related to C. beroni, 
Sky., but the latter is much larger, and has no median apical 
tooth on abdomen. 


Celioxys costaricensis, sp. nov. 


?. Length about 104 mm.; black, with the mandibles, apex of 
labrum, tegule, mesothorax (except a large posterior triangular area), 
outer face of axillz, tubercles, mesopleura, under side of abdomen 
and marks on lateral margins (large areas on first segment), all red ; 
hair of eyes very short; mandibles strongly tridentate; labrum 
nearly twice as long as wide, with a deep basal pit; clypeus convex, 
densely rugosopunctate; no prominent keel between antenne ; 
antennse wholly black; the large punctures of mesothorax well 
separated on disc posteriorly; scutellum strongly punctured, with 
a smooth median keel, the hind margin conspicuously angulate, the 
end of the keel projecting as a small tooth; axillar teeth only 
moderately long, distinctly curved; wings dilute fuscous, the apical 
margin darker; anterior coxe with short spines, densely covered 
with white hair beneath; anterior margin of mesothorax with a 
narrow band of yellowish hair, but no patches; hind tarsi with 


118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


orange hair on inner side; spurs red; middle of abdomen with the 
punctures sparse and small, on the fifth segment minute but close, in 
abrupt contrast; hind margins of segments, and edge of basin of 
first, with conspicuous but very narrow white hair-bands, but no 
other hair-bands or markings; sixth dorsal segment delicately keeled, 
gradually narrowed apically, and turned up at extreme tip; last 
ventral rather narrow, with a very apical part, not extending far 
beyond dorsal; sides of last ventral with long but not dense hairs ; 
ventral segments with strong white marginal hair-bands ; last ventral 
black or nearly, contrasting with the bright red segment before it. 


Hab. Guapiles, Costa Rica, June 18th, 1908 (J.C. Crawford). 
U.S. National Museum. This species may be compared with 
some of those described by Cresson from Mexico, from which it 
is readily separable as follows :— 

Last dorsal segment abruptly contracted on each side, the 
apical part much narrower than the basal... chichimeca, Cress. 
Last dorsal gradually tapering to apex............... i P 
1. Last dorsal turned upward at tip; last ventral straight 
costaricensis, Ckll. 
Last dorsal not turned upward at tip; last ventral strongly 
Curved: downward wasiicde asco se useeeoecmscesseres totonaca, Cress. 


C. costaricensis is in many ways similar to the South 
American C. querens, Holmbg., to which it runs in Holmberg’s 
table. 

Celioxys luzonicus, sp. nov. 

3. Length about 7 mm.; black, head and thorax above very 
densely punctured; head broader than thorax; mandibles entirely 
black; hair on eyes short; face and front with pale golden hair, and 
scape beneath with long hair of the same colour; antenne entirely 
black ; mesothorax with even posterior middle excessively densely 
punctured ; cheeks covered with white hair, no hairless area below ; 
occiput with white hair; mesothorax with very thin golden-brown 
hair, only distinct anteriorly; pleura, tubercles and sides of meta- 
thorax densely covered with pure white hair; scutellum dull, very 
densely rugosopunctate, short, the margin simple, except when looked 
at from in front, when two very small obscure nodules appear ; 
axillar teeth short; tegule black ; wings dilute fuscous throughout ; 
b. n. meeting t. m., first r. n. joining second s. m. very near base ; 
legs entirely black, with white hair; hair on inner side of hind tarsi 
orange-fulvous ; spurs fuscous; abdomen shining, strongly but not 
densely punctured, the hair-bands pure white; marginal hair-bands 
confined to sides, where they form broad patches, on first segment 
sending a very large lobe basad, and a thin line mesad to near the 
middle; subbasal bands developed as small stripes on sides of third 
segment, but nearly meeting in middle on fourth and fifth; sixth 
segment very short and broad, with very small lateral basal teeth 
(minute ones also on fifth), and six (three pairs) at apex, four above, 
and two (longer) below; ventral segments with broad white hair- 
bands, the first with a median patch of hair extending from base to 
hind margin, but the margin otherwise bare. 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID®. 119 


Hab. Los Banos, Luzon, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1800). 
Closely related to C. capitatus, Sm., from India, and C. sumatrana, 
Enderl., from Sumatra. It is known from capitatus by the 
absence of spots on the mesothorax anteriorly and the interrupted 
abdominal bands; from sumatrana by the clear white hair of 
sides of thorax, and other details of coloration. The male 
of C. philippensis, Bingh., is much larger, and has the sixth 
segment of abdomen elongated, with the upper apical teeth 
(two pairs) very short. Itis related to the Indian C. basalis, Sm. 


Ceratina tropica, Crawford. 
Los Banos, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1787). 


Allodape cupulifera, Vachal. 

Los Banos, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1788). The female is 
only 5 mm. long, with the base of the mandibles dark, and no 
lateral face-marks. It can be distinguished from A. marginata, 
Sm., by its smaller size. 


Megachile aurantipennis, Cockerell. 


Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Par, Guatemala, March 24th, 
two males (Schwarz & Barber). U.S. National Museum. 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE 
BRITISH BRACONIDA. No. I. METEORIDA. 


BY; Geel, living se.S, 
(Concluded from p. 77.) 


Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesm.).—Probably the commonest 
species we have; it is easily recognized by the pale anterior margin 
of the otherwise fuscous stigma, and by the invariably black first 
abdominal segment. The metathorax is also generally black, 
though I possess a specimen in which it is entirely testaceous. 
A most variable species in size and colour; quite half my 
females may be referred to Marshall’s var. 2; and although I 
have seen no males of this form, I have several approaching vars. 
B & y. My largest specimen, a female, bred from a larva 
of Agrotis (Lycophotia) strigula, measures 11 mm. in expanse, 
while the smallest, also a female, bred from a larva of Cerostoma 
radiatella, expands only 6 mm. Marshall describes the second 
cubital areolet as ‘“‘slightly narrowed towards the radius,” but 
in several of my specimens it is considerably so. The larva is 
pale green, with the parts of the mouth black and the spiracles 
on segments one and two also outlined in black. 

A solitary parasite of larve of Lepidoptera. There are 


120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


certainly three and probably four broods in the year, the first 

appearing in April and early May, the second in June and July, 

the third in August, and the fourth during September and Octo- 
ber; the individuals of this fourth brood no doubt deposit their 

ova in larve which hibernate, such as that of A. (L.) strigula, 

which I have known to produce the parasite larva so early in the 

year as the second week in March. 

The cocoon is brown, shining, and pensile (fig. 5). 

Bred on very many occasions from March 31st to May 15th, 
from larve of Agrotis (Lycophotia) strigula, and from June 12th 
to July 4th from larve of Cheimatobia brumata ; also from larve of 
Thecla quercus, June 80th, 1909; Thecla betula, June 17th, 1912; | 
Pecilocampa populi, June 24th, 1910; Cilex glaucata, July 20th, 
1911; Nola cuculatella, June 29th, 1911 and July 5th, 1911; 
Eupithecia abbreviata, July 5th, 1911; H. nanata, August 15th, 
1913 ; Hybernia leucophearia, July 38rd, 1918; Phibalocera quer- 
cana, July 26th, 1911, and Cerostoma radiatella, July 9th, 1913. 

On July 27th, 1911, I bred a female specimen of the Ichneu- 
monid Panargyrops @reus, and on July 7th, 1909 and July 4th, 
1911, examples of Mesochorus crassimanus (Holmg.) from cocoons 
of this species, the host in these cases being Cheimatobia brumata. 
I have also obtained Mesochorus tetricus as a hyperparasite (April 
13th, 1911), the host being A. (L.) strigula and a Chalchid (Peri- 
lampus), rather commonly from cocoons of the second brood ; 
the last-named remains within the cocoon through the winter as 
a fully-formed imago, and emerges in the following spring. All 
these hyperparasites gnaw irregular jagged holes when leaving 
the cocoons (fig. 5). 

M. niger (Lyle). (Figs. 2 & 3).—This species was brought 
forward by me as new in the ‘ Entomologist’ * for August, 1918, 
and further notes appeared in the number for the following 
month. It is a common solitary parasite of the larva of Hygro- 
chroa (Pericallia) syringaria. I have recently discovered in my 
collection a female which was bred from a larva of Hnnomos 
quercinaria, June 17th, 1911. This insect is lighter than any of 
those bred from H. (P.) syringaria, the dise of the thorax and 
stigma being fuscous, the second abdominal segment piceous, 
and the antenne basally fulvous ; in all other respects it agrees 
with the description. 

In both sexes the antenne are 25-27-jointed. 


M. melanostictus (Capron).—In Trans. Entom. Soc. 1887, 
p. 115, Marshall describes this as a new species from five males, 
and mentions that the description of the other sex which he 
gives was communicated to him by Capron. 

Although my specimens agree with these descriptions in 
most particulars, they differ in that the wings are distinctly 


* Vol. xlvi. pp. 244, 266, 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDE. 121 


smoky, especially in the female, with a light mark under the 
stigma, the antenne are 29- to 31-jointed in both sexes, and the 
recurrent nervure is interstitial in the female as well as in the 
male. In spite of these discrepancies, I believe I am right in 
referring my insect to this species. Three of Marshall’s types 
are now in the National Collection, and I much regret that I am 
unable at the present to visit the museum and inspect them; 
Morley, however, has very kindly supplied me with their 
particulars. 

A solitary parasite of the larve of Lepidoptera; fairly com- 
mon in April and May, and again in the autumn in the neighbour- 
hood of fir-trees. I have beaten it from Douglas fir as late in 
the year as December 17th, so that possibly it may sometimes 
pass the winter as an imago. That this is not always so I have 
proved by “‘ forcing ’’ larve of the host, which, taken in Novem- 
ber when quite small, produced the parasite in the following 
January. 

Morley was the first to record a host for the species, for in 
his notes* he mentions that a correspondent sent him a cocoon, 
the maker of which had emerged from a pupa of Thera variata. 
In this I think Mr. Morley’s correspondent must be in error, for, 
as regards the very considerable number of specimens bred by 
me, in every case the parasite has emerged from the larva of its 
host and spun the usual pendulous cocoon, which seems to be 
almost identical with that of M. scutellator, though perhaps 
rather lighter in colour (fig. 5). 

I have obtained this species many times between April 4th 
and May 30th, from larve of the first brood of Thera variata, and 
from September 2nd to 29th from larve of the second brood of 
the same insect. Most of my specimens have, I believe, been 
bred from larve of the true 7. variata (Schiff.), though I am 
certain that some are from 1’. obeliscata (Htb.).+ One cocoon 
of this species produced the hyperparasite Mesochorus crassi- 
manus, September 18th, 1913. 

M. scutellator (Nees).—A well-marked species, though variable 
in colour, &c. The scutellum would seem to be always rufo- 
testaceous, and the metathorax carinated. All my specimens 
have the hind tibiw ringed with fuscous near the base. Marshall 
mentions that the second cubital cell is scarcely narrowed 
towards the radius; although this is usually so, I possess speci- 
mens in which it is distinctly narrowed, and others in which it 
is actually wider at the radius. 

Fairly common ; a solitary parasite of the larve of Lepido- 
ptera. The cocoon is similar to that of M. pulchricornis, but 
larger. From twenty-four to twenty-seven days elapse between 


* Entomologist,’ vol. xli. p. 149. 
+ See Prout in ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xlv. p. 241. 


122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the emergence of the parasite larva from its host and the 
appearance of the imago, at any rate in the spring brood. 

Bred by me from larve of T'riphena (Agrotis) fimbria, April 
29th, 1909, April 28rd, 1912, and other dates; Agrotis (Lyco- 
photia) strigula, April 18th, 1911; Noctua (Segetia) xantho- 
grapha, April 20th, 1911, April 11th, 1911, and other dates; 
Triphena (Agrotis) pronuba, April 7th, 1911, April 18th, 1912; 
and from a cocoon beaten from oak, June 16th, 1911. 

More than one writer has mentioned that a permanently 
testaceous variety exists of some species of Meteorus, and after 
examining several specimens, and comparing them with the 
original description, I have come to the conclusion that 
M. unicolor (Wesm.) is merely a _ testaceous variety of 
M. scutellator.* 

M. versicolor (Wesm.).—Considerable confusion seems to 
have arisen concerning this species. Wesmael mentions having 
bred it gregariously at Charleroy, from a larva of Bombyx 
cassinea (Fab.), the cocoons being brown, and connected by a few 
threads of silk; he also states that the terebra is equal in length 
to the abdomen. In the specimens since recorded, the length of 
the terebra is given as only half the abdomen, so that even allow- 
ing for the fact that Wesmael sometimes rather exaggerated 
the length of this organ, one can hardly suppose that he would 
double it. Again, all recent specimens are mentioned as being 
solitary parasites making pendulous cocoons. 

It would therefore seem possible that we are wrong in 
referring the insects mentioned below to M. versicolor, as I am 
convinced we should be wrong in so referring the light forms 
mentioned by Marshall (var. bimaculatus). 

On May 7th, 1912, I bred an example of Marshall’s var. 
(3 from a cocoon which fell into my tray while beating young 
birch-trees for larve of Geometra papilionaria. Bignell records 
the breeding of a similar specimen from a larva of G. papilio- 
naria, June 7th, 1883. 

The cocoon is pendulous, shining, and much darker than 
that of any other Meteorus with which I am acquainted. 

M. bimaculatus (Wesm.).—Although Marshall considered this 
to be merely a variety of M. versicolor, I feel sure, after referring 
to the original descriptions and examining a large number of 
specimens, that it is a distinct species. MM. bimaculatus has the 
wings somewhat infumated, especially in the male, and the base 
of the petiole and first abdominal segment are never white, 
though the former is pale. In Wesmael’s description of the 
female, the two dark spots on the first abdominal segment are 
mentioned as being triangular and elongate; it would perhaps 


** Since writing the above I have been much interested to find that 
Thomson advanced this view; see ‘Opuscula Entomologica,’ ii. p. 112. 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDA. 123 


be more correct to say that the segment is centrally narrowly 
testaceous. 

As the male does not appear to have been noticed before, I 
subjoin the following description from ten specimens in my 
collection :— 

Mesothorax testaceous, or fuscous, with the disc testaceous, 
scutellum testaceous, metathorax black (fuscous in pale specimens), 
rugose; abdomen piceous with the second segment and base of the 
third testaceous, the second often fuscous at the sides, petiole basally 
pale, first segment striated, tracheal groves obsolete, tubercles 
apparent ; legs testaceous, all the tarsi fuscous, posterior coxe and 
femora at apex fuscous, posterior tibz fuscous, basally pale, all the 
claws dark; head scarcely as wide as the thorax, occiput fuscous (in 
pale specimens testaceous), orbits, clypeus, and cheeks testaceous, face 
fuscous, palpi pale, antennz setaceous, slightly longer than the body, 
fuscous, 30-33-jointed, usually 32; wings infumated, stigma and 
nervures fuscous, recurrent nervure interstitial or subinterstitial, 
second cubital areolet slightly narrowed towards the radius; length 
44 mm. to 6 mm., expands 8 mm. to 10 mm. 


In the female the antenne are about equal in length to the 
body, 30-83 jointed. 

Var.female. First abdominal segment dark fulvous without 
noticeable dark triangular patches at the sides — M. decoloratus 
(Ruthe). 

A solitary parasite of larve of Lepidoptera; it varies 
greatly in size. I have a female, bred from a larva of 
Brachionycha (Asteroscopus) sphinx, June 28th, 1911, which 
expands no less than 11} mm. 

The cocoon ig pendulous, shining, and of a rather rich brown 
colour, though not nearly so dark as that of M. versicolor. Two 
specimens which I must refer to this species, bred from larve of 
Nola cuculatella, made cocoons of a paler colour, similar to those 
of AM. pulchricornis. From six to fourteen days in the cocoon. 
Among other dates I have bred it from larve of Macrothylacia 
rubi, August 1st, 1911; Nola cuculatella, June 21st, 1911; 
Anarta myrtilli, August sth, 1911; Ematurga atomaria, July 30th, 
1911; Cheimatobia ‘brumata, June 19th to 27th, 1911, and Agrotis 
agathina (Sand banks, Poole), June 28rd to 30th, 1913. 

From a single cocoon of this species I bred on August 17th, 
1911, some thirty or forty small hyperparasites. Dr. R. C. L. 
Perkins, to whom I submitted them, has been most kind in 
working them out, and says (in litt. January 15th, 1914): ‘‘ The 
very minute species is certainly Closterocerus (Westwood), but 
the wings are not marked in black as in all described species 
known to me. It is quite likely that species with similar wings 
have been wrongly described in EHintedon or Eulophus, as the 
marked wings have been considered a generic character. The 
antenna is that of a true Closterocerus.” 


124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


M. filator (Hal.).—Appears to be common, though I have 
only once taken it in the New Forest, on November 15th, 1910, 
when a female was beaten from holly. Generally found in the 
autumn, and is said to be a parasite of larve which feed in the 
fungus Polyphorus versicolor. 

M. fragilis (Wesm.). Fig. 4.—A delicate species with long, 
slender antenne and legs ; the second abdominal segment is flavo- 
testaceous, with two black spots on the disc; these spots seem 
to be quite constant, and are a great help in identifying the 
species. 

A solitary parasite of small larve of Lepidoptera. The 
cocoon is pensile, somewhat similar to that of M. pulchricornis, 
though rather more elongate and brighter brown in colour, 
5-6 mm. in length. From the time the parasite larva leaves 
the host to the emergence of the imago from the cocoon, a period 
of from eight to thirteen days elapses. Bred frequently from 
small larve of Hylophila bicolorana, September 8th to 12th, and 
also once from the same host on May 9th, so that probably both 
spring and autumn broods prey on this larva. Also bred from 
larvee of Nola cuculatella, June 17th, 1912, and June 19th, 1912. 

M. luridus (Wesm.).—This is a gregarious parasite of the 
larve of Lepidoptera. The parasites leave the host and form 
their cocoons within the underground chamber constructed by 
the host for the purpose of pupation, though sometimes in 
captivity the cocoons are to be found scattered on the surface of 
the earth, or in bunches connected by a fewthreads. This may, 
of course, happen in a state of nature, but I do not think it 
usual. The cocoons are heaped together and are fusiform, 
brown, with a lighter spot at the smaller end, not shining, and’ 
covered with a thin web of filaments, as mentioned by Marshall, 
4} mm. to 54 mm. in length. Fourteen days or so generally 
elapse between the emergence of the parasite larve from the 
host and the appearance of the imagines. 

When courting, the male of this species follows the female 
with rapidly vibrating wings, repeatedly tapping the apices of 
her wings, which she keeps folded, with his mandibles. 

Ihave obtained many broods, the largest consisting of thirty- 
two individuals, the smallest of four, and also once bred it as a 
solitary parasite. Females appear to predominate, for in- 
stance :—Twenty-six females, six males; fourteen females, four 
males; twenty-three, all females; seven, all females. I have, 
however, one brood of ten, all males. 

Commonly parasitic on the larve of Aplecta (Mamestra) 
nebulosa, often quite thirty per cent. of these larve succumbing, 
yet larve of other Noctuz, similar in size, collected at the same 
time, often from the same bushes, have not been affected. From 
this host I bred it on May 24th, 1908, broods of thirty-two 
and twenty-four; May 25th, 1908 (nineteen), June 2nd, 1908 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID®. 125 


(twenty-one), and many other times. Clutten has also bred it 
from the same host taken at Burnley. Bred from larve of 
Teniocampa stabilis, July 7th, 1911 (eight), July 28th, 1911 
(eight), July 26th, 1911 (seven), and many other dates, from 
larva of Graptolitha (Xylina) ornithopus, July 24th, 1911 (four). 
On May 6th, 1909, I bred a single male from a small larva of 
Triphena fimbria ; in this case the cocoon was suspended by a 
thread an inch or so long from the roof of a breeding cage; the 
larva had not reversed its position, as is usual with those 
Meteoride which construct pendulous cocoons, so that the imago 
emerged from the uppermost end of the cocoon. I think that 
the unusual position of this cocoon was probably merely an 
accident, through the host being on the roof of the cage when 
the parasite larva emerged, and not at all likely to be of common 
occurrence. Like Marshall I have never met with any of the 
dark vars. described by Ruthe, and am inclined to believe that 
they may be referred to M. leviventris. The two species are 
certainly very close, though in M. leviventris the first abcissa of 
the radius is as long as the second, while in M. luridus it is 
considerably shorter. All my specimens of M. luridus are 
uniformly pale. 

M. leviventris (Wesm.).—Very similar to M. luridus but 
differing in colour, being much darker. A gregarious parasite 
of the larve of Lepidoptera, said to be common. 

The cocoons are fusiform, brown, rather woolly with a lighter 
spot at the smaller extremity, 43-5 mm. in length (fig. 9). I 
can detect little or no difference between them and those made 
by M. luridus, though possibly they may be rather darker and 
slightly smaller. Morley described the cocoon as ‘ cylindrical, 
dirty white, much more woolly at the anal half and only 
33 mm.in length.” I have seen the cocoon from which he took 
this description, and although it is certainly of this species, it is 
dilapidated, undersized, much rubbed, and accordingly mis- 
leading. The larva is elongate, attenuate at both extremities, 
cream coloured, with the parts of the mouth outlined in brown, 
also a brown ring on either side of the first segment above; as 
might be supposed, it is very similar to the larva of M. luridus. 
The larve leave their host when the latter has prepared to pupate, 
so that the cocoons are to be found underground. 

Bred from larve of Triphena pronuba, November 3rd, 1913 
(twenty-one), November 4th, 1913 (seventeen; ten males and 
seven females), and November 9th, 19138 (sixteen; seven males 
and six females, three failed to emerge). 

I am not aware that a host for this species has been hitherto 
recorded. 


126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF 
UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 


By H. Rowzanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Concluded from p. 91.) 


UnquesrionaBLy the best collecting ground near Larche is to 
be sought in the mountains east of and above the Col; and it 
was here that I took the majority of the butterflies brought 
home, and included in the following list :— 


HespEertps®.— Carcharodus althee; not uncommon; lateral 
valleys of the Col de Larche; quite fresh. 

Hesperia carthami.—A few taken ; rather small. 

H. alveus.—Flying with others of the group in the higher 
valleys; small as compared with examples from the Pyrenees. 
Var. ryffelensis Obthr.; not uncommon, and in fine condition, 
Val. d’Ornaye, but never below 7000 ft. Distinguished by the small- 
ness of the white spots on the fore wing. 

H. bellievi, Obthr.—The largest of the Hesperiids met with.* Flies 
at the same altitudes as H. alveus and its var. 

With regard to this difficult group of Hesperia, which, thanks to 
students of structure and bionomy on both sides of the Channel, is 
now less of a tangle even as regards the nomenclature, Guillemot 
contents himself (loc. cit. p. 33) with the remark: ‘“ Nous avons 
pris une certaine quantité d’autres syrichthus, qui viendraient sans 
doute se ranger dans les nombreuses éspéces crées il y a peu d’années 
aux dépends de fritillwm; mais je ne m’aventurerai pas 4 donner ici 
une liste de noms.”’ 

In fact, he only mentions H. serratule, common in most of the 
localities visited ; a fine bright form, “ parce qu’elle est trés distincte 
i état parfait, eb qu'il est impossible de la confondre ’—though, I 
fancy, some of us find the lowland form of this species none too 
easy to deal with. 

H. carline.—Fairly common at high altitudes; just emerging. 
But I have not detected H. fritillwm; Hb. (= cirsa, Rmbr.), among 
my Larche Skippers. 

H. cacalie.—Bellier speaks of this as much rarer, and only 
occurring in the mountains about Barcelonnette. I did not come 
across it myself, but I saw a recently captured specimen or two from 
the Val de Lauzanier in Mr. Morris’s boxes. 

Pyrgus sao.—Generally distributed, and with the deep crimson- 
lake colouring of the under side usual to high Pyrenean forms. 

Thymelicus lineola.—Common in the pastures and on rough her- 
bage by the roadsides. 


* In the ‘Entomologist’ (vol. xlvi. p. 11) I stated my belief that this 
butterfly would also turn ont to be a separate species. I have not had long 
to wait for a confirmation of its specific identity by M. Oberthiir and Dr. 
Reverdin. The Hesperiid flying at much the same level near the Lac 
d’Allos I should suggest as intermediate between var. fowlqucert and the 
type, as I conceive it, belliert. 


A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 127 


Lycamnipm.—Chrysophanus virgauree.—Males only out. 

C. hippothoé, var. ewrybia.—Males over; isolated females in all 
states, from freshly emerged to mere ‘rags of quality,” chiefly the latter. 

C. dorilis, var. subalpina.—Rare. 

C. phleas.—Very rare; probably between the two generations (?) 
at this altitude. 

(Lycena alcon.—Mr. Morris and Mr. Tucker had fine series of 
this butterfly from the neighbourhood of Barcelonnette. Not met 
with by me.) 

Cupido minimus.—Nearly over. 

Nomiades semiargus.—Very occasionally. 

Agriades damon.—The commonest “ Blue” round Larche, and in 
pastures by the river on the Lauzanier route; females predominant, 
with several ab. maculata, Reverdin. 

A. corydon.—Searce ; males only here and there. 

A. hylas, A. eschert.—Not common. 

Polyommatus icarus, P. eros.—Generally common from the village 
to the Col, and on both sides of the Ubayette. Females by no means 
scarce. A large form compared with the Swiss. 

P. medon.—Quite common. 

P. orbttulus——Seemed to be very rare; one or two only at the 
highest levels explored (8000-8500 ft.). 

P. pheretes.—Locally common. The females taken by me in the 
Ornaye valley, and the mountains generally to the south-east of 
Larche, are so distinctive in appearance, when placed side by side 
with examples from other alpine localities, as almost to constitute a 
variety. The ground colour of all the wings on the upper side is 
black ; not dark or cinnamon brown, as in those of my collection 
from Switzerland, the Brenner, Stelvio, &c. But the most marked 
feature is the discoidal spot on the fore wings, usually obsolescent or 
insignificant in size and black in colour. Here it is large, and of the 
same lovely azure hue as of the wings of the male; while the basal 
area of all four wings on the upper side is also heavily scaled with 
blue of the same depth and brilliancy; this latter character absent 
in many, but not all of the Swiss and Hastern Alps forms of my 
acquaintance. I propose, then, for this Larche form, if not already 
named, the name azurica, new ab., female. The female Lycznids, 
asin the case of damon cited above, show a regional tendency to 
develop blue spots on the upper side of the wings. 

(P. optilete, taken by Guillemot on the slopes which reach down 
to the Lac de la Madeleine, and one of the rarest of the group in the 
French Alps, I did not encounter.) 

Plebeius argyrognomon.—Not common. Females of the brown type, 

P. argus.—Common, but both sexes getting rather passés. 

I observed no Theclids at Larche, and I see that Guillemot failed 
to do so. 

PAPILIONIDH.—Papilio machaon.—A single fresh male in the Val 
d’Ornaye at about 8000 ft. 

Parnassius apollo—Not at the higher levels. Fairly common 
below Larche. 

P. delius.—From the upper Ubayette valley to about 8500 ft., in 
the Val d’Ornaye. Fairly common ; males only observed or captured. 


128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Pieris brassice, P. rape.—Both rare. 

Colias phicomone.—The commonest Colias.—C. edusa, C. hyale. 

NyMPHALID#.—Argynnis aglata.—Common. 

A. niobe-—Less so. I do not remember seeing A. adippe, nor 
does Guillemot record it. 

Issoria lathonia.—Common, especially just outside the village 
towards the Col. 

Brenthis pales.—At sufficient altitudes ; but the commoner was 
undoubtedly B. arsilache, of which I took a lovely blanched female 
aberration in the Val d’Ornaye, a few minutes’ walk from the main 
road. In this example the rufous ground of the upper side of the 
fore wings has entirely disappeared, and the ground colour is creamy 
white (= primula, new ab.). The same peculiarity is observable on 
the hind wings, but the failure of colour less pronounced. At a dis- 
tance the butterfly rather suggested a female C. phicomone, but the 
different flight, sluggish and hesitating, fortunately caused me to 
make a closer inspection. A tendency to albinism was decidedly 
noticeable in the Larche females of arstlache. Of pales, Guillemot 
speaks of the var. nape@a—the familiar violet-shot female form—at 
Godessart; and I took two of this variety in the Val d’Ornaye, 
among others typical. 

(Melitea cynthia.—Reported from the Pain de Sucre, and one at 
Malmorte by Guillemot, not observed at Larche; nor M. aurinia 
var. merope, which may have been over.) 

M. varia.—Oceasionally. 

Pyrameis cardut.—Ravre. 

Aglais wrtice.—Just emerging, and brightly coloured. 

Pararge mera.—On the wane. 

Epinephele gurtina.—Not common. 

EH. lycaon.—Less rare, and in good order. 

Cenonympha tphis.—Common in all the meadows— Val d’Ornaye, 
Val de Lauzanier, &c. 

C. pamphilus.—Some of the females very large, the size of average 
C. tuphon. 

C. darwimana.—Rare. 

Erebia eprphron.—Many of the males and females examined were 
much nearer to the type than to var. cassiope; but none of the 
females show white-pupilled ocellation. Not common. 

E. mnestra.—Well distributed ; var. gorgophone, Col de Larche. 

HE. alecto, var. duponchelt, Obthr. (= pluto Esp. ?)—Not un- 
common at about 8000 ft. No typical alecto, or var. glacialis observed. 

E. ceto.—One female in the grass where the stream crosses the 
path up the Val d’Ornaye. 

E. stygne.—Over. 

E. scipio—One male only taken, on the 26th, flying with 
numerous other Erebias in the Val d’Ornaye below the ‘“ alecto” 
line. Although I worked this place three or four times subsequently, 
I did not meet with another, and I expect the species was only just 
coming out. It is stated by Guillemot to occur on the rocky slopes 
below the last pastures of Ozglosse, and on the left bank of the 
Ubayette above the junction of that river with the Ubaye. 


DORSET HYMENOPTERA. 129 


E. euryale.—Here and there flitting over alder bushes, just above 
the village. 

E. goante.—Common in the same localities, but going much 
further up, and even flying over the skrees. 

E. gorge, with EH. alecto, var. dwponchelt, and occasionally of the 
ab. erynnys. 

E.. tyndarus.—Not so common as usual ; all of the var. casszoides. 

E. lappona.—Common, but wasted, even high up. 

January, 1914. 


DORSET HYMENOPTERA. 
By FB. By Haines, D:P.H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 


Tue following are some of the less generally recorded 
Aculeates, noted by me, in this neighbourhood of heath, wood, 
and down :— 

Formica sanguinea, Latr., Parley heath; Ponera contracta, 
Latr., two workers, May 28rd, 1918, West Lulworth cliffs ; 
Myrmica sulcinodis, Nyl., one female, September 9th, 1913, 
Ringstead. Mutilla europea, L., not infrequent on the heaths. 
In 1911 I took a fine female as early as May 27th at Morden, 
and in 1908 I took a female at Moreton on May 29th. My 
latest date is October 7th, 1912—a rather large male, on West 
Knighton heath. At Arne, on August 25th, 1913, I found a 
nest of Bombus jonellus, Kirb., in a disquieted state, attributed 
by me to a high tide having reached it. Noting that only 
workers were to be seen, I carried a portion—only 4% in. in 
circumference—home. From both larger and smaller cocoons 
M. europea emerged through round, jagged holes: thirteen 
females between August 29th and September 5th, four males 
between August 29th and September 10th, but no B. jonellus. 
I still have the fragment under observation. Methoca ichneu- 
monides, Latr., one female, September 11th, 1910, on Godlingston 
heath; Pompilus unicolor, Spin., one female, September 3rd, 
1910, Arne; Salius affinis, V. de Lind., two females, July 27th, 
1912, on West Knighton heath, and one female, August 38rd, 
1912, on Studland heath; Ceropales maculatus, F., common in 
August, on Angelica; Stigmus solskyi, Mor.; Passalecus cor- 
niger, Shuck. ; Mimesa equestris, F., commoner than M. bicolor, 
Jur., July, on Heraclewum; Gorytes campestris, L.; G. quadri- 
fasciatus, F.; G. laticinctus, Lep., one female, Moreton, July 12th, 
1910, one female June 22nd, 1912, and one female and three 
males in July, 1912, on Ginanthe and Heracleum; Nysson inter- 
ruptus, F., end of May and June, on Anthriscus and Chero- 
phyllum; Mellinus subulosus, F., Cerceris 5-fasciata, L. I have 
two specimens of an Oxybelus, quite similar to the common 
O. uniglumis, L., but with pale mandibles; I think only a 
variety of it. Crabro tibialis, F.; C. capitosus, Shuck.; C. sig- 

ENTOM.-—APRIL, 1914. L 


130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


natus, Panz., one specimen; C. vagus, L., a block of rotten 
wood, containing pupe of this very common insect, seen on 
November 14th, 1911, produced imagines towards the end of the 
following June. The cells appeared, from the débris, to have 
been stored with Lucilius cesar, L., and two other species of 
Muscide, but I cannot retrieve my note on the point. C. litura- 
tus, Panz., on Heracleum, common in one spot, in a wood; 
C. interruptus, De Geer, one female, July 31st, 1918, Upper 
Bockhampton ; Odynerus levipes, Shuck., one male, June 11th, 
1913, Coombe wood; O. herrichii, Saussure (basalis, Sm.), one 
female, July 24th, 1912. On July 12th, 1913, I found a large 
colony on a limited stretch of sandy hollow on a heath, visiting 
Erica, and took both sexes. One female taken was, apparently, 
just entering her burrow with a small green lepidopterous larva 
(unfortunately lost before full examination) in her mandibles. 
Thad not time to dig out the cells. The hole was on a flat bare 
spot. No other burrows were seen in proximity, despite gregarious 
habits common to other species of Odynerus. On July 21st 
there were but one or two examples about. I took one female 
O. pictus, Curt.; O. sinuatus, F.; Humenes coarctata, L., common 
on the heaths; Colletes succinctus, L. I have a specimen with 
only two submarginal cells in its wings, otherwise normal. 
Prosopis confusa, Nyl.; Sphecodes reticulosus, Thoms., one female, 
July 12th, 1910, Moreton; one female, June 2nd, 1913, Hast 
Stoke; S. variegatus, v. Hag.; Halictus prasinus,8m.; Andrena 
pilipes, F.; A. bimaculata, Kirb., one female, August Ist, 1912; 
A. rose, Panz. (v. spinigera, Sm.); A. apicata, Sm., one female, 
April 17th, 1911, in a wood; A. precox, Scop.; A. fuscipes, 
Kirb., common on the heaths; A. hattorfiana, Fab.; A. ceti, 
Schr,, common on Scabiosa in July, August, and September ; 
A. chrysosceles, Kirb.; A. analis, Panz.; seems rather peculiarly 
liable to abnormal venation. In a short series a male (on one 
side) and two females (on both sides) show but two submarginal 
cells. A. argentata, Sm., Studland heath; A. dorsata, Kirb. ; 
A. similis, Sm.; Macropis labiata, F., not uncommon on Lysi- 
machia in July and August; Cilissa hemorrhoidalis, F.; C. lepo- 
rina, Panz.; Panurgus calcaratus, Scop., common; P. ursinus, 
Gmel., very common; Nomada roberjeotiana, Panz.; N. bifida, 
Thoms., very common; N. borealis, Zett., not uncommon ; 
Epeolus rufipes, Thoms.; Celioxys quadridentata, L.; C. acumi- 
nata, Nyl.; Megachile circumeincta, Lep.; M. ligniseca, Kirb. ; 
M. versicolor, Sm., four females, earliest June 16th, 1912, latest 
August 25th, 19138; Osmia pilicornis, Sm.; O. aurulenta, Panz., 
common on Ajuga in May; O. bicolor, Schk.; O. leucomelana, 
Kirb., one male; O. spinulosa, Kirb.; Melecta luctuosa, Scop. ; 
Podalirius retusus, L.; P. furcatus, Panz., common, fond of 
Stachys sylvatica. 


Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset: February 24th, 1914. 


131 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


QUERY RESPECTING PLUSIA CHRYSON (ORICHALCEA).—Does ‘ o71- 
chalcea’”’ ever pupate in the autumn? Last October I beat two 
large and unmistakably Plusiid larve on H. cannabinum in the 
locality where I expected to find orichalcea, and to my surprise both 
went down in late October. I cannot believe that they are P. gamma 
or P. chrysitis CHARLES MEtLows; The College, Bishop’s Stortford. 


DeRMATOBIA IN GuaTEMALA.—In February, 1912, at Quirigua, 
Guatemala, my wife heard an Indian screaming with pain, and found 
that there was a dipterous larva under the skin of his arm. The 
larva was extracted, and I find that it agrees exactly with descrip- 
tions and figures of Dermatobia, especially fig. 11, a, in ‘ Insect Life,’ 
September, 1888, p. 80. Authors have referred to two species of 
Dermatobia, but Blanchard (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixv., 1896) goes 
into the matter at great length, and shows that the records all 
apparently refer to a single species, D. cyaniventris (Macq.).— 
T. D. A. CocKERELL. 


Stomoxys at A Hien Axutitupe.— On August 28th, 1913, I 
collected Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in a cabin at timber-line, 11,200- 
11,300 ft., on the Long’s Peak trail, Colorado. At same time and 
place I also obtained Phormia terre-nove (Mcq.), Musca domestica, 
L., and Allograpta obliqua, Say—T. D. A. CockERELL. 


RETARDED EMERGENCE OF PARARGE EGERIA.—With reference to 
Major Robertson’s interesting notes in the March number of the 
‘Entomologist,’ I have been looking up my diary, and find that, 
whilst pupz digging under an elm on October 9th, 1909, I found a 
charming green pupa suspended to a grass stem. Feeling satisfied 
that it was rather unusual to find such a pupa during the winter 
months, I watched it very carefully through the following months, 
and was very surprised to see a fine male specimen of P. egerta had 
emerged on May 1st, 1910.—W. W. Maominuan; Woodville, Castle 
Cary, Somerset, March 9th, 1914. 


TROPICAL GRASSHOPPERS (PHANEROPTERIDZ) IN ENGLAND. — A 
pair of grasshoppers taken alive in a hothouse near Felixstowe were 
sent me in December by a correspondent. Some orchids from India 
had recently been placed there. The insects belong to the Phanero- 
pteride, but are not of the genus Phaneroptera. They lack the spine 
on the anterior coxe, and are larger than either falcata or quadri- 
punctata. The male has a beautiful reddish-brown border to the 
elytra, wing-tips, and centre of pronotum. The female is much 
larger and of a brilliant green, including the wing-tips. I have 
requested my correspondent to watch for nymphs later in case the 
pair bred.—C. W. Bracken ; 5, Carfax Terrace, Plymouth. 


A VARIETY OF PyraLis costTaLis.—In July, 1906, I took, at sugar, 
a very remarkable variety of this pretty little species. The bright 
rosy grey of the wings is replaced by deep maroon, or plum colour, 
there are no signs of any transverse lines across the fore wings, and 


132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the large yellow spots upon the costa are represented by a minute 
dull yellow spot near the apex; the fringes are dull orange, tinged 
with pink, instead of the clear yellow of typical specimens. I propose 
unipunctalis as a varietal name for this striking form. It is a very 
common species here, and I have often seen it swarming at sugar on 
old pollard willow trees—GERVASE F'’. MatHew; Lee House, Dover- 
court, Essex, February 24th, 1914. 


Some VARIETIES OF GONODONTIS BIDENTATA. — In the early 
summer of 1911 Commander Gwatkin- Williams, R.N., sent me some 
ova of bidentata from County Cork, and I placed them in a large 
sleeve over the branch of an ash tree in my garden. In due course 
the larve hatched, fed up, and pupated. The following spring a 
number of moths emerged ; these were a very varied lot, hardly one 
of them being typical, and there were some very beautiful forms 
among them, the following being the most conspicuous :—(1) A pale 
straw colour, something the shade of Crocalis elinguaria, with very 
faint transverse lines, the discoidal spots very small, and all the wings 
sparsely dusted with very minute brownish atoms. A very beautiful 
variety. (2) Somewhat similar to the above but slightly darker— 
biscuit colour would perhaps best describe it; the transverse lines 
and discoidal spots more distinct, and the irrorations more pro- 
nounced. (3) This is much the same colour, but of a slightly richer 
tone, and with the transverse lines and discal spots very distinct. 
(4) Pale ochreous, transverse lines and discal spots rather faint; 
irrorations very distinct, and grouped in patches towards the outer 
margin of fore wings. (5) Golden-brown, transverse lines rather 
distinct, and in one or two specimens outwardly edged with white ; 
irrorations obsolete. (6) Warm brown, transverse lines somewhat 
faint, the outer one dotted with white spots; irrorations indistinct.— 
GeRvAsE EF. Matuew; March 9th, 1914. 


BuTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SICILY AND CALABRIA IN 1912 AND 
1913.—It is a truism that the weather often makes or mars the 
success of an excursion in search of butterflies, and my recollections 
of a visit to Sicily in 1912, where I spent the month of April, chiefly 
comprise high winds, dust, and torrents of rain. Contrary to my 
usual experience I left England bathed in sunshine, and on the 
railway banks between Modane and Turin I saw several specimens 
of Huchloé ewphenoides flying about gently (March 29th), and during 
a compulsory stop of six hours at Rome I watched females of Pierts 
rape depositing their eggs on the herbage in the grounds of the 
Villa Borghese (March 30th), but south of Naples clouds hid the 
sun, and in Sicily (March 31st) rain and wind held sway. My 
record of the weather for the month of April is nine wet days, nine 
showery or dull days, six bright sunny days, and six days with 
occasional sunshine. To be detained indoors by rain or wind was 
very provoking, at a time too when the newpapers brought news of 
sunshine in England. On April 5th I took train via Catania to 
Randazzo at the back of Mount Etna for the week-end, but my visit 
was a failure, as clouds hid the summit of the voleano. On former 
visits I have found a great scarcity of larvae, the plants showing no 
signs of having been eaten, but this season the patches of nettles 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Tas 


were black with larve of Vanessa urtice, perhaps the effects of a 
migration, and nests of larve of the Sicilian Lackey Moth. Cliszo- 
campa franconica were very numerous, there were thousands of 
larvee almost ready to scatter. (Is this a biennial? it was common 
in 1910 at Messina.) On April 9th the sun succeeded in making its 
appearance in the forenoon, and at once butterflies appeared in every 
direction, all in lovely condition. They included Thais polyxena, 
Huchloé damone, and of course cardamines and blues and whites. 
Unfortunately the sunshine lasted little over an hour, and was 
followed by clouds and a gale of wind, which quickly transformed 
the roads into a cloud of dust and ashes. Next day the gale 
continued, so I started. back to Messina by the Circum-Htna 
Railway. Hight miles from Randazzo, near the village of Sollichiata, 
the eruption of Mount Etna in 1911 had destroyed the railway track 
for about half a mile, and passengers had to detrain at Sollichiata, 
and walk over the lava stream of still heated ashes, and on to the 
next station—Castiglione—a distance of two and a half miles. With 
true Sicilian dilatoriness, no provision had then been made to fit in 
trains, and ours being an hour late, we found that the forenoon train 
had departed, and we had six hours to wait for the next train. 
(Later this was remedied.) Fortunately the wind was at our backs, 
and the road all down hill, so I decided to walk to the nearest 
station on the main line—Fiumefreddo, Sicilia—some ten or a dozen 
miles, and was fortunate just to catch a train. What with the 
reddish dust of the roads and the black ashes of the lava stream, I 
had the appearance of a Red Indian, and I felt no desire to visit the 
Sahara. 

Showery weather and the scirocco kept me indoors at Messina 
until April 14th, when a sunny morning tempted me up the nearest 
torrent-bed to the Cataract (Cattarati), a fine sight after the rain. I 
followed the gorge to the top of the hill (8000 ft.) and returned 
through the pine wood (the Bosco) and down the adjoining torrent- 
bed (Cammari). Butterflies were scarce after the rain, but those 
taken were in excellent condition, and included Huchloé ausonia and 
cardamines.. The lovely views from the hill and in the rocky gorges 
made ample amends for the fatigue of the journey. 

My favourite short walk near Messina is to Gravitelli, where 
there is a rocky gorge that rivals the dripping well at Knares- 
borough, and the Emperor butterfly Charazes jasius is sometimes 
common on the slopes in June. On April 16th and 19th I searched 
the Arbutus bushes close to a solitary pine tree that dominates the 
gorge, and obtained four larve; apparently the larva spins a white 
silken web on the upper side of a leaf, either for hibernation or at its 
last moult. Larvae of Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus like to sun 
themselves on the same plant, and in the gorge Vanessa egea flies 
rapidly; I caught one good specimen, and Leucophasia sinapis was 
very plentiful. 

With improved weather, I ventured to repeat my week-end visit 
to Randazzo, stopping during Sunday at Taormina, the most lovely 
health resort of Sicily. Once more luck was against me, and the 
grand view of Mount Etna from the Greek theatre at Taormina was 
denied us, and in its place was nothing but mist. I stopped three 


134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


days at Randazzo, and on April 23rd I had one hour’s sunshine and 
secured three male and three female damone. Rain followed and I 
left on the 25th, with Mount Htna still hidden by clouds. 

Still another week-end without any luck. The feast of St. Joseph 
provided an opportunity to cross the Straits and visit Scylla in 
Calabria with my son. The early morning was promising, and at 
6 a.m. we were climbing the steep hill (2000 ft.) leading from Seylla 
to a plateau above, where Melanargia arge has its haunts. Before 
we reached the top, a quite unexpected cloud covered the hill and 
rain fell in bucketfuls. Fortunately we had umbrellas, but our boots 
were soaked through and we had much difficulty in negotiating 
various seams of clay, sometimes of a brilliant red, that we came 
across. Hventually we obtained shelter under a shed and waited. 
Later in the day we made a steep descent over slippery limestone 
rock to the nearest village of San Roberto, where the people were 
keeping the festa in orthodox fashion, with a band to play dance 
music, to which the young men danced, generally two at a time, 
followed by the young women by themselves and then the little 
girls. The ‘festa offerings” to be obtained were of the cheapest and 
commonest kind, but it was interesting to see how the natives enjoy 
themselves at such a trifling cost. 

My ill-luck in April stuck to me until the 30th, when I walked 
up to Gravitelli, and heavy rain sent me back home at once.—J. Parr 
Barrett; Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 


(To be continued.) 


SOCIETIES. 


Tue South Lonpon Entomotoaican AND Natura History 
Socrery.—February 12th, 1914.--Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., President, 
in the chair.—Mr. B. Williams, of East Finchley, and Professor 
Meldola, F.R.S., were elected members.—Mr. H. Rowland-Brown dis- 
cussed the matter of Nature Reserves, and appealed for further 
financial aid and suggestions for the care of these areas.—Rey. G. 
Wheeler read a paper on ‘The Genus Melitga,” and exhibited many 
Huropean species.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited his collection of the 
American species of the genus Melit@a with species of the allied 
genus Phyciodes.—Mr. Curwen, specimens of most Huropean species 
of Melitea.—Mr. J. Platt Barrett, series of Sicilian M. athalia and 
M. didyma.—Mr. Edward, species of Phyciodes and Coatlantona, 
from South and Central America. 

February 26th.—The President in the chair.—There was a special 
exhibition of lantern-slides by members.—Mr. Tonge, various details 
of lepidopterous life-histories.—Mr. C. W. Williams, organisms 
obtained by using the Berlese apparatus, and details of Contopteryx 
and Aleyroides, &c.—Mr. West, various species of Collembola, &e.— 
Mr. Colthrup, illustrating the resting position of lepidopterous 
imagines.—Mr. Frohawk, a series of Anosva plexippus bred from ova 
laid by a female sent alive to this country.—Mr. Main, for Mr. Sharp, 
of Eastbourne, a bred gynandromorph of Hriogaster lanestris, lett 


SOCIETIES. too 


side male, right side female.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, the Syntomid Diptilon 
halterate, which is readily taken for a species of Diptera.—Hy. J. 
Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary. 


THE Mancuester ENtomMouocicaL Society.—March 4th, 1914.— 
My. H. Horsfall read a paper by himself and Mr. W. F. Windle on 
the Macro-Lepidoptera of the Oldham district. He first of all 
referred to the geography of the district, which contains moorland, 
rocky hillsides, a manufacturing district, and an agricultural plain. 
Then he referred to the insects in detail, the records to which he had 
access comprising the last fifty years. It seems that there is some evi- 
dence to show that Plusia bractea was once not uncommon, though 
the actual records are few.. A few insects were exhibited, including :— 
Xylophasia monoglypha (dark forms), X. ruwrea and var. combusta, 
Hyberma defoliaria, H. marginaria, Phigalia pedaria and var. mona- 
charia, Agrotis lucernea, &c. The tendency towards melanism is 
most noticeable in many species.—Mr. J. E. Cope made some intro- 
ductory remarks on the Coleoptera, and explained his remarks on 
their structure by means of some beautiful dissections. —A. W. 
Boyp, M.A., Hon. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENToMOLOGICAL Society.—Meeting 
held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, January 19th, 
1914.—Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair.—A discussion upon 
“Varieties and Species recently added to the Local List of Lepido- 
ptera ’” was opened by Mr. W. Mansbridge. Novelties were confined 
almost entirely to the Micro-Lepidoptera and to variation. Twenty- 
six species new to Lancashire and Cheshire since the last published 
list were enumerated, one of them Scoparia vafra, Mey., being new 
to science. The increasing tendency to melanism and spread of 
melanic forms was commented upon, instances being Boarmza repan- 
data becoming more frequent at Delamere in its black form (var. 
negra) ; Fidonia atomaria, from near Burnley and Chat Moss; Tortrix 
costana, from Liverpool and Burnley; he also mentioned that the 
black forms of Aplecta nebulosa did not appear to be increasing in 
relative numbers at Delamere; on the contrary, in 1913 the per- 
centage was smaller than usual from wild larvee.—Mr. 8. P. Doudney 
exhibited a specimen of Cherocampa celerio captured at Prescot, and 
Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a specimen of Catocala fraxini having 
very dark, almost black, fore wings, bred from a Sussex female. 

February 16th.—Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair.—This 
meeting was a joint one with the Manchester Entomological Society, 
who were invited to tea by the Council. A large number of exhibitions 
were made, including the following, viz.:—A small collection of 
insects from the Amazons, by Mr. C. H. Walker.—Prof. Newstead and 
Mr. Watson, of Manchester, made remarks upon this exhibit, de- 
scribing the habits and life-history of the more noteworthy species. 
Mr. V. Coryton, of Manchester, exhibited a fine melanic specimen of 
Plusia gamma, as well as a bronzy form and the typical insect for 
comparison ; also Trochilium crabroniformis, Nola cuculatella, Eupi- 
thecra fraxinata, and a short series of Peronea variegana, all from the 
Brooklands district of Cheshire.—Mr. R. Tait, Jr., full-fed larvee of 
Epunda lichenea, found in the open in North Wales, on January 


136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


10th, many then found had already pupated; he also made some 
remarks upon the early date-—Mr. B. H. Crabtree showed varieties of 
Abraxas grossulariata as follows, viz. :—lacticolor-radiata, lacticolor- 
cuneata, tochalcea, flavopalliata, and flavopalliata-cuneata.—Mr. W. 
Mansbridge, a long series of Fidonia atomaria from the Burnley 
district, bred by forcing in a warm room in January, including many 
dark forms; also a series of Odontopera bidentata var. nigra, which 
emerged in January in a cold room.—Dr. P. F. Tinne, a series of 
Cidaria reticulata from Windermere.—Mvr. R. Wilding, Satyrus semele, 
English and Irish forms; Pzeris napi from Ireland, Kent, and the 
coast sand-hills; also Melitea artemis from Ireland.—Mr. F. N. Pierce 
had on view the drawings for his forthcoming work ‘The Genitalia 
of the British Geometre,”’ as well as preparations under the micro- 
scope.— Wm. ManspripeGe, Hon. Sec. 


DerBYsHIRE EntomotocicaL Socrety.—The inaugural meeting 
of the above Society was held on March 7th, 1914, at Derwent 
House, Duffield Road, Derby, by the kindness of Dr. St. John. The 
Rey. R. C. Bindley (Vicar of Mickleover) was elected President for 
the ensuing year, and Dr. St. John, Treasurer. The Secretary is 
Mr. G. Hanson Sale, Littleover House, Littleover, Derby, who will 
be glad to forward particulars to naturalists interested. The object 
of the Society is the study of general entomology, with special 
reference to species occurring in Derbyshire. The following exhibits 
were made:—Mr. Geo. Pullen, a collection of Hymenoptera.—Dr. 
St. John, living larvee of Monacha and Plumigera.—Mr. H.C. Hay- 
ward, a number of melanic forms of local species.—Mr. J. Douglas, a 
large number of varieties of Amathes (Orthosia) lychnidis. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Memoirs of the Queensland Musewm. Vol. i (Nov. 27, 1912) and 
vol. ii (Dec. 10, 1913). Brisbane. 


Amona papers of interest to entomologists in these volumes is the 
series on Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoide, by A. A. Girault, 
parts i, ii, and iii of which are published in volume i (pp. 66-189) ; 
parts iv—vi, and Supplements to parts 1-111 appear in volume ii 
(pp. 101-334). A number of new genera are characterised, and very 
many species are described as new to science. The families treated 
are—Trichogrammatide, Mymaride, Hlasmide, Hulophide, Peri- 
lampide, and Pteromalide. 

In another paper Alan P. Dodd describes some new genera and 
species of South Queensland Proctotrypoide (vol. 11, pp. 335-339). 

There is also a short article entitled ““Some Field Notes on 
Queensland Insects,” by Henry Hacker (pp. 96-100). 


Opiruary.—We have to announce, with great regret, that Mr. 
G. B. Corsin, of Ringwood, died on March 12th last. A further 
notice will appear in May. 


oe REMEMBER! = 
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BRITISH ISLES is HEA D'S ses 

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Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. 
Note the Address— ; 


ee bs W. HEAD, Gutomologist, 
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. : 


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34, RIDING HOUSE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE, W. 


LEONARD TATCHELL & Co... 


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23, THE ARCADE, BOURNEMOUTH. 


Offer their New Lists of LIVING LARVA: and PUPA, Imagines, 
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- The pecuniary and scientific value of a collection is enhanced by affixing to every 
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FISTS, for pointing out varieties, 6d. per 100, 300 for 1s. 

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FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL. 


CONTENTS 


Apekiatans of Aregynnis selene Bia! Arctia villica, with, illustrat ion), Gerva: 
Mathew, 113. New-and Little Known Bees, 7’. D. A. Cockerell, 114." ems 
tributions to our Knowledge of the British ‘Braconidée. Womls Meteoride, — si 
G, T. Lyle, 119. A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Unexplored France, — 
H. Rowland-Brown, 126. Dorset Hymenoptera, /. H. Haines, 129. oy, 

NOTES AND OSes Srrinnt 181. ith 134. Recent: Lrrerarvre, 136. eK 


? Al Aa tbs 


[)®- STAUDINGER & BANG- -HAAS, Blasewitze Breeden ankhele 
new Price List No. LVII. for 1914 (116 pag.), offer more than 20,000 — 
Species of well-named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the. 
world, in finest condition ; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARVA, &c. | Separate — 
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (30,000 species, 208 pag.), for HYMENO.- 
PTERA (8600 species), DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500), ORTHOPTERA | 
(1200), NEU'TERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (800). ak ps eo Cash.’ 
orders,.. Priceslow. We sell no more living pupe. ig 


STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS, ESTABLISHED 1760. 
Berle LEPIDOPTERA. | 


M2 STEVENS, of 38, King Street, Covent 
| Bot. London, W.C., has FoGained instructions to. 
sell by Auction, on April 28th and 29th, the COLLECTION OF 
LEPIDOPTERA, formed by GrrvAsg F. Matuew, isq., including 
many fine varieties of Villica, Castrensis, Favicolor, Paludis, aes 
Bidentata, &c., &c. 

Catalogues free on application o oe week bntaee the sale. 


MARY THOUSANDS OF EXOTIC “BUTTER: 
FLIES AND MOTHS, and a few BRITISH, — 
for sale. Several twenty-drawer mahogany British Cabinets, - 
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Apply A. NOAKES, THE HILL, WITLEY, SURREY. 


DR. R. LUCK & B. GEHLEN, 


BERLIN-STEGLITZ, SCHLOSSTRASSE 31. 


EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 


Please write for our Price List. Low Prices. 


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ENTOMOLOGIST 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.] MAY, 1914. (No. 612 


A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS JOPPIDIUM, Watusu. 
Family Ichneumonipz: Subfamily Cryerinm: Tribe CRYPTIDES. 


By CraupE Mortey, F.Z.S. 


“THE species of this genus are slender in form, especially 
that of the male, the legs slender, the posterior pair unusually 
long; the antenne of the female often thickened before the 
apex, somewhat as in Joppa; the wings ample, and in the 
Mexican species, so far as known, entirely blackish; the abdomen 
more slender than in Cryptus, the first segment being long and 
linear,” says Cresson, who places them between Cryptus and 
Phygadeuon in 1873. As a matter of fact, it is extremely similar 
to Acroricnus in its produced mouth, and I fail to discover any 
pertinent structural distinction ; if it be thought expedient to 
preserve Walsh’s genus, its invariably infumate Wings and 
western range will serve as sufficient characters. The American 
species are easily distinguished, and quite distinct inter se. But 
little synonymy has hitherto arisen. 

A detailed and fairly good description of the genus is given, 
with an excellent figure of the front wing of Ichneumon sp. for 
comparison, by Walsh in his erection (Trans. Acad. Sc. St. 
Louis, iii. 1878, p. 69) ; but the author obviously had no idea of 
its systematic position, for he compares it with such diverse 
things as Baryceros, Joppa, Helwigia and Euceros, with none of 
which it is at all closely connected. 

From the somewhat irregular method of sexual erection of 
his genus Joppoceras by Ashmead (Proc. Nat. Mus. U.S. 1900, 
pp. 39-40), one is led to suppose it founded upon a new and 
hitherto unpublished species, named in M8. dubiosuwm by Cresson, 
differing from the type of Joppidiwm—there misprinted rajficeps, 
Walsh—solely in having the metathorax both strongly striate 
and bicarinate in place of unitranscarinate, as in the latter ; for 
in both the metathoracic spiracles are elongate with wings black 
or infuscate, and areolet both large and parallel-sided. As a 
matter of fact, I believe he simply wished to split off the second 
of the following species into a new genus, certainly upon 
insufficient characters. 

ENTOM.—may, 1914. M 


138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


(14). 1. Wings unicolorous infumate, at most with czruleous 
reflection. 


(9). 2. Upper basal nervure strongly antefurcal. 
(6). 3. Thorax and abdomen entirely black. 
(5). 4. Antennz orange with their apices alone 

infuscate . : . 1. rubriceps, Cress. 
(4). 5. Antenne black with no more than a pale 

central band . : : . 2. dubsosum, Cress. 
(3). 6. Mesothorax entirely red. 
(8). 7. Metathorax black and very strongly sculp- 

tured q : 3. ardens, Cress. 
(7). 8. Metathorax also red and discally glabrous 


i 4. cerulerpenne, Cam. 
(2). 9. Upper basal nervure not postfurcal. 
(13). 10. Frontal orbits not white; upper basal nervure continuous. 
(12). 11. Thorax discally black; wings unicolorous 5. apicale, Cress. 
(11). 12. Thorax entirely ferrugineous; wings unicolorous 
6. fuscipenne, Brullé. 
(10). 13. Frontal orbits white; upper basal nervure 


strongly postfurcal . : : . 7. bellicosum, Hal. 
(1). 14. Wings with flavidous streak at base of stigma 
and on hind stigma. . 8. annulicorne, Ashm. 


1. JoPPIDIUM RUBRICEPS, Cress. 


Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 160, male and female; J. ru/i- 
ceps, Walsh, Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 1873, p. 70, female. 


This is the typical species of the genus, and a single pair 
was captured in North America on umbelliferous flowers during 
July. I am not aware that it has been noticed since 1873, and 
greatly doubt the synonymy, suggested by Walsh, with Banchus 
e@quatus, Say (Boston, Journ. Nat. Hist. 1836, p. 247; Leconte, 
Writ. Say, ii. p. 701). The typical male was acquired by the 
British Museum in 1878, and the female was possibly destroyed 
in the Chicago conflagration of 1871, at which time Cresson tells 
us Walsh’s MS. was already completed ; this male is from 
‘« Texas (Belfrage),”’ and was labelled by Fred. Smith ‘‘ Joppidium 
nebriceps (sic), Cress.”’ It is at once known from the remainder 
of the genus by its entirely black thorax and abdomen, and its 
bright orange-coloured antenne with their apices alone slightly 
infuscate ; the description of Walsh’s name appears to differ 
solely in its slightly darker flagellum. 


2. JOPPIDIUM DUBIOSUM, Cress. 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1878, p. 188, male and female. 
Sumichrast found both sexes at Cordova in Mexico; but it 
was unknown to Cameron when writing the Ichneumonide part 
of Biologia Centr.-Amer. of 1885. As its author remarks: ‘‘ The 
female is closely allied to that of rubriceps, Walsh, but distinct 


A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS JOPPIDIUM. 139 


by the very different sculpture of the metathorax. The males of 
the two species are very distinct.” This is a shining black 
insect with all the tibie and tarsi conspicuously flavous. In 
the National Collection are half a dozen examples, comprising 
both sexes, from Xucumanatlan in Guerrero at 7000 ft. in July, 
Teapa in Tabasco in March, and taken by Schumann about 
Atoyac in Vera Cruz. 


3. JOPPIDIUM ARDENS, Cress. 


Proc. Acad. Philad. 1878, p. 189, male and female; J. rujicolle, 
Cam. Biologia, p. 210. 

First described from Cordova; Isthmus of Tehauntepec; but 
a very common species, and obviously the same as Cameron’s 
J. ruficolle, figured at Biol. pl. ix. fig. 16, female. Known by 
the constantly black meta- and red meso-thorax, the black hind 
tibiz with their basally pale tarsi. Over sixty examples were 
found in Mexico at Chilpancingo at 4600 ft. in July, Atoyac in 
April, Xucumanatlan at 7000 ft., Dos Arroyos in Guerrero at 
1000 ft. in September, R. Papagaio in Guerrero at 1200 ft. in 
October, Amula at 6000 ft. in August, Venta de Zopilote at 
2800 ft. in October, Acaguiztla in Guerrero at 3500 ft. in October ; 
Temex by Gaumer ; Tierra Colorado; and by Champion at San 
Geronimo, whence is Cameron’s type in the British Museum, in 
Guatemala, and San Joaquin in Vera Paz. 


4, JoPPIDIUM CHRULEIPENNE, Cam. 


Biologia Centr.-Amer. 1885, Hym. i. p. 211, pl. ix, fig. 17, male 
and female. 

Extremely similar to J. fuscipenne, Brullé, but quite certainly 
distinct in its larger size, broader wings with strong cerulescent 
reflection, black hind tarsi, distinctly antefurcal basal nervure, 
and especially in the glabrous and glittering metanotum. 
Apparently a rare species; the male, taken by Champion at 
David in Chiriqui (and figured in Biologia), is not in the 
National Collection, though the female type, found by Boucard 
in Panama, is there along with a male, labelled ‘‘ Amerique 
meridionale,’ and correctly named by the late Rev. T. A. 
Marshall—probably ex coll. André—though the abdomen is 
mainly ferrugineous. 


5. JOPPIDIUM APICALE, Cress. 
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 160, female. 

* Quite distinct from rubriceps by the colour of the legs and 
abdomen”; the former are testaceous with their hind tibize 
and tarsi flavidous, the coxe with hind femora and trochanters 
black; the latter is ferrugineous, basally nigrescent. One female 


in the British Museum was captured by Herbert H. Smith at 
M 2 


140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Atoyac in Vera Cruz during May, and has the metathorax 
transaciculate, not ‘‘ deeply punctured,’ as Cresson describes 
it; the basal nervure is continuous. It was originally brought 
forward upon a single female collected in Comal Co. 


6. JoppIDIUM FUSCIPENNE, Brullé. 

Cryptus fuscipennis, Brullé, Nat. Hist. Ins. Hym. iv. 1846, 
p- 189, female; cf. Cam. Biologia Centr.-Amer. 1885, 
Hym. i. p. 211. J. yucatanense, Cam. lib. cit. p. 211, 
pl. ix. fig. 18, female. J. donabilis, Cress., Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1878, p. 189, male and female. 


No doubt can, I think, be experienced that Brullé’s descrip- 
tion refers to J. donabile, and it was placed in the present genus 
by Cameron in 1885; the metathorax is rather transaciculate than 
‘‘rugueux,” but the ‘‘deux chevrons paralléles’’ are obviously 
the two transcarine, which are often centrally incomplete. It 
is an abundant Mexican species, found by Sumichrast at Cordova; 
subsequently described from a single female as new by Cameron 
from Valladolid in Yucatan (this type differs from the usual 
form of J. donabile only in its paler—by no means whitish, as 
ficured—flagellar base). I have examined eighty examples, 
among which the male much predominates, from Venta de 
Zopilote at 2800 ft. in October, Chilpancingo at 4600 ft. in July, 
Temex in northern Yucatan, Cuernavaca in Morelos in June, 
Acaguizotla at 3500 ft. in October, Guadalajara in Jalisco in 
July, and Dos Arroyos in Guerrero at 1000 ft. in September. 
This and J. ce@ruleipenne are the only Mexican species with 
entirely rufescent thorax and unicolorous wings. 


7. JOPpPIDIUM BELLICosuM, Hal. 

Cryptus bellicosus, Hal., Trans. Linn. Soc. 1886, xvil. p. 318, 
female. C. nitidipennis, Brullé, Nat. Hist. Ins. Hym. iv. 
1846, p. 188, female. Ichneumon macrocercus, Spin., Gay’s 

Hist. fis. Chile Zool. vi. 1851, p. 484, male and female. 
The above three authors record their species, which have not 
before been synonymised, respectively from the Straits of 
Magellan, Chili, and ‘‘Se halla en las provincias centrales, 
Santiago, &c.”” Dalla Torre misspells Spinola’s specific name ; 
and incorrectly associates Cryptus bellosus, Curt. (Aritranis signa- 
torius, Fab.), noted at Proc. Ent. Soc. iv. 1845, p. lvii, with 
Haliday’s species. This insect is very different from all the 
others of the present genus in its narrowly clear white internal 
orbits, and is probably worthy of generic rank in its slender and 
elongate antenne, short metathorax, small areolet, postfurcal 
upper basal nervure, and tremendously elongate terebra ; it is 
precluded from the genus Cryptus by the elongate cheeks and 
mandibles. The size varies considerably through the whole 


NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIDS. 141 


structure, and, excepting the density of alar infumescence, the 
colours are very constant; I have seen examples varying from : 
body 14 and terebra 35 mm. in length, to others with body, 
19 mm. and terebra fully 60 mm. in length. The National 
Collection is somewhat rich in this South American species :— 
Chili (Bartlett Calvert; in 1856 by T. Edmonds; and in 1875 
by Edwyn C. Reed); Valdivia, Corral or Conal in 1898 (Cameron) ; 
South Chili, Maquehue, Temuco, January, 1906 (R. M. Middle- 
ton); Santiago in 1869 (Reed); Patagonia, Volcan del Lago 
Xanco, two in 1908 (Chubut) ; Terra del Fuego, Rio McClelland 
on December 30th, 1904, and Nose Peak on January 15th and 
18th, 1905 (R. Crawshay); and Haliday’s type, labelled ‘‘ Cryptus 
bellicosus”’ by him, presented by the Linnean Society in 1863. 


8. JOPPIDIUM ANNULICORNE, Ashm. 
Proc. Californ. Acad. v. 1895, p. 549, male. 


I have not seen this Californian species. 


NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIDS. 
By W. G. Sueupon, F.E.S. 


A year or two ago, until the researches of Dr. Reverdin 
threw a flood of light on certain species in this group, those of 
us who were interested in the genus labelled our specimens with 
doubt and trembling, and described them, if we said anything 
about them in print, as examples of species which they almost 
invariably had no pretence to belong to. Consequently, reliable 
data for these species are at present non-existent, except those 
contained in Dr. Reverdin’s papers on the subject in the Bulletin 
of the Geneva Society. 

My friend Mr. A. L. Rayward has most kindly, recently, 
made preparations of all the doubtful specimens of the alveus 
group which I have met with in my various wanderings in 
different parts of Kurope during the past twelve years, and as 
the species those specimens belong to can now be with certainty 
determined, I append a list of localities in which they were 
found, in the case of each species, and the actual dates on which 
the specimens were taken :— 

Hesperia alveus.—I have specimens from Simplon Kulm, 
July 24th and 25th, 1908. Berisal, July 22nd and 23rd, 1903. 
The Laquinthal, July 26th, 1903. 

H. serratule.—Buda Pest, May 22nd, 1910. Berisal, July 
7th, 1902. Albarracin, June 18th and 19th, 1913. 

H. onopordi.—Albarracin, May 26th to June 6th, 1913. 
Ronda, April 19th, 1908. Hyeres, April 11th, 1904, and May 
13th, 1905. Digne, July 13th, 1904. 


142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


H. armoricanus.—Hyeéres, May 18th, 1905. 

H. carline.—Abries (Hautes Alpes), July 20th to 22nd, 1904. 
Berisal, July 22nd and 28rd, 1903. 

H. cirsit.—Albarracin, July 27th to August 2nd, 1905. 

H. bellieri.i—Beauvezer (Basses Alpes), August lst and 2nd, 
1906. 

Mr. Rayward also made preparations of all my Hesperia 
malvae and H. malvoides, and these come out as follows :— 

Hesperia malvae. —Aigle, June 26th, 1902. Buda Pest, 
May 30th, 1909, and May 11th, 1910. Saeterstoen, Norway, 
June 4th, 1912. 

Hesperia malvoides. — Riffelalp, Zermatt, July 4th, 1902. 
Martigny, June 27th to 29th, 1902. Aigle, July 12th, 1902. 
Albarracin, June 6th to 19th, 1913. Guethary, near Biarritz, 
May 23rd, 1908, and June 23rd to 26th, 1918. Hyeres, April 
13th, 1904, and May 138th to 18th, 1905. 

It will be noted that I have specimens of both these species 
from Aigle. The examples of H. malvae were taken in the fields 
at the back of the Grand Hotel, and those of H. malvoides 
somewhere along the Sepey Road. I cannot at this length of 
time remember the exact spot where they occurred, but on the 
day on which they were taken I walked up as far as Vuargny. 


Youlgreave, South Croydon: March 21st, 1914. 


A BEE RESEMBLING A _ WASP. 
By T. D. A. CockERELL. 


AustraLia has long been known as the home of the curious 
genus Hyleoides, bees presenting the most extraordinary resem- 
blance to Eumenid wasps. I have now to record a bee, just 
received from the Queensland Museum, which looks at first sight 
like some Crabronid wasp; so much so that I could hardly 
believe, until I had examined it with a lens, that it was really 
a bee. 

Euryglossa crabronica, sp. n. 

?. Length, 11 mm.; expanse, 144, the wings unusually short ; 
robust, black, marked with yellow, with very scanty greyish-white 
pubescence ; head broad, face and front shining ; palpi short; blade 
of maxilla rounded, about as long as wide; mandibles bidentate, dull 
yellowish basally, ferruginous apically ; labrum black; clypeus bright 
lemon-yellow, the lower border narrowly black, the yellow area 
depressed in middle above (following clypeal margin) and constricted 
at sides, the whole having the outline of a low-crowned soft hat with 
the brim turned down; supraclypeal area shining, with very sparse 
strong punctures; flagellum bright ferruginous beneath; thorax 
wholly black except the tubercles, which are partly yellow; meso- 
thorax and scutellum shining, well punctured; area of metathorax 


BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 19138. 143 


smooth and polished, the extreme base in middle rough; tegule 
piceous ; wings dusky, nervures and stigma dark fuscous ; lower side 
of first s. m. strongly arched; first r. n. meeting first t. c.; legs black 
with white hair, the femora polished; anterior and middle knees 
yellow; anterior tibie light yellowish-ferruginous in front; tarsi 
ferruginous apically ; abdomen dull black, segments 2 to 4 with very 
large transversely elongated yellow triangular or cuneiform patches 
basally on each side; fifth segment with a pair of quadrate chrome 
yellow patches, separated by a black band; apex of fifth segment 
with black hair. 


Hab. Brisbane, Queensland, October 17th, 1913 (Hacker ; 
Queens]. Mus., 105). A very remarkable species, quite unlike 
any previously known. 


BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 19138. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. 


Jupaine by results, the season of 1913 was a very ordinary 
one as regards the British Orthoptera. On June 23rd Mr. P. 
Richards sent me from Seabrook, a small village between 
Hythe and Sandgate, in Kent, a living female nymph of a large 
Locustid, presumably Phasgonura viridissima. It was captured 
at Seabrook on June 21st, and Mr. Richards reports that there 
were a good number in the place. He fed it on flies, which it ate 
greedily. On the other hand, Mr. C. W. Bracken, writing July 
21st, says of another Locustid, Pholidoptera griseo-aptera (= T'’. 
cinereus), that he fed it on lettuce. Many of our Locustid grass- 
‘hoppers are often found to be carnivorous, but how far this habit 
is natural to them does not seem to be well ascertained, and 
reports on food that they take most readily would be useful, for 
it seems likely that some of them at any rate may be good 
friends to the gardener or agriculturist. 

In the New Forest, on July 5th or 6th, I met with my first 
mature grasshopper, a male of the Acridian species Chorthippus 
parallelus. On July 30th the large bog-loving Acridian Meco- 
stethus grossus was mature in the New Forest, two males being 
captured on that date near Holm Hill. 

Mr. 8. E. Brock has forwarded me a few dates from Linlith- 
gowshire. He found Omocestus viridulus stridulating at Drum- 
shoreland and Riccarton Hills on July 20th, and C. parallelus 
was heard at the former locality on July 27th. On the next day 
Gomphocerus maculatus was stridulating at Craigton. A small 
colony of the last species was found on the south slope of 
Cockleroy (altitude about 800 ft.), on September 21st. The 
‘courtship’ of the same species was observed at Craigton, on 
August 8th (vide antea, p. 104). 

In the New Forest, from July 26th to September 8th, the 


144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


following species were met with:—M. grossus, O. viridulus, 
C. parallelus, Stauroderus bicolor, G. maculatus, O. rufipes, Tetrix 
bipunctatus, Nemobius sylvestris, P. griseo-aptera, and Metrioptera 
brachyptera. 

On September 9th a visit was paid to Bookham Common, 
Surrey, to get Gomphocerus rufus, this being the only locality in 
which I have found it. A spot of no great extent by the side of 
one of the string of ponds near Bookham Station yielded 
specimens, and it could be seen nowhere else. We took eighteen 
examples. Even at this late date several were still but nymphs, 
and two of these, together with three imagines, were brought 
home alive. On the morning of September 14th one of the 
nymphs was found to have cast its skin, thereby becoming an 
imago (female), and, judging by its appearance, the change had 
occurred but a short time before the imago was noticed. Those 
brought home alive fed on grass, as did others of the British 
Truxalide that I have kept in captivity. Thirteen that were put 
in a laurel-bottle, with perhaps a spot or two of benzine, were of 
a brilliant crimson colour when removed a day or two later, and 
this tint to some extent they retained when dry. An egg is 

illustrated in fig. 1 to a scale ten times 
natural size. Its length is 4 mm., and 
P width in position drawn about ‘9 mm. 
If this may be called a lateral view, 
the dorsal width is about1 mm. It is 
somewhat rounder at the upper end as 
drawn, and the lower end turns very 
slightly to the left. The surface is a 
little wrinkled transversely. The ex- 
amples used were extracted from a dead 
female and put in spirit and water, so I 
am not able to say anything about the 


1 2 natural colour. 
1. Egg of Gomphocerus rufus Wi iV1 
2. Egg ai Dizithawimena ee es f Mr. B. 8. Williams sent me a ae 
(Both x 10) emale of Leptophyes punctatissima, whic 


he took from a fence in a wood at Hast 
Finchley, N., on September 16th. 
Somewhat late records are :—The little earwig (Labia minor), 
a male and two females taken by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, on 
October 2nd, at Glemsford in Suffolk; S. bicolor (one very dark) 
and M. brachyptera, taken by Mr. KE. Step, on the occasion of 
the Fungus Foray of the South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society, at Oxshott, on October 4th; one 
Stenobothrus lineatus, a local species, taken as nymph, by Mr. 
T. A. Chapman at Buckland, Surrey, on October 18th, which 
became an imago on October 21st; G. rufus, a female taken by 
Mr. Chapman at Buckland on October 81st. 
Considerable interest attaches to the capture, in Kent, of a 


BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1913. 145 
large Locustid, Diestrammena marmorata, de Haan (fig. 3), which 
Mr. M. Burr brought up to the Entomological Society for 
exhibition on October 1st. It appears that Rev. E. N. Bloom- 
field received three specimens that had been taken on September 
23rd, October 19th, and November 12th, in an outhouse at 
St. Leonard’s. It seems clear that the origin of these insects 
was to be found in Relfe’s Nursery at St. Leonard’s, whence 


: W. J. Lucas, photo. 
Fic. 3.—Diestrammena marmorata, de Haan, ¢ , nat. size. 


Mr. Bloomfield received six more specimens, they being not un- 
common in a fern-house. D. marmorata is a native of Japan, 
but has been taken under conditions very similar to those at 
St. Leonard’s in several places on the Continent. Nor are these 
the only British examples; for, strange to say, I received on the 
same day (October 1st) some decomposing fragments of Lo- 
custids from Mr. Harwood, of Colchester. They came from a 
wall covered with ‘virgin cork,” at Sir Ernest Cassel’s residence 
at Ipswich; but whether the wall was indoors or not was not 
mentioned. Though considerably decomposed, there was but little 
doubt about their belonging to the species under notice. D. mar- 
morata is a large insect with very long appendages of all kinds, 
and is very spider-like in appearance and movements. Its 
colouring is a mixture of different tints of bright brown. I 


146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


possess another female of good size, which was taken in Kew 
Gardens four or five years ago. Since this species appears to be 
chiefly carnivorous in its habits, it is probably more useful than 
otherwise to the gardener (see above). The egg (fig. 2) is small 
for so large a grasshopper, its length being about 2°2 mm. and 
width about ‘8 mm. It is nearly, but not quite, a cylinder with 
somewhat hemispherical ends, and the surface is slightly, but 
regularly, roughened. Of the colour I cannot speak, as the eggs 
examined were extracted from the body of a dead female. 


Kingston-on-Thames: March, 1914. 


SOME DORSET HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. 
By 2. Ee Haines, Dapa., MR.C:8., L.R.C.P: 


Tue following list of Hemiptera-Heteroptera found by me 
during the last few years in this neighbourhood may be of 
interest :—-T'hyreocoris scarabeoides, L. Once in numbers. 
Podops inuncta, F. West Lulworth, common on the chalk. 
Schirus luctuosus, M. & R. On the coast. Gnathoconus albo- 
marginatus, Goeze. Two, May, 1913, at West Lulworth. Palo- 
mena prasina, L., Piezodorus lituratus, F., Pentatoma rufipes, L., 
Picromerus bidens, L., Rhacognathus punctatus, L., Zicrona 
cwrulea, L. Common on the heathlands. Acanthosoma hemor- 
rhoidale, L., A. interstinctum, L., Elasmostethus griseus, L. The 
females may be commonly found with their young, in June, on 
Betula, near the outskirts of woods. Hnoplops scapha, F. Four, 
last August and September, at Ringstead. Syromastes marginatus, 
L., Coreus denticulatus, Scop., Stenocephalus agilis, Scop. Very 
common on the coast. Corizus maculatus, Fieb. One at Tad- 
noll on Sept. 10th, 1908. Neides tipularius, L. One in my 
garden, May 2nd, 1908. Nysius lineatus, Cost. One at Holme, 
near Wareham, on August 29th, 1912. Cymus glandicolor, 
Hahn, C. claviculus, Fall., Ischnorhynchus geminatus, Fieb. Very 
common on the heaths. Heterogaster urtice, F., Rhyparochromus 
pretextatus, H. §., R. chiragra, F., Ischnocoris angustulus, Boh., 
Macrodema micropterum, Curt., Stygnus pedestris, Fall., Aphanus 
pin, L., Drymus sylvaticus, F., D. piceus, Flor. One at Hast 
Stoke on Oct. 1st, 1908. Notochilus contractus, H. 8., Scolopo- 
stethus affinis, Schill., S. thomsoni, Reut., S. decoratus, Hahn, 
Serenthia leta, Fall., Campylostira verna, Fall., Dictyonota tri- 
cornis, Schr., Monanthia humuli, F., Aradus depressus, F., Hydro- 
metra stagnorum, L., Velia currens, F., Gerris lacustris, L., 
Coranus subapterus, De G., Nabis lativentris, Boh., N. major, 
Cost., N. flavomarginatus, Scholtz., N. limbatus, Dahlb., N. 
lineitus, Dahlb., N. rugosus, L., N. ericetorum, Scholtz., Salda 


AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 147 


littoralis, L., S. saltatoria, L., S. pilosella, Thoms., S. cincta, H.S., 
S. cocksi, Curt., Lyctocoris campestris, F., Anthocoris nemoralis, 
F., A. nemorum, L., Triphleps minuta, L., Microphysa elegantula, 
Baer., Pithanus maerkeli, H. 8., Miris calcaratus, Fall., M. levi- 
gatus, L., M. holsatus, F., Leptopterna ferrugata, Fall., L. dolo- 
brata, L., Lopus gothicus, L., Phytocoris reuteri, Saund., P. ulmi, 
L., Calocoris ochromelas, Gmel., C. roseo-maculatus, De G., C. 
bipunctatus, F'., C. lineolatus, Goeze, C. ticinensis, Mey., marshy 
places, August and September. C. infusus, H. 8., Stenotus 
binotatus, F., Lygus cervinus, H. §., L. pastinace, Fall., L. 
kalmui, L., Liocoris tripustulatus, F., Rhopalotomus ater, L., 
Halticus apterus, L., Campyloneura virgula, H. §., Cyllocoris 
histrionicus, L., C. flavonotatus, Boh., Orthotylus tenellus, Fall., 
O. ochrotrichus, D. & 8., O. ericetorum, Fall., Heterotoma merio- 
ptera, Scop., Macrotylus paykulli, Mey., Harpocera thoracica, Fall., 
common on oaks. Phylus palliceps, Fieb., P. melanocephalus, L., 
P. coryli, L., Psallus ambiguus, Fall., P. betuleti, Fall., P. varia- 
bilis, Fall., P. quercus, Kb., P. fallenii, Reut., P. varians, H. S., 
P. roseus, F'., Plagiognathus arbustorum, F., Nepa cinerea, L., 
Notonecta glauca, L., Corixa geoffroyi, Leach, C. hieroglyphica, 
Duf., C. sahlbergi, Fieb., C. mesta, Fieb. 

This district is varied in character. The chalk downs and 
other formations of the coast are partly replaced inland by 
heaths of Bagshot and Reading sands. Sometimes I fancy the 
Bagshot more prolific than the Reading beds. Areas of London 
Clay occur, on which is wood. MHere and there is marshland, 
and there are margins of fenland by the Frome. I have not 
specially searched for these insects, or, doubtless, many more 
would have been met with. 

An almost bare list suffices, as most species occurred under 
usual conditions. 


Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset. 


AN ACCOUNT OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP 
TO CORSICA. . 


By Grerarp H. Gurney, F.E.S. 


Tue following notes of a trip which I made last summer to 
Corsica are in no way records of varieties captured or an account 
of a profusion of butterflies seen; for, as a matter of fact, in 
many respects the time I spent in that delightful and romantic 
island was, entomologically speaking, rather a failure. The 
reasons for this were, that in the first place it was an extremely 
late season, at any rate in the mountains, many insects not 
appearing until a fortnight or more after one had a right to 


148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


expect them, and then only in very small numbers. The greater 
part of May and early June had been very wet and cold, and at 
Vizzavona I was told there had been more rain and snow during 
the early part of the summer than had been known for at least 
ten years. Anold French gentleman who lives at Ajaccio told 
me that the backwardness of plant life generally (he was some- 
thing of a botanist) was phenomenal, and that the excessive cold 
and wet which they had been having had done considerable 
damage to fruit trees and crops; and so of course in the same 
way insects suffered. Hxcept with one or two exceptions butter- 
flies were never plentiful; and even when we went down from 
Vizzavona to Corte, two thousand feet lower, we still found 
the same condition of things prevailing and heard the same 
story: that never had there been such a wet, cold summer. 
Consequently, when we arrived in the island towards the end of 
June many of our first days resulted in seeing very little, and 
we had literally to wait for the butterflies to come out, which 
they chose to do very slowly indeed; and when we had to leave 
on July 17th our “‘ bag” was by no means a large one, though 
I am bound to say we were able to see and obtain good series of 
the majority of the interesting Corsican specialities. Before 
going to Corsica I had spent a few days collecting in the forests 
near Laon, in Northern France. Here on June 19th Dryas 
paphia was emerging and becoming common; in Corsica, 
hundreds of miles further south, I did not see D. paphia until 
July 5th, when at Corte, in the Restonica Gorge, which is very 
warm and sheltered, this species was then only just commencing, 
and was not out at Vizzavona a week later, where most collectors 
have generally found it abundant in the second week of July. 
However, if butterflies were not plentiful, Corsica itself is so 
beautiful and full of interest that one must indeed be without 
resources if one cannot fill up the time in other ways. We found 
the natives charming and always pleasant to talk to; while with 
its splendid mountain scenery every corner is a perfect picture 
for an artist; and of course the flora of Corsica is well known 
for its variety and interest. I had as companion my friend 
Mr. Robert Trapper-Lomax, who, although at starting some- 
what of a novice in matters entomological, soon became an adept 
with the net, and quickly began to talk with the greatest glib- 
ness of “elisa” and ‘‘ hospiton,’ though his great wish to 
secure a specimen of the latter butterfly was never realized. 
Leaving Marseilles at 4 o’clock in the afternoon, we slowly 
steamed out to sea under a cloudless sky, the statue on the 
church of ‘‘ Notre Dame de la Garde” standing up above the 
tower like a figure of living gold, illuminated by the rays 
of the hot afternoon sun. Next morning, however, when we 
arrived at Ajaccio at 5 a.m. a drizzling rain was falling, and the 
hills surrounding one of the most beautiful bays in Kurope were 


AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 149 


shrouded in vapour and mist; but in spite of the wet it was 
very hot when we got on shore, with a close, almost tropical 
atmosphere. We engaged rooms at the Hotel de France in the 
middle of the town, as the much better and more comfortable 
Grand Hotel is closed at this time of year. By 10 o’clock the 
rain had stopped and the sun was shining brilliantly, quickly 
drying up the sopping vegetation, and we were on the war- 
path, and once again experiencing that feeling of intense excite- 
ment which always fills one when, after perchance a year’s 
interlude, one starts for one’s first walk with a butterfly net in a 
perfectly new country, where one imagines one is at once going 
to see every sort of rarity, and where every insect that comes 
along is eagerly captured and carefully examined before being 
either released or consigned to a pill-box. 

Quickly walking through the town in a_north-westerly 
direction, we came out on to some rough ground, partly culti- 
vated terraces and small fields; but everything was frightfully 
burnt up and insects were not common. A small form of 
Polyommatus icarus was rather frequent, fresh specimens of 
probably a second or third brood; and flying about amongst the 
burnt-up herbage was P. astr arche, also of rather small size but 
with the red spots large and brilliantly coloured ; these might be 
referred to as var. calida. Working round by the back of some 
villa gardens, a few Pieris brassice were noticed, but further 
along, at the foot of some dry hills, we found H’pinephele ida to be 
rather common; they were quite fresh, and are, I think, some- 
what larger than my Spanish examples. Here also Mr. Lomax 
secured a fine specimen of Tarucus telicanus, which with two or 
three rather ragged Lampides beticus were haunting the flowers of 
a small wild ‘‘ pea” (?) which rambled over the dry stony ground, 
but which further along, where a tiny spring welled up and 
where the vegetation in consequence became a little more 
luxurious, grew into quite a fine plant. A good many butterflies 
were attracted to this spot—Pararge egeria, fresh Colias edusa, 
Issoria lathonia, one or two Leptidia sinapis, and a single lovely 
Pyrameis car dui. 

The dry hillsides were in many places covered with helio- 
crysum in full blossom, making fine patches of golden colour ; 
these were attractive to a fair large form of Mpinephele jurtina 
var. hispulla, both sexes being in good order. Here also were 
P. warus, more EH. ida, and numerous HL. tithonus, with a few 
very darkly-coloured Chrysophanus phleas var. eleus; and as we 
were walking back to Ajaccio by the roadside, and flying literally 
amongst the thick white dust Pararge megera var. tigelius was 
not infrequent, though generally shabby individuals. 

The following morning, as there did not seem to be anything 
to detain us in Ajaccio, we left for Vizzavona, a journey which 
takes some four hours or more, but which is always interesting 


150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


because of the gradual ascent from the hot low plains and hills, 
fragrant with the scent of endless sweet-smelling herbs, through 
the dense ‘‘ maquis,’’ which is the Corsican name for the thick, 
in many places almost impenetrable, bush which covers all the 
hillsides up to about 2000 ft., and which is composed of arbutus, 
Mediterranean heath, and myrtle scrub, leaving which the line 
goes through woods of splendid chestnut trees, with picturesque 
villages perched on the tops of rocky hills, or lying hidden in 
sheltered valleys, till it reaches the pine forests and eventually 
stops at the station of Vizzavona. 

Here we were very soon comfortably settled in the very clean 
and nice Grand Hotel, which in spite of its name is a sufficiently 
simple establishment, but perfectly comfortable for a lengthened 
stay. Vizzavona is right on the edge of the magnificent pine 
and beech forest, and consists of the hotel, post-office, two or 
three small villas, and half a dozen cottages; but it is a con- 
venient centre, and most of the Corsican butterfly specialities 
may be taken within a short distance. The afternoon we arrived 
we went for a short walk in the direction of Tattone, a small 
hamlet some three miles further on. It was very cool and dull, 
with only occasional gleams of sun, and we did not see a single 
insect of any description, which was rather a damper to one’s 
entomological enthusiasm. The heliocrysum, which was so 
conspicuous a feature at Ajaccio, covering the ground with 
golden blossom, was at this elevation not in flower. 

Next morning was brilliantly fine, and we started off betimes, 
through the forest, past the Monte d’Oro hotel, which is forty 
minutes’ walk from Vizzavona, and on to the Col de Vergio ; on the 
way up we saw very little, an occasional L. sinapis and a single 
fine Pyrameis atalanta sitting on a plant in a patch of sunlight 
which forced its way through the thick pine trees. 

However, when we emerged from the forest on to the moun- 
tain side matters mended somewhat, and it was not long before 
IT had taken one of the Corsican specialities, viz. Canonympha ~ 
corinna. Near the Monte d’Oro hotel, in the very black-coloured 
Corsican nettles, were many larve of Aglais urtice var. ichnusa 
in all stages of growth. I collected a good number of these, but 
only took the smallest specimens, as I knew if I took full-fed 
ones I should probably breed out about ninety per cent. of 
ichneumons; those I kept fed up and emerged nearly a month 
later, when I had got back to England, all fine large examples 
of this interesting insular form of urtice, not a single one being 
ichneumoned. On the ‘‘ Nek” itself Lycena argus (egon) var. 
corsica was flying about quite commonly amongst the bracken 
and small juniper bushes, which here thickly cover the top of 
the Pass on either side of the road; they were quite fresh, but 
the beautifully marked females were rather scarce. 

Passing over the ‘“‘ Nek”’ and descending a little the other 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 151 


side, C. corinna turned up frequently; curiously enough many 
were quite worn, giving the appearance of having been on the 
wing for some time. Others again in the same locality were 
evidently freshly emerged—rich brilliant orange, the males with 
intense black tips to the wings; it is a very pretty little butterfly 
when quite fresh. Here also were a few P. brassice, which 
deserve no special mention as they were quite typical. Climbing 
up to the old fort, which stands so picturesquely guarding 
the Pass, we found a few very dark C. phleas var. eleus; and 
worn P. megera var. tigelius, and L. argus (e@gon) var. corsica, 
were plentiful, while an interesting object was the Corsican 
sharp-headed Lizard, Lacerta oxycephala—a finely-marked black 
and green form, which was very common on the rocks round 
the Tour. 

Undoubtedly much the best ground in the vicinity of 
Vizzavona is the meadows and rough land in the direction of, 
and beyond, the little village of Tattone; to reach this one has 
a walk of nearly three miles, either by the winding road or, 
more quickly, along the railway line. Here, where the very 
picturesque village school is built, is some excellent ground, and 
our second morning, and very many others as well, were spent 
collecting and sketching hereabouts. On the left of the road is 
much rough bracken-covered ground, with open spaces covered 
with flowers and luxuriant grass, rendered more luxuriant still 
by the little streams of water which have been cut to irrigate the 
land and which flowed in all directions. Here L. argus (egon) 
var. corsica was in the greatest profusion, both sexes abundant 
and in beautiful condition, and it was pretty to see them sitting 
with expanded wings on the bracken. Two specimens of Lycena 
argyrognomon var. belliert were netted here, but I have no note 
of taking this species anywhere else 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


WickEN Fen.—The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest 
or Natural Beauty have now made arrangements for the appointment 
of a watcher for their property in Sedge Fen, Wicken, Cambridgeshire. 
Applications for permission to visit this property should be addressed 
to A. H. Evans, Esq., Secretary of the Local Committee, 9, Harvey 
Road, Cambridge, or to 8. H. Hamer, Hsq., Secretary ef the National 
Trust, 25, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 


HIBERNATION OF PyRAMEIS ATALANTA.—As there is a controversy 
regarding the hibernation of Pyramezs atalanta, it may be of interest 
to know that a specimen was seen at Cripplestyle, near Fording- 
bridge, on Thursday, April 16th.—A, S. Corser; Bournemouth. 


152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


PROLONGED PupaL DuRaTION IN ERIOGASTER LANESTRIS.—From 
larvee taken on June 19th, 1909, I obtained in 1910 seven moths, six 
males and one female emerging on February 27th, and one female 
on March 8th: no moths appeared in 1911, but in 1912 five males 
emerged, two on February 21st and three two days later. There 
was no further emergence in 1913, but on the 2nd inst. a perfect 
male emerged. I have still three pupe remaining, but whether 
living or not I am unable to say, the cocoons being intact. The 
date of the last emergence would seem to be unusually late-—Ltoyp 
Cuapwick, 7, Northgate Street, Warwick, April 19th, 1914. 


MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.—I saw a specimen of M. stellatarwm 
this morning flying over a rhododendron which is just bursting into 
flower. This seems to be an unusually early appearance, in view of 
the rainy and comparatively sunless March which we have experienced. 
—H. V. Puum; Kelly College, Tavistock, April 3rd, 1914. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE FutuL-Fep Larva or THECLA sPrIni.— Whilst 
at Albarracin in June last summer I beat sundry Theclid larvee from 
two species of Rhamnus, one of which was R. licyoides; these 
eventually produced specimens of 7. spimz, and as descriptions of the 
larvee of all Continental Kuropean Rhopalocera hardly exist, I am 
induced to publish the following details of the full-fed larva:—Length 
15 mm.; breadth 4 mm. Head jet black and shining; second seg- 
ment much narrower than those following, and narrower in front 
than in the rear; third segment is the full width of the larva (4 mm.). 
Colour of all segments except first (the head) light grass green. On 
the front of third segment commence two subdorsal stripes, greenish 
white in colour, these stripes are interrupted at the front and rear of 
each segment and they extend through ten segments. The spiracular 
stripes are the same colour as those on the subdorsal area, and 
extend from the third to the anal segment, both inclusive. Between 
subdorsal and spiracular stripes is an inconspicuous series of 
diagonal stripes. The ventral area is bluish green with claspers of 
grass green. The spiracles are inconspicuous and of a somewhat 
lighter green than the surroundings.—W. G. SHentpon; Youlgreave, 
South Croydon, April 26th, 1914. 


BuTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SICILY AND CALABRIA IN 1912 AnD 
1913.—I was persuaded to stay at Messina for the first week in May, 
and on the first I climbed Monte Cicci (2000 ft.); on the 3rd I walked 
up to Gravitelli, and on the 6th I visited the low hills at the extreme 
north-east point of Sicily overlooking the Faro, and though the 
weather was fine and hot, the rain had evidently retarded the 
appearance of the summer butterflies. I reached Forest Hill on 
May 10th with a very small “bag,” which to my disappointment 
did not contain a single fresh species to add to my list. Then 
followed the wet summer in England. 

In the spring of 1913 circumstances delayed my leaving England 
for Sicily until May 14th. Again I started in brilliant sunshine, 
again I left the finest weather in England. Crossing the Channel 
clouds gathered, and at Dieppe there was a heavy thunderstorm, 
and rain fell as I journeyed across France and entered Italy. In 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 153 


order to escape arriving at Messina at the inconvenient hour of 
2 a.m., I broke my journey on the morning of May 16th at Cajanella 
(pronounced Canella), a roadside station fifty miles north of Naples. 
The village itself was very picturesque, nestling at the foot of an 
isolated hill between higher hills. This hill was crowned with a 
ruined castle and a roofless chapel, which reminded me of Corfe 
Castle, Dorset, and I found there was a grand view (as at Corfe) from 
the top across the plain. On the plain, farmhouses sheltered by 
trees and bushes were dotted about, and nightingales were in full 
song in broad day at each of them, while near the station hundreds 
of house-martins had their nests in the eaves of an immense old 
building, probably a former monastery. The main road was good, 
but the lanes were very muddy, and in places quite impassable 
owing to recent heavy rains, and as a consequence butterflies were 
very scarce, tcarus and rape being most in evidence. When I was 
nearly stuck in the mud, a youth came to my assistance and acted 
as guide until I left, and would take no tip! He was quite satisfied 
with the opportunity to pick up a little English, his ambition being 
to emigrate to America shortly. Reaching Messina at 8.30 a.m. on 
March 31st, I was in time for a good breakfast and able to spend a 
full day enjoying the delightful atmosphere of Sicily, this being, I 
was told, the first really nice day for several weeks past. 

Next day a picnic was arranged for me at the Campo Inglese, 
where Lord Nelson formed his camp over one hundred years ago, 
but from experience I recognise that picnics, like field meetings, are 
seldom successful from a collector's point of view. Before reaching 
the top of the hill I separated from my party to climb a spur of 
Monte Cicci, intending to rejoin them at the camp. The only 
butterflies on the wing were whites, and while I was on the steep 
slope I noticed a cloud of large whites crossing the valley below, 
moving towards the west. There must have been thousands of 
them, and a few stragglers came up the hill in my direction, males 
of Preris brassice, in good condition. I learnt afterwards that a 
couple of friends of mine saw the cloud passing over the torrent bed 
at La Scala, two or three miles further west, and captured some 
specimens. With regard to the migration of butterflies I was told 
in 1910 by a native of Cucuraci, the nearest village to the Campo 
Inglese, that the people there look for an annual invasion of 
white butterflies about May 20th, but he could not say where they 
came from. Across the Straits in Calabria, not many miles distant, 
there is a very extensive plain formed by the River Messina and its 
tributary, the Marepotamo, which is a possible source of origin, and 
I should like to explore that district at a future date. When I 
joined my friends at the Campo Imglese, I found four thousand 
soldiers in camp, many of them being engaged in drill, which was 
interesting to watch. 

On May 19th I hurried off to spend three or four days at 
Randazzo, the railway communication being so slow that I did not 
arrive until sunset. At my hotel I met an entomologist from 
Vienna, Herr Carl Hosfer, and he, with his wife, asked to be 
allowed to join me next day. The forenoon was bright and sunny, 


ENTOM.-—MAyY, 1914. N 


154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and with our combined three nets we captured fifteen specimens of 
Huchloé damone in excellent condition, before rain practically put an 
end to collecting for the day. We each took a specimen of Lycena 
aleiphron (var. gordius), and amongst other species were Polyom- 
matus baton, Aporia crategi, Pieris daplidice, Thais poluxena (quite 
passé), Huchloé belia (var. ansonia), cardamines, &c., and a small form 
of zygena. We got shelter from the rain and enjoyed a cup of tea 
which Frau Hosfer was able to make by the aid of a spirit lamp 
Stina with them, and water obtained at the adjoining farm- 
ouse. 

Next day (May 21st) we agreed to take different directions. We 
got up early, and before 9 a.m. damone was flying in the sun. Later 
on clouds began to gather, and about eleven o'clock specimens of 
Aporia crategi became quite common. Apparently I was in a 
swarm, they were on all sides of me, moving steadily in one direction 
—westward. I captured about a score—all males—not one female, 
in order to get a series of the Sicilian form, which has been named 
augusta, and I had to hurry up, for before noon a thunderstorm 
broke. Then I had to run for shelter from the downpour, and 
fortunately reached a cave excavated by the labourers for that 
purpose. The storm lasted about an hour, and then of course 
Aporia crategi had disappeared, and the herbage being soaked, it 
was necessary to keep to a pathway. After lunch I followed a mule 
track up the mountain in the endeavour to reach the highest zone of 
vegetation, where only Sedwm grows, but after a three hours’ climb, 
I had to be satisfied with finding out that the various trees which 
form a wood, very conspicuous from below, are not pines as I 
expected, but beech, oak, white poplar, and a kind of berberry. 
Making a hurried return to Randazzo, I had a narrow escape of a 
night out, for at dusk a dense cloud, damp as well, enveloped the 
district and hid Randazzo from view, though I had almost reached 
the railway station, where an engine was whistling continuously. 
In the dark I missed a sudden turning in the broad cinder path and 
got on a dangerous rocky slope, where I thought it prudent to 
remain still. Fortunately, after a couple of hours the cloud lifted a 
little, and after some careful searching I found a narrow track which 
led to some huts. The occupants had retired to bed and at first 
refused to open their only door, but at the third hut I found a Good 
Samaritan willing to direct me. The following day was nice and 
sunny, but we found the heavy rain had apparently diminished the 
number of butterflies. Herr Hosfer and myself were both desirous 
to visit Palermo, and we agreed to meet there. I returned to 
Messina and he contined his tour vid Girgenti. 

From May 24th until I left Messina on June 14th there was an 
entire absence of rain, and a heat-wave gradually increased in 
intensity. I found Messina hot and dusty, and Palermo still hotter. 
By arrangement I met Herr Hosfer and his wife, on Monte Ciuccio, 
near Palermo, on May 26th, early. It is a steep rocky slope without 
any shelter. Melanargia pherusa was flying about in abundance, but 
we failed to capture a single specimen worth keeping. The heat, 
combined with the slippery slope, fairly beat us, and we had to retire 
to the valley below for shelter. In the valley I caught a newly 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 155 


emerged specimen of galatea flying most erratically, and a few blues 
and skippers. 

I decided to return to Messina from Palermo by easy stages 
along the north coast, and finding that a motor-omnibus runs daily 
from Termini Imerese (twenty-three miles from Palermo) inland to 
Nicosia, &c., I caught an early train (5.45) with a view to getting a 
ride to the foot of one of the Madonie Mountains. The motor was 
waiting at the station, filled already with passengers, so my plan 
failed. Then I decided to climb the hill at the back of Termini 
Imerese, and somehow was wrongly directed, so that I found myself 
in a labyrinth of paths in the vineyards, and in consequence of the 
intense heat in the middle of the day I never reached the unculti- 
vated top region at all. I saw numerous specimens of podalirius, 
machaon, edusa, cleopatra (male and female), daplidice, ausonia, 
cardamines, and other species common to the vineyard district, but 
nothing novel. About five o’clock I struck the mule track which I 
ought to have taken going out, and was abie to get back to the town 
in a very short time. Here there is a magnificent hotel in connec- 
tion with the Baths (Hétel de Bagnes), with a grand marble stair- 
case, fine bedrooms with ante-rooms for washing, table d’héte, and 
every comfort at moderate cost (I made a note of this). 

The following morning (May 28th) I caught the early train, and 
arrived at San Stefano di Camastra (fifty miles) at 7.30 a.m. I had 
planned to take the motor-omnibus to Mistrella, six miles distant, 
and return on foot. Again there was nota seat vacant. Again I 
never reached the top of the hill owing to the intense heat. The 
industry of the town is the manufacture of earthenware jars of all sizes 
and shapes; also bricks and tiles; while the flowers on the waste 
places adjoining the works were very attractive to the butterflies 
named yesterday, and I also took Polyommatus astrarche, Spilothyrus 
althee and Hesperia sao. Burnet moths were also plentiful. Hotel 
accommodation and meals were quite Sicilian, and certainly in- 
expensive. 

San Stefano lies west of the Forest of Caronia, whence it obtains 
brushwood for its kilns; the next station is Caronia itself. On 
May 29th I reached Caronia station early, hoping to get a glimpse of 
the forest. The village (or rather big town of 20,000 inhabitants) 
is four miles up the mountain, and on reaching it I found there 
was no decent place to sleep at, and the only food I could get was 
fried eggs, cold beans, and bread, at a dirty wine-shop, so I gave up 
the idea of the forest and returned to the station in time to catch the 
evening train to Sant’ Agatha, the next town. On my way down in 
the afternoon I struck a wide provincial road, where I captured fresh 
galatea, several Vanessa c-album, also V. egea, and a fresh specimen 
of Argynnis cleodoxa. I reached Sant’ Agatha after dark, and there 
the sleeping accommodation and food were of a very primitive and 
inexpensive character. I returned to Messina on May 30th, and I 
have not quite given up the idea of a visit to the Forest of Caronia 
and a trip in the Sicilian long-distance motor-omnibuses, which are 
not run for profit, but for the convenience of the residents. 

I found the heat at Messina very trying, and several picnic 
parties we made up in June proved entomological failures, as if was 


156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


quite necessary to take shelter in the middle of the day, and generally 
butterflies go to rest early. On June 6th I ventured ona long excur- 
sion to Seylla in Calabria, and reached the station quite early. The 
locality for M. arge being on the plateau 2000 ft. above the station, 
when I reached there I could only spare a few minutes to search for 
it, and I think I was too late, as its place was occupied by galatea. 

Nearer home galatea var. procida was well out at Gravitelli on 
June 8th, and on June 9th the Sicilian form of japygia was plentiful 
on a particular slope at Cattarati. This species flies later in the 
evening than most butterflies, and on this occasion had for its com- 
panion the showy Melit@a didyma, which, as the sun begins to dis- 
appear behind the hill, has the habit of settling on the top of the 
long grass with its wings wide open, exactly resembling a crimson 
flower. It was sufficiently abundant to create a veritable living 
flower garden, a sight never to be forgotten. 

Another locality for yapygia is at the foot of Monte Scudari 
(4000 ft. high), and on June 11th I trained to Scaletta and walked to 
Itala, a highly picturesque village. The wind was blowing a gale, 
and in the open it was impossible to get any butterflies. By follow- 
ing a rocky path up the bed of the stream for a considerable distance 
I reached a sheltered spot and there found japygza and some other 
species in full force, amongst them being Argynnis pandora and quite 
ordinary galatea. The heat in the narrow gorge was terrific. 

My last excursion was with an entomological friend to Monte 
Cicci on June 13th. On our way up we discovered a fresh locality 
at the back of a fort with flowers galore and the common Vanessz 
in abundance; also Hipparchia circe, the latter not easy to catch, 
owing to the breeze. Subsequently I found a specimen of H. her- 
mione amongst them, and my friend was able afterwards to capture 
more. It was rather too late for the early brood of blues, but we 
secured several specimens of semiargus, also argus (one) and telv- 
canus (one), and amongst the skippers Hesperia comma (one) turned 
up. Both galatea and japygia were present, and apparently we were 
too early for statelinus and niobe var. eris, which were both seen but 
not captured. The heat, however, proved too much for my friend, 
and we returned early. 

Next day I left for England, and found Naples, Rome, Paris, and 
London, alike suffering from the heat-wave.—J. Puatt Barrett ; 
Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill, 8.E. 


SOCIETIES. 


ENToMOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon.— Wednesday, February 4th, 
1914.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—Miss 
Maude Lina West Cleghorn, 57, Ballygunge, Circular Road, Calcutta, 
and Mr. William John Forsham, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Villa, 
Bubwith, Selby, Yorkshire, were elected Fellows of the Society.— 
The President announced that he had nominated Dr. H. Eltringham, 
the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, and the Rev. G. Wheeler, as Vice- 


SOCIETIES. 157 


Presidents for the present Session—Mr. B. H. Smith exhibited 
specimens of Prodema littoralis, bred from larve found feeding on 
bananas at Weymouth.—Mr. C. B. Williams, a specimen of the 
genus Acerentomon of the order Protura, taken from moss in the New 
Forest, Hampshire. He also drew the attention of the Society to 
the new order Zoraptera just described by Silvestri—Mr. Donis- 
thorpe, specimens of the ants Cicophylla smaragdina, F., from 
Ceylon, and CZ. virescens, F., from North Queensland. These ants 
use their larve to spin threads and fasten the leaves of their nests 
together.—Professor Poulton, a collection of Algerian Diptera and 
other insects associated with them, made by Dr. Adalbert Seitz, 
F.E.S. The specimens were chiefly taken at Batna (about 1300 
metres) in July, 1913.—The following papers were read :—‘ On the 
Egg-laying of Trichiosoma,” by T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
“A Remarkable New Genus and Species of Odonata of the Legion 
Podagrion, Sél., from North Queensland,’ by Kenneth J. Morton, 
F.E.S. ‘ Lepidoptera-Heterocera from 8. E. Brazil,” by E. Dukinfield- 
Jones, F.Z.8., F.E.S. “The Myrmecophilous Aphides of Britain,” 
by Professor F. V. Theobald, M.A., F.H.S. 


Wednesday, March 4th.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F'.L.S., F'.Z.5., 
President, in the chair.—Messrs. Wm. J. von Monté Pendlebury, 
Broadlands, Shrewsbury, and Keble College, Oxford ; Robert Veitch, 
7, Queen’s Crescent, Edinburgh, and Francis Cardew Woodforde, B.A., 
Market Drayton, Salop, were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. H. 
Donisthorpe and Mr. W.C. Crawley exhibited a number of polymorphic 
forms in ants, illustrated by a chart, and read notes.—Dr.T. A. Chap- 
man, a male and female imago of Agriades thersites, alive, bred from the 
egg; also two last-stage larve.—Mr. H. Main, a gynandromorphic 
specimen of Hriogaster lanestris, right side female, left side male, bred 
last year at Hastbourne.—Mr. O. HE. Janson, a specimen which he 
believed to be the female of Goliathus wiser, Heath, hitherto unknown; 
also specimens of G. kirkt, Gray, in which the white markings were 
very perfectly preserved.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, at the desire of Mr. J.C. 
Hawkshaw, F.E.S., a cocoon of Lyonetia clerkella, L., spun up on a 
cherry leaf. Mr. Hawkshaw suggested that the fine silken web 
attached to the leaf on each side of the supporting strands, and guy 
lines by means of which the cocoon is slung up like a hammock, 
served as a protection against ants.—Mr Champion, on behalf of Mr. 
HK. W. Morse, of Leeds, the second British specimen of the genus 
Eudectus, probably a variety of HL. whiter, Sharp, from Ingleborough, 
Yorks., and a pair of Gidemera virescens, L., from Symond’s Yat, 
Hereford.—Mr. Ernest Green, a Coccid with double anterior limb, 
and read notes.—Mr. L. W. Newman, a fine female Lasiocampa 
ilicifolia taken on the wing at Cannock Chase, by Mr. G. B. Oliver, 
on May 25th, 1913. Mr. Newman stated that the larve in captivity 
took readily to aspen.—Mr. A. W. Mera, two specimens of Crdaria 
suffumata, of an unusual form, from East Devon, received from Rey. 
J. W. Metcalfe, who takes this form in damp woods and finds it not 
entirely confined to one wood.—Professor Poulton stated that he had 
just received, from Mr. E. E. Platt, of Durban, the male and female 
parents—both of the wahlbergi form—caught 7m coitu, and with their 


158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


large family of about two hundred mima and wahlbergi in about 
equal numbers. These results were quite unexpected.—The following 
paper was read:—‘tA Revision of the Central American Chaulio- 
gnathine (Fam. Telephoridz) based on the Genital Armature of the 
Males,” by G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.8., F.H.S.—Gro. WHEELER, 
M.A., Hon. Sec. 


THe SourH Lonpon EnromonoaicaL AND NaturaL History 
Socrety.—March 12th.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, 
in the chair.—Mr. J. C. Fryer, Northumberland Avenue, was elected 
a member.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited two quite distinct species of 
Heliconitus—H. hydara and H. amaryllis var. euryades—of almost 
exactly the same facies, with microscopic slides of the genitalia.— 
Mr. Newman, Gastropacha ilicifolia, male, taken at Cannock Chase, 
May 25th, 1913, by Mr. G. B. Oliver.—Mr. Tonge, nest of the North 
American hornet, Vespa maculata, from Massachusetts, with several 
imagines.—Mr. Step, photographs of Alewrodes (Aleyrodid@), a family 
allied to the Coccide, and gave notes on the habits of the insects. 
The rest of the exhibits were microscopical—Dr. Chapman, the 
androconia of Agriades thersites; spring brood larger, much like 
those of P. eschert; summer brood much like those of P. ccarus.— 
Mr. West, imagines of Alewrodes (Aleyrodide).—Mr. Adkin, arma- 
tures of Ptycholoma lecheana, cocoon structure of Anthrocera 
filipendule and Saturnia pavonia.—Mr. C. B. Williams, British 
species of the order Protura.—Mr, Coxhead, galls, with larve and 
pup, of Cecidomyra saliciperda.—Mr. Ashdown, small brilliant and 
metallic species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera, including Hispa atra, 
larva of Jalla dumosa, &c., with the Swiss Centhorrhynchus horridus. 
—Mr. Noad Clark, androconial scales of P. brassice, Diatoms, 
Desmids, and botanical structures. 


March 26th, 1914.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, in 
the chair.—Mr. Edwards exhibited a large coleopteron, Archon cen- 
taurus, found dead at Blackheath, and also a number of Lepidoptera 
from Burmah, including Chalcosia venosa and C. zetica.—Mr. Tonge, 
a long series of Colzas edusa taken near Reigate in 1877-78, the 
years of great abundance.—Mr. H. J. Turner, C. edusa from Dawlish, 
&c., including female var. helice and bred examples of intermediate 
coloration.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, C. edusa, with local forms from many 
European localities, with allied species from the Eastern Palearctic 
area and from the Nearctic region.—Mr. B. Adkin, a large number of 
C. edusa, including many specimens of intermediate coloration.— 
Mr. Joy, a very long series of bred specimens of C. edusa, all of large 
size, many females with small or no spots in the marginal bands. 
—Mr. Dunster, C. edusa, taken along the south coast of England 
during the past three years.—Mr. Frohawk, very long series of 
C. edusa and female var. helice, showing almost complete gradation 
in ground from pure white to rich orange, including the rare shades 
of lemon colour and aberrations with black suffusion to the discoidal 
(fore wing), with black hind wings, with drab marginal borders, and 
a female measuring 67 mm.—Mr. R. Adkin, a long series of British 
C. edusa, and read a paper entitled ‘“‘ Colas edusa in Britain,” deal- 


RECENT LITERATURE, 159 


ing in turn with Nomenclature, History in Britain, the Theory of its 
Occurrence, Probable Lines of Migration and Immigration, Local 
Habits, Variation and Aberration, Reasons of Irregular Abundance 
beyond the confines of its area of Natural Distribution, &e. A con- 
siderable discussion took place. 


April 9th—Mr. R. Adkin in the chair.—Mr. C. P. Emmett was 
elected a member.—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited three Dasychira 
fascelina, one with the usual black transverse lines largely yellow, 
and another with the black markings intensified with absence of the 
yellow freckling.—Mr. Edwards, several very conspicuous and beauti- 
ful Heterocera from Burmah, including Argina argus, Huchromia 
formosa, &e.—My. Sich, specimens of Lita melanella, first discovered 
in England by the late Mr. Boyd in 1858. They were from Wey- 
mouth.—Mr. H. J. Turner, a long series of Hrebia pronoé from the 
Austrian Tyrol and Switzerland, and read notes on the variation, 
both local and aberrant, and the distribution of the species.—Mr. 
West, Greenwich, several drawers of the Society’s collection of 
British Lepidoptera, to show the additions made in the Pyrales and 
Tortrices by the donations from Mr. Dawson.—Mr. Platt Barrett, a 
series of Coccyx strobilella bred from spruce cones collected at West 
Wickham some weeks ago.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


1. The Life of the Spider. By J. H. Fasre. London: Hodder & 
Stoughton. 

2. The Life of the Fly. With which are interspersed some chapters 
of Autobiography. By J. H. Fasre. London: Hodder & 
Stoughton. 


ENGLISH readers should owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Alexander 
Teixeira de Mattos for the admirable translation which he has given 
in these two volumes of a number of J. H. Fabre’s most delightful 
‘souvenirs,’ and to the publishers, also, thanks. The books are 
light to handle, and so well printed as to be a joy to read. Although 
there are no illustrations, this is scarcely a matter for regret. Fabre 
is so proficient with the pen, and so perfect an artist in words, that 
no descriptive writer could need pictorial illustration less. And yet 
we should like to have seen a picture of the author himself in the 
second of these volumes, where, under the title of ‘ The Life of the 
Fly,’ we can learn almost as much about his own life as we can 
about that of the fly. His early struggles; the enthusiasm, the 
patience and perseverance which carried him through all his difficul- 
ties ; the nature of his ancestors and the kind of schooling he had, 
and how much, or how little, these could account for that passionate 
love of the insect, and that spirit of observation which gained for 
him from Darwin the title of ‘inimitable observer.’ All these, and 
other matters relating to his life, are so modestly and charmingly 


160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


told in the autobiographical chapters scattered through the volume, 
that it is a pity more prominence was not given to the fact in the 
title, which, however attractive it may be to the dipterologist, does 
not sufficiently make known the delightful field which it covers, or 
appeal so strongly to the general reader. Fabre is not an entomo- 
logist in the limited sense which that word now implies, and so we 
have him writing as intimately about the life-history and habits of 
spiders of all sorts in the first of these volumes as he does about 
those of flies in the second. To this volume there is a preface by 
M. Maurice Maeterlinck, which does full justice to Fabre’s qualities 
of style and imagination, and contributes not a little to a proper 
appreciation of him as a philosopher and man of science. 


G. dinGe 


OBITUARY. 


GEORGE BENTLEY CORBIN. 


Reavers of the ‘Entomologist’ will learn with regret of the 
death of Mr. George Bentley Corbin, which took place at Ringwood 
on March 12th last. Born in Ringwood in 1841, he developed an 
early love of Nature, in the study of which he showed considerable 
ability. He was a keen and observant entomologist. About 1866 and 
for several years he conducted ‘The Amateur Naturalist ’—a manu- 
script magazine, and his contributions were mainly on insect-life. 

He wrote the entomological chapter in the second edition of ‘The 
New Forest Handbook,’ published by Phillips, in 1876, and for many 
years contributed articles upon the subject to ‘Science Gossip’ and 
similar journals. At one time he was a frequent contributor to the 
‘Entomologist,’ and among his later contributions to that journal are 
—* Deiopea pulchella in Hampshire” (1893); “ Emydia cribrum: 
A Reminiscence” (1897); “Aberration of Zygena filipendule and 
Z. trifolit near Ringwood” (1897); ‘ Karly hibernation of Vanessa 
urtice”’ (1905); and “ Plusta moneta in the New Forest” (1907). 

By the tragic death of his wife, who was killed in the railway 
accident at Downton, in 1884, he received a severe shock. The 
news of her death caused partial paralysis of the left side. This 
unfortunately put an end to his active interest in entomology, and 
deprived him of the fullest enjoyment of the life with Nature that 
had hitherto been his. He was an invalid for the rest of his days, 
and yet he lived a full life and overcame his incapacity. His spirit 
was uninjured and he was of a sunny disposition, as his writings 
show. He had a wide circle of friends and correspondents, including 
many eminent entomologists. He was a deeply devout man, and to 
those who enjoyed his friendship his memory will remain fragrant 


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CONTENTS. 


A AoHoineeh of the Genus J oppidium, Walsh. Family Srohnbunienias Sub- 
family Cryptine :*Tribe Cryptides, Claude Morley, 187. Notes. on European x 
Hesperids, W. G. Sheldon, 141. A Bee resembling a Wasp, 7. D. A. 
Cockerell, 142. British Orthoptera in 1913 (with illustrations), Weds ‘Lucas, * 
145. Some Dorset Hemiptera- Heteroptera, 1’. H. Haanes, 146. An Aceonnt ol 
of an Entomological Trip to Corsica, Gerard H. Gurney, 147. ' 

'Norrs anon Opservatrons.—Wicken Fen, 151. Hibernation ef Pyrameis stalanta 
A. S. Corbet, 151. | Prolonged Pupal. Duration in Eriogaster lanestris, Lioyd 
Chadwick, 152. M: wcroglossa. stellatarum, Ae Plum, 152. Description of 
the Full-fed Larva of Thecla spini, W, G. Sheldon, 152. Butterfly Collen: Genny 
in Sicily and Calabria in 1912 and 1913, J. Platt Barrett, 152. ase 

Societies, 156. Recent Lirzrature, 159. Onrrvary, 160. Hae 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.1 JUNE, 1914. [No. 6138 


NEW SPECIES OF ARCTIADA AND NOCTUIDA 
FROM FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Wiuemayn, F.E.S. 


_ Nowa. 
Nola fuscimarginalis, sp. n. 

Fore wings whitish becoming dark fuscous on outer area beyond 
the wavy, double, postmedian line ; costa edged with brown expand- 
ing into a blotch before the postmedial line. Hind wings fuscous. 
Under side fuscous. 

Expanse, 20 millim. 


Collection number, 243. 
One male specimen from Garambi, November, 1904. 
This species comes near N. distributa, Walk. 


LiITHOSIANE. 
Asura albidorsalis, sp. n. 

g$. Head and thorax whitish grey, abdomen rather darker. Fore 
wings blackish with a twice interrupted white patch on dorsal area, 
this extends from the base of the wing almost to tornus; postmedial 
band white, narrow, wavy; subterminal band whitish, wavy, diffuse 
towards apex and tornus. Hind wings whitish. Under side whitish 
clouded with blackish on fore wings; traces of a blackish transverse 
band about middle of costal area on hind wings. 

?. Similar to the male but the band on the fore wings is much 
broader, and encloses some spots of the ground colour. 

Expanse, ¢ 32 millim., 2 33-36 millim. 

Collection number, 1258. 

One male from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908; and three 
females from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909. 

Allied to A. wmbrosa, Hampson. 


! Hugoa sinuata, sp. n. 
Fore wings white with blackish lines; antemedial line not con- 
tinued to dorsum, curved, projected inwards on costal area to a dot 
__ representing subbasal line on the costa; postmedial line commencing 
in a black triangle on the costa, sinuous, angled above the dorsum ; 
| subterminal line undulated, originating in a black costal triangle ; 
____ two black dots at end of cell. Hind wings, and fringes of fore wings, 


ENTOM.—JUNE, 1914. O 


162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


whitish with faint fuscous tinge. Under side whitish suffused with 
fuscous especially on fore wings. 
Expanse, 32 millim. 


Collection number, 1797. 
One female specimen (minus head and abdomen) from 
Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909. 


Parasiccia nebulosa, sp. n. 

Fore wings whitish with faint ochreous tinge, finely sprinkled 
with black; a black patch on costal half of basal area, its outer edge 
‘irregular; antemedial line black, wavy, commencing in a black spot 
on the costa, interrupted above dorsum; postmedial line blackish, 
wavy, traversing black spots; subterminal line black, interrupted 
widely so below costa; a terminal series of linear black spots, and 
two black spots in the cell, the outer one largest. Hind wings 
whitish, fuscous tinged, a blackish lunule at end of cell. Under side 
of fore wings fuscous, of hind wings same as on upper side. 

Expanse, 30 millim. 


Collection number, 1265. 
One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908. 
Seems to come nearest to P. maculifascia, Moore. 


AGROTINE. 
Noctua tatwana, sp. n. 


Head and thorax purplish brown, patagia rather darker; abdo- 
men fuscous, terminal segment fringed with ochreous hairs. Fore 
wings dark purplish brown; antemedial and postmedial lines black, 
double, the former deeply indented above dorsum; subterminal line 
ochreous, undulated, inwardly edged with black; terminal area beyond 
the line with clusters of bluish scales on the veins and at costal ex- 
tremity of subterminal line; orbicular stigma of the ground colour, 
ringed with black; reniform oulined in black and partly filled up with 
ochreous. Hind wings fuscous. Under side dark fuscous, all the 
wings have a darker discoidal mark and postmedial line. 

Eixpanse, 40 millim. 

Collection number, 1502). “ 

Two male specimens from Arizan (7800 ft.), August, 1908. 

The cotype, not in such perfect condition as the specimen 
described, is browner in colour, and the markings on the terminal 
area are absent. 

HADENINE. 
Hadena variegata, sp. n. 

Head and thorax brown, collar and patagia paler edged; antenns 
ciliated. Fore wings brown clouded and mottled with darker and 
lighter brown ; subbasal line black extending only to median nervure 
under which it runs to the incurved, black, antemedial line; post- 
medial line black, incurved, angled about middle; stigmata of the 
paler ground colour, outer edges still paler and pinkish tinged, 
reniform outlined in black, its upper part extending almost to costa, 


ARCTIADH AND NOCTUIDA FROM FORMOSA. 163 


a black cloud in lower part; beyond the reniform the veins are 
marked with black and there are black streaks between the veins 
before termen; fringes black between the veins, pale brown at ends 
of the veins. Hind wings white-brown powdered with darker, vena- 
tion and discoidal spot black ; fringes brown, paler tips. Under side 
pale brown clouded with blackish on dise of fore wings; a black 
discoidal spot and an indistinct postmedial line (dotted with black 
on veins) on hind wings. 

Expanse, 40 millim. 


Collection number, 1757. 
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May, 1909. 


Stretchia acronyctoides, sp. n. 

3. Head grey, palpi brown, antenne serrate; thorax grey, 
streaked with grey on the sides; abdomen brown. Fore wings grey 
clouded and suffused with brownish, and powdered with whitish 
especially on the dorsal area; transverse markings not distinct, but 
there are traces of a blackish, serrated, postmedial line ; a short black 
streak from the base under median nervure, another, in line with it, 
extends to the termen; a black linear mark on middle of dorsum, and 
black dashes between the veins on terminal area, those between veins 
4 and 6 most in evidence; orbicular and reniform stigmata united, 
edged above with black; some black dots on the costa above the 
stigmata. Hind wings brownish grey, discoidal dot black. Under 
side brownish, black discoidal dot on all wings. 

?. Similar to the male but larger. 

Expanse, ¢ 38 millim., 9? 41 millim. 


Collection number, 1682. 

A male specimen from Arizan, May, 1908, and a female from 
Rantaizan, May, 1909. 

Allied to Stretchia saxea, Leech. 


Hriopyga conspecta, sp. n. 

g. Head and front of thorax brownish grey, rest of thorax 
whitish with faint brown tinge; palpi dark brown, third joint paler ; 
abdomen brownish grey, hind segments darker, anal tuft yellowish. 
Fore wings white transversely clouded with grey on the outer half; 
a reddish brown mark on costa towards base, and another, also on 
the costa, just beyond the middle; the first mark broadly margined 
with black on its inner and lower edges, and, except on costa, 
narrowly on its inner edge; the second mark has a small black spot 
on each side of it on the costa, one on its inner edge, and a large one 
below the lower outer edge of which is produced; a black mark on 
the costa before apex with a few reddish brown scales before it, and 
a row of black dots on the termen, the latter placed between the veins. 
Hind wings blackish with traces of darker discoidal mark and trans- 
verse line. Fringes of all the wings white. Under side whitish 
tinged with brown on the fore wings and on costal area of the hind 
wings ; a cluster of blackish clouds beyond middle of the fore wings ; 
the hind wings have black discoidal spot and postinedial line, and the 
costal area is freckled with black. 

Expanse, 30 millim, 0 2 


164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Collection number, 1441. 
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 18th, 1908. 


Cirphis bipuncta, sp. n. 

?. Head whitish, palpi and antenne pale brownish; thorax 
whitish mixed with pale brownish; abdomen whitish. Fore wings 
pale brown streaked with darker brown between the veins on the 
terminal area; median nervure white; two black dots in the cell, 
and a series of black points on termen; fringes of the darker brown 
shade. Hind wings white, a series of black points on termen. Under 
side of fore wings whitish suffused with brown on costal and ter- 
minal areas, a dusky shade under median nervure; hind wings as 
on upper side. 

Expanse, 15 millim. 


Collection number, 135. 
One female specimen from Takou (200 ft.), August, 1904. 
Near C. polemusa, Swinhoe. 


ACRONYCTINAE. 
Craniophora picata, sp. n. 

3. Head grey, palpi black, grey at tips: thorax grey with black 
line on lower edge, collar marked with black; abdomen pale grey. 
Fore wings blackish with white patches towards the base, around the 
orbicular stigma, and on apical third of the wings; costa marked 
with grey, three white dots towards apex; antemedial and medial 
lines black, double, wavy, the medial apparently merged in the ante- 
medial below the orbicular stigma; postmedial line black, double, 
wavy, curved round outer edge of the apical white patch, thence 
slightly oblique to the dorsum; subterminal line white, edged with 
dark grey, preceded on the costa by a quadrate blackish spot, inter- 
sected above middle and again before dorsum by blackish marks ; 
orbicular and reniform stigmata fairly distinct, both pretty much of 
the ground colour, the latter partly and the former entirely outlined 
in white; a pale patch at base of dorsum with some deep orange 
scales on its upper edge; fringes dark grey chequered with white 
and marked with black. Hind wings whitish, the termen broadly 
suffused with smoky grey, a dusky discoidal spot and traces of a 
postmedial band; fringes chequered with smoky grey. Under side 
whitish, clouded with blackish on dise of fore wings; hind wings 
with bar from costa to the cell, a discoidal spot, and a spotted post- 
medial line, all blackish. 

Expanse, 44 millim. 


Collection number, 1764. 


A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 14th, 1909. 
This species seems closely allied to C. ligustri, Schiff. 


Chytome variegata, sp. n. 
3g. Fore wings brownish grey, clouded with darker brown ; sub- 
basal line black, oblique, not reaching dorsum; antemedial line black, 
oblique, bluntly angled above dorsum; postmedial line. black, ex- 


ARCTIADA AND NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA. 165 


curved from costa to vein 4, thence oblique to dorsum: a white dot 
adjoining postmedial under vein 2, and a blackish diffuse streak from 
white dot to antemedial line; orbicular and reniform stigmata pale 
with dark centres ; two short black streaks between veins 1 and 4; 
fringes dark grey, paler marked at ends of the veins, a black line at 
their base interrupted by the veins. Hind wings whitish powdered 
with brownish, densely on terminal fourth; discoidal lunule and 
postmedial line dusky ; fringes pale, traversed by a dark central line. 
Under side whitish, sprinkled, and on fore wings clouded, with 
brownish ; all the wings have a blackish discoidal mark and a post- 
medial line. 
Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 1742. 
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May 9th, 1909. 


Chytonix variegata albidisca, ab. n. 

Differs from the type in having a large white patch on central 
area of fore wings extending from postmedial almost to antemedial 
line, it encloses the stigmata and unites with the typical white dot. 

Expanse, 35 millim. 


Collection number, 1748. 
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May 10th, 1909. 
C. variegata is closely allied to C. albonotata, Staud. 


Chytonix olivacea, sp. n. 


$. Head and thorax dark grey, black mixed, antenne ciliated ; 
abdomen pale grey, whitish at base and on last segments. Fore 
wings pale olivaceous grey clouded with darker, costa marked with 
black ; subbasal line black inwardly edged with white, nearly straight 
but indented below costa and above dorsum; antemedial and post- 
medial lines black, both wavy, the former double and angled above 
dorsum, the latter outwardly edged with white; subterminal line 
pale, undulated; reniform stigma outlined in white; fringes varie- 
gated with white, preceded by a series of black lunules. Hind wings 
whitish powdered with dark grey; discoidal spot blackish, traces of 
a dusky postmedial line; fringes paler. Under side whitish, disc of 
the fore wings suffused with blackish ; discoidal mark and post- 
medial line on the hind wings blackish. 

Expanse, 38 millim. 


Collection number, 1753. 
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May, 1909. 


Euplexia albirena, sp. n. 


9. Head pale brown darker mixed, thorax dark brown mixed 
with blackish ; abdomen brownish, the sides and crests darker. Fore 
wings purplish grey; subbasal line ochreous, indistinct except towards 
the costa, where it is inwardly edged with black, some black marks 
beyond the indistinct lower half; antemedial and postmedial lines 
ochreous edged with black, the enclosed space below the cell rather 
darker than the ground colour; subterminal line ochreous, wavy ; 
orbicular stigma, which is preceded and followed by a black quadrate 


166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spot, is faintly outlined in ochreous and extends to the black outlined 
claviform stigma; reniform stigma white, its outer side straight, some 
brownish dots at each extremity; a white spot on the costa above 
the reniform and four white dots nearer the apex; beyond the reni- 
form is a brownish clouded ochreous patch, outwardly limited by 
the postmedial line; on the costal area between the postmedial and 
subterminal line is a transverse white streak followed by a black one; 
black lunules alternating with ochreous dots on termen; fringes 
blackish, ochreous at base. Hind wings fuscous with dusky discoidal 
spot and two lines beyond, both lines edged externally with white 
on vein 2. Under side fuscous; all the wings have a discoidal mark 
and two transverse lines, the mark on fore wings and the outer line 
on hind wings are white. 
Expanse, 38 millim. 


Collection number, 1750. 
Two female specimens from Rantaizan, May, 1909. 
This species come near 1. albonota, Hampson. 


Laphygma connexa, sp. n. 

$. Head brown, palpi brown grey mixed; thorax grey, edge of 
collar paler; antenne ciliated. Fore wings grey clouded with 
blackish ; subbasal and antemedial lines indistinct, white edged with 
black, the subbasal only traceable on the costa, the antemedial inter- 
rupted below the costa and at dorsum; postmedial line white inwardly 
edged with black, sinuous, interrupted at the veins; subterminal line 
white, double, almost parallel with the termen, preceded and followed 
by black marks ; orbicular and reniform stigmata white, grey centred, 
lower ends united by white streak along median nervure; fringes 
grey marked with white at ends of veins. Hind wings silky white. 
Under side silky white, the fore wings suffused with blackish on the 
disc ; fringes as on upper side. 

?. Similar to the male but larger; the markings less clearly 
defined. 

Expanse, 3 22 millim., ? 30 millim. 


Collection number, 1403. 

One example of each sex from Kanshirei; the male captured 
on November 10th, 1909, and the female in the previous month. 

Allied to Laphygma apertura, Walk. 


Micromonodes ? ochreipuncta, sp. n. 

?. Head pale grey, palpi blackish; thorax and abdomen grey. 
Fore wings whitish grey, basal two-thirds suffused and clouded with 
darker; subbasal and antemedial lines blackish, not clearly defined ; 
postmedial line whitish edged on each side with dark grey, sinuous ; 
subterminal line whitish, angled before middle and above dorsum ; 
orbicular and reniform stigmata indistinct, connected by a black bar; 
claviform stigma represented by a pale ochreous round spot, outlined 
in black ; fringes grey mixed with black, preceded by a black line on 
termen. Hind wings grey, fringes paler. Under side grey, costal 
and terminal areas of fore wings sprinkled with whitish scales ; hind 


ARCTIADZ AND NOCTUIDA FROM FORMOSA. 167 


wings rather paler than fore wings; discoidal spot and postmedial 


. line black but not distinct. 


Expanse, 26 millim. 


Collection number, 242 c¢. 
A female specimen from Rantaizan, May 14th, 1909. 


Archanara punctivena, sp. Nn. 


3. Head and thorax black sparsly mixed with ochreous; 
abdomen brownish, paler at base. Fore wings black-brown, dotted 
with white on the veins; an ochreous streak from the base passes 
through the reniform stigma and broadens out beyond it, some 
ochreous scales above the streak; antemedial line indicated by black 
dots; postmedial line black, wavy, inwardly oblique from vein 4 to 
dorsum ; reniform stigma of the ground colour, its lower half partly 
outlined in white; fringes rather paler, grey mixed, preceded by a 
black line. Hind wings whitish with a faint dusky suffusion, traces 
of a dusky postmedial line. Under side of fore wings leaden grey 
with dusky discoidal spot and transverse line beyond: of hind wings 
whitish powdered with brownish on costal area, discoidal spot and 
line beyond blackish. 

?. Similar to the male but rather browner in colour and with 
more ochreous above the streak; the white outline of lower half of 
reniform stigma less distinct. Hind wings whiter. 

Expanse, ¢ 25 millim., ? 30-32 millim. 


Collection number, 620. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei, November 13th, 1908, and 
two females from the same locality, August 18th and 26th, 1908. 


ERASTRIANE. 


Oruza albigutta, sp. n. 


3. Head and palpi black; thorax brown, paler in front; 
abdomen missing; fore wings brown, finely irrorated with grey, 
ochreous tinged on central area especially on basal half; antemedial 
and postmedial lines formed of white dots, the antemedial indistinct 
towards costa, the postmedial double excurved from costa to middle 
thence incurved to dorsum; medial line black, angled below cell and 
near dorsum ; subterminal line pale, irregular, area beyond suffused 
with dark brown; fringes dark mixed with pale brown, preceded by 
a series of black outlined white dots. Hind wings brown, pale on 
costal area; discoidal mark white, linear, inwardly edged with 
blackish; postmedial line represented by double series of white dots, 
absent on costal area; subterminal line ochreous brown, diffuse 
towards costa, maculate towards dorsum: fringes as on fore wings. 
Under side white-brown, clouded and suffused with darker; traces 
of transverse lines, a pale spot at costal end of the postmedial line on 
forewings. 

Expanse, 20 millim. 

Collection number, 1388. 

A male specimen from Kanshirei, April 17th, 1908. 


168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hyposada albicosta, sp. n. 

?. Head and thorax cinnamon brown, the latter marked with 
white behind collar: abdomen cinnamon brown, edges of segments 
white. Fore wings cinnamon brown, costa white with four black 
dots before apex; a black-ringed white spot at outer end of the cell; 
postmedial line blackish, slightly excurved below the costa, thence 
oblique to dorsum; subterminal and terminal lines represented by 
series of black dots. Hind wings cinnamon brown, discoidal spot 
black ; postmedial line and black dots on terminal area as on fore 
wings. Fringes of all the wings pale. Under side whitish suffused 
with fuscous. 

Expanse, 22-24 millim. 


Collection number, 551. 
Two female specimens from Kanshirei, one taken April 29th, 
the other August 16th, 1905. 


Iithacodia postvittata, sp. n. 

3. Headand palpi brown, the latter marked with darker; thorax 
brown marked with darker, tips of collar and patagia whitish; tarsi 
pale brown, barred in front with blackish; antenne ciliated. Fore 
wings brown clouded with darker, a white dot at base of costa; 
antemedial line black, inwardly pale edged, curved round orbicular 
stigma, angled below; postmedial line black outwardly pale edged, 
obtusely angled below costa; subterminal line pale, undulated, 
indistinct towards dorsum; the space between postmedial and 
subterminal lines, except on costal area, pale, suffused with greyish ; 
orbicular and reniform stigmata pale, dark outlined; a black line 
from base of the wing to subterminal line passes through the cell; 
fringes brown faintly pale chequered, preceded by pale edged black 
lunules. Hind wings fuscous, discoidal mark darker; fringes rather 
paler than those of fore wings, traversed near their base by a dark 
line. Under side of fore wings fuscous, paler on costa; discoidal 
mark blackish, postmedial line pale and rather broad on the costa; 
hind wings whitish powdered with fuscous except on dorsal area ; 
discoidal spot and wavy postmedial line blackish. 

?. Similar to the male but the pale edging of transverse lines 
rather broader on costa. 

Expanse, 3 26 millim., ? 30 millim. 

Collection number, 622. 

Two male specimens and one female from Kanshirei. The 
males were obtained in June, 1906, and April, 1909; the 
female in May, 1907. 

This species comes near L. cenia, Swinhoe. 


Eustrotia bipartita, sp. n. 

3. Head pale brown mixed with darker, palpi dark brown, the 
third joint and part of second paler; thorax pale brown, front 
darker marked; abdomen pale brown darker mixed. Fore wings 
pale brown on basal half, suffused with darker on outer half; 
subbasal line dark brown, originating in a linear spot on the costa, 
not traceable below middle of the wing; antemedial line dusky, 


ARCTIADH AND NOCTUIDA FROM FORMOSA. 169 


double, slightly wavy, elbowed below middle; postmedial line dusky, 
double, irregular; a dark triangular mark, partly outlined in black, 
on costa; traces of a black medial line set in a brownish cloud below 
triangle; subterminal line blackish, undulated, dentate below costa, 
preceded on costa by a conspicuous black mark; slender black 
lunules on termen, fringes dark. Hind wings fuscous with traces of 
a darker discoidal mark. Under side whitish powdered with brown 
except on the dorsal areas ; a blackish discoidal mark on each wing, 
and traces of a dusky postmedial line on the hind wings. 
Expanse, 20 millim. 


Collection number, 1387. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei obtained April 29th, 1908. 
Appears to come near H. isomera, Hampson. 


SARROTHRIPINE. 
Nanaguna sordida, sp. n. 

Head white, palpi pale brown; thorax pale brown flecked with 
paler. Fore wings pale brown clouded with darker on medial and 
terminal areas; antemedial line blackish, indented below costa and 
before termen; postmedial line elbowed beyond end of cell thence 
gently incurved to dorsum, white with black inner edge, most distinct 
towards dorsum; reniform stigma pale brown enclosing blackish 
lunule; a black line on termen ; fringes pale brown with darker line 
before the tips. Under side fuscous, hind wings and dorsal area of 
fore wings paler. 

Expanse, 16 millim. 

Collection number, 555. 

One female specimen, Tainan, June 13th, 1905. Comes near 
N. basalis, Moore. 

ACONTIANE. 
Westermannia obscura, sp. 0. 

3. Head white, antennze brown, white at base; thorax and 
abdomen brownish grey, the former rufous tinged. Fore wings 
purplish grey inclining to brownish on the terminal area; costa 
(narrowly) and dorsal area, from base to postmedial line, pale brown 
slightly rufous tinged; a somewhat conical brown spot in the cell 
near its outer extremity, and a larger spot below it, both outlined 
in whitish ; postmedial line whitish, excurved from costa to vein 5, 
thence onwardly oblique to dorsum ; a brown spot before the tornus 
outlined in whitish; subterminal line blackish, wavy. Hind wings 
pale brownish outwardly suffused with dusky. Under side pale 
brown suffused with blackish, except on the costal area of the wings ; 
two pale dots at end of the cell on fore wings. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 

Collection number, 174. 

Two male specimens from Kanshirei, March, 1908. 

This species is very close to W. superba, Hubn., from which 
it is chiefly distinguished by the more slender spot at end of cell, 
the gently curved not elbowed, postmedial line, and the general 
dingy coloration. 


170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A MONOGRAPH or tHe Genus ACRORICNUS, Ratzesura. 
Family Ichnzumonip# : Subfamily Cryprinz: Tribe Crypripes. 


By Craupe Mortuey, F.Z.S. 


Turis genus has been thrice described under distinct names : 
first as above by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. iii. 1852, p. 92), 
secondly as Xenodocon by Forster (Verh. pr. Rheinl. 1855, 
p. 237), and Kriechbaumer (Ent. Nachr. 1878, p. 22; ef. also 
p. 251 et lib. cit. 1879, p. 8), and finally as Linoceras by Dr. 
Laschenberg (Zeits. Ges. Naturw. xxv. 1865, p. 105); though 
its distinction from the earlier Osprhynchotus—of which I treated 
in Entom. 1914, p. 23—was only so recently understood that 
Dalla Torre commingled the species of both in 1900. From the 
latter it is at once recognised by the possession of two instead 
of a single basal, metathoracic transcarine; and from both that 
genus and the closely allied Joppidiwm, Walsh, in its hyaline or 
subhyaline wings, which in both those genera are nearly or 
quite nigrescent or infumate throughout. Only six species are 
represented in the British Museum and my own collection; a 
profusely ornate form from Persia (var. pulcher) is described by 
N. Kokujew in his ‘‘ Hymenoptera asiatica nova”’ (‘ Revue Russe 
d’Entomologie,’ 1905, p. 208) of A. elegans, Mocs. (Magy. Akad. 
Termész. Ertek. xiii. 1888, p. 11, female), which I do not know. 
; The genus is of peculiar interest on account of its parasitism 

upon bees and wasps, members of its own Order. 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


(10). 1. Upper and lower margins of the discoidal cell parallel. 
(7). 2. Posterior metanotal transcarina entire throughout. 
(6). 38. Mesonotum and most of the abdomen black. 
(5). 4. Face, abdomen and scutellum black; legs 
rufescent . . ; é . 1. macrobatus, Grav. 
(4). 5. Face, abdominal bands and scutellum pale ; 
legs flavescent ; : ‘ 2. seductor, Scop. 
(3). 6. Mesonotum and abdomen brick-red, with 
flavous markings , ' 3. syriacus, Mocs. 
(2). 7. Posterior metanotal transcarina centrally 
obsolete 
8. Metathorax long, subdeplanate; face flavous 
4, peronatus, Cam. 
9. Metathorax short, convex; face centrallly 


black . : : : ; . 8. ambulator, Smith. 
(1). 10. Upper and lower margin of discoidal cell dis- 
tinctly divergent apically. 
(12). 11. Nervellus centrally intercepted ; abdomen red- 
marked . ; 6. melanoleucus, Grav. 
(11). 12. Nervellus intercepted above centre; abdomen 
all black . f : ; . 7. gunceus, Cress. 


A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS ACRORICNUS. 171 


[Of the remaining five species included in this genus, the 
three described from Brazil by Taschenberg (Zeits. Ges. Nat. 
1876, pp. 71-74) have not been mentioned since first brought 
forward ; nor has A. edwardsi, Cress. (Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, 
1878, p. 365); though the last, A. cloutiert, Provancher (Natural. 
Canad. 1874, p. 150), has twice been figured (lib. cit. 1879, 
p. 110, fig. 2b et Faun. Ent. Canad. Hym. 1883, p. 348, 
fig. 35ab)./ 

1. ACRORICNUS MACROBATUS, Grav. 
Cryptus macrobatus, Gr. Ichn. Europ. 1829, ii. p. 440; Acroricnus 
schaumu, Ratz. 1852, p. 92. 


The only species with entirely black abdomen and meta- 
thorax. Folard sent a pair to the Rev. T. A. Marshall from 
Avignon in August and September, 1891-2; of two in Ruthe’s 
German collection, one was captured by Bermuth, possibly with 
Ratzeburg’s type; Dr. L. W. Sambon found a female in Ostia 
during 1901; and Bucheker had the species from Lagern on 
August 8th in “ Alp. That.’ in the Engadine above St. Moritz, 
from Zurich on July 1st, and elsewhere in Switzerland. This is 
the only British species of the genus, and has hitherto been 
known only from the extreme south— Hampshire, Isle of Wight, 
and Devonshire—though there appears to be no reason for 
supposing it confined to those counties, since Dr. A. Roman tells 
me that in Sweden it extends ‘‘at least as far north as western 
Dalecarlia’”’ (latitude 61°—that of the Shetland Islands)—and 
that it is there not rare in dry localities. Its known British 
range is, however, extending, for I have recently seen specimens 
from Romsey in Hants (Buckell), Milford Haven in Wales on 
June 4th, 1910, and Stradbally, co. Waterford, in Ireland, at the 
end of June, 1907 (Andrews). It is known to parasitise several 
species of the wasp genus Humenes and the bee genus Osmia. 


2. AGRORICNUS SEDUCTOR, Scop. 


Ichneumon seductor, Scop. Delic. Faun. 1786, p. 57 ; Xenodocon 
ruficornis, Forst. 1855. 

A large and handsome black and flavous species ; occurring 
on both north and south shores of the Mediterranean from 
- Provence to Algeria, but probably commonest in Italy. The 
Rey. T. A. Marshall told me in 1898 that he was then noticing 
the species abundantly about the nests of a wasp in stone walls 
at Ajaccio in Corsica, but his collection contains but a single 
example sent by Folard, who took it at Avignon on October Ist, 
1892 ; I possess the species from Oldenberg’s collection, taken 
in the middle of July, 1899; and the British Museum has a 
short series, taken in Italy by Birch, as well as in Albania 
between 1848 and 1850 by Sir Sydney Saunders, who says of 
one particular male there ‘‘ Parasite on Pelopeus spirifex,”’ 


172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


taken with it. Mocsary has bred it from a second species of 
the Sphegid genus Sceliphron, S. destillatorium, Illig. 


3. ACRORICNUS syRiIacus, Mocs. 
Osprhynchotus syriacus, Mocs. Magy. Akad. Term. Ertek, 1883, 
p- 12, male; Acroricnus syriacus, Morl. Entom. 1914, 
p- 23, female. 
The unique female of this handsome Syrian species is in the 
British Museum. 


4, ACRORICNUS PERONATUS, Cam. 
Osprhynchotus peronatus, Cam. Entom. 1902, p. 182; ef. Spolia 
Zeylanica, 1905, p. 97. 

The author of this species, in 1905, pleads ignorance of 
Osprhynchotus when first bringing it forward, and then places 
it in Linoceras, where it is sufficiently correct, though the 
nervellus is intercepted somewhat below and not above its 
centre as is usually there the case; the metathorax is, however, 
bicarinate, though the apical transcarina is indistinct and 
obscured at the juncture of two colours. It is a common Indian 
species, and, besides the type, I have seen it from the Khasi 
Hills of Assam, Simla, in May, 1897, one which flew on to a 
table in Dehra Dun in the North West Provinces on June 22nd, 
1902, Sikkim at 1800 ft. in 1897, the Kangra Valley of the 
Punjaub at 4500 ft. in April, May and September, 1899, the 
Lushai Hills of Assam at 3600 ft. on July 14th and 17th, 1904, 
and Sukna in the Eastern Himalayas at 500 ft. on July 2nd, 
1908. 

5. ACRORICNUS AMBULATOR, Smith. 
Cryptus ambulator, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 392, female. 

The British Museum type of this species belongs to the 
present genus and differs from the last species only in its much 
shorter and more convex metathorax, the apical colour of which 
is not centrally produced basally, in its centrally black face and 
in the black abdomen with apex of basal segment alone pale. 
It is from Hiogo in Japan and not, as given by Dalla Torre, 
from China. 


6. ACRORICNUS MELANOLEUCUS, Grav. 


Cryptus melanoleucus, Gr. Ichn. Hurop. 1829, ii. p. 489; 
Iinoceras melanoleucus, Tasch. 1865. 

Gravenhorst knew a couple of Italian females, which were 
revised by Taschenberg, but hardly anything appears to be 
otherwise known of this species in Nature; and I do not vouch 
for the correct determination of a male so named by Marshall, 
who took it in ‘‘ Corsica’’; this male is very like a small 
example of Habrocryptus porrectorius, with no flagellar band. 


AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 1738 


7. ACRORICNUS JUNCEUS, Cress. 


Cryptus junceus, Cress. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. 1864, p. 295, 
female. 


A pair of this species, which is a true member of the present 
genus, though not hitherto placed here, was sent by Professor 
Riley to the Rev. T. A. Marshall through the United States 
National Museum in 1888, and is now in the British Museum. 
It is similar to A. macrobatus, though much more slender and a 
little smaller with the scutellum, petiolar area of metathorax and 
the legs (except hind femora, trochanters and lower side of their 
cox) pale flavous. Dr. Lewis originally took the female in 
Illinois ; it is poorly figured in the ‘ American Entomologist,’ i. 
1869, p. 187, in the excellent article ‘‘ Wasps and their Habits” 
by Walsh, who had bred this ‘‘ beautiful Ichneumon fly”’ from 
the ‘‘mud dabs”’ of the Fossorial genus Agenia, and noticed its 
‘peculiar and, to us, very agreeable smell of a Humble-bee 
(Bombus).” At lib. cit. iii. 1880, p. 154, the same block is 
reproduced with the information that the species had again been 
bred from Odynerus, this time from Odynerus birenimaculatus, 
Sauss , in New Jersey. 


AN ACCOUNT OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP 
TO CORSICA. 


By Gerarp H. Gurney, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from p. 151.) 


Here also HL. jurtina var. hispulla was abundant, and I took 
one very curious pale-bleached specimen. Presently a large 
bright orange looking butterfly got up at my feet, and dashed off, 
only to settle again further on. A careful stalk, and my first 
Argynnis elisa was safely netted—a male, and evidently but 
newly emerged. Almost directly afterwards I saw Mr. Lomax 
wildly pursuing a large butterfly with shouts of ‘‘ Pandora!” 
and sure enough he presently came up triumphantly with a 
magnificent 4pecimen of Dryas pandora. Further along, in a 
hayfield, we saw one of the prettiest entomological sights I have 
ever witnessed—masses of purple knapweed and large pink 
mallows grew everywhere in the field, and on these were great 
numbers of P. cardui, all exquisitely fresh; and as they flew 
from red flower to red flower, their own red wings shining like 
garnets in the sun, with occasional glimpses of blue and grey 
and brown under sides, I felt one could not see a more exquisite 
sight in nature. Butterflies were very numerous hereabouts ; 
some fine big P. icarus shared the knapweed with the cardui, 
and Cenonympha pamphilus var. lyllus was not uncommon, with 


174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


plenty of C. edusa and odd examples of P. atalanta and Vanessa 
io, while C. corinna was generally distributed. Here also two 
or three specimens of Hesperia serratule were taken. 

Going on past Tattone station we found more likely looking 
seround in a sheltered valley, along the bottom of which a 
delightful stream meandered, shaded by immense chestnut trees. 
Occasional fine D. pandora were taken off thistles near Tattone 
station, but it was still rare, and A. elisa proved to be just 
emerging, for we took several more males; they are a quick 
bold flyer, and not easy to catch. By the afore-mentioned 
stream we got two specimens of a fine form of Cyaniris argiolus 
var. parvipunctata and the first Satyrus neomiris, while we 
noticed P. egeria and L. sinapis to be not uncommon and a single 
Pieris napi, with stray examples of V. io, P. brassice, and one 
immense female I. lathonia. 

A few days later—on June 830th to be exact—we walked over 
the Col de Vergio to Bocognano, a large village beautifully 
situated amongst groves of large chestnut trees, and at some 
2000 ft. lower elevation than Vizzavona. It was very cold when 
we started, and there was much fresh snow on Monte d’Oro. 
However, when we emerged from the Vizzavona forest the sun 
was shining brilliantly, and as we walked along the white 
winding road, always downhill, we were soon warmed up; and 
though insects were few and far between, the odd examples of 
A. elisa and C. corinna which we picked up served to enliven the 
walk. When we got near to the village I missed a specimen of 
A. urtice var. ichnusa, the first one I had seen. In one or two 
of the hayfields surrounding Bocognano, where the hay was still 
uncut, a magnificent form of P. icarus was found, the males 
extremely large and fine, the females equally large and distinct, 
with broad bands of orange spotting on the upper side of the 
lower wings. Here also C. corinna was almost common, and 
beautifully fresh A. elisa kept turning up, but were always diffi- 
cult to catch; while a single fine D. pandora was added to the 
bag. But by one o’clock the weather had hazed in, and with 
the departure of the sun a cold wind sprang up with slight rain, 
and all collecting was over for that day; and for the next four 
or five days the weather remained most unpropitious and 
nothing could be done. Moreover, up at Vizzavona the con- 
ditions became quite Alpine, and one was glad of all one’s 
thickest clothes. On July 4th we went to Corte, hoping to find 
at this considerably lower elevation better weather and things 
generally more advanced ; but, however, the Fates were again 
against us, as although it was considerably warmer than at 
Vizzavona, we only had two really good collecting days, the 
remainder of the time being absolutely spoilt by the tornadoes of 
wind which made it quite impossible to do anything out of 
doors whatever. 


: AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 175 


Corte is certainly one of the most picturesquely situated 
towns I have ever seen. It is full of beautiful old eighteenth- 
century houses with fine wrought ironwork staircases, and an 
interesting church with a well-carved pulpit. Hxcepting, per- 
haps, Tangiers, it is the most malodorous place I have ever 
been in, and the Hotel du Nord, where we stayed, is, to say the 
least of it, primitive in the extreme; our bedroom—for we had 
to share a room for the first two days—proved indeed to be a 
most happy hunting-ground, and quite a collection of various 
orders of insects was made here! All the same, for those who 
are not too particular, and do not mind roughing it a bit, Corte 
is an enchanting spot, and once outside the town, in the beautiful 
gorges of the Restonica and Tavignano, one very soon forgets 
the smells and disagreeables, for the romantic valleys are made 
quite lovely by the mountains and chestnut trees all round. 

Butterflies, though not generally abundant, were certainly 
more advanced here than at Vizzavona. On the rough ground 
round the town Satyrus semele var. aristeus was not uncommon 
—all males and quite fresh. A few Pontia daplidice were noticed, 
and odd specimens of Papilio machaon, C. edusa, Pieris rape, 
and P. brassice, the two latter species rather frequent, haunting 
the small vegetable gardens outside the town; while in one 
place some very small P. icarus, Carcharodus alcee, and 
P. astrarche var. calida turned up. 

Next day we ascended the Restonica Gorge. D. pandora 
occurred occasionally, and some way up the valley D. paphia, 
with var. immaculata and var. valezina, was rather common and 
fond of sitting on the leaves of the chestnut trees. Here also, 
getting up off the path, S. neomiris occurred not infrequently, 
and C. corinna, too, was common and quite fresh. A large dark 
butterfly, when captured, proved to be Hugonia polychloros, the 
only one I saw in Corsica; and at one spot by the roadside two 
or three specimens of Polyommatus baton were taken, and the 
first fresh P. var. tigeluus noted. Nearer the town, as we came 
home, H. ida and LE. tithonus were both rather frequent amongst 
some bramble bushes. 

The Tavignano Gorge, up which we went on the 7th, and in 
which we spent a most delightful day, proved to be the best 
place round Corte for butterflies. C.corinna in beautiful con- 
dition was very abundant, with plenty of fine, darkly-marked 
C. var. eleus and occasional S. var. aristeus, including the first 
female. Higher up S. neomiris became quite common, and I was 
soon able to take as many as I wanted. Magnificently fresh 
D. pandora were constantly seen, always sitting on the tall red 
thistle heads. The majority of the specimens which I took here 
and at Vizzavona have very little silver on the under side of the 
hind wing; they nearly all tend to ab. paupercula. Most of 
the specimens have the silver reduced to a row of pin-pricks, 


176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and one small crescent-shaped mark next the costal margin ; 
the central and hind marginal streaks are entirely wanting. In 
two or three specimens the ground colour of the under side is a 
rich golden green, very different from the pale blue green under 
sides of my Hungarian specimens, which are all heavily streaked 
with silver; the latter are decidedly larger than the Corsican 
examples, and of course not nearly so dark. 

A few days later and we were back again at Vizzavona. Here 
things had certainly advanced in our absence. A. elisa of both 
sexes was now very common all round Tattone, but not out yet 
at Vizzavona itself. Amongst the chestnut trees or in the hay- 
fields near Tattone station fine fresh Satyrus circe were quite 
common, and S. neomiris was frequent; while on the yellow 
sparttwum—which looks so much like broom but isn’t—LZ. beticus 
was by no means rare, and occurred up to Vizzavona station. 
Near here also we frequently took odd specimens of the fine 
form of C. argiolus var. parvipuncta. Our beautiful purple 
field of knapweed and mallow had been ruthlessly mown, and 
the butterflies had disappeared; but hosts of still fresh 
P. cardui and E. var. hispulla were abundant amongst the 
bracken further up; and C. edusa, with no var. helice, raced 
over the little flowery patches; and before we left odd examples 
of D. paphia were secured, for it was just beginning to come out 
on July 18th. These paphia and those which we took at Corte 
all incline very considerably to var. immaculata. I took none 
that could be considered type, and in many cases there is no 
trace whatever of silver on the under side of the hind wings. 
One or two specimens of var. valezina also have no sign of silver 
markings, but are of a very rich green all over. 

We had naturally been always keenly on the look-out for 
Papilio hospiton, and had searched miles of country all round 
Vizzavona and Tattone for larve, but we never saw a sign of 
anything approaching either the butterfly or the larva, and I 
could only suppose that owing to the late season it was not yet 
out. There was a good deal of a species of fennel growing 
between Vizzavona and Tattone, which I thought very likely 
might be the food-plant of P. hospiton, but there were no larve 
on any of these plants. When we returned to Ajaccio, 1 meta 
French entomologist who lived there, and he gave me a lot of 
information about P. hospiton. He said it was certainly fully 
out, and the previous Sunday he had taken four near a village 
between Tattone and Corte, which he considered its headquarters ; 
but that it was extremely local, and only to be found where its 
food-plant grew, and that the fennel I had seen at Vizzavona 
and Tattone was not the one the larva fed on; in fact it did 
not grow in that district at all. When I asked him why other 
collectors had found P. hospiton near Tattone, he said he con- 
sidered that they were chance examples which had been carried 


NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIIDS. Lag 7 


there out of their usual beat. He told me that he took Charazes 
jasius in the hills above Ajaccio very commonly in August and 
September by means of jars of honey, which attract them. We 
stayed a day at Ajaccio, but beyond an apparently fresh brood 
of EH. ida we found nothing of interest, and everything 
was fearfully burnt up. And so ended a trip, which, if not 
entomologically a very great success, at any rate gave us a 
delightful holiday in a new and particularly attractive country. 
Appended is a full list of the Rhopalocera which I identified 
during our stay in Corsica :— 

Carcharodus alcee, Hesperia serratule, Chrysophanus phleas 
var. eleus, Polyommatus icarus, P. astrarche var. calida, P. baton, 
Plebeius argyrognomon var. belliert, P. argus (@gon) var. corsica, 
Cyaniris argiolus ab. parvipuncta, Lampides beeticus, Tarucus teli- 
canus, Papilio podalirius, P. machaon, Pieris brassice, P. rape, 
P. napi, Pontia daplidice, Leptosia sinapis, Colias edusa, C. hyale 
(doubtful), Gonepteryx rhamni, Dryas paphia, and var. valezina 
and var. immaculata, D. pandora and ab. paupercula, Issoria 
lathonia, Argynnis elisa, Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta, Vanessa io, 
Aglais urtice var. ichnusa, Hugonia polychloros, Polygonia c-album, 
Pararge megera var. tigelius, P. egeria, Satyrus circe, Hipparchia 
semele var. aristeus, S. neomiris, Hpinephele jurtina var. hispulla, 
E. tithonus, FE. ida, Cenonympha corinna, C. pamphilus var. lyllus. 

Keswick Hall, Norwich. 


NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIIDS. 
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 


On pp. 141-142 of the May ‘Entomologist,’ Mr. W. G. 
Sheldon publishes a list of the more difficult Black-and-White 
Skippers of the genus Hesperia included in his collection. It 
may be further helpful to collectors on the Continent if I 
supplement this interesting catalogue with a list of the 
Hesperiids of this group in my own collection, taken either 
by myself or by my friends, and specifically identified either by 
examination of the male appendages, or by myself, with the 
assistance of those entomologists of whose work I have already 
availed myself for previous notes published in this magazine 
(Entom. xliii. 806-309; xlv. 5-7 and 77-78; xliv. 8-11, 25-26, 
and 109-110). Mr. Sheldon does not adopt M. Oberthur’s nomen- 
clature for cirsii, Rbr., viz. fritillum, Hb. Otherwise he is in 
accord with this classification. But I only follow his arrangement 
of the genus under review for convenience of reference. 


Hesperia alveus.—Unquestionably a mountain species, where it 
occurs throughout the western palarctic region, or, at all events, 
never in my experience descending to the plain. Arolla, August 
(middle), 1896; Saas Fée, August (middle), 1897; Zinal, August, 

ENTOM.-—JUNE, 1914. P 


178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1898; Mt. Penegal, Mendel Pass, July, 1904; Mont Canigou, 
HE. Pyrenees, July 7th, 1905; Gavarnie, July 14th-30th, 1911; 
Herkulesbad, S. Hungary, July 4th, 1912; Allos at the Lac, July 
18th-23rd; Larche, July 25th-29th, 1913; Le Vercors, above 
Baraques (Dréme), July 7th, 1913. 

Var. ryffelensis, Obthr.—Simplon, August (beginning), 1897; 
Saas Fée, August (middle), 1897; Franzenshohe, Stelvio, July 13th— 
20th, 1900; Larche, July 25th—-29th, 1913. 

Var. foulquiert, Obthr.—Which, I suggest, is a form rather of 
H. belliert, Obthr.; Cevennes, Balsiéges, July 29th, 1901; Florac, 
Causse Méjean, July 18th; Empézou, July 19th, 1901; Digne, 
August (beginning), 1903, and August (beginning), 1908; St. Martin- 
Vésubie, July (middle), 1903. 

Hi, serratule.—-Chamonix, August, 1894 (Miss Fountaine); * Saas 
Fée, Bérisal, Simplon, August, 1897; Zinal, August, 1898 ; Chiesa, 
Piedmont, July 8th-10th ; Stelvio, July 12th-19th, 1900; Gavarnie, 
July (middle), 1905, and July 14th-29th, 1911; Lavey, June 6th, 
1908; Simplon, June, 1908 (A. S. Tetley); Le Lioran, Cantal, 
August 1st-8th, 1909; Brenner, July (end), 1912; Larche, July 
23rd—29th, 1913. 

I have no examples in my collection at present of the plain form 
from the west of France, &¢. (=var. occidentalis, Lucas). 

1. onopordi.—Aix-en-Provence, April, 1894; Sebdou, Algeria, 
July and August, 1904; Albarracin, July, 1905 (Miss Fountaine) ; 
Brantes, Vaucluse (under Mont Ventoux), April, 1907 (H. Brown) ; 
Digne, April (beginning), 1902 (—conyze, Guen.). 

*H. armoricanus.—Gibraltar, San Roque, 1887 (J. J. Walker) ; 
Mentone, April, 1894 (Miss Fountaine); St. Malo, “été, 1899” 
(C. Oberthiir) ; La Foce, Corsica, July (middle), 1903; Dunes de 
Miel Pot, between St. Malo and Cancale, August 15th-25th, 1910 
(C. Oberthiir); Cancale, no date (R. Oberthiir); Constantinople, 
September, 1911, and May, 1912 (P. P. Graves). And to these 
localities may now be added probably all the northern and other 
lowland “ alveus’”’ of the French local catalogues. ; 

H. carline.—Bérisal, August, 1897; Saas Fée, August, 1894 and 
1897; Zinal, August, 1898, Binnenthal, August, 1907; Allos, August, 
1908, July, 1913; Larche, July, 1913. 

Var. cecus, Frr. Saas Fée, Aug. 1894 and 1897; Bérisal, Aug. 1897. 

H. fritillum, Hb. (=cirsti, Rbr.)—Chamonix, August, 1893 (Miss 
Fountaine); *Albarracin, July-August, 1901 (T. A. Chapman); 
Binnenthal, August, 1907; Allos, August, 1908; Mende, Lozére, 
August, lst-6th, 1909. 

HI. belliert.—Larche ; Allos, July, 1913. 

H. malve.—None from Continental localities. 

H. malvoides.—Biarritz, August, 1905, and July, 1911; Bérisal, 
July, 1897; Herkulesbad, July, 1900 (H. C. Lang); *Digne, April, 
1902; *Aurunci Mountains, Central Italy, May 25th, 1910 (P. J. 
Barraud) ; *April, 1910 (O. Querei) ; “Lac d’Allos, July 21st, 1913. 

“HA. melotes—Beirut, Syria, April and July, 1911 (P. P. Graves, 
from EF. Cremona). 


* Confirmed by special examination of appendages. 


179 


HIBERNATION OF THE LARVA OF LYCANA 
ARGIADES. 


By F. W. Frouawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. 


Durine July, 1913, I obtained a large number of eggs from 
L. argiades females which were captured at Rennes. Also many 
eggs of this species from females captured in Hungary; these 
were laid during the first half of August. 

The larve from both the French and Hungarian parents 
entered into hibernation about the end of September. 

After the first moult the larve became striped with brown, 
the ground-colour being pale yellowish; the medio-dorsal and 
oblique side stripes brown, and the lateral stripe rust-coloured. 

After the second moult the ground-colour is pale ochreous- 
green, the medio-dorsal and lateral stripes are rich purple- 
brown, and the oblique stripes are paler. The colouring remains 
similar until after the fourth and last moult, and when fully 
grown the ground-colour is a very pale pinkish-ochreous; the 
medio-dorsal stripe is deep purplish-brown, the lateral stripe 
light chocolate-brown, and the oblique side stripes light rust- 
colour. ‘They remain so coloured during hibernation. 

As the larve develop, all the green colouring disappears ; 
and during the last stage no green form existed in any of the 
larvee when they entered into hibernation. Some of the larve 
hibernated in the dead rolled-up leaves of Lotus corniculatus, and 
some low down on the stems of the plant. They spin a fine 
layer of silk to rest upon during hibernation. 

No brown form occurred in the last stage of the larve reared 
from eggs laid July 24th, 1904, by a female argiades captured 
in the South of France. Although when young (after the first 
moult) two distinct forms of the larve appeared, one being 
striped with brown, the other entirely green, with very slightly 
darker green markings. After each subsequent moult the 
striped forms gradually lost the markings, and after the last 
moult all were entirely green, excepting a few which had the 
lateral ridge tinged below with pinkish-brown. 

The larve pupated at the end of August, and the imagines 
emerged between September 6th and 18th inclusive. 

The complete life-history of this species I published in the 
‘Entomologist,’ vol. xxxvii. pp. 245-9. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


PANORPA coGNATA (NeuRopTERA).— Mr. H. Scott (University 
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge) has been good enough to send me a 
few new records of the scarce British scorpion-fly Panorpa cognata. 
They are: One male, Henley-on-Thames, June, 1906, collected by 


180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


H. Scott and determined by K. J. Morton; one male and one female, 
Henley-on-Thames, August 1st, 1910, collected by H. Scott, deter- 
mined by K. J. Morton; two males, Henley-on-Thames, June, 1911, 
collected by H. Scott, determined by K. J. Morton ; cne male, Wells 
(Somerset), 1902, collected by C. G. Lamb, determined by H. Scott; 
one male, ‘“ Britain; old coll.” (without exact data), determined by 
H. Scott.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames. 


Notes oN THE LARV# OF ZYGHNA EXULANS.—The recent hot spell 
in Scotland proved very favourable for searching for larve of Z. 
exulans at Braemar, and I found them quite abundant on the flowers 
of Empetrum nigrum during the last few days of April. On one tiny 
plant I counted eight larve. In captivity they seem ready to eat 
almost any food (some of mine have a keen appetite for petals of 
wallflower and others take apple-blossom), but they seemed confined 
to crowberry as I found them. They are exceedingly active in the 
sunshine, and have a most extraordinay capacity for escaping from 
captivity.—C. Metiows; Bishop’s Stortford College. 


CALLOPHRYS RUBI IN ApRit.—On April 21st I saw several C. rubt 
flying round broom on the hills at Braemar about the 2000 ft. 
contour. Perhaps they were in a sense ‘‘forced” by the extra- 
ordinary “ sun-heat,” the maximum reading for the day being 70° F. 
—C. Mrextiows; Bishop’s Stortford College. 

[Huchloé cardamines, among other species, has also been seen 
on the wing at an unusually early date this year. Records of such 
occurrences would be of interest.—Eb. | 


AGRIADES (POLYOMMATUS) CORYDON var. HISPANA IN THE BAssEs- 
Aupres.—A few days ago I received from my friend Mr. C. HE. Morris, 
of Le Cannet, Alpes-Maritimes, a water-colour sketch of a Lycenid, 
with the request that I would identify the same for him. The 
butterfly turns out to be Agriades corydon var. hispana, H.-§., and 
according to the Rev. George Wheeler, who kindly named it for me, 
though by no means rare elsewhere, has never before been reported 
from the French Alps. This example, which must be regarded as 
an aberration rather than one of a local race, was captured by Mr. 
Morris near Barcelonnette, very little higher than the town, flying 
over mud, on June 25th, 1913.—H. Rownanp-Brown; Harrow- 
Weald, May 12th. 


CoLEOPTERA AND Hemiptera oF Norrorx.—Mr. J. Edwards, 
Colesborne, Cheltenham, will be grateful to entomologists who have 
collected Coleoptera or Hemiptera in Norfolk during the past five 
years for particulars of their captures for present publication. 


HIpocrRiTa JACOBM@a# IN EARLY May.—At Tuddenham, Suffolk, I 
saw great numbers of Hipocrita jacobee on the wing on May 3rd. 
Is not this an unusually early date? Perhaps I might add, as an 
interesting parallel, a nest of the wheatear, with young, in the same 
district.—W. R. Taytor; Jesus College, Cambridge, May dth, 1914. 


Meanic FrMALe or Biston HirTARIA.—I have the good fortune 
to report the emergence of a perfectly melanic female of B. hirtaria. 
The insect was bred from a pupa dug up at Finchley. The specimen 


SOCIETIES. 181 


is slightly larger than normal, and of a unicolorous black, absolutely 
devoid of all markings; the wings are thinly scaled, as is usual with 
the female of this species. Mr. Prout has kindly given me the 
following information regarding this uncommon form of hirtaria. 
He says: ‘I find in Oberthiir’s ‘ Etudes de Lepidopterologie Com- 
parée’ there is a figure of a unicolorous black female hirtaria from 
Silesia, and there is one equally unicolorous, but not quite as extreme 
(with a brownish tinge), in the British Museum collection from 
England. It is called by Oberthiir ab. fwmaria, Haw, and is men- 
tioned by that name in one or two other books.” I might add that 
the whole of the insect—body, legs, and antennsze—is jet black.— 
B. 8. Winu1am; 77, Durham Road, E. Finchley, N. 


HIBERNATION (?) OF PyYRAMEIS ATALANTA.—In view of Mr. 
Corbet’s note in your last issue (p. 151), it may be of interest to record 
that I saw and watched for some time a worn P. atalanta flitting about 
in the flower garden here on March 23rd.—-E. F. Srupp; Oxton, 
Exeter. 


HucHLOE CARDAMINES Two Years In Pupa.—On October 20th 
last (Hntom. xlvi. p. 317) I brought to your notice a very late 
emergence of H. cardamines. I have now the pleasure to report an 
instance of a butterfly, a female, from the same brood of larve 
remaining in the pupal state for two winters. These larve were 
given me by my friend, the Rey. Gilbert H. Raynor, on June 20th, 
1912, and the insect referred to emerged yesterday morning, the 
20th inst—B. W. Neave; Lyndhurst, 95, Queen’s Road, Browns- 
wood Park, N., May 21st, 1914. 


SOCIETIES. 


EntTomonoaicaL Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, April 1st, 
1914.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the 
chair.—Mrs. Maria Ernestina Walsh, Soekaboemi, Java; Messrs. 
J. P. Ramakrishna Aiyar, B.A., F.Z.8., The Agricultural College, 
Coimbatore, South India; Hugéne Bendefitter, 11, Rue St. Jacques, 
Le Mans, France; Rev. Prebendary Edward Grose Hodge, The 
Vicarage, Paddington; A. J. T. Janse, 1st Street, Gezina, Pretoria, 
South Africa; Charles Nicholson, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, Ching- 
ford, N.E.; Frederic de la Mare Norris, B.Sc., The Agricultural 
Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malay States, were elected Fellows of 
the Society.—Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited some specimens of the 
genus Curetis from the Tring Museum, to illustrate a point in 
mimicry, and read notes upon them.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, specimens of 
Pierine from Western China, with drawings of their scent-scales, and 
remarked on them.—Mr. O. E. Janson, both sexes of a new Papilio 
belonging to the gambrisius group and apparently most nearly allied 
to P. ormenus, Guér., also the rare Papilio gabrielis, Roths., both 
recently received from the Admiralty Islands.—Mr. Donisthorpe, a 
small nest of the ant Cremastogaster schenki, Forel, from Madagascar, 


182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, 


fastened on the stem of a tree. Also a small beetle, Semiclaviger 
stkore, Wasmann, which came out of this nest, and is a guest of 
C. schenki.—Mx. C. B. Williams, specimens of the genus Acerentulus of 
the order Protura.—Mr. E. B. Ashby, a female of Dryas pandora, with 
darkly suffused underside hind wing, very near the ab. llacina, 
Obth., from La Granja; also an aberration of Melitea athalia, from 
Hinterzarten, belonging to the eos group of aberrations of this 
species.—The following papers were read :—‘ Descriptions of South 
American Micro-Lepidoptera,” by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.E.S. ; 
«A Revision of the Tipulid Genus Styringomyia,” by F. W. Edwards, 
F.E.S.—Gro. WHEELER, M.A., Hon. Sec. 


Tae Soura Lonpon EnromonocicaL AND Naturat History 
Socrety.—April 23rd.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, in 
the chair.—A special exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera. 
—Mr. C. W. Colthrup exhibited a large collection of British land 
shells—Mr. Stanley Edwards, numerous large and conspicuous 
species of exotic Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.—Mr. Ashdown, a 
collection of Swiss Coleoptera, including forty species of Longicornia 
taken by himself—Mr. Gibbs, the lantern-flies ulgoria lanternaria 
and other conspicuous insects sent to him from British Honduras 
among a collection of butterflies and moths.—Mr. Step, male and 
female Astlus crabronifornus, a predaceous Dipteron, with Tachinus 
grossa and T’. fera, two hairy flies which attack larve.—Mr. West 
(Greenwich), thirteen drawers of the Society’s reference collection 
(Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera), 
a box of typical examples of Diptera presented to the Society by Mr. 
Andrews, and his own collection of British Homoptera.—Mr. C. B. 
Williams, the beetle Lochmea suturalis, on heather from Cheshire, 
and willow-stems damaged by larvee of Cecidomyia saliciperda.— 
Mr. Andrews, the following very rare Diptera, and contributed 
notes :—Lispe pygmea, Fall., Limmophora estuum, Vill., Macronychia 
grvseola, Fall., all from Porthcawl, Phorbia parva, Ztt., from 
Chattenden, Fannia ciliata, Stein., from Milford, and Chirosia 
parvicorns, Ztt., from North Kent.--Mr. Dennis, photograph of 
plant-galls—Mr. H. E. Green, many species of Coccidwx, largely from 
Ceylon, with coloured drawings of their life-histories—Mr. B. Adkin, 
pieces of bark showing depredations of the Homoptera Chermes 
corticalas on larch, and C. virzdis on Weymouth pine.—Mr. Moore, 
nine hundred and twenty-five mites of the genus Gamisus taken from 
a beetle.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SocinTy.—Meeting 
held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, March 16th, 
1914.—Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair—Professor Robert 
Newstead, M.Sc., F.R.S., gave a lecture entitled ‘‘ Some Observations 
on the Natural History of Nyassaland.’’ The lecture, which dealt 
with the Professor’s own experiences during an expedition undertaken 
to discover the breeding habits of the Glossinidw, was most interesting, 
especially the account of the finding of the first pupa of Glossaua 
morsitans, and of the connection between this fly and sleeping sickness 
and ‘“‘ngana.” <A capital photograph shown on the screen recorded 


RECENT LITERATURE. 183 


this historic event.—Mr. A. W. Hughes exhibited Phigalia pilosaria, 
including a pale olive unicolorous variety, from Eastham, also 
Hybernia leucophearia and var. marmorinaria from the same locality ; 
he further reported that Nyssza zonaria had been plentiful at Crosby. 
—Wmn. Manssrince, Hon. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British Museum. 
Vol. xii. By Sir Gzeorcre F. Hampson, Bart. Pp. i-xiv, 1-609. 
London: Printed by order of the Trustees. 1913. 


In this volume, the tenth dealing with Noctuidex, the genera and 
species of Catocalinz remaining over from vol. xii. receive treatment, 
and the subfamilies Mominz and Phytometrinz are considered. 

Altogether 70 genera and 679 species are here classified, and of 
these.379 species in 44 genera are assigned to Catocaline ; 11 genera 
and 74 species to Momine and 15 genera with 226 species to 
Phytometrine. 

The largest genera of the Catocaline now considered are Safia, 
Guen. (53 sp.), Zale, Hb. (49 sp.), and Mocis, Hb. (31 sp.). 

Sir George Hampson does not accept Hiibner’s ‘Tentamen’ 
names for genera, Huclidia, Hb., is therefore rejected. He finds 
that fia, Fab.,is the type of Huclidia, Treit., and that the latter 
name will therefore supersede Synthynua, Hb. (a genus belonging to 
the Acronyctine, vol. ix., p. 372). The species usually referred to 
Euclidia are here placed under Huclidimera, Hamps. (type md, 
Clerck), or Gonospileza, Hb. (type munita, Hb.). Glyphica, Linn., is 
included in the latter genus. 

In Mocis, Hb., are included Pelamia, Guen. (t. phasaianoides, 
Guen.), Remigia, Guen. (t. frugalis, Fabr.), Baratha, Walk. (disse- 
verans, Walk.), and Cauninda, Moore (t. undata, Fb.). 

‘“ Catephia”’ trifasciata, an Australian species described as a 
British insect by Stephens (Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., vol. ii., p. 128), is 
assigned to Mocis. 

Twenty-one of the species comprised in Mominz belong to 
Trisuloides, Butl. (t. sericea, Butl.), which includes Tambana, Moore 
(t. varvegata, Moore), and Anacroniata, Warren (t. caliginea, Butl.). 

Cenobita, Esp., is the type of Diphthera, Ochs., also of Panthea, 
Hb., both of these names, together with Auwdela, Walk., and Platy- 
cerusa, Pack., fall under Dephthera, Treit. (t. cenobita, Esp.). 

In this connection it may be mentioned that alpinum, Osbeck = 
orion, Esp., so frequently referred to Diphthera, Hb., has been trans- 
ferred to Daseocheta, Warren (Phal., viii., p. 30). 

Coryli, Linn., is the type of Demas, Steph. (1829), and also of 
Calocasia, Hb. (1827); the latter takes precedence. 

In Phytometrine the largest genera are Syngrapha, Hb. (31 sp.), 
and Phytometra, Haw. (158 sp.). The majority of the species 
hitherto referred to Plusia are here placed under Phytometra, Haw. 
(t. festuc@, Linn.). 

Some 450 species are depicted in colour on the eighteen plates 
forming the Atlas issued with this volume. 


184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


OBITUARY. 
Tue Rev. E. N. Buoomrierp, M.A. 


THERE passed away on April 29th, 1914, the most lovable and one 
of the most widely known of British entomologists, Edwin Newson 
Bloomfield, in his eighty-seventh year. He was laid to rest among ~ 
the spring flowers that he loved, and ‘“ during the earlier part of the — 
afternoon old and young, rich and poor, could be seen battling their 
way against a stiff breeze to pay honour to one who for over half a 
century had laboured for good in their midst.” He had been rector 
of the village of Guestling, near Hastings, for exactly fifty years, and 
before that time he lived with the family at Great Glemham, in 
Suffolk, which house is still occupied by his brother, Col. Alfred 
Bloomfield, a Justice of Peace for the county in which he owns two 
hundred and fifty acres. Our subject was the son of Edwin 
Bloomfield, and was born as long ago as 1827 at Wrentham, near 
Lowestoft. So far from devoting himself to entomology, he was to 
a greater extent, probably, than any man living in these days of 
specialists, all things to all men throughout the gamut of Natural 
History. In insects he confined his investigations to the indigenous 
species, but in botany he was as familiar with the ornamental 
Coniferze of the garden as with the lowliest wayside flower, all of 
which he could name at a glance. 

His chief hobby was, undoubtedly, the compilation of local 
catalogues, and when the project was mooted in the seventies of 
publishing an account of the Flora and Fauna of Hastings, he 
undertook the flying insects, while Mr. HK. A. Butler compiled the 
ground Orders. Hence it came about that he was always more au 
fait with Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, than with the 
Coleoptera and Hemiptera, of which, however, he was by no means 
ignorant; his range extended to the mammals, birds, fishes, fungi, 
and I know not how much further. KHceclesiastical architecture also 
received a share of his attention. No great standard work was issued 
by him, yet no standard work appeared without due reference to the 
author’s indebtedness to him for assistance; and a great many of the 
foremost amongst us nowadays owe more than we can say to the 
kindly help given so freely and unostentatiously in our young days. 
His last labour was a detailed compilation upon the Diptera of 
Norfolk and Suffolk, the manuscript of which was sent for completion 
and publication to Mr. Atmore and the writer from the London 
nursing home, when he felt the task beyond his failing power; this 
will appear in the Trans. Norfolk Nat. Society during the present 
year. Last September Mr. Bloomfield wrote to me: “I find I am in 
much better health at home. I am in pretty good health and get — 
about well for my age (eighty-six years), but I find a mile out and 
back is quite enough for me”; this I can picture accompanied by 
the beneficent and radiant smile which will always live in my 
memory—the smile with which he greeted us all in his speech at his 
last public appearance during the Verrall supper of 1913. oilae 


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Plate IV. 


The Entomologist, July, 1914. 


REED BED NEAR WICKEN VILLAGE, SHOWING ‘‘JUNGLE”’ GROWTH. 


Photos H. A. Storey, 
Caius Coll. Cambridge 


A ‘*LoapD’’ IN THE FEN. 


IS. 


ae 


WICKEN FEN AS 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.1 Uy 114. [No. 614 


=< 


WICKEN FEN: ITS CONSERVATION FOR 
ENTOMOLOGY. 


By H. Rownanp-Browy, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Puate IV.) 


As no doubt many of our readers are aware, a great part 
of Wicken Fen has been taken over by the National Trust, and 
is now being administered by that body. A guardian has been 
appointed on the spot, and the Entomological Society of London 
is contributing a not disproportionate share of the necessary 
wage fund. As nominated member of the Society upon the 
Council of the Trust, I think, therefore, that it may not be out 
of place if I offer a few suggestions on the subject from the 
entomologist’s point of view, and at the same time attempt to 
give some idea of the work being done for the preservation and 
upkeep of this Mecca of the British collector. 

In the first place, it should be remembered that, while the 
National Trust property amounts in all to as much as 249 acres 
of the entire 300 acres or so of the area comprised in Wicken 
Fen, their holding is neither coherent nor coterminous. Within 
the area lying nearest to Wicken village there are several 
important strips which break up and divide it, and it stands to 
reason that this patchwork arrangement is a great hindrance to 
the work of the conservators. Visitors this year, provided with 
the needful permits, will find that the Trust lands have been 
delimited by means of black iron posts marked with the initials 
N. T. And here I may remark that the object of the Trust is 
not to close the parts of the fen which belong to them against 
bona fide naturalists, botanists, and other scientific workers, but 
to preserve for future generations, as far as possible, the fauna 
and flora characteristic of the locality, while possibly in the 
future helping to restore to the fen some at least of those species 
which, either by over-collecting, or much more likely by altered 
nature conditions, have completely disappeared, or nearly so. 

The question then arises how far it is desirable to ‘“‘ garden ”’ 


ENTOM.—JULY, 1914. Q 


186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


for such purposes, and reduce by cutting and clearing the over- 
growths which have sprung up during the last half century, when 
the wild part of the fenland all about has become ever smaller 
and smaller under cultivation. For when I visited Wicken on 
a fair day at the end of May I at once realized how great a 
change had come o’er the spirit of the scene. Except on the 
plots where the sedge had been cut already, the whole area 
presented the appearance of a jungle. A wide grassy drive 
divides the fen nearest to Wicken village from east to west. 
But on either side of it there is an almost impenetrable tangle 
of low shrubby trees, reeds, and coarse grass, by which the 
more fragile growths have been superseded. This is well enough 
for reed feeders; for other insects requiring a more delicate 
sustenance it may mean starvation. On the largest compact 
acreage belonging to the Trust these conditions are exaggerated ; 
it is cut off from the rest of the fen on this side by a wide ditch ; 
and there is no way of traversing it apparently save by struggling, 
often breast-high, through the tangle. 

I should suggest, therefore, that so far as this last-mentioned 
piece is concerned a ride be cleared in continuation, as it were, 
of the one across the stream to which I have drawn attention, | 
with the Pumping Station as objective in a straight line. Then, 
towards the centre, ways of similar breadth might be made, 
intersecting the main ride at right angles. This would afford 
access to this part without in the least depreciating its uses as a 
preserve, while the Committee, whose care it is to look after the 
maintenance of the Trust property, might then determine to 
what extent the work of clearing on this side also should be 
effected. 

At present it seems that the dense growths are prejudicial as 
well to bird and insect life, and in greater degree to plant life. 
All such clearing, of course, requires to be done with discretion 
by those employed, and under direct supervision. But the 
Cambridge Committee are within easy reach, and skilled fen 
labour is available near at hand. A large number of the trees 
and bushes which encumber the inner parts might well be 
eradicated ; their continued encroachment on the fen as such is 
a real menace. 

Again, it is obvious that if the aquatic and semi-aquatic 
flora is to survive, and with it the special insects that feed 
thereon, there must be judicious treatment of the waterways. 
To take a single instance, the one in fact of which I am most 
competent to speak from experience elsewhere. In my opinion 
it is impossible to acclimatise Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus in 
Wicken Fen under existing conditions. Rumex hydrolapathum is 
not the sole plant on which the species feeds, I am aware, but it 
was the Giant Dock upon which the larve of the long defunct 
dispar lived, and it is the same Giant Dock upon which the larve 


WICKEN FEN: ITS CONSERVATION FOR ENTOMOLOGY. 187 


of the double-brooded var. rutilus live in the marshlands 
of Bordeaux. 

In a paper published by me in the ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xliv. 
pp. 385-389) I gave a very short account of this species in the 
Gironde. The fen round Bordeaux is as restricted as at Wicken, 
and much more accessible ; but so long as fen it remains, so long 
will var. rutilus remain there, judging by the quantity of this 
lovely Chrysophanid I saw on the wing the first week of August, 
1911. What struck me at once was the favourable nature of the 
terrain for the food-plant. The vegetation of the ditches where 
I found belated larve was not too rank to strangle it; the banks 
of the little river where the butterfly was commonest were 
comparatively clear of over-growths, and the hydrolapathum 
flourished amazingly. If, then, we are to resuscitate the Large 
Copper in Wicken, whether from French, Hungarian, or German 
stock, it will be necessary to *‘ garden ”’ the ditches and their banks 
to this extent, and, further, | suggest that this treatment would 
encourage rather than quench the fertility of the Wicken 
specialities affecting other pabulum than reeds. Acclimatisation 
and the colonisation of species does not figure in the propaganda 
of the National Trust and the Society for Nature Reserves, but 
permission to use their property for such experiments would 
no doubt be readily conceded. Papilio machaon apparently 
requires no artificial stimulus. But here once more I would 
suggest that, if dealers are warned off altogether, amateurs also 
should be cautioned and asked to give the captured wasted 
females their liberty. Notices to that effect might be posted with 
other rules and regulations in conspicuous places at the entrance, 
and in the village of Wicken itself where collectors usually stay 
during the season. Especially are such precautions advisable so 
long as the whole of the collecting fen is not under the control of 
the Trust. Finally, I venture to appeal to the several fen 
proprietors whose lands are not for sale to give our keeper 
Jurisdiction over them in their absence. Of these plots there are 
not many. One at least is well-defined and segregated from the 
rest of the fen by broad and well-kept waterways ; for the others, 
I would urge upon their owners the benefit to be derived by 
allowing the Trust, through its servants, to supervise and prevent 
trespassers ransacking their natural treasures. A small annual 
contribution to the Wicken Fund would secure this, and at the 
same time the arrangement would materially assist the none too 
easy task of the Trust as entomological conservators of one of 
the most valuable, if not the most extensive, Nature Reserves 
in England. 


Harrow Weald: June, 1914. 


& 
bo 


188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A NEW GENUS OF COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY 
PSEPHENIDA. 


By C. J. Gawan, M.A. 
re A 


Tur interesting and remarkable beetles which form the 
subject of the present paper were discovered by Dr. A. D. 
Imms, who found them in all their stages in rocky, swiftly 
running streams—the larve and pupe adhering to stones, and 
the imagines, newly emerged from their pupa-cases, resting 
submerged under stones alongside their empty pupa-cases. As 
Dr. Imms proposes to describe fully and give figures of the 
larvee and pupa, the imagines alone will be dealt with here ; but 
in referring them to the family Psephenide I have taken into 
account the habits of the insects and the great general re- 
semblance which the larve bear to those of Psephenus. 

One or two characters possessed by these beetles suffice to 
distinguish them from all other known Psephenide, and from all 
but a few genera of Coleoptera. (1) The elytra do not meet in 
the middle line to form a suture in any part of their length. 
When first I noticed this character I thought it might possibly 
be due to immaturity, as most of the specimens under observa- 
tion had apparently only just emerged from the pupa. But Dr. 
Imms was able to tell me that two specimens swept from grass 
and fully mature were like the rest in having the elytra rather 
widely separated from one another. (2) The middle area of the 
metanotum, behind the broad scutellum, is not grooved along 
the middle (as it is in the great majority of beetles), but is 
convex along the middle and marked with a groove along each 
side. This character is evidently correlated with the first, and 
shows pretty conclusively that the elytra never do meet in the 
middle line. We find the metanotum similarly devoid of a 
median groove in the heteromerous genus Rhipiphorus, in which 
the elytra are small scale-like structures, which do not meet 


A NEW GENUS OF COLEOPTERA. 189 


behind the scutellum ; the latter also in this genus being rela- 
tively very broad. 
PSEPHENOIDES, 0. gen. 

Head moderately exserted ; subvertical or somewhat backwardly 
inclined below; eyes convex, entire, rather finely facetted; antenne 
not widely separated, nearly as long as body in male, with the joints 
from the third increasing in length, and strongly flabellate, except 
the eleventh, which resembles the flabellun of the tenth; much 
shorter in the female, with the joints from the third serrate and 
gradually decreasing in length. Mandibles scarcely visible. Palpi 
slender and ending in a setiform joint; the maxillary about twice as 
long as the labial. Pronotum slightly convex above, turned down 
rather strongly at the sides, especially in front; basal margin broadly 
rounded in the middle, a little sinuate at each side, and making with 
the lateral margin an angle slightly greater than a right angle. 
Scutellum very broad, rounded behind. Elytra separated from one 
another, inner margins somewhat sinuate. Metanotum convex along 
the middle, marked with two very slightly curved, posteriorly con- 
verging grooves. Prosternal process triangular, pointed behind, but 
scarcely prolonged beyond the front coxw; the latter prominent, 
strongly transverse, with their acetabula widely open behind. Meso- 
sternal process broad, channelled along the middle. Legs long and 
slender, with very long tarsi, the first and fifth joint of which are 
much longer than either the second, third or fourth, which gradually 
diminish in length; claws long, with a slight ‘“feston” at base. 
Abdomen in both sexes with six ventral segments visible, the sixth 
being very small and narrow, the fourth strongly arcuate in the 
middle behind, the fifth nearly truncate behind. 


Type of the genus P. immsi. 


Psephenoides immst, sp. ni. 

Dull brownish black in colour, covered with a short faint pubes- 
cence. Femora yellowish, becoming dusky towards the tips, where 
the colour is nearly as dark as that of the tibiz and tarsi. Scutellum 
glossy. Wings, visible behind between the elytra, are dusky in 
colour. (In the female specimen figured, the wings were bulged out 
a little at the sides of the elytra where they show behind, but this 
condition is not normal.) In all the specimens seen by me the short, 
bead-like, second joint of the antenne is almost entirely yellowish in 
colour; but it would probably be darker in more matured specimens. 

Length, 9 34-4 mm. Breadth, 2 mm. 

Hab. Bhowali, Kumaon, 5700 ft., May 15th, 1912 (A. D. 
Imms). 


The male antenna figured is from a specimen taken at 
Lachiwala, near Dehra Dun, on February 8th, 1913; it is 
possible, as Dr. Imms thinks, that the specimens from this 
locality represent a distinct species. But I have not been able 
to detect any appreciable difference between specimens from the 
two localities. The type of the species is a female specimen 
from Bhowali. 


190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BRITISH NEUROPTERA, 1918. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. 


Alder-flies.— Sialis lutaria was noticed first on May 18th, at 
the Black Pond, Esher Common (Surrey)—probably not the 
beginning of its flight, for the species may sometimes be taken 
in April. OnJune 1st it was found at Frensham Pond (Surrey). 
Col. J. W. Yerbury gave me three examples, taken at Aviemore 
in the Highlands—males on May 25th and 26th, and a female 
on May 29th. 

Snake-flies.—On April 20th Mr. G. T. Lyle and myself made 
a lengthy search for larve and pupx of Raphidia, at Irons Hill 
Inclosure, in the New Forest. We were not at all certain where 
they might be found, but as the imagines had been plentiful in 
the spot the previous season, it seemed likely that we might 
discover where the earlier stages were passed. We at length 
found that a favourite habitation for larve and pupe was the 
dead bases whence the lower branches of Scotch fir had been 
broken off. Though decayed, these were more or less dry inside, so, 
apparently, much moisture is not absolutely necessary for these 
insects. ‘l'wo larve (by size apparently Raphidia notata) were 
obtained under the bark of a dead but standing Scotch fir. 
Judging by size alone, we found larve and pupe of R. notata and 
R. maculicollis—a dozen or more in number. Pups were some- 
times in a distinct chamber, but whether they were occupying 
one ready made by some other insect, or whether they had made 
it themselves as larve, was not clear. Usually the pupe seemed 
to be nearer the boundary of the Inclosure, while those in the 
larval stage were deeper in the wood. Possibly the former deve- 
loped earlier, owing to the fact that more sunshine reached them. 
On May 25th I captured a male imago of k. maculicollis at the 
Black Pond, Esher Common, while an imago of the larger 
species (ft. notata) was taken on the occasion of the South 
London Entomological and Natural History Society’s excursion 
to Netley Heath (Surrey) on May 81st. 

Brown Lace-wings.—In April Mr. Lyle gave me a specimen 
of Hemerobius concinnus, which he had bred from the larva. 
This he obtained when beating on April 16th. On the 18th it 
spun a very delicate cocoon of yellow silk with rather open 
meshes. In form the cocoon was a well-proportioned ellipse 
about 6 or 7 mm. long by 3 mm. wide. Pupation took place on 
the 30th, and the imago emerged between May 19th and June 
9th, but was dead and stiff on the latter date. The pupa had 
left the cocoon by an irregular hole at one end. H. quadrifasciatus 
was taken on May 31st by Mr. A. Sich, on the occasion of the 
excursion of the South London Entomological Society to Netley 
Heath already mentioned. At Aviemore Col. Yerbury took 


THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 191 


H. nervosus on May 27th and June 9th, and H. stigma on May 
31st and June 11th. He also took H. nervosus at Woolhope, in 
Herefordshire, on September 7th. H. micans was captured in 
the New Forest on July 27th. 

Green Lace-wings.—Very few were noted. They were: 
Chrysopa perla, on June 8th, in the Wisley district (Surrey) ; 
C. tenella, near Bedford, on June 15th; a large example of 
C. flava, on July 28th, amongst Scotch fir on Beaulieu Heath in 
the New Forest; C. flava, taken by Col. Yerbury on August 
14th at Llangammarch Wells; C. vulgaris, in the New Forest 
on August 31st. 


Dusty-wings.—On August 24th Mr. C. B. Williams and 
myself spent some time searching the holly leaves in the New 
Forest for Coniopteryx psociformis. We found egg, larva, 
cocoon, pupa, empty pupa-skin, and imago. The small white 
egg was laid on the margin of a holly-leaf, the mottled purplish 
brown larva was discovered on the under side of a leaf, in which 
situation also a number of white cocoons were found. The 
cocoon was double—a small one within a much larger one. 
From some the imago had emerged, leaving behind a delicate 
pupa-skin ; but others contained the living pupa. The imago 
was taken on the wing. Mr. Williams has been breeding the 
British species of Coniopteryx, whose life-history was not well 
known, and the result of his experiments will be welcome reading. 

Scorpion-flies—On May 25th I met with the first example of 
Panorpa, a male P. germanica, at the Black Pond, Esher. In 
the Wisley district, on June 8th, P. germanica and a number of 
P. communis were taken. Mr. P. Richards sent me four P. ger- 
manica, from Seabrook, in Kent—an almost immaculate male 
taken May 2nd, another male on May 25th, and two females on 
May 20th; with them was a female P. communis taken on June 
9th. Col. Yerbury took a female P. communis at Llangammarch 
Wells on July 22nd, and a female of the scarce Panorpa cognata 
at the same place on August 23rd. 


Kingston-on-Thames: May, 1914. 


THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 
By T. D. A. CockERELL. 


Tue relations between insects and plants are of interest not 
only to the economic entomologist or the collector desiring to 
know where he can find rare species, but also to the general 
student of evolution, who sees in them an endless series illus- 
trating various kinds and degrees of adaptation. In modern 
times, when so many plants are being purposely or accidentally 


192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


carried far beyond their original territory, exceptionally good 
opportunities arise for comparing the insects frequenting them 
in their native lands with those in places where they are aliens, 
without their normal insect enemies and allies. Work of this 
kind requires observers in different countries, as it rarely 
happens that a single individual can travel sufficiently to make 
the necessary observations. The writer in the course of his 
work on Helianthus is collecting all available data regarding the 
insects visiting or attacking sunflowers, and the object of the 
present discussion is to arouse interest and (it is hoped) secure 
some co-operation. 

As an illustration of the work which may be done even by 
one who is no entomologist, I will describe the collection made 
by Mrs. Maybanke Anderson at Pittwater, New South Wales, 
during the winter (Australian summer) of 1918-14. Mrs. 
Anderson grew some of the new “red” annual sunflowers, 
derived from a cross between the red variety of the wild 
Helianthus lenticularis and the garden H. annuus. Her material 
was heterozygous, and of eight plants raised two were red and 
six had yellow rays. When they came into flower, ‘‘ bees began 
to visit the flowers at once, some from our own hive [Apis 
mellifera; two sent, neither had collected pollen], and imany of 
what we call the native bee (T'rigona carbonaria, Smith; four 
sent]. Ants [Iridomyrmex itinerans, Lowne, var. depilis, Forel, 
det. Wheeler| from a nest of small black ants are always on 
the plants, but seldom, if ever, on the flowers. They are always 
busy in the edge (hairy) of the young green leaves or in the 
joints. John [assistant in the garden] tells me he has seen 
one carrying pollen. I have never seen one on a flower. There 
is a small fly [Psilopus sp.] with iridescent wings, who seems to 
stand high on his legs, who is seen there often, many of him. 
He is hard to catch. There is a green flying creature [a Ful- 
gorid, Siphanta acuta, Walker], a pretty thing, who squeezes 
himself in between the swelling seeds. He also is very clever 
at getting away.” Several other miscellaneous insects were 
captured and sent, including another Fulgorid, Oliarus, probably 
O. asaica, Kirk., but perhaps new; two other flies, one appa- 
rently a Phormia, but species new to me; the other a minute 
thing close to Sepsis; two beetles, a Chrysomelid, and a small 
hairy Coccinellid ; also two spiders, one of them an Attid. 

Thus we see that even in Australia, where no Helianthus is 
native, the plant attracts a considerable series of insects, which 
on the whole (especially the bees and ants) behave exactly as do 
their representatives in America. The J’rigona workers had 
collected pollen, and were apparently making full use of the 
flowers, although no T’rigona exists within the natural range of 
the H. annuus group. At Boulder, Colorado, we find Homoptera 
(Publilia modesta, Uhler, and Ceresa bubalus, Fabr.) on our 


THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 1938 


sunflower plants. We also find Coccinellids (especially Hippo- 
damia convergens, Quér.) and Chrysomelids (Chrysomela excla- 
mationis, Fabr.). 

Are we then to conclude that the American insect fauna, 
which seems to be specially adapted to Helianthus, is in reality 
not so at all? That all these insects are in a general way 
adapted to plants of this type, or even to plants in general, and 
special, precise adaptations do not exist? By no means; there 
are in America numerous special sunflower insects, whose place 
cannot be truly occupied by alien species; but, nevertheless, it 
is evident that the majority of the species which may be collected 
from Helianthus are only loosely adapted to it, and could get 
along very well were this particular genus to become extinct. 

It will be noted that Mrs. Anderson mentions no buttertlies. 
Until I came to investigate the subject, I supposed that sun- 
flowers were freely visited by butterflies, to the needs of which 
the long tubular corollas seem specially fitted. Observations on 
the red sunflowers in my garden at Boulder did not confirm this 
idea. On July 30th I saw one Basilarchia weidemeyeru, Edw., 
on the flowers. It was especially noticeable that the introduced 
species, Pieris rape, L., which abounded in the garden would 
fly among and over the sunflowers, never visiting them, although 
it would visit Gaillardia. On September 10th, in Boulder, I saw 
a Colias eurytheme, Bdv., visit a wild H. lenticularis for an 
instant, and then go to a Grindelia. 

Dr. Max Ellis informs me that at Vincennes, Indiana, he 
took Junonia cenia, Hb., at flowers of garden H. annuus. 

Dr. H. Skinner, of Philadelphia, who has had so much 
experience with butterflies, writes me that he cannot recall a 
single instance of butterflies visiting sunflowers. Mr. Geo. 
Wheeler writes me that H. annuus in English gardens is 
frequently visited by Pyrameis atalanta, L., but he has never 
seen any other butterfly on it, and it is useless in his experience 
as an attraction for moths. (It does attract some moths at 
Boulder; e.g. Stibadium spumosum, Grote.) M. Buysman 
writes that he has not seen any insects visiting Heltanthus at 
the Botanical Garden, Lawang, Java, but ‘‘ perhaps the almost 
incessant rain is the cause.” Knuth cites seventeen species of 
Lepidoptera, all but three being butterflies, from flowers of 
Helianthus in America; but these are all from the perennial 
sunflowers, H. tuberosus, grosseserratus, divaricatus, mollis and 
strumosus. Graenicher adds, from Wisconsin, twelve Lepi- 
doptera (nine butterflies) at flowers of H. strwmosus, and three 
butterflies at H. giganteus. Thus it appears that, while the 
perennial species are quite freely visited, the annual ones are so 
rarely, in America or Kurope; though no doubt careful observa- 
tions will bring to light a long list of instances. 

When we come to Lepidoptera feeding on the plant as larve, 


194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


there is a very different story to tell. At Boulder, on our red 
sunflowers, we have found larve of different kinds feeding 
exposed on the leaves, folding the leaves, mining the leaves, 
burrowing inside of receptacles, feeding on the unripe seeds, and 
feeding on the disc florets. Are all such absent in Europe ? 
Mr. A. G. Scorer, in his ‘ Entomologist’s Log-Book’ (1913), 
fails to mention a single species attacking Helianthus. 

The following are some of the more important or interesting 
insect enemies of Helianthus annuus (including lenticularis, which 
is the wild representative of annuus). 


LEPIDOPTERA. 
Phyciodes ismeria, Bdy. & Lec. 


This is identical with P. carlota, Reak.; Mead (1875) refused 
to recognise ismeria, on account of the rather poor description, 
but it really seems to apply to our species. The larve are 
common on the sunflowers at Boulder, and the species extends 
eastward across the plains into Nebraska, becoming rare as far 
east as Omaha, according to R. A. Leussler. 

The larve exist in two colour varieties as follows :-— 


(1) A row of large subquadrate dark orange spots down back; 
subdorsal region black, speckled with creamy white ; sides 
pallid, with a broad reddish band, the spiracles enclosed in 
angular elongated grey-black patches spotted with white ; 
under side dark; dorsal and subdorsal spines black, but 
lateral ones pale ; head shining black. Larva about 20 mm. 
long, found by my wife August 17th; pupated about 
August 22nd; imago August 31st. 

(2) Entirely orange-red with black spines and dusky subdorsal 
and lateral bands (the lateral bands just above bases of 
legs); head shining black. Larva about 21 mm. long, 
found by my wife August 22nd; imago September 5th. 


The original P. ismeria fed on a perennial sunflower, Helt- 
anthus tracheliifolius, and probably came from North Carolina. 
It is perhaps probable that the butterfly will be found to have 
two distinct subspecific forms, one (true itsmeria) of North 
Carolina and adjacent regions, feeding on perennial sunflowers ; 
the other (subsp. carlota) of the Rocky Mountain region, feeding 
on annual sunflowers. The former was said by Boisduval and 
Leconte to be very rare in collections, and it appears still to be 
so, as I have never seen a specimen, and the Academy of 
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia has none. The latter is 
abundant along the eastern foothills in Colorado, and goes north 
(fide Dr. H. Skinner, in litt.) to Manitoba, where it is taken at 
Beulah as early as May 24th, and Stony Mountains, June 11th. 
Dr. Skinner also tells me that the Philadelphia Academy has one 
from as far east as Minneapolis, Minnesota, taken May 25th. 


THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 195 


Synchloe lacinia, Geyer. 

This polychroic Nymphalid takes the place of P. ismeria in 
southern New Mexico and adjacent northern Mexico, where the 
larve abound on sunflowers. A good account was given by 
W. H. Edwards in ‘Canadian Entomologist,’ Nov. 1898, pp. 
286-291. It chanced that Edwards had at the same time eggs 
and larve of P. ismeria (carlota) from Montana and Colorado. 
He found the eggs, and larve in first two stages, of the two 
species ‘‘in no way distinguishable.’ In later stages they are 
alike in shape and armature, but differ in coloration. However, 
the pupa of S. lacinia is closely like that of Melitea baroni, and 
is not like that of P. ismeria, which is typical of Phyciodes, like 
P. tharos. As to the differences in the colours of the larva, it 
will be seen from the above account that P.ismeria presents two 
varieties, and these nearly correspond to two varieties of 
S. lacinia. S. lacinia, interpreted in the broad sense as a 
variable species, goes south to Peru and Bolivia, but I have 
no information about its habits in those regions. 


DIPTERA. 
Tephritis finalis, Loew. 

This Trypetid, kindly determined for me by Mr. F. Knab, 
breeds in numbers in the heads of our red sunflower at Boulder, 
Colorado. The species is widely distributed, from Idaho and 
South Dakota, west to California, and south to Orizaba, Mexico. 
It might by some accident be introduced into Europe (e.g. 
Russia) and there become a formidable pest; precautions 
should be taken to prevent such an occurrence. 

Another Trypetid, Strauzia longipennis, Wied. (det. Knab), 
was found in Boulder on the sunflower plants, but it is not as 
yet known to feed upon them. 


CoLEOPTERA. 
Dectes alticola, Casey. 


In October, 1918, my wife found in a head of the red sun- 
flower a creamy white Coleopterous larva with large humps on 
the body. It was sent alive to the National Museum in 
Washington, and Mr. Craighead placed it in the stem of a 
chrysanthemum, and thus very cleverly succeeded in raising the 
adult, which was determined as D. spinosus, Say. Just about 
this time, however, Casey published his D. alticola, a segregate 
from D. spinosus, readily recognisable by the black humeral 
spots. The Boulder species, which I had earlier taken in the 
adult state (July 18th), is D. alticola. True D. spinosus is from 
the Eastern States, and Mr. Craighead very kindly sent me a 
pair of these, which he has bred from stems and roots of 
ragweed. 


196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Chrysomela exclamationis, Fabr. 


This is extremely abundant in all stages on the red sunflowers 
at Boulder, and is a great pest. The larve void their excrement 
when touched, and are probably avoided by birds. The beetles 
are, however, attacked by the Hemipteron Perilloides claudus, 
Say, which resembles them to a certain extent in its colour- 
scheme. Fabricius published C. exclamationis in 1801, stating 
that it was obtained by D. Smith Barton in North America. 
This was evidently Benjamin Smith Barton of Philadelphia ; 
how he obtained this western insect in 1801 I do not know, but 
the description of Fabricius seems clearly applicable. Mr. F. 
Knab has very kindly copied out for me all the localities for 
C. exclamationis in the U.S. National Museum, the Hubbard and 
Schwarz collection, and the Knab collection. The most eastern 
localities are in South Dakota (Aberdeen, R. A. Vickery; Volga, 
Truman); Kansas (Riley Co., Popenoe; Topeka, Hubbard and 
Schwarz; Onaga, F. F. Crevecceur); Nebraska (Lincoln, H. 
Soltau; West Point) ; and Texas (Dallas, Boll). One specimen 
is labelled ‘‘ Pennsylvania,” from the collection of C. V. Riley, 
but, as Mr. Knab says, this is surely a mistake. 

One specimen is said to come from Arizona (from collection 
of J. B. Smith), but there are none from the Pacific coast region, 
where I incline to believe that Helianthus lenticularis is not truly 
indigenous. 

There are in addition some very characteristic sunflower 
weevils (especially Desmoris constrictus, Say, and D. fulvus, 
Lec.), but my materials have not yet been fully examined. 


HEMIPTERA. 


Aphis helianthi, Monell, occurred in quantity on leaves of the 
red sunflower in my garden at Boulder; but I also obtained a 
species of Macrosiphum, a new genus for Helianthus. Specimens 
of this were kindly examined by Professor C. P. Gillette, who 
reported that he could not distinguish them from M. ambrosie, 
Thomas. 

The predatory bug Phymata fasciata, Gray, was found at 
Boulder on the red sunflower, preying on the honey bee, Apis 
mellifera ligustica, Spin. 


‘THYSANOPTERA. 


A thrips abundant on heads of the red sunflower at Boulder 
was carefully examined by Miss Elizabeth Robinson and the 
writer. We could not distinguish it in any way from the 
common Frankliniella tritici, Fitch. ; 


197 


A NEW SCELIONID PARASITE or LOCUST EGGS From 
tHE NORTHERN TERRITORY or AUSTRALIA.* 


By A. A. Giravuur. 


Tue following species was received from Mr. G. F. Hill, 
Government Entomologist, Northern Territory, Australia. 


Genus Scenio, Latreille. 
1. Scelio semisanguineus, n. sp. 

Female.—Length 3:20 mm. 

Blood red, the head, abdomen and distal six joints of antennal 
flagellum, black ; joints 5 and 6 of antennz suffused with blackish ; 
segments 2-5 of abdomen suffused more or less with reddish, ventrad 
and dorsad. Distal half of fore wings rather deeply infuscated. 
Scape long, about equal to the next six joints; pedicel somewhat 
longer than joint 3 which is somewhat longer than wide at apex; 
following joints wider than long, 7 longest of them, 5 and 6 shortest. 
Mandibles very long, strongly bidentate at apex, the teeth subequal ; 
maxillary palpi 3-jointed. Venation faint. Segment 4 of abdomen 
distinctly longer than the two preceding segments; segments 2 and 
3 of abdomen with longitudinal striz more or less anastomosed ; 
segments 4 and 5 densely polygonally reticulated, the lines raised ; 
6 striated like 3, also the entire venter; segment 5 with the striation 
along distal half. Thorax umbilicately punctate, the punctures 
unequal in size, smallest on propodeum; the latter also obliquely 
longitudinally striate but not densely, two of the striz down the 
meson as median carine which are separated for some distance. 
Lateral margin of propodeum and the shoulders fringed with silvery 
pubescence. Parapsidal furrows complete, rather distinct. Head 
coarsely punctate and with short silvery pubescence. 

Male.—Unknown. 

Described from five females labelled ‘‘ No. 31, Botanic Gardens, 
Darwin, N. T., Feb. 13, 1914, G. F. Hill,” and captured over acridid 
egg-beds on sandy soil. 

Habitat.—Australia: Port Darwin, Northern Territory. 


Associated with Acridiide. 
Types.—Queensland Museum, Brisbane, five females on a tag. 


NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 
By T. D. A. CockERELL. 


Huryglossidia purpurascens, sp. 0. 
3. Length about 84 mm.; black, the abdomen dark rich chest- 
nut-red, suffused with purple, the basal segment dark; antennz 
black, extremely long, reaching to third abdominal segment; head 


* Contribution No. 24, Entomological Laboratory, Bureau of Sugar 
Experiment Stations, Bundaberg, Queensland. 


198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


broad; mandibles black; clypeus shining, with sparse distinct 
punctures; supraclypeal area dullish, appearing minutely granular, 
contrasting with clypeus; hair of head and thorax mainly white, but 
there is fuscous or black hair on clypeus, vertex, and dises of meso- 
thorax and scutellum; mesothorax dull, without evident punctures ; 
scutellum a little more shining, slightly bigibbous; area of meta- 
thorax large, with only microscopical sculpture ; tegule piceous, with 
a large testaceous spot posteriorly; wings strongly infuscated, 
brownish; the large stigma dark reddish; nervures fuscous; b. n. 
falling far short of t.m.; lower side of first s. m. with a gentle 
double curve ; first r. n. joining second s. m. at a distance from base 
equal to length of first t. ¢.; legs black basally, red apically, the black 
ending on femora, near middle on anterior ones, near apex behind, 
but at middle or before in front, on the other ones; middle and hind 
tibiz with a dusky suffusion on outer side; abdomen broad basally, 
not clavate, not punctured ; apical plate circular, its margin broadly 
translucent. 

@. Length about 9 mm., much like the male, but antennz short, 
ordinary ; supraclypeal area elevated, smooth and shining; sides of 
second abdominal segment with a large dark spot; apical fimbria 
dark fuscous, not very large. 


Hab. Yallingup, 8.-W. Australia, September 14th—October 
31st, 1918, 1 male (= type), 2 females (R. E. Turner); British 
Museum. The three species of Huryglossidia now known may 
be separated thus :— 


Wings hyaline, nervures ferruginous (W. Australia) 
ichnewmonoides (Ckll.). 
Wings brownish . : ; ‘ ‘ : : ib 

1. Nervures ferruginous; second s. m. receiving first 
r. n. at a distance from base equal to about half 

of first t. c. (Victoria) . A : : rectangulata, Ckll. 
Nervures fuscous; second gs. m. receiving first r. n. 
at a distance from base equal to length of first 

t. c. (W. Australia) . : : purpurascens, Ckll. 


All three show more or less purple lustre on abdomen, at 
least in the male. The species now described is considerably 
larger than the others. 


Euryglossa undulata, sp. n. 


@. Length about 10 mm.; robust, black, the head and thorax 
with rather scanty dull white hair, the end of the abdomen with dark - 
fuscous hair; head broad; mandibles black, with a broad bright 
ferruginous subapical band ; clypeus shining, with scattered distinct 
but not large punctures; flagellum beneath dark brown with pallid 
bands or spots, one to each joint; mesothorax dull, microscopically 
tessellate, with irregular shallow punctures, sparse gn disc; scutellum 
more shining, with scattered large punctures, and a very fine median 
impressed line; area of metathorax large, shining, with only 
microscopical sculpture; tegule rufopiceous; wings smoky-hyaline, 
nervures and stigma piceous; b. n. meeting t. m.; lower side of first 


NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 199 


s.m. very strongly arched or undulated; legs dark reddish brown 
with glittering white hair; anterior knees and tibiz in front yellow; 
abdomen broad, first segment with a large yellow patch (bidentate 
posteriorly) at base; second to fourth segments with interrupted 
yellow bands, which become very broad in the sublateral region ; 
second and third segments dull basally, shining apically; apical 
plate small ;- greater part of venter yellow. 

g. Length 8 to 9 mm.; much more slender; face and front 
with much white hair, but not hiding the surface; flagellum beneath 
dark coffee-brown, not spotted; b.n. not reaching t. m.; all the 
femora yellow at apex ; anterior tibize yellow with a large black patch 
behind ; middle and hind tibize yellow at apex behind; first abdominal 
segment not yellow at base; second to fifth with transverse yellow 
macul, successively smaller, at sides, those beyond the third segment 
sometimes hidden by the retraction of the segments; apical plate 
circular, orange-fulvous ; venter mainly yellow. 

Hab. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th—October 
31st, 1918, 1 female (= type), 3 males (R. EH. Turner) ; British 
Museum. The sexes were taken mated on September 30th. The 
female is superficially rather like HZ. crabronica, Ckll., but differs by 
the dark face, venation (first r. n. entering second s. m. some 
distance from base, second r. n. a short distance from apex), &c. 
E. maculata, Sm. (of which E. villosula, Sm., is probably the 
male, judging from the descriptions), has yeilow iegs, while 
E. nitidifrons, Sm., has yellow mandibles. 


Binghamiella insularis, sp. un. 


g. Length about 7 mm.; rather slender, black; first abdominal 
segment black or nearly, with the apical margin broadly red; rest of 
abdomen bright chestnut-red, with the apical margins of the seg- 
ments stained with dusky; face with white hair, not dense. Com- 
pared with female B. antipodes (Smith), from New South Wales, 
the following differences are apparent: abdomen a much brighter 
red ; wings dusky, not so red (very red in antipodes), with the stigma 
and nervures piceous; third s.m. broader above than second (the 
reverse is true of antipodes); mesothorax extremely densely punc- 
tured. Apical plate of abdomen very small and narrow; antennz 
wholly dark; flagellum very long, reaching to end of thorax; lobes 
of tongue quite long and slender. 

Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, S.-H. Tasmania, February 12th— 
March 8rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two males. British Museum. 
As we know only the male of B. insularis and the female of 
B. antipodes, it is difficult to determine the true specific 
characters of the new form, but it seems to be sufficiently 
distinct. 

Hxoneura turneri, sp. n. 

@. Length about 8 mm.; head and thorax black, wholly with- 
out light markings ; abdomen bright chestnut-red, the first segment 
with two rather small dusky spots near base; femora, tibizwe, and 
tarsi bright chestnut-red, anterior femora black at extreme base; 


2.00 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


mandibles with a very obscure reddish spot; face broad, orbits 
practically parallel; scape with a narrow red stripe in front; 
flagellum dark; tegule piceous; wings strongly reddened; meso- 
thorax very smooth, polished; hair of hind tibiz and tarsi rufo- 
fulvous. 

Hab. THaglehawk Neck, 8.-E. Tasmania, February 12th- 
March 8rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two females. British Museum. 
Allied to EH. hamulata, but distinguished by the entirely black 
face. It is perhaps not more than a local race of hamulata. 


Exoneura angophore occidentalis, subsp. n. 

@. Length 63-7 mm.; face wholly without light markings; 
face narrowed below; scape red or yellowish-red in front; wings 
reddish ; anterior and middle femora above, and below apically, and 
their tibiz and tarsi entirely, bright ferruginous; hind legs black, 
the femora and tibiz narrowly red at apex; hind tibize and tarsi 
with much fuscous hair; basal segment of abdomen black except the 
apical margin, the hind border of the black obtusely bilobed; second 
segment with a broad biundulate dusky band. 


Hab. Yallingup, 8.-W. Australia, September 14th—October 
31st, 19138 (R. EK. Turner). Four females. British Museum. 
Mr. Meade-Waldo notes :—‘‘ Not H. bicolor; differs in colour of 
hind legs, &c.”’ It is, however, so close to H. angophore that I 
treat it as a subspecies. 


Hexoneura insularis, sp. n. 

2. Length about 6 mm.; black, including the abdomen; orbits 
moderately converging below; clypeal and lateral marks cream- 
colour; clypeus with a very broad median band, which suddenly 
broadens above, so as to include all of upper part of clypeus; lateral 
marks rather small, subtriangular; scape with a red mark near base, 
and one at apex; flagellum thick, very obscure reddish beneath ; 
tubercles black, with white hair; pleura and sides of metathorax 
with thin white hair; tegule piceous; wings reddish, nervures and 
the large stigma dull ferruginous; legs black, anterior tibize obscure 
reddish at base and subapically ; hair of hind tibize and tarsi black ; 
abdomen very broad. 

Hab. Stradbroke Island, Queensland, September 24th, 1906 
(W. W. Froggatt, 155). Allied to H. botanica, but easily sepa- 
rated by the lateral face-marks and dark tubercles. 


Allodape bribiensis, sp. n. 

?. Length about 4 mm.; black, the abdomen dullish, not 
shining as in A. wnicolor; eyes greyish-green; clypeus with a broad 
white vertical bar, narrowest at top, and gradually widening down- 
wards; scape black ; flagellum ferruginous beneath, except at base ; 
mesothorax shining ; tegule testaceous; wings moderately dusky ; 
nervures and stigma dusky reddish; tubercles white; anterior 
femora with two white spots at apex, their tibia brown with a 
white line on outer side; middle tibize with a white spot at base; 


NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDE FROM FORMOSA. 201 


posterior tibia with more than the basal half broadly white pos- 
teriorly ; hind margins of abdominal segments more or less reddish, 
but very narrowly and obscurely. 

Hab. Bribie Island, Queensland, November 2nd, 1913 (H. 
Hacker; Queensland Museum, 112). Nearest to A. unicolor, 
but smaller, with different clypeal mark, and white marks on 
the legs. 


NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDAZ FROM FORMOSA. 
By A. E. Witeman, F.E.S. 


Bapta conspersa, sp. n. 

3. Head white, face brown; antennze brown, white at base ; 
thorax and abdomen white, the latter speckled with grey. Fore 
wings obtusely pointed at apex, white speckled with grey, costa 
narrowly ochreous; discoidal dot black; antemedial and postmedial 
lines grey, the former slender and only distinct towards dorsum, the 
latter diffuse, curved and recurved. Hind wings white speckled with 
grey; discoidal dot minute, black; postmedial line grey, narrower 
than that on fore wings. Fringes and under side of all the wings, 
white. 

Expanse, ¢, 33 millim.; 2, 35 millim. 


Collection number, 778. 

One example of each sex. The male from Daitozan (8500 ft.), 
September 17th, 1906, and the female from Arizan, August 
21st, 1908. 

Bapta marginata, sp. n. 

3. Head white, face brown; antennz brown, white at base ; 
thorax and abdomen white powdered with grey. Fore wings white, 
thickly powdered with grey on the basal area, which is limited by 
the slightly darker and almost straight antemedial line; postmedial 
band grey, fairly parallel with termen; a broad grey band on terminal 
area; discoidal dot black. Hind wings white, basal two-thirds finely 
powdered with grey; terminal third grey, traversed by a narrow 
band of ground colour; discoidal dot black. Fringes and also the 
under side of all the wings, white. 

Expanse, 36 millim. 


Collection number, 778). 
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 22nd, 1908. 


Pseudomicronia fasciata, sp. Nn. 
3g. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the latter faintly brownish- 
tinged. Fore wings white with nine slightly oblique fuscous grey 
transverse lines, the third and fourth bifurcate towards the costa, 
the fifth and sixth approximate on dorsum and diverge towards costa, 
where they enclose a fuscous grey transverse streak ; all the lines are 
blackish on the costa and have short blackish linear marks between 
them ; a fuscous grey band just beyond the fourth line; terminal 
ENTOM.—JULY, 1914. R 


202, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


line blackish. Hind wings white with four fuscous grey transverse 
lines, one before the fuscous grey band (which is broader and more 
oblique than on the fore wings), and three, united below middle, 
beyond the band ; two black spots at angle; terminal line blackish. 
Under side white. 

Expanse, 43 millim. 


Collection number, 781. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei, June 11th, 1906. 
Allied to P. celata, Moore. 


Arichanna postflava, sp. 0. 

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Fore wings grey with 
some blackish clouds at the base and three transverse series of black 
spots ; first series of four spots—two on costal area, one below median 
nervure, and one just above the dorsum—represent an irregular ante- 
medial band ; second series of seven spots—three on costal area, and 
four on dorsal area (5 and 6 confluent)—represent a curved and 
recurved postmedial band; third series of nine spots—d faint, 
7 and 8 confluent—indicate a band almost parallel with the ter- 
men; discoidal spot black. Hind wings yellow, grey on the basal 
area; discoidal spot black ; postmedial and subterminal bands repre- 
sented by black spots of irregular size, the spots of each series 
confluent on dorsum. Under side similar to above. 

Expanse, 66 millim. 


Collection number, 772. 
A male specimen from Daitozan (8500 ft.), September 11th, 
1906. 
Comes near jaguarinaria, Oberthir. 


Percnia suffusa, sp. n. 

S$. Head and thorax brownish grey, the latter with two rows of 
black dots; abdomen grey, two black dots on each segment. Antenne 
serrate and fasciculate. Fore wings white suffused with brownish 
grey on basal third and along the costa; two black dots at base and 
six spots representing subbasal and antemedial lines, all spots placed 
on veins; discoidal spot black, rather large; postmedial line sinuous, 
formed of black dots on the veins, outwardly broadly suffused with dark 
grey; subterminal and terminal lines formed of black dots between the 
veins, the space enclosed suffused with dark grey. Hind wings white, 
finely sprinkled with brownish grey on basal area; antemedial line 
represented by blackish spots on the veins; discoidal spot black, rather 
large; postmedial, subterminal, and terminal lines as on fore wings. 
Fringes of all wings white. Under side white, discoidal spot and 
transverse markings beyond as on the fore wings; apical area of 
fore wings darkened. 

Expanse, g, 48 millim.; ?, 50 millim. 

Collection number, 812. 

A male and a female from Kanshirei, April 29th, 1908, male ; 
June 22nd, 1906, female. 

This species comes near P. maculata, Moore. 


CONTINENTAL ODONATA AND NEUROPTERA. 203 


Anticlea taiwana, sp. n. 


Head and thorax blackish; antenne bipectinated; abdomen 
brown, blackish at base. Fore wings pale brown slightly suffused 
with fulvous on the disc; basal fourth blackish, limited by a brownish 
line ; antemedial line brownish, preceded by a double dusky line, 
which, together with antemedial, terminates in a black mark on the 
dorsum; postmedial line serrate, irregular, indicated by a series of 
partly black-edged white dots on the veins which towards the costa 
are connected by a slender black line; some indistinct and irregular 
lines before the postmedial, and a series of black dots on the veins 
beyond the postmedial; subterminal line blackish, undulated, only 
distinct towards costa where it is inwardly edged with blackish 
mixed with brown and outwardly bordered with greyish white and 
dark grey, and above tornus where it has a blackish mark on its 
inner edge; discoidal mark blackish linear. Hind wings fuscous. 
Fringes of all wings brown, chequered with darker. Under side 
fuscous, two darker transverse lines on each wing. 

Expanse, 28 millim. 

Collection numbers, 817, female, and 1694, male. 

One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 
13th, 1906, female; August 30th, 1908, male. 

The transverse lines are not very distinct in either of the 
specimens, but they are rather better defined in the female than 
in the male. 


CONTINENTAL ODONATA AND NEUROPTERA, 1913. 
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. 


Mr. W. G. SHELDON was kind enough to give me a number 
of Odonata and Neuroptera taken in France and Spain in the 
summer of 1913. They were :— 


Odonata. 

Libellula depressa, Linn., Biarritz, June 25th, a nice deep-coloured 
male. 

Orthetrum cerulescens, Fab., Biarritz, June 27th, a fragmentary 
male. Albarracin, June 13th, a female. Another female, with 
incomplete data. 

*Onychogomphus uncatus, Charp., Albarracin, June 6th, a male. 
Albarracin, June 17th, a male and a female. Biarritz, June 25th, a 
female. All four were in somewhat teneral condition. 

Calopteryx virgo, Linn., Biarritz, June 25th, a male with broad 
wings, blue to the tip. 

Calopteryx splendens, Harr., Albarracin, June 7th, one male with 
the blue colouring only just commencing to show its position on the 
wing. Albarracin, June 16th, a male in condition similar to the last ; 
a male without any sign of blue appearing on its wings ; two females. 
They must be referred to the race or variety zanthostoma, Charp. 


204 {HE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


*Calopteryx hemorrhoidalis, Vanderl., Biarritz, June 24th, a male 
with teneral colouring ; June 25th, two males, one fully coloured, the 
other teneral, and a female not strongly coloured. 

Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr., Biarritz, June 27th, a female. 

Platycnemis pennipes, Pall., Biarritz, June 27th, two females in 
poor condition. 

Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., Albarracin, May 28th, a teneral 
female; June 13th, a male and a female, the latter teneral. 

Agrion mercuriale, Charp., Albarracin, June 13th, a male. Biarritz, 
June 23rd, a female, June 25th, a male and female zn cop., and June 
27th, a teneral male. 


Neuroptera. 
*“Ascalaphus longicornis, Linn., Albarracin, about mid-June, a male. 
*Ascalaphus beticus, Ramb., Albarracin, about mid-June, a male. 
*Ascalaphus hispanicus, Ramb., Albarracin, about mid-June, a 
male—an interesting species less frequently obtained than the 
previous two. 
*Creagris plumbeus, Oliv. (an ant-lion), Albarracin, June 13th, a 
female. 


Those species with an asterisk (*) prefixed do not belong to 
the British fauna. 


Kingston-on-Thames: May, 1914. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


GYNANDROMORPHOUS BRED SPECIMEN OF CATOPSILIA (CALLIDRYAS) 
CROCALE.—I had been breeding a good many specimens of C. crocale, 
when I noticed, to my astonishment, that one recently hatched out 
to-day had the right wing like a male, while the left wing was like a 
female. I showed the butterfly to Miss Fountaine, who at once told 
me it was an hermaphrodite and a great prize for me to have secured, 
saying that amongst several hundred specimens, including a number 
of different species of Callidryas bred by herself in various parts of 
the world, such a thing had never occurred. Unfortunately the 
butterfly was lying on its back at the bottom of the cage when I 
found it, so that at the root of the fore wings it is deformed, but 
otherwise well-developed.—R. L. Huntrr; Barron Falls Hotel, 
Kuranda, North Queensland, April 29th, 1914. 


Pacuys (AMPHIDASYS) BETULARIA ab. DOUBLEDAYARIA IN BERK- 
SHIRE.—On May 22nd I took a female specimen of P. betularia var. 
doubledayaria on a door-post. I think it interesting to record 
this, because I believe this form is not very often taken in the 
Reading district—H. L. Dotron; 36, Chester Street, Reading, 
Berks. 


MyetopHota (MyELots) cripruM IN Norru-West Lonpon.— 
In 1907 I recorded the occurrence of this species at Upper Tooting 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 205 


on July 14th of that year (Entom. xl. p. 213). This was followed by 
other records of the species from the same district, also from Thornton 
Heath and from Kingston (Entom. xl. p. 237). I have now to put 
on record the capture of two specimens at Brondesbury. The 
moths, which were captured by Mr. Alec Urquhart, flew to the 
electric light in one of the lower rooms here at about 11 p.m. on 
June 18th last.—Ricuarp Soutu; 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up- 
Hill, Brondesbury, N.W. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kent.—I had a male specimen of 
A. atropos brought to me on June 15th ult. It was flying, about 
9.40 in the morning, and was knocked down by the captor, conse- 
quently it is somewhat rubbed.—PeErcy Ricuarps; Seabrook, Hythe. 


PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CRUCIFERARUM) ABUNDANT.—P. crwuct- 
ferarum is a veritable nuisance just now. It occurs everywhere in 
this district in thousands. I wonder if this abundance of the species 
is general throughout the South of England ?—Prrcy Ricuarps; 
Seabrook, Hythe, June 17th, 1914. 


[When in Scarborough recently I noted P. maculipennis in some 
numbers on the cliffs on June 9th and 10th, but on the moors above 
Goathland on June 11th the species was exceedingly common.— 
R. 8.] 


LyTHRIA PURPURARIA.—While examining recently a small col- 
lection of unnamed Lepidoptera, made by a schoolboy at Meads, 
near Eastbourne, in the years 1902-3, I was astonished to find 
amongst them a specimen of Lythria purpuraria. It is not quite 
typical, having the dark cross-bars very broad, as well as being under 
the normal size. With the exception of the L. purpuraria, all the 
specimens are of very common species; all are pinned with large 
white English pins, and ‘“ set”’ in the usual schoolboy style, and all 
are in very bad condition. Under the circumstances, I cannot but 
regard the specimen as a genuine British example of this species. 
It is now in the possession of a son of Dr. Rowland, of Lichfield, to 
whom the collection was given by the captor—a son of Dr. Homan, 
also of this city.—L. A. Carr; Lichfield, May 29th, 1914. 


ZYGHNA TRANSALPINA, Esp., var.—I think it may be worth while to 
record the capture, on August 4th last, of a variety—or aberration— 
of Zygena transalpina, Esp., to which I can find no parallel noticed 
in any works that I have been able to consult. There is no 
similar specimen in the collections in South Kensington or in 
Oxford. The distinguishing feature consists in the absence of the 
lower of the two usual red spots of the central group on the fore 
wings. (The absence of one of the owter group of spots appears to 
be not very infrequent in allied species, though I do not remember 
having seen any such variety of transalpina.) The specimen, which 
is a male, was taken on the shores of the Oeschinen-See (about one- 
and-a-half hour’s walk from Kandersteg) ; and asI did not notice its 
peculiarity at the time, and Zygzenas were swarming, I did not 
work for more. I was for some time uncertain to which species to 
assign it, but inclined towards transalpina, and this identification 


206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


has been confirmed by Dr. E. A. Cockayne, who kindly examined the 
specimen for me.—A. W. PickARD-CAMBRIDGE; Balliol College, 
Oxford. 


Harty APPEARANCE OF HUCHLO# CARDAMINES.—The first “‘ Orange 
Tip” I saw this season was on April 22nd. The specimen was a 
male, and it was flying along a hedgerow within a mile of Chester. 
The species is unusually common in the district this year—J. ARKLE; 
Chester. 


With reference to the early appearance of Huchloé cardamines 
this year, it may be of interest to note that I first saw it on April 
18th. Last year it appeared on April 23rd, in 1912 on April 19th, 
and in 1906 on April 9; but the latter was at Chudleigh, S. Devon. 
Isaw a male Colzas edusa at Groombridge on May 16th.—E. D. 
More@an ; 24, Queen’s Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, May 6th, 1914. 


I noted H. cardamines at Tonbridge on April 12th last.—P. A. 
Buxton ; Trinity College, Cambridge. 


BUTTERFLIES OF VENICE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.—Being at Venice 
in the middle of April this year, and my interest in the butterflies of 
the neighbouring Lido having been aroused by Mr. Gurney’s article 
(Entom. xlvi. p. 232), I took my net to this island, anxious to see what 
this early time of year might afford in the way of butterflies. On 
April 20th, the Pierids rape, napi and brassice were common ; also 
an exceedingly richly coloured form of Pararge megera and 
Cenonympha pamphilus. Erynuws alcee was not rare, beautifully 
fresh, and evidently just emerging. I saw one specimen of Vanessa 10, 
exceedingly large and brilliant. The next day the weather began 
to get really hot, and ‘‘ whites” were frequently seen flying over the 
canals of Venice herself. On the 22nd I again went to the Lido. 
The extra warmth since my last visit had brought out five more 
species, besides trebling the quantity of butterflies previously noted. 
Polygoma c-album, Epinephele jurtina, Cyaniris argiolus and 
Nisoniades tages had emerged; I had feared that I was too early for 
Colias edusa, but I at last came across a fine fresh female, which I 
took after an exciting chase. The moth EHmatwrga atomaria was 
taken also. A few locusts were flying about, causing a peculiar 
metallic-like sound. One settled on a branch within a few yards of 
my head, so that I got a good look at it. I think it was Acridiwm 
peregrunum. It is interesting to note that nine out of the twelve 
species of butterflies which I came across on the Lido in April were 
met with by Mr. Gurney in September. This suggests that there 
must be at least three broods of most of these species. All along the 
railway line through Venetia and Lombardy, on my way from Venice 
to the Italian Lakes, I kept a sharp look-out for insects. Amongst 
numerous Pierids, Nymphalids and “ blues,’ the most conspicuous 
(beyond the usual “ whites”) were Huchloé cardanuines, Leucophasia 
sinapis and V. 20, with C. edusa quite common, and C. hyale almost 
everywhere. In the clover fields bordering the line some distance 
past Verona, there appeared to be an orange-coloured Colzas, like 
C. myrmudone; but of this I could net be absolutely certain. Is this 


SOCIETIES. 207 


insect found in Northern Italy? It would interest me very much to 
know. I broke my journey at Verona, where Papilio podalirius 
hovered lazily over the flowers in the Piazza Independenza. This 
insect, together with P. machaon, was quite common at Lugano on 
May 2nd, selecting the very top of Monte San Salvatore as its chief 
playground. At this same elevation were EH. cardamines, P. megera 
and Cupido minimus, also a large Argynnis which I failed either to. 
catch or identify. On the lower slopes of the mountain P. napi, 
P. brassice, P. rape, E. cardamines, L. sinapis, C. ninimus, P. icarus, 
Chrysophanus dorilis var. subalpina and V. io were common, with an 
occasional Melitea athalha, M. aurinia (?), Argynnis euphrosyne, worn 
P. megera and P. egeria (the females of this species with the light 
spots enormous), and of course P. podalirius. On my homeward 
journey I saw nothing of interest except Colias hyale near Lucerne. 
—Joun B. Hicks; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Road, Bromley, Kent, 
June 16th, 1914. 

[There is no authentic record, I believe, of the occurrence of 


C. myrmidone in Italy, but it has been reported from Carinthia, and 
its area of distribution over 8.-E. Hungary is wide.—H. R.-B.] 


SOCIETIES. 


THe South Lonpon EntomonocicaAL AND Natura History 
Socrety.—May 14th, 1914.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., Presi- 
dent, in the chair.—Mr. B. 8. Williams, on ‘‘ The Thysanoptera,” and 
showed lantern-slides and specimens under the microscope in illus- 
tration.—Mr. Hocking exhibited branches of the common furze from 
Danbury Common, which had been covered by a dirty white web 
and killed by an attack of countless numbers of Tetranychus linteanus, 
an extremely small mite which congregated in reddish brown dust 
like patches. Mr. Step had seen a similar attack of a mite on lime 
at. Mickleham.—Mr. B. Adkin, aberrations of Colias edusa, including 
a male with very pale marginal bands one half the usual size, and a 
yellowish form of the var. helice. 


May 28th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Buckstone, one 
male and three female hybrids of the cross Nyssia zonaria male and 
Apocheima hispidaria female. The larve were very like those of the 
latter species and were constitutionally weak, only four imagines 
resulting from some three hundred fertile ova.—Mr. West (Green- 
wich), a specimen of the extremely rare Hemipteron Pygolampis 
bidentata, taken by him in the New Forest in May. Only one speci- 
men had previously been captured in Britain—Mr. Newman, a 
living pupa of Strymon prunt, which closely resembles bird’s excre- 
ment.—Mr. Gahan, examples of a mealy-bug, both sexes of which 
had occurred two years running on flowering currant in his garden 
at Bedford Park. It was supposed to be Pseudococcus citri, a hot- 
house species.—Mr, K. C. Blair read a paper on ‘“‘ Luminous Insects,” 


ts elles OIA RIT Tree eRe we LEI yaa 


208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


many examples of which were exhibited by himself, Messrs. Main, 
Edwards, and H. Moore.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary. 


April 9th.—Correction, p. 159, 1. 12, for Lita melanella read Lita 
lewcomelanella. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EnromonocicaL Society. — April 
20th, 1914. — The President in the chair.— Mr. A. W. Boyd, 
M.A., F.E.S., gave an address entitled “‘The Natural History of 
Rostherne Mere.”’ Having described the physical characters of the 
mere and the probable causes of its formation, the nature of the 
surrounding land and its flora, both arboreal and herbaceous, he 
dealt exhaustively with the birds known to frequent the mere, and 
finally the insecta of the locality were discussed. Several very 
interesting records have been made, viz.: Acidalia circellata, a fine 
female specimen in 1913, Ornax avellanella, Laverna raschkiella, this 
species being an addition to the Lancashire and Cheshire county list, 
and Nepticula argentipedella. Mr. Boyd exhibited the Lepidoptera 
catalogued for the locality, and was congratulated upon having made 
such good use of the opportunity of collecting upon the private 
ground surrounding the mere. At the close of the address Mr. Boyd 
was heartily thanked for his kindness in coming from Manchester to 
give his experiences.—Mr. W. Mansbridge exhibited several xanthic 
varieties of Hidonia atomaria bred among a large number of the 
species from Burnley females. The xanthism was confined to the 
hind wings, and in most of the specimens it affected only one of the 
hind wings, in two instances, however, both the secondaries were 
nearly white all over—Mr. F. N. Pierce exhibited generic types of 
the British Geomitridz, arranged according to their affinities as in- 

_ dicated by the genitalia — Ww. ManssripcE, Hon. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Memoirs of the Queensland Musewm. Vol. i. (Nov. 27th, 1912), and 
vol. ii. (Dec. 10th, 1913.) Brisbane. 


Amona the papers of interest to entomologists in these volumes 
are a series on ‘“ Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea,” by A. A. 
Girault. Parts i., ii. and iii. are published in vol. i. (pp. 66-189). 
Parts iv., v. and vi., and Supplement to Parts 1.-i1i., appear in vol. ii. 
(pp. 101-334). A number of new genera are diagnosed, and very 
many new species are described. The families treated are: Tricho- 
erammatide, Mymaride, Hlasmide, Elophide, Pecilampide, and 
Pteromalide. 
Another paper describing some new genera and species of South 
Queensland Proctotrypoide (vol. ii. pp. 335-339) is by Alan P. Dodd. 
There is also a short article entitled ‘‘ Some Field Notes on Queens- 
land Insects,” by Henry Hacker (pp. 96-100). 


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Fr. 


CONTENTS. 
| Wicken Fen: its Conservation for Entomology (with plate), H. Re iil 
185, A New Genus of Coleoptera of the Family Pseph eer ‘ith 
tion), CO. J. Gahan, 188. British Neuroptera, 1913, W. J. hone 
Entomology of Helianthus, 7. D. A. Cockerell, 191. A New Seaton 
site of Locust Hggs from the Northern ‘Territory of Australia, AS Ast arnt, 
197. New Australian Bees, 7’. D. A. Cockerell, 197. New Species. ‘of Geo- 
metride from Formosa, A. #. Wileman, 201, Continental Odonata ond! 
Neuroptera,'1913, W. J. Lucas, 208.. ‘ 

Notes AND OBSERVATIONS.—Gynandromorphous bred Specimen of Catopeilia 
(Callidryas) crocale, Rk, L. Hunter, 204, Pachys (Amphidasys) betularia ab. , 
doubledayaria in Berkshire, H. L. Dolton, 204. Myelophora (Myelois) cribrum. — 
in North-West London, Richard South, 204. Acherontia atropos in Kent, 
Percy Richards, 205. Plutella pee Pap (erueiferarum) Abundant, Perey 
Richards, 205. Lythria purpuraria, L. A. Carr, 205. Zygena transalpina, 
var., A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, 205. Early Appearance of Euchloé carda- 
mines, J. Arkle, HE. D. Morgan, P. A. Buxton, 205. Butterflies of Venice 
and Neighbourhood, J. B. Hicks, 206. . 

Socreriszs, 207. Recent Lirerature, 208. a 


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} Vol. XLVIL] =—- AUGUST, 1914. (No. 615. 


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ut) 
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The Entomologist, August, 1914. Plate V, 


Photo Dr. Fr. Ris. 


HEMEROBIID WINGS. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVI. Uo Uiwd,, LoL. [No. 615 


NOTES ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF SYM- 
PHEROBIUS (HEMEROBIUS), INCLUDING ONE 
HITHERTO UNNOTICED. 


By Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S. 
(PuaTE V.) 


In the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxu., December, 1905, pp. 28-29, 
Banks split up the genus Hemerobius into three, giving the 
following synopsis :— 

No outer cross-veinlets in hind wings, only four, or 
less, in outer gradate series of fore wings; usually 
but two radial sectors; a cross-veinlet connecting 
first radial sector to median; the median is usually 
a little bent toward the cubitus at connecting vein- 
let; in hind wings the median usually forks plainly 
beyond forking of radial sector: small species . Sympherobius. 
Outer cross-veinlets present in hind wings; more than 
four veinlets in outer gradate series in fore wings; 
usually three or four radial sectors. 
(a) A cross-veinlet connecting first radial sector 
to median some distance out on the former; 
often four radial sectors ; the median is rarely 
bent toward the cubitus at connecting veinlet ; 
in hind wings the first radial sector forks as 
far out as forking of median: larger species. Borionvyia. 
(b) The cross-veinlet from median to radius is 
before or at origin of radial sector, never out 
upon it; three, rarely four, radial sectors; the 
median is more or less bent toward cubitus at 
connecting veinlet; in hind wings the median 
is forked further out than fork of first radial 
sector .. ; Hemerobius. 


The author states ‘the this teaion will apply to the 
Kuropean species thus :—Hemerobius (s. str.): humuli, micans, 
atrifrons, nitidulus, stigma, limbatellus, lutescens, orotypus. Borio- 
mytia: concinnus, 4-fasciatus, subnebulosus, nervosus. Symphero- 
bius: elegans, parvulus, inconspicuus. 

ENTOM.—avuausT, 1914. S 


210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


H. pini remains in the restricted genus Hemerobius. The 
species described by McLachlan as H. mortoni is to be referred 
to Boriomyia; and if Banks is right in regarding H. inconspicuus 
as a Sympherobius, then H. pellucidus, Walk., should be placed 
in the same genus. But it must be kept in view that both 
H. inconspicuus and H. pellucidus have regularly three radial 
sectors, while in all the examples of the former in my collection 
there is a cross-veinlet between the radius and branch of the 
radial sector at the apex of the hind wing. In the five examples 
of H. pellucidus before me the same cross-veinlet exists in the 
left hind wing of one specimen only. 

However, the purpose of these notes is not to discuss the 
genus or genera as a whole, but rather to bring under notice the 
fact that two species have hitherto been mixed in British collec- 
tions under the name of S. elegans. 

In this country these small insects do not appear to have 
been taken usually in numbers, and until I received from Mr. 
Martin EK. Mosely a male taken by him in Hampshire, I had no 
British specimens in my collection. Since then I have seen a 
nice series of twelve specimens taken by Mr. Hugh Scott, of the 
University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, to which I shall 
again allude, and of which he very kindly presented me with 
three specimens. All these belong to the smaller species. 

Of the other species, to which I shall refer as S. striatellus, 
Klapalek, I had seen no British example until recently, when 
Professor J. W. Carr, of Nottingham, sent me one in fine 
condition in a large collection of Neuropteroid insects forwarded 
for determination. I then applied to Mr. Porritt to let me know 
what he had of supposed elegans, and he at once very kindly 
forwarded all he possessed, not a great deal and nearly all 
‘carded ” specimens, but including both forms, and therefore of 
much interest and use to me in helping to a more satisfactory 
understanding of the matter. 

S. striatellus was described by Klapalek from the Tran- 
sylvanian Alps (‘ Vest. Ceske Akad. Frant. Jos.,’ vol. 18, p. 7, 
1905). A specimen in a lot of Neuroptera-Planipennia received 
from the Zoological Museum, Berlin, for determination called 
my attention to another female in my own collection from 
Macugnaga, received from McLachlan along with others of the 
so-called S. elegans. 

The following short diagnosis will, with the aid of the wing 
photographs, serve to separate the two :— 

Face dark shining piceous; dorsum of thorax also dark 
pitchy brown; neuration of fore wings entirely 
fuscous without pale interruptions, these wings 
heavily marked to the wing base, the markings more 
or less radiate, especially those proximal to the middle 
series of gradate veinlets, those in the distal part 


THE BRITISH SPECIES OF SYMPHEROBIUS (HEMEROBIUS) 211 


of the wing much broken up into irregular dots; 

gradate veinlets usually heavily shaded. Larger 

darker species. striatellus. 
Face and dorsum of thorax yellowish; neuration of fore 

wings with pale dotted interruptions; dark markings 

on outer half of fore wings mostly placed opposite 

each other on either side of the dark portions of the 

longitudinal veins. A pale space at the base of these 

wings in which the veins are rather indistinct, the 

transverse veinlets being hardly visible. Paler smaller 

species. : ‘ : : : ; : é elegans. 


Of S. striatellus, in addition to the specimen sent by Professor 
Carr (Nottinghamshire, from ash), I have seen two examples 
from Blackheath (July 2nd, 1895, November 9th, 1895, Beau- 
mont), and one from Wells, Lincolnshire (August 3rd, 1888, 
Eardley Mason), all in Porritt’s collection. 

S. elegans is represented in the specimens before'me by the 
example from Hampshire (by the Test, June 12th, 1913, Mosely) ; 
two from Blackheath (June 27th, 1896, June 27th, 1901, Beau- 
mont) ; and one from Lewisham (June 6th, 1873), from Porritt’s 
collection. Mr. Scott’s fine series of twelve examples were 
taken on June 30th last at Henley-on-Thames. They were 
fluttering round the ends of the branches of some oaks in an 
isolated clump of trees. The oaks were much blighted and very 
sticky. The time was about 7.15, and the evening warm and 
fine. Other specimens were seen at the same trees at just the 
same time one or two evenings later. 

My friend Dr, Ris, to whom I am once more indebted for 
the beautiful photographs which illustrate this paper, tells me 
that he has of S. striatellus: three females, Katzensee, July 31st, 
1892 (1), and July 3rd, 1898 (2); one female, Rheinau, September, 
1907—believed to be all from birch. Of the smaller species: 
two females, Salgesch, Valais, June 15th, 1889 (the late Moritz 
Paul) ; one female, Rheinau, May, 1894. 

When McLachlan wrote his ‘‘ Monograph of the British 
Neuroptera-Planipennia” (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1868, part 2, 
p. 176), he may have had both species before him. Both occur 
in the Blackheath and Lewisham district, which he certainly at 
a later period knew well, and some points in his description 
might be considered suggestive of both. Thus with regard to 
the colour of the front he says ‘‘sometimes yellowish testaceous,”’ 
also ‘“‘anterior wings closely spotted with darker grey and 
varying according to the extent to which the spots coalesce.” 
On the other hand, his reference to the whitish dotted inter- 
ruptions on the longitudinal veins of the disc gives a very 
definite bias in the direction of the smaller species which I 
believe has been generally accepted as S. elegans. But Stephens’s 
descriptions of elegans and marshami (for a copy of which I am 


s 2 


212, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


indebted to Mr. Herbert Campion) refer to something which has 
immaculate neuration, and Mr. Campion, who has also very 
kindly examined Stephens’s supposed types in the British 
Museum, is of opinion that the elegans and marshami of Stephens 
are conspecific with striatellus. If there has been no confusion 
about Stephens’s types, a change in the nomenclature here used 
will be inevitable. I leave the matter as it is in the meantime, 
pending further inquiries. I confess that it is a little puzzling 
that McLachlan should have failed to notice the immaculate 
condition of the neuration of elegans and marshami when he 
examined them in 1868, and that he should have distinctly 
stated that there existed in elegans an important character at 
variance with Stephens’s diagnosis and with his type of elegans. 
If S. striatellus prove to be the true elegans of Stephens, Rambur’s 
name pygmeus will require to receive consideration in connection 
with the smaller species. 

The wing figures here given are both from female examples, 
and, as is usual in these insects, the markings are more pro- 
nounced than in the average males. A number of closely allied 
forms have been described by Father Navas from Spain and 
elsewhere. Of two of these the author has generously given me 
examples, S. conspersus and S. venosus, and although they 
present a certain amount of difference, especially in the coloration 
of the body, I am not prepared to say that they are more than 
varieties of what is here called S. elegans. A much more 
exhaustive examination of all the forms, especially with regard 
to the structure of the genitalia, is required before a proper 
valuation of these is possible. 


EXPLANATION oF PLaTE V.—1. Wings of Boriomyia subnebulosus 
(nat. length of fore wing, 9 mm.). 2. Wings of Sympherobius striatellus 
(nat. length of fore wing, 5 mm.). 3. Wings of S. elegans (nat. length of 
fore wing about 4 mm.). 


13, Blackford Road, Edinburgh: May, 1914. 


THE SLEEPING ATTITUDE OF LYCANIDA.’ 
By F. W. Frouaws, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. 


Ir is generally supposed that the Lycenide sleep throughout 
the night, sitting head downwards on the flower-heads and stems 
of grasses and other plants, in the characteristic attitude they 
assume during evening and twilight. But later, when darkness 
supersedes, these butterflies (L. icarus) turn round and sleep 
head upwards. I am indebted to Mr. W. Holland for kindly 
calling my attention to this interesting fact. In a letter recently 
received from him, he alludes to marking down groups of 
L. icarus at rest on marram grass in the evening, and states 


AUSTRALIAN BEES OF THE GENUS EURYGLOSSA. 213 


‘“‘they were all head downwards from 4 p.m until darkness. 
These groups I stayed to watch, and in every case they reversed 
their position to head upwards at dark. In fact, they hardly 
waited for it to get quite dark.’ This habit he has often 
previously noticed. 

I recently turned down some icarus on large plants of 
flowering grasses, upon which they rested each evening in the 
usual way, head downwards, and remained so until darkness set 
in, when they turned round and rested head upwards, which 
position they retained for the night. No doubt other species of 
“blues”’ act in a similar way. 

It is considered that these butterflies rest for the night head 

downwards so as to defeat the attacks of birds which would be 
unlikely to inflict an injury on the vulnerable thorax, and would 
only grasp the wings if they attempted to seize a resting butter- 
fly, and when darkness has compelled the birds to sleep, the 
butterfly can safely resume a normal resting attitude. 
_ Possibly this may be so, but such is mere conjecture, and it 
is most unsatisfactory to theorize on natural phenomena. When 
butterflies have taken up their resting attitudes, it seems 
somewhat improbable that they are attacked by birds to any 
appreciable extent, or very seldom. I cannot remember having 
seen an instance of such, but have occasionally seen birds pursue 
butterflies on the wing, but directly the latter settled with closed 
wings the birds were eluded and gave up the chase. 


AUSTRALIAN BEES OF THE GENUS EURYGLOSSA. 
By T.-D. A. CockERELL. 


Euryglossa calliopsiformis, Cockerell. 

3. Differs from description of female as follows: clypeus all 
yellow except a minute spot on each side; supraclypeal mark large, 
broadly triangular, with a spear-head shaped prolongation from its 
apex; lateral face-marks pointed at end; yellow band on posterior 
orbits rather narrow, its upper end diverging from the orbit; 
antenn long, scape yellow in front; pleura with additional yellow 
markings ; abdominal bands yellow. 

Hab. Mackay, Queensland, at flowers of Leptospermum, 
October, 1898 (Turner). British Museum. This male is easily 
known from that of E. calliopsella by the colour of the scutellum. 


Euryglossa altitudinis, sp. n. 

g. Length 4mm.; black, with the clypeus (but no supraclypeal 
or lateral marks), labrum, mandibles (except red apices), scape in 
front, and tubercles, all light yellow ; flagellum long, light ferruginous 
beneath ; head broad; face with long white hair; front dull; meso- 


214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


thorax very feebly shining, rather coarsely microscopically tessellate; 
tegulz fuscous; wings hyaline, slightly reddish, stigma and nervures 
rather pale dull reddish ; first r.n. entering basal corner of second 
s.m.; legs yellow, with the anterior femora and tibize mainly black 
behind, the middle femora and tibiz also dark behind and their 
tarsi brown, the hind femora and tibie black, their tarsi dark reddish 
(the hind cox and trochanters are yellow); abdomen rufopiceous, 
with yellow bands, usually mostly concealed, at bases of segments ; 
venter yellow. 

?. A little larger; no yellow markings on head; tubercles 
yellow; legs black; yellow bands at bases of abdominal segments 
2 to 4, very broad at sides, but interrupted in middle; apical seg- 
ment more or less reddish. 


Hab. Mt. Lofty, 8. Australia, December 31st, 1912 (R. EH. 
Turner). British Museum. Two ofeach sex ; the type is a male. 
This may be compared with H. ridens, Ckll., but is at once 
distinguished by the dull mesothorax and the shape of the head. 
Mr. Meade-Waldo notes: “‘ In Huryglossa calliopsella-rubiginosa- 
maculata group, but distinct.”’ 


Euryglossa hemichlora, sp. n. 


3. Length 4 mm.; head and thorax dark olive-green, the head 
dull, the thorax shining; mandibles, labrum, the low and broad 
clypeus (but no supraclypeal or lateral marks), scape in front, and 
tubercles, all yellow ; hair of head and thorax white, thin and rather 
long ; flagellum very long, light ferruginous beneath; tegulze pallid, 
reddish ; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and the large stigma 
light reddish-brown; second s. m. broader than high, receiving first 
r.n. a Short distance from base; legs yellow, the femora and tibiz 
dark brown behind, hind femora dark except apex and a stripe above, 
hind tibiz and middle and hind tarsi reddish-brown; abdomen 
reddish-brown, paler at apex, and with pale bands at ends of first 
three segments ; venter yellow. The hind trochanters are yellow, 
and their coxe yellow at apex. 

?. A little larger; no yellow markings on head; clypeus and 
supraclypeal area piceous, with scattered punctures; labrum and 
mandibles (except at base) reddish; tubercles yellowish-white ; 
abdomen darker, very broad, without evident pallid bands; venter 
dark ; legs piceous, anterior knees and tibie in front yellow, middle 
tibize with a yellow stripe. 


Hab. Yallingup, 8.-W. Australia, September 14th—October 
31st, 1913 (Rh. HE. Turner). One male (=type), four females. 
British Museum. Allied to ZH. altitudinis, but easily known by 
the green colour. 


Euryglossa melanosoma, sp. n. 
?. Length about 44 mm.; black, shining, with thin white hair; 
head broad; flagellum short and thick, variably fulvous beneath, 


especially pallid apically ; front, mesothorax and scutellum shining ; 
tegulz piceous; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma dilute sepia ; 


GARDEN NOTES. 215 


recurrent nervures meeting transverso-cubitals; apical plate of 
abdomen narrow, ferruginous. 

Hab. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th—October 
31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two females. British Museum. 
Resembles E. inconspicua, Ckll., but readily distinguished by 
the black legs and shining metathorax. Readily known from 
E. nigra, Sm., by the normal antenne and the shining, polished 
abdomen. 

Euryglossa latissima, sp. n. 

2. Length about 44 mm.; very broad and robust, with thin 
white hair; head and thorax olive-green, shining, the front dull; 
head very broad; mandibles cream-colour, with bidentate dark 
rufous apex; labrum dark; clypeus sparsely punctured; flagellum 
ferruginous beneath ; mesothorax microscopically lineolate; tubercles 
densely fringed with white hair; legs black or slightly chalybeous 
basally, but knees, tibize and tarsi ferruginous, the middle and hind 
tibia largely dusky; tegule pale testaceous; wings hyaline, stigma 
dark rufous, nervures pallid; second s.m. very large, quadrate, 
receiving first r.n. near base; second r.n. meeting second t.c. ; 
abdomen shining, very broad, honey-colour, the first segment mainly 
piceous, the following three with narrow subapical dusky bands and 
suffused dusky lateral spots. 

Hab. EHaglehawk Neck, S.-E. Tasmania, February 12th- 
March 8rd, 1918(R. E. Turner). British Museum. To be com- 
pared with H. rubiginosa, D. T., but without the dense fulvous 
hair of that species. 


GARDEN NOTES. 
By CuaupE Mortey, F.Z.S. 


WE constantly find in the English periodicals a multiplicity 
of records from moors, fens, marshes, mountains, and all kinds 
of wild corners where insects most do congregate, because they 
are undisturbed by our civilization; but how seldom are pub- 
lished notes from those spots actually inhabited by entomo- 
logists and consequently those where most leisure can be enjoyed 
to note details of history and habits! In treating ofa particular 
spot, such as one’s own garden, it is well to set forth the 
geological formation underlying it, since upon this depends the 
soil of the district and consequently a large percentage of the 
vegetation upon which the great majority of its insects subsist. 
The garden of Monk Soham House is about four acres in extent 
(including the paddock), and lies almost in the centre of High 
Suffolk, a somewhat vague district, which may be said to be a 
ridge of somewhat elevated tableland obliquely crossing the 
county from north-east to south-west. The surface soil is com- 
posed of the Great Chalky Boulder Clay, which at certain points 


916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


is fully a hundred feet in depth. It appears to be the moraine 
profonde of an ice-sheet formed in the extreme period of the 
Glacial Epoch, and consists of grey clay intermixed with frag- 
ments of chalk, and is full of boulders of Oolite, Lias, and some 
other rocks, which are often polished and grooved by ice-action. 
So rich is the surface that little or no land in the neighbour- 
hood goes untended, woods are rare and very small, and pasture 
ataminimum. Few more unpromising places could be imagined 
by the entomologist; and yet this garden, which was held by 
commendation by a freeman of Ely’s abbot in Saxon times, by 
Robert Malet in 1086, and has undoubtedly been under cultiva- 
tion ever since, produces things of interest, as I trust the 
following jottings will show. 

1. Dipteron preying upon Hymenopteron.—We all know the 
manner in which Hymenoptera take toll of Diptera; the nume- 
rous species stored up as food for their larve, as well as the 
single specimens so often noticed outside the nests of Aculeates, 
and the large numbers slain entomophagously by the parasitic 
kinds. But I can recall no record of retribution on the part of 
the latter, except in the case of the genus Dioctria. ‘'o-day 
(June Ist, 1914), I saw a small Empid fly sitting upon a 
bramble leaf, holding in its fore or its anterior legs a yet smaller 
insect. These I tubed, expecting to find that the prey was (as 
is most usual in such cases) one of the smaller species of the 
Dipterous genus Sciara. What, then, was my surprise upon 
discovering that it was a Chalcid of the difficult—and to me 
unintelligible—genus Hulophus, Geoff.! It was quite dead, 
though I could not see what part of its anatomy the Empid, 
which proved on examination to be J'achydromia minuta, Mg., 
had been sucking. 

2. “ These Animals Bite.’’—My wrist was seized by Anthocoris 
sylvestris, Linn., in no friendly manner, while I was reading 
in the garden at 9.30 p.m. on July 7th. His proboscis 
was firmly inserted through the skin and effected a small, sharp 
pain like the prick of a No. 19 entomological pin. He sucked 
my blood at his own sweet will for two minutes, possibly three, 
thereinafter I saw his face no more. ‘The result was dis- 
appointing; none of the throb induced by Cimex was expe- 
rienced; the small pricking lasted for fifteen minutes and then 
ceased; a slight blush at the point of insertion had faded in 
five, and nothing further was seen or felt. I have very rarely 
been the victim of Heteropterous onslaughts, and can recall no 
specific occasion since Capsus lanarius, Linn., was captured 
flying on July 21st, 1896, when it promptly turned upon me and 
caused my thumb ‘“‘sensations similar to those set up by Urtica 
diowca,” to quote my diary of that date. 

3. A Curious Aerial Dance.—Records of unspecified insects 
are often useless, but the aerial dances of Hilara species form a 


GARDEN NOTES. 217 


wide subject and the (doubtless specific) evolutions appear to 
have received little attention. It may be of interest, therefore, 
to note that on the morning of June 26th, at 8.30 a.m., 
members of this genus were forming a somewhat dense hori- 
zontal column near the west bank of the moat, and four feet to 
the east, on the edge of the sunshine, was a similar column; 
each column was about two and a half feet high, and between 
them individual specimens perpetually darted backwards and 
forwards at great speed, apparently mingling for a few moments 
with each column in turn, and straying away nowhere else. 
How long the dance lasted I failed to note, but similar evolutions 
were in progress at the same spot upon the two following days, 
when the movement seemed to vary in no way. 

4, Liophleus nubilus, Fab.—This appears to be a distinctly 
uncommon species of weevil in my twenty years’ experience in 
Britain, occurring only in May (when I took it at Dover during 
1896) and the first few days of June. In Suffolk it is both rare 
and local; and, although Garneys found three at Beddingfield 
about 1870, Tomlin noticed it at Glemsford in June of 1905, and 
Dr. Sharp tells me it occurs freely at Mildenhall, I have never 
taken it outside my garden. Here it may be annually seen 
sparingly, and on May 15th last we were much diverted by watching 
a perfect beetle consuming a leaf of ivy with its nasal mandibles. 
It held the outer edge of the leaf, like a lepidopterous larva does, 
and, like it, excised the leaf in a semicircular manner, beginning 
at the furthest point its rostrum could reach and gradually 
biting the edge towards its sternum, thence repeating the 
process from the furthest point. Here it is most usually found 
among the garden weed locally known as ‘ground elder,” 
though never far from ivy. 

5. A Non-carnivorous Empid Fly.—I have never noticed 
members of the Empide prey upon aught but perfect insects 
till May 5th, when a female T'achydromia pallidiventris, Mg., 
was seen on the disc of a large bramble-leaf, assiduously sucking 
the surface with its proboscis. The leaf was examined with a 
lens and found to be sparingly covered with minute excreta, 
which was not honey-dew, for no Aphids were present, but which 
had probably been emitted by either Apion vorax, Herbst., 
Batophila rubi, Payk., or an Anthocoris larva, all of which were 
sitting immediately above the leaf in question. 1 was careful to 
note that the Empid carried no prey; it is a common species 
throughout Suffolk, where I have studied its curious mode of 
copulation on the coast, Norfolk, Lincoln, and Wiltshire; Mr. 
Bedwell once bred it from a small (? Braconid) cocoon. 

6. Probable Host of Lissonota femorata, Hlmgr.—Nothing 
has hitherto been ascertained respecting the economy of this 
Pimplid Ichneumon, and it may consequently be worthy of note 
that upon June 29th I saw a female walking over and investi- 


218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


gating a dead willow-trunk in my garden. This particular 
trunk has been under my observation for ten years, and no 
Lepidoptera (the usual hosts of the genus Lissonota) are known 
to breed in it. Nothing nests there, as far as 1am aware, but 
Aculeates and, perhaps, Dictenidia bimaculata, Linn.; but the 
smaller Fossores—species of Passalecus, T'rypoxylon, and Pemph- 
redon—are abundant; though the only thing of sufficient size to 
render it a probable host for this Ichneumonid is the; bee Osmia 
leaiana, Kirby, of which numerous specimens were seen about 
the same time. The elongate ovipositor renders its parasitism 
upon some burrowing insect nearly certain. 

7. A Pugnacious Dolichopodid.— Pecilobothrus nobilitatus, 
Linn., is common about the moat, and on June 28th I watched 
one individual for about an hour. This was undisputed lord of 
a group of three overlapping water-lily leaves (Nymphea alba), 
about which it briskly walked and occasionally sucked their 
surface as though for nutriment. At irregular intervals it would 
make short flights to neighbouring leaves, but these appeared 
purposeless, and it always returned to its particular three, from 
which it drove away by flying point blank at them all other 
Diptera — mainly Notiphile and Dolichopodids — while the 
presence of Gerris gibbifera, Sch., larve was ignored. The only 
foes it feared were Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., and Agrion 
puella, Linn. ; from these it fled precipitately. At rest it would 
somewhat slowly and at long intervals vibrate its wings, much 
in the manner of Seoptera vibrans, Linn. 


(To be continued.) 


ACRONYCTA (HYBOMA) STRIGOSA 1n WICKEN FEN. 
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.E.S. 


In the matter of Wicken Fen, Mr. Rowland-Brown’s article 
in the ‘ Entomologist’ for July, 1914 (p. 185), suggests to me 
to say a word for the protection of an old pet of mine, Acronycta 
(Hyboma) strigosa, if it still exists. Most probably it does ; 
though I understand that of late years it is rare or absent. 
The expression in Mr. Rowland-Brown’s observations that in- 
duces me to advance my plea is that in which he condemns, 
amongst other things, ‘‘low shrubby trees.’”’* Many years ago 
I reared A. strigosa from the egg for several broods, and I care- 
fully examined its habitat in the Wicken district, though I did 
not capture any specimens. It is long since I was at Wicken, 
and do not know what changes have occurred there since; nor 

* T suggest, of course, that these be cut, if at all, only where necessary, 


and with the greatest discretion ; I hope other entomologists will assist with 
their views.—[H. R.-B.] 


NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA. 219 


do I recollect or know how far the habitat of A. strigosa was or 
is included in the now preserved portion of the Fen. A. strigosa 
feeds on hawthorn, and why it should be so localised is not very 
obvious. Various reasons may be suggested, climatic and others. 
There is one somewhat important one, as to which I feel tolerably 
certain. A. strigosa pupates in a cocoon which it forms by 
burrowing into rotten wood, and consequently it cannot thrive 
unless the trees on which it lives are old and possess some dead 
portions that have some fairly rotten wood. No doubt larve on 
other hawthorn trees will find places in which to pupate, but 
such places will be unsuitable, and will result in the greater 
number of individuals who do so perishing in the winter. Not 
impossibly stumps of cut reeds may afford as good substitutes 
as any. 

The point, however, on which I desire for the moment to 
insist, is that old hawthorn trees should be jealously guarded, 
and that sufficient younger trees should be spared in order that 
in due time they may replace the older ones as these perish, and 
that none of the old ones and not all the younger shall be 
included in the sweeping condemnation of ‘‘ low shrubby trees.” 


NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA. 
By A. K. Wiueman, F.E.S. 


Trachea conjuncta, sp. n. 

3. Head and thorax whitish, the latter marked with dark brown 
on edges of collar and patagia; antenne bipectinate except at tip. 
Fore wings whitish, tinged and clouded with ochreous brown; subbasal 
line black, double, wavy, not clearly defined ; antemedial line black, 
double, sinuous; postmedial line black, double, strongly curved from 
costa to middle, thence sinuous to dorsum ; a broad oblique blackish 
band from costa to about middle of a black bar connecting antemedial 
and postmedial lines, and a narrow oblique blackish band from the 
connecting bar to dorsum; orbicular and reniform stigmata whitish, 
finely outlined in black and enclosing brownish marks; a blackish 
quadrate mark (extending to costa) between the stigmata; three 
blackish marks on terminal third of the wing—one at costal end of 
postmedial line, one (the largest) below middle of postmedial, one 
below apex ; fringes chequered with black. Hind wings white with 
blackish discoidal dot and two dusky transverse lines beyond; fringes 
grey brown. Under side whitish; fore wings suffused with dusky 
except on margins, the blackish postmedial line is preceded by a 
blackish cloud on costal area; hind wings have a black discoidal 
lunule and blackish transverse line as above. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 1751. 
A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 9th, 1909. 


22.0 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Kerala lentiginosa, sp. n. 


@. Head and thorax pale brown, the latter marked with black ; 
abdomen brown, slightly darker than the thorax. Fore wings pale 
brown, thickly freckled with darker brown except on middle of dorsal 
area; subbasal and antemedial lines blackish, originating in black 
spots on the costa, the first line indented above dorsum, the second 
line diffuse and angled below middle; reniform stigma represented 
by a black lunule; postmedial line dark brown, double, indented 
above dorsum; subterminal line blackish, wavy and interrupted, most 
distinct and black from below apex to middle; fringes pale brown 
marked with darker. Hind wings whitish, bordered with blackish 
on terminal area; fringes whitish. Under side whitish, fore wings 
suffused with blackish on the disc; a blackish subterminal line on 
all the wings. 

Expanse, 32 millim. 


Collection number, 984a. 

One female specimen from Arizan (7850 ft.), August 22nd, 
1908. 

Comes nearest to K. decipiens, Butler. 


Kerala lentiginosa suffusa, ab. n. 


?. Fore wings suffused with dark brown except at base and 
on the middle of dorsum; hind wings slightly tinged with brown, 
blackish border less distinct. 

Expanse, 30 millim. 


Collection number, 934. 
One female specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 16th, 
1906. 


Macrobarasa albibasis, sp. n. 


&. Head whitish grey; thorax somewhat darker grey, collar 
edged with blackish; abdomen brownish grey, whitish at base and 
anal extremity. Fore wings whitish grey suffused with brownish 
except on basal fourth; subbasal and antemedial lines black, sinuous, 
angled below costa; postmedial line black, angled below costa, slightly 
wavy to vein 3 where it is deflected inwards for a short distance, 
thence sinuous to dorsum; other irregular transverse lines between 
antemedial and postmedial ; orbicular and reniform stigmata white, 
finely outlined in black; subterminal line black, wavy, edged with 
white on costa; fringes white mixed with brownish at the base, pre- 
ceded by a black line. Hind wings whitish, veins and hairs thereon 
brownish ; terminal area broadly bordered with blackish ; fringes 
whitish mixed with brownish at the base. Under side whitish, all 
the wings have dusky discoidal marks and postmedial lines, and are 
broadly bordered with fuscous. 

Expanse, 36 millim. 


Collection number, 1752. 
A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 12th, 1909. 
Allied to M. xantholopha, Hampson. 


NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA. 291 


Batracharta divisa, sp. n. 

Head and thorax dark brown, the latter powdered with grey and 
cross-barred with lighter brown and black; abdomen brown above, 
paler below. Fore wings brown, clouded and mottled with darker, 
the basal portion of the wing limited by the postmedial line is suffused 
with greyish; postmedial line black, curved round cell with an 
obtuse angle opposite end of cell, slightly oblique from median nervure 
to just above dorsum where it turns inwards, terminating on dorsum 
at about one-fifth from base of the wing; a blackish irregular patch near 
the costa is outwardly margined by the postmedial line ; subterminal 
line black, slightly wavy, almost parallel with the termen; fringes 
brown traversed by a darker line. Hind wings fuscous inclining to 
whitish on costal area; discoidal mark blackish, diffuse; fringes pale 
brown. Under side whitish buff, the fore wings suffused with blackish 
on discal area; all the wings have a black discoidal mark, that on the 
hind wings large and conspicuous. 

Expanse, 46 millim. 


Collection number, 1508 a. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei, November 17th, 1908. 
This species comes nearest to B. cossoides, Walk. 


Fodina contigua, sp. n. 


Head and thorax black, a line between antenne, edges of collar, 
patagia and the metathorax, pale ochreous; abdomen ochreous. 
Fore wings black, the costal area from near base to beyond middle, 
also a small patch at tornus, flecked with pale ochreous; subbasal 
line pale ochreous, not extending to dorsum; from outer end of 
flecked costal area a pale ochreous band tapers to the tornal patch ; 
fringes dark grey, black at the base, preceded by a pale ochreous line. 
Hind wings ochreous broadly bordered with black, the border tapered 
towards tornal area, which is heavily flecked with black; fringes 
ochreous mixed with black. Under side ochreous; fore wings 
clouded with black ; hind wings with dusky borders. 

Expanse, ¢, 40 millim.; ?, 44 millim. 

Collection number, 1506. 

One example of each sex from Kanshirei obtained in 1908 ; 
the male on April 22nd, and the female on June 6th. 

The sexes are alike in colour and pattern, but as the female 
is in better condition than the male, it has been described. The 
species comes very near I’. postimaculata, Hampson, from which 
it differs chiefly in colour. 


Fodina contigua fusca, ab. n. 


All the typical markings of the fore wings are obscured by fuscous 
suffusion; the hind wings and under side of all wings entirely 
fuscous. 


Expanse, 44 millim. 
Collection number, 1515. 
A male example from Kanshirei, April 8th, 1908. 


DASAY) THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Harmatelia basalis obscura, ab. n. 


?. Differs from typical basalis (Moore) in the absence of white 
postmedial line and in the terminal area of fore wings being very 
little paler than the basal two-thirds. 

Expanse, 50 millim. 


Collection number, 1516. 
A female specimen from Kanshirei, April 28th, 1908. 


Agdia obscura, sp. n. 

@. Head and thorax brown, sparsely mixed with grey ; abdomen 
paler. Fore wings brown, paler and sprinkled with grey on apical 
and terminal areas ; antemedial line darker brown, double, sinuous, 
enclosed space paler than the ground colour; postmedial line darker 
brown outwardly edged with paler, excurved from costa to vein 4, 
inwardly oblique from vein 4 to dorsum, indented below vein 6; 
reniform stigma outlined in dark brown but not clearly defined ; sub- 
terminal line dark brown, sinuous, indistinct; fringes brown, a dotted 
ochreous line at base. Hind wings white, broadly bordered with 
brown ; fringes white at tornus. Under side of fore wings fuscous, 
and of hind wings white with broad fuscous border; all the wings 
have a dusky discoidal mark, that on the fore wings is lunular and 
that on the hind wings colon-like. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 175. 
A female specimen from Takow, September 1st, 1904. 
Allied to 4”. mosara, Swinhoe. 


Adrapsa quadrilinealis, sp. n. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen brown, some whitish hairs in anal 
tuft; antennz pectinate on one side. Fore wings brown, powdered 
with darker; antemedial and postmedial lines dark brown, the first 
sinuous, the second wavy, excurved and edged with whitish on costal 
area; medial line dark brown, diffuse, almost straight from white 
discoidal lunule to dorsum; subterminal line white towards costa, 
where it edges a whitish subapical patch, obscured towards dorsum, 
inwardly clouded with dark brown; fringes marked with whitish 
towards apex and preceded by black-edged whitish lunules. Hind 
wings slightly paler becoming whitish above tornus; transverse lines 
similar to those on fore wings, except that the medial line is absent. 
Under side whitish brown sprinkled with darker; markings as above 
but the transverse lines of fore wings are not distinct. 

Expanse, ¢, 42 millim.; ?, 40 millim. 


Collection number, 1004. 


One example of each sex from Kanshirei; the male obtained 
April 22nd, 1908, and the female, April 19th, 1906. 


Mecodina (2) albipuncta, sp. n. 
3. Head fuscous brown mixed with paler; palpi fuscous brown, 
paler at the base and the tip of third joint; thorax and abdomen 
fuscous brown mixed with paler; antennez finely ciliated. Fore 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 223 


wings pale brown almost whity-brown on the disc, sprinkled and 
clouded with fuscous brown; two white spots in the cell, the outer 
lunular and smaller than the inner; antemedial line blackish, wavy, 
angled below costa; medial line blackish, sinuous, commencing in a 
blackish triangular mark on the costa; postmedial line blackish, 
wavy, curved round cell, united with outer edge of triangular mark 
on costa; subterminal line blackish, wavy; terminal area fuscous 
brown traversed by a diffuse and sinuous band of the ground colour, 
short black bars between the veins joining black lunules on the 
termen ; fringes fuscous brown marked with paler between the veins. 
Hind wings fuscous grey with two dusky transverse lines, the outer 
one sinuous and most distinct; subterminal line whitish outwardly 
dentate, inwardly diffuse, not distinct towards costa; fringes pale 
brown marked with darker between the veins, proceeded by a series 
of black lunules. Under side pale brown; markings of fore wings as 
on upper side but the terminal area is not darker and the short black 
bars are not distinct except between veins 3 and 5; the transverse 
lines on hind wings are dark brown, the first bluntly angled beyond 
the black discoidal mark, the second is serrated and is followed by a 
brown band which is clouded with blackish about the middle and 
before dorsum. 
Expanse, 35 millim. 


Collection number, 929. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei, June 16th, 1908. 


Mecodina (?) subornata, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax fuscous brown, the latter mixed with 
darker in front; abdomen whitish brown, heavily powdered with 
fuscous brown except on the anal tuft. Fore wings fuscous brown, 
traces of two whitish dots in the cell; antemedial line blackish, 
indistinct except on costa where it is inwardly edged with white ; 
postmedial line blackish, sinuous and wavy, outwardly pale edged, 
the edge becoming white and diffuse on the costa; medial line 
blackish, almost parallel with the postmedial from cell to dorsum ; 
fringes fuscous brown, variegated with white toward apex and tornus. 
Hind wings fuscous brown, traces of a pale transverse line above 
tornus. Under side pale brown, variegated with darker brown; on 
the fore wings the costa is paler, and the terminal area from tornus 
to a black spot at middle whitish ; on the hind wings, the basal and 
terminal thirds are whitish ; all the wings have dark transverse lines. 

Expanse 38 millim. 


Collection number, 929a. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei, April 18th, 1906. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


PLUSIA MONETA IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.—I have great pleasure in 
reporting the capture in my garden of Plusza moneta; it was taken 
by my son, W. J. Daws, on the evening of July 4th, 1914, and is now 
in my collection. It is a fine female, but by the appearance of the 


294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


body it had already deposited its ova; three or four years ago I 
planted a few plants of monkshood, but this is the first time we 
captured P. moneta. The plants have been searched each season, 
but without result until this year. On Wednesday, July 8th, we 
made another search, and found one half-grown larva and one fresh 
cocoon. Would you kindly tell me if there are any previous records 
of P. moneta in Nottinghamshire, or is this the first for the county ?— 
Witt1am Daws; 39, Wood Street, Mansfield, Notts, July 9th, 1914. 


[P. moneta has been noted from most of the counties of England 
up to Cheshire, but I do not recall any previous record of this 
Species from Nottinghamshire.—R. 8.] 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kent.—Mr. Percy Richards (antea, p. 
205) recorded a specimen of A. atropos captured at Hythe on 
June 15th last. In a communication dated July 8th he writes :— 
‘‘ Another specimen was found at rest on a mulberry tree in Hythe. 
It is a fine female, measuring 5 in. in expanse. I have no doubt, 
judging from its condition, that it had only just emerged from pupa, 
although the nearest potato patch is two hundred yards from the 
mulberry tree.” 


PAPILIO HOSPITON IN Corstca.—Mr. Gurney states on p. 176 of 
the ‘Entomologist’ that a French entomologist, resident at Ajaccio, 
informed him that the food-plant of this species did not grow in the * 
Vizzavona district, and that examples taken there were chance 
ones. ‘This statement is an error, the food-plant of P. hospiton 
does grow at Vizzavona, and the larve are locally common on it 
there. Towards the end of July, 1906, I found twenty-seven larve 
in two days, as recorded in the ‘ Entomologist,’ xl. p. 77.—W. G. 
SHELDON. 


NoTrE ON AMMOPHILA CAMPESTRIS ?—On the intensely hot after- 
noon of July 11th I was watching a sandy hillside, on West Knighton 
Heath, for Aculeates, My attention was directed to an insect (almost 
certainly Ammophila campestris, which is even commoner than A. 
sabulosa here, but exact determination seemed of less importance 
than leaving the creature undisturbed) which was carrying in its 
mandibles a small, round white pebble. This it carefully deposited, 
with others, at the mouth of its burrow. It then rapidly fussed 
about until it had found another quite similar stone, being very 
eclectic, and so intent on its task that I could bend closely over it. 
After seeing several additions to the little heap, which at last obscured 
the opening, I gently withdrew. Are these last touches of maternal 
care protective against some parasite? Is the habit general ?— 
F. H. Harnss, D.P.H., &c.; Winfrith, Dorset, July 12th, 1914. 


DEILEPHILA (HYLES) EUPHORBIH IN CorNWALL.—While staying 
at St. Gennys, North Cornwall, during August, 1910, I caught a 
large moth, which remained unidentified in my collection until last 
Friday, when a friend told me that, in his opinion, it was a Spurge 
Hawk (Devlephila (Hyles) euphorbie). I took it up to the South 
Kensington Museum yesterday, and they told me that my friend’s 
surmise was correct. I have a fair collection of butterflies, but know 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 225 


little about moths, which accounts for the Spurge Hawk remaining 
unnoticed so long.—A. S. Buckuurst; 9, Souldern Road, West 
Kensington, July 19th, 1914. 


Note on Oreayia ANTIQUA.—I had larve of Orgyia antiqua this 
year in a breeding-cage indoors, feeding them on plum leaves. To 
my surprise, after the females resulting from the normal brood had 
laid eggs, these latter began to hatch out about July 11th. I can 
find no reference to this fact in the text-books. I should be much 
interested to know whether a second brood has occurred many 
times before.—A. H. Lers; University of Bristol, July 16th, 1914. 


[Larvee of Orgyza antiqua have been observed in August and 
September, and occasionally imagines have been seen in October.— 


R. 8] 


HYMENOPTERA SUBMITTED FOR DETERMINATION.—We have re- 
ceived from Mr. F. Dennis, of East Liss, in Hants, a handsome 
female of the largest British Ichneumon fly (Rhyssa persuasoria, 
Linn.), captured upon a window there; a ligneous gall, also found 
there on oak, is too broken and shrivelled to determine. Mr. 
Geoffrey Todd, of Barnet, has sent us a bundle of Braconid cocoons 
from which he has bred Apanteles ruficrus, Hal.; these were first 
observed in larve of Arenostola (Leucania) brevilinea, Fenn., on 
. June 24th, and emerged on July 10th. Goureau has given an 
interesting account of the earlier stages of this parasite at Soc. Ent. 
France, 2° série, tom. iii. p. 355; it has already been bred from 
Leucania littoralis, Curt., and L. pallens, L. Neither Mr. Todd nor 
we can recall previous records of hymenopterous parasites upon this 
Noctuid moth.—CuaupE Morey; July 22nd, 1914. 


ABUNDANCE OF PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CRUCIFERARUM).—I 
can testify from personal experience as to the abundance of this 
species. During Haster it was beginning to emerge on the heaths 
about Sidmouth (South Devon), and was swarming in this locality by 
April 20th. At Whitsuntide in the neighbourhood of Chelmsford it 
was abundant on the wing, in the late afternoon, over every roadside 
patch of waste vegetation—R. Mrnpona; 6, Brunswick Square, 
W.C., July 3rd, 1914. 


PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CRUCIFERARUM) IN NortH CuMBER- 
LAND.—This species is now very abundant in this district. I first 
noticed the moth in June; now, scarcely a field of turnips has escaped. 
Injury has been principally done amongst the swede turnips, and 
many of the fields have assumed a grey appearance. The farmers in 
the district say that such a plague has not been experienced for thirty 
years.—GrEOoRGE B. RoututepGe; Tarn Lodge, Headsnool, Carlisle, 
July 7th, 1914. 


APPEARANCE OF HUCHLO# CARDAMINES.—May I add my experi- 
ence of this species during the present season? I first met with it 
in a clearing in a wood in Kent on April 23rd, at a height of about 
200 ft.; it was quite common, and females predominated. Next I 
found it, in an interval of sunshine, between a couple of thunder- 
storms, at the Villa Adriana, near Rome, probably at about a similar 

ENTOM.—AaAvuGusT, 1914. T 


226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


elevation, on May 6th; and afterwards at Messina, Sicily (2000 ft.), 
May 9th; Palermo (2000 ft.), May 12th; and Mount Etna (over 
3000 ft.), May 16th. During my trip into Calabria I captured speci- 
mens at Palmi (1500 ft.), May 22nd; Catanzaro (2500 ft.), May 24th ; 
Nicotera, May 30th (1000 ft.) ; and Cape Spartivento (50 ft.), June 
3rd. It was flying at Messina (50 ft.) on June 10th, and above and 
below Bérisal, Switzerland (4500 ft. to 5500 ft.), from June 17th to 
22nd, and finally I left the species in excellent condition, both males 
and females, at Kandersteg, at an elevation of 4000 ft., on Monday, 
June 29th.—J. Puatrt Barrett; Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill, 
8.E., July 3rd, 1914. 


A Day 1n Detamere Forest.—On July 11th, in Delamere 
Forest, and feeding on bramble blossoms, I saw a fine and fresh male 
Pyrameis (Vanessa) atalanta. Was this puzzling butterfly locally 
bred ? did it pass the winter in the egg, larva, chrysalis, or imago 
state, and where did it hibernate? Or, after it had crossed the 
waves of the North Sea, or the waters thereto, why did it fly from 
the east to the very west of the country, arriving in speckless 
condition? With these unsolved “problems” as companions I 
subsequently captured a fine Cenonympha tiphon with lanceolated 
spots (subvariety lanceolata), and two specimens of Acidalia strami- 
nata var. circellata. This latter insect appears to be common but 
local here. Possibly it escapes detection when on the wing through 
being taken for Crambus margaritellus or females of Fidonia atomaria. 
At rest, however, on the heather, &c., it cannot well be mistaken. 
From a female taken on the same spot in July of last year I obtained 
a large number of eggs. These hatched, and the larvee went on so 
well that I had reason to think they would survive the winter. They 
fed readily on knot-grass (which I think does not grow on or near 
their habitat), and they began hibernation on the stems, fastening 
themselves by their anal claspers, and branching out at an acute 
angle in the form of a note of interrogation. So they remained, until 
I discovered at the end of last March that many had dropped from 
their perch. All were dead. I had succeeded in giving them food, 
and plenty of fresh air, but I had failed in providing the damp 
environment of the mosses. One of the C. tephon (I only saw five 
or six altogether) was nearly captured by one of the larger dragonflies 
(Aischna juncea), of which there were many about. A movement on 
my part scared away the dragonfly, which was only an inch or two 
behind the butterfly, and so the t7zphon was saved. The mosses were 
unusually dry and enabled me to watch the richly-coloured males of 
Leucorrhinia dubia, in black and maroon, hovering over the pools. 
The females, in which the maroon colour is replaced by yellow, were 
not so numerous. I found the tephon ground—the only Delamere 
haunt now, I fear, for the butterfly—guarded by two rows of high 
iron railings smeared with fresh tar. I thought with regret of the 
newspaper I had left behind in the railway carriage. Still, the 
obstruction did not prevent an old veteran of seventy summers 
clearing the rails and landing safely on the other side, untarred, 
excepting the hands, which were soon corrected in the dry sand of 
the place.—J. ARKLE; Chester. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. up| 


Morus CaprureD By Licut-TRAP.—My friend, Mr. F. Gillett, 
who has a house on the North Downs, near Chevening (Kent), has 
sent me a list of the Moths that have been attracted by a large trap 
of his own design during the months of March, April, and May. I 
think his captures in this manner may prove of interest to readers 
of the ‘ Entomologist.’ He writes :— 

The following is the result of a moth-trap, made like a cupboard 
with three glasses herring-bone fashion in front, which exactly fits 
into the window; inside are three 30 c.-p. electric lamps, the door 
at the back being fitted inside with a looking-glass, and the side with 
a small window covered by a shutter. The trap is on castors, to be 
easily movable. It is run from 10 p.m. to 3 a.m., when the light is 
automatically shut off by an alarum clock downstairs. In February 
and March it was only run for a few nights, with the result: one 
Chestnut (vacciniz) in February, and one Small: Quaker (cruda) in 
March. 

Aprin.—Teniocampa gothica. 2nd (four); 13th (three) ; 14th (two) ; 
18th (eight); 19th (two); 20th (eight); 21st (one); 23rd (three); 
24th (five); 26th (two); 27th (six); 28th (two); 29th (six); 30th 
(six) =56.—T. instabils. 3rd (one); 13th (two); 18th (one); 19th 
(two) ; 20th (one)=7.—T’. opima. 21st (one); 26th (one); 27th (one); 
29th (three) =6.—T’. gracilis. 13th (one); 19th (one); 29th (two) =4. 
—T.cruda. 18th (two).—T. stabilis. 21st (one); 24th (two); 28th 
(one) =4.—Anticlea badiata. 13th (one); 18th (one); 20th (one); 29th 
(one) =4.—A. nigrofasciaria. 26th (one); 28th (one); 29th (one)=3. 
—D. mendica. 28th (one); 29th (one) = 2.—Hemerophila abruptaria. 
29th (one).—Xanthorhoé fluctuata. 29th (one). 

May.—Teniocampa gothica. 1st (two); 2nd (two); 4th (one); 
12th (one); 14th (three); 15th (three); 18th (one); 21st (one); 22nd 
(one); 23rd (one); 30th (three) =19.—Z. gracilis. 2nd (one).— 
T. stabilis. 16th (two); 20th (two)=4.—Spilosoma menthastre. 
14th (two); 18th (two); 19th (two); 20th (eight); 21st (one); 22nd 
(seven); 23rd (two); 28th (three); 29th (four); 30th (ten); 31st 
(four) =45.— Diaphora mendica. 14th (one); 18th (one); 21st 
(one) =:3.—Tephrosia crepuscularia. 14th (one); 22nd (one) =2.— 
Coremia ferrugata. 14th (one); 20th (four); 27th (one); 30th 
(one)=7.—G. bidentata. 14th (one); 17th (one); 20th (one); 22nd 
(one) =4.—O. luteolata. 14th (one); 20th (one); 29th (one); 380th 
(one) =4.—Agrotis cinerea. 15th (one); 17th (two); 18th (seven) ; 
19th (one); 20th (eight); 21st (three); 22nd (one); 23rd (sixteen) ; 
24th (three); 26th (one); 27th (five); 28th (eight); 29th (seven); 
30th (thirty-one) =94.—Dianthecia cucubali. 16th (one); 20th (one) ; 
21st (one); 22nd (one); 28th (one)=5.— X. fluctuata. 16th (one); 
19th (one); 20th (two)=4.—Apamea basilinea. 16th (one); 23rd 
(one); 28th (one); 29th (two); 30th (six) =11.—P. dictea. 17th (one). 
—Hipocrita jacobee. 18th (three); 20th (six); 21st (four); 22nd 
(three); 23rd (one); 28th (eight); 29th (seven); 380th (seven) =39. 
—Hemerophila abrwptaria. 18th (one); 20th (one)=2.—Mamestra 
dentina. 18th (one); 20th (two); 22nd (three); 23rd (one); 27th 
(three); 29th (four); 30th (three); 31st (one) =18.—WM. thalassina. 
17th (one); 18th (one); 29th (three); 30th (one)=6.—M. geniste. 
19th (one); 21st (two); 22nd (one); 24th (one); 28th (one); 29th 


228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


(three); 30th (seven) =16.—EHupzthecia oblongata. 19th (two); 20th 
(one); 27th (one); 30th (one)=5.—Lophopteryx camelina. 20th 
(one).—WMesoleuca ocellata. 20th (one); 22nd (one) =2.—Dianthacia 
capsincola. 20th (one); 21st (one)=2.—D. carpophaga. 20th (one); 
21st (one) = 2.—EHupithecia pygmeata. 20th (one).—Dicranura vinula. 
21st (one).—Granumecia trilinea. 21st (two); 22nd (four); 23rd 
(one); 28th (one); 29th (two); 30th (fourteen) =24.— Anaztes 
plagiata. 21st (one); 28th (one)=2.—Rusina tenebrosa. 21st (one); 
29th (one)=2.— Lampropteryx suffumata. 22nd (one). — Crlix 
spinula. 22nd (one).—Lozogranuma petraria. 22nd (one).—Hepialus 
lupulina. 22nd (one); 28th (one)=2.—EHwupithecia pulchellata. 22nd 
(one).—Leucania comma. 22nd (one); 28th (three); 29th (two); 
30th (one); 31st (one)=8.—Agrotis puta. 23rd (one); 29th (one) =2. 
-—Plusia gamma. 26th (one); 27th (four); 28th (four); 29th (six); 
30th (six); 31st (one) =22.—Agrotis exclamationis. 28th (one); 30th 
(five); 31st (one) =7.—Phalena bucephala. 30th (one).—Xanthorhoé 
montanata. 29th (one); 380th (one)=2.—Ligdia marginata. 30th 
(one).—Cucullia umbratica. 30th (one).—Mamestra pist. 30th 
(one).—R. M. Pripzaux; Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914. 


SOCIETIES. 


THe Sours Lonpon Entomonogican aND Natura History 
Socirety.—June 11th.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Sc., F.E.S., President, in 
the chair.—Mr. Dunster exhibited a short series of blue females of 
Polyommatus icarus from Horsley —Mr. Edwards, butterflies from 
Costa Rica, New Granada, and Borneo.—Mr. W. West, the various 
species of Coleoptera taken by himself in the New Forest in mid-May, 
mainly from hawthorn blossom.—Mr. Curwen, about a dozen species 
with various forms of Anthroceride (Zygenide) taken by him in 
numerous holidays on the Continent.—Mr. Turner communicated a 
note on the species of mite (Acarus) Tetranychus lintearius which 
had recently been exhibited as causing devastation among gorse- 
bushes. 

June 25th.—Mr. H. Step, F.L.S., in the chair.—Messrs. Blair and 
Main, a number of interesting items collected by them during a 
recent holiday around Meiringen and Lugano, including (1) living 
larvee of a Crioceris sp. on Bryony (Tamus communis); (2) a Polistes 
gallica (living) on its nest; (3) living fireflies (Luczola italica) which 
were “flashing”; (4) a field cricket found by Mr. Ashdown; (5) a 
series of Cetonia stictica; (6) specimens of Gnophos glaucinaria with 
ova, &c.—Mr. Coulson, a long series of many degrees of blue 
coloration of the females of Polyommatus icarus from Horsley and 
several Cenonympha panphilus, one having a bipupillate apical spot, 
and another with three well-developed eye-spots on the hind wings 
above. 

July 9th.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-president, in the 
chair.—Mr. Newman exhibited living larve of Gastropacha dlicifolia 
and Celerio gallii, with the parent imagines of the former species, 
together with a curiously suffused and obscure form of Dianthacra 


RECENT LITERATURE. 229 


capsincola.—Myr. Newman demonstrated a method of killing Anthro- 
cerids (Zygzenids) by immersion in petrol for a few moments, which 
appeared to be quite successful—Mr. H. Moore, a living specimen of 
Ligrotera phymateus, a large Orthopteron from the Cape.—Mr. 
J. Platt Barrett, living male crickets, Gryllotalpa vulgaris, small 
larvee and ova shells of Melanargia pherusa, a large centipede, &c., 
all from Sicily—Mr. W. West (Ashtead), the Phylloxera of the oak, 
P. punctata.—Mr. Step, several Hemipterous pests, including 
Phyllaphis fag in masses under leaves of beech, and Phyllopsis 
fraximi in a similar manner under leaves of ash, with P. fraxiucola 
and Pediopsis tue—Mr. R. Adkin, a bred series of Celastrina 
(Cyaniris) argiolus, from 1913 autumn larve on ivy, one or two of 
which were of the facies of the autumn emergence.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, 
the whole of the plates of Résel’s Insekten belustigung, 1746 (1)-1761, 
with Kleemann’s additional volumes of plates, and an autograph 
letter re the volume from W. Spence, 1812.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a 
drawer of species and forms of Parnassius, including P. mnemosyne, 
P. apollo, P. stubbendorfir, P. delphius, P. apollonius, P. imperator, 
P. hardwicku, P. discobolus, P. romanovi, &e.—Mr. Step read a 
Report of the Congress of the S. E. Union of Scientific Societies, held 
at Bournemouth, June 10th-13th, and which he and Mr. Hy. 
J. Turner attended as the Society’s delegates.—Hy. J. TurNER, Hon. 
fiep. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan. By T. Miyake (Journal of the 
College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo, vol. iv, 
No. 6, pp. 265-400). Tokyo: December, 1913. 

No Neuropterist can well afford to miss this paper, in which Mr. 
Miyake gives a full and interesting account of his studies in connec- 
tion with the Scorpion flies and allied insects to be found in Japan. 
Though he gives them ordinate rank, as do some other entomologists, 
it is probably more usual to consider them as a subdivision of the 
Neuroptera. All are placed in one family, Panorpide, which is 
divided into four genera :—Panorpa (including Aulops) with twenty- 
seven species, Panorpodes with four, Leptopanorpa with two, and 
Bittacus with six. Thus there are thirty-nine (or forty with the 
doubtful Panorpa hagenz) species in all, as compared with four to be 
found in Britain and but twenty in either Europe or America. One 
species only, Panorpa communis, Japan shares with us. We have 
no example of the peculiar Tpwla-like genus Bztiacus, of which 
Japan has six but, on the other hand, Japan does not possess a 
Boreus, one species of which peculiar genus of tiny insects is found 
with us. 

Distinctive wing-markings, prolongation of the mouth-parts into 
a beak, and scorpion-like extremity of the male abdomen make, 
Panorpa, Panorpodes, and Leptopanorpa very distinctive insects, while 
the beak and Tvpula-like build differentiate the genus Bittacus. That 
the “beak” is a recent acquisition seems clear, for the head of the 
larva of Panorpa is of quite normal form. The beak reaches its 


230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


highest development in imagines of that genus. Morphology and 
anotomy are closely studied, while wing neuration and markings are 
discussed in even greater detail. Miyake concludes that the Japanese 
Panorpids may, generally speaking, be grouped in two categories as 
regards wing-marking :— (i.) apical dark part incompletely developed 
and pterostigmatic fascia rather narrow; (ii.) apical dark part com- 
pletely developed and pterostigmatic fascia rather broad. 

Species of Panorpa frequent shady places, often resting on a leaf; 
they are dull insects, easily captured. They live chiefly on animal 
matter, preferring dead or dying insects or other small animals, and 
probably but seldom capturing living prey. Occasionally, at any rate, 
they will feed on vegetable juices, &c. It seems doubtful if the 
weaker and less active insects, comprising the genus Panorpodes, are 
carnivorous at all. They are more mountain-loving insects, and are 
sometimes attracted by light. Species of Szrttacus prefer places 
more shady than those affected by Panorpa. They suspend them- 
selves from a branch or leaf by the legs (usually the fore ones). 
Generally, but not entirely, their food is living insects which they 
capture. A life-history given is that of Panorpa klugi, already 
noticed in ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xlvi. p. 271. 

Miyake is inclined to reduce the number of genera and species of 
Japanese Mecoptera, but he describes four new species :—Panorpa 
arakave, Panorpa hakusanensis, Bittacus takaoensis, and B. margi- 
natus, and five new subspecies. Besides six figures in the text there 
are ten excellent plates. WJ eos 


A Revision of the Ichnewnonide. Based on the Collection im the 
British Museum (Natural History). With Descriptions of New 
Genera and Species. Part I1.—Tribes Rhyssides, Echthro- 
morphides, Anomalides, and Paniscides. By Cuaupe Morney, 
¥.Z.S., F.E.S. Pp. i-xii and 1-140. Printed by Order of the 
Trustees of the British Museum. 1913. 


Tue two hundred and ninety-eight species here dealt with belong 
to the subfamilies (1) Pimpline and (2) Ophioninz, each of which 
comprise two tribes as follows :—(1) Rhyssides, numbering six genera 
and seventy-two species (ten new), and Echthromorphides, two 
genera and thirty-two species (six new). Pyramishyssa, Moes., is 
also mentioned in the table of genera, but is not otherwise referred 
to. (2) Anomalides, sixteen genera (five new), and one hundred and 
eighteen species (thirty-eight new) ; Paniscides, six genera (one new), 
and seventy-six species (seventeen new). Labrorychus, Forst., and 
Hrigorgus, Forst., are also given in the table of genera. 

In preparing this valuable revision, the author had the advantage 
of ready access to Museum types, without which labour of this kind 
would have been almost futile. 

The plate, which is in colour, represents a male specimen (much 
enlarged) of Certonotus geniculatus, Morley, reproduced from a 
coloured drawing by Mr. Rupert Stenton, who presented it to the 
British Museum. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 931 


Type Species of the Genera of Ichnewmon Flies. By Henry L. 
VierEck. Pp. 1-186. Washington Government Printing 
Office. 1914. (Smithsonian Institution, United States National 
Museum, Bulletin 83.) 


Frxinea the type of a genus is often a difficult business, but when 
the type of each of some two thousand genera has to be ascertained 
the task becomes almost herculean, and the warmest thanks of 
entomologists are due to those who devote their time and ability to 
such labours. 

This catalogue, which is alphabetical in arrangement, deals with 
the Ichneumonide of the world. Genotypes are designated where 
this important matter had not been previously made clear by the 
founder of the genus, or a type selected by a later writer. A very 
large number of genera are monobasic, the term used to express a 
genus based on a single species. 


Common British Beetles. By Rev. Cuarnes A. Haru, F.R.M.S. 
Containing 28 Illustrations, viz.: 8 full-page plates in colour, 
15 in black and white from photographs, 5 drawings in the 
text. Pp. i-vili and 1-88. London: Adam & Charles Black. 
1914. 


TuHIs is one of a series of very inexpensive volumes entitled 
«Peeps at Nature,’ published by Messrs. Black, and edited by the Rev. 
C. A. Hall. It is excellent in every way, and the hope expressed by 
the author that it ‘‘ will be the means of arousing a more general 
interest in beetles’’ is one which we cordially endorse and trust will 
be fully realised. 

The plates, both coloured and plain, are surprisingly good for this 
class of work, and the species selected for figuring just those that 
are most likely to come under the notice of the nature student. The 
text is admirable, the author having been careful to be not only 
accurate but also entertaining. 


Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural 
History Society for the years 1912 and 1918. Pp. 66. Plates 
i—vii. The Society, Hall 20, Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, 
London, K.C. 1914. 


Ty addition to Reports of Field and Ordinary Meetings, there are 
several papers of interest in this volume, among which ‘“ Notes on 
Cenonympha panphilus,’ by Mr. Harold B. Williams; ‘ Notes on 
Thera variata (Schiff.) and 7’. obeliscata (Hb.),” by Mr. L. B. Prout; 
and ‘Some Lycznid Notes, with a Discussion of the Segmentation of 
the Abdomen in Lepidoptera,’ by Dr. Chapman, may be specially 
mentioned. Six of the plates representing genitalia and androconia 
are from photographs by Messrs. F. N. Clark and A. E. Tonge. 

It may be noted here that this Society will in future be known as 
the London Natural History Society, with which the late North 
London Natural History Society is also incorporated. 


232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The Journal of the Board of Agriculture of British Guiana. Vol. vii. 
No. 3. January, 1914. Demerara: ‘The Argosy ’’ Company, 
Limited, Georgetown. 


AMoNG various entomological contributions published in this 
number the following is perhaps the most important: “The Scale 
Insects of British Guiana. A Preliminary List, with an Account of — 
their Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and Controlling Agencies,” by 
G. E. Bodkin, B.A., Dip. Agric. (Cantab.). vi 


Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History 
Society for 1913-14. Pp. i-xvii and 1-158. Plates i.—ix. 
The Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. 1914. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL papers, Seven in number, are as follows:— 
“Tinea pallescentella, Stainton (=nigrifoldella, Gregson). Some 
Notes on its Life-history and its History,’ by Mr. Robert Adkin 
(pp. 1-6, plate i.); ‘Spring in the South Tyrol,” by Mr. Ebray 
Sich and Mr. Alfred Sich (pp. 7-17) ; ‘‘ One of our Common Butter- 
flies, Hpinephele jurtina,” by Mr. Hy. J. Turner (pp. 18-25); 
“British Short-horned Grasshoppers,” by Mr. W. J. Lucas 
(pp. 26-34, plates 2-4); ‘“‘Mimicry in the North American Butter- 
flies of the Genus Limenitis,” by Prof. E. B. Poulton (pp. 35-37) ; 
“The Ithomiine,” by Mr. W. J. Kaye (pp. 38-48, plate 5); ‘‘ Entomo- 
logy with a Camera in Switzerland,” by Mr. Hugh Main and Mr. 
K. G. Blair (pp. 49-53, plates 6-8). Plates 3 and 4, showing British 
Grasshoppers, are reproduced from photographs by Mr. Lucas. 
Plates 6 and 7 exhibit the life-history of the Tiger Beetle, and plates 
8 and 9 give the life-history of the ant-lion; all the figures are from 
photographs by Mr. Main. Plate 1, representing Tinea pallescentella, 
natural size and greatly enlarged, also details of life-history, is from 
drawings by Mr. Frohawk. 


We have also received the following :— 


Reprints from the Proceedings of the United States National Museum. — 
Vol. 46 (1913); Vol. 47 (1914). 


North American Spring-tails of the Subfamily Tomocerine. B 
Justus W. Folsom. (Vol. 46, pp. 451-472, with plates 40-41.) 

New Hymenoptera from North America. By A. B. Gahan. 
(Vol. 46, pp. 431-443, with Plate 39.) 

Descriptions of twenty-three New Genera and thirty-one New 
Species of Ichneumon-flies. By Henry L. Viereck. (Vol. 46, 
pp. 359-386.) 

New Species of Noctuid Moths from Tropical America. By 
William Schaus. (Vol. 47, pp. 485-549.) i 

A Contribution towards a Monograph of the Homopterous Insects _ 
of the Family Delphacide of North and South America. By — 
David L. Crawford. (Vol. 47, pp. 557-640, with plates 44-49.) 


“BRITISH ISLES. ‘is HEAD’ Ss. 


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Esrapiisnep 1870. 


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Be DIRECT OF THE MAKER. Save 30 to 40 per cent. Compare 
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Usual type, one to: five localities, equal quantities; locality, date (= 191 ), 
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» “FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL. 


a ae a 


CONTENTS. a. | 
RY eth 


md f 5 
aes inthe Britich Species of ‘Sympherobius, (Hemerobi are iigding one 
hitherto unnoticed (with plate), Kenneth J. Morton, 210. The. Sleeping — 
Attitude of Lycwnide, #. W. Frohawk, 212. Australian. Bees’ [aaa 
Kuryglossa, 7. D. A. Coekerell, 218. Garden Notes, Clawde Morley, 215. 
Acronycta,(Hyboma) strigosa in’ Wicken Fen, 7. A. Chapman, 218. "New 


Species of Noctuide from Formosa, A. H. Wileman, 219. ae 
Norges AND OBSERVATIONS.—Plusia moneta in Nottinghamshire, Williaa Dawws, 
223. Acronyeta atropos in Kent, 224. Papilio hospiton in Corsica, W. i 


Sheldon, 224. Note on Ammophila campestris ? H’. H. Haines, 224. Deile-— 
phila (Hyles) euphorbie in Cornwall, A. S. Buckhurst, 224. Note on a 
antiqua, A. H. Lees, 225. ‘Hymenoptera submitted for Determination, Claude ta 
Morley, 225. Abundance of Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum), R. Meldola, — 
225. Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum) in North Cumberland, George B. — 
Hiowtledge, 225. Appearance of Huchloé cardamines, J. Platt Barrett, 225. 
A Day in Delamere Forest, J. Ar hile, 226. Moths Captured by Light-trap, . 
R. M. Prideaua, 227. Rey cs . 
SOCIETIES, 228. Recent Lirerature, 229. 


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Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus, 
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vats ee ee te Te ee cg. Se ae eel ee a 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.1 SEPTEMBER, 1914. [No. 616 


AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN 
BUTTERFLIES. 


By W. G. SHeEupon, F.E.S. 


So far as I am aware, out of the hundreds of expeditions 
British lepidopterists have made into almost every part of 
Europe during the last thirty years, not a single one has had 
this great country for its goal, though I believe one or two have 
incidentally collected a few specimens there on their way 
further east. 

Foreigners travelling in Russia at present are not very 
numerous, and such as there are consist almost entirely of those 
who have business in the country; and I may say that in my 
journey of about two months, during which I travelled about 
five thousand miles, I saw only one German, and not a single 
American, Frenchman, or Englishman, until Moscow was reached 
on my return to England. 

The prospect of undergoing the rigid Customs examination 
frightens a good many timid ones; the passport regulations 
are, perhaps not without reason, the cause why a good many 
more possible visitors do not reach Russia, and seriously this 
question is always an anxious and it may very easily become a 
disastrous one, for an individual in Russia who cannot produce 
a passport is looked upon by the authorities as a very suspicious 
person; he must stay in the town where he happens to be until 
they are satisfied of his bona fides, which will usually take many 
days, possibly some weeks, and if he is a little indiscreet he will 
very probably spend the time in prison. Then, apart from the 
fact that it is not very difficult to lose a document, a foreign 
passport has considerable value to those subjects of the Czar 
who wish to leave Holy Russia, but whom the authorities of that 
country do not desire to part with; consequently there are 
always people on the lookout to steal your passport, and they do 
not by any means lack opportunities. On the frontier it is taken 
from you, passed by an official, and then after the luggage has 
been examined, which will take a considerable time, another 


ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1914. U 


aay 


934 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


official calls out the name on each passport of the whole train- 
load of waiting people, and if you do not recognize your name 
when it is called out, and someone else claims your precious 
document, it disappears, and there you are! 

Immediately you have taken a room in a hotel, the proprietor 
demands your passport, for which he does not give a receipt. It 
is handed over to the police by him, and you get it back before you 
leave the town. At your last place of stay it pays an additional 
visit to the police to have stamped upon it permission to leave 
the country ; and on your return journey it is taken from you 
several hours before you get to the frontier, and only returned 
at the last Russian station. 

No, travelling in Russia is not likely to be popular with 
foreigners so long as the present passport regulations exist ; the 
Russians themselves recognize this, and there is an agitation 
going on at the moment to get them done away with. 

My thoughts had often been centred on Russian Lepidoptera, 
but I had fancied that it was rather too tough a problem to be 
tackled during a summer holiday. 

There are certain parts in the west and north-west which 
it is quite easy to reach, but the butterflies found there are 
generally too western in type to be novel, and one can get nearly 
everything with equal facility, and under much more favourable 
conditions of sojourn, in eastern Germany, or in Scandinavia. 

The interesting parts of the country from a lepidopterist’s 
point of view are unquestionably those which are the most 
remote from England; and these are by no means easy to 
reach, where time is an object, and when one gets there, at the 
end of about a week of travel, there are various reasons, as will 
be seen hereafter, which make the average family man think 
hard before he finally decides to collect Lepidoptera in remoter 
Russia. 

One can get very little reliable information in England 
respecting Russia. The ubiquitous Cook knows it not, and 
railway tickets from» London are only issued to Moscow, 
St. Petersburg, and Odessa. Bradshaw, in the Continental 
edition, professes to give time-tables of all the trains in every 
part. One wonders whence they were obtained, and if such 
trains really ever did run, for all I tested turned out to be 
hopelessly inaccurate, and there is no reason to suppose they 
were in any way exceptional. 

Baedeker, until this year, had only a somewhat ancient 
edition, in French or German, but within recent months a new 
one, in English for the first time, was issued. I was not aware 
of this edition until I called upon the British Consul-General at 
Odessa. This gentleman gave me this very useful piece of 
information, and further very kindly lent me a copy, which was 
of immense assistance. 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 235 


On mentioning my project to the companion of my Spanish 
expedition of last year, Mr. A. H. Jones, I was very glad to find 
that he was able and willing to come with me once more, and 
we left London on the evening of April 29th, for Odessa, which 
was reached after a most uninteresting journey of seventy-two 
hours, during which, after crossing the Channel to Flushing, we 
did not pass through a single tunnel. 

I wished before the more serious entomological work of the 
journey commenced to see something of the beautiful south 
coast of the Crimea. On the day following our arrival at Odessa 
we therefore got on board the Black Sea steamer, landing the 
following morning at the famous fortress of Sebastopol. 

We spent a couple of days at Sebastopol, which were 
occupied in visiting scenes of the principal events of the siege of 
sixty years ago, not doing any actual collecting, but we saw a 
good number of butterflies, and the district impressed us as 
better ground for Lepidoptera than any we afterwards saw in 
the Crimea. The valley leading from Sebastopol to the English 
Cemetery appeared particularly promising. 

On May 7th we hired a carriage and drove to beautiful Ialta, 
a drive that will always remain vividly impressed upon my 
memory for the loveliness of the scenery en route. Apart from 
the interest of the journey, we were much impressed with the 
manner in which the three little Tartar horses dragged the four- 
wheeled carriage, ourselves, our luggage, and the driver, the 
whole distance of sixty-one miles, without turning a hair, 
galloping uphill and downhill equally as on the level. The 
route is for the first half of the distance inland. Balaclava is 
passed on the way, and then one gradually mounts upwards, 
between woods—full of wild ponies at the time of our visit— 
until a col named the ‘‘ Porte de Baidar”’ is surmounted, then 
all at once the beautiful south coast bursts into view from a 
height of almost 2000 ft. The day was perfect, and the sea 
almost as blue as the Mediterranean can be; the view itself is 
superb, and the conditions we saw it under were the best 
possible. Beyond Baidar the road is entirely alongside the sea, 
which is never lost sight of, and vistas of surpassing loveliness 
continually burst into view. Just before Ialta is reached, the 
Imperial Palace and Park of Livadia are passed. The Czar was 
in residence, and the road, and in fact the whole district, was 
patrolled by picked Cossacks, magnificently mounted and armed. 
It was an impressive scene ! 

Ialta is in situation and surroundings very similar to 
Mentone, but it is even more beautiful. The vegetation is, how- 
ever, not so southern; one sees plenty of cypress trees and 
occasional palms, and in the main street I saw several fine 
specimens of Jacaranda mimosaefolia, which just then were a 
gorgeous mass of purple tubular flowers ; but with few exceptions 

Diner 


236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the flowers and trees of the Crimean southern coast are those 
commonly met with in mid-Europe. 

We spent five days at Ialta, during which the weather was 
favourable, and we were able to explore every day for Lepi- 
doptera. I must say I was much surprised and disappointed to 
find how western they all were. Scarcely a species was seen 
that cannot be found in the Alps. The only butterfly we noticed 
that was at all eastern in its distribution was Pyrgus orbifer,_ 
which was not uncommon. Colias erate, Zegris ewpheme, and 
Plebeius zephyrus, amongst other species, are said to occur, but 
we did not see any of them. A plant that is very like “Astragalus 
exscapus, the food-plant of P. zephyrus, was, however, abundant 
locally by the roadside near Aloupka, some ten miles from Ialta. 
Most of the ground that seemed promising is enclosed, and a 
considerable part is vineyards, and there is very little space to 
collect in. Butterflies were by no means common either as 
individuals or species, except in one or two instances. Hiber- 
nated examples of Libythea celtis were pretty frequent, although 
we did not see any trees of Celtis australis. 

On the evening of May 12th we once more boarded the 
steamer, landing the following day at Novorossisk, on the east 
coast of the Black Sea. 

Novorossisk is a seaport of considerable size, and trades in 
corn, timber, and other commodities. It is situated at the base 
of what I suppose one might call the foothills of the Caucasus 
Mountains, which have an altitude here of from 1500 ft. to 
2000 ft. 

We stayed five days, and during that time explored the 
surrounding mountains and valleys as much as possible. 

I was again much surprised at the western character of both 
vegetation and Lepidoptera. Many of the little dingles seemed 
very like those one meets with at home; the sides were clothed 
with elm and ash and oak, and many of the common English 
flowers grew beneath. 

The only eastern butterfly we came across was Hrebia afer, 
which was not uncommon some distance up the mountains. 
Unfortunately, we were a month too late for it, and nearly all the 
specimens captured were more or less passé. 

We found some good ground amongst the hills to the north 
of the town, but the best was undoubtedly the valleys and 
mountains south of the harbour. 

In planning an expedition which had for one of its objects the 
making acquaintance with as many eastern butterflies as pos- 
sible, it seemed to me that there were three districts which 
were worthy of consideration. 

First, there is the great range of the Caucasus Mountains, 
magnificent in scenery, historic in the past ages, and peopled 
with some of the most fascinating races in the world. All of 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. W357 


surpassing interest to the tourist; but when one comes to go 
a little closely into the question, it becomes evident that there 
is something to be said on the other side of the question. 

There is a strip of mountainous coast extending along the 
eastern shores of the Black Sea from Novorossisk to Batoum— 
beautiful throughout and very tempting; but, says Baedeker, 
reeking with malaria, every bit of it! and independent testimony, 
including the verdict of the British Consul at Novorossisk, con- 
firms Baedeker. Even Novorossisk itself is very malarious in 
certain parts of its environs. 

No less scathing is Baedeker about the sanitary condition 
of the whole range, which he describes as malarious throughout, 
even in the mountains. And then the people! Brigands almost 
all of them, more or less! The published returns testify to 
many hundreds of cases of highway robbery annually, and even 
life is by no means safe. It might be possible to do something 
in one or two well-frequented places, but elsewhere, to be in 
safety, you must collect your specimens under the guns of an 
armed escort, enveloped in a mosquito net, and even Lepi- 
doptera lose their charm when studied under such conditions ! 

Secondly, there are the Ural Mountains. I am not aware that 
the objections I have named respecting the Caucasus as a centre 
apply to this district; and I may say that, so far as I am aware, 
out of the Caucasus life and property are as safe at the present 
moment in Russia as in any other European country. But the 
Urals are situated rather too far north to produce the majority 
of the eastern species that affect Russia. Further, I gather 
that the accommodation is poor and objectionable from many. 
points of view, and that only Russian is spoken; and I think 
Ican go so far as to say that a sojourn there, unless one had a 
courier and could spend it under canvas, would be anything 
but enjoyable, if not impossible, from our point of view. 

There remain the steppes of the south-east in the basins of 
the great rivers, the Ural and the Volga. This region, from 
all the reports I have seen, contains the greatest number of 
desirable Lepidoptera of any district in Russia, and to it I felt 
strongly drawn. The chief difficulty to be surmounted was one 
which applies more or less to all parts of Russia: how to avoid 
the uncleanliness and disease which unfortunately are only too 
prevalent everywhere. Even in the large towns sanitation is 
almost unknown; in the hotels, with the exception of a very few, 
the beds are verminous. Cholera, typhus, and other objection- 
able acquaintances are more or less endemic, and often epidemic ; 
and, of course, in the small towns and in the villages matters 
are very much worse. One would have liked to settle down in 
some district which had never been worked, but the objections 
to such a course were so manifest that I felt compelled to pause. 

In this dilemma an idea came into my head which seemed 


238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to offer a feasible solution of my difficulties, and this was con- 
tained in the blessed word Sarepta. One finds it immediately 
the study of European butterflies is commenced enshrined in 
the classic pages of Kane, and described as the haunt of almost 
everything eastern; and Staudinger and every other authority 
confirm this view, and quote it on innumerable occasions. 

The great blessing of Sarepta from my point of view was the 
fact, known to me, that its population consisted chiefly of 
Germans; and surely one could obtain with them clean accom- 
modation and wholesome food, and, further, the risk of sickness 
to be apprehended elsewhere would be avoided, or very much 
lessened, in their town. 

About one hundred and fifty years ago that extraordinary 
woman the Empress Catharine the Second, who then ruled the 
fortunes of Russia, was desirous of colonising the country around 
the Volga, and her own people not being then sufficiently 
civilised to form suitable colonists, she induced great numbers 
of Germans to settle there, granting them great tracts of free 
land and freedom from military service, and conferring other 
important privileges upon them. At the present day there are 
dozens of these colonies, the inhabitants of which are still largely 
of German extraction, and Sarepta is the most southern of them. 
It is situated on the right bank of the Volga some three hundred 
miles from its mouth. 

I do not know who discovered Sarepta entomologically, but 
Edward Eversmann in his ‘Fauna Lepidopterologica Volgo- 
Uralensis,’ published in 1844, and still the standard work on the 
Lepidoptera of Kastern Russia, was well acquainted with it. In 
his preface he speaks of two brothers of the name of Kindermann 
spending the summers of 1838 and 1839 collecting Lepidoptera 
there. Healso mentions that an entomologist named Zwick had 
still earlier collected Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in the same 
place. Since the days of Kversmann the best known investigator 
has been a German resident, H. Christoph, who collected insects 
for Staudinger, and from whom most of the numerous specimens 
in our National Collection at South Kensington, which are 
labelled Sarepta, came. Christoph undertook several expeditions 
into the Caucasus and other parts of Asiatic Russia, and resided at 
Sarepta until about twenty-five years ago; his son still lives there; 
most of his specimens in the National Collection date back about 
fifty years from the present time. Another German resident of 
Sarepta, a botanist of the name of Becker, seems to have studied 
Lepidoptera as well as botany, and I am informed he made an 
extensive collection of the former, which is still in the district. 

The town seems from time to time to have been visited by 
entomologists from Germany, but I have been unable to find 
any results of their investigations in print, though there may be 
-some in the magazines of that country. 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 239 


The left bank of the Volga almost along its whole length is 
flat, but the right bank on which Sarepta, as before mentioned, 
is situated, is an almost continuous range of hills, in some places 
attaining a height of over 1000 ft.; at Sarepta they are from 
200 ft. to 300 ft. in altitude. These hills have apparently 
been formed in the long distant past by the prevailing wind 
from the east blowing the sand formed in the river bed into 
dunes; these dunes being in the process of time converted 
into solid earth by the growth of plants, the roots of which have 
bound the soil together. The tops and sides are generally 
covered with a growth of low plants; in the folds and cross 
ravines, however, there are woods and bushy slopes full of life 
of all kinds, insect and otherwise. 

The Volga, which above Sarepta flows for several hundred 
miles in a south-west direction, skirting for the whole distance 
the base of the hills, has within comparatively recent times 
carved out for itself a new course which commences immediately 
north of the town; this course leaves the hills and strikes out 
across the steppe in a south-easterly direction. At Sarepta the 
distance from the river to the hills is about two miles, and the 
town lies on the level plain midway between the two. 

Having decided to make a stay of several weeks at Sarepta, 
we left, Novorossisk on the evening of May 18th, bound thither. 
The distance is about 500 miles, across the steppe the whole 
distance, in traversing which we did not see a hill or even an 
undulation ; it was a weary journey, which the train is timed to 
do in twenty-four hours, and which it actually accomplished in 
twenty-seven hours. This journey we did on bread, cheese, and 
beer, for we were warned at the last moment at Novorossisk, too 
late to take a supply of food with us, that the more solid eatables 
to be had on route were bad, and that it was dangerous to 
partake of them. 

At Sarepta I had obtained through a German correspondent 
the address of a person who kept an inn, the only one there, 
and on arrival, to our great relief, we found airy rooms, clean 
beds, and wholesome, if rough, food, and in Herr Georg Enke a 
most obliging, intelligent, and helpful host. 

I must confess that it was with a feeling of keen disappoint- 
ment that I surveyed my surroundings on the morning after our 
arrival. I had expected to find Sarepta, which contains some 
six thousand people, a model town. I had pictured the steppe, 
by some well-thought out scheme of irrigation, made to 
blossom like the rose, and the whole district converted into 
vineyards, fruit orchards, and gardens. ‘There is some spas- 
modic irrigation, but not by any means sufficient to transform 
the arid plain into fertility, only just enough to water a few 
gardens. ‘There is no evidence of want of prosperity of a kind, 
with plenty of good houses, for Russia, even some fruitful and 


240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


shady gardens; but the whole is hardly what one expected from 
a German population; it was Germany of the eighteenth century, 
modified and not improved by the sojourn of its inhabitants for 
one hundred and fifty yearsin Russia. The streets are unpaved, 
except for one or two short lengths of cobbles, so rough that 
when we drove over them we wished they too had not been 
paved; undrained, and unscavenged, full of hollows, in which 
the water stands in great pools after every storm; and the sandy 
surface everywhere churns up into seas of mud almost knee 
deep during wet weather. 

One of the first things I noticed at Sarepta was that the 
window openings, outside the glass, had wire gauze shutters to 
exclude insect pests ; I inquired if there was any malaria in the 
town ; the reply I got was somewhat evasive, and later on I was 
told that it was not so bad as in the surrounding country. We 
were both provided with mosquito curtains, which we slept 
under, and avoided as much as possible going near swamps ; 
probably in consequence of these precautions we did not suffer 
any inconvenience ; but mosquitoes were not infrequent in our 
rooms, and one captured on my curtain has been identified at 
the British Museum as the malaria-conveying species, Anopheles 
maculipennis. It appears, therefore, that future visitors should 
take precautions against this pest. I suspect that malaria is 
pretty universal throughout Eastern Russia. 

The flora of the steppe did not come up to the expectations 
I had formed of it. I had looked to find a sward of brilliant 
flowers, but the growth is almost entirely Artemesia, grey and 
fragrant, of several species, and low growing, some six inches 
high; oxen and horses seem fond of it, camels devour it greedily, 
and the entire steppe smells of it. 

In places on the slopes of the hills there is a good deal of 
a fine dry wiry grass, the food of Melanargia var. suwarovius, 
and here and there one comes across a certain number of 
flowering plants; a brilliant purple sage is one of them, a bright 
pink Helichrysum another, there is a blue Linum, and several 
species of Phlomis, but the whole are not in sufficient numbers 
to produce any broad effect. 

The railway passes along the base of the hills, and upon its 
banks we found excellent collecting ground; there was here a 
luxuriant growth of many species of leguminous and other 
plants, and amongst them could be found such desirable butter- 
flies as Colias erate, Glaucopsyche colestina, Scolitantides pylaon, 
Zegris eupheme, and many others. 

The glory of Sarepta is, however, the ‘“‘ Tschapurnik Wald,” 
a large wood, the property of the community, and used by it for 
picnics and other kinds of recreation; it occupies a hollow in 
the hills some four miles to the south-west of the town. This 
wood and the adjacent bushy slopes have glades which are 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 241 


carpeted with a very luxurious growth of flowers, and it is one of 
the most prolific localities for butterflies I have ever seen; the 
nearest approach to it I know is the famous wood at Pészer, 
near Budapest, to which it is very similar in many respects. 
Amongst the brilliant and interesting flowers growing here were 
fine bushes of the common garden plant Gypsophila paniculata, 
and the almost equally well known Thalictrum flavum; these 
two plants were especially attractive to the Theclade, four 
species of which I, on one occasion, saw on a plant of G. pani- 
culata. In the glades, too, Melitaea trivia swarmed, and a little 
earlier Canonympha leander and Parnassius mnemosyne were 
equally abundant. In this wood Pararge clymene, so rare in 
Central Europe, was an abundant butterfly ; and many others, 
the names of which alone would make the mouth of a lepidop- 
terist water, were to be found in profusion. 

Perhaps more striking even than the Lepidoptera in this 
wood, and in fact in the whole district, were the birds. Golden 
orioles fluted in every tree; brilliant bee-eaters hovered overhead ; 
still more brilliant rollers performed their curious aerial antics; 
hoopoes in dozens, unmistakable in plumage and in note, were 
there; amongst the Raptores, particularly noticeable were the 
buzzards, many scores of pairs of which were breeding in the 
‘*Tschapurnik Wald”’’; one small oak copse, crowning a eminence, 
which had been defoliated by the larve of Tortrix viridana, had 
the appearance of a rookery, so thickly were the trees crowded 
with the old and new nests of this species. Hobbies, kestrels, 
goshawks, and at least three species of day-flying owls swarmed 
everywhere. The whole formed the most extraordinary assem- 
blage of bird life I have ever seen, and one which it would be 
difficult to equal anywhere. 

Other excellent ground was a series of cross valleys, in the 
main face of the range of hills, some few miles to the north-west 
of Sarepta, and in the direction of the large town of Tsaritsyn, 
which is some twenty miles distant. 

These cross valleys had on their lower slopes a good deal of 
wood, with which the bottoms were generally filled, and in them 
were found much the same species as in the ‘‘T'schapurnik 
Wald,” in addition to which they were the headquarters in the 
district of Neptis lucilla, Melanargia var. suwarovius, Hesperia 
tessellum, Lycaena arion, and Polyommatus amandus. 

There are cross valleys in the hills opposite Sarepta also, but 
these are much inferior in flora and fauna to those above- 
mentioned, and we found them hardly worth investigating. 

The magnificent hornet-like parasitic hymenopteron, Scolia 
flavifrons, was abundant everywhere on flowers. 

Lepidoptera were distinctly local, and it entailed a great deal 
of hard work in prospecting to get a fair idea of the district 
fauna; probably this was the reason why we did not see certain 


949 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


butterflies that have been reported from Sarepta, and which we 
expected to come across. The most notable of these was Pontia 
chloridice, which we were much disappointed not to find any- 
where, although a sharp look-out was kept for it, and every 
swift-winged white that there was the slightest suspicion of was 
diligently netted, when this was possible. Other species that 
we expected to see, but did not, included Satyrus autone, 
S. hippolyte, Oeneis tarpeia, T'riphysa phryne, and Scolitantides 
bavius ; probably we left too early for the first two species, and 
arrived too late for the third and fourth; with respect to the 
last-named butterfly, it is, I believe, always rare in Russia, and 
possibly it occurred further afield than we were able to work. 

We were at Sarepta from May 19th until June 23rd, between 
which dates the weather was almost perfect; bright sun from 
morning until evening on almost every day was our fortunate 
lot; and there was always a cool and most invigorating breeze 
to temper its rays. 

On June 28rd we started on the return journey, travelling 
up the Volga as far as Nijni Novgorod, a distance of about 1200 
miles, which took the steamer six days to accomplish. The 
Volga boats are excellent, well fitted up, and the cuisine 
arrangements exceedingly good; the voyage, apart from being a 
little monotonous, is inferesting, and after our hard work was 
very restful and enjoyable. 

I was struck with Nijni Novgorod and its district as an 
entomological centre; it is in the neighbourhood of what looks 
like a great deal of promising country, which should repay investi- 
gation. From Nijni to Moscow is only ten hours by rail; after 
staying a few days at the latter city I came straight to England, 
parting from Mr. Jones at Warsaw, en route for the Tyrol. 


AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES. 
By T. D. A. CockERELu. 


Parasphecodes atronitens, sp. Nn. 

?. Length about 9} mm.; entirely black, the flagellum obscure 
brown beneath; clypeus shining, strongly but not densely punctured, 
and with a short median sulcus; front appearing granular, more or 
less glistening, especially at sides; hair of face and front very scanty, 
fuscous, but at sides of face appearing pale and glistening in some 
lights ; cheeks with shining white hair; mesothorax dull, extremely 
densely punctured, the punctures clearly visible under a lens; 
scutellum dullish, densely very minutely punctate, with a depressed 
median line or sulcus; area of metathorax minutely and obscurely 
subplicate basally, and with a raised median line, but otherwise with- 
out sculpture ; tubercles with a dense fringe of greyish white hair; 


AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES. 243 


mesothorax and scutellum with scanty fuscous hair; tegule piceous, 
shining dark reddish posteriorly ; wings dusky hyaline, stigma and 
nervures sepia, outer nervures weakened; first r.n. joining second 
s. m. at extreme apex; middle and hind tibie and tarsi with fuscous 
hair on outer side; first two abdominal segments shining, finely 
punctured, the others dull, and without distinct punctures, except 
the piliferous ones; venter with silvery white hair, on the apical 
segments with fuscous. 

Hab. Calsundra, Queensland, October 80th, 1912 (H. Hacker ; 
Queensland Museum, 88). Closely related to P. plorator, CkIl., 
but the wings are not so dark, and the punctured first two 
abdominal segments are highly distinctive. DP. fwmidicauda, 
CkIl., is larger, and has a very different metathorax. 


Halictus melanopterus, sp. n. 

@. Length nearly 10 mm.; black, including the legs and 
antenne ; head broad, with white hair, which is thin on face, con- 
spicuous on cheeks ; long pale golden hairs from a fringe below lower 
margin of clypeus; clypeus and supraclypeal area shining, distinctly 
but not densely punctured ; front entirely dull except at sides, where 
it is somewhat glistening; thorax with thin white hair, quite 
abundant on pleura, mesothorax and scutellum with inconspicuous 
fuscous hair; tubercles (as seen from in front) ending in a point; 
mesothorax and scutellum shining, very finely and quite closely 
punctured ; scutellum sulcate in middle; area of metathorax large, 
bulging at sides, very finely roughened, without distinct sculpture ; 
posterior truncation shining; tegule rufopiceous; wings strongly 
stained with blackish, stigma rufopiceous, nervures sepia; outer r. n. 
and t. c. weakened ; second s. m. broad, receiving first r. n. a short 
distance before end; hind legs with dark fuscous hair over knees ; 
abdomen shining, very finely punctured ; long-triangular patches of 
dull white tomentum at basal sides of segments 2 to4; apex with 
dark fuscous hair; no ventral scopa. 

Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.-W. Australia, 
September 14th-October 31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British 
Museum. H. melanopterus is very near H. instabilis, Ckll., but 
larger, with darker wings and darker stigma, and the abdominal 
bands not entire. The abdomen is much like that of H. circum- 
datus, Ckll., but the metathorax is quite different. It is much 
larger than H. chapmani, Ckll., and is readily known from 
H. convexus, Sm., by its dark wings. 


Halictus disclusus, sp. n. 

g. Length about 6 mm.; black, with the first three abdominal 
segments bright chestnut-red, but the first dark basally and with a 
large dusky median cloud, second and third segments with a dark 
spot at each laterobasal corner; knees, tibiz and tarsi ferruginous, 
the tibie (the first slightly, the last most) stained with blackish ; 
head broad, eyes strongly converging below; clypeus prominent, with 
a broad pale yellow apical band; labrum black; mandibles whitish 


244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


in middle, red apically; face and front with dull white hair; antennze 
long (reaching to end of thorax), entirely black; flagellum crenulate 
beneath ; mesothorax and scutellum dull, the surface microscopically 
tessellate, the very minute punctures not clearly visible under a lens; 
area of metathorax finely and weakly plicatulate, the sculpture fading 
toward the apex; hair of thorax thin, dull white, with a faintly 
yellowish tint on scutellum; tegule black; wings dusky hyaline, 
stigma and nervures reddish sepia ; second s. m. very narrow; abdo- 
men shining. 

Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, §.-E. Tasmania, February 12th-— 
March 8rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British Museum. Resembles 
H, tasmanie (Ckll.), but easily known by the dull mesothorax. 
The black antenne and absence of metallic colour separate it 
from H. hedleyt, Ckll. 


A SUCCESSFUL HUNT FOR SOME OF OUR LOCAL 
CRAMBI. 


By tHe Rey. Joun W. Mertcaure, F.E.S. 


Tux following notes are put together mainly with a view 
to the possible usefulness to others of our experience gained in 
collecting certain Crambi, which, if plentiful in their restricted 
haunts, are not only very local but may easily be missed owing 
to their retiring habits. Incidentally a few other local .species 
will be mentioned, which are not commonly taken in such 
numbers as we were fortunate enough to meet with. My 
companions on this expedition, which lasted from July 13th 
to 31st, were the Revs. W. G. Whittingham and J. EK. Tarbat, 
and it is well to mention at once that the weather was as 
adverse throughout the whole time as it well could be—wet, 
cold, and windy, a fact which made our subsequent success the 
more noteworthy. 

Our first halting place was a very happily situated boarding 
house in the middle of the well-known Deal sandhills. If the 
accommodation it afforded was not palatial, the position was all 
that the collector could desire. During the ten days we spent there 
we were pleased to see Lithosia lutarella var. pygm@ola in pro- 
fusion; indeed, whatever the weather was like it appeared on the 
wing or sitting on the marram in great numbers. By day M. 
lineata, H. cespitalis, C. angustalis, and S. ictericana were common, 
but A. ochrata was practically over. However, our special object 
of desire was C. contaminellus, and the stirring of an occasional 
specimen by day from the marram gave us the cheering 
assurance that it was about. Yet not till we discovered that at 
night it loves to sit an inch or two above the ground, on the 
patches bare of marram, did we secure it in any numbers. 
From this discovery onwards we took it in plenty, together 


HUNT FOR SOME OF OUR LOCAL CRAMBI. 245 


with some beautiful varieties, notably a few very dark, almost 
black, with pale nervures, a striking form. Many were taken 
paired and in perfect condition. Its first flight is just after 
dark, when it keeps close to the ground, and is therefore easily 
missed; while it is again on the wing late at night, when it 
flies higher. 

Thanks to a chance discovery two other local insects, of very 
secretive habits, were taken in profusion. On a cold afternoon 
with a strong wind blowing we were searching unavailingly the 
lower leaves of Hchiwm vulgaris for pups of O. dentalis. As we 
in this way disturbed the collection of dead leaves and grasses at 
the roots of the Hchiuwm, first a specimen of N. achatinella 
crawled out, and then, to our delight, one of M. bipunctanus 
(anellus). Further search produced a good many more of each 
species, together with some commoner things, the insects having 
evidently retired to the roots for shelter after feeding by night at 
the blossoms. This gave us the hint we needed, and the next 
night, which was pitch dark and very warm, we visited the 
plants with our lanterns. The result was truly amazing! 
N. achatinella was about in profusion flying over or sitting upon 
the Hchium, while far surpassing them in numbers was M. 
bipunctanus. Of this strange-looking and not often seen insect 
only the males appeared to fly at all, and these but little, both 
sexes, many paired, sitting on the Hchiwm and neighbouring 
grasses. The males at rest had a curious intermittent vibration 
of the wings, resting quiet for a few seconds, then a sudden 
dithering of the wings, and then quiet again. Whether the 
movement was intended to attract the females or not we failed 
todiscover. The night was evidently a field one with bipunctanus, 
as on no subsequent occasion did we see it in anything like such 
numbers, indeed, I question whether the like ever has been seen. 
The fact that so sluggish an insect was found so abundantly, 
one or two actually in process of expanding their wings, in the 
middle of the more settled part of the sandhills, seems to point 
to the roots of the marram, or of some other grass, as the food 
of the larva rather than to the generally accepted suggestion 
that the larva lives in the nests of wasps. 

The same night a single insect, not yet identified, was taken. 
It is evidently allied to H. cribrum, but has the fore wings pure 
white with much fewer markings, and the hind wings consider- 
ably darker. It will probably prove to be a wanderer from the 
Continent; at any rate, it does not appear to belong to any 
species usually recognised as British. Before leaving Deal 
a trip to St. Margaret’s Bay produced a number of Tortrices, 
the most interesting of which were C. fulvana, G. nigromaculana, 
C. dilucidana, and P. aspersana, whilst from gathered heads of 
Centaurea scabiosa a number of fine C. gigantana (alternana) 
subsequently emerged. A. baliodactyla and M. pheodactylus 


246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


were on the wing, but A. gilvaria and E. ochroleuca were oy 
just appearing. 

Mr. Tarbat having to leave us, Mr. Whittingham and I next 
journeyed to the Norfolk coast. Our first object of ambition was 
Crambus fascelinellus, which I had found fairly plentiful two years 
ago. In the distressingly cold atmosphere not a specimen could 
be induced to fly in the daytime, and not more than two or three 
were found at rest in the sandpits. Our hopes were accord- 
ingly fixed on what could be done at night, and at first they 
seemed doomed to be disappointed. Careful searching, however, 
revealed the fact that C. fascelinellus was about. It was found 
sitting, like C. contaminellus, an inch or two above the ground, but 
only on the spots, at the back of the sandhills, where a few 
scattered blades of grass struggled up through the sand. It 
seldom sat on the marram or on other grasses where these 
latter grew thickly, the surface of the sand had to be well in 
evidence, and in such spots we took a fine series. There was a 
very sbort and partial flight at dusk, which would probably have 
been larger and more general in warmer weather, and the 
insect again flew after ten o’clock. 

The best part of a day, spent in water up to our knees and 
with frequent storms beating down upon our heads, produced 
two dozen larve or pupe of N. canne, and they were well earned. 

Finding that C. fascelinellus was beginning to get wasted we 
next directed our attention to C. alpinellus, which Mr. Whitting- 
ham had turned up two years previously. Our experience was 
most interesting. Still dogged by hostile elements our expecta- 
tions were not great, and when, at our first essay, ten o’clock 
struck without a sign of the Crambid we began to despair. It 
was bitterly cold, but we knew that it must be hiding some- 
where. Then the happy thought struck us of placing our 
lamps on the ground, shining straight into the tangled roots 
of the marram. Almost instantly a little moth began jumping 
out towards the hight, and then another, and our pleasure was 
great when we found that alpinellus had been moved at last. 
Later on the weather improved, and with it the tale of our 
captures of this species. On a fine afternoon there is a very 
general flight between six and seven o’clock, the Crambid being 
then not only on the wing on its own account, but also easily 
induced to fly by tapping the fir trees where it evidently shelters 
as frequently as in the marram. On one such afternoon we 
must have captured fully seventy specimens in an hour anda 
half. The delicate fringes of the hind wings soon get worn, but 
many of the captures were freshly emerged and in splendid order. 

One other insect seems worthy of note. This is the recently 
discovered Retinia purdeyi, which flew round the branches of the 
Austrian pines (at least such we took the trees to be) in the 
late afternoon. Difficult to capture in a wind, it occurred in 


KAKOTHRIPS, N. GEN. 247 


great plenty if the sun shone, and on a calm day it was quite 
possible to get five or six in the net at once. C. pinetellus and 
C. inquinatellus also sheltered in the fir trees, whilst a few 
S. coniferana and E. atricapitana were to be had, the latter 
having evidently flown up from the ragwort beneath. Altogether 
we brought back some six or seven hundred good insects apiece, 
which was excellent work for three weeks of thoroughly bad 
weather. 


KAKOTHRIPS, wn. aun., A DIVISION OF THE GENUS 
FRANKLINIELLA (THYSANOPTERA). 


By C. B. Wintiims, B-A., F.E.S. 


Durine the past two years I have been investigating the 
life-history of a species of Thysanoptera which does considerable 
damage to peas and beans in this country, with a view to finding 


some method of control; and a full account will be published 
shortly (Annals of Applied Biology). The species has been known 
up to the present by many different names :—Thrips pisivora, 
Physopus robusta, Euthrips robusta, and Frrankliniella robusta, 
the latter being at present the most correct terminology. The 
species has never been properly described, Uzel’s original 
description (‘‘ Physopus robusta,” Monographie der Ordnung 
Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 104) being insufficient for modern 
demands. In making a careful examination of a number of 
specimens for a proper technical description (which will appear 
in the above-mentioned paper) I found that this species differs 
in several respects from all other known species of the genus 
Frankliniella. Uzel (l.c.) had already noted that the male of 
this species has a pair of processes on the abdomen, one on 


248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


each side of the eighth segment (fig. 1, a). I find that there are 
also distinct vestiges of these processes present in the female 
(fig. 1, b). They are, in both sexes, immediately in front of the 
spiracle of the eighth segment. No such organs occur, so far as 
I know, in any other species of the suborder Terebrantia, but 
something similar is found in some genera of the Tubulifera. 
Thus in Megathrips nobilis (Bagnall, Ent. Mon. Mag. xx. 1909, 
p- 131) there are lateral processes on the sixth and eighth 
abdominal segments. This feature would alone almost justify 
the separation of robusta from the genus, but I find further that 
in this species the two long ocellar spines are between the two 
posterior ocelli (fig. 1, c), whereas in all the other species of 
Frankliniella which I have been able to see, or in the descrip- 
tions of which these spines are mentioned or figured, they are 
between the posterior and anterior ocelli (fig. 1, d).* 

Further, the larva of robusta has the last two abdominal 
segments dark-coloured, a:feature more characteristic of the 
larve of the Tubulifera, and which does not occur in the larve 
of any of the species of Frankliniella that I have observed. 

On the above grounds I am removing robusta from the genus 
Frankliniella, and propose the name Kakothrips for a new genus 
to contain it, characterised as follows :— 


KAKOTHRIPS, new genus. 
= Physopus, Uzel (l.¢.), in part. 
= Frankliniella, Karny (Mitt. Nat. Ver. Univ. Wien, viii. 
1910, p. 45), in part. 

Antenne eight segmented. One long spine at each front angle, 
and two at each hind angle of the prothorax. Ocellar spines between 
the two posterior ocelli. Maxillary palps three jointed, labial palps 
two jointed. Fore vein of the upper wing set regularly throughout 
its whole length with short spines. Lateral processes on each side of 
the eighth abdominal segment in the male curving backwards and 
upwards, in the female rudimentary but distinguishable. Larva with 
ninth and tenth abdominal segments dark. 


Type (and at present only species), K. robustus. 

The characters in italics distinguish it from Frankliniella. 

Fuller particulars of the species itself will be given as 
mentioned above. 


* They are certainly in this position in the following species :—intonsa 
(Trybom) (=vulgatissimus, Uzel); tenwicornis (Uzel); melanommata, 
Williams; fusca (Hinds); stylosa (Hood); tritici (Pergande) ; imsularis 
(Franklin); helianthi (Moulton); occidentalis (Pergande, teste Hinds) ; 
cephalica (Crawford); nervosus (Uzel, teste Hinds) ; floridensis (Morgan) ; 
runnert (Morgan); gossypit (Morgan). But sulphwrea, Schmutz, would 
appear from the description to be possibly like robwsta, and in minuta 
(Moulton) they are small or absent. 


The John Innes Horticultural Institution, 
Merton, Surrey: July, 1914. 


249 


PHYTODECTA VIMINALIS, A _ VIVIPAROUS 
BRITISH BEETLE. 


By C. B. Wiuttams, B.A., F.E.S. 


On May llth, 1918, adults and larve of Phytodecta 
(Gonioctena) viminalis were found in numbers on some sallow 
bushes in the New Forest. A close search was made for eggs 
but none were found, although quite young larve, apparently 
just hatched, were common. A female was then found which 
seemed to be ovipositing, but on the leaf were only a group of 
very small orange larve, nor was there any trace of egg-shells, 
though it was indicated from the uneaten condition of the leaf that 
they had onlyjust hatched. The latter observation in particular 
suggested so strongly the possibility of viviparity that numbers 
of the adults were brought back for closer examination. It was 
then found that the surmise was correct, and females were 
watched in captivity and were seen to lay small orange-coloured 
larvee quite free of any shell or enveloping membrane. Further, 
on dissection of females about to lay, many similar young larve 
were found quite free of any shell in the lower part of the ovary 
and oviduct. 

Viviparity has been recorded in the allied genus Orina by 
various writers; in QO. vittigera, O. cacalie, and O. gloriosa by 
Chapman and Champion (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1901, p. 1-7), in 
O. superba and O. speciosa by Perroud (Ann. Soc. Linn. de Lyon, 
1855, p. 402-8), and in O. speciosa var. venusta by Bleuze 
(Petites Nouvelles Entomol. October 1st, 1874, and Ent. Mo. Mag. 
xi. 1874, p. 186), but so far as I am aware it has not been recorded 
in the genus Phytodecta or in any British beetle. According to 
Perroud OQ. superba only lays one larva at a time at intervals of 
about twelve hours, so that this species differs slightly from the 
one under consideration. 

The only account of the life-history of Phytodecta viminalis 
is by Cornelius in 1857 (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xviii. p. 165). In the 
specimens he observed, however, eggs were laid which hatched 
on the first day. He describes the eggs as reddish in colour 
and cylindrical, slightly pointed at the ends. It would appear, 
then, that the same species can, under different conditions, be 
either viviparous or oviparous. 

The life-history of the beetle is as follows :— 

The adults emerge from hibernation towards the end of 
April (three were found on April 19th, 1914). Both sexes are 
very active in the sunshine, and in the early part of May pair 
many times. They have a habit of sitting at the base of a leaf 
with the head pressed right into the axil; this has also been 
observed in the allied South European species P. variabilis by 
Bateson (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 850). They fall to the 
ground if disturbed. They eat readily the leaves of the rough 

ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1914. * 


250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


broad-leaved sallows (Salix caprea, cinerea, &c.), on the upper 
side of which they lay their young, but I could get neither the 
adults nor the larve to feed on the willows with long and 
smooth leaves (S. alba, &c.).* The young all appear to mature 
at the same time, and are laid, if the female is not disturbed, in 
one batch. The number in one family varies from twenty-eight 
to forty. With one doubtful exception, none of the thirty 
females from which I obtained young laid a second batch, as 
occurs, for example, in the Coccinellide. 

The young larve when first laid are orange yellow, but they 
rapidly darken and become quite black. The larva, at least 
when older, has a pair of dorsal, protrusible vesicles close 
together between the seventh and eight abdominal segments. 
They are pink in colour and can be extended about one-twelfth 
of an inch when the larva is disturbed. The larva is full-fed 
in about fifteen days, when it descends to the ground and 
becomes quiescent; it is not till four to six days later that the 
bright orange pupal stage is assumed. The sexes of the pup 
can be easily distinguished both by the size and by the form of 
the ventral surface of the last two abdominal segments. Shortly 
before emergence the legs and head, the centre of the prothorax and 
the scutellum become quite dark, and the wings darken slightly. 

The adults emerge after about twelve days, the total time 
from the laying of the young larva being about thirty-three 
days. Actual dates are as follows:—Larve laid, May 15th; 
full-fed, June 2nd; pupated, June 8ih: emerged, June 20th. 
The adults then remain for the whole of the rest of the year on 
the sallows without producing a second brood; hibernate, 
probably among the dead leaves, &c., on the surface of the 
ground, and emerge again in the following spring, when they 
pair and lay the young of the next generation. 

The original parents, having laid their young in May, 
continue feeding and survive for the rest of the year, so that 
from the end of June onwards there are adults of two 
generations together on the plants. Several females which laid 
young in May, 19138, and which therefore emerged from the 
pupa in June, 1912, were still alive in November, 1913, giving 
an adult life of at least eighteen months. All, however, 
perished during the winter. 

I hope next year to study the life-history in more detail, and 
also recommend to anyone the observation of the method of 
reproduction of allied species. I should be much indebted to 
any reader who could let me have living adults of P. rufipes in 
the spring. 

** Cornelius (J. c.) makes the interesting remark that larvee which he 


found on Salix aurita refused to eat S. caprea, although other larvee laid on 
the latter took it quite readily. 


The John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton, Surrey. 


251 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


LYMANTRIA MONACHA, ab.—I have been crossing and breeding a 
strain of Lymantria monacha for the past two or three years, with 
the object of obtaining dark and banded forms, in which I am 
meeting with some success. This year one brood produced several 
specimens with the crimson bands on the body replaced with yellow, 
a change which is of course most striking in the female, making it 
look almost a different moth. None of my entomological friends 
hereabouts have ever seen such a variety before, and I cannot find 
any mention of yellow bodied L. monacha in any of the books I 
possess. I may mention that the strain I am dealing with shows no 
sign of deterioration as yet, the imagines I have bred this year being 
for the most part much larger than those captured wild, while the 
fertility of the ova and the proportion of larvee to feed up were very 
high. —C. Rippon, F.E.S.; Springfield House, Abingdon-on-Thames, 
August 10th, 1914. 


VARIETIES OF Lyca#NA corypon, L. Icarus, &e.—I had the 
pleasure of taking in Bucks a very remarkable specimen of Lycena 
corydon var. striata, the spots on the under side being replaced 
by beautiful streaks. A very similar form of L. zcarus likewise 
fell to my net in Oxon. In May I captured two fine speci- 
mens of the unicolorous form of Hmaturga (fidonia) atomaria (var. 
unicolorata). They were taken within a few yards of the place 
where I obtained two similar forms in 1890, and recorded in the 
‘ Entomologist’ for January, 1891.—A. J. SprmuteR; Chinnor, Oxon. 


Harty HEMeRGENCE OF SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS xX AMORPHA 
POPULI (HYBRIDUS, Steph.).—I think it may be of interest to 
record the emergence yesterday (August 18th) of a fine specimen 
of the above-mentioned hybrid. The larva went down on July 17th— 
only a month and a day before the appearance of the imago. I 
should much like to know if this is a record for this hybrid. No 
forcing was attempted. I might add that from a pairing that I 
obtained (by assembling for wild ocellatws males, in preference to 
using bred males, and then caging with populs female) on May 30th 
of this year, eighty-one ova resulted, forty-seven hatched, and of 
these thirty-seven successfully pupated between July 1ldth and 
August 10th.—Sypney WuicHER; Westmead, Liss, Hants. 


EUCHLO® CARDAMINES IN Hast CumBertAND.—The orange tip is 
not a common insect in this part of the country. It may therefore 
be of interest to note that on June 15th, 1914, I saw two males upon 
the wing together on the banks of the Tyne close to Alston. The 
food-plant (Cardamine pratensis) is common all over the district, 
and, incidentally, it may be remarked that the double-flowered form 
of it is fairly numerous in the district.—GrorGE Bonam; Alston, 
Cumberland. 


AMMOPHILA SABULOSA, Linn., AND DASsYPODA HIRTIPES, Latyr., IN 
WOoRCESTERSHIRE.—I think it may be worth while placing on per- 
manent record that I have taken this summer these two species of 
Aculeate Hymenoptera in Worcestershire ; the former on August 


952 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


8th, on Hartlebury Common, and the latter—a male—on July 27th, 
when sweeping a field adjoining the same sandy waste. Saunders 
(‘Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Islands,’ 1896, pp. 88 and 
273) of the first states that, saving Lancashire, he has “no other 
northern or midland localities for it,” and concerning the second that 
“it is recorded from very few inland localities.’”—J. W. WInLIAMs ; 
M.R.C.8., Stourport, Worcestershire. 

Since forwarding the above note I have been fortunate enough to 
find a large colony of D. hirtipes on Hartlebury Common. The bank 
on which this colony is situated faces 23° HE. of S., and slopes at an 
angle of 20°. Itis interesting to notice that Nomada solidaginis, Pz., 
is visiting these burrows. I also saw one N. sexfasciata, Pz., enter 
a burrow on August 14th (a somewhat late date for this ‘‘ cuckoo ’’) 
and extracted the intruder. The common fossor, Cercerts arenaria, 
Linn., inhabits the same site.—J. W. WILLIAMs. 


CHRYSOPHANUS PHLH#AS IN Piccapinuy.—On July 30th last I saw 
a perfectly fresh specimen of Chrysophanus phleas on the window 
sill of the front room of my flat looking out on Piccadilly, near 
Burlington House. The butterfly had apparently only just emerged. 
May it have been bred in the Park near by ?—Haronp Hopes ; 
54, Piccadilly, W., August 16th, 1914. 


Hees or Prionus cortarius (CoLnzoprEeRA).—Recently in the 
New Forest I found a fine female of this Longicorn beetle on a piece 
of fallen beech, where apparently it was ovipositing. After killing 
the beetle I eviscerated it and removed from the abdomen a large 
number of eggs (some two hundred perhaps). Hach egg was about 
4-5 mm. in length, and about 1:6 mm. in greatest width; it was 
eranulated in appearance, but with no definite markings; in shape 
it was a very slightly curved cylinder with rounded ends, one being 
much more pointed than the other. They were creamy white in 
colour, and some put in spirit remained so; but others exposed to 
the air became yellowish. A very large centipede (Lithobius) taken 
from the same tree had a number of the eggs given it, and it fed on 
them readily. The object of this note is to record the fact, for no 
doubt it would eat them in a state of Nature, presuming it could find 
them ; and the centipede has its home in the decaying wood in which 
apparently the eggs are laid.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames. 


WIcKEN F'ren.—So few people have any real knowledge of the Fen 
Lepidoptera and their life-histories that a word of warning is necessary. 
As to Acronycta strigosa, Wicken Fen was never the locality where 
these were beaten, and I should say there were few hawthorn bushes 
in the Fen. I have beaten the larve with the late Mr. Albert 
Haughton (father of the present collector), but it is much scarcer 
now. The Fen itself wants very careful handling, and it is possible 
to do a good deal of mischief in a short time. For instance, we were 
told last June that a piece of the Fen owned by the National Trust, 
which contains particular species of its own, was to be cut. I believe 
Mr. Edelston took steps to prevent this, but if it had been carried out 
much harm would have been done. In parts of the Fen the sallow 
bushes want a great deal of thinning out, but discrimination is 
necessary, and the Fen growth cannot be treated as jungle to be 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 253 


demolished. The National Trust should appoint an expert Com- 
mittee to deal with the matter, and at least one member should be 
familiar, from actual field work, with the life-histories of the principal 
Fen Lepidoptera, such as Papilio machaon, Meliana flammea, Nonagria 
arundineta, N. arundinis, Cidaria sagittata, &e. It is probable that 
a uniform treatment of the Fen is undesirable, and that while some 
portions are never cut (with the exception of thinning out sallow 
bushes, &c.), others should be cut periodically —A. RoBinson ; 
Bretaneby, Chislehurst, August 26th, 1914. 


Morus Carrurep By Licut-TRAP (continued from p. 228) :— 

JUNE.—Spilosoma lubricipeda. 2nd (one).—Phalera bucephala. 
5th (one); 11th (one); 13th (one) =3.—Opisthograptis luteolata. 5th 
(two); 10th (one); 11th (one)=4.—Rusina tenebrosa. 5th (one); 
12th (five); 16th (one)=7.—Dianthecia cucubalr. 2nd (two); 5th 
(one); 10th (two); 12th (one); 16th (one) =7.—Hipocrita jacobee. 
2nd (one); 11th (one)=2.—Cidaria truncata. 2nd (one).—Cabera 
pusaria. 2nd (one); 11th (one); 16th (one)=3.—Thera varvata. 
Qnd (one); llth (one)=2.—Neuria reticulata. 2nd (three); 5th 
(one); 9th (one); 11th (one); 13th (one); 15th (one); 17th (two); 
18th (two)=12.—Agrotis exclamationis. 1st (one); 2nd (two); 3rd 
(two); 5th (eight); 6th (one); 8th (two); 9th (four); 10th (fourteen) ; 
11th (sixty-two); 12th (thirty-two); 13th (thirty-two); 14th (fifteen) ; 
15th (twenty-seven); 16th (forty-three); 17th (seventeen); 18th 
(nine) =271.—Hama sordida. 6th (one); 9th (two); 10th (four); 
11th (two); 12th (four); 13th (four); 14th (two); 15th (three); 16th 
(one); 17th (one); 18th (one)=25.—Agrotis cinerea. 2nd (four); 
5th (five); 18th (one)=10.—Hupithecia oblongata. 2nd (two).— 
Dianthacia capsincola. 2nd (one); 13th (one); 14th (one)=3.— 
Caradrina morpheus. 5th (one); 11th (five); 12th (one); 15th (two); 
16th (five); 17th (nine); 18th (five) =28.—Hupithecia venosata. Sth 
(one).—Apamea basilinea. 2nd (five); 5th (four); 6th (two); 9th 
(two); 10th (one); 11th (two); 12th (two); 13th (one); 14th (four) ; 

( 


15th (one); 16th (one); 17th (four); 18th (two)=31—Noctua rubr. 
6th (one).—Mamestra dentina. 2nd (nine); 3rd (one); 5th (six); 
9th (one); 10th (three); 11th (eleven); 12th (seven); 13th (one); 
14th (six); 15th (three); 16th (three); 17th (four); 18th (four) =59. 
Leucania comma. 5th (six); 6th (one); 9th (two); 11th (six); 12th 
(ten); 13th (four); 14th (three); 15th (five); 16th (three); 17th 
(six); 18th (five) =51.—Xanthorhoé montanata. 6th (one).—Plusra 
gamma. 3rd (one); 5th (four); 6th (one); 10th (one); 11th (twelve) ; 
12th (seventeen); 13th (six); 14th (three); 16th (two); 17th (two) 
=49.—Abrostola tripartita. 2nd (one).—Dianthecia carpophaga. 
2nd (two); 5th (one)=:3.—Anaitis plagiata. 3rd (one); 16th (one) 
=2.—Granmesia trigrammica. 2nd (three); 5th (one); 10th (one); 
11th (four); 12th (two); 14th (one)=12.—Agrotis segetum. 9th 
(one); 11th (one); 13th (one); 14th (two); 17th (one)=6.—<Spilo- 
soma menthastri. 2nd (seven); 5th (three); 8th (one); 9th (two); 
10th (two); llth (five); 12th (seven); 13th (two); 14th (eleven); 
15th (two); 16th (sixteen); 17th (tive); 18th (two) =65.—Xanthorhoé 
fluctuata. 10th (one); 17th (one); 18th (one)=3.—Smerinthus 
ocellatus. 11th (one).—Acidalia immutata, 11th (one).—Mamestra 


254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


thalassina.—l1th (three); 12th (one); 16th (two)=6.— Pachys 
betularia. 11th (two); 13th (one)=3.—Mesoleuca ocellata. 11th 
(one); 13th (one); 16th (one); 17th (one); 18th (two) =6.—Hustroma 
silaceata. 11th (one).—Triphena pronuba. 11th (one).—Agrotis 
putris. 11th (one); 15th (one)=2.—Leucania pallens. 12th (one); 
13th (two); 17th (one); 18th (two)=6.—Cucullia wmbratica. 12th 
(one); 15th (one) =2.—Trigonophora (Phlogophora) meticulosa. 13th 
(one).—Mamestra oleracea. 13th (one).—Smerinthus popult. 13th 
(one).—Plusia chrysitis. 15th (one); 17th (one) =2.—Agrotis puta. 
15th (one).—Phibalapteryx vitalbata. 16th (one).—Plusia pulchrina. 
17th (one).—Noctwa primule. 17th (one).—Acontia luctuosa. 18th 
(one).—Agrotis corticea. 18th (three)—TZimandra amataria. 18th 
(one). 

JuLy. — Geometra vernaria. Tth (one).—Caradrina morpheus. 
7th (two); 8th (one); 16th (one); 17th (one); 19th (three); 20th 
(eight); 21st (ten); 22nd (three); 26th (one); 27th (three); 28th 
(three); 29th (one); 30th (one); 31st (one) =39.—Leucania conigera 
8th (one); 16th (one); 17th (one); 19th (two); 22nd (one); 31st 
(one)=7.—L. pallens. 8th (one); 16th (two).=3.—Agrotis exclama- 
tionts. 8th (two); 16th (one); 17th (one); 19th (three); 27th 
(one) =8.—Dianthecia capsincola. 8th (one).—Caradrina taraxact. 
8th (one).—Agrotis strigula. 8th (one).—Plusia chrysitis. 16th 
(one).—Hmaturga atomaria. 16th (one).—Apamea secalis. 16th 
(two); 17th (one); 18th (one); 20th (four); 21st (two); 22nd 
(three); 27th (three); 28th (four); 30th (one)=21. — Triphena 
pronuba. 16th (one) ; 22nd (one) ; 28th (one) =3.—Xylophasia litho- 
aylea. 16th (one).—Plusia gamma. 16th (one); 19th (one); 20th 
(six); 24th (one); 26th (one); 27th (two); 30th (one) =13.—Agrotes 
segetum. 16th (one).—Malacosoma neustria. 17th (one).—Boarnua 
gemmaria. 17th (one).—Xylophasia monoglypha. 18th (one); 20th 
(one); 21st (one); 27th (one); 28th (one); 30th (one)=6.— X. sub- 
lustris. 18th (one).—Cidaria pyrahata. 19th (one).—Hecatera 
serena. 19th (one); 20th (one) =2.—Lithosia lurideola. 19th (one) ; 
21st (one); 25th (one)=3.—Leucania impura. 19th (one); 20th 
(one); 28th (two) ; 30th (two).=6. Hydrecia nictitans. 19th (one) ; 
21st (three) ; 27th (two); 28th (one); 29th (one); 30th (three)=11. 
Pachys betularia. 19th (one).—WMesoleuca ocellata. 19th (one). 
—Ortholitha linutata. 19th (one).—Opisthograptis luwteolata. 20th 
(one); 28th (one)=2.—Dianthecia cucubali. 20th (two); 27th 
(one); 28th (one)=4.— Clix glaucata. 20th (two). — Leucama 
lithargyria. 20th (one).— Ligdia marginata. 20th (one); 27th 
(one) =2.—Selenia bilunaria. 20th (one) ; 27th (one) ; 31st (one)=3. 
Zeuzera pyrina. 20th (one).—Perzzoma alchemillata. 20th (one) ; 
27th (one) =2.— Cerigo matura. 20th (two); 27th (one); 29th 
(one); 30th (one); 31st (one) =6.—Camptogramma bilineata. 20th 
(one).—Mamestra oleracea. 21st (one).—Cabera pusaria. 21st (one). 
—WNoctua brunnea. 21st (one).—Acidalia dimidiata. 21st (one).— 
Bombycia viminalis. 27th (one).—Coremia ferrugata. 28th (one) ; 
29th (one) = 2.—Crocallis elinguaria. 28th (one).—Triphosa dubitata. 
28th (one).—Amphipyra tragopogonis. 29th (one); 31st (one) =2.— 
Caradrina quadripunctata. 30th (one).—Hydriomena furcata. 31st 
(one).—R. M. Pripraux; Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 255 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


A Monograph of the Jumping Plant-lice or Psylude of the New 
World. By Davip L. Crawrorp. Pp. 182; plates 30. Smith- 
sonian Institution, United States National Museum. Bulletin 
85. Washington. 1914. 

THe author finding that classification of the Psyllide on wing 
venation alone was unsatisfactory, placing as it does closely related 
species in different genera and even subfamilies, presents a new 
system based largely on a study of structural characters other than 
venation. 

The one hundred and seventy-five species in twenty-nine genera 
here enumerated and described are arranged under six subfamily 
headings, in the following sequence :— 


Subfamily Livine. 


Tribe Liviini ... ... 1 genus (Lzvia), 5 species. 
» Aphalarini ... 2 genera, 22 species. 
Subfamily Pauropsylline .... .... 3 genera, 15 species. 
if Carsidarine ... ... ... 4 genera, 13 species. 
es Ceriacreminz ... . 1 genus, 2 species. 
is Triozing... ... ... ... 8 genera, 44 species. 
ie Psylline. 
Tribe Pachypsyllini... 3 genera, 9 species. 
»  Huphyllurini ... 2 genera, 6 species. 
»  Arytainini ... 3 genera, 18 species. 
7 eesyllmt a... -2tBenera, 41 species: 


Among other matters of interest treated in the introductory 
pages (1-18), morphology is discussed in considerable detail. 
An extensive bibliography is given. 


Pond Problems. By H. EK. Unwin, M.Sc. Pp.xvi+119. (Cambridge 
Nature Study Series.) Cambridge: University Press. 1914. 


Tuts book supplies a series of lessons on Pond Life, intended for the 
lower forms of Secondary Schools and upper standards of Elementary 
Schools. It is above the average of such books, and we venture 
to think that much of the work would be suitable for higher forms 
in the Secondary Schools (if time could be found for it), and that any 
entomologist, especially one who is given overmuch to collecting 
simply, might study it with advantage. The aim of the series of 
practical lessons and demonstrations is really to give some ideas 
from actual contact with Nature ‘ about environment, natural selec- 
tion, and evolution.’ After showing how material should be obtained, 
and making quite clear what an insect is, our author states that 
“insects are really land animals,” even though now in a compara- 
tively few cases they may pass part of their life in the water. The 
main object of the remaining lessons is, by practical observation and 
experiment, to show how the adaptation to their new surroundings 
is managed. The work concludes with useful appendices on material, 
apparatus, the microscope and the making of microscope-slides, and 
a short bibliography. The book, which is well got up, is illustrated 
by forty-seven good figures, all, except two, from the author’s draw- 


¥ 


256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ings or photographs. We might say that to us it appears better to 
use the term nymph, instead of larva, or larva and nymph, for the 
whole of the early stages of insects with incomplete metamorphosis 


(hemimetabolic). Wo dove 


We have also received the following Reprints from Proceedings 
of the United States National Museum. Vol. 47 (1914) :— 

No. 2045. Names applied to the North American Bees of the 
Genera Lithurgus, Anthidium, and Allies. By T. D. A. Cockerell. 
Pp. 87-94. (May 7th.) 

No. 2048. Hymenoptera, Superfamilies Apoidea and Chalcidoidea, 
of the Yale-Dominican Expedition of 1913. By J. C. Crawford. 
Pp. 131-134. (April 30th.) 

No. 2046. The Noctuid Moths of the Genera Palindia and Dyomyx. 
By Harrison Dyar. Pp. 95-116. (May 7th.) 

No. 2050. Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Bio- 
logical Survey of the Panama Canal Zone. By Harrison C. 
Dyar. Pp. 139-350. (May 20th.) 

No. 2043. New Genera and Species of Micro-Lepidoptera from 
Panama. By August Busck. Pp. 1-67. (April 30th.) 


OBITUARY. 
H. T. Dosson: 


Aut who knew him will regret to hear that a genial member of 
the entomological fraternity has passed away in the person of Mr. 
H. T. Dobson, of New Malden. A somewhat exacting business in 
London, municipal work in Malden and Southwark, as well as affairs 
connected with his local Congregational Church, of which he was a 
deacon, made large calls on his time; but Mr. Dobson was a keen 
lover of Nature, and this fourth form of activity received its due 
share of attention. In his younger days he was a keen fisherman, 
and he was also much interested in gardening, but birds and insects 
were his chief delight. For more than forty years he had been an 
entomologist. Since 1884 he had been a member of the South 
London Entomological and Natural History Society. In 1895 he 
was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London. 
Though notes from his pen have appeared occasionally in entomo- 
logical periodicals, he did not add much to the literature of his 
subject. For some years he had been in poor health, and as time 
went on he was able to do an ever decreasing amount of field work, 
but he never lost interest and went on collecting in the limited space 
afforded by his garden at New Malden. As he retained full use of 
his arms when walking became impossible, he was able to go on 
adding to his collections, and preparing the specimens so kindly sent 
him for his valuable and well-kept cases of birds. He finally retired 
from business in January last, and died on June 27th at the age of 
sixty-one, leaving a widow and three sons to mourn his loss. We 
understand that he left directions for his collection to be sold. 

W. J. Lucas. 


oe REMEMBER! 
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: - BRITISH ISLES is HEA D'S. 


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_ Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. 
| Note the Address— 


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‘BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. 


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ny ; Estasnisnep 1870. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET-MAKER. 


Rey DIRECT OF THE MAKER, Save 30 to 40 per cent. Compare 

’ my prices with any Store or Naturalists who are middlemen only 
and not eakeons Write for List. 4,6, 8 and 10-drawet Insect Cabinets, 
10s:, 13s., 22s., 32s. 4, 6, 8, and 10-drawer Egg Cabinets, 9s., 12s., 20s., 
37s.. Store Boxes, 10 x 8, 2s. 2d.; 13 x 9, 8s.; 14 x 10, 3s. 3d.; 16x 11, 
4s.; 174 x 12, 4s. 9d. Larva-breeding Cages, single plain, 2s.; double 

plain, 3s. 6d. Improved cages with drawer and zine tanks, single, 3s. ; 
double ditto, 5s. 9d. Large mahogany cage, glass door, 16 x 12 x “12, 8s. 


‘13, ST. STEPHEN’S ROAD, BOW, E. 


LEONARD TATCHELL & Co., 


Breeders and Collectors of British Butterflies and Moths. 
23; THE ARCADE, BOURNEMOUTH. 


OFFER THEIR LISTS OF LARVA, PUP, 
AND APPARATUS FREE. 


12, 20, 30, 40, DRAWER CABINETS FOR SALE. 
A FEW FINE CORYDON VARS. 


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[MPROVED. LABOUR-SAVING DATA LABELS— 
as supplied to leading Lepidopterists and Museums. 


The pecuniary and scientific value of a collection is enhanced by affixing to every 
specimen—bred, caught, or received in exchange—a neatly printed ‘‘ data’? Jabel. 

Usual type, one to five localities, equal quantities; locality, date (= 191 ), 
and colleetor's name (three lines in all)—1000 for 2s. 6d., 3060 for 5s. Unequal 
numbers, or each additional line, 6d. extra. 
FISTS, for pointing out varieties, 6d. per 100, 300 for Is. 

Special: MINUTE LABELS, printed i in the SMALLEST TYPE MADY, essential 
for Micros., and the lesser Macros., or small insects of gs orders ; specimens and 
_prices on application. . 

Write for full range of samples before placing your orders for the season, 


. FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22, HIGHGATE, KENDAL 


CONTENTS. — 


_ An Expedition in seareh of: Russian Butterflies, W. G. Sheldon, ° 
pie Halictine Bees, T. D, A: Cockerell, 242.) } 
local Crambi (Rev.) John W, Metcalfe, 244. Kakothrips; n. gen,, a vision 
of the Genus Frankliniella (Thysanoptera), (with illustration), C. B. Williams, 
247. Phytodecta viminalis, a Viviparous British Beetle, C. B. Williams, 249, 
Norrs AND OBSERVATIONS.—Lymantria monacha, ab., C. Rippon, 251. Varieties . 

of Lycena corydon, L. icarus, &e., A. J. Spiller, 251. Early Emergence of 

Smerinthus ocellatus x Amorpha populi (hybridus, Steph.), Sydney Whicher, 
251, Kuchloé cardamines in East Cumberland, George Bolam, 251. Ammo- 
phila sabulosa, Linn., and Dasyopa hirtipes, Latr., in Worcestershire, J. W. 
Williams, 251. Chrysophanus phleas in Piceadilly, Harold Hodge, 252) — 
Eggs of Prionus coriarius (Coleoptera), W. J. Lucas, 252. Wicken Fen, ~~ 
A, Robinson, 252, Moths eaptured by Light-trap, R. M. Prideawa, 252. ; 


don, 238 Sustralian. i 
A Successful Hunt for eee our 
»a Divi 


- 


Recent Lireraturn, 254. Opiruary, 256. 


* * ) eye Te 
tg iy ¥ te Fj 
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ditto, flat boards, 9/6. Exotic Bird Skins, nearly 3,000, 2/-; 3/-,4/6, 6/-, 8/6, 10/6, 
12/6 doz., approval, carriage paid. Birds’ Eggs in clutches, special list post free. 
CHEAP LEPIDOPTERA. fied a aa 
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They may be had on appro.” if desired, but orders of not less than 2/6 will be accepted at these prices,’ 


and cash teust be serit With order. ° Brassiew 14d.. Rap id., Napi 2d., Hyale qd., Sinapis gd5 Edusa 3c,, 
Paphia gd., Valezina 6d,, Aurina 3d.. Athalia 3d,, Cinxia 4d,, Semele 2d., W-album 5d.. Egon 2d., Bellargus 
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Vol. XLVIL} _ OCTOBER, Ba Ree 61:7. 


A 


ENTOMOLOGIST 
il stale 2 Monthl y Journal 


- GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. 


“5 : : 
EDITED “BY RICHARD, SOUTH, .F.E.S. 
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 


ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. 


_ H.ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. 
_W. L, DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | CLAUDE MOBLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. 


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ls. 9d. per tin, Store Boxes, wait camphor cells, 28. 6d., 48., 5s., 6s. Setting 
Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14 in., 8d.; 2 in.,10d.; 2}in.,18.; 8} in., , 1s. 4d. ; 
4 in., 1s. 6d.3 5 in,, Is. 10d.; ‘Oomplete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. ” Betting 
Houses, 9s. 6d., Vis, 6d. ; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d,, 1s., 1s. 64. 
Breeding Oage, ‘Os. 6d., 4s., 58., 78.6d. Ooleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 
ls. 6d., 1s. 8d, Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28.9d., 8s. 6d., 48. 6d. 
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 
2s. 6d. to Ils. Cement for replacing ‘Antenne, 4d. pér bottle. Steel Forceps, 
ls. 6d., 28., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s. 6d. per dozen 
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 28. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass- top and 
Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa 
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pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Byes for Birds and 
Animals; Label- inate of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; 
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, he: 

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9s. 6d.; Alpina, 3s.; Barrettii, Irish, 10s., Devon, 8s., both BRED; 'P. nape, 
fine bred Irish forms of female heavily marked and yellow, 2s. 6d. ; good forms 
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v, Bipunetata, 1s.; v. Monstriata, 1s. 6d.; v. Wismariensis, 2s. ; Hxigua, 28. 6d. 
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Selections on approval from— 

A. FORD, .36; LRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. 


Pe el mS et) eee 


The Entomologist, October, 1914. Plate VI. 


Photos G. T. Lyle. 
1. Macrocentrus marginator, female, x3. 2. Zele infumator, female, « 23. 
3. Zele discolor, female, x 243. 4, Upper wing Zele testaceator, « 2. 
5. Metathorax of Zele infumator. 6. Ball of cocoons of Macrocentrus equalis, x 2. 
7. Section of the same. 
8. Cocoon of Macrocentrus marginator in burrow of Sesia culiciformis, nat. size. 
9. Cocoon of Zele infumator, x 3. 10. Cocoon of Zele discolor, « 3. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVITI.] OCTOBER, 1914. [No. 617 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE 
BRITISH BRACONIDAL. No. 2—MACROCENTRIDA, 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES. 


By G. oT. ye, FBS. 
(Pxate VI.) 


THE insects of this small family were first separated from 
Rhogas by Curtis in 1832 and 1833,* when he brought forward 
the genera Macrocentrus and Zele. Forster proposed two addi- 
tional genera, the one, Amicroplus, a division of Macrocentrus, 
and the other, Homolobus, a dismemberment of Zele.+ Ashmead 
has raised the genera of Curtis to the dignity of tribes, which 
is quite necessary if Forster’s genera be accepted, for a glance 
will show that Amicroplus and Homolobus cannot rank equally 
with Macrocentrus and Zele; indeed, Marshall considered that 
Forster’s genera were founded on characters purely specific.§ 
Our few British species may, for convenience, be treated under 
the two original genera :— 

Abdomen elongate, sessile; fore wings with three 
cubital areolets, radial areolet elongate. 
(1) Spurs of hind tibize very considerably shorter than 
half the metatarsi; first abdominal segment 
not or scarcely longer than the second; terebra 
at least as long as the abdomen . ; MACROCENTRUS. 
(2) Spurs of hind tibiz as long as half the metatarsi, 
first abdominal segment much longer than 
the second; terebra short . : , ZELE. 

I must again express my thanks to various entomologists 
who have presented me with specimens, to Dr. D. Sharp and 
Mr. H. F. Bailey for the loan of books, to Mr. Claude Morley, 
who, with his usual kindness, has sent me for inspection several 
insects from his collection, to Col. Nurse for a similar courtesy, 


* Ent. Mag., vol. 1. 

+ Synop. der Fam. und Gatt. der Braconen. 1862. 

t ** Classification of Ichneumon Flies,” Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxiii. 
p. 118. 

§ ‘Species des Hym. d'Europe et d’Algerie,’ vol. 5, p. 228. 


ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1914. ¥ 


958 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to Mr. R. South for confirming the names of hosts, and to Mr. 
B. S. Harwood, of Colchester, who has sent me for examination 
a considerable number of specimens, most of which have come 
to him from the collection of the late E. A. Fitch. Although 
the main part of the Fitch collection is now in the Essex 
Museum at Stratford, it would seem that the insects which are 
at present in the possession of Mr. Harwood were put on one 
side in store-boxes, some as duplicates and others as being un- 
named, or to await naming, and have so remained for the past 
twenty years or more. 

In the following notes, unless otherwise stated, the records 
are my own, and the insects mentioned have been captured or 
bred in the New Forest. 


Macrocentrus, Curtis.* 


Gregarious or solitary parasites of larve of Lepidoptera. 
Ratzeburg records one species as having been bred from the 
coleopteron Anobium pertinax, but this has never been confirmed. 
The general colour of these insects is black with rufous or 
testaceous markings. In the few cases where I have noticed the 
larve, they have been elongate and whitish without any very 
noticeable markings. It is possible that in all the species the 
larve may be partially external parasites, for with M. abdomi- 
nalis and M. equalis I have found that, although internal feeders 
when small, the larve feed for three or four days as external 
parasites after emerging from their host, during which time 
they rapidly increase in size. 

(8) 1. Antenne with forty-five or more joints. 
(3) 2. Third abdominal segment (like the two pre- 

ceding) entirely striolate t 1. abdonunalis (Fab.). 
(2) 3. Third abdominal segment smooth, or strio- 

late at base only. 


(7) 4. Body entirely black. 
(6) 5. Stout species, wings clouded . 2. marginator (Nees). 
(5) 6. Slender species, wings hyaline . 3. nitidus (Wesm.). 
(4), i-) Thorax zutous \s : 3 é 4. thoracicus (Nees). 
(1) 8. Antenne with forty or less joints. 

(12) 9. Second abscissa of radius as long as the first 


intercubital nervure. 
(11) 10. Body entirely black, terebra longer than 
body ; , ; : 5. infirmus (Nees). 
(10) 11. Thorax partly rufo-testaceous, terebra not 
longer than the abdomen : 6. equalis (sp. nov.). 
(9) 12. Second abscissa of radius much shorter than 
first intercubital nervure : 7. collaris (Spin.). 


M. abdominalis, Fab.t— Without doubt the commonest species 
in the genus, having now been recorded as bred from nearly 


* Ent. Mag., vol. i., p. 187. | Ent. Systematica, 2, 185. 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID®. 959 


thirty different species of Lepidoptera. A gregarious parasite, 
generally of the larve of Tortricina or Tineina. This is the © 
Rogas linearis of Wesmael,* from whose description and that of 
Marshall + I have identified my specimens, not having seen the 
original description of Fabricus. Marshall describes four distinct 
varieties, and although the numerous broods that I have reared 
in the New Forest have all been typical, I have captured the 
var. pallipes. It is recorded that Van Vallenhoven bred this 
variety mixed with typical specimens from the same victim, 
which is quite contrary to my own experience, nor is it borne 
out by the many broods from the Fitch collection which I have 
examined. It has often been stated that the broods invariably 
consist of one sex only, and so I had always found them until 
July, 1914, when, from a larva of Tortrix ribeana, I obtained a 
brood composed of a single male and eighteen females ; the male 
appeared some thirty-six hours before any of the females. 

In some specimens I find that the striolation at the base of 
the third abdominal segment is very faint. As a rule, the second 
cubital areolet is open outwardly, that is, the second cubital 
nervure is obsolete. I have a specimen of the var. pallipes, 
however, which has the second cubital areolet distinctly closed. 
The cocoons are brown, thin, shining and enveloped in a 

thin whitish web; they are usually found in bunches between 
the leaves which have been “‘ rolled” by the hosts. A period of 
from three to four weeks elapses between the emergence of the 
parasite larve from their host and the appearance of the perfect 
insects. I have noticed that, after emerging from their host, the 
larvee feed as external parasites for two or three days; in fact, 
until the edible parts of the host are entirely consumed. 

Bred from Tortrix ribeana, June 28rd, 1911 (eight females), 
July 3rd, 1912 (twelve females), July 4th, 1912 (thirteen males) ; 
from T’. licheany (ten females); from T’. viridana, July 14th, 
1912 (six females); from Depressaria alstromeriella, July 10th, 
1912 (four females). Harwood has two specimens (var. pallipes) 
labelled ‘‘ex caja, W. Sherston.” In Fitch’s boxes are broods 
obtained by Elisha from Depressaria nanatella and Gelechia 
mouffetella (both broods var. pallipes) ; from Depressaria alstro- 
meriella ; Gracilaria elongella, July 14th, 1885; Cerostoma 
xylostella, July 31st, 1882, and Hbulea crocealis; also broods 
from Hnnychia octomaculalis, September 22nd, 1881, bred by 
W. AR. Jeffery ; and from Botys verticalis, bred by G. T. Porritt. + 

M. marginator, Nees. (Fig. 1.)—This is the enemy of the 
Sesidz, having been bred as a solitary parasite from the larve 
of many members of the family. It is the largest and stoutest 


* Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., p. 173. 
|} Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 193. 
;| Some of these broods were recorded by Fitch, Entom, xiv. 143, and 
xvi. 68. 
Yea 


260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


species of the genus to be found in Britain, measuring some- 
times as much as 16 mm. across the expanded wings; the 
size, however, varies, specimens often expanding no more than 
12 mm. 

It would seem that the female is much more frequently met 
with than the male; for instance, in February, 1914, L. W. 
Newman sent me twenty-two living specimens which he had 
bred (forced, of course) from larve of various Seside, and all were 
females, and Col. Nurse, who has bred the species commonly, 
has obtained females only. My own experience is that the 
females outnumber the males by ten to one. 

The cocoon is brown, thin, and shining, larger, but not so 
elongate, nor so dark in colour as that of M. thoracicus. It is 
always constructed within the burrow of the host (fig. 8). I have 
specimens bred by Newman from larve of Sesia vespiformis and 
S. culiciformis, taken at Bexley; others bred by Tonge from 
S. culiciformis, July 17th to 24th, 1911; from S. chrysidiformis, 
May 22nd, 1911; and from S. formiciformis, May 11th, 19J2; 
all the hosts taken near Reigate. Harwood has found it 
commonly at Colchester, and Nurse in West Suffolk. I have 
frequently bred it from New Forest larve of S. vespiformis in 
May, and have found the cocoons in burrows of S. tipuliformis 
at Burgess Hill, Sussex, and Sherborne, Dorset. 

M. thoracicus, Nees.—-A well-marked species, easily distin- 
guished by the rufous thorax; always a solitary parasite. In 
the New Forest it appears to be fairly plentiful, and I have 
several times bred it in July and August from larve of Phibalocera 
quercana, also once from larva of Chimabacche fagella, August, 
1913. I have captured it in May. 

Among Fitch’s insects are three males, bred from Phyeis 
betulella by H. Bartlett, June 29th, 1880, and June 80th, 1882; 
also a specimen labelled ‘‘ Darenth Wood.” 

The cocoon is dark brown, narrow, elongate, and constructed 
between the leaves, which are spun together by the host. When 
bred from P. quercana, the cocoon is found under the flat web 
which the larva of the lepidopteron constructs beneath a leaf. 

Marshall states * that Bignell bred it from Noctua triangulum 
and Xylina ornithopus; these seem rather unlikely hosts, and 
it is strange that Bignell makes no mention of them in his South 
Devon list, but merely states that he bred the species from 
‘‘larvee feeding on sallows.” 

This insect is sometimes confused in collections with Huba- 
dizon extensor, L., to which it bears a superficial resemblance. 

M. nitidus (Wesm.).—On May 5th, 1910, I captured a female, 
and on May 15th, 1914, a male which I have no hesitation in 
referring to this species, not before recorded as British. My 


* Trans. Entom. Soc., 1888, p. 196. 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID. 261 


specimens agree with Wesmael’s description, except that the 
head, thorax, and stigma are dark fuscous instead of black. 
Very similar in shape and size to M. thoracicus, but differing in 
that the thorax and stigma are black or blackish, the antenne 
46-jointed, and the second abscissa of the radius not longer than 
the first intercubital nervure. From M. infirmus it differs in 
size, in the length and number of joints of the antenne, and in 
many other ways; from M. marginator in size, in the wings 
being hyaline and not clouded, and also in the first abscissa of 
the radius being considerably shorter than the first intercubital 
nervure. 


M. infirmus (Nees).—Somewhat similar to M. collaris, but 
differing in having stouter legs, a much longer terebra, and in 
the second abscissa of the radius being as long as the first inter- 
cubital nervure. 

In Fitch’s boxes are four, one male and three females; these 
were probably once in Marshall’s collection, one card being 
marked ‘‘ St. A.” (St. Albans) in his writing.* 


M. equalis (sp. nov.). 

Fuscous, disc of mesothorax rufo-testaceous, third segment of the 
abdomen fusco-testaceous; palpi pale testaceous in both sexes, 
mandibles testaceous with fuscous tips; head fuscous except the 
clypeus which is testaceous; antenne fuscous, basally testaceous, 
elongate, 39-40-jointed in both sexes, longer than the body; meta- 
thorax shagreened: wings hyaline, stigma and nervures testaceous, 
the former with a darker spot of varying size. Second abscissa of the 
radius as long as the first intercubital nervure; legs testaceous, claws 
dark: abdominal segments one and two distinctly striolated, first 
segment scarcely narrowed from the apex to the tubercles; terebra 
almost as long as the abdomen. 

Described from four males and two females. 

A gregarious parasite, the cocoons being enclosed in a felt- 
like oblong ball which assumes the proportions of the pupal 
chamber of the host. Both males and females in the same 
brood. This species somewhat resembles M. collaris, but is 
most certainly not the M. collaris described by Marshall in 
Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 197, and Species des Hym. vol. 5, 
p. 238; it agrees more closely with Wesmael’s description,+ but 
as Marshall was acquainted with Wesmael’s insects, no doubt he 
was right in the synonymy of his M. collaris with Bracon collaris 
of Wesmael; unfortunately, the latter’s description lacks any 
mention of the length of the first abscissa of the radius or number 
of joints of the antenne. 

Among Fitch’s insects is a card bearing six and a ball of 
cocoons to which is attached a label marked ‘‘G. C. Bignell,” 


* Mr. Harwood also considers this to be Marshall's writing. 
+ Nouv. Mém., Ac. Brux. 1885, p. 179. 


262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


beneath the card is the number 155. (Figs. 6 & 7.) As 
Bignell’s collections and MSS. are now in the Municipal Museum, 
Plymouth, I wrote to the Curator, who very kindly supplied me 
with a copy of the following note which Bignell had placed 
against the number 155 in his diary: “ M. collaris, bred from 
Noctua triangulum, July 19th, 1881 (80), from G. F. Mathew.” 
No doubt these are the insects recorded by Bignell as M. collaris 
in his list of the Braconide of 8. Devon,* and by Fitch (Entom. 
XV1. p. 69). 

It seems probable that Bignell, suspecting his specimens to be 
distinct from M. collaris, sent them to Fitch for advice, and that 
for some reason or other they were never returned. 

In June, 1908, the larva of an Agrotid was brought to me, 
which immediately burrowed on being placed in a tin box with 
an inch or two of earth; this depth of soil was evidently in- 
sufficient, for a day or two afterwards I found that the cater- 
pillar had come to the surface again, where it was lying in an 
apparently comatose state, and a large number of parasite 
larvee were feeding upon it. These parasites were arranged in 
two irregular rows, one on either side of the unfortunate cater- 
pillar. The host had already shrunk in size, and three days 
later had entirely disappeared, with the exception of the skin and 
the chitinous parts of the head. By this time the parasite larve, 
to the number of seventy or eighty, had more than doubled in 
size and commenced spinning an ochreous web round them- 
selves, but being in an unnatural position were not successful in 
forming the usual ball. Probably owing to this many died, 
but a few succeeded in making their cocoons, and duly emerged. 
Unfortunately I have not these few specimens before me now, 
but I have little hesitation in referring them to this species. 

I may mention that during the past few years I have reared 
a very considerable number of the larve of Noctua triangulum, 
but have not obtained this parasite. 

The types are now in the collection of Mr. B. 8. Harwood, 


of Colchester. 
(To be continued.) 


NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM, A CHALCID 
PARASITE OF MANTIS EGGS. 


By C. B. Wiutrams, B.A., F.E.S. 


On May 17th, 1918, an ootheca of Mantis religiosa was 
kindly sent to me by Mr. Hugh Main from Lugano, Italy. 
Towards the end of May and the beginning of June a number 


* Trans. Dev. Ass. for Adv. Science, 1901, xxxiii. pp. 657-692. 


NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM. 263 


of both sexes of a Chalcid parasite emerged by boring holes 
direct to the exterior. 

These were identified by Dr. Perkins as a species of Pod- 
agrion (Chaleidoidea. Fam. Torymide). An examination of 
the collection of the British Museum showed the specimens to 
be identical with the type of Walker’s Priomerus pachymerum 
(Ent. Mag. i. 1883, p. 118, figured in ‘ Entomologist,’ i., 1840-42, 
plate F.). This is considered as the same as Westwood’s 
Palmon religiosus (Trans. Ent. Soc. iv., 1847, p. 249, plate x., 
recorded from Mantis religiosa), but now belongs to the genus 
Podagrion (Spinola), and should therefore be known as Podagrion 
pachymerum. 

The two genera Podagrion and Pachytomus (Walker) have, up 
to the present, been separated on the following characters :— 

a. Radius very short; tarsal joints 2-5 not short ; 


8 teeth on the hind femora . : , . PODAGRION. 
6. Radius longer; first tarsal joint long, the others 
shorter; 4 teeth on hind femora . ‘ . PACHYTOMUS. 


In the specimens which emerged as above, however, all the 
females had the characters given above for Podagrion, and the 
males those of Pachytomus. The latter genus has therefore 
been separated on purely sexual characters, and the single 
species, P. klugianus, is almost certainly a male of some species 
of Podagrion. The name Pachytomus must be considered as a 
synonym of Podagrion. 

Fig. 1. shows the hind tarsi of both sexes, and also the 
arrangement of the teeth in the hind femora of the male and 
two forms found in the female. The number and arrangement 
of the teeth vary slightly, and the two forms figured for the 
female were the right and left femora of a single specimen. 
The relative lengths of the tarsal joints has been much used as 
a systematic character in the Chalcide, the above result, how- 
ever, shows that some care is required in its application. Males 
of other species of the genus Podagrion do not necessarily differ 
from the female as in the above case. 

The parasites were allowed to remain in the box with the 
ootheca from which they had emerged. No pairing was seen, 
but on June 2nd a female was observed ovipositing. The 
material of the ootheca was pierced quite easily by the long and 
slender ovipositor. The abdomen was first raised, then the 
ovipositor and its sheath were curled underneath till they 
touched the surface of the egg-mass at a point beneath the 
middle of the abdomen and, finally, the abdomen was slowly 
depressed, the stylets of the ovipositor entering the ootheca, 
while the double sheath bent out behind. A rough sketch of the 
female, with the ovipositor almost completely buried, is shown 
in Fig. 2. A pulsating movement was observed in the semi- 
transparent base of the abdomen when, presumably, the egg 


264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


was laid; the ovipositor was then partly withdrawn by raising 
the abdomen, then inserted fully again and another egg was 
laid. Several eggs were laid before the ovipositor was with- 
drawn completely. During this process the sheath was usually 
released, springing straight out behind, before the stylets were 
free. 

It is hoped that the above will serve to correct a prevailing 
impression that Podagrion is unable to pierce with its ovipositor 
the hard mature ootheca of the Mantis. Xambeu (Bull. Soc. 
Ent. France, ser. 5, vol. vii. 1877, p. lxix.) records finding two 
specimens of this parasite under the hind wings of a Mantis, 


and assumed that they took up this position in order to lay 
their eggs in those of the Mantis during the construction of the 
ootheca. Giardina (Giorn. della Soc. di Sc. Nat. ed Econ. 
Palermo, xxi. 1899, p. 316) suggests that the female parasites 
cling to the edge of the wings of the Mantis by means of their 
toothea hind femora during the formation of the ootheca, and 
are thereby brought into a convenient position for attacking the 
Mantis eggs.* Leigh (Trans. Manchester Ent. Soc. 1912, 
p. 30) also assumes that Podagrion is unable to pierce the 


* T hope at a later date to publish some observations on the construc- 
tion of the ootheca, which do not support this author’s views as to the use 
of the wings during the process. 


NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM. 265 


mature ootheca. I am not in a position to confirm or contradict 
Xambeu’s observations on the finding of the parasites under the 
Mantis wings (though there is some doubt as to the identity of 
his species ; see Bull. Ent. Soc. France, ser. 5, vol. vill. 1878, 
p. elxiii.), but the explanations given are, at least, unnecessary 
and improbable.* : 

Giardina (l.c. p. 317) also states that this parasite usually 
infests only one side of the ootheca, and that frequently the 
eges on one side are all parasitized, while those on the other 
side were not attacked. In the specimens which I have examined 
there were individual parasites on both sides; sometimes only 
one or two in a compartment, but more usually all the eggs in 
one compartment were attacked. I can, however, confirm this 
author’s interesting observation that the pupe of the Podagrion 


Fig. 2.—Podagrion pachymerum laying eggs in Mantis ootheca, x18. 


in the Mantis eggs have their head directed to the tail end of 
the ege. Itis possibly for this reason that they do not make 
use of the exit passages already prepared for the use of the 
young Mantids, but instead bore their way through the walls of 
the ootheca to the exterior. 

On June 13th the Mantid larve began to hatch in numbers, 
all emerging in two or three days. Between July 13th and 20th 
about a dozen more Podagrion emerged, all of which were 
females. These would appear to be from eggs laid by the first 
brood six weeks before. The fact that they were all one sex 
may have been due to pairing not having taken place in cap- 
tivity, and the eggs having developed parthenogenetically into 
females, as is the case with many other insects. 

Specimens of Podagrion pachymerum were also bred by P. A. 
Buxton from ootheca of Mantis religiosa found in Algeria and 


* Since writing the above, I find that A. Girault has (Ent. News, 
Philadelphia, 1907, xviil., p. 107) described shortly the egg-laying of 
Podagrion mantis, a parasite of the American Stagomantis carolina. He 
also found that the parasite had no difficulty in piercing the ootheca with its 
ovipositor. 


266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Tunis. From a much larger Mantis ootheca, name and locality 
at present unknown, I have bred four species of chalcids, three 
of which, possibly hyper-parasites, are very small and have no 
long ovipositor. The way in which these are able to get to the 
egos in the middle of the ootheca is a problem well worth the 
attention of anyone who may have the opportunity of observing it. 


The John Innes Horticultural Institution, 
Merton, Surrey: August, 1914. 


SOME NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM 
FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Wiueman, F.E.S. 


Nocrvuipz. 
Rivula pallida, sp. n. 

Head and palpi white-brown, the latter ochreous below ; thorax 
white-brown mixed with darker brown. Fore wings white-brown 
powdered with darker brown chiefly on dorsal portion of basal two- 
thirds; antemedial line represented by three black dots—one on 
costa, one below cell, and one on the dorsum ; postmedial line dusky, 
double, black dotted; reniform stigma faintly purplish, brownish 
outlined, enclosing two black dots; termen and fringes brownish ; 
terminal dots black, the upper ones white-centred. Hind wings 
whitish, brownish-tinged towards margins. Under side of fore 
wings brownish with blackish spot at end of the cell representing 
the reniform stigma of upper side; hind wings white-brown, discoidal 
lunule dusky. 

Expanse, 22 millim. 

Collection number, 13867. 

One male from Arizan (7350 ft.), August 6th, 1908. 

Closely allied to R. sericealis, Schiff. 


NoroDONTID&. 
Pydna virgata, sp. nu. 

g. Antenne ciliated; head and thorax pale brown mixed with 
darker ; abdomen pale brown marked with darker on the back of 
each segment. Fore wings pale brown longitudinally streaked with 
rufous brown, rather broadly below the cell and narrowly above the 
cell; the dorsum is clouded with darker brown; postmedial line 
represented by black points on the veins, almost parallel with the 
termen which is unusually oblique; terminal dots black. Hind 
wings dark brown, fringes pale brown. Under side pale brown, all 
wings suffused with fuscous on the disc. 

Expanse, 50 millim. 


A male specimen from Kanshirei. 
The type of this species is in the British Museum Collection. 


NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM FORMOSA. 267 


Pydna sordida, sp. n. 


Antenne fasciculate; head pale brown, crown darker; thorax pale 
brown mixed with darker; abdomen brown. Fore wings pale brown 
inclining to whitish on costal area; a longitudinal brownish streak 
from base passing through cell almost to termen, its outer extremity 
expanded and united with a brownish streak from apex of the wing ; 
dorsum also brownish; postmedial line represented by a slightly 
curved series of black points on the nervules; a terminal series of 
black dots between the nervules. Hind wings pale brown, suffused 
with fuscous on the disc. Under side pale brown, rather silky. 

Expanse, 46-50 millim. 


Collection number, 1228 a. 

Two male specimens from Rantaizan, May 11th and 18th, 
1909. 

Allied to P. pallida, Butl. 


Pydna nebulosa, sp. n. 


Antenne fasciculate ; head and thorax whitish, the latter mixed 
with brownish in front ; abdomen brown, edges of segments and the 
under side whitish. Fore wings whitish brown, suffused with 
ochreous brown and clouded with darker brown on the disc; sub- 
basal and antemedial lines indicated by black dots; postmedial line 
represented by black dots on the veins, preceded by less distinct 
black dots between the veins ; a brown dash from middle of the base 
of the wing extending to a black spot placed just beyond antemedial 
dots; three inwardly oblique brown streaks on terminal area, the 
upper one extending from apex of the wing to postmedial dots; a 
series of black dots on termen. Hind wings dark fuscous, costal area 
and fringes whitish brown. Under sides whitish brown, clouded 
with dark fuscous. 

Expanse, 40-43 millim. 


Collection number, 1229. 

Two male specimens from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 10th and 
15th, 1908. 

Allied to P. frugalis, Leech. 


Pydna meonspicua, sp. n. 

Antenne bipectinate; head, thorax, and abdomen whitish brown, 
the latter rather darker above. Fore wings whitish with faint 
ochreous tinge, dorsal area clouded with brownish and a longitudinal 
dash of the same colour below the cell; subbasal and antemedial 
lines indicated by black dots; postmedial line fuscous, wavy, dotted 
with black on the veins; black dots on the termen. Hind wings 
whitish with traces of a dusky postmedial line on dorsal area. Under 
side of fore wings fuscous, costa and fringes pale buff; hind wings 
whitish. 

Expanse, 40 millim. 


Collection number, 1228. 
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 10th, 1908. 


268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


There is a male of this species, from Formosa, in the British 
Museum Collection. It is labelled ‘‘ Kaegi Dist., 7-10,000 ft., 
July.” 

Allied to P. straminea, Moore. 


CyMATOPHORIDZ. 
Thyatira pennata, sp. n. 

3g. Head grey-brown, thorax blackish variegated with white ; 
abdomen greyish white, tufts blackish. Fore wings grey-brown, 
clouded with white about middle of costal area and below apex; a 
black-edged whitish wing-shaped mark at base, a white sharply 
angled line from outer tip of the mark; a small upright black spot, 
inwardly edged with white, on dorsum below the mark; antemedial 
line black, sinuous; postmedial black, wavy, outwardly edged with 
white, almost parallel with termen, commencing in a blackish mark 
on the costa, indented at vein 2, whence a white streak runs to 
tornus; subterminal line white, wavy, commencing in whitish apical 
cloud, terminating at vem 2; orbicular and reniform stigmata 
whitish, outlined in blackish, reniform enclosing a grey-brown line; 
terminal lunules black outwardly edged with white; fringes grey- 
brown, pale at the base. Hind wings whitish, fuscous-tinged. Under 
side whitish tinged with fuscous; fore wings clouded with blackish 
and marked with white at the base and on the costa, postmedial line 
white only distinct on costal area. 

Expanse, 37 millim. 


Collection number, 928. 

A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 26th, 
1906. 

Comes near 7’. opalescens, Alph. 


DREPANIDA. 
Albara griseotincta, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Fore wings dark grey thickly 
powdered with pale violet grey, costa and fringes purplish brown 
mixed with ochreous; two dusky dots, set obliquely, at end of cell; 
postmedial line brown, oblique, united with the interrupted sub- 
terminal brown line below the apex. Hind wings agree with the 
fore wings in colour, medial line brown; fringes purplish brown 
mixed with ochreous. Under side grey, without markings. 

Expause, 32 millim. 

Collection number, 1257. 

A male specimen from Kanshirei, May 20th, 1908. 

Comes near A. opalescens, Warr., but the tips of the fore 


wings are less produced, and there are no ochreous marks on 
the disc. 


269 


AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN 
BUTTERFLIES. 


By W. G. SHExpon, F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 242.) 


THE season at Sarepta was about a fortnight later than the 
average, and this fact must be considered in connection with the 
dates given below. 

I have to thank Mr. A. L. Rayward, who has most kindly 
made preparations of the genitalia of all species, the identity of 
which I was in doubt. 

The number of species of Rhopalocera we saw in the Crimea 
was twenty-seven, at Novorossisk twenty-three, and at Sarepta 
seventy-six ; and the total number in all three districts combined 
was eighty-six species, as follows :— 


Papilio podalirius.—A rather small, weakly-marked race was not 
uncommon at Ialta and Novorossisk; and one or two examples, 
exceedingly worn, were seen at Sarepta during the first few days we 
were there. 

P. machaon.—A few specimens were seen at all three localities, 
but it was only common at the tops of the mountains at Novoros- 
sisk; I saw, but did not capture, an example of ab. awrantiaca there. 

Parnassius mnemosyne.—This species swarmed at Sarepta, in the 
“Tschapurnik Wald” on May 22nd, and later we found it almost 
equally abundant in the valleys towards Tsaritsyn. The form is a 
large one, with the black markings not so suffused, and bolder than 
is the case in specimens from the Alps. They are very like some 
I have from Herculesbad, except that the black spots are larger. 
Both these localities are at low levels, Sarepta being actually below 
sea-level, and Herculesbad only about 150 ft. above it. 

Aporia crataegi.—Generally distributed in woods, but not abun- 
dant: the specimens are large and the veins very pronounced. The 
females, when newly emerged, have the yellow shading on the under 
side much stronger than in Central Huropean examples. ‘This species 
was first noticed on May 22nd. 

Pieris brassicae.—Only seen at Sarepta; a few examples amongst 
gardens. 

P. rapae.—Common at Ialta and Novorossisk. 

P. manni.—Specimens of a Pierid which I feel sure is this species 
were taken at Sarepta. 

P. napi.—I saw a few examples only of this species at Ialta and 
Sarepta. The only one I brought home is a very ordinary female 
from the first-named locality. In all probability our visit occurred 
between the period of the first and second broods. 

Pontia daplidice.—Frequent at Novorissisk, and there was the 
tail end of a brood flying at Sarepta at the time of our arrival. 
These were var. bellidice of a very extreme form, with darker under 
sides to the hind wings than is the case in Southern French speci- 
mens, accounted for no doubt by the amount of cold the pupe had 


270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


been subjected to. A second brood was abundant during the last few 
days of May; I should call these intermediate between the type and 
var. bellidice. 

Anthocharis belia.—A very pretty form with light grey tips to the 
superiors was not infrequent at Ialta; the second brood became 
plentiful at Sarepta by June 7th; the upper sides of these are 
similar to South European var. ausonia, but the under sides are 
much darker, and closely resemble var. simplonia. I suppose they 
should be called var. wralensis, Bartel, but they do not seem quite to 
agree with his description of this variety. 

Kuchloé cardamines.—A remarkable race was abundant in the 
“ Tschapurnik Wald” at the end of May; they are much larger than 
any I have seen from elsewhere, expanding up to56mm. The average 
expanse of British and European specimens I make to be about 
42 mm., and Mr. Wheeler, in his ‘ Butterflies of Switzerland,’ gives 
the same expanse. It will thus be seen how large this steppe form 
is. The discoidal spot on the superiors is smaller than in the type, 
and the under sides of the inferiors have very much less green. I 
propose for this local race the name of var. volgensis, n. var. Typical 
specimens were not infrequent at Ialta, and in the woods between 
there and Sebastopol; it was also seen at Novorossisk. 

Zegris eupheme.—Not uncommon on the railway banks at Sarepta 
during the first day or two we were there; but, as happens in the 
case of the Spanish race, it disappeared all at once, and not a speci- 
men was seen afterwards. 

Leptosia sinapis—Frequent at Ialta, also at Novorissisk, and 
one or two were seen in the “ Tschapurnik Wald,” at Sarepta. The 
examples I brought home are very typical first-brood forms. 

Colias hyale.— Fairly numerous at Sebastopol; abundant at 
Novorissisk, and common at Sarepta at the date of our arrival, and 
a second brood was flying there in the middle of June. 

C. erate.—This beautiful eastern species was abundant at Sarepta at 
the date of our arrival, and from its condition then it had evidently 
been flying some time. There was a series of emergences during the 
whole time of our sojourn, and it was particularly abundant during our 
last few days. The male is a particularly vigorous creature, flying at a 
tremendous pace, and very difficult to capture, unless one can intercept 
it in its course. The female is much less active, and frequently settles 
to suck at flowers. The white form of the female, var. pallida, was 
almost as abundant as the type. At Sarepta C. erate frequented 
chiefly the railway banks and cuttings, no doubt being influenced 
largely in its choice of locality by the luxuriant growth of leguminous 
plants on which the larva feeds, which are to be found there; the 
male was, however, to be seen at intervals, wildly scurrying along, 
all over the surrounding country. I was successful in breeding an 
imago from an ova obtained from a captive female. 

C. edusa.—Common in the Crimea and at Novorossisk. At 
Sarepta I saw one or two worn examples on May 21st, and there was 
a second brood which I saw first on June 9th; these were not by 
any means abundant. 

Colias hybrids.—It has long been noted that, when two or more 
of certain species of this group are found on common ground, inter- 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. O71 


mediate forms occur, and it is beyond reasonable doubt that these are 
hybrids. It is known that a number of Asiatic species produce these 
intermediate forms or natural hybrids; and there are certain species 
occurring in Hurope which there is good reason to suppose hybridize 
also; for instance, in the only locality in which the two Arctic 
species C. hecla and C. werdandi are known to frequent the same 
ground, an intermediate form, ab. christiienssoni, Lampa, has been 
taken, apparently in numbers, jndging from the series of it that we 
have in the National Collection. At Sarepta intermediate forms 
between C. erate and C. hyale and between C. erate and C. edusa are 
well known, and there are examples of both these forms in the 
National Collection. The first-named cross is known as C. hyale var. 
sareptensis, Stgr., and the second C. erate var. chrysodona, Boisd. 
Seitz has muddled the nomenclature of the former hybrid in his 
work; he first, in the description of the different forms of C. hyale, 
calls it var. sareptensis, and then, amongst the forms of C. erate, 
gives it the new name of var. diana. Obviously, hybrid forms 
between two species cannot have more than one name and, therefore, 
Staudinger’s hyale var. sareptensis must stand. Seitz figures both 
hybrids. It seems probable that the vigorous male of C. erate is 
responsible for these abnormal pairings, which in the case of erate x 
hyale produced offspring at Sarepta more numerous than the typical 
C. hyale. The hybrid erate x edusa was not abundant; I only saw 
some half dozen of it in all: these were very constant and without 
variation ; but of the erate x hyale hybrid there is every form, from 
almost typical C. erate to almost typical C. hyale. One wonders if 
these hybrids are not fertile enter se, or with one or both of the 
parent species. One possible reason why the Colias species hybridize 
freely is that the genitalia of many of them are so similar there 
seems no physical obstacle to their doing so. The similarity in 
these organs prevents them being used as factors to identify the 
various hybrids. 

Gonepteryx rhamni.—Hibernated specimens were seen at Ialta 
and Sarepta, and in the latter locality freshly emerged examples 
were frequent from June 16th; they are rather smaller than those I 
have from Britain and Central Europe; the males are a little more 
richly yellow, and the females rather whiter. 

Thecla w-album.— Common in clearings in the ‘“ Tschapurnik 
Wald” from June 16th; they were very partial to the flowers of 
Gypsophila paniculata and other plants. 

7’. tlicis.—In the same locality as the last, apparently not abun- 
dant; the only example I brought away is a typical female. First 
seen on June 16th. 

T. spint.—Abundant and generally distributed from June 12th 
onwards; they were the type form without any approach to ab. 
lynceus. 

T’. prunt.—l saw three or four fresh specimens in the “Tscha- 
purnik Wald” on May 22nd, flying over blackthorn bushes, but did 
not come across it afterwards; the only one captured, a male, does 
not differ from those I have from Central Europe. 

T. acaciae.—First seen on June 4th; not uncommon, and 
generally distributed amongst blackthorn. The only difference I can 


272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


see in the Russian specimens from those I have from Hungary is, 
that on the under sides of the former the ground colour is grey, and 
of the latter grey-brown. 

Callophrys rubt.—The most remarkable race of this species that 
I have seen was common at Novorossisk. It is a small form with 
an average wing expanse of 30 mm.; the under side is typical, but 
the upper sides of the wings in both sexes are black, without the 
slightest tinge of brown, and the whole surface has a grey-blue 
sheen, similar to that which is found in male examples of Zephyrus 
quercas, but of course the sheen is not the same colour as in that 
species. I propose for this remarkable race, which so far as I am 
aware is confined to the Caucasus, the name of var. schamyl n. var. 
I saw, but did not capture, a few examples of C. rwbz at Ialta; these, 
as far as I could see, were very typical. A few examples were seen 
at Sarepta on the outskirts of the ‘“‘Tschapurnik Wald’’; they are 
rather darker brown in colour than the type, and have an expanse 
of about 34 mm. 

Chrysophanus phlaeas.—A few very typical cold-form examples 
were seen at Ialta and Novorossisk. 

C. dorilis—A very typical male was taken by me at Sarepta on 
May 22nd. 

C. thersamon.—Abundant at Sarepta, but somewhat local, chiefly 
frequenting the railway banks and the adjacent slopes; a bright 
form, especially on the under side, on which the grey ground colour 
of the hind wings is much lighter, and the copper ground of the fore 
wings much brighter than in Hungarian examples. I suppose they 
would all come under Klug’s var. omphale, but it is difficult to know 
where the type ends and this variety commences. The chief distinction 
that Klug makes is that his var. omphale has tails on the inferiors ; 
and he figures the males and females with tails approximately 2 mm. 
and 4 mm. long, respectively; but all C. thersamon that I have seen 
have tails in both sexes, if only rudimentary ones. My Sarepta 
specimens have tails, in the males about three quarters of a 
millimetre in length, and in the females 2 mm. in length, whereas 
Hungarian first brood examples, which I understand to be the type, 
have only very rudimentary tails, of not more than a quarter of a 
millimetre in length. Individuals were continually emerging at Sarepta 
during the whole period of our stay. 

C. dispar var. rutilus.—I was much delighted to see this grand 
species once more. Years ago I formed the opinion that it was the 
most beautiful European butterfly when seen on the wing; and now 
that I have observed all the European species, with the exception of 
about sixty, I can fully confirm this opinion. One can imagine what 
our British type, the finest form of all, must have looked like. I first 
saw var. rutilus at Sarepta in a small swamp in the railway cutting, 
a mile or so to the south-east of the town, on May 26th. Afterwards 
we found that it was generally distributed in the small swamps that 
are to be found in certain valleys which lie towards Tsaritsyn ;. it 
was not very common there, but I expect it was abundant in the 
large marshes between the arms of the Volga, had one cared to work 
them, which I did not. The form is a very similar one to that 
found near Budapest, and quite as large. 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 278 


Everes alcetas.—A large form of this species, expanding about 
33 mm., was not uncommon on the outskirts of the “ Tschapurnik 
Wald,” and also on the railway banks, from May 20th. 

Scolitantides baton—Common at Ialta, less so at Novorossisk, 
and widely distributed at Sarepta; in all cases the examples are the 
type form, without any approach to var. panoptes. 

S. pylaon.—This Eastern species was fairly common on the banks 
and in the cuttings of the railway, but at first I experienced con- 
siderable difficulty in distinguishing it, especially on the wing, from 
the much more abundant Plebeius argyrognomon, with which it flew. 
It had probably been out a week or ten days before we arrived at 
Sarepta; after the first two days it got rare, and the examples 
seen were all more or less defective, although odd ones were picked 
up whenever we collected in its localities until May 27th. In 
the series I obtained there is not any noticeable variation in the 
females, but there is a good deal in the males. S. pylaon was first 
described by Fischer de Waldheim (the female only). Herrich-Schaffer, 
who next dealt with it in ‘Schmetterlinge von EHuropa,’ figures both 
sexes; of the male, fig. 333 illustrates a form without black spots on 
the hind margins of the inferiors, upper side, but with two red 
lunules at the anal angle of each; this form, therefore, which was not 
uncommon at Sarepta, it would appear, in accordance with the law 
of priority, is the type. The other forms obtained include one 
figured by Herrich-Schiiffer (fig. 339), which shows a row of black 
spots on the upper side of the inferiors on the outer margin; this 
form I propose to call ab. nigro-puncta, n. ab. The other form I 
obtained is entirely without black spots or red lunules on the upper 
side of the inferiors, for this I propose the name of ab. zmmacu- 
lata, n. ab. 

Plebeius argyrognomon.—Abundant at Sarepta and in good 
condition at the date of our arrival. An interesting form; the males 
of a deeper blue than the Western specimens which I possess; both 
sexes have the orange bands on the under side very prominent, in 
this respect resembling the Hungarian form; the species continued 
in good condition for several days. 

P. argus (@gon).—The most abundant Lycznid seen at Sarepta— 
swarming everywhere. The first examples which were flying at the 
date of our arrival were small and dull-coloured, but those that 
emerged in June were much larger, with whiter under sides. 

Polyommatus astrarche—Only seen at Novorossisk where I 
captured a few very typical specimens of the southern low level race. 

P, wicarus.—Common everywhere we collected, especially at 
Sarepta. A large form; the females entirely without blue on the 
upper side. I kept a very careful look-out for P. thersiies, without 
success, and I am convinced that this recently recognised species does 
not occur in any locality in which we collected, although its food- 
plant, sainfoin, grows freely at Sarepta. 

P. eroides.—One example, a very fresh male of this beautiful 
species, or form of P. eros, was taken by me on June 12th at the top 
of a cross valley in the hills which are opposite to Sarepta. It was 
a very windy day, and I feel sure that the butterfly had been blown 


ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1914. Z 


274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from its true locality, but a long and wide search for further 
specimens was fruitless. 

P. bellarguws.—Only seen at Ialta; the males which were just 
coming out were large examples of ab. punecta. 

P. amandus var. lydia.—This form of P. amandus was not 
uncommon on bushy slopes, both at the ‘‘ Tschapurnik Wald” and 
in the valleys in the direction of Tsaritsyn. The first specimens were 
seen on May 23rd, and the species continued in good condition for 
about a month, after which it became worn. 

Cupido sebrus.—A short series was taken at an altitude of about 
1000 ft. at Ialta, where the species frequented flowery clearings in 
the pine-covered slopes of the mountains. The males are of a 
deeper and purer blue than the type; the females are remarkable in 
that nearly the whole of the superiors and the bases of the inferiors 
are suffused with grey-blue scales. I propose for this form the name 
of ab. caerulea-grisea n. ab. 

Glaucopsyche celestina.—This HKastern species had evidently been 
common a short time previous to our arrival at Sarepta; but the 
examples we took were almost all worn to shreds, and it took my 
best efforts to obtain half-a-dozen fair specimens, which were picked 
up singly wherever there was a considerable growth of leguminous 
plants. 


(To be continued.) 


A FORTNIGHT IN SHETLAND. 
By Percy C. Ret. 


At 9 am. on July 14th, my friends Messrs. J. Peed and 
G. D. Hancock and myself left Aberdeen on the s.s. ‘St. Sunniva,’ 
bound for Baltasound in the Island of Unst. After a calm 
passage we found ourselves when we awoke next morning at 
Lerwick, where we changed on to the s.s. ‘Zetland,’ and reached 
Baltasound that night at 10 p.m., some three hours behind time, 
owing to fog. We had engaged rooms at the Queen’s Hotel, 
which lies about a mile from the landing stage, so that it was 
not far from midnight before we had had some supper and were 
settled in. The next day was spent in surveying the country 
and deciding on our plans. 

The Island of Unst lies practically due north and south, and 
is some twelve miles long by about five miles wide, with Balta- 
sound at the head of a deep inlet just about halfway up the east 
coast. The island is composed of round-topped hills, covered 
with grass and short heather, with the highest hills, Saxaford 
and Hermaness, at the northern end, and is traversed longi- 
tudinally by a deep depression, which from the latitude of Balta- 
sound is occupied northwards, first by Loch of Cliffe, a fresh- 
water loch, and then, separated from it only by a sand bar, by a 
sea loch called Burrafirth. 


A FORTNIGHT IN SHETLAND. 275 


Our main object was of course the capture of Crymodes exulis, 
and for this we were told the high ground between Loch of 
Cliffe and the western coast was the best locality. 

There is not a tree nor even a bush on the island except a 
few planted in gardens, so we were fortunate in finding several 
wire fences with wooden posts, which ran east and west right 
across the exulis ground. ‘Two of these fences were about on a 
level with Baltasound, near the head of Loch of Cliffe, while two 
more were at the far end of that loch. The former were within 
a mile or so of the hotel—to get to the latter necessitated a 
bicycle ride of at least five miles, as a long detour vid Hayrolds- 
wick had to be made. LEventually we fixed on the most 
northerly fence of all, which started from where the lighthouse 
keepers lived, at a place called Fiskna Wick on the west side of 
Burrafirth, and to this fence we practically confined our 
sugaring work. 

Night after night we visited it, with more or less success, but 
with never a blank, and in the end found we all three had a full 
complement of C. exulis, with some to spare for our friends. 
Athough on the whole in excellent condition, we took several, 
even on the first night, which were somewhat torn and chipped, 
and no doubt we might have done even better had we been a 
week earlier. 

From the same fence we took plenty of Mamestra furva, 
Agrotis porphyrea (dark), and swarms of Noctua festiva var. 
conflua ([thulet, Staud.] in endless variety. One or two H. adusta, 
one Hurois occulta, one Phlogophora meticulosa, one Dianthacia 
conspersa, and several Triphena proniba completed the bag at 
sugar. But M. montanata and L. cesiata (both in the Shetland 
form) were common all over the hills. At the date of our arrival 
there was practically no real night, and indeed it was not dusk 
enough till about 10.45 p.m. to be worth going round the sugar. 
But this state of things soon altered, and during our fortnight’s 
stay the days had drawn in by certainly halfan hour. Just as 
a week earlier would perhaps have been better for C. exulis, so 
it would certainly have suited better for Hepialus humult, Dian- 
theecia conspersa, Emmelesia albulata and Coremia munitata. Of 
H. humuli I saw but three, all females, which were on the wing 
at 10 p.m. on July 19th, close to Haroldswick. Of D. conspersa 
I took only one worn specimen on the same evening, but by 
searching Silene maritima persistently we were able to make a 
fair bag of larvee, which were still very small. 

Silene maritima occurs sparsely round Baltasound inlet and 
at afew other spots, but at Haroldswick, chiefly on the south side 
and at the head of the bay, it grows in immense profusion. Here 
we found the larvee of Hupithecta venosata in swarms—indeed, so 
plentiful were they that often every seed-head of the Silene was 
cleared out, and it looked as if the larve of D. conspersa would 


276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


be hard put to it to find food when they became larger. The 
E. venosata larve had nearly all pupated by August 1st, and the 
D. conspersa larve pupated after my arrival home, about 
August 25th. 

I only saw one specimen of H. velleda, although it is said 
sometimes to be verycommon. As there is practically no brake 
fern, so far as I could see, it is evident that in Unst the larve 
must use some other food—probably dock, which is very common 
round the walled-in fields. 

Coremia munitata we found in fair numbers only. As always 
with this insect the females were hard to find, and all I secured 
were taken at rest on rushes which grew in the sand between 
Loch of Cliffe and Burrafirth. Males, however, I took not un- 
commonly at Haroldswick and in the marshy meadows that line 
the burn which flows into the top end of Loch of Cliffe. 
E. albulata occurred almost everywhere with its food-plant. 
Both it and C. munitata were, of course, of the Shetland form, and 
very different from those found further south. 

We had intended to stay in Shetland for a month, but 
unfortunately the outbreak of the war robbed us of half our stay. 
When we left, Chareas graminis was just beginning to come out, 
but it was still too early for Noctua glareosa or Celena haworthii, 
both of which insects we wanted. 

The worst of Shetland is the long journey there. Once 
arrived, the Queen’s Hotel affords very good accommodation, the 
insects are most interesting—with hard work a good bag is 
practically a certainty—while to anyone fond of ornithology, the 
wealth of bird life is something entrancing. Even now I can 
hear in fancy the wild cry of the Richardson’s Skuas, and of the 
Great Skuas who were our nightly companions on our sugaring 
rounds. 


Feeringbury, Kelvedon: September 13th, 1914. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


ABUNDANCE OF OYANIRIS ARGIOLUS IN SouTH-Hast Sussex.— 
I was staying in Winchelsea during the latter part of August and 
the first part of September, and during my walks in the neighbour- 
hood I noticed that larve of Cyaniis argiolus were especially 
abundant. There is much ivy in the hedges along most of the roads 
there, and the blossoms are particularly luxuriant this year; and 
scarcely a patch of any size could be found which did not contain 
many larve. Pyrameis atalanta was also present in considerable 
numbers, and in places P. cardut was to be found; but I did not see 
a single specimen of Vanessa io, and very few V. wrtice. It is also 
worth recording that, during the whole five weeks of my stay, there 
was only one wet day.—F. A. OtpakEeR; The Red House, Haslemere, 
September 15th, 1914. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 277 


VARIETY OF CHRYSOPHANUS PHLHIAS NEAR ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH.— 
A friend has just brought to me a recently caught specimen of C. 
phleas schmidtit. It is the first I have seen taken in this district, 
where C. phleas is somewhat common. Both hind wings are slightly 
damaged, otherwise it is in good condition—pearly white, as distinct 
from the cream-tinted variety. —F rank Brown; Bath Street, Ashby- 
de-la-Zouch, September 17th, 1914. 


Gynanprous P. tcArus.—Whilst on the look-out for female vars. 
of P. icarus here on the 4th inst., I took a fine example of the 
gynandrous form, in which the left pair of wings are male and the 
other pair female. The latter have only a few blue scales, although 
at this spot most females are of the lovely ab. cwrulea form. Hxcept- 
ing the upper male wing, the under sides have the usual female 
coloration.— Martin J. HarpiInG; Oakdene, Church Stretton, Septem- 
ber 21st, 1914. 


LeucaNIA FAvIcoLoR IN Hants.—I should like to record the 
capture at sugar on our local marram-grass, of three specimens 
of L. favicolor—two on June 29th (one fair and one good), and one 
on July 4th (poor).—A. L. Burras; 3, Connaught Road, North End, 
Portsmouth. 


CERURA BIFIDA IN Aucust.—A larva of C. bifida pupated July 
17th, 1914, and the moth emerged to-day, August 13th.—H. C. 
JEDDERE-FisHER; Apsleytown, East Grinstead. 


Note on Hecatera pysopEA.—I shall be glad if any of your 
readers will say if they ever come across H. dysodea now. A few 
years ago the larve were to be found regularly every year about 
here, in greater or lesser numbers. But since, I think, the year 1905 
I have never been able to find a larva, and I believe the same thing 
has been noticed at Wicken, where also they used to be common. 
Has this insect unaccountably become extinct ?—PrErcy C. Rern ; 
Feeringbury, Kelvedon, September 10th, 1914. 


KuvaNessA ANTIOPA IN NorFrouK.—lI think it will interest you to 
know that on Tuesday morning last my little girl of six years 
captured a specimen of H. antiopa in Gaywood. She has a net, but 
on that occasion she did not have it, so she got a big-necked bottle 
from a friend’s house and put it over the butterfly which was sitting 
upon some wood. I am afraid it got a bit mauled, because she 
transferred it to other receptacles once or twice; but Mr. Atmore, to 
whom I showed it, says it is a fine big specimen —C. G. Barrett ; 
Pleasant House, Gaywood, near King’s Lynn, September 17th, 1914. 


LARv# OF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS NEAR Norwicu.—During the 
last two weeks of August larvae of Acherontia atropos have been 
found, not infrequently, in this district; and I have heard of at least 
three other specimens from the neighbourhood of Wymondham, 
which brings the number I have come across up to ten examples. 
They were apparently all found on rather large fields of potatoes, and 
I have heard of none from small patches of the food-plant. The 
Norfolk yokel is usually terrified of anything out of the ordinary, 
and immediately destroys it, and one larva was cut in half by the 


278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spade of the man who found it. Those I saw were all full fed or 
nearly so. One was found walking across a large tennis lawn. I 
have seen no Colias edusa here this year, but during the hot days a 
fortnight ago Pyramets cardut was rather in evidence in the clover 
fields and also in gardens, where it was attracted by standard helio- 
tropes; all those I saw appeared to be rather worn. P. atalanta has 
been unusually abundant, and is still (September 23rd) in beautiful 
condition ; it is always a common species in gardens here during the 
first weeks of September, and is also often plentiful nearer the coast. 
Last week we had three or four extremely cold days, and I found 
many torpid Atalanta sitting on the dahlia flowers, always choosing 
the red, or red and orange blossoms. Perfectly fresh Polyommatus 
icarus were seen when out partridge driving on the 19th— 
GERARD H.GurRNEY; Keswick Hall, Norwich. 


DRAGONFLIES BRED IN 1914.—This year I have bred Brachutron 
pratense (one female) from a nymph found early in June, 1913, in 
the Ouse, near St. Ives, Huntingdon. The dragonfly emerged on (or 
about) May 12th. schna grandis, from nymphs taken in the 
canal at Byfleet last year, and from one taken in the canal, near 
Purton, Wiltshire, early this summer; Lzbellula quadrimaculata, 
from nymph taken at Byfleet this summer; Sympetrum striolatum, 
from nymphs taken in canal near Purton; Calopteryx virgo (Ober- 
water stream, New Forest); estes sponsa, male (Byfleet Canal) ; 
Enallagma cyathigerwm; Agrion puella; Pyrrhosoma nymphula. I 
found imagines of P. nymphula in one of my aquaria (they are 
fitted with a kind of gauze case) on my return to town after a week- 
end away in the last week of April. They were not from nymphs 
collected this year, for at that time I had not yet been out for 
nymphs this season, and I was not aware that I had put any 
P. nymphula in that aquarium last year. But I had put in a good 
many Zygopterid nymphs (mainly Hrythromma naias and Ischnura 
elegans). in early summer, 1913. Some of them must have been 
only partly grown P. nymphula; I have found the same thing 
happen before with this species, but with no other Zygopterid; the 
nymphs of every other Zygopterid dragonfly I have ever taken have 
always emerged in the year in which they were taken (in May or 
June). Only P. nymphula have remained in the nymph stage over 
the following winter. None of the nymphs could have been hatched 
in the year that I took them (mostly in May); for that year’s 
nymphs would either not have been hatched at all by then or would 
be very small. They must presumably all have been already nearly 
a year in the nymph stage; when taken, so that the P. nymphula 
that came out in the summer afier must have been about two years 
in that stage. There seems to be great uncertainty as to the average 
duration of that phase of a dragonfly’s life. With Cordulegaster 
annulatus it is a long stage; I doubt if ib is ever less than two years. 
I have a nymph of that species now, taken in May last. The egg 
can hardly have been laid later than August, 1913; and the imago will 
not emerge until June, 1915. This would be a little under two years. 
But from the size of the nymph when taken, it may well have been 
hatched early in July, 1913, and even not in 1913 at all, but in 1912. 
I should like to ask if others have found Calopteryx virgo as difficult 


SOCIETIES. 279 


to breed as I have. The nymphs mostly thrive until the time comes 
for emergence, then, after several days’ waiting for the great event, 
they disappear. They die, of course, but I can seldom, in fact 
hardly ever, find the dead bodies. Do they descend into the mud 
bottom and die there? I have got a few of these most beautiful of 
all British insects to come out; but only a very small percentage of 
the nymphs I have taken. So much so that I begin to doubt whether 
it is justifiable to take the nymphs. It seems idle to take them if 
they are only going to die in the nymph stage. One point occurs. 
I have taken these nymphs only in running water. Is it possible 
that they can live but with difficulty in still water ?—Harotp 
Hopar; 9, Highbury Place, London, N., August 16th, 1914. 


SOCIETIES. 


Tue SoutH Lonpon EntomonoaicaL AND Narturan History 
Soctery.—July 23rd.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Newman 
exhibited larvee of Celerio gallii reared from ova, and a larva of 
Jocheera alni.irMr. West, a weevil found in papers from South 
Africa.—Mr. Curwen, a dwarf Polyommatus icarus measuring 20 mm. 
in expanse, from Piggott’s Hole-—Mr. Morford, a bred series of 
Syntomis phegea from ova laid by a female taken at Iselle—Mr. 
Main, small Psychid larve, in their little cases, which had emerged 
from a large case (cocoon) from Lugano, with some larve of the fire- 
fly Luciola italica.—Mr. Blair, bred specimens of the beetles Crzoceris 
lilic (merdigera, ¥.) and of C. merdigera (brunnea, F.), the larve of 
the former on lilies, of the latter on black bryony.—Mr. Priske, living 
larvee and pupe of the beetle Melasoma populz.—Mr. Morford, the 
large Saturniids Philosamia cynthia and Antherea perneyt.—My. 
Step, on behalf of Mr. West (Greenwich), a large mass of aberrant 
growth of twigs of willow, apparently caused by a species of gall. 

August 13th.—The President in the chair—Mr. Edwards, the 
large Saturniids Antherea paphia, Automeris illustris, Crtheronia 
magnifica, Sania angulifera, S. promethea, the Sphingids Oxyambulyx 
substrigilis and Psilogramma menephron,and Hribomorpha fulgurita.— 
Mr. Newman, the pink form of Newria reticulata from the coast of 
County Cork, and two forms of the pupa of Selenia lunaria, the 
chocolate-coloured hibernating one and the bright green second brood 
one.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a large Psychid larva, which fed on sea grape 
and sweet lemon.—Mr. Curwen, fine series of Apatura iris, A. tla 
with ab. clytie, ab. iliades, ab. pallescens, &c., from Samoussy, near 
Laon.—Mr. C. B. Williams, living larve of Saturnia pyrt from Syria, 
and reported finding a mite, Hriophyes, in the willow galls exhibited 
at the last meeting.—Mr. Main, a living pupa of S. pyre from Lugano, 
and eggs of Ascalaphus from South France.—Mr. Dennis, Centaurea 
solstitialis, a rare alien plant from Cobham, Kent.—Dr. Chapman, 
the cases of a Psychid, Oreopsyche pyrenella, from Gavarnie, Pyrenees, 
and gave notes on the life-history of the species. The male moults 
twice at pupation, the female only once. 

August 27th—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, Vice-President, in the chair.— 
Mr. F. W. Hall, aberrations of Polyommatus icarus from Hertford 


280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and Folkestone, including radiated under side, dwarf, brilliant blue 
female, bleached male, &c., specimens.—Dr. Chapman, imagines and 
parasites of Oreopsyche pyrenella, with examples of the larval skins 
moulted at pupation.—Mr. Main, insects found in baskets of cane 
sugar from Java, including Coleoptera, Blattide, a cricket, &¢.— 
Mr. Neave, blue female aberrations of Polyommatus icarus from 
Otford first brood, and Chipstead second brood.-Mr. Edwards, 
examples of the genera of Rhopalocera, Delias, Metaporia, and 
Dismorphia.—A discussion took place as to the habit of some 
species of Lepidoptera to return again and again to the same spot, 
Mania maura, Gonepteryx rhanmi, Amphipyra pyranudea, &e., being 
instanced.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Keport. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Vol. v. and vol. vi., pt. i. 
Rio de Janeiro-Manguinhos. 1913, 1914. 


The following are titles of some of the papers in volume v. :— 

Sobre o ciclo evolutivo de Schizocystis spinigert, n.sp. Gregarina 
do intestino de uma especie de Spiniger, por Astrogildo Machado. 
(Pp. 1-15; plates 1-3.) 

Notas sobre um caso de Milase humana ocasionada por larvas de 
Sarcophaga pyophila, n. sp., pelo Drs. Arthur Neiva e Gomes de 
Faria. (Pp. 16-23.) 

Informacoes sobre a biolojia da Vinchuca, Triatoma infestans, 
Klug, pelo Dr. Arthur Neira. (Pp. 24-31.) 

Citolojia ciclo evolutivo da Chagasella alydi. Novo coccidio 
pasazito dum hemiptero do genero “ Alydus,” pelo Dr. Astrogildo 
Machado. (Pp. 32-44; plates 4, 5.) 

Contribuigio para o estudo das Ceratopogoninas hematofagas do 
Brasil, pelo Dr. Adolpho Lutz, Parte Sistematica. Segunda Memoria. 
(Pp. 45-73 ; plates 6-8.) 

Notas hemipterolojicas, pelo Dr. A. Neiva. (Pp. 74-77.) 

Contribuicio para a biolojia das megarinias com descrigoes de 
duas especies novas, pelo Drs. Adolpho Lutz e Arthur Neiva. 
(Pp. 129-141.) 

Tabanidas do Brazil e de alguns Estados visinhos, pelo Dr. 
Adolpho Lutz. (Pp. 142-191; plates 12, 13.) 

Titles of papers in vol. vi., part i. (1914) :— 

Contribuicaio para o estudo da biolojia dos Culicideos. Observacoes 
sobre a respiragio nas larvas, pelo Dr. A. da Costa Lima. (Pp. 18-34; 
plate 4.) 

Contribuicio para o estudo dos redtividas hematofagos, pelo Dr. 
Arthur Neiva. 1. Notas sobre os redtividas hematofagos da Bahia 
com a descricio da nova especie. (Pp. 35-39.) 

Notas dipterolojicas, pelo Dr. Adolpho Lutz. Contribuigio para 
o conhecimento dos primeiros estados de tabanideos brazileiros. 
(Pp. 43-49.) 

1. Contribuigio para o estudo das Megarhinine. 11. Do Mega- 
rhinus hemorrhoidalis, Fabricius, 1794 (Pp. 60-57 ; plates 5, 6.) 


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Gagnon: to our Kacaligte’ of the ‘British, Beupoeigan Nos 2 
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OETA RTE 


_ Vol. XLVII.] NOVEMBER, 1914. _—[No. 618. 


ES SAS aS Ree ST a ee een es ee ee 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


Pee S es AN 


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Oo gt eR as ORR oc Rea Rs lr 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.] NOVEMBER, 1914. [No. 618 


THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 
(i.) La Grave. 


Wuen I left London on a blazing July day, the promise of 
a successful entomological tour in the mountains south of 
Grenoble seemed assured. Letters from French correspondents 
beginning in the spring had prepared me for a great butterfly 
year: an absence of late frosts, prevalence of sunny skies, and 
only just the requisite rainfall to encourage the crops from 
north to south. The factors of success were established—at 
least, I thought so; and when I stepped into the P. L. M. motor 
outside Grenobie station on the morning of the 11th, there was 
not a cloud even the size of a man’s hand in the sky of the 
Midi or on the visible political horizon. In April, when I had had 
the privilege of addressing the Entomological Society of France 
at their annual banquet, and at a moment when Paris was 
celebrating the visit of our King and Queen, I ventured to suggest, 
‘‘heureusement pour nous autres, les chevaliers de la Nature, 
la politique n’existe pas.” I little thought how soon and in 
how sudden fashion the welter of European politics was to engulf 
the comity of nations, and how the waves of a great war were 
to sweep over the quiet haunts where in former years I had 
wandered in search of butterflies. ‘To-day, after three months 
of storm and stress, the calm Alpine valleys, thick with corn; 
the mountain pastures, a wonder of flowers; the restful villages— 
all are as a dream to the reality of which the little harvest of 
my cabinets alone may testify. 

This part of the Dauphiny Alps has been worked for many 
years by English lepidopterists; less systematically by the 
French, though, needless to say, the indefatigable M. Charles 
Oberthtr has taken toll of the district; while it was one of Dr. 
Reverdin’s observations (in litt.) on the occurrence of Hrebia 
scipio at Monétier-les-Bains, on the southern side of the Col 
de Lauteret, which tempted me to include a week there in my 
programme. In the ‘ Entomologist’s Record’ (vol. viii. 1896 ; 
ix. 1897) the late Mr. Tutt gives an exhaustive account of a visit 
to Le Lauteret and La Grave during the first weeks of August. 


ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1914. 2A 


282, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


To later volumes the Rev. F. E. Lowe (loc. cit. xxii. 1910), Mr. 
A. S. Tetley, and Mr. Douglas Pearson contribute their experi- 
ences of that charming country. For this paper, therefore, my 
only excuse is that hitherto nothing has been written on the 
subject in the ‘ Entomologist,’ and that I visited one locality at 
least to which most of these authorities paid but slight attention. 
To Dr. Chapman’s suggestive note on the local ‘‘ grass’ Hrebias 
(Proc. Ent. Soc. 1918, evii.—cx.) I shall refer later on. 

There are two hotels at La Grave equally comfortable and 
well kept—the Hotel des Alpes and the Hotel de la Meije. I 
stayed at the former for ten days. And here I should like to 
point out how helpful it is when lepidopterists, who have visited 
foreign localities and write about them, give others following 
their footsteps the benefit of their hotel experience. Personally, 
I find the Touring Club of France guide invaluable for the 
purpose of selection. May the next issue reintroduce us to the 
hospitality of Alsace and Lorraine ! 

Arriving in time for a late déjeuner after a drive of surpassing 
loveliness, I spent the afternoon prospecting in the deep meadows 
that lead up to the Meije glacier. Facing the Meije, La Grave 
stands boldly up from the torrent of the Romanche. Across the 
mule-path leading on this side to the river a muddy trickle 
attracts the ‘‘ Whites’? and “Blues” in cheerful abundance; 
Aporia crategi, fresh males, but small; Parnassius apollo; on 
the yellow crucifers Anthocharis simplonia, at this level (5000 ft.) 
already rather worn; and among smaller fry, Plebeius argus 
(egon), Polyommatus hylas, and Nomiades semiargus. I did not 
observe Papilio podalirius, but it was not uncommon lower down 
towards Bourg d’Oisans. P. machaon occurred singly in the 
village itself. But undoubtedly the best collecting ground here- 
abouts is on the left bank of the river, and up to the Meije 
glacier. The first four days of unclouded sunshine, from the 
12th to the 15th, were fully occupied. In the lower pastures 
Erebia pharte males were flying in profusion, the females as yet 
hardly emerged; EH. epiphron var. casstope, decidedly rare; 
EE. ceto, a dwarf race compared with that of the Swiss Alps, less 
so; and, of course, H. stygne; though by far the commonest of 
the genus was EH. euryale, constant and typical in form, and 
often assembling by the score at the runnels, or starting up from 
every branch and flower in the fir woods. 

Pushing on to the moraine of the Meije glacier, I had not 
been long on the look-out when the first glossy H. alecto flew 
across the path, and later I was fortunate to bag one or two 
perfectly fresh females. One such rose from my feet as I was 
struggling with the loose shifting scree. She had evidently been 
disturbed in the act of oviposition; and, as the only plant at 
this particular spot was a sort of tuft grass, I have not much 
doubt that this plant—afterwards identified in the Alpine garden 


THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 983 


at Le Lauteret as Festuca pumilosa—is the pabulum of the species. 
This same female obliged with several eggs in the pill-box to 
which she was consigned-—a rather unusual occurrence in my 
experience of this butterfly, and of the whole Erebias, though I 
have known single eggs expressed from the body in the killing- 
bottle. As at Larche, the La Grave alecto are without exception 
of the form which M. Oberthiir has named duponcheli, and hardly 
to be distinguished from the familiar var. et ab. pluto of the 
Central Alps. Iam sure this insect is possessed of abnormal 
hearing power; when approaching, the displacement of the 
smallest stone causes it to get up. Its method of flight is also 
peculiar. I watched many males in their apparently aimless 
and inconsequent zigzag flight over the moraine—like that of 
Orgyia antiqua in a London square—suddenly flopping on a 
stone, very seldom on a flower, and immediately orienting to the 
sun with wide outspread wings. The females do not indulge 
in these eccentricities. They keep low above the surface when on 
the wing, and are naturally sluggish and slower than the males. 
When the sun is overcast both sexes at once slip for shelter 
under a stone, or into the crevices of rock, and neither, as 
with some other Hrebias, can be got to move when the sky is 
cloudy. 

It is perhaps worth remark also that, if the tendency of 
the grass Hrebias is towards diminutive size at La Grave 
and Le Lauteret, the ubiquitous stygne is rather larger than 
otherwise. Where they present local variation, I make a point 
each year of netting a few, but the aberration captured in the 
gorge below the vacherie on the Meije path, about an hour’s easy 
walking from the village, came as a great surprise, and is the 
most remarkable form of this common butterfly I have ever 
encountered. It is an absolutely fresh male. The bands 
on both wings appear to be better developed than usual, but 
this, I think, is more apparent than real, and due to the entire 
absence of the black spots in which ordinarily the white pupils 
are set. The pupils themselves are reduced to mere metallic 
pin-points. Unless already distinguished with a name, I propose 
to call it abannulata, new ab., and it would be interesting to hear 
_ whether any of the many lepidopterists who have collected 
E. stygne in France or elsewhere have met with a similar form. 
Favre's ab. aboculata female is described by Mr. Wheeler 
(‘Butterflies of Switzerland,’ p. 132) as ‘‘ without spots fore 
wing, upper and under side; hind wing, with two black dots in 
place of eye-spots.” In M. Oberthur’s figures of his var. 
gavarnica, male (‘ Lépid. Comparée,’ plate xxv., fase. iii.), the 
rusty bands on the upper side of the fore wings are much 
narrower than in the type, the pupilled spots tiny (under side 
one small apical spot only), and much closer to the outer margin; 
the female showing the same peculiarities. 

2a 2 


284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


And here I should like to draw attention to some further 
remarks by M. Oberthur on the variation of a form of E. stygne 
from Switzerland. Describing an aberrant male taken by the 
late M. Wullschlegel, near Martigny, he speaks of it as “‘ larger 
and much darker than the norm; the wings suggest the deep 
black with the beautiful reflections of H. lefebvrei; on the 
upper side of the fore wings are five black ocellated spots, 
pupilled white, and in the same way on the hind wings. Rusty 
band reduced to several feeble blotches on the internal side of 
the ocellations and on the fore wings only. Under side deep black 
but matt; the rusty band, however, always limited to the 
inner side of the ocellations, is better developed than on the upper 
side. This fine butterfly was taken in 1907 perfectly fresh and 
intact; it is without doubt the var. valesiaca, Elwes.” 

Turning again to Mr. Wheeler’s account (loc. cit.), we find 
under H. stygne :—‘‘ Directions of Var. (a) tendency to obso- 
lescence of mahogany patches containing the eye-spots, f. w. and 
h. w., culminating in :— 

‘Var. valesiaca, Elwes, in which they (the patches) are very 
slight, the eye-spots also, but not the pupils, being smaller.” 

I have several examples of this form in my collection taken 
by me on the Thusis-Andeer road just by the beautiful bridge in 
the narrow gorge above the first-mentioned village. They are 
certainly darker than typical stygne, but M. Oberthur does not 
mention any reduction of the size of the ocellated spots, which 
I take it is a distinguishing feature of this particular variety, 
and I suspect, therefore, that the Martigny example is rather an 
aberration of valesiaca than the form itself. 

In the case of H. tyndarus, excessively common later on, it 
was hardly out at La Grave; all examined were of the form 
cassioides, von Hohenw. (= dromus, F.). On the detritus of the 
Meije moraine a few H. gorge males accompanied the larger 
E. alecto var., but I do not remember to have met with 
E. mnestra at this point, where, however, it was strange to find 
newly emerged Pyrameis atalanta—a butterfly seldom, I should 
imagine, associated in the same locality with H. alecto, though 
its congener P. cardui, also observed, attains almost as great 
altitudes in the Alps as Aglais urtice. 

Until the hailstorm in the evening of the 15th wrecked their 
beauty, the pastures above and to the left of the herd hut 
suggested the Elysian Fields and the borrowed simile of the 
Church hymnal— 

‘‘The daylight is serene ; 


The pastures of the Blessed 
Are decked in glorious sheen” ; 


and the comparison was inevitable of these thousand white per- 
fumed Mary lilies with the ‘‘asphodelos leimén”’ of the Greeks. 
Here and there they would be broken up by little bushes of 


THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 285 


rose-flushed rhododendron, and in delicate contrast the hollows 
would be alight with the delicate late lilac of the cranesbill, or 
with golden arnica daisies, deep purple asters, and blue cam- 
panulas. The cranesbills were especially attractive to males 
and females alike of C. hippothoé var. eurybia, and of course to 
Polyommatus eumedon. Hesperiids were few and far between— 
Hesperia alveus, H. serratule, and Pyrgus sao. The Coliads 
were represented by C. phicomone, which was more common 
throughout La Grave than LE. stygne. 

My other excursions were all on this side of the river. 
The most interesting and productive was unquestionably that to 
the Evariste-Chancel hut (7875 ft.), and the woods and pastures 
on the way to the open treeless grass slopes which constitute the 
approaches to the neighbourhood of Lac Noir. The walk-up on 
July 15th was made under a tropical sun, which unfortunately 
withdrew altogether towards noon when I was on the rocks that 
encircle the grim lakelet, where, even thus late in the season, 
the ice was only now breaking up. Added to a cloudy sky, a 
furious wind began to blow, precursor of the evening’s terrific 
thunderstorm. In the meadows on the outskirts of the lower 
woods Brenthis ino occurred in some numbers, and it was at a 
streamlet here that I surprised a dozen freshly emerged male 
Argynnis aglaia crowded on a patch of sand not larger than my 
hand. Everywhere from La Grave to the limit of the forest 
region Parasemia plantaginis was also in great force, but at first 
I failed to spot the variety hospita, common from about 6500 ft., 
and even more so at Le Lauteret. From the grass I netted 
several worn H. malvoides—the first record of this species here- 
abouts ; and, as soon as I had quitted the larch belt, H. cacalie 
put in an appearance. The bare mountain-side yielded only 
occasional ragged females of Pontia callidice, H. gorge, and more 
abundant EH. lappona. B. pales was extremely rare, but the 
later part of the day was against collecting. I was more 
fortunate on the 18th when I returned to the same ground below 
the rocks, and though the wind, which marred all collecting for 
the next week, never dropped, butterflies were not unplentiful in 
sheltered places. 

The presence of H. cacalie, of which this day I saw many 
examples, but could capture few good specimens, had inspired 
me with hopes of the rare H. andromeda. I had evidently over- 
looked it on the 15th, for directly I passed the tree line to where 
a spring of excellent water crosses the path, I encountered 
several. The males were not worth boxing, being in poor plight; 
of the females I took three perfect examples, and missed as 
many more, liberating at least half-a-dozen of both sexes. 
Some doubt apparently having existed as to the specific identity 
of these two skippers, I may state that in Dauphiny, at any 
rate, their habits are quite unlike. Andromede prefers to 


286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


settle on a sun-warmed rock, cacalie on flowers and grasses; 
Andromedeé is a much stronger and more active butterfly, while 
cacali@ appeared to be generally on the wane when the latter 
was fresh of both sexes. I am not sure whether the food-plant 
of Andromede is known, but I dislodged one female evidently 
ovipositing on Dryas octopetala, which is common at these alti- 
tudes. Andromede begins to show at about the lowest flight 
of Hrebia lappona (6500-7000 ft.), as I found it about Kaux- 
Bonnes in the western Pyrenees (Entom. xliv. p. 887), of 
which locality, with its sparse flora, ranunculus, myosotis, 
and accidental rhododendron, the Dauphiny habitat is decidedly 
reminiscent (Lépid. Comparée, fase. v. pte. 2, pp. 108-9). 

The morning of the 19th was devoted to the lower part of this 
walk, chiefly under the torrent of the Meije, where there is 
plenty of good collecting ground. The sunny path with 
occasional dripping water attracts swarms of insects of all 
Orders. Hesperia carline males were in perfect condition, and 
among the Lycenids I spotted, on the wing, like a silvery 
P. eros, which species was swarming at the time, a solitary and 
perfect male P. donzeliti. It was a welcome visitor ; I had not 
seen this loveliest of Alpine ‘‘ Blues” alive since I was at Trafoi 
and Cortina fourteen years ago; nor was I destined to see it 
again this year. Two or three fine female H. pharte were 
selected from the many on the wing; H. euryale was now 
commoner than ever, both here and along the river-bed where 
I sought refuge from the prevailing hurricane on the 16th, 
and on the finer 14th. The flora consists almost wholly of 
leguminous plants. As might be expected, therefore, there was 
abundance of Lycenids, chiefly P. hylas and P. escheri. Of the 
former I managed to box a female with the basal and median 
area of all the wings on the upper side suffused with blue (=ab. 
cerulescens, Obthr.). It is the only blue female in my 
collection, for there is apparently in western Europe a far less 
pronounced tendency in the sex of this species to assume the 
male coloration than in the majority of the group possess- 
ing andromorphic females. Other Lycenids of the river-bed 
were P. damon, hardly out; and P. thersites, one or two 
males. 

The Anthrocerids (Zygenide) observed at La Grave are not 
many—A. transalpina, A. purpuralis, A. lonicere and A. exulans. 
Unfortunately I had omitted to provide myself with a résumé of 
Mr. Lowe’s captures, and thus overlooked the locality, a mile 
below the village, where, in conjunction with Mr. A. H. Jones, he 
discovered Melitea deione. On the 21st I left for Le Lauteret. 


(To be continued.) 


287 


CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE 
BRITISH BRACONIDA. No. 2.—MACROCENTRIDA, 
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES. 


ByiG. TL. Lyte PS. 
(Concluded from p. 262.) 


M. collaris (Spin.).*—Appears to be fairly common and 
generally distributed. Is easily distinguished from its near 
relatives by the second abcissa of the radius being much shorter 
than the first intercubital nervure. The terebra is the length of 
the abdomen. In eight females which I have examined I find 
the antenne to have 32-338 joints, and two males have each 87 
joints. 

I have not seen the original description, having identified 
my specimens from the writings of Wesmael and Marshall. 


Zee (Curtis). 
Large insects; in fact, Z. testaceator is probably our largest 
British braconid. Solitary parasites of the larve of Lepidoptera. 
The testaceous species bear a superficial resemblance to 
insects of the genera Ophion and Paniscus among the Ichneu- 
mons, and also to some of the Meteori; from the latter they 
may easily be distinguished by the sessile abdomen and by the 
neuration of the fore wings (see Entom. xlvii. 76, plate I. fig. 1). 
These parasites leave their hosts when the latter are full-fed, 
so that in all the instances recorded their cocoons have been 
found underground within the cocoons or pupal chambers of the 
hosts. 
When emerging from the cocoon the imago removes a cap 
from one end, but not so neatly as with the Meteori. 
(6) 1. Radial areolet of the hind wings not geminated 
by a transverse nervure. 
(5) 2. Large species expanding 17-22 mm. 
(4) 3. Wings hyaline or yellowish hyaline, terebra sur- 
passing the apexoftheabdomen 1. testaceator, Curtis. 
(3) 4. Wings somewhat clouded, terebra not surpassing 
the apex of the abdomen . 2. infumator, sp. nov. 


(2) 5. Smaller species expanding 12-14 mm. 
3. chloropthalma, Nees. 
(1) 6. Radial areolet of hind wings geminated 
(Homolobus, Forster). 
(8) 7. Colour rufo-testaceous . ; 4. geminator, nom. noy. 
(7) 8. Colour nigrescent . ; : 5. descolor, Wesm. 


Z. testaceator (Curtis).—Four records only can I find of the 
breeding of this species, and in every case from the larva of a 
Noctua. I have never bred or captured it myself, the only 


* Spinola, Ins, Lig. ii. p, 140. 


988 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


examples I possess being two ancient specimens which were 
given to me some years ago. Fortunately I have been able to 
inspect a fine series of nine in Morley’s collection, and three in 
that of Col. Nurse. With one possible exception all the speci- 
mens I have examined have the costal cell rather shorter than the 
median, and the recurrent nervure rejected by a distance which 
is equal to or rather less than the length of the first abscissa 
of the radius (fig. 4). Wings yellowish hyaline. The upper 
surface of the abdomen is generally, though not always, fuscous. 

The cocoon I have not seen, and the only description I know 
of is that of Fitch (Entom. xiv. 143), who tells us that it is thin, 
smooth, and white. 

Among Morley’s insects are two females bred by Cockayne 
from larvee of T’eniocampa populeti taken in Berkshire. 


Z.ifumator, sp. nov. (Fig. 2.) 

Thorax, abdomen, and legs, including the hind tarsi, rufo- 
testaceous ; claws black, and also a black dot above the radices. 
Palpi pale testaceous; mandibles fuscous at the tips; antenne 
testaceous, annulated, darker towards the apices, longer than the 
body in both sexes. Metathorax marked with a rather elaborate 
raised pattern, which, though often not so symmetrical as in the 
case figured (fig. 5) (taken from a specimen in my collection, No. 530), 
is always present in a more or less perfect condition. Wings dull 
hyaline, apical half somewhat infumated, costal cell as long as or 
slightly longer than the median. Costa, nervures, and stigma 
fuscous, recurrent nervure rejected by a distance which is greater than 
the length of the first abscissa of the radius. Radial areolet of the 
hind wings not geminated by a transverse nervure. Abdomen smooth, 
terebra not surpassing the anus. Length, 9-11 mm., expands 
17-22 mm. 

Described from thirteen males and eleven females. 

Approaches Z. testaceator in size, but differs therefrom in 
having the terebra concealed, infumated wings, and a shorter 
first abscissa of the radius, &c.; from Z. chloropthalma it differs 
in size and also in the infumated wings, &c. 

Larva dirty cream colour, showing under magnification irre- 
gular white speckles on the last six or seven segments, attenuate 
towards the head, parts of the mouth not or scarcely outlined. 

The cocoon is thick, white, somewhat rough but not woolly, 
attenuated similarly at both extremities, and 103 to 18 mm. in 
length ; when exposed to damp it turns a brownish colour (fig. 9). 

Very many times bred from larve of Boarmia repandata 
between May 4th and June Ist, from which host Major Robert- 
son has also bred it at Chandler’s Ford. The parasite larva 
leaves its host when the latter is full-fed and has retired below 
the ground for pupation, and there spins its cocoon. 

4. chloropthalma (Nees). Rhogas chloropthalmus, Nees, Mon. 
i. 202 = Phylax chloropthalmus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 


KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID&. 289 


1835, p. 162. Owing, no doubt, to an oversight this species has 
been confused by Marshall with another (see 7. geminator), and 
has apparently been overlooked in this country. 

Wesmael says that, besides being much smaller, it differs 
from Z. testaceator :—‘‘1. En ce que les tarses ne sont pas plus 
pales que le reste des pieds; 2. le dos de abdomen du male est 
entierement fauve testacé; 38. Tariére de la femelle dans l’etat 
de repos n’est pas saillante, parce qu’elle est trop courte pour 
dépasser l’éxtremité dorsale de l’abdomen.” 

Nees considered his Rhogas chloropthalmus to be the Bracon 
chloropthalma of Spinola, but, as Marshall remarks, this cannot 
be proved.* 

Among Fitch’s insects I found a female which agrees per- 
fectly with the descriptions of Nees and Wesmael. It was bred 
by G. Elisha, July 17th, 1884, from a larva of Depressaria 
alstreemeriana. The specimen is 7 mm. long and 12 mm. in 
expanse, wings hyaline, terebra concealed, recurrent nervure 
rejected by a distance equal to the length of the first abscissa of 
the radius, and the radial areolet of the hind wing not geminated 
by a transverse nervure. 


Z. geminator (nom. nov.) == Z. chloropthalmus, Hal. Ent. Mag. 
il. 142; Marsh, Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 199; Bignell, 
Trans. Dey. Ass. for Advan. Science, &c., 1901, p. 657; Morley, 
Entom. xl. p. 254.—In the Ent. Mag. for 1836 Haliday described 
a species under the name of Z. chloropthalmus, which he con- 
sidered synonymous with Rhogas chloropthalmus of Nees.t He 
was at that time, as we know, unacquainted with the work of 
Wesmael, who, the year before, 1835, had described his Phylax 
chloropthalmus t also as synonymous with the Neesian species. 
In Wesmael’s description the radial areolet of the hind wing is 
given as not geminated, while Haliday is most emphatic in 
saying that it is divided by a transverse nervure. Therefore, it 
is very evident that the synonymy of either Wesmael or Haliday 
must be wrong. Inthe description of Nees, unfortunately, no 
mention is made of the neuration of the hind wing, but it is 
extremely unlikely that so careful an observer would have 
omitted to note such an important character as the gemination 
of the radial areolet, had it occurred in the insect he described. 
We may, I think, take it that Rhogas chloropthalmus, Nees = 
Phylax chloropthalmus; Wesm., which necessitates the bestowal 
of a new name on Haliday’s insect. For this well-marked 
species I therefore suggest the name of Zele geminator, and sub- 
join a copy of Haliday’s description :— 

“Fem. precedenti similis (Z%. testaceator) statura tota 
gracilior; abdomen brevius, clavatum, minus compressum ; 
aculeo ascendente, vix apicem abdominis superante ; pedes 


* Trans. Entom. Soc., 1888, part 3, p. 800. 
+ Nees, Mon., i. 202. t Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,, p. 162, 


290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sraciliores ; tarsi omnes concolores; ale ampliores; anticarum 
stigma et areola radialis latiores; posticarum area radialis a 
branchiali remota, et in 2 areolas partita.”’ 

Itseems strangethat Marshall, when preparing his Monograph, 
should not have noticed the discrepancy between the descriptions 
of Wesmael and Haliday. The species appears to be scarce, the 
only specimen I have seen being in Morley’s collection, a female 
which was captured by the late Rev. E. M. Blomfield at Guestling 
in 1889. This insect expands 16 mm., and agrees in every par- 
ticular with Haliday’s description, the radial areolet of the hind 
wing being very distinctly geminated by a transverse nervure. 

Z. discolor (Wesmael). (Fig. 3.)—Strange to say the male 
of this species is unknown. Wesmael, the original describer, 
saw only three females; Bignell bred the same sex only; Morley’s 
single specimen is a female, as are also all the many specimens 
I have bred. 

A large and graceful insect, 63 to 8 mm. in length, and 
expanding 15-20 mm. I possess a specimen which is but 5 mm. 
in length and expands only 12 mm.; this case, however, is 
quite exceptional, and may probably be attributed to malnutri- 
tion of the host. ‘The wings are somewhat infumated, the 
apical halves more distinctly so, and noticeably iridescent. 
Marshall very correctly describes the cocoon as “elongate, oval, 
white, and thin, with a medial zone of a denser texture forming 
a white band.’ This medial band is scarcely visible when the 
cocoon is empty. Thecocoon is much thinner and more shining 
than that of Z. infumator, 74 to 11} mm. in length (fig. 10). It 
is constructed underground. 

Bred by me many times from larve of Cabera pusaria from 
July 27th to August 8th, and again from September 27th to 
October 10th ; also frequently from larve of Boarmia repandata 
between May 5th and May 28th; and once from a larva of 
Gonodontis bidentata, August 18th, 1912. 

In October, 1911, I took a small larva of Boarmia repandata, 
which, being kept in a warm cupboard, fed up, and when full 
grown produced a larva of this parasite on January 31st, 1912. 
From this I should judge that in the ordinary way the species 
passes the winter within the body of its host, either as an ovum 
or small larva. 


NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDA FROM FORMOSA. 
By A. E. Wineman, F.E.S. 


Semiothisa kanshireiensis, n. sp. 

@. Pale brown thickly sprinkled with dark brown and blackish; 
subbasal and medial lines blackish, each originating in a black spot on 
the costa, slightly curved, interrupted and edged with orange ; post- 
medial line blackish, indented below costa, wavy towards dorsum, 


NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDZ FROM FORMOSA. 291 


inwardly edged with orange, followed by a greyish band on which is 
a blackish costal spot and two black marks just above middle ; 
terminal area suffused with grey; terminal line black, interrupted at 
the veins; fringes orange marked with black. Hind wings have two 
blackish transverse lines, the first is edged with orange and united 
with a black discoidal mark, the second is inwardly edged with 
orange; area beyond second line suffused with grey; terminal line 
black, dilated between veins; fringes dark grey, orange at base and 
tips. Under side orange sparsely freckled with black-brown; trans- 
verse lines as on the upper side, but blacker and more distinct. 
Expanse, 24 millim. 


Collection number, 1642. ; 
One female specimen from Kanshirei, September 14th, 1908. 


Semiothisa dubia, n. sp. 

?. Head and front of thorax brown, rest of thorax brown-grey. 
Fore wings brown-grey flecked with black on costa; antemedial line 
brown, curved, indistinct, dotted with black ; postmedial line brown, 
almost parallel with termen, not distinct towards the costa; sub- 
terminal line indicated by black dots and a blackish cloud, the latter 
on vein 6. Hind wings brown-grey flecked with black on costal 
area; traces of dusky medial and postmedial lines, the latter dotted 
with black. Fringes of all the wings brown, marked with black. 
Under side greyer than above; fore wings suffused with brown on 
the disc; markings pretty much as on upper side. 

Expanse, 32 millim. 


Collection number, 1887. 
A female specimen from Rantaizan, May 6th, 1909. 


Heterolocha olivescens, sp. n. 


3. Head whitish, palpi and pectinated antenne brown; thorax 
and abdomen pale olive brown. Fore wings pale olive brown ; 
antemedial line fuscous, curved, connected with a small fuscous 
cloud in cell; discoidal mark black, linear; postmedial line fuscous, 
outwardly edged with white, inwardly oblique from apex to vein 2, 
where it is elbowed, terminating on dorsum near the tornus; area 
beyond the postmedial line clouded with whitish. Hind wings pale 
olive brown; discoidal mark blackish, indistinct; postmedial line 
fuscous, outwardly edged with white, almost straight; terminal area 
clouded with whitish. Under side similar to the upper side but the 
postmedial line on all the wings is darker and the area within the 
line yellower. 

Expanse, 38 millim, 


Collection number, 1596. 
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 21st, 1908. 


Prionia pulchra, sp. n. 
3. Head and thorax carmine, frons rather darker; abdomen 
carmine, yellowish between segments. Fore wings carmine with two 
yellow transverse lines, the first almost straight, the second curved 


292, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to apex where it unites with a large yellow blotch. Hind wings 
rather paler than the fore wings, a yellow transverse line, only well 
defined on the dorsum. Under side carmine, a large yellow spot at 
apex of the fore wings. 

Expanse, 40 millim. 


Collection number, 1890. 


One male specimen from Rantaizan, February 17th, 1909. 
Closely allied to P. rosearia, Leech. 


Gonanticlea subfalcata, sp. n. 


3. Fore wings, which are deeply excised below apex, pale brown 
with many blackish (black on costa) almost parallel transverse lines ; 
subbasal line black, double, commencing in a black spot on the 
costa; postmedial line pale ochreous, obtusely serrate, indistinct, 
edged and partly obscured towards the costa by a black transverse 
streak ; area beyond the postmedial line darkened. Hind wings 
fuscous. Under side fuscous grey ; fore wings ochreous on the costa, 
discoidal dot black, transverse lines faintly in evidence; hind wings 
have a black discoidal dot and dusky medial and postmedial lines, 
outer edge of postmedial pale ochreous towards dorsum. 

Expanse, 32 millim. 


Collection number, 1881. 
A male specimen from Arizan, March 28rd, 1908. 
Seems to be allied to G. aversa, Swinhoe. 


Acasis venipicta, sp. n. 

3. Fore wings pale greyish brown, venation black marked with 
white; medial band darker brown, the inner edge irregular, the 
outer edge elbowed beyond the cell, thence incurved to dorsum, 
marked with black towards costa; discoidal mark black, linear ; 
fringes pale grey marked with blackish at ends of the veins. Hind 
wings and under side fuscous. 

Expanse, 36 millim. 


Collection number, 1607. 
A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 4th, 1909. 
Allied to A. obscuraria, Leech. 


Dindica taiwana, sp. n. 

3. Head and thorax yellowish green mixed with black, and on 
mesothorax with brown, antenne bipectinated; abdomen paler in 
colour, segmented divisions whitish, tufts mixed with black, an 
interrupted black line on each side of tufts. Fore wings yellowish 
green ; subbasal line black, oblique, not extending to dorsum ; ante- 
medial line black, wavy, indistinct, clouded with blackish and pre- 
ceded by a blackish patch on the costa; discoidal mark blackish ; 
postmedial line blackish, outwardly oblique from the costa to vein 4, 
thence curved and recurved to the dorsum, dotted with black on 
the veins; subapical patch blackish tinged with brown on lower 
edge; terminal dots black. Hind wings whitish, faintly brownish 
tinged on the dorsal area; subterminal band blackish, interrupted, 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 293 


area beyond yellowish green clouded with blackish; terminal line 
black, interrupted. Under side whitish; all the wings have a blackish 
discoidal mark and band beyond, the discoidal mark of fore wings 
large and distinct. 

?. Similar, but markings of the fore wing less distinct and the 
outer third of the hind wings almost entirely blackish. 

Expanse, 3, 50 millim; ?, 54 millim. 

Collection number, 1859. 

One example of each sex from Arizan; the male obtained 
March 19th, 1909, and the female July, 1908. 

This species comes very near to D. polyphenaria, Guen., 
but the fore wings are somewhat broader and the hind wings are 
whitish. 


AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN 
BUTTERFLIES. 


By W. G. SHeupon, F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 274.) 


Glaucopsyche cyllarus.—Not uncommon at Ialtaand Novorossisk, 
and abundant at Sarepta, where it was seen on our first day, and fresh 
examples kept emerging during the whole time of our visit; evidently 
these were delayed emergences of the first brood and not a second 
brood. The specimens taken were of average size, the females 
entirely brown; both sexes had a maximum of blue scales on the 
bases of the wings underneath, and less than the average number of 
ocelli; the inferiors were in some cases entirely devoid of ocelli. 

Lycaena arion.—This species was common at Sarepta on and 
after May 28th ; it was local but widely distributed, and was always 
found in the vicinity of wild thyme. The race is a handsome one, 
usually the blue lowland form, but a few var. obsewra were taken; 
the black spots on the upper sides are well-developed, and in many 
cases elongated and lanceolate in shape. 

Celastrina argiolus.—Not uncommon at Ialta. First seen as a 
second brood at Sarepta on June 17th; the black spots on the under 
sides are larger than those of Western Europe examples. 

Libythea celtis——This species was not uncommon alongside the 
lower road from Ialta to Gourzoff. The specimens, of course, had 
passed the winter in hibernation. 

Neptis lucilla.—lt was one of the most fascinating experiences of 
our stay at Sarepta to see the abundance of this graceful species, 
usually so rarein mid-Hurope. I am aware that one or two localities 
there, including Botzen, produce it in some numbers, but not, I think, 
in anything lke the abundance that it is found on the Volga. 
Everywhere in and around woods it swarmed to such an extent that 
there were often ten to a dozen specimens within a yard or two of 
one. Theonly locality in which I had previously met with N. lucilla 
was Herculesbad, where it was so rare that my two dozen specimens 
involved something like an 18,000 ft. climb, At Sarepta any day at 


294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the end of May or in the beginning of June I could have netted 
with ease a hundred specimens in a morning. It was most abundant 
in the small woods in the valleys of the hills some miles on the road 
to Tsaritsyn; but it was also exceedingly common in the “ Tschapurnik 
Wald,” and specimens were to be found in every small wood that we 
worked. I took the first specimen on May 22nd. 

Polygonia c-album.—I only saw two examples of this species ; 
these were taken on June 12th in a wooded valley opposite Sarepta; 
they have very pale under sides and are extreme forms of 
var. hutchinson. 

Eugonia polychloros.—A single example was taken on June 20th, 
sunning itself on a wooden barn. One or two hibernated specimens 
were seen at lalta. 

Pyrameis cardui.—Common wherever we collected in Russia, 
and especially so at Sarepta; a succession of emergences occurred 
there during the whole period of our stay. 

P. atalanta—A few at Ialta. At Sarepta only seen in the 
“Tschapurnik Wald,” where there was an abundant growth o 
nettle; a plant usually rare in the district. 

Melitaea aurinia var. sareptana.— This handsome form of 
M. aurinia was seen not uncommonly, when its localities were 
discovered, but it was very local, haunting bushy slopes. It was 
first seen on May 22nd, on which day all the specimens were worn ; 
eventually, about a week afterwards, I found a locality in which 
there was a small and late brood flying, and there managed to get 
about a dozen good specimens. It probably emerges at Sarepta 
about the first week in May. 

M. cinvia.—One of the most abundant and widely distributed 
butterflies we met with. The form found at lalta and Novorossisk is 
very normal, but at Sarepta all forms from the type to var. obscwrior 
occurred. There was a succession of emergences during the whole 
time of our stay, and perfect examples were to be obtained quite at 
the end of it. 

M. phebe var. aetheria—Common and in good condition at 
Sarepta during the first few days of our stay, after which it rapidly 
became worn. 

M. aurelia var. seminigra.—A very remarkable form of a melztaea, 
the genitalia of which are practically identical with Hungarian 
M. aurelia, was found rarely in the “Tschapurnik Wald.” This 
form, which has superficially many awrelia characteristics, is much 
darker than the type, both on the upper and under sides, and the 
female especially is darker on the upper side than M. dictynna. It 
agrees with M. aurelia var. seminigra, figured and described by Seitz 
from specimens taken near Lake Baikal. Only three specimens were 
captured, a male by myself on May 29th, and on June 6th a female 
by each of us. This eastern form of M. aurelia is considerably 
larger than Swiss or Hungarian examples of that species ; my male 
and female expand respectively 44 mm. and 47 mm. as against 38 mm. 
and 42 mm., the average size of my Hungarian and Swiss specimens, 
and these again appear somewhat larger than the average, judging 
from the fact that Mr. Wheeler in his ‘ Butterflies of the Alps,’ 
gives 32 mm. as the wing expanse of this species. 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 295 


M. didyma.—Common but somewhat local at Sarepta; most 
abundant on the railway banks, but odd specimens were taken in 
various other places; a remarkably fine and variable series was 
secured. The Russian Steppe form is usually what is known as var. 
neera, and the majority of my specimens come near to this form, but 
there are numerous aberrations from it. All the examples from 
Sarepta are much larger than those taken in Mid-Europe; my largest 
example, a female, expands 60 mm. as against 50 mm., the expanse 
of my largest Mid-European female. In var. neera the colour of the 
male is even more fiery than the type, the females also are very red, 
in one or two examples quite as red as the male. The only specimen 
seen at Novorossisk is a male, very typical in size and markings. 
M. didyma was first seen at Sarepta on May 21st, and it continued 
in good condition until the end of our stay. 

M. trivia—tIn the greatest abundance in clearings in the 
“ Tschapurnik Wald,” and not uncommon in all localities at Sarepta 
in which there was any wood. The specimens are mostly var. 
fascelis; some, however, are typical; the size of all is considerably in 
excess of those I have from Hungary, females ranging up to 50 mm. 
expanse. First seen on May 21st, when it was just commencing to 
emerge. 

Brenthis dia.—-Locally common at Novorossisk. 

B. daphne-—Common locally in woods at Sarepta; the form is 
somewhat larger, and the orange-ground colour deeper than in 
Central European specimens; it comes very near var. epidaphne, 
Frihs. <A larva which got into my net accidentally at the 
“Tschapurnik Wald” proved to be this species. I fed it upon 
Spiraea filipendula, a common plant in the Sarepta woods; this larva 
pupated on June Ist, and the imago emerged on June 15th. The 
following is a short account I made of the larva in the last stage :— 
Down the centre of the dorsal area is a broad white stripe; the sub- 
dorsal area is pale lemon yellow, with longitudinal dark lines, the 
spiracles are black. The pupa is light brown, with two golden 
pointed excrescences on each segment, the venation of the wings 
shows dark through the pupal skin. The pupa suspended itself from 
the top of the cage in which it was kept. 

B. euphrosyne.—I feel pretty certain I saw this species at 
Novorossisk, but could not secure a specimen to make sure. At 
Sarepta it was rare, and, so far as I know, confined to the 
“Tschapurnik Wald,’ and nearly over at the date our visit com- 
menced ; probably it had been common earlier in the season. The 
form is a very striking one, with very pale under sides, and the 
silver markings on the margin of the inferiors are brighter and more 
prominent than in the type; it approaches var. orphanus, Frihs., 
from East Siberia. 

Issoria lathonia.—Novorossisk and Sarepta, not common. 

Argynnis niobe.—A remarkably fine race was abundant in all the 
woods at Sarepta from May 22nd onwards. This form has been 
described and figured by Seitz as var. kuhimanni; it is larger and of 
a much brighter red on the upper surfaces, and more variegated on 
the under sides than Central European A. niobe; the predominant 
form of under side is var. erts, but some of the females have the 


296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


amount of silver spots that obtain in the type, and some have only 
the outer row of spots on the hind wings silver. 

Melanargia galatea.—A rather large form of var. procida became 
common in clearings in the “ Tschapurnik Wald” during the last 
few days of our stay at Sarepta. It was first seen on June 16th; by 
June 20th males were common, and two days later, my last day, 
T took two females. 

M. tapygia var. suwarovius—This fine Melanargia was to be 
found wherever grass grew abundantly amongst the usual plants 
of the steppe on the hills at Sarepta; but this was not by any means 
everywhere, for the butterfly was very local. We were on the look- 
out for it during the first days of June, but did not actually see it 
until the 9th of that month. On the morning of that day I was 
searching the grassy hills some three or four miles to the north-west 
of Sarepta; about 9 a.m. I saw a large white butterfly flying some 
distance away, which at first I thought was Aporia crataegi; as it 
approached nearer, the variegated pattern and the grey tint of the , 
wings became apparent, stamping it as undoubtedly MW. var. swwarovius. 
I made a series of frantic efforts to effect a capture, but without 
success, for this species when alarmed goes very fast, and as its flight 
is very dodgy, there is not much chance of succeeding under these 
conditions. I only secured one specimen on that day, although I 
spent most of the morning in quest of the species ; later I found out 
its headquarters and habits, and on June 13th and 15th obtained all 
I required. 

M. var. suwarovius at Sarepta is to be found freely amongst the 
flowers which grow in its haunts, flying quietly amongst and 
settling upon them. In the locality I have described, on the slope 
facing the Volga, there are at intervals small hollows with a certain 
amount of low scrubby bushes growing in them; in the spaces 
between these bushes there is a luxuriant growth of flowers, and 
these are the spots where this fine butterfly is at home. A small 
hollow would be the haunt of from half-a-dozen to a dozen specimens. 
The flowers frequented included a species of Achillea, various Carduus, 
and a brilliant purple Salvia. 

Erebia afer—This species was not uncommon at Novorossisk, but 
the specimens were mostly in bad condition at the date we were 
there; probably it had then been out quite a month. The butter- 
flies were flying over flowery slopes on the mountains south of the 
harbour, and within half a mile of the sea. They extended as low 
as 1000 ft., and above this level were found all the way up to the 
summits, which might attain an altitude of 1800 ft. HH. afer has the 
usual slow flight of the genus, but is not easy to capture in 
consequence of the difficulty in traversing the steep slopes it 
frequents. 

Satyrus circe.—So far as we saw, this species was confined to the 
«Tschapurnik Wald,” where it was first seen on June 11th; it was 
locally abundant in clearings in this wood, males only, which were 
rather small; my largest example is 76 mm. in expanse. 

S. hermione.—An exceedingly striking and aberrant form occurred 
in the same localities as the last species on June 20th and 22nd, ~ 
males only. In this form the light band on the upper side of all the 


THE EMERGENCE OF CONCHYLIS GIGANTANA (ALTERNANA). 297 


wings has dark shading to such an extent that the whole appears to be 
almost black. This form is described in Seitz as var. éetrica, Friths. 
S. anthe.—This fine Russian species was not by any means 
common ; it frequented the tops and sides of dry hills a little to the 
south-east of Sarepta, and was very shy and difficult to approach ; 
under these conditions I was only able to secure a very short series. 


First seen on June 14th. 
(To be continued.) 


THE EMERGENCE OF CONCHYLIS GIGANTANA 
(ALTERNANA). 


By tHe Rev. W. G. Waittinecnam, F.E.S. 


Conchylis gigantana feeds and pupates in the flower-heads 
of Centaurea scabiosa. The heads which contain the pup are 
generally small and somewhat misshapen; rather swollen on 
one side, for example. They have, as a rule, no trace of florets, 
only the chaffy scales being perceptible. The heads are some- 
times so small that it seems likely that the larva has done part 
of its feeding in another flower-head, and having exhausted the 
supply of food, has crawled out to a fresh one before pupating. 
This is borne out by the fact that occasionally larger heads, 
which look like flowering, contain them. 

A number of heads were obtained in the latter part of July, 
the imagines emerging from July 22nd to August 26th. The 
emergence took place, as a rule, in the morning, between 8 a.m. 
and 10 a.m., though occasionally they appeared later in the day, 
especially when the weather was cool. ‘T'wo or three appeared 
in the afternoon. The following are the dates recorded and the 
number of insects emerging on them :—July 18th (one taken in 
the open); July 22nd (one); 28rd (two); 24th (one); 25th 
(three); 26th (one); 27th (two); 28th (one); 29th (three) ; 
30th (four); 31st (two); August 2nd (five); 38rd (two); 4th 
(three) ; 5th (one); 6th (one); 7th (one) ; 9th (one); 10th (one) ; 
12th (one); 13th (one); 14th (two); 15th (one); 17th (one) ; 
22nd (one) ; 26th (one). 

The process of the emergence was observed in several in- 
stances. The first indication was the appearance of the head of 
the pupa among the scales at the opening of the flower-head. 
When it had been noted that the insects usually appeared about 
breakfast time, a careful inspection at about the right time was 
again and again rewarded by the sudden appearance of a glint 
of shining brown pupal skin at the mouth of one or another 
seed-head. In a succession of slow rotary movements, accom- 
panied by a faint sound as the parts of the plant gave before 
them, the pupa worked its way forward till more than half of it 


ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1914. 28 


298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stood out, the wing-cases being clear. There was then a pause 
of ten or fifteen minutes; after which the movements re- 
commenced, the pupa perhaps pausing after a few minutes for 
another five or ten minutes’ rest. In the course of these move- 
ments a slight crack presently appeared down the centre of the 
thorax. After a brief pause the crack widened slightly, and a 
similar very slight crack became visible transversely behind the 
collar, through which cracks the lighter colour of the imago was 
seen. ‘This was followed by an opening down the front of the 
wing-cases behind the antenne, the openings previously occurr- 
ing, widening at the same time. The head was next pushed 
forward carrying the face, masked with the portion of the pupa- 
case lying over it, and the antenne were partly withdrawn. 
The palpi followed, then the fore legs were extracted and the 
antenne completely withdrawn. The face-mask then fell off, 
larger portions of the wings appeared, and the hinder legs were 
withdrawn, the abdomen still remaining in the pupa. ‘The later 
movements followed one another very quickly ; and on a sudden 
the imago ran out (that is the only term that describes it) and 
away from the pupa and settled on the side of the seed-head. 
All the opening movements were accompanied by a slight rotary 
motion, and some contraction and expansion of the rings of 
the abdomen, the final extrication being helped by pressure of 
the legs. The expansion of the wings was rapid, taking in some 
instances no more than from fifteen to twenty minutes. In all 
the cases observed the wings had been raised over the back and 
dropped to the sides fully expanded in from three-quarters of 
an hour to an hour and a half from the first appearance of the 
pupa at the opening of the seed-head. 


Knight’s Vicarage, Leicester. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


ACRONYCTA STRIGOSA IN WIcKEN Frn.— The notes by Dr. 
Chapman and Mr. Robinson in recent numbers of ‘ The Entomologist ’ 
concerning A. sirigosa are interesting. Like Mr. Robinson, I never 
heard of sérigosa being taken actually 7 the Fen, although I have 
been told that it used to be taken not far off, together with atriplicis 
and ocularts. I have beaten the larve once from hawthorn along a 
certain dyke which terminates at a small village not far from 
Wicken, and the late Rev. Bailey used to beat it from hawthorn 
the Soham side of Wicken village. In the old ‘ dyke” locality 
a number of the hawthorns are very old, and most of them have 
decaying stumps attached, where, no doubt, strigosa would find 
suitable material in which to pupate; but does—or perhaps one 
should now say did—the larva of strigosa invariably enter rotten 
wood to pupate? I had several larvae of Jochera alni this year, and 
{ was always under the impression that they failed to pupate if they 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 299 


were not supplied with rotten wood. Three out of seven larve spun 
up quite comfortably in withered hawthorn leaves, disregarding the 
material I had provided, and, further, all three pupated successfully. 
It is possible that strigosa may have done the same when unable to 
make use of rotten wood.—G. Brerrram Rensuaw, F.E.S.; West 
Wickham, Kent, September 30th, 1914. 


Wicken Frn:—Anyone interested in the Fen should write to 
My. A. H. Evans, 9, Harvey Road, Cambridge, the Local Secretary 
of the National Trust, who is taking a great interest in the welfare of 
the Fen, and who, I feel sure, would be only too glad of suggestions 
on his return from Australia. My advice to him, as the Fen is now 
too overgrown, was to leave bands of the older growth across the 
Fen and to cut strips of, say, eight acres cleared of bushes, these to be 
cut every fourth year in rotation. This would provide good shelter, 
and at the same time give the flowers a chance of appearing again. 
Of course, there are many spots where special insects seem to be 
confined to a small area, these he has kindly consented to leave 
untouched. As regards the notes on A. strigosa in your last 
numbers, it certainly used to be taken in the Fen and in the lane, the 
latter probably is its habitat, as there are few thorn bushes in the 
Fen. I may add that it pupates freely in old reeds, if rotten wood is 
scarce. It is, I think, an interesting fact that S. stramwnea and 
S. maritima have appeared within recent years, and B. argentwla, 
introduced by S. Bailey, is abundant, so we may still hope other 
species may appear from the preservation of the Fen.— H. B. 
Nevinson ; Morland, Cobham, September 5th. 


A Note on Acronycta stricgosa.—Dr. Chapman’s appeal for 
the preservation of all vegetation suited to Acronycta strigosa at 
Wicken Fen will doubtless be followed by further notes on the 
subject from those who are well acquainted with the habitat of this 
insect in South Cambridgeshire. While the subject is under dis- 
cussion it may also be of interest to bring together the few records 
of strigosa from a district in North Cambridgeshire, since it appears 
that there is some misapprehension as to the type of country 
inhabited by the species. The district to which I refer may be 
roughly described as that surrounding the town of Chatteris, which 
is about twenty miles north-west of Wicken, close to the Huntingdon- 
shire border of the Isle of Hly. The first specimen from this locality 
was taken on July 10th, 1876, by Mr. A. H. Ruston, who caught it 
flying at dusk along a hedge close to the town on land which is not, 
and never has been, of a marshy nature. It may also be of interest 
to record that within a few hundred yards of Mr. Ruston’s locality 
my father formerly took Hadena atriplicis, a species which now 
seems to have practically disappeared. From 1876 to 1903 there are 
no records of strigosa at Chatteris, but in 1904 I took a single 
specimen at sugar early in July in a locality about five miles from 
the town. This locality is practically on the county boundary, and 
also is not of a marshy nature. The only other species of interest 
which occurred there was Agrotis ravida, which was then quite 
common, but subsequently became very scarce. In 1905 I ayain 
found A. strigosa, obtaining two larvee by beating towards the end of 


300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


August. These larve occurred on blackthorn in a very old hedge in 
Huntingdonshire, about two miles from the locality of the 1904 
specimen. The country round is typical of the greater portion of 
the county, and has little in common with fenland. Species found 
there are Zygena filipendule, Procris statices, Cymatophora octo- 
gesima, Xylophasia sublustris, Teniocampa opima, T. populetr, and 
once a single specimen of Dicycla oo. 

The following year, 1906, early in July, I also met with strzgosa, 
but in a fresh locality, some four miles to the north-east of Chatteris, 
and therefore well in the county of Cambridge. This specimen was 
on a sugared bramble flower, and the circumstances of the capture 
are firmly fixed in my memory as the insect fell from the flower into 
the middle of the bramble clump, which had to be cut away piece- 
meal before the moth was found under a dead leaf at the bottom. 
In 1907 the same locality produced a further specimen, a female 
from which I tried in vain to obtain eggs. The locality of these last 
two captures differs from those previously mentioned in being of a 
distinctly ‘“‘fenny” nature, for in it occur Leucania obsoleta, L. 
straminea, Senta ulve, and Cenobia rufa. There are, however, 
numerous old hawthorn bushes which doubtless form the food- 
plant of the Acronycta. Since 1907, owing to absence abroad and 
for other reasons, I have had no opportunities of observing strzgosa, 
but I have little doubt that a systematic search for either the imago 
or larva would be successful. From the comparatively large area over 
which my captures were made, and from the fact that I never 
specially sought the insect, I am inclined to think that it is widely 
distributed and not very scarce in this section of the county. It 
appears, however, to be a survivor of an ancient fauna inhabiting the 
islands in fenland and its borders, rather than a native of the true 
marshes. Among the latter Wicken Fen must be included, and there 
is, therefore, no reason to fear that the position of the species in this 
country will be prejudiced in any way by the clearing of small patches 
of scrub within the boundaries of the fen itself—J. C. F. Fryer, 
M.A., F.E.S. 


ForFICULA GIGANTEA.—While staying at Southbourne, near 
Bournemouth, recently, I was fortunate enough to find a female 
Forficula gigantea under stones at the foot of the cliffs. Although 
I spent the afternoon searching, this was the only specimen seen.— 
R. D. Goop; 48, High West Street, Dorchester, Dorset, October 8th, 
1914. 


NEMEOBIUS LUCINA EMERGING IN OctToBER.—A female of this 
species emerged to-day bred from ova collected at Oxford at the end 
of May. There has been no artificial heat in the room where the 
pup were kept. I see it is stated in ‘ Butterflies of the British 
Isles’ that this butterfly occasionally emerges in August and I have 
looked at my breeding-cage and cannot find any others. It was 
lucky that I was at home on leave from my camp.—F. W. J. JAcK- 
son ; Woodcote End House, Epson, October 18th, 1914. 


Couias EDUSA IN DorsETSHIRE.—During September I twice 
noticed C. edusa flying in the neighbourhood of this town.—R. D. 
Goov; 48, High West Street, Dorchester. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 301 


OccURRENCE OF VANESSA ANTIOPA IN 1914.—The capture of three 
specimens of Vanessa antiopa has been recorded in the ‘ Field’ during 
the past autumn, from Norfolk, Surrey and Sussex, as follows:—One 
at Worthing on August 17th reported by Mr. H. Wells; one captured 
and another seen at Addlestone, Surrey, on August 18th, by Mr. 
J. H. Milne; one captured on September 24th at Scole, Norfolk, by 
the Rev. Wilson W. White; the specimen had been seen for several 
days previously feeding on apples partly eaten by wasps.—F. W. 
FROHAWE. 


PAPILIO MACHAON 1N Kent.—It may be of interest to note that I 
saw a specimen of Papilio machaon in a cottage garden at Hook 
Green, about three miles from Frant Station, on August 29th.— 
EH. D. Morean; 24, Queen’s Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, September 
24th, 1914. 


ENToMOLOGICAL JOTTINGS FROM CHICHESTER.—One prominent 
feature of the season here has been the abundance during September 
of Pyramets cardut. They were to be seen flying in divers places, 
gardens amongst others. The first brood of Cyaniris argiolus 
appeared in the last week of April, the second in August. A few 
Colias edusa were noticed in the middle of August, all the insects 
observed being males. Several larvee of Manduca atropos were 
found in potatoes, the first on July 30. A fine female emerged on 
September 25. For one or two days before doing so the pupa 
frequently squeaked, as also did the imago.—JosEPH ANDERSON. 


OccURRENCE OF PHASGONURA VIRIDISSIMA NEAR FELIXSTOWE.— 
On September 22nd a large green grasshopper was brought to me 
alive, having been captured in a meadow near Felixstowe, in 
Suffolk, two days previously. Mr. W. J. Lucas has very kindly 
identified it as a female of Phasgonura viridissima, and writes me 
that ‘‘ it is fairly common in places.” —GrERARD H. Gurney; Keswick 
Hall, Norfolk. 


ABUNDANCE OF MIDDLESEX LeEpipopTeRA IN 1914.—To the 
extraordinary scarceness of almost all our commoner species of 
butterflies last year the season now passed has afforded a welcome 
contrast. Here in Middlesex the three ‘‘ Whites” and Huchloé 
cardamines were plentiful in May; and from April 20th onwards 
Celastrina argiolus occurred in quite unusual numbers in our garden, 
the second brood being already on the wane when I returned from 
France the first week in August. This little Blue has now com- 
pletely established itself, and I find it scattered broadcast through- 
out the many suburban villa gardens which have sprung up of late 
years in the parish of Pinner. Other butterflies appearing in some 
profusion have been Pyrameis atalanta and P. cardw. The latter is 
a very rare visitor with us, and it is many years since I observed 
even a stray migrant in the spring. There must have been a 
numerous emergence in North Middlesex this year of the offspring 
of these most desirable aliens. Throughout September they haunted 
the zinnias and michaelmas daisies in company with their congener 
and Chrysophanus phleas, of which I noticed several of the 
ceruleopunctata form. At about the same time Heterocera were 


302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


plentiful at light, the most common species being Anchocelis lwnosa, 
which some evenings positively swarmed, and rarer Polia flavicincta 
and Humichtis protea. The latter insect I do not remember to 
have observed before in this part of the county. There is an 
exquisitely faithful figure of it in M. J. Culot’s ‘ Noctuelles d’ Europe,’ 
in my opinion by far the most accurate work of the kind ever 
attempted, and in every way worthy of the artist who has designed 
for so many years the plates of M. Charles Oberthiir’s beautiful 
‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée.’ — H. Rowzanp-Brown; - Harrow 
Weald, Middlesex. 


Morus Caprurep By Licut-TRAP (continued from p. 254) :— 

Avcust.—Leucania conigera. Ast (one).—L. lithargyria. 1st 
(one).—Apamea secalis. 1st (one); 11th (one); 12th (one); 13th 
(one) =4.—Hydrecia nictitans. 1st (three); 12th (two); 13th (one); 
16th (two); 17th (two); 18th (two); 19th (three); 20th (two); 21st 
(one); 23rd (one)=19.—Selenza bilunaria. 1st (one).— Noctua 
plecta. 1st (one); 12th (one) =2.—Mesoleuca ocellata. 1st (two); 
13th (two); 19th (one); 20th (one); 24th (one)=7.—Coremia ferru- 
gata. lst (three); 2nd (one); 11th (one); 12th (two); 19th (one); 
20th (two) =10.—Plusia gamma. 1st (one); 11th (one); 20th (one); 
25th (one); 29th (one); 30th (one)=6.—Cerigo matura. 1st (one); 
18th (one) =2.—Anaitis plagiata. Ist (one); 12th (one); 13th (one); 
15th (one); 16th (one); 19th (four); 20th (three); 24th (three); 31st 
(one) = 16.—Agrotis puta. 10th (one); 18th (two); 19th (one); 21st 
(one)=5.—Triphena pronuba. 10th (one); 11th (one); 12th (one); 
13th (one); 14th (one); 15th (one); 20th (two); 21st (one); 23rd 
(two); 24th (one); 27th (one); 29th (one) =14.—Hupithecia oblon- 
gata. 11th (one); 12th (one); 13th (one); 14th (one); 19th (one); 
20th (four); 24th (one)=10.—Xanthorhoé fluctuata. 12th (one); 
17th (one); 19th (one); 24th (one); 27th (one) =5.—Phlogophora 
meticulosa. 13th (one); 27th (two)=3.—Luperina testacea. 18th 
(one); 15th (four); 16th (four); 17th (five); 18th (ten); 19th (ten); 
20th (fifteen); 21st (nine); 22nd (seven); 23rd (two); 24th (seven) ; 
25th (one); 26th (four); 27th (seven); 28th (six); 29th (five); 30th 
(nine); 31st (six) =112.—Hydrecia micacea. 13th (two); 14th 
(one); 20th (one); 24th (four); 29th (one); 31st (one) =10.—Crocales 
elinguaria. 13th (one); 14th (one); 17th (one); 24th (one)=4.— 
Noctua xanthographa. 13th (one); 19th (one); 20th (three); 23rd 
(one); 28th (one); 29th (four); 30th (one) =12.—Ortholitha bipune- 
tarta. 14th (one); 15th (one)=2.—Xylophasia monoglypha. 1dth 
(one); 24th (one); 27th (one)=3.—Noctua rubi. 15th (two); 16th 
(three); 20th (two); 23rd (two); 24th (one); 28th (one); 31st (one) 
= 12.—Miana bicoloria. 17th (one).—Limandra amata. 18th (one). 
—Phibalapteryx vitalbata. 18th (two); 21st (one) =3.—Lomasptlis 
marginata. 20th (one).—Leucania pallens. 20th (one); 31st (one) 
=2.—Pterostoma palpina. 20th (one).—Ligdia adustata. 20th 
(one).—Noctwa c-nigrum. 21st (one).—Opisthograptis luteolata. 
22nd (one); 24th (one); 28th (one); 30th (one) =4.—Abrostola tripar- 
lita. 23rd (one).—Coremia designata. 24th (one).—Acidalia ornata. 
24th (one).—Bryophila perla. 24th (one).—Amphipyra tragopogonis. 
24th (two).—Tholera cespitis. 24th (one); 25th (two); 27th (ane); 


SOCIETIES. 303 


28th (one); 29th (one)=6.—EHpineuronia popularis. 27th (one); 
28th (one)=2.—Triphena comes. 27th (one).—EHphyra linearia. 
28th (one).—Cidaria truncata. 29th (one). 

SEPTEMBER. — Luperina testacea. 2nd (one); 3rd (one); 4th 
(two); 8th (one); 16th (one) =6.—Tholeras cespitis. 2nd (one); 5th 
(one)=2.—Triphena pronuba. 2nd (one).—Amphipyra tragopo- 
gonis. 2nd (one).—Xanthorhoé fluctuata. 3rd (one).—Caradrina 
morpheus. 4th (one).—Phlogophora meticulosa. 7th (one); 23rd 
(one); 26th (one)=3.—Noctua xanthographa. Tth (one).—Thera 
variata. 8th (one); 26th (one)=2.—Omphalocelis luwnosa. 13th 
(one); 16th (five); 18th (six); 20th (one); 21st (two); 22nd (two); 
23rd (three); 24th (one); 25th (one)=22.—Xanthia fulvago. 15th 
(one); 24th (one) =2.—Plusia gamma. 16th (one); 18th (one); 21st 
(one); 26th (one); 27th (one)=5.—Amathes lychnidis. 18th (two); 
20th (three); 21st (one); 22nd (four); 23rd (one); 24th (three)|; 
25th (ten); 26th (thirty-one); 27th (eighteen); 28th (seven); 29th 
(eight) =88.—Aporophyla mgra. 18th (one).—Ochria ochracea. 18th 
(one).—Leucania tmpura. 18th (one).—Hydrecia micacea, 23rd 
(one).—Xanthia lutea (flavago). 27th (one)—R. M. PripEavx; 
Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914. 


SOCIETIES. 


THe South Lonpon EntomotocicaL AND Natura History 
Socrery.—September 10th.._Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Sc., President, in 
the chair—Mr. Ashdown exhibited Lepidoptera taken by him in June 
and July at Lugano and Zermatt, including Gineis aéllo, Anthocharis 
simplonia, Aricia eumedon, Albulina pherestes, Syntomis phegea, &c. 
Mr. H. Main, larvee of an Acalaphus just hatched, sitting with open 
jaws for prey.—Mr. Turner, Agriades thetis male with very dark 
under side and a male Polyommatus icarus with much intensified 
submarginal dark spots on the under side.—Mr. Edwards, exotic 
butterflies from S. America.—Mr. B. S. Williams, a black suffused 
Mamestra brassice, and one with pale ground and aberrant stigmata. 
—Mr. Curwen, species of Anthrocera taken by him recently and 
suggested a future discussion on the genus. 

September 24th.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Se., President, in the chair. 
—KExhibition of lantern slides by Messrs. B. 8. Williams and 
Dennis.—Mr. Newman, bred series of Pieris nap from Cork and Sligo, 
with yellow suffused and black suffused aberrations, one of the latter 
having a complete transverse black band on fore wings.—Mr. Brooks, 
varied series of Polyommatus wcarus females from Horsley, Headley 
and Pickett’s Hole——Reports were made on the occurrence of 
C. edusa, P. atalanta, P. cardui, &e. Only stray specimens had been 
seen of C. edusa, while the other two species were common.—Hy. J. 
Turner, Hon. Leport. Sec. 


OxsrtuaRy.— With very great regret we have to announce the death 
of Mr. Winu1am Warren, M.A., F.E.S., which occurred on October 
18th last, after a short but painful illness. A further notice will 
appear in our next issue. 


.y, ee, ie ira 
pen Ae 


el i 
i py ear 


304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


i ® : 
Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée. Fasc. ix. Ie et 2¢ Parties. 


Rennes. 1914. 


THE last two published parts of M. Charles Oberthiir’s magnificent 
series of lepidopterological studies were published before the war 
broke out. Turning over the pages, and looking upon the plates by 
which they are illustrated, we may venture to hope that the 
Imprimerie Oberthiir may find it possible to continue the work which 
for the past seven years has added so much to our knowledge of the 
lepidoptera of the world in general, and of France and Algeria in par- 
ticular. For the author has opened his pages to various nationalities, 
having once intimated to the writer of this notice that he wished his 
own studies to be supplemented and enlarged by the observations of 
lepidopterists of all nations in the Old World and the New alike. 
These two parts, indeed, are chiefly concerned with the nearctic 
fauna, and in response to the request of American entomologists for 
an accurate account and determination of Boisduval’s types, we are 
the richer by some fifty exquisitely coloured plates of North American 
butterflies designed from the originals, and hand-painted by M. J. 
Culot, of Geneva, whose work is familiar to students of the western 
palzarctic butterflies and moths. M. Oberthir, therefore, may also 
be congratulated upon having secured the assistance of that rara 
avis, an entomologist who is a first-rate artist, and an artist who is 
a first-rate entomologist. Part 2 further contains a réswmé by Dr. 
Standfuss, of Zurich, of his breeding experiments with Aglaia tau, L., 
and, by the same author, a deeply interesting notice of morphological 
and physiological research in connection with two races of Sphingid 
hybrids. British entomologists, to whom their names are household 
words, will also survey with pleasure the portraits of the several 
French, German, Swiss, and British authorities included in the “ first 
series’’ of a gallery ending happily with a photograph of M. Oberthiir 
himself—apparently the only one in existence. At their head is the 
renowned Dr. Boisduval, whose genial features smile out. upon us 
from the past with convincing sincerity; then comes Dr. Gottlieb 
Herrich-Schaeffer and the eccentric Dr. Rambur, the discoverer of 
the process by which to-day we differentiate by the microscopic 
examination of the male appendages otherwise indistinguishable 


> 


species; as, for example, many of the Hesperiidz. British science of — 


the old school is represented by the late Frederick Moore, D.Sc.; the 
new school of Swiss lepidopterists, if we may be permitted the term, 
by a characteristic picture of Dr. Jacques Louis Reverdin, successful 
follower in the special field already indicated by Rambur. These 
volumes are not, we believe, available for purchase, but M. Oberthiir 
has presented copies to the Natural History Museum and to the 
Entomological Society of London, as well as to one or two privileged 
English friends. In the libraries of the institutions mentioned they 


are open to the use and inspection of investigators and collectors, who 


will gladly acknowledge their deep debt of gratitude to the generous 
donor. a 
H. R.-B. 


ra 
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Wn 


oR: 

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ledge of the British Braconide. No. 2 Macrocentid 
Two New Species, G. Ty Lyle, 287. « New: Species of Geo 
Formosa, A. H. Wileman, 290. An: Expodition in search | of Ru 
flies (continued), W. G. Sheldon, 293. The Embieeac of Cone 
tana (Alternana), (Rev.) W.-G: Whittingham, 297, Kept 

Notes AnD OpseRVATIONS.—Acronycta strigosa in Wisken: Fen, Ge Be rtram 
Renshaw, 298. Wicken: Fen, #. B. Nevinson, 299. A Note on. ‘Aorong hi 
strigosa, J. C.F. Fryer, 299. Forfieula gigantea, R. D, Good, 300. _Nemeobi Se 
lucina emerging in October, F. W. J. Jackson, 300. Colias edusa - in Dorset-— 


shire, Ro D, Good, 300. Occurrence of Vanessa antiopa in 1914, F. we 


Frohawk, 801. Papilio machaon in Kent, E. D. Morgan, 301. ‘Entomological — 
Jottings from.Chichester, Joseph Anderson, 301. Occurrence of Phasgonura 
viridissima near Felixstowe, Gerard H. Gurney, 301. Abundance. of Middlesex. 
Lepidoptera in 1914, H. Rowland-Brown, 301. Moths captured ‘by. dian 
trap (continued), R. M. Prideaux, 802. 
Society.—The South London Entomological and Natural History Bonen 308. eS 
OBITUARY, 808. Recent? Literature, 304. oe 


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Me SI IN Se EI gen 25 55 SS 
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Vol. XLVI) aes 1914. [No. 619. 


t 


ENTOMOLOGIST 
ie ae Monthly Journal 


GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. 


f 


EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 


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ec bate Be 


WARN 


as * 


The Entomologist, December, 1914. Plate VI!. 


T. A. Chapman photo. 


Ad EE AUT ERE VA SEIAUING {OL 2 vier Saleen Se 


Reproduced from Trans. Ent. Soc. 1914, by kind permission of Dr. T. A. Chapman.) 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLVII.] DECEMBER, 1914. [No. 619 


SOME TASMANIAN BEES. 
By T. D. A. CockERELu. 


I ative a list of the bees recently collected in Tasmania by 
Mr. F. M. Littler, and kindly forwarded to me by Mr. Walter W. 
Froggatt. Other specimens, with the same numbers, have been 
retained in Australia. 


Paracolletes marginatus. Smith, 245c¢ (2331) and 244c¢ (23382). 
The scape is black in both sexes; in males from Victoria it is 
red. Bridport, Oct. 26th—80th, 1913. 


Paracolletes launcestonensis, n. sp. 
936 c. Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914. 


@. Length about 8 mm.; head, thorax and legs black, the small 
joints of tarsi reddish; abdomen very dark greenish, the hind margins 
of first two segments appearing narrowly ferruginous, but at least at 
sides of first segment the colour is actually on extreme base of 
the one following; tegule and extreme base of anterior wings 
bright apricot colour; wings fuliginous, darkest in the costo-apical 
region; stigma large, black, nervures dark fuscous ; flagellum wholly 
dark. Pubescence scanty; sides of face and cheeks with thin white 
hair; hair of vertex erect, pale, slightly brownish ; clypeus shining, 
sparsely punctured; supraclypeal area duller, elevated, not punctured ; 
front with a dull sericeous surface; anterior corners of mesothorax 
with a little pale ochreous hair (slight approach to condition of 
humerosus and zrroratus); tubercles densely fringed with white hair; 
sides of metathorax with long white hair; mesothorax dullish, with 
sparse feeble punctures; postscutellum dull and rough, contrasting 
with the shining scutellum; area of metathorax large, bounded by 
an impressed line which is gently curved outward and is not beaded ; 
scopa of hind tibize white, dark fuscous above basally; b. n. meeting 
t.m.; first r. n. joining second s.m. a little beyond middle, second 
joining third s.m. at apical corner; hair at apex of abdomen fuscous, 
not very abundant; under side of abdomen with curled white hairs. 
By the dark wings, this resembles P. obscuripennis, Ckll., but is 
easily separated by the tegule, metathorax, &c. 


Callomelitta littlert, n. sp. 
249, c (2324). Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914. 
¢. Length about 9 mm.; anterior wing 7:5. Similar to C. picta, 
Sm., but smaller; mesothorax, tubercles and axille terracotta red, 
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1914. 206 


306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


but pleura entirely black; tegula bright apricot colour; anterior 
femora and tibiew bright red, but their tarsi dark; abdomen black, 
wholly without blue tints; wings very dark ; area of metathorax with 
coarse ridges. 


Prosopis perhumilis, Ckll., var. a. 
240 ¢ (2833). Bridport, Oct. 26th-30th, 1918. Two. 


g. Length about 44 mm.; supraclypeal mark very small; at 
least half of hind basitarsi light. 


Parasphecodes rhodopterus, n. sp. 
243 ¢ (2825). Launceston, Jan. 18th, 1914. 


?. Length about 8mm.; rather robust ; head, thorax, legs and 
antenne black, the last joint of flagellum very faintly reddish ; 
tegule rufotestaceous, dark at base; wings very strongly reddened, 
stigma and nervures dull red; abdomen chestnut-red, not very bright, 
first segment with a large black spot on basal middle, and a trans- 
verse very broad-triangular discal mark, segments beyond the third 
suffused with blackish. Clypeus with strong punctures; mesothorax 
and scutellum extremely densely and finely punctured; area of 
metathorax semilunar, with rather fine regular longitudinal ridges ; 
posterior truncation without prominent upper corners; first r. n. 
joining the rather narrow second s. m. at apex; outer r. n. and t.c. 
thin but dark; hair on inner side of middle tarsi bright orange- 
ferruginous, but on inner side of hind tarsi paler ; outer side of hind 
tibize and basitarsi with fuscous hair; first two abdominal segments 
dull, with extremely fine punctures all over; third shining, with 
scattered irregular very fine punctures; third segment and beyond 
with fuscous hair, only clearly seen in side view. 


Allied to P. taluchis, Sm., but flagellum and legs black. 


Parasphecodes rufotegularis, n. sp. 
235 c (2556). Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914. 


g. Length 8:5 mm.; black, with the broad apical margin of 
first abdominal segment (extending basad at sides), and the second 
and third segments entirely, very bright ferruginous; labrum, man- 
dibles and about apical half of clypeus (with an angular median 
projection into the black) light yellow; antennex very long, black ; 
teguiz bright ferruginous; wings slightly dusky, nervures and stigma 
fuscous ; knees, anterior tibize (except a blackish mark on outer side), 
middle tibize at apex, and all the tarsi, ferruginous. Head and thorax 
with greyish white hair; front dull; mesothorax and scutellum 
very finely punctured, the scutellum and posterior part of mesothorax 
shining; area of metathorax rather large, semilunar, glistening, with 
quite irregular ruge producing a subreticulate effect; first r. n. 
meeting second t. c.; abdomen with very fine punctures. This is 
too different from the last to be its male, the metathorax especially 
being quite different. There is some resemblance to P. stuchila, Sm., 
but that has the area of metathorax rugose-granular, and the tibiz 
ferruginous. 


SOME TASMANIAN BEES. 307 


Halictus cognatus, Smith. 287 ¢ (2323). Male. Launceston, 
Jan. 25th, 1914, 


H. lanarius, Smith. 2389¢ (2335). Female. Devonport, 
Noy. 2nd—5th, 1918. 


Halictus hematopus, n. sp. 288¢ (2326). Launceston. 


3. Length about 6 mm.; black, with the tibix, tarsi and apical 
part of femora bright ferruginous, the middle tibize with a faint dusky 
stripe on outer side; labrum and mandibles dark, but clypeus with a 
broad pale yellow band, with an angular projection into the black 
above; antenne black, the flagellum very long and crenulate ; abdo- 
men broad, finely punctured, without hair-bands or patches. Looks 
at first sight exactly like H. sangwinipes, Ckll., from Victoria, but 
differs as follows: abdomen comparatively broad at base, not clavi- 
form ; tegule light orange-ferruginous ; apical field of wings dusky. 
It is even closer to H. bicingulatus, Sm., differing by the wholly black 
flagellum, the large amount of black on femora, the longer stigma 
and the shining, more distinctly punctured abdomen. It could be 
regarded as an insular subspecies of H. bicingulatus. My male 
bicingulatus is from Brisbane; it is possible that specimens from the 
coast opposite Tasmania would more nearly approximate to the 
Tasmanian bee. 


Halictus litileri, n. sp. 281¢. Launceston. 


?. Length about 8:5 mm.; black, including antenne and tarsi; 
bands of greyish-white tomentum at bases of abdominal segments, 
reduced to a patch on each side of second; mesothorax very coarsely 
punctured ; area of metathorax large, concave, finely striate; tegule 
piceous ; wings dusky, second s. m. very large and broad. Close to 
H. circwmdatus, Ckll., from Victoria, but differing thus: clypeus 
rough, more closely punctured, less shining; vertex and mesothorax 
with conspicuous black hair; middle of mesothorax more densely 
punctured ; tegulz much darker; wings greyer, not at all yellowish, 
with darker nervures ; area of metathorax much duller, the striz less 
regular; outer side of hind tibiz with much black hair. The second 
abdominal segment is finely punctured, except the broad apical part, 
which is minutely lineolate, with only scattered rudimentary punctures ; 
a useful character to separate the species from H. gzlesz, Ckll., and 
H. asperithorax, Ckll. The front is microscopically grooved, the 
grooves crossed at intervals by ridges. 


Nomia submerens, n. sp. 
246 c (2334). Bridport, Oct. 26th-30th, 1913. 


?. Like N. merens,Sm., but metathorax different, the transverse 
cross-striated channel much narrower in middle, its lower margin 
straight except at sides, where it rather abruptly bends upwards ; 
wings shorter, nervures darker; tegulze anteriorly with a pale 
marginal spot. This could be regarded as an insular subspecies of 
N. merens. 

2c 2 


308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Exoneura hamulata, Ckll., var. a. 
934c. Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914. 


?. With the broad face of H. hamulata; clypeal mark evanescent, 
all but the upper part dark reddish; wings strongly reddened, stigma 
clear amber; hair on outer side of hind tibie ferruginous. If the 
characters are constant, this will deserve a subspecific name. A 
specimen from Victoria has equally red wings. 

I gave a list of Tasmanian bees in Proc. Linn. Soc. 
N. S. Wales, xxxvii., p. 599. Since that time the list has been 
considerably increased, so that with the present contribution it 
includes Prosopis, seven species ; Binghamiella, one ; Huryglossa, 
three; Paracolletes, ten; Callomelitta, two ; Halictus, sixteen ; 
Parasphecodes, thirteen ; Nomia, one; Megachile, three; Exo- 
neura, three. This is in striking contrast to the very poor bee- 
fauna of New Zealand; but while it seems certain that New 
Zealand cannot produce nearly as many bees as Tasmania, it 
remains probable that careful collecting would considerably 
augment the present short list. The large proportion of new 
forms collected by Mr. Littler shows that the Tasmanian bee- 
fauna is still quite insufficiently known. 


THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Puate VII.) 

(Concluded from p. 286.) 

(i1.) Le Lauteret. 


For three whole days, from July 21st to the 28rd, it continued 
to rain or snow upon the Col de Lauteret (6950 ft.), with scarcely 
an hour’s intermission, by which time the lower valley of Oisans 
was under water, and half the country round Grenoble as well. 
The weather changed suddenly on the 24th, with a rude north 
wind, and though the skies above were clear, and the sun shone 
brightly, it was bitterly cold. Not until then was I able to 
collect, choosing the road up to the Col de Galibier as less exposed 
to the weather. The flowers, which at all events had suffered 
little from the severe drenching, were even more magnificent 
than at La Grave; and, at what seems a surprisingly late date 
for them, the white narcissus, N. poeticus var. radiflorus, was still 
in its first pride, together with the large white Anemone, Anemone 
alpina, and the handsome lofty Orobus luteus, which when going 
out of flower becomes deep orange. A. simplonia was now almost 
common. In the grass and herbage Hrebia pharte again turned up 
in swarms, with tiny E. ceto, rare HK. epiphron var. cassiope, and 


THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 309 


rarer H}. melampus. The late Mr. Tutt made interesting suggestions 
upon the specific identity of Z. pharte and EF. melampus, based to 
some extent upon the difficulty of separating the females. His 
remarks were published anterior to the systematic examination 
of the male appendages by later authorities, and though, as he 
says, the females of the two species are sometimes identically 
marked and even fly together, my experience here-—and more 
markedly elsewhere in the Central Alps, and especially in the 
Tyrol—is that pharte is almost always passé, if not actually over, 
before melampus puts in an appearance. 

But it seems probable that here, at all events, there is a 
tendency among what may be presumed the weaker species to 
associate with and mimic the strongest, viz. Hrebia pharte, which 
at La Grave also is far and away the commonest of the small 
Erebias. Dr. Chapman, as stated (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1913, 
cxvii.-cix.), suspects a mimetic association at Le Lauteret; or in 
the alternative that climatic conditions may be responsible for 
this curious approximation of the three species to pharte. I did 
not take pharte last year at Larche; but there, too, ceto was of 
this diminutive Dauphiny form, and it flew apparently, for I 
was too late for the main emergence, over the ground where 
earlier I should have expected to meet with pharte, and did 
find epiphron and melampus. I see that Dr. Chapman hesitates 
to include epiphron in this association for want of material upon 
which to base his conclusions. But though rarer decidedly than 
the others, I find on looking through my captures that I also 
took the familiar ‘‘ Mountain Ringlet”’ without realising its specific 
identity. Lastly, I may supplement these observations to add 
that the long series of pharte from La Grave and Le Lauteret 
differ inter se. The females are quite as brilliant in the depth 
of the orange fascia as examples from Brenner and the ‘re 
Croce, Cortina. The rusty markings on the upper side of the 
male fore wings vary from a single small spot, towards the 
apical angle, to well-defined series of blotches, constituting a 
more or less continuous band. Of the epiphron, some are much 
nearer type than var. cassiope. The furious wind which never 
ceased to blow even when it was fine at Le Lauteret made 
expeditions hopeless to the higher mountains in search of 
butterflies. A friend who struggled up the Grand Galibier 
informed me that near the summit on the rocks he had seen 
some ‘‘all-black” butterflies battling with the tempest—and 
these no doubt would be Hrebia alecto, this being the actual spot 
whence Boisduval, more than half a century ago, received his 
first (?) French examples. 

Among the small fry on the Galibier route P. eros was the 
commonest of the ‘‘ Blues,” with P. pheretes males much injured 
by the buffeting of the past few days. Again | saw no 
P. icarus, but P. thersites afforded males, and a few lovely blue 


310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


females, the majority of which latter unfortunately fell victims to 
the mobilisation générale. P. orbitulus was hardly out. H. alveus 
and II. serratule were fairly common; H. carline were repre- 
sented by individual males. 

On the 26th in the afternoon, after two sunny days, I did not 
see a single butterfly. At about 8000 ft. it was sleeting 
miserably. The day before, encouraged by a clear blue sky, and 
the apparent distance of the mountains dazzling with new 
fallen snow, I trudged off to the Club Alpine (6955 ft.) on the 
Lauteret side of the Col d’Arsine. The path leads up parallel 
for some distance with the road to La Grave through pastures 
of peerless beauty, knee-deep in columbines, campanulas, and 
white anemones, reminiscent of MacWhirter’s masterpiece in the 
Tate Gallery, ‘June in the Austrian Tyrol.” A fine butterfly 
ground in calmer weather; but, alas! to-day the wind shrilled 
higher than ever, effectually keeping everything level with the 
herbage. Out of the wind in a deep gully turning up the last of the 
valley of the Romanche I watched Parnassius delius flying over the 
saxifrage, and every now and again the favoured yellow crucifer 
would be visited by A. simplonia. Once over the brim of the 
hill they disappeared before the wind like magic. A secluded 
meadow near at hand afforded covert to a rather faded race of 
Melitea aurinia var. merope; and here P. argus, C. hippothoe 
var. eurybia, and P. hylas were flitting with Canonympha iphis, 
P. medon, and the usual host of small Erebias. But once 
beyond this shelter and on to the Refuge Hut there was 
nothing except an occasional Argynnis niobe, and swarms of 
Anthrocera exulans. Careful search for H. andrcmedé was 
unrewarded, but I have little doubt than in less boisterous 
weather I should have repeated the successes of La Grave. 
Near the Hut there is an abundance of Dryas octopetala. On the 
28th, despairing of an improvement, I left reluctantly for 
Monétier-les-Bains, where I found comfortable quarters and 
homely comforts with many agreeable French visitors at the 
Hotel de Europe, kept by M. Izoard, a famous Dauphiny 
guide of his day, and a veteran of ‘‘ Soixante-dix.” 


(iil.) Monétier-les-Bains. 

As I walked down, back to the wind, from Le Lauteret on 
another day, blustering and cold as March, visions of Hrebia 
scipio at warmer Monétier rose before my eyes. A single 
specimen on the Col de Larche last year—the sum total of five 
separate years’ hunt—had scarcely satisfied my appetite for 
the chase. Dr. Reverdin had informed me of its existence in 
quantities at Monétier; Mrs. Nicholl, that indefatigable pioneer 
of British collectors in Spain, in Bosnia, in the Balkans, and 
in Dauphiny, had advised me of its presence at Vallouise, no 
great distance away as the crow flies. When just a quarter of an 


THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. Sit 


hour outside the village I saw a greyish-looking erebia tumbled over 
and over in the dust by the sweeping wind, my hopes were raised 
proportionately. The wind caught my hat and carried it well 
on towards Monétier, but I had the butterfly in my net and it 
was, as I expected, a female H. scipio, yet so much the worse for 
the escapade that I let her go at once. Then I made a valiant 
attempt to swarm to the little plateau whence possibly she had 
descended, and where I spotted two or three male Hrebias 
disporting themselves. I could not get near them, so wild were 
they; and I never saw the species again, though three times I 
returned under less adverse circumstances. Scipio, therefore, 
remains on my list of desiderata, and, with all the world at war, 
I wonder whether I shall ever supplement in my cabinet the 
Digne examples kindly given me by M. Oberthur with those of 
my own capture. 

The village of Monétier lies at the south end of a bleak open 
valley extending almost the whole way from Pont de l’Alpe— 
looked at from above, a grey-brown wilderness of dusty fields, 
the detritus of the Guisane, which river, it would seem, habitu- 
ally inundates the surrounding country when the snows of Le 
Lauteret melt. But if the main valley is unpromising from an 
entomological point of view, the lateral valleys opening up 
consecutively on either side, but principally on the right bank, 
suggest fat bags for those who do not mind a certain amount of 
rough-and-tumble walking en route, made more laborious this 
season by the frequent rain rupture of the pathways. The 
tempestuous weather had also left its mark on the butterflies 
hereabouts. At all events, species reported as common by Mr. 
Tetley were hardly to be seen at all; and even where the moun- 
tain pastures were smiling with flowers and lush-green grass, 
I did not find that abundance of common things which is a 
feature of most Alpine pleasaunces. The four days of my col- 
lecting were divided between the hills and mountains on either 
side of Monétier. Those to the east were most productive at 
the lower levels; but very little was to be seen above the tree- 
line, and it was in the openings of the fir woods here that I first 
found Anthrocerids really plentiful, A. achillee sharing claim 
with A. transalpina and A. lonicere to be commonest of their 
genus. The A. carniolica from this locality are characteristic— 
small in size, the spots without marginal decoration, and the 
colour rather pale crimson. I boxed no more than a single 
specimen of A. fausta this year, on the Lauteret road. 

Where the Burnets were most plentiful they shared the 
flower heads of scabious and yellow hawkweeds with clouds of 
Adopea lineola, P. corydon, P. hylas, and occasional P. thersites. 
Brenthis ino was also in great force, with a small race of 
M. phebe. Papilio machaon and some Aporia crategi, P. apollo, 
and C. phicomone were fairly well represented. The Hrebias 


312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


seen here were H. stygne and EH. euryale, both passés; the 
Hesperiids P. sao, H. alveus, and, among the very few 
things flying on the close-grazed, wind-swept clayey tops, 
H. carling. Ican recall no Satyrids of the larger kind on the 
wing except S. cordulea; and this was infrequent except on 
the hot hillside, where I had sought Erebia scipio in vain. 
Chrysophanus virgauree, too, was not as common as usual; the 
females taken are intermediate in colour between the type and 
var. zermattenis. This pathway winds up to one of the well 
sources from which Monétier draws its thermal waters. The 
forester’s hut marks a convenient centre for the chase, and had 
not the Fates ruled otherwise, I should have extended my 
explorations considerably in this direction. 

It is a curious fact that until I wended my way towards the 
Col d’Arsine on July 29th I had not observed a single Theclid 
in France this year. The few ’. ilicis left on the Millefolium 
had seen their last days, and it was the same with most other 
species on the wing—very difficult to secure good specimens. 
In the lower forest B. amathusia, B. ino, and Limenitis camilla 
occurred, the first-mentioned commonly ; but it was disappoint- 
ing to plod miles under the burning sun and find so few species 
besides on the wing. Even Argynnis niobe was rare, A. aglaia 
more so; and at the higher levels towards the summit of the 
Col (7874 ft.), on the steep slopes above the little Lac d’Arsine, 
there were surprisingly few butterflies, though the day was per- 
fect. Mr. Tetley had bid me look for EH. scipio here; I saw 
none—only HH. stygne—and compared with the locality at 
Monétier if seemed a less likely spot and elevation for the 
species. B. pales, generally swarming, was represented by 
single individuals; A. simplonia rather common, but wild and 
wary. By the brooks P. delius floated temptingly, and I took 
one beautiful female. H. tyndarus and EH. lappona were battered 
and broken; no sign of H. andromeda, but again several ex- 
quisitely fresh H. carline and imperfect H. serratule, all of 
which repeated themselves, only even more rarely, on the high 
valley below the Monétier Glacier, where I spent the last day of 
my holiday on the flowery slopes. 

Sunday, August 2nd, 1914, is not likely to be forgotten by 
France for many years to come; it will remain indelibly fixed 
on my memory as long as I live. The long summer day wan- 
ing to its close, a perfect peace brooding over the hills, made 
musical by the thousand bells of upland-pastured sheep. I had 
reached the hotel about 5 o’clock, and was making tea in my 
little bedroom when suddenly I heard the tocsin begin to ring. 
Thinking at once that there was a fire, I slipped on my boots again, 
and ran out into the little square just in time to hear the Mayor 
read out the fateful order for the general mobilisation of the 
French armies. A conflagration indeed! War! And by midnight 


THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. oe 


not an able-bodied man, not a horse, cart, or mule was left in 
Monétier. The tide of Destiny had ‘swept even into this tiny 
haven of peace, and borne away silent and unprotesting—nay, 
I think, glad with a sober joy—the brave peasants who, for a 
second time in history, stand side by side with our people on 
the red battlefields of France and Belgium. 

Butterflies observed at La Grave, Le Lauteret, and Monétier- 
les-Bains, July 11th-August 2nd, 1914 :— 

Hesperupm. — Carcharodus lavatere (one, La Grave), C 
althee ; Augiades sylvanus, A. comma; Adopea lineola; Hes- 
peria alveus, H. carline, H. serratule, H. cacalie, H. andromede, 
H. malvoides ; Pyrgus sao. 

Lycmnip#%.—Chrysophanus hippothoé var. eurybia, C. dorilis 
var. subalpina, C. virgauree, C. phleas; Lycena arion (going 
over); Nomiades semiargus; Cupido minimus ; Polyommatus 
eumedon, P. donzellit (one, La Grave), P. damon, P. corydon, 
P. hylas, P. escheri, P. thersites, P. icarus, P. eros, P. orbitulus, 
P. medon, P. pheretes; Plebeius argus ; T'hecla ilicis (Monétier). 
(Included in Dr. Chapman’s list, but not met with by me, 
Cupido sebrus.) 

Papinionip®.—Papilio machaon, P. podalirius (near Bourg 
d’Oisans, July 11th); Parnassius apollo, P. delius. 

Prrripz.—Aporia crategi; Pieris brassice, P. rape, P. napr 
var. bryonie ; Pontia callidice ; Anthocharis simplonia ; Huchloe 
cardamines ; Leptosia sinapis; Colias phicomone, C. hyale, C. 
edusa ; Gonepteryx rhamnt. 

NympHanipm. -— Argynnis aglaia, A. niobe, and var. eris; 
Issoria lathonia; Brenthis euphrosyne, B. ino, B. amathusia 
(Monétier), B. dia, B. pales; Melitea aurinia var. merope, 
M. phebe, M. didyma, M. varia, M. athalia, M. dictynna ; 
Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta ; Aglais urtice ; Limenitis camilla 
(Monétier). 

SaryripH.—Pararge mera, P. megera; Epinephele jurtina, 
EE. lycaon (Monétier) ; Coenonympha iphis, C. satyrion, C. pam- 
philus; Erebia epiphron var. cassiope, HE. melampus, EH. pharte, 
E. mnestra (Evariste-Chancel), H. alecto var. duponcheli, E. ceto, 
EE. stygne, E. scipio, EH. euryale, EH. goante, HE. gorge, HE. tyndarus, 
E. lappona; Melanargia galatea ; eighty-nine species in all. 

Harrow Weald: October, 1914. 


eX Crs STRIGOSA, HADENA ATRIPLICIS, &e., 
IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE 


By A. THURNALL. 


As a native of South Cambridgeshire the various notes which 
have appeared in recent numbers of the ‘‘ Entomologist” 


ai THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


naturally appeal to me, so possibly my own rather small 
experience with Acronycta strigosa nearly forty years ago may 
be interesting to present-day collectors. In the years 1878, 
1874, 1875 I was living in the village of Whittlesford, about 
sixteen miles south of Wicken, and like most young entomological 
enthusiasts the Noctue were my especial favourites. In those 
distant days I used to sugar the trees in the garden and adjoining 
orchard almost all the year round and met with many species 
considered ‘‘real good things” at that period. The first specimen 
IT ever took (of strigosa) was as far back as 1870, flying in the 
garden in the dusk; in 1878 two more at sugar in the same 
place. In the following year I took four: one at light, two at 
sugar in the orchard, and one at rest on the lichen-covered trunk 
of a small hawthorn tree growing in a hedge skirting a field in 
the neighbouring parish of Duxford, in the extreme south of the 
county. In 1875 I also took four: two at sugar and two at rest 
on the same small hawthorn tree above-mentioned. I left the 
district in that year and had very few chances of working for this 
moth afterwards, but on August 4th, 1879 (an unusually late 
date surely !), I took a female in beautiful condition in the garden 
at sugar, and the following month I beat a single full-fed larva 
from a hedge near the house: I never saw strigosa alive in any 
stage afterwards. With regard to its occurrence in Wicken Fen 
itself, I believe it has been taken, but very rarely. My old 
friend, Frederick Bond, told me he only found one (at sugar) in 
the Fen, but he took it in some numbers in some fields at the 
back of Fulbourn Asylum, and amongst them one or two “ black 
ones.” Whether this melanic form has been taken in recent 
times I am unable to say. Mr. Bond’s captures were made, I 
think, in the late fifties of the last century. From the fact that 
it has been taken in the Chatteris, Wicken and Whittlesford 
districts it would seem that it is (or was) found throughout the 
county. Although always associated with Cambridgeshire, some 
of your readers will perhaps be surprised to learn that it has 
been taken as far away as Worcestershire. Mr. Dobree Fox, a 
good entomologist, in the eleventh volume of the ‘‘ Entomologist” 
(p. 252), records the capture of two at sugar in his own garden 
in 1878. Another insect usually associated with the fens, 
Cidaria sagittata, has also been taken away in the West of 
England, in Bewdley Forest, Worcestershire. ‘‘Seven fine 
specimens flying over a swampy place at dusk” (W. Edwards, 
Eintom. xvi. 211). Again, another species, the beautiful little 
Commophila schreibersiana turned up quite recently in Gloucester- 
shire. With regard to Hadena atriplicis I used to take it not 
uncommonly, together with Palimpsestes ocularis, at sugar on the 
trunks of some large poplars on the Waterbeach side of Upware. 
The latter I bred several times from pupe found at the foot of 
some Lombardy poplars at Sawston, in the south of the county. 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 315 


As a supplement to the above note, I may mention the fact 
that H. atriplicis was formerly quite a common moth round 
Wicken: one good spot was a plantation close to the village 
itself. Mr. Bond told me that on one occasion he had been 
on the Fen all the evening, returning to the well-known 
‘Five Miles’ Inn about midnight, very tired; it being a very 
warm night he opened the windows, placed a light near them 
and went off to sleep; awaking when it was broad daylight he 
found Noctuze sticking ‘‘all about the walls and ceiling, most of 
them atriplicis.” From a female taken at sugar June 11th, 1877, 
I obtained three eggs and succeeded in rearing one imago which 
emerged on June 15th, the following year; I fed the larva on 
knotgrass. It was in this latter year that I last saw the long 
extinct Lelia cenosa. On August 6th I took a male and Albert 
Houghton another, flying, or rather ‘ fluttering,” with their 
characteristically soft flight up and down the glass sides of the 
lamp. Messrs. Porritt and Daltry took the very last (recorded) 
specimens, I believe, in the following year (Entom. xi. 229). 


Wanstead: November 10th, 1914. 


AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN 
BUTTERFLIES. 


By W. G. SuHeupon, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from p. 297.) 


Hipparchia semele.—¥irst seen on June 6th, and shortly after- 
wards became abundant everywhere. 

Pararge clinene.—This species, which is not known to extend 
further west than the Carpathians, and which is rare in the one or 
two localities in which it is found in those mountains, occurs in the 
utmost profusion at Sarepta; I saw, but did not capture, a single 
example on May 31st in a cross valley in the hills some four miles 
north-west of the town. At the same spot, when next I visited it on 
June dth, P. climene was flying in profusion; on this day only males 
were seen. The next day they were almost equally abundant in the 
““Tschapurnik Wald,’ and we afterwards found them in every spot 
in which there was any quantity of wood. The first females were 
seen on June llth. This butterfly frequents the outskirts of woods ; 
the male has a very epinephele-like flight, and on the wing closely 
resembles H. jurtena. It is continuously hovering over and searching 
amongst bushes for the females. These latter are not easy to find or 
secure; they seem, one presumes, after pairing to hide away from the 
males, and are to be kicked up out of small clumps of bushes some 
distance away from the larger woods that the males frequent. I did 
not see a single female flying naturally ; probably they would fly late 
in the day, when I was never on the ground. When disturbed they 
would, if not netted, quickly settle again in the thickest part of a 


316 THE BNTOMOLOGIST. 


bush. All my females, about a dozen in number, were secured in 
these spots, with the exception of a couple that were found 77 cop. one 
morning about 10 a.m. Both sexes get worn very quickly, and are 
only fit for cabinet specimens for a very few days after emergence. 

P. maera.—I saw but did not capture this species at Novorossisk. 

P. megaera.—Common at Ialta and Novorossisk, but not seen at 
Sarepta. The Jalta specimens are very bright and richly coloured ; 
those from Novorossisk are not so bright as typical examples. 

P. egeria var. egerides.—Only seen at alta; one or two specimens. 

LEpinephele lycaon.—First seen at Sarepta on May 25th; after- 
wards it became common generally ; the form is the fine one known 
as var. ¢termedia, which is described and figured by Seitz. 

Coenonympha leander.—This eastern species we found abundant 
in the “ Tschapurnik Wald” on May 22nd; many of the males were 
on that day past their best, and the females were well out. 
In its appearance and habits it is very similar to its Spanish 
representative C. tphoides, except that it seems to frequent bushy 
slopes, whereas C. ¢phoides is usually, but not always, a marsh-loving 
Species. Although C. leander was common in the “ Tschapurnik 
Wald,” we did not see it elsewhere. 

C. arcania.—Very typical examples of this species were common, 
in the same locality as the last only, from May 22nd onwards. 

C. panvphilus.—Seen in all districts worked, but not commonly ; 
the examples are in all cases very typical. 

Carcarodus alceae.—Not uncommon at Novorossisk and Sarepta. 

Pyrgus proto.— larva found freely on Phlomis herba-venti, both 
at Novorossisk and Sarepta, produced this species after my return to 
eee, The specimens are less ochreous than those I have from 

pain. 

P. orbifer—Not uncommon at Ialta, and one example was taken 
by me at Novorossisk. 

Hesperia carthami var. moeschleri Common on dry hills at 
Sarepta at the date of our arrival. 

H. armoricanus.—A few specimens of a Hesperid were taken at 
all three localities, which an examination of the genitalia proves to 
be this species. There are certain divergences from western H. armori- 
canus apparent in these organs, but Dr. Chapman, who has examined 
the preparations, does not consider them sufficient to indicate a 
distinct species. 

H. cribrellum.—On May 29th I captured two examples of this 
species in a valley in the main range of hills, about two miles south- 
east of Sarepta; they were taken within a few yards of each other. 
On the following day I netted on the same spot a third example; but 
though I afterwards frequently searched both this and many other 
similar localities, these three specimens were the only ones we saw ; 
they are small examples, not exceeding 36 mm. in expanse. 

H. tessellwm.—This fine eastern species was first seen on May 27th; 
afterwards it became somewhat common, but it was local and difficult 
to capture. Many ofthe specimens arelarge. I haveit up to 46 mm. 
expanse. Its headquarters was undoubtedly in the valleys in the 
hills some miles north-west of Sarepta; it was here to be seen in 
some numbers, flying wildly, and being difficult to follow with the 


IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 317 


eye in its swift flight; from time to time the butterfly would settle 
upon flowers, but even then a capture was difficult to effect, for it 
would usually fly up when one was some yards distant. 

H. sidae.—Common in the same localities as the last species, and 
of similar habits. Some of the examples are very large; I have one 
that expands 45 mm., as against 39 mm., the expanse of the largest 
of my southern French specimens. The Sarepta form is also more 
brightly marked, both on the upper and lower surfaces; first seen on 
May 28th. 

H. malvae.—A few specimens were seen at all localities, of what 
I presume is this species; unfortunately, neither Mr. Jones nor myself 
brought back a male, so we cannot be quite certain. 

Nisoniades tages.—Not uncommon at Ialta and Novorossisk, a 
very typical form. 

Augiades sylvanus.—Common in woods at Sarepta from May 21st. 

Adopaea flava.—Common at Sarepta ; a fine richly-coloured form, 
expanding up to 40 mm.; first seen on June 6th. 

A. lineola.—Abundant in the same localities as the last species, 
from May 31st. 

The Heterocera of Sarepta were most interesting and abundant, 
and it was a matter of keen regret to both Mr. Jones and myself that 
we were not able to work at them more thoroughly ; but this would 
have entailed a certain amount of night collecting, and one cannot 
very well keep fit if both day and night work is undertaken, especially 
when, as in our case, you are on the wrong side of a certain age. 

Perhaps the most striking moth we saw was the exquisite 
Macroglossa croatica, which although not common, was not in- 
frequent in June; it seems probable that it can fly rapidly, but those 
I saw, all of which were captured, were slowly threading their way 
amongst the herbage; the larva is said to feed upon Centaurea. 

Zygeenide were very rare; a few examples of what I suppose is 
Procris gtobulariae were taken at Sarepta and Novorossisk, and at 
the former locality Syntomis phegea was seen not rarely. 

The larvee of Malacosoma castrensis were abundant amongst 
Artemesia, sp. 

The beautiful Cucullia argentina was not infrequent at rest on 
the stems of dead plants, and was exceedingly well protected by its 
resemblance to them. Heliothis scutosa swarmed everywhere, and 
H. dipsaceus was equally abundant. I bred an example of this 
species from a larva found feeding upon the flowers of a Salvia, 
which resembled and might be S. pratensis. 

H. peltigera and the beautiful H. incarnata both occurred, and 
Acontia lucida and A. tttania were common; a handsome larva 
found upon a species of Linaria produced Calophasia casta. 

Micra paula was not infrequently taken; probably it was 
abundant, but of course its small size made it very inconspicuous. 
M. parallela and the beautiful M. purpurina occurred. 

Amongst the Plusias I have brought away examples of P. 22 and 
P. gutta, and the ubiquitous P. gamma swarmed. 

Emmelia trabealis was abundant and generally distributed, and 
everywhere in swamps. 

Hrastia argentula was abundant. 


318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The eastern species Huclidia triquetra flew in the sun not 
infrequently on the banks of the railway. Single specimens of 
Agrotis ravida, Xylina scripturosa, Cucullia xeranthemr, and Scoto- 
gramma stigmosa came to light in our rooms. 

Amongst the Geometre Huchloris volgaria, the eastern repre- 
sentative of H. smaragdaria was common; its food-plant is undoubtedly 
Artemesia, on one species of which I saw females depositing ova in 
the daytime. Perhaps the most striking geometer we saw was the 
very handsome Aspilates mundatarza, which was abundant every- 
where; equally common, but very local, and only seen on the hills 
towards Tsaritsyn, was the delicate Szona nubilaria var. exalbata; 
and with it, and superficially closely resembling it, were large numbers 
of Scorza dealbata. One of the most abundant species was Lythria 
purpuraria, which occurred in the type form, and also as var. lutearia; 
amongst the Acidalias, A. similata, A. sericeata, A. subtilata, and 
A. marginepunctata were taken. Other species observed included 
Rhodostrophia vibicaria, KR. tacularia, Boarmia consortaria, Hma- 
turga atomaria, a remarkably light form, Phasiane glariaria, Hubolia 
arenacearia, Fidoma murinaria and Scotosia rhamnata. 

The Pyralide were in enormous number as examples, but 
apparently they consisted of but very few species. Quite the most 
abundant of the group was Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, which swarmed 
everywhere; other species were P. sulphuralis, P. verticals, 
P. clathralis and Cledeobia connectalis. 

In the above list of Heterocera it is notable that almost half of 
them have been reported as having been found in Britain, which is a 
surprising proportion, considering the distance apart that the localities 
are, and the difference in climate that obtains. Still more notable, 
however, is the fact that out of the species that are on the British 
list about a dozen are our most local natives, or casual visitors; and 
point to the fact that the reason they are rare or local with us is that 
our country is on the extreme verge of their areas of distribution. 
Amongst the Micros very little could be turned up at Sarepta. The 
whole terrain swarmed with them ; but with the exception of two or 
three species of Tine only odd specimens could be found. Single 
examples of one species were all I could get amongst the Crambidae 
and Pterophori: and of the great Tortrix group less than half-a-dozen 
individuals were seen. 

The following is a list of some specimens brought home, which 
Mr. J. H. Durant has kindly named :—Huzanthis hamana, Cydia 
splendana, Plutella maculipennis, Pleurota pyropella, Coleophora 
vibicigella, Brachodes appendiculata and Tinea misella. 


NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 
‘By A. EK. Wineman, F.E.S. 


SYNTOMID. 
Amata nigrifrons, sp. 0. 
@. Head and thorax black, the latter spotted with orange 
beneath; abdomen black with five orange bands, the first (basal) 


NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 319 


broad, the second and third narrow and near together, the fourth 
narrow and close to the fifth, which is broad and ‘completely girdles 
the abdomen. Fore wings black with bluish sheen ; hyaline spots 
nine in number, placed as follows: one subbasal, almost round; three 
median, the central one small; five postmedial, the central one 
minute. Hind wings black with bluish sheen; two hyaline spots 
each traversed by a black vein, that nearest base tinged with orange 
on the dorsal area. Under side agrees with the upper side, but the 
dorsum is more orange. 

Expanse, 48 millim. 


Collection number, 1867. 
One female specimen from Karapin (3000 ft.), June, 1908. 
Comes nearest to A. dichotoma, Leech. 


Noctvuip®. 


Metemene hampsoni, sp. n. 


3. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale brown. Fore wings pale 
brown; antemedial and postmedial lines indicated by series of black 
dots, the first inwardly oblique and the second strongly excurved ; 
discoidal dot black; costa beyond postmedial line whitish dotted with 
black ; fringes whitish dotted with black at apex, middle, and tornus, 
and preceded by a series of smaller black dots. Hind wings fuscous, 
dorsal area paler, a black dot at tornus; terminal dots black, fringes 
pale brown. Under side fuscous; fore wings without transverse 
series of black dots; hind wings with black discoidal dot and curved 
line beyond. 

Expanse, &, 20 millim.; 2, 28 millim. 

Collection number, 679. 

A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 16th, 1906; 
and a female from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 18th, 1908. 


Parallelia takaoensis, sp. n. 

?. Head brownish, thorax brownish slightly mixed with grey, 
abdomen brownish grey. Fore wings pale grey, violet tinged, clouded 
with brownish grey; subbasal line blackish, outwardly pale edged, 
not extending below median nervule; antemedial line blackish, 
slightly oblique; postmedial line blackish, outwardly oblique from 
costa to vein 7 where it is sharply angled, thence slightly incurved 
to dorsum, broadly shaded on each side with brown; subterminal 
line pale, bluntly serrate, on apical area somewhat obscured by a 
short black indented line from apex. Hind wings fuscous grey, 
traces of pale medial and postmedial lines. Under side grey suffused 
with fuscous, except on termen of all the wings; a dusky, almost 
straight, medial line and a pale subterminal line on fore wings; a 
dusky discoidal dot and two curved and wavy lines beyond, also a 
pale wavy subterminal line on hind wings. 

Expanse, 42 millim, 


Collection number, 167 a. 
A female specimen from Takao, August 22nd, 1904. 


320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In marking, this species closely approaches P. renalis, 
Hampson. 

Thermesia arizanensis, sp. n. 

$. Head and collar dark brown, thorax pale brown ; abdomen 
pale brown mixed with dark brown except at basal and anal ends. 
Fore wings pale brown finely sprinkled with black atoms, costa 
blackish towards base; two black dots in cell and a fainter one at 
base of the wing in line with them; antemedial line represented by a 
dark oblique streak from dorsum to first cell dot; postmedial line 
black, outwardly edged with white and inwardly dark shaded, oblique, 
sharply angled and incurved before costa, the dark shading continued 
to apex; terminal area clouded with darker brown; subterminal line 
pale, wavy, indistinct; terminal dots black, between veins. Hind 
wings pale brown; discoidal spot and medial line black, the latter, 
which appears to be a broad continuation of the postmedial on fore 
wings, is outwardly edged with white and inwardly dark shaded; 
terminal area traversed by two parallel dark bands; terminal dots 
black, between veins. Under side pale ochreous brown, finely 
powdered with blackish; fore wings have two black dots on the cell 
and two blackish oblique lines beyond; hind wings have a black 
discoidal spot and an interrupted sinuous band beyond. 

Expanse, 40 millim. 

Collection number, 1026a. 

Two male specimens from Arizan (7800 ft.), August, 1908. 
There are two male specimens in the British Museum from 
Arizan (Wileman). ‘Tbese agree in almost every particular with 
the type, but in the other male retained in my collection the 
postmedial line of fore wines and the medial line of hind wings are 
broadly bordered outwardly with blackish. 


Thermesia kanshireiensis, sp. n. 


3. Similar to 7. arizanensis, but smaller; the antemedial line of 
fore wings is rather more oblique, the postmedial line is not white edged, 
and the subterminal line is brownish dotted with black on dorsal 
half. On the under side the transverse lines of fore wings are closer 
together; on the hind wings the medial band is less sinuous and is 
preceded and followed by other dusky bands. 

@. Larger, somewhat paler in colour, and the markings less 
distinct. 

Expanse, 3, 36 millim.; ¢, 40 millim. 

Collection number, 1026. 

One example of each sex from Kanshirei, June 13th, 1906 
(male), April 15th, 1906 (female). There is also a female 
specimen from Kanshirei (Wileman) in the British Museum. 


Thermesia bifasciata, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax pale brown; abdomen pale grey, almost 
whitish. Fore wings pale brown lightly flecked with black; a black 
dot below median nervure and one above it in the cell; medial line 


NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 321 


inwardly oblique, dark brown from the costa to cell, thence black out- 
wardly shaded with dark brown to dorsum; postmedial line pale 
ochreous, narrowly edged inwardly with dark brown and outwardly 
bordered by a strong black line and brown shading, gently incurved 
from apex to dorsum near tornus; subterminal line pale brown, almost 
straight, traversing brown shading of postmedial line; terminal line 
black ; fringes pale brown, marked with darker. Hind wings pale 
brown transversely shaded with darker on basal two-thirds; terminal 
third darker brown transversely divided by a streak of the ground 
colour ; terminal dots and fringes as on the fore wings. Under side 
pale brown; fore wings suffused with darker brown on the disc ; 
hind wings freckled with darker brown, especially on costal area, 
discoidal dot black; all the wings have a dusky postmedial line and 
black points on termen. 

@. Similar, but rather darker in general colour; the medial line 
on fore wings is brown throughout, the black outer edging of the 
postmedial line is very slender, and the subterminal line is in- 
distinct. 

Expanse, g, 42 millim.; 2, 40 millim. 

Collection number, 1025. 

A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 21st, 
1906, and a female from Kanshirei, October 12th, 1908. There 
is one specimen from Formosa (Wileman) in the British Museum. 


LASIOCAMPIDS. 
Cosmotriche discitincta, sp. n. 


S$. Head brown; thorax grey, white dotted behind, collar brown 
mixed; abdomen brown. Tore wings grey suffused with brown on 
the disc; antemedial line black, tridentate, inwardly edged with 
white; postmedial line black, wavy, elbowed at vein 6, terminating 
about middle of the dorsum where it is outwardly edged with white, 
black extending along the dorsum to antemedial line; discoidal spot 
white, dark margined; subterminal line black, undulated, not clearly 
defined about middle; fringes white chequered with black. Hind 
wings brown, discoidal mark and angled medial line dusky, fringes 
white chequered with black. Under side brown, area of all wings, 
inside the blackish angled line, suffused with dark fuscous ; fringes 
as on upper side. 

Expanse, 42 millim. 


Collection number, 1796. 


One male specimen from Rantaizan, May, 1909. 
Allied to C. lobulina, Denis. 


LYMANTRIIDE. 
Huproctis purpureofasciata, sp. n. 


$. Head and thorax yellow, antenne bipectinated. Fore wings 
yellow, clouded with purplish and sprinkled with black on basal area; 
medial fascia purplish, sprinkled with black, irregularly edged, con- 

ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1914. 2p 


323, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stricted below middle; subterminal line purplish, interrupted above 
and below middle. Hind wings white. Under side white; fore 
wings tinged with yellow, purplish band of upper side showing on 
costal area only. 

Expanse, 33 millim. 


Collection numbers, 1251 and 1252. 
Two male specimens; one from Arizan (7800 ft.), August 21st, 
1908, and the other from Rantaizan, May 12th, 1909. 


Euproctis diplaga, Hampson.* 

@. Fore wings whitish powdered with dull grey, tinged with 
ochreous on outer area; the black apical marks are larger than in the 
male, and the postmedial lines more in evidence and distinctly serrate 
below the cell. Hind wings fuscous. - 

Expanse, 26 millim. 


Collection number, 1411. 
A female specimen from Kanshirei, June 19th, 1908. 
Only the male of H. diplaga has been previously described. 


CYMATOPHORID®. 


Polyploca albibasis, sp. n. 


$. Head and collar blackish grey, thorax pale grey, mixed with 
darker; abdomen grey. Fore wings pale smoky grey; three patches 
of white on costal area—one at base, one between antemedial and 
postmedial lines, and one at apex; subbasal line black, indented 
below costa; antemedial band brown tinged, outlined and tra- 
versed by black lines; postmedial band brown tinged, inwardly 
edged by a black sinuous line and outwardly by a bluntly serrate 
line; orbicular stigma white, outlined in black; subterminal and 
terminal lines black, wavy, approximate near apex, the subterminal 
with three black dots on dorsal half; fringes pale grey, basal half 
darker, marked with black at ends of the veins. Hind wings fuscous, 
paler on the dorsal and basal areas. Under side fuscous, terminal 
area of the wings darker beyond a pale transverse line; costa of 
fore wings white, marked with black on outer half. 

Expanse, 38 millim. 


Type in the British Museum. Arizan, March 28rd (Wileman). 
Allied to P. orbicularis, Moore. 


NOTODONTIDE. 
Pydna kanshiretensis, sp. n. 

3. Head brown, antenne fasciculate ; thorax pale brown mixed 
with darker in front, darker brown behind; abdomen dark brown, 
paler below and towards anal segment above. Tore wings pale 
brown, clouded and streaked with darker; subbasal line indicated by 
two black dots, one just below costa and one under median nervure; 
antemedial line black, wavy, indistinct, followed by a black diffuse 


* Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xx. p. 113 (1910). 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 3238 


mark in the cell; an oblique dark streak from cell mark to the 
dorsum near base; a dark central shade, elbowed below costa; post- 
medial line brown dotted with black on the veins, preceded by a 
series of brown dots between the veins; terminal dots black, inwardly 
edged with white, placed between the veins, space between veins 
3and 4 tinged with reddish, and a short white streak projects inward 
from the black dot in this space. Hind wings dark fuscous, fringes 
whitish partly chequered with dark fuscous. Under side whitish 
brown; fore wings clouded with fuscous on the disc; hind wings 
clouded with fuscous, two curved, and somewhat wavy, dusky trans- 
verse lines. 
Expanse, 48 millim. 


Collection number, 1231, 

Six male specimens from Kanshirei. One, September, 1907 ; 
three, May, 1908, and two, July, 1908. 

One specimen, also from Kanshirei (Wileman), in the 
British Museum, is slightly darker in colour than either of the 
examples retained in my series. Very close to P. albistriga, 
Moore. 


Liparopsis formosana, sp. 0. 


3. Head and thorax brownish grey, collar whitish. Fore wings 
whitish grey, finely powdered with dark grey; basal area brownish 
grey mixed with black at base of the wing, limited by an oblique 
darker line ; postmedial line indicated by black edged white dots on 
the veins; terminal area brownish grey except towards the costa ; 
terminal line black. Hind wings whitish powdered with dark grey 
on costal area, some brownish hairs on the costal half, a black dot on 
costa before apex. Under side whitish, disc of fore wings suffused 
with fuscous. 

Expanse, 36 millim. 


Collection number, 744 
A male specimen from Kanshirei, September, 1908. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Hurois occuuTa In Essex.—I am glad to be able to record the 
occurrence of this fine moth in Essex. Four specimens were taken 
ab sugar on July 30th, 1914, in a wood not far from here by my 
friends Messrs. J. F. Johnstone and C. Cork. They are all of the 
dark form var. passetiwt. I am not aware of any previous record of 
this moth having been taken in Essex, and it does not seem to have 
been recorded at all recently from the southern half of England.— 
(Rey.) T. Aurrep StirF; Grantham, Victor Drive, Leigh-on-Sea. 


XANTHORHOE GALIATA var. UNILOBATA IN DEvon.—On July 21st 
of this year I took a fine female X. galiata of the dark-banded 


o24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


untlobata form in a lane near Tavistock. South (‘Moths of the 
British Isles,’ series ii. p. 195) mentions this form as ‘ occurring in 
Yorkshire, Sussex, and probably elsewhere,” so that a record of its 
occurrence in Devonshire may prove of interest.—(Rev.) ALFRED 
T. Stirr, M.A. 


HARLY PUPATION OF LAsiocaAMPA QUERCUS.—During late June of 
this year a very large female of Laszocampa quercus, approaching 
var. callune, was brought to me in a box. It was in a very ragged 
condition, and had deposited a large number of ova. Larve from 
these hatched in the usual time and commenced feeding on white- 
thorn. As they continued to feed beyond the hibernating stage, I 
kept up the supply of whitethorn leaves so long as these were 
available. I have since kept them going on bullace and blackthorn 
shoots (from the root suckers), also berries and twigs of the white- 
thorn. They are now all about full-grown, and several have pupated, 
the first one on November 13th. Although I have frequently reared 
these larve, and also those of Gastropacha quercifolia, | have not 
previously seen them feed right through before. Possibly the long 
spell of summer weather accounts for this. In this fen and marshy 
district all Lasiocampide are much finer than those I have taken in 
Kent.—Herrspert Wm. Baker; 73, Limetree Place, Stowmarket, 
Suffolk, November 22nd, 1914. 


[Normally, larvee of L. quercus and of G. quercifolia do not 
pupate until after hibernation. Sometimes in confinement, however, 
it happens that full growth is attained, and pupation effected in the 
year that the larvee hatch from the egg.— Ep. ] 


SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN NorroutK.—Not having seen any report 
of the capture of Sphinx convolvult in your Journal this season, 
I thought it might interest some of your readers to know that I had 
a very fine freshly emerged specimen brought me during the first 
week in September. The person who found the insect was afraid 
of it, so put a large jar over it.—Rost. 8. Smirn, Junr.; The Laurels, 
Downham Market, Norfolk. 


ButtERFLIES IN DERBySHIRE.—This season has been exceptional 
for butterflies in Derbyshire. Vanessa to was noted here on Septem- 
ber 30th; rather a rare species here. V. wrtice, which has been 
scarce of late years, was plentiful. Pyramezs cardui, usually very 
rare, was reasonably common. P. atalanta, usually common in 
September, was markedly so this year. They were also about late 
in October in consequence of the absence of frosts —W. Sr. A. Sr. 
JoHn; Derwent House, Derby. 


LATE APPEARANCES OF ACIDALIA EMUTARIA AND ‘TOXOCAMPA 
PASTINUM IN LINCOLNSHIRE.—On a piece of marshy ground border- 
ing the sandhills on the Lincolnshire coast, between Skegness and 
Sutton-on-Sea, I netted a specimen of Acidalia emutaria at dusk on 
September 4th, and another on September 5th. Both had recently 
emerged. On September 7th in a drier portion of the same ground 
where Vicia cracce was growing in some profusion, a specimen of 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 325 


Toxocampa pastinum was caught flying. Both were presumably 
members of a partial second brood, and in the case of T. pastinwm 
this is probably worth noting. It is perhaps also desirable that the 
locality should be put on record.—W. G. WuirrineHam; Knighton 
Vicarage, Leicester. 


ARASCHNIA LEVANA REPORTED FROM HEREFORDSHIRE.—I beg to 
record the capture of two specimens of A. levana at Symond’s Yat, 
near Ross, Herefordshire, between July 20th and 24th last. Another 
collector, whom I met in the district, informed me that he had taken 
nearly a dozen examples several miles away.—A. W. Huauss; 
33, Dacy Road, Everton, Liverpool, October 24th, 1914. 


GRAPTA C-ALBUM AND ARASCHNIA LEVANA FROM ForEst oF DEAN.— 
Amongst a few Grapta c-albwm recently reared from a Forest of 
Dean female, I have bred two aberrations. Unfortunately one is 
dwarfed and crippled, but the other is a perfect male. The usual 
two spots in the outer area of the primaries are represented by 
a small dot, whilst the secondaries have the darker markings spread 
over almost the whole of the wing, obliterating the ground-colour 
and giving the wings a smeared appearance. This aberration is 
rather similar to one I captured in the same district in July, 1912, 
except that the wild specimen is of the hutchinsont form, and the 
markings are of a deeper brown. Araschnia levana was about in 
the Forest during the latter half of July last. Hight specimens fell 
to my share, and I heard of five others being taken.—G. B. OLIvER; 
October 22nd, 1914. 


CoRDULEGASTER ANNULATUS IN THE NympxH Srace.—Following 
up a note in the ‘ Entomologist’ of October last (p. 278), I may 
mention that on October 2nd I found the nymphs of Cordulegaster 
annulatus in some marshes at Augarrack, near Hayle, Cornwall, in 
various stages of growth. Some were small enough, I should say, to 
have been hatched this season; others were, so far as outward 
appearances go, full grown, and might have emerged this summer. 
These will not now come out until next June. They certainly can- 
not have been hatched later than in June or July, 1913, which would 
make their nymph stage two years in all. But they may have been 
hatched in 1912. It seems strange they should be full grown, 
externally, at any rate, nine or ten months before they emerge.— 
Harotp Hoper; 9, Highbury Place, N., November 14th, 1914. 


FoRMALDEHYDE USEFUL IN Sertina Insecrs.—lIt is safe to say 
that, at some time or other during one’s career as a collector, everybody 
has viewed with disgust the relaxing and consequent drooping of 
wings of one or more cherished imagines that have been placed in the 
cabinet or store-box. It struck me last spring that this might be 
overcome by the use of formaldehyde. I think that I may say my 
experiment has been crowned with complete success. My procedure 
briefly is this:—After the moths or butterflies have been on the 
setting board for a fortnight or three weeks—a fortnight is quite 
sufficient—place the board with imagines, as they are, in a box that 


326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


is fairly air-tight, containing also a piece of cotton-wool soaked with 
40 per cent. of formaldehyde. (I use my travelling-case, and plug up 
the perforations at either end with the cotton-wool.) Leave the box 
closed for a week, and the imagines are ready to be transferred. 
Last year I had a lot of imagines that drooped, but this year, since 
using formaldehyde vapour, not one has played me false. To be 
quite certain, last week I took two imagines at haphazard, one a 
butterfly and the other a moth, and placed them in my corked zine 
relaxing-box immediately after I had saturated the cork with boiling 
water, closed the box, and left it for five days. On examination both 
imagines were found to be soaked with moisture, but neither had 
budged in the slightest, and I am certain that I should not have been 
able to reset them in a new position. For those who like to change 
their setting with every new fashion this night prove a disadvantage, 
but for those who know their own minds it would not be a deterrent. 
A friend of mine suggested that the formaldehyde might alter the 
colours, but so far I have not found this to be the case; it is true 
that I have not had a chance to try the process on any of the 
“emeralds,” but I might point out that formaldehyde is used largely 
in making pathological specimens for museums, where it is very 
important to preserve colours. I claim another advantage for my 
process. Inasmuch as formaldehyde is a powerful germicide, one can 
be sure that every insect that goes into the cabinet goes in sterilized. 
There is another point that I am watching with interest, namely, 
whether it will check “grease.’’ This is, I believe, a post-mortem 
change akin to the formation of adipocere in the human subject, so 
that if the insect is thoroughly sterilized it is only reasonable to hope 
that the ‘“grease’’ may be checked.-Winston Sr. A. Sr. Joun, 
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Derwent House, Derby, November 11th, 1914. 


SOCIETIES. 


THe Soura Lonpon Enromotogican anp Narurau History 
Socimty.— October 22nd.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, 
in the chair—The evening was set apart for an exhibition and dis- 
cussion of the genus Anthrocera, introduced by Mr. B. 8. Curwen. 
Mr. Curwen exhibited a collection of Palearctic Anthroceride, con- 
sisting of some twenty-six species and forms.-—Dr. HE. A. Cockayne, 
the series of A. hippocrepidis from the late Mr. J. W. Tutt’s collec- 
tion, with various series of A. filipendule, A. trifolu, A. palustris, 
and A. lonicere.—Mr. F. H. Stallman, early and late races of A. 
irifolir, A. fiipendule, &e—Mr. Buckstone, similar series with sug- 
gested hybrid series trifolie x filipendule.—Dr. Chapman, a drawer 
of Kuropean Anthroceride captured during the last few years, in- 
cluding A. anthyllidis, A. contaminei, A. sarpedon, &¢.—Mr. Hy. J. 
Turner, series from many localities, mainly of the five- and six-spotted 
species of the Transalpiniformes group.—Mr. L. W. Newman, series 
of bred Anthroceridee species.—Papers and notes were read and 
communicated by Messrs. Curwen, Cockayne, P. A. Buxton, Turner, 


SOCIFTIES. Siar 


R. Adkin, &.—Mr. Newman exhibited long varied series of Dzan- 
thecia barrettit, bred from Co. Cork and from §. Devon; bred series 
of Boarmia repandata from the Wye Valley and from N. Cornwall ; 
and a series of the more hybrid popwli x ocellatus.—Mr. Longe, the 
same hybrid and a Rumicia phleas from Deal, with the red sub- 
marginal band on the hind wing quite wanting.—Hy. J. TURNER, 
Hon. Rep. Sec. 


Lonpon Naturan History Socirsty.—April 21st, 1914.—Mr. 
Bernard Cooper, a fine asymmetrical specimen of Nwmeria pulveraria, 
bred in March, 1914, from New Forest ova, in which the band was 
obsolete on the right fore wing. 


May 19th.—Mr. A. W. Mera, on behalf of Mr. B.S. Williams, a 
melanic specimen of Lycia hirtaria, bred at Finchley from wild 
pupz.—Mr. A. J. Willsden, the reciprocal hybrids of Lycza hirtaria 
and Nyssza zonaria. 

June 2nd.—Mr. J. Riches, Colias edusa, ab. helice, bred from 
Kastbourne ova. 


September 1st.—Mr. H. B. Williams, a short series of Huchloé 
cardamines, bred in May, 1914, including a male with extra spot 
below the discoidal spot, under side. A long series of Polyommatus 
icarus, taken in June at Boxhilland Banstead Downs, showing strong 
tendency to obsolescence in the spotting of the under side. Also two 
gynandromorphous specimens of Amorpha populz, bred on August 2nd 
from June ova.—Mr. W. E. King, specimens of Zizera minima, and 
abs. obsoleta and extrema, from Horsley.—Mr. Williams read a short 
paper on the season’s collecting. 


October 6th.—Mr. G. H. Heath, a fine series of Boarmia repandata 
from Lynton, including ab. conversaria—Mr. C. H. Williams, 
Polyommatus tcarus, from Ireland, also an obsolete male and ab. 
antico-striata, Tutt.—Mr. W. E. King, a series of P. icarus taken at 
Horsley this year, including abs. striata, obsoleta, antico-obsoleta, 
subobsoleta, postico-apicalis, costajyuncta, melanotoxa, &e.—Mr. L. W. 
Newman, a gynandromorphous P. zcarus, having right fore wing 
female, remainder male, except one red female lunule on each hind 
wing, another chiefly female but having small male patches. Also a 
gynandromorphous Agriades thetis, chiefly female but with a splash 
of male colour along the costa of the right fore wing; Agriades 
coridon ab. minutissumus, and a series of Gastropacha ilictfolia, bred 
from a female taken at Cannock Chase in 1913 by Mr. G. B. Oliver. 
—Mr. H. B. Williams, a long series of Agriades coridon taken in 
August, 1914, in North Herts, including long series of abs. semz- 
syngrapha, Tutt, nequalis, Tutt, parisvensis, Gerh., and fine series of 
obsoleta and striata under sides, male and female, also a female of the 
colour of C. pamphilus, a female with bluish suffusion over the 
greater part of the under side of the right hind wing. Also a series 
of P. icarus from the same place, including fine blue females, and abs. 
melanotoxa, Marrott, brarcuata, Tutt, basijywncta, Tutt, costajuncta, 
Tutt, and forms combining melanotoxa, costajuncta and basiuncta ; 
also ab. antico-striata, Tutt, four extreme ab. swbobsoleta, Tutt, two 


328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ab. obsoleta, Clark, and other interesting forms.—Mr. VY. E. Shaw, 
living pup of Cyaniris argiolus——Mr. A. J. Willsden, larve, pups 
and imagines of a species of Micro-lepidoptera found feeding in a 
cargo of peanuts captured from the Germans. The species has not 
been identified—Haronp B. Wiutiams, Hon. Rep. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETy.—November, 
1914.—Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, 
Liverpool; Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair.—This being the 
opening meeting of the Society 16 was, as usual, devoted to exhibits 
of the season’s work.—Mr. FE. N. Pierce showed Carterocephalus 
paniscus from Northants, and a large number of Micro-lepidoptera, 
including Laspeyresia gemmiferana, Penthina gentiana, and Leioptilus 
microdactylus from Devon, also Dicrorampha saturnana.—Mr. A. W. 
Hughes brought a long series of Vanessa c-albwm, including var. 
hutchinsont, also V. levana from Herefordshire; he reported that the 
latter insect seemed to be establishing itself there. By the same 
member, a long series of Lycena astrarche and its var. sem-allous 
from Silverdale-—Mr. Buckley had a fine series of Odontopera 
bidentata var. nigra from Birmingham, also the local form of the 
same species from Urmston; varied series of Agrotes ashworthw and 
Boarma repandata from North Wales, Dianthecia nana from 
Anglesey, and D. capsophila, pale forms, from Hastbourne.—Mr. R. 
Tait, junr., brought three large cases containing the results of his 
holiday in South Devon; these included Leucophasia sinapis, 
Syricthus malve var. taras, Cidaria russata, and var. centumnotata, 
as well as varieties of Lycena icarus.. From Penmaenmawr, the 
following taken at heather bloom: Agrotis ashworthw, A. lunigera, 
A. lucernea, and Mamestra furva; he also found Acidalia contiquaria, 
and for the first time captured wild the local melanic form of 
Boarmia repandata. From Huddersfield a very fine lot of varieties 
of Abraxas grossulariata, which included a grand series of var. 
nigrosparsata, and one remarkable specimen having the left side 
wings black with a few marginal streaks on the hind wing, while the 
wings on the right side were typical.—Dr. J. Cotton brought a fine 
specimen of Acherontia atropos, captured at light at Knowsley early 
in October.—Mr. R. Wilding showed fine series of Rhopalocera from 
the New Forest, Silverdale, and Ireland; noteworthy among these 
was a fine row of Irish females of Lycena tcarus—Mr. W. Mans- 
bridge brought a long bred series of Aplecta nebulosa, the progeny of 
Delamere parents; these included the local type form, var. robsonz 
and a scarce leaden-grey variation ; also a short series of Abraxas 
grossulariata from Huyton, of which a number were var. lacticolor ; 
dark Polia chi from Hebden Bridge, and Odontopera bidentata var. 
nigra from wild larvee beaten on Simonswood Moss, in which 
locality, although of rare occurrence, this form seems to be 
increasing.— Wm. Mansprince, Hon. Secretary. 


| 


InpEex.—As the Special Index is not complete for publication in 
this issue, the General Index will be published with it in January. 


ape REMEMBER! 
The ORIGINAL, and LARGEST | ‘BUTTERFLY. FARM in the 
| BRITISH: ISLES is HEAD’ Sy 


(ESTABLISHED 1884. ) 

i Immeuse Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larve & Pupe, & Set seaclniie is on Sale, 

- Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. 

pparatus and Cabinets of the best quality Se Price List sent free. 
Note the Address— 


& Bi WM HEAD, Grdsntotenter 
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. 


iF BROWN. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET. MAKER. 


| UY DIRECT OF THE MAKER. | Save 30 to 40 per cent. Compare 
my prices with any Store or Naturalists who are middlemen. only 
and not makers. Write for List. 4,6, 8 and-10-drawer Insect Cabinets, 
P 108..°138i,22s:, 32s. °4, 6, 8, and 10-drawer Ege Cabinets, 9s., 12s., 20s., 
37s. Store Boxes, 10 8, 2s: 2d; 138-x'9; 33.414 % 103s. 3dz; 16 x V4, 
4s.; 174 x 12, 4s. 9d. Larva-breeding Cages, single plain, 2s.; double 
plain, 3s. 6d. Improyed cages with drawer and zinc, tanks, single, 3s.; 
double ditto, 5s.9d. Large mahogany cage, glass door, 16 x 12 x 12, 8s. 


13, ST. STEPHEN’S ROAD, BOW, E. 


LEONARD TATCHELL & Co., 


Breeders and Collectors of British Butterflies and Moths. 
; 23, THE ARCADE, BOURNEMOUTH. 

Many Good and Striking Varietal Forms. Selections on approval. 
BRITISH exampLes. or Livornica, Celerio, Pinastri, Galii, 
Baek Daplidice, AND MANY OTHER RARE SPECIES. 
SELECTIONS ON APPROVAL. 

NEW and SECOND-HAND CABINETS, 10, 12, 20, 40 drawers. 
Send fore our’: NEW: LISTS. 


ON ee LABOUR-SAVING DATA LABELS— 
as supplied to leading Lepidopterists and Museums. 


The pecuniary and scientifi¢ value of a collection is enhanced by affixing to every 
specimen—bred, caught, or received in exchange—a neatly printed “ data” Jabel. 
Usual type, orie to five localities, equal quantities ; locality, date (= 191 )s 
- and colle¢tor’s name (three lines in all)—1000 for 2s. 6d., 8000 for ds. Unequal 
numbers, or each additional line, 6d. extra. 
FISTS, for pointing out varicties, 6d. per 100, 300 for 1s. 
Special :—MINUTE LABELS, printed in the smaLLEsT TYPE MADE, essential 
for Micros., and the lesser Macros., or small insects of other orders ; specimens and 
“prices on application. 
- Write for full range of samples before placing. your orders for the season. 


FRANK LITTLEWOOD, 22; HIGHGATE, KENDAL 


ee a ae 


CONTR NPB eae ee 
| , ae 


Some Tasmanian Bees, 7. D. A. Cockerell, 305. Pee Woske | in, hing re, 
(with Plate), H. Rowland: Brown, 308. Acrofiyeta Strigosa, Hadena Atriplicis, . 
&e.,in Cambridgeshire, A. Thornall, 313.. An Expedition in seareh of. Russian | 
Butterflies (concluded), W.°G. Sheldon, 815. ‘New Species of Heterocern 


~from Formosa, A. #..Wileman, 318. Xa ee 

Norrs anp Ossprvations.—EHurois occulta in Hasexs Sonthorhoe “ouliateae 
unilobata in Devon, T. Alfred Stiff’, 823. Karly Pupation of Fasocampa 
quercus, Herbert. Wm. Baker, 824. Sphinx convolvult in Norfoli, Robt..S. 
Smith, Junr., 324. Butterflies i in Derbyshire, W. St. A. St: John, 324. Late’ 
appearances. of Acidalia emutaria and ‘Toxocampa pastinum in Lincolnshire, 3 
W. G. Whittingham, 324. Araschnia levana reported from Herefordshire, ‘ 
A. W. Hughes, 325. Grapta c-album and Araschnia levana from Forest of 
Dean, G. B. Oliver, 325. Oordulegaster annulatus in the Nymph Stage, 
Harold Hodge, 325. Formaldehyde useful i in Setting Insects, Winston St. ‘A. 
St. John, 825. : 

Socintirs.—The South London Entomological and Natural History. Society, B26. 4 
London Natural History Society, 327. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- 
gical Society, 238. 


THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS. 


J. TT. CROCHRETT c& SON 


(EsTABLISHED 1847). 
Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus, i 
and Appliances. f 
And Dealers in all kinds of Specimens for Entomologists, Botanists, ‘Ornithologiats, 
Geologists, Mineralogists, Numismatists, Conchologists, &e., and for the 
use of Lecturers, Science Teachers, Colleges, Students, &e. — 
MUSEUMS FITTED AND ARRANGED. f 
Specially made Cabinet for Birds’ Eggs and Skins. The Drawers Ataddete in 
depth, and are all interchangeable. : 
ALL BEST WORK. ESTIMATES GIVEN. 
t= All Goods at Store Prices. Great advantages in dealing direct with the Makers. 
Send for Full Detailed Price List before ordering elsewhere. 


34, RIDING HOUSE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE, WwW. 


YOUR OPPORTUNITY! BARGAINS FOR BUYERS! 


Insect Cabinets, new condition, from 9/6; 6-drawer Insect 13/6, 8-drawer Egg 
19/6. Travelling Case, fitted oval corked boards, 11/6 size 8/-. 3. 16X11 Stores, 
new condition, I1/-. Setting House, oval corked boards, store at back, 6/9 ; bap 
ditto, flat boards, g/6. Exotic Bird Skins, nearly 3,000, 2/-, 3/-, 4/6, 6/-, 8/6, 10/6, 
12/6 doz., approval, carriage paid. Birds’ Eggs in clutches, special list post free. 

CHEAP LEPIDOPTERA. 


We shall for a short time only offer the Butterflies mentioned below at H'ALF the prices quoted. 
They may be had on‘ “appro.” if desired, but orders of not less than 2/6will be accepted at these prices, 
and cash must be sent with order. | Brassica 14d.. Rape rd., Napi 2d., Hyale 4d., Sinapis 4d., Edusa 3q., 
Paphia 3d., Valezina 6d., Aurina 3d., Athalia 3d., Cinxia 4d., Semele od., W-album 5d., Egon 2d.; Bellargus 
2d., Thaumas ad., Actzeon 4d., Lineola 4d., Malve 14d. lllust. Catalogue Entomological Apparatus free. 


J. & W. DAVIS, consterons Museum Works, DARTFORD, 
JAMES GARDNER, 


MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS | 
52, HIGH HOLBORN, anp 


29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road. 
4: 1 priceD LISTS’ ON “APPLICATION. : : 
All Articles Guaranteed: exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Onstomers 


are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur pi cS 


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