ae re ale ( * Sot ry : ‘ Ane é at lt pen] bg » tiie { wh ges wig] Sati oma > wyeitha: siidincie ibn a eet sheet 1 Olass_W 44.4 Book {sw SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT a ats ae Wy: f Aa THE ENTOMOLOGIST An Jllustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD. SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. Wired. UCAS BeAy SHES: W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8. ¥. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. ‘‘By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” fe RY OF Cont f 1328960 nN, VOLUME THE FIFTIETH. \ i LONDON: ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. MOAT | ee PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON AND WEST NEWMAN, LTD. LONDON AND DORKING J r) q f (Y “ : oa we J ~h WW Z q As UR? Vr a | ~ io 1 ne (ae V4 ry | “oe a LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Avxrin, R., F.E.S., 68, 141, 166, 191, 230, 240, 279, 283, 288 ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 188, 211, 284, 285 ARKLE, J., 94 ArmytaGsE, EK. O., 210 Bacwru-Poureroy, Capt. E., F.E.S., 3 Baucomes, L. C. E., 142, 165, 233 Barnes, AnBert J., 231 Bossy, A. F., 191, 284 Bowman, R. T., 117 BramMweEt.., F. G. S., 68 Brown, James W., 189 Bornitt, H. J., M.A., F.R.G.S., 82 Burras, A. E., 240 Butter, Epric, 232 Campion, Herserr, 149 Cnosk, Ewan, 230 CockERrELL, T. D. A., 85, 141, 164, 265 Corset, A. Steven, 44 Courter, G., 231, 236 Datuas, W., 235 Dewey, J. T., 209 Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 3, 72, 191 Dotuton, H. L., 164 Dousey, J., 230 Dunster, L. E., 142 Erriatoun, H. C., 285 Enutott, KH. A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., 92, 129, 131, 266 Forp, The Rev. H. D., 68, 164, 165, 261 Foster, A. H., 235, 258 Fountainr, Marcaret E., F.E.S., 154 Frouawk, F. W., F.E.S., M.B.0.U., 18, 132, 229, 283 GarpneR, Lt.-Comdr. F. W., BR.N.V.R., 260 Gin, Josren J., 260 Gites, W. S., 190 GILLETT, F., 259, 260 Grravtt, A. A., 36, 134, 152 Goonson, A. T., 235 Grant, J. H., 236, 256 GrEENHAM, W. D. W., 261 GriFFirus, G. C., 261 Gurney, Grerarp H., F.E.S., 7 Haines, F. H., D.P.H., M.R.C.S , 102, 116, 211, 235, 256 Hatt, Artuur J., F.E.S., 161, 171 Harpine, Martin J., 237 Harrison, J. W. H., D.Se., 169, 244 Haywanrp, H. C., 188 Hosson, A. D., 282 Hoper, Haron, F.E.S., 233, 236, 257, 259 Hommes, The Rev. R. T., 231 Hott, A. E., 191 Horn, R. Y., 237 Imace, Prof. Senwyn, M.A., F.E.S., 267 Ine, A. K., 165 JONES, HuacH P., 17, 187, 209, 282 Kerynegs, G. L., Capt., R.A.M.C., 282 Kipner, A. R., 260 Laker, J., 260 : Lister, J. J,, F.R.S., F.E.S., 241 Luoyp, AuFrep, F.E.S., 208 LopceE, Courtney, 280 Lorrnovuse, T. AsHton, F.E.S., 287 | Lows, The Rev. Franx E., M.A., F.E.S., 259 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 24, 48, 71, 87, 120, 136, 201, 213, 263 Evin Ge ts Heb S.) ole loos doS Manspripee, W., F.E.S., 23, 49.70, 120 MatueEw,G.F., R.N., F.E.S., ete., 19, 240 McCuynmont, James R, 89, 213 Merapen, Lovts, 209 Mrnvin., J. Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., etc., 281 Mera, A. W., F.E.S., 75 Mercatre, The Rev. J. W., M.A., F.E.S. fas 23 Meyrick, Epwarp, M.A., F.R.S., 115, 265 Miimay, P. P., 44 Morean, EH. S., 230 Mortry, CuaupE, F.Z.S., ete., 33, 64, 105, 165, 168, 189, 214, 222 Moutrton, J. C., B.Se., 1 Newnuay, F. B., M.A., 207, 330 Newman, L. W., F.E.S., 58 Nicnorson, C., 208, 231, 285 Nowe tu, R. M., 233 Otrver, G. B., 287 Parisn, H. M., 231, 261 Payne, LEICESTER, 283, 284, 285 Prarce, EH. K., 258 1V Pearce, N. D. F., 258 Pearson, Gero. B., 281 Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 63, 68 PintEau, Norman C., 233 Prowman, J. A., 230 Ports, GEorGE, 281 Pow.ett, N. Orne, 230 Rartrray, Colonel R. H., 5 | Tarr, Rosert, F.H.S., LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. STANBRIDGE, GEOFFREY, 232 Srrwarr, A. M., 257 Sronenam, Capt., H. F.,. F.E.S. M.B.0O.U., 279 Strowstr, HE. A. C., 255, 260 208 Tavsor, GrorceE, F.E.S., 140 | Tarpat, The Rev. J. E., 190, 279. 283, 284 Raynor, The Rev. Girpert H., 208, 233 | Rep, Percy C., 117 Ricuarpson, W., 230 Rosson, J. F., 230 Rowxanp-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 17, 18, 48, 67, 92, 95, 96. 97, 115, 121, NEB We Ues7/5 Gs), 186, 187, 207, 213, 216, 233, 235, 236, 237, 256, 258, 264, 282, 983 Russe, G. M., 210 SaLe, G. Hanson, 44, 48 Scuuncxr, Sub-Lieut. R.N., 164 Scorer, ALFRED G., 208 Scorr, F. B., Capt. I.A., 114, 234 SHexpon, W.G., F.E.S., 32, 43, 99, 217, 245, 268 Sicu, ALFRED, F.E.S., 256 Smarr, Capt. H. Dovenas, M.C., R.A.M.C., 11, 38, 59, 227, 251, 257, 277, 280 Souru, Ricuarp, 25, 53, 72, 100, 120, 127, 144, 145, 165, 175, 178, 205, 233 Sowerby, Lieut, F. W., R.N.D., F.E.S., 9, 30 ILLUSTRATIONS IN Destruction of wheat by wasps Wings of § Chlorolestes wnbratus, Hagen ” 2 ” ” ” Cocoons of Apanteles Temperature chart . THEOBALD, FRED V., M.A., F.E.S., 76, 232 | THomson, W. S8., 232 | THURNALL, A., 231 44, 117, 190, 212 Toms, HERBERT S., 210 Towner. Donatp, 232 Turner, G. C., 142 Turner, H. J., F.E.S., 21, 47, 94, 119, 143, 144, 192, 216, 262 VinteEr, C. H. S., 259, 260 Wauss, H. G. Q., 232, 237, 238, 257 THRING, G., Wauuer, The Rev. A. P., 258, 259 We tts, H. O., 190 Wueeter, The Rev. Grorce, M.A., F.E.S., 69, 168, 215 | Warrrue, F. G., 16,18 Wireman, A. E., F.E.S., 25, 53, 100, | 127, 145, 175 | Winson, J. S., 237 Winston, S. A. St. J., 259, 260 Wooprorpsr, F. C., B.A., F.E.S., 229 | Wooxacorr, TBE, Io, Pra THE TEXT. PAGE 133 150 151 194 242 INDEX. 4+ GENERAL. Abundance of Thanaos tages, L., 165 Acentropus niveus at Wanstead, 190, 211 Acherontia atropos, Food-plants of, 67 ; in Hampshire, 284 Acherontia (Manduca) atropos, 258, 285 Acronycta alni in Oxfordshire, 280 Agriades bellargus in 1916, 115; in Treland, 237 Agriades corydon var. Bucks, 236 Agriades thersites, Cantener, in Nor- mandy, 186 A new geometrid moth, 73 Ants in amber, 213 Apatura iris in West Sussex, 208 Aplecta nebulosa var. plumbosa, 49 Apples attacked by the larve of Por- thesia similis (auriflua), 279 A question of Latinity, 114 Argynnis aglaia molybdina, 207, 230 Asymmetrical variety of Agriades corydon, 229 synerapha in Baldratia salicornie, Kieffer and Ste- faniella brevipalpis, Kitfer, two Ceci- domyidz new to British Fauna, 244 Bees, some Japanese, 85 Blastotere glabratella in Britain, 64, 114 Bot-fly, The, 116 Brephos‘parthenias, 142, 165 British Aphides, Notes on new, ani little known, 76 British Braconide, 51 British Neuroptera in 1916, 87 British Odonata in 1916, 201 British Orthoptera in 1916, 136 British plant galls, Further notes on, 82 Butterflies at Sevenoaks, 258 Butterflies of the Cotswolds (Painswick) in August, 255; of the Stroud district, 285 Butterflies in the Champagne, 189 Butterflies taken in the neighbourhood of Los Angelos, California, 154 Butterfly collecting in the Pyrénées- Orientales, 89 Celastrina argiolus: A comparison, 165 Cerostoma sequella, 256, 287 Cerceris arenaria (Hymenoptera), 116 Cherocampa elpenor larvee on Balsam, 208, 279 Cheimatobia brumata and frost, 67 Chlorolestes umbratus, Hagen (Odonata), 149 Chrysophanus dispar and other butter- flies at St. Quentin, 97 Chrysophanus phlceas ab. alba in Staf- fordshire, 229 Cicadide from Sumatra, New species of, 1 Cocoon colour of various insects, On the, 153 Cenonympha pamphilus, 209 Colias edusa, ete., in the Isle of Wight, 234 | Colias edusa and C. hyale in Suffolk, 259; in Sussex, 282 Colias edusa and Vanessids in Spring, 19) Colias edusa in Cornwall, 210; in Guernsey, 259; in Hampshire, 289, 283; in June, 189; in June and July, 219; in London, 282; in 8. Devon, 259; in Surrey, 282 Colias edusa, Macroglossa stellatrum, etc., in Cornwall, 260 Colias edusa, Sphinx convolvuli, and Lytta vesicatoria, 235 Colias hyale and C. edusa in 1917, 232, 233, 234, 235, 259, 260 Collateral colour variation of Argynnids, 207 Collix sparsata and Boarmia roboraria in Surrey, 191 Conchylis flaviciliana, Notes on, 32 Contributions to our knowledge of the British Braconide, 51, 193 Cnephasia incanana, Steph., Notes on, 99 Cryptoblabes bistrigella and local Tor- trices at Hindhead, 42 Cupido minimus, second emergence, 207 Cyaniris argiolus and Plusia moneta in Middlesex, 141 Cyaniris argiolus depositing heather, 237 Ova on vi Cyaniris argiolus in the City, 142 Daphnis nerii in Derbyshire, 236; Notes On the larva of, 113 Descriptiones Hymenopterorum cum Observationibus, 36 Destruction of wheat by wasps, 132 Dianthidium in the Philippine Islands, 164 Diptera of Dorsetshire, 102; on Ware- ham Heath, 257 Dragonflies in 1917, 257 Eecentricities of Triphena fimbria, 43 Embidobia from India, A new, 152 Kriogaster lanestris, Late emergence Onis IIE Hucosoma branderiana, ete., at Wan- stead, 190 Eugonia polychloros in West London, 142 Euvanessa antiopa in Essex, 283; in Kent, 18; in Scotland, 258; in 1917, 235, 283 Five new species of Epipaschianse (Pyralide) from Formosa, 127 Food-plants of Acherontia atropos, 17, 67; of Dilina tilie, 187; of Sphinx ligustri, 237 Further notes on British plant galls, 82 Garden Notes, 64 Geometra vernaria in Ireland, 237 Gonepteryx cleopatra, Some notes on the life history, 3 Gynandromorph Lasiocampa quercus, 45 Heterocera in Middlesex, 236 Hibernation and Spring emergence of Pyrameis atalanta, 186 Hibernation of Lampides beticus, 18, 66, 67 Hibernia defoliaria in Epping Torest, abundance during daytime, 117 Homoptera in the Northern counties, 169 Hypena obsitalis in Britain, 44, 116; in Dorset, 256 Influence of temperature on the develop- ment of pigment in Pieris rape, L., 241 Influx of Libellula depressa, L., 165, 190 Insect disappearances ances, 92 Iphiclides podalirius feisthamelii and Melanargia lachesis in the Western and Eastern Pyrénées, 121 and yreappear- Larva of Dilina tilie on cork tree, 164 Larve of Macroglossa stellatarum, etc., at Cambridge, 208 INDEX. Lasiocampa quereus, Gynandromorph, 45 Late appearance of Pararge egeria v. egerides, etc., 18 Lepidoptera collected in 1917, mainly in Gloucestershire and Sussex, 273 Lepidoptera in the New Forest, 1916, 14 Lepidoptera of the British Line in France, 11, 38, 59, 227 Libellula depressa, 165, 190, 257 Local appearance of Eriogaster lanestris, 188 Locauitiss : Cairo, 9, 30; Cambridgeshire, 16; Cumberland, 7; Donegal, 236; Dorset- shire, 102; Cotswolds, 255; Formosa, 25. 50, LO, I4o,uivom ebinamcesulenas. 59, 97, 189, 227, 251: Hindhead, 42; Japan, 25, 35, 145; I.ancashire, 7; Marlborough, 253; Middlesex, 236; New Forest, 14, 239; Orkney Isles, 164; Philippines, 100, 164; Sumatra, 1; Tilgate Forest, 43 Lytta vesicatoria, 188, 210, 211, 235 Macroglossa stellataruam in Bedford- shire, 279; in London, 236 Macrothylacia (Bombyx) rubi, Notes on rearing, 58 Maiva sulphurea, 8. & K, Note on, 140 New and rare Homoptera in the Nor- thern Counties, 169 New butterflies of the Family Nympha- lide, 161, 171 New Species of Geometride from the Philippines, 100 New Species of Heterocera from Japan and Formosa in British Museum, 25 New Species of Lepidoptera from Japan and Formosa, 145 New Species of Noctuide and Geome- tridse from Formosa, 53 New Species of Pyralids from Formosa, 175 Noctuide of Great Britain, The, 178, 205 Note on Cerceris arenaria, 116 Notes from Cairo, 9, 30 Notes on new and little known British aphides, 76 Notes on Reports of Societies, 63 Notes on some Sphingide, ete., in 1917, 284 Notes on the Lepidoptera of the British Line in France, 227, 251, 277 OBITUARY : Baker, William H., 168 Barrett, J. Platt, 72 Briggs, Charles Adolphus, 23 Gibbs, Arthur Ernest, 95 Pickard-Cambridge, Octavius, 96 INDEX. Opiruary—continued : Scollick, Arthur James, 144 Standen, Richard 8., 263 Vine, Arthur Charles, 240 Waterhouse, Charles Owen, 71 Occurrence of an Australian Gicophorid in England, 265 Orneodes hexadactyla, a lea miner, 256 Ox Warble, The, 116 Papilio demoleus, Notes on, 238 Papilio machaon in 1917, 231, 281: in Kastbourne district. 209; in Kent, 281 Parascotia fuliginaria in Surrey, 191 Parasites of sugar-cane insects in Java, with descriptions of new species, 134 Perizoma teniata in Dumbartonshire, 237 Peronea cristana, nigra, 267 Peronea cristana: Its habits of the imago, distribution of the various named forms, and some speculations on the present trend of its variation, 217, 245, 268 Plusia moneta in Cambridgeshire, 187 ; in Cheshire, 208; in Surrey, 164 Polia chi, ab. olivacea in Derbyshire, 285 Polygonia c-album ab., 230 Polygonia c-album, abundance in Shrop- shire of, 237 Polygonia c-album in Shropshire, 237, 280, 281; in Wales, 283. Preponderance of males of Gonepteryx rhamni, 142 Preponderance of the female sex in Lepidoptera, 164, 190 Proctotrypid genus Gonatopus, Ljunch, On the, 222 Proutia betulina larva feeding on Plan- tago, 18 Pyralide from Formosa, 175 Pyrameis atalanta, Cyanaris argiolus, and Macroglossa stellatrum in Done- gal, 236 Fab. ab. nov. sub- Pyrameis cardui and Vanessa io at Brighton, 68 Rare butterflies in flocks, 240 AECENY LITERATURE : Biology of Dragonflies, 262 Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge, 48 Contribution to our Knowledge of the White Flies of the Aleyrodine, 120 Generic Synopsis of Coccinellid Larve in the United States National Museum, 120 ‘‘Gynandromorphism ”’ and Kindred Problems, 45 Insect enemies, 70 Noctuelles et Géométres d’Europe, 216 life-history, | Notice sur les Glossines ou Tsétsés, 48 | vil Recent LrreRatuRE—continued : Orthoptera of Devon, 120 Reports on Seale Insects, 48 Remarks on evidences of intelligence in certain butterflies, 212 Resting habits of white butterflies, The, 191, 207 Rhopalocera at Marlborough in 1917, 253 Rhyacionia (Retinia) purdeyi, Durrant, at Lewisham, 141 Sale of Mr. Thomas H. Brigg’s Collec- tion, 287 Saturnia carpini in the Orkney Isles, 164 ‘“* Sacbrood’’’: a bee disease, 213 Scoliopteryx libatrix in July, 209 Scoparia, Haw., 116 Scoparia frequentella, S. pallida, ete., 18 Scoparia pallida, Steph., 44, 68 Sesia formicwformis larva feeding on the pith of osier stems, 187 Sesiidew, Notes on the Larval and Pupal Stages in some of the, 5 Sirex gigas and S. juvencus in Renfrew- shire, 257 Sirex gigas at Chichester, 188 Siricide, Unrecorded occurrences of, 44 Socierigs : Derbyshire Entomological, 47 Entomological of London, 19, 68, 166, 214 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo- logical, 22, 70, 119 Manchester Entomological, 21 South London Entomological, 20, 44, 94, 118, 142, 192, 215, 261 Some caterpillar, 165 Some Japanese bees, 85 Some notes and observations from the New Forest, 239 Some remarks on the distribution of species of the genus Melanargia in Italy, France, Spain, etc., 123, 157 Some Stephanide: with descriptions of new species, 32, 92, 105 Somatochlora metallica in Hampshire, 191 Sphinx (Herse) convolvuli in 1917, 23, 231, 260, 283, 284 Sphinx convolvuli in Cheshire, 283; in Devonshire, 231. 260; in Donegal, 231; in Dublin, 231; in Durham, 230, 260; in Gloucestershire, 260 ; in Isle of Wight, 260 ; in Kent. 230, 260, 284 ; in Middlesex. 260 ; in Norfolk, 230; in Scotland, 260; in Somerset, 230: in Suffolk, 260,; in Surrey, 230; in Sus- sex, 230, 284; in Wales, 231; in York- shire, 230, 283 Sphinx ligustri two winters in pupa, 164 Sphinx pinastri in Suffolk, 258 Stauropus fagi at Godalming, 237; in Eastbourne, 191 Vill Steganoptycha mercuriana feeding upon bilberry, 43 Stephanide, On certain, 129 Stephanus (Parastephanellus) licus, Westw., 266 Styringomyia fossil in England, 141 damel- The Noctuide of Great Britain as arranged in the general collection at the Natural History Museum, 178, 205 The occurrence of Spanish fly (Lytta vesicatoria) at Chichester, 188, 210 The ox-warble or bot-fly, 116 The Platt Barratt Collection, 94 The 1917 butterfly season in Bucks, 285 Tortrix pronubana in London district, 257, 279; note on egg-laying of, 280; yet another food-plant of, 68 Tortrix rusticana in Tilgate Forest, 43 ‘Two days collecting in Lancashire and Cumberland. 7 Two new humble-bees from China, 265 Two new species of Diastrephanus. Enderl., 131 Unrecorded occurrences of Siricide, 44 we 4 d eo 5 o 5 : 'Vanessi io and Aglais urtice in Glou- cestershire, 208 VARIETIES : Abraxas grossulariata, 21. 46, 285 Acronicta megacephala, 118 Adopea flava, 262 ; lineola, 262 INDEX. VARIETIES—continued : Agriades corydon, 45, 46, 166, 229, 262; thetis, 46 Agriopis aprilina, 45 Aphantopus hyperantus, 46 Aplecta nebulosa, 49 Argynnis aglaia, 207, 230; cydippe, 216 Ayicia medon, 20 Boarmia consonaria, 19, 20 Bithys quereus, 45 Coenonympha pamphilus, 45, 46 Cosmotriche potatoria, 45 Cupido minimus, 229, 262 Epinephele ianira, 22; jurtina, 45, tithonus, 45, 46 Euchloé cardamines, 192, 207 Eupithecia lariciata, 19 Hypocrita jacobex, 46 Lycena bellargus, 22 Melanippe montanata, 47 Plusia moneta, 47 Polygonia c-album, 45, 166, 230 Polyommatus icarus, 45 Pseudoterpna pruinata, 22 Pyrameis atalanta, 144 Saturnia pavonia, 47 Sphinx ligustri, 46 Spilosoma mendica, 47 Vanessa urtice, 22 Zonosoma pendularia, 46 What is the food-plant of Cerostoma sequella? 256, 287 William Kirby: biographical note, 213 ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. . 12 from top, for Basses-Alpes read Basses-Pyrénees. [Pe We il P. 159, 1. 32 from top, delete cleanthe. P. 207, 1. 10 from top, for molybdena read molybdina. P. 235, 1. 17 from bottom, for Huanessa read Hwvanessa. P. 240, 1. 9 from bottom, for electaa read electa. P. 264, 1. 16 from top, for 63 read 263. P. 264, 1. 18 from top, for Plebeids read Plebeiids. SPECIAL Entomo! ogist (Le hale n) vw, 50 INDEX. New Genera, Species, Sub-Species, and Varieties are marked with an asterisk. — Order VII. americana (Periplaneta). 31, 135 annulipes (Anisolabis), 120, 157 arachidis (Prolabia), 136, 137 auricularia (Forficula), 136, 137, 138 auricularia, var. forcipata (Forficula), 138 bicolor (Stauroderus), 158, 139 bioculata (Sphodromantis), 10 bipunctatus (Tetrix), 139, 140 brachyptera (Metrioptera), 138 cerulans (Sphingonotus), 30 compressicornis (Oxycoriphus), 10 domesticus (Gryllus), 30 dorsalis (Conocephalus), 120, 140 egena (Hmpusa), 31 elegans (Chorthippus), 139 exoleta (Panchlora), 140 germanica (Blattella), 138 eriseo-aptera (Metrioptera), 158 griseo-aptera (Pholidoptera), 139 grossus (Mecostethus), 139 grylloides (Pyrgomorpha), 31 eryllotalpa (Gryllotalpa), 51 ORTHOPTERA. lineatus (Stenobothrus), 138 lugubris (Chrotogonus), 10, 11, 31 maculatus (Gomphocerus), 139 membranaceus (Brachytrypes), 192 meridionalis (Paratettix), 11 minor (Labia), 136, 137 morosus (Carausius), 19 orientalis (Blatta), 138 Z panzeri (Ectobius), 138 parallelus (Chorthippus), 139 | patruelis (Acrotylus), 10 punctatissima (Leptophyes), 139 riparia (Labidura), 31, 143 rufipes (Omocestus), 139 rufus (Gomphocerus), 138 savignyi (Sphingonotus), 30 subulatus (J'etrix), 139 sylvestris (Nemobius), 138, 143 thalassina (Epacromia), 10, 31 thalassinum (Meconema), 140 unguiculata (Tryxalis), 10, 31 viridissima (Phasgonura), 140 viridulus (Omocestus), 139, 140 If Order IX. PSOCOPTERA. briggsi (Ectopsocus), 24 euestfalicus (Hyperetes), 24 | Order XI. pedicularia (Pterodela), 65 EMBIOPTERA. Embia, 31 Order XIII. ODONATA. nea (Cordulia), 202, 257 annulatus (Cordulegaster), 202, 203, Chlorolestes, 149 cyanea (Aischna), 94, 202, 203 cwrulescens (Orthetrum), 202, 203 eyathigerum (Enallagma), 201, 202, 203, 204 depressa (Libellula}, 165, 190, 201, 202, 204, 257 dubia (Leucorrhinia), 204 elegans (Ischnura), 202, 204 erythrea (Crocothemis), 10 fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 203 fulva (Libellula), 165 grandis (Auschna), 94, 204, 257 257 |= PARANEUROPTERA.| imperator (Anax), 202, 203, 257 juncea (ischna), 202, 203, 204 leucosticta (Brachythemis), 10 | mercuriale (Agrion), 201, 202, 203 metallica (Somatochlora), 191 mixta (Aischna), 203 naias (/drythromma), 202 nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 201, 202, 204, 257 pennipes (Platycnemis), 202, 204 pratense (Brachytron), 204 puella (Agrion), 201, 202, 203, 204, 257 pulchellum (Agrion), 204 pumilio (Ischnura), 202 quadrimaculata (Libellula), 202 203, xX INDEX. sanguineum (Sy mpetrum), 204 scoticum (Sympetrum), 202, 203, 204 senegalensis (Ischnura), 10 splendens (Calopteryx), 202, 204, 257 sponsa (Lestes), 202, 203 striolatum (Sympetrum), 202, 203, 204 tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 202, 203 tenellum, var. melanotum (Pyrrhosoma), 202 trinacria (Orthetrum), 10 umbratus (Chlorolestes), 149, 150, 151 virgo (Calopteryx), 201, 202, 203, 257 Order XV. HEMIPTERA. acerina (Drepanosiphum), 77 aceris (Rhinocola), 169 aconiti (Rhopolosiphum), 81 alpestris (Calocoris), 192 alticola (Cosmopsaltria), 2 atriplicis (Trioza), 169, 245 bakeri (Pseudococeus), 37 borealis (Pemphigus), 76 brasiliensis (Hemichionaspis), 36 brunneipennis (Psylla), 169 bursarius (Pemphigus), 20 campestris (Lyectocoris), 65 erategi (Prociphilus), 76 crefeldensis (Livia), 169 echinus (Urentius), 167 erice (Rhinocola), 169 *erice (Tetralicia), 170 *euphorbiellum (Mac osiphum), 79 familiaris (Aphis), 77 *festuce (Myzus), 80 galii (Trioza), 169 genistee (Macrosiphum), 80 hippophaés (Psylla), 169 ida (Cosmopsaltria), 2 Order XVI. alba (Chrysopa), 88 capitata (Nothochrysa), 88 cephalotes (Palpares), 10 chrysops (Osmylus), 87 communis (Panorpa), 88 concinnus (Hemerobius), 88 Coniopteryx, 118 elegans (Sympherobius), 20 flava (Chrysopa), 88 flavifrons (Chrysopa), 88 fuliginosa (Sialis), 87 fulviceps (Nothochrysa), 88 fuscata (Sisyra), 87 germanica (Panorpa), 88 Hemerobius, 87 humuli (Hemerobius), 87 lutaria (Sialis), 87 Order XVIII. abietaria (Boarmia), 15 aceris (Acronycta), 39, 351 acetoselle (Mesogona), 182 acetosella (Mythimna), 182 achine (Pararge), 99 acis (Nomiades), 288 acmon (Lycena), 156 adelina (Chlosyne), 163 janckianus (Myzus), 82 juncorum (Livia), 169 *klossi (Puranoides), 1 lactucarius (Pemphigus), 76 Leucanium, 414 loti (Bracheolus), 78 lycopsidis (Aphis), 77 majuscula (Triphleps), 65 marginalis (Orthotylus), 69 napelli (Aphis), 82 nervosa (Aphalara), 169 pisi (Siphonophora), 65 prefectus (Apollodotus), 167 *Puranoides, 1 radicis (Aphis), 81 *yubifolium (Macrosiphum), 78 rugicollis (Plesiocoris), 69 stellariw (Brachycolus), 78 suffragans (Aphis), 77 *sumatrana (Cosmopsaltria), 2 *Tetralicia. 170 tomentosa (Hurybrachys), 167 velutina (Trioza), 169 viburni (Psylla), 169 NEUROPTERA. maculicollis (Raphidia), 87 micans (Hemerobius), 87 Myrmeleon, 30 | nitidulus (Hemerobius), 87 | notata (Raphidia), 87 Nothochrysa, 88 paganus (Micromus), 88 perla (Chrysopa), 88 prasina (= aspersa) (Chrysopa), 88 quadrifasciatus (Hemerobius), 88 Raphidia, 87 Sialis, 87 stigma (Hemerobius), 87 striatellus (Sympherobius), 20 subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 87 | ventralis (Chrysopa), 88 LEPIDOPTERA. adippe Prevost) 22, 954, 262 adonis (Morpho), 214 adrasta (Pararge), 90 adusta (Eumichtis), 251 advena (Aplecta), 16, 184 advena (Polia), 184 advenaria (Kpione), 14 189, 216, 239, - INDEX. advenella (Eurhodope), 15 zgon (Lycrrena), 21 wgon (Plebeius), 264 zmulana (Catoptria), 109 eratana (D.), 274 zsculi (Thecla), 90 zestivalis (Leptidia), 91 zthopis (Ocystola), 265 affinis (Cosmia), 16 affinis (Gelechia), 17 affinis (Thecla), 156 agathina (Agrotis), 185, 239 agathina (Mucretagrotis), 183 aglaia (Argynnis), 22, 9), 189, 207, 215, | 230, 254, 286 ahenella (O.), 275 alba (Chrysophanus), 229 albersana (Grapholitha), 43 albiceps (Peecilia), 23 albicillata (Melanthia), 47 albicillata (Mesoleuca), 252 albicolon (Mamestra), 185 albicolon (Trichoclea), 185 albigutulata (Niphonessa), 101 albimacula (Diantheecia), 185 albimacula (Polia), 185 albipuncta (Sideridis), 206 alboflammana (Peronea), 270 albonigrana (Peronea), 272 alcez (Carcharodus), 90 alcella (Chrosis), 23 alchemill»ta (Emmelesia), 42 aleinoé (bunea), 118 alcippus (Danaida), 69 aleyone (Satyrus), 89, 90 alethes (Phyciodes), 162 allionia (Satyrus), 90 alni (Acronycia), 234, 256, 280 alpina (Dichrorampha), 278 alpina (Kudorea), 68 alternata (Macaria), 21 alsernata (Semiothisa), 15, 21 amataria (Timandra), 41 ambigualis (Scoparia), 62, 119 ambiguella (Conchylis), 43 amicta (Phyciodes), 162 andreneformis (Sesia), 5, 286 anglicella (Ornix), 23 angularia (Cleora), 288 angustea (Scoparia), 15, 68 *angustifascia (Siderone), 174 annulata (Zonosoma), 22 anomala (Stilbia), 201, 239 antiacus (Lycena), 156 antillena (Catagramma), 172 antiopa (Euvanessa), 18, 90, 99, 155, 211, 228, 235, 258, 281, 283, 288 antiqua (Orgyia), 39, 209 apiciaria (Epione), 253 apiformis (‘l'rochilium), 39 apollo (Parnassius), 89, 192, 212, 213 aprilina (Agriopis), 45 *aquila (Phyciodes), 162 aquilinearia (Sarcinodes), 102 xl aragonensis (Agriades), 45 aramis (Cymothoé), 173 arcania (Ceenonympha), 90, 192 arcua (Agriades), 45 arcuana (R.), 275 arcuata (Lyczena), 21 ardys (Phyciodes), 162 arenialis (Rhynchina), 31 | areta (Aphantopus), 46 | arethusa (Hipparchia), 186 argentula (Bankia), 40 argiades (Everes), 96 | argiolus (Celastrina), 14, 19, 144, 168, 192, 216, 227, 241 argiolus (Cyaniris), 141, 142, 236, 237, 254 | argus (Plebeius), 189 arion (Lycena), 288 aristolochie (Papilio), 215 armigera (Chloridea), 179 armigera (Heliothis), 179 armoricanus (Syrichthus), 14, 96 artemis (Meliteea), 99 asella (Heterogena), 15 ashworthii (Agrotis), 182 ashworthi (Episilia), 182 aspidiseana (C.), 274 astarte (Catagramma), 172 astrarche (Lycena), 13, 42, 254, 286 atalanta (Pyameis), 13, 19, 90, 144, 155, 186, 191, 192, 236, 259, 287 athalia (Melitwa), 90, 162 | atomalis (Scoparia), 277 atomaria (Ematurga), 42, 215 atrana (Peronea), 272 atropos (Acherontia), 17, 82, 67, 258, 284 | atropos (Manduca), 192, 258, 285 | atropos (Melanargia), 127, 157 augur (Agrotis), 181 | aurago (Xanthia), 40 | aurata (Pyrausta), 190 aurinia (Meliteea), 12, 189, 228, 254 autummaria (Ennomos), 48, 288 avellanella (Ornix), 23 aversata (Acidalia), 41 aversata (Ptychopoda), 252 avis (Callophrys), 45, 167 baja (Agrotis), 180 | baliodactyla (A.), 276 | barbalis (Pechipogon), 252, 275 *basalis (Drymonia), 28 basilinea (Apamea), 39 basistrigalis (Scoparia), 68, 277 batis (Thyatira), 16, 251 belisaria (Vanessa), 286 bellargus (Agriades), 22, 90, 115, 189, 234, 237, 275, 286 bellargus (Lycena), 22 bentleyana (Peronea), 273 bertrami (Platyptilia), 53, 190 betule (Salebria), 190 betule (Thecla), 13 betulew (Zephyrus), 13, 255 betularia (Pachys), 199 Xil betulina (Proutia), 15 bicolorana (Hylophila), 52, 236 bicolorata (Melanthia), 42, 252 bicoloria (Leucodonta). 288 bicruris (Polia), 185 bicuspis (Dicranura), 20 bidentata (Odontopera), 47 bifasciana (Hucosma), 15 bilineata (Camptogramma), 201, bimaculata (Bapta), 41 bimaculosa (Aplecta), 49 *bipunctella (Culladia), 148 biseliella (Tinea), 47 bisetata (Acidalia), 41 bistortata (Tephrosia), 118 bistriga (Cryptoblabes), 190, 275 bistrigella (Cryptoblabes), 42 blomeri (Asthena), 22 blomfildia (Smyrna), 262 beeticus (Lampides), 10, 18, 32, 66, 67 brachydactylus (P.), 276 branderiana (Hucosma), 190 brassice (Barathra), 183 brassice (Mamestra), 32, 185 brassice (Pieris), 64, 228, 241 briseis (Hipparchia), 12, 90, 186 brumata (Cheimatobia), 41, 42, 67 brunnea (Agrotis), 151 buoliana (Hvetria), 15 buoliana (Retinia), 23 butleri (Nudaurealia), 118 creca (Aphantopus), 46 crrulea (Lycena), 14 ceerulea (Polyommatus), 45 ceruleocephala (Diloba), 251 casia (Sideridis), 206 cesiella (Swammerdamia), 47 cagnagellus (Hyponomeuta), 262 caia (Arctia), 39, 144 262 c-album (Polygonia), 22, 23, 45, 59, 90, 166, 189, 216, 230, 237, 240, 255, 1200s 280, 281, 283, 285 california (Coenonympha), 156 callunaria (Hupithecia), 21 calthella (Micropteryx), 15 cambrica (Venusia), 94 camilla (Limenitis), 89, 213 candelarum (Agrotis), 182 candidata (Asthena), 40 capsincola eee 185 capsincola (Harmodia), 185 capsophila (Diantheecia), 185 capucina (Peronea), 270 cardamines (Huchloé), 12, 90, 189, 192, 207, 228, 253 eardui (Pyrameis), 10, 31, 32, 68, 155, 189, 191, 209, 211, 255, 287, 288 carpini (Saturnia), 22, 164 carpophaga (Dianthecia), 185 *carrera (Phyciodes), 162 carthami (Syrichthus), 14 cassiope (Krebia), 7 casta (Fumea), 192, 215 66, 90, 144, 189, INDEX. castanea (Agrotis), 180 castigata (Eupithecia), 252 *catena (Spectrotrota), 127 cautella (Hphestia), 10 cavella (Lithocolletis), 15 celerio (Hippotion), 288 cembre (Scoparia), 60 centonalis (Nola), 59 *centralis (Orthaga), 129 cespitalis (Pyrausta), 60 cespitis (Luperina), 185 cespitis (Tholera), 185 chantana (Peronea), 273 chaonia (Drymonia), 239 chi (Polia), 285 chionalis (Orthaga), 129 | christyi (Oporabia), 63 chrysantheana (Cnephasia), chrysanthemi (Zygena), 45 chrysippus (Danais), 10, 31, 69 chrysitis (Plusia), 196, 208, 252 chrysonuchellus (Crambus), 61 chrysozoma (Hecatera), 184 ciliella (i.), 274 cinctaria (Boarmia), 14 cinerana (Grapholitha), 47 cinerea (Agrotis), 275; (Exoa), 179 cinnamomeana (Tortrix), 276 circe (Satyrus), 93 clathrata (Strenia), 41 elaudia (Agrias), 166, 172 cleanthe (Melanargia), 157, 159 clitus (Thanaos), 156 cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 3 clotho (Melanargia), 127, enicana (Conchylis), 43 23, 278 , 122 157 | c-nigrum (Agrotis), 180 cochylioides (Kublemma), 31 celestis (Agriades), 48; (Papilio), 168 ceenia (Junonia), 156 coonosa (Lelia), 288 comes (Agrotis), 180; (Triphwna), 180 comma (Augiades), 90, 255 comma (Cirphis), 206 comma (Leucania), 206, 251, 287 communana (Sciaphila), 274 | compositella (Stigmonota), 62 compta (Diantheecia), 185, 251, 253 *confusa (Orthaga), 128 confusalis (Nola), 251 coniferana (Laspeyresia), 15 conigera (Chabuata), 205 conjugella (Argyresthia), 47 *conjunctalis (Aulacodes), 176 consimiliana (Peronea), 273 consonaria (Tephrosia), 15, 19, 20, 40 consortaria (Boarmia), 20, 253 conspersa (Polia), 185 conspicillaris (Xylomania), 205 contaminana (Acalla), 16; (Teras), 248 contigua (Polia), 188 continuata (Xanthorhoé), 47 convolvuli (Sphinx), 22, 230, 231, 238, 260, 283, 284, 285 INDEX. coriacella (Oligochroa), 31 coronata (EKupithecia), 48 corsica (Plebeius), 264 *cortes (Phyciodes), 161 corticea (Agrotis), 251; (Huxoa), 179 corticella (Tinea), 279 corydon (Agriades), 14, 46, 90, 94, 98, 115, 143, 166, 209, 229, 236, 254, 262, | | dipsacea (Heliothis), 96, 179, 208 275, 281, 286, 288 coryli (Demas), 251 coryli (Lithocolletis), 197, 198 cosmodactyla (A.), 277 costalis (Pyralis), 60 *costimacula (Hypenorhynchus), 56 *costimacula (Pyralis), 175 crabroniformis (Sphecia), 187 crabroniformis (Trochilium), 5 cracce (Toxocampa), 201 crategana (Tortrix), 15 crategella (Scoparia), 47, 68 cratsegi (Aporia), 24, 90, 189 crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 24, 118 cribrella (Myelois), 190 cristalana (Peronea), 219 eristana (Acalla), 16 cristana (Peronea), 45, 217, 245, 268 croccalis (Ebulea), 61 croceipicta (Hypenodes), 28 cruda (Monima), 205 cucubali (Polia), 185 cucullatella (Nola), 52, 195, 251 culiciformis (Sesia), 5 cursoria (Huoxa), 179 curtisellus (Prays), 47 curtula (Pygera), 15, 39 *curvilinea (Paracolax), 27 curvistrigana (Conchylis), 278 curvistrigana (Eupeecilia), 62 cyanea (Polygrapha), 20, 45 cydippe (Argynnis), 216, 262 cyllarus (Nomiades), 14 cynipiformis (Sesia), 6, 188 dahli (Agrotis), 181 daplidice (Pontia), 98, 189, 288 dardanus (Papilio), 69 davus (Ceenonympha), 99 decolorana (Catoptria), 119 defoliaria (Hybernia), 41, 94, 117 degenerata (Melanippe), 47 deione (Melitzea), 90 *deleta (Ptychopoda), 57 delila (Colenis), 161 delphini (Chariclea), 179 demoleus (Papilio), 238 dentina (Polia), 184 deplana (Lithosia), 197 depuncta (Agrotis), 180 derasa (Habrosyne), 59, 251 desfontainiana (Peronea), 273 designata (Coremia), 252 dholaria (Xandrames), 102 dia (Brenthis), 288 dictynna (Melitea), 99 267, xill | didyma (Melitwa), 90 dilucidana (Conchylis), 23, 51 dilutana (Oporabia), 60 dirmidiana (P.), 274 dimidiata (Acidalia), 41 diminutana (Ancylis), 43 diniensis (Leptidia), 99 dipsacea (Chloridea), 178 dispar (Chrysophanus), 12, 45, 92, 97, 288 dispunctella (Hlachista), 15 dissimilis (Hadena), 184 distinctalis (Parthenodes), 176 | ditrapezium (Agrotis), 180 *diversa (Sypna), 25 | doda (Anepa), 53 | dodecella (Gelechia), 15 | dolobraria (Eurymene), 21, 22, 253, 275 *dominicana (Colenis), 161 dorilis (Chrysophanus), 12, 90, 91 dromedarius (Notodonta), 22 *dubia (Stericta), 128 dubitalis (Scoparia), 60 dubitana (Eupeecilia), 23 duponcheli (Leptidia), 90, 91 aysodea (Polia), 184 edusa (Colias), 10, 90, 189, 191, 192, 209, 210, 211, 232, 233, 234, 235, 253, 255, 259, 260, 281, 282, 287, 288 effertalis (Agrotera), 176 | egeria (Pararge), 13, 18, 20, 90, 95, 166, 189, 228, 262, 286 egerides (Pararge), 13, 18, 20, 228, 286 electa (Catocala), 240 elinguaria (Crocallis), 199 elongella (Gracilaria), 15 elpenor (Cherocampa), 208, 279 | elutella (Fphestia), 120, 277 | emarginata (Ania), 252 | ephemereformis (‘Thyridopteryx), 143 ephiphron (Hrebia), 7 epimethea (Imbrasta), 118 erectaria (Lygris), 5 ericetana (Olethreutes), 276 eris (Argynnis), 207 erlaces (Papilio), 215 erysimi (Leptidia), 90 | escheri (Agriades), 90 eugenia (Morpho), 214 *eunice (Pyrameis), 171 euphendides (Euchloé), 90 euphorbiana (E.), 274 euphrosyne (Argynnis), 47 euphrosyne (Brenthis), 12, 47, 189, 228, 254, 286, 288 eurymedon (Papilio), 155 eurytheme (Colias), 155 evias (Erebia), 90 *excelsior (Cymothoé), 173 exclamationis (Euxoa), 179 exigua (Caradrina), 288 extimalis (Orobena), 61 fagi (Stauropus), 15, 191, 192, 237 Xiv ‘falcataria (Drepana), 39 falsellus (Crambus), 277 farinalis (Pyralis), 60 fasciana (Hrastria), 48 *fasciata (Dunira), 145 fasciata (Spilosoma), 47 feisthamelii (Papilis), 90, 121 fenestratella (Monopis), 278 ferchaultella (L.), 276 ferrugana (Parmesia), 51, 197, 198 ferruginella (Tinea), 23 festaliella (Chrysochoris), 47 festiva (Episilia), 181 festuca (Plusia), 16, 208 filipendule (Zygena), 39, 45, 118 fimbria (Triphena), 43, 201 finitimella (Ornix), 23 firmata (Thera), 239 fissipuncta (Dyschorista), 252 flammatra (Agrotis), 180 flammea (Meliana), 206 flammea (Trigonophora), 98 flammeana (Peronea), 272 flava (Adopsa), 262 flaviciliana (Kupeecilia), 32, 275 flavicineta (Polia), 40 *flaviguttellus (Crambus), 148 flavostriana (Peronea), 269 flexana (S.), 276 flexula (Aventia), 15 flexula (Laspeyria), 197 floralis (Noctuelia), 11 fluctuata (Xanthorhoé), 47 fluetuosa (Cymatophora), 275 fontis (Bomolocha), 21 forestan (Rhopalocampa), 20 forticellus (Schcenobius), 190 formiciformis (Sesia), 6, 187 fraxini (Catocala), 288 frequentella (Scoparia), 18 fritillum (Syrichthus), 14 frélichiella (Lithocolletes), 47 fuciformis (Hemaris), 14, 43 fuligana (Hucosmia), 14 fuliginaria (Boletobia), 40; (Parascotia), | 191 fuliginosa (Spilosoma), fulvimitrella (Tinea), 1 fulvovittana (Peronea), 27: furcula (Cerura), 17 furfurana (B.), 276 fusca (Salebria), 190 galatea (Melanargia), 157, 158, 189, 254, galii (Deilephila), 208 gallicolana (Pammene), 43, gamma (Plusia), 196, 208 gemina (Apamea), 251 genistse (Melanchra), 183 ; (Pohia), 183 genitalana (Cnephasia), 23 germarana (Eammrene), 43 geryon (Adscita), 286; (Ino), 275 gibbosella (Psoricoptera), 15 gilvaria (Aspilates), 190 22, 39 5) 13, 286 90, 94, 122, 274 INDEX. gilvago (Xanthia), 16 glabraria (Cleora), 239 glabratella (Blastotere), 47, 64, 114, 119 glareosa (Agrotis), 180 glauca (Polia), 184 globulariz (Ino), 275 elyphica (Euclidia), 40 gothica (Monima), 205 gracilis (Monima), 206 gracilis (Te#niocampa), 288 graminis (Cerapteryx), 206 grandipennis (Seythris), 15 eranella (Linea), 278 grisealis (Zanclognatha), 40 griseola (Lithosia), 251 grisescens (Stauropus), 29 grossulariata (Abraxas), 21, 198 *heenschi (Dynamine), 171 hamellus (Crambus), 15 *hampsoni (Sypna), 26 harmodius (Papilio), 215 hastata (Melanippe), 21, 47, 275 hastata (Kulype), 94 hectus (Hepialus), 39 helice (Colias), 234, 259, 282, 283, herilla (Microgone), 118 hero (Ccenonympha), 99 Hestia, 142 hexadactyla (Orneodes), 256 hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia), 239 hippothoé (Chrysophanus), 12, 97 hispidaria (Apocheima), 253 horridella (Cerostoma), 15 humidicola (Cirphis), 37 humuli (Hepialus), 255 288 huntera (Pyrameis), 155 hutchinsoni (Polygonia), 189, 275 hyale (Colias), 12, 189, 228, 232, 233, 259, 282 : hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 46, 90, 209 hyperborea (Episiiia), 151 hyperia (Chlosyne), 163 ianira (Hpinephele), 209 ianthe (Phyciodes), 161 ianthina (‘Triphiena), 182 lapygia (Melanargia), 157 icarinus (l.yczena), 14 icarinus (Polyommatus), 21 icarus (Lycena), 13, 22 icarus (Polyommatus), 46, 90, 166, 209, 286, 288 *igniflua (Hugrapta), 145 ilia (Apatura), 98 ilicifolia (Epicnaptera), 288 ilicis (Thecla), 98 immaculata (Picris), 243 immanata (Cidaria), 42 impluviata (Hydromena), 252 incanana (Cnephasia), 99 incerta (Monima), 205 indigata (Eupithecia), 14, 21 *indistincta (Anachrostis), 53 ino (Brenthis), 99 *inobtrusa (Hypenorhynechus), 55 INDEX. . XV inquinatellus (Crambus), 61 insulana (Harias), 10 interjecta (Tripheena), 16, 183, 239 *interuptalis (Ambia), 175 io (Vanessa), 13, 22, 68, 90, 118, 189, 192, 208, 209, 215, 237, 253, 259, 262, 286 iota (Plusia), 208 iphigenia (Hypena), 173 iphis (Cenonympha), 192 iris (Apatura), 22, 98, 208, 239, 288 irregularis (Diantheecia), 185 (Epia), 185 irriguata (Kupithecia), 14, 199 *irrorata (Anepa), 53 irrorella (Setina), 215 *irrubescens (Chlosyne), 153 jacobex (Euchelia), 39 jacobseze (Hipocrita), 46 janira (Epinephele), 13, 22, 90 jansoniana (Peronea), 272 janthina (Triphena), 182 *japonica (Tarsolepis), 29 jarbas (Limnas), 262 jasius (Charaxes), 67 joiceyi (Ornithoptera), 20 jubata (Cleora), 14 julia (Colenis), 161 jurtina (Epinephele), 45, 288 *kanshireiensis (Psalis), 146 *karapinensis (Eupithecia), 56 *kayei (Catagramma), 172 kirbyi (Sypna), 26 lachesis (Melanargia), 90, 122, 123, 159 l-album (Cirphis), 206 lactearia (Iodis) 252 lanceolata (Aphantopus), 46 lanestris (Eriogaster), 117, 188, 251 lariciana (H.), 276 lariciata (Hupithecia), 19, 46 lathonia (Issoria), 99, 189, 288 latifasciana (A.), 277 leporina (Acronycia), 15, 239 lepsha (Mycalesis), 262 leucographa (Mythimna), 182 leucophea (Pachetra), 185 Leucothyris, 45 levana (Araschnia), 13, 99 lewenhcekella (P.), 274 libatrix (Gonoptera), 40, 60, 228 libatrix (Scoliopteryx), 209, 242 licarsicalis (Pachyzancla), 10, 32 ligustri (Acronycta), 251 ligustri (Sphinx), 64, 187, 237, 284 limbaria (Xanthorhoé), 47 linea (Adopea), 90 lineola (Adopea), 14, 229, 262 lineola (Eudorea), 68 literana (Acalla), 277 lithargyria (Sideridis), 206 Lithocolletis, 119 litura (Prodenia), 10 liturata (Macaria), 21 livornica (Phryxus), 288 lonicere (Zygena), 118 lorquini (Limenitis), 156 lotteri (Iphiclides), 92 lucasi (Melanargia), 123, 158 lucatella (Aphancula), 15 lucina (Nemeobius), 21, 254, 256 luctuosa (Acontia), 17, 40 lunaria (Selenia), 46 lunigera (Agrotis), 179 lunosa (Anchocelis), 16 lupulina (Hepialus), 59 lurideola (Lithosia), 251 luteago (Dianthweia), 183 luteolata (Opisthograptis), 253 luteolata (Rumia), 40 lutulenta (Hpunda), 16 *luzonensis (Niphonissa), 101 *luzonensis (Sarcinodes), 102 lycidas (Plebeius), 264 lychophron (Papilio), 20, 45 lysimon (Zizera), 10 maccana (Peronea), 61 machaon (Papilio), 12, 189, 209, 228, 231, 235, 281 macularia (Venilia), 288 maculata (Arichanna), 101i mera (Pararge), 90 maimuna (Catagramma), 172 malvee (Hesperia), 189, 254 malve (Syrichthus), 14 malvella (Gelechia), 190 *mamorensis (Panacea), 173 manniana (Hupeecilia), 119, 275 , margaritosa (Lycophota), 182 marginaria (Hybernia), 41, 253 *marginata (Anachrostis),. 26 marginata (Arichanna), 55 marginata (Lomaspilis), 41 masoniana (Peronea), 269 mathias (Chapra), 10, 32 maturna (Melitwa), 99 *mediifascia (Hypenagonia), 145 *mediifascia (Trachea), 25 *mediopallens (Oglassa), 27 medon (Aricia), 20,90, 209 medusa (Hrebia), 99 megacephala (Acronycta), 39, 45, 115 megera (EHuchloron), 94 megera (Pararge), 90, 189, 254, 262, 256 melane (Atrytone). 156 melanella (Solenobia), 22 melanopa (Anarta), 183 melanotoxa (Agriades), 45 meliloti (Zygena), 15, 24 melinus (Thecla), 156 melpomene (Heliconius), 20, 45 mendica (Spilosoma), 47 menthastri (Spilosoma), 39 mercuriana (Steganoptycha), 43 merlana (Peronea), 272 mesomella (Lithosia), 39 metra (Pieris), 241 *mexicana (Hypna), 173 mi (Euclidia), 194 miegii (Iphiclides), ‘1 xvi mincki (Epinephele), 44 minima (Zizera), 14 minimus (Cupido), 186, 207, 209, 215, 229, 262, 286 minorata (Craspedia), 11 mirabilis (Carnegia), 118 meeschleri (Tegostoma), 31 *molybdina (Argynnis), 207, 230 monacha (Psilura), 39 moneta (Plusia), 47, 141, 153, 164, 187, 208 monoglypha (Xylophasia), 39 montanata (Xanthorhoé), 47, 201 *moorei (Bocula), 26 morena (Phyciodes), 163 mori (Bombyx), 154 munda (Monima), 205 murana (EHudorea), 68 murinata (Minoa), 22, 274 muscerda (Pelosia), 251 myrinna (Pyrameis), 171 myrtillana (Ancylis), 43 myrtilli (Anarta), 183 napeee (Pieris), 89 napi (Pieris), 8, 60, 89, 90, 189, 192, 228, 241 nebulosa (Aplecta), 49, 70, 184, 251; (Polia), 184 *nebulosa (Pagyda), 177 Nectaria, 142 neophron (Abisara), 262 nerii (Daphnis), 113, 236 nervosa (Depressaria), 52 neustria (Malacosoma), 39 nicotia (Mycalesis), 262 nigra (Gelechia), 47, 190 nigrana (Peronea), 219, 246, 267, 269 nigricans (Huxoa), 179 nigricostana (Olethreutes), 278 nigrocristana (Peronea), 269, 272 nigrofulvata (Macaria), 21 *nigrolinearia (Arichanna), 101 *nigrospara (HKectropis), 54 nigrosparsata (Abraxas), 46 nigrosubvittana (Peronea), 271, 272 niobe (Argynnis), 46 nivea (Peecilia), 47 niveus (Acentropus), 190, 211 noctuella (Nomophila), 10 nostrodamus (Gegenes), 10, 32 notata (Macaria), 21, 275 *notus (Phyciodes), 163 *o-album (Polygonia), 230 obelisca (Huxoa), 179 obeliscata (Thera), 199 eberthuri (Lycena), 45 obliquaria (Niphonessa), 101 *obliquifascia (Hypenagonia), 28 obliterata (Hupithecia), 22, 41 *obliterata (Stauropus), 29 oblongana (Eucosma), 15 obscura (Agrotis), 181 obsitalis (Hypena), 44, 96, 116, 256 obsoleta (Agriades), 46 INDEX. obsoleta (Aricia), 20 obsoletella (Gelechia), 245 occidentalis (Pieris), 155 occulta (Lycophotia), 182 ocellaris (Xanthia), 16 ocellata (M.), 22 ocellatus (Smerinthus), 20, 285 ochracea (Gortyna), 262 ochrearia (Aspilates), 194 octogesima (Palimpsestis), 251 octomaculana (Sciaphila), 62 oleracea (Polia), 184, 285 olivacea (Trachea), 25 *olivescens (Arichanna), 54 opima (Monima), 206 oppressana (H.), 276 oppressana (Pcedisca), 62 orbitulus (Lycena), 45 orbona (Agrotis), 180; (Triphena), 201 *ornata (Agrotera), 176 ornithopus (Xylina), 23 ostrinalis (Pyrausta), 60 *otregiata (Cidaria), 74 oxyacanthe (Miselia), 199, 201 palemon (Carterocephalus), 288 paleacea (Cosmia), 48 palealis (Spilodes), 61 palleago (Xanthia), 16 pallens (Bocula), 26 palliatella (Coleophora), 192, 215 pallida (Colias), 234, 282 pallida (Scoparia), 18, 44, 68 pallifrontana (Stigmonota), 276 pamphilus (Ceenonympha), 8, 13, 45, 46, 209, 227 pandalis (B.), 274 paphia (Argynnis), 12 22, 215, 239, 254 paphia, (Dryas), 90, 189 *parallela (Sterrha), 55 parthenias (Brephos), 142, 165 parthenie (Melita), 13, 90 parvidactylus (O.), 274 pascuana (Sciaphila), 47 pasiphiae (Epinephele), 90 passulella (Hphestia), 120 pavonia (Saturnia), 39, 46, 47 pedaria (Phigaha), 253 pedella (Stathmopoda), 15, 190 peltigera (Chloridea), 179 pendularia (Ephyra), 21, 46 pentadactyla (Aciptilia), 227 peregrina (Polia), 183 perlellus (Crambus), 227 persicariz (Polia), 184 phedusa (Lobobunea), 118 pheoluca (Eudorea), 68 phanias (Papilio), 20 philoxenus (Ceenonympha), 8 phleas (Chrysophanus), 13, 90, 189, 209, 229, 255 pickettaria (Angerona), 46 pictaria (Aleucis), 250 pilleriana (Sparganothis), 15 pinastri (Sphinx), 258 INDEX. pinellus (Crambus), 47 pinguinella (Aglossa), 60 pinguis (Euzophera), 190 piniaria (Bupalus), 21, 164, 190 piniperda (Panolis), 206, 239 pinivorana (Evetria), 15 pisi (Mamestra), 201; (Polia), 184 plantaginis (Parasemia), 9, 286 platyptera (Calophasia), 288 plecta (Agrotis), 180 plexippus (Anosia), 21, 192; (Danais), 155 plumbana (D.), 274 *plumbosa (Aplecta), 49, 70 podalirius (Iphiclides), 90, 121, 189 politana (Tortrix), 14 polychloros (Eugonia), 90, 142, 143, 189, 928, 239, 262 polytes (Papilio). 19, 215 popularis (Tholera), 185 populeti (Monima), 205 populi (Amorpha), 20, 46, 262 populi (Liminitis), 98 populi (Pecilocampa), 60 populi (Smerinthus), 39, 285 porcellus (Metopsilus), 208, 285 porphyrea (Lycophota), 182 postchantana (Peronea), 269 *postfusca (Huproctis), 146 posticana (Retinia), 47 *postmarginata (Xandrames), 101 potatoria (Cosmotriche), 45, 251 preecox (Lycophotia), 182 prasina (Kuoris), 182, 251 priamus (Papilio), 168 primularis (Iphiclides), 92 primule (Noctua), 181. 251 procida (Melanargia), 123, 159 procilla (Panacea), 173 profanana (Peronea), 269, 272 promissa (Catocala), 239 pronuba (Agrotis), 180, 201 pronubana (Tortrix), 68, 257, 279, 280 prosapiaria (Ellopia), 14, 60 proxanthovittana (Peronea), 270 pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 15, 22, 40, 195 prunaria (Angerona), 22, 46, 253 *pryeri (Antarchea), 27 pseudargiolus (Lycena), 156 pseudoduponcheli (Leptidia), 91 psi (Acronycta), 39 Psychide, 119 pulchella (Deiopeia), 32, 46, 288 pulchrina (Plusia), 208 pulla (Epichnopteryx), 47 *pulverata (Diatrea), 147 pulverosella (Trifureula), 47 punctana (Peronea), 273 punctaria (Ephyra), 199 puncticostana (Pammene), 43 punctidactyla (A.),. 277 purdeyi (Rhyacionia), 141, 143 purpuralis (Pyrausta), 60 purpurella (Micropteryx), 47 Xvil pusillata (Eupithecia), 14 puta (Agrotis), 10, 179 putrescens (Cirphis), 206 putris (Agrotis), 181 pygmeana (Steganoptycha), 42 pyraliata (Cidaria), 252 pyramidea (Amphipyra), 14 pyrenaica (Lycena), 45 pyrenaicus (Parnassius), 189 quadrimacularia (Venilia), 288 quadripuncta (Symmoca), 190 quadripunctaria (Callimorpha), 234 quercus (Bithys), 45 quercus (Lasiocampa), 8, 22, 39, 45 quercus (Zephyrus), 28, 254 quinqueguttella (Lithocolletis), 15 *quirina (Catagramma), 172 radius (Huxoa), 179 rape (Pieris), 10, 60, 90, 144, 189, 191, 192, 207, 228, 241 ravida (Agrotis), 181 rectangulata (Eupithecia), 42 remicauda (Tarsolepis), 29 resinea (Kudorea), 68 reticulata (Hadena), 185 retusa (Plastenis), 16 revayana (Sarrothripa), 239 rhamni (Gonepteryx), 12, 90, 207 rhomboidea (Agrotis), 181 ripe (Lycophotia), 182 rivata (Melanippe), 42, 47 roborana (Notocelia), 278 roboraria (Boarmia), 15, 191 roboris (Lsopis), 90 robsoni (Aplecta), 49, 70 romulus (Papilio), 215 142, 189, | *roseata (Raparna), 27 rostralis (Hypena), 236, 252 roystonensis (Agriades), 46 | ruberata (Hypsipetes), 42 rubi (Agrotis), 181 rubi (Callophrys), 167, 189, 253 rubi (Macrothylacia), 22, 458, 59, 118, 256 rubiella (Lampronia), 47 rubiginata (Melanthia), 22, 47 rubiginea (Orrhodia), 288 rubiginosana (Pzedisca), 21 rubricollis (Gnophria), 235 | rubricosa (Mythimna), 182 rufescens (Hypna), 173 | *ruficosta (Endotricha), 175 | ruficostana (Peronea), 269 | rugosana (Phtheochroa), 23 | rustica (Spilosoma), 47 rusticana (Tortrix), 43 rutilus (Chrysophanus), 12, 45 rutulus (Papilio), 155 sacraria (Sterrha), 288 salicella (Dasystoma), 47 salicis (Leucoma), 39; (Stilpnotia), 39 sambucaria (Ourapteryx), 195, 252 sanio (Diacrisia), 8 XVII1 sao (Hesperia), 90 sara (Anthocharis), 155 saturnana (D.), 274 satyrata (Hupithecia), 274 satyrion (Cenonympha), 192 saucia (Agrotis), 182 scabrella (Cerostoma), 15 scabrosellus (N.), 275 scalella (Gelechia), 47 schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 229 scheenicolella (Glyphipteryx), 278 scolopacina (Xylophasia), 39 Scoparia, 116 scoticella (Ornix), 47 scutosa (Heliothis), 179 segetis (Huxoa), 179 sejunctalis (Aulacodes), 176 selene (Argynnis), 12 selene (Brenthis), 94, 189, 254 semele (Hipparchia), 90, 189, 255; (Satyrus), 13 semialbana (Tortrix), 276 semiargus (Nomiades), 98, 288 semibrunnea (Lithophane), (Xylina), 16 semifascia (Gracilaria), 15 semiobsoleta (Agriades), 46 semirufa (Ephestia), 15 semisyngrapha (Agriades), 166 semiustana (Peronea), 219, 246 sepiana (Peronea), 270 sequella (Cerostoma), 15, 256, 287 serena (Hecatera), 184; (Polia), 184 sericealis (Rivula), 40 *sericealis (Sylepta). 177 serratilinea (Leucodrepana), 147 servilana (A.), 274 sexstrigata (Agrotis), 181 sibylla (Limenitis), 98, 189, 215, 239, 254 silaceata (Eustroma), 46, 63, 74 similis (Porthesia), 39, 120, 215, 279 simpliciana (Dichrorampha), 47 simulans (Hpisilia), 181 sinapis (Leptidia), 90, 98 ; (Leptosia), 94; (Leucophasia), 189 sinuana (S.). 276; (Cnephasia), 99 sinuata (Anticlea), 208 *sinuata (Ptychopoda), 57 sinuimargo (Culladia), 148 siterata (Chloroclysta), 236 sobrina (Mythimna), 182 socia (Xylina), 14, 16 sonorensis (Lyczena), 156 *sordida (Luceria), 28 sororcula (Lithosia), 14, 250 spadiceana (Peronea), 273 sparsata (Collix), 191 sphegiformis (S.), 275 sponsa (Catocala), 239 *squalida (Hypenodes), 28 stabilis (Monima), 205 stachydalis (Pionea), 277 stanneella (Helizole), 47 288 ; INDEX. statilinus (Satyrus), 90 stellatarum (Macroglossa), 39, 208, 234, 236, 260, 279 striata (Aricia), 22 strigata (Hemithea), 196, 252 stigmatica (Noctua), 239 strigula (Agrotis), 182, 201 strigula (Nola), 239, 251 suasa (Polia), 184 subbaumanniana (A.), 274 subcapucina (Peronea), 269 subfulvovittana (Peronea), 273 sublimis (Boarmia), 53 subnigrana (Peronea), 367 *subochrearia (Boarmia), 53 subrosea (Agrotis), 179 subroseata (Ephyra), 21; (Zonosoma), 46 subsequana (Cydia), 14 subterminellus (Crambus), 148 subunicolorana (Peronea), 269, 270 subvittana (Peronea), 273 suffumata (Lampropvteryx), 46, 63, 73 suffusa (Polia), 285 sulphurea (Maiva), 140 sulphurellum (Coriscium), 15 suwarovius (Melanargia), 157 swederella (Gracilaria), 198 sylvanus (Augiades), 14, 90, 254 sylvata (Abraxas), 60 sylvata (Asthenia), 21, 22 sylvella (Cerostoma), 15 syngrapha (Agriades), 48, 236, 286 syracusina (Melanargia), 157 teniata (Perizoma), 237 tages (Nisoniades), 14, 186 tages (Thanaos), 90, 165, 189 *tainanensis (Ptychopoda), 57 *taiwana (HKupithecia), 56 *taiwana (lumea), 147 *taiwana (Hypena), 146 *taiwana (Lygris), 55 *taiwanalis (Parthenodes), 176 *tehuana (Ansa), 174 telicanus (‘Tarucus), 122 temerata (Bapta), 252 teneates (Melanargia), 123 tenebrata (Heliacea), 252 *terminalis (Pyrausta), 175 tessellata (Hesperia), 156 testacea (Luperina), 39 tetradactyla (A.), 276 teucrii (O.), 276 texana (Phyciodes), 161 thalassina (Polia), 185, 251 thauma (Eurypheedra), 173 thaumas (Adopzea), 14, 254 theophrastes (‘Tarucus), 10 thersites (Agriades), 186 thetis (Agriades), 46, 48, 143, 144, 167 thompsoni (Aplecta), 49 thymiaria (Hemithea), 196 tilig (Dilina), 164, 187 ; (Mimas), 46 tincta (Polia), 184 INDEX. tiphon (Ccenonympha), 8, 99 titea (Melanargia), 123 tithonus (Epinepele), 13, 46, 90, 189, 206 tityus (Hemaris), 14 tonsalis (Crambus), 148 trabealis (Agrophila), 40 transversa (Raparna), 27 trapezina (Cosmia), 216, 252 triangulum (Agrotis), 180 trifolii (Scotogramma), 183 trifolii (Zygeena), 45 118 trigrammica (Grammesia), 252 trimacula (Drymonia), 29 tringipennella (Gracilaria), 18 *tripartita (Stericta), 128 triplasia (Abrostola), 252 tritici (Huxoa), 179 trochilus (Chilades), 31 tropoliana (Catoptria), 119 truncicolella (Eudorea), 48 trux (Huxoa), 179 turca (Eriopyga), 205 typica (Agrotis), 182 ulmana (O.), 276 ulmella (Scoparia), 68 ulotana (Peronea), 272 umbrosa (Noctua), 181 undecimlineatus (Iphiclides), 92 undulanus (Sarrothripa), 239 undulata (!.ucosma), 21, 22, 252 unguicella (Ancylis), 14 unicolor (Paracolax), 28 unicolorana (Peronea), 270 unidentaria (Coremia), 42 unimaculella (Micropteryx), 47 unipuncta (Cirphis), 206 upupana (Ancylis), 43, 275 urtice (Aglais), 189, 191, 207, 215, 253, 259 X1X urtice (Vanessa), 13, 22 urvilleana (Papilio), 168 valezina (Dryas), 239, 254 vanille (Dione), 155 varians (Huproctis), 146 variata (Thera), 199 vectisana (H.), 274 venilia (Neptis), 262 venosata (Hupithecia), 21 venustula (E.), 275 verhuellella (P.), 276 : vernaria (Geometra), 237 vernetensis (Satyrus), 89 verticalis (S.), 275 vestigialis (Huxoa), 179 vetusta (Calocampa), 281 viduaria (Cleora), 288 villica (Arctia), 144 villosella (Pachythelia), 15 vinula (Dicranura), 29 virgata (M.), 274 virgulti (Limonias), 156 viridata (Nemoria), 40 vitellina (Sideridis), 206 wahlbomiana (xciaphila), 47, 63 w-album (Chattendenia), 215 w-album (Thecla), 22, 98, 189, 215, 254, 275 warringtonellus (Crambus), 61 whitneyi (Melitaa), 155 xanthographa (Agrotis), 181 xanthovittana (Peronea), 270 ypsilon (Agrotis), 180 *zamora (Phyciodes), 161 zancleus (Iphiclides), 91 zelicaon (Papilio), 154 zephyrella (Depressaria), 47 zephyrus (Plebeius), 264 zoe (Terias), 141 Order XIX. COLEOPTERA. Anatoma, 167 apicipennis (Mylabris), 30, 31 appendiculata (Heemonia), 23 astralagi (Apion), 23 atratula (Aphthona), 65 bifasciatus (Anthicus), 69 biguttata (Tomoxia), 215 campesiris (Cicindela), 118 cervus (Lucanus), 261 ciliaris (Anistoma), 23 Clerota, 167 Ceelestis (Euchrea), 214 coccinatus (Elater), 19 coccinea (Pyrochroa), 215 chrysomelina (Epilachna), 30 Elater, 167 elongatum (Nemosoma), 23 fulva (Anistoma), 23 gigas (Thaumasus), 69 globosa (Xystroeera), 10 hirtus (Emus), 19 lugens (Megapenthes), 19 lythropterus (Hlater), 215 marginalis (Dytiscus), 19, 118, 215 Meloé, 143, 149 minutus (Hlater), 215 picipes (Otiorhynchus), 116 polygoni (Hypera), 116 pomone (Elater), 19 populnea (Saperda), 143 Pseudocalcothea, 167 quadrimaculatus (1)romius), 65 rubicundus (Lygus), 69 rufa (Aigialis), 23 sanguineum (Apion), 23 sanguinolentus (Elater), 19 savignyi (Cetonia), 30 Scarabeeus. 143 tessalatum (Xestobium), 143, 168, 214 variabilis (Coccinella), 65, 215 vesicatoria (Lytta), 188, 210, 211, 235 vulgaris (Melolontha), 41 XX Order XXI, senea (Callicera), 104 zstivalis (Dixa), 102 albiceps (Philonicus), 103 albipila (Chrysogaster), 103 albostriatus (Syrphus), 104 atricapillus (Machimus), 103 auricollis (Syrphus), 104 autumnalis (Tabanus), 103 avicularia (Ornithomyia), 105 baumhaueri (Dioctria), 103 berberina (Criorrhina), 104 bicolor (Brachyopa), 104 bimaculata (Pipiza), 103 borealis (Sericomyia), 104 brodici (Rhipidia), 141 bromius (Tabanus), 103 ceca (Braula), 105 cecutiens (Chrysops), 103 campestris (Pipunculus), 65, 103 campestris (Rhingia), 104 capensis (Hippobosca), 31 cautum (Chrysotoxum), 104 chalybeata (Chrysogaster), 103 chamezlon (Stratiomyia), 103 Chrysotoxum, 104 cinctalis (Syrphus), 104 cingulatus (Kpitriptus), 103 circumdatus (Anthrax), 103, 257 citrofasciatum (Xanthogramma), 104 clavipes (Beris), 103 compositarum (Syrphus), 104 coneinna (Syringomyia), 141 confusus (Pipunculus), 103 Conopide, 104 cuprea (Chrysochlamys), 104 crabroniformis (Asilus), 103, 258 crassicornis (Hematopota). 103 eristatus (Chrysopilus), 103 cuprarius (Sargus). 103 cyaneiventris (Microchrysa), 103 cyanurus (Neoitamus), 103 cylindrica (Leptogaster), 103 cynocephala (Chilosia), 103 discolor (Bombylius), 103 dispar (Ascia), 104 distinguendus (Therioplectes), 103 elegans (Orthoneura), 103 equina (Hippobosca), 105 Hristalis, 104 euchromus (Syrphus), 104 fasciata (Didea), 104 fasciata (Stegomyia), 168 fenestratus (Anthrax), 103, 257 festivum (Chrysotoxum), 258 flavicornis (Microchrysa), 103 flavipes (Conaps), 258 floccosa (Criorrhina), 104 floralis (Ascia), 104 florea (Myiatropa), 104 formosa (Chloromyia), 64 fraterna (Chilosia), 103 fulyus (Atylotus), 103, 258 INDEX. DIPTERA. furcata (Stratiomys), 103 furvus (Hristalis), 104 gigantea (Tipula), 201 granditarsa (Prophena), 104 grossa (Chilosia), 103 grossa (Hchinomyia), 261 heringi (Pipizella), 103 hirtella (Chrysogaster), 103 ibis (Atherix), 103 illustrata (Chilosa), 103 immarginatus (Platychirus), 104 impressa (Chilosia), 103 iridatus (Sargus), 103 iwis (Mintho), 31 laterarius (Ischyrosyrphus), 104 latifasciatus (Syrphus), 104 leachii (Pachygaster), 103 leucorum (Leucozona), 104 linearis (Dioctria), 103 lineola (Leptis), 103 lugubris (Pipiza), 103 dunulatus (Syrphus), 104 major (Bombylius), 103 manicatus (Platychirus), 104 melallina (Leogaster), 103 mellinum (Melanostoma), 104 menthastri (Sphcrophoria), 104 micans (Therioplectes), 103 minor (Bombylius), 103, 257 mutabilis (Microdon), 45, 104 nigra (Physocephala), 258 nigricornis (Syrphus), 104 nigrinus (Nemotelus), 103 nigriventris (Leptis), 1038 nobilis (Orthoneura), 103 nobilitata (Thereva), 103 noctiluca (Pipiza), 103 notatus (Nemotelus), 103 oblongata (Baccha), 104 obseuripennis (Baccha), 104 ornatum (Xanthogramma), 104 pantherinus (Nemotelus), 103 pelatus (Platychirus), 104 pipiens (Syritta), 104 podagrica (Ascia), 104 potamida (Stratiomys), 103 proxima (Chilosia), 103 pulchell# (Oxycera), 102 pulchripes (Chilosia), 103 quadrata (Chrysops), 103 quadrifasciata (Conops), 258 relicta (Chrysops), 103 rufibarbis (Eutolmus), 103 rufipes (Dioctria), 103 salicornis (Baldratia), 244 scalare (Melanostoma), 104 seripta (Spherophoria), 104 scutatus (Platychirus), 104 scutellata (Chilosia), 103 segnis (Xylota), 104 selenitica (Catabomba), 104 sepuleralis (Chrysops), 103, 288 signata (Pipiza), 103 solstitialis (Chrysogaster), 103 solstitialis (Tabanus), 103 Spherophoria, 104 splendens (Chrysogaster), 103 splendida (Leogaster), 103 Styringomyia, 141 sudeticus (Tabanus), 103 sylvestris (Anthriscus), 104 Syrphus, 104 Tachinide, 104 teniops (Hristalis), 31 tentaculata (Lispe), 105 thomee (Sciara), 65 tibialis (Paragus), 103 torvus (Syrphus), 104 Order XXII. wstuans (Xylocopa), 9, 31 albipennis (Apanteles), 52 *alopex (Andrena), St *alutaceus (Diastephanus), 109 ambidens (Tachytes), 31 anathena (Lara), 31 annularis (Apanteles), 51 apicalis (Stigus), 31 arenaria (Cerceris), 116 argentata (Megachile), 31 attenuata (Trypoxylon), 30 bicolor {Apanteles), 196 bicolor (Gonatocerus), 134 bicolor (Gonatopus), 224, 226 *bifasciativentria (Gonatocerus), 134 binotata (Hyperaspis), 120 biscutata (Andrena), 86 bizonatus (Stigus), 30 bohemani (Blastothorix), *brittanica (Embidobia), callidus (Apanteles), 198 campanule (Oligotropus), 86 capitatus (Stephanus), 112 cardui (Psammochares), 143 celonicus (Stephanus), 34 chloropthalmus (Onelearus), 154 chloroticus (Odynerus), 30 cimbiciformis (Mallota), 20 cingulatus (Gonatocerus), 134 celestinum (Hedychrum), 31 collaris (Dielis), 30, 31 *comma (Stephanis), 105 competi (Gonatocerus), 134 congesius (Apanteles), 154 *crassicauda (Stephanus), 106 ctenopus (Miscopus), 30 cyaneus (Paururus), 214 damelicus (Hemistaphanus), 112 damelicus (Stephanus), 260 deceptor (Mteorus), 154 decorus (Apanteles), 51 dispar (Pompilus), 31 distinctus (Gonatopus), 224, 226 distinguendus (Gonatopus), 224, 225 Dryinine, 223 3 152 INDEX. XK tricinctus (Syrphus), 104 trigonus (Dysmachus), 103 trilineata (Oxycera), 103 tringaria (Leptis), 103 trivittatus (Helophilus), 104 vallata (Beris), 103 variabilis (Chilosia), 103 venustus (Syrphus), 104 versicolor (Heliophilus), 104 virens (Pipizella), 103 virescens (Chrysogaster), 103 vitripennis (Syrphus), 104 Volucella, 104 vulpina (Chilosia), 103 xanthopus (Pipunculus), 103 HYMENOPTERA. *eburneus (Parastephanellus), 35 | emarginatus (Apanteles), 51, 52 fasciata (Andrena), 86 ferrugineum (Anthidium), 30 fischeri (Ceelonites), 30 *flaviceps (Diastephanus), 131 flavicrus (Pompilus), 31 *flavifrons (Diastephanus), 131 flavus (Lasius), 224 foliator (Nototrachys), 30 formosa (Oneilella), 22 formosus (Apanteles), 195 fraturnus (Apanteles), 193, 194 *frontilinea (Diastephanus), 109 fulvipes (Apanteles), 200 fulvipes (Hemiteles), 66 fuscipennis (Sphecodes), 85 *seei (Bombus), 265 gigas (Sirex), 44, 188, 257 glomeratus (Apanteles), 66 Gonatopini, 223 Gonatopus, 223 Hemistephanus, 230 Iearia, 192 ignitus (Bombus), 266 indicus (Fxenatopus), 36 infumator (Zela), 154 interrupta (Mutilla), 31 japonicus (Sphecodes), 85 javanicum (Anthidium), 164 javensis (Cyrtogaster), 135 *javensis (Parachrysocharis), 135 *juvencus (Paururus), 214 juvencus (Sirex), 71 *kulingensis (Bombus), 266 *levicollis (Parastephanellus), 111 lateralis (Apanteles), 198 latissimus (Bombus), 266 lautellus (Apanteles), 194, 197 ljunchii (Gonatopus), 225 lucifugus (Apanteles), 194, 197 lusca (Bembex), 30 maculatus (Camponotus), 31 maculipennis (Megischys), 130 *mantidiphagum (Podagrion), 37 XXll marshalli (Gonatopus), 224, 225 marylandensis (Sympiesis), 37 maxillosa (KEumenes), 9 Melipona, 31 mellifica (Apis), 21 minutissimum (Anthidium), 164 minutum (Trichogramma), 135 morilli (Cosmocomoidea), 36 natalicus (Foenatopus), 110 natalicus (Stephanus), 110 Neostephanus, 130 noctilio (Sirex), 41, 71; (Paururus), 214 *notatus (Paraleptomastrix), 38 obscurus (Apanteles) 52 oldii (Pangonia), 20 oratorius (Gonatopus), 224, 225 pachylomerus (Stephanus), 111 pallidipes (Apanteles), 196 *Parachrysocharis, 135 parallelus (Apanteles), 195 pedestris (Dicondylus),222; (Gonatopus), 224, 225 pentheri (Neostephanus), 111 Phytodietus, 154 pilipes (Anthopora), 143 pilosus (Gonatopus), 224 pini (Lophyrus), 129 pinicola (Apanteles), 194, 196, 199 platypens (Euplectrus), 37 pecilocnemis (Amophila), 31 pretor (Apanteles), 51 pruinosus (Sphex), 30 quadrifasciata (Anthophora), 31 ramosa (Crocisca), 31 reaumurianus (Oligotrophus), 83 rothkirchi (Diastephanus), 113 rubripes (~tephanus), 108 INDEX. *rubripictus (Parastephanellus), 129 ruficeps (Hemistephanus), 112 rufidornatus (Parastephanellus), 35, 92, 112,114 *rufipes (Stephanus), 107 salomonis (Diastephanus), 107 *sasakiella (Megachile), 85 sepsoides (Gonatopus), 224 sertifer (Pteronus), 20 simillimus (Sphecodes), 8 spinulosus (Sphecodes), 8 spirifex (Sceliphron), 31 striatus (Gonatopus), 223 subalbicornis (Anagyrus), 37 subapterus (Anton), 223 submaculatus (Meigischus), 130 succeneus (Stizus), 30 tarsata (Ceratina), 30 *tertianus (Diastephanus), 108 tibiator (Stephanus), 34, 112 togensis (Diastephanus), 113 *tortus (Stephanus), 34 triangulator (Apanteles), 194 triangulum (Philanthus), 31 trifasciatus (Bombus), 266 tydii (Ammophila), 30 umbrosus (Sphex), 31 ungiuculata (Tryxalis), 31 variegata (Nomiodes), 31 viaticus (Myrmecocystus), 31 viminalis (Cladius), 192 viminetorum (Apanteles), 52 violaceipennis (Cosmijoppa), 22 vulgaris (Vespa), 132 watsoni (Xanthopimpla), 22 zonata (Myzina), 31 5 5 rated 2 mM —. Re a ‘EDITED: BY RICHARD. SOUTH, F.E.S. win me ASSISTANCE oF 3ERT ‘ADEIN, PES. Sea ve. J, GAHAN, D.Se, MAS ,OWLAND-BROWN, M. A.,F.B.S. | le J. LUCAS, B. balk IE. ft “DISTANT, V.E.S., ac. v - PROHAWK, ELE, Su M. B.0. 0. ‘Da. D. SHARD, FA SP E. Si & as Sam * Hy By. hile alesueae and mutual sa - Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” “WATKINS & DONCASTE Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparat md | Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s, 3d., 28., 2s. cory eldiiie 3 " ab a 64., 4s. Umbrella Nets {self- actifig), Gs. Pooket Boxes, 64., 9 eee 3. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s, 6d., 28. Nested Ohip Boxes, 7d. per ‘fonrdo Entomological Pins, qanorted neared: 1s., 18.6d. peroz. Pocket Lanterns, 2 Oe * ) $0 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 26. ‘Sugaring Mixture, reney for \ “1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 45., 5s, ~~ Boards, fiat or oval, Lin., 6d.; 1}in., 8d.; 2 in.,10d.; $hin., 1s. 3 Bhi 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1. 10d. Complate Set of Frdvtean Boards, 108. 6d. ss Howses, 9s, 6d., Tis. 6d.x ; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s.‘ Breeding Oage, "25. 6d., 48., 58., 76.6d. Ooleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with ti ©. 18. Gd., 18. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 3c. 6d., 4a, Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Bere 2s. 6d. to Ils. Cement for replacing ‘Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Stecl Fora: - 1s. 6d,, 28., 28. 6d. per pair. Oabinet Cork, 7 by 84, best quality, 1s. 6d. per do: - sheets. Brave Chloroform. Bottle, 28. 6d. Inseot Lens, 1s. to 88. Glass-top.. © ‘Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. P» Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 94. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing Mics) necessary implements for skinning, 10s, 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 25. ae pair; Egg-drille, 2d., 3d., 90.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds Animale; Label- lists of | British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto. of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., Bay ti, ditto of Tae and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; “Useful Books on Insects, Higgs, te. - SILVER PINS for collectors of ‘Micro- -Lepidoptera, &c., as well as mai i insects of all other families. We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have cer» > advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiide, ° are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much yeneen We shall be. plen: ath to send patterns on application. SHOW FKOOM FOR CABINETS of, every description for INszors, Birps’ Ea@s, Coins, Mioroscopioar Onsn” Fossins, &. Oatalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. — A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGG (BRITISH, KUROPEAN, AND ‘exoTIO). ; Birds, INatdinale, -é0., Preserved ond Mounted by First- clase Workmoen. 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND GRAND 1916 INSECTS, Perfection in Settin: Mendica var. Rusti¢a; fine Intermediate ; Melanie Consonaria; Yell: . and Salmon Filipendule ; Papilionaria ; Bicuspis; Yellow Dominu'» . Nebulosa vars. Robsoni, Thompsoni, Intermediate ; Corydon | var. Seb. 9,4 syngrapha, and many other vars.; Tiliz vars. Consortaria, dark ; Tr a Napi; Icarus vars. ; Barrettii (1914 bred) ; and many other-fine insects commoner species, Fine healthy Pups in 3 i quantity. New Pr... Lists just ready; send for them at once. eral terms for all stages te clients requiting a dozen or more; I will quote for any desired, ‘Valuable Hints,’ a leaflet of great use, 9d., post free. Text-Bo. ta of British Lepidoptera, by Newman and Leeds, 3s. 10d., ae. a i. W. NEWMAN, F.E. S., BEXLEY, KENT. OTT’S ‘British Lepidoptera,’ 6 vols., as” new, £3— Tos ‘Entomologist,’ vols: xv to xxiv, bound, £1 5s.; Saunde: « Hemipter ra Heteroptera, 9/-; Theobald’s British Diptera, 9/-; Captaix: Brown’s Butterflies, 8 yols., 140 coloured plates, 12/6; Rev. Morr British, Moths, 4 vols., £1 10s. ; ditto, Butterflies, one core F. British Butterflies and Moths, 8/6. A. FORD; 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Vou. L.] JANUARY, 1947: [No. 644 NEW SPECIES OF CICADIDH FROM SUMATRA. By J. C. Mouuton, B.Sc. Tue following species form part of a collection made in Sumatra by Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of Museums, Feder- ated Malay States, and Mr. C. Boden Kloss, Curator. The descriptions were drawn up two years ago, and were embodied in my report on the collection of Cicadas obtained by these two naturalists on their expedition to Mount Korinchi, Sumatra. As there appears to be no immediate prospect of publishing the various reports on these collections, I have thought it advisable to publish the following descriptions without further delay. In doing so, I wish to acknowledge the kind help of my friend Mr. W. L. Distant, who has been good enough to check my descriptions and compare the specimens with the British Museum collection, so that I hope their ‘novelty’ may be regarded as undoubted. Puranoides, gen. nov. Differs from Purana in the absence of lateral tubercles on the second and third ventral segments; the rostrum just passes the posterior cox. The two genera, Purana and Maua, are very similar to this genus, but differ in having two pairs of lateral tubercles. One other genus (Leptopsaltria) also has two pairs, another (Tanna) has one pair, and I have collected a specimen on Mount Kinabalu in North Borneo, representing an undescribed genus, characterised by the presence of three pairs of lateral tubercules. Head (including eyes) as wide as base of mesonotum and as long as space between the eyes; lateral margins of pronotum subangu- late; abdomen in the male considerably longer than space between the apex of head and base of cruciform elevation, posterior portion gradually attenuated. Opercula small, not reaching second ventral segment. Tympanal coverings broader at base than long. Tegmina and wings hyaline. Fore femora spined. Type.—P. klosst, sp. n. Puranotdes klossi, sp. nov. Male.—Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous ; head with margins of front, space between the ocelli (and spot in front of the middle ocellus) and two small spots between the ocelli ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1917. A 9 ei, | HO ay ee 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and eyes black; the pronotum with two fine central black fasciz widening anteriorly, rounded and closed posteriorly ; a black lateral fascia behind the eye and another in the oblique incisure. Meso- notum with five thin black fascia, one central, one on each side slightly oblique and abbreviated, followed externally by another, pair parallel to the last, but longer ; two black spots in front of cruciform elevation; abdominal segments ochraceous to castaneous, slightly pilose, posterior margins of the segments pitchy. Beneath, face greenish-ochraceous with black longitudinal fascia continued on base and again at tip of rostrum. Tarsi and apices of femora of front and middle legs piceous, otherwise like hind legs, reddish- ochraceous. Opercula greenish-ochraceous, short, transverse with external angles bluntly rounded. Abdomen beneath dull castaneous, posteriorly darker. Tegmina and wings hyaline; costa of tegmen reddish-golden, venation of tegmina and wings mostly blackish. Tegmina with slight infuscation on transverse veins at base of second and third apical areas and a blackish nodus at the base of the first ulnar area. Length excl. tegm. g 18 mm., ? 16mm. Exp. tegm. ¢ 58 mm., 9 56 mm. : The female is exactly similar to the male in coloration. Another male differs from the Type in having the general coloration pale ochraceous instead of greenish ochraceous. Type male, Type and co-Type females: Sungei Kumbang, 4700 ft., Korinchi,“ Sumatra, April, 1914. Types deposited in British Museum ; co-Type in F.M.S. Museums, Kuala Lumpur. Male Var. (mentioned above): Sandaran Agong, 2450 ft., Korin- chi Lake, Sumatra, May-June, 1914. Cosmopsaltria sumatrana, sp. Nov. Male.—Head and pronotum brownish-ochraceous ; mesonotum paler, with two fine externally pale-edged black oblique fasciz from anterior margin towards centre, succeeded posteriorly by a fine blackish median line and two small blackish dots placed just in front of the anterior portion of the cruciform elevation, which like- wise bears two small dark spots close to those of the mesonotum. Abdomen castaneous with golden pilum above. Face and general colouring below brownish-ochraceous, rather paler than above, with the exception of the fore and median tarsi, the apices of the hind tibia, rostrum, and opercula, which are dark castaneous to piceous. The last two segments of the abdomen below are dark castaneous ; the inner edge of the opercula black. Tegmina and wings hyaline, venation greenish or reddish- ochraceous. No infuscations. The opercula are long, reaching the penultimate segment of the abdomen as in C. jacoona, Dist. ; interlor margin very slightly and evenly convex, exterior margin similar except for slight constriction near base, apex bluntly rounded and narrowly margined with dark castaneous. Length excl. tegm. 35 mm. Exp. tegm. 88 mm. Type ¢ (and only known specimen): Sandaran Agong, 2450 ft., Korinchi Lake, Sumatra, May-June, 1914. Deposited in the British Museum. NEW SPECIES OF CICADIDH FROM SUMATRA. 3 This is an interesting novelty in that it constitutes what is apparently the first record of a Cosmopsaltria from Sumatra. From the neighbouring island of Borneo, Mr. Distant records five species (I recognise two more) and two are known from the Malay Peninsula, so the long absence of a record from Sumatra, which has so similar a fauna, is very remarkable; no doubt many more species await discovery there. Mr. Distant divides the species of this genus into two groups on the opercula. This species comes into the first group on account of the dark- margined opercula. With C. ida, described by me from Sara- wak in 1911, it can be distinguished from the other species of this section by the plain, unspotted tegmina. From C. ida it differs in the larger size and different markings of the head, pronotum, and mesonotum, and different shape of the opercula. C. sumatrana seems to be nearest to this Bornean species, but not, I think, near enough to be considered a geographical race. [It is also allied to C. alticola, Dist. from Borneo.—W. L. D.] SOME NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA. By Capt. E. Baaweuu-Pureroy, F.E.S. Durine the summer of 1902 we received several dozen pups of Gonepteryx cleopatra from the south of France, and turned out the resulting butterflies in Tipperary, Ireland. The two lessons we learnt by this somewhat imperfect experiment were, firstly, that some, at any rate, of these butterflies paired and laid almost at once; and, secondly, that the resulting larve would feed up satisfactorily on all species of Rhamnus that we offered them with the sole exception of Rf. frangula. This last appeared to poison them, and they seldom survived on it for more than three days. When, in 1907, a large butterfly enclosure in Kent became available for experiments of this kind, we determined to try and gather some definite information concerning the life history and habits of this beautiful species; and, having stocked the garden with them in 1908, we have been successful in keeping the breed going ever since. During these nine years we have carried out various experi- ments and made copious notes on the species, and as these point to conclusions not generally known or accepted, it would, perhaps, be as well to set them out briefly here. To cleopatra, I think, has generally been attributed the same life history as rhkamni, but our observations go to prove a wide divergence, especially where the pairing habits are con- cerned. These pairing habits, the longevity of the females, and the occasional lying over of the pupa are the chief points now to be discussed. 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Towards the end of May, 1908, we received a small box of pupae from the south of France. These were already in a some- what advanced state of ‘‘ ripeness,” and the first imagines began to appear before the end of the month. The weather was clorious, and a pairing was observed on the evening of May 31st. A conspicuous spot of black ink was put on each of the fore wings of the female. This was the only cleopatra marked with ink during the season. As June wore on many ova were laid on Rh. alaternus and R. hybridus, but the marked feinale was never observed to lay. Looking through the notes made during that summer, | see that she was come across every now and then, always at rest in some quiet part of the garden. She was noticed at rest in certainly three different situations, and the final one selected for the winter was on ivy facing due south. It seemed most improbable to us at the time that a female which had paired in May should defer laying until the following year, but such proved to be the case. Surviving a winter of much frost and snow, she resumed activity on April 6th and laid her first egg on the 19th. All through May and June she was to be seen on fine days feeding and laying. On July 9th she paired for the second time; but on the 23rd of the month she collapsed from old age, having achieved fourteen months: perhaps a record for a butterfly. We have had varying luck with this species during the winter, but I see from notes that no less than sixty-two fertilised females came through the winter 1910-11. During the summer of 1910 we carried out a little experiment with a view to finding out the proportion of females that lay over to those that deposit the same year. Ninety females were turned out during the early part of the summer, and every one that was found paired was marked with black ink on one wing. By working at night with an acetylene lamp it was quite easy to spot them. After a few fine days every one of our ninety females had an ink mark. All had paired. As soon as ovipositing commenced we used to net the layers and mark them with red ink. ‘Twenty-nine or thirty females were so marked; so it worked out at two females hiber- nating before laying to every one that laid at once. It has been suggested that some of the extraordinarily fresh specimens which are noticed on the wing in early spring may have wintered as pupe, and it is quite possible that this is indeed thecase. We notice females depositing quite latein the autumn, and larve are often found still feeding on the evergreen R. alaternus in November. Our climate is, of course, fatal to these late feeders; but such may not be the case in the more genial Midi. We have often watched pupe all through the winter, and have kept them alive perhaps till March, but have never succeeded in getting them to emerge in the end. In April, 1912, however, a perfectly fresh male cleopatra appeared in the garden that NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA. 5 must, without any doubt whatever, have wintered in the pupal state. We had had warm March days that had brought out our few surviving males, and most of the females. Then, in April, this male appeared and was first noticed when its wings were barely dry. Very few males winter successfully with us, and those that do, live but a short time in the spring. A very few virgin females also come through, those, in all probability, that emerge too late in the autumn to pair. We have noticed spring pairings. As a general rule the females pair at once if the weather is warm ; indeed, they most frequently pair before flying at all. This was first noticed by us when we took to pinning out freshly emerged butterflies that were still hanging to the empty pupa case. The males find them out, and pair with them as soon as their wings are dry. As far as the females are concerned this is by far the most satisfactory hibernating insect we have dealt with. They feed up beautifully on buddleias, scabious, valerian, etc., and retire for the winter on the underside of ivy, R. alaternus, laurestinus, and other evergreens. Very few deaths occur among the females, but the males area much more difficult proposition. A lamp inspec- tion at the end of October (at the risk of being arrested and shot !) showed that we have forty or fifty facing the present winter. The weak point in their life history, as far as our climate is concerned, is that the tiny larve in the spring succumb to three or four degrees of frost, and, as we seldom escape spring frosts, it is necessary to treat them more or less artificially at that time of the year. East Farleigh, Kent, November, 1916. sy NOTES ON THE LARVAL AND PUPAL STAGES IN SOME OF THE SESIIDA. By Cononen R. H. Ratrray. In continuation of my notes in Entom. xlvili, pp. 9-12, I am adding a few notes I made during the years 1915 and 1916. LIregret that, owing to my duties, I have only been able to give a very little time to the work. I have, however, verified to a large extent my former deductions and modify them toa small extent. I have only been able to deal with the following species: Trochilium craboniformis, Sesia culiciformis, and Sesia andrene- formis. ie As regards J’. crabroniformis I have, now that I know the district better, found them even commoner than I thought before. During the year 1915 I obtained over fifty full-fed larvee and a good number that had not yet spun up. During 1916 I had less time at my disposal, so did not do so well; I, by THE ENTOMOLOGIST. however, obtained about thirty larve, mostly full grown. During these two years I bred out some forty perfect specimens. I see no reason to modify any conclusions I then came to. In every case in which the larve had not spun up they all fed for a time, but eventually died. I never saw a really small larva from these parts; one was sent me by a gentleman from, I think, the New Forest area, but it arrived in so shrivelled a state that it was quite impossible to identify it. As S. formiciformis is also apparently found in the same area, I could not with any certainty say it was not this species. I think, however, that even if the larva was that of 7’. crabroniformis, it must have received some injury or been stung to thus delay its develop- ment. I think we may still conclude that the normal period or life-cycle extends over a period of two years. Before leaving this insect I would like to add one hint on management that I hope may be of some use to others in rearing. Regularly every morning, about 8 a.m., I look in the iarge flower-pot in which I keep my pupe. I very often find a pupa has fallen out of its hole and is lying on the sand. I at once carefully pick it up and replace it in its burrow, with its tail in the hole ; it can thus obtain a leverage, and by curling itself upwards burst its skin and emerge safely. I found that if left to themselves they in about nine cases out of ten died. Many species of Sesiide seem to emerge safely if left to themselves on falling out of their holes, but I soon saw that J’. crabroniformis seemed to want a good deal of leverage to enable them to burst their skins, and if left on the sand double themselves up repeatedly as if trying to obtain the necessary leverage. In cases where I left them on the sand they died. Sesia culiciformis.—During the spring of 1915 I was able to obtain a large number of full-fed larve, but was not very successful in rearing them. I tried the forcing-box mentioned by Tutt in his notes, but, I suppose, from my not quite understanding the correct amount of heat and moisture, a large batch, of over a hundred died. I then reverted to the system mentioned in my former article and reared practically the whole batch. With reference to the period of life-cycle of this insect, I, in March this year (1915), found some eight or nine quite small larve, about } inch long, in one wood that to my certain knowledge had only been cut down the previous year. I also found a large number of pupa cases from which the moths had emerged. The very small larve had not spun up and continued to feed until they died. Is it possible that in some years, that are for some reason particularly favourable, the larve feed up and emerge the same year? I have never, as in the case of S. cynipiformis, found larva of various sizes throughout the year. In the case of the pupa cases they were found in a wood that I had seen cu§ down during the previous winter. I hope re NOTES ON THE LARVAL AND PUPAL STAGES IN SOME SESIIDH. / next spring to go more thoroughly into this question. During the first week in April I dug out over twenty that had actually turned into pupe. I am of course quite convinced that the normal period of life-cycle is one year, but I think it is very probable that a few larve remain over in larval state till the following spring. Sesis andreneformis.—During the year 1915 I was very lucky with this insect ; it seemed to be the year for them. In some six days I spent on the ground I found over forty good larve. I forced these in the same manner as in the former year with excellent results. I bred out over thirty moths; only two were stung. In 1916 I could only give up a few days, but managed to get about thirty full-fed larve. I was not so fortunate with these, but reared sixteen. My experience during these two years leads me to the conclusion that the life-cycle of S. andreneformis is always over two years. I found very few larve had been stung ; in fact, I have only bred out seven flies out of some hundred larve in three years. I regret I was unable to look up any of the other species, but as I am now relieved of my military duties, 1 may be able to continue my studies next year, when I hope to devote my.time to the other species found round here. 69, Dry Hill Park Road, ‘Tonbridge, Kent. TWO DAYS’ COLLECTING IN LANCASHIRE AND CUMBERLAND. By Gerarp H. Gurvey, F.E.S. On July 3rd 1 was granted five days’ leave from my military duties at Reading, and determined to make a dash up to Lancashire in order to spend a day at Witherslack, and then on to the Cumberland mountains for two days’ search for Erebia epiphron var. cassiope. The latter quest would I felt be doubtful of success, as although friends had given me very lucid descriptions of the special locality in which to find cassiope, yet Cumberland is a long way to go to find a buttterfly on a perfectly strange ground, when one only has a limited forty-eight hours to do it in, especially when that butterfly only flies in a few very local spots on a large range of mountains; moreover, the weather was very unsettled at the time; in fact, all the fates seemed to point to it being a bit of a wild-goose chance. However, you never know your luck, ‘and as I had got my leave I determined to go, and duly arrived at Grange-over-Sands late in the evening of July 8rd. The following morning luckily was sunny and very warm, and I was early astir and bicycling the short three miles to Witherslack. It was just two years since I had had a net in my 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. hand, the last time being a wonderful day spent at Hclépens in that fatal first week in August, 1914, when Germany had just declared war on France and the rumblings of the European holocaust had already sounded, and one wonders when one will see those beautiful woods again, with their great profusion and variety of insects. But to return to Witherslack, where I was renewing an acquaintance of seven years before. On the ‘“‘moss”’ itself, Caenonympha tiphon, var. philoxenus was very abundant, the males generally a good deal worn, but with care a good varied series of fine specimens was taken; the females were quite fresh and very fine. There were not many other species on the wing; a few fresh C. pamphilus, and odd specimens of Pieris napi, I think comprised all the butterflies, but fine fresh Lasiocampa quercus dashed wildly about in the sun, and Diacrisia (Muthemmia) sannio males were frequent, with one female. Karly next morning I left Grange and went up to Winder- mere by steamer, stopping on the way to call on the Rev. J. Huston Nurse, without whose kind help and assistance with localities I should have had no chance of the success I had. From Ambleside I had a ten-mile drive to the little hostel at the head of the valley, where I proposed to stay for the remaining three days of my leave, or rather two, as one whole day would be taken up on the return journey to Reading. That evening it was bitterly cold, and heavy lowering clouds coming up from the south-east made me very anxious for the morrow, and my worst fears were realized when I woke early the following morning to find it pouring in torrents; however, it was no good spending the day in the hotel, so I set forth up the mountains at the back, to try, at any rate, and find the special landmarks for the locality which I had had so carefully described to me. About one o’clock the rain stopped, and a dense fog came on, and when I arrived at what I expected would prove to be the cassiope ground it was difficult. to see more than a few yards ahead of one; however, I stumbled on with my feelings at zero, when I suddenly saw at my feet, clinging to a blade of grass, a small black object; this was, of course, Hrebia epiphron var. — cassiope, and it proved on examination to be a perfectly fresh, — undamaged specimen, absolutely torpid, and only clinging to the grass stalk by one leg. I then began a systematic search for others, and presently, after an hour’s very hard work, I had collected six specimens. These I found by pulling apart the tufts of grass, and concealed right down in the bottom of the ° plants were the butterflies ; they appeared to be practically life- less, and lay on their sides in the palm of my hand without moving. ‘This success proved that I was on the right ground at any rate, and as the rain had now ceased and the fog a little TWO DAYS’ COLLECTING IN LANCASHIRE AND CUMBERLAND. 9 lifted, I determined to wait where I was in the hopes of the weather improving. After some time the mist cleared right away, and at once the atmosphere became very appreciably warmer, and soon I saw four or five cassiope slowly crawling up the grass stems; others followed, and I collected nearly twenty in this way, or found them hanging to grasses, generally amongst the larger tufts. About one o’clock the sun appeared very feebly for a few minutes, but apparently with enough strength to arouse cassiope into liveliness, for at once they began to fly, and I was able to take a nice series of perfect specimens : it was quite extraordinary how little sun they required to tempt them into flight. They flew strongly up and down the gully, and looked rather large and conspicuous on the wing. As soon as the sun went in, which it very quickly did, they dis- appeared as if by magic, and were nowhere to be seen, and there was more rain and fog; later in the afternoon it again cleared and became warmer, and again one saw them crawling slowly up the grass stems. They did not, as so many species of Hrebia do, drop down on open ground, with outspread wings, directly the sun went in, but these cassiope entirely disappeared at once. They were extremely local, and I only saw them in one small gully; in fact, considering the terrible weather and the lack of time at my disposal, I was very fortunate to find them at all, and, as it turned out, my leave proved to be long enough for my requirements. I also picked up in the same place C. pamphilus and two fresh Parasemia (Chelonia) plantaginis. Searching one of the tufts of grass (Nardus stricta) I found a half-fed larva of cassiope, I presume a very late and backward specimen. All the butter- flies 1 took were quite fresh and both sexes were well represented. That evening I started on my return to Reading, well pleased with my four days’ collecting trip. NOTES FROM CAIRO. By F. W. Sowrrsy, F.E.S., Lirevur., R.N.D. As most of the collecting in this part of the world has probably been done during the ‘‘ season,” perhaps a few notes on the specimens I obtained during part of July and August, 1915, may be of interest. An attack carried out on July 18th landed me unexpectedly in Cairo a few days later.. During my first few days I was confined to hospital, but the few insects which visited my ward filled me with a great longing to get out among them. The most interesting visitors were the magnificent metallic green Chrysids, an enormous bumble-bee (Xylocopa @stuans), and a .very big black wasp (Humenes mazillosa). I also found in the 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. hospital a fine long-horned beetle, the Lebbek-borer (Xystrocera globosa), and a species of Attagenus. Light did not seem to attract very many insects, but I obtained the following species at it, mostly single specimens: Lepidoptera—Agrotis puta? , Prodenia litura, Earias insulana, a very small Nomophila noctuella, and Hphestia cautella; one beetle, Catharsius pithecius ; a Trichopteron; and two fine insects, the big green Sphodro- mantis bioculata, and the large and beautifully blotched ant- lion, Palpares cephalotes. Being in a hospital at Giza, most of my collecting at first was done in the fine Zoological Gardens there. Here the first insects which struck my eye were the common dragonflies, Brachythemis leucosticta with dark-banded wings and Croco- themis erythrea with a scarlet body. These were very abundant, but difficult to catch, jumping up from the gravelled paths as one approached, to settle again a little further on. In this order I also obtained Orthetrum trinacria, big and greyish blue, Ischnura senegalensis, very small, and a good many others which I have been unabie to identify. Lepidoptera included Pieris rape, Colias edusa, Danais chrysippus, Pyrameis cardui, Lampides beticus, Zizera lysimon, Tarucus theophrastus, Chapra mathias, Geqenes nostrodamus (one), and the Pyrale Pachyzancla licarsicalis, which came out in abun- dance from all the undergrowth one touched. The two smallest blues, lysimon and theophrastus, were to be seen in thousands. As in Gallipoli, Cyprus, and the other places in this part of the world in which | have collected, the most abundant and noticeable orders were Orthoptera and Hymenoptera. The Zoological Gardens provided me in the latter order with series of Xylocopa estuans, Apis mellifica fasciata, Anthophora quadri- Jasciata, the minute Nomioides variegata, Sceliphron spirifex, Phil- anthus triangulum, Vespa orientalis, Humenes gracilis, EH. maxil- losus, H. ponuformis, Polistes gallica, and Myzine zonata. The last six I found in all the localities in which I collected, Polistes gallica appearing to be the commonest Egyptian insect. Single specimens were obtained of Crocisca scutellaris and an Odynerus near minutus. Of Orthoptera I took series of Chrotogonus lugubris. Oxy- coriphus compressicornis, Hpacromia thalassina, Acrotylus pat- ruelis, and both green and brown examples of the large Tryxalis unguiculata. I also saw a very large brown Mantis on an acacia, but could not reach it. The only Coleoptera were an orange Galerucid, Rhapidosoma foveicollis, and a big black species of Heteromera, Ocnera hispida, which I found in great abundance in an empty tub. Hemiptera were noticeable by their absence in this as in all other localities, and I only took one specimen of the minute diptera-like Nysius erice. NOTES FROM CAIRO. 11 The only other place in Giza in which I collected much was the garden of the Horticultural Society. Here I added Craspedia minorata (one) and Noctuelia floralis to my lepidoptera, and obtained also the following: Orthoptera—Chrotogonus lugubris and Paratettix meridionalis ; Coleoptera—Cicindela melan- cholica, F. (egyptiaca, Klug) and Pederus fuscipes ; Hemiptera— Oxycarenus hyalinipennis; Hymenoptera—Philanthus triangu- lum, Pompilus sp., and Notogonia sp. near argyropiga ; Diptera— Argyrameba leucogaster and some nice Asilide. The tiger beetle was running about in great numbers on the mud left as the water irrigating the crops subsided; however, like the English species, it ran so quickly and flewso readily on being approached tbat I obtained very few specimens. (To be continued.) NOTES ON SOME OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. By Captain H. Dovauas Smarr, R.A.M.C. Tis is not a scientific paper, but I hope it may be of interest to other mere collectors, whose collecting is now being done somewhere in France. From the nature of my occupation, serious collecting has been impossible, and the insects taken or observed are the result of day-time rambles. Collecting by night and by the rearing of larvee have both been impossible. Often I have had no net, and the difficulty of using a net in trenches needs experience for its proper appreciation. The period covered is the year ending on September 10th, 1916, and the district is the British line from the Belgian Frontier to the Somme. In this period the infantry battalion to which I am attached has fought in and out of trenches at several parts of the line and has marched and billeted along most of it. My collecting has of course depended upon the nature of the district occupied at any time and the exigencies of my work, the latter varying from an easy two hours a day to an “all out” ninety-six hours in four days. As regards nomenclature, or the Confusion of Tongues, I propose to adhere as closely as possible to the ‘ Entomologist’ list, which I consider the most reliable one yet published of our British insects, which appear to differ but little from those of Northern France. In this connection I should like to suggest humbly that a responsible committee of ento- and etymologists be appointed o consider all attempts to tamper with the names of established 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. species and genera; that after a specified date they publish an official catalogue, the titles in which could be changed only at regular quinquennial revisions.* As in Britain, the weather of the 1916 season has been very unfavourable, and insects, judged by British standards, very scarce. Papilio machaon apparently is common everywhere. ‘The spring brood on the Somme and the summer brood in the Pas de Calais were both numerous. I do not know whether it occurs in i’landers. The three common Pierids were the only ones observed, and they are unusually abundant on the land, now uncultivated for two years, immediately behind the front line. In the Souchez area the summer brood of napi showed a tendency to produce spring 2 forms, and both rape and napi were often of exceptional size. Huchloé cardamines was abundant in the Somme area, and is doubtless so along the whole line. Colias hyale produced a numerous spring brood on the Somme, but C. edusa was not observed in this locality or season. Further north I saw one edusa near Souchez in August, and found +ryale common near Bruay in September. Gonepteryx rhamni I have seen commonly wherever I have been at appropriate seasons—F landers, Artois, Picardy. Argynnis selene, one specimen near Bray, Somme. A. euphrosyne, one or two seen on the wing near Corbie. + A. paphia, very common in a wood near St. Pol and no doubt an many other places. I feel sure, however, that it did not occur, -or only rarely, in the extensive woods near the line at Souchez. One specimen near Bruay. Melitga aurinia occurred in the Somme marshes, but in very small numbers. I saw it nowhere else. * Captain Smart is evidently unaware that the Committee of his dreams has already materialised. The only drawback I fear is that though we are -certain that the labours of the International Committee on Nomenclature established at the Oxford Congress of 1912 will terminate after the war, we do not know which war. Indeed, the complete revision of entomological nomenclature, in so far as it affects even the lepidoptera we were once permitted to regard as ‘macros,”’ judging from present results, may fairly be anticipated about the date of—the Greek kalends.—H. R.-B. + Corbie in the department of the Somme is on the chalk, and is a favourite collecting ground with Parisian lepidopterists in peace time. My friend, M. Ferdinand le Cerf, keeper of the Lepidoptera in the Museum of Natural History at Paris, directed my attention to the locality long ago, and I only regret that time and opportunity have been wanting to follow his direction. Hipparchia briseis occurs here; and Captain Smart should have met with at least two other Coppers in the department, Chrysophanus hippothve, and C. dorilis. Duponchel says that the former species used to be very common in the peaty marshes round Amiens, marshes which I suspect will some day restore C. dispar, var. rutilws to the fauna of the north of France. C.dorilis I myself observed near.Crécy; and M. Postel records it from Hédeauyille.—H. R.-B. SOME LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. eS M. parthenie was common in a wood near Vaux-en-Amienois, which is easily the best hunting-ground I have come across in this country. Unfortunately my opportunities there were limited to one dull day. Araschnia levana I am doubtful about. There was a small, fast, tawny butterfly fairly common about Amiens in April. I had no net in those days and never saw it settle. The summer form did not come my way in Artois. Vanessa urtice was everywhere commoner and often larger than in Britain; also it was more continuous. The hibernated specimens appeared to carry on well into June, when a new brood appeared on the wing. After that fresh and wasted examples were always to be seen together up to September. V.io was common everywhere, and in the Vimy trenches abundant, though small. Pyrameis atalanta occurred everywhere, but was distinctly rare in Artois in August and September. Cardwi I did not see. Melanargia galatea, abundant near Amiens; not uncommon at Souchez, where it occurred over a much larger area. Pararge egeria, var. egerides was common in the spring at Corbie. I did not meet with the summer brood in Artois. Both broods of P. megera were very plentiful. Satyrus semele I found only on one rough hillside near Bruay. Epinephele janira was common everywhere. In the south, however, its distribution was distinctly patchy. It was to be found in some meadows or marshes and not in others. Hyper- anthus, on the other hand, swarmed everywhere, and produced some good minor variations. E. tithonus was unaccountably rare and was seen in only two places-—-two specimens near Souchez and good numbers near St. Pol. Ceenonympha pamphilus, abundant everywhere and producing some fine large specimens. Thecla betule was the only hair-streak I saw, a single specimen being taken by a friend near St. Pol. It was abundant near Bruay: Chrysophanus phleas did not show itself at all till August, when it was not uncommon near Souchez and 8t. Pol. No aberrations were taken except one or two with a trace of blue- spotting on the hind wings. I have been very disappointed in not meeting with any of the other ‘‘ coppers.” Of Lycena astrarche I have taken only two specimens, one near Corbie early in the year and one near Bruay in September. In each case careful search was made for more, but without success. L. icarus is of course abundant all along the line, and my series of it is perhaps the best part of my very limited conti- 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. nental collection. It includes ab. icarinus, a splendid ab. $ cerulea from Picardy, and ab. arcua from near Arras. There are other minor aberrations, including a 2 with fringes of the fore wings of the same dark brownas the wing. The only L. corydon seen was a battered one caught near St. Pol in late August. L. argiolus was very common in Picardy in May, but I saw nothing of the later brood. L. minima was abundant in one part of the wood at Vaux, but I was too late to take 1t in good condition. The same wood produced one fine N. cyllarus 3. Of the genus Syrichthus I obtained only four individuals, all of them in May and June, near Corbie. These four, however, include at least two species—malve and armoricanus Three of them are probably all armoricanus, and appear identical as to the under sides. One of these, however, is considerably darker, with smaller, better defined spots on the upper side. It corresponds very closely to the figures of the upper side of fritillum. My ignorance of this genus is profound (probably H. cartham, H. B.-B.). Nisoniades tages occurred in the Fricourt trenches. I have seen it nowhere else. Hesperia thaumas has been everywhere abundant. H. lincola was abundant behind the Vimy trenches, and was the only skipper there at the time, an arrangement I greatly appreciated after sifting 1 per cent. lineola from the accompany- ing thaumas in British localities. HA. sylvanus was abundant in all districts. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. LEPIDOPTERA IN THE New Forest, 1916.-—I had the good fortune to spend the past summer at Brockenhurst. Insects were certainly scarce. In fact, it was a common thing to hear, from other visitors, that there was nothing about. Here is my list; May: Hemaris fuciformis occurred at flowers of bugle on the railway bank; also at the azaleas in the Rhododendron Drive at Rhinefield (one was taken, in excellent condition, at flowers of dew- berry as late as July 5th) ; Hemaris tityus was scarce at flowers of lousewort ; Lithosia sororcula occurred on the 19th in Stubby Copse, but was observed more freely, subsequently, at Holmsley. Thera obeliscata was knocked out of Douglas fir at Stubby and larve of Cleora jubata, Ellopia prosapiaria, Amphipyra pyranudea, Xylina socia were found. Hupithecia irriguata was found on a beech trunk near Lyndhurst Road Station. Hpione advenarta occurred at Holmsley; Hupithecia indigata was knocked out of pine and holly, and H. pusillata was netted at Rhinefield. Boarmia cinctaria was to be found freely in every suitable spot; Tortrix politana, Hucosma fuligana, Cydia subsequana (flying in the sun in that splendid drive at Rhinefield), Ancylis wnguicella (Matley Heath) occurred in NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 15 moderate numbers. Mzcropteryx calthella was abundant in flowers of Caltha palustris, and Lithocolletis quinquegutiella found sparingly among Salix. June produced very little. 1 got Nemoria viridata (Matley Heath), Yephrosia consonaria, Hupithecia pulchellata and Thera firmata. 1 also got Laspeyresia coniferana, Hnarmonia rubiginosana, Hucosma bifasciana, EHvetria sylvestrana, Evetria buoliana (bred freely from shoots of Pinus sylvestris); Hpiblema parvulana (scopo- liana, Hw.) was netted near the railway bank. Close to the Poundhill Inclosure Lithocolletis cavella was found among birch and Gelechia dodecella rather commonly among the pines. Tnea fulvi- mitrella, one only, was flying over Myrica gale at Holmsley. I was a little late in finding how and where to work for Pachythelia villo- sella. I bred four 9 ? from the cases obtained, and although I exposed them they failed to attract a single ¢ visitor. Only two cases of male larvze were found, both on heather, and in each case the moth had emerged. Nearly all the 2 cases were found on fences and pine trunks. lLarve of Cerostoma scabrella and C. horridella were beaten. July: Zygena meliloti was very scarce at Woodfidley. Hetero- gena asella was beaten out of Pinus sylvestris near the Poundhill Inclosure, having probably strayed there from the Queen Bower beeches. Boarnuia roboraria was found at rest on one of the trees of that fine avenue of Douglas firs at Ramnor and Boarnua abietaria was bred. Hphesiia semi-rufa, a solitary example, was obtained from an oak trunk near Balmer Lawn. Hucosma oblongana (margi- mana) occurred rather commonly near the railway at Woodfidley and Tortrix crategana sparingly in Stubby Copse. Hvetria pinivorana was bred. Scythris grandipennis was netted on a heath at Ring- wood ; Stathmopoda pedella at Matley; larvee of Hurhodope advenella and Pseudoterpna pruinata were beaten. August produced a few interesting insects; Semiothisa alternata -occurred near Green Bower, also larve of Pygera curtula, and Acronycta leporina. Schrankia turfosalis was netted at Hincheslea. I found Scoparia angustea on the up platform at Holmsley Railway Station. A search of the station buildings and approaches would probably result in the discovery of a colony of this local moth. Crambus hamellus occurred sparingly at Matley Heath. Sparganothis pillervana flew commonly at dusk at Hincheslea, but was difficult to get in good condition ; also, Hlachista rhynchosporella and Aphanaula leucatella; Psoricoptera gibbosella was not uncommon on oak trunks near Lady Cross and Queen Bower. Hlachtsta ? dispunctella, not in _good order, was netted ; Cerostoma sylvella occurred both in Holland Wood and at Queen Bower. Chrysoclista vinolentella was netted flying round an apple tree in the garden. Gracilaria semifascia and Cortscrwm sulphurellum, both new to me, fell at one stroke of the beating-stick, and the next dislodged an example of that beautiful insect, Cerostoma sequella, also new to me. Larvee of Stawropus fagi, Aventia flexula, and Gracilaria elongella were found. I got at Matley some interesting examples of the diminutive second generation of Bactra lanceolana. 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. September: I was very pleased to find Xylina socia at sugar in the garden and not uncommon. I had three moths of this species, at the same time, at one quite small patch of sugar; Noctua castanea was also a visitor. Plastens retusa fell to the beating-stick at Holmsley. Bs. 6d., "458. Umbrella Nets (self-actin sec WA TKINS & DONC ee) ty ’ Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Appavator ‘and ficbinese Plain Ling Nets, wire or cane, Iucinding Bick, 1s. 3d., Zs.) 28, 6d,” Folany Nets, }, 7s. Pocket Boxes, ‘Gdy, 90.5 48, de. 60. ~ Zino Relaxing Boxes, 94., 18., 1s. 64., 28.° Nested Ohip Boxes, 7d. per ‘four dozen. Entomological Pins, ascorted or mixed, lis, 1s. 6d. ver oz. Pocket Lanterna, ‘Qs. 6a. (40 88. Sugaring Tin, with brush, is” 6d., 26. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, “1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with: camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 65. Setting . Boards, flat or oval, 1in., 6d.; 1} in.; 8d.3 Qin.,10d.; 2}in., 18.5. 34 in., 1s. 4d.5 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5in., 1s. 10d.; Complete’ Set of. fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. ‘Sohne Handes, 9s. bd, Lis: 6d.; narked back, 148. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., ‘1s.,/ 18. 64. Breeding Oage, 2s. 6d., 48., 58., 78. 6d. Coleopterist’ 8 Oollecting Bottle, with. tube, - ' ols. 6d., 18. 8d. Rotuuiaal Caste japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 38. 6d.. 4s. 6a, Peatahien! Paper, ls. 1d., 1s: 4di, ls. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Tnseet Glazed Cases, Op. Bd. to 11s. Cement for replacing ‘Antennp, 4d. per bottle. . Steel Forceps — 1s. 6d., 2s., 28.6d, ver pair. Oabinet Cork, 7 by 3}, best quality, 1s. 6d. per dozen Bhidate. Brase Ohloroform Bottle, 28..6a. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and § Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1g. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 94. Taxidermist's Companion, containing most” neceskary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpeis, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 26. we pair; Kgg-drills, 2d, 3d., 9d.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial. Eyes dor Birds and — “Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.'; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 34., 6d. eX ‘ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells. 2d-: ‘Deana: Books on Insects, Tees, kee 3 SILVER’ PINS for collectors of Micro- ee eaoptany &e:, as. well as minute ) insects of all other families. s ra We stock various sizes and lengths of Heke, Silver Pins, which have certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. — a For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiide, &e. ie 4 are best pinned.on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be aN to’send patterns on application. SHOW FKOOM FOR CABINETS of every description for INsEcTs, Bixps’ Kees, Coins, Mickoscopiwas OxsEcrs i Fossits, &e. Oatalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free, A LARGE STOOK OF INSECTS AND. BIRDS’ EGGS: _ (BRITISH, KUROPRAN, AND EXOTIC), Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved ond Mounted by Firet-claee Warten: +36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND, GRAND 1916 INSECTS, Perfection in Setting. Mendica var. Rustica; fine Intermediate ; Melanic. Consonaria; Yellow and ‘Salmon Filipendule : Papilionaria ; Bicuspis; Yellow Dominulas ¥ Nebulosa vars. Robsoni, Thompsoni, Intermediate; Corydon var. Semi- syngrapha, and many other vars.; Tilie vars. ;.Consortaria, dark; Irish Napi; Icarus vars. ; Barrettai ( 1914 bred); and many other fine insects of » commoner species. Fine healthy Pups in great quantity. New Price © Lists just ready; send for them at once. Liberal terms for all stages to clients requiring a dozen or more; J will quote for any desired. © ‘Valuable Hints,’ a leaflet of great use, 9d., post free. ‘ Text- Book. of British, Lepidoptera,’ by Newman and Leeds, 3s. 10d., ee free. . L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., “BEXLEY, ‘KENT. : A * 5B ip Dae UR eo 5 A re Ro ae gE ye PR eee Pe eee oe i ds OCOONS: Attacus atlas, 11/- ; A. jorulla, 7/63 a ot 2/6; Platysamia cecropia, .2/9 ; Hesperoehiria | Actias luna, 7/6; Chrysalides, Papilio troilus and P. gas, 5 fete Pope, Cherocampa elpenor, 2/65 all per doz. Many: others. ; A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. ue THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Vou. LJ _ PEBRUARY, 1917. [No. 645 NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM JAPAN AND FORMOSA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. By A. EK. Witeman anv Ricuarp SovutuH. Trachea mediifascia, sp. 1. 6. Fore wings brown, slightly red-tinged, costa marked with darker brown ; antemedial line ochreous, outwardly edged with black, oblique, indented before dorsum, indistinct before costa; postmedial dine ochreous inwardly edged with black, curved round end of cell, thence inwardly oblique to dorsum; area between antemedial and postmedial lines darker brown, enclosing the ochreous-outlined stigmata; subterminal line ochreous, sinuous, indented near costa, inwardly clouded with darker brown; a black bar on dorsum, and a black line below median nervure, the latter connecting the ante- medial and postmedial line; terminal lunules black, inwardly paler edged ; fringes pale brown mixed with darker; a series of pale dots on the veins beyond postmedial line. Hind wings pale fuscous, termen and fringes whitish, terminal line black. Expanse, 36 millim. The type, which was taken at Arizan, 7300 ft. (Wileman), August 24th, 1908, is in the British Museum. Comes near 1’. olivacea, Moore. Sypna diversa, sp. nu. ?. Fore wings pale reddish brown, rather silky, clouded with blackish on basal area, six pale marks on costa beyond middle ; antemedial line pale, double, wavy, indented on vein 1, thence incurved and silvery white, inwardly edged with black above and outwardly below vein 1; postmedial line pale, edged with blackish, bluntly angled outwards before middle, two black dots on outer edge below costa; reniform stigma indicated by an ochreous lunule placed -on the outer edge of a black interrupted median fascia, followed by three longitudinal black streaks; subterminal line pale, deeply angled outwards about middle, inwardly edged with blackish and outwardly with black; termen blackish, crenulate, preceded by a ‘series of white dots inwardly black-edged ; fringes pale brown mixed with darker. Hind wings fuscous with slight tawny tinge, darker on tornal area, where are traces of two blackish bands. Under side pale brown powdered with darker on the hind wings and suffused ; fore wings suffused with darker on basal two-thirds and as a tapered band -on terminal third; reniform lunule pale. Expanse, 48 millim. Enrom.—F xesrvary, 1917. Cc — Nee ee. eee 26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Type in the British Museum. Rantaizan, 7500 ft. (Wileman),. May 6th, 1909. There are also one specimen from the Kaci District, Formosa (July, 1909), and two specimens from Darjilling in the Museum: collection. Sypna hampsoni, sp. n. 6. Antenne fasciculate. Fore wings pale purplish brown, reddish- tinged on the basal area; basal line pale inwardly edged with black,,. slightly bent in the cell; postmedial line pale, outwardly shaded with blackish, indented near costa, gently incurved to vein 1, thence excurved to dorsum; the space between the transverse lines, except a portion towards costa, greyish clouded with brown; stigmata outlined in blackish; subterminal line black, sinuous, patched with black towards costa; apical area beyond the subterminal line pale brown without purplish tinge; terminal line pale, wavy, preceded by white-edged black dots placed between the veins. Hind wings. pale brown suffused with blackish, especially on the terminal third ; postmedial line black, sinuous, not clear towards costa; subterminal line whitish, serrate, not clear towards costa; terminal line and fringe paler than on the fore wings; black dots before the terminal. line without white edging and placed on the veins. Expanse, 28 mm. Type in the British Museum. Kagi District, 7-10,000 ft.. (July, 1909). Allied to S. kirbyt. Anachrostis marginata, sp. n. 6. Forewings pale brown speckled with rather darker brown, costa black at base and dotted with black towards apex; transverse: lines black but indistinct and interrupted; discoidal dot black ; terminal area clouded with dark brown and blackish; terminal line black, interrupted; fringes pale brown. Hind wings pale fuscous, fringes paler. Underside whity brown, fore wings with dark dis- coidal dot and a curved line beyond. Q. Rather more heavily powdered with brown, transverse lines. obscure. Expanse, 14 mm. Types in the British Museum. Kanshirei, Formosa (Wile- man) ¢. Tainan, Formosa (Wileman) °. Bocula moorei, sp. n. ?. Fore wings pale ochreous brown, slightly dusted with darker ; postmedial line represented by an irregular series of blackish points. placed on the veins; termen broadly bordered with purplish brown, the border strongly lobed inwards between veins 2 and 6, terminal dots of the ground colour; fringes purplish brown mixed with ochreous brown, especially at base. Hind wings purplish brown. Underside pale brown suffused on fore wings, except dorsal area, and powdered on hind wings, with darker. Expanse, 31 mm. Type in the British Museum. Formosa (ex coll. Moore). Allied to B. pallens, Moore. > NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM JAPAN AND FORMOSA. 27 Oglasa mediopallens, sp. n. ?. Head and thorax whitish brown, slightly flushed with pinkish; abdomen whitish brown faintly tinged with pink and thickly dusted with dark brown except on middle of the costal area; a black longitudinal streak on costa at base, and a rather longer black one from about middle of base; antemedial band black, pale-edged, inwardly oblique to vein 2 where it tapers and turns upwards and outwards to about vein 4; a blackish bent line in the cell and a a brownish cloud-above it on the costa; costa pale-dotted towards apex; subterminal line pale, diffuse, irregular; terminal line black ; fringes greyish, paler at.the base. Hind wings fuscous, terminal line blackish. Underside fuscous brown ; fore wings rather darker. Expanse, 28 mm. Type in the British Museum. Kagi, Formosa. Raparna roseata, sp. n. g. Antenne ciliated. Headandcollarrosy, the latter yellow tipped ; thorax yellow, abdomen grey-brown, mixed with yellow near thorax. Fore wings yellow mottled with rosy, the mottling denser on costal and terminal areas; a rosy spot enclosing a black speck at lower angle of cell; postmedial line rosy, its inner edge diffuse, outer edge sinuous. Hind wings yellow, mottled with rosy; medial line rosy, almost straight. Fringes inclining to purplish, greyish at tips, preceded by black dots. Expanse, 22 mm. Type in the British Museum. Kiushiu (ex coll. Leech). There are two other specimens from Kiushiu and one from Nagasaki (ex coll. Leech) in the Museum Collection. This species is closely allied to R. transversa, Moore, but is distinguished by the rosy transverse lines. Antarchea pryeri, sp. 0. ?. Head and front of thorax greyish, palpi tinted with pur- plish ; thorax ochreous buff, abdomen greyish marked with darker. Forewings ochreous buff, freckled with darker on the costal and terminal areas, tinged with purplish chiefly beyond basal area; a pale oblique line from apex to dorsum a little before tornus. Hind wings dark fuscous. Underside pale, without marking. Expanse, 20 mm. Type in the British Museum. Japan (ex coll. Pryer). Paracolax curvilinea, sp. n. 6- Antenne ciliated. Fore wings pale whity-brown, powdered and suffused with darker brown; antemedial line dark brown, ex- curved ; medial line brown, deeply curved round cell, thence straight to dorsum ; postmedial line dark brown, gently curved from apex to dorsum near tornus; terminal line black, discoidal lunule very in- distinct. Hind wings rather paler, medial and postmedial lines dark brown, the latter angled above tornus, not extending to costa ; terminal line black. Expanse, 26 mm. 28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Type in the British Museum. Japan. Very similar to P. grisealis, Schiff., but the markings are fainter and curved instead of oblique. Paracolax wnicolor, sp. n. 9. Forewing black-brown without markings. Hind wings and under sides of all the wings pale brown suffused with dusky except on fringes. Expanse, 26 mm. Type in the British Museum. Formosa (Wileman). Luceria sordida, sp. n. ¢. Antenne bipectinated. Fore wings greyish brown sprinkled with darker brown; discoidal dot black; traces of oblique trans- verse dusky line beyond the middle of dorsal area; hind wings paler. Expanse, 16 mm. Type in the British Museum. 'Takow, Formosa plains, July 23rd, 1906 (Wileman). ; Hypenodes squalida, sp. n. 9. Fore wings whity-brown, sprinkled with dark brown from base of the wing to the postmedial line and also beyond the subterminal line; traces of a black, wavy, antemedial line; post- mediai line black, inwardly oblique, outwardly edged by the pale ground colour, angled above dorsum; subterminal line pale, sinuous ; terminal dots black. Hind wings fuscous, base of fringes paler. Eixpanse, 16 mm. Type in the British Museum. Japan (H. Pryer). Near H. croceipicta, Hampson. Hypenagonia obliquifascia, sp. n. . Fore wings whitish tinged with ochreous or brownish; ante- medial line blackish, inwardly oblique, bent below costa; medial and postmedial lines blackish, inwardly oblique, both indented below costa, approximate on dorsum, space between lines purplish brown and band-like; subterminal series of black dots inwardly pale-edged, parallel with termen, preceded by a dusky oblique shade with a geminate blackish mark on it above middle and another nearer costa; discoidal dot black; fringes whitish preceded by a brownish line. Hind wings whitish, with markings similar to those on fore wings, but the band does not extend to the costa. Eixpanse, 18-20 mm. Type, with two other male specimens, in the British Museum. Kanshirei (Wileman). Comes nearest to H. vexataria, Walk. Drymonia basalis, sp. 0. ¢@. Head greyish, mixed with brown; thorax brown, patagia whitish brown mixed; abdomen brown, dark, almost black on basal segment. Fore wings greyish powdered with black-brown, thickly NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM JAPAN AND FoRMosA. 29 on basal area up to the pale, wavy, and outwardly oblique antemedial line; a narrow black band follows the antemedial line; postmedial line pale, wavy, edged with black on each side, the black continued along veins from its outer edge; a black-brown patch on costa between postmedial line and apex of the wing; terminal line blackish, fringes greyish marked with black-brown at ends of the veins. Hind wings smoky grey, veins brownish, hairs on basal area brown-tinged ; fringes greyish, marked with brown at ends of the veins. Expanse, 46 mm. Type in the British Museum. Gifu (ex coll. Leech). Comes near D. trimacula, Esp. Stauropus obliterata, sp. n. 6. Head whitish, thorax greyish brown, patagia whitish; abdo- men brownish, posterior edges of segments whitish. Fore wings whitish sprinkled and suffused with brownish; discoidal spot blackish, elongate ; faint traces of oblique antemedial and blackish ‘ postmedial lines, the latter sinuous; subterminal line represented by a series of blackish spots between the veins; terminal line brown. fringes whitish. Hind wings whitish suffused with brown on basal two-thirds ; terminal line brown, fringes whitish. Expanse, 46 mm. Type in the British Museum. Oiwake (ex coll. Leech). Allied to S. grisescens, Staudinger. Tarsolepis japonica, sp. n. ¢. Antenne dark brown; head and thorax cinnamon brown, the latter with a short dark brown bar in front and dark brown edging behind; abdomen dark brown, becoming paler on anal segment. Fore wings pale cinnamon brown, suffused with greyish on apical and terminal areas; two silvery cuneiform spots as in 1’. sommeri, but both are shorter, the apex of the upper one acute ; area between the spots streaked with dark brown, a dark brown eurved line before the lower spot; postmedial line pale, wavy from costa to upper silvery spot, round the apex of which it curves and falls on dorsum near apex of lower spot; subterminal line as in sommert but straighter. Hind wings dark brown, paler on costa, discoidal spot blackish. Underside pale brown, clouded with dark brown on medial area of fore wings; a large black discoidal spot and a series of black terminal dots on hind wings. 9. Similar but more heavily streaked with dark brown between and around the silvery spots. Exxpanse, 76 mm. ¢; 78 mm. 9. A male specimen and two females from Tokio, July, 1894, and afemale from Miyanoshita, August, 1907. Types coll. Wileman. A specimen from Japan in the British Museum (ex coll. Leech) measures only 64 millim. in expanse. This species was confused by Leech with H. remicauda, Butl. = sommeri, Hb.. 30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES FROM CAIRO. By F. W. Sowersy, F.E.S., Lizur., R.N.D. (Continued from p. 11.) On July 30th I joined Mr. Storey, of the Entomological Department in the Ministry of Agriculture, for an expedition to collect some of the insects which occur solely on the land where the desert joins the cultivated valley of the Nile. We met at Badreshein, and rode towards the Sakkara pyramids by the usual tourist track, through two or three miles of fairly thick date palms, past the ruins of Memphis and the colossi of Rameses I]. Flying round one of the latter 1 came across the pretty Cetoniid, C. savignyi. On arriving at a watering place, where the desert abruptly meets the palms and cultivation, we left our animals and started collecting, moving in the direction of the ‘‘ Step Pyramid.” On the desert itself we came across no living thing whatever, but on the edge I added quite a lot of uncommon insects to my list. The first species which attracted our attention were big wasps (Bembecide) of the genus Stizus. Flying along a small bank were numbers of the bright yellow Stizus succineus and yellow and black S. bizonatus, and among them I caught one specimen of a third, possibly new, species. Along this bank, also, were a lot of little Chrysids, of various kinds and glittering colours, very difficult to catch owing to their rapid flight and the dazzling sun. Here also I obtained Sphex pruinosus, Ammophila tydei, T'rypoxylon attenuata, Bembex lusca (a series), and one or two other Hymenoptera. Walking through the rough herbage produced Cordistes sp. and other Asilide, the fine grasshoppers Sphingonotus savignyt, S. cerulans, and a larger, paler species or form of the latter, and the Myrmeleon figured by Savigny on Plate III, 14, for > which I could not find a name. With these were a lot of the commoner grasshoppers found also in the other localities. The bulk of the day’s catch was taken at a patch of melons flowering in the full sun. As well as species found commonly elsewhere, the following Hymenoptera were secured: Myzine sp. nov.? (one), Ceratina tarsata, Anthidiwm ferrugimeum v. thoracicum, Anthophora sp., Calonites fischeri, Odynerus chloro- ticus, Pompilus sp., Miscophus ctenopus, Notogonia pompiliformis, Dielis collaris, and Nototrachys foliator (one), most of them in large numbers. Other orders were not well represented, and the only specimens taken were the Coleoptera Mylabris apicipennis, Epilachna chrysomelina, and Coccinella 11-punctata. The day’s bag was completed with Gryllus domesticus and a few ants and beetles taken on the bare sand near a well where we had our lunch.. Except for one specimen each of a very small Gymnopleurus and a Cionus (?), the Coleoptera, as might be expected, were Tenebrionide: large numbers of the common NOTES FROM CAIRO. ot rugose Scleron orientale and of the very rapid little black Zophosis abbreviata, and one Hymatisus villosus. The ants were the ubiquitous Camponotus maculata and Myrmecocystus viaticus, ‘with two or three species of tiny Monomoria. On this bare sand there were also a great number of large ticks with marbled abdomens which made their way towards us as soon as we ‘sat down. On another day about half an hour was spent out at Ma’ad, hunting among the ‘‘ Camel Thorn” on the edge of the desert. This produced plenty of the three commonest “blues”? and several of the tiny Chilades trochilus, some pretty Pyrales (Tegostoma meschlert), and single specimens of Hublemma cochlylioides and Rhynchina arenialis. As usual the commonest things were the Hymenoptera and Orthoptera. The latter in- cluded Hpacromia thalassina, Pyrgomorpha grylloides, and the prettiest Egyptian mantis, Hmpusa egena. Megachile flavipes, Crocisca ramosa, and Bembex mediterranea were abundant, as well as other common bees and wasps, and I secured one each of Megachile argentata, a very tiny Melipona, Pompilus dispar and flavicrus, and Ammophila pocilocnemts. The only representatives of other orders taken were Mylabris apicipennis and Hippobosca capensis. On the last day of July I left Giza to go to the Sirdaria on Gezireh. It is the residence of the Sirdar, on the island made by the separation of the Nile just above and below Cairo, and has a nice garden where Danais chrysippus, Pyrameis cardut, Lycenids, etc., were always plentiful. In this garden I took the following Hymenoptera: Philanthus triangulum, Dielis collaris, the very rare Stizus apicalis, Hedy- chrum celestinum, Myzine zonata, Nomiodes variegata, Crocisca ramosa, Xylocopa estuans, Anthophora quadrifasciata, Apis melli- fica fasciata, Mutilla interrupta, Sphex umbrosus, Sceliphron spirifex, Lara anathema, Tachytes ambidens, Trypoxylon atten- uata, and Bembex lusca. Tryxalis unguiculata, Chrotogonus lugubris, and other grasshoppers were abundant, and EHristalis temops and the yellow Tachinid Mintho isis common. In the house I found Labidura riparia, Periplaneta americana and its extraordinary parasite Hvania appendigaster, and an abundance of the ants Myrmecocystus viaticus, Camponotus maculatus, and Monomoria spp. Light attracted one moth, Oligochroa coriacella, a few Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, and a lot of an apparently unnamed ‘species of Hmbia. My other notes from Egypt include a few moths from Port ‘Said in April and a very big swarm of locusts which, in the same month, passed the train I was in from before reaching Zagazig till after passing Ismailia, in a steady thick cloud. Of this swarm I also saw specimens at Port Said and in the desert to ‘the west of Cairo. on THE ENTOMOLOGIST. At Alexandria in September I got a magnificent Oleander Hawk-moth at a hotel light, together with a few Deiopeia pulchella. Acherontia atropos was also said to be coming to light fairly commonly then, but I did not come across it. A visit to the Nouzha Gardens, outside the town, added no fresh species to my collection. Lampides beticus, Gegenes nostrodamus, and Pachyzancla licarsicalis were abundant, and I took one or twe Pyrameis cardui and Chapra mathias. During my stay in Cairo I was greatly helped by Dr. Gough and Mr. Storey, the entomologists in the Ministry of Agriculture, and by Messrs. Nicholl and Bonhote, of the Zoological Gardens. To Mr. Storey I am especially indebted for identifying speci- mens; he, besides collecting with me at Ma’adi and Sakkara, accompanied me to Cyprus, to which island I had the good luck to be sent for about three weeks’ convalescence. NOTES ON CONCHYLIS FLAVICILIANA. By W. G. SxHexupon, F.E.S. In ‘ Entomologist,’ xlix, p. 20, there is a note of mine on the occurrence in Surrey, in 1915, of larve which I considered could only be this species. Last year I was able to pursue the matter further. On July 19th I bred a single imago, the only one that emerged, which proved that my supposition was correct. Presumably I had not treated the larve properly during hibernation, for there were a good number of them. I visited the locality in which were found the larve in 1915,. four times between July 15th and July 26th, with the result that I netted eleven specimens; I was on the ground as early as 7 p.m., but as far as could be ascertained the imagos only flew from 8.30 to 9 p.m. Towards the end of August I again visited the locality to obtain some larve, but, alas! found the whole hillside, which in an ordinary summer only produces a thin crop not worth mowing, had been mown, I suppose owing to the extra crop produced by the wet season, and also probably in consequence: of the increased value of hay. Anyhow, with the exception of a. few plants of Knautia arvensis which grew amongst some bushes, and which were crowded with larve, the whole stock was: destroyed. This catastrophe induced me to examine the whole of the. ground within a mile or so around, with the result that I eventually found another small locality in which C. flaviciliana larve were not infrequent. This search helped me to realise the excessive localness of the insect and its inability to spread.. * NOTES ON CONCHYLIS FLAVICILIANA. 30 I found K. arvensis an abundant plant in about half a dozen fields and hillsides within a mile of the place where I had first met with C. flaviciliana, but in only one of these was there the slightest trace of larve. The original locality is a valley, on the bottom of which is a strip of cultivated land perhaps 300 yards wide. The sides of this valley are either open downs or rough flowery fields; they rise above the bottom perhaps 200 feet. C. flavicihana was found in 1915 on one side of this valley, from the edge of the cultivated strip almost to the brow of the hill. As one walks. to the top of the slope, the hill is seen to be a flat plateau perhaps 100 yards in width, and crossing this one comes to a steep slope leading down to another valley, very similar in appearance and growth to the first. In this valley K. arvensis: is abundant, and as it certainly has not been cultivated for the last thirty or forty years, I felt sure that 1 should find C. flaviciliana, but there was not the slightest trace of it. The new locality which I found was in the first valley, on the other slope to the original locality, and immediately opposite to it. Both these localities did not extend more than 200 yards up the length of the valley, and they were terminated at each end by a high, thick hedge, over which the -imagos did not appear to be able or willing to establish the species, although K. arvensis occurred freely both higher up and lower down the valley. No doubt before the sole of the valley was cultivated C. flaviciliana occupied it also. I take it that the reason of the excessive localism of the species is, firstly, its inability to spread over any trifling obstacles; and, secondly, its habitat must never have been cultivated, or at any rate mown, for of course this destroys the larve if the mowing takes place in the month of August; and, if earlier, leaves the female without anything suitable to deposit her ova upon. January 6th, 1917. SOME STEPHANIDA): WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By Cuaupr Mortey, F.Z.S8., ETc. In connection with the proposed forthcoming monograph of this family of parasitic Hymenoptera throughout the world by Ernest A. Elliott, Esq., F'.Z.S., etc., it were well to here place upon record the descriptions of two or three species found in the eourse of work thereon to be new. For their affinities 1 am indebted ‘to the monographer. ‘This is a small and very specialised family, of which no more than some sixty-six species. were recognised in 1900; since which time a comparatively large number ‘of additional ones haye been brought forward in. 34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. very scattered literature. The total of Stephanine nowadays (as distinct from the less typical Stenophasmina) appears to stand at about 111 species. I shall at present mention but half a dozen. Stephanus tibiator, Schlett. ‘ Berl. Ent. Zeits.,’ xxxiii, 1889, p. 293, 3. Four females were captured by Mrs. Everard during 1911 at Aden, in South-West Arabia. These abdomen may thus be described : Petiole much shorter than remainder of the abdomen (7. e. 6 mm, to 10 mm.), evenly and moderately trans-striate throughout, excepting ~ at the apex, which is glabrous and nitidulous; the striation extends to both lateral and ventral surfaces; remaining segments smooth and shining, with base of the second narrowly transaciculate and a few scattered hairs upon both the sides of the sixth segment and dorsum of seventh. Terebra a little shorter than body (7.e. terebra 20 mm., and body 24 mm.). From the typical description, the present insects differ in nothing. . Stephanus Ceylonicus, Cam. ‘Journ. Str. Br. BR. Asiatic Soc.,’ xxxix, 1908, p. 102, ?. Col. Yerbury took the type at Trincomali before 1892. Mr. O. 8. Wickwar has been so good as to present me with two Ceylonese females; one was found by him at Kandy during September, 1909, and the other was captured at Galgamua in the following February. Stephanus tortus, sp. nov. A large black species with the petiole, part of the legs and mouth piceous, and the terebra white-banded. Face reticulately, but not transversely, rugose ; frontal tubercles conspicuous and acuminate, posterior tubercles small; occiput coarsely reticulate laterally, centrally transaciculate, its posterior margin simple. Second flagel- lar joint a little longer than the first, third as long as second. Colliform prothorax transrugose; semi-annular part glabrous ; meso- notum smooth, with a central row of punctures, but the lateral ones indistinct ; mesopleure smooth above, rugulose below ; metapleurz rugulose and separated from median segment by a shining and glabrous sulcus ; median segment strongly and moderately punctate, with its apex transaciculate. Petiole shorter than rest of abdomen (J mm. to 10 mm.), finely trans-striate throughout; remainder of abdomen smooth and shining; terebra a third longer than body (34 mm. to 26 mm.), and subapically banded with white. Hind coxe discally glabrous, and there finely tuberculate, below and within obsoletely trans-striate; hind femora bidentate, shining and smooth, with very sparse hairs and punctures; their tibie compressed at SOME STEPHANID2. BD basal third, centrally excised and apically inflated. Wings slightly infumate throughout.—Black: mandibles and a spot before their base red; petiole dark red; abdomen piceous; anterior legs, except basally, red ; hind tibize piceous, centrally clear red. A much stouter species than S. Ceylonicus; the peculiar conformation of the hind tibiz appears remarkable, as also are the unusually short second and third flagellar joints. A single female, sent me by Mr. Wickwar, was captured ‘during September, 1905, at Nedunkernie, in the Northern Provinces of India. Parastephanellus rufidornatus, Cam. Stephanus rufo-ornatus, Cam., ‘Tijds. v. Entom.,’ xlviii, 1905, p. 45, 3. The type is from the Burnett River, in Queensland. I have geen another male, taken (very probably with more of both sexes, though the female is still undescribed) by Mr. Turner at 1100 feet about Kuranda, in the north of the same State, during May-June, 1913. Parastephanellus eburneus, sp. nov. A very small black species, with sparse white and testaceous markings. Face rugously trans-striate ; frontal tubercles acuminate, the anterior is apically deflexed ; posterior tubercles normal; occiput finely trans-striate, with its posterior margin bordered. Second flagellar joint half as long again as the first, the third shorter than first and second. Colliform prothorax smooth, shining, and quite short, the semiannular part finely rugulose ; mesopleurz obsoletely trans-striate and dull throughout; metapleure glabrous and niti- -dulous, separated from the metanotum by a deep sulcus; median segment smooth with large and diffuse punctures. Petiole longer than remainder of abdomen, with its basal half finely trans-striate ; rest of segments dull and obsoletely punctate; terebra shorter than body (t.e. 5 mm. to 6 mm.), immaculate black. Hind coxze obso- letely trans-aciculate; their femora bidentate, shining, and nearly smooth; their tibiz: compressed to centre. Wings clear hyaline and not large.—Black: face, clypeus, mandibles except apically and a streak at the inner orbits testaceous-white; a broad streak from base of mandibles below the eyes to near occiput clear ivory-white ; scape and basal flagellar joints testaceous ; tegule and stigma pale; anterior femora and tibiz piceous, all tarsi testaceous, and both base and apex of intermediate tibiz clear white. The ¢ differs very slightly in its smaller size of but 34 mm., its piceous petiole and testaceous genital valvule. This is closely related to the last-named species from Australia, but differs in the metanotal sculpture and the colouration, more especially that of the anterior legs and athe intermediate tibiz. 36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The typical female was captured at Kandy by Mr. O. S.. Wickwar during February, 1910; the androtype was discovered by Mr. E. E. Green on a leaf infested by the Coccid, Hemi-- chionaspis Brasiliensis, in June, 1909, at Peradeniya, also in Ceylon. Fenatopus Indicus, Westw. Stephanus Indicus, Westwood, ‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ vii, 1841,. p- 538, This species occurs throughout the Malay Archipelago; and: to it appears to belong a female taken by Mr. G. E. Bryant at some 2000 feet upon Mt. Matang, in Sarawak, on Decem- ber 14th, 1916. Monks’ Soham, Suffolk, November Ist, 1916. DESCRIPTIONES HYMENOPTERORUM CHALCIDOI- DICORUM CUM OBSERVATIONIBUS. LV: By A. A. Grrauut. Cosmocomoidea morilli, Howard. A sERIEs of specimens (identified by Howard) reared from leaf-hopper eggs on sugar-cane, October, 1911, San Lucrezia, Vera Cruz, Mexico (F. W. Urich). The male antenne are: 18-jointed, contrary to the original description. The genus, thus,. is Gonatocerus save for the distinct (longer than wide) petiole of the female abdomen. Compared with types of both sexes. In. these Mexican specimens (females), the abdominal petiole was only slightly longer than wide; and the head (except vertex) and sides of the base of the abdomen, the parapsides, the propleurum,. and the legs (except the caudal tibie) of the male were honey yellow. The abdominal petiole is decidedly shorter in the males, the abdomen subsessile in the Mexican male, which also had the- fascia on the fore wing. In the cotype females I find the abdo- minal petiole varies much in length, sometimes no longer than: with the Mexican series of females. In the female, the most conspicuous marking is the cross-band of dorsal abdomen at about middle ; the other biack markings are more or less obscure. The scutellum is scaly. The thoracic structures are as in Gonatocerus and the genus is Ooctonus. Blastothrix bohemani, Westwood. The two mandibular teeth are acute, and the species is am Lipidinocarsis (or Anagyrus). From a specimen labelled in the U.S.N.M. HYMENOPTERORUM CHALCIDOIDICORUM. 37 My former references to Anagyrus have always been to those ‘species ffom Australia, so referred, but which appear to repre- ‘sent a new genus. They have the marginal vein punctiform, which means no longer than wide, that is, circular, a point; ‘the second tooth of the mandibles is broadly truncate. In Anagyrus, the marginal vein is plainly twice longer than wide or ‘more (as seen under the microscope). The genus is very closely allied with Dinocarsis. Sympiesis marylandensis, n. sp. Female.—Length, 2:15 mm. Slender. Brilliant metallic green, the wings hyaline, the venation, legs, scape and pedicel (except above in both), pale yellowish; venter of ‘the abdomen (except the brownish margins and the black distal fourth and tip of the ovipositor valves) pale yellow; dorsum of abdomen, metallic purplish excepting a tolerably broad pale yellow cross-stripe a little distad of middle and not quite reaching the margin on each side. Abdomen at base above metallic green. Thorax scaly reti- culate, the axilla advanced half cephalad of the scutellum, the propodeum with a distinct median and lateral carina, the caudal margin also carinated, the surface between the median and lateral ‘carina cross-wrinkled, the spiracle oval, not large; lateral carina straight, not changing direction. Marginal vein somewhat over twice the length of. the stigmal, the latter much shorter than the post- marginal. Abdomen conical, a fourth or more longer than the thorax. Mandibles 7-dentate. Pedicel somewhat longer than wide at apex, ‘slightly larger than club 2; funicle 1 over twice longer than wide, 2 a little shorter, 4 a half longer than wide. Club terminating in a ‘distinct nipple which is very small, appears to be articulated and dears no terminal spine. Deseribed from one female captured in the forest, Prince 4zeorge County, Maryland. Type.—Catalogue No. 20,137, U.S.N.M., the above specimen, éhe caudal tibiz and head on a slide. Anagyrus subaibicornis (Girault). Many females reared from Pseudococcus bakert on grape, Fresno, California, February, 1915 (R. L. Nougaret). Euplectrus platypene, Howard. Many females, one male reared from the larva of Cirphis humidicola, Esperanza, British West Indies, December, 1912 {f. W. Urich). Compared with types. Podagrion mantidiphagum, un. sp. Female.—Of the stature and so on of mantis Ashmead from which if differs as follows: The caudal femur is entirely yellow except a broad, oblique metallic stripe centrally, mesal aspect ; the propodeum is rougher (rugose) and the split median carina does not diverge so rapidly from the base. Otherwise very similar. Caudal tibia white 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. just below the knee. Caudal femur bears seven teeth beneath, the- first large, small, large, small, small, large, large; 7th is largest, tri- angular, 6th is highest, towering, 3rd is as high as 1st but not so wide ; 2nd, 4th and 5th subequal. Funicle 1 longer than the pedicel, a half longer than wide, 7th somewhat longer than wide. The male differs in having the antennal club brown like the rest of antennz, the abdomen is yellowish brown except above at apex, and the caudal femur bears beneath but four large teeth, 4 largest, 1 smallest, acute, the other two towering. Also the caudal tibiae are dark metallic. Described from one male, numerous females reared from an egg-mass of a mantid. Palo Secco, British West Indies, March, 1914 (F. W. Urich). Types.—Catalogue No. 20,188 U.S.N.M., one male, three females on tags, a caudal femur, and an antenna of a female on a slide. Paraleptomastrix notatus, n. sp. Female.—Length, 1:20 mm. Like abnormis in structure, gener- ally. “Blacks the wings lightly dusky throughout ; apex of pedicel and a stripe across the scape a little before the apex, silvery white, the club suffused with yellowish white (sometimes dirty yellowish white) ; legs white, the tibiae yellow, the caudal legs black except the tibiae more or less at base; middle cox dusky, the cephalic silvery white ; ~middle femur black dorsad at apex; venation black; head densely punctate, the thorax velvety scaly, the scutellum somewhat coarser, the scutum with short silvery pubescence ; tegule large, white. Scrobes distinct, forming a triangle, the area scaly. Frons moder- ately broad. Pedicel a little longer than funicle 1 which is subequal to 2 and 3, each about thrice longer than wide; 6th a half longer ' than wide, a little shorter than club 1. Marginal vein subequal to. the stigmal, a third shorter than the long post-marginal, over four times longer than wide. Hairless line of fore wings short, closed, the wings finely ciliate caudad and proximad of it. Axillee rather broadly joined. Caudal tibiae and tarsi sometimes yellow. Described from ten females reared from Pseudococcus bakeri on srape, Fresno, California, March 23rd, 1915 (R. L. Nougaret). Types.—Catalogue No. 20,189, U.S.N.M., five females on a slide. NOTES ON SOME OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE. BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. By Caprain H. Dovenas Smart, R.A.M.C. (Continued from p. 14.) My observations of the moths are extremely disconnected, but some of them may be of interest. Of the SphingesI can speak of only four species: SOME LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. 39 Smerinthus populi, ova at Méaulte, Somme. Macroglossa stellatarum, in Flanders and the Pas de Calais. Trochilium apiformis, one specimen at Méaulte. Zygena filipendule, common in many places and the only burnet seen. Nola centonalis occurs on trees growing on the river bank at Ville-sur-Ancre. Iathosia mesomella is common near Souchez. I found no other ‘‘ footman.” Euchelia jacobee was common in the trenches before Fricourt. Arctia caja 1s common everywhere. Throughout the winter the larve were very plentiful in the trenches at Armentiéres, where millions of them suffered death from drowning, a fate that we ourselves had some difficulty in avoiding. Spilosoma fuliginosa was common on the Somme, and added to the beauty of the edging of spring flowers at that time decorating the trenches. S.menthastri and S. lubricipeda are both common everywhere. The larve of the latter were to be seen in Flanders in November. The ‘‘swifts’”’ were by no means plentiful. I saw only Hepialus lupulinus in the south and HH. hectus in Artois. I did not see Cossus at all, but signs of its presence are frequently met with on all parts of the line. Porthesia similis, abundant everywhere in the larval stage. Leucoma salicis, larve abundant in Picardy. Psilura monacha, larve in Fricourt district and empty pupe near Amiens. Orgyia antiqua, common near St. Pol, Bruay and district. Malacosoma neustria, larve common at Corbie. Lasiocampa quercis, flying in great numbers in woods near Souchez. Saturnia pavonia, one 2 attracted by light near Corbie. I afterwards saw her offspring in the garden where I put her out. Drepana falcataria, near Souchez. D. vinula, common in most places. I found several empty ‘‘ kitten” Ancre marshes. Pygera curtula, larva near Bray, Somme. Acronycta psi, common. A. aceris, larva near Bruay. A. megacephala, larva near St. Omer. Leucania palleus and L. impura, both common in Artois, where they are often to be seen flying about the grass in the day-time. Xylophasia rurea and X. monoglypha, common. X. scolopacina, one near St. Pol. Luperina testacea, common. Mamestra brassice and M. persicarie, common. Apamea baslinea, in swarms in the Somme area; several in every tent and on every tree in a camp near Bray. cocoons on alderg in the -40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. A. didyma, in Artois in most localities, but not often seen. It must be remembered that I did no sugaring or other night collecting. This and Noctuez in general were far less often seen than in England, a lighted room attracting very little at any time. Caradrina morpheus, C. taraxaci and C. quadripunctata, all seen occasionally in various places. Agrotis segetum and A. exclamationis, a few odd specimens. Triphena comes and T’. pronuba, fairly common. Amphipyra tragopogonis, common. Cosmia trapezina, larva in Somme area. Polia flavicincta, at Bailleul. Phlogophora meticulosa, Flanders. Hadena oleracea, fairly common everywhere. Gonoptera libatriz, common in Flanders. Plusia gamma, common everywhere throughout the summer, but in swarms in lucerne fields near Bruay in September. Agrophila trabealis, at Vaux, Amiens. Acontia luctuosa, very common in the Somme district. Bankia argentula, locally common in the marshes of Somme and Ancre. Euclidia mi, locally abundant, and H. glyphica, universally abundant in Picardy. Boletobia fuliginaria, one perfect specimen in a house near Corbie, where it is probably a far more usual capture than in Britain. Rivula sericealis is common in many places, especially in the Ancre marshes. Zanclognatha grisealis was common near Corbie. Hypena proboscidalis was as common as it is at home. A species worth mentioning, which I took just after the year about which I am writing, is Xanthia aurago, at Fresnicourt, in Artois. The first Geometer I have to mention is Rumia luteolata, of which I have met with no single specimen. Hawthorn is much Jess universal a plant here than in Britain, but still there is plenty of it. Frequently it differs considerably from the British thorn, and to my unbotanical soui suggests a different species. Perhaps R. luteolata is searce for this reason. Biston hirtaria occurs near Amiens. Boarmia repandata and B. gemmaria occur in woods near. Arras. Tephrosia crepuscularia and T’. biundularia, common in the Somme area, as also is J’. punctularia. T’. consonaria was common in the wood at Vaux. Pseudoterpna pruniata and Nemoria viridata occurred uvar Souchez. Asthena candidata, I saw near Corbie. SOME LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. 41 Eupisteria obliterata was very common at Corbie, and common near St. Pol. Acidalia dimidiata, near Corbie. A. bisetata, St. Pol and Souchez. A. virgularia, Corbie. ° A. marginipunctata, a specimen in a train between Ktaples and Boulogne. A. remutaria, Somme. A. aversata, common everywhere. Timandra amataria was the commonest trench geometer from Flanders to Fricourt. Cabera pusaria and C. exanthemata, common everywhere. Bapta bimaculata, Somme. Strenia clithrata swarms on all waste or meadow land behind the line from the Ancre to Souchez, and is almost continuous in a)pearance throughout the summer. Abraxas grossulariata occurs as in England. Ligdia adustata was seen, though not commonly, on the Somme. Lomaspilis marginata was common in all districts up to Souchez. Hybernia marginaria was the only species of its genus seen in Flanders, wiiere we wintered. The scarcity of spring larve in Picardy was very remarkable. On May 10th a careful search in a wood near Ville-sur-Aucre revealed one beuwmata, one defoliaria, a few grossulariata and sordidata, less than half a dozen viida a, and one or two trapezina, Which species must have largely adopted a vegetarian diet. Of course this scarcity is familiar to British collectors as the culinination of a series of years in which these larvee become more and more numerous till they are checked by the insufficiency of the food supily. In Picardy in 1916 there was another factor, which may occur in all years. This was the presence of countless millions of Melolontha vulgaris. These beetles flew round the trees in swarms, day and night, and had reduced the foliage to the condition often seen in Yorkshire in a year when Hybernid larve are at their maximum. A favourite toy with the children of Corbie was a cockchafer on a piece of cotton, which made a very efficient and entertaining kite. Even our own men derived much amusement in their spare me from knocking flying cockchafers down with sticks. li M. vulgaris is always as common as this, I do not think defoliaria and its relatives are likely to be ever abundant. Ido not know where the cockchafers came from, as the proportion of grass land in France is relatively very small, except for the zone directly behind the firing line, and this zone cannot have produced.the countless swarms of beetles, which were as nume- rous ten miles behind the line as they were on the line itself. ENTOM.—F epRuARY, 1917. D 49, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Cheimatobia brumata was very common in Flanders, but I did not see C. boreata. Larentia didymata is abundant in the Pas de Calais. L. viridaria 1s common near Corbie. Emmelesia alchemillata was common in one wood near St. Pol. Eupithecia oblongata was a very common grass insect at Corbie, where EH. vulga‘a was also common. Ei. rectangulata, in the same district, was the only other ‘“‘ pug” noticed. Hypsipetes ruberata was common in the Vaux wood, and H. sordidata in most places. Melanthia bicolorata was common near St. Pol and Souchez ; M. albicillata, near St. Pol. Melanippe rivata occurred in the Somme district ; MM. sociata was common here and in Artois. M. montanata abounded in the Ancre marshes. M. fluctuata, though widely distributed from Amicns to Armentieres, was not very often seen. Coremia ferrugata and C. unidentaria were very common in the trenches on Vimy Ridge. Camptogramma bilineata was abundant. Cidaria corylata was seen near Amiens. C. truncata occurs along the whole line, but I saw C. unmanata near Bruay only. Anaitis plagiata was common near Corbie, and very common near Bruay. To the above should be added H. abbreviata, of which | took a specimen near Amiens. Lycena astrarche was subsequently found in numbers, but very worn, in September, near Bruay. I have inadvertently left out Hmaturqa atomaria, which is everywhere common. In the Ancre marshes it produces huge yellow males with very regular bands. one of which I sent home as a non-British species. This form is an exaggeration of the large, yellow-banded males which occur in Wicken Fen on very similar ground. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. CRYPTOBLABES BISTRIGELLA AND LOCAL ToRTRICES AT HINDHEAD, Surrey.—I spent two short holidays at Hindhead, April 20th to 28th, and June 8rd to 17th. On the occasion of my earlier visit I was pleased to obtain a series of Steganoptycha pygmeana, which species I had never seen alive before; it was not uncommon flying in the afternoon sunshine amongst spruce. The chief event of my June visit was the comparative abundance of Cryptoblabes bistrigella, which was beaten out almost every day. The most prolific spot was a ride in an oak-wood on the southern side of the Punch Bowl; NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 43 srowing along the side of this ride were several beech-trees which had overhanging low branches. I never passed these beeches without knocking out of them two or three specimens. The bottom of the Punch Bowl I found a very good locality for Tortrices, amongst others the following occurring : Conchylis ambiguella, Pammene gall- colana, Grapholitha albersana, Pammene germarana (puncticostana), Ancylis upupana, A. myrtillana, A. diminutana, and Conchy iis enrcana. P. germarana was abundant in several oak-woods, flying in the atter- noon sunshine. A notable sight was a female of Hemaris fuciformus ovipositing on its foodplant Lonicera periclymenum.—W.G. SHELDON, Youlgreave, South Croydon. STEGANOPTYCHA MERCURIANA FEEDING UPON Binperry.—Whilst at Rannoch early in July last, I found a very few small Tortrix larvee feeding upon bilberry, Vacciniwm myrtillus ; from these in August emerged two specimens of S. mercuriana. Barrett says of the food- plants of this species “June in a web on Dryas octopetala, but reared by Dr. Wood from heather.”—W. G. SHELDON. TORTRIX RUSTICANA IN TrnGaTE Forust.—The late W. P. Weston in ‘ Entomologist,’ xiii, p. 85, states that : ‘‘ Messrs. Howard Vaughan and Sydney Webb met with this species once commonly at Tilgate Forest.” I have hunted Tilgate Forest pretty frequently for the last thirty years, but until this year I have not seen 7’. rusticana there, nor . have I seen a more recent report of its occurrence. This year, however, it was common at the end of May, flying in the afternoon sunshine over rough herbage in some swampy fields on each side of the River Mole where one crosses it by a foot-bridge on the way from Three Bridges Station to the well-known tile-yard. I believe the only information in Britain respecting the habits and foodplants of the larva is that Mr. E. R. Banks bred it freely some years ago from larve found feeding upon Myrica gale, see HK. M. M., xlv, pp. 151-154. . Certainly it could not feed upon this plant at Tilgate, for it does not occur there. Hornig says that it feeds upon spun-together leaves of Lotus, Dorycnium and Gentiana amarella in September. Schmid says it feeds upon bilberry and Onobrychis satvva and Goerze adds Convallaria. Meyrick in ‘Br. Lep.,’ p. 538 also gives Myrica, Vaccinium, etc. I think I am correct in saying that not one of these plants occurs in the locality I found 7. rwsticara in last May and therefore, that it has yet another food-plant.— W. G. SHELDON. EcCCENTRICITIES OF TRIPH&NA FIMBRIA.—When collecting in the New Forest in the late seventies 7’. jfimbria used to be the first insect to appear on the sugar patch. It was always in evidence three-quarters of an hour before lighting-up time. We seldom saw it fly, and used to wonder how it got there. Mr. James Douglas says he has not observed it at sugar in the Hainault Forest, though it is common there, and he has found it on grass stems. In Lincolnshire it comes freely to sugar but not before dusk, when it mixes with 7. pronuba and the rest. Mr. A. Simmons says in Nottinghamshire it occasionally comes to sugar. Here in Derby- shire the perfect insect is very rarely seen. The late Mr. John Hill took the larve in his neighbourhood for thirty-six years, but only saw the perfect insect once. Mr. H. C. Hayward has collected 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIS'. hundreds of larve during the past thirteen years, and has found it in his own garden, where he regularly sugars. He has not seen a single imago during that period. The larva is not uncommon in sheltered places round here. I frequently sugar, but fimbria is not to be tempted by the most alluring bait—G. Hanson SALE; Coxbeach. HypreNa opsiITaLiIs.—A good specimen of Hypena obsitalis was taken at ivy in Paignton on October 5th, 1908, by Mr. EK. J. Milman. I had neither figure nor description of obsitalis at the time, and though I showed it to many visitors, the specimen was not identified for several years. It agrees with South’s var. A. and Tutt’s var. costipuncta (Tutt’s ‘British Noctuze and their Varieties, vol. iv, p. 67), and has a wing expanse of 36mm. Thus in size it agrees with H. proboscidalis, and I think that, without close observation, obsitalis could be easily overlooked as being proboscidalis, though the forewings of obsitalis are narrower and their markings so different.—P. P. Mruman; Paignton. ScopaRIA PALLIDA, StpH.—In the January issue of the ‘ Ento- mologist,’ p. 18, Mr. Whittle records the breeding of a single specimen of S. pallida together with a number of frequentella from moss gathered in the neighbourhood of Wakering, Essex. I have not heard of it being bred before and should be greatly obliged if any reader could give me any information concerning the larva and its food. Possibly it may be known on the Continent if not ~ here. I have spent, in years gone by, a good deal of time in a vain search for it among damp moss growing in boggy places where the imago occurs, or used to occur pretty freely. It has struck me since that from the fact that its nearest relation cembre@ is well known to be a root feeder, pallida may have a similar taste. If such should prove to be the case, the larva from which Mr. Whittle bred his single specimen may have crawled into the moss to spin up. We have a good deal to learn yet about the larval habits of the genus Scoparia.— A. THURNALL; Wanstead, Essex, Jan. 10th, 1917. UNRECORDED OCCURRENCES OF THE SIRICIDH (HYMENOPTERA).— As occurrences of the Siricide are recorded from time to time in this journal, the following records, though rather belated, may be of interest. A specimen of Sirex gigas was taken on Rockbourne Knoll, in Hampshire, by the late Mr. W. F. J. Challis in 1912, while he took a specimen of Szrex noctzlco in Bournemouth on September 24th, 1914. Both specimens are in my possession.— A. STEVEN CorBET: Reading. SOCIETIES. Tur Sourn Lonpon EnromonocicaL AND Naturat HISTORY Socrery.—November 9th.—Myr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—Mr. G. W, Mason, of Ealing, was elected a member.— Professor Bateson, F.R.S., gave a lecture with lantern slides and other illustrations entitled “Remarks on the Mendelian Theories with especial reference to recent extensions in their application made = a ae a a a IEE =a ee SOCIETIES. AD in America.”’ Some discussion took place.—Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited a gynandromorph of Lasiovampa quercus and an olive-banded male of the same species, together with a lemon-yellow male of Cosmo- triche potatoria, the former from near Huddersfield-—Mr. Platt Barrett, British Lycenide@ taken this season. November 23rd.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the . chair—Mr. L. W. Newman, a series of very darkly-marked bred specimens of Agriopis aprilina, from Teesdale-—Mr. Frohawk, a fine bred series of Chrysophanus rutilus from ova laid by a female from Holland and compared them with the Austrian race and British C. dispar.—Mr. Turner, a long series of many forms of Peronea cris- tana and examples of various continental races of Parnassus mne- mosyne.—Mr. Brooks reported that he had taken an imago of Acronycta megacephala on June 8th and again on August 8th on the same trunk. It was supposed that the latter was a belated emer- gence. Mr. Blair, the living larvee of the Dipteron Microdon muta- bilis, an inhabitant of ants’ nests, found among sphagnum from the New Forest. Mr. Frohawk reported that he had noticed wasps col- lecting ears of corn in quantity from one portion of a field. This was quite a new habit. December 14th—The President in the chair.—The annual exhibi- tion of varieties—Mr. W. J. Kaye, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, (1) a gynandromorph of Papilio lycophron, from Peru; (2) the first known female of the Brassolid Polygrapha cyanea, closely resembling an Opsiphanes sp., from Eeuador ; (3) a yellow aberration of Zygaena trifoliz, from Watergate; (4) a yellow form of Zygena filipendule, from Tenby, an aberration confluent on left wing only, an aberration intermediate between yellow and red, and a fine ab. chrysantheme. Mr. Kaye, also for Mr. Joicey, twelve new forms of Heliconius mel- pomene, from French Guiana, representing a wholly new phase of variation in the species, and read notes on the relationship of the forms. Mr. Kaye’s own exhibit was a cabinet drawer of the Itho- miine genus Leucothyris, composed of transparent insects with black markings, and read notes on the significance of the varied markings exhibited. Dr. Cockayne, an aberration of Polygonza c-album, in which the two large costal spots are united and the hind wings are almost entirely black. Dr. Chapman, males and females of two pairs of Lycznid species, of which one of each pair has only quite recently been differentiated, viz., Callophrys avis from C. rubi in the Riviera, and Ly. pyrenaica from L. orbitulus v. oberthiiri in the Pyrenees. He also showed the double-brooded S. European Agriades, which Dr. Verity differentiates from the single-brooded A. corzdon with the name aragonensis. Mr. W. Leeds, a long series of Lycznid and other aberrations largely from Herts. Polyommatus icarus, ab. cerulea, streaks replacing dots on underside, brilliant blue females; Agriades coridon, orange-ringed spots on hind margin ,, black suffusion extended 4, pale buff 9, white wedges between nervures 9, black marking elongated underside 92, ab. melanotora + ab. arcua 9, &e.; Bithys quercus 9 dark blue patches instead of purple; Hpinephele qurtina 8 with bleached central patches on all wings ; Canonympha pamphilus 2 straw coloured, ¢ dark fulvous colour; Epinephele tithonus ab. mincki yellow, with extra spots, several with one, two, or 46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. three extra spots in upperside, one with complete absence of spots, &e. Mr. Newman, for Mr. Percy Richards, a fine collection of pre- served larvee of British Lepidoptera, which had been hand-painted in their natural colours. For Mr. G. B. Oliver Mr. Newman exhibited a fine series of aberrations of Agriades thetis, including ab. obsoleta, ab. semi-obsoleta, striated forms, one with ground colour creamy white, a leaden-coloured upper side, one g¢ leaden and blue mixed ; many aberrations of Polyommatus icarus ; and Cenonympha pamphilus with spotless underside. For Signor Piatzzo Mr. Newman showed a fine subroseata form of Zonosoma pendularia which had a con- spicuous white line between the dark outer border and the red suffusion. Mr. Newman’s own exhibits were (1) a series of bred Celerto galit from Cornwall, (2) hybrid ocellatus x populz with much variation, (3) many aberrations of Amorpha populi, (4) Unicolorous black examples of Hupithecia lariciata from Warwickshire, (5) a series of a new species of British Geometer, which has recently been differentiated from Lampropteryx suffumata by the Rev. W. Metcalfe, and somewhat resembles Hustroma silaceata.—Rey. A. T. Stiff (1) many aberrations of Hpinephele tithonus, including xanthie, bipupillate, and extra-spotted forms, with a male having pale bars on the hind wings; (2) a pale Hypocrita jacobaee@ ; (3) a large Coe- nonympha pamphilus with black ocelli on hind wings, a bipupillate ? anda ¢ with minute apical spot on underside,—Mr. Porritt, a very fine series of extreme forms of Abraxas grossulariata ab. nigro- sparsata from Huddersfield.—Mr. West (Greenwich), for the Society, 12 drawers of the Freeman collection of Huropean Butterflies—Mr. G. C. Russell, many aberrations of Aphantopus hyperantus, including ab. ceca, ab. arete and ab. lanceolata, &c., mostly bred from ova from North Hants; (2) a fine blue A. corzdon and an unusually pale specimen without dark margins; (8) a gynandromorphie Saturnia pavonia; (4) Deropera pulchella taken in Surrey in June, 1913; and (5) Mimas tiie lacking the four spots on upper wings.—Mr. Buck- stone, several series of Selenza lunaria, successive broods from a Teesdale female, and read notes on the broods and specimens and on the variation shown.—Mr. Bowman, specimens of Zonosoma pen- dularia, including examples with pink markings absent, with pink suffusion between the marginal lines, with marginal dots elongated into striz, a very beautiful form with all four wings of a rich purple, and forms in which a white conspicuous line appears between the dark area and the pink suffusion.—Rev. J. HE. Tarbat, 9 A. coridon without trace of marginal spots, an ab. obsoleta, and a 2 with the marginal spots coalesced; and an asymmetrically marked Sphinz ligustrt.—Mr. Prideaux, a series of aberrations of 2? P. warus and an example of Runucia phlaeas ab. schnudtw (yellow).—Mr. Edwards, exotic Papilionide and species of the genus Urania.—Mr. H. Moore, a box of specimens of species showing the same kind of deformity as ab. roystonensis of A. coridon to support his contention that they are cripples and not worthy of distinctive names.—Mr. C. P. Pickett, a drawer of representative specimens of Angerona prunaria, the results of nineteen years’ breeding, and read notes on his experiments with coloured environment. He also showed a long series of ab. picket- taria. Mr. Pickett also exhibited several drawers of A. cordon, Se SOCIETIES. 47 aberrations taken in the Herts district in 1916, and read notes on the various forms met with.—Mr. R. Adkin, series of Polyommatus icarus from many outlying parts of England, Scotland, Ireland, and the islands, and compared the races as to size, colour, and markings.— Hy. J. TURNER. THe DrerpysHIRE ENtTomoLocican Socrety.—October 28th, 1916, Mr. James Douglas, President, in the chair.—The special groups selected for exhibition were the Melanippe (Xanthorhoé) and Melanthia (Mesoleuca). The President exhibited two boxes of lepidoptera taken this year, including a series of Argynnis euphrosyne showing a fine range of variation. A bred series of Plusia moneta from larvee taken in his own garden at Chellaston, the specimens being of a darker colour than those from the south and having a more silvery appearance. Melanippe (Xanthorhoé) montanata, a series from Shropshire showing a fine range of variation, with the extreme form var. lumbaria Hbn., var. continwata Kaulik, and var. degenerata. Mr. H. C. Hayward showed a series of Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus and L. callune (Palm.) from Bude and Derbyshire respectively, both reared under identical conditions from 1915 ova in the south, and both producing imagines in July and August, 1916. A series of Melanthia and Melanippe, including aberrations of Melanthia rubiginata, Melanippe rivata, and M. fluctwata, the last named including Shetland forms, and a specimen of var. costovata from Repton. A collection of Tortrices, Tinex, and a few Pyralides from Repton, 1916, including the following thirty-seven species not recorded in the county list in the Victoria County History: Crambus pinellus, Scoparia crategella. Tortrices : Sciaphila pascuana, S. wahlbomiana, Grapholitha cinerana, Retinia posticana, Dichroiampha simpliciana. Tinee: Dasystoma salicella, Epichnopteryx pulla, Tinea biseliella, Lampronia rubiella, Micropteryx purpurella, M. unimaculella, Swammerdamia cesiella, S. lutaria, Prays curtisellus, Harpipteryx nenorella, Depressaria zephyrella, Gelechia mgra, G. scalella, Pecilia nivea, Buialis fusco-enea, Heliozele stanneella, Argyresthia conjugella, A. semifusca, A. mendica, A. pygmaeella, Cedestis farinatella, C. gysselinella, Ornix scoticella, Coleophara lutipenella and Bletoteres glabratella. The last species is not yet included in the British lists but has been recently reported elsewhere. Chrysochoris festaliella, Hlachista apici- punctella, Lithocolletes oxyacanthe, L. frélichiella and Trifurcula pulverosella.—Mr. 8. Hooke exhibited Melanthia rubiginata, M. albicillata, Melanippe hastata and M. procellata.—Dr. Winstan St. A. St. John showed a series of Spilosoma mendica bred trom Kent ova, the majority being the type but three having a tendency towards var. rusteca. Two typical specimens of this brood paired, the larvee being fed on osier. About half the pups emerged. The ? 2 tended to black spots on the posterior margin of the hind wing. and to var. rustica, all the males being var. rustica. S. lubricepeda var. fasciata. Odontopera bidentata. A bred specimen with a large area of the hind wings without scales.—Mr. W. H. Sankey exhibited a series of § Saturnia pavonia obtained by “sembling” at Darby Dale, including an almost completely melanie form, Hugonia hie “ ee ee ae ee 48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (Ennomos) autumnaria, a bred series from a ? taken at Ramsgate last — year.—Mr. A.Simmons showed Cosma paleacea and Hrastria fasciana. —Mr. G. Hanson Sale, Hupithecia coronata, taken at Coxbeach, being a new record for Derbyshire.-—G. Hanson SAE; Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Notice sur les Glossines ow Tsétsés. Par E. Huau, ingénieur agricole, attaché au Ministére des Colonies de Belgique. (Royaume de Belgique, Ministére des Colonies, Service de l’Agriculture.) Londres: Hutchinson & Co., 1915. A USEFUL and interesting treatise of 148 pages well and fully illustrated. Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge. (Royaume de Belgique, Ministére des Colonies.) Vol. vi, no. 1-2; Mars—Juin, 1915. Londres: Hutchinson & Co. Treats of agriculture and farming. Reports on Scale Insects. By J. H. Comstock. (Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 372.) | Published at. Ithaca, New York; March, 1916. An important publication of 178 pages (with 26 plates and a number of other illustrations) in which a number of scale insects are dealt with, and in some cases described. Wie “Gynandromorphism,’ and Kindred Problems. By H. A. Cockayne, M.D., M.R.C.P., F.E.S. ‘Journal of Genetics,’ vol. v, 1915. We have received in separate form Dr. Cockayne’s latest contri- bution to a fascinating subject, and congratulate the author upon a really valuable addition to our knowledge thereof. He has collected the known instances of gynandromorphism in the recorded cases, and throws much additional light on the association of the phenomenon with heterochroism. He demonstrates how it may be hereditary by direct and indirect descent, and his remarks confirm the observations of many collectors at home and abroad that there are genera decidedly more prone to gynandromorphism than others—e.g. the Lycenide, and of them the groups Agriades and Polyommatus. It is really extraordinary how dimorphism is so often accompanied by the genesis of individuals structurally associated with both sexes. I recall to mind the large number of true gynandromorphous P. icarus taken on an area less perhaps than a hundred acres by Mr. Oberthir’s _ collectors at Dompuric-sur-Mer, in the Lower Charente, where also the “whole blue” females of A. corydon and A. thetis—syngrapha and coelestis—are actually in the ascendant. Dr. Cockayne also shows how in-breeding tends to the same result, especially in the case of hybrids, such as the several hybrid races produced by crossing species of the genus Amorpha (Smerinthus). This paper, with its admirable photographic plates, sums up at once our present know- ledge of a subject to which Dr. Cockayne’s own observations have contributed not a little, while his lucid style and reasoned scheme of diagnosis help us to grasp technicalities of description too often unintelligible to the lay mind unversed in the methods of advanced scientific research work. A word of unqualified praise must also be} accorded the woodcuts in the text of dissections and Ee aa . R.-B, 4 4 a wile Hil, tendon, ‘N, W. Ree Pek oy la ee Z- wi! Ea ONES I PI FMlusteated. WMonthly Fournal OF ane: f & Pr eek BASS i bral f GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. _- EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S ) (WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.16.S, . 6.3, GAHAN, D.Sc, M.A. FLEAS. ‘BH, ROWLAND-BROWN, MA.,B.E.S. W..J, LUCAS, B.A., ¥.I.5, W. Lb. DISTANT, ¥.B.8., eo. 0 7 | GLAUDE MORLEY, ¥-E.8., F.2.8., . P. W. FROHAWK, ¥.1.S., M.B.0.0. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., FI.8., &. oS s.) By mutual confidence and mutual aid rite Great. deeds are done ang great discoveries made,’ ZA) x LONDON: \ \ Yiu BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, ios Price Ninepence. ) should be sent to R. South “ile -ADLARD- & SON & WEST NEWMAN, HID Gia EEE aI oS Ne MEER De = SRS BR PEE TEP EE ane — LE SSL ROE A ER ECE nee TOE WATKIN — - ‘DON CASTER, _ Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus ‘and Cabinets. : Piatm ets Nets, wire or cane, inoinding: Stick, 1s. 3d., 28., 2g. 6d. Folding Notes 38. Gil., Umbrella Nets (self- ‘mauings;” te. Pocket Baan “60:,- 90%; .18., 16 .60..% Zine Ruesive Boxes, 9d., 1s., 18. 6d., 28. Nested Ohin. Boxes, 7d. per four dozer. Hutomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., ‘Is. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, ‘2s. Ba. t0j8s, Suearine Lin, wish brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. 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Pups, Digger, iu leather sheath, 1s. 9d... Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most — necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6. Scalpels; Is. 3d. ; Scissors, 28. per pair: Bgy-drills, 24., 80., 94.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and — Animals; Label- lists of Britis Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds’ Wges, 2d., 8d., 6d; ditto of fuand and Presi-water Shells, 2d.: ‘Uselul Books on Insects, Eggs, ees Sa SILVER PINSfor collectors of Micro- Lepidoptera, &c., as well as minute insects of all other families. : We stock various sizes and anette of these Silver Pins, which hase certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. —~ For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiide, &c., are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much longer. We shall be pleased . to send patterns on application. SHOW KOOM FOR CABINETS. ot every description for Insgors, Birvs’ Haas, Coins, Microscopival, OnsxoTs Fossins, &e. Oatalogue (100 pp.) sent on appiication, postfres. = = s LARGE STOOK OF INSECTS AND Ct fac EGGS” (BRITISH, KUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, do., Preserved ond Mounted by First-clase Wikaeal », STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENCE ANDE GRAND 1916 INSECTS, Perfection in Setting, Mendica var. Rustica; fine Intermediate; Melanie Consonaria; Yellow and Salmon Filipendule ; Papilionaria; Bicuspis; Yellow Dominula’; fs Nebulosa vars. Robsoni, Thompsoni, Intermediate; Corydon var. Semi- syngrapha, and many other vars.; Tilie vars.; Consortaria, dark; Irish Napi; Icarus vars.; Barrettii (1914 bred) ; and many other fine insects of commoner species. Fine healthy Pupe in great quantity. New Price Lists just ready; send for them at once. Liberal terms for all stages. to. * clients requiring a dozen or more; I will quote for any desired. 2s ‘Valuable Hints,’ a leaflet of great use, 94., post free. ‘Text-Book a of British Lepidoptera,’ by Newman and Leeds, .38. 10d., post free. — L. W. NEWMAN, ‘FES., BEXLEY, KENT. AIRS'T-CLASS 40-drawer mahogany CABINET, drawers 20 X16 x 93 ine cost £50, price £30; also GurNuy’s CABINET, 30 drawers on pedestal, £25. ~ Full particulars on BEER RORY: Owen Wilson’s ‘‘Larve of Lepidoptera and their — Foodplants,” complete in 5 parts, mostly uncut, 85/-. . Tutt’s “ British. Moths sate 6 vols., published at £6, as new, £38, - Noel Humphrey’ s ‘Genera of British Moths. and ‘Butterflies,’’ 3 vols., 50/-. Many others. ee A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. Haas ny THE ENTOMOLOGIST. | Vou. L.] SMA CH VOL 7. [No. 646 7 APLECTA NEBULOSA, HUFN, VAR. PLUMBOSA, VAR. NOY. By Wma. Manssripaz, F.E.S. Havine been interested in Aplecta nedulosa and its variation since I came to reside in Liverpool twelve years ago, it has always been one of my favourite excursions in early spring to go for the larva, which is sometimes abundant in Delamere Forest. In _ most seasons the aberrant specimens obtained from these larve have been paired in different combinations, and occasionally I have reared a family of the commonest form, which in Lanca- shire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire represents the type, but is by some authors, e.g. Tutt, ‘ Brit. Noct. and their Vars.,’ ili, p. 68, _ considered to be var. bimaculosa, Ksp.; hereafter I shall refer _ to this as the local type. The local type forms vary from light grey, really a mixture of black and white, in which the white scales predominate, to ground-colour of the fore-wings; invariably, however, the ground-colour is a mixture of black and white producing the well- known mottled appearance. ‘Thus the darkest can easily be recognised as of the type form. In 1913 I had a large number of larve, as that season they were common in the Forest, and thinking they might be useful to some of my correspondents I paired a couple of the darkest mottled specimens that emerged, expecting to breed forms like the parents, as all experiments in breeding from the local type had, both with myself and others, yielded progeny like the original pair. The result was most unexpected, as in 1914 I bred 86 moths, of which 29, or 33:7 per cent., were of the ordinary local type _ form, rather paler than usual; 35, or 40°7 per cent. var. robsoni ; _ and 22, or 25°5 per cent., of a leaden-grey variation, perfectly uniform in fascies, and quite distinct from either of the others ENTOM.—MARCH, 1917. E very dark grey where the black scales are most numerous, in the © a ee ee! eas oe 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, I was at once struck by the approximation of these figures to Mendelian proportions for simple opposed characters. I did not obtain any wild larve in 1914, so could not repeat the experiment until the next year, when again a couple of very dark local type forms were selected. Unfortunately, the larvee hibernated badly, and only 19 survived to emerge in June, 1916. These were as follows: 13 type forms ranging from light to dark, 4 var. robsoni, and 2 dark plumbosa. In this instance the small proportion, about 6 per cent., of imagines does not confirm the assumption of Mendelian inheritance, although the fact that all the three variations again appeared from similar parentage suggests that segregation of two opposed characters does occur. What is perhaps more remarkable, however, is the sudden appearance of the black form robsont as a distinct aberration. So far as lam aware, the black varieties of nebulosa have never before been bred from any form of the type, when both parents have been of the grey-mottled character, but, on the other hand, they always appear if one or both parents are black; hence, robsont would be expected from a wild type female if she had paired with a black male. I do not wish in this article to expand the suggestiveness of this result in its bearing upon the general origin of melanism, but as it arises from the two experiments it should not be passed over without mention; it will suffice to remark that probably we have here an indication as to the genesis of the black forms robsoni and thompson of nebulosa. The variation I now propose to call plumbosa is bred annually from wild larve to the extent of 1 to 3 per cent., hence, next to thompsoni it is the rarest of the naturally occurring forms; it also varies from leaden-grey to fuscous-grey in ground-colour, but is never black, in this respect being parallel to the lighter and darker forms of the local type. The following is a description of var. plumbosa: Fore-wings leaden-grey to fuscous-grey; stigmata faintly outlined with white and exteriorly with black ; transverse lines faintly white, posteriorly black, interrupted ; a transverse series of small black acute tooth-shaped marks representing the subterminal line; on the termen aseries of black lunules and dots; the veins in the subterminal region black; hind-wings, in both sexes, uniform dark grey, the veins darker than the ground-colour. Head, thorax, petagia, and abdomen as in the local type (var. bimacu- dosa, Esp.), but slightly darker. Types, two males and two females, representing palest and darkest, in coll. W.M. 4, Norwich Road, Liverpool, January 27th, 1917. CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH BRACONIDA. 5E CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDA. No. 3.—MICROGASTERIDE. ByiG. ©. lives, FES. (Continued from vol. xlix, p. 272.) Section 2.—APANTELES. THE majority of the species included in this section are parasitic on the larve of Micro-Lepidoptera, and consequently are not so well known as those which prey on the ‘‘ Macros.” Since the days of George Elisha and W. H. B. Fletcher there seem to have been but few students of the earlier stages of our smaller moths who have preserved the far from uncommon hymenopterous parasites. It is to be hoped that the volume on the “‘ Micros’ promised us by the editor of the ‘ Entomologist’ will do much to induce entomologists to take up the study of these interesting and often beautiful insects, and I trust that one result will be a greatly increased knowledge of their parasites. Decorus, Hal.* Haliday considered this to be the same as his annularis, but Reinhard and Marshall make annularis = emarginatus, Wees. All the specimens I have seen agree perfectly with the original description, excepting that I do not find the wings to be pure hyaline. Klisha bred the species from Conchylis dilucidana. Haliday obtained it from oak and larch. In Harwood’s collection I have seen three females labelled by him ‘“‘ Fir, Berechurch, 25/6/14.” Xanthostigmus, Hal.t It is fairly easy to recognise this species by its pale stigma, which has a noticeable fuscous border. There is a medial depression on the metathorax, and a medial longitudinal channel on the first abdominal segment. In my specimens the terebra is two-thirds the length of the abdomen. Seems to be common and has been bred many times. I have obtained it from a larva of Paramesia ferrugana, October 10th, 1914, and from a cocoon found on hawthorn May 16th, 1916. Cocoon white and smooth with a satiny gloss. Pretor, Marsh. { This fine species, which expands as much as 9-10 mm., was described by Marshall from two males captured by Bignell in South Devon, and one bred by Elisha from Catoptria emulana ; * «Ent. Mag.,’ ii, p. 254. + ‘Ent. Mag.,’ ii, p. 246. t ‘Trans. Entom. Soc.,’ 1885, p. 197. 52. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Morley records two specimens taken by Capron at Shiere in Surrey (‘ Entomologist,’ xxxix, p. 102), and I have seen a pair captured by Harwood at Colford, August 17th, 1914, and a female also taken by him at Stanway in July, 1914. These appear to be the only records. The insect may be distinguished by the infumated wings, which have the first abscissa of the radius and the first intercubital nervure united in a curve, there being no elbow at the point of junction. This latter peculiarity may be noticed in other species in this genus, but, as far as I know, in none very nearly related to A. pretor. The second abdominal segment is rather more than half as long as the third, which renders it rather difficult to classify the insect, although the exserted terebra, combined with the shape of the first segment, refers it to this section. Emarginatus, Nees.* A species which may be recognised by the pale spot at the inner angle of the stigma. I have taken it by sweeping, but not frequently. Harwood has a specimen labelled “Dulwich, 6/7/15.” Bignell bred it from Depressaria nervosa. Obscurus, Nees. As Marshall remarks, this insect, excepting in the wings, has much the appearance of a Microgaster. The metathorax is distinctly rugose, a character not common in this division of the genus. I possess a single male, swept from low bushes on May 26th, 1912. Viminetorum, Wesm.t On p. 200 of the ‘Trans. Entom. Soe.’ for 1885, Marshall, in describing this species, gives the second abdominal segment as smooth; this, however, may be merely a slip of the pen, as he contradicts himself on p. 208. Wesmael says the second segment is distinctly rugulose. I have three females which I must refer to this species, though perhaps rather doubtfuily: One bred from a small larva of Hylophila bicolorana, May 9th, 1911, another from a full-fed larva of Nola cucullatella, May 6th, 1911, and the third from. Hybernia rupicapraria, July 17th, 1911. Albipennis, Nees. Seems to be a somewhat common insect, though I have never met with it myself. The second abdominal segment is very short, and the apex of the subcostal nervure on the hind wing is noticeably fuscous. * «Mon. Aff.,’ 1. p. 182. fe Mion. vAdi.281,.p- 182% t ‘Mon. Aff.,’ 1, p. 186. NEW SPECIES CF NOCTUID AND GEOMETRID FROM FORMOSA. 53 Harwood has a female which he bred from a larva of Platyptilia bertrami, the cocoon which accompanies it is thin, rather papyraceous; glossy and more elongate than is usual in Apanteles, but possibly the elongation may be accidental. (To be continued.) NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDH AND GEOMETRIDA FROM FORMOSA. By A. E. Winueman anp Ricuarp SoutH. Noctuips. Anachrostis indistincta, sp. Nn. dg. Fore wings pale brown with darker markings, and some rather long brownish hairs on dorsum towards base; costa marked with dark brown, becoming blackish near apex; transverse lines indistinct, discoidal dot black; terminal area freckled with darker brown, interrupted terminal line black; fringes pale. Hind wings pale fuscous with dusky discoidal dot and terminal line. Underside pale brown with a slight reddish tinge, a black discoidal dot on all wings. Expanse, 17 millim. Type, male, in the British Museum. Kanshirei (1000 ft.), Formosa (Wileman), May 2nd, 1907. Anepa irrorata, sp. 0. ?. Fore wings pale brown with slight rufous tinge, finely irrorated with black; antemedial line blackish curved and fairly distinct ; postmedial line black, almost straight, inner edge rather diffuse, outer edge bordered with clear pale brown; a white dot in the cell and a black point at outer end of the cell; subterminal line indicated by black dots, only distinct at costa and dorsum ; terminal dots black, fringes greyish brown. Hind wings fuscous with a dusky discoidal mark and oblique line beyond ; fringes paler. Expanse, 30 millim. Type in the British Museum. Sikkim (Dudgeon). This specimen was referred by Colonel Swinhoe to A. doda, A.M.N.H. (7), xv, p. 503 (1905). With it there is also a female from Formosa collected by Hobson at Tamsui; this is some- what larger, the antemedial line is not clearly defined and the white dot is less distinct. GEOMETRIDAE. Boarmia subochrearia, sp. n. 6. Fore wings whitish ochreous, shaded with brown on costal area, freckled with brown on medial third, and clouded with darker brown and black on basal and terminal thirds; antemedial and post- 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. medial lines dark brownish, indistinct; discoidal lunule black set im a dusky cloud; terminal line black, black dashes between veins 4 and 6; fringes grey, ochreous at base and tips. Hind wings similar to. fore wings, but the basal area is not clouded and the discoidal mark is punctiform. Underside more ochreous and without dark clouding at base of all the wings, clouding on terminal area blacker. Expanse, 36 millim. Collection number 1898. A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft., April, 1908). Allied to B. sublimis, Butl. Letropis nigrosparsa, sp. ni. g. ., seven or eight, June 1st-14th, New Forest (South), one, July 30th, Eastbourne, Sussex (South), one, July, Whalley Range, Man, chester (sent by T. A. Coward); C. alba, Linn., eight or nine- June 1st-14th, New Forest (South), two, on South London Society’s excursion to Netley Heath, etc., on June 24th (W. J. L.); C. flavifrons, Brauer, one, on the excursion just mentioned (W. J. L.); C. prasina, Ramb. (= aspersa, Wesm.), three,. June 1st-14th, New Forest (South); C. ventralis, Curt., one June 12th, New Forest (South), one, June 17th, near Oxshott, Surrey (W. J. L.); C. perla, Linn., four, June Ist-i4th, New Forest (South). Belonging to this group, though the colour is ruddy-brown instead of green, are two British insects belonging to the genus Nothochrysa, McLach. Mr. South took both species during the summer— WN. capitata, Fabr., two, June 1st— 14th, Oberwater, in the New Forest, beaten from oak near the place where H. quadrifasciatus (above) was captured; N. fulvi- ceps, Steph., one, August 12th, Stanhope, Co. Durham. Both are scarce, the latter being decidedly rare. There is a close resemblance between them, but N. fulviceps is perceptibly the. larger species. ScorPION-FLIES.—Hleven records of these curious insects have: come to hand, but all refer to the two common species: Panorpa germanica, Linn., two males, June 3rd, near Horsley, Surrey (W. J. L.); three females, June 8th-14th, New Forest (South) ; one female, June 24th, on South London Society’s excursion to Netley Heath (W. J. L.); one female, July 1st, Wisley district, Surrey (W. J. L.); ainale and a female, August 8th, near Rhine-- field, New Forest (W. J. L.). Panorpa communis, Linn., one male, June 8th—14th, New Forest (South); one female, June 24th, on South London excursion just mentioned (W. J. L.); one male, July 29th, near Rhinefield, New Forest (W. J. L.) ; two females, August 8th, near Rhinefield (W. J. L.); one, on the Gloucester- shire side of the Wye Valley, opposite Tintern, August 19th. BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN THE PYRENEES ORIENTALES. 89 (H. J. Burkill) ; one male, August 20th, at Hurst Hill, New Forest, resting on bracken (W. J. L.). Scorpion-flies, at any rate in the New Forest, seem to like to rest on the bracken- leaves. Most, or all, of those I have met with this summer in the Forest were on bracken, and I had noticed the same habit previously. It is not clear why this plant should have an attraction for them. Kingston-on-Thames, March, 1917. BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN THE PYRENEES- | ORIENTALES. By James R. McCriynmonr. ‘I passep the summer of 1916—mid-June to early September— at Vernet-les-Bains, which is situated in the broad valley of the Cady at an elevation of about 2100 ft. It is in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales and about thirty miles from the sea. When I went there I had no intention of collecting butterflies but their great abundance invited to the pursuit, and I obtained a net with an opening seven and a half inches wide—a mere toy in fact. The aim I set before myself was extensive rather than intensive. I mean that I tried to ascertain how many species and varieties I could capture, and I devoted seven weeks to the pursuit. The result was that I caught fifty-three species and seven varieties. I have taken considerable pains to identify these. As all my specimens were obtained within a radius of two miles from the Thermal Establishment no truly alpine species appear in the list. I soon noticed that although butterflies might be caught anywhere in the vicinity there were certain spots which they particularly affected. 1 address this portion of my paper to those who are acquainted with the charming locality of which I write. Amongst the favourite spots was the path which leads past the tennis ground on the left bank of the Cady. There Parnassius apollo* glided unexpectedly into my tiny net, and there I captured P. napi var. napee. A very rough path which followed for a short distance a disused mine tramway, and eventually lost itself on the hills in the direction of Sahorre, yielded Limenitis camilla. On the path to the Plateau de Badaball Satyrus alcyone, var. vernetensis, Obthr. abounded. I began to collect on July 6th and took my last specimens on the 25th of August. I divide the species and varieties caught * The magnificent form apollo pyrenaicus, Obthr., is beautifully figured from this locality in ‘ Lépid Comparée,’ Fasc. viii, plts. cc, cci. A whole volume is devoted to this species, and constitutes the most completely illustrated monograph yet issued (H. R.-B.). ENTOM.—APRIL, 1917, bt 90 Te THE ENTOMOLOGIST. into two sections, the first of which contains those caught in July or in July and August, the second those caught in August only. Those caught in July or in July and August were Parnassius apollo 2; Aporia crategi $ and ¢; Pieris brassice, P. rape, P.napi; Euchlie cardamines, HE. euphendides 3 ; Leptidia sinapis 9, L. duponcheli (see infra) ; Colias edusa 3 and $ ; Gonepteryx rhamnt 3 and ¢, Limenitis camilla; Melitea didyma 2, M. deione, M. athalia, M. parthenie 3 and?; Argynnis aglaia 3g, Dryas paphia 3 ; Polygonia C.-album; Eugonia polychloros, Pyrameis atalanta, Vanessa io, Melanargia lachesis, Satyrus alcyone g and 2; S. circe S$; Hipparchia semele?; Pararge mera, var. adrasta 2; P. megera 3; P. egeria, Epinephele janira g ; E. tithonus 3; E. pasiphaé $; Aphantopus hyperanthus 2? ; Cano- nympha arcanius, Hrebia evias (this is a very late date), Thecla esculi, Lesopis roboris 3 ; Chrysophanus dorilis ¢ ; C. phleas, Aricia medon, Polyommatus icarus § and 2 ; Agriades escheri, Celastrina argiolus 3; and Adopea linea. The following species, varieties, and sex not caught in July were met with in August: [phiclides podalirius, var. (? protesilaus) t g and @ ; Pieris napi var. napee ; Leptidia sinapis var. erysimt, L. sinapis, var. diniensis, Melitea didyma 3 , Melanargia galatea,* Hipparchia briseis 2; Satyrus statilinus, var. allionia 2; Coeno- nympha pamphilus 3 ; C. pamphilus, var. lyllus: Agriades bellargus 3; A. corydon 3; Carcharodus alcee ; Thanaos tages 2 ; Hesperia sao, Augiades sylvanus 3; and Hrynnis comma ¢ . In addition to these I saw at least two other butterflies which I failed to identify. One of them was, or resembled Euvanessa antiopa. It took to flight and soared out of reach and quite left the locality. This happened in the valley of ;the Sahorre. The other resembled the variety of podalirius which I caught, but was of a much darker yellow tint. Iphiclides podalirius, var. (? protesilaus g¢ and @?),+ August 2nd, 1916, and August 4th, 1916. Both examples differ from podalirius and from feisthamelit in having only a narrow black streak instead of a broad black band along the inner margin on the upper surface of the hind wing. The abdomen, instead of being black as in podalirius, is black above and white below, and the division between the two colours is very sharp and well defined. The hind margin on the upper surface of the hind wing is strongly ochreous in one example (¢) and slightly so in the other (2). In this respect and in the ground colour, which is very pale straw, the examples resemble feisthamelit. But, other- wise, they are dissimilar from that variety as described get depicted i in Lang’s ‘ Butterflies of Europe.’ * As M. galatea is not known to occur in the same locality as M. lachesis in this region, a further note is apes (H. R.-B.). a t Cp. dellowing note (H. R.-B.). : 3 as pt BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN THE PYRENEES ORIENTALES. 91 ‘Leptidia duponcheli,’ Stgr., 1 am informed that this example, caught July 6th, 1916, is Leptidia sinapis, ab. sartha, Ruhl. I can perceive no difference from duponcheli.* Dryas paphia, L., 3, July 6th, 1916. The two rows of black spots near the hind margin on the upper surfaces of the hind Wings are repeated as dull olive-green spots on dull greenish- purple on the under surface. Chrysophanus dorilis, Hf., 2, July 15th, 1916. This was the only example seen. The under surface is very bright, that of the fore wing is orange, particularly bright in the centre, that of the hind wing yellow, and it has the normal spots (the usual summer form of the Hastern Pyrenees, H. R.-B.). Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France. IpHICLIDES (PAPILIO) PODALIRIUS, Var. FEISTHAMELII. Var. feisthamelii, Dup., gen. vern. miegii, Th. Mieg. — In connection with Mr. McClymont’s observations the following notes from my MS. Catalogue may be of interest. Apparently this form does not extend into France much beyond the foothills of the Pyrenees, and there only in the eastern region, the two forms meeting at Gedre (Htes.- Pyrénées). Bromilow mentions ab. miegi with the type in the Alpes- Maritimes, but probably he confused this form with ab. zancleus, Zeller. At any rate M. Oberthur, who has carefully considered the distribution of feisthameli, offers no evidence in support of an extended range eastward in this direction. Departmental records as follows :— Arvége.—An intermediate form at Lavelant (Caradja). Aude.—The gen. vern. miegii is the form taken by the late Mr. A. S. Tetley at Axat in June, 1909. Haute-Garonne.—Miegit and feisthamelit; Arguenos, St. Béat, Aspet (Caradja). Hautes - Pyrénées.— One example, confirmed as such by M. Oberthur, taken with the type at Géedre, Gave du Pau; representing the western limit; miegit also occurring “‘at the lower end of the high valleys of the department, as at Gedre’”’ (Rondou). Hérault.—Typical podalirius only (Oberthur). Pyrénées-Orientales—M. Rondou says that feisthamelit re- places the type in the spring at Le Vernet, meaning, I suppose, the form miegit. M. Oberthur says that here the * Both Lang’s figures and descriptions are most misleading, and the latter especially yague and incomplete. JL. duponcheli was not recorded from the Pyrenees until quite recently, when Mr. Bethune-Baker, collecting in 1913, reported a single example of the gen. est. estivalis, Bellier, taken between Vernet and the Col. du Cheval Mort. I failed to identify it in 1905 when there. Dr. Verity figures (Rhopal. Palearct., pl. xxxix, fig. 52) a form of sinapis, pseudoduponcheli, Verity, Le Vernet, and I expect this is the form now returned as ab. sartha (H.-R.-B.). 92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. summer and spring forms overlap, occurring also in the plain of Rousillon, at Amelie-les-Bains, and at Corsavy from March onwards to September. Mr. Tetley reported miegit at Le Vernet in June, 1907; Sprongerts, feistha- melit at Sorede, and Dr. T. A. Chapman miegit at the beginning of April at Amelie-les-Bains. Both M. Oberthur and Dr. Verity consider this to be a dis- tinct species. The former states that he has never found the two flying together, either in the Pyrénées-Orientales or in Spain (Andalusia), and Mr. Powell confirms this observation for Algeria, where typical podalirius does not occur at all. Mr. Powell has bred the Algerian gen. est. lottert at Lambése, and figures larva and pupa in situ on the food-plant (Lépid. Com- parée, fasc. vii, pl. 20), adding that all green pupe produced lottert. An exhaustive account of the Algerian J. feisthameli is pub- lished in fase. x (loc. cit., pp. 21-33), and forms figured, pl. eclxxvii, var. wndecimlineatus ; pl. eclxxvii bis, fig. 2258 lis, var. primularis, Obthr., and gen. est. lotteri, female, fig. 2258 ter. H. Rowxanp-Brown. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Some SrepHanips#.—Mr. Morley (antea, p.35) mentions Cameron’s Stephanus rufo-ornaius, and, while correctly placing it in the sub- genus Parastephanellus, transforms the specific name into the remarkable compound ‘ rufidornatus.’ On my protesting against this, I was informed, first, that he objects to the juxtaposition of two vowels, and always alters such names wherever met with. I question whether anyone has a right to act in this arbitrary manner. Secondly, that one such altered name had been quoted without comment. This appears to me merely to emphasise the need of watchfulness. Thirdly, as to the word: it is said to be formed on the analogy of ‘‘lividus”’ or some similar Latin word containing a «d”’ in the last syllable. Will someone who has a better knowledge of Latin than I can boast of kindly state whether the above com- pound is permissible? In any case, I consider the original to be preferable—Hrnest A. Evuiorr; 16, Belsize Grove, N.W., Feb- ruary 27th, 1917. Insect DIsAPPEARANCES AND REAPPEARANCES.—Looking back over a long life in which entomology has been my chief hobby, I am unable to note ‘“ that there seems to be a tendency in a great many moths to appear in periodical cycles and then disappear again ”’ (‘ Entomologist,’ December, 1916, p. 284). This, of course, is an individual experience; and the ‘‘ tendency’ may be proved to exist by overwhelming testimony from other observers, who will, it is hoped, give the results of their observations. The subject is a very interesting one, so interesting that it tempts me to add a little on insect disappearances and reappearances. The sudden disappearance of Chrysophunus dispar from 1845 to NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 98 1847 has never been satisfactorily explained, and no eyele, I am told, has yet restored Aporza crateg: to its haunts of sixty years ago, excepting Kent, where it may have been reintroduced from the Con- tinent. Nor would the reappearance of C. dispar at all astonish me, since attempts have been made for some time to establish Dutch specimens said to present no difference to the aborigines. 2 Turning to moths, 7rzgonophora flammea (empyrea) has apparently disappeared from its Sussex haunts for years. Other examples of total and inexplicable disappearances could be given, but I refrain from treading further on what may be delicate ground. I will only say, as having some bearing on this part of the subject, that all my attempts at transplanting lepidopterous insects have been total ‘failures, although every care was taken to select what appeared to be identical habitats. : So much for what seems inexplicable. But there are insect disappearances which are as permanent as the examples given, and which admit of explanation. In my experience I have known a colony -of Plebetuws @gon exterminated in a small, isolated area in a few hours by over-collecting. Some years ago Pieris napi was abundant near Chester, the females especially being heavily charged with black. Next year there were none, farming operations having destroyed the food-plants. Canonympha tiphon (davus) vanished from a spot which was entirely changed by a growth of trees. Another limited locality for this butterfly was reclaimed and cultivated, and, of course, tiphon disappeared. We now reach the fact that ‘all species are commoner one year than another.” In considering this part of the subject the year 1916 stands out as a dismal illustration, and, as far as my observation in this district was concerned, I agree with Colonel Rattray that it was a disastrous year for the collector. Pueris brassice and P. rape appeared in their usual numbers (a few years ago P. brassice almost disappeared), but these species struck me as being the only ones whose numbers were normal. In September, 1915, Pyrameis atalanta could be seen commonly enough in the park feeding on the big daisy-like flowers of Senecio clivorwm, or on the long blue flower- spikes of Buddleia albiflora. So engrossed were they that I frequently picked them off with finger and thumb when they closed their wings, and then letting them fly again. In 1916 I did not see one or even a larva. A few Vanessa io (absent in 1915, and rare for some years back) took their place; colonies of to caterpillars were seen last June on nettles outside the town two miles away. A very unusual feature in the past season was the almost total disappearance of A. urtice. Probably the inclement spring—con- tinued well into June—had much to do with diminished numbers, but the wandering habits of the butterflies just mentioned will account for districts being sometimes missed in the distribution of species. _ J observed a similar falling off in the number of moths in 1916 Ivy was not attacked by larvee of Boarmia rhomboidaria, Jerusalem artichoke, and other plants by Aretza lubricepeda, or loganberry by Odontopera bidentata, and the numbers of perfect insects of these species was correspondingly small. (It is remarkable how different 94 - (HE ENTOMOLOGIST. is the caterpillar of bidentata when taken from Scotch firs—humped and marbled with greens and reds—but the moths as closely like each other as in the case of Acronycta tridens and A. pst.) Dragonflies, on the whole, were also few. A schna grandis, one of our commonest, was conspicuously scarce, but A. cyanea was frequently seen close to Chester, a specimen being captured in a chemist’s shop. But it is an ill wind that blows nobody good. The disastrous 1916 even affected insect garden pests. Abraxas grossularvata (always severely typical), Halia vauaria (wavaria), and the well- known sawfly refrained from violent attacks on gooseberry bushes, while the extraordinary show of roses was probably due to the almost entire absence of the common green Aphis. (A strawberry bed in my garden was nearly ruined in 1915 by the latter pest.) Referring again to roses, it was interesting to watch one or two leatf- cutting bees (? Megachile circwmcincta) cutting semi-circular pieces out of the leaves, rolling them up under their legs so as to present the smallest possible obstruction to the air in flight and then dis- appear in a hole in a brick wall so inconspicuous that the flight of the insect had to be followed with the eye before the hole could be discovered. Wild bees evidently suffered from the cold spring. In 1915 they were abundant—Bombus lapidarius, B. terrestris, var lucorum, and B. muscorum = agrorum. A similar fate befell saw flies and hover- flies.—J. ARKLE; 25, King Street, Chester. THe Barrerr Co~uection.-—Lepidopterists will be interested to hear that the collections of the late Mr. J. Platt Barrett were bequeathed to the Horniman Museum. They include many beautiful aberrations of butterflies and moths, among them the extraordinary lachesis-like example of Melanargia galatea taken by Mr. Barrett in North Kent, and similar to that figured and described by the late S. Stevens in the ‘Entomologist’ (vol. ix, p. 193). It is figured (Pl. xii) in the Proceedings of the South London Natural History, Society for 1915-16. The collection also contains rich series of Sicilian butterflies taken during his residence at Messina.—H. R.-B. SOCIETIES. Tue SoutH Lonpon EntomonogicaL and Naturat History Sociery.— January 11th, 1917.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F'.E.S., President, in the chair.—The death of Mr. J. Platt Barrett was announced.— My. Brooks reported Hibernia defoliaria taken by Mr. B.S. Williams, quite freshly emerged, in January.—Mr. Moore, the deep green Sphingid, Huchloron megera, from South Africa. Rev. EH. M:-B: Barr, his captures of the past season in Staffordshire and in the Wye Valley, with Agriades coridon aberrations from Royston, and including Leptosia sinapis, Brenthis selene, Hulype hastata, Venusta cambrica, etc.—Mr. Hugh Main, a cage made by him to facilitate the breeding of Geotrupid beetles and to allow full observation of the digging of the galleries, massing the pabulum, laying the ova, feeding and -growth of the larva, etc., and read a paper, his observations being frequently-at. variance with those previously recorded. OBITUARY. ~ 95 OBITUARY. Artuur Ernest Gisss, F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.E.S. 1859-1917. Amone the many entomologists whose loss we have had to deplore during the past two or three years there is none who will bemore surely missed than Arthur Ernest Gibbs. Small in stature but of abundant energy, to whatever he put his hand, whether in business or in the exercise of his many scientific hobbies, he displayed the same zealous ardour, convinced that if a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. His entomological enthusiasms soon carried him beyond local interests, but he will always be remembered as one of the first of his county to show keen concern for its fauna, flora, and geology, and of his work in this direction the Herts County Museum at St. Albans, to which he gave himself devotedly from the days of its endowment and erection, stands a permanent memorial. It is chiefly as a lepidopterist, however, that his loss is deplored by his many friends, colleagues, and correspondents beyond the ancient city which throughout his life was to be his home. Here under the shadow almost of St. Alban’s Abbey, and for many years in the old house on the site of the monastic fields—Kitchener’s Meads—he formed his collections, local and universal. For consignments of specimens from the palearctic, and tropical regions of Central and South America were continually arriving, and I think it was a first visit to the Vosges in 1908 which began a series of butterfly hunts on the Continent and in Algeria terminated only by the outbreak of the war, when he was actually at Lyons, on the way to “fresh woods and pastures new.” His activities in the London Societies were multi- farious. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean in 1886; of the Entomological in 1906, serving on the Council 1912-14, and at the time of his death again elected to the Council, where he was a much valued member of the Business Committee, his skilled knowledge as printer and man of business serving the Society in good stead. “ Across the water ’’ he was equally well known as a member of the South London Natural History Society, of which he was a vice- president ; and he was also a Fellow of the Zoological. Indeed, he was an admirable example of the saying that it is the busiest men who have most leisure for the amenities of life. To the ‘Entomo- logist’’ he contributed interesting papers on his expeditions to the Vosges, the Jura, and Algeria; to the ‘ Entomologist’s Record’ a useful account of explorations in Bosnia and Montenegro. The Transactions of the Herts. Natural History Society, of which he was sometime secretary and actual president, bear eloquent testimony to his love for the local fauna, the presidential address for the past year being devoted to ‘The Satyrid Butterflies of Hertfordshire, with a short Study of Pararge egeria,” a copy of which, illustrated by a finely-coloured plate, he sent me with a cheerful letter, from what alas ! was to prove the death-bed of his useful and happy career. He leaves a mother, a widow, and three daughters to whom we, his brother entomologists, offer our sincerest sympathy.—H, R.-B, _- 96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Octavius PickarD-CAmBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S. * 1828-1917. THE Rey. Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, who died on March 9th must have been the sole survivor of the brilliant coterie of entomo- logists who made a name for themselves in the early Victorian days, when it was the fashion to regard the student of lepidoptera as an amiable lunatic, or at best ‘‘a spectacled dilettante.” An enthusi- astic naturalist throughout his long life, he will be remembered chiefly as premier authority on Arachnida—his principal study— embodied in several important works, ‘ Specific Descriptions of Trap- door Spiders,’ ‘The Spiders of Dorset,’ and not least the article on Arachnida which appeared in the ninth edition of the ‘ Encylopedia Britannica.’ In addition to these works, the most important, perhaps, is his share of the descriptions of the spiders—the greater part—in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana’ ; the account of the spiders of the second Yarkand Mission; and the two monographs on the British Chernetidea and Phalangzdea—unique of their kind. He also pub- lished every year, for over fifty years, an annual report of new and rare species in various periodicals, the majority in the ‘ Proceedings of the Dorset Field Club,’ of which he was one of the moving spirits ever since its foundation in 1875. As rector of Bloxworth and Winter- borne Thomson, Dorset, for close upon half a century, he was placed in a region well suited to his scientific tastes, and he made the most of his opportunities. His first entomological contribution to the ‘ Zoo- logist’’ (1853), ‘On Robber Bees ; the Phenomenon thus denominated attributed to the Presence of the Honey Moth,” is dated from South- port. In 1854 he recorded ‘The Transformations of Heliothis dipsacea,’ and in 1855 appeared an interesting paper on the much- debated ‘‘Corporeal Sensations of Insects.’ Besides being the captor of the sole British example of Hypena obsitalts, his name is familiar to lepidopterists of the present generation as being the first to record Hveres argiades as a British insect in the ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. Xvili, pp. 249-252). On August 18th, 1885, his son, Charles Owen, captured a female on Bloxworth Heath, and two days later, while hunt- ing together, his son Arthur turned up the second specimen, a male, at the same spot. So far as I know we have no other eye-witness account of argiades taken alive in this country, and after thirty-two years we are forced to the reluctant conclusion that the ‘‘ Bloxworth Blue” has not established itself upon our shores; nor is there reliable evidence that the Dorset captures represent the survival of an indi- genous British race, as in the case of the Norfolk Hesperia armort- canus, Obthr. While Mr. Pickard-Cambridge was a first-rate microlepidopterist, his research work upon Arachnida secured his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society, of which body he must have been nearly the doyen, if not in point of date of election, at least in point of years. He was also a member of the Bournemouth Society of Natural Science of the “eighties.” But his great age interfered little with his physical or mental activities, and the family tradition is carried on by his sons, one of whom, Mr. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, is Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. H. RB. * Cp.the-amusing and characteristic paper ‘‘ Brockenhurst Revisited” (‘ Ento- mologist,’ xxix, pp. 146-149. © subscriptions for 1917 (7s.) should ‘be sent to R. South (Editor), ot 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up Hill, London, N.W. | Vol. L.| MAY, 1917. (No. 648. | ENTOMOLOGIST Mlustrated Monthly Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOURISEN. oe SCS, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.1.8. C. J. GAHAN, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S.| W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | CLAUDE MORLEY, F¥.E.S., F.Z.8. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S., M.B.0.U.| Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &e. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’ Lo \ \prary of Congree ~S LONDON: ADLARD & SON & WEST. NEWMAN, LTR, SN Sonian Depos7 BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE 8.0, 4! ©! Price Ninepence. Pee Ring Nats wire or cane, a Stick, ‘Is. 8d., 28., 28. 6d. "Folding Nets, ‘ .6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), % i6. 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Rea . ; We stock various sizes and leng of these Raver Pins, whiel ee ave cert advantages over the ordinary pins, wl ether enamelled, black, or silver i rg For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy 1 Se are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will dast maueh longer. “We shall be ied to send patterns on application. — “si digests ek é Lipa rs ay Pix’ SHOW Kk 1D; 0: M Leys) Re nel os B INETS “as of every description for Insxcrs, Birps’ Keas, Coins, Microscoricat, Onsners. ' Fossins, &e. _Oatalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, , po i fre A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ “Baas | (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND ‘EXOTIO). RT a hy eae ee Se? Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved ond Mounted by Fists laae Worimen ~s ; 36, STRAND, Pe, LONDON, FINE HEALTHY ane — Mostly bred from wild 9° or wild collected. — , areca PRICE PER DOZEN: ‘ Paphia, 2/6; Artemis (Cornish), 2/- ; ae 3/-; C: Dominula, I/- ; Dominula var. Rossica, '20/- ; Plantagin s, 2/- ; B. 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[No. 648 CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR, AND OTHER BUTTERFLIES AT ST. QUENTIN. By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. Tue Allies’ advance is from henceforward on ground familiar to many lepidopterists. It remains to be seen how far the awful havoe wrought by the retreating enemy, and by our own and the French guns driving him Rhinewards, will have affected the happy hunting-grounds of Aisne, Marne, and Nord. St. Quentin, entomologically speaking, has a special interest for the British collector. It was supposed to be a last strong- hold of a form of Chrysophanus dispar, over the identity of which much ink has been slung on both sides of the Channel —last known, I say, because when the indefatigable M. Charles Oberthur organised a search party to locate the Large Copper in the St. Quentin marshes—well, the Large Copper had disappeared, more anglico. There is a lively account of this expedition in fase. iv of ‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée,’ with the usual fine figures of French (Bordeaux) and British dispar for comparison. The expedition failed apparently to run dispar to earth hereabouts, except as represented by forty specimens in a dealer’s glass case. I need not enter further into the subject of differentiation by colour of the under side. Suffice it to say that the size of the largest French examples was equal to that of the largest British, and since Mr. Bethune-Baker has proved beyond doubt that var. rutilus co-existed with typical dispar in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon, the determination by size (for sale-room purposes) of ‘‘ genuine British dispar” is less conclusive than ever. I believe the pins are now accepted as convincing evidence, but I am sure Boisduval, for example, would not have to!erated Doubleday’s short pins for a moment, My copy of the ‘ Catalogue des Lépidopteres de |’Arrondisse- ment de Saint-Quentin,’ par M. Dubus, Capitaine au 87° de Ligne, published first in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Société Acadé- mique of that famous city, has lost its title-page. I believe the first part made its appearance in the 1879 volume. However that may be, we find (p. 182), under 80. Hippothée, L., var. dispar, Dup., the following interesting note: ENTOM.—mMay, 1917. I 98 THE JON Ue ‘This butterfly, which ER not been found ee cone in England, has been taken by M. Gronnier”’ [this is the same M. Gronnier who was not at home when the Oberthur expedition called for information], ‘‘ of St. Quentin, in the Rouvray marshes. It is found rather commonly in England in marshy fields in the environs of Huntingdon and Cambridge.” But I think, for ‘‘it is found,” the printer is responsible, not M. Dubus, and that ‘‘ on le trouve” should read ‘‘ on le trowva ” —which makes all the difference. At all events, St. Quentin was thenceforward visited by Parisian and other foreign collectors—and there are plenty of St. Quentin examples to witness in their cabinets—until either the precise locality was lost, or became the secret of wisely uncommunicative individuals on the spot—or, least likely under the circumstances, the locality itself was destroyed. Anyone familiar with the environs of St. Quentin in peace time will recognise the likeliness of the terrain for our species, the numerous streamlets falling into the river and canal, fringed with osier and willow and green with the giant dock and every manner of marsh flora; the spongy meadows, the shelving weedy clay banks admirably fortified by Nature against the too frequent incursions of the destroyer. From the military point of view these obstacles are of minor importance in the operations of modern war, but they guard the preserves of millions of tiny creatures. Yet, curiously enough, the war has already restored the lost dispar to the north of France, and in localities which by now must be far beyond echoes of the Hymn of Hate. Of this Iam apprised by M. René Oberthur— ex-Armoricd semper aliquid novi ! -——who, in his jast letter to me, and while our Allies were still hibernating in the trenches, informed me that several localities had been discovered during the year 1916 under the very guns of the foe, and if—as, alas! must be expected—much of the butterfly woodlands and meads of St. Quentin have been reduced to splinters and mounds of disrupted earth, it is some consolation to think these localities at least may have escaped. One wood in particular—most favoured by lepidoptera—has no doubt suffered the common fate at the hands of the unspeak- able Hun. ‘The Bois d’Holnon, in the opening weeks of April, was about as unhealthy a spot as any of the shell-scorched forests of Picardy. This name, and that of other equally once: attractive woods, appear one after the other in the communiqués of the French and British Commands. In Holnon both genera- tions of Pontia daplidice found their home, with L. sinapis, T'. w-albnm, T’. ilicts, Z. querctis, A. corydon, N. semiargus, L. sibylla, the great L. popult, and glorious A. iris, while the Bois de Savy, at no great distance, contained A. ilia. Holnon shared with St. Gobain the greater number of Argynnids and NOTES ON CNEPHASIA INCANANA, STPH. Sk Melitzids, including J. lathonia and B. ino, M. artemis and M. dictynna: Of the Vanessids, A. levana and EH. antiopa (taken in the city gardens also); Hrebia medusa (once) ; P. achine; and, last of all, C. hero; while the Rouvray dispav marshes were also shared with C. tiphon (davus),a rare insect in France. For moths the same wood was a very ‘‘ New Forest.” But I think Ihave said enough to convince the entomologist that the destruction of the Bois d’Holnon may have desolated one of the most fruitful localities in the north of France. I have been told that that other and larger forest east of Laon, where so many of us have hunted day and night—the forest of Samoussy—has practically disappeared ; that though for more than two years and a half not a gun has been fired in this region, the Germans have razed the forest to the ground and left barely a bush to mark the site where we watched our first Melitea maturna poised on the privet bloom, or marked the elusive Limenitis popult down from his leafy heights to the little mud patch in the forest glade which was its own particular and chosen wet canteen. Never again shall we dare to bribe with a bottle of ‘‘ demi-rouge ”’ the guard of the Laon-Liart non-stop to let us down from his van at Samoussy ‘‘halte’’; never again of a June night will the ‘‘all-sorts’ man” trundle our paraphernalia from the aforesaid ‘“‘halte ”’ through the dense mysterious tunnels of the forest of our dreams to the little farm-house, auberge, and general store, whose presiding genius announced himself to the world—entomological and otherwise—as E. Hemmery, Représentant en Vins. I trust that he, good man, may have taken with him his vins en gros—if he had not handed on his inn to ‘‘ Successeurs ”’ before the storm broke. They were too good for Teuton tastes. At all events, may we see hippothoé again a gleaming fire among the grasses of Samoussy, and live to decide upon the spot for the nth. time the specific identity or otherwise of auwrelia and athalia. NOTES ON CNEPHASIA INCANANA, Strxu.: SINUANA, Wik. By W. G. SHeupon, F.E.S. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. C. Woodbridge for a rather long series of C. incanana taken by him at Aviemore last year, which was sent to me as C. sinuana? ‘The specimens were much smaller than examples of that species found in the south of England, the wing expanse being about 19 mm., but otherwise they appeared to me to be pretty typical C. incanana ; to make certain of their identity, however, I sent on a male to Mr. F. N. Pierce with a request that he would examine the genitalia; Mr. Pierce has kindly done this and informs me that they are true C. incanana. 100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Understanding from Mr. Woodbridge that he had obtained considerable numbers of specimens, and C. incanana being usually scarce, I wrote for further particulars, which he has now sent, and as they are of much interest I quote them in full. Mr. Woodbridge says, wm litt. : ““T got them by beating the lower boughs of Scotch Fir and Juniper bushes in Rothiemurchus Forest, near Aviemore, Inver- ness-shire last August, and also the preceding August, plenti- fully. I looked for traces of S. nutans (blue-bell), but could not find any. In August I should have expected to have found traces of the seed-heads, but the leaves would have disappeared. I inquired from the people I was staying with whether the English blue-bell was found where I got the insects, which was close by, but they did not appear to know it at all. The whole of the ground under the pine-trees is covered with heather and bilberry and does not look suitable for blue-bell, except in one or two places. The moth is local, but fairly plentiful during the first two weeks in August, close to Coylum Bridge, at the side of the beginning of the path leading on to the Larig Pass to Braemar. It flies, orrather beats out, better at dusk, and when beaten out then flies. If beaten out in the daytime it usually dives into the heather. I have never been to Aviemore in May or June and so do not know what flowers there are then in the place where I took this insect, but I should not think there is much other than bilberry, heather, and cranberry. I should expect that the larve feed upon bilberry.” It will be remembered that Mr. E. R. Bankes, in ‘ Ento- mologists’ Monthly Magazine,’ xxxv, p. 105, describes the larve of this species from specimens sent to him by Dr. H. H. Corbett from Doncaster; these larve feed amongst the flowers of Scilla nutans, and Mr. Bankes adds that he learns from Mr. Elisha that from spun-up flowers of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, col- lected by himself in a wood in North Kent, he has occasionally bred a few examples of C. incanana, together with many of C. paswand. It seems probable, therefore, that in common with so many species of the group, C. incananca is a general feeder. Youlgreave, South Croydon ; March 31st, 1917. NEW SPECIES OF GEKOMETRIDA FROM THE PHILIPPINES. By A. EK. Witeman anv Ricuarp Sours. THe four species here described were taken at Haight’s Place (7000 ft.), Pauai, in the sub-province of Benguet, Luzon. NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDH FROM THE PHILIPPINES. 101 Niphonissa luzonensis, sp. u. _d+ Fore wings greyish-brown, finely sprinkled with blackish, and with a rosy flush on terminal area; antemedial line black, slightly expanded on the costa, biangulate below; discoidal spot blackish, almost round ; postmedial line blackish, nearly straight, externally clouded with blackish. Hind wings brownish-grey faintly irrorated with dusky, discoidal spot blackish; postmedial line dark brown, tapered towards costa, followed by a slender parallel line. ?. Fore wings ochreous brown, suffused with darker brown and sparsely sprinkled with blackish ; antemedial line as in the male, but rather blacker ; postmedial line black, outwardly edged with whitish, costal end near apex ; discoidal spot whitish outlined or ringed with black. Hind wings ochreous brown sprinkled with purplish-brown ; discoidal spot whitish, ringed with purplish-brown ; postmedial band purplish-brown, darker on its inner edge, tapered towards costa. The termen of fore wing in the female is more deeply excised, and the apex rather more produced than in the male. Expanse, 46 mm. Four specimens were captured in 1912—one female on November 9th, another on the 30th of that month, and one example of each sex on December 1st. Allied to N. albiguttulata, Bastelberg, and comes between that species and N. obliquaria, Moore. Arichanna nigrolineata, sp. n. &. Head and thorax white, collar black, patagia edged with blackish; abdomen white, barred with black, sides tinged with ochreous, ochreous hairs on the terminal segments. Fore wings white, costa marked with black near base, basal line black; ante- medial line black, outwardly angled at median nervure, incurved below vein and where it joins a black dash from base on dorsum ; medial line black, sinuous, originating in a black spot on the costa, bidentate below cell; discoidal spot black, linear; postmedial line black, sinuous, its inner edge dotted with black on the veins ; sub- terminal line black, almost straight, connected with black lunular terminal line by five black bars—three towards apex and two towards tornus; fringes white barred with black. Hind wings white, with black discoidal spot and traces of three transverse lines on the dorsal area; terminal line black, lunular ; fringes white, finely barred with black. Underside similar to above, but the markings are not so distinct. Expanse, 38 mm. Two male specimens, December 2nd and 3rd, 1912. Allied to A. maculata, Moore (plagiogramma, Hampson). Xandrames postmarginata, sp. n. ¢@. Fore wings greyish-brown, mottled with black-brown ; ante- medial line broad, black, excurved; postmedial line broad, black, sinuous ; a very broad, outwardly oblique band lies beyond the post- 102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. medial line; this is flecked with brown towards costa, shaded with brown towards termen, limited on its inner edge to vein 4 by the postmedial line, outwardly edged by a broad black line, which unites with a black blotch on the terminal area; a white tapered streak runs from tornus to the inner edge of white band at vein 3; apical area rather browner than the discal area; fringes white, marked with black beyond the white band. Hind wings fuliginous, broadly bordered with white on terminal area, fringes white. Underside fuliginous, with white markings as on fore wings. ?. Similar to the male, but the white band of fore wings without brown shading towards tornus. Expanse, ¢, 86 mm.; ?, 98 mm. A female taken on November 7th, 1912, and a male on the 30th of the same month. Allied to X. dholaria, Moore, but distinguished by the broad white bands of the wings. Sarcinodes luzonensis, sp. 1. ¢. Silvery-grey with a faint pinkish tinge, clouded and freckled with pinkish-brown. Fore wings have three oblique transverse lines, the first internally edged with silvery-white and _ slightly curved; the third, which is also silvery-white on its inner edge, runs to the apex and is parallel with the second, except on the costa; sub- terminal line wavy, chiefly indicated by white dots on the veins. Hind wings have two parallel brown lines, the inner inclining to black, and the outer edged with silvery-white; subterminal line whitish, wavy; dorsum white from base to first transverse line. Fringes of all wings brown, except on dorsum of hind wings, where they are white. Underside pale brown, suffused with darker and freckled with fuscous; terminal area clouded with rufous brown, becoming orange at tornus; postmedial line dark brown, inwardly _ oblique to vein 2, thence direct to dorsum, where it appears to join a ' dark brown antemedial line on the hind wing; beyond the line on each wing is a rather broad dusky shade, which is outwar dly limited by a pale crenulate line; subterminal line as on upper side. Expanse, 08 mm. Two male specimens captured on December 3rd, 1912. Very similar to S. aquilinearia, Walk., but more rosy in colour, and the transverse lines are rather different in contour. The antenne are shorter and are pectinated for only two-thirds of their length instead of uhnce-founias; as in S. aquilinearia. DIPTERA IN DORSETSHIRE By F. H. Haines, D.P:H., M:R.C:S., etc: Tur following are some of the species of the few Dipterous families indicated, which I note in this nei noua Dixipa:: Dixa astivalis, Mg. DIPTERA IN DORSETSHIRE. 103 Srratiomyipm: Pachygaster Leachit, Curtis, on windows; Oxycera pulchella, Mg.; O. trilineata, F.; Nemotelus pantherinus, L.; N.notatus, Ztt.; N. nigrinus, Fln.; Stratiomys potamida, Mg., common (I have not found S. chameleon, L.); S. furcata, F.; Sargus cuprarius, L.; S.iridatus, Scop. ; Mierochra ysa flavicor nis, Meg.; M. cyaneanerie: Ltt. ; Beris vallata, Forst.; B.clavipes, L. Eneprip a2 Leptis tringaria, Weg Db. nigriventris, hiv. 7b lineola, F.; Atheriz Ibis, L.; Chrysopilus cristatus, F., very common. Tapanipz: Hematopota crassicornis,,Whibe.; Therioplestes micans, Mg.,common; 1’. distinguendus, Verr. , 1s even commoner here than Tabanus Wenans: L.; JT. solstitialis, Mg., I have taken in the New Forest, not here; Atylotus fulvus, Mg. I believe I have seen Tabanus sudeticus, Zlr., at Bloxworth, once only, whereas it is common in the Forest. T. autwmnalis, L., Chry- sops cecutiens, L., C. quadrata, Mg., and C. sepuleralis, F., are all very common, C. relicta, Mg., is somewhat rarer. The melanotic variety of C. cecutiens is almost as common as the type. C. sepulcralis is confined to the wet heaths. Bompyiip# : Bombylius discolor, Mik., B. major, L., B. minor, L., common on many of the heaths, especially those towards Poole Harbour. Anthrax fenestratus, Fln., common. A. circum- datus, Mg., very common on the heaths, It was more in evidence than almost any other insect on Studland Heath, in 1911, in which year 1 saw a specimen on a roadside hedge, at Moreton, as early as May! THEREVIDA: Thereva nobilitata, F.; T’. plebeia, L. Astuipm: Philonicus albiceps, Mg.; Astlus crabroniformis, L., very common. Dysmachus trigonus, Mg.; Hutolmus rujibarbis, Mg.; Machimus atricapillus, Fln.; Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw. 5 Epitriptus cingulatus, F.; Dioctria elandica, L. ; Dioctria rufipes, Deg. I have two specimens like D. rufipes, but with almost immaculate yellow femora and the anal cell is closed, even slightly before the margin! D. Baumhaueri, Mg.; D. linearis, F.; Leptogaster cylindrica, Deg. PreuncuLipz : Pipunculus campestris, Ltr.; P. confusus, Very. ; P. xanthopus, Thoms. (?). SyrpHiDH: Paragus tibialis, Fln.; Pipizella virens, F.; P. Heringi, Ztt.; Pipiza noctiluca, L. Other forms of Pipiza occurring here seem to tend towards fenestrata, Mg., bimaculata, Mg., signata, Mg., and lugubris, FE. Orthoneura elegans, Mg. ; O. nobilis, Fln.; Liogaster metallina, ¥.; L. splendida, Me. : Chrysogaster splendens, Mg.; C. hirtella, Lw. ; C. virescens, Lw. ; - C. chalybeata, Mg.; C. solstitialis, Fln.; Chilosia scutellata, F In. ; C. pulchripes, Lw.; C. variabilis, Pz.; C. vulpina, Mg.;.C. illustrata, Harr.; C. grossa, Fln.; C. albipila, Mg.; C. impressa, Lw.; -C. albitarsis, Mg.; C. fraterna, Mg.; C. Bergenstammi, Beck.; C. proxima, Ztt.; C. cynocephala, Lw.; Platychirus 104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. manicatus, Mg.; P. peltatus, Mg.; P. scutatus, Mg.; P. albi- manus, F.; P. immarginatus, Ztt.; P. clypeatus, Mg.; Pyrophena granditarsa, Forst.; M. mellinum, L.; M.scalare, F.; Leucozona lucorum, L.; Ischyrosyrphus laternarius, Mull.; Didea fasciata, Mcq., occurred in large numbers in Bere Wood, May 20th, 1912. Catabomba pyrastri, L.; C. selenitica, Mg.; Syrphus albostriatis, Fln.; S. tricinctus, Fln.; S. venustus, Mg.;. S. lunulatus, Mg. ; S. nigricornis, Verr. ?; S. torvus, O.-S.; S. annulatus, Ztt.; S. lineola, Ztt.?; S. grossularie, Mg.; S. ribesii, L.; S. vitripennis, Mg.; S. latifasciatus, Meq. ?; S. nitidicollis, Mg.; S.nitens, Ztt. ; S. corolle, F.; S. luniger, Mg.; S. bifasciatus, F.; S. baltcatus, Deg. ; S. cinctellus, Ztt.; S. cinctus, Fln.; S. auricollis, Mg., var. maculicornis, Ztt. I have taken S. euchromus at Edenbridge, Kent, not here. S. wmbellatarum, F.; S. compositarum, Verr.; S. lasiophthalmus, Ztt.; S. barbifrons, Fln. ?. I have specimens very like S. latifasciatus, but with black-haired scutellum, also what appears to be a variety of S. compositarum ; Spherophoria scripta, L., var. dispar, Lw., var. nigricoxa, Ztt.; S. menthrastri, L., var. picta, Mg., var. teniata, Mg.; S. flavicauda, Ztt., var. nitidicollis, Ztt. The forms of Spherophoria, occurring in this neighbourhood, appear referable, more or less certainly, to the varieties mentioned above. Xanthogramma ornatum, Mg.; X. cttrofusciatum, Deg., common in the spring. Baccha obscurt- pennis, Mg.; B. elongata, F.; Ascia podagrica, F.; A. dispar, Mg.; A. florals, Mg. ?; Brachyopa bicolor, Fln., common. Rhingia campestris, Mg.; Volucella bombylans, L.; V. inflata, F.; V. pelluceus, L.; Hristalis sepulchralis, L.; EH. eneus, Scop.; EH. cryptarum, F.; H. tenaz, L.; E. intricarius, L., var. furvus, Verr.; H. arbustorum, L.; E. pertinax, Scop. ; horticola, Deg. ; E. pratorum, Mg. I have ‘two specimens which appear to be this species. Myiatropa florea, L.; Helophilus trivittatus, F.; H. pendulus, L.; H. versicolor, F.; Crtorrhina berberina, F.; C. oxyacanthe, Mg.; C. floccosa, Mg., on Anthriscus sylvestris, May 12th, 1914; C. asilica, Fln.; Xylota segnis, L.; X. sylvarum, L.; Syritta pwpiens, L.; Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop.; Sertcomyia borealis, Fln.; S. lappona, L.; a ag cautum, Harr.; C. octomaculatum, Curt.; C. elegans, Lw. ; festivum, L.;. C. bicinctum, L. ; Callicera enea, F’., one ue Pete East Lulworth, June llth, 1912; Microdon mutabilis, L. Conorip : Conops vesicularis, L.; C. quadrifasciata, Deg. ; CO. flavipes, L.; Physocephala nigra, Deg. , not uncommon, especi- ally at Morden, where it occurs on Rhododendron blossom in June. I have taken it at Moreton on Ajuga. P. rufipes, F Oncomyia atra, F.; O. pusilla, Mg. ?; Sicus ferrugineus, L. ; Myopa testacea, L.; M. fasciata, Mg. ?. TacHINIDE : Gonta fasciata, Mg.; G. capitata, Deg.; G. ornata, Mg.; Echinomyta grossa, L., very common; L£. fera, L.; Fabrica ferox, L.; Servillia lurida, F., common; Alophora hemiptera, FP. SOME STEPHANIDE: WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW sPEcIgEs. 105 Miltogramma punctatum, Mg., very common near the burrows of Colletes. AntTHomyIDz : Lispe tentaculata, Deg. Hirrososcip®: Hippobosca equina, L., Rempstone Heath ; Ornithomyia avicularia, L. Bravuiwz: Braula ceca, Nitz. Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset. SOME STEPHANIDH: WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By CuaupE Mortey, F.Z.S., ere. (Continued from p. 36.) Stephanus comma, sp. nov. gd only. Body black, with sparse brick-red markings and the -antenne very long. Head semicircularly rugose in front and trans- -suleate below the scrobes ; cheeks and temples smooth, finely punc- tate; tubercles small and transverse; vertical carina prominent ; occiput trans-striate, with its basal margin truncately reflexed. An- tennz very slender, nearly as long as body, with the joints well discreted ; first flagellar joint thrice longer than broad, and two-thirds as long as second, which is two-thirds as long as third. Thorax -contiuently and superficially punctate, with the somewhat short pro- thorax transcarinate; semiannular part smooth at base; mesopleure longitudinally bisulcate, metapleure rugulose and above sulcate. Seutellum smooth, with its basal sulcus crenulate. Abdomen double length of head and thorax, finely alutaceous and somewhat shining, with the petiole minutely transaciculate and apically subexplanate ; valvule not small; abdomen 18 mm. and petiole 8 mm. in length. Hind legs slender, with the cylindrical cox 4 mm. and femora 5 mm. ; the latter bidendate beyond their centre, with smaller teeth. Wings slightly infumate hyaline; lower nervure of the external submedian cell deflexed in the form of a comma at the base, apically wanting ; hind wing with costal nervure only, emitting a slight spurious nervure from its apex below the three frenal hooks.—Black: with the head except mandibular apices and the tubercles and centre of -occiput, the base of antennex, sides of second and of fourth segments basally, whole of the third, anterior legs except coxe, and apical third -of hind femora including their two teeth, bright brick-red. Hind tibie basally black, relique desunt. Stigma and nervures black ‘costal and whole of the external submedian cells conspicuously darker. Length, 27 mm. Dr. W. M. Graham captured the type, ‘“‘in forest on trunk of tree,” on May 29th, 1907, at Obuasi, in Ashanti. In collection, British Museum. 106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Stephanus crassicauda, sp. nov. ?. Head coarsely and irregularly rugose, a central longitudinal trans-striate sulcus on occiput; posterior margin of head simple; temples finely punctate, prominent and glabrous above; cheeks as long as scape. Antenne with second and third flagellar joints of equal length and a little longer than first. Neck of pronotum short, with three strong transcarine; semiannular finely trans-striate, its posterior margin narrowly smooth; mesonotum coarsely punctate ; scutellum smooth, with diffuse and rather fine puncturation ; meso- and metapleure alutaceous and dull, with a few punctures, latter separated by a sulcus from the median segment, which is scabriculous and centrally trans-striate. Abdomen with petiole trans-striate, 8 mm. long, as is also remainder of abdomen; apical segments. discally emarginate; terebra 27 mm. long, its sheaths somewhat. unusually stout and abruptly pointed, ferrugeous, with a white band before the equally broadly black apex. Hind legs with coxe elon- gately pilose and sparsely transcarinate ; femora smooth and pilose, with two long and very slender teeth; tibiae constricted in basal third and again beyond middle. Wings slightly infumate, external submedian cell darker and a pale space beyond it.—Black: a white: spot on cheeks; base of flagellum ferruginous; anterior legs, hind trochanters, constricted part and apex of hind tibiw# and the hind tarsi fulvous. Length, 26 mm. The type in British Museum bears a label ‘* Australia, 1866,” only. The co-type, in the same place, is much smaller; body 203 mm.; abdomen 138 mm.; petiole 64 mm.; terebra 19 mm., it was taken by F. P. Dodd, March 5th, 1903, at Townsville;. Queensland. A few scattered notes upon odd species contained in the British Museum may not be without value in adding to the known distribution, etc., of these peculiar and interesting insects. One remarkable fact is that, though well over a hundred species have now been described, Mr. Elliott informs me that nothing whatever respecting their ecdyses and economy has yet been definitely ascertained ; here and there one meets instances in which—as in the case of Stephanus comma in the last number of the ‘ Entomologist ’—the insect is said to have been taken upon tree-trunks ; on the stump of a tree; and, as in the case of the Cuban S. brunneus, both sexes have been found emerging from holes in wood. I would, both from this circumstance and the fact that in their structure they approach much more closely to. the Pimplid Xoridides than any other group of the Ichneumonide, suggest that they will be found to be true (probably eckto) parasites of ligniverous Coleoptera of the longicorn family Cerambycide and their allies. Recent collecting has been on a. much broader scale than during any part of the last century, and we may perhaps—excepting the Neotropical Region—regard our knowledge as sufficiently full, especially touching ‘the SOME STEPHANIDH : WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 107 Ethiopian Continent, from which nearly all those I have seen were traceable to cognate kinds. The insects are commonest in the Tropics, though extending thence to Victoria in the south and about 45° latitude in the north, since they are known from both Germany and Ontario. None occur in Britain. Stephanus rubripes, sp. nov. 3 9. Head with face strongly trans-rugose; arcuately on ver- tex; temples smooth; posterior margin of head bordered; cheeks. shorter than scape. Secondand third flagellar joints of equal length and rather shorter than first. Neck of prothorax short, centrally longitudinally impressed, with one strong basal carina; semiannular part widely aciculate with the extreme base smooth ; mesonotum coarsely punctate with central shoot space; mesosternum flat and polished. Scutellum smooth, impunctate. Mesopleuree smooth with three or four irregular rows of punctures; metapleure closely rugu- lose throughout, separated from median segment by a smooth sulcus and a carina; median segment with rather dense and large shallow punctures. Abdomen 13 mm. in length, with petiole 6 mm. and transaciculate, slightly shorter than the remaining segments together ; base of second segment feebly rugose, remainder smooth and shining; terebra as long as body, sheaths broadly white-banded before apex. Hind legs with coxe slender and strongly trans-striate ; femora smooth and shining, bidentate; tibiee longer than femora and constricted in basal third, five-jointed in 2, three-jointed in @; all the tibiz and hind femora elongately pilose. Wings brown, centrally darker.—Black: mouth parts and genal orbits testaceous ; anterior legs except cox and trochanters bright red, hind femora and tarsi except apically and apical two-thirds of tibize red. Length, ¢ 2 22 mm. Two pairs, including the typical female, were captured by C. M. Woodford, Esq., in the Solomon Islands about 1886; a female (labelled by Cameron with the MS. name ‘ Megischus Frogattii, type, Cam.”’) and two males were also there taken during July-August, 1909, by W. W. Froggatt. These are in the British Museum. Diastephanus Salomonis, Westw. Stephanus Salmonis, Westw., ‘Thesaur. Entom.,’ Oxon., 1874, p. 128. “Niger; capite utrinque linea alba pone oculos, collo postice transverso striato, metancto areolato, coxis posticis transverse- striatis, dimidio apicali femorum posticorum et basali tibiarum castaneo, tibiis anticis parum dilatatis basi rufis; tiblis tarsisque intermediis castaneis; alis parum flavescentibus, venis omnibus mediis discoidalibus obliteratis; abdomine in individuo unico per; dito. ‘« Eixpans. alarum antic., 1 in., 104 in.”—Westwood, loc. cut. 108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. This species has never been adequately described; and Schletterer queries its synonymy with his new Stephanus palles- cens, which is incorrect. An examination of the broken type in Mus. Brit. (which was not labelled as such) shows the whole outer orbits to be broadly pale stramineius; the anterior legs infuscate, with the tibie basally ferruginous ; the occiput arcu- ately transrugose, with a slight longitudinal sulcus; the pro- thorax apically entirely glabrous, discally deplanate and laterally vallately elevated; the semiannular smooth, with a few apical transcarine ; the metanotum covered with large circular and not confluent punctures, but no aree; the hind femora black with their apex only beneath and laterally red; the basal half of their tibie also red; the mesopleure subglabrous, with a few large superficial punctures; the second and third flagellar joints of equal length, and the first one-third shorter; the mandibles are fulvous and, most noticeably, the whole face below scrobes, together with the inner orbits above them, pale stramineous. The hind tarsi appear to be triarticulate and the specimen, con- sequently,a?. Superficially it resembles my S. rubripes from the same locality. The type was captured in the Solomon Islands during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘‘ Herald”’ in 1856, and has hitherto remained unique. But, along with the above S. rubripes, C. M. Woodford captured a second female there about 1886; this has the abdo- men smooth, 10 mm. in length, with the trans-striate petiole 53 mm., the second segment basally constricted and slightly rugulose, and the black terebra 15 mm. in length. Unlike the type, its hind femora are black only basally above. Diastephanus tertianus, sp. nov. 9. Head finely reticulate throughout; posterior tubercles and vertical carina small; cheeks much longer than scape; temples smooth ; posterior margin of head simple. Second and third flagellar joints of equal length and about half as long again as first. Neck of prothorax longitudinally sulcate, laterally obliquely carinate; semi- annular part microscopically sculptured and dull, without any smooth posterior margin; mesonotum entirely destroyed by pin. Scutellum dull and diffusely punctate. Mesosternum shining, finely alutaceous ; mesopleurz alutaceous and sparsely punctate; meta- pleure finely transcarinate, not separated from median segment, which is finely reticulate and sparsely punctate. Abdomen 7 mm. and petiole 3 mm. in length, with petiole transaciculate and shorter than the remaining segments, which are dull; terebra 10} mm., or rather shorter than body, entirely black. Hind legs with coxe narrow, dull, and apically transaciculate; femora dull, tridentate ; tibiae longer than femora, constricted to middle. Wings hyaline; stigma lanceolate, centrally translucent, nervures brown.—Black: head, base of antenne, prothorax, apex of petiole, base of second SOME STEPHANIDA!: WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 109 segment, basal two-thirds of third and legs red; base of hind femora and a mark inside apical third of hind femora black. Length, 12 mm. Lesapi River, Mashonaland ; November, 1897 (Guy Marshall). Diastephanus frontilinea, sp. nov. ? only. Head broad behind the eyes ; face finely reticulate and white-pubescent ; vertex longitudinally aciculate; occiput very finely and closely transaciculate ; frontal tubercles prominent and distinctly acuminate, the three anterior rather the larger; basal margin of head reflexed. Antenne filiform; first and third flagellar joints apparently of equal length and shorter than the second, but the junctures obscure. Thorax slender and subcylindrical; pro- thorax apically linear and transmulticarinate, the semiannular smooth and shining; mesonotum very short, shining, and sparsely punctate ; mesopleurex finely alutaceous and pubescent, with a few scattered punctures ; metanotum coriaceous between the very large and confluent punctures; metapleuree smooth and finely subaciculate transversely, with a deep superior sulcus. Scutellum large and deplanate, smooth and shining, with a row of three punctures on either side. Abdomen slender; petiole transaciculate, 3 mm. in length; base of second segment narrowly scabrous, remaining segments smooth, with the disc of sixth acutely emarginate apically; abdomen 5} mm.; terebra 9 mm. Hind legs with coxe trans- striate; their femora alutaceous, with two large teeth, an obtuse basal one and other central denticulations; their tibiz as long as femora, constricted to a little beyond centre and there internally excised ; tarsi three-jointed. Wings narrow and quite hyaline; stigma lanceolate, with its edges alone dark.—Black; with the mouth parts, inner and outer orbits testaceous ; a longitudinal line down centre of frons from apical tubercle to antenne rufescent, as also are all five tubercles; base of head indefinite rufous; anterior tibieze testaceous ; tarsi red. Terebra white-banded before apex. Length, 104 mm. The unique female is from the Pusa Collection, and was captured at Ranpur, on the border of Assam and Eastern Bengal on July 20th, 1905. It is the first member of this genus from the region. Diastephanus alutaceus, sp. nov. only. Body rufescent, entirely alutaceous and dull through- out. Head finely transrugose in front; all the five frontal tubercles small but acute, vertex with a prominent transcarina behind basal ocellus ; occiput feebly trans-striate, with its basal margin bordered. Antenne as long as head and thorax, with all the flagellar joints distinctly discreted, the second and third equal and half as long again as the first, Thorax deplanate; prothorax not strongly elongate, its disc longitudinally subsulcate centrally and sides trans- carinate only near apex ; semiannular part basally explanate ; meso- 110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. notum small and trilobed, punctate in front; mesopleurze smooth and pubescent; metanotum deplanate, not punctate, obsoletely trans- striate centrally before apex; metapleure confluent therewith. Scutellum not longer than broad, apically obtuse, apically margined on either side, with its basal sulcus crenulate. Abdomen hardly smoother apically, dull; petiole shorter than rest of segments; second segment basally constricted, the sixth apically emarginate ; abdomen 6 mm. ; petiole 24 mm.; terebra 8 mm. Hind legs stout ; coxze as femora, which are strongly incrassate and beneath both bidentate and basally angulated; tibixe rather longer, compressed only to centre and there incised; tarsi three-jointed. Wings lacteous- hyaline, basal nervures and centre of stigma infuscate ; a conspicuous circular infumate spot in the external submedian cell and another, very faint below the radius.—Rufotestaceous; the eyes, ocelli, mandibular apices, frenum conspicuously, extreme base of petiole, the thyridii of second segment and a circular spot on either side of the fourth quite black; femoral teeth white; terebral sheaths rufescent, with their apices and those of the flagellum nigrescent. Length, 10 mm. The type, in the British Museum, was captured by H. Swale on May 12th, 1914, at Lonely Mine, in Rhodesia. Fenatopus Natalicus, Westw. Stephanus Natalicus, Westw., ‘ Thesaur. Entom. Oxon.,’ 1874, p.12i, pl. xxiv; 1g.°8, 3 72 . & 9. This species is extremely similar to D. alutaceus in all but one or two essential details of structure. Superficially it may be distinguished by having the whole apex of the metathorax diseally black; the apices of segments 2 to 4 and base of the second infuscate, with apex of the hind coxe, base, and a transverse band before apex of their femora, nigrescent. The apex of petiole flaves- cent; and both abdomen and wings with no dark spots.—The sculpture is distinct in the transcarinate vertex, shorter and trans- versely striate prothorax, superficially punctate metanotum, more slender hind tibia, which are constricted to well beyond their centre ; a third (basal) tooth below the hind femora; hind coxe apically transaciculate. Stigma lanceolate and not centrally infuscate; but the main difference is, perhaps, the prolongation of the median nervure between the discoidal and external submedian cells. The measurements are alike in both, and the present ¢ hardly smaller; length 10 mm. In the British Museum is an old pair from Fred. Smith’s collection, labelled ‘‘ Port Natal,” and a female, bearing a green ticket, also so localised; probably all were there captured by the Swedish collector Gueinzius about 1859. The elongate median nervure places this species in Foenatopus; it is not a Neo- stephanus, as placed by Enderlein, ‘ Zool. Anzeig,’ xxviii, 1905, p. 474. SOME STEPHANIDE: WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. 111 Parastephanellus levicollis, sp. nov. ?. Head finely and evenly trans-striate; vertex coarsely trans- arinate, temples smooth and shining; posterior margin of head bordered; cheeks smooth, and a little longer than scape. Antennz with second flagellar joint half as long again as first, the third half as long again as second. Prothorax with neck very short and smooth ; semiannulate part smooth, with a few fine punctures, as also is the mesonotum. Scutellum quite smooth, divided from mesonotum by -crenulate lines. Mesopleurz and metapleure obsoletely shagreened, not punctate, the latter separated from metanotum by a basally obsolete carina; median segment centrally smooth, apically rugulose, and basally with a few large punctures. Abdomen smooth, with petiole very finely transaciculate, shorter than remainder; second ‘segment basally somewhat elongately attenuate; abdomen 5 mm. in length, petiole 2, and the black terebra 11 mm., longer than body. Hind legs with coxz transaciculate, their femora smooth, with a few setiferous punctures; tibia longer than femora, constricted to their centre. Wings hyaline, with the stigma and nervures piceous.— Black: antennz and palpi infuscate; base of antennw, mandibles, except apically, clypeus and frons fulvous; face and whole external orbits and all the tarsi whitish. ¢ differs in having the whole head except the whitish external orbits a dull red; base of occiput nitidulous; the basal flagellar joints longer, though in the same proportion, propleure dull tes- taceous, anterior femora and tibiw piceous. Length, ¢ 2,9 mm. A single pair of this bright species has been taken in the Ding-Ding Island of the Indian Ocean during 1896 and 1900; these are now in the British Museum. Neostephanus Pentheri, Kieff. ‘ Bull. Soe. Hist. Nat. Metz.,’ ser. 3, iii, 1911, p. 101, ¢. The type of this species was captured by Dr. Penther at Zerua in South Africa during November. In the British Museum is a second, which considerably extends the known range, since it was captured in (doubtless on the coast of) Angola in Central West Africa by J.J. Monteiro about 1873. The mesopleure are closely granulose, dull, and the metapleure shining, trans-striate, and above, carinate. Stephanus pachylomerus, Schlett. ‘Berl. Ent. Zeit.,’ xxxiii, 1889, p. 98, ¢. Schletterer records the type from Gaboon; the Imperial Bureau has received two females from the. Gold Coast: one taken by A. E. Evans in 1913 and the other at Aburi by W. H. Patterson during 1912-138. 112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Stephanus tibiator, Schlett. ° Loc. cit., p. 293; André, ‘Spp. Hym. d’Europ.,’ vii bis, p. 484, de. Besides those mentioned in my first paper (‘ Entomologist,’ 1917, p. 34), I have seen a ? in the British Museum which extends its range to German (olim!) Hast Africa, where S. A. Neave found it at “ Vy.,” on the Ruaha River, during mid- December, 1910. It is entirely typical. Hemistephanus ruficeps, Cam. Megischus ruficeps, Cam., ‘ Biol. Centr.-Amer.,’ Ix, p. 420, pl. xvi0i; fess 72". Stephanus capitatus, Schlett., ‘Berl. Ent. Zeit.,’ xxxiu,. p. 151. This species is not a true Stephanus, as supposed by Schletterer, and consequently Cameron’s name stands. In Fred. Smith’s collection is a 2 captured by Bates ‘‘on the Amazon” in the middle of last century, though the species was. not described till 1887, and then from no nearer than Panama. Hemistephanus Damelicus, Westw. Stephanus Damelicus, Westw., ‘'Thesaur. Ent. Oxon.,’ 1874, p. 126, pl. xxiv, f. 2, 2. Enderlein has described (‘ Arch. f. Naturgeschichte,’ lxvii, 1901, p. 196) a species from Malaysia, which he supposed synonymous with that of Prof. Westwood; but this is not the case. The latter is from ‘‘ Australia,’ and in the British Museum is a single @ agreeing therewith in every respect; but the neuration—hardly touched upon by its author—places the species in Hemistephanus, while Enderlein’s is a true Stephanus. Swan River, in Western Australia, taken long. ago, probably by Boulay. Parastephanellus rufidornatus, Cam. Stephanus rufo-ornatus, Cam., ‘ Tijds. v. Entom.,’ xlviii,, 1905, p. 45, 3. This is by far the commonest species of Stephanide in Eastern Australia; numerous examples of both sexes were. captured about Mackay in Queensland in November, December, March, and April by Turner; French found it in Victoria during September, 1901; and two others are from Swan River in Western Australia. The ¢ has not before been noticed, but differs very slightly from the ¢ in having the terebra as long, sometimes slightly longer, than the body; both sexes are a NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 113 little variable in cvlour, with the basal segment red or black or red and black; the size runs from 5 mm., with terebra 6 mm., to 14 mm., with terebra 15 mm. Diastephanus rothkirchi, Schulthess. Diastephanus rothkirchi, Sch., ‘ Deut. Ent. Zeit,’ iii, 1914, p. 283, 2. Described from the Cameroons. A very typical female was captured at Mlanje in Nyassaland on January 2nd, 1914, by S. A. Neave (Imp. Bureau Entom.). Diastephanus togensis, Stadelmann. Stephanus togensis, Stad., ‘Kntom. Nachr.,’ 1895, p. 80, Stephanus togewnsis, Enderlein, ‘ Arch. f. Nat.,’ Ixvii, 1901, p. 202. A female of this species, from the same source, was also taken by Neave at Mount Mlanje in Nyassaland on December 7th, 1912. It was described from Bismarkburg, where Conradt found it first in 1898. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Novtes ON THE Larva OF DaPHNIS NER IN [NDIA.—The occur- rence of this moth, and especially of its larva, is so rare in England, that I think the following notes on the species in India may be of interest. I have found the larva feeding on oleander (Neriwm odorum) at Bannu, N.W.F. Province, in the Murru foolhills, Punjab, and at Rae Bareilly, U.P., and it is widely distributed over other parts of India. I kept twenty larvae which I found at Rae Bareilly, and obtained ten moths from them. The egg is spherical and light yellow in colour, lald singly on the food-plant, The larva passes through five distinct stages, during which there are some curious changes. rst stage, up to about three weeks old: Horn long, straight, and black. Body uniform yellowish-green, turning after a few days to green. The young larva feeds on the tender shoots, and when resting lies along the midrib of a leaf, in which position it is very difficult to find. Towards the end of this stage a double ocellus, white, edged with black, appears on each side of the third body-segment, the legs turn pink, and a yellow lateral stripe appears on each side. There are several changes of skin. Second stage, up to about five weeks old; Horn green, thick for half its length, ending ina long point. There is a black ring about half way up the horn. Head and body apple-green. The legs turn red, spiracles black, and nearly all the final markings appear in miniature. The double ocelli gradually coalesce, and turn blue with a dark edge, ENTOM.—May, 1917. K 114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. There is a change of skin from the first to the second stage, but none during the second stage. Third stage, up to about seven weeks old: Horn bright orange-yellow. The long point disappears, the horn becoming sausage-shaped and bent downwards. The ocelli, spiracles, white lateral lines and spots are strongly marked. Legs dark red. There is a change of skin from the second to the third stage, but no further change of skin till the final one into a pupa. Fourth stage, up to about eight weeks. There is no change in the horn, but the head, which was previously green, turns dark brown, and a dark brown divided spot appears on the first body-segment. The second and third segments and part of the fourth turn bright yellow. The ocelli are very beautiful, shading from the deepest blue to white. After about a week in this stage the larva becomes very restless, ceases feeding, and leaves the food-plant. In a few hours it turns to the fifth and final stage. The horn is unchanged, but a dark dorsal line appears on the second and third segments, broadening out on the third segment to a dark brown band covering the back up to the base of the horn. The lower parts and last segment turn orange-yellow. In this stage the larva is on the ground, searching for a suitable place to spin its slight cocoon. It turns to a pupa in about ten weeks from hatching. The pupa is reddish-brown. The head, thorax and wings are enclosed in a yellow and semi-transparent case. There is a black central line, continuous on the thorax and wing-cases, broken on the back. The spiracles are surrounded by black spots, and the whole body is dotted with black. The moths emerged in about fourteen weeks from the hatching of the larva.—F. B. Scott, Capt. I.A.; Aden, February 27th, 1917. BuasToTERE (“ BLATOTERES’’) GLABRATELLA IN Brirain.—On p. 64 of the March issue of the ‘ Entomologist’ Mr. Pierce asks, among other questions, where the occurrence of B. glabratella in Britain was recorded. The name of the genus is not quite correct, but if the moth Blastotere glabratella is meant, then this species was recorded by Lord Walsingham in the ‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine’ for the year 1906 at p. 169.—ALFRED SIcH. A Question or Latinity.—Noticing Mr. Elliott’s inquiry as to correctness of Latin form, I venture to reply. The name rufo-ornatus is not a compound word at all, but a double word, as is properly shown by the hyphen; such names, clumsier than simple ones, are not to be imitated, but their use is recognised (Lychnis flos-cucult and Strychnos nux-vomica of Linnaeus, Ornophila v-flavum of Haworth, etc.), and violates no rule of Latin. The name rufidornatus is not Latin at all; a Roman grammarian would not have understood its formation unless Mr. Morley had been good enough to explain it to him. The good Latin word lividus offers no analogy; in that case there is no insertion of a letter, but -idus, a recognised adjectival termination with a definite meaning (corresponding to the English -ish, as in flavus, yellow, flavidus, yellowish), is affixed to the stem liv-. The adjectival termination -2ws, implying simple connection, is far commoner, occurring in thousands of words, and, in fact, livius is NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 115 itself a good Latin word—the name of the well-known historian Livy—and therefore requires no added letter to make it euphonious to a Latin ear. Latin and Greek were chosen as the basis of scientific nomen- clature in order that its terms might be comprehensible to educated men of all nations and languages; this end will not be attained if individualistic writers substitute their own practice for that of the Greeks and Romans. — Epwarp Meyrick; Thornhanger, Marl- borough, April 6th, 1917. AGRIADES BELLARGUS IN 1916.—So common is Agriades bellargus in its special haunts generally that any little accession or diminution in numbers is likely to go unnoticed, but sometimes its numbers are so greatly increased that they cannot be overlooked, and the season of 1916 appears to have been one of these occasions. First as to this immediate neighbourhood—the sea end of the South Downs. Un- fortunately circumstances did not admit of my getting any note of the spring emergence, but of the autumn emergence odd specimens were on the wing on the slopes under Beachy Head as early as July 29th—fully a fortnight to three weeks earlier than usual. By the middle of August it was abundant, and from that time till the first week in September it was vastly more so than I have known it to be for many years. Then, again, at the extreme western end of the parade is a grassy bank, of but a few square yards in extent, that still remains in its pristine condition. Here A. bellargus has occurred so long as I can remember, but for many years past only very sparingly, but towards the end of August last it occurred there in the greatest profusion, the specimens jostling one another for a seat on the blossoms of Centaurea, of which numbers of plants grow among the grass. Nor were the South Downs alone affected, for on a sunny slope not far from the village of Otford, in Kent, probably now the nearest locality to London where A. bellargus may still be found, and where for many years it has been so scarce that one thought them- selves lucky if half-a-dozen specimens were secured in a day’s collecting, the June emergence was positively abundant, and the autumn emergence but little less so. Had the year been a par- ticularly fine one we should probably have taken the abundance of specimens that I have mentioned as a matter of course, but the year 1916, with its record for the south-east of England of more than two hundred hours of sunshine less than the average, an excess of some nine inches of rain, and a mean temperature of practically the average, but which was kept up largely by the mildness of the winter months, seems hardly a time to expect such happenings. It would be interesting to know whether the foregoing are mere isolated cases, or whether the species throughout its somewhat restricted British range occurred in similar abundance.—Ropert ApkKINn; Eastbourne, March, 1917. (Another instance of a superabundant Lycenid in 1916 is 4. corydon in the Chilterns. It simply swarmed in its old haunts in August, weather despite—H. R.-B.) 116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Note oN CERCERIS ARENARIA (HyMENopTERA).—On July 29th last a strong colony of Cerceris arenaria, L., in a sand-bank on West Knighton Heath, were busy at 4 p.m. My son excavated several burrows, and found that in every case they were stored with Otzo- rhynchus picipes, F., alone. No other prey whatever was excavated, but I netted one ¢, about to enter her hole, who was carrying, and dropped as I boxed her, a very good specimen of Hypera polygon, L. —F. H. Harnes; Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset, March 18th, 1917. Tur Ox-WaRBLE, OR Bot Fry.—The Royal Agricultural Society of England have just issued a leaflet, prepared by the Society's Zoologist, Mr. Cecil Warburton, M.A., of the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, giving particulars of the history of the insect and advice to farmers and eattle-breeders as to the methods to be adopted for its destruction. Copies of the leaflet can be had on application to the Secretary, Royal Agricultural Society of England, 16, Bedford Square, London, W.C. 1. HypeNnA OBSITALIS IN Britarin—a Correction.—Mr. ‘Milman writes to draw attention to my statement (antea p. 96) that the late Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge was captor of the sole British recorded example of Hypena obsitalis. As may be seen by reference to the February number of this magazine (p. 44), Mr. Milman reported an example taken in 1908 by Mr. KH. J. Milman, and pub- lished the occurrence, curiously enough, within a few weeks of the decease of the original authority. I must apologise to Mr. Milman for an oversight due to the obituary notice of Mr. Pickard-Cambridge being sent to press extremely late—H. R.-B. ScopartA, Hw.—Through the kindness of Mr. Pierce, I have been able to see the ‘Transactions of the Entomological Society ’ for 1911, parts iii and iv, containing Dr. Chapman’s article on this and allied genera. I have read it with great interest, and think his arrangement of our British species (p. 507), founded largely on struc- tural details, cannot be beaten. This arrangement I shall follow in a small fresh collection I am now making. That the genus Scoparia was capable of division I have long been aware, moss feeders and (as far as we are at present aware) root feeders ; but we have a good deal to learn about the larve of the latter. What is known about the larva of the common ambigualis, for instance? Stainton, Mey- rick, and Merrin all state that it is a moss feeder, whilst Dr. Chapman clearly shows it (loc. czt.) to belong to the other group. Can any one give me any definite information about the larva and its food plant ? With regard to pallida, it evidently is intermediate (between Scoparia and Hudorea), and for this reason it is placed in the sub-genus Witlesia or Wittlesia, for in Dr. Chapman’s paper it is spelled both ways. It may be of interest to remark that Whittlesea is spelled ‘““Witesie” in the Domesday book. The fact that surprised me most was that Crategella was not nearly allied to frequentella; in fact, it stands by itself, so far as our British species are concerned, in the sub-genus Diplewrina. Reverting to pallida, Mr. Pierce, in the March issue (p. 68) states, in reply to my note in the February number, that it comes in the group Hudorea; asa matter of fact, it is one of the NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Li ly links connecting the two genera Scoparia and Eudorea. I think, although sub-generically separated, it is not a great way from cembre. In Dr. Chapman’s arrangement, if we remove the foreign species immediately preceding it, only baszstrigalis stands between the two, S. pheoleuca, Z., perplexella, Z., and pyrenealis being the foreign species intervening. I hope some of our younger collectors will turn their attention to these very interesting insects, and since Mr. Whittle has bred pallida I hope he will soon be able to tell us something about the larva of this rather anomalous insect.—A. THURNALL; Wanstead, Essex, April 19th, 1917. ABUNDANCE DURING DAYTIME OF HIBERNIA DEFOLIARIA IN EPPING Forrest.—I wish to record the unusual appearance during the day- time this year of Hibernia defoliaria on February 18th. In normal seasons the emergence of H. defoliaria in Epping Forest begins in November, and during the last twelve years I have found it to be most prolific and in the best condition during the second and third weeks of December. Its emergence usually con- tinues into January, but after the end of December the caught insects are generally in a rather worn condition. At the period when this insect is most prolific, however, it is seldom met with during the daytime, the insects hiding among dead leaves. This winter, owing presumably to the very low temperature obtaining during the latter half of December and the whole of January, the emergence of H. defoliarta was held up, and this led to the unusual occurrence which [ am recording. After seven or eight weeks of intensely cold weather it suddenly turned mild on Saturday, February 17th, and when strolling through the Forest in the evening I found the woods enveloped in a thick mist of a fairly warm temperature. This induced me to visit the Forest again the following morning, Sunday, February 18th, and on nearly every tree-trunk I found a ? example of H. defoliaria, and on several trees I counted as many as four and five on each. Male examples were also to be found not uncommonly on the tree-trunks, and most of them were still drying their wings. I estimate that during the three hours I spent in the Forest I must have seen about 500 2 examples and about 50 ¢ examples of H. defoliaria all freshly emerged. During the last few years this species has been noticeably affected by melanism, and during December, 1914, I took 12 fine melanic ¢ examples, the total number of melanic ¢ examples which I had taken up to that time, v.e. during the previous twelve years, being altogether 3. Melanic @ examples are also to be met with, and are pitch black, the mottled markings of the typical 9 form only showing on the thorax. On the Sunday in question, of the 500 9 examples seen, 5 were of the black melanic form, which gives a fair approximation of the percentage of melanic examples. I should think 1 per cent. is now a very fair average for the melanic form both for ¢ and 9? examples.—R. T. Bowman; 108, Station Road, Chingford, E. 4. LatE EMERGENCE OF ERIOGASTER LANESTRIS.—As evidence of the backwardness of the season, it may be of interest to record that EZ. lanestris, from 1915 larve, began to emerge on the 20th inst.— Percy C. Rem; Feering Bury, Kelvedon, April 22nd, 1917. 118 HE. ENTOMOLOGIST. SOCIETIES. . Tue Sours Lonpon Entomonocican anpD Naturat HIstory Socrery.—January 25th, 1917.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—Annual Meeting.—The balance sheet and report of the Council were read and adopted. The President declared the following elected to fill the several offices and Council for the ensuing year: President, H. J. Turner, F.E.8.; Vice-Presidents, R. Adkin, F.E.S., and A. EK. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Treasurer, T. W. Hall, F.E.S. ; Librarian, A. W. Dods; Curator, W. West; Editor of ‘ Proceedings,’ H. J. Turner, F.E.S.; Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., H.Z.S.; Council, §. R. Ashby, F.E.S., W. J. Ashdown, K. G. Blair, B.Sc., G. Brooks, EF. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U., D. R. Morford, C. W. Sperring, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., and W. West, L.D.S.—The President then read his address, ‘‘ Shakespeare and Insects.’”—Votes of thanks were passed to the various officers and Council for the past ear. ‘ February 8th, 1917.—The President in the chair.—The Rev. D. M. Darwell, of Dagpole, Woodeford Wells, was elected a member.— Mr. A. W. Buckstone exhibited series of Zygena lonicere, Z. trefoli, and Z. filipendule from many British localities, and read a paper on the local racial characters shown, and gave an analysis of the markings on the undersides. A short discussion ensued.—Mr. Hugh Main, the curious double cocoons spun by a species of Contopterye—Myr. H. Moore, various Bombycine moths from Ashanti, including Bunea alcinde, Lobobunea phedusa, Gynanisa ethra, Nudaurelia butlert, Imbrasia eprmethea, Microgone herilla, and Carnegia mirabtlis—Mr. Bowman, a unicolorous slate - coloured example of Cuspidia (Acronicta) megacephala from Hackney Downs. February 22nd.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—An exhibition of lantern slides ——Mr. West (Ashtead), slides showing androconial scales of several species.in each of the families of butterflies represented in the British fauna.—Mr. Hugh Main, slides showing (1) ova of the earwig a sitw; (2) a series of details of the life-history of a small burrowing beetle common in Epping Forest ; (3) a series illustrative of the transformations of Dytiscus marginalis; (4) a series of the habits of the larva of Cuzcindela campestris.—Mr. Bunnett, slides illustrating all stages of a colony of Vanessa 10 and a few of the Hydra and Volvox globator. March 8th.— Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.8., President, in the chair.—The death of Mr. A. I. Gibbs, Vice-President, was reported. Mr. W. J. Ashdown exhibited examples of all the species of Surrey _ Coleoptera, which he had taken during the season of 1916. Beetles were generally abundant throughout the year.—Mr. Newman read a short paper, ‘‘ The Rearing of Macrothylacia rubi.” March 22nd.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair. —Mr. A. Buckstone exhibed series of the March and July broods of Tephrosia bistortata, bred from an Oxshott female taken in April, 1914, including a female which had remained in pupa two winters from June, 1914, to February, 1916. He also showed 7’, crepuscularia, SOCIETIES. 119 taken in various Surrey localities during May, for comparison. A discussion ensued.—Mr. Edwards, a box of exotic Lepidoptera.— Mr. Turner, a photograph of the larval cases of the fifteen more easily obtainable species of the British Psychide, taken by the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, who was desirous to obtain fresh specimens for structural examination. Mr. Turner also showed imagines of several of the commoner species of the genus Lithocolletis, and made some remarks on their life-history —Mr. Adkin exhibited an early work by John Ray.—Hy. J. TuRNER. LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTomMoLOGIcAL Society.—Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, Febru- ary 19th, 1917.—The President, Mr, Leonard West, in the chair.— A discussion and exhibition of ‘‘ Backyard Insects,” to which most of the members contributed, was the feature of this meeting. The exhibits, mainly common species of Lepidoptera, were of such con- siderable interest, from the point of view of distribution, that it was decided to devote another evening to the same subject next session. Mr. West contributed the following Diptera from St. Helens: Chrysis ignata, C. rubit, Thereva nobilata, the silver-tail fly ; Leptis scolopacea, L. lineola, Sarcophaga carnaria, and several species of Dolichopodide. March 19th, 1917.—The President in the chair.—Mr. F. N. Pierce exhibited Blastotere glabratella, Zell., an Argyresthid moth belonging to the illwminatella group, captured near Repton, Derbyshire, by Mr C. H. Hayward. The species was introduced to the British list by Lord Walsingham in 1906 from specimens taken in Norfolk, and it has since been taken near King’s Lynn by Mr. Atmore; the Derby- shire record, therefore, seems to indicate that it is spreading in Britain. Mr. Pierce also exhibited a series of drawings of the male genitalia of the Palearctic Psychide executed by the Rev. C. R.N. Burrows from recent preparations made by himself; the exhibit further included most of the British species with their cases. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a series of Scoparia ambigualis and its melanic variations from the West Riding and East Lancashire. April 16th, 1917.-Mr. R. Wilding in the chair.—The following were elected members of the Society, viz.: Mrs. M. Hughes, L.L.A., Wallasey, Cheshire; Miss Rose Egerton, Seacombe, Cheshire; and the Rev. F. M. B. Carr, Alvanley Vicarage, near Helsby, Cheshire. Mr. Wm. Mansbridge read a paper describing the work and methods of the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee. In spite of the present handicap of circumstances due to the war an immense amount of work has been done, especially in the less studied orders. The Committee has been fortunate in enlisting the assistance of a large number of specialists in the different branches of natural science, whose services are at the disposal of all field-workers for advice and identification of species. Already a large number of species have been added to the county lists, and a smaller, but still satisfactory number, have been described as new to science. Mr. F, N. Pierce showed series of Catoptria emulana, C. tripoliana, and from the late 8. Steven’s collection a series of reputed C. decolo- rana; also a specimen of Hupecilia manniana, which, from an 120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. examination of the genitalia, he had found to bea dwarfed Argyrolepia cnicana; Mr, Pierce also gave some critical notes on Hphestia elutella and HE. passulella. He was followed by Mr. W. Mansbridge, who exhibited the latter species in illustration of his reme: ' Mr, S. P. Doudney had a long series of Porthesia similis, wt larvee taken on the same hedgerow at Huyton, near Liy.:;ool, in which many of the females had tail-tufts brown instead of yellow, except for a slight admixture of yellow hairs; all the males were normal.-— Wan. Manssrinae, Hon. Sec. ; . RECENT LITERATURE. The Orthoptera of Devon. By C. W. Bracksn, B.A., F.E.S. From the ‘Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, Literature, and Art,’ 1916, xlviii, pp. 267-282. Nor sufficiently often do we see so well worked out a paper on a group of insects belonging to a particular area as is this which Mr. Bracken read Plymouth on July 20th, 1916. Why is it that other counties are not doing in this respect what Lancashire and Cheshire, Yorkshire, and Devon are able to do? Setting out primarily to complete and correct Mr, Parfitt’s paper of 1881, Mr. Bracken has eventually given a full, interesting, and eminently readable account of the present state of our knowledge of the Orthoptera of Devon. His nomenclature and arrangement are thoroughly up to date, and he has worked hard for some time to bring the records as far as possible up to date also. As a result he is able to say that nearly all the British species of the order are found in Devon. There is one plate, illustrating the earwig, Aniso- labis annulipes, Luc., and the locustid, Conocephalus dorsalis, Latr. We are glad to hear that Mr. Bracken has already attacked another group of Devonshire insects. We dike From Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Vol. 51 (1917). No. 2156.—* A Contribution to our Knowledge of the White Flies of the Sub-family Aleyrodine (Aleyro- didz).” By A, L. QuainTancEe and A. C. Baker. Pp. 335-445, with Plates 32-77, This paper is based on material from various parts of the world, chiefly Oriental regions and tropical North America, in the collections of the United States Museum and the Bureau of Entomology. No. 2171.—‘‘ A Generic Synopsis of the Coccinellid Larve in the United States National Museum, with a descrip- tion of the larva of Hyperaspis binotata, Say.” B Apam Bovine, Pp. 621-650, with Plates 118-121, Subscriptions for 1917 (7s.) should be sent to R. South (Editor), 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up Hill, London, N.W. be volte JUNE, 1917. (No. 649. | THE ~ ENTOMOLOGIST Mlusteate ae Journal GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.I.S. | C. J. GAHAN, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S.| W. J. LUCAS, B.A., V.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F-.E.S., &c. | CLAUDE MORLEY, FE.E.S., F.Z.s8. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.B.S., ae. ‘By mutual confidence and efi | Great deeds are done OX eeiahipoot Bion mee aN i : IY RY fa 4. 1929 | \ y/ i ON ve sonian penis ADLARD & SON & W Psonlan Deve BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 1. ( Price Ninepence. 4 in., tg? 6d. ; sinh 1s. J Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. ¢ any Chee et 6d. 2s. 6d. to lls. iaeeen ls. 6d., 28., 2s.6d. per p sheets. Brass Chloro Digger, in leather necessary lmpleme pair; Egg-drills, 2 Animals: Label- ditto of Land «@ SILVER PINS insects of ah ane Me advantages over the ser are pins, ‘Fieehere For instance, insects lable to Pecos grea to send patterns on application. Ae a SHOW ROOM | [FO R of every description for Insxcrs, | Burs’ Egas, Fossins, &c. Catalogue (100. aA LARGE STOCK OF INSHOTS. (BRITISH, KUROPKAN, AND Riras, Mammals, ec. ath Proserved ond : 36, FINE HEALTHY LARVE AND Pu Larve: Algeria, 1/6; Aglaia, 4)-; Machaon, Napi, 2/-; Rhamni. 1/6; “Cardamines, 6; Megeera, 1/6; T. Rubi. 2/-; Phiwas. 1/ , Rustica, 5/-; Versicolor, 3/- ; Nubeculosa, “oles 3/- ; Lineola, 2/-; Luctuosa, 2/6; all per dozen. Pape : Aclaia, 35/- ; Yellow Filipendale, AE Dominula, 25/-; Roboraria (fine), 6/-; Papilionar: per dozen. Manv others. Write for Lists ON ie lig eae L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.s., BEXLEY, eer Wanted : Carpini, Polychloros, Vinula, and other | nen et a oe ee eee nee ONOVAN’S : British Insects,’ 4 vols. reek to. IV.) ‘blind £6) 25s. Lang’s ‘ Butterflies of Europe,’ 2 vols. (£3 18s.), £2, - Noel H Tumphrey’ 4 ‘British Butterflies, 12s. 6d. ‘‘Genera of British Moths,’ 2 vols. (£3 8s. ), 21s.” Morris’ ‘ British Moths,’ 4 vols., 2000 coloured figures, 30s. . Stainton’s ¢ Natura . History of the Tineina,’ 13 vols. (new), £3 15s. (published £8 2s. 6 6d.). ; ‘ Enropean Butterflies and Moths,’ 12s. 6d. Newman’s ‘ British Butter: Moths ’ (new), 8s. 6d: Rev. Wood’s * Insects Abroad,’ "ds. “bd. “Kirby “an SRA US SS eT mS es d Spates” 5.4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Vou. L.] TUNE, 1917. [No. 649 IPHICLIDES PODALIRIUS FEISTHAMELIU, AND MELANARGIA LACHESIS IN THE WESTERN, AND EKASTERN PYRENEES. By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. My note on Iphiclides podalirius feisthamelti, Dup., in the Pyrenees following Mr. McClymont’s observations (antea, pp- 91-92) was already in the press when I received from my friend, M. P. Rondou, of Gédre, a copy of his ‘ Lépidopteéres nouveaux pour la Faune Pyrénéene’ (Procés-Verbaux de la Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, 1906 and 1916). The later extract contains an interesting note on the possible extension of feisthamelii in the western Basses-Pyrénées, which calls for some comment. As is well known, I believe, typical podalirius is not reported from Spain. Seebold, in his ‘ Catalogue of Bilbao Lepidoptera,’* reports that at Bilbao feisthameliit entirely supersedes the type. Thus, M. Gelin, one of the joint authors of the ‘Catalogue des Lépidopteres observés dans l'Ouest de France,’ suggested some years ago to M. Rondou that feisthamelit should reach north- wards into France in the west, as in the east. ‘‘ From the fact that no one has reported it vet’”’ (7. e. 1900), ‘it does not follow that it does not occur there,” he writes. But in their catalogue, first published in the ‘Memoires de la Soe. Hist. et Scient. des Deux-Sevres,’ Niort, 1912, MM. Gelin and Lucas make no mention of the occurrence of feisthameliit in the French Biscay country, and having visited localities myself from Hendaye to Bayonne in 1891, 1905, and 1911, I can testify that the type asserts itself completely in this direction, and that, I think, is also the experience of the several British collectors, including Miss K. M. Hinchliff, Mr. H. J. Elwes, Mr. A. H. Jones, and Mr. W. G. Sheldon, among others who have explored the same region. I should say, therefore, that feisthamelit does not cross the Bidassoa ; it will be interesting, however, to determine if, on the Spanish side between Bilbao and St. Sebastian, the type over- laps the variety or subspecies. Seebold does not help us. His catalogue is strictly confined to the environs of Bilbao, and there * « Catalogo de los Lepiddpteros observados en las alrededores de Bilbao.’ (‘Ann, Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,’ t. viii, May, 1879, Madrid.) ENTOM.—JUNr, 1917. L 122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. is a wide mountain region between this district and the frontier at Fuenterrabia. But he appends to the list of butterflies the remark that of the local species P. feisthamelii, R. cleopatra, and T’. telicanus are the only three suggestive of a south Kuropean fauna. From its occurrence so far north-west it is clear, there- fore, that feisthamelit can exist, and supersede the type under other than meridional conditions. Elsewhere on the Spanish side of the central Pyrenees, as Lord Rothschild informs me, we find the same phenomenon, ¢.g. above Cauterets, and in the Valée d’Arrazas, otherwise d’Ordesa, from Gavarnie, cited by M. Oberthur (‘ Lépid. Comparée,’ fase. v, Aragon, legend to pl. m.c.). Larralde (‘ Catalogue des Lé:idopteres des Basses-Alpes,’ 1895, p. 19) does, indeed. mention a single example of “ var. (sic.) smaller than the tvpe resembling fersthumelii,” taken at Guiche, in the valley of the Adour, about fifteen miles east of Bayonne ; but that is the only record known to me of a western form approaching feisthamelit. There seems no geographical reason, however, why the Spanish form should not extend northwards, for M. Rondou’s latest contribution to our knowledge of the butterflies of the Pyrenees includes the capture of Melanargia lachesis (another Spanish butterfly) in the Basses-Pyrénées at Oloron, where it flies in company with M. galatea, but at a later date than that when galatea first appears. This record is of special interest, not only because it demonstrates the western penetration of the Pyrenees by M. lichests—-hitherto only reported from the Pyrénées-Orientales and as far north as the Pont du Gard—but because it goes to confirm the specific distinction of two very closely-allied insects. Ina footnote to Mr. MeClymont’s observa- tion of galatea at Le Vernet I ventured to suggest a re-examination of the specimens taken by him, as hitherto the concurrence of the two species there has not been satisfactorily established. On the other hand, there is no question that somewhat further away from the mountains on the frontiers of the same Department but actually in Aude, they fly together. M. Rene Oberthur informed me in 1915 that near Cépie, thirteen miles south of Carcassonne, in the valley of the Aude, he discovered an area of intermixture where also galatea develops a special and characteristic form. Another point of contact, this time actually within the borders of the Pyrenées Orientales, is suggested by M. Oberthur’s remark (‘Lépid. Comparée, fasc. iil, p. 344) that examples of gulatea from the forest of Boucheville are in his collection. ‘This forest is situate on the borders of the Departments of Pyrénées-Orien- tales, and Aude, in the extreme north-west of the former, and between Fenouillet on the eastern and Axat on the western side of the line. Hitherto, British lepidopterists do not appear to have touched this particular locality, but I notice that the late Mr. A. 8. Tetley (‘South Pyrenees in Karly June,” ‘ Entomologists’ THE SALYRINE GENUS MELANARGIA, MEIGEN,. 123 Record,’ xxii, p. 58, 1910) says that ‘‘ the exploration of the big furests to the east of Axat proved very disappointing Butterflies were almost wanting, entirely absent from ‘the meadows’’; where galatea inight have been expected thus early in these latitudes. M. Rondou’s statement that M. René Oberthiir met with galatea in the Pyrénees-Orientales in 1908, though no particulars or dates are otherwise forthcoming, probably refers to the Boucheville locality. Meanwhile, the war has interfered with further investigation of the Cepie district, but it may be hoped that in happier times M. René will resume his researches if the great Oberthur collection does not already contain examples of what may prove to be intermediates between lachesis and galatea. Harrow Weald, April 1st, 1917. SOME REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND DE- VELOPMENT OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SATYRINE GENUS MELANARGIA, MEIGEN, IN ITALY, FRANCE, SPAIN, AND ALGERIA. By H: Rowranp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. THRE are three species of the genus Melanargia, Meigen, which seem to have been developed from a common stirps within comparatively recent times ; four, if Melanargia lucast, Rambur, is to be regarded as something more than the North African form of M. galatea. They are Melanargia lachesis, Hb., M. galatea, L., and M. iapygia, Cyr. M. galatea, either typical or in its southern habitats as var. procida, Hbst., is common throughout the greater part of Central and Southern Europe, though it does not exist in Spain south of the Cantabrians, and in certain of the French Departments neighbouring on the Mediterranean west of Var. Its northern limits are in the United Kingdom, in Yorkshire ; it does not occur in any of the Scandinavian countries, and in the north-east the life-line may be drawn through Breda in Holland, Lineberg, the Harz Mountains to Bremen and Elber- feld, extending east apparently (according to Speyer not north of 524° N. lat.), over the great plain no further than Lievland, and the Volga region between Bugulma and Ufa where it is rare, and thence south to Sarepta through the Steppe (‘ Geographische Verbreitung der Schmett. Deutschlands und der Schweitz,’ vol. 1, p. 190). Reaching, also along the Karpathian to Rumania and throughout the Balkan peninsula, it pervades North Asia Minor, finding its southern extreme at about latitude 34° (?), being superseded hereabouts by M. titea and M. teneates.* * Op. ‘ Butterflies of Syria and Palestine,’ Miss M. E. Fountaine (‘ Ento- mologist,’ xxxv, p. 99, 1902.) 124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The distribution of M. lachesis, on the other hand, is curiously limited almost to the Iberian peninsula, although as I have shown in the preceding note, it descends the Cantabrians, on the northern slope, and extends even into the Western Pyrenees, while at the other end of the mountain barrier it penetrates into France through Perpignan from Catalonia as far north as the famous Pont du Gard, and no further east in this direction than the western limits of the Department of Bouches-du-Rhone. Assuming M. galatea to be nearest the ancestral form, as I suggest, Lachesis may be regarded as a species developed there- from under peculiar local conditions—conditions judging from the known distribution of the species not repeated, for example, in the Italian and Balkan Peninsulas, each of which Mediterranean regions have Melanargias characteristically their own; e.g. M. arge and M. pherusa, in Central and Southern Italy, and in Sicily respectively, and M. larissa in the Balkans and the east of Europe; though the former pertain rather to the Occitanica, Hbst. (Syllius, Esper) group than to that under immediate review. Neither of these three species occurs in North Africa. It is perhaps worth remark in this connection that whereas M. galatea in Northern Asia Minor, in the Balkans, in Italy, and in a limited portion of the Mediterranean Riviera co-exists with Larissa, Iapygia, Occitanica, Arge, and Pherusa respectively, this partnership is not extended in Spain to Lachesis, while, as we shall see, the only Melanargia co-existent with Lucasi is Ines, which latter species, again is confined to the central and north- west coasts of North Africa and tlhe warmer regions of the Iberian peninsula, though in Central Algeria, where apparently Lucasi is non-existant, Lord Rothschi d records Occittanica.* In fact until we come to the northern area of distribution, it is apparent that elsewhere Galatea, or its prototype, has either developed new species or subspecies supplanting it, or marched upon identical routes with other members of the genus. Mr. E. G. B. Meade-Waldot speaks of M. lucast at the beginning of July as ‘‘abundant on the great Atlas, most frequent in woods. . . . A very large and pale form was taken in the central plains in June, and also on the high table- land above Agurygur on June 23rd.’ He further remarks of the Atlas country that, while these mountains have developed comparatively few alpine forms, most of the species in the remote regions are common to the Mediterranean littoral. Thus the intermediate position and development of M. lachesis between the Algerian and Atlas Lucast and northern Galatea becomes the more interesting as a study of distribution among palearctic species. Mr. Wheeler, in his paper on the genus Melitea (‘ Proc. Ent. * ‘Novitates Zoologice,’ vol. xxi, p. 307. + ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,’ 1905, p. 3874 THE SATYRINE GENUS MELANARGIA, MEIGEN. 125 and Nat. Hist. Soc. S. London,’ 1914-15), in connection with the Cinzia group, comments upon the puzzle of its origin. “The absence of high mountain or really arctic species of the group,” he writes, ‘‘and the fact that it reaches further south both in Asia and Africa than any other group of the genus, points distinctly to its more modern origin. . . .” Mutatis mutandis the same conclusion presents itself in the case of the genus Melanargia. Tutt (‘British Butterflies,’ p. 377) enume- rates his subject-group as follows : Family Satyride, Sub-family Erebiine, Tribe Erebiidi, Genus Melanargia, and suggests that it is less an ancient race evolved from a rigorous climate than a race successfully modified to withstand that climate, bearing out my proposition, also, that Gélatea in particular, and Melanargia in general, has come north-westward from Asia Minor, and not, vice versé, moved south and south- westward vid Palestine, Egypt, and the North African littoral. Thus he figures Galatea at the very top of the butterfly stirps and therefore farthest removed from the Hesperiide, and Heterocera, as the most specialised, on the strength of the pupa showing no movable abdominal incision, and being rigid and incapable of movement, as with Hrebia. It is, of course, permissible to speculate that the westward migration of M. galatea, resulting in M. lucasi in Algeria followed the line above indicated through Egypt and Cyrenaica at a time when this region was less desiccated and barren than within the range of historical record. WM. titea and M. teneutes, obvious derivatives of Galatea or Larissa, reach southwards from the Armenian grasslands through a part of Palestine; yet therefrom the trend is in a south-easterly, not in a south- westerly direction, and the fact that no Melanargia exists in the fertile Nile valley and delta strengthens the probability of an original exodus north and north-west of the genus across the Balkans where, according to Geike, there is no sign of glaciation, to Central and Western Europe. For Lachesis, at all events, there is no known locality in North Africa, and therefore no area of intermixture, due to the Gibraltar barrier, and this being so, it is open to conclude that Lachesis has developed from the Galatea of the North Mediterranean (= Procida), and at a later period than that when Europe and Africa were joined at this point; otherwise it is not easy to account for the failure of Lachesis on the North- West African littoral. I am led to believe on botanical authority that certain species of grasses occurring in, roughly speaking, the Larissa-Galatea region of Armenia present a somewhat parallel peculiarity of 126 THE ENTOMOLOGISY. distribution, and that, while absent from Southern Palestine and North-Eastern Africa, they actually recur in the North Mediterranean region and in Western North Africa; they are, e.g., HKrianthus ravenne, Chrysopogon gryllus, Phalaris nodosa, and P. cerulescens. It may be a coincidence and nothing more, and I do not know whether our Asiatic and Mediterranean species feed upon any or all of the grasses named, but the fact remains that these grasses appear to have a similar, though not as wide a range of distribution as the butterflies under review, and that where Melanargia is absent they too are wanting; but this is rather a hypothesis than a proved fact, and requires far more knowledge of plant distribution than | possess even to discuss. It also constitutes a curious exception to the rule of the sub- specification of Galatea that, whereas Galatea is absent from the whole of the Iberian Peninsula except in a corner of the extreme north-west, Galatea in the Apennine, in Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily is continued to the last outpost in this direction towards Africa. I suggest, therefore, that Lucasi cannot be the fons et origo of Lachesis and the Galate« north of the Pyrenees, but that Galatea, streaming down the then Apennine system, may have crossed by the long submerged bridge to what is now Nortb Africa, and developed under conditions similar to those of Sicily the form or subspecies Lucasi, which seems to exist in Sicily to this day.* Geologically speaking, ‘‘la parente de ]’Atlas avec PApennin s’accuse 4 la fois... .” Further, it should not be forgotten that, though M. ines occurs in North-West Africa with M. lucasi galatea, there is no member of the Ines-Occitanica group in the Asia Minor region. And this again suggests not only the derivation of Ines from the Galatea stirps, but that it has found a place in the Western Mediterranean fauna from the east-to-west advance vid the northern and Italian line of distribution. To sum up, then, it is not improbable that Lucasi is the immediate offspring of the Italian Galatea, from which, as stated in Sicily, it is sometimes indistinguisable, and that Lachesis has developed from the northern Galatea as an ultimate dominant species, and that where Galatea meets and disappears before Lachesis, this is due not to reversion to a Lucasi-Lachesis form coming from the south, but to the termination of the conditions favourable to the development of Galatea. And this at a point where the eastward-derived Galatea north of the Mediterranean, and from the foothills of tie Alps, fails to assert itself; so that the area of intermixture, to which I drew attention in my note on M. lachests in the Hastern and Western Pyrenees (antea, }. 122), marks the union of the western-borne Galutea with the Galatea * Iam strongly of opinion that some of the M. galatea exhibited. by the late Mr. Platt Barrett at the South London Society and the subject of a paper in the Proceedings,’ 1915-16, are true WM. lucasi. ¢ FIVE NEW SPECIES OF PYRALID&. 127 which have, so to speak, become Lachesis in the course of their development over the Spanish Peninsula. I find support for my theory in M. Oberthur’s exposition of the affinities of Lucasi (‘‘ Lépid. Comparée,” fase. 11, 255-6), also showing the extent of the collateral route distribution in the croup with the Japygia (= Clotho, Hb., or rather according to Hubner’s description= var. Suwarovius, Hbst.), and Galatea of Calabria. Allard (Ann. Soc. Fr., 1867), in his ‘‘ Notes sur les Insectes de l’Algerie,” actually refers Clotho, var. Atropos to Lucasi, Rambur; but, apart from bionomic differences, M. Oberthur clearly demonstrates that the wing markings of these Sicilian Melanargias approximate far jess closely to lapygia than to Galatea. M. Oberthur has no difficulty in distinguishing the Iapygia of Sicily—the dark form (= Atropos) superficially not unlike the female Lucasi—from that species. He remarks that, whereas in Lucasi, on the underside of the hind wings, the last nervure originating at the base and abutting on the inner margin, is marked by a dusky streak doubled for a half of its length, form- ing a sort of Y, with the stem of the letter towards the anal angle, in Zapyyia the nervure is similarly represented, but the line is straight and without the fork. In the case of Galatea this dusky nervure is also forked, but with the branch reaching in- ternally (‘‘ dans le sensinterne’”’); while in Lucasi the bifurcation is made externally. With the limited number of Lwcasi under my observation, I do not pretend to challenge this distinctive character, but I am bound to say that the diverse direction of the dusky nervure fork in the Lucasi before me hardly corroborates M. Oberthtr’s diagnosis. Certainly he does not propose to suggest this as atest character. ‘I believe,” he writes, ‘* that for the present we ought to consider Lucast as a’ good species, contiguous at once to Galatea, Larissa, and Iapygia,” all of which species exhibit the peculiarity to which he draws attention. But then M. Oberthir is not at all partial to distinction by sub- species, and is as reticent on the subject as Fruhsdorfer is fertile of invention—a sub-specifist gone mad! (To be continued.) FIVE NEW SPECIES OF PYRALIDM, BELONGING TO THE SUB-FAMILY EPIPASCHIANH, FROM FORMOSA. By A. E. Wivteman anp RicHarD SovuTH. Spectrotrota catena, sp. 0. Fore wings ochreous brown, powdered with darker chiefly between the transverse lines; costa dotted with white; antemedial 128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. line white, broad, outwardly bidentate ; postmedial line represented by a chain-like series of white spots, indented above dorsum ; dis- coidal spot black; terminal line black, double, interrupted at veins, enclosing a whitish line; fringes pale grey, traversed by two darker lines. Hind wings fuscous, tending to ochreous-brown beyond the postmedial series of white spots; terminal line and the fringes as on fore wings, but the latter are rather paler. Underside fuscous, inclining to ochreous-brown on terminal area; postmedial line of upper side indicated on all wings. Expanse, 36 mm. Collection number, 1350. A male specimen from Arizan (7800 it.), August 21st, 1908. Stericta dubia, sp. n. Q. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-brown, partly reddish tinged ; posterior edges of abdominal segments marked with blackish. Fore wings whitish-brown, powdered with blackish most strongly on basal two-thirds ; antemedial and postmedial lines paler, the former nearly erect, and the latter excurved beyond cell; discoidal dot black ; costa marked with black between ante- and postmedial lines; ter- minal dots black; fringes whitish-brown, varied with dark brown and blackish, a pale line at their base. Hind wings dark fuscous; fringes greyish, preceded by a pale line. Underside fuscous, paler on dorsal area of each wing. Expanse, 18 mm. Collection number, 1326a. A female specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), August 27th, 1907. Stericta tripartita, sp. n. ¢. Head and thorax black-brown, the latter mixed with ochreous brown; abdomen ochreous brown, clouded with russet-brown, banded with black-brown on the second segment. Fore wings black-brown on basal and terminal thirds, ochreous brown on medial third, the latter clouded with russet-brown; antemedial line pale ochreous, almost straight; postmedial pale ochreous, gently curved from costa to middle, thence almost straight to dorsum, and dividing off a triangular section of the black-brown terminal area; discoidal spot black; terminal line ochreous, inwardly edged with black; fringes greyish-brown, rather glossy. Hind wings dark fuscous; discoidal mark slightly darker, but indistinct ; terminal line and fringes as on fore wings. Expanse, 16 mm. Collection number, 1326. One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), the male captured March 38rd and the female July 12th, 1908. Allied to S. basalis, Leech. Orthaga confusa, sp. n. ¢. Head and thorax white, speckled with blackish ; abdomen ON CERTAIN STEPHANID. 129 white, speckled and barred with blackish. Fore wings white, speckled with blackish; antemedial band black, irregular edged ; postmedial line whitish, curved round outer end of cell, thence wavy to dorsum near tornus; discoidal mark black, a blackish streak from below it to dorsum, a blackish spot above it extending to costa ; terminal area broadly bordered with black, the inner edge irregular and diffuse ; terminal line black, interrupted, dusted with whitish on each side; fringes white, dotted with blackish between the veins. Hind wings dark fuscous; fringes paler, whitish at base. Underside of fore wings dark fuscous, whitish on dorsal area; of hind wings whitish, sprinkled with fuscous on costal area; discoidal dot and postmedial line fuscous: Expanse, 17 mm. Collection number, 1336. A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), July 21st, 1908. Comes near O. onerata, Butler. Orthaga centralis, sp. n. Q. Fore wings greyish, clouded with olivaceous brown in the form of diffuse transverse bands placed before and beyond the middle ; a black spot in the cell and another at outer end of the cell; a white spot between the black ones; below this is a diffuse whitish band tapered to dorsum; some whitish scales on costa above the white cell spot; postmedial line black, curved, serrate, slightly indented below costa and above dorsum, outwardly edged with whitish; subterminal line black, rather broad, interrupted at ends of the veins; fringes pale, mixed with black at ends of the veins. Hind wings blackish, with traces of a pale, irregular line beyond the middle; fringes as on fore wings. Underside whitey-brown, suffused with blackish on the fore wings; hind wings broadly bordered with blackish, and traversed by a curved, serrated, blackish line. Expanse, 33 mm. Collection number, 989a. A female specimen from Arizan (7800 ft.), August 30th, 1908. Allied to O. chionalis, Kenrick, from New Guinea. ON CERTAIN STEPHANIDA. By Ernest A. Exuiorr. Parastephanellus rubripictus, nov. nom. In the ‘Arch. Naturg.,’ Ixvii, 1901, p. 196, Dr. Enderlein described both sexes of a species of Parastephanellus from Milne Bay, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Borneo, which he considered identical with P. damellicus, Westw., and states that the description agrees completely.” An examination of these descriptions reveals striking differences, which quite preclude all idea of the two being varieties of the same species. 130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. In P. damellicus, Westw., the neck of pronotum is smooth, metanotum with a series of short striae at base only, hind femora tridentate, head )iceo-rufous with a white streak on cheeks below eyes, petiole and red legs. In Enderlein’s supposed damellicus the neck of prothorax is coarsely longi- tudinally striate, metanotum longitudinally striate throughout, hind femora bidentate, head black with face and cheeks red- brown, petiole black with a tendency to become red-brown, anterior legs red-brown, hind legs black, their femora sometimes rufescent. These differences, especially the dentation of hind femora and the coloration of the head, are characters clearly separating ‘the two species; the synonymy is therefore Parastephanellus rubripictus, Klhott, = damellicus, Enderl. nec. Westw. Dr. A. Roman, writing in the ‘Archiv. for Zool.,’ Stockholm, 1917, xi, no. 4, p. 4, proposes to withdraw the ‘‘ genus,” more correctly ‘“‘subgenus”’ Hemistephanus. Enderl., as being merely a group of species of Stephanus, s. str. His reasons are: Ist, that this purely American group differs fron Stephanus only in a single wing-character. If such character is consistent, and the group, as far as we know, confined to South America, surely this one character suffices to justify the erection of a subgenus. 2nd. that there is at least one transition form (an undescribed species from Matto Grosso, Brazil), naving the second discoidal cell only very narrowly open. This slightly open cell is found in many species of Stephanus, s. str. 8rd, that all the large species belong to Stephanus, and nearly all the small ones to Hemistephanus (in §. America). It is a fact that the species of the latter subgenus are smaller, and may be taken for what it is worth. 4th, that the sole N. American Hemistephanus, H. texanus, Cress., differs in sculpture and colour from the S. American species and appears to join on to the N. American species of Stephanus. Cresson states, that the wings of his unique specimen were too much damaged to be described. I am inclined to consider it to be a Stephanus, and do not know on whose authority Roman places it under Hemistephanus. To the latter genus belong Megischus maculipennis and M. submaculatus, Westwood, as is proved by an examination of the types in the British Museum. I am of opinion, that Enderlein’s subdivisions, with the addition of Neostephanus, Kieffer, should be retained. Whether called ‘‘ groups” or “‘ subgenera,” they are certainly of use in facilitating the arrangement and determination of the ever increasing number of known species of Stephanide. 16, Belsize Grove, N.W. 3, April, 1917. TWO N#W SPECIES OF DIASTEPHANUS, MNDERL. 131 By Cuaupre Morury. THE other autumn, in a.p. 62, as Suetonius Paulinus was strolling through the forest of Celtic Saegham, just before the monks had cut the name to Soham, he plucked and chewed the rubus berries; and, while doing so, I saw him fling one of them away with an impatient ‘‘rubidus!’’ Anon. we passed a cherry-cheeked Iberian whistling, as his swine gorged mast pannage from the beech. ‘‘ Heus! porcarius est rufus,’ Paul exclaimed: the swine were clean and pink like a young summer’s afterglow, so jocundly I continued, ‘‘ Kt pores sunt rufide!’” His eye came twinkling round at me, as though to say a language a’in’t worth much that’s cribbed, cabined, and confined. Surely, if you (like Charles Lamb) allow the polish of the town derived from wove and the rusti- ness of country life accumulated out of rus, then RUFIDORNATUS is but the easing of a stay-lace. Monks’ Soham, May, 1917. TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIASTEPHANUS, ENDERL. By Hows. Hearorr, hs: Diastephanus flaviceps, sp. nov. ¢. Frons alutaceous, dull; vertex and occiput in front arcuate rugose, becoming transverse towards the posterior margin, which is simple; temples smooth. First and second flagellar joints of equal length, 3rd a little longer. Prothorax almost smooth; mesonotum trans-striate in front, central row of punctures and lateral impres- sions distinct; median segment coarsely punctate. Petiole trans- striate, a little longer than rest of abdomen, which is smooth and shining. Hind coxe trans-striate, femora smooth, tridentate ; tibize compressed to beyond middle. Wings hyaline.—Black ; face, frons, base of antenne and anterior legs flavo-testaceous, cheeks pale red, occiput dark red, apex of prothorax and the hind femora rufescent. Length, 11 mm.; abdomen, 74 mm.; petiole, 4 mm. The type, in the British Museum, bears a label: ‘‘ F. Sm. coll. 79, 22,” without further indication of habitat. Diastephanus flavifrons, sp. nov. 3. Frons irregularly rugose, vertex trans-carinate, occiput trans- striate, its posterior margin bordered, temples smooth. Second flagellar joint not quite twice as long as first, 3rd nearly as long as first and second together. Prothorax trans-striate, deeply impressed at apex; mesonotum centrally smooth, laterally rugose, lateral im- pressions distinct; mesopleurz finely str ate, metapleurz punctate. Petiole trans-striate, as long as rest of abdomen, which is smooth and shining. Hind coxe trans-striate ; hind femora smooth, biden- 182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’. tate. Wings hyaline with red and green iridescence.—Black ; face and lower half of frons white, the colour sharply separated, the lower margin of the black forming an inverted W, apex of mandibles broadly black, frontal tubercles rufescent; 2 basal antennal joints pale red, apex of pronotum, 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments, anterior tibize and tarsi rufescent. Length, 11 mm.; abdomen, 8 mm. ; petiole, 4 mm. Hab.—West Sarawak; G. E. Bryant, collector, iv, 1914. Type in the British Museum. This species is clearly distinguished by the remarkable colour of the head, the white colour being rendered especially con- spicuous by the sharp demarcation above and the unusually largely black mandibles below. The iridescent wings are not noted in any other species of this subgenus. 16, Belsize Grove, N.W., 3, April 28th, 1917. DESTRUCTION OF WHEAT BY WASPS. By F. W. Frouawr, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. HirHerto it appears to have been unknown that wasps attack and destroy corn in any way; therefore the following facts regarding this apparently newly acquired and very destructive habit is worthy of record in this journal. On August 20th last vear, while walking along the edge of a wheat field at Mickleham, Surrey, I noticed that the heads of corn were in a greatly damaged condition, and the cause of the mischief was soon apparent, as numbers of wasps were busy at work gnawing the corn. Along the entire length of the field, which was about 3800 yards long and for about 5 or 6 yards wide from the edge inwards, all the ears of corn appeared more or less damaged, as shown by the two examples represented in the accompanying drawings. As will be seen one has the basal half completely stripped, leaving the stem bare. I watched a quantity of the wasps at work, which proved to be the common wasp (Vespa vulgaris). Upon tracking them to the nest, I found it about one-third of a mile distant from the field and situated in the end of a building, which they entered under the eave. The whole of the damage was caused by the individuals of the one nest. The area of apparently total destruction amounted toa belt of about 800 yards long by 5 or 6 yards wide, and probably a considerably larger portion extending over the tield. Probably this destructive habit has been acquired for the purpose of collecting nesting material, and should it become a generally adopted one among the different species of social wasps, it may tend to very serious consequences in future to the wheat crops of this country. e DESTRUCTION OF WHEAT BY WASPS. 133 The accompanying illustrations appeared in the ‘ Field’ for October 14th last, and the block has been kindly lent by the proprietors of that journal for the purpose of publication in the ‘ Entomologist.’ May, 1917, 134 THK ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES ON SOME PARASITES OF SUGAR-CANE INSECTS IN JAVA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMEN- OPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA.* By A. A. Grravut. Herr P. van per Goor, Entomologist of the Experiment Station of the Java Sugar-cane Industry at Pasoeroean, Java; was kind enough to send to me for identification a number of egg-parasites of sugar-cane insects upon part of which I report on in the following pages: 1. Gonatocerus bijasciativentris, NeW species. - Female.—Length, 1:20 mm. Black and golden yellow, and belonging to the group of species with graceful fore wings; the abdomen as in rzvalis, the ovipositor exserted for a length equal to a third that of the abdomen. Funicle and club, the propodeum, cephalic third or less of mesoscutum, cephalic half of parapside (making two triangular spots on each side), a subquadrate spot at base of scutellum at the meson, immediate base of abdomen, the exserted valves of the ovipositor and a broad black band just distad of centre of abdomen, in the dorsal aspect, sometimes narrowly divided into two stripes, velvety black. Pedicel yellow, suffused with dusky, the scape yellow, dusky along dorsal and ventral edges. Mesopleurum black. Fore wings with about twenty-one lines of discal cilia where broadest; marginal vein long for the genus; posterior wings with a paired line of discal cilia along each margin. Funicle of antennz with no globular joints, all longer than wide; 1 and 2 subequal, smallest; 3 somewhat longer, subequal to the pedicel; 4, 5 and 6 subequal, longest; 7 only slightly shorter than 6, while 8 shortens. Fore wings fumated slightly along distal margin. From many specimens, 2? = inch objective, 1 = inch optic, Bausch and Lomb. Male.—The same, but the abdomen sometimes with three black stripes. Longest funicle joints nearly thrice their own width. From eight specimens; the same magnification. Though coloured somewhat like the Australian cingulatus and comptet, this species resembles in habitus spinozat and bicolor of Australia and rivalis of North America because of the more slender abdomen, the exserted ovipositor, and the absence of globate joints in the antennal funicle. But it is quite slender. Hight males and fifty-four females. Halitat.—Java. Host.—Eges of a leaf-hopper embedded in the leaves of sugar-cane. * Contribution No. 9, Entomological Laboratory, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Bundaberg, Queensland. a a SOME PARASITES OF SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 135 Types.—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, one male, sixteen females, on a slide in xylol balsam. 2. Trichogramma minutum (Riley). Four males, eleven females of this species reared from the eggs of Chilo infuscatellum, Sn. A New Genus of Omphaline Eulophide. Omphalini. Parachrysocharis, new genus. Female.—Like Chrysocharis, Foerster, but the post-marginal vein absent; antennz slender, three funicle and club joints, third club joint terminating in a spur. Stigmal vein long. Thorax without grooves ; the parapsidal furrows complete. Male.—The same, but the funicle four-jointed, three club joints, ten antennal joints. Antenne clothed with long, fine hairs. T'ype.—Parachrysocharis jJavensis, new species. 3. Parachrysocharis javensis, new species. Female.—Length, 1:25 mm. Black, the base of the abdomen rather broadly, the ventral half of the thorax and the legs golden yellow ; venation and antenne dusky yellow; face also mostly golden yellow. Funicle joints all longer than wide, subequal and each barely longer than the pedicel; scape and pedicel paler. From nine specimens ; the same magnification. Male.—The same. From three specimens, the same magnification. Described from three males, nine females, reared from leaf- hopper eggs on the leaves of sugar-cane, the host probably Flata afjinis; each egg holds one parasite. The hosts turn black. _ Habitat.—Java. Host.—F lata affinis (teste P. van der Goot). Types. In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, one male, two females on a slide in xylol balsam. 4. Cyrtogaster javensis, new species. Female.—Length, 1:90 mm. Dark metallic blue, the scutum reflecting greenish, wings hyaline; legs white and the antennez yellowish, the latter with three ring-joints, each longer than the one preceding ; the funicle joints subquadrate and more or less subequal. - Post-marginal vein distinctly longer than the long stigmal. Coxe concolorous. Parapsidal furrows half complete from cephalad. Punctate, the propodeum reticulated, with a median carina. Abdo- men slender. Five funicle, three club joints, the club wider than the cylindrical funicle. Mandibles four-dentate, the outer tooth acute. Scutellum smoother toward apex. 136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. From ten specimens; the same magnification. Male.—Not known. Described from ten females reared from the eggs of an unknown moth on the leaves of sugar-cane. Habitat.—Java. Host.—Lepidopterous eggs (probably Bombycide). Types.—In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, three females on tags, three pins and a slide with two others. Runs to the genus in Ashmead’s (1904) table. —==zx—— BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN _ 1916. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Most of the interesting facts connected with our limited orthopterous fauna, which came to hand in 1916, had relation to the earwigs—the abundance of L. minor and F’.. auricularia in one district, and the occurrence of the invader, P. arachidis in two others. Grasshoppers in the late summer seemed to be about in their usual numbers, and chirped merrily as if enjoying the bright sunshine of early August. Many examples, however, of various species were not mature in the New Forest. by August 9th. How skilfully, after one of their flying leaps, grasshoppers land with unerring safety on a slender grass-stem or some similar object, when one walks amongst them on a fine summer's day. Forficulodea.—Several notes, worthy of record were handed to me during 1916 in connection with the earwigs, although some of them refer to the previous year. Writing on March 11th Mr. O. Whittaker told me that when in camp with his regiment at Exning in Suffolk, not far from Newmarket, Labia minor, Linn., occurred very commonly during October and the end of September, 1915, the ground outside his tent often revealing the presence of at least three per square foot. He took two dozen in a couple of minutes one evening as he sat at tea, and still there were more. This was the first occasion on which he had seen the species at all plentifully—in fact, previously he had taken only a couple of single examples. My own captures have been single ones also, and perhaps not a dozen in all. Later Mr. Whittaker sent me nineteen of those he captured—six males and thirteen females. Writing again on May 19th Mr. Whittaker said that on the 17th inst. he was at Bury St. Edmunds and at 5.30 p.m. there were dozens upon dozens of Labia minor on the wing. About halfway back to Newmarket the Red Cross car broke down, and he had to wait for an hour by the road side until another car came. It was a beautiful evening and still more BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1916. 187 L. minor were to be seen. If not exactly the commonest insect in those parts, he thought it certainly was one of them. Had he had collecting materials he could have obtained for me a hundred or two without. wasting much time. Mr. Whittaker had not then seen any about Newmarket itself. A female of this same species, taken near Brockenhurst on September 7th, 1916, was given me by Mr. D. Sharp; and in November Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin sent me six males and six females taken in his garden at Reading in September. In April, 1916, Mr. H. Moore had brought to him by a friend a male, a female, and half a dozen nymphs of Prolabia arachidis, Yers. They had been taken alive in a City warehouse in bales of goods (rush-baskets) from Japan. Later in the year Mr. Tomlin sent me several examples of the same species from bone refuse at some bone works, Action Bridge. These were collected on October 9th, 1916. The number of instances of the occurrence in England of this cosmopolitan species seems to be increasing. Mr. C. W. Bracken, in working out the ‘‘ Orthoptera of Devon” * took the opportunity of investigating the mystery, as Burr termed it, of the occurrence of Anisolabis annulipes, Luc., at a bakehouse in Tavistock—a small market-town fourteen miles inland from Plymouth. It appears that some years before 1894, when Mr. Swale first found the earwigs, the father-in-law of the occupant of the bakehouse was a Jamaica merchant, who, visiting his daughter, brought the insects in his luggage. They formed a colony in the bakehouse just behind the house. Writing on March 18th, 1916, Mr. O. Whittaker sent me from the camp at Newmarket another earwig note. It appears that the orderly room in which he was working consisted of a canvas tent supported by a longitudinal ridge-pole resting on three upright posts. Every day Forficula auricularia, Linn., sought refuge up by the ridge-pole, where they must have been in thousands. From this elevation they used in the day-time to drop excreta. Out of curiosity he one morning placed a piece of paper on a table directly beneath the ridge-pole. It was left for an hour, and, when counted, the number of spots of excreta was found to be ‘‘three score and eleven.” ‘This experiment was performed about the end of June or beginning of July; but F. auricularia swarmed there all through the summer. In the morning he would find five or six in his rifle-breech and as many in the barrel. He did not take a census of males and females, though the circumstances would have afforded an excellent opportunity for so doing. One morning he killed over 100 in one tent without making an appreciable effect on their numbers. There were about 100 * For a paper on the ‘‘ Orthoptera of Devon,” read on July 20th, 1916, to the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Sci., Lit., and Art. ENTOM.—JUNE, 1917. M 188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. tents and thousands of earwigs in each. He did not see any var. forcipata, which he had previously taken at Southport in Lancashire. For the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna records, F’. auricularia was reported from a garden in Alexandra Road, Manchester, a rather dark female, April 7th (G. J. Burne); also a male from Burton Marsh, Cheshire, August 25th (T. A. Coward). Blattodea.—Lictobius panzeri, Steph., was taken in the New Forest on August 21st (W. J. L.). Blattella germanica, Linn., was reported as swarming behind hot-water pipes at a Church Army shelter in Swansea, 1916 (H. R. Wakefield). Mr. H. Moore had given him about two dozen Periplaneta americana, Linn., which were taken in April by Mr. Heath in a warehouse in the City of London, amongst bales of rush baskets from Japan. For the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Record a male blatta orientalis, Linn., was reported from a motor garage at Chorton- cum-Hardy, Manchester. Gryllodea.—Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr., was taken in the New Forest on August 8th (W. J. L.), and Mr. G. T. Lyle sent one (a female) out of four specimens which he found about September 10th amongst debris of a decayed Boletus. Locustodea.—Metrioptera griseo-aptera, De Geer,was taken in the New Forest on July 28th, and for the next six weeks was found to be common there. Mr. H. J. Burkill tells me that on August 26th he saw six stout-bodied brown grasshoppers of a heavy type near Chepstow, in Monmouthshire. They seemed _ to keep in pairs and were near the top of a low hedge. They were P. griseo-aptera, a pair having been boxed for identification. Metrioptera brachyptera, Linn., was taken in the New Forest on August 8th, but I did not find them as readily as by recollection I used to do. On September 13th I went to Esher Common, Surrey, to try to get some specimens, but saw none, though I certainly did not make a lengthy search. This species usually lives amongst rather rank herbage in damp spots and conse- quently is not easily captured. After a hop or two it often hides at the base of the herbage, clumps of cross-leaved heath being a favourite habitat. Its mode of progression at times partakes somewhat of the nature of a run or walk. Acridiodea.—On September 12th I went with Dr. T. A. Chapman, from Dorking, along the lower road at Denbies towards Pickett’s Hole to search for the grasshoppers Stauroderus bicolor, Charp.; Stenobothru; lineatus, Panz.; and Gomphocerus rufus, Linn., the last two being usually somewhat scarce species. The weather was dull with some rain, but we succeeded in finding the three species. Dr. Chapman has been investigating the habitat of S. lineatus and G. rufus on the slope of the Downs in this district. He finds them in suitable spots from Reigate to Pickett’s Hole, sometimes quite commonly. A Buckland locality, BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1916. 139 where he knew them previously, but where they are scarce, is part of the same slope of the North Downs several miles to the east. No doubt further search would reveal a still more extended habitat. Their companion, S. bicolor, is of course a very common insect: it was met with on the South London Natural History Society’s excursion to Box Hill on July 22nd, and was noted in the New Forest on August 4th. Gomphocerus maculatus, Thunb. was also found at Box Hill on July 22nd, and was noted in the New Forest on August 2nd. Mr. T. A. Coward sent me two females from Thurstaston, Cheshire, taken August 20th, 1916, and both sexes from Ainsdale, Lancashire, August 29th, 1916, for the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Record. Omocestus viridulus, Linn., was taken at Box Hill on July 22nd, and in the New Forest on August 8rd. At Marlborough Deeps, in the New Forest, mature Omocestus rufipes, Zett., seemed fairly common, but nymphs were to be found also. Two were brought away, one of which matured, while the other escaped. The only food given them was grass, which I did not often see them eating. Chorthippus elegans, Charp., was found in some numbers at a known babitat nedr Beaulieu River, in the New Forest, on September 8th. Chorthippus parallelus, Zett., was noticed at Box Hill on July 22nd, and in the New Forest on August 2nd ; while Mr. Coward sent two females from Thurstaston, taken August 20th, 1916, and a male from Ainsdale, August 29th, 1916. Mecostethus grossus, Linn., were found mature in the New Forest on August 9th and again on August 26th. On August 11th, in the New Forest, three Tetrix subulatus, Linn., only were taken mature : they were readily and plentifully captured on September 7th. The more common Tetrix bipunctatus, Linn., was captured on several occasions in 1916—in the New Forest, on April 28th, one of two taken having a broad, pale, mid-dorsal stripe; one on the South London Natural History Society excursion to Netley Heath, etc., Surrey, on June 24th; on the Box Hill excursion on July 22nd; New Forest, August 12th; and one (apparently immature) at Ainsdale, August 29th, sent by Mr. Coward for the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Record. Some notes contributed by Mr. Bracken, of Plymouth, I have not distributed under the various suborders, since they all relate to Devonshire. They are as follows: “On June 10th many newly-hatched nymphs of Pholidoptera griseo-aptera and Leptophyes punctatissima, Bosc., were taken by sweeping nettles at Plympton, near Plymouth. These were added to on June 17th ina similar manner while collecting at Bere Alston on the River Tavy. Several of these were fed on rose-leaves almost to maturity, but being in one breeding-cage the majority were eaten” by their companions. On August 17th a visit to Cawsand (Cosdon) Beacon produced a good series of Gomphocerus maculatus —very dark forms, as they generally are on our moorland 140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. margin. At the same place were taken a number of Omocestus viridulus. These are always referred to as ‘ generally distri- buted’ in Devon, but I do not find them so by any means. One specimen was taken in September on cliffs, Plymouth Sound. At Cawsand Beacon (in sheltered hollows at the foot of the tor) Tetrix bipunctatus was also very abundant. Meconema thalass- imum, De Geer, was found again (August 2nd) in its usual haunts on oak-trees at Cann Quarry on the lower River Plym. Phasgonura viridissima, Linn., was taken at Cawsand (a village on Plymouth Sound) on September 7th, demurely seated in the middle of a path, the centre of a wondering group of Sunday pedestrians. On October 10th I took one at Ivybridge. Both were very fine fully-grown females. They are by no means abundant in South Devon. *‘Most noteworthy of the season’s captures was a bag of Conocephalus dorsalis, Latr. The colony found by Mr. G. T. Porritt at Churston in 1900 and 1902 still persists. A visit to the spot on August 28rd proved quite successful in spite of the fact that. heavy rain fell during almost the whole day. In the intervals between the showers, assisted by my son, I swept yards and yards of rushes standing in several inches of water. Six specimens in all were taken, and several were missed. Sweeping damages these delicate insects, but it was the only method on the day in question. The taking of what was undoubtedly a nymph of C. dorsalis at Bere Alston (River Tavy) amongst rushes on June 10th bids fair to establish another habitat. Unfor- tunately a visit paid in September to look for the adult insect proved abortive in spite of several hours’ search on a hot, sunny day. The nymph, which unfortunately I failed to rear, had the characteristically produced vertex, and a well-marked reddish- brown dorsal stripe. It was of the usual oily-green colour, but the pronotum, elytra, and wings were undeveloped. Its length was 5 mm. ‘One other record may be made—the receipt in December of a pale-green cockroach, undoubtedly Panchlora exoleta, Klug., from a local banana store.” Kingston-on-Thames, May, 1917. NOTE ON MAIVA SULPHUREA, 5B. & K. By Grorae Taxsort, F.E.S. Maiva sulphurea, Smith & Kirby, Rhopl. Exot. ii, African Lyc., p. 96, pl. 21, fig. 18 (1893) (Lake Nyassa). Type of genus. Upon examining the type of this ‘insect, described’ as a Lycenid, we find it to belong to the Pierine genus Terias with which it agrees in neuration, palpi, and markings. The arrange- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 141 ment of the scattered blackish scales on the hind wing below is identical with what is seen in most Terias. The upperside pattern and the yellow underside of the hind wing points to the specimen being a dwarf 2 example of T'ertas brigitta f, zoe, Hopff. The specimen has lost its legs and antenne, the basal seg- ment of the latter alone remaining, and these agree with the same part in the antenne of T'ervas. ‘'ype in collection, gr eieey NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Sryrincomy1A Fossi, iy Enauanp.-—The remarkable Tipulid genus Styringomyta was first found in Baltic amber, and was for many years supposed to be extinct. It was later determined that rather numerous species were still living in tropical countries, widely scattered over the world. In ‘ Proc. U.S. National Museum,’ vol. 52 (1917), p. 377, I described a supposed new genus Mesomyjites, con- sidered to be related to Mythicomyza, from the Oligocene of Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight. The specimen consists of a wing, lacking the base. Mr. Chas. P. Alexander now writes, pointing out that. this fossil has all the characters of Styringomyza, and, after reconsidering the whole subject in the light of his suggestion, I feel convinced that he is right. It is singular that a similar type of venation should be so nearly duplicates in entirely different families, but, in spite of this, I think the fossil shows enough to confirm the new reference, and the species will therefore stand as Styringomyia concinna. In the paper cited, p.373, Rephidia should of course be Rhipidia. This is another Tipulid (Rhipedia brodiet) from Gurnet Bay.— T. D. A. CocKERELL. RuyacioniA (RETINIA) PURDEYI, DurRANT, at LEwisHaAmM.—On August 8th, 1907, I took from a fence in this neighbourhood beneath the overhanging branches of some Austrian pine trees (Pinus laricio v. nigricans) a Tortrix that appeared to be unfamiliar to me. On August 6th, 1908, another was captured, and on July 19th and 26th yet another one on each day, and I missed two or three others, for they were very restless. I have more than once shifted these speci- mens in my cabinet, but they never appeared to agree with any species that I had there, and recently, on pointing them out to a friend, he remarked, I think half in jest, that they might be Rhyacionta purdeyt. However, I turned up the original description of that species, and it appeared to fit my specimens so well that I submitted them to Mr. Durrant, who pronounced them to be undoubtedly referable to that species—RoBEeRT ADKIN; Lewisham, April, 1917. CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS, AND PLUSIA MONETA IN MippLEsex.—The abundance of Cyaniris argiolus in the Metropolitan area this year is remarkable. Until 1901 I do not remember to have seen a single specimen on the wing in the garden here, though occasional observa- tions were made by my friend Mr. C. R. Peers, when living, before that date, at the Rectory, Harrow Weald. But from that time onwards, as elsewhere, and throughout the neighbourhood, it has 142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. steadily increased in numbers, being always most prolific in the spring emergence. At Wandsworth, where my present duties have taken me every day for the past year, it has been everywhere in evidence, reaching Citywards to within a few hundred yards of Vauxhall station. Equally tenacious of locality is Plusia moneta. Tor eighteen suc- cessive years this beautiful Noctuid has bred regularly in our garden ; and, seeing that for the past five years at least the aconite has been reduced to a couple of somewhat meagre plants, it is astonishing that it should have continued to prosper. True, occasional larvee have been detected on delphinium, but there is no doubt which is the favourite food plant; and this year again my tiny preserve shows every sign of yielding an abundant emergence at the end of June; the emergence being then most regular, and commencing, whether the season has been late or early, during the last three or four days of the month.—H. Rownanp-Brown; Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald, May 26, 1917. PREPONDERANCE OF MALES OF GONEPTERYX RHAMNI.— When the weather was sufficiently warm and bright from April 5th to 24th, G. rhammi was on the wing in numbers in the New Forest; but only on one occasion, April 19th, were any females seen, and then only very few compared with the large number of males. They may, of course, have been sufficiently plentiful, but for some reason did not take to the wing.—L. C. E. Batcoms; Kingston-on-Thames. BREPHOS PARTHENIAS.—From April 5th to 24th this moth was very common in the New Forest, usually, of course, in the neigh- bourhood of birches. The very backward spring clearly accounts for its late date.-—L. C. E. Batcoms ; Kingston-on-Thames. CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS.—F'rom about May 4th the ‘‘ Holly Blue” has been very numerous in the streets and gardens of Kingston-on- Thames. A certain ‘“ variegated laurel,” so-called, attracts it, though the mistake seems to be immediately discovered. I hear that it is common also in the neighbouring town of Richmond.—L. C. EH. Batcoms; Kingston-on-Thames. CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS IN THE Crry.—Perhaps it may be interesting to record that I saw a specimen of Cyaniris argiolus flying in Queen Victoria Street, E.C., at noon to-day.—L. E. DunstEr; 44, St. John’s Wood Terrace, Regent’s Park, N.W.; May 4th, 1917. HKUGONIA PoLyCcHLOROs IN West Lonpon.—It may be worth recording that I caught a Large Tortoiseshell butterfly on the dining-room window of this house this morning.—G. C. TurNEr ; 49, Cleveland Square, W., May 2nd, 1917. SOCIETIES. THE South Lonpon ENnromonoaicAL AND NaruraL History Socrery.—April 12th, 1917.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair—Mr. Edwards exhibited species of the genera Nectaria and Hestva, highly protected butterflies, and referred to their nume- SOCIETIES. 143 rous mimics.—Mr. B. W. Adkin, numerous aberrations of Agriades- thetis and A. coridon, taken at Eastbourne in September, 1916.— Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a book bought from a street barrow, ‘ The Aye- aye, by Sir Richard Owen, inscribed “ To P. B. du Chaillu, from his friend and well-wisher, Richd. Owen’’; a post-card illustrating a Fowling Scene from the wall of a tomb at Thebes B.c. 1500, on which were portrayed five figures of butterflies; and a photograph of the cases of the more obtainable British Psychids, and read notes on the characteristics and life-histories of the species.—Mr. H. Moore, a number of species of Nearctic and Neotropical Sphingide. —Mr. Frohawk, the two sexes of Hugonia polychloros, and pointed out that the only secondary sexual character of distinction was the hitherto unnoted fact of the males possessing considerably larger eyes.—Mr. Bunnett, the nymph cases of a species of caddis-fly.— —Mr. Adkin read a short paper, ‘‘The Weather of 1916 and the Butterflies of Hastbourne.’”—Mr. Frohawk, a letter from Tipperary dated 1895, describing a butterfly existing there, which apparently was Limenitis sibylla. April 26th, 1917.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, President, in the chair. —KExhibition of orders other than Lepidoptera——Mr. H. Main exhibited living specimens of Scarabeus, from Malta and Sicily, and specimens of the oil-beetle Meloé, with cells containing the bees, Anthrophora pilipes, on which it is parasitic—Mr. K. G. Blair, (1) living gall-flies, Aphilothria radicis, and the “ truffle” gall from which they emerged; (2) Psammochares cardwi, a new species of Pompilid bee recently described by Dr. Perkins; and (3), on behalf of Dr. C. J. Gahan, a living specimen of the Death-Watch beetle, Xestobium tessalatum, which responded to stimulus by tapping.— Mr. W. West (Epsom), an ancient Microscope, date 1780.—Mr. H. Moore, a large number of insects from Demerara, ants, bees, wasps, flies, mantids, locusts, and Hemiptera, including Menibracide.—Mr. Ashdown, Swiss and North Italian Coleoptera, taken in 1914, including about forty species of Longicorns.—Mr. Lucas, a collec- tion of British earwigs and coloured enlarged drawings of the North Forest cricket (Nemobius sylvestris) and of the giant earwig (Labr- dura riparia).—Mr. Lachlan Gibb, a case of the American “ bag- worm,” Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, a large Psychid.—Mr. West (Greenwich), his collection of British Homoptera and drawers from the Society's reference collections of Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera.—Mr. Turner, various species of British Ichnewmonide, Britisk Hymenoptera, and Europern Coleop- tera.—Mr. Adkin, a copy of Fuessly’s ‘ Archives de l’Histoire des Insectes,’ 1794.—Mr. Edwards, boxes of Exotic Coleoptera, Cicadide, and Hemiptera.—Hy. J. TuRNER. May 10th.—My. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— The death of two members was announced, Mr. A. J. Scollick and Mr. F. H. Stallman, the latter from wounds in France.—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited specimens of Rhyacionia (Retinia) purdeyi taken in Lewisham, and read notes on the history of the species as British. —Mr. Blair, a stem of aspen burrowed by the larva of the beetle Saperda populnea at Longicorn, in which the burrows were slit open no doubt by birds.—Mr. Hugh Main, specimens of the oil-beetle 144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Meloé from near Woodiord, with photographs of phases in its life- history.—Mr. Newman, stems of nut from Otford with large gall masses on them; and living larvee of Agriades thetis, and remarked on its great scarcity this year where last year it was in great abundance. He also made remarks on the lateness of Celastrina argiolus, the late flowering of the blackthorn, and the scarcity of the larvee of Arctia villica and A. caja.—My. Priske noted the fact that Pieris rape went to rest under the heads of daffodils, thus gaining protection.—Mr. Frohawk said that both P. rape and P. brassice selected pale leaves as roosting perches. Mr. Frohawk, a series of aberrations of Pyrameis atalanta, a species rarely liable to vary naturally—(1) with divided red band fore-wing, (2) white clouds in red band fore-wings, (3) increase of size of white spots in apex and in bands, (4) reduction of white apical markings, (5) extremely large and small specimens, (6) marginal bands clouded on hind-wings, (7) black spots of hind margin of hind-wings absent, ete.—Hy. J. TURNER. OBITUARY. WirTH great regret we have to record the death of Mr. Arthur James Scollick. For the past year or so he had been a sufferer from gastric trouble, and under medical advice had been living at Sidmouth in Devonshire. Late in April last it was decided that an operation was imperative, and he came to London for that purpose. The operation was successfully performed at a private nursing home in Baker Street, the subsequent critical period was weathered, and there seemed to be great hope of his ultimate recovery. Unfortu- nately his strength failed and he passed away on May 6th in the 60th year of his age. In his youth Mr. Scollick evinced an interest in British Lepi- doptera, and this interest was considerably strengthened by the gift from his aunt of an entomological cabinet. For many years he confined his attention to the so-called ‘‘ Macros,” among which he worked with much enthusiasm and considerable success. He was particularly careful in the matter of setting his specimens, and as regards the more local species he would devote much time and trouble in obtaining them in whatever stage they were to be found. It is to be regretted that he very rarely contributed anything to the literature of entomology. Possibly a reason for this may have been-his belief that in his work he was simply following a beaten track, and that any field observation or discovery that he might make would be perfectly well known to others although new to himself. In 1881 Mr. Scollick was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society. He leaves a widow and two sons, the latter subalterns in the army, to mourn his loss. He will be missed by a large circle of friends including many entomologists. ! / Subscriptions for 1917 (7s.) should be sent to R. South (Editor), 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up Hill, London, N.W. Vol. L.] JULY, 1917. No. 860, J : ENTOMOLOGIST Illustrate Mont dournal( “i 211 GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, ¥.E.S. | C. J. GAHAN, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., ¥.E.S8. W. L. DISTANT, V.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8. fF. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.0.U.| Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o. u ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 1. a* zi ey SON IAN DE) Ja Price Ninepence. 4 f "13, 6d., 28., 28, 6d. per pair. Cala Cork, 7 by 84, best quality, 1s. \sneets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, Qe. 6d, Insect Lens, 1s. to 88. Glass-bottomed Boxes from ds. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9 Digger, in leather sheath, | ¢ ditto of and a Fresh - water Sev one 2d. ; Useful Boole 0 on Nd aka Bees, eo are best pinned on Silver Pins, which ie, last much ia as) ) We! shall be oe me WATKINS & eerie rs. Gd. aya Umbrella Nets ele abuts Tbe vd. G. 4ine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 25. Nested Chip Boxes, Td. per ‘four dozen. utomological Pins, Petonted or mixed, ‘1s., 18. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 64. so 85. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 25. Sugaring | Mixture, ready ‘for ‘use ls. 9d. per tin. 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Sealpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2 per pair: Wgg-drills, 2d., 84., 9d.; | Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; ‘Artificial Byes for Birds an a Animals; ; Label- lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ; ditto. of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., Ly insects of all other families. on i ‘ Shain Nt NY, ng We stock various sizes and aa of ee Silver Pins, which edo certain id advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or : silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Sesiide, « se 3 to send patterns on application. SHOW kKOOM. AOR. CABINETS. of every description for Insxcrs, Bae ‘Kags, Corns, Mucroscopicas. Onmmens Fossirs, &c. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on ‘application, post free. Uae ae A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS” EGGS if (BRITISH, KUROPKAN, AND. BXOTIO), See : Birds, Mammals, c. oN Preserved ond Mounted by Firat. olaas Tre nee 36, STRAND, we, LONDON, ro Ld Larve : Algeria, 6: Adan! A); Napi, 2/-; Rhamni, 1/6; “Cardamines, | z Megera, 1/6; T. 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FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, ‘BOURNEMOUTH. | Pa THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Vou. L.] JULY, 1917. [No. 650 NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAPAN Dd FORMOSA. are Nocruipz. Hugrapta igniflua, sp. n. My, ?. Head and thorax brown, mixed with orange ; abdomen #rdy2 Forewing pale brownish-grey, finely dusted with blackish ; two dark brown sinuous lines at the base enclosing some orange scales ; ante- medial line dark grey, sinuous, only distinct on dorsal area ; postmedial line greyish, sinuous, inclined inwards under the cell, whitish, and outwardly edged with brown and orange towards costa, preceded by a white crescent and brown cloud; a brownish cloud marked with four orange elongate spots, each spot followed by a black dot; sub- marginal line dark grey, sinuous. Hind wings pale brownish-grey with darker sinuous submarginal line; two brown marks near tornus. Under side whitish with black discoidal mark and two dark grey transverse lines beyond, Expanse, 32 mm. A female specimen from Japan in the British Museum. Dunira fasciata, sp. n. $. Fore wings pale ochreous, costa faintly purplish-brown, a black dot in cell and two at end of cell; antemedial line faint purplish- brown, indistinct about middle; postmedial band faint purplish-brown, bidentate on inner edge, diffuse on outer edge; terminal dots black. Hind wings ochreous, whiter towards base; terminal dots black. Under side ochreous, markings of upper side traceable. Expanse, 17 mm. Collection number, 1248a. A male specimen from Yoshino, province of Yamato, Japan, May 6th, 1906. Also a specimen in the British Museum from Japan (ex Coll. Leech). Hypenagonia mediifascia, sp. n. @. Fore wings whity-brown; basal area, limited by medial band, tinged with ochreous; medial band purplish-brown, darkest on the ENTOM.—JULY, 1917. N 146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. edges; area beyond the medial band freckled with dark purplish- brown and faintly powdered with ochreous; sub-basal and antemedial lines purplish-brown, serrate, very slender; subterminal line indicated by purplish-brown dots placed between the veins and inwardly edged with white. Hind wings with colour and markings as on fore wings. Expanse, 20 mm. Type in the British Museum. Kanshirei (1000 ft.) (Wileman), August 19th, 1909. Hypena tawwana, sp. n. 3. Fore wings pale brown, suffused and dusted with darker on the disc, the costal area paler inclining to whitish towards apex; a pale longitudinal line from base to just beyond middle of the wing, whence it runs obliquely to and becomes whiter at the apex of the wing ; subterminal line dark brown with black margined white dots on it towards dorsum ; terminal line crenulate; fringes white dotted with whitish and traversed by a black line. Hind wings fuscous grey; fringes whitish except near costa and about middle. 9. .Similar to the male, but the costal area is whiter and the dark clouding more intense. Collection numbers, 1454 and 1455. A male specimen from Tainan (sea level), March 3rd, 1907, and a female from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), March 12th, 1907. There is a specimen, also from Tainan, in the British Museum. Comes near H. labatalis, Walker. LYMANTRIADA. Psalts (?) kanshiretensis, sp. n. g. Head brownish-buff, thorax brown; abdomen buff shaded with brownish on middle segments. Fore wings brownish-buff powdered with brown except on costal area, finely irrorated with black, shaded with dingy purplish-brown on terminal area except near costa; fringes appear to be dark in colour with some metallic scales at their base. Hind wings buff, shaded with dusky towards termen. Under side similar to the upper side. Expanse, 23 mm. Collection number, 737. A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), September 27th, 1905. Huproctis postfusca, sp. n. ¢. Head and thorax yellowish-buff; antenne brownish-buff ; abdomen pale buff inclining to yellow on anal tuft. Fore wings yellowish-buff, immaculate. Hind wings purplish-brown, fringes yellowish. Under side purplish-brown, fringes yellow; costa of fore wings yellow. Expanse, 18 mm. Collection number, 39. NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAPAN AND FORMOSA. 147 A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), May 17th, 1907. Two unnamed specimens of Huproctis, from India, in the British ‘Museum seem to belong to the species here described. Allied to H. varians, Walker. DREPANIDZ. Leucodrepana serratilinea, sp. n. 3. Fore wings white with silvery sheen, sprinkled with greyish on the basal area; postmedial line greyish, double, serrate; sub- terminal line greyish, interrupted, preceded by small greyish clouds between veins; terminal line brown, slender. Hind wings bluntly angled at vein 3; similar to the fore wings in colour and markings, except that the basal area is not powdered, but is traversed by a double greyish line. Under side silvery white, immaculate. Expanse, 22 mm. Collection number, 1628. A male specimen from -Horisha (= Polisia in Formosan Chinese), October 8rd, 1907. PsycuiIpD&. Fumea (?) tatwana, sp. n. 3. Fore wings bronzy-brown, powdered with blackish, especially on the median area; a black mark on the costa, and black dots on the termen. Hind wings and under side blackish. Expanse, 18 mm. Collection number, 1798. A male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 6th, 1909. There are several specimens from Rantaizan, Formosa (Wileman) in the British Museum. CRAMBINAE. Diatrea pulverata, sp. n. 9. Fore wings whitish powdered with brownish ; postmedial line dark brown, irregular, two diffuse dusky streaks from it—one towards apex, the other towards tornus; subterminal line dark brown, almost parallel with termen, but elbowed below the costa and indented above dorsum; terminal and discoidal dots black. Hind wings white. Expanse, 16 mm. One example of each sex from Kanshirei (Wileman) (1000 ft.) in the British Museum. The female, being in good condition, has been described; it was taken, May 26th, 1908. The male specimen was captured on July 25th, 1906. A female from ‘lakow (sea level), August 6th, 1904, in Coll. Wileman (No. 289). 148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Crambus subterminellus, sp. n. ?. Fore wings whitish, finely powdered with dark grey except along a streak below costa extending from base to apex and a shorter streak below the median nervure; discoidal dot black; subterminal line brown, elbowed below costa; terminal line brown, elbowed below costa; terminal dots black at ends of the veins; fringes whitish, rather glossy. Hind wings whitish, suffused with dusky; fringes whitish. Under side fuscous; costa and termen of fore wing and dorsal area of hind wing whitish. Expanse, 28-30 mm. Collection number, 1112. Two female specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). The type taken on September 16th, 1908; the other on June 15th, 1906. Comes near C. tonsalis, Walker. Crambus flaviguttellus, sp. n. $. Fore wings white, glossy, veins brownish on terminal area ; antemedial line indicated by an outwardly oblique yellow streak from costa to cell; yellow dot on median nervure, and one below it; post- median line yellowish-brown, outwardly oblique to vein 6, thence turned inwards and indicated by dots on the veins to dorsum; a short yellowish-brown line on costa beyond the postmedial line, and a short one between the postmedial and antemedial lines ; discoidal dot black, fringes silvery marked with yellowish-brown. Hind wings white ; tornus shaded with blackish on costal half; fringes white. Under side white ; veins brown; disc suffused with brown. Expanse, 21 mm. Collection number, 1115. A male specimen from Tainan (sea level), May 5th, 1906. Culladia bipunctella, sp. n. ¢. Head brown, crown white; thorax brown, mixed with white; abdomen missing. Fore wings brown except on the dorsal area, which is white powdered with brown; postmedial line dark brown, outwardly oblique from costa to cell and edged with white, thence inwardly oblique to dorsum, above which it is indented; subterminal line white, highly sinuous, upper sinus almost reaching the black termen ; two black dots above tornus; a white longitudinal streak from base to termen, clear and distinct before postmedial line, diffuse and clouded beyond postmedial line; a white mark at apex of the wing; fringes silvery, tips greyish. Hind wings whitish suffused with fuscous. Expanse, 25 mm. Collection number, 1183. Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000ft.), April 14th, 1916. In the British Museum are three specimens from Kanshirei and one from Banshorio (= Bankimsing in Formosan Chinese) (Wileman, June, 1906). Comes near C. sinuimargo, Hampson. CHLOROLESTES UMBRATUS, HAGEN (ODONATA). 149 ON CHLOROLESTES UMBRATUS, HAGEN (ODONATA). By Hersert Campion. Chlorolestes is a particularly interesting and somewhat isolated genus of Agrionid Dragonflies, peculiar to the South African fauna. Of the five species which have been described so far, Ch. wmbratus is at once the smallest and the rarest. It was originally described by Hagen in 1862, from a male from the Cape of Good Hope (‘ Bull. Acad. Belg.’ (2), xiv, p. 37), and, so far as I am aware, no further records have been published since that date. Another specimen, likewise a male from the Cape, was presented to the British Museum by R. W. Townsend as long ago as 1842. This example, which has lost one pair of wings and is otherwise in fair condition only, has been examined by Dr. F. Ris, and carries the following note in his handwriting : ** Chlorolestes umbrata, Sel., det. Dr. F. Ris. This specimen was confronted at Rheinau with the typical ¢ labelled by Hagen and de Selys from the Selys collection, and found to agree sufficiently with that type. 29, iv. 1913.” While going through the Odonata belonging to the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, I found a third male, as well as a specimen of the female sex, which was hitherto unknown. Mr. Hugh Scott, the Curator in Entomology at that Museum, has kindly informed me that his register shows them to have been obtained in Cape Colony in 1897 by Miss Wilman. These insects have now passed into the keeping of the British Museum (Natural History), and, as they are in a fine state of preservation, it seems advisable to publish fresh descriptions of both sexes of this little-known species. The two males now in the British Museum resemble one another very closely, but differ in several respects from the one described by Hagen. Indeed, in the absence of the direct comparison with the type of uwmbratus which has been made by Dr. Ris, I should doubtless have felt disposed to treat the material before me as representing an undescribed species. According to what was written by Hagen and De Selys in 1862 (loc. cit.) and 1886 (‘ Mém. Cour.,’ xxxviii, p. 74), wmbratus is especially characterised by (1) the small size; (2) the small number of postnodals in the fore wing; (8) the simple venation; (4) the form of the anal appendages; (5) the unicolorous orange pterostigma; (6) the vividness of the bronze-green of the body ; and (7) the green coloration of the face and the base of the antenna. Of the characters mentioned, the only ones which really apply to the British Museum specimens are (8) the sim- plicity of the venation, (4) the anal appendages, and (5) the 150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. colour of the pterostigma. As regards (1) and (2), not only are the Townsend and Wilman males considerably larger than the Hagen male, but the number of postnodal cross-veins is also much greater. The following are the actual figures: Hagen’s ¢. Townsend's g. Wilman’s ¢. Length of abdomen - yeoman: 38 mm. 37°5 mm. Length of hind wing . 21 mm. 23 mm. 24:0 mm. spar of postnodals it 19-13. 18 (one 18-19. ore wings . ; 4 wing only). Finally, the colour-characters (6) and (7) do not agree at all well with Hagen’s statements, as will be gathered Fig. 1.—Wings of Chlorolestes umbratus, Hagen. ¢. Cape Colony, 1897, Miss Wilman. Photo. A. W. Campion. from the following descriptions of Miss Wilman’s speci- mens : Length of abdomen, including anal appendages, 37-5 mm. ; length of hind wing, 24 mm. Labium and gene yellow. Labrum glossy black. Clypeus dark reddish-brown. Frons metallic green. Upper surface of head black, with green reflections. First joint of antenna brownish-yellow, second joint brownish-yellow to dark brown, filament dark brown. Prothorax pruinose grey, with a pair of large oval pale spots on the middle lobe; yellowish at sides; hind margin rounded, slightly raised. Dorsum of thorax proper also pruinose grey, with a narrow yellow line on each side, antehumeral anteriorly, and bordering the humeral suture at its posterior end, which does not reach as far as CHLOROLESTES UMBRATUS, HAGEN (ODONATA). 151 the base of the thorax. Mesepimeron blackish, with a golden-yellow area lying in the lower (anterior) half; a large, cuneiform, whitish spot reaching forward from the base, and bordering the humeral suture. Metepisternum yellow below (before) the metastigma ; above (behind) the metastigma blackish, bordered with yellow on each side. Mesinfraepisternum dark brown above, yellow below. Metepimeron whitish, variegated with yellow; a superior blackish line near the pectus. Pectus whitish, with a pair of lateral elongate blackish spots and an anterior median fusiform black spot. Legs: Coxe pale pruinose; femora dark brown to blackish-brown above, pale brown below ; tibiz pale brown; tarsi blackish. Wings: 18-19 postnodals in fore wings and 15-17 in hind wings. The anal crossing slightly proximal to the level of the first antenodal. Fig. 2.—Wings of Chlorolestes umbratus, Hagen. 2. Cape Colony, 1897, Miss Wilman. Photo. A. W. Campion. Wings ceasing to be petiolated at the level of the middle of the quadrangle. A milky-white band crossing each wing between the level of the nodus and the level of the origin of M,; a broad brown band traversing the fore wings between the level of the origin of M, and the level of the proximal end of the pterostigma; in the hind wings the brown band reaches outwards as far as the level of the middle or distal end of the pterostigma. Pterostigma unicolorous dark orange, bounded by black nervures, covering from two to two and a half cells. Abdomen dark chocolate-brown, glossy ; segments 1 and 2 and part of segment 3 overlaid with metallic green ; a whitish pubescence on segments 8 to 10. Upper anal appendages longer than segment 10, glossy black, forcipate, obtusely bent near the base, becoming stouter beyond the bend until an internal prominence is reached a little before the apex, 152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and ending in a blunt point: viewed in profile, the entire length of the appendages is seen to lie in a single plane. Lower appendages very short, pointed. Q@. (Allotype.) Length of abdomen, including anal appendages, 33°5 mm. ; length of hind wing, 25 mm. Labium and gene yellow. Labrum glossy black. Clypeus dark reddish-brown. Frons and upper surface of head glossy black, without conspicuous green reflections. Occiput broadly edged with yellowish-brown. First and second joints of antenna brownish ; filament lost. Prothorax brown, with a pair of large oval yellow spots on the middle lobe; hind margin rounded, slightly raised, yellow at sides. Dorsum of thorax proper black, with a narrow yellow line on each side, as in the male. Mesepimeron mainly blackish; light brown inferiorly (anteriorly); a short yellow line bordering the humeral suture basally, with an elongated spot of yellowish-white lying beside and below it. Metepisternum yellow below (before) the metastigma ; mainly brown above (behind) the metastigma. Mesinfraepisternum as in male. Metepimeron principally yellow; a superior blackish spot near the pectus. Pectus as in male. Legs as in male. : Wings: 15-16 postnodals in fore wings and 13 in hind wings. Wings entirely hyaline. Pterostigma as in male. Abdomen dark chocolate-brown, glossy; the sutures between the more proximal segments yellow; some green reflections on segments 1 and 2. Anal appendages glossy black, short, subconical. Ovipositor, including the palps, not projecting beyond the level of the end of the abdomen; each of the lower valves with a convex ventral surface in the apical third of its length, armed with a longi- tudinal row of saw-like teeth; palps curving strongly downwards. A NEW EMBIDOBIA FROM INDIA. By A. A. Grravut. ReaRED from the eggs of Hmbia major, Imms, at Bhowali, Kumaon, Himalaya, India, August 24th, 1912 (A. D. Imms). Embidobia brittanica, new species. Female.— Length, 0.70 mm. Differs notably from the genotype in having the abdomen, legs, scape, and funicles 2-5 golden yellow. Fore wing dusky rather broadly at apex and with a faint cross-stripe from the marginal vein (hyaline in the genotype). The abdomen at apical fourth, however, and sometimes a cross-band between base and middle, dorsad, dusky ; otherwise black or dusky black. Differs farther as follows: Funicle 1 is somewhat shorter, that is, slightly longer than wide; the other funicle joints also shorter, that is, wider than long, 5 twice wider than long ; the propodeum is striate between the spiracles, at first (mesad) longitudinally, then obliquely ; segment 2 COCOON COLOUR OF VARIOUS INSECTS. Se of the abdomen is shorter than 3 (counting the first body segment as 2) 2 striate at proximal half (in the genotype striate for proximal three fourths), 3 striate at base (for nearly the entire segment in the genotype, though but faintly after middle) ; segment 4 shorter than 3 (longer in the genotype, sub-equal to 2). The whole of the venation from base to the apex of the elongate postmarginal vein bears conspicuous, long, stiff bristles (in the genotype less conspicuous, the postmarginal vein otherwise indistinct but for them). Marginal vein nearly as long as the stigmal vein, thrice longer than wide (in the genotype hardly twice longer than wide, less than half the length of the longer stigmal) ; otherwise the same. Mandibles with three small acute teeth at apex. Three females. Types.—Catalogue No. 20601, U.S. National Museum, the females on a slide. The original description of the genus needs emendation as follows : Antenne in female 11-jointed, the club 4-jointed; lateral ocelli distant from the eyes; scrobes very deep but short, separated by a thin carina ; eyes hairy; propodeum with a curved lateral carina; the postmarginal vein is present, elongate, over twice the length of the stigmal ; the latter very narrow, its knob small andabrupt. Mandibles tridentate, the middle tooth shortest, the others subequal. Abdomen depressed from dorsal aspect, ovate, the base truncate and margined, none of the segments very long, the abdomen a little longer than the rest of the body. Habitus of Telenomus. Meson of propodeum declivous and against the abdomen (but when visible striate as in brittanica, but not out to the spiracles). Male antenne 12-jointed, moniliform, except the club and funicle 1, the former longer than the latter, longer than the pedicel (which is not so elongate in the male). From types of the genotype. ON THE COCOON COLOUR OF VARIOUS INSECTS. By G. Ty lynn) oS: Untit I read Mrs. Merritt-Hawke’s paper, ‘‘ On the Factors which determine the Cocoon Colour of Plusia moneta and other Lepidoptera,” published in the ‘Trans. Entom. Soc., 1916, p. 404, I was under the impression that for some time past it had been an accepted fact that the variation in colour of the cocoons of P. moneta is due entirely to the absence or presence of moisture. Some years ago I reared a considerable number of the larve of this species with the idea of obtaining hymenopterous para- sites, and my experience abundantly proved that, given a total absence of moisture, the cocoons were invariably white, while, 154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. on the contrary, cocoons spun in a tin box, in which a consider- able amount of moisture was caused by the food-plant placed with the larve, were just as invariably of a bright yellow colour. To test the effect of damp, I immersed two of the white cocoons, which had been spun in chip boxes, in water, and was surprised at their rapid change to yellow.* I have noticed a somewhat similar change in the cocoons constructed by ichneumons of the genus Phytodietus. These parasites are frequently met with, preying, as they do, on some of our commonest species of Tortrices; the cocoons they make are thin, papyraceous, and pure white in colour, but if dipped in water at once turn to a deep brown; indeed, a very slight degree of moisture is sufficient to cause the change, so that it is very rarely a cocoon is found in its natural position, between the leaves spun together by the host, which is anything but brown in colour. That all pale cocoons do not turn colour when subjected to moisture is well known. For instance, the white cocoons often constructed by the silkworm Bombyx mori suffer no change when thoroughly soaked in water, and the cocoons of Simethis fabri- ciana furnish another common example. The subterranean cocoons made by the Braconids Meteorus deceptor, M. chloropthalmus, and Zele infumator are pure white, and remain so, no matter how damp is the earth surrounding them. Many of the genus Apanictes also spin white silk, which is not affected, though I have noticed the curious ball of silk in which the cocoons of A. congestus are enclosed to take a yellowish tint when exposed to the weather. It seems only reasonable to conclude that the viscous liquid from which silk is spun varies in its chemical constitution, and it is to be hoped that some entomologist with a knowledge of chemistry may take the matter up, and so throw light on a most interesting subject. Mayfield, Lensfield Road, Cambridge. LIST OF BUTTERFLIES TAKEN IN THE NEIGHBOUBR- HOOD OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. By Maraaret #. Founratne, F.E.S. Turse butterflies were all taken from the beginning of February to the middle of April, and include the following: 1. Papilio zelicaon, Boisd. First seen end of January. Very common the beginning of March, but only so especially in one * T can confirm Mr. Lyle’s observations of the cocoon colour of Plusia moneta. Cocoons found in situ on food-plant in garden, yellow; spun up in small dry breeding cage, white.—H. R.-B BUTTERFLIES TAKEN IN NEIGHBOURHOOD OF LOS ANGELES. £a5 locality, on Melrose Avenue (where fennel flourished on all the waste ground), and it was not difficult to catch, as it flew round all the little gardens, which in Los Angeles are never fenced in, frequently settling on the flowers of the scarlet geraniums, which erow so luxuriantly in Southern California. 2. P. rutulus, Boisd. This much coveted prize of Los Angeles schoolboys began to fly towards the end of March in the Holly Spring Valley, and was quite common in Verduga Park, near Glendale, in April. The males were much larger and finer than the females. 3. P. eurymedon, Boisd. With the exception of one female taken in Laurel Canyon, this butterfly seemed mostly to be met with on the summits of the hills, where the males flew on warm days in March, but they were never at all plentiful. I also took one male near Glendale in April. 4. Pieris occidentalis, Reakirt. The western form of P. pro- todice was about the commonest species to be met with, especially on the foot-hills behind Hollywood, all through February, March, and April. 5. Anthocharis sara, Lucas. This lovely little butterfly began to fly at the Holly Springs at the very end of January, and was still on the wing, though getting rather passé, when I left Los Angeles, middle of April. The females were rare at first, though not unfrequently to be met with a little later. Laurel Canyon was the best locality for A. sara, but it flew in every valley round Los Angeles, I might almost say abundantly, especially throughout February and March. I took three females with the ground colour yellow, I suppose, var. stella. 6. Colias eurytheme, Boisd. Several forms of this variable butterfly were fairly common in most of the localities I visited during February and March. In April it seemed almost to disappear, no doubt to return later on in its summer brood. 7. Danais plexippus, Linn. Common everywhere. 8. Dione vanille, Linn. One male specimen only taken on Melrose Avenue in March. I never saw another. 9. Melitea whitneyi, Behr. Common in several places on the hillsides near Hollywood, also in Santa Monica Canyon, in March and April. 10. Huvanessa antiopa, Linn. Hybernated specimens were to be seen anywhere ; in fact, I once observed one flying in Broadway. 11. Pyrameis atalanta, Linn. Frequently seen in various places. Up Holly Springs Valley I saw females laying eggs on stinging nettles in March. : 12. P. huntera, Fab. The most common of its genus. I saw several flying round a lauristinus hedge in full bloom in the end of January. 13. P. cardw, Linn. Freshly emerged specimens in the beginning of February were rather darkly shaded. 156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 14. Junonia cenia, Hub. Occasionally met with in March and April. 15. Limenitis (Basilarchia) lorquini, Boisd. Freshly emerging during the first fortnight in April. The best place for it was the Holly Springs Valley, where, I was told on good authority, that a little later on it occurs in great abundance. I also took it near Glendale and in Santa Monica Canyon. 16. Lemonias virgulti, Behr. One male specimen only from “‘ Look-out’’ Mountain, above Laurel Canyon, in March. I never saw another. 17. Lycena sonorensis, Felder. This exquisite little butterfly was on the wing in Santa Monica Canyon on April 2nd. The females were quite as common, if not more so, than the males, and were in better condition. It was fairly common in one restricted area near a stream right down in the canyon, but I failed to find it farther up the gorge, and never came across it at all in any other locality. 18. L. acmon, Dbl.-Hew. Was fairly common in March and April. The best place for it was a very flowery mountain side, intersected with small gullies, on the way to the Universal City. 19. L. antiacus, Boisd. Very common everywhere in March and April. 20. L. pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec. Widely distributed in Feb- ruary, March, and April, but not very common. 21. Thecla melinus, Hub. Occasionally met with on summits of hills and elsewhere. 22. Thecla affinis, Edw. Very common everywhere. 23. Cenonympha california, Dbl.-Hew. Most of the specimens I took were of the winter form—var. galactinus, Boisd.—but one or two I have are undoubtedly var. eryngit, Edw. I came across a small brood of this most interesting little butterfly, all more or less passé, at the very beginning of February, at the foot of Hollywood Mountain. Afterwards this insect entirely vanished, till it began to reappear about the middle of March, when it soon became abundant on all the -foot-hills around Hollywood and elsewhere. Some of the specimens were so white as to be easily mistaken for a small Pieris when on the wing. The females were always scarce. 24. Hesperia tessellata, Scud. This was the commonest Skipper round Los Angeles in March and April. 25. Thanaos clitus, Kdw. Common on “‘ Look-out’’ Mountain, and occurred in many other localities in March and April. 26. Atrytone melane, Edw. Met with here and there, but never very abundant. Hot Springs (Va.), U.S.A., May 27th, 1917. THE SATYRINE GENUS MELANARGIA, MEIGEN. 157 SOME REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION’, AND DE- VELOPMENT OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SATYRINE GENUS MELANARGIA, MEIGEN, IN ITALY, FRANCE, SPAIN, AND ALGERIA. By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 127.) Mr. Platt Barrett, who had an intimate and personal knowledge of the Sicilian dark form of Iapygia (var. Atropos ?), and of the Sicilian Galatea (var. Syracusina), says (‘ Proc. South Lond. Nat. Hist. Soc.’ 1913-14, p. 97) : ‘‘ The females of Lucasi”’ (i. e. in the British Museum Collection) ‘‘ agree exactly with my dark specimens of Galatea taken at Messina, except that the Sicilian examples are a little larger ’’—further evidence of the specific identity of the two ‘‘ species”? and of the road by which the eventual Lucasi arrived in North Africa. I may add that when I made my first (and last) acquaint- ance with the living female Japygia var. cleanthe in the Cevennes, on the Causse Mejean above Florac in 1901,* I had creat difficulty in separating them from the local form of Galatea, even after capture. In the cabinet, too, I find the sexes of both Lucasi from Algeria and Galatea from the south of Europe inseparable in many instances. M. lucasi is first described by H. Lucas (‘‘ Exploration Scientifique de l’Algerie, Hist. Nat. des Animaux Articules, Sciences Physiques,’” ‘ Zoologie,’ vol. ui, p. 355, published in Paris in 1849), from a male example captured in 1840-1, or 2, and he refers it with a ? to Arge clotho thus : No. 24. Arce Crorno ? (pl. il, fig. 4). (Hubn, ‘‘Samml. Kurop. Schmett.,” pl. xlii, fig. 190a, 191; Dup., ‘‘ Hist. nat. des Lépids. de France,” supp!. tom. 1, p. 167, pl. xxv, fig. la 4.) ‘*T only possess two examples of this species, which I con- sider, with a doubt however, as being only a regional form of A. clotho, in which the black coloration dominates. I only met with one single individual male, which I took in April in the environs of Bougie about half-way to Gouralia ; as regards the female, which was sent me by Dr. Boisduval, it was taken in Sicily. ‘Pl. ii, fig. 4, A. clotho ? natural size, upper side; 4a the same, a female, viewed in profile, under side,” etc. The above mentioned figure of the male has been copied in colour, and is placed at the foot of the male series in the British * ‘Hntomologist’s Record,’ vol. xiii, p. 310. 158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Museum Collection. 4a is a fine figure in which the-outward branch of the vein (Oberthur’s line) is clearly shown. Other- wise it is not to be distinguished, or the male figure either, from the Sicilian form of Galatea, and as Lucas did not differentiate this Algerian butterfly as other than a form or geographical race of Galatea, Rambur’s later name stands by right of priority. I have compared the respective series of Galatea and Lucast in the South Kensington, and find it extremely difficult to separate the two by M. Oberthur’s direction of the fork on the nervure nearest the inner margin which I call Oberthur’s line; i.e. the fork of the Y in Galatea turning inwards, in Lucast outwards. It is somewhat remarkable that M. Oberthur omits to men- tion M. Daniel Lucas’s description of the egg, larva, and pupa of M. lucasi, which appeared in the ‘Ann. Ent. Soc. France’ (vol. Ixxv, p. 29 et seq.), accompanied by an excellent figure (pl. iii, figs. 8, 8a, 8b) of the larva when full-fed, and of the pupa. He says that he had no difficulty in rearing them on various kinds of grasses; the ova laid by a living female in June, 1904, hatching out in July, and the young larve, which stopped feeding in November, resuming the following March. By the end of April they were full-fed, and pupation took place. His description of the larva might serve for that of Galatea, the green form: ‘ Robe vert, ligne dorsale d’un vert foncé ; sous-dorsale d’un vert un peu plus foncé que larobe. Au dessus des stigmates on remarque deux lignes de meme couleur que les sous-dorsales. La région abdominale et les fausses pattes membraneuses d’un vert-bleu plus foncé que celui de la robe. Stigmates indiqués par des points noirs tres apparents sur les premiers, quatriéme, cing., sept., huit., neuve., dix., et onzieme anneaux.” Attention is also drawn to the rose-coloured appendices or anal spikes, and we shall all agree with M. Lucas in his con- clusion that the resemblance in form and characters of the larva, the colour, the disposition of the anal spikes tend to confirm M. lucasi as a late Darwinian form of M. galatea, a conclusion generally supported by the very slight differences which separate the insects in the perfect state. Seitz, who has otherwise been singularly unfortunate in his diagnosis of so many of the palearctic Satyrine butterflies, ranks Lucasi no higher than a form of Galatea; and the author of the descriptions of other members of this group blindly follows the classification of Staudinger. Indeed, in this, as in many other respects, I wonder why so many British entomologists also desert the safer and sounder index compiled by the late W. F. Kirby, whose nomenclature is nearly always based on patient study of the authorities, and should satisfy the most avid of priority hunters. ‘ THE SATYRINE GENUS MELANARGIA, MEIGEN. 159 Lang figures the larva of Galatea, apparently an indifferent copy from some other author, as copies are apt to be (* Butter- flies of Europe,’ pl. Ixxvi, fig. 1). A more convincing and minute study, bearing the stamp of familiarity with the hving model, is that of the larva in its several moults, and of the pupa on pl. ui, fig. 4, of Buckler and Hellins’s ‘ Larve of the British Butterflies and Moths,’ vol. i. Frionnet (‘Premiers Htats des Lépids. Frangais,” pp. 209-10) remarks that the green form of the larva seems to produce principally females, and Leliévre, writing in the ‘Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes’ (1895, p. 61), comments on the wonderful vitality of the larva, which under his observation remained four months without food. Frionnet also states that favourite grasses of the species are in France: Pkleum pratense, Holcus mollis and H. lanatus, Brachypodium pinnatum, and Triticum repens. As regards, then, the specific value of M. lucasi, after reading Mr. Harold Powell’s and M. Lucas’s notes on the subject, it is difficult to decide whereon the claim to separate identity rests. Ova extracted from the body of the female closely resembled those deposited by Galatea procida in the South of France. The larva also is practically indistinguishable, save for size, from that of Procida. The pupa differs only from that of Procida in the same respect. The habits of the larva and the methods of pupation are identical, while Lucasi, following upon the lines of variation common to all the three in the group, as a perfect insect resembles Procida in every way except thatit is a finer insect ; haunting, after the fashion of its congeners, grassy plots on the hills and meadows, and not the drier hills and plains sometimes ' affected by Lachesis, and but seldom or never in my experience by Galatea. The resemblance also of M. lachesis in its earlier stages to M. cleanthe galatea procida is emphasised by Mr. Harold Powell in his ‘‘ Notes on the Ovum and Young Larva ”’ (‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ vol. xvii, 1906, pp. 802- 305) : “The ova received from Miss Fountaine from Albarracin, South-Hast Spain, August, 1905,” he says, “‘in general appearance resembled those of M. var. procida.”” He then proceeds to describe the young larva with great minuteness; but the observations were not carried beyond the first instar; at all events, no further publication appears to have been made on this occasion. Milliere (‘Icon.,’ vol. 1i, p. 92) figures Lachesis (loc. cit., pl. lxii, larva, fig. 4, imago, fig. 5), a very beautiful and characteristic drawing. Of the larva he writes inter alia: ‘‘Sa couleur generale est carnée avec les lignes ordinaires d’un carminé pale”’; and to a somewhat detailed description of the larva he adds that it is a night-feeder and affects by preference the grass Lamarckia aurea. I have no present information whether there is a green form of this larva, but enough has been said to demonstrate how 160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. nearly the larva of M. lachesis approaches that of M. galatea, the brownish-white form. The late Th. Goossens, who made a large collection of larve, and whose ‘‘ Iconographie des Chenilles’’ is published in the Bulletin of the Association des Naturalistes de Lavallois-Perret, reported (loc. cit., 1902, p. 8) that he had possessed this larva, and observes that the caudal spikes are shorter than those of Galatea. In conclusion, I take the liberty to quote a passage from M. René Oberthur’s letter on the subject to which I have alluded : ‘While crossing the Department of Aude I accidentally came on a spot where Lachesis and Galatea were flying together. The form of Galatea was very dark (= Procida), but was already on the wane—it was the 16th of July. On the other hand, Lachesis was, or seemed to be, at the zenith of its emergence. The first example taken by me I thought to be an aberration, so completely did it differ from the form of the Pyrénées- Orientales; but from several taken afterwards I recognised that I had secured a quite special form.” M. Oberthur then goes on to indicate the exact locality, and adds that, continuing his journey to Vernet-les-Bains, he did not again on the way encounter Lachests. This valuable observation, therefore, seems to me to suggest that Galatea and Lachesis approach one another gradually and by approximating forms, and may not even yet be divided by a hard-and-fast line: ‘‘Ces deux éspeces peuvent donc bien s’entendre a l'occasion.” Enough has been said, also, to demonstrate how closely the immediate developments of Galatea approach the generic type form,and to warrant the assumption that while Galatea and Lucasi have hardly yet separated sub-species from species, Galatea, Lachesis, and Iapygia have arrived at a more pronounced stage in the evolution of species, even though there may still be points where they meet and may even intermingle, producing inter- mediate forms. I may add, finally, that this review was compiled by me nearly three years since—before the war—and that if there are errors, more especially as regards authorities, | must plead the preoccupations of the moment as an excuse for leaving my references unverified. ‘The only amendments I have made in the original script follow naturally upon our enlarged knowledge of the distribution of the several western species, due to the investigations of M. René Oberthur (in litt.) and M. Rondou, already acknowledged. Erratum ET ADDENDUM. Page 122, line 12 (antea), for ‘‘ Basses-Alpes,” read ‘‘ Basses-Pyrénées.”’ Id. line 21. Dr. J. N. Keynes also reports Lachesis on the Spanish side of the Port de Gavarnie, in the lower part of the Val d’Arras on July 10th, 1909 (‘Entomologist’s Record,’ xxii, 1910, p. 110). NEW BUTTERFLIES OF THE FAMILY NYMPHALID®. 161 NEW BUTTERFLIES OF THE FAMILY NYMPHALID/:. By Artuur Hatt, F.E.S. Colenis julia var. dominicana, subsp. nov. Male.—Upper side bright fulvous. Fore wings with the transverse subapical band shaped as in the female of C. delila of Jamaica, but deep black and sharply defined throughout, also a similar tooth-like black projection on the outer margin. Hind wings with the black marginal band as in deltla 9 , but even more distinctly divided by the fulvous spots. Underside as in C. delila. Habitat.—Dominica (Kaye). Two ¢ $. Several co-types in the collection of W. J. Kaye, Esq. This form is interesting on account of the resemblance of its male to the female of C. delila, the male of the latter being almost immaculate above. The only mainland form with equally heavy bands is typical C. julia, but this is of a much redder tint and the shape of the wings is different. Phyciodes zamora, sp. nov. Male.—Upper side blackish-brown. Fore wings with a small cream-coloured spot at the end of the cell, and beyond the cell two large, trifid, creamy-yellow spots, the upper one placed between the subcostal vein and the upper median branch, the lower one, which is nearly circular, between the upper median branch and the submedian vein; two small, orange-yellow, submarginal spots between the lower radial and the middle median branch. Hind wings with a very broad, central, transverse band of pale creamy-yellow and a fine, waved, submarginal line of the same colour. Cilia fuscous. Underside: Fore wings yellow-brown from the base to beyond the middle, blackish in the disc, brown on the outer area; pale- yellow spots as above; the apex is tipped with white, and there is a fine, dark-brown, submarginal line. Hind wings ashy grey, with fine, brown, transverse lines; a diffused, brownish, discal band bearing four or five small, dark-brown spots. Expanse, 1:5 in. Female.—Similar to the male, but larger, the fore wings above with four orange, submarginal spots and a small, pale-yellow spot on the costa near the apex. Hind wings paler beneath. Expanse, 1°75 in. Habitat.—Venezuela. ¢ @. Agrees in the shape of the wings with P. ianthe, F., but in markings not much like any other species. Phyciodes cortes, sp. nov. Male and female.—Closely allied to P. texana, Edw., from which it scarcely differs above, except that the hind wings have on the basal area only a few pale-yellow scales in place of rufous spots; on he underside, however, the base of the fore wings is pale ochreous, ENTOM.—JULY, 1917. Oo 162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. this colour not extending beyond the two white spots in the cell, and the hind wings are of a more yellowish tone, and have the white band distinctly broken into spots, and the black discal dots smaller, but distinct. Habitat..—Cuautla, 8. Mexico. June and July. Eleven @. One ¢. This species has perhaps been overlooked owing to its resemblance to P. texana, but it is quite distinct both from tezana and from the white-spotted aberrations of P. ardys frequently met with. It would seem to be very local, as during three visits to Mexico I have met with it only at Cuautla. Phyciodes carrera, sp. nov. Male.—Closely allied to P. ptolyca, Bates, and P. alethes, Bates, but much smaller, the fore wings more produced at the apex. Upper side marked almost exactly as in P. ptolyca, but the central band of the hind wings is more curved, the submarginal line is distinctly thickened anteriorly, and there is no trace of the second submarginal line. Underside as in ptolyca, but the fore wings are pale ochreous from the base to the end of the cell, and the spots in and below the cell are defined with fulvous, not black. The hind wings are of a paler and more ashy-grey tint, without any ferruginous tinge; there is a distinct whitish median band, and three prominent, deep black discal spots. Expanse, 1 in. Habitat.—Amatitlan, Guatemala. 4000 ft. (July and August, 1904.) Ten <6. P. carrera is the smallest known species of the genus, and belongs to so difficult a group that I have long hesitated over describing it, but as all ten specimens are exactly alike, and differ from the types of all the. species enumerated by Godman and Salvin, it is hoped that its description may be justified, Although the ptolyca group of Phyciodes contains many ex- tremely similar forms, I believe the majority of them will prove to be as distinct as the Melitzas of the group of M. athalia. Phyciodes aquila, sp. nov. Male.—Size and general pattern of the large, typical form of P. liriope, Cram., from the Lower Amazon, but on the upper side the base of the fore wings is solidly black to beyond the end of the cell, with only a single, small, fulvous, discoidal spot; the marginal border is also more broadly and deeply black, enclosing a small fulvous spot at the hinder angle, and the fulvous subapical band is distinctly divided into four spots. Hind wings with the basal third black ; marginal band broader and blacker than in liriope, containing only two or three fulvous lunules towards the anal angle, the anterior ones being absent. Expanse, 1:26 in. Habitat.—E] Baldio, Colombia. 5400 ft. Seven go. This species has precisely the same relationship to P. lirtope as P. cluvia, G. and §., has to P, anieta, Hew.; it is, in fact, NEW BUTTERFLIES OF THE FAMILY NYMPHALIDR. 163 very similar to P. cluvia, but is more than twice its size and has much broader wings. An allied form seems to be P. selene, Rob., figured by Seitz, but this is a much redder species, with less black on the primaries. =-Phyciodes notus, sp. nov. Male.—Wings shaped as in P. morena, Rob. Upper side of both wings dark brown. Fore wings with two very small, yellow, post- discal spots, one near the apex, the other below the lower radial. Hind wings with three fine, yellowish lines, the median one indistinct, the discal one nearly straight, the submarginal one strongly waved. Underside: Fore wings with the basal half yellow-brown, discal area black, apex and outer margin paler yellow-brown ; a transverse spot outlined in dark brown at the end of the cell, and in the black discal area two transverse yellow-brown spots, one, which is bifid, in the median interspaces, the other subcostal and trifid; a very fine, waved, tawny submarginal line. Hind wings light yellow-brown crossed by three fine transverse tawny lines, the first near the base, the second at the middle, the third submarginal, and surmounted by some indistinct pale lunules; a discal series of five black dots. Expanse, 1:35 in. Halitat.—Pozzuzo, Peru. One @. A very dark species, allied to P. morena, Rob., from Cuzco, and P. gaujoni, Dognin, from Ecuador, but differs from both in the fore wings above having two small yellow post-discal spots and no submarginal line. As compared with a series of P. gaunt, which it most resembles, the under side is of a deeper yellowish colour, with much more black in the disc of fore wings, and the hind wings are much more clearly and simply marked, with smaller black discal dots and no darkening of the outer margin. Chlosyne hyperia var. irrubescens, subsp. nov. Male and female.—Similar to C. hyperia var. marianna, Rob., but the hind wings above with a large round spot of deep mahogany- red in the middle of the wing. Habitat.—Cuautla, 8. Mexico (June and July). Six od, one ¢., This form seems to indicate an approach towards C. janais, Drury, but the spot on the hind wings is much smaller and much deeper red; its occurrence is interesting, because C. hyperia and C. janais are not connected by intergrades like the very similar C. adelina and C. lacinia, but exist as perfectly distinct and independent species. C. adelina, Stgr., and C. misera, Feld., which are referred to by Rober in Seitz to C. hyperia are both forms of C. lacinia. The account of Chlosyne in Seitz’s work is full of errors, and the whole genus will need revision, (To be continued.) 164 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. DIANTHIDIUM IN THE PuHiInIPpPpINE Istanns.—No Anthidiine bee has hitherto been recorded from the Philippines, but I have just received from Prof. C. F. Baker a specimen collected at P. Princesa, Palawan. It agrees with Anthidium minutissumum, Bingham, from Jalar, and with A. yavanicwm, Friese, from Java. It is, however, a Dianthidium, and since Bingham’s name has priority, it will stand as Dianthidium minutissemum.—T. D. A. CockERELL ; University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. SPHINX LIGUSTRI TWO WINTERS IN Pupa.—On June 18th, 1915, a female of S. lagustrt was brought to me which had laid eleven ova in the box it was brought in. Ten larve emerged on July 2nd, resulting in eight pupz which passed over the winter of 1915-16. Seven imagines emerged during June, 1916—two on the 7th, three on 9th, one on 15th, one on 17th. One pup laid over the winter of 1916-17, and a fine female emerged on June 6th last. I thought perhaps it might be interesting to record this retarded emergence.—H. L. Douton; 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. PREPONDERANCE OF THE FEMALE SEx IN BUPALUS PINIARIA.—On September 20th, 1916, I beat out several larvee of this species, which duly pupated. During the latter end of May last seventeen specimens emerged in all. Fourteen were females and three male; twelve of the females are like the one figured in ‘Moths of the British Isles,’ Pl. cxli; one female is the same colour as the male (Fig.9) on the same plate, and the other female is just a shade lighter than the last in colour. Is not this preponderance of females rather extraordinary, because I have often noticed when netting this species one usually gets about ten males to one female ?—H. lL. Douron; 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. Larva oF Diuina TIL1# oN Cork Tree.—Last September my son took a full-fed larva of this moth at Torquay upon the cork tree, which is common in that district. It duly pupated in a few days, and the perfect insect emerged at the end of May; a fine female. I was under the impression that D. tiie was rather conservative in its diet, and that lime and elm were its only foods. Perhaps a note upon the novel diet of this moth may be of interest.—H. D. Forp ; Thursby Vicarage, Carlisle. SATURNIA CARPINI IN THE ORKNEY IsnEs.—On May 1dth in the Orkney Islands I took, at an altitude of 600 ft., a male and female of the above species resting in the heather.—Sub-Lieut. F. Scnuncg, PLusIA MONETA IN SurREY.—It has been suggested by some collectors that possibly the extremely severe winter we have just had has seriously affected the appearance of this lovely insect. I see it is recorded from Middlesex in your issue of June, 1917. Collecting at Horsley on June 3rd this year, Mr. Alf. J. Lawrance and myself found NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 165 a fair number of cocoons containing pupxe and larve—the larve varied in size from quite small to full fed—on both aconitum and delphinium.—A. K. Inc; 57, Dunstan Road, Kingston-on-Thames. BREPHOS PARTHENIAS.—This moth appeared in this district as late as April 24th. I notice that in last month’s ‘ Entomologist’ its appearance on April 5th was commented upon, but we evidently beat that record here. Our weather accounts for this; on April 11th we had a blizzard followed by hard frost. Heavy snow upon the 14th; snow and frost again upon the 16th, a few days later warm weather came, and upon the 24th B. parthenias were flying in numbers.—H. D. Forp; Thursby Vicarage, Carlisle. ABUNDANCE OF THANAOS TAGES, Linn.—In the Headley and Box Hill District, the Dingy Skipper was particularly common on May 26th. In fact, it was flying about everywhere, one being friendly enough to settle on my luncheon tin as I was eating lunch in Ermyn Street.—L. C. EK. Batcoms ; 26, Hardman Road, Kingston- on-Thames. INFLUX OF LIBELLULA DEPREsSA, L.—This large and handsome Dragonfly has been very scarce in Suffolk during the last twenty-five years. Paget considered it common about Yarmouth in 1834, whence probably comes Stephens’ record from that county; I saw a few along with L. fulva (as recorded by me at E.M.M., 1897, p. 106), at Beccles in 1892; and only one at [pswich—on July 30th, 1897— in the course of twelve years’ collecting thereabouts. Recently Colonel Nurse has noted the species at West Stow and Timworth, near Bury St. Edmunds. I have collected at Monks Soham for thirteen years and had never seen the species until May 31st last, when a 9 appeared, with a second on June 4th. Dr. C. H. &. Vinter also saw one at Apsey Green on June 2nd; subsequently both sexes occurred on his garden moat at Framlingham; and he found the species on June 11th in Parham Wood, where we both found several on the 14th inst. Where else has it occurred this year ?—CraupDE Morury. [In the New Forest, during the first half of June this year, two or three specimens of Libellula depressa were noted flying over and about water in many parts of the district.—R. 8.] Some CATERPILLAR !—‘ The caterpillar plague in the Peak district has extended to Yorkshire and Westmorland, the pests evidently having travelled from the mountain-tops in search of food.” The above gem is extracted from ‘‘ Day by Day” in the ‘ Daily Telegraph,’ June 16th. Perhaps our Yorkshire and Westmorland correspondents will determine the species of this devastating horde !—H. R.-B. CELASTRINA ARGIOLUS: A Comparison.—On April 2nd, 1916, the first specimen of Celastrina argiolus of the year was seen on the wing in the garden here. This year (1917) it was not until May 2nd that one was noted. A pretty close watch is kept in the garden for the first appearance of this species in the spring; moreover, on each occasion a single specimen was seen on the dates mentioned, on the 166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. following days two, and in both years thenceforward in increasing numbers for some weeks. It would therefore appear that the species in this neighbourhood was just one month later this year than last in making its appearance.—Ropert ApKIN; Hodeslea, Eastbourne, June, 1917. SOCIETIES. EntomonoaicaL Society oF Lonpon.— Wednesday, February 7th, 1917.—Dr. C. J. Gahan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the chair.—The President announced that he had nominated Dr. T. A. Chapman, Dr. G. B. Longstaff, and the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild as Vice- Presidents for the ensuing year. The President also announced the death of Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, a former President of the Society, and a vote of condolence with his daughter was passed on the motion of Mr. Champion, seconded by Mr. Bethune-Baker.—Mr. A. W. Rymer Roberts, M.A., Rothamsted Agricultural Experiment Station, Harpenden, and The Common, Windermere, was elected a Fellow of the Society.—Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited, on behalf of Capt. E. F. Studd, R.F.A.,a Fellow of the Society, at present serving with the British Expeditionary Force at Salonica, various Lepidoptera taken by him in 1916 in the neighbourhood of Salonica.—Commander Walker said that he had taken almost all the species exhibited many years ago in the neighbourhood of Port Baklar, near the Boulair lines.—The President and Mr. W. G. Sheldon commented on the abundance of butterflies in Macedonia, the latter observing also that North Mace- donia and Albania were among the least known of European localities for Lepidoptera.—Mr. G. Talbot exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, a series of Agrias claudia, Schulz, showing its distribution and local forms.—Dry. H. A. Cockayne exhibited: (1) A series of Pararge egeria, bred November and December, 1916, and January, 1917, from ova laid by several females taken in August at Limber, N. Lincolnshire. They showed considerable variation. (2) An aberration of Polygonza c-album, the hind wings being nearly black and the fore wings with costal spots united into a crescent. (3) Two partial Gynandromorphs of Polyom- matus icarus. (4) A female Agriades coridon with one hind wing marked with blue like ab. semisyngrapha, the other hind wing having only a thin sprinkling of blue scales over the same area.—Mr. Bacot read a further note dealing with the question of the specific identity of Pediculus capitis and Pediculus hwmanus (vestimenti).—Special Meeting.—The special meeting summoned to consider the new bye-law proposed by the Council was then held.—The Secretary read the proposed bye-law, which runs as follows: ‘ Chap. xxiii. Prohibi- tion in respect of funds. The Society shall not and may not make any dividend, gift, division or bonus in money unto or between any of its members.”” This bye-law was needed to comply with the Act of Parliament regulating the registration of Scientific Societies so that they may be free from local rates—On the motion of Mr. Bethune- Baker, seconded by Mr. Stanley Edwards, it was passed without discussion. Wednesday, March Tih, 1917.—Dr. C. J. Gahan, M.A., D.Se. SOCIETIES. 167 President, in the chair—The death of Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a member of the Council, and for five years a most valued member of the Business Committee was announced.—Mr. E. A. Butler exhibited two species of §. Indian Hemiptera received from Mr. T. V. Campbell, M.B., who captured them at Chikkaballapura in the Mysore State; viz. Urentius echinus, Dist., and Apollodotus prefectus, Dist.; also several recently described species of 8. Indian Fulgoride, together with the ¢ of Hurybrachys tomentosa, Fabr., which has only recently been recognised.—Prof. Poulton said that he had recently received interesting notes on mimicry in Oriental butterflies from Colonel Jermyn, who had forwarded with his manuscript the illustrative specimens exhibited to the meeting. Prof. Poulton also exhibited a male of Ammophila sabulosa, L., with only two submarginal cells to both fore wings.—The President stated that, at Prof. Poulton’s request, he had recently examined the specimen from the Burchell collection (No. 1330), which was shown that evening, and he had no hesitation in saying that it | was either a larva or female of the group Phengodini. The females | of this group are completely larvi-form. Both larve and females | may be distinguished from Elaterid larvee by the fact that the tenth abdominal segment is somewhat conical or tubular in form, and | projects beyond the ninth segment so as to be visible from above.— | Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited the four new species of Cetonide of the genera Clerota, Pseudocalcothea, and Anatona, described in the paper subsequently read, and made some remarks on their characters.—Mr. A. Bacot desired to call attention to a very valuable paper in the Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India (November, 1916, vol. iv, No. 6) dealing with the insects attacking stored wheat in the Punjab, and the methods of combating them, by Barnes and Grove.—Gift of a microscope: The Secretary said that Mr. E. E. Green had offered to the Society a valuable binocular microscope, for which objectives of 2” to 2” were required, and asked whether any Fellow had spare objectives which he would present.—The following papers were read; ‘‘On the new and little- known Lagrud@ from 8. America,’ by G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.; ‘Additions to the Knowledge of the Cetoniide of British India,” by O. E. Janson, F.E.S.; “The Condition of the Seales in leaden Males of Agriades thetis and other Lycenids,”’ by H. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., F.E.S.; “Some Notes on Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana,” by C. B. Williams, M.A., F.E.S. Wednesday, March 21st, 1917.—Dr. C. J. Gahan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the chair.—Messrs. David Hunter, M.A., M.B., The Coppice, Nottingham ; Nicholas J. Kusnezoyv, The Imperial Academy of Sciences, Petrograd; and Percy A. H. Muschamp, Charterhouse School, Godalming, Surrey, were elected Fellows of the Society.— Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited a supposed hybrid between Callophrys avis and C. rwbt.—Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited two specimens of an Elater, from Ireland, not in the British list, taken in Co. Kerry, in June, 1902.—Mr. Collin said that he had observed that certain , Diptera.usually to be seen about sunset were also on the wing about dawn, and inquired whether the same fact had been observed in other Orders.—The President asked whether any Fellow could state 168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. from his personal knowledge that Anobzwm domesticum taps in the manner known as the “death-watch.” Xestobium tessellatum and Atropos divinatoria both tap with the mandibles, and this was shown by Derham to be a sexual call. Wednesday, April 4th, 1917—Dr. C. J. Gahan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the chair.—Mr. Thos. W. Kirkpatrick, The Deanery, Ely, and Sir Charles Langham, Bart., were elected Fellows of the Society.— Mr. G. Talbot exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey specimens of Papzlio- (Troides) priamus r. calestis, Roths., from Rossel Island and St. Aignan, and the allied race wrvelleana, Guevr.. from New Ireland and the Solomons.—Mr. A. Bacot exhibited egg-masses of Stegomyia fasciata, the ‘ yellow-fever mosquito.’’— The President exhibited a live specimen of Xestobiwm tessellatum, and demonstrated its marked power of “ticking”’ in response to tapping on the table on which the box stood in which it was contained.—The following paper was read, illustrated by the epidiascope: ‘‘ Revision of the Genus Tarucus,” by G. T. Bethune- Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S. OBITUARY. WiwuuraAM H. Baker. In the death, during the middle of May, 1917, of Mr. W. BH. Baker a veritable link with the past has been severed. He succeeded to the paternal farm at Battisford, near Stowmarket, and died in his ninety- third year. His father was as keen a working Lepidopterist as himself, and had lived to be eighty-four ; in fact, the 13,000 British moths, of which their united collection consisted, are said to represent the labours of no less than 150 years. As was to be expected in a country village, Mr. Baker knew his insects, their habits, habitats, and familiar names very thoroughly, though nothing of their nomenclature. Among the few insects of other Orders in his collection were the locally very rare Ranatra linearis, L. (first recorded from Suffolk by Donovan) and Mesosa nubila, Ol. (which Harwood rediscovered in Assington Thicks here during May, 1915). When last I visited Mr. Baker, shortly before his retirement to the adjacent village of Combs, he delighted me with tales of the Rev. Joseph Greene, of Playford—though that concerning the silver trowel was new to him; Dr.C. R. Bree, of Stowmarket; of the Rev. Harpur Crewe, who often visited the latter ; Prof. Henslow, of Hitcham ; and even of the last years of the Ven. William Kirby, F.R.8., of Barham, who died in 1850. Many of Mr. Greene’s notes on the ‘“ Lepidoptera occurring in the County of Suffolk,” printed in the ‘ Naturalist,’ 1858, e.g. p. 230, were made upon Baker’s material, though he himself, I believe, wrote nothing, and his father only the note on a social wasp at p. 189 of the same periodical, C. M. — > < 5 a Hela for 1917 (7s.) should be sent to R. South (Editor), 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up Hill, London, N.W. 2. a THE ~ ENTOMOLOGIST Sint Hatily ure OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDIE DSS Y RIiGHARD) SOU LH, F.B-S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.K.S. C. J. GAHAN, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S.. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., V1.8 W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S8°, F°Z.8. F. W. FROMAWEK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. . Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.M.S., &e. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual eK Great deeds are done and great dig oraty ¢ of “Congres: S o\\ LONDON: SRithsonian Dep ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 1. Price Ninepence. WATKINS & DONCASTE R, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus cen Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, inciuding Stiok, 1s. 3d., 26., Zs. 6d. folding g Nets, 38. 6d., 45. Umbteila Nets (self-acting), 76. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 18. ls .6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1g. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7a. ee Hntomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, » 28. 6 6d. to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 25. Sngaring Mixture, ready for use, ls. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor. cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 68. Se ting Boards, fiat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14 in., 8d. Soin, 10d.; 2hin., eee Bhin., ae Rican 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d. ; Complete Set of fonrtoent Boards, 10s. 6d. Set Hones, 9s. 6d., lls. 6d.; corked back, 4s, Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., *¥ 1s. 6d. . Breeding Oage, Os. 6d., 48., 5s., Ts. 6d. ‘Ooleopterist’ B eae Sole with pei ls. 6d., 1s. 8d. Botanical Cases, j jap iy 6d.. ‘Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s a 26. 2d. aoe quire. OR 2s. 6d. to lls. iOariené for replacing Devens 4d. per bo ‘Stee ls. 6d., 28., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quali , ls. 6d. per dozen ; sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 28. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. pee Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine ‘Killing Box, 9 Jd., 1s. Papa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s: Companion, co taining most necessary implementa for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. iSsOrs, 0 pair; Hgg- drills, 2d., 3d., 9dc5, Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes ‘for Birds and ; Animale: ; Label- lists of British Butterflies, Oden ditto of Birds’ Eggs, | 2d., 3d., , 6d. ; : ditto of and and Fresh-water ‘Shells. 1 Useful Books | on Insects, ‘Pgge, on SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro- SEI ey ie. ” as well | as” insects of all other families. — fs A Cari We stock various sizes and lengths of hens Silver ‘pins, ion ane certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, : and verdigrisy like Sesiide, &c., — are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will ak ay as We shall ne pleased to send patterns on application. ; SHOW. ROOM FOR VCAIBY Nea Ss of every description for Insxcrs, Burbs’ ‘Eeas, Coins, Microscoricat Onmmor> Fossizs, &c. Oatalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, postfree. A LARGE 8TOOK OF INSEOTS AND BIRDS’ ‘Baas: (BRITISH, KUROPKAN, AND EXOTIC). Ra eG nute SEN Birds, Mammals, éo., Preserved ond Mounted by Firet- aides) Woven! 36. STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. FINE HEALTHY LARVZ AND PUPA. ee Larve: Aigeria, 1/6; Aglaia, 4/- ; ~Machaon, 7/6; Trish | 2 INaiomiteiee Rhamni, 1/6; “Cardamines, 1/6; ‘Lucina, 1/6; Megera, 1/6; T. Rubi, Or -Phieas, 1/6; -Mendica var. Rustica, 5/-; Versicolor, 3/- ; Nubeculosa, 10/-: ‘Croceago, 3/- Lineola, 2/- 5 Luctuosa, 2/6 ; all per dozen. Pupe : ‘Aglaia, 5/-; Yellow Filipendule, 45/-; Yellow” | Dominula, 25/-; Roboraria (fine), 6/- ; Papilionaria, 6/-; aa i per dozen. Many others. Write for Lists to Os ae L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT. ne onan Wanted : Carpini, Polychloros, Vinula, and other larvee. = fi : ONOVAN’S ‘British Insects, 4 vols. (I. to TV) (published. 25s. Lang’s ‘ Butterflies of Kurope,’ 2 vols. (£3 18s.), £2. Noel: oer ‘British Butterflies,’ 12s. 6d. ‘Genera of British Moths,’ 2 vols. (d | 8s.) Morris’ ‘ British Moths,’ 4 vols., 2000 eouEy figures, 30s. ‘Stainton’s Nat 3g ; FF aos : European Butterflies i Moths,’ 12s. 6d. Newman’s ‘ Britis x Moths’ (new), 8s.6d. Rev. Wood's ‘Insects Abroad,’ 5s. 6d. Kir ‘ Introduction to Entomology,’ 4 vols., 10s., ete. Postage extra. A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, "BOURNEMOUTH. © Vor. 1] AUGUST, 1917. [No. 651 NEW AND RARE HOMOPTERA IN THE NORTHERN COUNTIES. By J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc. Tue following notes include captures made during the past two or three years, some of which have been put on record casually in our local natural history magazines, whilst others have never been referred to. The latter, in many cases, are im- portant either as extending the known range of our British forms or for other reasons, and therefore deserve recording without further delay. Psyllide. Livia juncorum, Latr. Thinly distributed throughout North- umberland, Durham, and the Cleveland district of Yorkshire ; also in Kast Cumberland. Livia crefeldensis, Mink. Newham Bog, Northumberland, very plentiful, feeding on sedges. Rare in the Middlesbrough area of North Yorks. Rhinocola aceris, L. Rare Birtley, North Durham; also rare Gunnergate, Cleveland. New to my Yorkshire list. Rhinscola erice, Curt. Plentiful everywhere in Durham, Northumberland, and Cleveland. Aphalara nervosa, Forst. Very common on the Wear banks, Wolsingham, Durham. Does not occur elsewhere, as far as I have examined. Psylla viburni, F. Low. Very rare indeed. Birtley, Durham, only. Psylla hippophdes, Forst. Extremely plentiful near North Sunderland, in Northumberland. Psylla brunneipennis, Edwards. Sparingly in Durham; commoner at Wolsingham. Trioza galu, Forst. Hverywhere, but not common. Trioza velutina, Forst. Rare Birtley and Gibside (R.S.B.). Durham. Trioza atriplicis, Licht. An addition to the British list. found in Greatham Saltmarsh, in Durham, at the Teesmoutl,, ENTOM.—auGusr, 1917. P 170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. where it is far from rare. Known previously from South France only, and deemed a “‘ lost”’ species. This list must not be considered to exhaust even the rare species of our counties, not to mention our only too common ones. A joint paper by my friend Mr. Bagnall and myself will deal with other forms later. Aleyrodide. Tetralicia erice, Harrison (new genus and species, Vasculum, June, 1917, p. 60). This new form turned up on Erica tetraliz, on Waldridge Fell, in North Durham, July, 1916. It is a very distinct species in every stage, and the following is a copy of the original description : Genus TETRALICIA. Fore wings provided with radial sector only, with a slight flexure in the middle; whole vein subparallel to the inner margin of the wing. Cubitus, especially in certain females, sometimes suggested by a fold or by a cessation of the wing granulations. Male slightly less than the female. Both sexes with 7-jointed antenne. Male antennz rugged and fairly long; those of female less rugged and relatively shorter. In the male the third joint is the longest, and is subequal to the total length of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh; the same joint is likewise the longest in the female, but is longer than the total of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh. In the male the fourth joint is the shortest and in the female the sixth. Male claspers fairly long and broad; penis slight. Pupa case with practically no waxy secretion. Both larva and pupa are extremely elongated. Type—erice, Harrison. Tetralicia ertce@, sp. nov. Characters of the genus with the following additional features : Adult male—Length, ‘9 mm. General coloration bright yellow. Head, legs, and genital claspers smoky black, that of the claspers often very intense. Thorax, a mixture of yellow and black merging imperceptibly into each other. Below and laterally the abdomen is bright yellow; above slightly smoky. Fore wings rather long, rounded terminally; in colour grey-white—not the pure white of Aleyrodes proletella—unspotted, granulated. Lower wings more triangular, termen rounded. Radial sector central. Margin of all wings thickened, toothed, and slightly bristly. Antenne ochreous. Eyes dark reddish - purple, very slightly reniform. Adult female.—Length, 1:2 mm. Like the male but wings broader. Genitalia, except basally, yellow. Antenne slighter. NEW BUTTERFLIES OF THE FAMILY NYMPHALID. 171 Larva.—Necessarily elongated to enable it to feed between the inrolled margin and midrib of a leaf of a member of the genus Erica. Colour, transparent but whitish. Pupa.—Likewise elongated and for similar reasons. The insect is continuously brooded. NEW BUTTERFLIES OF THE FAMILY NYMPHALID#. By Artuur Hatt, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 163.) Pyrameis myrinna ab. eunice, ab. nov. Male.—Differs from P. myrinna, Doubl., in exactly the same way as ab. elymz, Ramb., differs from P. cardw. Fore wings above with the red basal area unbroken, the black spots within it being absent except the one in the cell; all the white subapical and sub- marginal spots diffused and run together so as to form long, greyish streaks; hind wings with the black discal band narrowed and diffused, connected with the margin by streaks along the veins; blue spot at anal angle absent. Underside of fore wings differing as above, but the greyish streaks in the apical area are whiter and form an almost solid patch, and the greater part of the outer margin is yellowish-grey ; the whole outer half of the hind wings bluish-white, shading to yellowish at the margin, the two ocelli represented by round, yellowish-white spots defined with black on the inside only ; the blackish basal area is without the white transverse lines, but the whole of the inner margin is white. Habitat.—Colombia. One ¢@. Dynamine henscht, sp. nov. Male.—Upper side of both wings brown, faintly glossed with olive-green on hind wings and at base of fore wings. Fore wings with five large whitish spots arranged in two oblique series, the inner series consisting of two, the outer of three spots, the middle spot of the outer series divided by the upper median branch; beyond the outer series a small trifid subapical spot. Hind wings with dark brown marginal and submarginal line and an indistinct fuscous median line. Cilia whitish. Underside: Fore wings brown, shading to blackish in the disc ; base of costa ochreous; subcostal vein faintly scaled with blue ; cell filled in with brownish-ochreous, this colour extending to the bases of the upper and middle median interspaces ; a transverse blue mark on the discocellulars ; all the spots of the upper side reproduced in clear yellowish-white ; marginal area paler with a dark brown sub- marginal line becoming obsolete before the hinder angle. Hind wings light brown, inclining to whitish, crossed at the middle by two parallel rufous-brown lines, beyond which there is a discal series of four very small ocelli, black, pupilled with metallic blue 172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and ringed with pale yellow; a brown submarginal and marginal line. Expanse, 1:5 in. Habitat.—Huigra, W. Ecuador, 4000 ft. (February, 1913). Three 3 ¢. One ¢ from Balzapamba taken by R. Haensch. A very distinct species, perhaps most like D. tithia, Hubn., in the pattern of the upper side, but the ground-colour only faintly tinged with green, the hind wings more oval, and the underside of the secondaries totally different. Catagramma maimuna var. kayet, subsp. nov. Male.—Smaller than typical maimuna, the hind wings above with a few scattered red scales, but no trace of the dark blue spot. Female.—The large interno-basal patch of the fore wings is light orange-yellow, not red, and the trifid subapical band is clear pale yellow, much broader than in the male, and sharply defined ; the hind wings are slightly dusted with yellow at the base, and have faint traces of some pale blue scales near the anal angle. Underside as in maimvuna except for the different colour of the basal area of fore wings. Habitat.—Yrinidad. One @ received from a local collector ; one & in the collection of J. J. Joicey, Hsq. Typical C. maimuna, Hew., with red fore wings, occurs on the Upper Amazon, and M. Oberthur has recently described a form from French Guiana in which the fore wings are yellow in the male. The Trinidad race, therefore, occupies an inter- mediate position in having the fore wings red in the male and yellow in the female, but the absence of any trace of the blue spot on the hind wings is characteristic. The female of Kayei very closely resembles the same sex of C. astarte var. antillena, Kaye, from the sanie island. Catagramma quirina, sp. Nov. Male.—Allied to C. maimuna, Hew., and C. texa, Hew., but smaller, the fore wings shorter ; the carmine basal blotch of the fore wings smaller than in C. maimwna, and with its lower edge excised, _ the middle of the inner margin being black to slightly above the sub- median vein, so that the red blotch assumes a very characteristic crescent-shaped form unlike that of any allied species. The short subapical band is orange-red. Hind wings with a broad, carmine, central streak as in C. texa, but only very faint traces of a blue gloss. A small pale blue spot at anal angle. Underside: Fore wings as above, except that the subapical band is clear pale yellow, and that there are three small blue spots beyond it in the apex. Hind wings as in UC. maimuna. Expanse, 1-75 in. Halitat.—Espiritu Santo, Brazil. One ¢. On the upper surface this species has a curious resemblance to the pattern of Agrias claudina, Godt. It is quite distinct NEW BUTTERFLIES OF THE FAMILY NYMPHALID®. “178 from the Bolivian form of C. maimiuna, which also has a red streak on the hind wings. Panacea procilla vary. mamorensis, subsp. nov. Male.—Upper side of a more bluish tint than in procilla; the black transverse line across the middle of fore wings thicker, and the blue-green band beyond it broader and not interrupted by blackish spots; subapical spots whiter, but more broadly bordered with blue- green ; on the hind wings the black median line is thicker, the discal ocelli are largely or (in the type) completely obsolete, and the black submarginal line is more than twice as broad as in proczlla. Underside: Fore wings as in procilla, except that the white sub- apical band is broader. Hind wings of a much deeper purplish- brown tint, with black lines as in procilla, but the discal ocelli extremely small. Habitat.—Upper Rio, Madeira. One ¢ collected by Dr. Moffatt ; two co-types in the collection of C. J. Grist, Esq. This local race almost seems to represent a transition between P. procilla, Hew., and P. divalis, Bates, the upper side much resembling that of the latter. The nearest ally of P. mamorensis is P. lysimache, G. and §., from Chiriqui, but the latter is a much greener form, and on the underside the hind wings are much more rufous, and the ocelli, although smaller than in procilla, are at least twice as large as in mamorensis. Euryphedra thauma, Ster. Only the female of this remarkable species has hitherto been known. The male has the fore wings considerably narrower, and the hind wings more produced at the anal angle. The markings are as in the female, except that the black spotting is somewhat heavier, and that only the last three spots of the inner series on the hind wings are present. One ¢ from 8. Cameroons. Cymothée aramis form. excelsior, ft. nov. “™ Female.—Similar to C. aramis, 2, f. excelsa, Neust., but the ground-colour above darker, and the median band of the hind wings bright canary-yellow, narrowly edged with red on both sides. Habitat.—Bitye Ja River, Cameroons. One ?. Typical aramis 2 has a yellow blotch on the fore wings and a white band on the hind wings, whilst in the form ewxcelsa, Neust., the blotch on the fore wings is red and the band of hind wings white. Hacelsior, with red blotch on the primaries and yellow band on secondaries, has a strikingly distinct aspect. Hypna mexicana, sp. nov. Female.—Allied to H. iphigenia, H. §., from Cuba, and HZ. rufescens, Butl., from Venezuela. Upper side as in rufescens, but the 174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. cream-coloured band of the fore wings is more macular, and has more irregular edges; the subapical spots are larger, and four in number; the rufous-brown patch on the hind wings is of a darker tint than in either of the allied forms, and not so well defined ; the white submarginal spots are five in number and sharply defined; and the tails are differently shaped, being of almost uniform width, not spatulate. The underside resembles that of ¢phigenia, but the hind wings are darker, having no rufous tinge. Expanse, 2°76 in. Halntat.—Salina Cruz, 8. Mexico. One ? (August). I observed several other specimens of this form at Salina Cruz, but it was difficult to catch, flying among thorny bushes. It must be regarded as a race of H. iphigenia, if the latter be considered distinct from H. clytemnestra, Cram. Anea tehuana, sp. nov. Female.—Upper side: Fore wings red, with broadly black apex and outer margin and broad black subapical band, the black areas glossed with brilliant purple except at the margin. Hind wings red, shading to broadly blackish-brown at the outer margin, and brilliantly glossed with purple around the junction of the red and black areas, but the gloss does not extend to the margin. A submarginal series of four small black spots surmounted by white dots. Underside pale grey-brown, sharply and uniformly striated with black throughout. Hind wings with four small, black, submarginal spots. Expanse, 2 in. Habitat.—Salina Cruz, §. Mexico. Two 2? ? taken in August. On the upper surface this species much resembles the male of C. chrysophana, Bates, but is quite different to the female of that species. It can hardly be a dimorphic @ of chrysophana, as the latter species is not known from Mexico and the under side of tehuana has an aspect of its own, the very marked striation recalling that of the otherwise very different A. dominicana, Druce. Siderone mars var. angustifascia, subsp. nov. Male.—Nearest to S. vulcanus, Feld., from Colombia, but the red band of the fore wings considerably narrower, more sharply bent, and at the end of the cell partly interrupted by a number of diffused black scales. The blue gloss on the fore wings is darker and fainter and the hind wings show no trace whatever of the red costal spot. Habitat—Huigra, W. Ecuador. 3000 ft. One ¢ (Feb- ruary, 1918). Although I only obtained a single example of this sub- species, there is no doubt that it represents a good local race, no Siderone having hitherto been recorded from the Pacific slope of S. America. —— NEW SPECIES OF PYRALIDZ FROM FORMOSA. 175 NEW SPECIES OF PYRALIDH FROM FORMOSA. By A. E. Wiueman anp Ricuarp Sours. Endotricha ruficosta, sp. n. $. Fore wings brown, finely sprinkled with blackish, costa, except at apex, reddish and dotted with white; terminal line black, interrupted; fringes brown traversed by a black line, white at base. Hind wings brown with dusky discoidal dot and faint curved and indented line beyond; fringes as on fore wings. Under side similar to above. Expanse, 16 mm. Collection number, 380. A male specimen from Tainan (sea-level), July 22nd, 1904. Pyralis (?) costimacula, sp. un. 9. Fore wings ochreous brown, marked with black on basal half of costa, and shaded with smoky brown on terminal area; discoidal spot, a dotin the cell, and the postmedial line black, the latter elbowed above middle; a black mark on the costa towards apex ; terminal line black, interrupted at ends of veins; fringes ochreous mixed with blackish grey, paler at the base. Hind wings fuscous, darker towards termen, discoidal dot and mark above tornus black ; terminal line black, diffuse; fringes grey mixed with darker, ochreous at base. Under side fuscous; fore wings marked with ochreous on costa; hind wings with black discoidal dot and traces of a blackish postmedial line, the latter bluntly angled below middle. Expanse, 24 mm. Collection number, 1730. A female specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 14th, 1909. Ambia interruptalis, sp. n. ¢. Fore wings brown powdered with ochreous and with some white marks on basal area; antemedial line black, curved, inwardly edged with white; postmedial line black, turned in just under black discoidal mark thence direct to dorsum; two longitudinal white bars—one in the cell and one larger under the cell, the latter divided by the postmedial line; the upper part of postmedial outwardly edged with white and beyond this a dark brown broad line runs from costa to dorsum; subterminal line black, inwardly edged with white; fringes ochreous, tips marked with dark brown. Hind wings brown, basal area white marked with brown; three white spots edged with black on median third—two towards costa and one above tornus; subterminal line and fringes as on fore wings. Expanse, 16 mm. Collection number, 1305. Near A. inters strigalis, Hampson. Two male specimens, Tainan. The type taken March 22nd, 1904; the other April 26th, 1907. 176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Aulacodes conjunctalis, sp. n. ¢. Head whitish, thorax and abdomen buff, posterior edges of segments of the latter whitish. Fore wings orange-buff with silvery markings; a black point about middle of costal area and a patch of greyish hairs below forming the sex mark; a silvery band from middle of base curves to tornus where it unites with a silvery subterminal band; a postmedial silvery triangle, broad on costa, concave on outer edge, apex produced almost to junction of the subterminal with curved band; termen silvery towards base; terminal lunules black, slender; fringes whitish, silky. Hind wings silvery whitish; medial band orange-buff, inwardly limited by a blackish line, outer edge diffuse; four black spots, each with silver centre, enclosed in an orange-buff patch on termen ; no distinct terminal line, fringes whitish, silky. ?. Larger and without sex mark, otherwise similar to the male. Expanse, 22mm. ¢. 30mm. ?. Collection number, 505. A male specimen and two females from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). The male taken August 16th, 1905, and the females April 17th, 1906, and April 21st, 1908. Several specimens from Formosa (Wileman), in the British Museum. Near A. sejunctalis, Snellen, with which species it agrees in marking but is much larger, and the ground colour is brighter. Parthenodes taiwanalis, sp. n. 3S. Head blackish-brown; thorax blackish-brown, mixed with whitish ; abdomen blackish-brown, posterior edges of segments whitish. Fore wings blackish-brown, marked with white on basal area ; antemedial and postmedial lines white, the latter projected inwards about middle, both lines indistinet; two white spots in the cell, the outer one surmounted by a white dot, the inner one almost united with a larger white spot below the cell; subterminal line white, only clear towards apex and tornus, followed by a fulvous band on termen ; fringes white marked with fulvous about middle. Hind wings blackish-brown, some white marks on the basal area ; medial area white, enclosing a dark discoidal lunule ; postmedial line white, strongly angled about middle; subterminal line, band beyond and fringes as on the fore wings. The whole markings on all wings have a silvery sheen. Expanse, 24 mm. Collection number, 1061. Two male specimens from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 15th, 1906 ; two females, also from Arizan, August 8th and 15th, 1905. Comes near P. distinctalis, Leech. Agrotera ornata, sp. 0. | ¢. Head orange-brown, thorax and abdomen white marked with orange, the anal segment of abdomen inclining to brownish. Fore NEW SPECIES OF PYRALID® FROM FORMOSA. Tz wings white marked with orange on the basal third, limited by an almost straight orange antemedial line; outer two thirds whitish grey suffused, clouded with dark grey beyond the antemedial line, and with brown grey on the terminal area; discoidal mark orange, part outlined in dark brown and enclosing a dark brown lunule; postmedial line, indicated by dark grey dots on the veins, elbowed inwards below the cell; subterminal line black interrupted ; fringes dark grey, marked with paler just below apex. Hind wings similar to fore wings, but without discoidal mark. Under side whitish, silky, suffused with fuscous on fore wings: a black discal dot and traces of a dusky postmedial line on all wings. Expanse, 24 mm. Collection number, 1396. A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 29th, 1908. Comes between A. scissalis, Walker, and A. effertalis, Walker. Pagyda nebulosa, sp. u. 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish ochreous, the abdomen faintly tinged with brown on hinder segments. Fore wings whitish ochreous, inclining to yellowish towards costa; sub-basal line pinkish- brown, outwardly oblique; antemedial line pinkish-brown, nearer to sub-basal on dorsum than on costa; postmedial line pinkish-brown, inclining to black on costa, turned in under cell towards the pinkish- brown discoidal spot, thence wavy to the dorsum; area beyond postmedial line suffused with brown and traversed by a diffuse pale brown band which projects inwards along the bend of the post- medial line; terminal line dark brown, fringes pale brown. Hind wings rather whiter than the fore wings; discoidal mark pinkish- brown, from which an elbowed line runs to dorsum; postmedial line pinkish-brown, oblique, uniting with the brownish band above tornus ; terminal line dark brown ; fringes whitish, ochreous at base. Expanse, 24mm. g. 27mm. 9. Collection number, 1055. One example of each sex from Arizan (7300 ft.), the male taken September 13th, 1908, and the female September 16th, 1906. One male from Tappansha, Arizan district (3500 ft.), September 6th, 1906. There are four specimens in the British Museum (three Arizan (Wileman) and one Arizan (Moltrecht). Sylepta sericealis, sp. n. $. Fore wings glossy, pale ochreous brown; antemedial line fuscous, outwardly oblique, indistinct ; postmedial line fuscous, wavy, curved under end of cell, thence direct to dorsum, one third from tornus, a brownish dot in the cell and a brown elongate spot at end of cell; fringes paler and rather more glossy. Hind wings pale fuscous with a curved dusky transverse line one third from termen: fringes paler, glossy. Under side pale fuscous, margins 178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and fringes ochreous. Head and thorax ochreous brown, front legs whitish, marked with ochreous brown. Expanse, 34 mm. Collection number, 324. Two female specimens from Tainan, June 30th, 1905. ; Pyrausta terminalis, sp. n. Fore wings pale straw colour, clouded with purplish-brown on the costa; antemedial line purplish-brown, incurved ; an outwardly oblique linear spot at outer end of cell; below this a thin irregular line runs to termen; postmedial line brown, forming a deep sinus into the purplish-brown terminal area about middle; fringes pale purplish-brown, marked with straw colour at tornus. Hind wings pale straw colour, with purplish-brown discoidal spot and line of same colour from it to dorsum near tornus; postmedial line and terminal border as on fore wings, fringes pale straw colour. Under side similar to above. Expanse, 18 mm. Collection number, 854a. One male specimen from Tainan, November 22nd, 1906. Near P. signatalis, Walker. THE NOCTUIDA OF GREAT BRITAIN AS ARRANGED IN THE GENERAL COLLECTION AT THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. By Ricuarp Sours. In the following list of British Noctuide the nomenclature is that used by Sir George F. Hampson in his ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British Museum,’ vols. iv—xiii (1903- 1913), and also in the General Collection of Lepidoptera at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. The number before the name of each species is that of the catalogue. References to the ‘Entomologists’ Synonymic List’ (E.S.L.), Meyrick’s ‘ Handbook of British Lepidoptera’ (M.), Tutt’s ‘British Noctue and their Varieties’ (T.), and ‘Moths of the British Isles’ (M.B.I.) have been added as aids to those British entomologists who may have their collections arranged in accordance with either of these publications. Fam. NOCTUIDA. Subfam. AGROTINE. [Vol. IV (1903).] 30. CHLORIDEA DIPSACEA, L. Heliothss dipsacea, E.S.L., p.10; M., p. 109; T., iii, p. 123; M.B.L., ii, p. 48. 53. 56. 65. 167. 290. 294. 297. 302. 312. 213. 431. 436. 438. 523. 625. 641. THE NOCTUIDE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 179 CHLORIDEA PELTIGERA, Schiff. Heliothis peltigera, B.S.L., p. 10; M., p. 108; T., iii, p. 127; M.B.L., ii, p. 50. CHLORIDEA ARMIGERA, Hb. Heliothis armigera, E.S.L., p.10; M., p. 108; T., iii, p. 128; MEBs pO. CHARICLEA DELPHINI, L. Chariclea delphini, T., iii, p. 121; M.B.I., il, p. 47. MELICLEPTRIA scuTosa, Schiff. Heliothis scutosa, B.S.L., p. 10; M., p. 109; T., iii, p. 125; M.B.L,, ii, p. 49. Evuxoa sEGETIs, Hb. Agrotis segetum, Schiff., E.S.L., p. 7; M., p. 91; T., ii, p.9; ivaep lis; M. Bal «\p.201. EUx0A VESTIGIALIS, Rott. Agrotis vestigialis, Hufn., E.S.L., p.7; M., p. 90; T., ii, p.16; M.B.L., i, p. 202. Evuxoa cortTicka, Schiff. Agrotis corticea, Hb., H.8.L., p.7; M., p. 91; T., ii, p. 60; M.B.L., i, p. 203. Evuxoa CINEREA, Schiff. Agrotis cinerea, Hb., B.S.L., p. 7; M., p. 94; T., ii, p. 75; M.B.I., p. 203. Evuxoa OBELISCA, Schiff. Agrotis obelisca, Hb., E.S.L., p. 7; M., p. 92; T., ii, p. 28; iy, p. J13;. M.B-I., i,.p. 208: Evuxoa rapius, Haw. Agrotis puta, Hb., E.S.L., p. 7; M., p. O45. E311, peta; M.B.I., i, p. 204. Euxoa tTrRux, Hb. Agrotis lunigera, Steph., E.S.L., p.7; M., p.91; T., ti, p. 14; M.B.L., i, p. 205. Evuxoa cursoriA, Hufn. Agrotis cursoria, Bork., E.S.L., p.7; M., p. 94; T., ii, p. 39; M.B.L., i, p. 206. Evuxoa NIGRICANS, L. Agrotis nigricans, E.8.L., p.7; M., p. 92; T., ii, p. 32; iv, p 11350, B1..4, p: 207. Evuxoa TrItTIcI, L. Agrotis tritici, H.S.L., p.7; M., p. 963.2. i, puta sham; p £14; MBL, 1, p: 207. FELTIA EXCLAMATIONIS, L. Agrotis exclamationis, H.S.L., p. 7; M., p. 99) vil, pp. 0% 5 M.B.L,, i, p. 208. AGROTIS SUBROSEA, Steph. Noctua subrosea, .S.L., p.8; M.B.I., i, p. 217. Agrotts subrosea, M., p. 97; T., ii, p. 59. 180 646. 658. 660. 665. 666. 667. 670. 676. 687. 688. 692. 693. 695. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. AGROTIS YPSILON, Rott. Agrotis suffusa, Hb., H.8.L., p. 7. Agrotis ypsilon, M., p. 91; T., ll, p. %5 MBL, i, p. 209. AGROTIS GLAREOSA, Hsp. Noctua glareosa, TASs spn 7s LC ..ti, ap- 107 vee Dp: 118: MBAS top: 28: Agrotis glareosa, M., p. 104. AGROTIS CASTANEA, Hsp. Noctua castanea, H.8.L., p.7; T., 11, p. 104; M. B13) pacts Agrotis castanea, M., p. 102. AGROTIS ORBONA, Hufn. Triphena orbona, H.8.L., p. 8; M.B.I., i, p. 231. Agrotis orbona, M., p. 101. Triphena subsequa, §.V., T., ii, p. 93. AGROTIS COMEs, Fabr. Triphena comes, Hb., E.8.L., p. 8; M.B.I., i, p. 230. Agrotis comes, M., p. 100. Triphena orbona, Hufn., T., ii, p. 93. AGROTIS PRONUBA, L. Triphena pronuba, H.8.L., p. 8; °T:, i, p. 99; M.B.1. a p. 232. Agrotis pronuba, M., p. 100. AGROTIS C-NIGRUM, L. Noctua c-nigrum, K.8.L., p. 7; T., 1, p. 110; M.B.I., i, p. 221. Agrotis c-nigrum, M., p. 99. AGROTIS FLAMMATRA, Schiff. Noctua flammatra, Fabr., E.8.L., p.7; T., ii, p. 127; M.B.I. i, p. 221. Agrotis flammatra, M., p. 99. AGROTIS TRIANGULUM, Hufn. Noctua triangulum, H.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p.109; M.B.L, i, . 223. Agrotis triangulum, M., p. 100. AGROTIS DITRAPEZIUM, Schiff. Noctua ditrapezium, Bork., E.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 111; M-B.1., p. 223: Agrotis ditrapezium, M., p. 99. AGROTIS DEPUNCTA, L. Noctua depuncta, H.S.L., p. 7; T. 1, p. 109; M.B.I., i, p. 220: Agrotis depuncta, M., p. 104. AGrRoTIS BAJA, Fabr. Noctua baja, H.S.L., p. 8; E514, p. 105; iv, p. 17; MB i, p. 220. Triphena baja, M., p. 106. AGROTIS PLECTA, L. Noctua plecta, K.8.L., p..7; T., a, p. 126; iv, p. LIS aE Ba; 1, ps 128; Agrotis plecta, M., p. 95. 704. 707.. 710. 718. 719. 7295. 775. 781. 787. 801. 848. 876. 886. THE NOCTUIDZH OF GREAT BRITAIN. 181 AGROTIS RHOMBOIDEA, Esp. wees stigmatica, Hb., E.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 112; M.B.L., 1, p. 223. Agrotis stigmatica, M., p. 103. AGROTIS BRUNNEA, Schiff. See brunnea, Fabr., E.S.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 112; M.B.I., i, p. 224. Agrotis brunnea, M., p. 101. AGROTIS SEXSTRIGATA, Haw. Noctua umbrosa, Hb., E.S.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 124; M.B.I, i, p. 227. . Agrotis wmbrosa, M., p., 102. AGROTIS RUBI, View. Noctua rubi, H.8.L., p. 8;-T., ii, p. 123; M.B.I,, i, p. 226. Agrotis rubt, M.,.p. 102. AGROTIS XANTHOGRAPHA, Schiff. Noctua xanthographa, Fabr., E.8.L., p. 8° T., ii, p. 124; iy prll8; MB Ti, p. 128. Agrotis xanthographa, M., p. 101. AGROTIS DAHLI, Hb. Noctua dahl, £.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 113; M.B.L., i, p. 225. Agrotis dahlit, M., p. 108. AGROTIS PUTRIs, L. Agylia putrss, H:5.14,, p..6;.'T..1, 68: MB. 1, p, 229: Agrotris putris, M., p. 98. AGROTIS RAVIDA, Schiff. Agrous, obscura, Brahmi Es. li.) pa 73 Me, p. 983 Le it, pol Np. UGS MBI pale: AGROTIs AUGUR, Fabr. Noctua augur, H.8.L., p. 7; M.B.L., i, p. 218. Agrotis augur, M., p. 96. Graphiphora augur, T., ii, p. 102. EPIsILIA HYPERBOREA, Zett. Pachnobta hyperborea, H.8.L., p. 8. Triphena hyperborea, M., p. 107. Agrotis hyperborea, T., ii, p.85; iv, p. 117; M.B.I., i, p. 216. EPIsILIA FESTIVA, Schiff. Noctua festa, Hb., H.S.L., p. 8; T., ii, pp. 114, 118. Agrotis festiva, M., p. 103. Noctua primule, Esp., M.B.I., i, p. 224. EPISILIA LUCERNEA, L. Agrows? lucerned,, WS. ., pul My p. 97; T.) ii, p. 795 iva psliG | MEBs i. p. 213: EPISILIA SIMULANS, Huin. Agrotus simulans, H.8.L., p. 7; M., p. 98; T., ii, p. 80; M.Balo np, 204. 182 888. 912. 918. 928. 933. 1011. 1050. 1051. 1054. 1057. 1069. 1071. 1078. 1079. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. EPISILIA ASHWORTHI, Doubl. Agrotis ashworthu, B.S.L., p.7; M., p. 97; M.B.L.,i, p. 216. Agrotis candelarum, Staud., Tutt., ii, p. 76. LyCoPHOTIA PORPHYREA, Schiff. Agrotis strigula, Thnb., E.S.L., p. 7; M., p. 95; MBI, p. 210. Lycophotia strigula, T., ii, p. 89. LyYcoPHOTIA RIPH, Hb. Agrotis ripe, E.8.L., p. 7; M., p. 94; T., ii, p. 67; iv, p. 116; M.B.I., p. 210. LycoprHoTia occuuTa, L. Aplecta occulta, H.8.L., p.9; M., p. 96; T., iii, p. 66. Eurots occulta, M.B.1., i, p. 236. LYCOPHOTIA MARGARITOSA, Haw. Agrotss saucza, Hb., E.8.l., p: 75 M., \p. 985: a; pate iv, polis; M-B.L., i, p. 212. LyYCoPHOTIA PRH=XCOX, L. Agrotis pracox, H.8.L., p. 7; M., p. 93; M.B.L., i, p. 211. Actebta precox, T., ii, p. 90. MytTHIMNA LEUCOGRAPHA, Schiff. Pachnobia leucographa, Hb., H.S.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 129; M.B.L., i, p. 325. Triphena leucographa, M., p. 107. MyruHIauna RUBRICOSA, Schiff. Pachnobia rubricosa, Fabr., E.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 180; M.B.L., i, p. 326. Triphena rubricosa, M., p. 107. MytTHIMNA SOBRINA, Boied. Noctua sobrina, Gn., E.S.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 106; M.B.L, 1, p. 227. Triphena sobrina, M., p. 107. MytTHIMNA ACETOSELL, Schiff. Mesogona acetoselle, Fabr., M.B.I., ii, p. 9. EuROIS PRASINA, Schiff. Aplecta prasina, Fabr., E.8.L., p. 9; T., iii, p. 65. Triphena prasina, M., p. 108. Eurows prasina, M.B.I., i, p. 235. Nznia Typica, L. Mania typica, E.S.L., p. 8. Agrotis typica, M., p. 104. Nama typica, T., iv, p. 40. TRIPHEZNA FIMBRIA, L. Triphena fimbria, E.8.L., p. 8; M., p. 105; T., ii, p. 92; M.B.1., i, p. 233. TRIPHEZENA JANTHINA, Schiff. Triphena tanthina, Esp., E.S.L., p. 8; M., p. 105; T., ii, p. 91; M.B.I., i, p. 284. 1080. 1109. 1134. 1158. E79: 1180. 1184. 1233. 1253. 1254. 1256. 1258. THE NOCTUIDZ OF GREAT BRITAIN. 183 TRIPHENA INTERJECTA, Hb. Triphena interjecta, H.8.L., p.8; M., p. 106; T., ii, p. 91: M.B.L., i, p. 234. EUERETAGROTIS AGATHINA, Dup. Agrotts agathina, H.8.L., p. 7; M., p. 95; T., ii, p. 58; M.B.I1., p. 214. Subfam. HADENINZ. [Vol. V (1905).] BARATHRA BRASSICH, L. Mamestra brassice, E.8.L., p.6; T., i, p. 115; iv, p. 107. Melanchra brassicae, M., p. 86. Barathra brassice, M.B.1., i, p. 239. ScoToGRAMMA TRIFOLII, Rott. Hadena trifolu, E.8.L., p. 9; T., ii, p. 82; iv, p. 126. Melanchra trifolat, M., p. 82; M.B.1., i, p. 245. ANARTA MYRTILLI, L. Anaria myrtilla, E.S.L., p. 10; T., iii, p. 128; M.B.L., ii, p: 44. Melanchra myrtilla, M., p. 87. ANARTA CORDIGERA, Thunb. Anarta cordigera, K.8.L., p. 10; T., iii, p. 128; M.B.L., ii, p. 44. Melanchra cordigera, M., p. 87. ANARTA MELANOPA, Thunb. Anarta melanopa, E.8.L., p.10; T., iii, p. 180; M.B.L., p. 45. Melanchra melanopa, M., p. 87. Potia LUTEAGO, Schiff. Dianthecia luteago, Hb., E.S.L., p. 9; M.B.1., i, p. 247. Harmodia luteago, M., p. 78. Luperina luteago, T., i, p. 134; iv, p. 110. POLIA PEREGRINA, Treit. Hadena peregrina, E.S.L., p. 40; T., iii, p. 82. Mamestra peregrina, M.B.1., p. 246. Pouia contTicua, Schiff. Hadena contigua, Vill., E.S.L., p. 10; T., iii, p. 94. Melanchra contigua, M., p. 83. Mamestra contigua, M.B.1., i, p. 248. Pouia W-LATINUM, Hufn. Hadena geniste, Bork., E.8.L., p. 10; T., iii, p. 94. Melanchra geniste, M., p. 83. Mamestra geniste, M.B.L1., i, p. 241. PoLIA THALASSINA, Rott. Hadena thalassina, E.S.L., p. 9; T., iii, p. 92. Melanchra thalassina, M., p. 84. Mamestra thalassina, M.B.I,. i, p. 243. 184 1262. 1271. 1280. 1281. 1284. 1308. 1309. 1315. 1316. 1366. 1368. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Powia suasa, Schiff. Hadena dissimtlis, Knoch., H.8.L., p. 9; T., iii, p. 86; iv, p. 126. Melanchra dissumilis, M., p. 84. Mamestra dissimilis, M.B.L., i, p. 242. PoLIA PERSICARIZ, L. Mamestra persicaria, E.8.L., p. 6; T., 1, p. 117; iv, p. 108. Melanchra persicaria, M., p. 86. Mamestra persicari@, M.B.1., i, p. 239. PoLIA ADVENA, Schiff. Aplecta advena, Fb., H.S.L., p. 9; T., ili, p. 70; iv. p. 125; MBL isp. 237 Melanchra advena, M., p. 85. Powuia TiIncTA, Brahm. Anplectatincia, 1.9.14. p.. 9; (B.; iu, p.69;) MB isa; pane Melanchra tincta, M., p. 85. Pomia NEBULOSA, Hufn. Aplecta nebulosa, H1.8.L., p. 9; T., ili, p.68; iv, 125; M.B.L., i, p. 238 Melanchra nebulosa, M.. p. 86. PoLIA OLERACEA, L. Hadena oleracea, H.S.L., p. 9; T., iii, p. 28. Melanchra oleracea, M., p. 84. Mamestra oleracea, M.B.1., i, p. 241. Pouia pist, L. Hadena pisi, HIS. Li) pi 9g.L., 11, py sos iv, qo ZG: Melanchra pisi, M., p. 85. Mamestra pisi, M.B.L, 1, p. 244, PonIA DENTINA, Schiff. Hadena dentina, Esp., E.8.L., p. 9. Melanchra dentina, M., p. 32. Hadena nana, Hutn., T. iii, p. 80. Mamestra dentina, M.B.1,, i, p. 246. Porta GuAucA, Kleem. Hadena glauca, Hb., H.8.L., p. 9; T., ii, p. 78. Melanchra glauca, M., p. 82. Mamestra glauca, M.B.1., i, p. 245. Pouta DYSODEA, Schiff. Hecatera chrysozoma, Bork., H.8.L., p. 9; T., iii, p. 40; iv, p. 123 ; MBI, 4, p253: Melanchra chrysozoma, M., p. 81. PoLIA SERENA, Schiff. Hecatera serena, Fb., H.S.L., p.9; T., iii, p. 40; M.B-T. 1, Melanchra serena, M., p. 81. 1406, 1407. 1408. 1414. 1416: 1417. 1418. 1429. 1434. 1436. 1446. 1461. THE NOCTUIDE OF GREAT BRITAIN. 185 PoLia cCUCUBALI, Schiff. Dianthecia cucubali, Fues., E.S.L., p. 9; T., ili, p. 33; MBI.) i; pe -2ol. Harmodia cucubali, M., p. 79. Powis BicruRIS, Hufn. Dianthecia capsincola, Hb., E.8.L., p. 9; T., il, p. 32; M.B.I,, i, p. 250. Harmodia capsincola, M., p. 79. PoLIA CARPOPHAGA, Bork. Dianthecia carpophaga, H.8.L., 9; T., ili, p. 28; M.B.I., i, p. 250. y Dianthecia capsophila, Dup., E.8.L., p.9; T., iii, p. 31; M.B.L, i, p. 250. Harmodia carpophaga, M., p. 78. PouIaA ALBIMACULA, Borkh. Dianthecia albimacula, E.S.L., p.9; T., iii, p. 33; M.B.L., i) Pato: Harmodia albimacula, M., p. 77. PoLiA CONSPERSA, Rott. Dianthecia nana, 4.8.L., p. 9. Harmodia nana, M., p. 77. Dianthecra conspersa, Ksp., T., iii, p. 34; M.B.L., i, p. 248. Ponta compta, Schiff. Dianthecia compta, Fb., E.8.L., p.9; M.B.L., i, p. 250. Harmodia compta, M., p. 79. PACHETRA LEUCOPHA, Schiff. Pachetra leucophea, View, H.8.L., p.6; T., i, p. 121; iv, p08s) MBAs i, py 257. HADENA RETICULATA, Vill. Neuria reticulata, B.8.L., p.6; T.,i, p. 125; M.B.L., i, p. 254. THOLERA POPULARIS, Fabr. Neuronia popularis, H.S8.L., p.6; T., p. 124. Epineuroma popularis, M.B.I1., i, p. 255. THOLERA CESPITIs, Schiff. : Luperina cesprtis, Fb., T., i, p. 137. Melanchra cespitis, M., p. 81. Tholera cespitis, M.B.1., 1, p. 256. EPIA IRREGULARIS, Hufn. Dianthecia irregularis, H.8.L., p. 9; T., iii, p. 26; M.B.L, i, p. 252. Harmodia trregularis, M., p. 78. TRICHOCLEA ALBICOLON, Sepp. Mamestra albicolon, Hb., E.8.L., p. 6; T., i, p. 114; M.B.L., i, p. 240. Melanchra albicolon. M., p. 87. (To be continued.) ENIOM.—avuGust, 1917. Q 186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. THE HIBERNATION AND SPRING EMERGENCE OF PyYRAMEIS ATALANTA.—I think it has been demonstrated beyond doubt that a part of the autumn larve of this butterfly pupate and successfully withstand the rigours, or rather humours, of the English winter. If further evidence of the occasional survival be required, I think the following recent observations may be of interest. On Sunday, July 1st, in the grounds of Grims Dyke, Harrow Weald, I watched an extremely battered example of atalanta sunning herself on a hop vine. On the 8th, in a field near Pinner and Hatch End Station, I saw another example in excellent condition as to wing- structure, but with colours dimmed. The first may have been a migrant ; the second, in my opinion, was in altogether too good a condition to have crossed the Channel after the continental spring emergence and migration ; and it certainly was not one of a precocious summer emergence on this side. Whether it is to be an atalanta year remains to be seen. But, as far as Vanessa io is concerned, | noticed on a visit to the Chilterns that the nettle-beds swarming with larve at this season during the past two years were bare entirely of larve. For all the other habitual butterflies, both of Middlesex and the Bucks. Chilterns, the spring emergences have been unusually abundant, in the latter locality especially, with Cupido minimus, which generally appears by ‘single spies,” but this year ‘in battalions.” Nisoniades tages even took a fancy to some purple cranesbill in the garden here—a rara avis indeed.— H. Rownianp-Brown; Harrow Weald, July 11th, 1917. AGRIADES THERSITES, CANTENER, IN Normanpy.——Towards the end of June I received from my friend, Prof. L. Dupont, half a dozen examples of Agriades thersites, captured by him June 9th—16th, in the neighbourhood of Evreux, Eure. This capture is of great interest, as it adds considerably to the known northern area of distribution of a species in France not hitherto reported, I think, north of Paris in this direction, though it is enumerated among the Lycznids of Belgium by Mr. F. I. Ball, an Anglo-Belgian lepidopterist. M. Dupont pronounces it as occurring not uncommonly on the sainfoin meadows of his immediate locality, which has produced not a few butterflies usually associated with far more southern areas, such as Hipparchia briseis and H. arethusa; for Evreux is about seventy miles north-west of Paris and forty-three due south of Rouen. I need hardly remind our readers that this is the butterfly of which Dr. T. A. Chapman has made an exhaustive study [‘* An unrecognised European Lyczna, identified as Agriades thersites (Bois. MSS.), Cantener,” ‘Trans. Ent. Soc.,’ 1912, pp. 662-676; and ‘A Contri- bution to the Life-history of Agriades thersites, Cantener,” loc. ctt., 1914, pp. 288-308). Dr. Chapman tells us how he identified his subject with Cantener’s figure, published in 1834 with the remark (‘ Hist. Nat. des Lépids . . . des Départemens des Haut et Bas-Rhin,’ etc., p. 55, note [1]): ‘The individual figured is the veritable thersites, Boisd. (collection) . . . occurring as commonly in the south of France as Aleais.”| Thus, eighty-three years since, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 187 Cantener called the attention of local collectors to this distinct species, and requested them to communicate captures if made within the limits of “nos contreés,” to which, he presumes, it is not foreign, though he cites no instance of observation. We shall be interested to hear later from M. Dupont whether A. thersites in his northerly locality is single-brooded, as Mr. Ball reported the species to be in Belgium. In the south there are two, and possibly three, emer- gences. In the Mediterranean Departments Polyommatus icarus has three; I suspect even four, as I have taken it in perfect condition in the first days of April at Hyéres; in June, in August, and in October, as late as the 18th, quite fresh at Digne; and Beaulieu, Alpes-Maritimes. Incidentally I may remark that despite war conditions there appears to be no difficulty in the way of trans- mitting insect specimens by post. M. Dupont’s package was but three days in transit, and arrived without damage to contents, and preceded the accompanying postcard by twenty-four hours.—H. Row.anp-Brown ; Harrow Weald, July 11th, 1917. PLuUsIA MONETA IN CAmps.—The larve of Plusia moneta were unusually abundant on delphinium at Great Shelford and this district (Cambridge) generally in the spring, and I have bred a beautiful series of the moth. Possibly the severe winter we had was actually beneficial to this pretty species, as on the Continent, where frost and snow are the rule during the winter months, lepi- doptera are much more abundant than they are with us. It is, no doubt, the continual cold rains of our average winters and early springs that do the damage, as hibernating ova, larve, and pupex seem to be able to stand any amount of frost. This season, by the way, should prove to be the best we have had for a long time. Although I have only been able to put in three days’ serious collect- ing (June 22nd—25th), I have seldom seen so many moths at sugar and valerian, whilst every bush had its ova and larve.—Hueu P. Jones ; 19, Tenison Avenue, Cambridge. Foop Prants oF Dinina tinim.—In the ‘ Entomologist’ for July the cork-tree (Quercus swher) is quoted as an unusual food-plant of D. tie. Strange to say (in view of the moth’s name), I have never found this species on lime. I have several times taken the pup at the roots of alder, and once from the common oak (Quercus robur), but these are the only trees, apart from the two elms, from which I have bred it, although I have collected some hundreds. If it ever did feed on lime in this district, I am not surprised at it turning to the elm, as the leaves of the former tree are always absolutely filthy with “honey dew.’ It is not unusual, by the way, to find “ Hawk moth” larve reverting to strange food-plants. S. ligustrt, for instance, is far commoner on holly (the young shoots) at Shelford than on privet.—Hueu P. Jones; 19, Tenison Avenue, Cambridge. SESIA FORMICHFORMIS LarvA FEEDING IN THE PITH OF OSIER Srems.—I have been in the habit of rearing Sphecia crabroniformis from osier sticks cut in the spring. The sticks are placed in an inverted position in wet sand with the hole uppermost, and the larvee almost invariably pupate at the upper end and emerge through 188 THE ENTOMOLOGISY. the hole. Ina few cases I have found that the larva has pupated head downwards in the cut stick, refusing to avail itself of the aperture and eating its way through the solid wood to the side, leaving a thin covering of bark, as in Nature, but such cases are rare. This year amongst a number of larve of Crabroniformis was one of S. formiceformis, which behaved in an exactly similar manner, feeding on the pith, pupating at the top of its barrow, and emerging through the hole where the stick had been cut. I have never before known this species to feed in the pith of an osier stem, but always in the solid wood just under the bark of an osier stump, pupating between the wood and the bark, more after the fashion of Cyniprformis in oak stumps. The specimen is a large one, over 1 in. in expanse, and almost double the size of specimens that I have taken here at large and bred from the egg.—H. C. Haywarp; Repton. THE OCCURRENCE OF SPANISH Fry (LyrTa (CANTHARIS) VESICA- TORIA) AT CHICHESTER AND NerIGHBOURHOOD.—The record of the occurrence here of this handsome little beetle, Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria, will doubtless be of interest to coleopterists. The first was taken in our garden by my brother, Mr. Frederick Anderson, on June 3rd of last year. As it flitted from flower to flower in the sunshine it was almost dazzling in beauty. This year two more were taken in the neighbouring garden by Mr. Humphry on July 3rd and July 9th respectively, and two more in the adjoining garden by Mrs. Mainwaring on July 16th (one of these was dead and had changed colour). There are other records in the district of captures, including one at Feltham, near Bognor, taken by Mr. Stenson Cooke, junr., on June 25th. Probably the beetles are migrants, but it is somewhat remarkable that the prevailing wind was, and had been, from the east for some time when they made their appearance.— JOSEPH ANDERSON; Chichester. SIREX GIGAS AT CHICHESTER.—The Giant Sawfly (Sirex gigas) occurred here in the early part of July. The first was taken on the 12th of this month.—JosrepH ANDERSON; Chichester. Locat APPEARANCE OF HRIOGASTER LANESTRIS.—This moth is not, I believe, accounted uncommon, though, as Barrett says, ‘irregular in appearance ; abundant in some seasons, then scarce again.’ So I suppose I am simply unfortunate in haying collected for thirty odd years without seeing it. As long ago as 1858 (‘The Naturalist,’ vin, p. 57) Greene calls it ‘very abundant in the neighbourhood of Brandeston (three miles:from Monks Soham), the hedges being quite full of the large, tough, glutinous webs spun by the larve”’; and Stainton had recorded it from the adjacent town of Stowmarket the previous year. In fact, Bloomfield in 1890 left it with an abrupt “common” in Suffolk, whence 1273 species of Lepidoptera were known at the end of 1903; but I never saw nor heard of H. lanestris in the county till June 15th of the present year, when the above conspicuous webs suddenly appeared in Monks Soham and its conter- minous villages of Worlingworth, Bedingfield, Kenton and Debenham, within a total two-mile radius of Kenton Hall. In all I have counted NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 189 some twenty-five webs, commonest at Kenton station, and more or less careful observation of hedges from Hye to Ipswich (23 miles N. and §.) and Bury St. Edmunds to Parham (33 miles E. and W.) since the above date has revealed none outside this restricted area. I cannot suppose the species’ history ill-known—though I do not possess Tutt’s 1900 account of Lachneis lanestris here—and will say no more than that the web is always deserted after the second moult, and consequently the larva is not, as stated by Stainton so definitely, ‘‘ gregarious throughout its life.” Ratzeburg (' Die Forst-Insecten,’ li, p. 133) gives the larva a total length of 1- 9in.; here they attained fully 2 in. He does not, like Dr. Arnold Spuler (‘ Die Schmett. Kurop.,’ i, p. 117) give whitethorn, upon which all these, except a single batch on sloe, were feeding, as a food-plant. They also eat elm, but reluctantly —CiauprE Mortey; July 18th, 1917. BUTTERFLIES IN THE CHAMPAGNE.—The following list of butterflies taken in the Champagne during the month of June and the first week of July, may be of interest to some of your readers: Papilio machaon—very common, especially on hot days, settling on mud near streams. I. podalirius, one specimen only observed. Aporia crategt, very common. Pieris brassicae, P. napt, P. rape, Pontia daplidice, all abundant. Leucophasia sinapis, abundant in the pine woods. There appear to be two early broods of this species—one at the end of May and the other in early June. Huchlée cardamines, common. Colas hyale, abundant in fields of lucerne and sainfoin. C. edusa, scarce. Gonepteryx rhamni, scarce. Limenitis sibylla, fairly plentiful in woods. Polygonia c-album, common; all the specimens I have taken of this species are of the hutchinsoni type. Hugoma polychloros, not uncommon in orchards. A. urtice, and V. io, very common. Pyrameis atalanta and P. cardut, abundant. Dryas paphia, plentiful; A. adippe and A. aglaia, plentiful. J. lathonia, frequently met with on grassy roads or tracks, where its habits are very reminiscent of P. megera, B. euphrosyne, B. selene, common on hill sides. Melite@a aurinia, locally common. There remain a number of species of Argynnts that I have not yet identified. Melanargia galatea, one of the commonest butterflies, exceeding even the Preride in abundance. Hipparchia semele, scarce. Pararge egeria, P. meg@ra, common in clearings in woods and in rough places respectively. Hpinephele canira, common in meadows; EF. tithonus, scarce; A. hyperanthus, abundant. Canonympha pamphilus, common. TT. w-album, C. rubi, common on the edges of woods. Chrysophanus phleas, scarce. Plebevus argus (egon), very common ; A. medon, scarce; A. corydon, scarce; P. icarus, abundant; A. bellargus, fairly common; C. minimus, abundant everywhere ; L. arion, plentiful. Hesperia malve, common; T. tages, plentiful ; T. thawmas, abundant. This list would seem to indicate that the Champagne is indeed a happy hunting ground for the lepidopterist. Unfortunately the Censorship prevents me from giving any exact localities for these species, but after the war I shall be happy to do so.__JaMEs W. Brown; §.5. Anglaise, Convois Autos, Par B.C.M., Paris, July 9th, 1917. CoLias EDUSA IN JUNE.—On June 26th I caught a female Colias 190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. edusa in Abbot’s Wood, near Kastbourne.—H. O. Wetus; Inchiquin, Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. PREPONDERANCE OF THE FEMALE Sex IN LeEpipoprErA.—The experience of Mr. Dolton in breeding Bupalus piniaria is by no means unusual. In fact, judging by my own, I should say that in the great majority of cases more females are bred than males in most species. In many instances I have found the proportion of females to be very greatly in excess of the males. But when taking them flying the reverse is the case, the males largely predominating. Of a few species I have never yet taken a female, e.g. Aspilates gilvaria, the reason being that, though there are more females in existence they are less active and so less in evidence. I don’t think this applies to the butterflies, but I feel sure it does to the great majority of moths.—(Rey.) J. EH. Tarpat ; Fareham, Hants. LIBELLULA DEPRESSA, L.—In reference to Mr. C. Morley’s request for localities in which this species has occurred this year, I should like to say that I have two specimens taken in my garden here—one, a female, on June 3rd, and the other, a male, in dying condition on July 14th. I may add that I had not previously seen this dragon- fly during my twenty years’ residence in this neighbourhood.—W. 8. GILLES; The Cottage, Bocking, Braintree, Essex. ACENTROPUS NIVEUS AT WANSTEAD.—TI was very pleased to see this curious little species here last month. Although I have worked the district closely for many years, I never saw the least trace of it before. The males were-common on the margins of four ponds and could be readily boxed during the daytime; in fact, they cling so closely to the wet herbage that it is often a difficult matter to force them to walk into the box! The flight over the surface of the water at dusk is very interesting, they seem almost to skatealong, describing innumerable semicircles, and seldom rising an inch above the water. I have searched most assiduously, but not a single female winged or wingless has rewarded my search.—A. THuRNALL; Wanstead, July 16th, 1917. KuUCOSMA BRANDERIANA, ETC., AT WANSTEAD.—I was also pleased to meet with two very old friends in the shape of a single specimen of the above and one of Gelechia negra in a spot amongst aspens, where thirty years ago they were not uncommon, but seem to have got very scarce there of late years. I also saw, but failed to box, one specimen of the curious little Stathmopoda pedella on an alder trunk. Another species that has become very scarce the past few years. Of other species taken or seen I may mention Pyrausta aurata larve, common on Nepeta cataria (a local plant here). Myelovs cribrella, on C. lanceolatus ; Cryptoblabes bistriga and Salebria betule, a few bred; a single S. fusca, not seen in the Forest district before ; Huzophera pinguis, on ash trunks at dusk; Schenobius forficellus, local amongst Poa aquatica at dusk; Platyptila bertrame, amongst milfoil; Gelechia malvella, over hollyhock at dusk; Symmoca quad- rupuncta, on fences at dusk, ete.—A. THURNALL. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 191 PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA IN SuRREY.—On July 10th last I took a fine specimen of this uncommon species from a black fence in this locality. It seemed to be in splendid condition, and might have only just emerged.—A. EH. Hour (2nd Lieut., R.G.A.) ; Deepcut, Surrey. CoLLIx SPARSATA AND BOARMIA ROBORARIA IN SURREY.—1 obtained both these species at Deepceut, Surrey, the Collizz on July 5th and the Boarmia on June 7th.—A. E. Hour. STAUROPUS FAGI IN HasTBOoURNE.—I took a male specimen of this insect on July 11th at rest on a door-post in the business part of Kastbourne. It was in bred condition, except for a small chip in the left hind-wing.—A. F. Bossy; “St. Margarets,’ Summerdown Road, HKastbourne. SOMATOCHLORA METALLICA IN HAMPSHIRE.—In early June my daughter, Mrs. T. D. Arter, was staying in North-east Hants, and with her husband made some considerable captures of British insects for my collection. Among these were three specimens of this rare dragonfly, and the present record is, I believe, the most southern one yet for the species. Mr. Campion, who saw two of the specimens, advised me to publish a note on same.—W. L. Distant; Birchanger Road, South Norwood. Conias EDUSA, AND VANESSIDS IN SprRING.—On the morning of June 24th whilst strolling on the Downs adjacent to this town, I fell in with a specimen of Colzas edusa. I was able to watch it for some minutes as it flew from flower to flower, but at no time could I get it in such a position as to be sure of the sex, but from its behaviour I took it to be a male, and it appeared to be in quite fresh condition. I have also had it reported to me that some few others had been seen in this neighbourhood and that a couple were seen near Coulsdon, Surrey, about the same date. In the garden here odd specimens of Aglais wrtice have been seen from time to time since April 22nd and in June an occasional Pyramets atalanta and P. cardui have visited us. These spring visitants suggest that we may look for increased numbers in the coming autumn. Fresh specimens of A. wrtwv@ are already beginning to be met with fairly commonly.—Ropert ADKIN ; Hodeslea, Eastbourne, July 21st, 1917. THe Resting Hapsitrs or Warre Burrerriures.—I had been from home for some days, and this circumstance probably caused me to notice, as I entered the garden, that the foliage of Wezgela shrub had lost all its fresh greenness and had assumed a sickl yellow colour, and that the end of one branch towards the middle of the shrub had an unwonted tuftiness at its end. Closer investi- gation showed this appearance to be caused by four specimens of Pieris rape having settled down for the night on the terminal leaves, where, needless to say, they were particularly well concealed from castial observation.—Roprert ADKIN; Eastbourne, July, 1917. 192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. SOCIETIES. THe Sourn Loncon EntomonoaicaAL aND Natura History Society.—May 24th._Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—Mr. Sperring exhibited a short series of Preris napi, from Sligo, strongly tinged with yellow.—Mr. Edwards, specimens of the British Cicada, Cicadetta montana, from the New Forest.—Mr. H. Moore, Manduca atropos, from Durban.—Mr. Main reported that his Scarabs were very busy trundling their balls of horse-dung, and actively engaged in excavating their cells and other domestic matters. June 14th.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr. H. Moore, a field-cricket, Brachytrypes membranaceus, and a stag-beetle, Lucanus, sp., from Durban.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, specimens of Huchloé cardamines, showing minor aberration. (1) Large , from Cannes, intense orange patch, edged with yellow shade, and reaching the anal angle. (2) A ¢, from Wisley, with apical blotch extending nearly to anal angle, and about double in width by a cloud of black scales. (3) A 2, from Boxhill, with very dark apical blotch on fore wings and distinet discoidal dot on hind wings. (4) A 2, from Amersham, with very light apical blotch, which was intersected throughout by parallel bars of white. (5) A g under side, from Oxshott, with basal half clear light yellow. Mr. Turner also showed a copy of Jacob Christian Schiffer’s work, date 1763, and called attention to the coloured plates illustrating the life-history of Parnassvus apollo, including the eversible fork on neck of larva, flimsy cocoon for pupation, structure of prolegs, and details of the curious copulatory pouch, mostly magnified.—Mr. Frohawk, the Anosia plexippus, captured last year in Ireland.—Mr. Dennis, a stereoscopic slide of the bog-bean Menyanthes trifoliata, from Chelsea. —Reports on the season showed that things were up to date and generally common. June 28th.—Mr. Hy. J. ‘Turner, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr. H. Moore exhibited the nest of a wasp, lcaria, sp., from Dema- rara.—Dr. Chapman, a pair of living Chrysophanus dispar v. rutilus, naturalised in Britain for three generations, and also specimens of the egg-laying of the sawflies, Cladius viminalis, in the petioles of poplar and of Lophyrus pint in a groove in needles of Pinus sylviatris. —Mr. Main, living beetles from Sicily—Mr. West (Greenwich), the rare Heteropteron, Calocoris alpestris, from Cumberland, and a living larva of Stauropus fag, from the New Forest.—Mr. Bunnett, larval cases and living imagines of Coleophora palliatella, from Croham- hurst, and cases with an imago of the Psychid known as wmea casta. —Mr. Turner, varied series of Cenonympha uphis, C. arcania, and C. satyrion, including several of the named forms, and summarised the current opinion as to the specific value of the three.—Remarks were made by several members on the season. Members had seen Colias edusa, Vanessa io, Pyrameis atalanta, larve of Celastrina argiolus, and second broods of Pieris rape and P. napt.—Hy. J. TuRNER (Hon. Ed. of Proceed.). 4 see nias for 1917 (7s.) should be sent to R. South (Editor), M hu: pMapeshany Court, her od Pus Hill, London, N.W. 2. - SEPTEMBER, 1917. (No. 652. ii ; we eee Ses pea cea gr abs _F.E.S. “wit THE ASSISTANCE OF - ROBERT. ADKIN, ae ‘A. ROWLAND. -BROWN, M. A., iF .E. Ss. WwW. Le DISTANT, ¥. E.S., &o. | ©. J. GAHAN, D.Sc, MA, FES. |W. J. LUCAS, B.A., VES. | CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8. 7 EW. PROHAWK, FES. MB.0.0. le. D. SHARP, PRLS. FILS, de. ee yr" eo “By mutual het ee ‘aud mutual ties (tanta Fae _ Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’ i ‘LONDON: ~ ADLARD. & ‘SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., yea * piy 3 Pye. i yi re Nga a NER DU AE Al ; _ BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. Price Ninepence. 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Ee A LARGE S8TOOK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, ‘KUROPKAN, AND KxOTIC). aay Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved ond Mounted t by Firat- olaaz Ween 2 a 36. STRAND, W.C., LONDON, es eae FINE HEALTHY LARV4 AND PUPZ. | Larve : Algeria, 1/6; Aglaia, 4/-; Machaon, 7/6; Trish — Napi, °2/- ; Bhamni, 1/6; “Cardamines, ‘1/6; “Lucina, 1/6; Megera, 1/6: T. Rubi, 2/-; Phileas, 1/6; ‘Mendica war.’ Rustica, 5/-; Versicolor, 3/-; Nubeculosa, 10/-: Croceago, ss 3/- ; Lineola, 2/-; Luctuosa. 2/6 ; all per dozen. BA ane oe Pupe : Aglaia, 5/-; Yellow Filipendule, 45/-5 Yellow. Dominula, 25/- ; Roboraria (fine), 6/- ; Papilionaria, ue p all: per dozen. Many others. Write for Lists to Ss , i L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, SENT SG i ; Wanted : Carpini, Polychloros, Vinula, and other larvee. 1 oe PUPAE: Ligustri, 3/6: Ocellatus, 8/-: Tilize, 2/9: “Populi (from pinkish parents), 5/- ; Elpenor, 2/9; Carpini, 2/3; _ Vinula, 2/3; Verbasci, 1/9; Chanomomille, 4/6 ; Jacobseee, 0/9, Zonaria, 1/9 per doz.; many others. New ‘Forest “dug” Pupe, 7/6 per 100 (after Sept. 15th). Cee IR a A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Vou. L.j SEPTEMBER, 1917. [No. 652 CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDAE. e3 Pao | No. 3.—MiIcroGasTERID®. / By G. T. Lyte, F.E.S. (Continued from vol. 1, p. 53.) | OC T ] APANTELES. SEcTION 3. Apanteles fraternus,* Reinh. ~~ A smatt black species which expands but 3}4 mm. Is particularly interesting on account of the manner in which the cocoons are arranged in a compact alveariform mass (Pl. Il, fig. 2). Reinhard tells us that “the yellow-white cocoons to the number of 100 or upwards are spun together in the form of a honeycomb in a very neat manner, with the base attached to a thin twig or stem.” In all the cases I have noticed, the masses of cocoons have been in an almost semi- circular form caused by the parasite larve filling up the space between the body of the host and the twig upon which it rested. In one instance I was fortunate enough to witness the spinning of the cocoons, and it certainly seemed as if the host, a geometrical larva, encouraged the formation of the semicircular shape by accommodatingly arching its body; previous to the emergence of the parasites it had been stretched almost straight along the twig. As mentioned above, Reinhard states that the broods consist of 100 or more individuals, but 1 have never seen any approaching this figure, the largest I have come across contain- ing 53 and the smallest 29. In June, 1916, I found two batches of cocoons attached to marram grass growing on the sand dunes near the entrance to Poole Harbour; in each case the host, still alive, was brooding over the ‘“‘comb.” Not being sure of the species of the host I searched the neighbourhood thoroughly for other caterpillars but discovered one only. This larva lived in confinement for a fortnight or so without, so far as I could judge, attempting to eat the food with which it was supplied, when it also produced a brood ofthe parasite. The imagines emerged from these three bundles of cocoons on July 2nd, 7th, and 17th respectively. * « Berl. Ent. Zeit,.° xxv, p. 47. ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1917. R 194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. I believe the host to have been Aspilates ochrearia, from which insect Bignell reared the species in some numbers. In Harwood’s collection I have seen a brood obtained by him from a larva of Euclidia mi, taken at St. Osyth (October 10th, Puate II. . Cocoon of Apanteles pinicola. x 23. x Empty cocoons of A. fraternus. 23. . Cocoon of A. jugosus. x 3. Empty cocoons of A. triangulator. x . Empty cocoons of A. lucifugus. x 2. . Cocoon of A. lautellus. x 22. 1914), and also two other broods from either H. mi or A. ochrearia (October 14th), taken near Colchester. A. triangulator, Wesm.* Very similar to the last but considerably larger, and also differing in the shape of the first abdominal segment, which * ‘Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,’ 1837, p. 62. CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH BRACONIDM. 195 in this insect is more triangular, hence the specific name. The stigma is pale fuscous with the nervures paler, indeed, the latter are sometimes quite colourless. All the specimens I have seen expand from 53 to 6 mm. The cocoons are well described by Wesmael as pale-yellow, and ‘‘ réwnies en un petit paquet”’ (Pl. I, fig. 4). In the New Forest these compact parcels of cocoons may often be found in June attached to Genista anglica and to furze, the species being commonly parasitic on larve of Pseudoptera pruinata. Major Robertson has reared it from the same host taken at Chandler’s Ford, and I imagine that it will be found to be as common and generally distributed as is its host. The broods usually consist of from ten to twenty individuals. A nearly related and, I believe, undescribed insect which forms a pure white cocoon, and which I have obtained as a solitary parasite from a larva of Nola cuculatella, appears to have been confused with this species (see Marshall, ‘Trans. Entom. Soc.,’ 1885, p. 215). Bignell gives the cocoons as “white, thick, gregarious,’’ which also points to confusion. A. formosus, Wesm.* Is rendered specially interesting by its unique cocoon, first discovered by Bignell, who figured and described it in ‘Trans. Devon Assoc. Sci., Lit., and Art,’ 1901, xxxu, p. 661. Judging from Bignell’s remarks the insect should be a fairly common parasite of the larve of Ourapteryx sambucaria. In the New Forest the Swallow-tail Moth is by no means plentiful though every spring a few of the larve may be beaten from honeysuckle or ivy. For quite ten seasons past I have reared all I could obtain with the idea of breeding this parasite but without success. I have also persuaded friends to send me considerable numbers of the caterpillars from at least six different localities in the country with no better result; indeed, 1 have never obtained a hymenopterous parasite of any sort from O. sambucaria. As Marshall remarks, the cocoon somewhat resembles the pedicellate ege of a Chrysopa. It also bears a likeness to the pensile cocoon of a Meteorid, and one would naturally suppose that it was constructed in a similar manner, namely, by the maker first suspending itself by strands of silk from a leaf or twig and then weaving its cocoon. Bignell, however, assures us that it is not so, and states that the larva, after constructing a base, erects a peduncle, at the top of which the cocoon is fixed. A. parallelus, sp. nov. Black; palpi pale; belly at base testaceous; fore and middle femora, tibiz and tarsi entirely testaceous; hind femora and tibix **Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,’ 1837, p. 60. 196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. testaceous, fuscous at apex; hind tarsi fuscous, basally paler (occasionally the hind tibiz are also narrowly fuscous at the base), hind coxz smooth and shining above. Wings hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous; antennze as long as the body. Mesothorax punctulate; scutellum smoother, with sparse punctulation; meta- thorax subrugulose. First segment of the abdomen more than twice as long as its median breadth, with scattered punctures, sides parallel nearly as far as the rounded apex; second almost as long as third with the usual impressed converging lines.enclosing a fairly smooth triangular space; other segments smooth and shining; first three segments sometimes broadly edged with testaceous. Terebra subexserted (very slightly surpassing apex of abdomen). Length, 24-3 mm.; expands 54-7 mm. Described from three males and one female. The rounded and not pointed apex of the first abdominal segment will distinguish this species from all others in the section excepting formosus; in some specimens this segment appears almost truncate, and were it not for the exserted terebra of A. exilis, Hal., the insect might easily be confused with that species. A solitary parasite, cocoon brownish-white, smooth, and very similar to that of A. pinicola, though not so rosy in colour. The cocoon is constructed beneath the body of the host, and is usually attached to a twig. After having voided its parasite, the host appears to be incapable of locomotion, and remains seemingly brooding over the cocoon, which position its dried body retains long after death. Seems tobe a fairly common parasite of Hemithea strigata (thymiaria), from which host I bred it on May 25th, 1911; May 14th, 1912; May 16th, 1912; and June 8th, 1914. A. pallidipes, Rein.* Has many times been bred as a gregarious parasite from larve of the genus Plusta. In the New Forest it appears to be uncommon; at any rate, I have obtained no specimens from the numerous larve of P. gamma and P. chrysitis I have reared. The rugulose metathorax easily distinguishes it from its near relatives. A. bicolor, Nees. +t The only specimen I have seen is a female without data, formerly in Fitch’s collection and now in the possession of Mr. B. Harwood. The terebra is from a quarter to one third as long as the abdomen, and there is scarcely a trace of an elbow at the point where the first abscissa of the radius joins the first intercubital nervure. * ¢ Berl. Ent. Zeit.,’ 1881, p. 48. fe iMiones: damh ile CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH BRACONIDA. 197 A. lucifugus, sp. nov. Black; palpi pale; belly at base and legs testaceous: fore and middle cox chocolate-brown; hind coxz black; hind femora sometimes very slightly infuscate at apex and sides; apical half of hind tibie dark; hind tarsi infuscate, with the base paler; hind cox above smooth and shining, wings hyaline, stigma pale fuscous, nervures mostly pale; first abscissa of radius and first inter- cubital nervure united in one curve without any sign of an elbow at the point of junction. Antenne rather longer than the body. Mesothorax very finely punctulate ; scutellum smooth; metathorax smooth, apically feebly acciculated in centre, laterally and apically margined by a fine raised ridge. First abdominal segment more than twice as long as its medial breadth, sides parallel for two thirds of its length, then converging to a blunt point; second as long as third, with two deeply impressed converging lines enclosing a smooth space, the centre of which is raised; other segments smooth and shining ; segments 1 and 2 laterally bordered with testaceous or fusco testaceous. Terebra short, not surpassing the apex of the abdomen; spurs of middle tibize curved at apex. Length, 2 mm. ; expands, 5 mm. Described from nine males and three females out of a brood of thirteen, bred from a larva of either Laspeyria flexula or Lithosia deplana, probably the former, June 20th, 1911. The neuration of the upper wing will easily distinguish this species from all others in the section with the exception of bicolor, which it somewhat resembles; in bicolor, however, the terebra is at least one fourth as long as the abdomen. Cocoons almost smooth, pure white, and, in the only case I have observed, attached in an irregular cluster to the bark of a pine-tree, 834 mm. in length (PI. I, fig. 5). A. lautellus, Marsh.* I have seven females which I believe I am right in referring to the dark form of this species as described by Marshall. Typical specimens, with which I have never met, are said to have the first four abdominal segments testaceous. In some of mine the first three are edged with testaceous, but no more; the apex of the hind tibie infuscate, and in the darker specimens the hind and even middle femora edged with fuscous above and below, the hind and middle coxe being dark also. My largest, bred from Paramesia ferrugana, expands 7 mm.; the smallest, from Lithocolletis coryli, less than 5 mm. The cocoon is very curious, being cylindrical, smooth, white, papyraceous, and transparent; it is slung, hammock-like, by threads of silk attached to either extremity, across the larva! chamber of the host. When found in the well-known chambe? *-«Trans. Kntom. Soc.,’ 1885, p. 219. 198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of Gracillaria swederella this is particularly noticeable (PI. II, fig. 6). Bred from Paramesia ferrugana, October 28rd, 1914 ; G. swederella, November 1st, 1915; and many times from Lithocolletis coryli, October 10th to November 1st; also from a species of Lithocolletis mining the under side of oak leaves. As a hyper-parasite, I have obtained a chalcid named by Morley, after comparison with the type in the British Museum, as Eulophus eneugamus, Walker. A. callidus, Hal.* Distinguished from lateralis and vitripennis by its dull granulate coxe and narrow wings. I have never captured or bred this insect, the only specimens I have seen being an ancient pair, without data, in Harwood’s collection ; probably they were at one time in the possession of Fitch. Is recorded by Bignell as a gregarious parasite of Abraxas grossulariata, but, although I have at various times reared some hundreds of the larve of this moth, and have obtained numerous parasites of other species, A. callidus has never occurred to me. A. lateralis, Hal.+ Very similar to vitripennis, but differing in the rougher metathorax and also the exserted terebra, which in this species is almost half as long as the abdomen. Marshall tells us the first abdominal segment is ‘almost smooth,” although Haliday says it is ‘ punctulatum.”’ I bave found it to be a very common parasite of Sericoris fabricana, preying on both spring and summer broods of that insect. Harwood has a single specimen formerly in Fitch’s collection, and labelled by the latter, ‘‘Hyx. S. fabriciana ?, 20/9/88, W.H.B.F.”’ The cocoon is white and similar to that of vitripennis ; sometimes it is constructed within the well-known web made by the host ; at others on the under side of a leaf of the food-plant. A. vitripennis, Hal. } A rather prettily marked species, the first three segments of the abdomen being very noticeably edged with flavo testaceous ; indeed, in some specimens these segments are entirely flavo testaceous above, with the exception of a central isolated black patch. Bignell tells us that this is often a gregarious parasite, which does not agree with my experience. Marshall also, in * ¢*Kint. Mag.,’ ii, 248. + ‘Ent. Mag.,’ 1, 248. palibid: CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH BRACONIDA. 199 ‘‘Braconidw d’Hurope,” says it is gregarious, though all the records he gives seem to point to its being solitary. In the New Forest I have found it to be a fairly common parasite of Cleora lichenaria, having often bred it from the larve of that species in April and early May. Ihave also a specimen obtained by Colthrup from the same host taken at Abbots Wood. In addition, I have bred it from small larve of Miselia oxyacanthe, May 14th, 1912; Crocallis elinguaria, May 22nd, 1914; and Pachys betularia, August 2nd, 1913; also from Hupithecta irn- guata, July 24th, 1916, and Ephyra punctaria, September 13th and 15th, 1911. The cocoon is smooth and pure white in colour. A. pinicola, sp. nov. Black; palpi pale; tips of mandibles, belly at base, and legs rufo testaceous ; hind coxe dark ; hind femora and tibiz tipped with fuscous (in dark specimens the fore and middle tibiz are also fuscous towards the apices); middle and hind tarsi more or less fuscous. First three segments of the abdomen laterally bordered with dull rufo testaceous. Hind coxe above slightly granulated, otherwise smooth and shining. Wings sub-infumated, irridescent, stigma and nervures dark fuscous, all the nervures visible; antennz as long as the body. Mesothorax and scutellum finely punctulate, shining ; metathorax almost smooth, feebly acciculated at apex. Abdomen shining; first segment three times as long as medial breadth, gradually tapering from base to apex, with a smooth raised medial ridge, laterally rather coarsely punctate ; second centrally raised and smooth, laterally sub-rugulose, almost as long as third; terebra short; spurs of middle tibia somewhat curved at apex. Length, 4-4 mm.; expands, 8-9 mm. Described from eleven males and twenty-three females. Very near vitripennis, though I believe it to be quite distinct. It is a larger and more robust insect, the wings are sub-infu- mated (in vitripennis they are pure hyaline), while all the outer nervures of the upper wing are plainly visible. There is much less testaceous colouring on the upper side of the abdomen ; also the legs are rufo testaceous, and not flavo testaceous. In this species the transverse median vein forms with the third abscissa of the median vein an angle of 45 degrees or so ; in vitripennts we have almost a right angle at the junction of the two veins. Also the cocoons are different. In the New Forest a very common solitary parasite of the larve of Thera variata and T'. obeliscata from which hosts I have bred it in numbers from May 14th to June 9th, and again from September 18th to October 16th. Major Robertson also obtains it frequently at Chandler’s Ford from the same hosts. I have beaten it from Douglas fir on November 26th and 27th, and once took a specimen at ivy bloom so late as December 1st. 200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. On September 7th, 1918, I was fortunate enough to observe the emergence of a larva of this species from its host. When first noticed the latter was resting extended on a pine needle of which it had taken a very firm grip with its anal claspers, and from its swollen and unhealthy appearance evidently contained a parasite. At 5.8 p.m. the parasite had forced its head through the dorsal surface of one of the central segments, its body then occupying practically the whole of the host between this segment and the anus. By 5.19 the parasite larva had completed its emergence, though it still retained a firm hold of its host with its anal segments and had also loosely attached itself to the caterpillar by a few threads of silk. By this time the host was hanging inert from the pine needle by its anal claspers, though still showing faint signs of life. The parasite larva now worked its way up the body of the host. by a crawling motion until the pine needle was reached, to which it lightly attached the caterpillar and then commenced busily spinning its cocoon. The construction of the cocoon progressed rapidly, and at 6 p.m. the Braconid larva released its grip of the host which it apparently pushed away and caused to fall to the eround. The larva of this species is of the usual cream colour with the parts of the mouth outlined in brown, and raised obese spiracular ridges. Cocoon smooth, pale, with a distinct rosy tint which is often more pronounced towards one extremity (Pl. II, fig. 1). Writing of A. vitriyennis (Trans. Entom. Soce.,’ 1885, p. 223) Marshall mentions that Raynor bred a female at Brandon from Thera variata, the cocoon being accidentally stained at one end orange red. It seems probable that he had a specimen of A. pinicola before him, and that the coloration of the cocoon was natural and not accidental as he supposed. I have twice bred a species of Astiyhkrommus, Thoms, as a hyper-parasite and once, September 28th, 1918, Mesochorus Susicornis. A. fulvipes, Hal.* Without doubt the commonest species of the genus ; indeed, every breeder of Lepidoptera must be well acquainted with the bunches of pure white and rather woolly cocoons which he only too frequently finds in his breeding cages. It is usually the larve of Noctue that fall victims to this parasite, and the cocoons are, as a rule, found beneath the surface of the ground. There is a succession of generations from March to October, the winter being passed within the body of a host, probably in the egg state. An excellent account of the larva and pupa (both very * ‘Ent. Mag., 1, 242. oD BRITISH ODONATA IN 1916. 201 typical) is given by Ratzeburg (‘Ich. de Forst.,’ 1, 62), and quoted by Marshall (‘ Trans. Entom. Soc.,’ 1885, p. 224). Is already known to prey on nearly thirty different species of lepidoptera in this country alone, and no doubt many addi- tional hosts will in time be recorded. I have obtained great numbers in March and April from larvee of Noctua xanthographa and Triphena fimbria, and in June and July I have bred it very commonly from larve of Miselia oxyacanthe, while in the autumn I have found that the caterpillars of Triphena pronuba suffer creatly from its attacks. In addition, I have reared it from the following hosts: T'riphena orbona, May 30th, 1909, and many other dates; Brachionycha sphinx, June 8th, 1912; Stilbia anomala, April 28th, 1909; Agrotis strigula, April 2nd, 1914; Camptogramma bilineata, April 17th, 1912, and April 24th, 1914 ; and Xanthorrhoé montanata, April 21st, 1914. I have also a brood obtained by Cockayne from Mamestra pisi, taken at Limber, North Lines., and in Harwood’s collection is a specimen bred from Toxocampa cracce. My largest brood (thirty-nine) was obtained from M. oxy- acanthe, the smallest (seven) from X. montanata. Both sexes are represented in each brood, the females being usually in a proportion of two to one. BRITISH ODONATA IN 1916. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.K.S. Aurnover the latter part of April was warm and bright, it was not till the first day of May that I saw a dragonfly, on which date a Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., was sighted near Beaulieu River in the New Forest. No further member of the Odonata came within my ken till the South London Natural History Society's excursion to Wisley, in Surrey, on May 20th, when two further species were met with—Agrion puella, Linn. (W. J. L.), and Libellula depressa, Linn. (H. J. Turner). On June 3rd A. puella, ¢, was captured on Effingham Common and Hnallagma cyathigerum, Charp, 2, near East Horsley— both in Surrey (W. J. L.). Calopteryx virgo, Linn. (L. C. EH. Balcomb) and P. nymphula (W. J. L.) were taken, and L. de- pressa (W. J. L.) was seen in the New Forest on June 11th; while L. depressa was also seen (W. J. L.) near Netley Heath, in Surrey, on the occasion of the South London Society’s excursion to Clandon on June 24th ; but it eluded capture. E. cyathigerum was common a few miles from King’s Lynn, Norfolk, in May and June (EK. A. Atmore); while Agrion mer- curiale, Charp., was not uncommon, but extremely local, in two 202 THE ENTOMOLOGISY. places a few miles from King’s Lynn at the end of June and in July (Atmore). A visit to the canals and streams near Byfleet, Surrey, on July Ist yielded few dragonflies, as the day was usually dull; EH. cyathigerum; Hrythromma naias, Hans ; Calopteryx splendens, Harris; and P. nymphula were met with at the canals; while Lestes sponsa, Hans., and A. puella were found at Boldermere, the large lake facing the Hut Hotel (Balcomb and W. J. L.). On July 8th an A. puella, 2, was taken in Clandon Park, Surrey, and the next day there were seen or taken at the Black Pond, Surrey, H. cyathigerum, Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn. ; P.: nymphula ; Pyrrhosoma tenellum, Vill. (one teneral specimen captured); and Cordulia enea, Linn. (Balcomb and W. J. L.). A female C. enea captured was dropping her eggs by striking the water with the tip of her abdomen, apparently in quite an aimless manner. In the New Forest, from the end of July till the beginning of September, seventeen species were met with: P. nymphula ; Orthetrum cerulescens, Fabr.; Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr. ; C. virgo; A. mercurtale ; Platycnemis pennipes, Pall.; P. tenellum (and its var. melanotum); Sympetrum striolatum, Charp.; A. puella; L. depressa; Ischnura elegans, Lind.; E. cyathigerum ; Anax wmperator, Leach ; Sympetrum scoticum, Don. ; L. sponsa; Aischna cyanea, Mull.; and A%schna juncea, Linn. Early in August it was an interesting sight to see the large number of dragonflies of various species, hawking over and near the bogs, streams, and ponds in the New Forest during the hot, bright weather. The most common appeared to be P. tenellum and O. cerulescens, but A. mercuriale, C. virgo, and C. annulatus were also numerous. Ischnura pumilio, Charp., was not seen ; presumably it was over before the end of July, although early August should not be too late for it. On August 18th, after the rain and when the sunshine was not so constant, there was a marked difference in the number of dragonflies. On August 38rd, at Duck-hole Bog, where it enters Ober- water, and in the neighbourhood, dragonflies were very numerous, especially P. tencllum and O. cerulescens. At the shallow ‘‘shade”’ pond at Apsley Passage were some three L. depressa, which I tried for a long time to capture, but without success. They obviously avoided me most carefully, although O. ceru- lescens did not seem to mind my presence. At Avonwater, on August 5th, | twice watched for some time an unattended female, C. annulatus—perhaps the same insect each time—as she was ovipositing. This she did by striking aimlessly, as it appeared, and with considerable force, the extremity of her abdomen below the surface of the water. The operation was always performedinear the bank, and usually, | fancy, if not always, the tip of the abdomen reached the bottom of the BRITISH ODONATA IN 1916. 203 stream, which in most cases consisted of bare gravel-stones. The ovipositor must be strong and tough to stand the repeated blows. ‘The strokes took place pretty regularly, about two a second, and on the first occasion the insect struck some hundreds of times before being disturbed. The second time she was soon discovered and taken away by a male. If but one egg was laid at each stroke of the abdomen, the total number laid must have been considerable. Females of C. annulatus thus employed, make a considerable amount of noise with their wings, and in this way can usually be detected. On August 7th I paid a visit to Crockford Pond to see if Sympetrum fonscolombi by chance was present, but could see no Sympetra except S. scoticum. O. cerulescens was very common, and I watched for a long time a male A. imperator hawking over and around the pond. It settled at last, and though I was near enough to see its brilliant colours, I could not make a capture. It once tried to catch a butterfly (apparently a white), but with- out success. HH. cyathigerum and P. tenellum were also present at the pond. At Marlborough Deeps, on August 11th, although most of the pools were nearly or quite dry, there were many dragonflies—A. puella, P. nymphula, P. tenellum, L. sponsa, Ak. cyanea, Af. juncea, S. striolatum, and O. cerulescens. Al- though A. mercuriale had been common at the beginning of the month, from August 16th onwards it could not be found. By September many species of dragonflies were becoming scarce, though C. annulatus and S. striolatum, and one female, C. virgo, were noted on September 1st and O. ce@rulescens on September 9th; but S. striolatum, the Avschnas, and a few other species still had some weeks of life before them. On October 1st S. striolatum was seen at the Long Water in the Home Park at Hampton Court, while the same species and its congener, S. scoticum, were in evidence at the Black Pond, Surrey, on October 15th. This was my last experience with the Odonata in 1916. On August 14th Mr. R. South took a female, dschna juncea, at Stanhope, co. Durham ; and Mr. K. J. Morton had given to him an d¢schna miata, Latr., taken during the summer near the Test, in Hampshire. Mr. H. J. Burkill reports that on August 16th S. striolatum settled on a bush of Prunus spinosa about 5.45 p.m., on the edge of the low cliffs at Beachley Point, Gloucestershire. It was sluggish, and allowed him almost to bottle it without employing the net, only flying off a few yards after he attempted a capture; but eventually it got so near the cliff that he was forced to use the net to secure it. On August 21st about eight df. cyanea were seen at a pond in ‘‘ The Park,” Tiddenham Chase, South-west Gloucestershire. They were in cop., or ovi- positing. Mr. Burkill tells me further that on October Ist, a 204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST‘. sunny day, he saw Sympetrum sanguinewn, Mull., on the cricket- ground at Chiswick. It took short flights along the grass as he approached it. Mr. Burkill captured the insect, but set it free as he was playing golf. Mr. Atmore found S. sanguinewm fairly common in August at one spot one and a half miles from King’s Lynn. Mr. H. R. Wakefield, writing from Swansea, reports S. strio- latum, 3, from Oxwich, in Gower Peninsula, and P. pennipes ¢ , from the same locality. To Mr. E. A. C. Stowell I am indebted for the Rugby School list of Odonata for 1916. It is: L. depressa, Dunchureh, May 29th (HE. A. C.8.), and Rainsbrook, June 6th (M. Bateson) ; Brachytron pratense, Mull., g and ?, Hillmorton, May 28th (J. H. Gaddum); P. pennipes, Hillmorton (EK. A. C. 8.); C. splendens, g and ?, River Swift, June 3rd (J. H. G.), and Cosford, July 24th (HE. A. C. §.); P. nymphula, Hillmorton, May 30th (J. H. G.), and Rainsbrook, June 6th (M. B.); TI. elegans, Hillmorton, May 30th (J. H. G.) ; A. puella, Hillmorton, May 380th (J. H.G.); Agrion pulchellum, Lind., Clifton, June 8rd (i. BH. G:). For the Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna record the following species were noted: Leucorrhinia dubia, Lind., May 31st, some- what teneral, Cuddington, Cheshire (C. H. Brown), S. striolatum, August 20th, Arrowe, Cheshire (T. A. Coward); S. scoticum August or September, Vale Royal, Cheshire (C. R. Brown) ; Ay. juncea, August, Petty Pool, Vale Royal (C. R. B.); Mschna grandis, Linn., August 22nd, Irby, Cheshire (T. A. C.), also August or September, Vale Royal (C. BR. B.); P. nymphula, rather teneral, May 31st, Cuddington (C. H. B.); A. puella, a female, May 31st, Cuddington (C. H.B.); HE. cyathigerum, males very teneral, females perhaps a little less so, May 31st, Cudding- ton (C. He B.). Mr. W. M. Tattersall received (August 15th) a living 4. juncea, fg, caught in Monton, a suburb of Manchester. This he sent to me, and with it the remains of a teneral male, caught in the heart of Rochdale, which he had received the previous week. Ile thought that there had been a slight invasion of dragonflies into the towns of South Lancashire just at that time. Kingston-on-Thames, July, 1917. THE IN THE GENERAL COLLECTION AT THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. 1504. 1575. 1716. biog: 1744. 1745. 1747. 1749. 1750. 1762. i THE NOCTUIDA OF GREAT BRITAIN. 205 NOCTUIDA OF GREAT BRITAIN AS ARRANGED By Ricuarp Sours. (Continued from p. 185.) CHABUATA CONIGERA, Fabr. Leucania comgera, H.8.L., p. 5; M., p. 69; T.,1, p. 30; M.B.I., i, p. 313. ERIopyGa TurRCA, L. Theucama turea, W.8.1n, p: 5; M., p. 68; T., i, p. 33; IV Poe tM Bal), pe ol. XYLOMANIA CONSPICILLARIS, L. Xylomiges conspicillaris, H.8.L., p. 10; T., i, p. 69; M.B.L., i, p. 258. Melanchra conspicillaris, M., p. 83. Monima GorHica, L. Teniocampa gothica, H.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p, 148; iv, p. 119; M.B.I., i, p. 326. Monima gothica, M., p. 75. MonIMA POPULETI, Fabr. Temocampa populeti, H.S.L., p. 8; T., 11, p. 146; M.B.L., i, p. 329. Monma populeti, M., p. 73. MonrMa mInIosa, Schiff. Teniocampa numosa, Fb., H.8.L., p 8; T., uu, p. 155; M.B.L., i, p. 327. Monima miniosa, M., p. 74. MoniIMA STABILIS, Schiff. Temocampa stabilis, View., H.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 152 M.B.I., i, p. 328. Momma stabilis, M., p. 73. MonImMA mMuNDA, Schiff. Teniocampa munda, Ksp., E.8.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 134; M.B.I., i, p. 330. Monima munda, M., p. 74. Monima crupa, Schiff. Temocampa pulverulenta, Esp., H.S.L., p. 8; T., ii, p. 154; M.B.1., 1, p. 328. Monma pulverulenta, M., p. 73. Mona INcERTA, Hufn. Teniocampa incerta, H.S.L. p. 8; M.B.I. i p. 330. Monima incerta, M., p. 72. Temocampa instabilis, Fab., T., ii, p. 136. 206 1763. 1768. 1776. Medan 1778. 1784. 1807. 1808. 1850. 1869. 1890. 1934. 1950. 2012. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Monta opima, Hb. Teniocampa opmma, H.8.L., p. 8; T., ui, p. 142; M.B.L., i, p. 331. : Monima opima, M., p. 73. MoniIMA GRACILIS, Schiff. Teniocampa gracilis, Fb., H.S.L., p. 8; T., u, p. 144; MBI. ap) 8als: Monima gracilis, M., p. 73. SIDERIDIS LITHARGYRIA, Esq. Leucania lithargyria, H.8.L., p.5; M., p. 68; T., 1, p. 31; MBs.) 1, pala SIDERIDIS ALBIPUNCTA, Schiff. Leucama albtpuncta, Eb., H.8.L., p. 5; M., p. 68; T., 1, po s0c) MBA aosat2: SIDERIDIS VITELLINA, Hb. Leucania vitellina, H.S.L., p. 5; M., p. 69; T., 3, p. 39; MB pe odae SrpEripis castA, Schiff. Dianthecia cesta, Bork., E.S.L., p. 9; T:, mi, p. 393 a, po l23 5M Bale Wipe 220: Harmodia cesia, M., p. 78. PANOLIS FLAMMEA, Schiff. Panohhs piniperda, Panz., H.8.L., p. 8; M., p. 76; T., un, W283: Panolis griseo-variegata, M.B.I., i, p. 324. CERAPTERYX GRAMINIS, L. Chareas gramints, V1.8.0., p. 6; Mo, p. 75; F,1, sp. 2268 iv, p. 109; ML BiEy a; 9p..256: CirPHIS LOREYI, Dup. Leucanta loreyt, B.S.L., p. 40; \M., p. 68; T; 1, p. tape iv, (p 04) MEBE a pact: CIrRPHIS L-ALBUM, IL. Leucana l-album, E.8.L., p. 40; M., p. 69. CirPHIS comMaA, I. Leucania comma, H.5.L., p. 5;°M., p. 69; T, 1, p. 37; MeB aes ip. 309: CIRPHIS PUTRESCENS, Geyer. Leucania putrescens, Hb., H.S.L., p. 5; M., p. 70; T., i, p. 305 MBL 1, p, 30; CrrPHIs UNIPUNCTA, Haw. Leucania extranea, Gn., H.8.L., p. 5; T., i, p. 33; iv, p. 94; MBAS i, p30: Leucania unipuncta, M., p. 70. MEnIANA FLAMMEA, Curt. Meliana flammea, E.8.L., p. 5; M., p. 66; T., i, p. 43; M.B.1., i, p. 300. (To be contunued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 207 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. ARGYNNIS AGLAIA, AB.—In July last I was fortunate enough to catch the most remarkable ab. of A. aglaia which I have ever seen. All the wings of the insect, which is a 9, are yellow, not brown, while the usual black markings of the upper side are replaced by similar silver markings, which are very bright in certain lights. It is in splendid condition, save for a slight congenital mark towards the centre of the right hind wing.—F. B. Newnsam; Church Stretton. CoLLATERAL Contour VARIATION OF ARGYNNIDS.—Mr. Newnham was good enough to communicate to me the capture of the A. aglaia, which he has named ab. molybdena described above. A bluish-leaden hue of the nervures and part of the intraneural spaces and the wing bases is sometimes displayed more or less pronouncedly in members of the genus. For example, when collecting at Gavarnie, Hautes- Pyrénées in July, 1906, I caught a beautiful female A. nzobe, var. eris suffused or glazed with the same leaden-blue colour. I exhibited this at a meeting of the Entomological Society (cp. ‘Proc. Ent. Soc.,’ 1906, p. 18). Five years later I missed a female showing the same characteristics at almost the identical spot where I made my capture; and this leads me to suppose that under certain (unascertained) conditions of climate or soil, a strong tendency to bluishness prevails; for I have seen in other collections than my own examples of the kind.-— H. Rownanp- Brown ; Harrow Weald, August 9th, 1917. Restinc Hasrr or Prerips.—A propos to Mr. Adkin’s interesting note on the protective precautions of Pieris rape (antea, p. 191), the famous Leaf Butterfly of the Hast does not better assimilate its surroundings than Gonepteryx rhamnz. On a recent walk through some Chiltern beech woods, I watched a fresh male settle down among the pale green leaves of a stump upon which the sun was shining obliquely. The light transparency of the folded wings and the pattern thereof accorded exactly with the surrounding foliage, and, a momentary distraction causing me to look away, I was quite unable at the little distance I stood to distinguish leaf from insect until the butterfly again rose from its sanctuary.—H. Rownanp- Brown ; Harrow Weald, August 9th, 1917. CUPIDO MINIMUS, SECOND HMERGENCE.—It may be of interest to record a second emergence of C. minimus in the Chilterns during the first week of August.—H. Rownanp-Brown. VaRIETY OF FEMALE HucHLOE CARDAMINES.—On May 18th last I had the good luck to breed from a local larva a most remarkable variety of H. cardamines. In this specimen the area of the fore wings, which in the male is orange, is thinly dusted with red-orange on both fore wings. There are dashes of the abnormal colour on the discal spot itself and also on the white wedge-shaped marks which occur in the typical female of the species, but not in the male. The specimen seems interesting to me as a probable instance of atavism, for may we not suppose that in this species both sexes had originally 208 THER ENTOMOLOGIST. an orange apical blotch, but that it gradually became obsolete in the female, thus rendering her less conspicuous ?—(Rev.) Ginpert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, August 17th, 1917. VANESSA I0 AND AGLAIS URTICA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.— During a holiday in the Stroud district at the end of July last I noticed hundreds of larva of A. wrtzce on almost every patch of nettles, and a good few of the butterflies in perfect condition were flying. In view of the idea that V. zo is getting scarcer in the country I was glad to see it common in many parts of the district, the butterflies in all cases being in perfect condition, but no larvae were seen, so presumably all had turned in—and out.—C. Nicnotson; Hale End, Chingford, August 15th, 1917. PLUSIA MONETA IN CHESHIRE.—The accidental finding of a freshly- emerged specimen of P. festuc@ in my garden caused me to watch the flowers of sweet williams, of which I have a fair number. I found the Plusias well represented, and in the course of a week took quite a nice series of festuce, tota, and pulchrina; chrysitis was very common, and a few gamma were taken, but I was delighted to find moneta had found its way into the garden, and I secured six specimens in all. An odd specimen had, I believe, been taken in the district before, but it has evidently, in common with the other Plusias, been much more plentiful than usual this season.—Ropert Tarr; Rose- neath, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire. APATURA IRIS IN West SussEx.—On August 7th Master E. G. Thorpe, a schoolboy staying here, brought me a butterfly he had just caught in my garden to identify. It was a Purple Emperor; I have lived here thirty years, and this is the first time I have seen it.— AuFRED Luoyp, F.K.8.; The Dome, Bognor, August 16th, 1917. CH#ROCAMPA ELPENOR LARVA ON Batsam.—Last week two larve of C. elpenor were brought to me feeding on wild balsam (Impatiens fulva). They were found by Lieut. Gapp when fishing. This plant, which grows in profusion along the banks of the Tillingbourne, does not appear to have been noticed as a food of this insect, so I think some of your readers may be interested. I may say that since the larvee have been in my possession they have eaten voraciously of this diet. One went down yesterday and the other is full fed.— ALFRED G. Scorer; Hillcrest, Chilworth, Surrey, August 3rd, 1917. Larv& OF MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM, ETC., AT CAMBRIDGE.— As the yellow bedstraw (Galzwm verwm) is much in evidence this summer, it would be as well if lepidopterists (especially those living near the coast where Deilephila gala may turn up) were to search this plant thoroughly for larve, as on a few sprays picked at random as food for C. porcellus larvee I found two eggs of Macroglossa stellatarum and a minute ‘‘looper,’ which I have since determined to be Anticlea sinuata. The M. stellatarum ova have just hatched, and as August advances I hope to find a lot more on the chalk near by, where porcellus always, and galit sometimes, occur. A visit to the old Roman road less than three miles south of Cambridge on July 28th in search of Heliothis dipsacea resulted in two specimens of this moth, both var. marituma, which seems to be NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 209 the usual form here, and a short series of Arzcza medon, several with distinct white discal spots. Agrzades corydon was out in numbers, not only on the Roman road, but the golf links adjoining, together with P. icarus, which rivalled the harebells in abundance and strict adherence to type. Other species noted were Satyrus semele (which, like A. corydon, is much commoner further out and on the Feam dyke) in twos and threes, Hpinephele vantira, H. tithonus, Aphantopus hyperanthus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Vanessa v0, and an early specimen of Orgyia antiqua 3. Vanessa io was all over the place, though nettles were conspicuous by their absence. Other common species, such as Gonepteryx rhamn, Cupido maninvus , second brood of which generally occurs here, and Chrysophanus phleas were absent, but they might have occurred further up the road (which extends for miles across the chalk), or else I was too early for them; probably the latter. I kept a sharp look out for Coltas edusa and Pyrameis cardui, as it seems to have been a migrant year, but was unrewarded. However, it was pleasant to be amongst the butterflies again even for an hour (which was all the time I could spare), and possibly a later visit may have better results in the last, and others, named.—Huau P. Jonzs; 19, Tenison Avenue, Cambridge, August 2nd, 1917. ScOLIOPTERYX LIBATRIX IN JULY.—I notice that, in Mr. South’s handbook, ‘ Moths of the British Isles,’ the date of the appearance, of S. iibatria is given as from August onwards. Perhaps it may be of interest to note that I took a freshly emerged imago on the wing at twilight on July 19th last; the insect is perfectly clean and fresh, and apparently only emerged a few hours previously.—(Rev.) H. D. Forp; Thursby Vicarage, Carlisle. Ca@:NONYMPHA PAMPHILUS.—I know of two localities within a mile of each other, in the Lake District, where a very distinctly dwarf C. pamphilus flies, and I have heard of a third. In those cases which have come under my own observation I have found them flying on the mountain sides at an elevation of some 500 ft. At the low levels they are flying plentifully and are of the usual size, and, strangely enough, when you get to a height of say 1000 or 1200 ft., they are again flying in large quantities and of the normal size once more. But between these two altitudes you get a very well marked dwarf race. I was on the mountains at the beginning of July—on the 2nd and 4th—when they were all much worn, but I took a few specimens.—(Rev.) H. D. Forp. PAPILIO MACHAON IN THE HASTBOURNE DisTRICT.—Several specimens of P. machaon have been observed here on the downs during the first week in August. During July I was told that allotment holders had noted beautiful caterpillars feeding on the foliage of the garden carrot. Thesenodoubt were larva of P. machaon which had been turned down by some collector.—J. T. Dewry ; 79, Hurst Road, Eastbourne. In connection with the above record the following letter, pub- lished in the ‘ Brighton Herald,’ August 11th last, may be of interest. We are obliged to Mr. Louis Meaden for the “ cutting : ”’ On Sunday last I and my boy Armand were returning from an entomological ramble vid Hollingbury Camp, where he spotted a large and strange butterfly flitting about on the sunny side of the ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1917. 8 210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. southern rampart. Unfortunately we had no net, but I followed the butterfly for some time, getting quite close each time it settled and at last near enough to verify my boy’s remark that it was the swallow- tail butterfly, an exceedingly attractive insect having yellow wings ornamented with black, blue, and red, and whose habitat in the British Isles is confined to the low-lying fens of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. The swallow-tail’s appearance in this district is extremely rare, and I do not think such an event has ever been chronicled in the ‘Herald.’ Mr. A. F. Brazenor, the taxidermist of Lewes Road, has two specimens captured some years ago, one on Bear Hill, and the other at Withdean. Another entomologist, Mr. F. G. 8. Bramwell, also informs me that a Mr. Harry White knocked down a swallow- tail on the Madeira Drive one Sunday morning some twenty years ago. There are one or two records for the county, but the above are the only purely local appearances I have been able to trace so far. During the last quarter of a century the butterfly has been seen on the wing, from time to time, in various parts of the southern coun- ties. Caterpillars have also been found at large in Kent. It is thought attempts may have been made to establish the species in certain parts of England, or that such butterflies may have escaped from some one who had reared them. But it is quite possible that our local specimens may have been blown over from the continent, where they are common in woods as well as in meadows, and even on mountains up to an elevation of 5000 ft. It occurs also, but less commonly, at much higher altitudes. The geographical range of the swallow-tail extends eastwards as far as Japan, so it seems strange that Brighton does not get favoured more frequently by their presence. I should be glad if any of your readers could supply me with full data of other local occurrences of the swallow-tail, so that a proper record may be made. ‘The one seen on Sunday was un- doubtedly a full-size female, with a span of wing measuring about 34 in. Yours, etc., Hersert S. Toms. 53, Beaconsfield Villas, Brighton, August 8th, 1917. Couias EDUSA IN CorNwaALL.—On July 17th a friend of mine took a specimen of this species in a field near Falmouth. On examination I found it to be a male, apparently freshly emerged. Another specimen was seen two days later.—H. O. ArmyTaGE; Homelands Feoch, Devoran, Cornwall. Couras Epusa in JUNE AND JuLy.—A specimen of var. helice of this species was taken at Porchester, Hants, on June 26th. Normal specimens of edusa were seen on July 14th (two), July 16th (two), and July 27th. One of those seen on July 16th was a large but very worn female and was watched for some time as it deposited eggs in a lucerne and clover field on the southern slope of Portsdown Hill—G. M. Russreuxi; 6, Shaftesbury Road, Harlsdon, Coventry. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON OCCURRENCE OF LYTTA VESICATORIA, AT CHICHESTER AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.—Since my note (antea, p. 188) on the occurrence here of Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria was written, Mr. H. L. J. Guermonprez, of Bognor—distant eight miles—records NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 211 that at Westergate as many as forty (probably) were seen on plants in a hedge of a garden there by Mr. W. W. Pertwee. ‘ Curiously enough,’ Mr. Guermonprez writes, “although there are hedges of the broad-leaved privet all around, the insects seemed confined to two or three plants at the end of one row. Although the beetles are very active, crawling rapidly about the plants and flying from twig to twig, yet they do not stay, but return to their station. They eat the leaves voraciously; the bitten leaves and grass are most conspicuous, and the odour remarkably pungent. So, when present these brilliant metallic beetles would not easily escape observation.”’ He adds, ‘As collateral evidence in favour of their being immigrants, those known immigrant butterfiies Colas edusa and Pyramets cardut have been observed in the same places, and at the same times.” — JOSEPH ANDERSON; Chichester. Lytra vesicatoria, L.—In connection with Mr. Anderson’s note on Lytta vesicatoria, L., I may say that this beetle was quite abundant about the middle of June, in the woods between Wool and Hast Lulworth, flying in companies round the tender tops of coppiced ash about 12 ft. and more from the ground. I took some on the wing, but most by “spotting” individuals that had settled. I would then, gradually, bend the branch over my net, until low enough for a sharp downward tap, with my hand, to cause the insect to drop into it. I also saw the species, a few days later, further west, in Yellowham Wood, near Dorchester. The only previous occurrence to me here was one near Wool, July 3rd, 1912. This season I could have easily taken many examples. Of those examined three-quarters were ¢’s. Both sexes varied much in size; both my largest and smallest specimens are ? .—F’. H. Haines; Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset. ACENTROPUS NIVEUS.—Since my note appeared (antea, p. 190), I have deyoted much spare time in searching for the females. From the date (June 27th) of the capture of the first male more than a month passed before I was successful in my search. Since then I have taken a fair number but not in anything like such numbers as the males. It is very conspicuous, owing to its size when at rest at the edge of or often on the water. From the fact that it appears to be a sheer waste of time to look for them in the earlier part of the day I feel certain that they must, unlike the males, pass the greater portion of the daylight hours under the water. Since it is well known that the semi-apterous specimens do so, I see no reason why the fully-winged ones should not do the same. Again, I think, that the earlier females must be semi-apterous for, if it is not so, I must have found them sooner. The time to look for them is from the near approach of sunset onwards. Suddenly they appear on the extreme edge of the water or on the grasses with their leaves floating on the water. They soon begin to get lively, and as the evening advances become fully as active as the males, if not more so. They have a curious habit when disturbed, as the evening advances, of running or swimming (without apparently using their wings at all) along on the surface at a really respectable pace, describing all sorts of semi-circles and 912. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. zig-zags just as they do when flying. I searched in vain for the cocoons, pulling up and carefully searching such water plants as Potamogeton lucens, crispus, pectinatus, natans, etc., also a lot of Anacharis alsinastrum. I hope for better luck in this matter next season. The males are now getting much less abundant and the females a little more common. It may be interesting to note that in the past month I have taken in this parish all our ‘ china marks,” counting niveus as one, stratiotata being by far the least common of the five, followed by the beautiful stagnalis, with niveus in the rear, the latter the most common of the five. The females with their long, very flimsy, nearly transparent wings and wholly dark bodies remind me very much of large winged ants, and I suppose wings are given to both insects for very similar purposes. I have just received a letter from Mr. Burrows in which he informs me that he used to meet with this curious moth when at school here as far back as 1871 so that my meeting with it forty-six years after that date can hardly be claimed as a discovery !—A. THURNALL; Wanstead, August 15th, 1917. REMARKS ON EHivIDENCES OF INTELLIGENCE IN CERTAIN BuTTER- FLIES.—Huvanessa antiopa greatly dislikes a high wind and will take shelter almost anywhere in order to avoid it. On one occasion when a high wind was blowing down the upper valley of the Tech an antiopa flew into a slight anfractuosity of rock, the uneven surface of which rendered the employment of the net impossible. I therefore tried to take it with my hand, but although I caught it by one wing it dexterously extricated itself and dived into the heart of a box bush whence it would have been difficult to dislodge it. We are accustomed to consider butterflies—if we consider the matter at all—as indifferent to one another’s sufferings—as indeed almost all animals appear to be—but I will relate an incident which indicates that such is not really the case. Rain had fallen in torrents on July 17th at La Preste and on the following morning the grass was completely saturated with moisture. On it lay an unfortunate Parnassius apollo utterly helpless, unable to move and to all appearance dead. A more fortunate individual, which had somehow escaped a drenching, was flying about, perceived the luckless one and immediately went to its assistance, and, nestling close to the damp body of its almost defunct companion, apparently attempted thus to restore animation and was so intent upon this work that it permitted me to lft it in my hand together with the benumbed insect without attempting to escape nor did it cease to nestle close to the other until the latter showed signs of returning animation, it then flew away. I placed the feeble apollo on a sunny wall and it was soon able to fly a little. This is the most signal instance of assistance to a distressed companion that has come under my notice amongst insects. I do not think that the action can be interpreted in another manner. Had doubters seen the incident their doubts would, I think, have been dissipated. Ants assist one another to drag burdens; scarabs assist as well as hinder each other; why, then, should not butterflies also assist one another? This is a kind of assistance which must not be NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. FAS confounded with co-operation such as the co-operation of bees in the construction of honeycomb. The preference which certain butterflies show for streams of water is undeniable and appears to me inexplicable. In the narrowest part of the Gorge of the Mondony which is only accessible by wading in the stream or by following a gallery of slabs on iron supports, a Limenitis, which was doubtless Limenitis camilla, was observed very frequently disporting itself alone or in company with another butterfly of the same species, and near La Preste the same species sought the stream of the Tech as its chief resort. In other localities, however, I have not observed this preference for running waters on the part of camilla. Everyone knows that dragonflies frequent localities watered by streams, and perhaps they do so because small winged insects can be captured in these localities, but butterflies cannot affect streams for that reason. Let me suggest, in conclusion, that experiments might be made to determine the rate of flight of some of the larger species and the distance to which they may fly from the place of emergence from the chrysalis.—JamEes R. McCiymont ; La Preste, Pyrénées-Orientales, France. (The movements of P. apollo described suggest sexual attraction. Did Mr. McClymont determine the sex of the disabled individual ? —H. R.-B. ANTS AMBER.—Those entomologists who are interested in ants or fossil insects should read Mr. H. Donisthorpe’s notice of Mr. W. M. Wheeler’s ‘ The Ants of the Baltic Amber.’ As this work may not for some time be obtainable in England, Mr. Donisthorpe, in five pages of the ‘ Ent. Record,’ has given an excellent account of it for present use.—W. J. Lucas. “Sacsproop’”’: A Bre Diskase.—In ‘ Bull. 431, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture’ (Washington, D.C., 1917), Mr. G. F, White has given in 55 pages a full account of this disease, illustrated by 4 plates and 33 very clear text-figures. ‘Sacbrood”’ is an infectious disease of the brood of bees, to which adults are not susceptible. It is more frequent in the first half of the brood-rearing season than in the second. Since colonies have a strong tendency to recover from the disease without treatment, its economic importance consists in the weakening of a brood by loss in individuals. Mr. White considers that the number of colonies which die out as a direct result of ‘‘ sacbrood”’ is comparatively small.—W. J. Lucas. Wiuuram Kirspy: Bioarapnican Norr.—It seems a far cry from the ‘‘ Letters of Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple (1652-54),”’ recently published in the ‘ Wayfarer’s Library,’ to the above premier entomologist ; yet every detail concerning the latter’s career is of interest to us. This William Temple married Dorothy, daughter of Sir Peter Osborne, of Chicksands, in Beds., during 1654; and he died 1699. Their granddaughter Dorothy married Nicholas Bacon, Esq., of Shrubland Hall, in Barham, which adjoins Coddenham, near Ipswich; she died 1758, leaving at least two sons. These were John Bacon, of Shrubland Hall, Hisq., and the Rey. Nicholas Bacon, Vicar of Coddenham, who survived. The latter’s will was proved P.C.C., December 16th, 1797: by it he gave the manor of the 914 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Vicarage of Coddenham, with several messuages, farms, and land situate in the parishes of Coddenham and Hemingstone; and Advowson of the Rectory of Barham (subject to the next presentation thereto, to which he nominated the Rey. William Kirby); and all other his lands in the said parishes, to the Rev. John Longe, of Bramford, in Suffolk. (From ‘Hast Anglian Miscellany,’ published July 21st, 1917.) Freeman, in his ‘ Life of Kirby,’ at p. 174, tells us no more than that the ‘‘ rector of Barham” died in 1796 and “ Mr. Bacon ” appointed the curate (2. e. Kirby) to the living thus vacated. That Bacon’s will was at first, though erroneously, thought to be invalid will account for the hiatus of a year.—CraupE Morney. SOCIETIES. EnromonoaicaL Society or Lonpon.—Wednesday, May 2nd, 1917.—Dr. C. J. Gahan; M:A., D.Sc., in the chair—Mr, Arthur Dicksee, 24, Lyford Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 18, was elected a Fellow of the Society.—Mr. O. EH. Janson exhibited speci- mens of Huchraa celestis, Burm., a rare Cetoniid from Madagascar. —Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited two cases of Caligo species from the collection of Mr. J. J. Joicey as well as from his own collection, together with a number of microscopical mountings of the male genital organs.—The Rey. I. D. Morice exhibited a set of six photos showing the ovipositor and apex of the ? abdomen in three species or subspecies of the Siricid genus Pawrurus, viz., juvencus, F'., noctzlio, F., and cyaneus, F.—The President remarked that the Xestobswm which he had exhibited at the previous meeting was still living, and that he had discovered that it was a 2. It had tapped when touched on the head with a bit of paper, and when this was continued had extruded its ovipositor.—The following papers were read: ‘‘ New and little-known Heterocera from Madagascar,’ by Sir George Kenrick, Bart., F.H.8.; ‘‘A Preliminary Catalogue of British Ceczdo- myid@, with special reference to the Northern Gall-flies,” by R. 8. Bagnall, F.E.S., and J. H. Harrison, M.Sc. Wednesday, June 6th, 1917.—Dr. C. J. Gahan, M.A., D.Sce., President, in the chair.—Dr. H. G. Breier, Ph.D., Director of the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, Transvaal, 8. Africa, and Dr. Alfred K. Cameron, M.A., D.Sc., The Entomological Laboratory, Agassiz, British Columbia,. were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. EH. E. Green exhibited two new and (at present) undescribed species of British Coccide, both belonging to the genus Lecaniwm and both occurring on the birch (Betula alba) —Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Morpho adonis, three males and a fine female from British Guiana, also on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey M. adonis males and one ? from French Guiana, and M. eugenia males and one female also from French Guiana, together with preparations of the genitalia of both to show that there was no room for doubt that M. eugenia, Deyr,, 1860, is.a distinct species from M. adonis, Cram.—Mr. G. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, exhibited: (1) A white-banded mimetic group of African Heterocera from the Cameroons. (2) An example of resemblance which is not mimetic, seen in Scoriopsis infumata, Warr., from Peru, a Geometrid bearing a strong likeness to a species SOCIETIES. 215 of Lymantriide from Angola. (3) A mimetic group from Dutch New Guinea. (4) Two forms of Yellervo from the Island of Misol. (5) Papilio erlaces, with its races, including a new race from North Peru, and showing the mimetic ? of P. harmodius, Doubl., from the same district.—Prof. Poulton gave recent instances of birds capturing butterflies on the wing at Oxford. He also exhibited forms of Papzlio polytes romulus, Cram., from Singapore Island and the mainland opposite. Also a set of predaceous Reduviid bugs and fossors, with their prey, from the S. Paulo district of South-east Brazil. He also read an observation recorded in a letter written to him January 18th, 1917, by Dr. Carpenter, which threw further light on the storing of Hesperide by Bembecides.—The Secretary read an interesting letter from Mr. E. M. Dadd, F.E.S., written from the internment camp at Ruhleben.—The following paper was read: ‘On a collection of Lepidoptera made in East Africa by Mr. W. A. Lamborn, F.E.5.,” by H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S. THe Souta Lonton EnromonogicaL and Naturat History Socrety.—July 12th—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, F.H.S., President, in the chair.—Mr. Ashdown exhibited a long series of aberrations of Coccinella variabilis, taken this year in Surrey.—Mr. Turner, the life-history of Coleophora palliatella on oak, and parts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 of the rare book, Thunberg’s ‘“‘ Dissertatio Entomologica Ins. Suecica,’’ 1784-94, all dealing with Lepidoptera.—Mr. Frohawk, a series of Cupido minimus from Coulsdon, Surrey, showing much individual aberration, including an asymmetrical example which appeared to be gynandromorphic.—Mr. West (Greenwich), Coleop- tera taken recently in the New Forest, including Elater lythropterus, EH. minutus, Pyrochroa coccinea, Tomoxia biguttata, etc., the last around the burrows of a wasp.—Mr. Barnett, varied series of Ematurga atomaria and of females of Polyommatus tcarus from near Coulsdon, Surrey.—Mr. Edwards, a series of Papilio polytes, and remarked on the dimorphism expressed in continental and island forms.—Mr. Moore, Papilio aristolochia, from the Nilgherry Hills, India.—Mr. Bunnett, newly hatched larve of Fuwmea casta, and a living example of Porthesta stmilis, which emerged from a pupa the cocoon of which was surrounded by a number of the cocoons of an Ichnewmon.—Mr. Leeds reported that Chattendenia w-album was out at Monkswood on June 24th; Mr. Frohawk, Argynnis aglaia in Kent on June 25th, and Aglais urtic@ common at Horsley on June 17th; and Mr. Pearson, Argynms paphia and Lemenitis sibylla in numbers in the New Forest,—Mr. Main described a successful method of getting the larvee of the Coleopteron, Dyttscus marginalis, to pupate in pomimement. July 26th.—My. Hy. J. Turner, F.H.S., President, in the chair.— The ‘ Proceedings’’ for 1916-17 were announced as ready for issue. —Mr. Ashdown exhibited a series of the pale and dark races of Setina trrorella from Mickleham Downs, and larve, pupe, and imagines of Anzsosticta 19-punctata from Surrey.—Mr. H. Main, a pupation chamber of Dytiscus marginalis, with pupa im siti, and several chrysalids of Vanessa 10, most of which had gold markings.— Mr. Edwards, various exotic species of Hesperizde, and read a note on the distribution of the family—Mr. West (Greenwich), a number 216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of Vespide, Ichnewmomda, and Chrysidid@ taken by him recently in the New Forest.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a specimen of Argynnis cydippe (adippe) with silver points in several of the large black spots on the under surface, a phase of aberration not previously known to him.— Attention was called to the swarms of the three common species of ‘Whites ’’ which had appeared in many places recently. Polygonta c-album, Celastrina argiolus (second brood), and Cosma trapezina were also reported as abundant locally.—Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Hd. of Proceed.). RECENT LITERATURE. Noctuelles et Géométres d'Europe. Premiére partie. Noctuelles. Vol. 1, pp. 244, plates 41. Par J.Cunor. Genéve. 1913-1917. M. J. Cunor, the artist and illustrator of the ‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée’ has completed the second volume of his monumental work, and the Noctuids now give place to the Geometers, though we are promised supplements to complete the plates and descriptions already issued. The plates of the first and second volumes are 81 in number, and 1458 species are figured therein with uniform fidelity of detail unsurpassed by any one of those, ancient or modern, who have depicted this group of Lepidoptera. M. Culot explains quite frankly the object of his labours. It is to provide a reliable key to the western palzearctic species in their entirety whereby collectors may readily determine the identity of their specimens. The author disclaims all intention of dealing at adequate length with species in the text. He sets out sufficient to indicate the individual illustrated in each case, with a general account of its distribution and more striking peculiarities. The thorny problem of nomenclature he ignores entirely, following for convenience sake alone the already out of date Catalogue of Staudinger and Rebel; while professing preference for the classification adopted by Guenée in his ‘“ Spécies générales des Lépidoptéres,”’ 1851-52, discarded, we think somewhat unnecessarily, in view of the numerous discoveries of the past sixty years. In the two volumes already published close upon 1500 ‘‘Noctuelles’’ have been figured, and for those who have not access to the National or one of the larger private collections of paleearctic lepidoptera, as distinguished from British, it is obviously a great assistance to have the figures which M. Culot has hand-painted with meticulous industry; and to estimate the industry he and his talented daughters display in this direction, it must be remembered that this work appears simultaneously with M. Charles Oberthiir’s publications, also illustrated at the Villa-Les-Iris. We offer, therefore, our sincere congratulations to the author-artist and his coadjutors, and strongly advise those of our British lepidopterists who hold that a good illustration is worth at least as much as a copious text alone for identification purposes, to assist the publication of the second part commenced in May last which is to deal with Géométres as completely as these first two volumes of the first part have dealt with Noctuelles. It is something to have achieved a regular output during three years of war-in which time the cost of paper and printing has increased 40 per cent.; while we are promised a fuller text for the Geometers than was considered necessary for the Noctuids. H. &.-B. 2 5< EE F _ Subscriptions for 1917 (7s.) should be sent to R. South (Editor), 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up Hill, London, N.W. 2. * - ENTOMOLOGIST Illustrated Monthly Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. | EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F..S. | C. J. GAHAN, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S. | H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. | W. L. DISTANT, ¥.1.8.. kc. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8. F. W. FROHAWKE, F-.E.S., M.B.O.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.RUS., F.E.S., &c. ‘*By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made eS es i. yr RS wit Ne : | ( NOV 61997 LONDON: ISO) ian DECS ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 1. Gy : | Price Ninepence. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Kpparatus and Cabinets. Plain King Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 25., 28. 6d. Folding Nets, — 8s. 6d., 45. Umbrella Nets (self- acting), 76. Pocket ocpat 6d., od. ies. ls 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Nested Chip Boxes, qa. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 18. 6d. per oz, Pocket Lantern to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 25. ‘Sngaring Mixture, rea lg. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 28. 6d., 48., 5s. , 65 Sep flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14 in., 8d.; 2 in.,104.; ahi in., 1ls.; 5} in.,: 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 104. ; ‘Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. gay Hwates. 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, ‘14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s. aps ‘1s. 6 Breeding Oage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 58., 78.6d. Ooleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, ls. 6d., 1s. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 38. 6d.. 48. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. , 9d. ., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Gisced O6 2s. 6d. to lls. Cement for replacing “Antenne, 4d. per botile. Steel For eps ls. 6d., 28., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3}, best quality, 1s. 6d. p OZ slieets, Brass Obloroform Bottle, 28. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 88. “Glaas-ton an Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9 ls. Pu Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’ 8 Companion, connie’ most — necessary implements for skinning, 10s. . 6d. Scalpels, 1s, Ba. ; ‘Scissors, 28. per | pair; Ligg- drills, 2d., 3d., 9a.; Blowpipes, - 4d., 6d.; Artificial Byes for Birds | and Animals; Label- lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of ‘Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 8d. 6d. ay ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells. 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, Botan SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro. Lepidoptera, &e. Vie as well: as “minute insects of all other families. NL IWCED ORNS ARCH NAL Ute eatin eae i ob) ret m We stock various sizes and lengths te these Silver Pins, pasate have: certain advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become greasy, and verdigrisy like Spetidee ene : are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will bee much des aye shall be pleats to send patterns on application. SHOW FKOOM FOR CABINETS of every description for INSECTS, Burbs’ Eaas, Corns, Mronoscorioar, Osinors Fossits, &c. Oatalogue (100 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOOK OF INERODS AND ‘BIRDS’ megan wae oF a STRAND, Wl "LONDON, ete FINE 1917 SET INSECTS; also PUPA. — Bicuspis. 5/-; Dominula var. Rossica, 2/6 ; Consonaria, fine | Kent Melanie, 3/6; Til, rare brick- red var., 10/- ; ‘Coridon var. Srngrapha, 15/- ; Mendica- var. Rustica, 2/-, fine inter- | mediate, 1/6; Varlevata, shay -Papilionaria, 6d. 5 all pars each, and many others. — Fine Pupaw.—Per dozen: Sionente 42/-; VT ersigolons ae? Tilie, 3/9; Ocellatus, 3/9; Elpenor, 3/6. Waite for vinta to L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT, aie WANTED. —Many fine set Insects and Pupe, will be pleased to exchange. | PUPAE: Ligustri, 3/6: (Oballatas: 3/-5 “ilies, 2/9 : Populi (from pinkish parents), 5-5 Elpenor, 2/9; Carpini, 2/3; Vinula, 2/3; Verbasci, 1/9 ; Ghemardie 4/6 ; Jacob, 0/9; vil, Zonaria, 1/9 per doz.; many others. New Forest aS “dug Pupe, 7/6 per 100 (after Sept. 15th). A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, ‘BOURNEMOUTH. THE ENTOMOLOGIST: Vou. L.] OCTOBER, “L917. [No. 653 PERONEA CRISTANA: ITS LIFE-HISTORY, HABITS OF THE IMAGO, DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS NAMED FORMS, AND SOME SPECULATIONS ON THE PRESENT TREND OF ITS VARIATION. By W. G. SHenpon, F.E.S. A coop deal has been written in the past century about this most fascinating moth, but the various writers seem to have restricted themselves almost entirely to the task of giving names to its different forms ; its life-history, which many Lepidopterists have attempted to solve, remaining almost.entirely unknown. The published accounts of the habits and habitats of the imago are almost invariably misleading, and it does not seem to have occurred to anyone that some knowledge of the forms to be found in the various localities that produce the species would be of interest to students of Peronea cristana. The present paper is an attempt to throw some light on these various points. LIFE-HISTORY. The late J. A. Clark, in his Memoir on P. cristana (‘ Ent. Record,’ xiii, p. 227), dealing with this point, writes: ‘‘ Little indeed, seems to be known of its life-history. Like myself, many have bred odd examples of the species, the larve having been obtained by general beating and without actual knowledge of the species, until after pupation had taken place and the imagines had emerged. My recollection of the larve is that they have been brownish-green in colour, and I believe that they feed upon the lichen growing upon whitethorn ; but the authori- ties, such as they are, appear to be against me. Wilkinson notes (‘British Tortrices,’ p. 174): ‘The larva is unknown, though the insect has in one or two instances been bred pro- miscuously from whitethorn,’ an experience very similar to mine. Meyrick states (‘ Handbook,’ etc., p. 521): ‘The larva on rose and hawthorn, June and July.’ Merrin says (‘ Calendar,’ p. 115): ‘ Dwarf sallows and hawthorn between united leaves.’ Sorhagen says (‘ Die Kleinschmett.,’ etc., p. 64): ‘Die Raupe 6-7 [June and July] in den Herzblattern von Prunus spinosa, Salix caprea, Ulmus, Carpinus, dringt auch in die stengel- spitzen.’ One is rather astonished at Sorhagen’s list of food- plants, and would be inclined to suggest, were it not for the ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1917. i 218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. general well-known accuracy of this author, that some of the references were possibly made to other species of Peronea, of which, however, it must be confessed there is not the slightest evidence. I have repeatedly tried to obtain ova in the autumn, but have never been successful. I had long supposed that the imagines hybernated, and Mr. Tutt tells me that Frey says (‘ Lep. Schweiz,’ p. 281): ‘Falter im tiefsten Spatherbste und nach der Ueberwinterung im Fruhling.’ Merrin states that the imagines are found from September to November, but says nothing of their re-occurrence in spring.” I may say here in passing that Sorhagen’s list of food- plants, which caused Clark to express doubts as to its correct- ness, is absolutely correct so far as it goes, although it is by no means complete. Since Clark wrote, which was in 1901, Mr. E. R. Bankes (‘ Ent. Record,’ xxi, p. 44, 1909) writes (‘ Trans. Chich. and West Sussex Nat. Hist. and Micr. Soc.,’ 1885-6, p. 70): ‘‘ Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.stated that he had bred P. cristana ‘from larve on flowers and fruits of Pyrus aria, collected in Arundel Park,’ and in his ‘Catalogue of Sussex Lepidoptera,’ published in 1905, in the ‘ Victoria History of Sussex,’ he gives the species as occurring in Arundel Park, where the larve feed upon fruits and flowers of Pyrus aria, and doubtless also on those of haw- thorn there and in many cther places on the Downs.’ I learn from my friend Mr. Fletcher that, although the number of imagines reared was limited, his experience was quite sufficient to prove that in Arundel Park it is a regular habit of these larvee to feed in the manner described.” This was, so far as I am aware, all that was known of the earlier stages at the time I commenced to try and work them out in 1915. In the autumn of that year I paid two week-end visits to that chief locality for P. cristana, the New Forest, and one of the precise localities having been pointed out to me, I collected therein 218 specimens, which included examples of 34 named forms. On my return from the later visit, which took place in October, I dug up a small bush of whitethorn, which the authori- ties considered the most likely food-plant, and replanted it in a large flower-pot. I then cut it down to a convenient shape and enclosed it with a muslin cover, and on October 12th I put inside this cover about a dozen imagines of P. cristana, consist- ing of both sexes, which I had brought home alive from the New Forest. This bush I placed on the north side of a yew hedge in the garden, and allowed it to remain exposed to the weather all the winter. The moths moved very little during the winter months so far as I could ascertain, and rested chiefly on the branches, with their wings closely wrapped round a twig, often at its juncture PERONEA ORISTANA. 219 with the main stem. In this position they were exceedingly well protected from observation, and could hardly be detected, unless one saw the ‘‘ buttons” raised clear of the twig; and they were not easily detected with the aid of the buttons, because these resembled very strikingly whitethorn buds. March 19th, 1916, was a very warm, sunny day, and the moths were almost lively, for them, for P. cristana is one of the most sluggish moths I know. One example was found resting on the muslin, and on this being touched it flew to the other side of the enclosure. On March 26th I untied the bottom of the muslin sleeve or enclosure, and found that one imago was dead, although it was quite limp, and had evidently recently been alive. It was amongst the dead leaves which had accumu- lated at the bottom of the sleeve. The remainder were alive, and seemed quite strong and healthy. On being disturbed they flew off the twigs on which they were resting, and settled on the muslin sides of the enclosure. I counted six of them on this occasion, and the remainder were no doubt somewhere inside. I should say that when placing the moths in I had put in the sleeve a thick piece of dead oak branch covered with lichen, which I thought would possibly be a suitable object for them to winter upon. Although I frequently looked this over, I could never see a moth resting upon it, and on this day I took it away. On May 17th I emptied out the sleeve, and found that all the moths were dead, although I had seen one alive a few days previously. I then carefully examined with a lens the whole of the whitethorn bush and also the sleeve for ova, but the search was entirely without success, and thus my first attempt ended in failure so far as obtaining eggs was concerned. I had, however, gained certain experience, and proved that the supposed habit of the imago to hibernate was a fact: and this, of course, meant that the ova were deposited in the spring, and not in the autumn. Thinking the matter over during the summer of 1916, I came to the conclusion that what was wrong in my method was something in the spring treatment, which I must try and vary in some way; but that the winter treatment was correct. In October of that year I procured a fresh supply of moths, dug up and potted another whitethorn bush, enclosed it in the sleeve that had served the previous winter, and stood it in the same spot that had been occupied on the former occasion. I should here say that the moths enclosed were twelve in number and that they consisted of two of the most abundant forms, which | did not require for my own or iriends’ series, abs. ntgrana and semiustana, half of each; to these I added, a few days later, three examples of ab. cristalina, all males. On April lst, 1917, 1 examined the contents of the sleeve, 220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and found that five of the moths, all females, were alive; these consisted of three ab. semiustana and two ab. nigrana. I next obtained a large glass cylinder about 18 in. high; in this I placed in water two sprays of whitethorn and one of blackthorn, introduced the moths, and covered the top of the cylinder with muslin, feeding them on sugar and water, with which I saturated a small piece of sponge. On April 7th, looking through the transparent side of the cylinder, I saw, at the junction between the main stem of the blackthorn spray and a twig, an unmistakable Tortrix egg. I then took the sprays out of the cylinder and found hundreds of ova deposited upon them. These were deposited by the females on all the sprays placed in the cylinder, but although only one spray of blackthorn was. available, at least 90 per cent. of the ova were upon it. This spray was crowded with them, mostly singly or in little clusters of three or four. There were, however, two groups of over two _ dozen each. ‘The ova were usually deposited on the twigs, generally underneath, but occasionally on the outside of the undeveloped buds ; never on the leaves. I should mention that the sprays had been kept in water in a warm greenhouse for some weeks ; the whitethorn leaves were opened, and the trusses of buds were exposed; the blackthorn was partly in flower and the leaves showed green. DEscRIPTION oF Ova. The outline is oval; it lies, as is the case with the ova of all the Tortrices with which I am acquainted, with its polar axis horizontal. The length is ‘85 mm., the breadth -6 mm., and the height -12 mm.; the surface is granular, divided into a iarge number of irregularly shaped cells by very fine raised lines ; it is highly glabrous and opalescent; it consists apparently of an outer and an inner envelope. The outer envelope is transparent, and it projects a considerable distance beyond the inner enve- lope. ‘The outer envelope is light grey in colour; the inner envelope is white, and within this, again, is an irregularly shaped nucleus which is reddish-brown in colour. The micropy- ler area, which is very difficult to deal with in all horizontal eggs, I was unable to examine. In five days after they were first observed the ova had changed to reddish-brown, and they then harmonised exceedingly well with the twigs on which they rested, and were very incon- spicuous. The period from the depositing to hatching was about twenty-one days. My experience, as narrated above, leads me to infer that the ova are deposited in a state of nature in March or April on the stems or twigs of their food-plant. PERONEA CRISTANA. 221 Tae Larva. F I should observe that in order to get the larve fed up before I left home for an engagement early in June I kept both them and the ova indoors, and under these conditions the dates on which they arrived at the various stages would be somewhat more advanced than would be the case if they had been kept out of doors, for of course there are always periods of cold weather in our springs, during which an insect exposed to the elements advances very little, if at all; and this does not apply to ova kept or larve reared indoors to such a great extent, because the cold snaps are not then so much felt, even though there is no fire in the room. A larva kept in a small glass-top tin box from emergence to pupation hatched on April 26th. It was then about 1 mm. in length ; the head and prothorax were black and glabrous; the remainder of the segments were pale brownish-green, and semi- transparent, the alimentary canal showing plainly. I fed this larva whilst it was in the first instar on blackthorn, transferring it afterwards to plum. The larva on emergence spins the black- thorn buds and flowers to the adjoining stem, and feeds and dwells inside the web so formed; sometimes it is found within the petals and sometimes between the calyx and the corolla. On May Ist this larva had changed into the second instar, and was then about 2 mm. in length; the head was black, the prothorax was light brown, and both were highly glabrous. The remainder of the segments were light yellowish-green. On May 4th the third instar was reached ; it was now about 3 mm. long; the head and prothorax were both glabrous; the head black; the prothorax was dark brown; otherwise the colour was the same as in the last instar. The larva was still very transparent and the alimentary canal was plainly visible. On May 11th the fourth instar was reached. The larva was now about 5 mm. long; the head and prothorax were intensely black and glabrous; otherwise it was very similar to the last instar, except that the divisions between the abdominal segments in the dorsal area are much darker green than the segments themselves. There was no trace of a chitinous anal plate in this or any of the previous instars. The fifth and last instar was reached on May 21st. A great change had now taken place in its appearance; it was about 12 mm. long, of average stoutness; the head was dark amber- coloured, with darker shading around the mouth ; it was highly glabrous. The prothorax was greenish-brown and not very glabrous, with darker shading in front and at the rear; below the thoracie plate, when viewed laterally, are two large black tubercles on each side; down the centre of the dorsal area, and commencing at the rear of the prothorax, is a narrow grey-green 229; THE ENTOMOLOGIST. line; the dorsal.and subdorsal areas are grey-green, the tubercles showing up distinctly, and being lighter in colour than the surrounding area; the intestinal canal was distinctly visible as a dark green line; the anal plate, which is grey-green, has several minute black dots distributed over its surface; the prolegs are black and glabrous. The spiracular and ventral areas are paler than the dorsal and subdorsal; the spiracles are very incon- spicuous. The tubercular spines are in this stage long and conspicuous. On May 26th this larva had attained its full growth and had reached a length of 15 mm.; it ceased feeding on May 30th and spun together a portion of a plum-leai within which it changed to a pupa; the change was effected on June 4th. The larva conceals itself during the day by spinning together the edges of a leaf (it does not roll it in any way) and hiding therein, coming out to feed at night. When disturbed it is intensely active, wriggling violently, and progressing back- wards. It bears a very strong resemblance to many of the other species of the group Peronea, except when it is in the last instar. It is in the earlier instars superficially not at all unlike the nearly-allied P. hastiana, and | think it should be recognised at once, the black shining head and the grey-green segments behind the prothorax should determine it from any other larva feeding at the same time that I am acquainted with. In the last stage, however, it is not so distinctive, but I do not know another Tortrix larva that has a similar prothorax. (To be continued.) ON THE PROCTOTRYPID GENUS GONATOPUS, LJUNCH. By Cuaupe Mortey, F.Z.S., Etc. THERE has recently appeared a ‘“‘ Note on a Rare Hymenop- teron (Dicondylus pedestris, Curtis),” by J. Ray Hardy, in the ‘Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist,’ x, 1917, p. 77, with a photo of the insect. The photo is somewhat indistinct, showing neither the thoracic structure nor that of the front legs in detail. It was captured in July, 1916, running on the roadside near Hollingworth, in Cheshire, amongst a number of black ants (Lasius niger, Linn.) at the roots of grass. The sole description vouchsafed is: ‘‘ Four millimetres in length, wingless, greatly resembles an ant in general appearance, and is extremely agile in its movements.” Nor am I satisfied that ‘‘ the accompanying photograph will enable this insect to be readily recognised,”’ for Mr. Hardy appears to know nothing of the literature thereto relating later than 1874. Parasitic Hymenoptera have been so ON THE PROCTOTRYPID GENUS GONATOPUS, LJUNCH. 293 generally ignored in Britain that a word of enlightenment may be of service in general, the more especially as the genus to which Mr. Hardy's insect belongs was left in a somewhat inconclusive condition by the late Arthur Chitty in 1907. Subfamily Dryininm. This may be distinguished from all the other subfamilies of the Proctotrypide by having: Head transverse, neither globuiose nor oblong; antenne ten-jointed and inserted close to the mouth; scutellum wanting or broadly truncate basally, not tripartite ; abdomen neither margined nor acute laterally; front tibie with a single bifurcate calcar, their tarsi ending in forceps; wings of female often wanting. Tribe GoNATOPINI. The Dryinine have been divided (André, Hym. d’Europ., 1904, p. 494) into three tribes, of which the present is dis- tinguished by the extension of the prothorax to the tegule, by the lack of female wings, and by the very narrow, lanceolate stigma of the male wings. Genus GoNATOPUS. Distinct from other genera of the Dryinine in having: Capital vertex broadly but not deeply concave, never distinctly convex (as in Anton, q.v. EH. M. M. 1908, p. 141); occiput not margined (as it is in Ante@on*); thorax bi- or tri-nodal ; scutellum obsolete or wanting ; front legs raptorial, with pincer; form tarsi; posterior tarsal claws neither bifid nor basally lobate- wings wanting. Females alone known.—Some fifty species of this genus have been described, of which thirty-five are Huropean and no more than eight have hitherto been ascertained as British. like everything he and Dr. Arnold Forster touched, M. labbé J. J. Kieffer has split up old and well recognised species to such an extent that the synonymy of even so little worked a genus as the present is already considerably involved. In the following table of the British species I have followed Chitty in the Entom. Rec. 1907, p. 81, which is the last word we have had upon the subject in England since the brilliant author died early in the following year. TaBLE oF British SPECIES. (4) 1. Second thoracic node with erect pilosity; vertex slightly excavate. (3) 2. External joint of pincers armed beneath with 6-8 plates, incrassate, with subapical tooth; internal joint in- flexed before its apex, with plates in rows : 1. striatus, Kieff. * Ante@on subapterus, Kietf (1904, p. 138), is, I believe, known only in a unique Scots female. Mr. Ernest A. Elliott has kindly presented to me another of the same sex, captured by him at Kingussie during August, 1912.—C. M. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (2) 3. External joint of pincers mutic, with neither plates nor tooth; internal joint inflexed before apex, with one row of contiguous plates and one row of much longer bristles . 2. sepsoides, Westw. (1) 4. Second thoracic node glabrous ; vertex usually strongly excavate. (6) 5. Vertex slightly depressed, but not strongly excavate 3. pedestris, Dalm. (5) 6. Vertex strongly excavate. (8) 7. Thorax entirely rufotestaceous ; second thoracic node basally trans-striate . 4. oratorius, Westw. (7) 8. Thorax partly black; second node not basally trans- striate. (12) 9. External joint of pincers mutic; internal joint strongly inflexed before apex, with one row of plates and one row of bristles. (11) 10. Thorax entirely black; external joint of pincers centrally armed with bristles beneath . 5. distingyendus, Kieff. (10) 11. Thorax red and black ; external joint without bristles . 6. Marshall, Kieff. (9) 12. External joint of pincers with one row of incrassate plates and one tooth before apex ; internal joint not inflexed before apex, with two rows of plates. (14) 13. Internal joint of pincers with two rows each of five very thick plates , : ; 7. bicolor, Curt. (13) 14. Internal joint with two rows of compact and contiguous plates : , : : : . 8. distinctus, Kieff. 1. Gonatopus striatus, Kieff. André, Spp. Hym. d’Europ., 1904, p. 92. Described from an example taken in Austria during May, and (lib. cit. p. 500) from one—erroneously ascribed to G. pilosus, Thoms., at p. 91—found by Bignell in a nest of Formica fusca, Linn., doubtless in Devon. Chitty took it on May 6th, 1906, at Brandon, in Suffolk, but I who was with him took none. Donisthorpe in 1915 records it as also consorting with Lasius flavus, Fab. 2. Gonatopus sepsoides, Westw. Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vi, 1838, p. 496; Chitty, Entom. Ree. xix, 1907, p. 80; G: sociabilie, Kiet. (ib: .ctt, pe ? Dryinus pedestris, Hal. Entom. Mag. ii, 1835, p. 221. Westwood’s name was sunk as a synonym of G. pedestris by Francis Walker at lb. cit. 1837, p. 412, and revived by Chitty on examining the Oxford type in 1907. The latter considered it not improbably identical with G. pilosus, Thoms., not hitherto known to occur with us; he instances it as the commonest British species, apparently distributed over the whole country ‘‘in suit- able localities,’ and records it from Suffolk, Kent, near London, near Edinburgh Sussex, and three places in Hants. I found ON THE PROCTCTRYPID GENUS GONATOPUS, LJUNCH. 225 two or three specimens in August, 1908, at the roots of rough grass and beneath stones on the coast sand-hills at Lowestoft ; and possess two more found, presumably at Felden, in Herts, by Albert Piffard about 1900. 3. Gonatopus pedestris, Dalm. Sv. Ak. Handl. 1818, p, 86; Nees, Mon. 11, 1834, excll. synon. et ¢; Thoms. Ofv. 1860, p. 180; Kirchner, Lotos, vi, 1856, p. 283, fig. 5; Mik. Wien. Ent. Zeit. i, 1882, p. 215, pl. iii, figs. 4-10; Kieff. Hym. d’Hurop. 1904, p. 96. G. Ljunchit, Westw. Loud. Mag. vi, 1883, p. 496; Chitty, Ent. Rec. 1907, p. 80. Till the end of the last century it was customary to consider all British Gonatopi as referable to G. pedestris, 80 nothing can be ascertained respecting its true distribution with us. Chitty could not distinguish Westwood’s type—taken on Wimbledon Common—from true G. pedestris, and thought them synonymous. 4. Gonatopus oratorius, Westw. Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vi, 1833, p. 496; Chitty, Entom. ineemxix, [90% pl. 79: Sunk as a synonym of G. pedestris by Walker, and reinstated by Chitty on examining the Oxford type. The latter regarded it as distinct from any of Kieffer’s species. It was found on Ripley Common, and ‘‘it ought to be possible still to take this insect on the Surrey commons.” 5. Gonatopus distinguendus, Kieff. André, Spp. Hym. d’Europ. 1904, p. 116. Described from a British female taken in a sandy place. The late Alfred Beaumont subsequently found it at Kilmore, in Ireland, on August 11th and 15th, 1898. I possess one of those taken on the 11th; it is labelled ‘‘ sand-hills by sweeping.” 6. Marshalli, Kiett. Gonatopus lunatus, Nees, Mon. i, 1834, p. 383 (nec Klug) ; G. Marshalli, Kieff. Hym. d’Hur. 1904, p. 121. Kieffer gives the above synonymy, but it is difficult to under- stand how Nees’ species could differ from that of Klug, when the former distinctly and only says of it: ‘‘ Habitat Berolini (Klug). Feminam vidi, a cl. Klugio ad me missam,”’ without claiming to have taken it himself. Also Kieffer does not record it from Germany; simply, ‘‘ Angleterre: He de Purbeck, Swansea,” which Chitty considers an error for Swanage, and doubtless correctly, for at lib. cit. p. 510 we find nothing but “‘ Patrie: Ile de Purbeck et ile de Corse. (D’apres les:types de la collection de Marshall.)” I have taken this species running in a gravel pit at Lymington on August 15th, 1901. 226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 7. Gonatopus bicolor, Curt. Dryinus pedestris, Hal. Entom. Mag. ii, 1885, p. 221 (?); Dryinus bicolor, Curtis, Brit. Entom. fol. 206-7, 1828; Gonatopus nigriventris, Nees, Mon. ii, 1884, p. 886; Dicondylus pedestris, Walk. Entom. Mag. iv, 1887, p. 412; Entom. vii, 1874, p. 27, fig.; G. bicolor, Kieff. Hym. d’Europ. 1904, p. 108 (nec Ashm.). Germany, Corsica, and Britain, whence Chitty records it in the counties of London, Kent, Herts, and Haddington. Probably not rare, though formerly merged in error with G. pedestris by Walker. The synonymy given in ‘Genera Insectorum,’ liv, 1907, is erroneous. I took the Herts specimen beneath Genista anglica on a common just above Boxmoor station on August 9th, 1903. 8. Gonatopus distinctus, Kieff. André, Spp. Hym. d’Europ. 1904, p. 509. This species was thought sufficiently distinct to merit a name by its author, who picked it out of the series, considered by the latter to be identical, in Marshall's British collection. Chitty knew the species from Surrey in June and July, and from Corn- wall. I have recorded it (Proc. R. Irish Acad. xxxi, 1911, No. 24, p. 17) from Clare Island during June, 1911; and Donisthorpe tells us in 1915 that it consorts with the ants Myrmica rubra var. levinodis and Formica fusca var. glebaria, Nyl. It has twice occurred to me in the New Forest by sweeping; once in a gravel-pit at Brockenhurst on July 7th, 1909, and once in Matley Bog on June 9th, 1911. To these I can now add: 9. Gonatopus pilosus, Thoms. G. formicarius var. y, Nees. Mon. 1, 1834, p. 383; G. pilosus, Thoms. Ofv. 1860, p. 180; Kieff. Spp. Hym. @’Europ. 1904, pp. ai o01, A specimen of this genus with both the thoracic nodes bearing erect white pilosity (that on the anterior node distinguishes it from the remainder of the genus) occurred to me among dead leaves of bracken in shallow rabbits’ scratchings in a sandy bank at Icklingham, in Suffolk, on June 6th, 1916; it was running among the débris in company, not only of the two ants Tetra- morium cespitum and Lasius niger, but also of males and females and nymphs of the rare Capsid Systellonotus triguttatus, said by Saunders to occur with ants. Another specimen occurred to me in the same parish, but upon the sandy ‘plains,’ some mile and a half from the above locality, in company of Lasius.alienus beneath Hrodium cicutarium on the preceding June 1th. The species figures in Marshall’s 1873 catalogue as brifish upon an erroneous foundation, since G. striatus was mistaken for it. This well-authenticated association of Gonatopi with ants is LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. 997 the more remarkable, and can, as far as we at prdsent know, be for no more direct purpose than protective resemblance (Haliday records a battle between the insects), because their economy is entirely connected with Homoptera. Members of the Fulgoride, Cercopide, Jasside, and Membracide are all known to be destroyed by Dryinide. Douglas, in the E. M. M. 1882, pp. 116, 142; my references on the ‘‘ Hymenopterous Parasites of Rhynchota”’ (‘ Zoologist,’ 1909, pp. 216-220) ; and Perkins’ ‘‘ Leafhoppers and their Natural Enemies” (Bull. Hawaian Sugar Plant. Ass. i, 1905, pp. 1-62), cover most of the known facts of their life-cycle. But these parasites are extremely retiring, for in twenty-five years’ collecting I have captured no more than some dozen imagines. Monks’ Soham House, Suffolk, August 20th, 1917. NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. By Carr. H. D. Smart, M.C., R.A.M.C., F.E.S. Since I last wrote on this subject I have been able to add a good many species to my list, and to note further localities for some of the less universal insects. These additions chiefly con- cern the moths, as, to the time when a shrapnel bullet put a stop to my continental activities, the season has been a particularly poor one for butterflies. This has probably been due chiefly to the arctic winter and sub-arctic spring, bringing to Northern Europe degrees of cold, and particularly of wet cold, that are very unusual. Another reason may be the prevalence of strong winds throughout the very hot early summer. The insect shortage seems to me to have affected one great class, united not by structural resemblances but by habit—that is, the tremendous body of diurnal grass-frequenting species. C. pamphilus was less numerous than usual; P. icarus was almost scarce. None of the day-flying Noctuids were plentiful ; some of the commoner species I did not see at all. Of the Crambids only C. perlellus had appeared in normal numbers up to July 14th, and of the Pterophori I saw only pentadactylus. On the other hand, getting an opportunity for a little sugaring, I found abundance of common Noctue, with a sprinkling of better things, and the woods produced the usual number of moths of all families. The destructive hosts of cockchafers that I saw on the Somme in 1916 did not reappear this year in Pas-de-Calais. My beat has been more restricted this year, extending only from Arras to the neighbourhood of Messines. The portion of 2298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Belgium included is so insignificant that I have not thought it worth while to change the title of the paper. No doubt all the species that I have taken in Belgium only are to be had in the neighbouring parts of Nord. Papilio machaon appeared in very small numbers in Pas-de- Calais and Nord. The appearance of the early Pierids was rather curious. I was able to watch for them daily at the sheltered end of a large wood in the Arras area at the end of April, having seen no specimen earlier. Although the weather was quite suitable throughout the last week of April, and I was in a position to make a short visit to the locality daily, I saw no butterflies but hibernated Vanessids till May 2nd. On that date I found numerous worn males of all three common whites. Fresh examples of P. napi appeared a few days later, but the other two species disappeared after May 38rd and were not seen again up to May 9th, when my leave put a stop to the observation. A fortnight later all four species were abundant in Arras, P. napi being well on the down grade. A second brood of P. napt appeared in Nord and Belgium in the third week of June, and was followed by P. rape and P. brassice before the end of the month. I took a napi female of the second flight with an extra black spot on the fore wing, confluent with the apical patch, and the veining of the under side of hind wings reduced to the slightest dusting of grey scales on the basal ends of the nervures. I have a distinct impression that several species got through their larval states in abnormally short periods during this hot early summer. Although climatic conditions must have made oviposition later than usual, summer flights of A. urtice, P. cardui, and G. libatrix all appeared in very good time. Euchloé cardamines appeared in very great numbers at Arras Citadel, but the proportion of females was even smaller than usual. Aberration took the form of excessive size in both sexes, and of bright yellow ground colour on the under side of the male fore wings. Of Colias hyale I met with one specimen only, in Belgium. Brenthis euphrosyne and Melitea aurinta both occur at Arras; Eugonia polychloros I saw at Croisette, near St. Pol. At this place I was billeted in a house the owner of which had pinned local lepidoptera all over the kitchen wall. Of several hundred specimens there was no species that does not occur in Britain, and only one, H. antiopa, that I have not myself seen in the Pas de Calais. There was an extensive immigration of Pyrameis cardut, wasted specimens being abundant in all districts in May. A very numerous second brood had appeared when I left France in July. Pararge egeria yar. egerides occurs near Fruges, but was very NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 229 scarce in mid-June. The specimens seen were exceedingly bright, and probably of the second emergence. Celastrina argiolus was common at Arras, and I took one Adopea lineola at Messines. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. VARIETIES OF Cupipo minimus.—During last June, in the neigh- bourhood of Purley, Surrey, Cupido minimus appeared in abundance in certain spots. On the 10th of that month I captured a very interesting specimen which is undoubtedly a gynandromorphous example, having the left side male and the right side female. The left pair of wings are much the larger and of the normal shape of the male, the right pair being small and rounded. On the under side the markings do not in any way correspond on the respective sides, and the ground colour corresponds in accordance to the sexes, showing the duller and slight ochreous tinge on the female wings. Again, on June 12th, I took a very unusual variety of this little butterfly, having on the upper side of the left hind wing several intensely black streaks which are conspicuous on the bronze-brown ground colour. I have in my collection a specimen of C. argiolus of the same type of variation, having a bold black streak extending across the right hind wing on the under surface.—F’. W. FRoHAwE. ASYMMETRICAL VARIETY OF AGRIADES CORYDON.—On August 10th last I captured a very remarkable asymmetrical female example of Agriades corydon. Owing to the upper side being of normal colouring, the specimen is set to show the under side. It is remarkable in many respects, as exactly one-half of the entire insect is different in size, colour, and markings to the other half. The left pair of wings are unusually large, measuring 21 mm. from base to tip of the fore wing and the hind wing 19 mm. The whole central area of the former is dull white, the marginal markings are much elongated, and the lower median spots are united, forming a bar. The hind wing is washed with whitish and the marginal markings elongated, corresponding to those of the fore wing. The right pair of wings are normal in both size, colour, and markings; the fore wing measures 18 mm. and the hind wing 16mm. The palpus, antenna, and legs are also smaller on the right side. The two halves are so conspicuously dissimilar that they have the appearance of belonging to two totally distinct insects.—F’. W. FRoHAWK. CHRYSOPHANUS PHL#AS AB. ALBA (SCHMIDTII) IN STAFFORDSHIRE. —TI should like to record the capture of a fine specimen of C. phleas ab. alba (schmidtt2) to-day in the Barnet Woods, North Staffs. When I first saw it it was fluttering over ling flowers, but almost im- mediately settled and expanded the wings. I am sending it to the Oxford University Museum.—F. C. WooprorpE; Market Dray- ton, September 8th, 1817. 230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ARGYNNIS AGLAIA AB, MOLYBDINA.—The name proposed for the ab. of A. aglaia (antea, p. 307) should be ab. molybdina, and not ab. molybdena, as given in last month’s ‘ Entomologist.’—F. B. Newnuam; Church Stretton. POLYGONIA C-ALBUM AB.—On August 16th last I captured a female specimen of P. c-album in which the c mark is replaced by a very distinct 0. This I call ab. o-albwm.—F. B. Newnuam, Church Stretton. SpHinx (HeRsE) Convotvuti 1n 1917. DuruHaM.—I had brought to me a fine male Sphinx convolvuli on August 26th by a friend of mine, who took it on a pair of bathing wings in the yard.—W. Ricuarpson; 12, Salem Street South, Sunderland, Durham. I captured a male specimen of S. convolvult near the gasworks, Sunderland, on August 28th. This is the second capture, to my knowledge, within-ten days.—J. Dousry; 147, St. Leonard, Street, Hendon, Sunderland. S. convolvult female captured on a railway sleeper by a platelayer about one mile east of Barnard Castle Station on August 29th, 1917.—J. P. Rosson, 10, Vane Road, Barnard Castle. YORKSHIRE.—I am writing to place on record the capture of a female specimen of Sphinx convolvul: at Wensley, near Richmond, Yorkshire, on September 7th by myself and my sister. It was a nearly perfect specimen and was caught at dusk while hovering over tobacco plants. It measured 42 in. across the wings.—N. OrpE Powuett; Wensley Hall, Leyburn, Yorks. NorFouk.—It may be of interest to mention that I captured a fine specimen of Sphinx convolvult here yesterday.—J. ANTHONY Prowman; Clifton House, Victoria Street, Sheringham, Norfolk. Kernt.—I have to record the capture of two female specimens of Sphinx convolvult in this town. One was taken at rest on a pave- ment by Mr. F. Waghorn and brought to me; the other was found by my wife on a fence. The dates of the captures were August 27th and 30th respectively.—E. D. Morean; 24, Queen’s Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Surrey.—I have received an excellent specimen of Sphinx convolvult caught at Shirley, near Croydon, Surrey, last week.— Ewan Cuose; Woodcote, Camberley, August 26th. Sussex.—This species appears to have been of not at all uncommon occurrence in this neighbourhood lately. On the 4th inst. my attention was called to a large moth hovering at the blossom of tobacco plants in the dusk of evening, but while I went to get a net it disappeared. However, I had not to wait long before another came along and was secured—a rather wasted individual. I had no further opportunity of looking for them until the 12th, when a couple more were seen, but a fitful wind and fast falling darkness combined to frustrate an attempt at their capture.—RoBEerRr ADKIN, Eastbourne. SomerseT.— We have caught three specimens of the Convolvulus Hawk Moth in two nights and have seen several others. The front NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 231 of our house has a border of sweet-scented white tobacco plants, and we caught two specimens in the front hall on the first night (September 7th), and the second night we hunted the tobaccos with a.lantern. We saw several specimens and succeeded in capturing one. The specimens comprise two females and one male. About three years ago we took a specimen of this insect, but have never seen them on other than these two occasions.—G. THrING; Charlton House, Charlton Mackrell, Somerset. DEVONSHIRE.—A specimen of Sphinx convolvult (I believe a female) was captured in a garden at Okehampton on August 29th. It was taken on some linen hanging out to dry by a maid-servant, and was brought to me alive to identify—(Rev.) R. T. Houmgs, 1, Park Villas, Okehampton, Devon. I captured three worn specimens on verbena and nicotiana blossoms in my garden here on September 6th and missed another. The third I caught half an hour after dark with the aid of alantern. It was a still, cloudy, warm evening. On the following evening I saw only one convolvult and missed another, as the light was bad, on September 11th.—H. M. Parisu, Totnes, South Devon. N. Wates.—I beg to report the capture of two specimens of S. convolvult at Aberdovey, Wales, during a short stay in August. The first was caught on August 27th resting on the door of a bathing hut. On August 29th I was walking along the front, and was just in time to rescue the second as it was being driven out of a cottage by the scared housewife. Both were but very slightly damaged.— ALBERT J. Barnes; 1, Ashley Street, Shrewsbury, Shropshire. DoneGau.—On September 5th Mr. T. Patterson took a male Sphinx convolvuls at Ramelton, co. Donegal. He very kindly brought it to my father to send to me. The fore wings were badly frayed, but when perfect it must have been a very large specimen.—G. CovuutTER, Bank House, Ramelton, co. Donegal. Dusiiy.—On September 9th, 1917, I was given a living female, Sphinx convolvult, by Miss Flynn, Blackrock, co. Dublin. The insect was in an exhausted condition; one of its front legs was missing, and almost all the scales were off its wings. Miss Flynn informed me that her sister found it on the hall doormat.—G. CounrEr, Bank House, Ramelton, co. Donegal. PAPILIO MACHAON IN 1917. Essex.—It may be as well to put on record the capture of a perfect female specimen of this species on August Bank Holiday last near High Beach. The specimen was recently shown to me and appears to have been freshly emerged when caught. It is a good example of the form with rusty spots at the apices of the posterior wings.—C. Nicwotson; 35, The Avenue, Hale End, Chingford, E. 4. ' Sussex.—I was taking a walk over the downs on the path leading from Eastbourne to Jevington on Sunday, August 5th, about 4 o’clock in the afternoon when I saw a Papilio machaon hovering over a gorse bush on the brow of the hill overlooking Jevington. As I drew near to the butterfly, it settled in the centre of the bush, and, waiting for a seasonable opportunity, I captured it. 932 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. It is a female with an expanse of 33 in., and is in beautiful condition —Donatp Towner; 26, Mill Road, Eastbourne, August 21st, 1917. Kent.—On August 13th I captured a fine specimen of the Papilio machaon near White Hill Woods, Canterbury. The speci- men is in perfect condition. I saw one a week previously in the same locality, but failed to capture it. I believe that only one has been caught in Kent before. Since that date I have taken two ‘Clouded Yellow” butterflies (Colias edusa). — GEOFFREY STANBRIDGE ; St. Paul’s School House, Canterbury. Kent.—A fine freshly-emerged female Swallow-Tail (P. machaon, L.) was caught by the Rev. C. E. Woodruff in the Rectory garden at Godmersham, near Chilham, on August 5th this year. Stragglers have been caught at times, according to the ‘History of Kent (Insects),’ at about Herne Bay, Ramsgate, Deal, and Dover. Knaggs (1870) says: ‘‘ Machaon have been met with year after year on the East Cliff, Dover, beyond the Castle,’ and in the same history a few larve are recorded as found in 1874 at Stone, near Dartford, and that larve have also been found in the neighbourhood of Faversham. The specimen from Chilham was evidently hatched out locally owing to its excellent condition, and I know of no one likely to have turned out any in the neighbourhood.—F rrp. V. THEopaup; Wye Court, April 20th, 1017. CobIAs HYALE, AND C. EDUSA IN 1917. OXxFORDSHIRE.—The frequent occurrence of Colzas edusa in the spring was a sure sign that a considerable immigration had taken place from the Continent, and the expectation that this insect would be common this autumn has been fully realised. I have just returned from Milton in Oxfordshire, where I had been staying for a fortnight, and was much struck by the unusual abundance of edusa in that locality. It seems to show that this insect is able to penetrate with ease, after an immigration, to those parts of England most remote from the coast. The Vanessids (atalanta, zo, and wrtece) were also extremely common in that part of Oxford- shire.—H. G. Q. WatEes; August 6th, 1917. Mippnesex.—I noticed, on August 29th, at Wood Green, Middlesex, a specimen of Colias edusa. It was in excellent condi- tion and was flying about some waste ground. I note this as being rather unusual, as this is not a very productive neighbourhood for butterflies, being so near London. A list of the species I have noticed in this district (Highgate) may not be uninteresting: P. brassicae, P. rape, P. nap, H. cardamines, G. rhamn, A. urtice, P. atalanta, E. vamra, C. phleas, P. icarus, C. argiolus, some eleven species.—W. 8. THomson; Highgate, Middlesex. On September 11th I caught a good specimen of Colas hyale on the Chiswick Park Cricket Club ground. The same after- noon one of my friends, Mr. K. Horton, caught two specimens of C. edusa on the same ground. Another one had been reported from there on the 8th, but was not captured. I also caught one Pyrameis cardut, and have seen several P. atalanta there this month.—Epric Butier; 81, Sutton Court Road, Chiswick. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 233 Essex.—This morning I visited two lucerne fields in Purleigh, about a mile apart. In the first one I found Strenia clathrata abundant, but not variable, and also saw such common butterflies as P. atalanta, V. io, and A. urtice, as well as Rumicia phieas, worn, Canonympha pamphilus in abundance, and a few belated Adopea lineola, but no trace of either species of Coliqs. I had, however, no sooner entered the other field than I immediately saw several Colias edusa on the wing at once, and succeeded in catching a dozen specimens in about half-an-hour. They were all males, and flew very swiftly, not condescending to settle at all. In the afternoon I visited the same field, and in an hour captured sixteen specimens— again all males. Towards 4 p.m. (summer time) they settled a good deal, but generally low down among the lucerne, so as to be difficult to detect. The last one seen on the wing was at 4.45 p.m., thus corroborating a note about C. hyale which I made in my diary in 1900 to the effect that this insect flies from 10.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. (Greenwich time), but rarely settles before 1 o’clock. The male C. edusa I took this morning were mostly in fine condition, but did not vary except in size.—(Rev.) Ginpert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, September 4th, 1917. Kent.—On August 26th my brother and I saw three specimens of Colias hyale flying in a chalk pit near a clover field. Of these my brother was fortunate enough to capture one, a male. We have also seen several specimens of Colias edusa flying, and Pyrameis cardu has been quite common here this year.—R. M. Nowrtu ; Chester Cottage, Kingsdown, near Deal, Kent. Surrey.—On September 3rd I saw in Bromley High Street a male specimen of C. edusa, and a little further on in a turnip field amale C. hyale. Since then, while walking through Cheam village (September 8th), a fine specimen of C. hyale settled just in front of me in the road (male). As soon as I approached it was off like a bird. Since then I have made a thorough search of four clover fields near Sutton, and was rewarded with one female C. edwsa.—NoRMAN C. Pinteav; c/o T. Knight, Esq., The Beeches, Carshalton. I saw, but failed to catch, a couple of C. edusa near East Horsley to-day (September 16th). They were flying over a rough field of sainfoin, ete.—Lesniez C. E. Bancoms ; 26, Hardman Road, Kingston-on-Thames. HampsHIrRE.—On September 8th two male specimens of C. edusa were seen by the side of the railway near Wood Fidley, in the New Forest. Mr. Lucas reports a male taken on September 11th at Fletcher’s Thorns, also in the New Forest.—Ricuarp Souru. On September 12th I saw a male C. edusa flying over the golf-course at Shawford, and on the 15th I saw five C. edusa, one of them a female, flying over the Hockley golf-course, by St. Katharine’s Hill. All of these seemed to be perfectly fresh —Haronp Honpae. Cornwautu.—A young friend of mine reports the capture of a male and female C. edusa at Constantine, near Padstow, in August.—H. Rownanp-Brown. ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1917. U 234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Conias EpusA, Evrc., in THE IsnE or Wicut.—I spent a fortnight at Ventnor from August 21st to September 6th, renewing agreeable recollections of my first collecting butterflies in the island forty years ago. [found the terrain changed in many respects. The fields in part of Winterbourne, Bonchurch, where Colias edusa and var. pallida (helice) swarmed in the great edusa year of 1877, had completely disappeared, being now part of a garden. The then open flowery terraces shelving therefrom to the shore, where | had effected my sole British capture of Callimorpha quadripunctaria, are now fenced in with a dense thicket of tamarisk and garden shrubs. Ventnor itself has doubled in size; but the downs remain pretty much the same, and from the day of my arrival onwards, whenever the south-west wind abated, which blew furiously for a week from the 24th to the 30th, though usually the sun was hot, were alive with Hipparchia semele, Pararge megara, and the second emergence of Agriades bellargus. I think the adverse weather conditions had delayed the advent of the British-born C. edusa. I saw about a dozen examples in all (none inland), six on the last two days of my visit. Of four netted, one was a hopeless cripple, and two torn to shreds by the gales. Those observed were mostly in the little, rare, sheltered chalk quarries—a blaze of colour with the two red valerians and the white; the bloom proving an irresistible lure also to the Vanessids—Vanessa 10, Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui, and Aglais urtice—H. semele being also in evidence, fighting for the possession of the flower heads, and thus demonstrating a predilection which has sometimes been ques- tioned (cp. ‘ Hntomologist,’ vol. xlviii, p. 264, ete.). The warm chalk sides of these quarries were also visited by not a few Macroglossum stellaturum, but after the rainy interval during the last week of August I did not see them in those particular haunts again. Of A. bellargus it may be added that it occurred even on the sea front towards Steephill Cove right down to the edge of the cliff, but though T examined some hundreds of males and females I did not secure a single noteworthy aberration. A pronounced tendency to blueness among the females was, generally speaking, conspicuous only by its absence. Indeed, in my experience abroad, ¢€.g. with vars. ceronus, Ksp., and celestis, Obthr., in France, it seems more or less the rule that the blue females are chiefly of the spring emergence, or at all events show a smaller proportion of the normal form than is the case with the autumn emergence. The butterfly has been so collected (and by a few over-collected) by “‘ variety hunters” in England, that their experience would be interesting on this point. It is perhaps worthy of note, too, that, whereas all females taken at Otford, Kent, on August 27th, 1915, and 1916 were ab. marginata, Tutt, I did not observe a single complete example of this form on the Ventnor downs. In 90 per cent. the orange marginal spots of the hind wings on the upper side were altogether wanting, obsolescent, or few in number. The Ventnor specimens are also consistently smaller in both sexes than those from North Kent. Meanwhile the strict and necessary rules in the Isle of Wight with regard to display of light by night renders the chase of nocturnal insects almost impos- sible. Of the day-flying Geometers few were seen, an exception being Gnophos obscurata, among them the speckled ab. woodiata, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. G35 Prout, which affected the thyme and marjoram. A bed of petunias on the sea front, marked for the wandering Sphingids, was burnt black by the wind, while the hedges and trees, especially the elders in exposed places, were brown as in October, or entirely stripped of their foliage.—H. Rownanp-Brown ; Harrow Weald, September 9th, 1917. Conias EDUSA, SPHINX CONVOLVULI, AND LyTTA VESICATORIA IN DorsEtsHIRE.—Perhaps this season has produced conditions specially favourable to insect immigration. As in Sussex, both Colias edusa and Pyrameis cardut are present here. But the latter, I fancy, appears every year near Winfrith. I picked up, too, on July 18th, near Owermoigue, a mangled specimen of Sphinx con- volvuli. Last month I saw other specimens hovering over the honeysuckle arch in my garden on which I took so many in August, September, and October, 1901. I have already taken four, the only ones captured since that year. Although the habit of dancing, in isolated companies, over particular sprays or other selected points of land or water, is common among insects, I do not know any beetles, except, perhaps, the Melolonthe, that have this habit, save Lytta vestcatoria. My examples hovered over the ash, just as do the Adelas, or Gnophria rubricollis, over their chosen branches. Several bushes, at intervals, were favoured, but always ash, although privet was plentiful around. My insects, like those noted by Mr. Guermon- prez, fed voraciously, when settled, and, I think, only the ¢’s sported in the air, possibly round the ?’s. The habit of gregarious flitting, in the case of parasitic Hymenoptera, is, probably, often due to the presence of the hosts attracting the ?’s, which are then sought by the g’s. But in the case of Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Ephemerop- tera, and Diptera, the causes are, perhaps, partly sexual and partly a mere gambolling and playfulness in the pure enjoyment of genial weather.—F. H. Hatnes, Brookside, Winifrith, Dorset, September fst? 1917. KUVANESSA ANTIOPA IN 1917. Surrey.—On August 2nd, whilst collecting at Oxshott, in Surrey, I saw a Hwanessa antiopa. It was flying low, so that I had a clear view of its upper wings, and as it passed within a yard of me I am positive of its identity. I chased, but failed to capture it, as it quickly mounted over some high trees.—W. Datnas; 13, Cromwell Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. HERTFORDSHIRE.—On August 23rd, a perfect specimen of the Camberwell Beauty was brought alive to my boy. It was captured entangled in a cobweb in a high jack-boot (of all strange places) in a motor-garage. The insect is in very fresh condition, the marginal band of the wings being yellow, not white, as in many captured English specimens.—A. T. Goopson; Tring. A splendid specimen, apparently freshly emerged, was seen in Hitchin Park on August 10th, and again at the same spot on August 15th. A week later another specimen was reported as seen in a garden in the town about half a mile from the place above mentioned. Probably this may have been the same individual, A, H. Foster; Sussex House, Hitchin, 236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. AGRIADES CORYDON VAR. SYNGRAPHA IN Bucks.—As I feared when I published in the ‘ Entomologist’ last year a note on the discovery of this charming variety, the dealers and other collectors have paid especial attention to the Chiltern Hills this season, and, if what I hear is true, some hundreds of examples have been deported during the past month. My consolation is that one of the most assiduous of these gentlemen informed me that he has found var. syngrapha, Kef., at several other spots than that in which, I assume, he locates my particular ground. Indeed, I can corroborate the observation that this form is by no means so local as I myself thought to be the case. Pushing my cycle on September 7th up a steep hill at a considerable distance from where I took syngrapha last year, I boxed a perfect example. The air was heavy and the sky overcast, and I had seen hardly an insect on the wing; only a few Geometers, chiefly Anaitis plagiata—H. RowLanp-Brown. HevTerocera IN MippLesex.—Among Geometers (new, I think, to this district) I boxed a perfect and recently emerged example of Chloroclysta siterata, Hfn., in July from a fence about a quarter of a mile from our house in Oxhey Lane. Another welcome addition to our local list is Halias bicolorana—a mutilated specimen picked up on the tennis lawn on August 5th. The only other local record appears to be that of a single specimen near Harrow, June 23rd, 1893 (‘ Harrow Butterflies and Moths,’ vol. i, p. 23); and of C, szterata in Middlesex, Muswell Hill (‘ Trans. City of London Soe.,’ 1900, p. 72). Hypena rostralis is another moth not hitherto observed by me here. —H. Rownanp-Brown. OccurRRENCE OF DAPHNIS NERII IN DERBYSHIRE.—On August 21st a gentleman named Mr. C. H. Oliver brought me a fine specimen of Daphnis nervi, which he had taken on August 18th in a conservatory at Littleover in Derbyshire. As it had been confined in a small box for three days, the edges of the fore wings were naturally damaged, otherwise it was quite lively and in good condition. The specimen was a male and measured 110 mm. across the fore wings.—J. H. Grant; Ward End, Birmingham. MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM IN Lonpon.—I saw a Macroglossa stellatarum flying round a delphinium in flower in the garden of this house one evening in the third week of last July; Harotp Honae; 9, Highbury Place, London, N. PYRAMEIS ATALANTA, CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS, AND MAcCROGLOSSA STELLATARUM IN Doneaat.-—In the first week of May, 1917, I found Cyaniris argiolus in fair numbers in large woods near Rathmullen, Ramelton, and Milford, co. Donegal. On July 14th, 1917, I noticed a fresh-looking specimen of Pyrameis atalanta on the slopes of Ganiamore, near Carrigart, co. Donegal, and on August 27th I saw another atalanta in Drummonaghan Woods, near Ramelton. On July 19th I took a badly worn Macroglossa stellatarum on the sand dunes near Rathmullen, co. Donegal, and saw many others in the vicinity —G. Counter, Bank House, Ramelton, co. Donegal. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 237 ABUNDANCE OF PoLYGONIA C-ALBUM IN SHROPSHIRE.—I am very pleased to report that this declining species is remarkably plentiful this autumn in Shropshire, where it has been seen in many localities. At Church Stretton it has been very common. Seven on one bramble-bush were noted by Mr. F. B. Newnham, who took one ab. with the ‘“‘c” developed into a perfect “0.” On the 12th inst. I found a fine ¢ in company with numerous atalanta, 10, and urtice on the marigolds in the garden of the Shrewsbury Club in the centre of the town.—Martin J. Harpine ; Oakdene, Church Stretton, Sep- tember 17th, 1917. AGRIADES BELLARGUS IN IRELAND.—During the latter part of August, 1916, I took a ¢ Agriades bellargus (adonis) at the Amphi- theatre, Giant’s Causeway, Portrush, co. Antrim. The specimen was in fresh condition. So far as I know, this is the first record of this species in Ireland. GEOMETRA VERNARIA IN InELAND.—In the first week of August, 1917, I took g and ? Geometra vernaria on alternate nights in the garden at Roan House, Coalisland, co. Tyrone. The ¢ was in good condition, but the ° had a slit in her left fore wing. Clematis vitalba, the food-plant of this species, grows abundantly in many gardens in the vicinity. So far as I know, this species has only once before been recorded from Ireland.—J.S. Winson, Roan House, Coalisland, co. Tyrone. CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS DEPOSITING Ova oN HEATHER.—I noticed the Blue argiolus ovipositing on heather at Ascot in August. I do not remember to have seen this food-plant mentioned.— EH. H. Brentatt; The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. [C. argtolus haunts Mediterranean heath both on the Riviera and in Corsica, and I have not much doubt, after watching the females on the plants, that their ova are deposited upon it.—H. R.-B.] PERIZOMA THNIATA IN DUMBARTONSHIRE.—I am pleased to be able to record the presence of this interesting Geometer in this district. I turned up quite a considerable number when beating at Loch Long during the first week of August. The habitat was curiously restricted, not more than fifty yards square, outside of which I did not see one specimen. It seems to require a very damp situation, and I incline to think that, if collectors systematically tried beating of herbage overhanging streams during July, this insect would prove to be more widely distributed than is commonly supposed.— R. Y. Horn; 217, New City Road, Glasgow, W. Foop-Puants oF SpHINX LiaustRI.— In the August ‘ Entomologist’ (p. 187) the unusual feeding habits of some of the “hawk moth” larve are discussed. Holly is given as an alternative food-plant on which S. ligustrt is sometimes to be found. I have lately found large numbers of this species feeding on ash near Milton, Oxfordshire.— H. G. Q. Watzs; Gillwell Bury, Sewardstone, near Chingford, E. 4. STAUROPUS FAGI AT GopALMING.—Having seen a note in the August number (p. 191) recording the capture of a male specimen of 238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Stauropus fagi in Hastbourne on July 11th, I should like to say that a large female specimen was taken near Godalming this year. The date was, I think, June 18th. It was resting on a tree trunk, but was not in a quite perfect condition. It laid several batches of eggs, amounting to a total of about eighty. I do not know if this is the full number, as she may have laid some before capture. The eggs were fastened singly or in irregular batches to the inside of the glass jar in which she was confined. They hatched at intervals on June 28th probably corresponding to the intervals between the laying of each batch of eggs. I do not know whether Stauropus fagi is of regular occurrence in the Godalming district, but I have not met with it there myself before. It is by no means a common species, and it would therefore seem desirable to publish the localities in which it is found to occur in order that we may have a better idea of its distri- bution than at present seems to be the case.—H. G. Q. WaALEs. Notes on Papinio pEMOLEUS.—This handsome butterfly is common at Rawalpindi, Punjab. It is on the wing there from April till December, and eggs and larvae are abundant throughout this period. Eggs are easily obtained by taking up one’s stand near an orange or lime bush and carefully watching the female. She flutters about the bush and settles fora moment here and there, depositing a spherical, light yellow-coloured egg. The eggs hatch in from two to five days. The young larva is dark brown, with irregular white markings, and a number of short spines. The head and two longer spines on the first segment are yellow. The young larva feeds and rests openly on the upper side of a leaf, and closely resembles a bird’s excreta. The larva retains this colouring through two or three changes of skin, till about twelve days’ old, when it changes entirely. The body becomes smooth and apple green in colour, head and legs brown. On the third body-segment there is a dark eye-like mark on each side, these marks being connected by a brown and yellow trans- verse band. On the fourth segment is another brown and yellow transverse band. The underparts and two spines on the first and two on the last body-segment are yellow. On the seventh, eighth, and ninth body-segments are irregular brown markings edged with white. The larva, when irritated, protrudes from a fold in the first segment, just behind the head, a fleshy V-shaped organ similar to that of Papilio machaon. This organ is orange-yellow in colour, and has a wet, sticky appearance. After about fifteen days from hatching the larva, which is then about one and a half inches long, prepares to pupate. It attaches itself to a twig in an upright position by a silken pad at the claspers and a silken band round the body. A day or two later it turns to a pupa, which is usually green but sometimes brown. The butterfly emerges in about twenty-three days from the hatching of the larva. Larvie were abundant up to the beginning of December, but I found none during the cold weather. I tried to keep several of the larvae found in December, but only two survived the cold weather. They grew very slowly, and when fully grown were only half the size of the June larve. One turned to a pupa on March 10th, 1916, and a small deformed butterfly emerged on April 2nd, 1916. Young larve, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 239 apparently just hatched; were plentiful again in April, 1916. From this it would appear that larvee which had not pupated before the cold weather, died. Probably the butterflies spent the cold weather in the pupal state. These emerged in April, laid eggs, and gave rise to the young larvee found in April.—F. B. Scorr; Capt., I.A., Aden, June 13th, 1917. Some Norrs AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE NEw Forest. — Cycling through to the Forest on July 20th, I was struck with the unusual number of butterflies on the wing. On arrival, I proceeded on the 21st to my valezina ground, to find my expectations more than fulfilled. Dryas paphia was to be seen in thousands: every flowering bramble-clump was alive with them. As many as a dozen valezina could be seen at once on a single clump. After as careful an estimate as could be made with insects on the wing, I found the proportion of valezina to 2 9 paphia to be as high as 1 in 10. In previous seasons I have known the proportion to be 1 in 100. No specimen of A. adippe was seen. It was probably over. This species, however, appears to be a decreasing one—at any rate in the northern parts of the Forest. It was very plentiful early in July in some other parts of Hampshire, notably in the Portsmouth district. LInimenitis subylla, though evidently passé, was in greater abundance than in previous seasons. Of Apatwra iris I saw three, though only one was captured (on the 27th), and that a 2 ovipositing on sallow. Hugonia polychloros was more in evidence than usual from the 20th to the 30th. Some species I usually take fairly plentifully at the same time and place were, this year, unaccountably scarce, notably hippocastanaria, plumaria, obscuraria, agathina, neglecta, and ano- mala. Sugaring gave only moderate results. Catocala promissa was fairly abundant; C. sponsa represented by a single example. The latter insect, like adippe, appears to have become much less plentiful of late. During the last eight or nine years the proportion of sponsa to promissa bears a ratio of about 1 to 60. With the exception of three Nola strigula (on the 21st) and two Noctua stigmatica (on the 26th), the rest of the visitors to the sugar consisted of trapezina— trapezina, however, in amazing variation, including all the named vars., and, in addition, a unique uniform brown speckled form. Beating for larvee produced the usual mixed bag, which included, among others, trepida (14), fagz (8), chaonia (12), dodonea (3), alna (1), leporina (2), piniperda, firmata, etc. Of these, a fair, or, rather, unfair proportion, including, as usual, alnz, were stung. Whilst larvee beating, a very nice, varied series of Sarrothripa revayana (undulanus) was obtained, accompanied, it may be added, by swarms of pestiferous and ubiquitous mosquitos, of an especially vigorous and attentive disposition. Beating for Cleora glabraria, as I ex- pected, gave very poor results. I have seldom taken glabraria plentifully, except after a mild, wet winter. Finally, I may mention that 7. wmterjecta flew intermittently on certain nights, being very uncertain in its times of flight, appearing as early as 5 and as late as 9 o’olock. One curious habit of this moth I remarked for the first time this season, and that was its habit of flying for a time, and then hiding on the grass for a period varying from nine minutes to forty- five minutes—the shortest and longest periods under observation— 240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. before taking to the wing again. On searching for one of these in a bunch of nettles, I found it clinging to a leaf, from which it quietly allowed itself to be boxed. It was, contrary to my expectation, a male. The promise of mid-July was ruined by the break-up of the weather at the end of the month: a succession of thunderstorms practically put an end to entomological pursuits. This part of the Forest was converted into the consistency of a wet sponge. This condition, combined with the scarcity of insects, the spectre of rheu- matism, and rapidly approaching age (as measured by the military authorities), checked entomological ardour for a time, though the ever-verdant optimism of the entomologist looks forward to every coming season as a time of new triumphs in fresh fields and pastures new.—A. HE. Burras, B.A., Portsmouth. “ RARE BurrEerRFLies In FLocks.—A remarkable spectacle may be seen now in County Roscommon, and, indeed, throughout Central Ireland, where myriads of rare and beautiful Lepidoptera are disporting themselves. The lovely peacock butterfly is the most numerous, and clusters of this species may be seen on a single plant. They can be taken in the hand or plucked, like fruit, from a tree. The swallow- tail, red admiral, painted lady, and many other varieties are here in profusion. It is a record occasion for collectors.’’ The above cutting from this day’s ‘Daily Mail’ may be found interesting. Fancy plucking peacocks, like fruit, from a tree! But I have my doubts about the swallow-tails—Grrvasr F. Maruew; 5, The Terrace, Instow, N. Devon, September 11th, 1917. OBITUARY. By the death of Arthur Charles Vine, which took place on July 30th last, we have lost another of those workers of the latter half of the last century who collected Lepidoptera more from a love of Nature than with any ulterior scientific object in view. Resident in Brighton, his chief hunting grounds were the Downs between that town and Lewes, occasionally extending the range of his activities to more distant places such as Abbott's Wood, Tilgate Forest, and so forth, and probably few had a more intimate knowledge of the capabilities of these districts than he. Ever generous to his intimates, he never tired of sharing with them the fruits of his work, whether by the gift of specimens or by imparting to them such information as he possessed in regard to species in which they might be interested ; but he contributed little to literature. Indeed, so far as we are aware, a couple of notices in the earlier numbers of this magazine, the one recording the capture of Catocala electaa near Brighton and the other that of Polygonia c-albwm in Sussex, were his chief contributions. For many years during the later part of his life he delighted in tracking down and rearing many of the obscure species of Micros, and it is to be regretted that much useful informa- tion that he thus obtained was not put on record. His manipulation of the minute specimens that resulted was worthy of all praise. He was born on Christmas Day, 1844, and was therefore in his seventy-third year at the time of his death. Ee EA. Subscriptions for 1917 (7s.) should be sent to R. South (Editor), 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up Hill, London, N.W. 2, Seg RS NOVEMBER, 1917. [No. 654. Vine THE fe Po ENTOMOLOGIST | AN Mllustrated stonthly Journal/~ NE | ON OF Xo oh Lay GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY “RIGHARD . SOUTH, 3. E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S, H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S.| W. J. LUCAS, B.A., ¥.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, ¥.E.S., F.Z.8. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.0.U.| Dr. D. SHARP, F.B.S., F.E.S., &c. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.’ | LONDON: ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. 1. | Price Ninepence. si WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. a a q x Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 25., 28. 6d. Fo ding Nets, : 38. 6d., 45. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9 Zine Relaxing Boxes, 94., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. 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Digger, in leather sheath, AM pet Tee ‘Taxidermist’ 8 Companion, containing ‘most Antennie, 4a. per bottle. teel Forceps ork, 7 by 84, best quality, 1s. 6d. ve er dozen — , with tube, 38. 6d., 4s. 6d. Fite Was, Dd!) per quire. Insect G zed Cases, / on necessary implements for skinning, ‘10s. 6d. Sealpels, ‘Is. 84.3 ‘Scissors, ‘Qs. per. pair ; Egg-drills, | 2d., 3d., 9a. ; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; ‘Artificial Byes for Birds and ‘Animale: Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto, of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 8d., 6a. ; 4 ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells. Vea Usefnl Books on Insects, Kg go8, ke. ¢ SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro- Lepidoptera, &e. , as well as | minute insects of allother families. ayii We stock various sizes and fence of ‘thees Silver ‘Pins, which fates Gane v advantages over the ordinary pins, whether enamelled, black, or silvered or gilt. For instance, insects liable to become ereasy, and. verdigrisy like Sesiidee, ee. jie are best pinned on Silver Pins, which will last much Cones, We shall be pleased to send patterns on application. - SHOW KOOM. FOR. “CABINETS of every description for Inskors, ‘Birps’ Eaas, Coins, ‘Microscoricar, Oxsxcrs ; Fossirs, &e. Catalogue (100 pp.) sent on SUDEAAR EE post free, pee A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS. AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, KUROPKAN, AND ¥XOTIC), NP Ma 14 Birds, Mammals, éo., Preserved ond Mounted by Firet-olase Wanton, 36, STRAND, W.C., LONDON, ENGLAND. FINE 1917 SET INSECTS; also. ‘PUPA. Bicuspis. 5/- ; Dominula var. Rossica, 2/6; Consonaria, fine Kent Melanic, 3/6; Tiliw, rare brick-red var., 10/-; kes Coridon var. Srngrapha, 15/-; Mendica var. Rustica, DES fine inter- mediate, 1/6; Varlevata, 12/-; ais Oa o Lia each, and many others. hs ; Fine Pupe.—Per dozen: ices 42/-: tr, Sle Tilie, 3/9; Ocellatus, 3/9; Elpenor, 3/6. Write for ee L. W.. NEWMAN, aide BEXLEY, KENT. 2 PUPA: Ocellatus aoe Tilize eee i ae a 3/- per doz. Populi from pinkish parents, 1/9; Poly- commata, 2/- ; Vinula, 2/6; many others ; postag aa New Forest “dug” pupe (unpicked), 50, 4/-,- 00," ue Postage extra. Lists from ae a: A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH. Pc THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Vou. L.] NOVEMBER, 1917. [No. 654 NOTE ON THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGMENT IN PIERIS RAPA, ti. by J. J, basren, PR.S., F.E.S. THE spring of the present year was exceptional for the continuance of cold weather to nearly the end of April and for the sudden coming of summer. The maximum and minimum readings of the thermometer at Grantchester (two miles to the south of Cambridge) from January Ist to May 31st are shown on the accompanying chart. From March 19th to April 26th there were only four nights in which the temperature did not sink below the freezing point, bitter snow storms lasted on till April 10th, and there were only six days in which the temperature rose above 50°F. At the end of April summer came almost with a bound. On May 4th the slass was up to 68° F., and on May 12th to 80° F., and, with the exception of two brief cool spells, the fine hot weather continued throughout May and June. It was not till May 2nd that I first saw P. rape on the wing, and P. brassice and napi and C. urgiolus appeared on the 4th. Wishing to obtain a good series of the spring brood of rape (var. metra, Stephens), I took a considerable number, beginning on May 3rd. As usual the males at first exceeded the females in number. I was soon struck with the number of males in which a spot appeared to be absent on the upper side of the fore wing and the apex of this wing was very pale, and I took as many of these as came my way. About the 18th of May it occurred to me that it would be interesting to find the proportion which these apparently spotless forms bore to the commoner form of male, and from that date till the 25th I took all males in fairly good order that came my way, without any selection. To my surprise, I now found that there were none of the spotless form among the fifty males collected in these eight days. Later, on June 4th, I took one more, a rather torn specimen with imperfect fringes. With this exception the dates of capture of the apparently spotless males all fall in the first fortnight of May, viz. one on May 8rd, four on the 4th, one on the 5th, one on the 7th, two on the Sth, one on the 9th, two on the 11th, one each day on the 12th, 13th and 14th, and one on June 4th. These specimens evidently approach the form of the spring ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1917. ze THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 242 (‘ToysoTOyUVIH ‘ASNOFT WOyETY) “LTGT JO SYJWOU oay ysay ory roy sSurpvor oamyeaoduio, wanuararma pue wMUMTxeU Jo atqey, (jwyuaiy oy) 24NJVsIAUay webascrnwghi sad bk s€ phaser hb sou b Leer oexrnrirnraewwvuvegvrtammrarwarwurseyrtHebaweensy ubssunblLgeet Ahoy Td Yrs havnt gag havnuve ‘ADT . DEVELOPMENT OF PIGMENT IN PIERIS RAPA. 943 brood immaculata of Cockerell, which Tutt (‘ British Butterflies,’ p. 232) describes as ‘‘an extreme aberrational form of this brood (metra) without apical tips or spots.” But they fall short of this form in that they have faint apical tips, and, though the spot on the upper side of the fore wing appears at first sight to be absent, examination with a lens shows in all of them a few black scales, often not more than one or two, in the position of this spot; also a few scattered scales represent the costal spot on the upper surface of the hind wing. The anterior spot on the under surface of the fore wing is present in all, though it is generally faint. The under side of the hind wing presents the same variation between yellow and dull greenish as is found generally in var. metra as well as in the later brood of rape. I give sixteen as the number of these specimens, but they are only the extreme forms of a series which passes insensibly into typical metra. I have altogether 102 examples of metra taken in May and June. All those which come nearest to the sixteen were taken before May 20th. Two questions appear to present themselves for consideration from this experience: (1) Why, having found the form approaching ummaculata common at the beginning of May, did I fail to take any between the 18th and 25th? and (2) why was the appearance of this form confined to the early days of May ? (1) Although it is common knowledge that the colours of butterflies fade as they grow older, I am aware of no evidence that they ever become more intense after the imago has fully emerged, and I suppose that it is unnecessary to consider the idea that the immaculate became maculate. I also suppose that the average life of members of this species is more than three weeks. We must, I think, conclude then that, the emergence of the immaculata form being confined to the earlier days of May, the maculate form emerged so abundantly from the middle of May onwards, and so far outnumbered the earlier immaculata form still on the wing, that I was able to take fifty from the 18th to the 25th without including a single example of the latter form. (2) The second question is of wider interest. I would submit ~ that the facts seem to show that the difference in pigmentation between the insects emerging in the earlier days of May— ‘faint and frail and first ’’—and those appearing later is due to the conditions of temperature to which their pupx were exposed. The pupe of those which emerged on May 3rd were subjected to night frosts for three-quarters of the last two months of their pupation, and often to severe frost ; while those emerging later completed their pupation in the balmy weather of May. ‘The warmth and light of May seem to have ‘‘ brought out” the pigment, to use a photographic simile, which failed to develop under the more rigorous conditions to which those that were earlier on the wing were exposed. 244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The dependence on temperature of the characters of the spring brood of P. napi is shown by the observation of Mr. Hawes, quoted by Tutt (/. c. p. 286). Part of the offspring of a female of this brood emerged in the summer with the usual characters of the summer brood; but the remainder did not emerge till the following spring, when they presented the characters of the spring brood. ‘The behaviour of P. rape this spring appears to be in harmony with this result, the exceptionally cold weather having exaggerated the features of the spring brood in those that were earliest out. Both results show that the critical time for the development of pigment is near the end of pupal life. . I should be much interested to know if other collectors have had a similar experience to mine. BALDRATIA SALICORNIZ (KIEFFER) AND STE- FANIELLA BREVIPALPIS (KIEFFER), TWO CHKCIDOMYIDA NEW TO THE BRITISH FAUNA, WITH REFERENCES TO OTHER INSECTS. By J. W. Hestor Harrison, D.Sc. 1. Baldratia salicornie Kieffer. For several years now my friend Mr. Bagnall and myself have devoted much of our very limited leisure to the study of that extremely interesting group, the Cecidomyide, and with no little success. Much of our work has been done systematically, 1. e. we have deliberately planned out a campaign on a certain group of plants and have carried it out. Amongst the many plants designed for examination the salt-marsh plants almost of neces- sity fell to me. Consequently, in the winter of 1916 and the early spring of 1917, I worked Greatham Marsh for its specialities, but my sole success was to find smail numbers of old galls on Salicornia stems. Still I was not disheartened, and botanical survey work gave me many opportunities of working the ground, | with the result that I swept a number of the present insect from the Salicornia and later discovered one gall. Kieffer states that the gall is a lateral swelling, red in colour, affecting the internodes of Salicornia fruticosa L. (= radicans Sm.). My specimen was collected from a red-coloured form of Sali- cornia ramosissima ; this rendered the gall very hard to detect. My aim in writing the present note is to invite workers in the South to attack their much richer Salicornia flora, especially the species Salicornia radicans. We here are on the extreme northern limit of the range of this plant; in fact, it is not on record for Durham, although I have found it sparingly there after discovering the insect. Naturally we cannot expect any great numbers of a southern insect on a plant slowly dying out PERONEA CRISTANA. 945 from us. Whilst in Italy and Portugal the insect is apparently restricted to this plant, in Turkey, Trotter (‘Nuovo Giorn. Bot. ital.,’ Firenze, vol. x, p. 218) reports it from Salicornia herbacea, which is common enough here, but is unsuitable as a food for the Baldratia, as our winters cut it off completely—hence the gall on the solider stems of Salicornia ramosissima. The larval cavity is comparatively large, measuring 5 mm. by 2mm., and containing a single reddish-orange larva which pupates therein and emerges the succeeding year. 2. Stefaniella brevipalpis (Kieffer). Here again we are concerned with an insect attacking a plant, Obione portulacoides, on the very verge of its range. Again southern entomologists have a far better chance of getting the insect in quantity, although on our restricted colony I found several galls, consisting of a shuttle-shaped swelling of the somewhat woody stem, each hollow containing several reddish larvee. To show how precarious an existence the insect leads with us it is sufficient to state that a week later an enterprising goat- keeper, who had evidently realised the potentialities of Cheno- podiaceous plants.as food for cattle, had tethered a goat amongst it, with the subsequent destruction of over one-third of the Durham stock of plants, and almost one-half of the Durham colony of that rediscovered Psyllid T’rioza atriplicis, which feeds on Obione, and not on Atriplex patula, as usually stated. As a matter of fact, the latter plant straggles into the midst of a clump of Obione carrying large numbers of the Coccid-like T'rioza larva, and is nevertheless utterly untouched. It is well to note here that Gelechia obsoletella, an insect not on record for Durham, occurs in precisely the same patch of plants. 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesbrough. PHRONEA CRISTANA: ITS LIFE-HISTORY, HABITS OF THE IMAGO, DISTRIBUTION OF. THE VARIOUS NAMED FORMS, AND SOME SPECULATIONS ON THE PRESENT TREND OF ITS VARIATION. By W. G. Sxsenpon, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 222.) Tue Pura. Length is 7°38 mm., width 1°55 mm.; the abdominal segments are light greenish-brown, the wing cases are dark greenish- brown; it is rather stout in proportion to its length. The front three abdominal segments are of the same width as the thorax when viewed dorsally, the next three are narrower, they are of equal width; the seventh is narrower still, the 246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. remainder of the segments taper rapidly and regularly to the anal segment, which at the rear is ‘4 mm. wide. The rear outline of this segment when viewed dorsally is square, but when viewed laterally it is hooked, with the point of the hook directed ventrally. ‘The segmental divisions are very clearly defined ; the skin is rough and without noticeable hairs ; the head and thoracic segments are smooth and_ slightly polished; they are reddish-brown in colour; the head is rounded in front and itis without a cocoon opener; the eye cases are rather prominent; the wing cases are slightly polished, rough, and striated longitudinally ; they reach to the rear end of the third abdominal segment; the abdominal segments have only rudiments of spikelets. The pupee were kept in a room under conditions as to heat that would be approximately normal, and the first imagines were noticed on June 80th, on which day nine had emerged. They continued to emerge in about equal numbers each day until July 10th, after which date odd ones appeared until the 19th, on which day the last specimen emerged. Altogether eighty examples were bred; these consisted of 37 ab. nigrana, 85 ab. semiustana, and 8 ab. cristalana. This remarkable result means that although there are some fifty or more forms of P. cristana to be found in the locality from which the parent moths were obtained, every one of the specimens bred followed one of the three parent forms. It also seems to point out that the union of thesexes takes place in the winter or early spring. The bulk of the specimens emerged in the morning, but this was not invariably the case, for a considerable number were seen with wings undeveloped at or about sunset. They usually sat quietly on the leaf which had contained the pupa, but on being gently touched they took a short flight, settled on the side of the cage, ran quickly up it, and if allowed took flight at once, rising until they reached the ceiling of the room; on this they would generally settle, and when once fixed they would allow themselves to be boxed without difficulty. With respect to the important question of the food-plant, or plants, I confined single larve separately with foliage of every tree and shrub grown in the localities where the moths occurred, and which I was able to obtain; I found they would eat the following: blackthorn, whitethorn, pear, crab-apple, dog rose, Pyrus aria, plum, beech, oak, hornbeam, birch, elm, lime, and hazel; and that they rejected holly, privet, maple, sycamore, bramble, sallow, Viburnum opulus, Rkamnus frangula, and aspen. From this experiment it will be seen that although not quite a general feeder, P. cristana has a very wide range of available food, and this is perhaps unexpected in view of its decidedly local distribution. My next experiment was to try and ascertain the food-plant PERONEA CRISTANA. 247 most-favoured, and on May 18th I placed half-a-dozen larve in a small cage with foliage of the following: blackthorn, elm, hazel, hornbeam, oak, whitethorn, pear, beech, sallow, and mountain ash. On May 21st the contents of the cage were examined, when it was found that pear, oak, beech, and whitethorn had been eaten to a certain extent, that blackthorn was much more eaten than any other foliage; that four of the larve were in folded black- thorn leaves, and two on other foliage, but as this had got some- what mixed up, I tried another method on this day, placing in a small cage foliage of blackthorn about one-third, and of white- thorn about two-thirds, one on one side of the cage and the other opposite to it. I then placed seven larve between them. On May 22nd four of these larve were feeding upon black- thorn and three upon whitethorn. I removed these larve and substituted eight others in their place. The next day equal numbers were feeding upon each foliage. On the same day [ placed seven larvz on equal portions of blackthorn and white- thorn ; twenty-four hours after, there were five on blackthorn and two on whitethorn. I think the result of the above experiments, coupled with my experience with the ova, and bearing in mind certain of the habits of the imago to be described presently, will show pretty conclusively that the favourite food-plant is blackthorn, followed at some distance by whitethorn, and not improbably by crab apple, for this latter tree grows pretty freely in all the habitats in which I have found the moth, and it certainly is very partial to resting amongst its branches. HaBits oF THE IMAGO. A great many lepidopterists have hunted P. cristana with more or less (generally more) ardour, but, so far as I am aware, with the exception of some delightful verses—which I strongly recommend everyone who is not familiar with them to read—by Prof. Image, and to be found in ‘Ent. Record,’ xix, p. 299, what they have said on the subject of the habits of the imago is either nothing at all, or something which is mis- leading, and therefore worse than nothing. Barrett says (‘ British Lepidoptera,’ vol. x, p. 222): ‘‘ The moth sits by day in trees and bushes, more particularly in hawthorn when grown as trees, or occasionally in hedges; some collectors say also in blackthorn; and the collectors who used forty years ago to find it freely in the (now destroyed) Hainault Forest took it, as I understand, mainly from hornbeam. It is readily beaten out in the day, but flies hastily to the ground or some other hiding place.” There is a small stratum of correctness in this, but the whole gives one quite a wrong impression; at any rate it did so to me, 248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and caused me to pass several hours for two days vigorously thrashing whitethorn bushes, entirely without result; whereas late on the second day, thanks to some correct information obtained from another lepidopterist, I found I had been working unsuccessfully within a few hundred yards of perhaps one of the most prolific localities for the species in the country. I had been thinking of Barrett’s sentence, ‘‘ It sits more particularly in hawthorn when grown as trees.’’ I took this to mean the more or less solitary large hawthorns that are plentiful enough in certain parts of the New Forest, and I now know that I might have beaten them for a month without result. The habitats of P. cristana par excellence are the dense thickets of blackthorn, whitethorn, crab apple, and other trees and shrubs that exist in certain portions of the New and Epping Forests and elsewhere. It does not care for the outskirts,although one may get occasional examples there; but if one wants many specimens, if 1s necessary to get into the heart of the thickets. This is generally not difficult, for there are usually cattle or other paths that will conduct one there. Once arrived in the dim recesses of these thickets, the collector will find the blackthorn and whitethorn bushes almost killed and covered with lichens, owing to absence of light and air, with, in certain places, great accumulations of dead wood. It is necessary to be provided with a strong thick stick, which should be not less than 5 ft. in length, and with it to give the hiding place a sound whack, and not one only, several are desir- able, for the quarry usually requires a great deal of rousing; in fact I have not infrequently worked a thicket, from which ordinarily I have obtained many specimens, twice in one day, and have found almost as many on the second occasion as on the first. When disturbed the moth is recognisable at a glance; it usually appears grey—although some of the reddish forms show brownish—and lool fully its actual size. I may say here that the only other moth usually to be met with in its haunts. in any numbers is Teras contaminana; thisis a somewhat smaller and more tawny-looking species on the wing, and has a more rapid darting flight. When knocked out and forced to take wing P. cristana behaves very remarkably. It at first appears dazed, as if it had been suddenly aroused out of deep slumber and was not fully con- scious of what had happened. Whilst in this state, which will be for one or two seconds, it does not make much progress, and if the spot is clear of undergrowth it can be easily captured. When once it has taken its bearings it will usually make for the nearest available cover, which is not generally more than a yard or two away, and if this is once reached you may say good-bye to it. If the moth is dislodged by a slight tap of the bush on which PERONEA ORISTANA. 249 it is resting there is no preliminary hesitation, and it will at once make for the nearest cover. When this happens the time avail- able for capture will be reduced by at least one-half. In any ease the flight is weak and slow, and the only difficulty in making a capture is that, if this is not effected in the first yard or so, the nature of the ground makes it.probable that some thorny branch will impede the stroke or render it impossible. The amount of elbow grease that it is necessary and advisable to exert in order to flush the moth depends largely upon the meteorological conditions ; if they are very favourable a slight tap is all that is necessary; if not, then the amount of thr: ashing the bushes receive can hardly be too severe. A short-handled net is necessary to ‘effect a eapiure—1 use & medium size kite net without a stick—for the space available will often be only one or two cubical yards. One must have a good eye, too, for the light is dim, and a quick arm, for the available time is very short. When once the quarry reaches cover it will be seen slowly drifting away into invisibility, or it will provokingly pitch on a twig a yard or two away, just out of reach, and amongst such a tangle of thorns and branches as will make its capture utterly impossible. The interest and charm of cristana-hunting consists largely in the state of expectation in which those who pursue it are kept continuously. One never knows but that the next whack will dislodge some rare and beautiful form that has been the ideal of one’s quest for years, and each moth dislodged is regarded as that particular form until actual inspection has proved that if is not. On each occasion, when a specimen is missed, the would-be captor’s feelings can be imagined. Occasionally cristana will vary her tactics, and after a short flight she will settle quietly, either on the ground, or more probably on some twig a few inches above it. “If this happens, the resting place chosen will usually be well adapted for invisi- bility—the moth is well built for this purpose—and you must glue your eyes upon it until they can be brought to the best focus for actually seeing her, for if again disturbed she will almost certainly drop, and then you may gay good bye. So well is the moth adapted to her environment that in the great majority of instances it will be found impossible to locate it whilst settled. Of course a certain proportion of specimens dis- lodged will not come out in the open at all; these are usually not seen, and in any case are lost. Itisa good plan to give an upward stroke with the beating stick whenever possible, as this has a tendency to force the moths upwards and towards you; whilst a downward stroke will often drive them into the thickets and also to the ground. 250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. In the heart of the thickets, especially under the larger trees, are often thin straggling bushes, and, if the weather is settled, cristana will often rest upon them in preference to the thicker srowth around. If in this position, a slight upward tap will usually dislodge it. When in the net the instinct seems to be to burrow downwards, instead of making for the mouth, as is the almost invariable custom with lepidoptera. The attempts to find a way out of the bottom of the net are most pertinacious, and give the insect the appearance of frantically executing a dance on its head. So secretive in the daytime is P. cristana that I have never seen one fly unless it was first disturbed, and a professional collector who must have captured many thousands of examples informs me that his experience in this respect is identical with my own. If the day is cold, or if there is much wind, especially cold wind, one had better give cristana a rest, for on these occasions she will, on being disturbed, drop to the ground and will not be seen. The best days are those which are calm and warm, and especially when there have been several of such days in succession. T understand that after a warm shower of rain the moth will fly freely when dislodged. The afternoon is better than the morning. The imagines are to be found from mid-August to well on into November. In fine settled weather, especially in the earier part of its period, the moths will get up to the top of the thickets; if there is a cold snap, say a sharp frost in October, they will go down amongst the dead wood, and it will usually take several days of better w reather before they will be up again. Late in the year, that is to say during the second half of October and throughout November, I understand that the moths keep low, and in the thickest parts of their haunts, no doubt hibernation takes place amongst the accumulations of dead wood which are so abundant underneath the thickets. In the spring it is very unusual to meet with the moths, though they are occasionally seen, and I am informed one or two eX camples have been found on the flowers of blackthorn when these were searched at night for imagines of Aleucts pictaria. I learn also that some years ago whilst certain thigkets in the New Forest were being cleared | away in the early spring, quite a number of P. cristana were disturbed out of the dead wood in their recesses. Specimens captured in November are usually in perfect con- dition, and this would lead one to suppose that the moths had a continuous period of emergence, extending over several months ; my eighty specimens, however, emerged in a period of twenty days, and it would seem, therefore, that intense sluggishness is the cause of the absence of wasted specimens throughout the autumn. (To be continued.) LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. OL NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. By, Chere ee D. Smarr, M.C., R.AM.C;, F.H.S. (Continued from p, 229.) A Frew nights of sugaring in the grounds of a chateau near Fruges, Pas-de-Calais, enabled me to fill in several gaps in the list of the commoner moths. I had hoped by this means to find species unknown in Britain, but was disappointed. The weather was good and insects numerous, but many British localities would have given me a greater number of species. The first addition to my list from this source 1s Thyatira batis, which with Habrosyne derasa turned up fairly commonly. The former I took also at Locre, in Belgium. The Fruges locality also produced Palimpsestis octogesima. At Mazingarbe I found the cocoons of Hriogaster lanestris in considerable numbers, but confined apparently to one hedge. This was at the extreme end of February, but there were no cocoons from which the moths had emerged, probably because there had been no weather likely to tempt any insect into the outer world. The larva of Cosmotriche potatoria was fairly common about Fruges. Of the Nolide I have three species to report: N. cucullatelia, from Caestre and Kemmel, in Belgium; N. strigula, from the Forét de Nieppe; N. confusalis, from Fruges. This leaves N. albula the only British Nola that I have not taken in France. Hylophila bicolorana oceurs on Mont Kemmel, which appears to be a very promising locality, especially as regards the small patches of marsh on the lower slopes. Lithosia griseola and L.lurideola are common in these marshes, and Pelosia muscerda occurs there. LL. sororcula was abundant in a large wood near Avesnes le Comte, but confined, so far as my efforts went, to a locality a few yards long. In the same wood I found one specimen of Demas coryli. Acronycta aceris and A. ligustri both came to sugar at Fruges. Agrotis corticea, A. augur, Noctua brunnea, N. primule, N. rubi, N. plecta, Murots prasina, Aplecta nebulosa, and Mamestra thalassina were all taken at Fruges. Of Dianthecia compta I took one specimen at Rely, in the Pas-de-Calais. Eumichtis adusta I found at Fruges, and the larva of Diloba ceruleocephala was common there. Hadena sordida, Apamea gemina, Miana strigilis,M. fasciuncula, Eiuplexia lucipara, Nenia typica, Leucania comma, and Grammesia 252, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. trigrammica were all taken at Fruges, the last showing the usual variation, including var. bilinea. Rusina tenebrosa was common at Fruges. I came across a larva of Calymnia trapezina with its head and anterior segments in the shell of a small snail. Its jaws were, of course, invisible, but from the rhythmical movements of the parts that were visible it appeared to be indulging its carnivorous instincts in an unusual direction. Dyschorista fissipuncta was common near Kemmel. HHeliaca tenebrata appeared in small numbers at Arras, Avesnes, and Fruges. Hapalotis fasciana | found in the Forét de Nieppe. This is another rich locality. After a very long and tiring march, we billeted about two miles from its western border. I walked over in the early evening, and filled all my boxes in a few minutes. Next morning I had to get up at 1.80 to pin my captures, so that they might be packed in time for an early start. Scoliopteryx libatrix was unusually abundant in all districts visited. Fresh specimens were on the wing as early as the first week of July, before the hibernated insects had disappeared. Plusia chrysitis was common at Fruges. Abrostola triplasia and A. tripartita were both common at Heuchin and Fruges. Zanclognatha tarsipennalis occurred in fair numbers at Fruges. Pechipogon barbalis and Hypena rostralis were both taken near Avesnes. Iodis lactearia was quite common from Heuchin up to Locre, in Belgium. At the latter place Hemithea strigata was abundant. Ania emarginata was extraordinarily abundant in one patch of marsh near Kemmel, and at the same time absent from a similar patch a few hundred yards away. Iiphyra linearia was common at Avesnes le Comte. Eucosmia undulata was common at Locre. Cidarva pyruliata occurred abundantly on Mont Kemmel, and C. fulvata less commonly at Locre. 1 am told that Coremia designata is becoming scarcer in Britain, but in the Fruges area it was the commonest Geometer in June. I took Mesoleuca alivicillata and M. bicolorata at Kemmel. Hydriomena tmpluviata was taken near Fruges, but did not appear common. Iupithecia castigata, also from Fruges, is the only addition I have to make to this genus. Bapta temerata occurs in the same district. Ourapteryx sambucaria was common at Kemmel. | spent only one night at Heuchin, and, after a little dusking, retired to bed with a book, a pipe, and a net within reach. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BRITISH LINE IN FRANCE. 253 Among other things I took two perfect Hurymene dolabraria by this method, more otiose than dignified. At Heuchin I at last found Opisthograptis luteolata in sufficient numbers to be a nuisance. I found it far less common in the surrounding districts, but everywhere much more in evidence than it was last year. Epione apiciaria was a common insect all through the wood at Avesnes. Angerona prunaria occurred near Fruges, and was very common in Belgium. Hybernia leucopheria, H. marginaria, and Anisopteryx escu- laria were all abundant in several woods between St. Pol and Arras. Phigalia pedaria was common in the same woods, and I took Apocheima hispidaria at Avesnes. I saw no specimens of these insects with any tendency to melanism. Boarmia repandata was very common in the Arras woods and the Forét de Nieppe, but again there were no melanic or other atypical forms. B. consortaria occurs at Fruges. The Hepialids were nearly as infrequent as in 1916, though H. lupulinus and H. hectus were not uncommon in many places. Of H. humuli I saw only two specimens, one at Fruges and one at Kemmel, though | often went dusking, and must have seen it if it had been at all common. It will be noticed that with one exception (D. compta) all my macro-lepidoptera might have been taken in Britain. The relative predominance of the Nolide and Lithosiide in the list, and the relative scarcity, or even absence, of some of the commonest British genera and species, are probably the result of chance. Such a condition of things is usual in two seasons of haphazard work in any district when no insect has been specially searched for. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. RHOPALOCERA AT MarngorouGH IN 1917.—In the following notes of the remarkable season I have just spent in the Marlborough country I have included the observations of some energetic members of the College Natural History Society, especially Messrs. Greenham, Lowe, and Paton. In every case, except Colias edusa, I have seen and verified the insects recorded. Hibernated Aglais urtice were very abundant, with a sprinkling of Vanessa io, at the end of April, and later the larve of both species abounded on the nettles. Both broods of the former swarmed everywhere, and the latter was common in August. Thanks to magnificent weather in May insects were well up to date, Huchliée cardamines appeared by May 8th, and Callophrys rubi in fair numbers from 954 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the 13th, Brenthis euphrosyne (19th), and B. selene (30th) swarmed in every wood—I saw five on one head of bugle—and were still to be seen in July, long overlapping the species of Argynnis. Melitea aurinia (at one time almost extinct in these parts), was first taken on the 26th, and was afterwards very numerous in one or two localities with stragglers elsewhere. Cyaniris argiolus (8th) was not very common, but Hesperia malve (8th) was everywhere; Nisoniades tages (14th) not socommon. The 30th brought records of Polyommatus icarus (very late), P. astrarche, and Cupido minimus. P. astrarche was scarce in this brood but much commoner in August. There was also a second brood of C. minimus at the end of July. Nemeobius lucina (25th) was not uncommon in a few localities and larvee were found later on. All the June insects were extremely early. Argynnis adippe and aglaia appeared on the 17th. When it is remembered that Savernake Forest is 500 ft. above sea-level, and usually ten days later than other localities in the same latitude, this is a strikingly early date. Adippe was so excessively numerous that it was difficult to get aglaia except on one common remote from high woods, where the latter reigned alone. already disappeared from them, as in the case of Chattenden. Five’ examples of Hwvanessa antiopa with good data, sold separately, brought from 20s. to 28s. each; a specimen of Brenthis dia taken at Worcester Park in 1872, 65s.; an I. lathonia taken by Mr. Briggs at Folkestone in 1865, 60s., and several Dover specimens of the same species by various captors, sold in lots of two or three, at from 42s. 6d. down to about 7s. per specimen, according to condition and data. A lot of two Epinephele jurtina (ianira), one with the disc of fore wings and the other with all the wings bleached, made 60s. ; and a somewhat unusual variety of Carterocephalus palemon with uni- colorous dark fore wings, slightly rayed submarginally, 85s. The only specimen of Hippotion celerto in the collection sold for 24s; two Phryzus livornica at 32s. 6d. and 37s. 6d. each ; Leucodonta bicoloria, labelled as taken by Bouchard at Killarney, 50s.; Lelia cenosa, sold in lots of two or three, realised from 15s. to 6s. per specimen; two Epicnaptera tlicifolia, 20s. and 28s. each respectively; and Dezopera pulchella, from 50s. to 14s. apiece. A specimen of Calophasia platyptera, labelled as taken by J. T. Carrington near Brighton in 1896, was run up to £7 7s.; and one of Acontia solaris, ‘near Dover by Mr. Hamer,” brought 32s. 6d.; while the two lots, in each of which one Catocala fravini was included, realised 21s. each lot. Two specimens of Venilia macularia var. quadrimaculata in one lot sold for 24s., and three in another for 32s. 6d. per lot; a fine pair of Cleora angularia (viduaria) for 30s.; and the only example of Sterrha sacraria in the collection, recorded as taken near Folkestone in 1865, for 40s. The total realised for the collection fell somewhat short of £250.—RoBerT ADKIN. lowed should be abused.] ‘Marked * are dred. EK Norices or Excuanece‘ should be received by the 21st oF EACH Be Monta to insure insertion. Not more ie Srx Lines can be allowed for each. _ Duplicates. — Machaon (and Pups) ; -Hdusa, Corydon, Bellargus, chiefly hiltern, and Isle of Wight forms, including one or two Syngrapha; Geryon, lantaginis, Moneta. Desiderata.—Irish and Scots forms of Icarus; Scandinavian _Lycenids, and European Hesperiide with full datan—H. Rowland-Br own, Harrow Weald, Middlesex. et Duplicates. —Pup# of Polycommata, with which are mixed Viretata. eae rata.—Pupe, also Imagines. Cardamines @, Sinapis, Artemis Cardui, and many others.—A. Ford, 36, Irving Road, Bournemouth. _ Duplicates.—Napia, Menthastri,* Suffusa, Glareosa, Chi. Vetusta, Dilutata, venue, Aberdeen, N.B. uplaris (dark), Pilosaria and vars., Lobulata, Atomaria and vars., Albulata, _ Companulata, Multistragata, Bidentata and vars., Salicata, Advenaria, Impluviata vars.— W. G. Clutten, 137, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley, Lancs. . Ae " Duplicates.— Malvea, var. Taras, Hastata edusa Q ¢. Desiderata.— Imagines Cinxia, C-album, Comma, Aurinia, Polychloras.—J. 1’. Dewey, 79, Hurst Road, Eastbourne. Wanted, Live Wireworms (Agriotes) in quantity, for experimental purposes.— Apply, A. W. Rf. Roberts, Rothamsted Hxperimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. Duplicates.— Fine bred Betule and many other Butterflies, mostly bred ecimens. Desiderata.—Pruni C-album, Sinapis, Aithiops, Epiphron, etc. ; also Local Races and vars. of British Butterflies—H. Wood, The Nook, Kennington, _ near Ashford, Kent. glypha (dark vars.), Pyramidea, Fimbria, Orion, Myrice, Ambigua, Saucia (vars.), ‘Testata, Leucophearia, Advenaria, Duplaris; also Fluctuosa (a few). Desiderata.— _ Venosa, “Saponaria, Caliginosa, Diffinis Ochroleuca, Cesia, Capsophila, Dysodea, _Asteris Venustula, Degenaria, Depuncta, Atriplicis, Semibrunnea, Leucophea, ~ Nubeculosa, Favicolor, * Scoliiformis, Centonalis, Peltigera, Armigera, Gnaphalii, and others.— Address, H. A. MeNaught, 41, The Tything, Worcester. Duplicates.—Pair of Atropos.* Desiderata.—Iris, Pinastri, Euphorbie, Gali: Norfolk. _ Duplicates.—Fine recently bred Hyb. hybridus (Steph.). Desiderata.—Perfect Cottage, Liss, Hants. Rts Duplicates—Ova: Chi. var. Olivacea (from wild 92 2), Protea (wild), - Prunata, Immanata. Pup: Piniaria (northern form). Imagines: Rhamni, Io, Blandina, Dispar,* Ocellata, Perla, Salicis,* Mendica,* A. Populi, Carpini ¢ @, Lubricipeda* (type and var. Fasciata), Neustria,* Tristata, Pudibunda,* Menthastri, Chi,* Olivacea,* Flavicornis, Incerta,* Plecta, Aprilina,* Suffumata,* Pistacina, - Prunata,* Atrata, E. autumnaria,” : Pedaria, Pennaria,* Sambucaria,* Pusaria;* er Truneata,* Quercinaria,* Lunaria,* Crepuscularia* (melanie forms), Bicolorata, _ Ferrugata,* Solandriana, Congelatella, Meticulosa,* Ochracea, Protea, Exoleta,* Paes Tat Desiderata.— Numerous pupe and imagines. — J. P. Robson, 0, Duplicates. ied aria var. Deluna‘ (summer form). Desiderata.— Rare , va es ous local form.—J. P. Robson, 10, Vane Road, Bar nard Castle, Duplicates.—Retusa,* Vernaria,* Tridens,** Oceulta, Advena, Tincta, Mono- - 'Suffusa, Segetum (vars.), Megacephala, Pallens, Quadripunctata, Faleataria,* Vimi- | ae ‘nalis, Plantaginis* 6; Russula ¢, Prasinana, Designata venosata,* Omicronaria, © A. erategi, Pruni, Myopformis, Ichneumoniformis, Muscerda, Sericea, Aisculi Bifida specimens of the commoner Ornithoptera (Troides).—Sydney Whicher, Sheen publication of ances of Exchange, or of Advertisements, in the ‘Entomo- es is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good. condition of the Species. ‘This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of — Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty umata. Desiderata. — Numerous.— L. G. Esson, Rosevale, 6, Hsslemont Duplicates. —Blandina, Velleda and vars., Fuliginosa,** Flavicornis, Fascelina, _ (dark), Fumata, Plumbaria, Atrata, Cambrica, Cesiata, Populata, Vespertaria (few), — * Haworthii, Absinthii, Menyanthidis, Megacephala Pulchrina, Upsilon,* and Chiand Bicuspis, Fluctuosa, ete.—Robt. S. Smith, jun., The Laurels, Downham Market, — Duplicates. —Cardamines 9 2, ees caren “Ruph - osyl Adippe, Io,* Galatea, Egeria, Hyperanthus, Tanira, Semele, M _ Bellargus, Argiolus, Lucina, Quercus, Rubi, Malve, Tages, Sy r Filipendule, Trifolii, Jacobee,* Mendica,* Russula ¢ 4, Caia,* eula,* Neustria,* Pavonia,* Flavicornis, Duplaris, Pallens, Arcuosa, | Graminis, Gemina, Comes, Xanthographa,* Secalis, Pisi,* Pinipera, Gc Cruda, Baia, Meticulosa, Rufina, Brassice,* Litura, Satellitia, Oxyacanth Capucina, Vaccinii, Lithargyria,* Incerta, Pistacina, Fulvego, Triang ‘Trapezina, Mi, Glyphica, Myrtilli, Parthenias, Maura,* M lata, Adv (very fair), Autumnaria,* Abruptaria, Pilosaria,* Hirtaria,* Obscurata, B ndu- laria, Consortaria, Consonaria,* Punctulata, Pendularia,* Belgiaria, Gil Adustata,* Clathrata, Pulveraria,* Pusaria,* Pictaria, Albulata, Multistri Flactuata, Ocellata, Montanata, Procellata, Albicillata, Bicolorata, Ba at Aurantiaria, Marginata, Boreata, Dilutata, Leucophearia, Carpinata, Impluviata j Juniperata, Rufata,* Mensuaria, Firmata,* Obeliscata, Pyraliata. Black pins a A fi full data. Pup of Jacobee, Hispidaria, and Rufata. Desiderata.—Local spec: and local forms of British Macro-Lepidoptera, particularly northern.—Mrs. A.. Buckstone, 307a, Kingston Road, Merton Park, London, S.W. 19. Duplicates. Corydon var. Syngrapha (few only, fine condition, 1917), le grey male Adonis (1 only, 1916), Galii,* Melanic consortaria.* Desiderat Aberration, rarity, or series of the more local Butterflies, such as Athalia, Ir Helice, Hyale, Pruni,* etc. Also a few very fair Syngrapha offered for less butterflies in series : Davus, Sinapis, Hdusa, Machaon (pup), w-album,* Panis ete.—G. B. Oliver, 11, Oxford Street, High Wycombe. Wanted, Pupe of Illunaria illustraria, Zonaria, Histaria, Crepuscularia single brooded insect) and Crepuscularia var. Delemarensis. Offered : O Autumnata, Filigrammaria, (filigrammaria X autumnata), or will give cas These are wanted for cytological research.—J. W. H. Ree 181, Abing fioad, Middlesbro’. * To CorresponpENTs.—All notes, papers, books for review, &c., and not of Exchange should be sent to the Editor— RICHARD SOUTH, 4, MAPESBURY COURT, SHOOT-UP HILL, pati BURY, N.W. 2. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. _ SoutH Lonpon EntomonocicaL aNd Natura History Socirry, His Chambers, London Bridge, 8.E. 1.—Ordinary Meeting, Thursday, Decemb Annual Exhibition of Varieties and Objects of Special Interest, at 7 p.m. Sec., Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc., 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, 8. L. G ESSON, Collector of Entomological Specimens, WISHES ENGAGEMENT FOR NEXT SEASON. WELL RECOMMENDED. ROSEVALE, 6, ESSLEMONT AVENUE aaa ABERDEEN. | Car ee ce yli, Aasensata 24., ‘Rue 5 pete Lunaria Nigra, Littoralis, Dromedarius, Dolobraria, Syringaria, Vespertary Haworthii, Croceago, Aurago, Gilvago, Quercifolia, Lychnitis Absinthii 6 Trregularis 1/-, Andreniformis, Rubiginea Delunaria 2/- each. Oveae tl rs REMEMBER! The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in the ‘BRITISH ISLES is HEAD’S. (ESTABLISHED 1884.) An Immense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larve & Pupa, & Set Specimens always ou Sale, Many GOO VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. Note the Address— fai: HEAD, Gutomologist, BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. Pr BROWN. ESTABLISHED 1870. ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET-MAKER. Bs DIRECT OF THE MAKER and save 25 to 35 per cent. Compare our list with any Naturalist or Store, who are dealers and not manufacturers. 4, 6, 8 and 10-drawer Insect Cabinets, 11s., 14s., 24s., 34s. 4, 6,8, and 10-drawer Egg Cabinets, 10s., 13s., 22s., 39s. Store Boxes, 10 x 8, 2s. 2d.; 13 x 9, 3s.3d.; 14 x 10, 3s. 6d.; 16 x 11, 4s. 3d. ; 174 x 12, 5s. Larva-breeding Cages, single plain, 2s.; double ditto, 3s. 6d. Improved cages with drawer and zinc tanks, single, 3s.; double 5s. 9d. Mahogany cage, glass door, 16 x 12 x 12, 9s. 13, ST. 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Herbarium and other labels also supplied. KAAT.ARN & SAN & WHAT NEWMAN. LTD..92. Barthalamew Claca Tiandan BA 4 ee ae” (CONTENTS * wip) ‘Eastern Ps po i Rowland. -Brown, on the Distribution and Development _ Satyrine Genus Melanargia, Meigen, 1 _ Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S., 123 to the Sub- family Epipaschiane, from ‘South, 127. On Certain Stephanide, 7 Species of Druetephanant Ender, EB. A. El er: Wheat by Wasps, F. W. ‘Frohawk, MB. 0. U Parasites of Sugar-Cane Insects in Java, wit optera Chalcidoidea, A. A, Girault, 184. Briti Lucas, B.A., FP. fi: S., ASO: aioe on ee Soph F. E. sue Ue ie rr st viptions RO rcioneers int rea, ie Bit Geow ip NorTes AnD Oksana 141. Rhyacionia mene piyil Ditank BLE vi Oyaniris argiolus, and Plusia monet in ‘Mia _ Preponderance of Males o parthenias, L. C. EH. | 142. Oyaniris argiolus i in the City, fie in West ‘London, G. Gy Turner, 142. PA : { PSA v a VA Mey mea AD See Byers tes yi ray } sab! Mie Dy 5 , Wee BAM sp ented Socierrms. 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