THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S A^^NUAL

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OJt
47

MDCCCLXL

WITH A COLOURED PLATE.

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LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLXI.

[Half -a- Croicn.

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33bjiisaa. Dd. e> Sc 1860

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL

MDCCCLXL

"It is a strange thing that, in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen but
sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land-travel, wherein so much is to be
observed, for the most part they omit it let diaries, therefore, be brought in use."

LONDON :
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLXI.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY C. ROWORTH AND SONS,

BELL YARD, TEMPLE BAR.

PREFACE.

This year we omit the list of British Entomologists— it
occupies too much space to be repeated each year.

The census of these islands is taken decennially— should it
not suffice, if the Census Entornologicus be taken tri-
ennially ?

In the present volume we bring Dr. Hagen's paper on
the British Phryganidce to a close. • Mr. M^Lachlan has
already turned his attention to the study of that group of
insects, and has written a few pages on the best mode of pro-
secuting that study ; we trust that he will soon have follow-
ers in this pursuit.

Dr. Hagen's notions of the evil propensities of a Psocus
are very different to our own ; certainly we do not like to see
them on our setting-boards, for, if they are too frequent
there, disastrous results are sure to follow — either antennae
are tenderly devoured, or a pathway is created between the
base of the wing and the body of the insect, and, on attempting
to remove it, we lift up the thorax and abdomen, leaving the
wings prostrate on the setting-board.

Mr. Smith's observations on the Hymenoptera need no
recommendation from us.

Much attention having been recently paid to the Hemi-
ptera in this country, we have, in order to foster a taste for the
study of those insects, compiled a Catalogue of the British

IV PREFACE.

Seteroptera ; we hope all those who are working at this
tribe of insects will kindly announce in the pages of the
" Intelligencer" any novelties they may meet with.

Mr. Janson has kindly contributed his usual supply of
Coleopterological pabulum. Each year we fondly hope that
the time is coming for a New Manual of British Beetles;
our lists of novelties afford valuable materials towards that
great desideratum, but still it lingers, and we are not yet able
even to announce it as in the press.

We have this year given an Index to the new British
Lepidoptera noticed in former volumes of the Annual, and
it would, no doubt, be very serviceable had we a similar
Index to the new Coleoptera.

Mr. Harpur Crewe's notes on the larvaB of the genus Eu-
pithecice will be found very useful to all those who are
working at that puzzling group of moths. It is only by
rearing long series of these insects from the egg that the
range of variation of the larvae and of the perfect insects can
be satisfactorily established.

H. T. STAINTON.

MOUNTSFIELD, LeWISHAM,

December 10 th, 1860.

CONTENTS.

PA.GX

Neuroptera.

Synopsis of the British Phryganidae. By Dr. Hagen .. 1

{Continued from the Annual for 1860.)
Synopsis of the British Psocidae. By Dr. Hagen.. .. 17
Some Suggestions for the successful Pursuit of the Study of
the Phryganidae, with a Description of a New British
Species. By R. M'Lachlan 52

Hymenoptera. By Frederick Smith.

Observations on the effects of the late unfavourable Season
on Hymenopterous Insects; Notes on the Economy of
certain Species, on the Capture of others of extreme Rarity
and on Species new to the British Fauna . . . . . . 33

Hemiptera. By the Editor.

A List of British Hemiptera . . . . . . . . . . 47

CoLEOPTERA. By E. W. Janson, Sec. Ent. Soc.

New British Species noticed in 1860 .. .. .. ,.59

Lepidoptera.

New British Species in 1860. By the Editor .. ..82

Rare British Species captured in 1860 93

Observations on British Tineina . . . . . . . . 103

Answers to Enigmas .. .. .. •• .. .. 114

Enigmas still unanswered .. .. .. .. ..114

New Enigmas for Solution .. .. .. .. ..116

Natural History of the Tineina .. .. .. ..119

Index to the New Lepidoptera in former volumes of the

Annual 122

Notes on Eupithecia Larvae. By the Rev. H. H.Crewe, M.A. 126

New Works ON Entomology 147

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Noctua flammaira, Fabricius, see Ent. Annual for 1860, p. 131.

2. Nomada armata, SchafFer, see page 45.

3. Nola Albulalis, Hiibner, see page 86.

4. Ophiodes Lunaris, W. V., see page 99.

5. Crepidodera AtropcB, Foudras, var. see page 80.

6. Ptinella limbata, Heer, see page 64.

7. Braehonyx indigena, Herbst, see page 73.

8. Head of Prosopis dUatatus, a scape of antenna of ditto, see p. 44.
8.* ,, ,, variegutuSf „ ,, „

9. Antenna and thorax of Dovacia sericea, see page 77.
9.* „ „ „ Comari, „

NEUROPTERA.

Synopsis of the British Phryganid^.
By Dr. Hagen.

[Continued from the Annual for 1860, p. 85.]

Sub-Family 7. Hydropsychides.
I. Spurs 3, 4, 4.

A. Intermediate legs of the females not

DILATED.

Genus Plectrocnemia, Stephens.
Antenna stout, as long as or but little shorter than the
wings; ocelli wanting; maxillary palpi long, the two basal
joints very short, the two following long, the last thong-
shaped, as long as the others united; head very strongly
pubescent; thorax with two knob-like protuberances; legs
long, stout; spurs 3, 4, 4; intermediate legs of the females
not dilated ; wings large, narrow, with parabolic apex ; be-
fore the apex of wings two, behind these three forks; dis-
coidal cell closed ; transverse veins rather numerous (about
7), slenderer than the longitudinal veins. Males: app. sup.
two ovate, short, somewhat acuminate lobes; app. inf. close
together, two long, slender, upwardly bent and much at-
tenuated lobes ; app. intermed. two broad, short lobes, with
narrow bases; penis-cover narrow, boat-shaped, situate be-
1861. B

"Z ' NEUROPTERA.

neath an acute projection of the last dorsal segment ; penis
cylindrical, with its apex cleft, and spoon-shaped sheaths.
Females : apex of abdomen obtusely truncate, with two
widely separated narrow ovipositor valves.
Case fixed.

87. P. coNSPERSUS, Curt. Phil. M. 213; P. senex, Steph.
111. 168, 1 ; Pict.
Ashy grey, maculated with brown; antennge fawn-
coloured, with darker annulations; palpi and legs
fawn-coloured; head and thorax laterally with dark
brown, the disc with long silvery white pubescence ;
abdomen black above, fawn-coloured beneath; ante-
rior wings ashy-grey, spotted with brown ; round the
apical margin a somewhat regular row of alternating
spots, the disc with larger irregular spots, sometimes
in the form of two oblique interrupted bands; posterior
wings ashy-grey, with fawn-coloured veins; fringes
whitish.
Length 7 lin. ; exp. 12 lin.

Hah. Rare near London, commoner in Devonshire in
July.
The size, the peculiarly robust form, the strong silvery
white pubescence, in conjunction with the undilated interme-
diate legs of the female, preclude this species from being con-
founded with any other.

B. Intermediate legs oe the females dilated.

Genus Polycentropus, Curtis.

The characters of this genus are almost entirely those of
the preceding ; the antennae, however, are stouter and shorter;
the apex of the wings more rounded ; the last joint of the

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PHRYGANID^. 3

palpi shorter; the intermediate legs of the females strongly
dilated.

Case fixed.

In habit and colouring the species pertaining to this genus
are so peculiar that it is impossible to mistake them. I am
constrained, until fresh reliable characters are adduced, to
unite the genus Cyrrms, Steph., with Polycentropus, since I
have not succeeded in recognizing the differences of neura-
tion upon which Stephens has founded the genus Cyrnus.
Of the four described species C. pulcheUus is a veritable
Polycentropvs, and unipunctatus only an abraded specimen
of the same species. C. urbamis belongs to the genus Anti-
ryra (with 2, 4, 4 spurs) ; the type of the fourth species,
C. unicolor, apparently likewise an Anticyra, is no longer
to be found,

88. P. IRRORATUS, Curt. B. E. pi. 544; Steph. 111. 178,7;
H.Jiavomaculata, Pict.

Brown ; antennae annulated with yellow ; palpi and legs
fawn-coloured ; head and thorax black-brown, with a
thick long golden yellow pubescence ; abdomen black-
brown, fawn-coloured beneath ; anterior wings pale
brown, thickly spotted with golden yellow ; the apex
and posterior margin with a regular row of yellow
spots at the anterior margin, being more widely sepa-
rated, several larger dark patches are apparent ; pos-
terior wings brown-grey, with the edges brown.

Male. App. intermed. claw-shaped, divergent, promi-
nent ; app. sup. and inf. flat, quadrate.

Hah. London, in June; more frequently in the north
of England ; Scotland ; Isle of Arran at the end of
August; Cartland Craigs in September.
b2

4 NEUROPTERA.

89. P. MULTiGUTTATUS, Curt. B. E. pi. 544 ; Steph. 111.

178, 8.

Dark brown ; antennae yellow, annulated with brown ;
palpi brownish ; apical joint yellow ; head and thorax
dark brown, with a dense yellow pubescence; legs
brownish-yellow, posterior legs brown externally ; ab-
domen fawn-coloured or black-brown ; anterior wings
dark brown, thickly maculated with golden yellow j
thyridium and posterior ti'ansverse veins whitish, the
spots at the apical margin regularly alternate ; anterior
and posterior margins with larger brown spots ; pos-
terior wings black-grey, edges blackish.

Male. App. intermed. long, hook-shaped, crossing each
other; app. sup. long, leaf-like.

Length 5 lin. ; exp. 8 lin.

Hab. London, end of July ; Scotland, July, August ;
not rare.

90. P. PYRRHOCERAs, Steph. 111. 177, 3.

Brownish; antennae yellow, broadly annulated with
brown ; palpi dark brown ; head and thorax brown,
with a dense yellow pubescence ; legs fawn-coloured,
darker externally; abdomen brown, beneath fawn-
coloured; anterior wings pale brown, very thickly
but not very conspicuously spotted ; posterior wings
grey, with grey edges.

Male. App. intermed. approximate, hook-shaped, bent
under; app. sup. leaf-like, long, slightly narrowed
towards the apex.

Length 4 lin. ; exp. 7 lin.

Hab. London, in June; not common.

91. P. TRiMACULATUS, Curt. Phil. M. 213; B. E. pi. 544;

Steph. 111.178, 6 ; P. suhpunctatus, Steph. 111. 176, 1.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PHRYGANID^. O

Brownish; antennae yellow, broadly annulated with
brown ; palpi brownish ; head and thorax brown,
with a dense yellow pubescence; underside of ab-
domen and legs fawn-coloured; anterior wings pale
brown, sparingly maculated with yellow, spots more
numerous in the vicinity of the margin, with three
more conspicuous spots at the posterior angle; poste-
rior wings grey, with grey edges.

Male. App. intermed. short, slender, straight; app.
super, short, broad, leaf-like, obtusely acuminate.

Length 3| lin; exp. 6 lin.

Hah. Hertford ; Norfolk, June, July.

92. P. PULCHELLUS, Stcph. 111. 175, 2 ; Cyrnus uni-

punctatuSf Steph. 111. 175, 1.

Dark brown ; antennae yellow, broadly annulated with
brown; palpi dark brown; head and thorax black-
brown, with a dense golden yellow pubescence ; legs
fawn-coloured, brownish externally ; abdomen black-
brown ; anterior wings dark brown, thickly maculated
with golden yellow, especially in the middle, on the
anterior margin are several larger yellow spots ; pos-
terior wings gr^y, with grey edges.

Male. App. intermed. short, stunted ; app. sup. very
small, triangular.

Length SJ lin. ; exp. 6 lin.

Hab. Devonshire, New Forest, June, July ; Hertford,
Ripley.

93. P. coNciNNus, Steph. 111. 178, 5 ; P.fuliginosus, Steph.

111. 177, 4.
Grey-yellow ; antennae yellow, annulations scarcely
darker ; palpi yellow ; legs yellow, the tibiae and

D NEUROPTERA.

tarsi of the anterior legs with brownish annulations ;
abdomen fawn-coloured; anterior wings brownish,
with numerous yellow-grey spots, some of which are
confluent, the basal spots less conspicuous, a larger
darker spot near the pterostigma; posterior wings
pale grey.

Male. App. intermed. flat ; app. inf. long, the apex
pectinated within.

Length 3J lin. ; exp. 6 — 7 lin.

Hah. London, Ripley, July.

94. P. PicicoRNis, Steph. 111. 177, 2.

Blackish; antennae blackish, annulated with yellow;
palpi blackish ; head and thorax black, with a yellow
pubescence ; legs fawn-coloured, thighs blackish ;
abdomen black; anterior wings brown, with large
yellow spots, which are partially confluent on the
anterior margin, in the middle, and towards the apex ;
posterior wings brown, with brown edges.

Male. App. intermed. short, robust, straight.

Length 4 lin. ; exp. Qh lin.

Hob. Devonshire, June.

95. P. BiMACULATUS, Linn. ; P. Tigurinij Fabr. ; P. me-

morabilisy Curt, collect.; A. rohusta, Walk. Catal.
122, 5.

Fawn-coloured ; antennae yellow, with scarcely dis-
cernible yellow annulations; palpi and legs yellow;
head and thorax brown, with a dense fawn-coloured
pubescence ; anterior wings grey brown, with an
interrupted fawn-coloured annulus in the centre;
posterior wings grey ; all the wings edged with white.

Length 3|— 4| lin. ; exp. 6 — 8 lin.

Hab. England, coll. Curtis.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH FHRYGANID^. /

II. Spurs, 2, 4, 4.

A. With three white ocelli.

Genus Philopotamus, Leach.

Antennae stout, shorter than the wings, basal articulation
more robust and longer than the others ; head large, with
three w'hite ocelli ; maxillary palpi very long, slender, the
two basal joints somewhat stouter, short, the third joint
almost as long again as the two first united, flat, fourth
joint a little shorter, apical joint thong-shaped, nearly as
long as the others ; thorax smooth ; wings rather narrow,
with the apex elliptical ; posterior wings somewhat shorter,
before the apex two and l)ehind it three forks, discoidal cell
closed. Legs long, with 2, 4, 4 spurs ; intermediate legs
of the females not dilated ; male, app. sup. short, flat ; app.
infer, long, spoon-shaped, bi-articulate, apical joint double,
dorsal plate beak-shaped ; app. intermed. two corneous
bristles; penis cylindrical, bent; female with the apex of
abdomen obtuse, ovipositor-valves triangularly divided.

Case fixed, constructed of pebbles.

* The first apical cell of the anterior wings does not reach
the anastomosis.

96. P. vARiEGATus, Scop., Steph. 111. 169, 1.

Black ; antennas yellow, not annulated ; legs fawn-
coloured ; anterior wings brow^n, with numerous round
yellow spots ; posterior wings grey, sometimes with
the edges alternately yellow.

Male. App. sup. short, broad, spoon-shaped ; app. inf.,
the upper portion of the apical joint bent under like a
hook, with several erect black bristles within ; dorsal
plate beak-shaped, the apex laterally compressed ;
penis terminating in a thin point.

Length 9 hn. ; exp. 14— 161in.

JIab. Devonshire in June, not common.

o NEUROPTERA.

97. P. MONTANus, Don., Steph. 111. 170, 3 ; P. variegatus,

Rbr.

Black; antennas dark brown, annulations yellowish,

' sometimes nearly uniform red- brown ; legs fawn-
coloured ; wings brown, with yellow spots ; posterior
wings with a yellow spot at the pleurostigma.

Male. App. inf., the upper portion of the apical joint
strongly bent upwards, within a border of dense
prostrate black bristles.

Length 5 — 6 lin. ; exp. 9 — 11 lin.

Hah. Devonshire, in July ; South Wales ; Ireland.

* * The first apical cell of the anterior wings reaches
the anastomosis.

98. P. scopuLORUM, Leach; Steph. 111. 169, 1; P. ti-

grinusj Brauer ; P. montana^ Pict.
Black; antennae yellow, with grey annulations; legs
fawn-coloured ; anterior wings brown, strongly macu-
lated with yellow ; posterior wings grey, with yellow
spots on the anterior margin.
Male. App. inf., the upper portion of the apical joint
as in P. variegatus, wider at the apex, dorsal plate
beak-shaped, with a broad flat end ; penis with a stout
corneous hook at the tip beneath. "
Length 6—8 lin. ; exp. 9—15 Hn.
Hab. Mountains of England, Scotland and Ireland, in
June.
Ohs. When I investigated the Stephensian type I was not
thoroughly acquainted with the distinctive characters of the
three species. I looked upon them all as P. variegatus;
for, contrary to the descriptions, the antennae of the types
of all three species are annulated with brov/n. At the present
moment I have no English examples to refer to, but the

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PHRYGANID^. 9

species nevertheless resolve themselves, according to Stephens'
descriptions, as indicated, and I consider it not impossible
that my interpretation is correct. It requires, however, to
be confirmed by an examination of English examples.

B. Ocelli wanting.

t Mesothorax with two knob-like protuber-
ances. Antenna short, stout.

* Third joint of maxillary palpi longer than
the second and fourth ; intermediate

LEGS of the females NOT DILATED.

Genus Tinodes, Leach.

Antennae moderately robust, shorter than the wings, basal
joint but little stouter than the rest; head small, ocelli
wanting ; maxillary palpi long, basal joint short, third joint
long, second and fourth shorter, about equal in length, apical
joint thong-shaped, as long as the third and fourth together ;
wings long, narrow, apex wider, elliptical, at the base of the
anterior wings of both sexes a round, bald, impressed space ;
before the tip a fork and a branch, behind the tip three
forks ; four transverse veins at the apex ; discoidal cell small,
closed ; legs long, spurs 2, 4, 4 ; intermediate legs of the
females not dilated ; male, app. sup. two long, narrow blades ;
app. inf. bi-articulate, the terminal joint simple, striate; app.
intermed. two long narrow blades ; dorsal plate small, acute ;
beneath it a boat-shaped penis cover ; penis small, lanceolate ;
female, the abdomen terminates in a long triangular or
acuminate ovipositor directed upwards.

Ohs. Stephens' sect. B., in which the legs of the females
are dilated, is to be cancelled, the species enumerated by him
do not belong here. T. obscurus is a female Glossoma firn-
briata, T. pusilla is an Anticyr-a.

10 NEUROPTERA.

99. T. LURiDus, Curt., Steph. 111. 163, 4; Phil loncji-

pennis, Ramb.

Fawn-coloured ; antennge and palpi brownish ; head and
thorax with fawn-coloured pubescence; legs and
abdomen fawn-coloured; wings hyaline, sparingly
clothed with fawn-coloured down ; veins brown.

Male. A pp. inf. with oblong obtuse tips.

Length 4| lin. ; exp. 8J — 9 lin.

I£ab. Common near London in June, Hertford.

100. T. PALLESCENS, Steph. 111. 162, 1 ; T. Jlaviceps, Steph.

111. 163,2; T. xanthoceras, Steph. 111. 164,3; T,
pallipes, Steph. 111. 164, 5.
Fawn-coloured; antennae fawn-coloured; palpi brownish ;
head and thorax with fawn-coloured pubescence ; legs
fawn-coloured, brownish beneath; abdomen black;
wings hyaline, sparingly clothed with brownish fawn-
coloured down, veins brownish yellow.
Male, app. inf. with triangular acute terminal joints.
Length 4 lin. ; exp. 6 — 8 lin.
Hah. Near London in June and July.
Obs. When I investigated the Stephensian types I could
not succeed in separating specifically the four species cited ;
their identity, requires, however, re-confirmation.

101. T. ANNULicoRNis, Steph. 111. 164, 6.

Ochreous ; palpi brownish ; antennae brown, with narrow
whitish annulations; thorax and base of abdomen
above brownish, the -apex fawn-coloured; wings
nearly glabrous, pale brown, with a few golden hairs ;
veins brownish ; legs ochreous yellow.

Length 4| lin. ; exp. 8 hn.

JIab. Near London in June, not common.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PHRYGANID^. 11

Ohs. I have not now this species before me : when inves-
tigating the types I satisfied myself that it was distinct from
the foregoing species, very similar but smaller, &c. ; the
latter is contrary to the length given by Stephens.

Obs. T. alhipunctatusy Steph., pertains to Hydropsyche.

* * Second, third and fourth joints of the max-
illary palpi of equal length ; intermediate
legs of the females dilated.
Genus Psychomia, Latr.
{Anticyray Curtis.)
Antennae robust, scarcely longer than the abdomen, gra-
dually narrowed towards the apex, the two basal joints rather
stouter j head small ; ocelli wanting ; maxillary palpi stout,
longer than the head, first joint short, the three following
longer, of equal size, the fifth thong-shaped, shorter than the
two preceding united ) wings very long and narrow, with
eUiptical tips ; before the apex a fork and a branch, behind
the apex three forks ; posterior wrings shorter and more acute,
the apical half of the anterior margin strongly emarginate;
legs long, spurs 2, 4, 4, the intermediate legs of the female
dilated ; male with the appendices forcipate, long ; female,
the abdomen terminates in a short upwardly directed point.
Case?

102. P. ph^opa, Steph. 111. 159, !{$)', A. subochracea,
Steph. 111. 160, 3 ( ? ) ; T. pusilla, Steph. 111. 164, 9 ;
?P. urbanus, Steph. 111. 175, 3.
Ochre-yellow ; head and thorax densely pubescent ; an-
tennae robust, pale yellow, scarcely annulated ; legs
pale yellow; wings narrow, pale yellow, with long
fringes ; anterior wings with a dense golden pube-
scence.

12 NEUROPTERA.

Male, app. sup. and inf. of equal length, straight, curved

at the tips.
Length 3 lin. ; exp. 5J lin.
Hab. NeaV Ripley in June, London.

103. P. ciLiARis, Steph. 111. 160, 4 ( ^ ) ; A. gracilipes,
Steph. 111. 159, 2 ( ? ) ; IP. unicolor, Steph. 111.
176, 4.
Ochre-yellow ; head and thorax with a dense brownish
yellow pubescence ; antennae robust, annulated with
dark brown; legs fawn-coloured; wings narrow,
acute, yellow, with long fringes ; anterior wings with
a brownish yellow pubescence.
Male, app. sup. long, straight, curved at the tips ; app.

inf. wanting.
Length 2| — 3 lin. ; exp. 4^ — 5J lin.
Mab. Hertford, June.
Obs, The species of this genus are but very imperfectly
known, and require an accurate investigation of living ex-
amples ; what I can offer respecting them is very incomplete ;
England probably possesses more species, but it appears to
me that those given above are correctly separated.

1 1 Mesothorax without knob-like protuber-
ances ; ANTENNA LONG, SLENDER.

Genus Hydropsyche, Pictet.
Antennae long, slender, the basal joint stouter ; head large,
destitute of ocelli ; maxillary palpi very long, the first joint
very short, the second long, the third and fourth a trifle
shorter, the fifth longest, thong-shaped ; thorax smooth,
without knob-Hke protuberances; anterior wings dilated at
the apex and obliquely truncate; posterior wings con-
spicuously shorter; before the apex two, behind it three

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PHRYGANID^. 13

terminal forks, discoidal cell closed ; legs long, spurs 2, 4, 4 ;
intermediate legs of the females dilated ; male, app. sup.
connate, forming a sheath; app. inf. long, slender, bi-ar-
ticulate ; penis thickened at the apex ; female, two contiguous,
large, quadrate, sheath- valves.
Case fixed.

a. Antennffi a trifle shorter than the wings, without
oblique black lines ; the third joint of the maxillary
palpi longer than the fourth, broad, its inner edge
sharp, the fifth barely as long as the four first
united ; the apical portion of the anterior margin
of the posterior wings emarginate.

104. H. LEPiDA, Pict. ; T. albipunctatus, Steph. 111. 164, 7 ;

H. varittf Rbr.

Pale grey-yellow ; antennae brown, the base annulated
with yellow; head and thorax slaty-grey, with a
dense yellow pubescence above ; abdomen above slaty-
grey, beneath yellowish ; legs yellow ; anterior wings
grey-yellow, on the anterior and posterior margin
several yellowish-white shining patches, along the
apex alternate white and brown spots, edge whitish ;
posterior wings grey, veins yellowish.

Length 3| lin. ; exp. 6| lin.

Hab. Near London, June, rare.

105. H. ANGUSTATA, Pict. ; Steph. 111. 174, 9 ; JE. ven-

tralis, Curt. B. E. pi. 601.
Ochreous; antennae yellow, annulated with brown at
the base; head black; mouth yellow; thorax and
abdomen above blackish ; anterior wings brownish
yellow, with yellow pubescence, and a dark spot on
the anterior and posterior margin ; wings yerj narrow.

14 NEUROPTERA.

Length 3| lin. ; exp. 6J— 7 lin.

Sal. The Hermitage garden, near London, July ; Loch
Derg.
Ohs. In the collection of the British Museum two spe-
cimens of Rhyacoph. dor sails stood as H. angustata, Steph. ;
but as two specimens of angustata were there unlabelled, a
transposition has probably taken place.

At present I can separate the two species (104 and 105)
by the narrow wings only of the latter ; I have no examples
in good condition.

1). Antennae as long or longer than the wings, the
basal moiety with a black oblique line on each
joint ; the third joint of the maxillary palpi shorter
than the fourth, triangular, the fifth longer than
all the rest united j posterior wings not emarginate
at the apex.

* Penis with a hook on each side before the thickened
apex.

106. H. PELLUCiDULA, Curt. Phil. M. iv. 213; Steph.
111. 172, 4; S. varmhilis, Pict.

I am unable at present to separate H. hihernica, Steph.
111. 173, 5 {H. lata, P. ?) ; S. guttula and lanceo-
lata, Steph. 111. 172, 3 and 174, 6 {R. cinerea, P. ?) ;
a. teiiuicornis, Steph. 111. 171, 2.

Yellow-grey; head pitchy-brown, with fawn-coloured
pubescence ; antennae as long as the wings, yellowish,
with the apex darker; palpi brownish ; thorax pitchy-
brown, with fawn-coloured pubescence; legs fawn-
coloured, base of thighs darker ; abdomen brownish-
yellow, append, yellowish; the basal joint of the app.
inf. brownish, straight, with club-shaped tip, apical

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PHRYGANID.IH. 15

joint curved, not half as long; penis yellow, on each
side before the dilated apex with a sharp hook ; wings
grey-yellow, with light grey-brown spots, on the
hinder margin two large yellow spots; posterior
wings yellow-grey.
Length 8 lin. ; exp. 13— 15.| hn.

Hab. London, in June and July; Devonshire, Scot-
land.
The colour of the wings varies from a nearly uniform yel-
low to dark brown, maculated with yellow or white. A
careful investigation of the appendices in living examples
can alone determine whether distinct species and how many
are here united.

** Penis with thickened apex without hooks.

107. H. FULviPES, Curt. B. E. pi. 601; Steph. 111. 174,8.
Black ; head with grey pubescence ; antennae as long

as the wings, fawn-coloured, annulated with brown ;
thorax with grey pubescence ; legs fawn-coloured,
thighs brown ; wings light brown, with indistinct yel-
low spots, veins darker ; posterior wings paler ; penis
black.

Length 7 lin. ; exp. 13 — 14 lin.

Hab. Near London, July; Carlisle; Devonshire; Dor-
setshire ; not common.

108. H. ATOMARiA, Steph. 111. 171, 1.

Yellow-grey; head pitchy-brown, with white pube-
scence ; antennae longer than the wings, fawn-coloured,
with brown annulations; thorax with a white pube-
scence ; legs fawn-coloured ; wings light grey, macu-
lated with yellow and black-brown ; posterior wings
grey ; penis yellow.

16 NEUROPTERA.

Length 5—6 lin. ; exp. 9—11 lin.

Hah. Near London, June and July; Devonshire;
Scotland.
Ohs. In lieu of the 188 species of Phnjfjanid(B given by
Stephens 108 only are here described. The remainder are
some of them synonymes, some of them the other sex ; still
I consider it very probable that some of the reductions
made by me will prove erroneous. However, a comparison
with the fauna of other countries makes it very probable
that the number of species indigenous to Britain is greater
than that given by Stephens. Certain it is that at present
the smaller propo'i'tion only of the species which exist is
known. What a vast field lies open for those Entomologists
who have eyes for other creatures save beetles and butter-
flies!

( 17 )

NEUROPTERA.

Synopsis of the British Psocid^e.
By Dr. Hagen.

The Psocidce are remarkable for tlieir minuteness and
agility ; they are among the smallest insects known. The
chief characters are : head large, almost triangular, placed
nearly perpendicularly ; reticulate eyes, round, large; ocelli
wanting in some, small, thiee in number, close together in
the centre of the crown ; antennae slender, long, sometimes
much longer than the animal ; the two basal joints generally
more robust ; the remainder form a multi-articulate (11 to
25) bristle ; labrum large, convex, with conspicuous para-
chila within ; mandibles corneous, strong, with the apex
curved ; maxillae membranous, the inner lobe, however, cor-
neous, with a straight sharp edge notched at the tip; outer
lobe thicker and larger; palpi quadri-articulate, the last joint
knob-like, projecting beyond the mouth ; labium small, on
each side with a rudimentary labial palpus ; on the labium
reposes the much swollen laterally corneous tongue (hypo-
pharynx) ; prothorax very short and small ; meso- and
meta-thorax larger, quadrate ; legs short, the posterior some-
times with thickened thighs, leaping legs ; tarsi two or
three-jointed ; abdomen ovate ; the generative organs of the
male presenting a very complex apparatus of hooks, of the
female a sort of oviduct ; wings seldom entirely wanting, the
1861. c

18 XEUROPTERA.

anterior wings sometimes indicated by short corneous scales ;
the mpjority have four membranous wings, the anterior
larger, dilated towards the rounded apex, extending beyond
the abdomen; veins with few branches; the subcosta forms
a pterostigma, the radius forked, its branches usually again
divided, and united in the middle of the wing by a few trans-
verse veins.

The Psocidce have an incomplete metamorphosis ; the
larvae and pupae resemble the perfect insects, but the ocelli
are wantino;, and in lieu of wino;s thev have more or less
developed sheaths. As in Termites {cf. Linnea, xii. p. 18),
a peculiar form of pupa appears likewise to exist, in which
the development of the wing-sheaths is strangely arrested
compared with that of the other parts of the animal. These
creatures are not rare, and live in company with the imago
and pupae with long wing-sheaths. Mr. Westwood has
figured one of these creatures, Introd. ii. fig. 59, 13; the
office of these pupae, like those of Termites, is unknown.
Certain perfectly-developed individuals have likewise short
and rudimentary wings, and it may be conjectured that they
are produced from short winged pupae; but this has not been
observed. Westwood has united these creatures in the genus
Lachesilla.

The Psocidce very frequently exhibit sexual differences ;
in the males the reticulate eyes are larger, often globose, pro-
minent, and placed closer together, the forehead narrower;
the antennae are stouter, and the pubescence obviously longer ;
the whole body is smaller. Sexual differences in neuration,
indicated by Mr. Westwood, /. c. p. 19, seem to me very
doubtful, and I think that the creatures which Mr. West-
wood obligingly showed me pertain to different species. But
this is merely an opinion, which, opposed to the assertion of

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PSOCID^. 19

SO experienced and able an observer, demands strong evi-
dence to substantiate.

The wings of the PsocidcB are membranous and glabrous;
there is, however, a genus, AmpJiientomum, Pictet, in which
the anterior wings and body are thickly covered with par-
tially metallic scales as in Lepidoptera, so that they resem-
ble Nepticulm. The species of this remarkable genus are
found, some of them fossilized in amber, others still extant in
Ceylon.

The economy of the Psocidce is in many respects similar
to that of their allies the Termites. The larva live grega-
riously on plants, trees or in rotten wood.

The imago occurs associated, often in considerable, some-
times in countless, numbers, and in these cases the females
greatly preponderate. I have observed neglected heaps of
chaff to consist almost entirely of Psoci. The Psoci subsist
upon dry vegetable and animal refuse, without, however,
committing any real injury. According to my experience
the damage they inflict in collections of insects, even to the
most delicate creatures, is but insignificant.

The females lay their eggs on the underside of the leaves
generally, but few in number together, and cover them with
a tissue, so that they form flat, round, silvery-white spots.
The spinning organ is very probably situate in the thick
swollen hypopharynx, and not, as has been asserted, in the
labrum; at least, I have not succeeded in detecting anythino-
like a spinning organ in the latter.

Whether in copulation the male is placed beneath the
female (as the form of the sexual organs renders it likely) I
cannot decide; I believe that I have noticed something of
the kmd, but can find no memorandum on the subject.
After copulation several species remain united, as observed
by De Geer, in opposite line, like nocturnal Lepidoptera,

20 NEUROPTERA,

Not unfrequently the excrements are found adhering, in the
shape of little black lumps, to the wings ; these were for-
merly erroneously supposed to be eggs. In certain respects
some of the species live parasitically in the productions of
various species of Cynips; thus I have reared P.soci from
the well known bedeguar of the willow, and from the galls
of Teraa terminalis. Several species of Clothilla are myr-
mecophilous.

The number of species of Psocidce is apparently very
great, although scarcely more than a hundred are described ;
too little regard has been paid to the diminutive creatures.
Mr. Nietner found about thirty species in the immediate
vicinity of his residence at Rambodde, in Ceylon, and it is
to be presumed that a considerable number of species are
everywhere to be taken ; more especially as the Psocidm
endure every climate, and have been detected in Greenland
as well as beneath the equator, and different plants, as in
Ajjhis, haibour distinct species. Even the European species
are imperfectly known ; I have described upwards of thirty
species from America ; from other parts of the world few are
known. I possess more than eighty species.

The determination of the species is necessarily rendered
difficult by their shrivelling up after death, and the variations
in colour of the living ci'eatures. The best characters are
derived from the form of the head and antenna}, the pro-
portions of the eyes, the wings and their veins, especially the
form of the pterostigma and the posterior marginal cell, and
lastly the colour and markings of the head and wings. The
sexual organs will also probably afford good characters, but
hitherto these parts have not been very carefully inves-
tigated.

The family Psocidce is a pre-eminently worthy subject for
a monograph, and besides numerous new species will present

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PSOCID^. 21

many interesting problems for solution. The extra-European
species, particularly those from the tropics, have sometimes
very peculiar and wonderful forms and proportions, and a
rich .store of variable colour.

Of .the forty-four described English species, the half are
either synonyms or only the other sex. When closely
collected a considerably larger number of species will un-
doubtedly be pointed out.

I. Ocelli wanting.

A. Wings wanting.

Genus Atropos, Leach.

Eyes slightly prominent ; ocelli wanting ; antennse with

about fifteen joints, the two basal joints more robust ; thorax

flat ; wings wanting ; posterior thighs much thickened; tarsi

tri-articulate.

The repeatedly expressed opinion, that these creatures are
only larvae, is refuted by Nitzsch's observations that the
internal sexual organs are fully developed.

1. A. pulsatoria, L., Steph. 111. 128, 1.

Pale yellowish ; head darker, mouth reddish, eyes yel-
lowish.

Length | — £ lin.

Sab. Common in old books and neglected cases of
insects.

This species is known by the name of the death-watch,
but the sounds proceed from the larvae of Anobium,

B. In place of anterior wings two short leathery
scales.
Genus Clothilla, Westwood.
Eyes slightly prominent; ocelli wanting; antennas con-

22 NEUROPTERA.

sisdng of about twenty-seven joints, the two basal joints
more robust ; thorax flat ; in the place of the anterior wings
two small leather-like scales, without veins, fringed on the
margin ; legs not thickened ; tarsi tri-articulate.

Von Hey den describes this genus under the name of Lepi-
noius.

2. C. STUDiosA, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. iv. 71 ; Mag.

N. H. 480.
Whitish yellow ; eyes brownish ; antennae brown ;

labrum whitish ; notch of the abdomen brown ; legs

whitish.
Length 1 lin.
JECab. In houses in old books and neglected cases of

insects. In dead specimens the scales easily fall off.

II. Ocelli present.

A. Wings rudimentary.

Genus Lachesis, Westwood.

Eyes very prominent; three small ocelli on the crown;

antennae thirteen-jointed, the two basal joints more robust j

the male with four wings, shorter than the abdomen; female

without wings ; tarsi bi-articulate.

3. L. FATiDicA, Westw. Introd. ii. 18, fig. 59, 16; Steph.

III. 129, 2.
Yellowish ; eyes brown ; antennae and mouth pale.
Length | — 1 lin.

Mab. In old papers and neglected cases of insects.
Obs, I am not accurately acquainted with this genus and
species; several specimens in my collection, which agree with
Westwood's description, lead me to suppose that they are

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PSOCID.^. 23

possibly only a peculiar form of some species of Psocus, in
which the wings are undeveloped, and to which I have
alluded in my introductory remarks ; in Stephens's collection,
there stand under this species a pupa and a larva of a species
which cannot be more clearly identified.

B. Wings developed, longer than the abdomen.
Genus Psocus, Latr.

Eyes very prominent, larger and more approximate in the
male than in the female; three small ocelli on the crown;
antennae IS-jointed, the two large joints more robust; tarsi
tri- or bi-articulate ; wings developed, longer than the ab-
domen.

a. Tarsi tri-articulate.
Discoidal cell ojjen ; posterior marginal cell elliptical, free.

4. Ps. IMMUNIS, Steph. 111. 121, 16 (?) ; Ps. longicornis,
Steph. Ill, 121, 15 ( ^ ) ; Ps. vitripefinis, Curt. B.
E. 648, 28 ; Ps. naso, Ramb.

Black ; eyes very widely separated ; head black, with
yellow spots ; forehead yellow, with black streaks ;
antennae as long as the wings, the basal joints yel-
lowish ; thorax and abdomen black, spotted with
yellow; legs pale yellow, apex of tibiae and tarsi
blackish ; wings hyaline, not spotted ; veins brown ;
pterostigma elongate-ovate, narrow, brown.

Female more strongly spotted with yellow ; antennae
more broadly yellow at the base, pterostigma pale.

Length 3 lin. ; exp. 5 Un.

Hab. Near London, Suffolk, Clifton, Bristol, June
and July, common.

24 NEUROPTERA.

5. Ps. QUADRIMACULATUS, Stoph. III. 124, 26.

BufF; eyes slightly prominent ; head buff; blackish
round the ocelli ; forehead with indistinct brown
streaks ; antennas short, yellowish, darker towards the
apex ; thorax and abdomen brown, spotted with
yellow; legs yellowish; wings hyaline, dull grey;
veins brownish ; pterostigma ovate, short and rather
wide, brownish ; before the middle of the wing a dull,
obsolete and interrupted brown transverse band, and
a similar spot in the posterior marginal cell.

Length 2 hn. ; exp. 3 lin.

Sah. London, not scarce in the summer.

This species is figured by West wood ; Introd. ii. fig.
59,8.

h. Tarsi hi-articulate.

* Pterostigma united n-ith the fork-branch, running beneath

it by a transverse vein.

6. Ps. SUBOCELLATUS, Stcph. 111. 124, 29; Ps. quadri-

punctatuSf Steph. 111. 125, 33; Ps. costalis, Steph.

111. 126, 35.
Red-brown, shining ; head red-brown, blackish in front ;

antennae short, stout, yellowish ; thorax red-brown ;

abdomen yellowish ; legs pale, tarsi darker ; wings

hyaHne ; anterior wings with four black spots near

the base, two on the posterior margin, two before it ;

towards the apex with three brown bands, the two

outer ones united at the posterior margin ; pterostigma

triangular.
Length 2 lin. ; exp. 3 lin.
Mab. Common near London in June and July, Suflfolk,

Dover, Hertford, Ripley.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PSOCID^. 25

7. Ps. iMMAcuLATUS,/'Steph. 111. 125, 30; Ps. rvfescens,

Steph. 111. 125;. 31 (immature); Ps. Jiavescens,
Steph. 111. 125, 32; Ps. 7iervosus, Steph. 111. 126,
36; Ps. venosuSf Steph. 111. 121, 17; Ps. strigosus,
Brauer, Neur. Austr. 33.

Yellow-brown ; head yellow, in the middle, near the
eyes, and towards the mouth, dark brown ; antennae
long', black, the basal joints yellow ; thoi-ax black-
brown ; abdomen yellow ; legs yellow, tarsi darker;
wings hyaline, veins yellowish ; pterostigma long,
narrow, whitish yellow.

Length 2g — 3 lin. ; exp. 4—5 lin.

Hah. Near London^ Ripley, Hertford, Suffolk, June
and July.

** Ptei'ostigma not united with the fork-branch,

f Discoidal cell open.

X Posterior marginal cell wanting.

8. Ps. PH.^oPTERUS,' Steph. 111. 127, 39; Ps. nigri-

cornis, Steph. 111. 126, 38.

Red-brown ; head and antennae black ; legs brownish,
tarsi darker ; wings ash-grey, veins brown ; ptero-
stigma somewhat darker, narrow, slightly rounded.

Length 2 lin. ; exp. 3 lin.

JEab. Near London, Hertford, June.

9. Ps. PUPILLATUS, Walk. Catal. 493, 40.
Pitch-black; antennae shorter than the wings, their base

fawn-coloured ; legs pale brown, tarsi darker ; an-
terior wings grey, in each cell large brown spots,
some with white margins, some with white centres ;

26

NEUROPTERA.

pterostigma narrow, widened towards the apex,
rounded, the internal angle with a black spot.

Length 1| lin. ; exp. 2| lin.

Hah. England.

10. Ps. HYALiNus, Steph. 111. 123, 23.

Pitch-brown, paler towards the mouth ; abdomen yellow
above at the base, beneath reddish ; legs pale, tarsi
darker; wings pale grey, veins brown; pterostigma
narrow, slightly rounded, rather darker.
Length 2 lin. ; exp. 3 lin.
Sah. Near London, June.
Ohs. On comparing the types, I noted down that Ps.
hipunctatus, Steph. 111. 123, 24, and Ps. sexpunctatus,
Steph. 111. 123, 25, are only more fully coloured specimens
of Ps. hyalinus. I now find that the species which T have
labelled in my collection, from a comparison with the type, as
Ps. hyalinus, is scarcely to be distinguished from Ps. phce-
o;?^e/W5 (male) ; the two other species will likewise belong to
it. I must, however, observe that I have never met with ex-
amples of Ps. phceopterus with spotted wings, and that the
correctness of my determination appears therefore doubtful.

+ X Posterior marginal cell jn'esent (Ccecilius, Curtis).

11. Ps. FLAViCEPS, Steph. 111. 124, 28; Ps. si7'iatvlus,

Steph. 111. 124, 27; Ps. irroraius, Curt. B. E., pi.
648, 27.
Yellow ; head spotted with brown ; forehead striped with
brown ; thorax brown ; abdomen brown, laterally
yellow; antennae yellow, short, slightly pubescent;
legs yellow, tarsi darker ; anterior wings hyaline, in

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PSOCID^. 27

each cell a brownish spot, at the apical margin the
spots form a circular line ; pterostigraa much dilated
towards the apex, rounded, brown, hyaline in the
middle ; veins brown, conspicuously pubescent ; pos-
terior marginal cell semicircular.

Length 2 lin. ; exp. 3 lin.

Sab. Near London in the summer, not scarce.

12. Ps. yiTTATUs, Dalm., Steph. 111. 122, 18; Ps.fenes-

trains, Curtis, B. E. pi. 648.

Black-brown, shining ; antennae and legs pale yellow ;
anterior wings hyaline, with a broad brown longi-
tudinal band, which, in the apical moiety, does not
touch the anterior and posterior margin ; pterostigma
much dilated towards the apex, brownish; veins
black-brown ; posterior wings grey, the apex of the
anterior margin hyaline; posterior marginal cell
almost elliptical.

Length 2 lin. ; exp. 3J lin.

Hah. Common near Dover in the summer, Ripley,
Hertford, Dorset.

13. Ps. FLAViDus, Steph. 111. 122, 20; Ps. ochropterus,

Steph. 111. 122, 19; Ps.Jiavicans, Steph. 111. 123,
21 ; Ps. ohsoletiis, Steph. Ill, 123, 22 (immature) ;
Ps. strigosus, Curt. B. E. pi. 648, 26.
Yellow-red ; crown and thorax above brown ; antennae
yellow, the basal joints and the apex brownish ; legs
yellow, tarsi darker; anterior wings hyaline, yel-
lowish ; all the veins, except at the anterior margin and
at the base, edged with brown; pterostigma long,

28 NEUROPTERA.

narrow, flatly rounded, yellowish ; posterior marginal
cell short, elliptic ; posterior wings white yellow.
Length 2 lin. ; exp. 3 Hn.

Hah. Near Ripley, in July, in Suffolk, near London,
Hertford.
Ohs. The type of Ps. subjmnctatus, Steph. 111. 126, 34,
is almost entirely destroyed. I am unable to determine the
specimen ; it is perhaps referrible to Ps.flavidiis.

14. Ps. ABD03IIXALIS, Stcph. 111. 127, 41 5 Ps. nigricans,

Steph. 111. 127, 40 ; Ps. domesticus, Burm.
Brownish-black ; head red-brown ; antennae paler, pu-
bescent ; legs pale brownish ; abdomen annulated
with brown; wings hyaline; veins brown; ptero-
stigma much dilated towards the apex, rounded ; in
the inner angle a black spot ; posterior marginal cell
small, elliptical.
Length 1| lin. ; exp. 2 lin.
Sah. Near London in the summer, Suffolk.
Ohs. I am unable to determine Ps. duhius, Steph. 111.
127, 42; the type very nearly resembles Ps. ahdominalis,
but still smaller, the pterostigma more flatly rounded ; it is
perhaps referrible to Ps. ahdominalis.

t t Discoidal cell closed,

15. Ps. LiXEATUs, Latr., Steph. 111. 119, 8; Ps. longi-

cornis, F., Rbr.
Loam colour ; forehead striped with brown ; crown
maculated with brown ; palpi loam colour, terminal
joint black-brown ; antennae very long, pubescent,
black, second joint loam colour ( ^ ), or not pube-

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PSOCID^. 29

scent, black, the base loam colour ( ? ) ; thorax brown,
with the margins loam colour ; abdomen black, with
transverse yellow bands ; legs loam colour, apex of
tibiae and tarsi black-brown 5 wings hyaline ; veins
brown, at the base loam colour; marginal vein brown,
interrupted with white below the pterostigma; ptero-
stigma obtusely triangular, white-yellow, at the apex
a large brown spot, at the base an indistinct brown,
transverse band, less evident or wanting in the male;
towards the apex thr&e brown spots.

Length 3—4 lin. ; exp. 5 — 7 hn.

Hab. Common near London, Suffolk.

16. Ps. NEBULOSA, Steph. 111. 119, 9 ( ? ) ; Ps. similis,
Steph. 111. 120, 10 ( <^ ) ; Ps. variegatus, Curt. ; Ps,
qffinis, Rbr. ; Ps. infuscatus, Rbr.

Loam colour ; forehead striped with brown ; crown
without spots; antennae (^) rather longer than the
wings, blackish, pubescent, basal joints yellowish ( $ ),
not pubescent, the three basal joints yellowish ; palpi
brown ; thorax pitchy brown, the margins loam
colour ; legs loam colour, tibiae and tarsi brown ;
abdomen brown-black, loam colour or yellow at the
sides and beneath ; wings grey-brown, with a coppery
tinge, unicolorous ( ^ ) or somewhat paler, with con-
fluent brown spots, which towards the apex follow the
veins like rays, under the pterostigma a paler trans-
verse band ( ? ) ; veins brown ; pterostigma triangular,
elongate, nearly rectangular, brown ; posterior wings
paler, grey.

Length 3—4 lin. ; exp. 4J— 6 lin.

Mab. Common near London, in June and July,
Suffolk.

30 NEUROPTERA.

17. Ps. VARiEGATus, Lati'., Steph. 111. 118, 5(^); Ps.

pilicortiis, Steph. 111. 117, 1 ( ,^ ) ; Ps. picicoimis,

Steph. 111. 118, 2(?); Ps. fasciatus, Steph. 111.

' 118, 3 ( ? ) ; P5. atomarius, Steph. 111. 118, 5 ( ? ).

Yellow ; forehead striped with brown ; antennae yel-
lowish, of the ^ -with a long pubescence, basal joints
darker ; thorax yellow ; abdomen yellow above, with
a black longitudinal line, beneath blackish ; legs
brownish ; anterior wings brown, thickly spotted
with white ; veins brown, whitish in the middle ; the
veins here and there margined with brown, at their
apex a brown spot ; pterostigma triangular, yellow
within.

Length 2^ — 3 lin. ; exp. 3^—4 lin.

JSab. Common near London, in the summer, Suffolk.

18. Ps. suBFASciATus, Steph. 111. 119, 7( ? ); Ps. macu-

latiis, Steph. 111. 119, 6 (^).

Loam colour ; crown yellow, maculated with brown ;
forehead brow^n, with darker stripes; antennae brownish,
pubescent ; thorax loam colour, spotted with brown ;
abdomen brown ; legs brownish, tarsi darker; anterior
wings hyaline, with a broad, much interi'upted, trans-
verse band, which is broken up into numerous patches ;
apical margin grey ; in each of the cells at the apical
margin a brown spot within a circle ; pterostigma
large, triangular, brown at both ends, whitish in the
middle ; veins mostly brown.

Length 3 lin. ; exp. 4| lin.

Mab. Near London, in June.

19. Ps. BiFASciATUS, Steph. 111. 120, 11 ; Ps. contami-

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH PSOCIDiE. 31

natus, Stepli. 111. 120, 12; Ps. megastigmus, Steph.
111. 120, 13.

Brown ; forehead striped with black ; crown spotted
with black ; antennae black ; thorax and abdomen
brown ; legs brown, tarsi blackish ; wings hyaline,
with two confluent, brown, transverse bands before the
middle ; pterostigina large, triangular, with a brown
spot ; veins brown.

Length 2| lin. ; exp. 4 lin.

Hah. Common near London, in June, Suffolk.

20. Ps. MAcuLiPENNis, Steph. 111. 126, 37.

Yellow; crown yellow, black in the centre; forehead
striped with black; antennae brownish; thorax and
abdomen yellow, with black spots; legs brownish,
tarsi darker ; anterior wings hyaline, with large, con-
fluent, brown spots at the base ; pterostigraa large,
triangular, white, brown externally, near it on the
posterior margin a large brown spot ; veins mostly
brown.

Length 1 j lin. ; exp. 3| lin.

Hab. Near London, in July.

21. Ps. suBNEBULOsus, Steph. 111. 121, 14.

Ochre yellow ; crown with a black spot in the centre ;
thorax maculated with black ; antennae and legs pale ;
abdomen black at the tip; wings hyaline, spotted
with brown ; veins and pterostigma dark brown.

Length 1^ lin.; exp. 2 lin.

Hah. Near Hertford, in June.
Ohs. I cannot determine this species accurately, the type

32 NEUROPTERA.

was distinct from the previously described species, but I
cannot find the notes which I made respecting it.

22. Ps. MORio, Curt. B. E. pi. 648.

Brown ; crown spotted with black ; forehead striped
with black ; antennae brown, pubescent ; thorax
brown ; abdomen brown-black, M'ith the apex yellow ;
legs brownish ; basal half of wings brown, with a cop-
pery hue, apical half grey; pterostigma large, tri-
angular, black-brown ; veins brown j posterior wings
grey.

Length 1| lin. ; exp. 2 lin.

Hub. Thetford, in July.

( 33 )

HYMENOPTERA.

Observations on the Effects of the late unfavour-
able Season on Hymenopterous Insects; Notes on
THE Economy of certain Species, on the Capture
OF others of Extreme Rarity, and on Species new
TO THE British Fauna.

By Frederick Smith.

Any record of the Entomological season of 1860, which
omitted a notice of the almost unprecedented scarcity of in-
sects generally, would, in my opinion, omit a most important
phase in its history. The continuous cold, wet and ungenial
weather, which has so generally prevailed throughout the
season, has had a most essential influence on the insect tribes ;
their scarcity, or abundance, being immediately dependent
upon the character of the weather, is a fact well known to
every experienced Entomologist. There is probably no tribe
of insects more influenced by atmospheric changes, during
the progress of their transformations, than the aculeate JSy-
meiwptera, many species being rarely seen except during
summers of long-continued dry hot weather ; some ^ew appa-
rently requiring an unusually high degree of temperature for
their development. Having arrived at the close of a year
during which we have scarcely enjoyed a day either of
summer or autumnal weather, properly so called, is it not
1861. D

34 HYMENOPTERA.

highly desirable that the results should be recorded in an
Entomological Annual ?

There are, undoubtedly, few living Entomologists who have
experienced a season equally unfavourable for their pursuits,
and, for my own part, I have no recollection of anything even
approaching its parallel. Under these circumstances, I ap-
plied to an old and valued Entomological correspondent,
Colonel Newman ; the following is an extract from his
reply — "The year 1816 was even worse than the present;
May was excessively cold and dry, with frosts throughout :
it was succeeded by four months of almost continued rain,
which came from all points of the conl^ass; the temperature
was full five degrees lower on the average than that of the
present season ; the Bomhi were nearly all destroyed, and
how any remained to perpetuate the race I could not then
conceive."

Of the social species of Symeiioipteray those belonging to
the genera Bo'mhus and Vespa, so great a scarcity has cer-
tainly never occurred, in my own experience, as during the
past season ; of these insects, which usually abound during
the autumnal months, very few have been observed; even
the wasps, which generally force themselves upon our notice,
I may almost say, have not been seen at all. Dr. Bree, in
a communication to the " Weekly Intelligencer," dated Sep-
tember 15th, says, "up to this date — not a single wasp;"
up to the same period I had only seen a single female in the
month of May, and one worker about the end of August ;
subsequently I saw a second worker at Wey bridge on the
4th of October, a period when these insects are generally
seen in great numbers ; these are all the wasps that I have
seen, and that during a season when I was unusually anxious
to obtain some nests of these insects.

Of some species of humble bees, I did not observe a single

OBSERVATIONS, ETC. 35

female during the past autumn, and consequently anticipate
a great scarcity of these insects next season. On the 16th of
September I found a nest of Bomhus muscoi'um, in which
the larvae had nearly all changed to pupffi, and had perished
in that condition, in consequence of the long-continued wet
and cold ; this I fear has been the case with a large majority
of the moss-building; bees.

A similar scarcity of the solitary species of bees has also
been occasioned by the late remarkably unfavourable season ;
in the case of these insects, however, I do not anticipate
any perceptible diminution in numbers next year, should the
weather prove suitable for their development. During the
past season the temperatuj-e was too low to induce the change
in these insects from the larva to the pupa state ; consequently,
the greater portion are, and will continue, in the larva state
until next season.

In the month of June last I obtained a large number of
pupae of a species of Colletes ; these, in the usual progress
of development, would appear in the perfect condition about
the middle of July ; a few came forth in August, but the
majority still remain in the larva state.

Another tribe of the Aculeata^ the Fossores, require a
higher degree of temperature than the ApidcB to induce the
changes necessary for their appearance; these insects revel
in the hottest sunshine, many indeed being only found when
unusually high degrees of temperature occur ; during the
past season, these insects have scarcely appeared at all in
situations where I have usually met with them in the greatest
profusion.

I have no doubt of a similar scarcity having been observed
in other orders of insects, and that in addition to the ques-
tions—what has become of the wasps ? what has become of
the house-flies ? it has also been asked, what has become of

d2

HYMENOPTERA.

the butterflies? It therefore appeared to me highly desirable
that a record of some of the phenomena of the past season,
as exhibited in the insect world, should form a portion of the
annual resume of the order Hymenoptera.

Having given a sketch of some of the eff'ects of the past
ungenial season on wild bees, wasps, &c., I am enabled to
make my record much more complete, than I otherwise could
have done, through the kindness of Mr. Tegetmeier, the well-
known observer of bees, his remarks are as follows : —

" The season of 1860 has been more unfavourable in its
effects on the hive-bee than any that has occurred for sixteen
or eighteen years. In the early part of the season, the number
of swarms that were thrown off" was about the usual average,
but the absence of food caused many of them to return to the
old hives even after the lapse of several days ; on exami-
nation, the hive deserted by*, the swarm was usually found to
contain a small piece of perfectly empty comb, the wax
forming it being probably secreted from the honey carried
off by the bees on leaving their old residence.

** The secretion of honey in the tubes and nectaries of
flowers depends upon atmospheric influences not well ascer-
tained, as on one fine warm day the bees will be inactive, there
being no honey to collect ; and on another, of apparently pre-
cisely similar character, the secretion of honey will be pro-
fuse, and the bees consequently out in large numbers.

"It is, however, certain, that cold ungenial seasons, at-
tended with much rain, are extremely unfavourable to the
formation of honey, and it is to these causes we must attri-
bute the almost total failure of the honey harvest this year.
Very few stocks will be found to have sufiicient food to enable
them to live through the winter, and surplus stores, or top
boxes of honey, have not been obtained, except in one or two
of the more favoured localities in the kingdom ; where, from

OBSERVATIONS, ETC. 37

the juxtaposition of heather and cultivated land, abounding
in white clover, the honey-gathering season extends over the
greater part of the year.

''^ The successful introduction of the Apis Lifjustica, of
Spinola, or Apis Zigurienne, of Latreiile, is to be recorded.
Several stocks are now doing well in various parts of the
kingdom ; the species promises to be a valuable addition to
our somewhat meagre list of domesticated animals.

" Witliin the last fe\Y years, a great impetus has been given
to practical bee-keeping, on a profitable scale, by the introduc-
tion of hives, in wliich each comb is contained in a separate
frame, which can be removed at pleasure; this plan places
the hive under perfect control, as combs can be removed for
deprivation of honey, for the artificial breeding of queens,
for strengthening weak stocks, or any other purpose that
may be required."

The employment of these hives has been much advocated bv
Dzierzon in Germany, Langstroth in America, and by Mr.
Tegetmeier, the Secretary of the xipiarian Society in Eng-

Another eifect produced by the late summerless year has
been a great diminution of the brilliancy of colouring in
many species. I have observed of the largest species of
British Andrenidce, the Andrena Sattorfiana, that in fine
hot summers the highly-coloured examples have been the
most numerous; this species is black, with the abdomen
more or less red, or sometimes it is entirely black. In 1857
I captured thirty specimens of this fine insect, rather more
than half of them were highly coloured examples; last season
1 took seventeen, only three of which exhibited any trace of
the red colouring on the abdomen. Another species of the
same genus, A. Cetii, has usuallv the greater portion of the
abdomen red, dark coloured examples being of rare occur-

00 HYMENOPTERA.

rence; of forty specimens taken in August last, only eight or
nine exhibit tlie usual bright coloration ; others have only
a faint tinge of red along the apical margins of the segments.

1 have observed a similar dulness in the colouring of Hy-
menopterous insects generally, and, from the observations of
previous seasons, am induced to attribute the effect entirely
to the want of the proper degree of heat necessary to bring
out the usual brilliancy of these insects.

I must now refer to the concluding paragraph of the
remarks on Hymenoptera in the Annual of last year ; after
having particularly noticed Dr. Ormerod's paper on two
species of wasps, in which the deposition of fertile eggs by
workers w^as apparently confirmed, I observed, that since those
remarks were sent to the press a paper by Mr. S. Stone had
been read at a meeting of the Entomological Society, in which
the deposition of fertile eggs by worker wasps received further
confirmation ; but, as in Dr. Ormerod's paper, it appeared
that not only workers were developed from such eggs, but
that it was left undecided whether males also were produced
from them, I was of opinion that the subject required much
further, and even more careful, observation. Notwithstanding
the interesting entomological enigma involved in the unsatis-
factory state of the case, the subject by no means excited the
interest which might have been ex))ected.

The very fact of opposite results having presented them-
selves, in the development of wasps, to those so clearly
established by Dr. Siebold in the case of -the hive-bee,
appeared to me a circumstance of such surpassing interest
that I instantly determined, if possible, to investigate the
subject with every possible care during the following season ;
it has not however fallen to my lot to discover one solitary
fact.

It is however gratifying to find that the investigation of

OBSERVATIONS, ETC. 39

this highly interesting subject has fallen into the hands of a
most able and careful observer, Mr. S. Stone; this gentleman
published the result of his observations in the November part
of the Zoologist, which must have been read with great in-
terest by every Entomologist. In Mr. Stone's paper the de-
position of fertile eggs by worker wasps is verified and placed
beyond a doubt. Here then is an Entomological enigma,
apparently requiring the patient investigation of a Siebold or
Leuckart to unravel it ; Siebold has shown, that without im-
pregnation, the eggs of the hive-bee can only produce male
brood; but, in the case of the wasp, Mr. Stone has clearly
proved that worker wasps, which could not possibly have
been impregnated, deposit eggs thnt produce females, that is,'
worker wasps ; we can offer no explanation of such a remark-
able phenomenon, conjecture is at a loss even to propose one.

If further investigation should show that in every vespiary
a certain number of v>asps always deposit eggs^ then may we
not regard it as a beautiful provision in nature, for increasing
the number of labourers, precisely at a time when additional
hands appear to be required to meet the increasing necessities
of the community.

All difficulty would be cleared away if we knew that
worker wasps were frequently impregnated, and that they
also hybernated during the winter; but after a close observa-
tion of these insects, extending over twenty years, not a
solitary instance of such an occurrence has either been
observed, or come to our knowledge ; whereas, in the case of
female wasps, such observations have been numberless. I
have repeatedly taken spring nests of wasps, in which not a
single individual had been reared to maturity, and have in-
variably found the queen, or foundress-wasp, the sole tenant
of the nest ; we trust during the coming season, should it

40 HYMENOPTERA.

prove favourable for our purposes, to have an opportunity of
investigating some of the mysteries of the vespiary.

There is another phase connected with the deposition of
eggs by worker wasps, which I hope will ere long be fully
investigated ; that is, whether eggs deposited by workers
ever produced more than one sex, workers, — and also males.
In Dr. Ormerod's paper on wasps such a statement certainly
is not positively made, probably it may not be intentionally
implied, still, as both workers and males were developed from
a nest, long after it had been deprived of its queen, and as it
is not by any means satisfactorily shown, whether the eggs
which produced the males were deposited by the queen, or
by the workers, it would be a point of great interest, satis-
factorily to decide this important question ; again, it would
also be a highly important physiological inquiry to ascertain,
whether workers, produced from worker eggs, are also fertile.
I am of opinion, that we are at present only on the threshold
of the way leading to the discovery of the history of the Ves-

OBSERVATIONS ON PARASITIC
HYMENOPTERA.

In the month of June I obtained nearly a hundred nests of
the interesting little Arachnide, Agelena hrunnea, my object
being to ascertain what species oi IchneumomdcB were parasitic
upon the spider. The first insect which I obtained was He-
meteles formosus ; and shortly afterwards, both sexes of
Pezomachus fasciatus; I had never previously obtained a
male of any species of that genus. Tiie males of the genus
Pezomachus are extremely rare in collections, nearly all of
them are winged insects, the females on the contrary are ap-
terous ; or, having in one or two species rudimentary wings ;

OBSERVATIONS, ETC. 41

the only apterous males that I have seen are those of P.
agilis and P. instahilis. I have little doubt of many male
Pezomachi being included amongst the species of the genus
Hemeteles, the neuration of the wings of the two genera
being nearly identical. Ratzeburg mentions the male of
Pezomachus fasciatus having been bred from spider's eggs,
but I believe it has not been obtained in this country by
any one previously. It is a fact worthy of recording, that
in June, 1858, I collected an equal number of the spider's
nests, but did not succeed in getting a single male of the
parasite, although thirty females were developed.

Pezomachus vulpinus and P. rnicroptems were both
found in the nest o^ Formica riifa,xiot reared from cocoons;
it is therefore undecided whether they were parasitic on the
ant, or merely stragglers in the nest.

Species of the genus PezomacJius are occasionally parasitic
upon the larvae of Lepidopterous insects ; an apparently new
species was bred by Mr. Scott from Coleophora saturatella ;
and I reared myself, during the past season, the Pezomachus
agilis from the larva of a species of Noctua.

In July last I bred the Chalcididous parasite, 3Ionodon-
tomerus dentipes, from the cells of Anthophora acervorumf
and also from those of Colletes Daviesana; on several previous
occasions I reared them from the cells of Gsmia riifa ; this is
another instance corroborative of the opinion, that an Ich-
neumon by no means confines its attack to a particular
species.

In addition to the above parasite I also bred Chrysis
ignita from the cells of Colletes Daviesana^ having pre-
viously obtained it from the nest of Odynerus spinipesy
Osmia riifa and Vespa rufa. I also bred Epeolus variegatus
from the cells of Colletes.

Coelioxys simplex has been reared from cells of the leaf-
cutting bee Megachile ligniseca, by Mr. B. Newcomb.

42 HYMENOPTERA.

Although not perhaps strictly belonging to the parasitic
class of insects, still, being apparently always found in com-
pany with others, I may here record the capture of Mynnica
lippiila in the nest of Formica fuUginos^a , by Mr. Edwin
Shepherd ; Mr. Janson, as well as myself, has also pre-
viously found these ants in company.

CAPTURES OF NEW AND RARE SPECIES.

Lyda erythrocephala (Fam. Tenthredinidce) . A male
and female of this extremely rare 'species w^re taken by
Charles Turner at Loch Rannoch, Perthshire.

Dulerus dubius (Fam. TenthredinidcB). A female of
this rare insect was taken in the area of my own house at
Islington.

Ponera conti^acta (Fam. Formicidcp^. Three or four
examples of this scarce ant were taken at Brighton.

Ponera puncfatisslinaj Roger. This species, w^hich is
new to the British fauna, w^as I believe first taken in this
country by the late Mr. Henry Squire, who found several
in a bake-house near Burton Crescent, London; Mr. J.
Stokes captured it again this year; several specimens were
also taken by the late Mrs. Yarley, in the kitchen of her
house, in Robert Street, Hampstead Road. The description
of the species appeared in " Beitrage zur Kenntniss der
Ameisenfauna der Mittelmeerlander, von Dr. Roger." The
insect is found in houses in Germany ; I received a series of
specimens from Dr. Roger. Whether the species, like
MyrmAca molesta, is an importation, I am not prepared to
say ; if so, it may probably become equally unwelcome and
annoying in houses throughout the country. The species
closely resembles Ponera contracta, but is much more

OBSERVATIONS, ETC. 43

delicately punctured on the head and thorax, and is shining,
and covered with a fine glittering silky pubescence ; Dr.
Roger says the maxillary palpi are one-jointed, in P. con-
tracta they consist of two joints.

Aporus unicolor (Fam. Pompilidce). A specimen of
the female, of this extremely rare species, was taken in
x\ugust, by Mr. B, Newcomb at Dartford in Kent.

Miscoplius 7naritimiis (Fam. Larridce). I captured a
female of this rare insect at Deal in August last.

Cerceris lahiata (Fam. Philanthidas). Taken at Dart-
ford by Mr. B. Newcomb, who observed that it stored up
various species of CurculioJiidce for the food of its larvsB.

Cerceris emarfjinata. In my remarks upon the species of
this genus, in the monograph of the fossorial Hymeno-ptera,
page 189, I remarked, " Five species have been discovered
in this country, and a sixth may probably be added, the
Philanthus emarginatus of Panzer ; four specimens are in
the collection of British Hymenoptera in the British
Museum, but there is a want of certainty as to the locality
from whence they came." Since the publication of these
remarks, I have discovered,*in a register in the Museum, a
list of insects captured in Devonshire by Dr. Leach, and pre-
sented by him to the national collection ; these insects have
numbers attached which ag-ree with those of the reo^ister; this
circumstance would alone appear sufficient to warrant their
introduction into the British list, but all doubt of the propriety
of such a step, is removed by the fact of my having captured
a female in August last, at Kingsdown near Deal.

Prosopis variegatus (Fam. Andrenidce). Having recently
received males of this species from Dr. Sichel, of Paris,
that sex having been only recently discovered, it has been
thought desirable to give some illustrations of the differences

44 HYMENOPTERA.

between the male of this species and that of P. dilatatus,
which it greatly resembles ; the prominent differences will be
found in the figures of the heads of these species given in the
plate that accompanies this volume. (See Figures 8 and 8*.)
The male is black and closely punctured, with a fine silky-
white pubescence ; the face, anterior half of the scape, a line
on the mandibles and also on the collar, the latter interrupted,
or much attenuated in the middle ; the tubercles, a spot be-
fore the tegulae, and a triangular one on each side at the base
of the scutellum, white ; the anterior tibiae in front, and the
base of the intermediate and posterior pairs, white ; the an-
terior tarsi and the claw-joints of the intermediate and pos-
terior pairs, rufo-testaceous. The flagellum of the antennsg
fulvous beneath ; the extreme lateral portion of the apical
margin of the basal segment of the abdomen with an oblong
patch of white pubescence. The female has the basal seg-
ment of the abdomen red.

Andrena Hattorfiana (Fam. Andrenidce). I took a
number of examples of this very local species at Kingsdown
in August last.

Andrena Cetii. This local insect occurred plentifully at
Kingsdown ; Mr. S. Tibbs discovered a new locality for it
near Croydon, and Mr. B. Newcomb took it at Dartford.

Andrena simillima. Both sexes were taken by myself
between Kingsdown and St. Margaret's Bay, on the flowers
of the blackberry.

Nomada armata (Fam. Cuculince). I captured five spe-
cimens of the female of this hitheito extremely rare species at
Kingsdown in the month of August last; the only examples
which had been previously taken, were three by Dr. Leach
in Devonshire; one by Mr. S. Stevens in the same county;
three by Mr. Dossetor in Wales, and one or two have oc-

OBSERVATIONS, ETC. 45

curred near Exeter. Of this, our finest British Ndmada,
a figure is given in this volume. (See Figure 2.)

Nomada airata. Two examples of this very rare species
were taken by Mr. S. Tibbs near Croydon in August last.

Megachile maritima (Fam. Dasygastrce). This local
species also occurred near Croydon, and was taken by Mr.
S. Tibbs.

( 46 )

H E M I P T E R A.

(By the Editor.)

During the past season considerable attention has been
paid by several of our Coleopterists to the Bug-family, and
we had fondly hoped that some of those who have been
working at the Hemipterous order of insects would have
contributed a few pages on the group; but it was not so
ordained.

Mr. Walker has lately brought out a List of the British
Memiptera and Homoptera. The last-named sub-order has
not hitherto received nearly as much attention in this country
as the true Heteroptera.

The Catalogue of the Semiptera of the whole world by
Anton Dohrn is well known to and appreciated by most of
our readers. We have carefully gone through that Catalogue,
and collated it with Walker's List, and the following is the
result of our labours, viz. : —

A list of the British Heteroptera arranged according to
Dohrn, the species being accepted as British on the authority
of Walker. This list will no doubt prove serviceable to many
of our readers.

We have elsewhere remarked that the land bugs out-
number the water bugs nearly in the proportion of 10 to L

A LIST OF BRITISH HEMIPTERA.

47

A LIST OF BRITISH HEMIPTERA.

GEOCORES.

SCUTATA.

SCUTELLEHOIDES.

Eurygastridce.
Eurygaster maurus, L.

„ obliquus, Leach.

„ hottentottus, Fab,

Poclopidce.
PodojDS inunctus, Fab.
OdontoscelidcB.
Odontoscelis fuliginosa, L.
Coriraelaena scarabaeoides, L.

PlataspidcB.
Coptosoma globus, Fab.

Asopidce.
PJcromerus bidens, L.
Arma custos, Fab.
,, lurida, Fab.
Zicrona cserulea, Z.

CydnidcB.
Sehirus dubius, Scop.
„ morio, L.
,, albomarginatus, Fab.
,, bicolor, L.
„ biguttatus, L.
Sciocoridcs.
Sciocorls umbrinus, Wolff.

FentatomidcB.
JElia acuminata, L.
„ neglecta, Dallas.
„ inflexa, Wolff.

Eysarcoris melanocepbalus. Fab.
,, pusillus, Panzer.
„ perlatus, Fab.
Pentatoma Yerbasci, De Geer.
„ baccarum, L.

„ Lynx, Fab.

„ dissimilis, Fab.

,, juniperina, Z.

Strachia ornata, Z.

,, oleracea, Z.
Tropicoris rufipes, Z.
Rhaphigaster griseus, Fab.
Acanthosoma hsemorrhoidale, Z.
„ dentatuiu, Z>e

Geer.
,, lituratnm, Fab.

„ grisenm, Z.

SUPERICORNIA.

Alydidce.
Alydus calcaratus, Z.

Stenocephalidce.
Stenocepbalus agilis, Scop.

Coreidce.
Chorosoma miriformis, Fallen.
„ Schilliugii, Schum-

mel.
Neides tipularius, Z.
,, clavipes, Fab.
„ minor, H.-Schf.
Metacanthus punctipes, Germar.
Gonocerus venator. Fab.
Verlasia rhombea, Z.

48

HEMIPTERA.

Coreus scapha, Fah.
Syromastes marginatus, L.
Dasycoris denticulatus, Scop.

Hhopalidce.
Atractus nubilus. Fallen.

„ spinipes, Fallen.

„ litiiratus, Curtis.
Rhopalus crassicoriiis, L.

„ tigrinus, Schill.

„ magnicornis, Fab.

„ capitatus, Fab.

„ maculatus, H.-Schf.

„ pratensis, Fallen.

„ Hyoscyami, L.

Infericornia.
Lijgceidce.
Lyg£eus equestris, L.
„ faniiliaris, Fab.
„ punctum, Fab.
Nysius Thy mi, Wolff.
Henestaris Genei, Spinnla.
Heterogaster Urticte, Fab.
Aphanus rusticus, Fall.
„ pallipes, H.-Schf.
„ sabulosus, Schilling.
Rhyparochromus —

„ carbonarius, Bossi.

„ Rolandri, L.

„ pini, L.

„ quadratus, F.

„ vulgaris, Schilling.

„ pedestris. Panzer.

„ iTiarginepunctatus, Wolff.

„ varius, Wolff.

„ sylvaticus, Fab,

Rhyparochromus —

,, curtulus, Costa.

„ nebulosus, Fallen.

„ antennatus, Schilling.

„ brevipennis, Schilling.

„ agrestis, Fallen,

,, chiragra, Fab.

„ decoratus, Hahn.

„ sylvestris, Panzer.

„ erraticus, Fab.

„ pictus. Schilling.

„ luscus. Fab.

„ contractus, H.-Schf.

„ luniger. Schilling.

„ maenh'pennis, Curtis.

,, nubilus, Fallen.

„ hemipterus, Schilling.
Ptatygaster ferruginous, L.
Cymus claviculus. Fallen.

„ glandicolor, Hahn.

„ Resedse, Panzer.

Dipsocoridce.
Dipsocoris alienus, H.-Schf.

Anthocoridce.
Anthocoris nemoralis, Fab.

,, nemorum, L.

„ obscLirus, Hahn.

,, minutus, L.

„ exilis, Fallen.

Xylocoris ater, Dufour.

„ domesticus, Hahn.

Cecigen^.

MicrophysidcB.

Microphysapselaphoides, 5zfrw.

A LIST OF BRITISH HEMIPTERA.

49

PyrrhocoridcE.
Pyrrhocoris apterus, L.

BiCELLULI.

Miridce.
Minis erraticns, L.

„ longicornis, Fallen.
„ ruficornis, Fallen.
,, calcaratus, Fallen.
„ laevigatus, L. .
,, virens, L.
,f holsatus, Fab.
Lopiis dolabratus, L.
,, ferrugatus, Fallen.
,, timicatus, Fab.
,, gothicus, L.
CapsidcE.
Fhytocoris Populi, Fab.
,, Tilise, Fab.

„ Ulmi, L.

Cyllecoris collaris, Fallen.
„ pallidus, H.-Schf.
,, histrionicus, L.
,, angulatus, Fallen.
„ Markeli, H.-Schf.
,, decoratus, Meyer.
„ flavomaculatiis, Fab.
,y flavonotatus, Bohe-

man.
„ annulatus, Wolff.
„ alienus, H.-Schf.
Dersecoris tricolor, Fab.

„ pilosus, Boheman.
„ ater, L.
„ rufipennis, Fallen.
„ striatellus, Fab.
1861.

Deraecoris Clienopodii, Fallen.
„ pabulinus, L.
„ ferriigatus, Fab.
„ lateralis, Fallen.
„ nibricatus, Fallen.
,, binotatus, Fab.
„ scriptus, Fab.
,, bipunctatus, Fab.
„ unifasciatus, Fab.
,, pratensis, L.
,, campestris, L.
,, Kalmii, i.
,, Falleni, Hahn.
,, punctulatus. Fallen.
,, Pastinacae, Fallen.
,, tripustulatus. Fab.
„ contamiuatiis, i^aZZew.
,, limbatus, Fallen.
,, holosericeus, Hahn.
„ Gyllenhali, Fallen.
Monalocoris Filicis, L.
Leptomerocoris —

,, rufifrons. Fallen.
,, clavatus, L.
,, thoracicus, Fallen.
,, cliorizans. Fab.
,, nielanocephalus, L.
„ Coryli, L.
,, Avellanae, Meyer.
Caricis, Fallen.
ambulans, H.-Schf.
decolor, Fallen.
icterocephalus, Hahn.

jj

,, molliculus, Fallen.
„ Tanaceti, Fallen.
E

50

HEMIPTERA.

Leptomerocoris—

„ seladonicus, Fallen.

,, Thunbergi, Fallen.

,, mutabilis, Fallen.

„ brevis, Panzer.

„ unicolor, Hahn.

,, leucocephalus, L.

Euryraerocoris —

,, furcatus, H.-Schf.

,, roseus, Fallen.

„ salicellus, H.-Schf.

„ viridulus, Fallen.

„ arbustorum, Fab.

,, arenarius, Hahn.

,, pulicarius, Fallen.

jj pallicornis. Fab.

Membranacei.
Zosmenidce.
Zosmenus anticus, Steph.

Piesmidce.
Agramma Iseta, Fallen.

Tingidce.
Orthosteira —

,, Cassidea, Fallen.
,, brunnea, Germar,
,, cervina, Germai'.
,, macropthalma, Fleber.
„ obscura, H.-Schf.
Monanthia ampliata, Fieber.
„ Cardui, i.

,, nigrina, Fallen.

,, grisea, Germar.

„ capucina, Germar.

,, costata, Fab.

„ Huaiuli, Fab.

Dictyonota crassicornis, Fallen.
„ erythrophthalma,

Germar.
Laccometopus clavicornis, L.
Derephysia foliacea, Fallen.

,, cristata, Panzer.

Tingis Pyri, Geof.
„ spinifrons, Fallen.

C0RTICICOL.E.
Brachyrhynch idee.
Aneurus laevis, Fab.
Aradidce.
Aradus corticah's, L.

„ Betulae, L.
Piestosoma depressura, Fab.

Lecticol^.
Acanthidce.
Acanthia lectularia, Z.

NUDIROSTRI.

HarpactnridcB.
Harpactor pedestiis^ Wolff.

Peduviid(E.
Reduvius personatus, L.

PiratidcE.
Prostemma guttula, Fab.

Nabidce.
Nabus ferus, L.

brevipennis, Hahn.
apterus, Fab.
fuminervis, Dahlb.
dorsatus, Dahlb.
lineatus, Dahlb,

A LIST OF BRITISH HEMIPTERA.

51

Saldidce.
Salda littoralis, L.

„ riparia, Fallen.

„ saltatoria, Fallen.

„ elegantula, Fallen.

„ lateralis, Fallen.

J, marginalis, Fallen.

„ pilosa, Fallen.

„ bicolor, Curtis,

„ dimidiata, Curtis.

„ stellata, Curtis.
Emesidce.
Ploiaria vagabiinda, L.

„ culiciformis, De Geer.

Ploteres.
HydrometridcB.
Hydrometra Stagnorum, Fah.

Gerrid.e.
Gerris paludum, Fab.
„ thoracica, Schummel.
„ lacustris, L.
„ apicalis, Curtis.
VeliidcB.
Velia rivulorum, Fab.
Hydroessa reticulata, Burm.

Pedirapti.

NaucoridcE.
Apheloehira aestivalis, Fab.
Naucoris cimicoides, L.

jSepidcB.
Nepa cinerea, L.
Ranatra linearis, L.

Pediremi.
Corixidce.
Corixa GeofFroyi, Leach.

„ striata, L.

,, fossarum. Leach.

,, limitata, Fieher.

„ coleoptrata, Fab.

„ lateralis. Leach.

,, dorsalis, Leach.

„ affinis, Leach.
Sigara minutissima, L.

Notonectidce.
Plea minutissima, Fab.
Notonecta glauca, L.-^

„ lutea, Miiller.

,) maculata. Fab.

This completes the list of our Heteroptera; the Ho-
MOPTERA must be reserved for another year.

e2

( 52 )

NEUROPTERA.

Some Suggestions for the successful Pursuit of
THE Study of the Phryganid^, with a Descrip-
tion OF A new British Species.

By R. M'Lachlan.

In the " Entomologists' Weekly Intelligencer/' No. 178
(1860), page 169, I inserted a short notice to the effect that
I should be glad if Entomologists would catch and send me
any PhriiganidcE that they might meet with in the ensuing
season. To that notice I did not receive a single reply, and
can only account for it in this way, that either an universal
apathy exists respecting these interesting insects, or that
Entomologists regarded my notice as the corn sown in the
stony places, springing up to-day and withering to-morrow,
■ — the spurt of the moment from some unstable adventurer,
to be forgotten in a week. I trust that the latter is the
case, and that, on my assurances that I really am attending
to the group, I shall not be forgotten next season, when a
** horrid caddis fly" is captured after an exciting chase,
instead of the hoped-for moth.

We have now a clear starting-point. Stephens' numerous
so-called species are duly arranged under their respective
heads ; and though the pruning process has been rather
severe, let us hope that the result will he the more vigorous
and healthy development of fruit. England has been called

STUDY OF THE PHRYGANID^. 53

the " cradle" of the study of these insects ; may our diffidence
of late years not cause that honour to pass from us as a thing
forgotten. A vast field is open for investigation in their habits,
and their preparatory states are on the whole little known.
Why should we not, from the inspection of the case of the
larva of one of these creatures, be able to say at once to what
species it pertains, with as much ease as a Micro- Lepidop-
terist can pronounce on the case of a Coleophora larva ?
Then there is their geographical distribution. In the old
works, ''London District," "Ripley," ''Hertford," "Devon-
shire," &c., constantly and repeatedly occur as localities, solely
because these happened to be the hunting-grounds of Stephens,
Curtis and Leach ; and the rest of the countjy was then, and is
now, almost unexplored. Our described species (not reckon-
ing the varieties of Stephens, &c.) do not exceed 110, and I
think I am not too sanguine in saying that a few years will
increase that number to 150, with the greater part of the
additions new to science. The angler knows well that cer-
tain streams produce this or that particular kind of fish, and
that a distance of a mile or two will afford quite different
sport ; so I should imagine that certain species of Phryga-
nidcB will follow the course of streams, and this especially in
the Isopalpi, which seldom fly far from the water in which
they existed in their larva and pupa states. Some species
are known to have a wide range over the Continent of Eu-
rope, and even to the other side of the Atlantic ;* but other
species, from some cause of which we are at present ignorant,
may apparently be restricted to spots a few miles in extent,
or occur only in isolated places, widely removed from each
other.

* Limnophilus griseus has been received without any apparent altera-
tion from Haiti. Vide Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London, New Series, vol. 5, page 176.

54 NEUROPTERA.

Hoping that some one besides myself will be induced in
the next season to take an interest in the study of these
Caddis flies, I will give a few hints as to collecting and
setting them. I can add little to the instructions given by
Dr. Hagen in the "Annual" for 1859, and must in part
tread in his steps.

To commence. The localities suitable for Lepidoptera
will as a rule also be found productive of Phryganidce.
The larger species, Limnophilides, &c., frequent various
localities, and are far less restricted to the immediate neigh-
bourhood of water than the others, though from their habit
of breeding in standing waters, the place of their birth may
be much nearer than is often suspected. They may be con-
stantly beaten out of fir and other trees in woods, and on the
slightest application of the beating-stick, the large muscular
species of Limnophilus, Stenophylax, &c., will rush out with
an exceedingly dashing and vigorous flight, often eluding
2}ursuit from their habit of getting among the brushwood.
As an instance of their occurrence, at apparently a great
distance from places where they could have bred, I may
mention that this summer I found several specimens of the
most delicate species of Lim?iophilus, the little L. vittatus,
in a spot where a small landslip had occurred in the chalk
cliff' to the westward of Freshwater Gate, in the Isle of
Wight, over 300 feet almost perpendicular from the sea.
Here amongst the luxuriant thistles, Parietariaf &c., that
had sprung up in this space of a few yards, they seemed
quite at home (two pairs in copula), though the nearest
fresh- water was fully a mile distant. Palings often afford a
resting-place, where they may be easily captured. Sugar
also has its charms, and they may frequently be seen enjoy-
ing the seductive sweets with all the gusto of a Noctua.
Lastly, I would mention suburban gas lamps, at which cer-

STUDY OF THE PHRYGANID.E. 55

tain species often swarm. I took the common Ancibolia
nervosa in this way as late as the end of October.

The remaining families, Rhyacophilides, Leqjtocerides, Hy-
drop^ychides, &c.,have ahuost similar habits one with another.
They, contrary to the habits of the large LimnophiIides,kc.,
as a rule shun the vicinity of standing waters, and delight
in the banks of rivers and of swiftly flowing streams, and may
be found during the day at rest among the coarse herbage
and alders, the smaller species often hiding in the crannies of
the bark of willows, &c., but at dusk they take wing and fly
in swarms, with a dancing motion, close to the water: the
long-horned Leptocerides having very much the appearance
and habits of Adela and Nemophova, and many of them are
quite as handsome.

Having briefly pointed out the places in which these
insects may be caught, I will say a- few words on the manner
of capture. Sweeping the banks of streams in the day-time is
a very productive method of securing them ; and beating also,
in the ordinary way, as for Lepldoptera, will well repay the
trouble. In the evening they may, of course, be caught on
the wing. When in the net, they are best pill-boxed, taking
care to have large-sized ones for the long-horned species, and
the gi'eater part will travel safely until the collector reaches
home. Dr. Hagen advises pinning at once, but I have a
strong objection to pin anything save a Bomhyx, until one
can do it carefully and neatly at home. Cliloroform and
oxalic acid will soon kill the larger species ; for the smaller,
nothing is better than the fumes of sulphur from lucifer
matches in a jar W' ith ground edge and plate-glass cover.

As to the setting : the ordinary rounded manner of setting
Lepldoptera is equally applicable to Phryganidoi^ but with
this difference, that whereas a refractory leg is often removed
in the former, in the latter the leg spurs furnishing th

56 NEUROPTERA.

generic characters, they must be carefully arranged under the
body and on no account taken ojff. I lately received a nice col-
lection of the larger species for examination, but as the col-
lector had carefully denuded the intermediate pair of legs in
most of them, their value was greatly reduced. As a rule
they will require to be kept on the board longer than Lepi-
doptera, being more full of juices. In concluding this part
of my subject, I would remark, that " what is worth doing
at all is worth doing well;" a nicely set specimen is much
easier to determine than an ill-set one>with the wings awry,
and probably the antennae and legs broken; and besides
setting so much enhances the beauty of the specimen.

I fear I have been thought tedious and prosy, in the length
of the foregoing remarks ; my excuse is, that they are
intended for those who have never paid the slightest attention
to any but Lepiduptera : from such I hope to receive ma-
terial assistance in specimens and notices of habit, and I '
shall be happy to assist any gentleman in determining the
names of such as he may have collected. As an encourage-
ment I may add, that I have now by me at least five species
not hitherto Included in the British list; of these I can at
present only determine one with any certainty.

To my fellow-lepidopterists, and to those who pay their
attention exclusively to the macros, I can especially recom-
mend the study of the Phryganidce, as tending to rectify
those habits of careless and superficial examination, which
have gained for us the reputation of being the least scientific
among Entomologists.

In conclusion, I hope that next season will throw ad-
ditional light on the vexed question, the true location of
Acentropus niveus. In the "Annual" for 1858, Mr. Stainton
commences a paragraph thus : — " this insect having been
finally handed over by the Neuropterists to the Lepidopterists,

STUDY OF THE PHRYGANID^. 57

&.C." In strange contradiction to this, a few months later
there apjDears a second edition of Mr. Doubleday's " Syno-
nymic List," in which we search in vain for the insect. For
my own part I must think that the day has not yet come for
its final location among the Lepidoptera, but it assuredly
will have the effect of separating the Triclioptera still
farther from that heterogeneous, ill-assorted group, the Neu-
ropter^a, with which many Entomologists still persist in
associating them.

I beg especially to record my thanks to Messrs. Parfitt,
Rye and Winter of xlldeby, for the gift and loan of spe-
cimens in this group, and to several other gentlemen for their
kind promises of assistance.

DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES OF LIMNO-
PHILUS NEW TO BRITAIN.

Limnophilus hoj'ealis, Zett.

Testaceus. Alis anticis nitidissimis, pallide ochraceis ; ma-
cula fenestrata et regione anastomosis hyalinis ; macula.
ad angidum analem fused ; stigmate ohUquo, saturate
piceo-brunneo, posticis sub-hyalinis apice flavido.

Long. Corp. 7| lin.

Exp. alar. I unc. 3 lin.

Phryganea horealis, Zetterstedt, Insect. Lap. 1062, 7.
ChcetotauUus boy^eaUa, Kolenati, Sp. etGen. Trichop. 42, 2.
Ijimnephihis horealis^ Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat. Neurop.
Pt. 1, 20, 8.

Testaceous : antennas with slightly paler %sag^ ; legs paler.
Anterior wings very shining, pale ochreous-yellow, slightly

58 NEUROPTERA.

darker on the dorsal margin, fenestrated spot and a large
space about the anastomosis hyaline, the veins of the anas-
tomosis darker than the others ; pterostigma very dark
pitchy-brown, longer than broad, and placed obliquely; a
large fuscous blotch extends obliquely from the lorcer part
of the anastomosis to the anal angle ; in the tip of the wing
is a faint fuscous cloud ; posterior wings nearly colourless,
with the apex, costal edge and a slight indication of a ptero-
stigma, yellowish.

This species is allied to Jj. stigma, Curtis, but is a less
robust insect, and the anterior Avings are far more shining,
and the former never has the remarkable blotch at the anal
angle. Identified from a $ specimen sent under this name
to the British Museum by Dr. Ha gen, taken by that gentle-
man at Konigsberg ; but I feel bound to say, that neither that
specimen or mine appears to agree with Zetterstedt's descrip-
tion, and I should not be surprised if it prove to be a distinct
species.

I found a specimen, also a ? , in a collection of these in-
sects sent for my determination by Mr. Winter, taken by him
at Ranworth, which I exhibited at the November Meeting of
the Entomological Society of London.

( 59 )

COLE.OPTERA.

New British Species noticed in 1860.

By E. W. Janson, Sec. Ent. Soc.

1. Bradycellus HARPALiNUS, Dej.; E. W. Janson,Proc.

Ent. Soc. 5 Nov. 1860.

Acupalpus harpalinus, Dej. Spec. Gen. iv. 471, 27

(1829), Icon. d. Coleop. d'Europe, iv. 274, 18,

T.201, f. 6 (1834); Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 118,

2 (1838).

Bradycellus falvus ex parte, Dawson, Geod. Brit. 163,

3 (1854).

Sradjjcellus fulvus, Fairm. et Laboulb. Faune Ent.
Frang. Col'eop. i. 143, 8 (1854) ; Duval et Mign.
Gen. Col. Eur. Carab. T. 16, f. 76 (1855\
Bradycellus harpalinus, Redtb. Faun. Austr. Ed. i.
103 (1849), Ed. ii. 65 (1857); Schaum, Natur-
gesch. d. Ins. Deutschl. i. i. 627, 4 (1860).
Distinguished from Brad. Verhasci, Duft. {^Acupalpus
rufulus, Dej.), Schaum, Ent. Annual for 1860, 125, by its
usually smaller size and darker colour, and the obtuse,
nearly rounded, posterior angles of its thorax.

I sent individuals of this species to Dr. Schaum of Berlin ;
he informs me that it is the Acupalpus harpalinus, Dej.,
and the Bradycellus harpalinus of his description, Natur-
gesch. Ins. Deutschl. 1. c.

60 COLEOPTERA.

Not uncommon in many places round London, frequently
associated with its near allies, B. verbasci, Duft., and B.
distinct us J Dej.
2. Bembidium NiGRicoRNis ? Gyll. ; Waterhouse, Proc.
Ent. Soc. 6 Feb. 1860, Zool. 6936 (1860).

The Bembidium nigricornej Gyll. [Ins. Suec. iv. 402,
5 — 6 (1827) ], hitherto known as an inhabitant of high
northern European latitudes alone, has been carefully de-
scribed not only by Gyllenhal, but by Dejean, Sahlberg,
Zetterstedt, Schiodte and Duval, and the points in' which it
differs from its near ally, B. lampros, Hbst., distinctly
pointed out by these authors. Unfortunately I do not
possess either an indigenous or foreign example of this spe-
cies ; the following translation, however, of the description
given by M. Jacquelin-Duval in his justly celebrated mono-
graph of the European Bembidiidae, '' De Bembidiis Euro-
paeis," published in the ninth and tenth volumes of the second
series of the " Annales de la Societe Entoraologique de
France," may perhaps be acceptable to some of our Coleop-
terists.

'^ Above brassy. Palpi brown. Antennae entirely black,
their first joint slightly brassy. Frontal sulci less marked
than in B. lamproSj the interval which separates them wider,
w ith two slight short ridges posteriorly near the eyes. Pro-
thorax of very peculiar form, wide, very short, very little
constricted behind, appearing almost rounded in the middle
at the sides, as in group 14 ; * transver.--e impressions but
little marked, central longitudinal line slight, base nearly
straightly trunctate, presenting above a few small punctures
or rugosities, fovea? at the posterior angles round and deep, a
little shorter than in lampros, posterior angles obtuse and
but slightly salient ; elytra as in the preceding {lampros) not

* Philochthus and Ocys of English collections.

J^^EW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IN I860. 61

jeiy strongly striate-pimctate, seventh stria absent. Leo-g
ferrugmous-red, slightly brownish on the thicrhs, which have
a faint aeneous tint."— J"«c^.Z>i^^-«y,7,. cit. ix. 507,22(1851).
3. Haploglossa rufipennis, Kraatz; E. W. Janson,
Proc. Ent. Soc. 6 Feb. 1860, Zool. 6937 (1860) \
H. S. Gorham, Proc. Ent. Soc. 4 June, 1860, Zool'
7094(1860).
Haploglo^m rufpennh, Kraatz, Naturgesch. d. Ins
Deutschl. ii. 81, 3 (1856).
Very nearly allied to H. jndla, Gyll, but differing in its
more parallel form, closer and much finer punctuation, and
the colour of its elytra, which are rufo-testaceous, with a
dark triangular patch in the region of the scutellum and at
the outer posterior angles.

Found by Mr. Wolfaston, in sand-pits, on Reigate common
on the 26th June, 1857 ; by myself, in the same locality, by
brushing, on the 6th July, 1859; and more recently by
Mr. Gorham, in sand-pits near Addington, Surrey.
4. HoMALOTA SUBTERRANEA, Mulsaut ; E. W. Janson,
Proc. Ent. Soc. 2 July, 1860, Zool. 7152 (1860).
Homalota suhterranea, Mulsant et Rev, Opu^c Ent
ii. 40, 4 (1853); Kraatz, Naturgesch. d. Ins.*
Deutschl. ii. 291, 99 (1856).
Head pitchy-black ; thorax rufo-testaceous ; elvtra and
abdomen reddish-brown, of the latter the fourth and fifth
segments and the base of the sixth pitchy-black; antenna
brown, their base and the legs rufo-testaceous.
Length 1 1- lin.

Nearly allied to S. hnspita, Maerk., but considerablv
smaller and relatively narrower; abdomen with segments 2^
5 minutely and sparsely punctate, the sixth nearlv^'smooth.

I captured a single male individual of this prettv and well

62 COLEOPTERA.

marked species near Mickleham, Surrey, on the 23rd of June
last, in a nest of Formica flav a., beneath a flint.

MM. Mulsant and Rey state that it occurs " at Hyeres, in

April, beneath stones, in the company of ants." Dr. Kraatz

informs us that it is found "near Berlin and in Schleswig

under damp fallen leaves."

5. Mycetoporus angularis, Mulsant; E. W. Janson,

Proc. Ent. Soc, 5th Nov. 1860.
3l7jcetoporus artgulariii, Mulsant et Rey, Opusc. Ent.

ii. 69, 4 (1853); Fairm. et Laboulb. Faune Ent.

Fran^. Coleop. i. 493, 4 (1856); Kraatz, Natur-

gesch. d. Ins. Deutschl. ii. 458, 3 (1857).
In its broad depressed form resembling 31. lucidus, but
considerably smaller, the elytra with a single discoidal row
of punctures only.

I am indebted to Mr. Brewer for three specimens of this
insect, recently taken by him near Reigate, Surrey, and
which he informs me were named for him by Dr. Power
" 31. angulai'is," and with the descriptions of which species
they appear to me to coincide, save in colour, having the
posterior angles only of the thorax, and the apical margin
alone of the sixth abdominal segment, rufo-testaceous; whereas
31. angularis is described as having the lateral and posterior
margins of the thorax, and the entire sixth segment of the
abdomen, of that colour, but to these discrepancies little im-
portance need be attached, as the majority of the species of
this genus are subject to considerable variation in respect to
colour.

It would appear that Dr. Power possessed, and had recog-
nized, this species previous to the communication of Mr.
Brewer's specimens, and I am informed that Messrs. Douglas
and Waterhouse also have examples.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IX 1S60. 63

6. QuEDius TRUNCicoLA, Fairm. ; E. W. Janson, Proc.
Ent. Soc. 6 Feb. 1860, Zool. 6937 (1860).
Quedius tnnicicola, Fairm. et Laboulb. Faune Ent

Franc. Col. i. 538, 14(1856).
Quedius fuhjidus, F. var. 3, Eric.
Very closely allied to Q.fulgidus, F., from which it differs
in having the sciitellum very sparingly punctured, and the
abdomen ferruginous red, the two basal segments with a
blackish tint. M. Fairmaire describes the antenna as havino-
the joints more elongate and the sixth abdominal segment o°f
the male more strongly emarginate than in Q.fulgidus, but
I am unable to detect in my specimens any difference in these
respects.

I have hitherto seen two examples only presenting the
peculiarities above mentioned, both of which I found under
bark of elm; one at Tottenham on the 29th of October, 1848,
the other near Hampstead on the 18th of January 'of the
present year.
7. Ptemdium picipes, Matthews, Zool. 7067 (1860)
Resembles P. punctatum, Gyll., in its deeply, remotely
punctate upper surface, but differs conspicuously in its ovate
convex form, and in having the disc of the thorax punctate
without a smooth longitudinal space.

Taken by the Rev. A. Matthews near Gumley, Leicester-
shire, m the early spring, in moss, and to his kindness I am
mdebted for the species.

8. Ptilium brevicolle, Matthews, Zool. 7066 (1860).
Readily distinguished from its congeners by its large heJd

short thorax, and rough punctuation. ^ '

Described by the Rev. A. Matthews from a single example
taken by him some years back near Weston, Oxfordshire

9. Ptilium SAxoNicuM,Gillm.; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool

7067 (1860).

64 COLEOPTERA.

Triclwpteryx Saxonica, Gillm. in Sturm's Deutschl.
Fauna, Ins. xvii. 81, 4, T. 7, f. 4 (1845).
One pair taken by the Rev. A. Matthews, near Gumley,
Leicestershire, in June.

10. Ptinella limbata, Heer ; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool.

7064 (1860).
Tricliopferyx Umhafa, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 376, 8

(1841) ; Gillmeister in Sturm's Deutschl. Fauna, Ins.

xvii. 59, 1,T. 5, f. 1 (1845).
Tricliopferyx testacea, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 376, 9

(1841).
Piillum testaceum^ Eric. Naturg. d. Ins, Deutschl. iii.

31, 12 (1845).
Found by the Revs. A. and H. Matthews in the Midland
Counties, and by myself in Surrey (Fig. 6).

11. Ptinella aptera, Gillm.; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool.

7064 (1860).
Ptilium apterum, Guerin, Revue Zool. 90 (1839), 69
(1844) ; Eric. Naturg. d. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 32, 13
(May, 1845).
TricJioj)teryx aptera^ Gillm. in Sturm's Deutschl.
Fauna, Ins. xvii. 63, 4, T. 5, f. 4 (August, 1845).
Discovered by the Revs. A. and H. Matthews in the Mid-
land Counties.

It may not, perhaps, be deemed irrelevant here to call
attention to the important discovery by Mr. Matthews of
well-developed eyes in the present and other species of this
genus hitherto regarded as destitute of vision, and to tran-
scribe from the pages of the "Zoologist" that gentleman's
remarks on the subject.

" It always appeared to me somewhat incomprehensible
how an animal, unendued with sight, could not only move
with such surprising rapidity in any purposed direction, but

NEW BRITISH SPECIES x\OTICED IN I860. 65

also avoid the obstacles it met with in its path, as I have
often seen these insects do. But the mystery is now solved ;
the many species comprised in the blind section of this genus^
the * sans yeux' of the ^ Faune Fran^aise,' in reality p^ossess
as perfect visual organs as fall to the lot of any existing
beetle— the only peculiarity of these organs being the fact
that they are concolorous with the other parts of the head,
and situated mainly on its lower surface, a small portion only
being visible from above."— i?ey. A. Matthews, Zool. 7064
(June, 1860).

12. Ptinella angustula, Gillm. (nee Janson in Ent.
Annual for 1860, No. 21) ; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool.
7064(1860).
Trichopteryx angustula, Gillm. in Sturm's Deutschl.
Fauna, Ins. xvii. m, 6, T. 5, f. 6 (1845).
Found by the Revs. A. and H. Matthews in the Midland
Counties, and by myself in Surrey. Like its congeners it is
to be sought for beneath the bark of dead trees.

In reference to the insect exhibited by me at the Meeting
of the Entomological Society on the 4th of April, 1859, and
enumerated in last year's Annual under the name of Ptinella
angustula, Mr. Matthews states: "While staying in Paris
for a short time in February last, I had the opportunity,
through the kindness of MM. Allard and Fairmaire, of
examining some of the French collections ofTrichopterygidfe,
and discovered that the species first taken by Mr. Janson,'
and subsequently by my brother, the Rev. H. Matthews, and
myself, was not the true angustula of Gillraeister, but one
which has been lately found near Paris by MM. Reiche,
Fairmaire and others, and described by M. Fairmaire under
the name of denticollisr—Rev, A. Matthews, Zool. 7064
(1860).

1861. p

66 COLEOPTERA.

13. Cychramus FUNGicoLA, Heer, Waterhouse. Proc. Ent.

Soc. 6th Aug. 1860, Zool. 7162 (1860).
Cychramus fungicola, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 408,

4 (1841); Eric. Naturg. d. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 214, 2

(1845).
Nitidula quadripunctatay var. h., Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv.

300, 22 (1827).
The close resemblance which this insect bears to C. luteus,
F., has probably led to its being mixed up with it in many
of our collections. Gyllenhal says of it, *' iV. lutea ut ovum
ovo simillima." It would appear, however, to be really spe-
cifically distinct, for while C. lutens is rendered opaque by
the dense pubescence which covers its whole upper surface,
the present insect, owing to its more scanty but longer pube-
scence, is slightly shining, and its form is more oblong and
convex. From its specific designation it might be inferred
that fungi were the special or at all events usual pabulum of
this species, but such is certainly not the case, as it occurs as-
sociated with C. luteus both in flowers and fungi. At Col-
ney Hatch, early in July last, I found both species in the
utmost profusion in the flowers of the common honeysuckle:
of a dozen specimens taken indiscriminately seven proved to
be C. Jungirola.

14. Lathridius carinatus, Gyll. ; Waterhouse, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Ser. 2, v. 175, 7 (1859).
Latridius carinatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 137, 17
(1827); Mannerheim in Germar's Zeitschr. f. d. En-
tom. V. 78, 13 (1844).
Easily distinguished from tlie ascertained British species
by its laterally incised prothorax and the obscure longitudinal
ridges on that segment.

Taken by Mr. Wollaston, eighteen years back, on the
outer walls of a newly erected house at Spridlington, near

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IX I860. 67

Lincoln, and recently bv Mr. Waterhouse in the Crystal
Palace at Sydenham.

Two specimens kindly given me by Mr. Wollaston, and
which have been referred by INI. Motschulsky to the X. in-
cisus, Mannerh., appear to me to coincide better with the
latter's description of i. carinatus ; in L. excisus the thorax,
it would appear, is shorter, the elytra longer (more than
thrice as long as the thorax), and the longitudinal ridges on
the thorax very divergent.

15. Heterocerus rectus, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Ser. 2, V. 168 (1859).
'^ H.fossor, V. Kiesenw. var?"

The differences which Mr. Waterhouse thinks will be
found to exist between his insect and H.fossor, v. Kiesenw.,
when specimens of the same sex are compared, are so slight,
that it appears to me it would have been more prudent to
postpone the imposition of a new name until a comparisDU
had been made.

** Ten specimens from North Wales ?"
I believe these examples are supposed to have been taken
by the Rev. F. W. Hope.

16. Heterocerus fusculus, v. Kiesenw.; Waterhouse,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Ser. 2, v. 166 (1859).
Seterocerus fusculus, Y. Kiesenw. in Germar's Zeitschr.
f. d. Entom. iv. 220, 17, T. 3, f. 11 (184.3); Eric*
Naturg. d. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 549, 9 (1847).
In its elongate depressed form and the disposition of the
markings on the elytra yerj similar to Het. hemqatus, Panz.
[Faun. Ins. Germ. Fas. 23, f. 13 (1794)], but its smaller
size, dull pubescence, more strongly punctured elytra and
darker coloured legs, apart from other less obvious dif-
ferences, will suffice to distinguish it.

f2

68 COLEOPTERA.

17. Trox hispidus, Laich. ; Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc.

6 Aug. 1860, Zool. 7163 (1860).
Trox Mspidus, Laicharting, Verzeichn. Tyrol. Ins. i.
30, 2 (1781); Eric. Natiirg. d. Ins. Deutschl. iii.
928, 2 (1848).
Of the size of the largest specimens of Trox sabulosus, and
very similar to it in form and sculpture : differs in having the
striae on the elytra finely punctured, and the row s of tubercles
on the interstices alternately large and small.
Locality unknown.

18. Rhagonycha elongata, Fallen ; E. W. Janson, Proc.

Ent. Soc. 6 Aug. 1860, Zool. 7161 (1860).
Cantliaris elongata^ Fallen, Mon. Canth. I. ii. 8
(1807); Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 335, 8 (1808).
Nearly allied to R. paludosa, Fall., but larger and propor-
tionally narrower; the prothorax subquadrate, its posterior
angles prominent, base of antennae, apex of femora and base
of tibiae testaceous.

Found, according to Gyllenhal and Sahlberg, in Sweden
and Finland " in frondibus abietis/' and in Lapland, ac-
cording to Zetterstedt, " i?i Betuletis.'^
Taken in Perthshire by Turner.

19. DoRCATOMA CHRYSOMELiNA, Sturm ; Watcrliousc,

Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Sept. 1860, Zool. 7221 (1860).
Dorcatoma chrysomelina, Sturm, Deutschl. Fauna, Ins.
xii. 7, 2, T. 244, f. a. A. B. (1837) ; Redtenb. Faun.
Austr. Ed. 2, 562 (1858).
Dorcatoma Dresdense, lUiger, Kaef. Preus. 334 (1798) ;
Fab. Syst. El. i. 330 (1801) ; Ent. Hefte, ii. 96, T. 3,
f. 10 a (1803), Tzer Herbst.
Nearly allied to D. flavicornis, Fab., first indicated by
me as an inhabitant of Britain and figured on the plate of
this Annual for 1858, fig. 7, but narrower, the punctuation

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IN 1860. 69

closer, and the antennas with the antepenultimate articulation
acutely produced within, its apex deeply emarginate; the
penultimate likewise deeply notched at its apex, the terminal
slender.

Messrs. Turner and Waterhouse have no claim either to
the discovery or first identification of this species.

On the 21st of .June, 1849, I accompanied Mr. F. Smith
to an old oak in a hedge-row near Peckham, Surrey, in
which Mr. Ingall and himself had taken this insect,"^ and
where I succeeded in obtaining sevei'al examples, which I
referi-ed, as soon as they were set, to the D. chrijsomelina of
Sturm, which appellation they have ever since borne in my
collection.

It will be seen by the references above given that this
insect was mistaken by Fabricius and others for the Dres-
dense of Herbst, and it appears to me that Stephens' descrip-
tion of B. Dresdensis, Illustr. Mand. iii. 337, i. (1830)—
his diagnosis is copied verbatim from the " Entomologische
Hefte" — applies to the species under consideration and not to
the true Dresdense, which is a much larger insect, of an elon-
gate quadrate form, vvith the thorax much nan-owed anteiiorly,
and of which no indigenous example has ever come under
my notice. The exponent of D. JDresdensis in the Ste-
phensian cabinet is a mere fragment, on a very suspicious
looking pin, sa?is head, sums legs, in fact sans everything.
20. Rhopalodontus perforatus, Gyll.; E. W. Janson,
Proc. Ent. Soc. 6 Aug. 1860, Zool. 7161 (1860).
Cis pejforatus, Gyll. Tns. Suec. iii. 385, 7 (1813).
Rhopalodontus perforatus, Mellie, Annales d. I. Soc.
Ent. de France, Ser. 2, vi. 234, T. 9, f. 23 (1848).
The genus Hhopalodontus was erected by the late M.
Mellie (Z. c. 233) for the reception of the present insect,
which diffei-s from Cis in having the tibias dilated and fur-

70 COLEOPTERA.

nished with a series of acute spines at their apices, the second
joint of the antennae more elongate, and the third shorter ; it
constitutes the connecting Hnk between Xylographus and
CiSf and in habit very closely resembles the members of the
first of these genera.

Its exceedingly coarsely-punctured elytra and long pube-
scence, and the distinctions above pointed out, will at once
lead to its recognition ; on the characters which separate it
from Xylographus, I need not here enter, as the sole Euro-
pean representative of that genus {X. hostricJioides, Dufour),
being a native of southern Europe and northern Africa, is
not likely to occur in Britain.

The discovery in Britain of this interesting little insect is
due to the late James Foxcroft, who reared it from boleti
gathered by him from old birch trees in the Black Forest,
near Rannoch, Pertshire.

21. Cis MiCANS, Herbst; Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. Ser.
2, V. 204, 3 (1860).
Anohium inicam, Hbst. Naturg. Kaef. v. 10, 64, T. 47,
f. 11, K. (1789) J Paiiz. Faun. Ins. Germ. Fas. 10,
f. 8 (1793).
Cis micans, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iii. 379, 2 (1813) ; Mellie,
Annales d. 1. Soc. Ent. de France, Ser. 2, vi. 255,
12, T. 2, f. 14 (1848).
Distinguished from C. Boleti, Scop., and C. setiger,
Mellie (C. villosulus, Waterh.), by its smaller size, smooth
and posteriorly margined thorax, and the fine rugulose punc-
tuation of its elytra, and from C. hispidus, Payk., by its
superior size, and relatively broader form, the fuscous club
of its antennae, and the absence of striae of punctures on its
elytra.

'' Hawkhurst, Kent."

Not uncommon in many places near London.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IN 1869. 71

22. Cis Alni, Gyll. ; Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. Ser
2, V. 206, 8 (1860).
Cis Alni, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iii. 386, 8 (1813); Mellie,
Annales d. 1. Soc. Ent. de France, Ser. 2, vi. 338'
45, T. 3, f. 18 (1848). '

^ Its elongate form, shining surface, the parallel widely-mar-
gined sides and salient anterior angles of its thorax, and short
scanty pubescence, serve at once to distinguish it from all of
its congeners hitherto registered as British. " Hawkhurst,
Kent." I am informed that Dr. Power has reared it copi-
ously from boleti gathered by him in Hampshire. Mr.
Brewer has met with it near Reigate, Surrey.
23. Cis festivus, Panz. ; Wat'erhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Ser. 2, V. 205, 6(1860).
Anohimn festivum, Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ Fas 6
f. 7(1793). ^* '

Cisfesticus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iii. 381, 4(1813); Mellie,
Annales d. 1. Soc. Ent. de France, Ser. 2, vi. T 3
f. 34(1848). * '

Nearly allied to C. oUongus, Mellie {pigmceus, Waterh.),
from which, however, its shorter, more ovate form, ferru-
ginous hue, and coarse sculpture, will serve readily to dis-
tinguish it.

I have taken specimens at Colney Hatch, Hampstead, and
in various other places near London, in the autumn and
winter; rare.

24. Cis FuscATUS, Mellie; Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Ser. 2, V. 205, 7 (1860).
Cisfuscatus, Mellie, Annales d. 1. Soc. Ent. de France,
Ser. 2, vi. 352, 55, T. 4, f. 1 (1848).
Its narrow form and small size (|~| lin.) at once distin-
guish this species from all of its ascertained indigenous con-
geners.

V2 COLEOPTERA.

I have repeatedly captured this insect, but always very
sparingly^ in the neighbourhood of London.

25. EiVNEARTHRON coRNUTUM, Gyll. ; Watcrhousc, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Ser. 2, 208(1860).
Cis cornutus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 626, 3—4 (1827).
Ennearthro7i cornutiim, Mellie, Annales d. 1. Soc. Ent.
de France, Ser. 2, vi. 362, 1, T. 4, f. 12 (1848).
Readily distinguished from E. affine, Gyll., by its superior
size, rufo-testaceous hue, and by the tuberculated thorax of
the males.

" Hawkhurst, Kent."

Apparently rai-e ; Mr. Dossetor captured several examples,
during the past summer, in the New Forest.

26. Anthicus bimaculatus, Illiger; E. W. Janson, Proc.

Ent. Soc. 6 Feb. 1860, Zool. 6937 (1860).
Noioxus bimaculatus, lUiger, Magaz. d. Insektenk.

i. 80 (1802).
Anthicus bimaculatus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 499, 9
(1810) ; Schmidt, Ent. Zeit. Stett. iii. 125, 2 (1842) ;
de Laferte, Mon. Anth. 147, 49 (1848) ; Redtenb.
Faun. Austr. Ed. ii. 640 (1858).
Conspicuous amongst all the species of the genus hitherto
ascertained as indigenous to Britain by its larger size, pallid
hue and obovate convex elytra.

A single specimen, given me by Mr. Josepli Chappel, of
Pendleton, near Manchester, by whom it was taken, in the
summer of 1859, on the Lancashire coast, is the only British
example which I have yet seen ; it differs from the normal
form, that first described by lUiger, in having the black
dorsal spot on each elytron, a little behind the middle, nearly
obliterated, and in this respect appears to confirm the Mar-
quis de Laferte's observation — " que les individus du bord

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IX 1860. 73

de I'ocean sont plus pales que ceux des contiees orientales de
TEurope."

27. BrachoxNYx indigena, Ilerbst ; E. W. Janson, Proc.
Eiit. Soc. 6 Aug;. I860, Zool. 7161 (1^60).
Curculio indigena, Herbst, Natursyst. Kaef. vi. 170,

130, T. 71, f. 12 (1793).
RhynchcBnus indigena, GvU. Ins. Suec. iii. 71, 7

(1813).
Brachonyx indigena, Schoenh. Cure. disp. meth. 232,
132 (1828), Gen. et Spec. Cure. iii. i. 329, 214
(1836); Guerin, Iconoor. Ins. Col. 145, T. 38, f. 3
(1833?); Ratzeb. Forst. Ins. i. 126, 21, T. 5, f. 9
(1837); Duval et Mign. Gen. Col. Eur. Cure. T. 19,
f. 8, 9(1855).
The genus Brachonyx, of which the insect now under
consideration is the sole known representative, differs from
Anthonomu.^, which it approximates in habit, in having the
thorax conspicuously longer than wide, the antennte inserted
rather behind the middle of the rostrum, the scutellum small
and nearly oj'bicular, the femora unarmed, and the tarsi
robust, their third joint especially very wide, tlie lobes lai-ge
and divergent, the claw-joint exceedingly short, scarcely pro-
jecting beyond the lobes of the preceding.

Ratzeburg, in his great work above cited, has described,
and Hugo Troschel has delineated, the economy of this spe-
cies. The female beetle deposits her eggs in the month of
May in the young fir fronds, in which the larvse feed until
July, at which period, having attained their full growth, they
assume the pupa state, and in August the perfect insect
emerges.

Common on firs in Sweden, Finland, Lapland, Northern
Germany, and the mountainous districts of Central Europe.

74 COLEOPTERA.

Three specimens, taken by Turner in Perthshire, are said
by him to liave been beaten out of birch.

28. Ceutorhynchus Syrites, Germ. ; Waterhouse, Proc.

Ent. Soc. 6 Aug. 1860, Zool. 7162 (1860).
Ceutorhynclms Syrites, Germar, Col. Spec. nov. 232,
358 (1824) J Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 577, 63-64
(1827).

Allied to C. assiniilh, F., but black, without any brassy
tint, more robust, the thorax at its base nearly twice as
broad as long, the sides more rounded, the dorsal channel
less apparent, the lateral linear tubercle le!?s evident, the
punctuation coarser ; the elytra broader, the scale-like
pubescence with which the interstices are clothed longer,
denser on the basal third of the first interstice, the tubercles
at and near the apex larger.

The C. inaffectatus, Schoenh., with which the present
species has likewise been confounded, is a lai'ger insect,
more nearly resembling C. assimilis in form, but having the
four posterior femora distinctly, the anterior obsoletely,
dentate.

" Found by sweeping in the field opposite the inn at Birch
Wood Corner on the 11th of July, and at Erith on the 26th
of June."

29. Ceutorhynchus tarsalis, Schoenh. ; Waterhouse,

Proc. Ent. Soc. 6 Aug. 1860, Zool. 7163 (1860).
Ceutorhynchus tarsalis^ Schoenh. Gen. et Spec. Cure,
viii. a. 167, 142 (1845) ; Hedtenb. Faun. Austr.
Ed. ii. 807(1858).
" At Erith on June 26th, by sweeping."
Some of our readers will doubtless be pleased to learn that
the third part of M. Jacquelin- Duval's " Glanures Ento-
mologiques" will contain a monograph of the European
Ceutorhynchi from the pen of this talented Entomologist.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IN 1860. 75

30, Bagous nodulosus, Schoenli. ; E. C. Rye, Zool. 7266

(1860).
Bagous nodulosus? Schoenh. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iii.
538, 3 (1836).

At the September Meeting of the Entomological Society
" Mr. Rye exhibited a Bagous apparently distinct from the
recorded British species, taken at Hammersmith." Vide
Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Sept. 1860, Zool. 7'22'2 (1860). This is
probably the insect he now refers to the Bagous Jiodulosus
of Schoenherr.

The Bagous nodulosus of Schoenherr is one of the largest
of the known European species, being 2| lines in length.

Mr. Rye states that B. hinodulus has the elytra with the
interstices " merely punctured" and that it has " on each
elytron four knobs" ; — now in the true B. hinodulus the in-
terstices of the elytra are not " merely puncturerl," they are
very thickly faintly coriaceous, " creher7-iute subtilissime coria-
ceis;" nor has it "four knobs" on each elytron, but only two,
exclusive of the humeral callus, the second interstice bearing
an acute tubercle a little behind the middle, the fourth a si-
milar tubercle close to the apex. He likewise states that in
B. nodulosus each elytron has " only two" knobs, — but in
the veritable B. nodulosus the fourth interstice alone ter-
minates far within the apex in an elevated tubercle, " quarto
a sutura longe intra apice/n in callum elevatum terminante."

31. Hylastes cunicularius (Knoch), Eric. ; E. W. Jan-

son, Proc. Ent. Soc. 5 Nov. 1860.

Hylastes cunicularius, Eric. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. ii.

49, 3 (1836) ; Ratzeb. Forst. Ins. i. 180, 3, T. 7, f. 7

(1837).

Although this species bears on a cursory inspection a very

close resemblance to S. ater, an attentive examination will

afford the followins; constant distinctions : its form is more

76 COLEOPTERA.

robust, its thorax is less cylindrical and more densely punc-
tate, sub-Gj3aque, and its elytra are broader and their sculp-
ture is coarser and deeper.

The first indigenous specimen of this insect which came
under my notice was given me by Mr. E. W. Robinson,
who took it beneath bark of fir, near Guildford, Surrey, on
the 21st of May, 1858, and I have since found it under
similar circumstances in the same county. In Mr. Wol-
laston's collection is an example taken by him some years
since at the "Devil's Dyke," and I have seen individuals in
several of the metropolitan collections confounded with H.
ater.

o2. Cryphalus Fagi, F. ; E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc.
6 Feb. 3860, Zool. 6937 (1860); H. S. Gorham,
Zool. 6905 (1860).
Apate Fagi, Fab. Ent. Syst. Supp. ]57, 16 (1798);

Syst. El. ii. 383, 16 (1801).
Cryphalus Fagi, Eric. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. ii. 62
(1836).
The narrow subcylindrical form, long elytra, prominent
tubercles or processes on the anterior portion of the thorax,
and red legs and antennae, distinguish this species.

I found an example near Hampstead on the 31st July,
1859, among refuse of a faggot- stack, and Mr. Gorham
subsequently captured it in some plenty in bark of beech
near Westei-ham, Kent.

33. Cryphalus Abietis, Ratzeb. ; E. W. Janson, Proc.

Ent. Soc. 6 Feb. 1860, Zool. 6937 (1860).

Cryphalus Ahietis, Ratzeb. Forst. Ins. i. 163, 10; T. 13,

f. 17 (1837).

Readily recognized by t]ie tubercles on the anterior portion

of the thorax being few in number and irregular in their

distribution (not in concentric rows), the regular series of

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IN 1860, 77

punctures and the short pubescence of the elytra. The legs
and antennae are red, the club of the latter pitchy black.
Discovered by the Rev. A. Matthews beneath bark of firs
near Gumley, Leicestershire, and to whose liberality I am
indebted for the species.

34. DoNAciA CoMARi (Ahr.), Suifrian; E. W. Janson,
Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Sept. 1860, Zool. 7221 (I860),-
Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Oct. 1860, Zool. 7269 (1860).
Donacia sericea, Ahrens olim, in Xeue Schrift. d.
naturf Gesellsch. zu Halle, I. iii. 29, 12 (1810);
Kunze, ibid. II. iv. 27 (1818), nee Linn.
Donacia Comari {Ahrens in litteris), Suffrian, Ent.

Zeit. Stett. vii. 84 (1846).
Donacia montana, Dahl. in lift.
^ Allied to D. .sericea, L. (profem, Steph.), but readily dis-
tinguished by the structure of its antenna and thorax and its
parallel elytra.

In I). Comari the antennas are comparatively short and
stout, the third joint but little longer than the second and
very little shorter than the fourth, the antei-ior angles of the
thorax are rounded and deflexed, and the callus is confounded
anterior! V with the maro-in. Fio- 9*

In Z>. sericea, L., the antennae are long and slender, the
third joint is fully half as long again as the second and
nearly as much shorter than the fourth; the anterior anc,rles
of the thorax are acute and reflexed, and the callus is clearly
defined anteriorly. Fio-. 9.

Discovered by the late James Foxcroft in Perthshire in
May, 1854.

35. Crioceris dodecastigma, Suffr. ; Waterhouse, Proc.
Ent. Soc. 6 Aug. 1860, Zool. 7163 (1860).
Lema dodecastigma (Ziegler), Suffr. Ent. Zeit. Stett.

/» COLEOPTERA.

ii. 40, 3 (1841) j Redtenb. Faun. Aiistr. Ed. i. 517
(1849).
Crioceris dodecastigmay Lacord. Mon. Phytoph. i.
582, .34 (1845) ; Redtenb. Faun. Austr. Ed. ii. 887
(1858).

Mr. Waterhouse attributes to Panzer the imposition of
this specific title, but I can find no insect thus designated in
any of Panzer's works, nor do any of the writers who have
treated on the insect now under consideration make the
slightest allusion to that author.

In comparing his insect with C. duodecim-punctata, Mr.
Waterhouse says that it is distinguished therefrom " by the
legs and under parts of the body being black instead of red.
The orbit of the eye is also entirely black, and the antennae
are less stout, &c."

The difference in the colour of the legs and underside
of the body few Entomologists will be disposed to accept as
a specific diagnostic ; the black orbit, as Suffrian remarks,
is frequently slightly apparent in C. duodecim-jjunctata,
and as regards the proportions of the antennae, the only
structural character given by Mr. Waterhouse, Suffrian,
the original describer of the supposed species, distinctly
informs us that in C. '['2-pitnctata the eyes, antemi<B, forehead,
thorax and elytra are precisely as in dodecastigina. La-
cordaire states that he has seen every intermediate grade
between the typical \2-punctata and dodecastigma, and
that the only character by which the two can be separated
is the black colour of the anterior portion of the head and
orbits of the eyes in the latter. He adds : M. Perroudj
Entolomo(jiste de Bordeaux, tna dit qu'elle se trouvait
communement aux environs de cette ville ,mr Vasperge, en
compagnie du 12-punctata, et que tons d'eux s'acrouplaient
mdistinctement." It is given in the last edition of the

XEW BRITISH SPECIES iVOTICED IN I860. 79

Berlin "Catalogus Coleopterorum Europe" as a variety
C. vZ-functata.

Locality unknown.
33. Crepidodera Atrop^, Foudras.

ETpitrvx Atropce (Maerkel), Foudras in Mulsant's Hist.
Nat. des Coleopt. de France, Altisides, 311, 3 (March*
1860); E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Oct. 186o'
Zool. 7267 (1860).
Crepidodera Atrop^, Allard, Annales d. 1. Soc. Ent
de France, Ser. 3, viii. m, 21 (June, 1860).

Ilaltica Atropce, IsUerkeX in litteris mm- Rev H

Clark, Zool. 7266 (1860). * *

Haltica pubescens, var. a and b, Ent. Hefte ii 37 17

t. 2, f. 11(1803). ^ • ^ '.

The members of the genus Epitrix, proposed by the late

M. l^oudras in the extraordinary work above cited, for the

reception of the Altica pube.cens, Ent. Hefte (excludinc

Tars, a and b), the E. intermedia, Foudras, and the present

species, are distinguished by their pubescent elvtra, and

certain minute structural peculiarities of the generative

organs, which can scarcely be accepted as o^ cjeneric value

M. Allard observes that the present insect '^ \s perhaps
ony a variety of pub esc ens;' and, further, that "it differs
only in its more diminutive size and the light spots on its
elytra, of which the pubescence is also a httle less dense."

A careful comparison, however, convinces me that the two
insects are specifically distinct, and, setting aside the dis-
crepancies in the form of the jedeagus pointed out by
M. Foudras, and which I hold to be per se conclusive evi-
dence on the point, I will direct attention to certain less
recondite differences.

C. Atropce is a smaller insect than C. pubescens -hot\i

80 COLEOPTERA.

are variable in size, but the largest specimens of the former
scarcely attain the magnitude of the smallest individuals
of the latter.

The usual phase of C. Atropce is black, with four rufo-
testaceous spots, two on each elytron, one near the base,
the other near the apex. These spots vary considerably in
size, occasionally invading nearly the whole elytron, as in
the individual represented by figure 5 of our plate; in some
specimens the basal spot is entirely obliterated, but no ex-
ample has yet come under my notice in w^hich the apical
spot is not present.

The normal phase of C. puhescens is uniform black: a
party-coloured variety, however, sometimes occurs, of which
I have two indigenous examples before me, but in these the
head, thorax and elytra are of a deep red brown, the suture
and external margins of the latter alone black.

In C. Atropce the thorax is relatively narrower, its sides
more parallel, the callus at the anterior angles is shorter and
more prominent, the spaces between the punctures are smooth
and glossy (in C. puhescens they are covered with a fine
reticulation M-hich renders them dull), and the basal trans-
verse impression is shallower, narrower, and ill defined; the
elytra are more ovate, the shoulders being less prominent,
and, finally, the punctuation throughout is conspicuously
finer.

The present species was first identified by Mr. Wollaston
on two specimens taken near Arundel, Sussex, on Atropa
belladonna, by Mr. John Gray. It was shortly afterwards
captured in the same locality by the gentleman first-named
and the Rev. Hamlet Clark, and subsequently by Mr. S.
Stevens, and to these gentlemen I am indebted for the series
of examples, a careful examination of which has afforded

NEW BRITISH SPECIES NOTICED IN I860. 81

me the apparently constant specific difFerences above pointed
out. Mr. Brewer also has more recently taken the insect,
but very sparingly, near Reigate, Surrey, and to his con-
sideration I owe the interesting variety figured on our
plate. "

2, Alma Road, Highgate Hill,
November 10 th, 1860.

1861.

( 82 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

New British Species in 1860.

(By the Editor.)

The unusually cold and wet season we have experienced has
not been favourable to the development of insects ; and, as
might naturally have been expected, our list of novelties is
very meagre.

Polyovimatua JBoetica has not succeeded in effecting a
settlement on our southern coast, and indeed many of the
regular southern species have been scarce.

Culias Edusa and Hyale have hardly been seen, and even
Apatura hns has not been chronicled amongst the captures
of the season.

Attention has been again called to the various forms which
Procris Statices assumes in different localities, but still we
do not feel at liberty to state that any new species of that
genus have been added to our lists. Further series of speci-
mens from various localities are necessary — it may be that
in an insect so local and so gregai-ious as a Procris, each little
tribe or colony will be found to differ more or less from other
tribes or colonies of the same species.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1860. 83

The following is our meagre list of novelties : —

Sphingina. Tineina.

Trochilium Philanthiforme. Gelechia intaminatella.

,, ? osseella.
NocTUiNA. Acrolepia Marcidella.

Nonao:ria Bondii. Coleophora Melilotella.

Dianthoecia Capsophila. » ArdeaBpennella.

„ Artemisiella.

Pyralidina. „ bicolorella.

Nola Albiilalis. Cosmopteryx orichalcea.

Nepticula Sorbi.

Trochilium Philanthiforme, Laspeyres.

At the Meeting of the Entomological Society of London
on Monday, Auo^ust 6th, Mr. Georo^e Kinor exhibited a series
of specimens of a new Trochilium which he had met with
near Torquay ; with them were also two specimens w^hich he
had taken in Cornwall. These specimens have been reputed
to belong to T. Philanthiforme, but whether this be truly
the correct name of the insect has not yet been satisfactorily
ascertained.

Dr. Battersby wrote to the Intelligencer (vol. viii. p. 139),
to say that his *' son was w^ith Mr. Kin^ when the insect was
taken, and that he had repeated opportunities of seeing it,
both on the wing and alive, in Mr. King's net."

Mr. Reading also met with the insect (see Int. vol. viii.
p. 192). " I captured a female specimen at the beginning
of June this year, and the cause of delay in making my
capture known was owing to illness and a wish to identify
the species, if European ; this last idea has not yet been
clearly carried out. I took my specimen on the cliffs at

02"^

84 LEFJDOPTERA.

Whitsands Bay, Cornwall. It will probably occur from
Berry Head to the Land's End."

Philanthiforme occurs in Hungary and in the north of
Germany; it is a variable insect, and the larva is unknown.
Staudinger states that it occurs near Berlin " from the middle
of June to the beginning of August, principally amongst
heather, but also in localities where that plant does not
grow."

NoNAGRiA BoNDii, Knaggs.

At the October Meetino; of the Entomoloo-ical Societv,
Dr. Knaggs exhibited a series of a new species of Nonagna
allied to Coyicolor ; for this he proposed the name of Bondil :
these were taken at Folkestone in July.

The diffeiences between this insect and iV^. concolor were
well pointed out in the notes which Dr. Knaggs read before
the Entomological Society; from these we extract the fol-
lowing : —

'' In addition to the larg-er size of -Z\^. BondiL and the
difference in colour, the fore wings being constantly paler,
and the hind wings darker in N.Bondii than in N. concolor,
there are other distinguishino; charactei's.

" For instance, the costa of the fore wing in N. concolor
presents from the base to the middle a convex curve, and for
the rest is straight, or, if anything, even slightly concave,
while in N. Bondii there is a gradual convex curve from the
base to the apex ; if there is any straightness or approach to
concavity, it is on the basal side of the middle of the costa.

" Again, the hind margin of the fore wings is considerably
more angulated in N. concolor than in N. Bondii; in the
latter the curve is much less abrupt, gradual, and, in some
cases, inappreciable.

NEW BRITISH SPFXIES IN 1860. 85

" The costa and inner margin are also more parallel in
-A^ coiicolor, and there is consequently less breadth of the
fore wino-s fi'ora the costa to the anal ande ; and the breadth
at the insertion seems also greater in proportion in N. con-
color than in N. Bonclii.

*' The hind wings are much more oval in N. Bonclii, and
are devoid of a concave notch a little below the costa, which
is constant in N. concolor. The general appearance of
N. Bonclii is much more slender than that of N. concolor,
especially as regards the proportionate size of the thoi-ax.

'' With respect to markings, there is a constant dotted line
more or less distinct at the insertion of the cilia in the fore
wings of N. concolor, totally wanting in N. Bonclii. On
the other hand, there is a constant shade in the centre of the
hind wings in N. Bonclii, which is absent in N. concolor ;
and while the under surface of the fore wings is dark sooty-
grey in K. Bondii, it is pale brownish-grey in N. concolor.

" The antennae are much lono-er, the leijs are darker, larg-er
and much less hairy in JV. Bonclii than in N. concolor.

" The palpi of J\^. concolor are larger, stouter and much
more thickly clothed with scales than in N. Bondii,ii\thou^\i
the latter is the larger insect," &c., &c. — See Zoologist,
p. 7270.

Entomologists generally must feel much indebted to Dr.
Knaggs for the pains he has taken to point out the dis-
tinctions between these species. It may have been that
Dr. Knaggs was incited so to do by a high authority re-
puting his insect merely Concolor, but if so, we have here an
instance of what we frequently find, that the want of some
expected support induces people to lean on their ovv-n re-
sources, and the educational process of self-help thus set in
action renders them more useful members of society.

86 LEPIDOPTERA.

DiANTHCECiA Capsophila, Boiscluval.
Several specimens of this Noctua were taken at a light-
\/ house in Ireland in July.

This species is intermediate between D. Ca?yophaga and
D. Capsincoh. Guenee remarks that it may easily be
confounded with dark specimens of D. Carpojjhaga,
It is a scarce continental insect.

NoLA Albulalis, Hiibner.
(Fig. 3.)

Of this species four specimens were captured in July,
1859, in the neighbourhood of Chatham; Dr. Allchin took
three, and Mr. Chaney took one.

Dr. AUchin's captures were recorded in the Intelligencer,
vol. vi. p. 188, under the name oi Nola CentonaUs.

In July last Dr. Allchin took another specimen at the
same locality, after three days' hard work for it.

It is distinguished from most of its congeners by the
broad and blunt anterior wings.

Little is known of the habits of this insect ; Treitschke
says the larva probably feeds on water-mint {3Icmtha aqua-
tica), but what foundation he may have had for such an
assertion it is impossible to conjecture.

The perfect insect. Dr. Allchin observes, is \tYY sluggish,
and is moved with difficulty.

This species occurs sparingly in Austria, Hungary and
Saxony, and a single specimen (which was figured by Dii-
ponchel) has occurred in the east of France.

Gelechia intaminatella, Stainton.
This insect is thus noticed in the Intelligencer, vol. vii.
p. 140: —

" Gelechia intaminatella j a new sjoecies. Islv. Eales, of

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1860. 87

Darlington, lately sent me, for examination, a Gelechia
which he was unable to determine. The insect in question
appears to be altogether new ; it has relations with Desertelia
and Senectella, but is essentially distinguished by the total
absence of spot or marking.

" Mr. Eales met with it on the bank of the railway, about
two miles from Darlington. I would propose for it the name
of Intammatella.'' — H. T. Stainton, January 25thf 1860.

There is not much that can be added to the above ; the
anterior wings are more pointed than in G. Desertelia, and
they have a more irrorated appearance than in any of the
allied species, but there is no vestige of a paler hinder fascia,
nor of the discoidal spots.

Gelechia? osseella, n. sp.

Last year Mr. Wilkinson, of Scarborough, sent me some
insects for examination ; amongst them was one which I could
not name, and, as it does not appear to be anywhere described,
I have suggested the above designation. But it is not a true
Gelechia, as the palpi are short and rather drooping, but it
has trapezoidal hind wings, and hence it accords with no
known genus. It is an inconspicuous insect, and might
readily be mistaken, at a casual glance, for Elacliuta riifo-
c'merea.

Mr. Wilkinson found them freely on the wing, in the hot
sunshine, the first week in June, in Yedmandale and Forge
Yalley, near Scarborough.

The anterior wings are bone-coloured, with a fiiint ochreous
tinge, and indistinctly clouded with greyish along the costa
and hind margin. The posteiior wings are grey.

Exp. al. oh lin.

It is possible that bred specimens of this insect may fur-
nisli more tangible characters than can be obtained from these
caught specimens.

88 LEPIDOPTERA.

AcROLEPiA Marcidella, Curtis.
Described by Curtis in the Annals of Natural History,
1850, p. 120. Mr. Curtis remarks, "A pair of this moth
was given to me by Mr. Robertson, I think; the specimens
have a worn or faded appearance." I am sorry to say that
this last-named character still prevails in all the specimens
which I have seen, but still the insect does not seem to accord
with any of the known species of the genus, British or Con-
tinental, and probably by calling attention to the existence of
the insect it may be more sought for and better specimens
may result. Mr. Bond has a specimen, and I understand
Mr. Mitford has recently taken the insect.

COLEOPHORA MeLILOTELLA, Scott.

This insect has been described by Mr. Scott in an unpub-
lished paper read before the Entomological Society of London.
It was noticed also in the Intelligencer, vol. viii. p. 108.

This is the solution of Enigma No. 74.

The perfect insect closely resembles Frischellaj and is inter-
mediate between that species and Deauratella. The case of
the larva is very different from that of the larva of Fris-
chella ; the case of this last-named species is long and curved,
and black, being formed of silk -, it resembles most the case
of the larva of Conspicuella.

The case of the larva of 3IeUloteUa, as observed last year,
Entomologist's Annual, 1860, p. 150, "is made of the seed
husk of the Melilotus officinalis ; at first only a single seed is
used, then two are clumsily attached together, ultimately they
are so blended as to form a symmetrical cylindrical case."
Only very few specimens of C. 3Ielilotella were bred, most
of the larvffi remaining unchanged, no doubt in lifopes of
better weather another year.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN I860. 89

Mr. Allis visited the locality when the perfect insects were
bred, and succeeded in taking a nice series.

COLEOPHORA ARDE.EPENNELLA, Scott.

This insect has also been described by Mr. Scott in an un-
published paper read before the Entomological Society of
London. It is also noticed in the InteUi^encer, vol. viii.
p. 133.

The peifect insect very closely resembles C. IbipenneUa ;
and the case i-esembles in form the case of that species, but
its position is different, the case being erect and not prostrate ;
it is not uncommon on oak at Darenth and Dulwich Woods.

CoLEOPHORA ArTEMISIELLA, Scott.

This insect has likewise been described by Mr. Scott in an
unpublished paper read before the Entomological Society of
London. It is also noticed in the Intellio;encer, vol. "viii
p. 133.

It is the solution of Enigma ^o. 75 ; the larvffi feeding
on Artemisia maritinia in August, in an elongate, sofr,
ochreous-grey-green case.

The perfect insect belongs to the most difficult section of
the genus ; Mr. Allis, who visited the locality and met with
the perfect insect, remarks, that it has a mealtj look like the
food -plant.

Coleophora bicolorella, Stainton.
The insect for which I have proposed this name is allied to
Fuscedinella. It is an alder feeder; the statement at p. 149
of the Intelligencer, vol. viii., that it fed on elm, being
erroneous. It is very difficult to indicate any good, decided
character by which the perfect insect may beVcognised, but
the case is very peculiar; " it is something in the style of the

90 LEPIDOPTERA.

case of Viminetella, and distinctly of two colours, but it is
much stumpier and stouter than any Viminetella case I ever
met with." Mr. Sayer met with the larvse in some plenty
near Hackney, and liberally supplied me with the insect.

I have also found the case on alders at Lewisham when
I have been seai'ching for Statltmopoda Pedella.

Mr. Scott has proposed the name Politella for a nut-feeding
Coleophora described b}^ him in the unpublished paper
(before alluded to), which was read before the Entomological
Society of London in August last ; further investigations are
necessary to establish the identity or the distinctness of
Politella and Bicolorella.

COSMOPTERYX ORICHALCEA, n. sp.

I propose the above name for the new^ Cosmopteryx taken
by Mr. Thomas Brown, some years ago, in the open iew
near Cambridge (Int. viii. p. 190), and taken also by
Mr. Farren in the IS'ew* Forest last year (Int. viii. p. 195).
There are three specimens in the British collection of the
British Museum.

In the Intelligencer, vol. viii. pp. 197 — 199, I called
attention to the various closely aUied species of the genus
Cosvwj)teryx, observing that the four known species might
be thus tabulated.

Schmidiella. Extreme base of the f. w. black ; apical

streak uninterrupted.
Exiniia. Extreme base of the f. w. black ; apical streak

interrupted, forming two spots.
Dniryella, Z. Entire base brassy, apical streak unin-
terrupted.
Orichalcea, n, sp. Entire base brassy, apical streak
interrupted, forming two spots. » m

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1860. 91

The insect bred by Herr Hofmann from the Hier^ocldoe
AuUralis has the apical streak uninterrupted; it is therefore
the Druryella of Zeller, and not identical with Mr. Brown's
Orickalcea.

Neither Sclimidklla nor Druryella have yet been found
in this country, though it is very possible they may occur
here.

Nepticula Sorbi, n. sp.

I propose this name for the blotch-making Nepticula of
the mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), which has been bred
rather freely by Mr. Wilkinson of Scarborough. The larva
cannot be at all confounded with the larva of Ne]). Aucu-
paricB, since that makes a distinct regular gallery, whilst
the mine of N. Sorbi forms a veiy decided blotch of irre-
gular form. The perfect insects differ vastly, Aucuparice
being a unicolorous, and Sorbi a fasciated species. Sorbi
has most resemblance to K. Floslactella, and to JV. Salicis,
but the fascia is broader, perfectly straight and not so yel-
lowish ; the anterior wings are also rather more elongate,
and the basal portion is of a uniform dull grey.

In the ist volume of the Natural History of the Tineina,
in the description of Nejjticula Floslactellay p. 108, the
present species is thus alluded to : ''a probable third species
in this section differs by the anterior wings being longer, and
the pale fascia more nearly perpendicular." It is satisfactory
to find that a species thus dimly indicated by the imago
obtains such decided corroboration by the discovery of the
larva.

I was about to announce the occurrence of —
Nepticula Tormentillella, Herrich-Schaffer ; and
Nepticula Ulmivora, Miihlig.

I bred one specimen of a Nepticula from larvae found in

92 LEPIDOPTERA.

the leaves o^ Potentilla Tormentilla amongst the heather on
Birnam Hill, Dunkeld, in September, 1859, and I had
assumed, without hesitation, this would have been the Tor-
mentUlella of Herrich-SchafFer, but it is totally different.
Herrich-Schaffer's insect has the anterior wings metallic-
greenish at the base, the fascia silvery, slender and slightly
curved; ray specimen has the base of the anterior wings
brownish, the fascia is pale golden, rather broad, and nearly
straight. It would be unsafe to found a species on this sing^le
specimen, but it is not improbable that more than one species
may feed upon the Potentilla Tormentilla.

Of Nepticula Ulniivora no specimens have been yet bred
in this country, and therefore it would be hazardous to assume
with certaintij that the larvas which we take for those of that
species are really referable to it. These larvas have been col-
lected by Mr. M'Lachlan and myself, between Norwood and
Addincirton.

( 93 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

Rare British Species captured in 1860.

GoiVEPTERYX Rhamni ; the occurrence of a specimen of
one of the Cleopatra variety of this insect was announced in
the Intelligencer, vol. viii. p. 171. " It was captured by
John Fallerton, Esq., in his grounds at Thrybergh Park,
near Rotherham, June 27th, 1860. The forewings are much
more suffused with orange than those of the specimen which
Mr. Curtis figured could have been, and the specimen resem-
bles exactly the Italian specimen of Cleopatra in Mr. Hope's
collection."

Co LIAS II YALE ; fcw indeed have been the specimens of
either of the Clouded Yellows, which have been seen at
large this year. Mr. Hind has however (Int. ix. p. 26),
recorded the occurrence of two specimens of C. Hyale on
the 21st Aus^ust al Worthins^.

PoLYOMMATUS Acis ; a specimen of this insect occurred
at Epworth, near Bawtry, in the same field where one was
taken last season (Int. viii. p. 139).

Sphinx Convolvuli ; the captures of five specimens of
this insect have been recorded : viz., one on the 24th August
at Brantingham, near Brough, taken at rest on a door; one
on the 31st August, flying over petunias at Sutton-on-Der-
went, York; one on the 12th September at Brantingham,
near Brough, in a conservatory, whither it had been attracted
by the petunias; one on the loth September at Fording-

94 LEPIDOPTERA.

bridge, Hants, and one at Yarm, Yorkshire, taken at rest in
an old summer-house (Int. viii. pp. 178, 195 and 202).

This last specimen laid a few eggs.

At the October Meeting of the Entomological Society of
London, '^ Mr. Syme exhibited a female specimen of Sphinx
ConvuhuU, which had emerged from the pupa on the 15th
September. It had been produced from a larva found in
a potato field at Deal in the autumn of last year, and had
remained nearly a year in the pupa state" (Zoologist, 7269).
Mr. Syme had dissected the specimen and exhibited the eggs,
which were in a very undeveloped state, evidently implying,
that had that specimen been at large, the process of ovi-
position would not have taken place till after hybernation.

Some surprise has often been expressed that the larva of
Sphinx Convohuli is so seldom observed ) of Spliinx Li-
gustri, we see the larva far more frequently than the perfect
insect, but the converse is the case with *S. ConvolvuU. Mr.
D'Orville has observed in the Zoologist, p. 6818, "that on
the 14th of October, 1859, he obtained a nearly fidl-grown
larva of ^. ConvolvuU; it was dug up in a potatoe field, and
was so covered with wet dirt, that he infers it conceals itself
under ground by day and feeds by night,"

Sphinx Pinastri; at the February Meeting of the Ento-
mological Society of London, Mr. Sealy exhibited a specimen
of Sphi?ix Pinastri, which he had been assured was captured
by a young Entomologist the previous summer at Romsey,
Hants ; the specimen was taken whilst flying round a fir tree.
Mr. Sealy was asked whether there was any likelihood of the
specimen exhibited being a foreign example, which had been
inadvertently placed amongst insects from the locality men-
tioned ; to this Mr. Sealy replied, that the brother of the
reputed captor had some time previously visited Switzerland
and there taken a few insects, but he was assured that the
S. Pinastri was not one of the Swiss captures.

RARE BRITISH SPECIES CAPTURED IX 1860. Oo

At the ensuing Meeting of the Entomological Society of
-London, Mr. Dunning read a letter from C. Maurice E.q
m which the writer asserted positively that the S. Pinastri
in question was caught by him at Romsey. A letter was
also read from S. H. Maurice, Esq., the brother who had
visited Switzerland; in this letter the writer stated, that he
felt certain the Sphinx in question was not one of his Swi«s
captures, but was caught by his brother at Romsey after his
return from Switzerland.

l\o specimens of the insect haye occurred this year in the
same locality-but what could we expect considering the
season ! •"

Beilephila LiTOR.vrcA ; about twenty specimens of this
.nsect have been recorded as occurring in the month of JI=y
ast : v^z one specimen taken at Brighton, May 12th fZoo-
log,st 70o9 and 7107); one specimen caught near E eter,
May 13tl., set out by the Rev. J. Hellins, and belonging to

I Z Hr T ^^- °^ ^""^ '-■^)' "^-^ specimen: taken
on the 1.3th May by Mr. Stewart at Torquay.ho.ering over
the flowers of the wh.te narcissus (Int. viii. p. 51) ; on the
even,ngof May 14th a specimen was taken at Torquay ^
.he son of Mr George King (Int. viii. p. 58) ; the following
morn,„g the 15th, Mr. Swaysland took one in his garden"
just outs, e the town of Brighton (Zoologist, 70I9 and'
7107), and the same evening Mr. George King took another
specimen at Torquay (Int. viii. p. .58); on the 17th another
specimen occurred at Brighton (Zoologist, 7107); on the
19thaspec.men was captured at St. Leonard's-on-Sea (Int
vm. p. 67) ; on the 20th a worn specimen was found asleep
m a garden at Lewisham (Int. viii. p. .58), and one very much
worn was taken hovering over flowers on the downs,' Fresh-
water, sle of Wight (Zoologist, 7107) ; the followi;.! d",
the 21st, a specimen was beaten out of an " Arbor-vite" "at

96

LEPIDOPTERA.

Bembridge, Isle of Wight (Zoologist, 7107), and another
specimen was caught at St. Leonard's-on-Sea (Int. viii.
p. 67) ; two others were seen hovering over flowers near
Brighton, and one other was taken, but pulled to pieces by
a child, between the 17th and 26th May (Zoologist, 7107) ;
lastly, five other specimens were captured at Exeter, in the
nursery of Messrs. Veitch and Son (Int. viii. p. 123),

The simultaneous appearance at such distant localities, and
the occurrence of all the specimens (except that taken at
Lewisham) on the coast, are suggestive facts !

Ch^rocampa Nerii; the following notice by Mr. W.
Costick of the larva of this species occurring near Eastbourne
appeared in the Intelligencer, vii. p. 140 : '^ I had two
caterpillars of the Oleander Hawk-moth ( C. Nerii) in my
larva box last year, which I found in the suburbs. They fed
very well until the very sudden change of weather in the early
part of November, at which time they became sluggish and
ulpmately died, owing, I think, to the want of a proper
place to keep them in. One was brought to me on the 12th
and the other on the 18th October. At first I was inclined
to think they were Acherofitia Atropos^ the larva of which
you say is sometimes, though rarely, found of a brownish
olive ; but on closer inspection I found the difference, by the
anal horn and by the larva being of a lighter green, with two
large ocellated spots. They were found in a field of potatoes
in which periwinkle grows, upon which they fed very eagerly
just before they died, and also upon the oleander at times,
but when found they were feeding on potato."

Ch^rocampa Celerio; the capture of five specimens
this autumn has been recorded, one at IVIatlock, on the 20th
September, " fluttering in the long grass and herbage be-
neath a clump of fir-trees, about 6, p.m., having evidently
just emerged from the pupa state" (Int. ix. p. 10) ; one at

RARE BRITISH SPECIES CAPTURED IN 1860. 97

Nottingham, on tlie 22nd September, which was found in a
factory in the town (Int. ix. p. 3) : one at Wakefield, on the
27th September, which was exhibited alive at a meetino- of
the Wakefield Naturalists' Society (Int. ix. p. 3); one at
Darlington, on the 30th September, found on a window
ledge (Int. ix. p. 10), and one at Beccles, which flew into a
chemist's shop, attracted by the \\crht (Int. ix. p. 26).

The contrast of the local distribution of these insects with
the specimens of DeUephila Livornica in May is very
singular.

Cerura Bicuspis; the occurrence of five specimens of
this insect has been recorded in the columns of the Intelli-
gencer. On Thursday, May 10th, Mr. Allis bred a fine male
from a pupa found near York the previous summer (Int. viii.
p. 51); early in June a fine female was taken on an alder
near Preston by Mr. Pugh (Int. viii. p. 82); shortly after-
wards Mr. Hodgkinson found two speciniens on alder trees
near Preston ; " I took them when just emerged from pup«,
in fiict sitting just over the pupa cases, on alders" (Int. viii.
p. 91) ; on the 20th of June, Mr. Meldrura, of Ripon, taking
shelter from a torrent of rain amongst some alders, found " a
beautiful specimen of a male Bkuspis sitting on the trunk of
one of the alders immediately above the pupa case" (Int. ix.
p. 107).

Gastropacha Ilicifolia; another locality has been
found for the insect, Mr. Lickley having found a pupa on
the moors near Ripon (Int. viii. p. 51).

Acrgnycta Alni ; several specimens of this insect have
occurred, the perfect insects in June and the larvae in August
and September. One at York, June 6th (Int. viii. p. 83) ;
two at the Holme Bush, Sussex, on the 6th and 12th of
June (Zoologist, 7108) ; one at Wakefield (Int. viii. p. 107),
and one at Brantingham, near Brough (Int. viii. p. 195:.

1881. TT ' '

98 LEPIDOPTERA.

Letjcania Putrescens; of this insect, which was added
to our lists last year, Mr. Stewart has recorded the capture
of three specimens near Torquay at the end of August (Int.
viii. p. 178) ; other specimens have occurred in the neigh-
bourhood of Teignmouth.

Leucania ViTELLiNA ; a Specimen taken in the Isle of
Wight was exhibited by Mr. Bond at the October Meeting
of the Entomological Society of London (Zoologist, p. 7269).

Xylophasia Scolopacina; we had formerly expressed
surprise at the occurrence of this insect in NortJi Devon ;
one has now been captured at Lewisham by Messrs. C. and
J. Fenn (Int. ix. p. 60).

AcosMETRA CALiGiNOSA ; at the March Meeting of the
Entomological Society of London, " Dr. Wallace exhibited
two specimens of A. caliginoi<a taken by Mr. Grimstead in a
w^ood near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; he observed that the species
had hitherto only been captured in this country in the Xew
Forest" (Zoologist, 6940).

CiRR^DiA Xerampeltna ; several specimens of this in-
sect have been taken at light near York (Int. ix. p. 20), and
Mr. Jeffrey has bred the insect fi'om a larva he found on the
3rd of June concealed in the crevices on the trunk of an ash
tree (Int. viii. p. 187).

Heliothis armigera; the capture of two specimens at
Heme Bay is recorded in the Intelligencer (vol. viii. p. 172).

Agrophila Sulphuralis; this insect has again turned
up in Norfolk, where ten specimens were captured " in the
last week of July and the first week of August, in very good
condition, flying over a hedge of Scotch fir" (Int. ix. p. 35).

Ehastria Ven ustula ; the following notices of the cap-
ture of this insect have appeared. *' Though professedly a
Micro-Lepidopterist, I do not hesitate to take any rai'ity that
falls in my way ; therefore, being at Loughton on the 16th

RARE BRITISH SPECIES CAPTURED IN i860. 99

June, and falling in with a few specimens of Efa>it7-'m Venial-
tula, I thought it no sin to box them. One of them, a male
specimen, is a perfect gem, being clouded about the base of
the wing with the most delicate pink imaginable. Like other
Noctuidcu, it flies for a short time before dark, and has a
habit , of dropping when alarmed. One of my specimens
served me thus, and, getting amongst the short herbage, deiied
all my attempts to discover it. However, I carefully noted
the spot where it disappeared, and, lighting my pipe, ^ blew
a cloud' into the grass, &c., and in a minute had the satis-
faction of observing it issue from its retreat in the very place
where i had been searching." C. Miller (Int. viii, p. 99).
^' HaviufT; visited Lou2;hton in search of this insect I was so
fortunate as to capture a few." Thomas Eedle (Int. viii.
p. 99). ^' On the 14th June I had the pleasure of capturing
a female of this species ; it has fortunately laid me some eggs,
Vv'hich have since hatched. Since then I have taken several
more." J. Bryant (Int. viii. p. 107). "Then, at half-
past eight, Vemisfula made its appearance, flying in pairs,
one offei' the other" (Int. viii. p. 143). "This beautiful
little Tortj'ix-like Noctua has again appeared in Epping
Forest. At flrst, either damaged or retarded by excessive
wet, it occurred only sparingly, but the numbers gradually
increased until the 24th of June, when they appear to have
reached their zenith, one collector alone having taken about
a hundred."— Edward Nev^man (Zoologist, 7108).

Ophiodes Lunaris ; a fine specimen of this insect was
taken at sugar at West Wickhara Wood, May 27th, by
Mr. Smith of Walworth (Int. viii. p. 91 ; Zoologist, 7108).
This is only the second specimen that has occurred in Britain ;
the insect is not rare in oak woods in Belgium, and will pro-
bably soon be turned up in greater numbers in some parts of

h2

100 LEPIDOPTERA.

the South of England ; a figure of the insect will be seen on
our frontispiece (fig. 4).

BoLETOBiA FuLiGiNARiA ; the occuiTcnce of a specimen
of this insect in Worcestershire has been recorded (Int. viii.
p. 3) ; it was taken some years ago at Croome, near the seat
of the Earl of Coventry.

Ephyra orbicularia ; a singular hybrid, between this
species and E. trilinearia, was exhibited by Mr. Henry
Cooke, of Brighton, at the Meeting of the Entomological
Society of London in May last. It had been obtained in
the following manner — " He had bred a considerable num-
ber of Ephyra tjilifiearia and E. orbicularia, and had
repeatedly endeavoured to pair the opposite sexes of these
species, but only succeeded in one instance in doing so, the
insects being a male E. orbicularia and female E. trilinearia.
The female deposited eight eggs, all of which hatched, and
the larvae in due course were full grown, at which time they
presented great dissimilarity in appearance, two or three
exactly resembling the larvas of E. tj-ilinearia, while others
were precisely like those of E. orbicularia, the remainder
differing mucli from those of either parent. Although all of
them seemed to enter the pupa state in the most satisfactory
manner, yet only the one moth exhibited, and that somewhat
crippled in the posterior wings, was produced." '* This insect
bore no resemblance whatever to Trilinearia; indeed it
seemed' far more Hke Porata and Punctana than either of
its parents :" " the colour and markings approaching nearer
to Porata, the central fascia common to all, the wings being
broad and well defined." *' Had it been taken at large it
w^ould have caused considerable discussion , amongst our
greatest 6'«u«/i.5." (Zoologist, 7070; Intelligencer, viii. p. 47).

AciDALiA RuBRiCATA ; two specimens of the insect taken

RARE BRITISH SPECIES CAPTURED IN I860. 101

this season, near Brandon, in Suffolk, were exhibited by
Mr. Warinf^ at the August Meeting of the Entomological
Society of London (Zoologist, 7161).

AciDALiA CoNTiGUARiA ; of this iuscct (figured in the
Entomologist's Annual for 1856 under the name of Dosithea
Eburnata) a specimen was taken on the 8th of August last
bv Mr. Thomas Hamie. It was sittino; on the wall on Ban-
gor New Road, about half way between Conway and the
large rock that projects out into the Irish Sea, opposite
Puffin Island (Intelligencer, ix. p. 3).

LiTHOSTEGE NiVEARiA ; a bcautiful female of this species
taken at Brandon, in Suffolk, this season, was exhibited by
Mr. Waring at the August Meeting of the Entomological
Society of London (Zoologist, 7161 }.

Herminia derivalis ; Mr. Healy has recorded the
capture, June 12th, 1859, of a specimen of this insect; it
was beat out of a beech tree in Epping Forest, near the
King's Oak (InteUigencer, vii. p. 188).

Sophroxia emortualis; on the 12th of July last the
Rev. Mr. Birks took a fine female of this species (Int. ix.
p. 28).

Agrotera xemoralis; Mr. Porter took a specimen of
this insect in May last at Woedsdale, near Battle (Int. viii.
p. 91).

DiASEMiA LiTERALis; Mr. Reading has met with this
insect near Plymouth. Mr. Reading writes in the Intelli-
gencer (vol. ix. p. 18) : '^ This species has occurred near
Plymouth this year at two very distinct periods, viz. in
June and September, which makes it appear as though the
species were double-brooded, but not having visited the place
where it appeared in the intermediate months, I have no fur-
ther proof of its double-broodedness than the seeing and
capturing it at the times mentioned. I took about two dozen

102 LEPIDOPTERA.

Specimens." " The idea of its being attached to ponds is cer-
tainly wrong, at least in the imago state, and I think it can
hardly be so in any state, seeing there is no water in the neigh-
bourhood of its habitat. The habit of this insect is rather
that of the PyraustcBy flitting about in short flights in sun-
shine and not easily approached in shade. The locahty for
it is a high sloping down, where the furze and fern are the prin-
cipal occupants of vegetable growth, but there are also the
usual plants that cover a Devonshire down, heath or moor —
there are clumps of heath and thyme. I can safely advise
those who may wish to take the species to look for it in a
dry place" (Int. ix. p. 18).

Spilodes Palealis ; has occurred at Bi'ighton (Int. viii.
p. 171); "at Heme Bay it is very common on the East
Clifl", where there is a profusion of Peucedanum and Daucits
Carota'' (Int. viii. p. 172).

EuDOREA PHiEOLEUCA ; three specimens of this insect
vv'ere captured at Ranworth by Mr. Winter (Int. ix. p. 3 .

Ephestia semirufa ; Mr. Scott has announced the
capture of this insect (Int. viii. p. 147), and exhibited speci-
mens at the August Meeting of the Entomological Society
of London (Zoologist, p. 1G2).

Chilo Paludellus; specimens of this insect were taken
at Ranworth by Mr. Winter (Int. ix. p. 3).

Chrosis Audouinana ; this has been taken at Loughton
by Mr. Biggs (Int. viii. p. 83), and at Darenth Wood by
Mr. M'Lachlan ^Zoologist, 7152).

( 103 )

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH TINEINA.

(Supplementary to the Insecta Britannica — Lepid-
OPTERA, Tineina; and to the Entomologist's Com-
panion, 2nd Edition.*)

Tal(eporia pseudobomhi/cella (I. B., p. 18). The carni-
vorous propensities of the larva of this species have been
observed by Mr. Healy ; one larva devoured four females of
Diplodoma marginepunctella and a dead 3Iu:ropteryx pur-
purella ; another ate two house-flies and a perfect insect of
its own species (Int. viii. pp. 44 and 156).

Diplodoma mMrginepuvctella (I. B., p. 20). Of a larva
of this species, Mr. Healy observes in August, *' I have in
my possession a larva of the above species, whicli I found
at West Wickham last May, and, since I had it, it has eaten
one Torlrix, several common house-flies, and some ie\x
Micros. I have never given it any green food, but kept
it solely on insects, which it has greedily devoured" (Int. viii.
p. 156). Mr. Edleston has also continued his observations
on the habits of this insect — " keeping the larvae in a glass
jar, giving them bruised beetles, earwigs, &c., for their car-
nivorous propensities, and a sprig of hawthorn for their

* We are sorry to say, that this Edition is now quite exhausted, and
that we shall therefore soon be under the necessity of preparing a revised
Edition; this, however, wuU be a work of time, which we cannot under-
take just at present.

104 LEPIDOPTERA.

vegetable diet ; they continued to feed till November, when,
taking up their positions, they remained as fixtures. When
spring returned, I expected to see them on the move, but,
observing no signs, concluded they were in the pupa state.
At the end of June two males and two females appeared ;
in getting them out of the jar I was astonished to see one of
the largest cases moving about — a fellow I had noticed for
months attached to the glass, with his head downwards.
Placing some hawthorn in the jar had the effect of soon
starting several cases on the move; the larvae eating haw-
thorn voraciously, it is quite evident a number of them in-
tend living another year. Lately I observed one of the
larvae feeding on the abdomen of an old dried Noctua, and
another busy at work on the thorax of Arctia Villica," &c.,
&c. (Int. viii. p. 149).

Tmea CaprimulgeUa (I. B., p. 32). Mr. Scott took a
specimen of this insect, at the end of July, on the trunk of
a tree in Blackheath Park (Int. viii, p. 147).

Adela viridella (I. B., p. 50). In the recent Semestre of
the " Annales de la Societe Entomologique Beige," is a
notice by Monsieur Leon Becker of the transformations of
this insect, under the name of Adela Reaumur ella. From
this I make the following extracts : —

" On the 9th April, 1860, M. Ode and I went for an
excursion to the wood of Ma Cambre,' in order to investigate
the accumulated dried leaves in the copses there. At the
foot of the beeches and hazels which grow there w^e soon
discovered a great number of flat, oval cases. Some years
previously we had observed, in this spot, swarms of the
beautiful and elegant Adela MeaumiireUa, and, thinking that
these curious cases might belong to the larva of that species,
we collected them in great numbers. Our expectations were
reahzed, and on the 16th April a male specimen was bred.

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH TINEINA. 105

The transformations of the species of this group being still
much enveloped in doubt and obscurity, I have carefully
studied and delineated all that seemed likely to be serviceable
in enabling one to recognize with facility the different stages
of this Adela.

^' The case appears to be cut out of the dead and dried
leaves of the beech ; it is open at both ends and slightly
fastened at the sides ; it is composed of pieces of leaves placed
one upon the other, and half-opens like the shells of some
bivalves. It is very large in proportion to the size of the
larva. As I have only hitherto observed these cases in
spring, after hybernation, it would be very interesting to learn
the habits of the young larvae. These larvae hybernate when
full grown, but they eat a little for a few days, and easily
climb up the stout branches to reach the buds ; they prefer
those of the beech and hazel.

" Preparatory to assuming the pupa state, the larva spins
a solid cocoon in the interior of its case ; the case then be-
comes rounder, and by this difference of form one can easily
distinguish whether the case contains a larva or a chrysalis."

The whole of the details are too long for extraction here
(see Ann. Ent. Soc. Beige, iv. pp. 95—99, Planche II.).

At the time the alDOve paper was read, Dr. Breyer, who
has also devoted his attention to this group, observed, —

" I can fully confirm, with my own experience, the obser-
vations of M. Becker. I know these bivalve-cases, and have
collected a considerable number of different forms since the
beginning of the year. The simple bivalves, that is, those
in which each valve is cut directly out of a dead leaf, belong
to the genus Incurvaria. The compound bivalves, that is,
those in which each valve is formed of a series of pieces
added one after the other, indicate the genera Nemopliora
and Adela. But these statements yet require to be carefully

106 LEPIDOPTERA.

verified throughout the respective genera, as I have only bred
3Iuscalellaf SwammerdaiJimella, Reaumurella and Degeer-
ella ; this last-named species has nothing to do with Ane-
mones, as had been reported by various authors ; it may be
found near that plant, as well as near any other," &c., &c.

As the case of Adela viridella has already been found here
(Int. viii. p. 101), the above remarks may lead to its detec-
tion in greater plenty.

Adela Cuprella (I. B., p. 51). Where this insect occurs,
I would suggest that the seeds of the sallows should be
collected in some quantity, and then allowed to develop
their insect contents ; we might thus obtain the larva of
Adela Cuprella.

Nemotois Scabiosellus (I. B., p. 52). The discovery of
the larva of this species has been already fully recorded in
the Intelligencer (vol. viii. p. 182) ; the following epitome
must suffice here, " The food plant is Scahiosa arvensis ;
the flowers and seeds are the first abodes of the larva ; the
eggs are laid in the fructification of the Scahiosa flowers,
each inclosed in a seed capsule. When the interior of the
seed has been eaten out by the larva, it immediately uses the
husk as a case, having gnawed a hole at the lower truncate
end of the hu>k : at this age the larva attacks other seeds,
boring into them and eating out the cases. The larger
larvse construct their cases of pieces of dried leaves."

It is very difficult io find these seed-feeding larvae, they
are to all intents and purposes invisible; an inhabited seed
cannot at first be distinguished from one purely vegetable.

In the Intelligencer I observed, that " to obtain these
seed-feeding larvae it would be desirable to place on a sheet
of white paper some scores of seeds, and then to watch them
attentively for five or ten minutes, as probably in that in-
terval the larvae would cautiously protrude their heads from

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH TIKEINA. 107

the inhabited seeds ; but in order that tliey may do this, the
observer must be very quiet, as these larva are so excessively
timorous that the least noise or movement is sufficient to
alarm them, and would prevent them venturing out.

Nexwtois cupriacelhds (I. B., p. 52). At the August
Meeting of the Entomological Society of London, Mr. Mit-
ford exhibited some whales of this species ; they were taken
along with, and some of them in copula with, the veritable
female Capriacellus. They appear extremely similar to
iV". Jlinimelhis. Mr. Mitford observed the females de-
positing their eggs in the flowers of the scabious at Hamp-
stead (Int. viii. p. 157, and Zoologist, 7162).

In September last, incited by Dr. Hofmann's discovery of
the larvae of 2^. Scahiosdhuy, Mr. Healy went to Epping
Forest in search of the larvae of N. cupriacellus, visiting a
spot where the imago had been plentiful the preceding year.
He collected a number of flower-heads of Scabiosa succisa,
which grew in plenty there. These heads were placed on
white paper and watched, but no movement was perceived.
They were then put into jam pots with glass covers, in the
expectation that if any of tlie seeds were tenanted the larva
would crawl up towards the glass cover for fresh air. The
contents of the jam pots were then watched incessantly, but
no larvae were seen and no movement was perceived. When
Mr. Healy had despaired of obtaining any larvae in this
way, and the seed-heads having become decayed he was
about to throw them away and clean out the pots, he per-
ceived four cases sticking to the inside of one of the pots,
about a quarter of an inch above the decayed seed-heads,
and then observed a case move. His eyes being educated
by the sight of these, he commenced a careful seai'ch
amongst the heads, and in less than ten minutes had col-
lected thirty tenanted cases (Int. ix. p. 12). Whether

108 LEPIDOPTERA.

these larvae will prove to be N. cupriaccllus or X. lliiii-
mellus remains to be seen.

Hyponomeuta viglntipunciatus (I. B., p. 59). This
insect has occurred at Witham in Essex (Int. viii. p. 115),
and in Sussex (Int. viii. p. 179).

Excerctia AUiseUa (I. B., p. 82). In May last I received
some larvae from Mr. Gregson which were reputed to be
this species, and subsequently I bred a specimen from them,
which proved the correctness of tlie conjecture. The larva
bores in the stem of the Mugwort {Artemisia vulgaris).
Mr. Cooper found it on the 2nd of May : observing one of
the young shoots of the Artemisia in quite a drooping state,
he suspected the cause, took out his knife, cut the stem and
the small bore off, and soon discovered the larvae. A week
later the damaged shoots were completely hid by their more
vigorous fellows, and no one could have found them from
any visible evidence of the plant without being told (Int.
viii. p. 118, and Zoologist, 7154).

Depressaria Bijmnctosa (Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 89). Mr.
M^Lachlan visited the Isle of Wight in the month of
August, and obtained several specimens of this insect, which
he exhibited at the September Meeting of the Entomological
Society of London (Zoologist, 7222). Herr Lederer, of
Vienna, is reported to have bred this insect (Int. viii. p. 156).

Depressai'ia Granulosella (I. B., p. 94). In some very
interesting remarks " On the 3Iicro-Lepidoptera of which
he Transformations are unknown," by Mr. C. Miller
(Zoologist, pp. 7005—7012), we read respecting D. Gra-
nulosella, " I once bred a specimen of this from larvae col-
lected in July, at Deal, from a dwarf umbelliferous flower."

Depressaria Ultimellu (I. B., p. 98). Of this insect,
Mr. Gorham has remarked, in the Zoologist (p. 6905), '* I
bred a specimen early in June from a larva found feeding

OBSERVATIONS OX BRITISH TIXEINA. 109

on the flowers of Conium maculaUtm, near Freshwater, Isle
of Wight, last May ; the larvae were gaily coloured, and,
judging from descriptions, must resemble those of Depres-
saria nervosa.

Gelechla fainatella (I. B., p. 108). On the 1st of June
Mr. Gregson took six specimens of this insect whilst searching
on the sand-hills for the larvae of Lasiocampa Trifolii.

Mr. Gregson asks, " is it double-bi-ooded, as these were
worn, and it is a July insect with us?" (Int. viii. p. 75).

Gelechia instabilella (I. B., p. 126). At the September
Meeting of the Entomological Society of London, Mr.
M'Lachlan exhibited '' a long series of a Gelechia allied to
G. instabilella and G. oceltatella, but which he considered
distinct from either" (Zoologist, 7222).

These insects seem almost intermediate between G. insta-
bilella and G. obsuletella, but want the pale blotch at the
base of the abdomen in the latter species ; unfortunately the
limits of variation of G, instabilella are not yet well defined.

Gelechia Sirromella (I. B., p. 132). A specimen which
appears referable to this species was bred by Mr. C. S.
Gregson from the shoots of Cerastium vulgatum (Int. viii.
p. 166).

Harpella Bracteella (Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 152). Mr.
Scott took a specimen of this in Monmouthshire in July.
The locality for it is Crumlyn, in the little lane across the
bridge, and opposite the station (Int. viii. p. 131).

Q^cophora Jlavijrontella (I. B., p. 161). In the 4th
volume of the " Annalesde la Societe Entomologique Beige,"
Monsieur Fologne has given a notice of the larva of this
species (p. 102), which is still little known, though the perfect
insect is pretty generally distributed, and far from uncommon.
"The larva of Flavifrontella lives in a case formed of an
elliptical piece of dead beech leaf, folded lengthways and

110 LEPIDOPTERA.

closed b}^ a silky suture. I find these cases in May on the
trunks of beech trees, which I suppose they ascend in the
evening, remaining concealed during the day amongst the
withered leaves. I have reared them by feeding them with
beech leaves and lichens, but I cannot say with certainty
what is their ordinary food."

CEcopltm^a unitella (I. B., p. 161), arietellaj Z. This is
the solution of Enigma No. 73. I have had several specimens
of the larvce this year, some collected by Mr. Scott in this
neighbourhood, some by M. Fologne, near Brussels; the
perfect insects have always been this species. It is now
manifest that the larva which we had previously referred to
this insect really belonged elsewhere, and the lai'va of Unitella
must have been feeding on the same pea-sticks with it,
unknown to Mr. Wing. How easily errors will arise and
how difficult to get rid of them when once they obtain
currency ! Monsieur Leon Becker has given a notice of the
larva of this insect in the 4th volume of the '^ Annales de la
Societe Entomologique Beige," p. 106.

Butalis Incongruella (I. B., p. 167}. Mr. V/ilkinson of
Scarborough obtained eggs of this species and has thence
reared the larvee. They fed upon heath ( Calluna and Erica).
Their motions were very curious and quite different to those
of a Coleophora larva, more than half the body being ex-
serted from the case, and the case then drawn after them just
as we see in the larvae of the Long Horns. Mr. Scott found
some larvae of this insect at the beginning of September on
a fence at Cannoch Chance (Int. viii. p. 193, — under the
headino^ ' Pin-Makin^').

Gracilaria Imperialella (I. B., p. 201 ). The capture of a
specimen of this insect by the Rev. Mr. Horton has been re-
corded in the Intelligencer (vol. ix. p. 43). It was taken
near Worcester, May 30th, by sweeping the grass by the side

OBSERVATIONS OS BRITISH TINEINA. Ill

of a path ill a wood in rather a damp place. A single spe-
cimen has also occurred in Belgium ; it was taken near
Namur, June 1st.

CoJeophora hadiipenneUa (I. B., p. 224). In the begin-
ning of June last I received several larvse of this species
from Mr. Sayer ; they were found on elm ; the cases were
all similar, very short and with the mouth turned abruptly
downwards, so that it would not be easy to confound them
either w^ith the cases of Fmcedinella or of Limosipennella
(Int. viii. p. 76).

Coleophora Olivaceella (T. B., p. 223). In February
last T received a number of larvae of this insect from M.
Foloa:ne of Brussels, and at once reco2:nised them as a larva
I had found plentiful in the autumn of 1857 between Becken-
ham and West Wickham, and wdiich I had then mistaken
for a variety of the case of Coleophora solitariella. The dis-
tinctions are now so great that one is lost in amazement at
one's former blindness and stupidity. The case of Oliva-
ceella is cylindrical, ochreous brown, with the mouth turned
slightly downwards and with a distinct ventral keel ; the
larva feeds on Stellaria Holoi^tea, and it is consequently
often found in company with the whitish keelless case of
C. Solitariella. Mr. M'Lachlan called my attention to the
fact that, owino; the curve of the mouth of the case of Oliva-
ceella, the feeding larva reposes nearly prostrate on the surface
of the leaf, whereas a feeding larva of Solitariella is almost
erect, making at least an angle of 60° with the leaf (Int. vii.
pp. 180 and 198 ; Int. viii. p. 60). A long and interesting
notice of this species will be found in the 4th volume of the
" Annales de la Societe Entomologique Beige," by MM.
Fologne and J. D'Udekem (pp. 76 — 84).

Coleophora jialliatella (I. B., p. 215). Mr. M'Lachlan
has recorded a remarkable instance of this insect "as-
sembling." They came in numbers from all quarters and

112 LEPIDOPTERA.

clustered about a tuft of Aira Ccespitosa till every blade of
grass was alive with them (Int. viii. p. 188).

Coleophora ConsficueUa (I. B., p. 213). Many larvae of
this species were found in Headley Lane at the end of May
(Int. viii. p. 67), but ievf of the perfect insects appeared till
August was well advanced.

Coleophora hmotapennella (I. B., p. 212). Mr. Scott bred
specimens of this insect in July from larvag found two years
ago at Brighton.

Coleophora Saturatella (I. B., 216). This insect has
su.ldenly become one of the commonest of the genus. In
various localities the larvse have been collected in great
plentg; they feed on the leaves of broom in the month of
May, causing brownish blotches in the leaves. The larvae
appear to attach to their cases the skins of all the broom
leaves they have ever eaten (Int. viii. pp. 60 and 6S).

Stathmopoda Pedella (I. B., p. 228). At the August
Meeting of the Entomological Society of London the Presi-
dent exhibited specimens of this insect, which had hitherto
been so rare in this country that only two or three examples
were known. He had found it in some plenty in July, on
the foliage of alder trees along the banks of the Ravens-
bourne at Lewisham ; otlier persons had also taken it there,
so that upwards of 200 specimens had been captured. The
occurrence of this insect in numbers so near London and in
our own parish is certainly startling. This insect was named
Pedella by Linnaeus, from its peculiar posture in repose :
" Pedes postici horizontaliter extensi, spinosi," and " Pedibus
posticis transverse extensis." The hind legs of Stathmopoda
pedella, instead of being allowed to remain in what we
should call their natural position, are doubled under and
stuck out sideways, projecting nearly at right angles on each
side between the anterior and middle legs. The moth then
walks on all fours, with its gaily-coloured hind legs stuck

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH TINEINA. 113

out sideways, as if for show ; if it should want a little extra
leg-power to overcome some obstacle, down comes fii'st one
leg and then the other, and it walks for a few steps on all
six legs, and then the hind legs revert to what is really their
natural position (Int. viii. p. 121).

Lacerna decorella (I. B., p. 239). Professor Frey has
bred this species from Epilohium hir^sutum (Linnaea Ento-
mologica, xiv. p. 190). Mr. Thomas Brown, of Cambridge,
has bred it from Lythrum salicaria (Int. viii. p. 156).

Elachista 3IagniJicella (I. B., p. 251). Mr. Scott met
with the larva of this insect in South Wales (Int. viii. p. 157).

Elaclmta Paludum (Coricis, Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 155).
Mr. Winter met with the larva of this insect near Beccles in
July. All the specimens bred preserve their distinctive
characters (Int. viii. p. 149 and ix. p. 3).

Cerniostoma Wailesella (Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 156). This
insect has occurred in some plenty in the neighbourhood of
Liverpool.

Nepticula Sericopeza (I. B., p. 301). Dr. Wocke has
discovered the larva of this little rarity ; it mines the leaves
o£ Populus tremula in October and November; the mine is
very similar to that of N, arcjyropeza.

Nepticula Angulifasciella (I. B., p. 304). M. Fologne
found at Brussels last autumn a Nepticula larva in bramble
leaves which was decidedly not Aurella ; he sent me some :
I was unable to distinguish them from the larvae of Anguli-
fasciella. Dr. Brackenridge Clemens has bred what ap-
pears to be that species from larvae found in bramble leaves
in Pennsylvania (Int. viii. p. 132). Neither did I or M.
Fologne succeed in rearing the perfect insect; this autumn,
however, he has again met with the larva, but Dr. Clemens
has not been equally fortunate.

1861. I

( 114 )

ANSWERS TO ENIGMAS.

37. Ent. Ann. 1858, p. 115. I found two larvs of tliis
on a small birch tree in May, and bred only obsciu'e Fusce^
(linella or B'l color ella-W^e specimens. Is it a form of J^lco-
lo7'ella, feeding on birch ?

65. NepticuJa Helianthemella (see Int. viii. p. 176).

73. CEcopIiora Unitella (see ante, p. 110).

74. Coleophora 3IeUlotella (see ante, p. 88).

75. Coleopliora Arteniisiella (see ante, p. 89).

78. Mr. Gregson sent me a specimen of Coleopliora An-
nulatella as having been bred from the larvse referred to last
year. But I am strongly disposed to think some error has
crept in here.

80. Cosnwpteryx Druryella of Zeller ; the bred speci-
mens having a bronzy base and an uninterrupted apical
streak.

ENIGMAS STILL UNANSWERED.

11. '^ An Elachista larva, found by Mr. Scott, at the end
of April, 1854, mining the leaves of Scirpus lacvstris."

20. " A Depressaria larva, found by Mr. Boyd, May 2nd,
1855 (it was then young), feeding on a leaf of parsnip (Pas-
tinaca saticci) under a turned-down corner; this was ex-
pected to be Depressaria Douglasella."

ENIGMAS STILL UNANSWERED. 115

26. " A Nepticula larva, mining the leaves of bircli; the
mine has some resemblance to that of N. luteeUa, but the
central track of excrement is broader, not so mathematically
linear/'

27. *^ A Gelechia ? larva, feeding in the heads of yarrow
( A chillea 7nillefoliu m).^^

33. " A brown Gdechia-Wke larva, found amongst moss
hy Mr. Douglas, in March, 1857."

38. " A Litlwcolletis larva, mining the upper side of
beech leaves."

46. *' A pretty red-spotted yelloAv larva, mining a leaf of
Car ex ripcuia, found at Hackney, March 29th, 1858."

47. " A Gelechia ? larva, mining down the stems (near
the root) of Carex ipaladom, collected at V/icken Fen, near
Cambridge, April 30th, 1858."

48. " A larva mining in the stems of the shoots of Hham-
nus Frangula, near Guildford, causing the leaves to droop ;
collected May 21st, 1858."

49. " A grotesquely minute, pistol-form Coleopltora case,
collected by Mr. Gregson, on Salix fusca, at the end of
May."

50. " A Tortinx ? larva, mining down the stems of Cen-
taurea nigra^ and ejecting its ^ frass' from a hole in the side
of the stem ; collected by Mr. Boyd, at Probus in Cornwall,
June 19th, 1858." (See Int. iv. p. 151).

57. " A Gelechia ? larva, feeding inside the flowers of
Camjmnula persicifolia, collected at Erlangen, at the end of
June."

71. "A brown Gelechia ? larva found by Mr. Scott at
the beginning of August, 1859, feeding in the heads of
Statice armeria."

72. '^ A greyish- white CEcophora ? larva, found by Mr.

i2

116 p:xigmas still unanswered.

Boyd, bl^TO^villg in the bark of apple trees, at the beginning
of May, 1859 ; it constructs a gallery of ' frass.' "

76. *' A Coleojjhora larva, found by Herr Hofmann, the
beginning of October, on oak and hazel near Ratisbon. The
case of the larva is most extraordinary ; the cases I have
seen are all rather small, but they possess large alary appen-
dages, attached to a slender central tube ; viewed from above
the case is almost broader than long ; the wings of this case
are black, the body, or rather the tail portion, is brown, the
anterior part of the tube being darker."

77. " A Coleophora larva, found by Mr. Edleston, early
in April, on the seeds of the Lvzula campestris. Theo-
retically, this ought to have been C. murinipennella, but
the case w^as different, being cylindrical, greyish-ochreous,
with the mouth turned round, indeed the case was very
similar to that of C. argentulaJ"

79. ^' A mining larva, collected by Herr Schmid, at the
end of October, 1 859, in the leaves of Lysimachia vulgaris ;
the mine is slightly puckered, but yet reminds one consider-
ably of the mine which Stepkensia JBrunnichella constructs
in the leaves of Clinupodium.''

NEW ENIGMAS FOR SOLUTION.

81. A case of one of the long-horn larvae was found by
Mr. Douglas near Lee ; it was " found among grass on a
bank," near the end of May. It does not accord precisely
with any Adela, kc. case I know. It was formed by succes-
sive additions round a brown oval nucleus, being however

NEW ENIGMAS FOu t>ULUTION. 117

attenuated in the middle. The perfect insect was not
reared.

82. An Incurvaria larva, found at Ratisbon by Dr. Hof-
mann, on hazel, in June. This larva was so like that of
I. Pect'mea, that I could not distinguish it. Dr. Hofmann
wrote concerning it as follows : — *' Last June we sent you
three living Incurvaria larvae from hazel, which unfor-
tunately got lost on the road ; from the three cases we retained
here, we have bred this May two specimens ( $ and ? ) of
an Incurvai'ia, which Dr. Herrich-Schaffer pronounces a
new species. It comes nearest to Oehlmanniella, but differs
in the $ by the unannulated dark brown antennae, and by
the black anal tuft. The ? is strikingly different, and is
almost like a Zinckenn' ( Pectinea).

83. A larva {Cosmopteryx 1) mining in the leaves of
Orobus nigevy found by Herr Ernst Hofmann, near Ratis-
bon, at the end of July. The larva loosens the lower
epidermis of the entire leaf, and each eats much of the paren-
chyma; the leaf is slightly curved and quite bladder-like;
the loosened lower skin is very white. The larva spins
a pale ochreous cocoon outside the leaf, but attached to the
white loosened skin of the underside, where it is hardly per-
ceptible (Int. viii. p. 150).

84. A Coleophora larva, found at Wavendon by the Rev.
Henry Burney, at the end of August. It feeds on the seeds
of Stellaria grayninea, the cylindrical whitish case being at-
tached to the capsule and the larva boring into the interior.
In captivity they eat readily the Stellaria media. When
the case is protruding from the calyx of an unripe capsule,
it looks excessively like a dried flower of the plant, and
would thus readily escape observation (Int. viii. p. 189).

85. A Coleopliora larva, feeding on the leaves of Aster
Amellus in September and October, found near Frankfort-

1 18 NEW ENIGMAS FOR SOLUTION.

on-tbe-Main and at Ratisbon. Herr Hofmann bas bred
specimens of this insect, but I have not been yet able to refer
it; to any described species.

86. A Gelechia ? larva, found near Ratisbon by Herr
Hofmann, feeding in the heads of Linosyris vulgaris (^Chry-
socoma), and devouring the seeds and fructification of that
plant, wliich is nearly allied to Solidarjo virgaurea.

87. A Gelechia larva (supposed to be that of Erlretella)^
found by Mr. Wilkinson of Scarborough, at the end of Sep-
tember, feeding in the flowers of the heath.

88. A Nepticula larva in birch leaves, found by Mr.
Healy, Mr. M'Lachlan and others, in October. The mine
is contorted, with a thread of black excrement; a peculiarity
of the mine is that when the larva is young, it does not eat
ihe whule thickness of the leaf, so that the first portion of
the mine remains green.

89. A larva (^Parasia ?), found by Herr Hofmann, near
Ratisbon, in October, feeding on the seeds of Anthemis
Tinctoria, boring through them just as the larva of Parada
Lappella does in the seeds of the burdock.

90. A Nepticula larva in the leaves of Agrimohia Eupa-
toria, found by Mr. Healy in October, near Croydon. The
mine of this eventually forms a complete blotch. This is the
third species which feeds in the Agrimonia, and possibly
there are yet others.

( 119 )

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA.

The weather during the season of 1860 has not been favour-
able to larva hunting ; in Belgium, Germany and Switzer-
land, as here, wet days have been of too frequent occurrence,
and hence there have been fewer opportunities than usual for
Micro-hunters to lie prostrate in the herbage.

Yet we have contrived to describe 38 larvge, and to have
34 figured.

I annex, as in former Annuals, a Table showing the amount
of assistance received since the last report.

Tinea Corticella

,, Parasitella

Lampronia quadripunctella
Incurvaria Kornerieila ...
Nemophora Schwarziella . .
Nemotois Scabiosellus

„ Cupriacellus ? .. .

,, Dumerilellus? . . ..

Plutella Annulatella

Exseretia Allisella

Pleuvota bicostella
fficophora Unitella

Sell mid
Scott . •
Mlihlig .
Hofmann
Milhlig .
Hofmann
Healy ..
Hofmann
Wailes ..
Cooper. .
C. S. Gregson
Wilkinson . .

Scott

Fologne . . . .

■a

'd

c "^

o

13

2

^

?=2
1%

Q

ca

XJl

W

•25

•25

•25

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•50

•25

. .

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

* *

••

•25
•25

120

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA.

Butalis Knochella

,, incongruella .. .. .

Gracilia Hemidactylella . . .

,, limosella

Coriscium cuculipennellum

Ornix Guttea

Coleophora badiipennella .

,, olivaceella

„ Melilotella . . . ,

„ saturatella. . .. ,

„ Artemisiella . . ,

Cosmopteryx Druryella, Z.,

LithocoUetis Amyotella . . ,

Nepticula Aucupariae . . . • ,

„ Helianthemi ..

Schmid .

Wilkinson

Scott ..

Frey. . ..

Hofrnann

Schmid

Hofrnann

Sayer . .

Fologne

Scott ..

Miihlig .

M'Lachlan

Scott ..

Hofrnann

Wilkinson

Edleston

Hofniann

T3

>

O

Q

CO

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

, ,

•25

•25

,,

•25

•25

••

..

••

•25
•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

, ,

•25

..

, ,

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

Naturally those larvae which have not been specifically
determined (not having yet been bred) are not enumerated in
the above Report. They stand over till the appearance of
the imago will enable us to pronounce on their identity.

The summary of the above Table yields the following
results : —

Hofrnann 4*50

Scott \ „.

Wilkinson /

^,^!^";!^^ I r50

Muhlig j

Fologne 1-25

Cooper '75

Healy '75

Edleston ...

Frey

Gregson .^.

M'Lachlan.... ^ "^^

Sayer

Wailes

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA.

121

The total awards to this time being —

MiJHLiG 22 50

HOFMANN 22-25

Frey 20-75

Schmid 17-75

Wilkinson 15-50

Scott 13-75

Boyd 8-25

Douglas 4-75

Gregson 4-50

Edleston 4-

Zeller 3-25

Wailes 325

Bond \ „^.

Parfitt / 2-^0

Grabow > „

Milliere j ^

Harding, H.J 1-75

Brockholes ....

Brown, T

Fologne

Law

Loiian

Vaughan J

1-25

/o

Winter, W 1-25

Bruand .
Hellins .
V. Heyden
Machin .
Miller . . .
Sang ...

Boll

Cooper .

Healey .

Simmons.

Crump . . ,

M'Lachlan.... \ '50

Staudinger

Beaumont . . . . "^

Chappell I

Drane j

Fletcher j

Harding, G. . . |
Lederer .
Newnham
Sayer .. .
Shield...
Wildman

''a

•25

( i— )

IXDEX TO THE XEW LEPIDOPTERA i:^
FORMER YOLF-MES OF THE AXXUAL.

For the conTenience of reierenee I had prepared for my own
U5t 2. tabalar view of the new Lepidoptera in the six previous
Yolmnes of the Annual.

I fency it may be found generally usefol.

As the novelties are not always figured in the volume in
which they are first announced, I have also referred to the
figures.

Of those species which have ur.ifrgone a change of name
since their first announcement in the Annual, the name used
in the Annual is placed underneath in italics. The references
of the pages in the Annual of 1855 are to the second edition.
Those who have only the first edition of that volume must
deduct '^2 from the pages cited.-

[1855 1856 1S57 1858 1859 1

28

27

fSPHTSSIXA.

Anthrooera Minos, E. A 1S55. fig. 1
Tr-j'-Ji-im. ehrv^difonne, E- A- }

1-^^^ii.-- v; j^

Trochiaum Scoiisionne, i:..A-lS57,l
fi^.4 J

.BOKBTCIXA-

I Notcjontabicolora, E- A.1S59, %.4 146

Pe-asia nnbccnlosa 63

Oosrera Anachoreta, E. A. 1860, fig. 1 . .
NocTuiyA.

Err rp'nila Alga

Leacaaia Viteriina

extranea, E- A. 1560, fig. 2

,- putrescens I .- \

Z'liina expoiita 63

98

IXDEX TO XEW LEPIDOPTERA IX F0R3IER VOLUMES. 1*23

S55 1S5

S57 15-5S lS-59 1S60

63

64

XocTUiN'A — continued.

AgTods Ashworthii, E.A. ISoo, fig.2'»
{Spcelotls Vallesiaca) )

Noctua flammatra •

Phlogoph ora empyrea, E. A. 1S56, ng.2

Haderia reregrina

Aconda Solaris, E. A. 1860, fig. 5 ..

INIicra parva, E. A. 1859, fig. 1

Catephia Alchvmista, E. A. 1S60,%.3
Geometrina.

Acidalia condguaria, E.A.18o5,fig.4 i
{ Dosithea ehurnata) i

,5 Herbariata )

(Dosithea circuitaria) J

Aspilates Sacraria

Eupithecia Helveticaria

Eubolia maeaiata, E. A. ISoo, fig. 3
Pykalidixa.

Sophronia emortualis

Diasemia Ramburialis. E.A.I SoP.fig.S
Margarodes Unionalis, E.A.iS60,Sg.4

Scopula decrepitalis '^

{Botys decrepitalis) J

Xola Centonalis

Eudorea atomalis

,, gracilalis Q^

Acrobasis rubroribiella

Xyclegretes achadnella

Crambus Cassenriniellus

Cbilo Paiudellus, E. A. 1S56, fi?. o\
(C. ohtusellus) ^ )

TORTRICIXA.

Lozoisnia latiorana ">

'^Tortrix latiorana) )

Catoptria parvulana

Dicrorampha Tanaceti

Poecilochroma Hawkcraua, E. A. ^

1Sd7, fig. 5 >

{Mixodia Hawkerana) J j

Rednia Resinella i 65

,, Duplana

Cnepbasiacinctana. E.A.I S5S,fig.4 \

{Sciaphila cinciana) j

Argyrolepia maritimana

64

30

i 3j

33

34

100

lor

130:

147
148

149

149

149

SS

IdO

!

132:

133*

31!

124 INDEX TO NEW LEPIDOPTERA IN FORMER VOLUMES.

TiNEINA.

Tinea Fuscescentella . ..;...

„ dubiella

,, merdella *

Depressaria bipunctosa

„ Rhodochrella . .

,, Libanotidella . .

Gelechia Viscariella

„ leucomelanella

,, ocellatella

,, albipalpella

,, arundinetella

,, subdecurtella

Cleodora striatella, E. A. 1856, fig.

Ypsolophus Juniperellus

Harpella Bracteella, E. A. 1859, fig
Eoslerstammia Pronubella, E. A.

1856, fig. 8

Glyphipteryx Cladiella ....
,, Schoenicolella

Coleophora limosipennella

,, Vitisella

,, siccifolia

,, chalcogrammella

1858, fig. 3

Coleophora ibipennella. . ..

„ Genistae

,, Inflatae

,, apicella

„ Virgaureae ....

„ squamosella . . .

„ salinella

Goniodoma auroguttella, E. A. 1855

fig. 4

Laverna Conturbatella, E. A

%.2

Lavernq Raschkiella, E. A

fig. 3

Asychna profugella

Elachista flavicomella

„ Gregsoni

,, stabilella

,, perplexella

» Poae

1855 1856 1857 1858

65

66

E.A.

18^

1857,

.':}

67

^1

68

69

37

02
103

06

104
105

105

89

1859

93

107

108

1860

IxXDEX TO NEW LEPIDOPTERA Ii\ FORMER VOLUMES. 125

TiNElNA — continued.
Elachista Cingillella
,, tseniatella
,, paludum (CrtWcis
Tisclieria angusticollella
Litliocolletis Bremiella, E

fig. 7

Litliocolletis Cavella ..

,, Vacciniella .

,, tonninella . .

Cemiostoma Wailesella

„ Lotella ..

Opcstega spatulella. . .

Nepticula Tilise

,, Pomella . . .

„ Cryptella . .
,, Weaveri, E. A
„ Myrtillella . .

,, luteella

,, arcuata

,, atricollis ....

,, Poterii

,, Betulicola . .
,, Castanella . .
,, Glutinosae . .
,, Prunetorum .
,, Regiella ....
,, continuella . .
,, Alnetella ...
Pterophorina.

Pterophorus Zetterstedtii
,, plagiodactylus

,, Loewii

A. 1856

1855, fig

1855

1856

40

41

42

1857

109

09

10

1858

94

^1

1859

1860

135
136

135

( 1-26 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

Notes on Eupithecia LARVja.

{JReprinted, icith slight Alterations, from the Zoologist.)

By the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe, M.A.

In the past two years a number of descriptions of lari'-ae of
the genus Eupithecia have appeared at intervals in the pages
of the Zoologist.

These it has been thought desirable to collect and arrange
in a systematic manner, as being more likely to be generally
useful to Lepidopterists than in their previous scattered posi-
tions.

The following is the list of species, of which the larvae are
here described: —

Venosata.

Linariata.

Centaureata.

Subfulvata.

Subumbrata.

Haworthiata.

Helveticaria.

Satyrata.

Castigata.

Pimpinellata.

Denotata.

Innotata.

Nanata.

Subnotata.

Vulgata.

Expallidata.

Absynthiata.

Minutata.

Assimilata.

Tenuiata,

Abbreviata.

Exiguata.

Sobrinata.

Pumilata.

Coronata.

Rectangulata.

general remarks. 127

General Remarks.
The following descriptions have been taken during the last
two years and a half from living larvae in my own possession ;
and with the exception of Pumilataj the larvae of which
have been reared from eggs kindly sent me by Mr. Hellins
of Exeter, and from a ? taken by myself in the Isle of
Wight, I have taken every species with my own hands. In
some of the earlier descriptions reprinted from the Zooloo-ist
I am conscious of many defects in word-painting, a work
which reqinres long practice to ensure anything like perfection.
These faults I must trust to the indulgence of my readers to
overlook. If the publication of these imperfect observations
shall be the means of stirring up other Entomologists to a
more diligent search after the larvae, and a closer study of
the habits of this most interesting genus, I shall consider
myself more than amply repaid for any trouble I have taken.
I am persuaded that much yet remains to be done. I have,
in addition to those below described, discovered and taken
descriptions of the larva, and bred the perfect insect of two
species new to the British lists. These descriptions would have
long since been given to the public, had it not been for various
unfortunate delays, and the difficulty of procuring specimens
of all the continental species for comparison. I hope, how-
ever, ere long, to satisfy the impatience of my readers. It
seems probable, also, that we have two distinct British spe-
cies confounded under the name of Suhmnhrata, the insect
I bred here being apparently different from the continental
Suhumhrata, and the species taken in Cambridgeshire and
elsewhere. I hope, during the ensuing summer, with the
assistance of those gentlemen who are in the habit of taking
this insect, to set this point at rest. I am also inclined to
think that another British species exists, intermediate between

128 LEPIDOPTERA.

Ahsynthiata and Minutata, the larva feeding upon flowers
of Yarrow and Golden Rod — Achillea millefolium and
Solidago viryaurea ; but I have not yet examined a sufficient
number of larva3, or bred the requisite number of moths, to
warrant a definite conclusion.* May I appeal to all the
readers of the Annual, Zoologist and Intelligencer, who take
an interest in this genus, to join with me during the ensuing
season in doing our best to find, breed and describe all the
remaining undescribed larvae ? There is nothing like " a long
pull, a strong pull, and a pull altogether;" and I see no
reason why, if we unite with a hearty goodwill, we should
not by this time next year have published descriptions of the
whole British genus, with the exception, perhaps, of Pej-no-
tata.

The females when caught will almost always lay eggs
freely, if a sprig of the food plant, or indeed any plant, be
introduced into the box. The insects also when bred in con-
finement will generally pair, if placed in a largish box
covered with gauze. By this means, during the past summer,
I succeeded in getting impregnated eggs of Absi/nthiataj As-
similata, Expallidata, Minutata and Sohrinata. The young
larvae are in a fine season not hard to rear. This summer
almost all the broods died off" half or nearly full fed ; but as
the same fate befell the majority of my other larvae reared
from eggs, I attribute it mainly to the extraordinary damp,
wet season, and the almost entire absence of sunshine.
Floreat Eupithecia !

H. Harpur Crev^^e,
Drayton-Beauchamp Rectory, near Tring,
November 2ith, 1860.

* E. Haworthiata of our British lists appears to be identical with
E. isogrammata of Treitschke and H.-Schaifer.

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARVAE.

129

Eupithecia venosata. This larva is by no means uncom-
mon, though the perfect insect is seklom seen. It is also very-
easy to rear. It is short, thick and stumpy. Back dull
leaden-grey, sparingly studded with minute white spots and
short hairs. Belly and sides dirty greenish-white. Head
black. It feeds inside the seed capsules of the bladder cam-
pion i^SiUne infiata) and the common red Lychnis {LycJuris
dioira)y and is full fed from the middle to the end of July.
When retidy to assume the pupa state it comes out of the
capsule and enters the earth, where it spins a very slight co-
coon, and turns to a bright-red chrysalis. It is very subject
to the attacks of ichneumons. The perfect insect appears
from the beginning to the end of May. When quite young,
the larva is black.

Eupithecia Linariata. Short and stumpy, slightly taper-
ing towards the head. When young bright yellow, with
blackish dorsal spots. When full fed yellowish-green, with
a series of large dull olive or rust-coloured dorsal spots or
bars, running the whole length, and bordered on either side
by a dusky olive line. Head nearly black. Belly dusky.
Spiracles black. Body sprinkled with short whitish hairs,
and here and there studded with black tubercles. The dorsal
markings are frequently very indistinct, and sometimes want-
ing altogether, and the larva is then one uniform yellowish-
green. Feeds in August and September on the flowers and
seeds of the common wild snapdragon (^Linaria vulgaris).
It is uncertain in its appearance, being one year exceedin^jly
abundant, and the next very scarce. The pupa, which is
enclosed in an earthen cocoon, has the abdomen reddish-
yellow, tip blood red, thorax and wing-cases olive. The
perfect insect appears in May. In veiy hot seasons it is
sometimes double-brooded.

Eupithecia Ceiita^ireata. Long, rather slender, and
1861. K

130 LEPIDOPTERA.

tapering towards the head. Has a slightly wrinkled ap-
pearance. This larva is almost as variable as E. Ahsynthiata,
and so dissimilar are some of the varieties that I am not sur-
prised at many a tyro being "awfully puzzled." The follow-
ing are those most commonly met with: — Var. 1. Bright
yellowish or bluish-green, with a number of dorsal and sub-
dorsal spots and lines of a darker shade ; the dorsal markings
very often forming a series of disjointed lozenge-shaped
spots. Var. 2. Uniform yellow, yellowish or bhiish-green,
without any spots or markings whatever. Yar. 3. Greenish,
or pinkish-white, with a chain of deep red, trident-shaped
dorsal spots, connected together by the central prong, and
becoming confluent towards the head. Belly whitish, witli
a short red line or spot in the centre of several of the seg-
ments. The larva feeds in August and September, upon the
flowers of Senecio jacohcea and S. erucifoUus, SoUdago vir-
fjau?'ea, Achillea inillefoUum, Eupatorium cannabinumy
Pimpinella magna, and P. saxifragay Silaiis jyratensis,
Campanula glomerafa, and Scahiosa Columbaria.

Vars. 1 and 2 I have almost invariably found upon the
three first named plants, whilst those on the other flowers
were Var. 3. This latter variety strongly resembles the pink
form of E. nanata. The pupa is enclosed in an earthern
cocoon. There are two varieties, the common one, scarcely,
if at all, distinguishable from that of E. Abstjnfhiafa ; the
other a uniform pale red. The perfect insect appears more
or less from May to August.

Eupithecia suhfulcata. Long, tapering but slightly to-
wards the head. Reddish brown, with a series of dusky
olive oval dorsal spots, confluent towards the head and tail,
and connected and intersected by a central dorsal line, paler
in colour than the spots. Spiracular Hne white. Subdorsal
lines black, interrupted. Back thickly studded with minute
white tubercles, and less thickly with whitish hairs. Belly

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 131

whitish, with a central purplish line running the whole length.
Feeds in September and October on the flowers and seeds
of yarrow {Achillea mUlefoUimi). Pupa enclosed in an
earthen cocoon ; uniform orange-red, thorax and wing-
cases paler than abdomen. Tip of latter blood-red. Long,
rather slender and tapering. Abdominal divisions deep red.
Wing-cases much furrowed. The perfect insect appears in
June and July. I prefer retaining the name E. suhjidvataf
as the foregoing description was taken from larvae reared
from eggs of the so-called variety of JE. succentariata. I
shall continue to believe that the two insects are distinct
species till some person breeds one from the egg of the other.
I never heard that this has been done. The exhibition of a
long series of varieties running one into the other proves
nothing at all. It has never been my good fortune to be in
a locality where E. succentariata occurred, so th;:t I have
never been able to try the experiment. I shall feel deeply
indebted to any gentleman who is in the habit of taking this
insect, if he will send me a few e^Q-s or a livino; female.

Eupithecia mhumhrata. Var. 1. Yery long and slender,
tapering very much towards the head. Ground-colour dull
yellowish-green. Central dorsal line broad, dai'k green,
narrower at the segmental divisions. Sub-dorsal lines
dusky, very narrow and indistinct. Dorsal segmental di-
visions orange. Ventral ditto yellow. Spiracular line dusky
green. On each side of the head and anal segment a yel-
lowish line.

Var. 2. Ground-colour dirty greenish-brown. Central
dorsal line dusky olive. Sub-dorsal lines ditto, nai-row.
Posterior segments reddish. In other respects resembles
Var. 1.

This singular long thin larva, I have been in the habit of
taking at intervals for some years past in Buckinghamshire.

k2

132 LEPIDOPTERA.

It feeds upon the same plants and in the same localities as
Eup'itheda satyrata, preferring perhaps Apargia hispida
and Crepis taraxifoUa. It is full fed at the end of August
and throughout September. The pupa, enclosed in an
earthen cocoon, has the thorax and winor-cases dark green.
Abdomen ochreous, tip dusky red. The perfect insect
appears in June.

Eiipithecia Sarvorthiota. This larva seems to be little
known, and has not, I think, been described. I have, how-
ever, taken it in plenty, wherever its food plant. Clematis
vitalba, occurs. It is very short and stumpy, the ground-
colour pale bluish or yellowish-green, with three horizontal
doi'sal stripes of a darker shade; these stripes are often very
indistinct, and sometimes altogether wanting. The head is
dusky, spotted with olive, and the body sparingly studded
with minute black dots. It is full fed from the middle of
July to the middle of August. It feeds inside the unopened
flower-buds of Clematis vitalba^ commonly known as the
*' traveller's joy." When nearly full, it frequently feeds
among the stamens of the expanded flower, and may then be
beaten into an umbrella ; it also feeds on the common white
garden Clematis. The presence of the larva may generally
be detected by the blackened appearance of the flower-buds.
When it has eaten up the inside of one bud, it comes out and
bores into a fresh one ; I have frequently seen a larva busily
engaged in this operation. In shape and general appearance
it is closely allied to the larva of JEupithecia tenuiata. The
pupa is enclosed in a very tightly-spun earthen cocoon. The
thorax and wing-cases are green, and the abdomen red. The
perfect insect appears in June and the beginning of July,
and is abundant among Clematis vitalba; it flies about with
extreme rapidity in the hot sunshine, and it is almost in-
variably wasted when caught j when fresh, the upper part of
the abdomen is orange.

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 133

The larva feeds very rapidly.

Eupithecia helveticajia. Short and stumpy, the same
thickness from tip to tail. Back and belly bright green.
Central dorsal line dark green. Sub-dorsal lines pale yellow.
Spiracular line yellow, waved. Anal tip of central dorsal
line purplish. Head slightly bifid, dusky, curved inwards.
Central ventral line pale yellow. Spaces between the sub-
dorsal and spiracular lines darker green than back and belly.
Feeds on the common juniper (Juniperus communis). Full
fed throughout September. Resembles in many respects the
larva of E. sohrinata. For the larvae from which the fore-
going description is taken, I am indebted to the kindness of
Mr. Andrew Wilson of Edinburgh. The pupa, which is
enclosed in an earthen cocoon, has the thorax and abdomen
bright green, the latter sometimes yellowish. Wing-cases
much darker, very transparent. Central dorsal line dark
green. Abdominal divisions and frequently the border of
wing-cases reddish. Tip of abdomen blood-red. Underside
of ditto yellowish.

Eapitliecia mtyrata. Yar. 1. Ground-colour pale yel-
lowish green. Segmental divisions pale yellow. Central
dorsal line dusky green. Down the centre of the back a
series of Y-shaped dusky green blotches, edged with purplish-
brown, and becoming confluent or merged in the central line
on the anterior and posterior segments. Sub-dorsal lines
very slender and indistinct, dusky green. Spiracular line
yellow. Between the sub-dorsal and spiracular lines a row
of small slanting purplish blotches. Back studded with ^erj
minute yellowish tubercles.

Yar. 2. Back greenish- white. Central dorsal line pinkish
or rose-colour. Sub-dorsal lines ditto. Down the centre of
the back a series of large rose-coloured and rusty red goblet-
shaped blotches, becoming faint or merged in the central line

134 LEPIDOPTERA.

on the anterior and posterior segments. Spiracular line
waved, I'ose-colour. Sub-dorsal and spii-acular lines con-
nected by a number of slanting rose-coloured streaks. Belly
pale sea-green or greenish-white, with a central white line.
Back studded with numerous small white tubercles.

Var. 3. Whole of the back suffused with rose-colour.
Sub-dorsal lines yellowish. Dorsal blotches edged with
yellow. Spiracular line interrupted with yellow patches.
Belly greenish-white. Ventral segmental divisions white.

This larva tapers considerably towards the head ; it is very
local, but occurs in some plenty in som.e parts of Bucking-
hamshire, where however it is confined to the open spaces
between and near the beech woods. It feeds upon the petals
of almost any flower which happens to grow in the locality,
e.g., Cenfaurea nigra, Knautia cwvensis, Gentiana Ama-
rella and G. campestris, Apargia hhpida, Origanum vul-
gare, Pr^aulla vulgaris, Galium moUugo. kc, preferring
the two first named. It is full fed in September. The
pupa, which is enclosed in an earthen cocoon, has the
thorax and wing-cases golden yellow, suff'used with red.
Abdominal divisions and tip red. The perfect insect ap-
pears in June.

JEujnthecia castigata. Long, slender and tapering.
Ground-colour pale or dusky olive or reddish-brown, with a
chain of dusky lozenge-shaped dorsal spots, becoming con-
fluent on the anterior and posterior segments. Segmental
divisions reddish. Body thickly studded with minute white
tubercles, and clothed more sparingly with short bristly
hairs. Belly with a central blackish or purplish line run-
ning from tip to tail. Feeds promiscuously upon almost
every tree, shrub and flower in August and September.

In almost every particular closely resembles the larva of
JE. vulgata. Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon. Ab-

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 135

domen slender and tapering, reddish or greenish-yellow.
Thorax and wing-cases yellowy the latter more or less
suffused with green.

Eupithecia pimpinellata. I am inclined to suspect that
this insect has been wrongly named. I have constantly and
most closely examined both flowers and seeds of Pimpinella
magna and P. saxifragay but could never detect the slightest
trace of the larva. I have repeatedly beaten it from the
flowers of the golden rod (Solidago virgaurea), and from
that plant alone, though both species of Pimpinella are
common in the locality. The larva is fulvous, with a series
of black dorsal triangular spots, becoming confluent towards
the head, and faint or altogether evanescent on the caudal
segment. On either side a row of conspicuous, slanting
whitish or yellowish stripes, forming a sort of margin to the
dorsal spots. Belly dusky, reddish in the centre, and having
a dusky central line running the whole length. Body
studded with various sized white tubercles, and thinly clothed
with short hairs. Feeds upon the flowers of Solidago vir-
gaurea, in August and September. I have found it by no
means rare in the Kentish Woods, where the underwood is
from one to two years' growth, and the golden rod has room
to grow and flower freely. In confinement the larva will
feed freely on Senecio Jacobcea and S. palustris. The
pupa, which is enclosed in a slightly spun earthen cocoon, is
very distinct from all the rest of the family. The thorax is
yellowish-green, with a very accurately and distinctly de-
fined border, and looks almost as if set in a frame. When
examined with a glass, some singular dark spots and mark-
ings are seen, which give it very much the appearance of a
skull. The abdomen is yeliovvish-red, with two indistinct,
interrupted dorsal, and two more distinct sub-dorsal dusky
lines. Wing-cases yellowish-olive, streaked with dusky

136 LEPIDOPTERA.

markings, and having the nervures very prominent. The
}3erfect insect appears in May and the beginning of June.
The larva is rather slender, and tapers towards the head; in
general appearance it resembles E. casticjata and E, vid-
(jata.

Eupithecia denotata. This larva, in size and general
appearance, closely resembles that of E. innotata. It is
long, rather slender and tapering towards the head. There
are two varieties : Var. 1 is green, with three purple dorsal
lines, the centre one broad and distinct, expanding conside-
rably on the anal segment, the two side ones very indistinct.
Head and prolegs pm-ple. Segmental divisions and spi-
racular line yellowish. Belly green. Back studded with a
few minute white tubercles, interspersed here and there with
a black one. V^ar. 2 is of a uniform purple, with two lines
of a deeper shade on each side of the back. It feeds, as far
as my experience goes, exclusively on the flowers and seeds
of the lesser Burnet saxifrage [Pimjnnella saxifrafjd), and
is full fed throughout the month of September, and occa-
sionally at the beginning of October. It prefers the hedge
sides and banks. It is fearfully infested with ichneumons,
not above one in ten escaping. The pupa is enclosed in an
earthen cocoon : there are two varieties ; the one yellowisli-
green, the other red. The j^erfect insect appears at the end
of June and in July.

The larva is by no means rare in the eastern counties ; I
have also taken it in Derbyshire.

Eupithecia innotata. This larva has, I think erroneously,
been said to feed upon various low growing plants ; I have
been acquainted with it for some years past, and never beat
it from anj^thing but ash. It is long, smooth, rather slender
and tapering towards the head. The ground-colour is a
uniform dark green, wath a waved yellowish spiracular line.

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^, 137

The se^^mental divisions are yellow, and on the anal appen-
dage is a dark purplish spot. The belly is whitish and
wrinkled, with a dark green central line running the whole
length. A variety occurs in which the central dorsal line
is wanting, and its place is supplied by a series of dusky
triangular markings, becoming very faint or altogether
evanescent on the anterior and posterior segments ; on each
side is a row of slanting yellowish stripes, tinged with pink.
It feeds upon ash, and appears to prefer the tall suckers in
hedgerows. It is widely dispersed, but nowhei-e common.
It is full fed from the end of August to the middle of Sep-
tember. The pupa is long, rather slender and tapering. The
thorax and wing-cases are dark olive; the abdomen still
darker, almost black, tinged underneath with red. It is en-
closed in a slight earthen cocoon, at the foot, or under moss,
on the ti'unk of the tree. My friend Mr. Greene has already
given the Entomological world directions how to find it.
The perfect insect appears in June and July.

Eupithecia nanata. Long and very slender, tapering
towards the head. Ground-colour white, or greenish-white,
with a chain of pear-shaped red dorsal spots, bordered on
either side by an interrupted line of the same colour, and
becoming confluent on the capital and anal segments. Sides
spotted with red. Belly with a central red line running the
wdiole length. Body clothed with a iew very short hairs.
A very pretty vai'iety of this larva has the ground-colour
bright green, with a series of tooth or pear-shaped white
dorsal spots, intersected by a central horizontal dark green
line, becoming purple at the anal tip. Spiracular line white,
broken. Back sprinkled with a few short black hairs.
Feeds on the flowers of Calluna vulgaris, in August and
September. Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon. Thorax
and wing-cases yellow. Abdomen deeply sufl'used with red.

138

LEPIDOPTERA.

Thorax considerably elevated. The pupa of the green variety
is suffused all over with green.

Eupithecia suhnotata. Ground-colour dull yellowish-
green, pale green or reddish-grey, with a chain of dull olive
lozenge-shaped dorsal spots, becoming confluent towards the
head and tail, and often bordered by an indistinct olive
line. The spots and lines sometimes very faint. Segmental
divisions yellowish or reddish. Spiracular line yellowish.
The whole body very rough, thickl}^ studded with minute
white tubercles and black spots, and sprinkled here and
there with short stumpy hairs. Belly pale green, with an
interrupted line running the whole length. Feeds on the
seeds and flowers of various species o^ Atriplsx and Cheno-
podium, in August and September. It seems to prefer the
banks of tidal rivers; I have taken it in profusion on the
banks of the Orwell and the Stour, near Ipswich, but have
also met with it in some plenty in waste gi-ound near Bexley ;
it is not so easy to rear as others of the family, and often
pines in confinement. The pupa, which is enclosed in an
earthen cocoon, has the wing-cases dark green. Thorax and
abdomen yellowish, the latter not so tapering as many of the
other Eujnthecice. The perfect insect appears in June and
July.

Eupithecia vuhjata. Common as this insect is every-
where, the larva seems to be but little known ; 1 have never
myself beaten it, but have several times reared it from the
eggs. It so closely resembles that of E. cr.stigafay that it
requires a very practised eye to distinguish it. It is slender
and tapers towards the head. Its general colour is reddish-
browai or dusky olive, along the centre of the back a chain of
dirty greenish, lozenge-shaped spots, becoming confluent at
the capital and anal segments. Spiracular line waved, yel-
lowish, occasionally interrupted with black. Segmental

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 139

divisions orani^e. The -u^hole body studded with minute
white tubercles, and sparingly clothed with short whitish
hairs. Feeds on white-thorn ; full fed the niiddle of July.
The pupa is enclosed in an earthen cocoon ; it is slender and
delicate. Head, thorax and wing-cases olive. Abdomen
reddish, sharply pointed.

Eupithecia expallidata. I subjoin descriptions of the
different varieties of this most beautiful and hitherto almost
unknown larva.

Var. 1. Ground-colour pale canary colour. Central dorsal
line pale brown. Down the centre of the back a chain of
large, deep rich brown, tooth-shaped spots, united at the
points, and bordered on either side by an almost black sub-
dorsal line. Dorsal spots becoming faint and confluent in
the central dorsal line on the anterior and posterior segments,
almost obliterated on the latter. Below the sub-dorsal lines
a narrow rich brown line and a rov/ of slanting stripes of the
same colour. Spiracular hne yellowish. Belly suffused on
either side with brown, and having a central hne of the same
colour running the whole length. Body minutely studded
with yellow tubercles and very short hairs. Has a wrinkled
appearance.

Yar. 2. Ground-colour grey or yellowish-green. Dorsal
spots brown, perfect lozenge-shaped, ceasing on the posterior
segments. Sub-dorsal lines deeper brown than the dorsal
spots, interrupted at the segmental divisions. Spiracular
line yellowish, bordered on the lower side with brown.

Var. 3. Ground-colour various shades of green. All the
markings, except the sub-dorsal lines, faint or altogether
wanting.

Yar, 4. Whole body, with the exception of the posterior
dorsal segments, suffused with, deep rich chocolate brown.

140 LEPIDOPTERA.

Posterior dorsal segments canary-yellow, with a central pale
brown line. On every dorsal segment two yellow spots.
On each side two yellow waved lines, enclosing a brown line.
Feeds in September and throughout October, on the flowers
of the golden rod (Solidago virgaurea). In confinement,
it will eat various species of Michaelmas daisy. It has also,
I believe, been beaten from the flowei'S of rag-wort, but I
have not myself met with it on anything but SuUdago
virgaurea. The pupa, which is enclosed in an eai-then
cocoon, is large and thick, and has the thorax and abdomen
yellow, the latter deeply suffused with blood-red. Wing-
cases more or less tinged with green. The perfect insect
appears from the middle of June to the end of July.

Kupitliecia Abyynthiata. It would be impossible to give
an accurate description of the almost endless varieties of this
most variable larva ; they run so closely into each other that
it would be an almost herculean task to separate them.
The ground-colour is either yellowish-green, deep rose colour,
or dirty reddish-brown, with a series of reddish lozenge-
shaped spots down the centre of the back, generally becoming
faint or confluent towards the head and tail. In the green
variety these spots are often entirely wanting ; on each side
a number of narrow slanting yellovr' stripes, forming a sort
of border to the dorsal spots. Spiracnlar line waved, yel-
low. Body wrinkled, thickly studded with minute white tu-
bercles, and somewhat more sparingly with short white hairs.
Segmental divisions yellow. Thick and stumpy, tapering
but little. Feeds from the end of August to the beginning
of November, upon the flowers of common yellow and
hoary-leaved rag-wort [Senecio jacoh(Ba and S. erucifoUus),
the hemp agrimony {^Eujmtorium cannahi7ium), the mug-
wort {^Artemisia vulgaris), yarrow {Achillea, millefolium),
golden rod {Solidago virgaurea), &c. The pupa, which is

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 141

enclosed in a tightly-spun earthen cocoon, has the wing-
cases bright green, the nervures very prominent; thorax
yellowish-green ; abdomen reddish-yellowish, Mith a dark
green dorsal line. The perfect insect appears in June and July.

Eupithecia minutata. Short, thick and stumpy. Ground-
colour dull pink or flesh tint, with a series of dusky Y-shaped
dorsal spots, connected by a central pink line, and becoming
faint on the anterior, and almost obliterated on the posterior
segments. Each dorsal segment studded with four yellowish
tubercles. Spiracular line yellowish, interrupted at intervals
by dusky blotches. Head dusky oHve, marked with black.
Belly dusky or pinkish-white. Back thickly studded with
small white, and a few black tubercles, and sprinkled here
and there with short hairs.* Feeds on the flowers of CaU
luna vulgaris in August and September, and is by no means
uncommon where that plant occurs in plenty. Pupa enclosed
in an earthen cocoon. Short and thick. Thorax and wing-
cases golden yellow ; abdomen yellow, generally sufl'used
with red. Wing-cases very transparent. Tip of abdomen
blood-red.

Eupithecia assimilata. Slender, tapering slightly towards
the head. Var. 1. Ground-colour vellowish-o^reen. Sesrmental
divisions yellow. Central dorsal line dark green. Sub-dorsal
ones dark green, very indistinct. The latter occasionally
studded at intervals with black spots. Body thickly sprinkled
with small yellowish-green tubercles and thinly strewed
with short whitish hairs. Strongly resembles a young larva
of E. cervinaria. Turns pinkish when ready to spin up.

* During the past summer, 1860, I reared a small brood from eggs on
flowers of Achillea millefolium; besides the typical form just described,
there were several gay-coloured varieties resembling Vars. 1 and 2 of
E. satyrata, and Var. 2 of E. cormiata. I also reared four or five larvae
from eggs on flowers of Anthriscus sylvestris ; these were also variable in
colour.

142 LEPIDOPTERA.

Var. 2. When young uniform pale green. After the last
moult assumes a series of brown dorsal spots, united hj a
central line of the same colour. Ground-colour dirty yel-
lowish-green. Sub-dorsal lines dusky. Dorsal spots merged
in the central line on the anterior and posterior segments.
Sides suffused with dusky reddish-brown, and traversed by
slender waved lines of the same colour. Head greenish,
marked with black. Belly greenish. Body covered wnth
small white tubercles, and sprinkled with a few short white
hairs. The brown suffusion is sometimes wanting, leaving
the larva an uniform bright green, with a single chain of
brown dorsal lozenges.

Var. 3. Ground-colour after last moult pinkish. Back
and belly tinged with green. Central dorsal line dark green,
bordered on each of the middle segments by a black dot.
Segmental divisions reddish. In other respects resembling
Var. 2. Feeds on black currant and wild hops, occasionally
on red currant. Full fed from September to beginning of
November. Pupa yellowish-green in an earthen cocoon.
Perfect insect appears in June.

JEupifhecia tenuiata. Short and stumpy. Ground-
colour dirty yellowish-green. Sides and centre of back
slightly tinged with rose colour. Down the centre of the
back a row of very indistinct dusky spots, becoming con-
fluent in a black line at the anal segment, and bordered by
an interrupted black line. On each side a row of slanting
tubercular flesh-coloured stripes. Head and fore feet black.
Feeds on the catkins of sallow in spring. Full fed the end
of March and beginning of April. In appearance it much
resembles the larva of EapHhecki Eaivortliiata. I am in-
debted to the kindness of Mr. Doubleday for the larva from
which the foregoing description was taken.

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV.E. 143

The larva of this insect, when full fed, comes out of the
sallow catkins, and spins a slight cocoon amono; earth, roots
of grass or moss. The pupa is pale golden yellow. Ab-
dominal divisions dusky. Thorax aad wing-cases having a
slight greenish tinge. Eyes prominent, blackish. Abdomen
short and curtailed.

EwpitJiecia ahhreviata. Slender, hairy, tapering towards
the head. Ground-colour pale yellowish-red. Central dor-
sal line pale olive. Down the centre of the back a series of
pale olive, V-shaped spots, sometimes bordered with yellow.
Spiracular line yellowish. Segmental divisions red. Central
ventral line yellowish, sometimes altogether wanting. Dor-
sal spots frequently merged in a broad central line. The
whole of the markings on this larva vary much in intensity
of colouring, but are usually faint and indistinct. Feeds on
oak. Full fed the beginning of July. Pupa enclosed in a
slight earthen cocoon ; bright red; thorax and wing-cases
paler than abdomen ; base of wing-cases dusky ; abdominal
divisions and tip deep red. Perfect insect appears at the end
of April and in May.

Eupithecia exJguata. This larva somewhat resembles that
of the liitle blue emerald (lodis lactearea), and appears at
the same time. It is long, slender and tapering. Ground-
colour dark green, with a central row of small dull red
lozenge-shaped dorsal spots, connected by a central dorsal
line of the same colour. Spiraculai* line red, bordered with
yellow. Segmental divisions yellowish. The dorsal blotches
are often wanting on the anterior segments, and their place
supplied by a greenish line. In the centre of each dorsal
blotch a small yellow spot. Feeds in September and
October, on barberry, white-thorn, black currant, ash, alder
sallow, blackthorn, snow-berry and dogwood. Pupa en-
closed in an earthen cocoon ; long, slender and tapering.
Wing-cases dark olive-green. Thorax and abdomen dusky

144 LEPIDOPTERA.

olive. Abdominal divisions very conspicuously yellow. Per-
fect insect appears from May to July.

Eupithecia sobrinafa. This larva is rather variable in ap-
pearance. The ground-colour is either dark green or yellow-
ish-red, with a series of rust-coloured dorsal blotches, in-
tersected by a central dorsal dark green horizontal line, and
bordered on either side by a yellowish one. These blotches
generally disappear on the posterior segments, and are some-
times wanting altogether. Spiracular line waved, pale yellow,
or whitish. Belly with a whitish central horizontal line.
Feeds on juniper. I have found it tolerably common on old
trees in gardens and shrubberies in Derbyshire. It is full fed
at the end of May and in tlie beginning of June, and the
perfect insect appears in July. Pupa enclosed in an earthen
cocoon or in a slight web amongst the stalks. Head, thorax
and wing-cases dark green ; abdomen yellowish.

Eupitheciapumilata. Short and stumpy, tapering slightly
towards the head. Ground-colour pale yellowish-olive, red-
dish-olive or rusty red. Central dorsal line dusky olive,
almost black. Down the centre of the back a chain of
dusky arrow-shaped spots, more or less distinct, and becoming
merged in the dorsal line on the anterior and posterior seg-
ments. On each side a broad ribbon-like stripe, yellowish in
the middle, dusky at the edges. The dorsal spots bordered
interruptedly with yellow. Spiracular line yellowish. The
larvae fromx which the foregoing description was taken, were
reared from eggs sent me by Mr. Hellins, at the end of May,
and fed on flowers of Anthriscus sylvestris. They were full
fed at the end of June, and the first perfect insect appeared
July 16th. Mr. Hellins tells me he has reared the larva on
flowers of Clematis.* The pupa, which is enclosed in a

* A variety occurs which has the ground-colour yellowish-green,
almost primrose -yellow. Central dorsal line olive, intersecting and
uniting a series of pear-shaped spots of the same colour, becoming

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LA RY.E. 145

slis^ht earthen cocoon, has the thorax and wing-cases pale
yellow ; abdomen short, yellow; tip red, divisions slightly po.
The perfect insect appears in April and May, and again in
July and August.

Eupithecia coronata. This larva is, I think, the prettiest
of all the genus. It is excessively variable in colour, so
much so that it was not till I had repeatedly bred the insect
that I could believe that such different looking larvae could
produce the same moth. The following are some of the
principal varieties: —

Var. 1. Ground-colour yellowish-green, with three reddish
dorsal lines, the centre one interrupted, and sometimes en-
larged into a chain of lozenge-shaped spots, the two side ones
very indistinct. Body, when closely examined, very slightly
hairy.

Var. 2. Ground-colour one uniform sea-green. The
dorsal lines and spots wholly, or almost entirely, wanting.

Var. 3. Ground-colour greenish-yellow, with a series of
rusty, lozenge-shaped dorsal spots or bars. The sides and
belly more or less suffused with rust-colour. Segmental
divisions bright yellow.

Var. 4. Ground-colour bright yellow, with a series of
broad, dull, red dorsal bars, intersected and bordered by
lines of the same colour. Sides and belly thickly clouded
with red. This larva is somewhat different in gait and shape
from those of all the other Eu])itheci(B, and resembles that
of ^. rupicaprarin. Its favourite food is the petals of Cte-
matis Vitalba, from which plant it may be beaten in some

merged in the central line on the anterior and posterior segments. Sub-
dorsal lines olive ; two on each side. Belly pale dirty-green, dusky at
the edges. The spots and lines vary much in intensity of colouring,
and are sometimes almost entirely wanting, leaving the larva a uniform
pale yellowish- green.

1861. L

146 LEPIDOPTERA.

plenty from the middle of July till the middle of August.
I have also beaten it from the flo-wers of the hemp agrimony
(Eupatoriuni cannahinmn), the golden rod (Solidago vir-
gaurea), and the wood Angelica (Arigelica si/lvesii-is). The
pupa, which is enclosed in a rather closely spun earthen
cocoon, has the abdomen very much curtailed and sharply
pointed, the eyes black and very prominent, the thorax and
wing-cases spotted with black, the latter much ribbed. The
spots do not appear for a week or two after the caterpillar has
turned, and till then the pupa is a uniform pale yellow-
ish-red colour. The perfect insect appears from April to
July. In confinement I have occasionally had the earlier
fed July larva produce the perfect insect in August.

Eupithecia rectang ulata. Short, thick and stumpy.
Ground-colour very pale yellowish-green, darker when
young. Central dorsal line varying much in breadth and in-
tensity of colouring, sometimes rusty red, sometimes dark
green, frequently very indistinct and sometimes wanting alto-
gether. Segmental divisions reddish. Spiracular line rather
darker than ground-colour. Whole body very transparent.
Circulation very visible under central dorsal line. Back
sprinkled with a few very short hairs. Dorsal stripe, when
young, broad, distinct and rusty red. Feeds in x4.pril and May
on the blossoms of apple and wild crab. Full fed the middle of
the latter month. I took a number of these larvae, this spring,
in Suffolk. I noticed that those which fed upon wild crab
were much brighter and darker-coloured than those upon the
apple blossoms in the gardens. In habits and shape this
larva strongly resembles that of E. Haworthmta. The
pupa is enclosed in a slight earthen cocoon. The thorax
and wing-cases are yellow, suffused with olive. Abdomen
tapering, lower divisions and tip blood red. The perfect
insect appears in about a fortnight.

( 147 )

NEW WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY.

FARM INSECTS ; being the Natural History and
Economy of the Insects injurious to the Field Crops of Great
and Ireland, and also those which infest Barns and Gra-
naries, with Suggestions for their Destruction. By John
Curtis, F.L.S. Price Ws. Blackie and Son.

In this handsome volume of 528 pages, with 16 coloured plates
and numerous wood engravings, Mr. Curtis has given, in a collected
form, the mass of information on insects injurious to agriculture,
which had already appeared from his pen in the "Journal of the
Agricultural Society" and in the "Gardener's Chronicle."

Mr. Curtis observes in the Introduction — " I commence with the
tui-nip crop, investigating the several species which live upon the
leaves, those which inhabit the flosveis, such as devour the seed,
and those which injure and destroy the roots. I then pass on to
the cereals, and investigate the iiistory of the insects which cause
abortion either by inroads on the flowers, or by reducing the su})j)ly
of sap to the germen ; of those which attack the folias^e, and of
such as cause the roots to perish. I next proceed to the barn and
granary and describe the beetles and moths, together with their
larvae, which subsist upon stored grain. I then enter the pea and
bean fields, where we are sure to find abundance of depredators.
Mangel-wurzel and carrots next occupy my attention ; and thence
I proceed to examine the potato crops, which afford a wide field for
inquiry among the beetles, bugs, &c., which live on their haulm,
as well as the larvae of various beetles, gnats, flies, &c., which in-
jure the tuber itself." The volume concludes with "an exami-
nation of the insects injurious to clover crops and pasture lands."

The author observes, in his concludint; paragraph, that his object
has been "to make the farmer acquainted with the habits of his
insect enemies, and to enable him to recognize them under their
different aspects of egg, caterpillar, pupa and perfect insect."

l2

148 NEW WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY.

THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S INDICATOR: An Al-
phabetically arranged Guide to the Species of British Lepi-
doptera, with Special reference to Doubleday's last List ;
Stainton's *' Manual ;" Wood's '^ Index Entomologicus,"
&c. By B. Bradney Bockett, M.A., Vicar of Epsom,
Surrey. Price Is. London : E. Newman, 9, Devonshire
Street, Bishopsgate.

The title of this little brochure sufficiently explains its nature.

THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR, giving the
Time of Appearance of the British Lepidopiera, as far as
they are known, in the Imago, Larva and Pupa States; with
a classified Arrangement of the Larvae Food. By Joseph
Merrix. Price \s.Qd.] cloth boards, 2s. London: E.
Newman, 9, Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate.

The nature of the contents of this handy little volume are also
sufficiently indicated by the title.

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES: Figures and Descriptions
of every Native Species, with an Account of Butterfly De-
velopment, Structure, Habits, Localities, Mode of Capture
and Preservation, &c. By W. S. Coleman. With Plain
Plates, price \s. ; with Coloured Plates, price 3^. 6d. Lon-
don : ROUTLEDGE, WaRNE AND RoUTLEDGE.

Wonderfully got up considering the price, and the letter-press
well put together. When we reflect on the similar works published
thirty years ago, we are astounded at the improvement that is mani-
fested. Still we Ijope that the butterfly-hunters will not have their
pursuit made too easy.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA.

Vol. v., containing Coleophora, Part 2. With 8 Coloured
Plates. Price 125. 6d. London : John Van Voorst,
Paternoster Row.

This volume, like its predecessor, contains the biographies of 24
species of the interesting genus Coleophora.

NEW WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. 149

A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS

INSECTS in the Museum of the Natural History at the
East India House. By Thos. Horsfield, M. and Ph. D.,
F.R.S., Keeper of the Museum, and Frederic Moore,
Assistant. Vol. II. London : W. H. Allen & Co., 7,
Leadenhall Street.

Of the first volume of this work, which appeared at the close
of 1857, containing- the Diurnal Lepidoptera and the S[)hinges,
Dr. Herrich-Schaffer has remarked — " This work is indispensable
to those who are occupied with Exotic Lepidoptera or with syste-
matic Entomology."

The second volume, which has now appeared, contains the Bom-
byces.

"■ The BoMBYCES," we read, " form a distinct tribe, equal in rank
to the Papiliones and Sphinges, and are related to the latter by
the g'enera^^mo:, Zi/r/csna and Eusemia, and to the Noctuid^ by
HepialusJ'

No group of insects is more difficult to arrange systematically
than the Bombyces ; in no group do we meet with so many aberrant
and abnormal forms. Dr. Horstield remarks — " It is manifest to all
Entomologists that the transformations in this tribe have, as yet,
been very i?nperfectly observed and recorded ; most of those of
African, Australian and American Lepidoptera are a desideratum to
science, although those of Europe have been largely illustrated by
Hiibner. The final subdivision of this tribe, formed on the me-
tamorphosis of the several species, remains for some future Ento-
mologist, who may undertake the examination and arrangement of
this tribe with the views applied by Vigors to Birds, and by De
Haan to Crustacea."

THE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Descriptive
and Geographical. Parts 1 and 2. London : Taylor and
Francis, Red Lion Court.

It is difficult to conceive why the supporters, of this Journal
should have turned their backs on the Transactions of the Entomo-
logical Society, where the papers which have appeared in the
Journal of Entomology would have been so welcome — they say it
" has been projected to supply the want of an Entomological
periodical devoted to the descriptions of new species and to the
geographical distribution of insects generally. It is intended to

150 NEW WORKS OX EXTOMOLOGY.

figure the new or little known forms so far as possible ; and with
regard to the latter, local lists and monographs will be one of its
principal features.

" The Journal will be published at intervals of 3 or 4 months, or
perhaps oftener, and the price will vary according to the number of
plates and the amount of letterpress."

Did the writer of these lines ever see the Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London ?

We believe there is no ill-feeling on the part of the originators
of this Journal to the Entomological Society, and if such be the
case we hope, in a few months, the pabulum which sustains this
opposition Journal will again relapse into its more legitimate
channel.

LACORDAIRE, Genera des Coleopteres, Tome V«"°%
Pp. 750. Paris : Roret, Rue Hautefeuille 12.

This volume contains the Tenebrionidse, Cistelidae, Nilionidae,
Pythidae, Melandryidae, Lagriidae, Pedilidse, Anthicidge, Pyro-
chroidae, Mordellidge, Rhipiphoridae, Stylopidae, Meloidae and (Ede-
meridae.

MONOGRAPHIE DES ELATERIDES. Par E.
Candeze. Tome III. Pp. 512. Liege: H. Dessaix,
Rue Trappe.

The first volume of this work appeared in 1857, running to 400
pages : the second volume, in 1859, consists of 342 pages.

LTNN^A ENTOMOLOGICA. Vol. XIV. Leip-
zio;: Fleischer.

The present volume contains a corrected catalogue of the Asiatic
Cryptocephali by Dr. Suffrian ; a ^Monograph of the Termites by
Dr. Hagen ; the species of the genus Lissomus of Dalman by Dr.
Gerstacker ; on Laverxa, a genus of Elachhtidce, by Professor
Frey; a monographic attempt at the family Emeshia, by Anton.
Dohrn ; on the Bibliography of North American Entomology, by
"\V. Sharswood ; and descriptions of some new Chilian Lepidoptera,
by Dr. Philippi.

The assortment show^n in the above '' contents" is more varied
than usual.

NEW WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. 151

STETTINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG.

21st Jahrgang, 1860. Stettin.

This contains about the usual amount of interesting scientific
matters, and its pages are further enlivened by personal squabbles
between living Entomologists. Science would be dry work without
a little sauce.

NOUVEAU GUIDE DE L'AMATEUR D'lN-
SECTES : comprenant les Generalites sur leur Division
en Ordres ; I'lndication des Ustensiles et les meilleurs Pro-
cedes pour leur faire la Chasse ; les Epoques et les Conditions
les plus favorables a cette Chasse ; la maniere de les preparer
et de les conserver en Collections. Par plusieurs Membres
de la Societe Entomologique de France. Paris : Deyrolle,
Rue de la Monnaie 19.

The contributors in this little volume are as follows : —
M. Leon Fairmaire on Coleoptera.
M. Louis Brisout de Barneville on Orthoptera.
Dr. Signoret on Hemiptera.
M. De Selys Longchamp on Neuroptera.
Dr. Sichel on Hynienoptera.

M. Bellier de la Chavignerie and the late M. Pierret on the
Macro-Lepidoptera.

M. Stainton and M. Fologne on the Micro-Lepidoptera.

M. Bigot on Diptera.

It is thus a very complete work, going through all the orders.

CORRESPONDENZBLATT fiir Sammler von In-
secten,insbesonderevon Schmetterlingen. I. Jahrgang, Nro.
1—12. Re^ensburg: G. J. Manz.^ 1860.

Under this title Dr. Herrich-Schaffer has produced a monthly
periodical, which contains notices of new insects, casual observa-
tions, notices of books, notices of insects, for exchange, answers to
correspondents, &c., &c.

The price to subscribers is one German florin per annum ; i.e.
for 12 numbers. The price to this country, post free, is of course
rather more, but a thaler note will be taken as payment for 15
numbers to be forwarded to England.

152 NEW WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY.

BESCHREIBUNG neuer oder vvenig bekannter Blatt-
wespen aiis dem Gebiete der preussischen Fauna. By Dr.
G. Zaddach. Konigsbero^. 1859.

ANMAERKNINGAR och Tillagg till Finlands Sma-
fjaril-fauna af J. M. J. af Tengstrom. Helsingfors :
Finska Litteratur-sallskapets Tryckei'i. 1859.

This is a valuable contribution to the Miero-Lepidopterological
literature of Nortliern Europe, and we trust will tend to foster the
study of these insects in the Scandinavian peninsula,

DIE PFLANZEN UND RAUPEiV DEUTSCH-
LANDS. Yersucli einer lepidopterologischen Botanik von
O. Wilde. Erster Theil : Systematische Beschreibung der
Pflanzen unter Angabe der an denselben lebenden Raupen.
Berlin : E. S. Mittler und Sohn. I860.

We have not space here to notice this little volume as fully as it
deserves ; but we can heartily recommend it to all who take an
interest in the subject of Entomological botany.

At a glance one can see both errors and omissions, but in so vast
a field as that here comprehended errors so easily creep in — the
author could not be supposed to record all the facts from his own
observations, and in compiling from the observations of others (some
perhaps little trustworthy) errors are unavoidable.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA,

VOLS. I.— v.,
Each 1'2.9, Qd. icith Eight Coloured Plates,

BY

H. T. STAINTON,

ASSISTED BY

Professor ZELLER, J. W. DOUGLAS, and Professor FREY.

*^* The object of this work is to make known the habits and
transformations of the various species of that most interesting group
of the smaller Moths, the Tineina.

The work is wholly written in four languages— English, French,
German and Latin, which are printed in parallel columns.

The Plates represent, coloured and on a magnified scale, the
transformations of the species which are noticed in the volume.

Vol. L contains 21 Neptlculcs and 3 CemiostomcB.
,, II. ,, 24: of the genus Lithocolletis.
„ IIL ,, 21 ElachistcE and 3 Tischerice.
,, IV. „ 24 of the genus CoZ^op^ora.
„ V. „ 24: more of the genus Co/eojo.Wa.

The next two volumes are now in course of preparation.

Vol. VI. will contain 24 of the genus Depressaria.
„ VII. „ 12 of the genus Bucculatrix and 12 more

of the genus Nepticula.
Vol. VIII. will probably contain some of the genus Gracilaria
and its allies.

A volume appears annually.

London : JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, Paternoster Row.

Paris : DEYROLLE, Rue de la Monnaie 19.

Berlin: E. S. MITTLER und SOHN, Zimmerstrasse 84, 85.

Price 255. 1 vol. St'o.

THE BRITISH TORTRICES.

By S. J. WILKINSON.

This Work forms one 8vo. Volume, uniform with the
Series of the "Insecta Britannica," and contains De-
scriptions of all the British Species of " Tortricina/' with
Observations on their Habits and Localities.

*' Mr. "Wilkinson has described, with great accuracy, from
original specimens, three hundred species of these insects. As
this has been done with the skill of a master, the work must
take its place beside the great descriptive works devoted to other
families of insects." — Athenceum.

London : John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row.

Price %s. 6d. cloth.

ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY;

AN OUTLINE

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS.
By W. S. DALLAS, F.L.S.

" In everything essential the book is excellent, and will prove a
useful guide for the Entomological Student.'^ — Annals of Natural
History.

Price 35. Qd.

THE WORLD OP INSECTS:

A

aXJIDE TO ITS ^VOISTDERS.

By J. W. DOUGLAS.

^' There are probably few Entomological Works that stand a
better chance of being extensively read than the ' World of Insects;'
for it is written with so much heartiness that it is very difficult to
put the book down when once we have taken it up, and the motto
' Corde et inanu' breathes the spirit that pervades the whole." —
Stainton's ^^ June,^' p. 117.

London: John Van Vookst, 1, Paternoster Row.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL FOR 1855,

Second Edition, with Coloured Plate, price 2s. Qd.

In addition to the Notices of New British Insects captured in 1854,
contains the following information on collecting and preserving
Lepidoptera, by H. T. Stainton : —

1. How TO COLLECT LePIDOPTERA.

2. How TO REAR LePIDOPTERA FROM THE PUPA OR

LARVA STATE.

3. How TO KILL LePIDOPTERA.

4. How TO PIN LePIDOPTERA.

5. How TO set LePIDOPTERA.

6. How TO ARRANGE LePIDOPTERA IN THE COLLECTION.

It also contains notes on the collecting and preserving of Co-
leoptera, by T. Vernon Wollaston : —

1. Suggestions where Coleoptera should be looked

FOR.

2. The apparatus necessary for the collector of

Coleoptera.

3. The mode of preparing the Specimens when

CAUGHT.

From it containing this information this little volume is of great
value to all beginners, and some may be incited to greater ardour
in the pursuit by reading "The Address to young Entomologists
at Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, and at all other Schools."

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL FOR 1856,

With Coloured Plate, price 2s. 6d.

Contains, in addition to the Notices of New British Insects in
1855, the following Articles by the Editor : —

Advantages of the Study of Natural History.
Pleasures of Entomology.

List of Entomological Books on Sale in London.
Ghent to Glogau and Stettin to Schaffhausen in

search op Entomologists.
Also
Results of a Residence at Fochabers; by John Scott.

And
On the Objects of a Collection of Insects ; by John

Lubbock.

London: John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL FOR 1857.

With Coloured Plate, price 2s. 6d.

Contains, in addition to the Notices of New British Insects in 1856,
the following Articles by the Editor : —
The Seasons.
Is Entomology Progressing?

Also
A Synopsis of the British Dragon Flies. By Dr.

Hag EN.
Some Dipterous Notes and Queries. By W. W.

Saunders, F.R.S.

And
How Insects breathe. By John Lubbock, F.G.S.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL FOR 1858.

With Coloured Plate, price 2s. 6d.

Contains, in addition to the Notices of New^ British Insects in 1857,
the following Articles by the Editor : —
Do YOU STUDY Entomology?
Paris yiew^ed Lepidopterologically.

Also
A Synopsis of the British Planipennes. By Dr.

Hagen.
On the Caterpillars of the Saw Flies. By J. O.

Westwood, F.L.S.
On the Tine^ of the Higher Alps. By Professor

Frey.

London: John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL FOR 1859.

With Coloured Plate, price 2s. 6d.

Contains, in addition to the Notices of New British Insects in 1858,

A List of 967 British Entomologists,

And
The Commencement of

A Synopsis of the British Phryganid.^. By Dr.
Hagen.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL FOR 1860.
With Coloured Plate, j^rice '2s. 6d.

Contains, in addition to the Notices of New British Insects in 1859,

A List of 1,224 British Entomologists,

And
A Continuation of

A Synopsis of the British Phryganidje. By Dr.
Hagen.

Also
Thoughts on Species. By Dr. Brackenridge
Clemens.

London : John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row.

FOURTH THOUSAND.

Price 10s., in two Vols, doth.

MANUAL

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

BY

H. T. STAINTON,

Editor of the " Entomologist's Annual.

This Work contains descriptions of nearly 2,000 species,
interspersed ^yith Observations on their peculiarities and
times of appearance, &;c., and is illustrated with more than
200 Woodcuts.

London : John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,

(A Weekly Journal devoted to Entomology.)

Published every Saturday, price Id. The Ninth Volume
is now in course of publication.

The previous Volumes may still be had : —
Vol. I. (for 1856), price 9*.
Vol. II. (for 1857, April — September), price 45.
Vol. III. (for 1857-8, October— March), price 4s.
Vol. IV. (for 1858, April — September), price 4s.
Vol. V. (for 1858-9, October -March), price 4s.
A'^ol. VI. (for 1859, April — September), price 4s.
Vol. VII. (for 1859-60, October— March), price 4s.
Vol. VIII. (for 1860, April— September), price 4s.

The current volume will be sent regularly on publication, post
free, to any one forwarding 4s. 6d. in postage stamps to E. Newma>',
9, Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate Street, N.E.

London : E. Newman, 9, Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate :
W. Kent & Co., Paternoster Row.

■ c

FOXJRTHTHOUSAND. .

Price 10s., in two Vols, cloth.

A MANUAL \

OF

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, j

By H. T. Stainton, '

Editor of the " Entomologist's Ankval." ^

This Work contains descriptions of nearly 2,000 species, inter-
spersed with Observations on their peculiarities and times of '
appearance, &c., and is illustrated with more than 200 Woodcuts.

>'i 'jV^ Loiitloa : John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row.

m

■JlS ENTOMOLOGISTS

^VM (-^ Weekly Journal l»:. "oxEi) to Entomology.)

<si )>• : Published every Saturday, piice \d. The Ninth Volume :s
*^'0 now in course of publication.

"tW^ ^''^ P^^^'^^"^ f^oluines may still be had : —

\W ( ^'^^' ^' ^^'^^ 185{)), price 9s.

/rUX ^ °^" ^^' ^^^^ ^^^"^^ April -September), price 4cs.

4t )' i^ ^'^^- I^^- (^O'* 1S57-S, October— March), price 4^.

M^ *■• ^'"^' ^^ * ^^^^ 18oS, Api-il — September), price 4*.

Jr \^ • ^'"^' ^ ' ^^^^ 1858-9, October-^^March), price is.

n//'^'^^ ^"^' ^^' ^^^^ 1859,..April — September), price 45.

\/?^^^ Vol. VII. (for 1859-60, October— March), pric2 45.

^f-'^^'^V^ Vol. VIII. (for 1860, April— September), price 4*.

, The cnnent volume will be sent regularly on publication,

u -post fret to any one forwarding. 4*. 6d. in postage stamps to

'^ E. Newman, 9, I^evonshire Street, Bishopsgate Street, N.E.

. Lou(u>n : E. Newman, 0, Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate :
W. Kent & Co., Paternoster Ro\v.

XVws :^''^xt--<r.'J^)'^'^.i>^'^^xv^.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL

MDCCCLXIL

WITH A COLOURED PLATE

LONDON: <;

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MDCCCLXII.

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THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL

MDCCOLXIL

" Some do not work at all— are utterly laz}-. Some do their share grudgingly and
unwillingly, without giving it their energies ; and some are always grinding."

LONDON:
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MDCCCLXII.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY C. ROWORTK AND SONS,

BfiLL YARD, TEMPLE BAR.

PREFACE.

The list of British Entomologists is again omitted, hut yet
the Vohime overflows.

If, as we last year suggested, the list of Entomologists be
given once in three years, the season for it will recur next
Christmas.

Dr. Hagen, during his stay in London, wrote a short
paper on Fossil Insects, which, as the subject is one but little
studied by Entomologists in general, we have given a pro-
minent position in the present Volume. Unfortunately,
whilsi Dr. Hagen was here he had not means of referring to
all his notes on the subject, and hence one or two important
errors have crept in, which will be found noticed in the
Errata, Dr. Hagen having fortunately detected them after
he reached home, and pointed tliem out to us just before
the publication of the Volume.

For reasons to which it is unnecessary to refer more par-
ticularly, we have omitted our list of New British Coleo-
ptera in 1861 ; but our Index to the New British Coleoptera
in former Volumes has been kindly furnished by Mr. W. F.
Kirby.

Mr. M'Lachlan's contribution of " Notes on British
Trichoptera" will be read with interest by all those who
regret, like ourselves, that so many orders should have suf-

a2

IV PREFACE.

fered hitherto fi-om an almost universal neglect. It is very
cheering to find that, when an energetic worker steps forward
and shows plainly that he means work, assistance comes
forward from various unsuspected quarters.

Mr. Scott's notes " On Hemiptera" will, we trust, be found
also to touch a responsive chord, and lead to increased study
of those elea:ant but frao;ile insects. As a writer latelv ob-
served in the " Saturday Review," '^ we must work trusting
that some one of the thousand seeds we sow will take root ;
and often good comes where we least rely on it."

Mr. Smith has kindly furnished, as on previous occasions,
some notes on Hymenoptera, observed during the past season ;
and has given, in addition, a very complete little Monograph
of the Family of the ruby-tailed flies ( Chrysididce).

Mr. Harpur Crewe has furnished some more notes on the
larvEe of the genus Eupithecia, and has indicated those which
are yet unknown to him, and the most likely modes of ob-
taining them ; we have no doubt he will readily obtain the
co-operation which his persevering labours in this field so
richly deserve. S

We have incorporated, in our observations on Tineina,
both those which relate to British and to Continental species ;
the result will be more acceptable abroad, and it will cer-
tainly not be of diminished ultility here. We have to
express our hearty thanks to our various Correspondents,
who have furnished us with so rich a harvest of observations.
T he discoverv of the larva of the sino;ular genus Mici-o-
pteri/x affords an amusing illustration of our aptness to look
over the very object for which we are searching. The credit
of first rearing one of this genus is due to Herr Kaltenbach,

PREFACE. V

of Aix-la-Chapelle ; but we have not yet been able to ascer-
tain with accuracy the name of the species reared by him.

The decease of "The Entomologist's Weekly InteUigencer"
is probably now well known to most of our readers ; we had
fully intended a short obituary notice of that Journal, but
unfortunately our space was all pre-occupied more rapidly
than we had anticipated, and hence we found it impossible
to carry out our wishes. Perhaps we may manage it next
year.

H. T. STAINTON.

]M0UNTSFIELD, LeWISIIAM,

December 'lord, 18(31.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Normgria Elijmi, Treitschke, see page 108.

2. Leucania putrescens, H'ubner, see page 116, and Entomologist'

Annual, 1860, page 130.

3. Xylma conformis, Wiener Verzeichniss, see page 108.

4. Myrmica Icevigata, Smith, female, see page 70.

5. Philopotamus Scoiicus, new species, see page 34.

6. Metatropis ritfescens, Herrich-S chaffer, see page 156.

7. Myrmica Icevigata, worker major, see page.70.

8. „ „ worker minor, see page 70.

ERRATA.

Page 1, lines 5 and 4 from bottom, for 1,000 read 600.
Page 1, line 3 from bottom, for 600 read 400.
Page 6, line 7 from bottom, for 4^ inches read 7^ inches.
Page 7, line 7, for 4| — 5 inches read 7^ — S inches.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Fossil Entomology.

A Comparison of the Fossil Insects of England and Bavaria.
By Dr. Hagen 1

COLEOPTERA.

Index to the new British Coleoptera enumerated in the
Entomologist's Annual, 1S56 — 1861. By W. F, Kirby. 11

Trichoptera.

Notes on British Trichoptera, with Descriptions of Ncw
Species, &c. By R. :\1'Lachlan 21

Lepidoptera.

Notes on Eupithecia Larvae. By theREv. H.H.Crewe, M. A. SS

A Chapter on Zygaena Minos. By the Editor .. ..50

New British Species in 1861. By the Editor .. .. 105

Rare British Species captured in 1861 .. .. ..115

Observations on British and Continental Tineina .. ..119

Answers to Enigmas .. .. .. .. .. .. 141

Enigmas still unanswered .. .. .. .. ..141

New Enigmas for Solution .. .. .. .. .. 145

Natural History of the Tineina .. .. .. .. 147

IIymenoptera.

Notes on Hymenoptera observed during the past Season ;
some Observations on Ilymenopterous Parasites, and a
Monograph of the Family Chrysidid(P. By Frederick
Smith 69

Hemiptera.

On Hemiptera, commonly called Bugs. By John Scctt. . 150

New Works ON Entomology .. .. .. .. .. 15S

A COMPARISON OF THE FOSSIL INSECTS OF
ENGLAND AND BAVARIA.

By Dr. Hagen.

{Read before the Geological Section of the British Association at Manchester,
September, 1861.)

I AM desirous of making a few remarks on the Fossil Insects
of the Lias and Wealden, as far as they have been described
and figured. Formerly the fossiliferous strata of Solenhofen
and Eichstadt in Bavaria were considered analogous to the
English secondary strata; later investigations have, however,
established that the English strata, are considerably older.
The sjDecimens that have hitherto been described and figured
from the Bavarian strata are not sufficiently numerous to
enable us to form a judgment on the Fauna of those strata.
I must especially call attention to the fact that the species
described by Germar in the Acta Academise Leopold., to
which hitherto reference has always been made, are described
from specimens, the outline of which has been artistically
painted and completed. I have often examined the types
carefully and can certainly maintain that this account of them
is correct.

The Royal Collection in the Academy of Munich and the
collection of Dr. Crantz of Bonn contain together about one
thousand stones with insects, and, even deducting the double
stones, this represents at least six hundred specimens.

A few weeks back I had an opportunity of studying very
carefully the collection at Munich, and was much surprised

1862. B

'J A COilPARISOX OF THE FOSSIL INSECTS

at the splendid preservation of many of the specimens. One-
third of the entire collection is Libelhdce, another third con-
sists of Orthoptera and Semiptera, especially gioantic
species of 13elosfoma, Pynolampos and Nepa the remaining
third consists of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera.

On comparing the insects of Solenhofen and Eichstadt
with those of England, there appears in the first place a
difi"erence which may possibly admit of interesting inferences:
the insects of the Bavarian strata are almost universally
preserved entire; wings, legs, head and antennse are in their
proper places ; most of the LihellulcB have their wings ex-
panded. He who has noticed, on the sandy shores of the
Baltic, how depositions of insects are now taking place, will
admit that tlie insects of the Solenhofen strata were already
dead when deposited.

The insects would be, as now, driven by the wind into the
sea, thrown on the shore dead or dying, and there gradually
covered with sand by the rippling waves. That this process
took place extremely graduall}^ and slowly in the Solenhofen
strata is evident also from another circumstance; for we
frequently find the cavities of insects, the head, thorax and
body, filled up with regular crystals of calcareous spar.
Hence the pressure of the stratum overlying the insects must
have been very slight, when such delicate parts as the
abdominal segments of a dragon-fly could oppose resistance
for a sufficient length of time to admit of the formation of
crystals.

Naturally there do occur, here and there, in the Solenhofen
strata impressions of insects obtained in a different way, which
admit of the idea of a very heavy pressure from the super-
incumbent strata, yet these specimens are scarce and form
only a small proportion of the entire number.

OF ENGLAND AND BAVARIA. ^3

In direct contrast to what is above stated, the fossil strata
of England very rarely contain entire insects ; generally there
are only some parts of the wings, abdomen and thorax, and
these besides are generally imperfect.

Hence it appears to me worthy of consideration, to ascer-
tain by an investigation of the fossils remaining in the English
strata, whether their position and state of preservation admits
of the inference that their deposition took place without
disturbance, and not rather that by storm or by other com-
motions the frao-ments were tossed about for a lono; time
before they found a resting-place.

There is the less to be said against this conjecture, that the
wings of insects (which form by far the largest portion of
the Entomolooical fossils in the Eng-lish strata) are almost
indestructible in water. I have kept the wings of dragon-flies
in Vv'ater for years, without observing;: the slig-htest chano-e in
their texture. The preponderance of wings of Coleoptera in
the English strata also confirms my view, as from their
consistence they are better capable of resisting such violence
tlian the wings of other insects, whereas in the Solenhofen
strata on the other hand there are even vertebrata, which
confirm the idea of a leisurely and tranquil deposit. For
instance, one rarely finds a Pterodactyl of which all the parts
are not near together.

A more precise study of the fossil insects of Bavaria, and
a comparison with those of England, enables me to draw two
conclusions.

Firstly, that the two Fauna are extremely closely allied, and
that possibly some species occur in both formations. It will
at any rate require very strong arguments to prove the
distinctness of some species.

Secondly, that the Fauna of the English and Bavarian
strata is not only quite distinct from the existing Fauna, but

b2

4 A COMPARISOX OF THE FOSSIL INSECTS

also from those of Aix, of the Rhenish peat-deposit, of
CEningen and Radoboj ; and from that of amber, differing
not only in species but in genera.

It had so often been announced that the mass of the
Solenhofen fossil Libellulce were of the genus ^schnay that
I was hence the more surprised, amongst all the numerous
specimens I examined, to see only a single ill-preserved
specimen of an ^schna ; nearly all the remaining specimens
being Gomphidce or Calopterygidce. Amongst the numerous
Solenhofen insects there is this remarkable circumstance, that
at a first glance an insect seems in general appearance to
accord precisely with some existing genus, but, on a closer
examination, we find such distinctive characteristics and so
many of them that the insect cannot possibly be placed in the
genus to which it, at first sight, seemed referable. As far as
I can at present perceive, almost all the Solenhofen insects
will necessitate the construction of new genera, which, however,
will often furnish connecting links between some of our
existing genera.

If we turn our attention to the Odonata, which form so
large a portion of the insect Fauna of the Bavarian strata, and
pieces of the wings of which seem also not uncommon in the
English strata, we find a remarkable and apparently inexpli-
cable contrast between the Fauna of the English secondary
strata and the Fauna of CEningen and Radoboj. Whilst here,
as also in the Rhenish peat, larvse and pupae o? Lihellulce are
found in great numbers, many often lying together, the
perfect insects being proportionally scarce ; in the Solenhofen
and Eichstadt deposits Libellid<B are precisely the most
plentiful specimens (forming one-third of all the insects), and
on the other hand up to the present time not a single larva or
pupa has been found.

OF ENGLAND AND BAVARIA. D

In the Rhenish peat the circumstance is interesting that we
find in it pupa skins and larvse ; as is well known the
Lihellulce make their appearance above the water in which
the larvES reside.

The absence of larvse in the Solenhofen strata admits,
however, of easy explanation if we suppose that the waters,
on whose shores the Solenhofen strata were deposited, were
salt. Just as at the present day numerous Odonala are
buried in the sand on the shores of the Baltic, although their
larvae do not live in that sea. The deposits of CEningen and
Radoboj we must on the other hand conclude were made in
fresh water.

The comparative richness of a collection which, like that at
Munich, has been made without any special predilection for
any particular class of animals, furnishes an approximatively
correct idea of the Fauna of such strata.

Out of 450 insects (omitting the duplicate impressions)
150 are Newroptera in the Linnean sense, and out of these
136 are Odonata. Of those not Odonata six only (com-
prising four species) belong to the JSleuroptera as restricted
by Erichson, namely, one species of Corydalis, one Ckryaopa,
a large Apochrysa and a beautiful Nympltes. The last two
genera, which do not seem very remote from Chrysopa, are
now found only in the Southern Hemisphere. Nymphes is
peculiarly an Australian genus; the presence of this genus in
the Solenhofen Fauna is hence very interesting, and still more
so as a species of Nymphes occurs in the amber of Eastern
Prussia.

All besides these six specimens mentioned belong to insects
which are nov/ usually referred to Orthoptera. If to these
we add the numerous Locustce and Blattce, nearly one-half
of all the insects will consist of Orthoptera.

6 A COMPARISON OF THE FOSSIL INSECTS

Returning again to the Odonata, we find that of the
Lihelhilina there are 4 species 14 specimens.

^schnina „

1

;?

1

Gomphina „

7

J?

62

Calopterygina „

11

J?

53

Agrioniria „

4

'?

6

It is hence certain that the Gomphina and Calopterygina
have been much the richest both in individuals and in species.
This proportion is not surprising to those who have attended
particularly to these families of insects. For these very
families exhibit such curious forms, between which the
intermediate species are wanting, that it was rightly suspected
the missing links would be found in the Fossil Fauna.

The Go7nphid(e of Solenhofen principally belong to species
which come near the genera Pefalia, Phenes, and Petalura,
thus to genera of which at the present day a few species occur
in Chili and Australia, and differ strikingly in many respects
from all other genera.

It is of importance to notice that the specimens of Gom-
phidce from the English strata (Brodie, Foss. Ins. PI. 5, fig.
7, PI. 10, fig. 3, and Westwood, Quart. Jour. Proc. Geol.
Soc. 1854, vol. X., PI. 15, fig. 3) come very near both in
form and size to the most plentiful of the Solenhofen species,
Petalia longialata, at least as far as can be judged from the
fragments. The Fossil Gomphina of Soleilhofen are gene-
rally very large, and some are truly gigantic — 4 inches in
length, with an expanse of wings of^4| inches.

The Calupterygina of Solenhofen are divisible into two
groups; one, containing four species, comes nearest to the
genera of the group Euphcea, yet the species cannot be
located in any existing genera ; the second forms the singular
Meterophlehia of Westwood ; the most frequent Solenhofen
species, S. eximiay comes so near the English species

OF ENGLAND AND BAVARIA. /

H. dislocatttf that to establish their difference requires a
careful scrutiny, and I have not had an opportunity of
personally examining the English species. Of the remaining
five species which I refer to the group Heterophlehia, four
belong to new genera, which must be placed in that group.
Two of these belong to the largest Odonata yet known,
jiaving an expanse of wing of 4^ — 5 inches, and bodies 3f —
4 inches in length. Their elongate pterostigma reminds one
strongly of JPetalwra, whilst the club-like dilated abdomen
in both the other species aifords a repetition of the form of
Ictinus. Of the English specimens already noticed the v/ings
figured in Brodie's Fossil Insects, PI. 10, fig. 4, lesemble the
wings of the above-mentioned Solenhofen species. I mean
that it belongs to the group Ilcterophlehia, the genera
forming connecting links between Calopterygina and Gom-
pldna.

The true LihdluUna are only very feebly represented in
the Solenhofen strata by four species : foitunately one speci-
men is in sufficiently good preservation to admit of the com-
parison w^ith an English specimen, namely, w^itli that of
which the basal portion of a posterior wing is figured by
Brodie (PI. 5, fig. 10; Westwood, Pi. 15, fig. 5). The fine
neuration and the extraordinary multitude of cells reminds
one of the genus Poltjneura. But if w^e examine more
closely we shall find a form of neuration which has no repre-
sentative in the greater number of existing species ; that is,
the triangle of the posterior wings is formed exactly like the
triangle of the anterior wings, the post-costa being united with
the upper angle of the triangle, whereas otherwise it always
runs to the lower angle. This form is so abnormal, that in
the entire family of the Odonata I know of nothing to which
it can be compared. Here also the English species seems to
come very near to that from Solenhofen.

8 A COMPARISON OF THE FOSSIL INSECTS

The rernainins: families which do not belons; to the Odo-
nata have hitherto met with few representatives in England
as in Solenhofen. In the Termites there occurs in England
the smallest species yet known (Brodie, PI. 2, fig. 6), in
Solenhofen the largest, with an expanse of wings of two
inches, and one species of medium size.

Fossil Perlid(S are not found in either Fauna. Some
specimens from Solenhofen I consider as Ephemer^a ; they
should belong to about four species. The form and nenra-
tion of the wings is, however, extraordinarily different from
existing species, yet they seem to come nearest to the true
genus Ephemera. In oiie species we meet with the remark-
able fact that the posterior wings are as large as the anterior,
a similarity nowhere found in existing species.

Of the families which belong to Neuroptera (more re-
strictedly viewed) the PanorpidcB have not yet been found
in either Fauna. The Hemerohidce are only represented in
the Solenhofen Fauna by several specimens, referable to
three species. A very large Apochrysa (it should not be
overlooked that the remains of some Hemerohius wings
found in England (Brodie, PI. 6, fig. 22) should also be
referred to Apochrysa), a Chrysopa, and lastly a very well
preserved Nymphes, a genus now peculiarly Australian.

In the family SialidoBj the Solenhofen Fauna possesses
specimens of a CorydaUs, and in England also a well-
preserved anterior wing of a Corydalis has been found. I
have seen the original at the British Museum : it is in ex-
traordinarily good preservation. (I believe it has been
figured by Mantell, but I know not where.) The English
species is of the same size with that from Solenhofen ; they
have however not been sufficiently examined to establish
their diff'erence. To the best of my recollection the neura-
tion of the English species is very similar to that of existing
species.

OF ENGLAND AND BAVARIA. \J

Of PhryganidcB fragments have only hitherto been found
in the English strata : I refer here some of the species placed
in the genus Orthophlebia (thus Brodie, PL 2, fig. 7 ; PL 5,
fig. 12; PL 8, figs. 7, 8, 9; PL 10, figs. 9—12; PL 9,
fig. 16, 17, and Westwood, PL 15, fig. 14* and O).

All these, excepting the last, belong to the Rhyacopliilidie;
the last mentioned is however evidently a Heteropalpiis, and
reminds one, by its neuration, of the Sericostomidce.

The beautiful preservation of one Solenhofen insect admits
of a satisfactory explanation of a number of wings found in
the English strata which have hitherto been reputed Neurop-
terous; I alkide to the delicate little grasshopper Lomista
arnanda of Hagen.

The wing from Durdlestone Bay (Westwood, PL 15,
fig. 17) is in form and size so similar to the Solenhofen
Locust a.y that a very close investigation will be necessary to
prove it distinct. The Solenhofen species is wonderfully
preserved, and by the stout jumping feet, the ovipositor of
the female and the long and thin antennas, is evidently one of
the Lociistina. The tibiae of the hinder legs have externally
just before the ends a leaf-like process, to which, as far as I
am aware, there is nothing analogous in existing species.
And if the wing represented by Westwood (PL 15, fig. 17)
is truly a Locusta, then other specimens (PL 15, fig. 16;
PL 17, fig. 12; PL 17, fig. 7 (a fragment) ; PL 18, fig. 26,
37, 39, and in Brodie, PL 5, figs. 13, 21, PL 8, figs. 6, 14,
3, 11 ; PL 10, figs. 5, 14) also belong to similar species of
Locustina,

The Solenhofen strata contain a number of other species of
Orthoptera. I was particularly interested in a species of
gigantic size, the more especially as the fine neuration
throughout reminds me of the fragment figured by West-
wood (PL 17, fig. 21).

10 A COMPARISON OF THE FOSSIL IXSECTS, ETC.

The Blattina are on the whole scarcer in the Solenhofen
strata tlian in the English ; and besides, I have not exa-
mined the specimens so carefully as to be able to express an
opinion on them here. To this group belong Vv^estwood's
figures, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, on PI. 15; PI. 17, figs. 10,
13; PI. 18, figs. 22, 25, 28, 34, 35, 43, and in Brodie's
work, PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 16, 20; Pi. 8, figs. 12, 13.

With reference to two wings which Westwood deemed
Orthopterous (PI. 18, fig. 24 and 42, Sialium sipylus) I do
not feel quite certain. They have so many points of resem-
blance to Hemerohius, especially to Nymplies, that it appears
to me not improbable they may belong to the Neuroptera.
A third specimen (PI. 17, fig. 16), Raphium J3rephos,
diff*ers too essentially in its neuration from the Maphidia to
be I'eferi'ed there without hesitation. In the Solenhofen
strata the Hemiptera ate represented by gigantic Pygo-
lanipos and other species ; but I am unable here or in the
Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera to make a com-
parison with the English strata.

The principal result of my present investigations has been
that the Fauna of the English secondary strata seems allied
to the Bavarian in many respects, and that some species are
so very similar that a very close comparison is necessary to
establish their distinctness. That comparison must be made
by English naturalists, as I have had no opportunity of see-
ing the fossil insects of England.

( 11 )

INDEX TO THE NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA
ENUMERATED IN THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S

ANNUAL, 1856— 186L

By W. F. Kirby.

In accordance with tlie suggestion in the preface to the
Entomologist's Annual for 1861, I have occupied myself in
drawing up this Index. I am no great Coleopterist, but I
hope perseverance will make up for my deficiencies in other
respects. I have collated almost every species with Mr.
Waterhouse's and the Stettin Catalogues. I have adopted
the nomenclature of the former. The figures under the
various years always refer to the consecutive number of any
species in Mr. Janson's paper for that year ; except in a few
of the Geodephaya marked (*), where the reference is to the
pages of the Annual. When I have used a name difi'erent
from that employed by Mr. Janson, I have placed the
Annual name underneath in italics. I thought it needless
to include 1855 in my Index ; for 227 species being therein
enumerated, the notices are necessarily so short and con-
spicuous, that they strike the eye at once. I may mention
that I did not find my task so difficult as I expected, nor,
except the collation of synonymes, by any means unpleasant.
Dean Trench, in his little book on the Study of Words
(pp. 3, 4), mentions a scholar who found compiling a Greek
lexicon, so far from being a drudgery, a very delightful
occupation. To compare small things with gieat, I have
experienced a somevrhat similar feeling in drawing up the
present Index. I mention this for the encouragement of
those who are afraid of this unattractive kind of work,
whether connected with Entomology or any other subject.

12 INDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS.

i^Zuphium olens

^Dyschirius elongatulus. .
Notiophilus substriatus

i^Nebria nivalis

*Chlaenius Schrankii ....

„ Maillei

Patrobus Lapponicus . ,

Anchomenus versutns .

,, gracilipes

*Amara infima

,, rufocincta

Harpalus servus, E. A. 1859, fi

,, calceatus ....

Bradycellus harpalinus. .
Bembidium Sturmii ....

„ nigricornis

Dytiscus Lapponicus . .
Agabus pulchellus ....
Hydroporus melanarius
„ elongatulus

Gyrinus celox

Eolitochara lucida

,, lunulata ....

,, belia

Pliytosus nigriventris . .

Silusa rubiginosa

Ocalea rivularis

,, badia

Leptusa fumida

„ ruficollis

Thiasophila angulata . .
,, inquilina ..

Euryusa laticollis

Kirbyi, E. A. 1858, fig.

Homoeusa acuminata .

Haploglossa gentilis.. .

Aleochara mycetopbaga

,, bisignata . . .

Dinarda dentata

Atemeles paradoxus . . .

Mynnedonia cognata .

„ laticollis .

„ lugens . . .

1856

1857

1858J1859
49

1860

51

1
143

44

1861

23

INDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS. 13

1856

Ilyobates propinqua

,, tbrticornis

Callicerus rigidicornis . . . .
Calodera nigrita

,, riparia

,, aethiops

,, umbrosa

Ischnopoda rubicunda . . . .
Tachyusa scitula

,, sulcata

,, concolor

Ocyusa picina

{Ocyusa ruficornis)
Oxypoda spectabilis

,, vittata

„ nigrina

„ nigrofusca ......

,, exigua

,, exoleta

,, ha^morrhoa

,, forniiceticola . . . .

,, rufula

„ aterrima

Hoinalota currax

„ debilicornis . , . .

„ fragilicornis . . . .

,, pagana

„ nitidula

„ imbecilla ......

,, languida

,, cambrica

,, hygrotopora . . . .

,, luridipennis . . . .

,, frag! lis

„ labilis

„ fallax

„ monticola

,, exceilens ,

,, nigella ,

„ sequata ,

„ pilosa

,, debilis

,, deformis

„ plurabea

1857

14

1858

1859

13

1860 1861

14 INDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS.

1856

1857

1858

1859 1860 1861

Homalota se^ra

..

, ,

14 .. ..

„ plana

9

„ cuspidata

10

„ exilis

41

„ inconspicua

42

„ flavipes

11

„ confusa

12

„ anceps

13

..

,, hepatica

43

„ triangulurn <

44

,, sublinearis

45

,

„ nigritula

46

„ sodalis

47

„ divisa

48

,, coriaria

49

„ nigra

50

„ hospita

51

„ scapularis

52

„ oblita

53

„ sordidula

54

,, inquilina

55

„ marcida

„ subrug-osa

56

,, villosula

51

„ melanaria

68

,, orbata

, ,

16 .. ..

,, pulchra

17 .. ..

„ clientuja

5^

„ caesula

60

Placusa infima

•

61

,, pumilio

29 . . . .

Phloeopora corticalis

62

Scbistoglossa viduata

63

Oligota atomaria

8

„ granaria

24 .. ..

„ flavicornis

25 .. ..

Gyropbsena gentilis

26 .. ..

„ lucidula

64

„ minima

65

„ strictula

..

27 .. ..

Agaricochara laevicollis

28 .. ..

Myllaena infuscata

66

, ,

H} pocyptus pulicarius

..

31 .. ..

„ pygma?us

*

32 .. ..

INDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS. 15

Tachinus rufipennis ....

„ bipustulatus . .

„ laticollis ....

Tachyporus tersus ....

,, transversalis

Lamprinus saginatus . .

Conunis pediculariiis ..

{^Conosomn pedlcularium

,, bipunctatus. . . .

Mycetoporus lucidus . . .

„ punctus . .

,, angularis..

Acylophorus glabricollis

Heterothops dissimilis. .

,, quadripunctulus

Quedius truncicola ....
„ xanthopus ....

„ scitus

„ Isevigatus ....

,, brevis

Philontbus lucens

,, lepidus ....

„ fuscus

,, corvinus. . . .

,, splendidulus

,, tbermarum

,, fumarins ..

,, iiigrita ....

„ pullus

,, cinerascens

„ signaticornis

Xantholinus longiventris

Leptacinus formicetorum

Lathrobium rufipenne ..

„ pallidum . .

Stilicus subtilis

„ similis

,, genicalatus ....

Scopaeus laevigatus ....

Lithocharis brunnea....

,, apicalis ....

Siinius filiformis

Paederus caligatus

Evaesthetus laeviusculus

18d6!185/

21

20

1858 1859

68

Ill INDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLKOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS.

Er:«sthe:;:s runcvipulu:
Stenus ssphaldaus ..

a:er ,

., incrassatas ....

,, otvacus

ciorio

exis-uus

GL;y:;c":m

., proiiror

„ Argus

5, opticus

,. picipennis ....

,, irenicularus . .

,, flsvipes

,, palustris

„ fescicornis ....

„ solutus

,, iatifrons

Eledius unicornis

{Bk^ius paUipes

ferr. oralis

PlatTStethas iiodifrons ..

„ capito

^ niiens ....

Omaliu-

■. us mandibulj

r.^. 6

rus caraboides
-.bescens ....
esig-uaai ....
mc-nilicorEe . .

aris, E.

,. :::~..:uin

Megarthrus sinuatocollis
,, heinipterus

Choleva spadicea

(Cat ops spadiceus)

LS56 ISo: 1S5S 1S59 1S60 ISdl,

. 10

6P

66

6d

INDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS. 17

857

Choleva coracina

(Catops cor acinus)
Adelops Wollastoni, E. A. 185

Euthia plicata

Anisotonia bminnea

,, cillai'is

,, nigrita

Cyrtusa minuta

Agaricophagfus cephalotes .

Liodes orbicularis

Hister marginatus

Hetaerius sesquicornis, E. A.
Saprinus piceus

„ immuiidus

„ metalliciis

Abraeus granulum

Acritus nigricoruis

Epursea neglecta

Nitidula flexuosa

Cychramus fungicola *

Ollbrus oblongus

Rhizophagus politus

Oxylaamus cyliiidricus, E. A. 185
Anommatus duodecin.i-striatus
Monotonia conicicoliis ....
,, angusticollis . .

LsmophlEeus dLiplicatus . .
,, Clematidis, E.

fig. 1

vaniis simwis.

Sil

Atomaria fimetarii
„ peltata .

,, atra

„ basalis

,, niijnda

„ Hislopi

Heterocerus rectus

„ fusculus . . . ,

Hydrochus carinatus . . .
Helophorus intermedius .

,, pumilio

Trox hispidus

Cratonychus castanipes .

firr

fi^

85S, }
S

1S56 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861

23

24

72

88

1862.

17

IS IXDEX TO -\E\V BRITISH COLEOPTERA IX FORMER VOLS.

ISofi iS

^57il85S:}S5:»ilS60|1861

i_

ir-atus)

Megapenthes tibialis

{^nipedus snbca

Telephorus elongatus

{Rhasonycha elonga'a)

Byturus iumatus

Dorcatoraa flavicornis. E. A. 1S58

„ chrysomeiina

Rhopalodontus perfora.us

Cis micans

„ ^Ini

,, festivus

, . fuscatus

Eanearthron cornutam

Biaps raortisaga

Hallomenus huineralis, K.A. 1859

Anthicus biuiaculatus

Tomoxia biguttata
Tropideres sepicola, E. A. 1860, fi
Otiorhynchus septentrionis . -
Brachonyx indigena, E. A. 1S61

Amalus minimus

Tychius flavicoilis

,, haematocephalus

Sniicronyx cicur

Orchestes ruftis. .

„ Iota

Baridi'js Lepidii

( Bar is Lepidii )

Ccsliodes subrufus

B-:g6us nodulo?us

,, limosus

„ Petrosus

,, Frit .

„ lutulosus

PacbxThinus canaliculatus . . .

Ceuthorhynchus Syrites

,, impressicollis

Crux
crassidentatus
bigiittatus - . .
hispidulus . . .

t .rsalis

chaivbseus . .

2*

6g

egr

54

81

47
28
29
30
32
33

31

34

35
3(j
37
38
39

40

41
42
44
45

•• I
46 1

32

XDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS. 19

11856 ]So7il8581S59 1860:i861

1858

Gymnetron collinus

Miarus plantaium

Phlcsophagus spadix ....
Rhyncolus truncorum, E. A

Hylastes cunicnlarius

Scolytus Ratzeburgii

,, Pruni

„ rugulosus

Cryphalus binodulus, E, A. 1857

„ Abietis

,, Fagi

Toniicus bispinus

( Bostricii us h is pin u s )

Toniicus Saxesenii

Doiiacia obscura

„ aquatica

{Donacia Comari)

Lema Erichsonii

Cricceris dodecastigma ....
Crvptocephalus imperialis, E

'1859, fig. 5

Crvptocephalus variabilis - . .
Crepidodera Atropse, E. A. 1861
Synibiotes lams, E. A. 1S60, fig.

Sph^rius Acaroides

Ptinella Britannica

„ aptera

„ tenella.

,, denticollis

{Ptinella angustula)
„ angustula ........

li-P.bata, E. A. 1861,

„ Ratisbonensis

Pteryx suturalis

{Pteryx niutahilis)

Trichopteryx tboracica

,, brevipennis

„ similis

„ convexa

„ sutfocata

,, fucicola

( TricJiopteryx moUis)

Micrus filicornis

„ pulchellus

fig. 9

fig. 9

82

! 84

83

105

106

107
108

102

33

31

C'Z

20 INDEX TO NEW BRITISH COLEOPTERA IN FORMER VOLS.

1856 18571858

18591860

1861

Ptilium angustatum

20

..

„ coarctatum

21

..

,, niinimum . . . .

'.'.V.\'

22

{Ptilium clandestinum)

/

• •

• •

„ fuscum

..

100

„ canaliculatum

_^

101

„ caesum

„ brevicolle

..

8

„ Saxonicum

9

Ptenidium picipes

'

Lathridius carinatus

14

„ filiforinis

.,

Corticaria cylindrica

;;:;}

28

( Corticaria horealis)

„ fulva

28

. . *

„ serrata

27

„ Wollastoni

29

„ fuscula

..

30

..

( 21 )

NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &c.

By R. M'Lachlan.

In the few remarks on the Trichopfera in the last *' Annual,"
I had to complain of the almost total neglect of the study and
even of the collecting of these insects. On this my second
appearance, I have very great pleasure in withdrawing such
complaint. During the past season I have received great
assistance, in specimens, from numerous Entomologists,
with several of whom I had no previous acquaintance, and
some of whose existence I was totally ignorant. From
many distant parts of the country boxes have come, con-
taining insects in this order; and by this means, combined
with my own exertions, not only has my collection been
increased to nearly a hundred species, but considerable in-
formation has been gained as to their geographical dis-
tribution, a subject on which we are still in a state of great
uncertainty. But there are two quarters of which we at
present have little or no information ; I allude to Ireland
and the extreme north and islands of Scotland. From the
south-western portions of Ireland we might look for species
that have their metropolis in the sunny climes of Spain and
Italy ; while, on the other hand, it is not improbable that
in the north of Scotland arctic forms may occur, some of
which, as is the case with many boreal species, may be com-
mon to both continents. That in almost anv localitv there

22 NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA,

exists a rich but iinworked mine of information and new
species is patent from the success ah'eady met \yith.

A still more encouraging; sign arises from the fact that
there are now several English Entomologists who have
turned their attention not only to collecting, but to the
study of these interesting creatures. That there are diffi-
culties to contend with, there can be no doubt. The absence
of striking colours, the generally hyaline appearance of
many species, and the existence of specific characters not
often apparent on first sight, the due appreciation of which
requires the eye to be educated to them, render a considerable
amount of care and discrimination absolutely necessary. But,
after all, it is the same with any undertaking : that which
at a distance seems an obstacle almost insurmountable,
becomes on closer acquaintance comparatively easy.

The past season has been marked by an unusual scarcity
of insect life in almost all orders. The wet summer — or
rather no summer at all — of last year, combined M'ith the
almost unprecedented cold of the winter, destroyed a vast
number of larvge and pupte. But this scarcity, as far as I
can see, has not been shared by the Phryganidce. An excess
of moisture can hardly be prejudicial to insects which in
their preliminary states are aquatic; and, on the other hand,
while terrestrial insects were congealed beyond recovery by
the intense frost, the caddis worms in their ice-bound habi-
tations were unaffected by external influences.

It is a matter deeply to be regretted that so little has yet
been done in what is truly the natural history of insects in
this order; and that after a lapse of twenty-seven years,
Pictet's work should still be the only one that gives any
amount of information on this point. But there are diffi-
culties in the way not met with in other orders. The larvae
or pupae must be placed in water immediately on being

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &C. 23

taken, and this renders the business extremely awkward.
In the ^^ Intelligencer," vol. 10, p. 149, Dr. Hagen in part
details a plan pursued in Germany by Professor von Siebold,
viz. to inclose the larvae or pupse in a bag, which is to be
half sunk in some shallow stream, and suspended at the top
to an overhanging branch ; but though this plan may be
easily pursued in private grounds, it is difficult to imagine
how long the bag would remain in position were it placed m
the open country, save in very secluded spots, of which there
are few sufficiently so, in this thickly populated country ;
nevertheless the plan is worth experin^enting upon by those
Entomologists who may reside in suitable localities.

A very interesting account is given by Professor von
Siebold in the " Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung " for 1861,
p. 59, and by Dr. Hagen in the '' Intelligencer," vol. 10,
p. 148, of the habits of a species of Ichneumon {Agriotypus
armatus)^ which is parasitic upon the larvae of Silo pallipes.
It appears that when a larva is infested by the larva of this
Hynienopteron, it is not contented with the limited sphere of
observation to be found at the bottom of the stream, but
seeks to extends its knowledge of the surrounding waters,
and spins a long footstalk by which the case is elevated.
Dr. Hagen seems to be of opinion that this is caused by a
morbid craving of the affected larva. That gentleman, when
in London, showed me some cases so furnished, and it struck
me that it might be possible to account for it in another way.
[t is well known that the pupa of a Phryganideous insect,
when about to assume the perfect state, leaves the case and
swims to the surface, where it seeks a suitable position for
its final change, and it seems to be within the bounds of pos-
sibility that the pupa of the ichneumon, not possessing the
same natatory powers, may need this long peduncle to raise
the case to the surface, and so enable the imago to escape

•24 NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA,

without injury. This seems to receive some sort of coii-
iirmation from the fact that apparently other species of icli-
neumons affecting other Trichopterous larvae, cause the latter
to spin similar footstalks. But of course this is mere con-
jecture, and needs further observations to demonstrate if it
has any foundation in facts.

The Synopsis of the British Phrygamdm having been
completed in the last " Annual," the following remarks and
descriptions may be taken as supplementary thereto. Dr.
Hagen laboured under a great disadvantage in not having
the types actually before him when he wrote his descriptions ;
and in several instances, the species being unknown or ill-
undei'stood on the Continent, the only materials he could
work upun were notes, which are liable to be misunderstood
when a considerable space of time elapses before they are
made use of. Another circumstance, which adds greatly to
the difficulty experienced in determining many species, is the
had condition of most of Stephens's types. These have at
some time been damp and mouldy, and in attempting to
clean then, the hairy covering of the wings has in many
instances been totall}^ destroyed, thus rendering the specimens
almost useless as types ; this is especially the case with the
Leptoceridce. Mr. Curtis's collection is, on the contrary,
iu excellent preservation, and I am deeply indebted to the
courtesy of that gentleman for being able to leisurely and
carefully examine his types. He possesses several species
not included in the Synopsis, and at least one that has not
vet been recorded as British. It is unfortunate that Dr.
Hagen, when going through the British Neuroptera, could
not devote more than a ^ew hours to a collection so rich in
insects of this order, and which, as far as the Phryganidce
are concerned, is of especial interest, as containing the types
described in almost the first attempt at descriptions of these

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &C. 25

insects in Britain. I allude to Curtis's paper in the " Philo-
sophical Transactions" for 1834, intituled " On some Non-
descript British Species of the May Flies of Anglers."
Dr. Leach's article on Entomology in the " Edinburgh
Encyclopedia" contained really the first contribution towards
furthering the study of the British Tricho'ptera ; but he
describes very few species. To Dr. Hagen great praise is
due, inasmuch as his papers in the '^ Annual" have revived
in this country a taste for the study of these insects, thus
rendering the publication of a Monograph of the British
species merely a question of time.

The following species have not been included in the
Synopsis, and are described or noticed in their places iix
the remarks that follow. Those to which an asterisk is
affixed have not been previously described as occurring in
this country. I possess, or am acquainted with, specimens
of nearly as many more, but am at present unable to give
precise information respecting them. I fancy that my esti-
mate in the last "Annual," of 150 British species, will even-
tually prove to be under the mark.
^Agrypnia picta, Kol.

Phacopteryx brevipemiis, Curtis.
^ Stenophylax ? concentricuSy Zett., Kolen.

Stenophylax Vibex, Curtis (not of Synopsis)..
* Stenopliylax radiatus, Ramb.

Leptocerus grossus, St. Cat.
* Leptoceriis fuhus, Ramb.

Leptocerus ater^rimus^ Steph.
*Setodes notata, Ramb.
*Si'todes interrupta. Fab.
*'Philo/)otarfius scoticuSy new species.
Aphelocheiraflavomaculata, Steph.
Tinodes pusillus, Curtis.

•-^O NOTES OX BRITISH TRICHOPTERA,

Phri/ganea minor, Curtis. A specimen of this very local
species was taken at Lewisham by Mr. Fenn, v^ho kindly
gave it to me.

Agrypnia Pagetana, Curtis. Several examples of this
have been taken in the Norfolk Fens by Mr. Winter.

Agrtjpnia picta, Kolen., Gen. et Species Trichop. pt. 1,
p. 79, '2. Xew to Britain. In form somewhat similar to
the last, but more robust. Antennae brown, annulated with
dark fuscous ; body totally dark shining fuscous, the last
abdominal seorment above is fiiraished with a frins^e of lono;
orange-coloured hairs, which conceal the appendages ; legs
testaceous, the tips of the joints darker ; anterior wings
greyish-brown, or grey with brownish markings, and a few
pale greyish spots; veins fuscous; posterior wings semi-
hyaline, with a brownish tinge. Exp. alar. 1 inch.

A single example of this was taken by Mr. T. Chapman
on Skiddaw, in July, 1854, and identified by Dr. Hagen
during his visit. On the Continent, it is found in Silesia
and Sweden. The appellation " picta" is a misnomer, unless
taken comparatively.

Colpotaulius (^Limnephilus) inchus, Curtis, was common
near Merstham, Surrey, on the '22nd June ; and has been
also taken by Mr. Wormald at Willesden, and by Mr. Winter
in the Fens. The habit of this species is to conceal itself
under the dead leaves, kc, on the sides of the ponds or canals
where it occurs, running about with great activity when dis-
turbed. In appearance and habits it is so dissimilar to the
rest of its congeners, that I think Kolenati's genus may be
advantageously preserved.

Limnephilus pavidus, Hagen, is mentioned in the " Ento-
mologist's Annual" for 1859, p. 77, as contained in the
British Museum. It is without any label, but is supposed
10 have formed part of Dr. Leach's collection. When

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF XEW SPECIES. CCC. 'J/

Dr. Hagen was here this summer, he asrain, at mv request,
examined the specimen, and then seemed to think it might
be foreign, but there is no evidence to this effect, and it has
every appearance of a British specimen. It is the only one
known, and has a shght resemblance to Z. rhombicus, but
the wings are narrower and more shining, the fenestrated
spot is narrow and curved, and at the apex of the wings there
is a tendency to form a semilunate spot, as in vitrafus. The
upper margin of the last abdominal segment is produced into
an obtuse point between the app. sup., and covered with
short black setae. Appendices superiores triangular at the
base, curved strongly upwards, the extreme points turned
downwards : appendices inferiores long and pointed, turned
inwards and upwards. It is to be hoped that its claims to a
plaoe in our lists will soon be settled one way or another.

LimnepliUus mannoratus, Curt., has been bred by Mr.
Parhtt. The case was composed of small stones, pieces of
twig, shells, seeds of water plants, &c., roughly agglutinated
together, and generally provided with a large stone to
balance it. L.Jiavicornis he has also bred from a similar
case.

Linniephilus horealis, Zett., Kolen. Several specimens
of this have again been taken by Mr. Winter in the Fens.
Mr. Scott met with a specimen near Enniskillen, in Ireland,
and an old specimen exists in !Mr. Curtis's collection.

Limnepkilus eleganSf Curtis. Mr. Gregson kindly sent
me two specimens taken in Delamere Forest, a new locality.
This is the same as L. sujivfer, Zett., Kolen.

Limnepkilus hirsutus. Considerable confusion has arisen
about this species. We have in England three {perhaps
four) closely allied, but very distinct species.

a Discoidal cell in anterior wings not longer than its foot-
stalk (j-amus discoidal Is before its furcation).

28 NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA,

1. L. irroratvs, Stephens, = L. {DesmotauUus) hir-

sntus, Koleii. (nee Pictet). This is the species
described in the "Annual," 1859, p. 87. Dr.
Hagen had at that time not seen Pictet's type, and
has since discovered that his species is different
(vide Entomol. Zeitung, 1861, p. 117). This
species may be easily recognized by the deeply
emarginate last abdominal segment ; the app. sup.
are oval and rather elongate; the app. infer, short
and thick, black. Stephens's iri^oratus is probably
this species, but the single type is a $ in bad con-
dition. The venation agrees with this species.
Widely distributed and rather common.
h Discoidal cell one and a half times the length of its
footstalk.

2. Sp. dub. Smaller and narrower than the preceding,

the margin of last segment cut oft straight; app.
sup. short and bi'oadly spoon-shaped. Occurs in
the Fens, at Willesden, &c. Not uncommon.

3. Sp. dub. As large as No. 1. Wings scarcely so

broad, but much more so than the last, with a
reddish tinge, and sometimes a tendency to form a
fenestrated spot ; the veins of the anastomosis conspi-
cuously darker ; coloration not so uniform as in the
two last species; margin of last abdominal segment
rounded off; app. sup. long, finger-shaped, curved
strongly upwards ; app. intermed. long and straight,
projecting beyond the app. sup. ; app. infer, very
extraordinary, large, pod-shaped, curved upwards,
and terminating in an acute point; pale coloured ;
between them lies the flattened penis. This may
be L. lurichis, Curtis, which I have not now before
me; if not, that will be -d fourth species, as it is

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &C. 29

certainly distinct from the two first. I have spe-
cimens of No. 3 from Mr. Winter, taken in the
Fens. Pictet's hirsutus may be one of these, but
at present I can give no precise information as to
that species.
Genus PJtaropteryx, Kolen., Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1,
p. 59. This genus may be readily distinguished from Ch^-
topteryx, to which it has some slight resemblance, by having
1, 3, 4 spurs. The anterior wings are obliquely rounded at the
apex, which is not much dilated, the apical margin is
sinuated ; the whole of the anterior wings, excepting the area
costalu, and the inner margin to the posterior branch of the
ramus thyrifer, is covered with minute granulations, from
each of which springs a short decumbent hair. This latter
character will serve to distinguish it from AnahuUa, wath
some species of which there is some resemblance in form.

Phacopteryx hrevipennis, Curtis ; Limnephilus hrevi-
pennis, Curt. Phil. Mag. 1834, p. 125 ; P. grajiulata, Kolen.
Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 59, 1. Antennas reddish,
annulated with fuscous ; head, thorax and abdomen reddish-
fuscous ; legs testaceous, with black spines ; anterior wings
shining pale reddish-fuscous ; veins dark fuscous, three pale
spots, one at the thyridium, one at the arculus, and one at
the base of the third apical cell ; apical margin narrowly
dark fuscous, interrupted at the terminations of the apical
veins; app. sup, $ veiy large, leaf-like, angular; app.
intermed. broad, the apical half black ; app. infer, short,
pointed. Exp. alar. 10 lin.

This species, though not actually included in the Synopsis,
was indicated by Dr. Hagen as occurring here (Ent. Ann.
1859, p. 91). I have two specimens taken by Mr. Fereday
at Scarborough, in September. It was unique in Curtis's
collection. Anaholia duhia, Steph., is very different.

30 NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTE FiA,

Stenophylax. At the last meeting of the Entomological
Society I communicated a paper, with descriptions of all the
British species of this genus, to which it is intended to have
a plate, with figures of the appendices of the males of nine
species, as follows : —

S. ? conrenfrirus, Zett. ? Kolen., L. vibex, Brauer.
New to this country, taken by Mr. Winter, in the
Fens commonly, also by Mr. Robson at Hartle-
pool, and Mr. Wormald at Willes(^en. Scarcely
a true Stenop/u/lax, the apex of the wings being
rather obliquely truncated.

S. vibex, Curtis. This is not included in the Synopsis.
It is similar to S. hieroylyphicus, but paler, and
with very differently formed appendages.

S. hieroglyphic us, St., ■■= vibex, St., striatum, Kolen.,
Ram bur. This is the species described in the Sy-
nopsis as vibex.

S. striatum, Pictet. Smaller. The same as described in
Synopsis.

S. lateralis, St., = latipeimis, St., = tenebrosvs, Curt.
Col. : darker and with more rounded wings; the
appendages somewhat similar to the last. The
description in the Synopsis probably apphes to
S. pilosus, Pict., which has not yet occurred in
this countr}^

<S. cingulatus, St. Unique in Stephens's collection. Not
testaceus, Pictet.

^. latipennis, Curtis, prohahly pa?if her inns, Pict., Kolen.

S. stellatus, Curtis. I must refer the reader to my
paper, when published, for remarks on this species.

S. radiatus, Rambur. Several specimens of what I
believe to be this species were taken by me in
September, at Dawlish, Devonshire.

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &C. 31

*' Apatania ve.^fita, Kolen. This would appear to be Jitn-
hriata of Pictet. (Vide " Entomol. Zeit. 186]," p. 117.)
I know only of Mr. Newman's specimens.

Sericostoma. I shall be glad to receive living specimens
of this from various localities to test a suspicion entertained,
that the penis sheaths, which have been considered to furnish
specific characters, are liable to variation.

Leptocerus grossiis, St. Catalogue ; L. cinem/a, Hasr.
Ent. Ann. 1860, p. 69 ; L. notatua, Hag. Stett. Entomol.
Zeit. 1858, p. 12*2. This species has been misunderstood.
Stephens in his Illu=;tration?, p. 199, couples grossus with
cinereha, and quotes Curtis's description from the '' Philoso-
phical Magazine." In his collection there stands, as cinereii^,
a single specimen, \vith his small catalogue ticket ** ^ro.'?.vw.s,"
which does not at all answer to the description in the Illus-
trations, and agrees admirably with two specimens in the
general collection from Dr. Hagen, and sent as his notatus.
The description in the " Annual," 1860, p. 69, applies to this
species, and not to cinereus^ Curtis, which is a smaller insect,
with 2:reyish-brown or grey anterior wings, which are orna-
mented with two paler fasciae, interrupted and not very distinct,
especially in dead specimens : the females are more strongly
marked than the males : hifasciatus, of Kolenati, is probably
Curtis's species.

Of gros.<uSy besides Stephens's type, there is a specimen,
unnamed, in Curtis's collection. Two specimens were taken
this year by Mr. Wormald, at Ruislip, Middlesex, and I also
have it from the Fens. L. cinereus is very abundant on the
Thames, at Kew, and in many other localities.

Leptoceruufnlvus, Rambur, Hist. Nat. Nevrop. p. 509—3.
A new species to this country. This has a slight general re-
semblance to gros.sus, but is smaller in every way, and the
veins are not so distinctlv marked. Antennce clav-coloured.

32 NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA,

sharply annulated with dark fuscous to the apex ; head and
thorax thickly clothed with yellowish-brown hairs; legs
clay-coloured, the apex of the tarsal joints darker ; anterior
wings pale reddish-brown — an indistinct pale mark at the ar-
culus is invisible in dead specimens ; posterior wings blackish-
grey, much shorter than the anterior in the male; this is not
so apparent in the $ , as the anterior wings are shorter in
proportion. Exp. alar. 11 — 13 lin.

For this fine addition to our list we are indebted to Mr.
P. C. Wormald, who is paying great attention to this order,
lie found it in considerable numbers at Ruislip, Middlesex,
in August. It occurs in many places on the Continent.

Leptocei'us aierrimuii, Steph. 111. p. 200 — 20 ( $ ) = i.
ateVf Steph. ill. p. 196—5 $ = L. caliijinoaus, Steph. 111. p.
201-9 ? =X. nicjer, Steph. 111. p. 196—6 (partini) = M.
niger, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 2, p. 257 — 10; pi. 3,
fig. 31. This species is not included in the Synopsis. Much
confusion has arisen in consequence of Stephens having made
a double error, first, in mistaking this for Pictet's species, and,
secondly, in mixing under 7i?^fcr specimens of Pictet's atra
and the present insect. This is a true Leptocerus, with 2, 2, 2
spurs, and is totally black, with the exception of the antennas,
which are annulated with white. It wants the steel-blue
lustre so evident in the two black species of 3Iystacides,
The anterior wings have at the arculus an ochreous spot more
or less distinct. The names atra and nigra being already
occupied in a nearly related genus, it will be better to adopt
aterrimus for this species ; for although Stephens's types are
all females, they at the same time all belong to this insect.
This is excessively abundant round any pond in July. With
the typical form there is always a variety in which the an-
terior wings are very dark reddish-brown, with the pale spots

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &C. 33

almost invisible. I have taken it in copula, with the typical
form. This variety may be perfuscus, Stephens, of which
there is a single type.

Leptoceriis aJbifrons. I fancy we have two closely allied
species in this country, — one the true albifrons of Linnaeus,
according to his types, and the other smaller and darker,
with more distinct white bands and frontal spot. This last
I saw in Mr. Dale's collection.

Setodes notata^ Rambur, Hist. Nat. Nevrop. p. 514 — 18;
S. lacitstrisy var. Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pi. 2, fig. 37 ?
In Mr. Curtis's collection are four specimens of a Setodes
without name, which are identical with a specimen in the
British Museum, sent by Dr. Hagen as notata. It is the
same size as tesfaceus, with rather broader wings ; the an-
terior pair are reddish-grey ; the anastomosis edged on both
sides with fuscous, and there are several spots of the same
colour before the anastomosis ; fringes very long. I know
nothing of the locality where they were taken.

Setodes elongataf Stephens, has been bred by Mr. Par-
fitt. The case of the larva is verv delicate, straig-ht, at-
tenuated gradually, and in colour dirty white ; it appears to
be composed of silk, mixed with some other secretion of the
larva.

Setodes interruptttf Fab. ; Phryganea interruptay Fab.
Mantiss. Insect, p. 146 — 22, Entomol. Systemat. vol. 2, p. 79—
25 ; Setodes interrupta, Brauer, Neurop. Austriaca, p. 41 ;
Kolenati, Gen. et Species Trichop. pt. 2, p. 268 — 6, pi. 3, fig.
34 (not of Donovan and Stephens). Antennas dark brown,
finely aimulated with white towards the base ; head, thorax
and abdomen black ; legs grevish-fuscous ; anterior wing's
narrow, dark blackish-fuscous, with three transverse rows of
white spots, forming interrupted fasciae, and a series of about
eight smaller spots round the apical margin ; posterior wings

1862. D

34 NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA,

dark fuscous ; exp. alar. 6.J lines. A single specimen of this
was taken at Taunton, in 1859, by Mr. Parfiit. Though
I have called this new to Britain, it is scarcely so, for Fabri-
cius, in the " Entomoloojica Systematica," mves "in Ano-lia"
as the sole locality ; however, it does not seem to have been
met with again until now, as the interruptus of Donovan
and Stephens is L. alhifrons. It occurs in Austria, Russia,
and elsewhere on the Continent ; but as the list of localities
given by Kolenati applies in part to alhifrons, it is impos-
sible to say how many of them are correct.

Glossosoma fimhriata, Stephens, I met with at Bickleigh,
near Plymouth, in September. This is probably a small form
of Boltoni, Curtis.

Chimarrha margijiata, L., has been taken at the same
place by Messrs. Reading and Parfitt.

Polycentropus himarnlatus, L., has been taken by myself
and Mr. Wormald at Willesden commonly, and by Mr. Bar-
rett near Dublin.

Philopotamus scoticus, n. s.-. Frontispiece, Fig. 5.
Antennis brunneis, flavido-annulatis ; capite aureo-pilosis ;
ocuhs nigris ; thorace abdomineque nigris ; alis anticis
aureis,strigis maculisque fuscis, venis apicalibus manifeste
fuscis, areola apicali prima anastomosim non attingens ;
anticis pupurascenteo-fuscis, marginis costali dorsalique
anguste fl-avis, maculis ad marginem apicalem flavis.
Long Corp. 7 lin. ; exp. alar. 11 lin.

Female: Antennae brown, annulated with yellowish; head
clothed with golden yellow hairs ; eyes black ; thorax and
abdomen black ; legs pale ochreous, tibiae fuscous, spurs
fuscous beneath ; anterior wings rich yellow, with numerous
moi'e or less confluent, irregularly formed, fuscous streaks and
blotches; the first apical cell does not reach the anastomosis;

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &C. 35

posterior wings purplish fuscous, costa and inner marsjin
narrowly edo;ed with yellow, pterostigma and a spot at the
margin in each apical cell also yellow.

A single specimen in the British Museum, taken at Ran-
noch, Perthshire, by the late Mr. Foxcroft.

I regret that, in consequence of the single example being
a female, I am unable to say what differences the anal ap-
pendages may present, but it has an appearance quite distinct
from the recorded species, .in which the dark fuscous coloration
occupies the gj-eater portion of the anterior wings, w^hich are
thickly maculated with round, regularly formed, yellow spots.
It is by far the handsomest species of the group.

Genus Aphelocheira, Stephens.

This genus was accidentally omitted in the Synopsis ; the
following brief enumeration of its characters will serve to
distinguish it from other genera of Hy dropsy chi dee. An-
tennee scarcely as long as the wings, distinctly serrated
within, basal joint very short ; maxillary palpi, the four first
joints of nearly equal length, terminal joint scarcely so long
as the others united; head very pilose, ocelli absent; spurs 2,
4, 4; intermediate tibise not dilated in the female ; anterior
wings very short, narrow at the base, but expanding greatly
towards the apex, which is very obtusely rounded; clothing of
hair short, but rather thick; discoidal cell closed, four trans-
verse veins, the last at the point where the ramus thyrifer
furcates ; posterior wings short and broad.

Stephens in his *^ Illustrations" describes two species
under the names oi flavomaculata and suhaurata. In his
collection the first of these names had no representative, and
there evidently had never been a specimen inserted abov^
that name as it stood ; in fact, there was no pin hole, and under
his general label " subaitrata'' are many specimens of what,

d2

86 NOTES Ox\ BRITISH TRICHOPTERA,

from his description, I have little doubt \s flavomaculata^
and one specimen of a smaller insect with a special small
label of its own — " subammta.'^ Of this latter insect I have
taken several specimens in Devonshire and elsewhere, and
it appears to me not to agree generically with the first
species. The antennae are not serrated ; the third joint of
the maxillary palpi is much longer than the second and
fourth ; and the head is furnished with ocelli, which are
difficult to see unless the hairy covering be removed. This
latter character will bring it close to Philopotamus and
near to H. occipitalis, Pict. Vide Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1860,
p. 279.

Aphelocheira Jlavomaculata, Stephens, 111. p. 179—1,
pi. 32, fig. 3, var. ? Antennas annulated with brown; head
thickly clothed with greyish-brown hairs ; thorax dark
brown ; abdomen brown, with paler annulations; legs greyish-
ochreous ; tarsi reddish ochreous, with paler rings ; anterior
wings greyish- brovrn, obscurely spotted with yellow — in fresh
specimens the darker ground-colour stands out in the form of
dark spots, of which several form an ill-defined band in the
middle of the wing and a series of dark spots round the
apical margin ; posterior wings greyish-black, slightly trans-
parent. The last segment of the abdomen in the males is
rather produced, and has on its upper surface a triangular
deep black space. App. infer, long and thin, curved strongly
upwards and hairy ; penis sheaths (app. interm. ?) straight,
pointed, rather broad ; penis short and thick, much dilated at
the apex. I can discover no trace of app. sup. Exp. alar. 6 —
7lin.

The so-called variety figured by Stephens is perhaps a
faded specimen, as the dai'ker ground-colour almost dis-
appears after a short time. Devonshire is the locality given,
and I have two specimens given to me by Mr. J. J. Weir,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &C. 37

taken by him at Hastings. S. flavomaculata of Pictet is
a Polycentropus.

Tinodes jmsillus, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 1834, p. 216 (not de-
scribed). Antennae brown, anniilated with ochreous ; head,
thorax and basal joint of antennas thickly clothed with silky
pale ochreous pubescence ; abdomen fuscous, terminal segment
paler ; legs entirely pale ochreous ; anterior wings somewhat
iridescent, thickly clothed with greyish-ochreous pubescence,
cilife greyish-ochreous ; posterior wings iridescent, ciliae
greyish-ochreous. The anal appendages are complicated,
and require a very high magnifying power for their discrimi-
nation. As I understand them the following appears to be a
correct definition. In the middle of the upper surface of the
last segment is a tongue-shaped prolongation, which is much
dilated at the extremity, concealing all but the points of the
app. intermed. ; the app, sup. are two long hairy lobes ; the
terminal joint of the app. infer, appears to be long and
acutely pointed, much longer than the basal joint. Exp. alar.
5 J lin.

This small Tinodes is not included in the Synopsis. Curtis
has not described it, but gives a reference to Fabricius. What
pusilla of that author really was is extremely problematical.
There are several specimens in Curtis's collection, but I know
nothing of their locality. Mine were taken in Devonshire,
in September.

The species of the genus Hydropsyche remain in a most
uncertain condition.

Another season I hope to be able to pay more attention to
the families of Netiroptera generally, and shall be glad of
any assistance in this order.

R. M'Lachlan,
1, Park Road Terrace, Forest Hill, S. E.
Qili November, 1861.

( 38 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

Notes on Eupithecia Larv^.

By the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe, M.A.

[The following seven descriptions of the larvae of this genus
have appeared in the pages of the '* Zoologist," from the pen
of Mr. Harpur Crewe, — that of Suhfulvata beins: in exten-
sion of the description previously published for the purpose
of comparison with the description of the larvae of Succen-
turiata, now held to be a distinct species.

Trijmnctata. \ Dhtinctata.

Trisignata. Suhfolvata.

Dodonwata. \ and Succenturiata.

Pusillata. \

Mr. Harpur Crewe has here added a few remarks indi-
cating those points in the economy of the species of the genus
which still require elucidation. — Note by the Editor.']

Tripunctata, H. S. Var. 1. Ground-colour pale lemon
yellow, more or less suffused with rich brown. Down the
centre of the back a series of deep brown lily-shaped spots,
bordered on either side by a slender sub-dorsal line of the
same colour. On each side a row of slanting, bright yellow
stripes and deep brown blotches. Belly greenish-yellow.
Central ventral line deep brown. Sub-ventral line deep
brown, much broader than the central one. Body studded
with numerous small white tubercles.

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 39

Var. 2. Ground-colour pale yellowish-green. Down the
centre of the back a series of. semi-lozenge-shaped dusky
brown spots, connected by a central line of the same colour,
and becoming indistinct on the posterior and confluent on the
anterior segments. Sub-dorsal lines dusky, indistinct. On
each side a series of dusky blotches. Central ventral line
dusky, interrupted. Whole body, especially back, studded
with minute white tubeicles, and a few short blackish hairs.
The dorsal, sub-dorsal and lateral blotches, spots and lines,
are sometimes almost or entirely wanting, leaving the larva
a uniform pale yellowish-green.

This larva very strongly resembles that of 1^. Satyrata
in form and appearance, but is less robust. It tapers towards
the head, and has a slightly wrinkled appearance. When
full fed and ready to spin up it turns pink. Pupa inclosed
in a slight earthen cocoon. Thorax yellowish-green, wing-
cases dark green, furrowed and wrinkled. Abdomen taper-
ing, rough, dull red. A slight ventral protuberance.

I have, for the last four or five years, been in the habit of
taking this larva and breeding the perfect insect, which,
from the first, I recognised to be quite distinct from all our
previously known British species.

After much delay I have at last, through the kindness of
Mr. Doubleday and Dr. Herrich-Schaffer, succeeded in get-
ting it named. The larva appears to be totally unknown on
ihe Continent. It feeds in September in damp woods, on the
flowers and seeds of Angelica syhes.tris, and occasionally
upon late flowers of Heracleum Sphondylium. I have
taken it in Suffolk, Kent and Derbyshire. The perfect
insect appears in May and June. The larva is uncertain in
its appearance. In 1859 it was by no means uncommon ; in
1860 it seemed to have entirely disappeared. It is fright-

40 LEPIDOPTERA.

fully infested by ichneumons, and not above one in ten or
twenty escapes.

Trisignata, H.-S. Rather short and stout, tapering but
slightly towards the head. Ground-colour pale green.
Central dorsal and sub-dorsal lines dark green, the latter
broader than the former. Spiracular line waved, whitish or
j'-ellowish. Segmental divisions yellowish. Head black; when
at rest curved considerably inwards. Anal tip of central dorsal
line purplish. Back wrinkled, sprinkled with a few very short
bristly hairs. Belly green, with a central yellowish line.
Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon. Thorax pale olive.
Wing cases pale olive,- very transparent. Abdomen taper-
ing, reddish-yellow ; tip and divisions blood-red.

Two years ago, Mr. Greene and I were searching for larvae
of E. tripunctata in Derbyshire, when I stumbled upon
two larvae which I at once saw were those of no British
Eupithecia I bad ever yet seen, their black heads giving
them a most distinct appearance. Mr. Greene was afterwards
fortunate enough to meet with more, and from them we bred
what turned out to be E. trisignatcij H.-S.

The larva feeds in September on flowers and seeds of An-
gelica sylvestr is, in company with and in similar situations to
E. tripunctata. Mr. Greene and I have only met with it
in Derbyshire. In Switzerland it feeds on flowers of
Heracleum Sphondylium. The perfect insect appears in
June and July.

Dodonceata. Yar. 1. Ground-colour ochreous-red. Cen-
tral dorsal line very dusky olive, almost black, interrupted.
Down the centre of the back is a series of blackish or dusky
oUve arrow-shaped blotches, reduced in size on the posterior,
and merged in the central line on the anterior segments.
Sub-dorsal lines slender, dusky, bordered with dull yellow.
Spiracular hne alternating between dull yellow and dusky

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARVM. 41

olive. Between the sub-dorsal and spiracular lines is a row
of slanting, bright yellow stripes, interspersed with dusky
blotches. Segmental divisions orange-red. Body thickly
studded with minute white tubercles, and thinly clothed with
whitish hairs. In appearance strongly resembles the larva
of Eupithecia Virgaureafa.

Yar. 2. Ground-colour pale yellowish-green. Central
dorsal line and blotches similar to those of var. 1, but much
paler olive. Spiracular line, segmental divisions and lateral
stripes greenish-yellow.

Var. 3. Ground-colour orange-red. Back tinged and
suffused with dull yellowish-green. Dorsal blotches wanting,
Central dorsal line reddish-brown or olive, enlarged in the
centre of each median segment. Sub-dorsal lines same
colour, slender. Spiracular line and lateral stripes greenish-
yellow, the latter indistinct. Strongly resembles the larva
of Eupithecia ahhre'viafa.

The larvae, from which the above descriptions were taken,
were reared from eggs kindly sent me by Mr. M'Lachlan, of
Forest Hill. They fed on oak, from which tree I have
been in the habit of occasionally beating the larva for some
years past. I have no doubt that it also feeds on white-
thorn, as my friend Mr. Greene has frequently taken the
pupa under the bark of this tree, at some distance from any
oaks. It is a very delicate larva. Almost all mine, this
summer, died when full fed. They seemed to prefer the
youngest and most succulent oak leaves, and I principally
attribute their death to the difficulty of finding a constant
fresh supply of newly-expanded foliage. Pupa either en-
closed in a slight earthen cocoon or under bark ; dark dusky
red ; upper edge of wing-cases brighter red than the rest of
the pupa, has a rough, wrinkled appearance. The perfect
insect appears in May and the beginning of June.

42 LEPIDOPTERA.

Pusillata. Long, slender, and tapering considerably
towards the head. Ground-colour orange-red or dull ochre-
ous-green. Central dorsal line dusky olive, often only
apparent on the anterior segments. Sub-dorsal lines the
same colour. Spiracular line yellow. Segmental divisions
orange. Central ventral line yellowish.

The above description was taken from larvae reared from
eggs kindly sent me by Mr. M^Lachlan. They fed on
spruce fir, and were full fed the first week in July. Pupa
enclosed in a slight earthen cocoon ; slender and delicate ;
pale ochreous yellow; eyes black and prominent; upper edge
of wing-cases bordered with two black spots, lower edge by
a slender blackish line.

Distinctata. Rather long and slender, tapering con-
siderably towards the head. Ground-colour dark green.
Central dorsal line broad, purplish-red. Spiracular line
indistinct, greenish-yellow. Skin wrinkled. Back studded
with numerous very short, stiff, bristly hairs. Down the
centre of the belly a whitish line. Ventral segmental divi-
sions yellowish.

I have taken this larva in Derbyshire and Bucks, feeding
on flowers of Thymus Serpyllum in August. Pupa yellow-
ish-green and olive enclosed in a slight ear^ien cocoon.

Suhfulvata. Var. 1. Reddish-brown. Central dorsal
line pale olive, connecting a series of perfectly oval, dusky-
oUve blotches, which become confluent on the anterior and
posterior segments. Sub-dorsal lines blackish, interrupted;
dark opposite the dorsal blotches, pale and almost, if not
quite, evanescent between them. Median dorsal blotches
pale in the centre, very close together, almost confluent.
Spiracular line white. Back thickly studded with minute
white tubercles, and less thickly whitish hairs. Belly
whitish, with a purplish central line.

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 43

Var. 2. Ground-colour pale yellowish-brown. Markings
similar to var. 1.

Feeds on leaves, flowers and seeds oi Achillea millefolium.
In November, 1860, I took upwards of eighty larvae on this
plant in Bucks : some I sent to Mr. Hellins, the rest I kept
myself. From June 21st to July 31st, I bred about thirty
moths, all true E. suhfulvata. In two instances the bluish-
grey and red of the anterior wings was suffused in patches on
the disc, but with this slight exception, the thirty insects did
not vary at all. I have, with some slight alterations, repro-
duced my description of the larva of E. suhfulvata (see Ent.
Annual, 1861, p. 130), thinking that it may facilitate a
comparison of the distinctive characteristics of the two larvae.

Succenturiata. Var. 1. Dull dark reddish-brown. Central
dorsal line dingy black, connecting a chain of dull black
inverted kite-shaped blotches, which become confluent on the
anterior and posterior segments. Sub-dorsal lines dusky,
slender, waved, uninterrupted, darker between the dorsal
blotches. Median dorsal blotches at some distance from
each other 5 border generally pale, centre dusky. Spiracular
line dirty w'hite, interrupted. Head bordered by a reddish
line. Belly dusky at the edges, pinkish white in the middle.
Central ventral line blackish. Back and sides sprinkled with
a few reddish hairs. General appearance dingy.

Var. 2. Pale reddish-brown. Central dorsal line and
blotches dingy olive. Sub-dorsal lines dusky, very indis-
tinct. In other respects resembling var. 1.

Var. 3. Ground-colour dark, dingy olive. In other re-
spects like var. 1. Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon,
resembling in most points that of E. suhfulcata.

Some four years ago I met with this larva on the banks of
the Stour, near Ipswich, Suffolk, feeding on leaflets of
Artemisia vulgaris. I left the locality immediately after-
wards, and, being unable to obtain a fresh supply of the food-

44 LEPIDOPTERA.

plant, they all died. Last autumn my friend Mr. Hellins
sent me some larvas which he had taken on the same plant
near Exeter, and I immediately recognized them as being the
same as those which I had previously found in Suffolk, and
from these Exeter larvae the foregoing descriptions were
taken.

During the past year, I have, it will be seen from the ^
preceding pages, been able to add six additional descriptions \
of the larvae of British Eupithecice to those already published 1
(including two species entirely new to our English lists, and I
but little known on the Continent— £m/>. trisignata, H.-S., \
and tripunctata, H.-S.) I have now drawings and descrip- |
tions of thirty-two species. Only twelve remain undescribed : j
Eup. consignataj pulchellata, pemotata, plumbeolata, pyg- \
mcBafa, ege?iata, viminata, irriguataj indigata, subcUiata, l
togata, and dehiliata. I shall feel deeply indebted to any 1
entomologist at home or abroad who will send me eggs of 1
any of the above species during the ensuing season, and thus j
help me to complete my researches into the oeconomy of this i
most interesting group of insects.

Eap. sue centur rata. I think that most entomologists who
have read the "Zoologist" for November, 1861, will agree '
with me that this insect is entirely distinct from Subfulvata. ■
I have, however, as yet never been able to breed it from the ■
egg, and this is the only link wanting to complete an irre-
fragable chain of evidence. Will those entomologists who
live near the sea, and in whose neighbourhood Artemisia \
vulgaris grows, do what they can to get me a batch of eggs j
next summer? The perfect insect appears in July, and may |
no dou!)t, like its congener Subfulvata, be taken freely by i
sugaring the heads of any tall flowers near where the food
plant grows. Subfulvata deposits its eggs freely if a sprig

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARViE. 45

of Achillea millefolium be introduced into the chip-box,
and doubtless Succenturiata would do the same upon a head
of Artemisia vulgaris.

Eup. suhumhrata. I shall feel deeply indebted to any
continental entomologist who takes this insect, if he will
procure me a few eggs and send them by letter inclosed in a
quill. I cannot as yet persuade myself that the species I
take freely here in the larva state is identical with the con-
tinental species which bears this name, and which is a much
whiter looking insect, especially on the posterior wings. I
have also a great wish to procure eggs of the allied con-
tinental species Jllodicata, Impurata and Denticulata. I
shall also feel much indebted to any British entomologist
who meets with this species, if he will send me a few eggs.

Eup. plumheolata. I have a batch of pupae which I
suspect will produce this insect. The larvae were found upon
flowers of Valeriana officinalis growing in a wood, in July.
I have never yet been able to procure ova.

Eup. isogrammata. The larvae of this insect was abundant
here this summer upon flowers and in flower buds of Clematis
vitalba,

Eup. Melveticata. During the two past autumns I have
taken a number of larvas here in October and November,
upon 7vild juniper, which closely resemble those of the
Scotch Heheticata. The perfect insect, however, is much
larger and very different in colour. Mr. Doubleday is
inclined to consider it a mere southern variety of the Scotch
and continental species, but before coming to any decision
myself I should like to breed broods of each larva from the
egg. I have little doubt that I shall be able to get my
Buckinghamshire insects to pair and lay eggs. Will some
of my Scotch brethren try and do the same and exchange
ova with me ? If the moths be placed in a gauze-covered

46 LEPIDOPTERA.

box, with a sprig of juniper in a bottle, they will almost to a
certainty pair and deposit their eggs. Will some continental
brother send me eggs of Eup. arceiithatal

Eiip, satyrata. The larva of this insect has been very
abundant here this year upon various flowers growing in
rough open places near and between the w^oods.

Eup. tripunctata. This larva was not scarce in one wood
near here upon flowers and seeds of Anaelica sylvestrh. In
Derbyshire it w^as very scarce, though in the same locality I
took it plentifully two years since. I hear from friends that
it has occurred pretty freely in Middlesex, Devonshire and
Suffolk. Considerably more than half the larvae are ichneu-
moned, and I expect to breed but few moths.

Eup. trisignata. The larva of this insect was tolerably
plentiful in the same wood upon flowers and seeds of Angelica
sylvestris. It is about ten days earlier than the preceding
species. In Derbyshire, where Angelica was much more
abundant, I could only find two. My friend Mr. Hellins has
taken it in Devonshire.

Eup. innofata. I met with three larvas of this rare species
during a short visit to Derbyshire at the beginning of
September. It is (as far as my experience goes) exclusively
an ash feeder in England. It is very strange that the
continental species which bears this name, and which to my
eyes certainly seems precisely the same as our British afth
feeding species, should as exclusively feed upon Artemisia
vulgaris and Absynthium. If Professor Zeller, M. H.-Schaffer,
M. Guenee, or any other continental entomologist, can send
me a few eggs, I will soon tell them whether the larvae are the
same as those I take upon ash. I once reared five larvae
from eggs laid by an English specimen of the second brood
in October, upon flowers of Laurustinus. They spun up and

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA. LARV^. 47

turned at Christmas., The moths appeared the following
June, and were precisely the same as those bred from ash.

Euf. pimpineUata (denotata). This species, which has
now I'egained its proper name, has been scarce this autumn,
and' almost every larva was stung. I have only six pupas
against nearly one hundred last year.

• £Jup. virgaureata. In Devonshire, Mr. Hellins informs
me, this larva prefers the flowers of Seneciojaco'b(Ba, though
there is plenty of Solidago virgaurea. In the Kentish
locality, where I have been in the habit of taking it for some
years past, it strictly confines itself to the flowers of the
Solidago, though there is plenty of Senecio in and near the
woods.

Eup. coronata. This species was not uncommon here last
year in the larva state on flowers of Clematis vitalha. This
autumn I could only find three or four.

Euj). pulchellata. This moth is I know taken pretty
freely by various collectors. If they do not care to take the
trouble themselves to procure eggs, will they next year send
me some living females? I think I can persuade them to
lay.

Eup. indigaia. Mr. Greening, of Warrington, most
kindly sent me this spring several living females of this
species. Only one, however, deposited any eggs. A few
larvae, hatched and fed for a week or two upon Pinus syl-
vestris. I think I now know better how to manage both
moth and larva, and hope for better luck, if Mr. Greening,
and other friends who take this insect, will be equally kind
another year.

Euj). tenviata. This larva was common here in sallow
catkins in April. It is not confined to any one species of sallx.

Eup. suhviliata. This species is taken every season by

48 LEPIDOPTERA.

some of our collectors. Will they do their best to send me
a living ? ?

Eup. ahbreviata. I very much want eggs of this species.
The larva at times so closely resembles Dodoiiceata that it
would puzzle an habitue to distinguish them. I want to
breed the two insects from the e^gg, side by side. If required
to lay, the females of both these species must be placed in a
roomy gauze-covered box, with a sprig of oak stuck in a
bottle. By this means Mr. M^Lachlan, after several fruit-
less attempts, at last procured me a number of eggs of
Dodonceata.

Eup. consignata and irriguata. These are probably both
oak feeders, and wherever the perfect insects occur might
doubtless, if looked for, be found.

Eup. expallidata, I found a number of larvce of this
insect in October on Scdidago virgaurea, during a flying
visit to Kent. I fear however the greater part are dead, as
I have no Solidago here, and was obliged to substitute
flowers of Michealmas Daisy.

Eup. ahsyntldata and minutata. I have an un-named
species which I believe to be intermediate between these two.
I took the larva on Achillea jnillefoliumy and, though it
resembled both, it was not precisely like either. Will some
continental friend send me eggs of E. campamdata, H.-S.,
a closely allied insect? I took a number of larvae of Absyn-
thiata here this autumn which were nearly black.

Eup. pygmceata. Can none of my marshy friends get
eggs of this species and of Colllx sparsata ? I saw a speci-
men of pygmceata this summer, which was taken on some
boggy moorland in Staffordshire.

Eup. pusillata. I reared a brood of larvae to full growth
this summer upon spimce fir. A journey then killed them

NOTES ON EUPITHECIA LARV^. 49

all but one, which is at present aUve, in the pupa state. I
must try again next year.

Enp. dehiliata. A correspondent has bred this insect
from mixed larvas, supposed to be swept from Vaccinium
myrtillus.

Eup. assimilata. This insect has not been common here
this year. Two larvse, taken full fed the beginning of July,
produced the perfect insect in a few weeks, thus proving it to
be, as I had often suspected, double-brooded.

Eup. vulgata. I beat the larva of this moth from Clematis
vitalba this summer. I have often previously reared the
larva from the egg, but this is the first time I have met with
it out of doors.

Will some Scotch entomologist try and procure me eggs
of E. saty7'ata, var. Callunaria?

H. Harpur Crewe,

The Rectory, Drayton-Beauchamp, near Tring,
November ith, 1861.

1862.

( 50 )

A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS.

(By THE Editor.)

During the past twenty years various attempts have been
made to split Zygcena 3fvws into two species. One variety
has been described by Zeller under the name of Meringi;
another has been described by Herrich-S chaffer, and the
name of Nuhigena proposed for it by Mann.

Imagining the subject would probably receive increased
attention during the ensuing summer, we have collected toge-
ther a mass of notes on the subject, which are here arranged
chronologically.

We make no comments, leaving the whole subject to the
unbiassed consideration of our readers.

ZYG^NA MINOS.

[From Lepidopterological Contributions by P. C. Zeller, published
1840 in the " Isis," p. 137.]

The markings on the anterior wings of a Zygcena consist
mainly of 6 spots, placed in three pairs. For a more easy
mode of explanation, we may call the upper spots 1, 3 and 5 ;
namely, that at the base 1 ; that in the middle of the wing 3,
and that towards the apex 5, and the corresponding lower
spots, 2, 4 and 6. Zygcena 3Imos is one of those species
in which spots, which are not the corresponding spots, are
conflueni.

A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS. 51

1 is very long, pointed, and fills up the space between
the costa and sub-costal nervure at the base ; 2 and 4 are
entirely confluent, form a spot anteriorly rounded, which fills
up the space between the median and sub -costal nervures,
and reaches as far as the first branch of the median nervure.
3 unites with 5 and 6 to form a spot, which, pointed towards
the base, is much expanded posteriorly, and is gradually lost
in the ground-colour towards the hind margin. The above
markings may be looked on as those of the typical Z. Minos.
In the year 1839, 1 collected, in three days, upwards of a
hundred of this Zygcena, and thereby found that the normal
form is very scarce near Glogau, and only occurs sparingly
among the varieties.

The most frequent specimens (var. &), have the spot formed
out of 2 and 4, more or less deeply emarginate on both sides.

This also occurs sometimes, when (though that very rarely
happens) the spot composed of 3, 5 and 6 is slightly exca-
vated on both sides between 3 and 5 (var. c).

But the deeper this excavation is, the smaller are the
original spots, and, where they are actually separated, they
are restricted to a very sm^all space. In var. d (2 $ and
1 ? ), the separation between 2 and 4 has taken place, and
one specimen has, instead of 4, a small spot of the size of the
3rd spot in Zygcena jmnctum ; in the two others, 4 forms
a fine point towards the base.

Var. e (5 (^ , 1 ? ) shows a separation between 3 and 5.

There are connecting links between these varieties, in
which, on one or both wings, spots 3 and 5, 2 and 4, are
connected by a slender thread of red.

The two last varieties {d and e) do not show half as much
red on the anterior wings as the typical var. a does.

Nearly all the specimens of varieties, h, c, d and e, have,
on the hinder margin of the united last pair of spots, a deep

e2

52 A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS.

excavation, and the margin is not gradually lost in the ground-
colour. The portion which belongs to the upper spot (5) is
always of a much deeper red.

Since there are also specimens of var. h without that emar-
gination of the securiform spot, and again others of the
typical species where there is at least a faint impression
there, I perceive nowhere a decided character by which a
specific separation could be effected. But I consider it pos-
sible that, in the course of time, the characters may be more
firmly made out, and that then, perhaps, a difference of
species may be discussible.

Since that Nature, in the formation of species of Zygcence
(productive or reproductive) is not yet at an end, appears to
me conclusive, from the constant copulation of specimens of
different species without constraintj and when in a condition
of peifoct Ubertij.

But just as the amount of red on the upper side of the
anterior wings of Z. Minos decreases with us, it increases
towards the south.

In a very iew of our Glogau specimens of var. & (4 ^ ),
I find at the base of the w'ing, between the sub-dorsal ner-
vure and the inner margin, a short, red, faint, little streak
(var./).

On the other hand, in an Austrian male, which otherwise
resembles var. a, this entire space is covered with thickly
scattered red scales; and spot 1 reaches, filling up the entire
cell, as far as the first branch, going from the sub-costal ner-
vure to the costa: hence the sub-costal and median nervures
are clothed with red scales, the spots melt into one another
(var. g). This, therefore, is the passage to the var. Polygalce^
Esper, or Erythrus, Bdv., which I have not yet met with.

The apex of the hind wings is usually dark grey in the
males, but rarely so in the females j in many males it is

A CHAPTER ON ZYGvENA MINOS. 53

twice as broad as the cilia of the hind wings, and is continued,
though very narrowly, as far as the third branch of the
median nervure. In two males of var. «, from the south of
Europe, it is at the apex more than three times as broad as
the cilia, and the continuation along the hind margin is broad
in proportion.

The favourite localities here ai-e open places amongst birch
and fir wood, where flowers are numerous on loamy, hillocky
ground, where at the same time Hipp. Galatea, Argf/nnis
JViobe and Boiyaflavalis fly in multitudes, and Zygmna FUi-
pendnlce and Loniceroi will soon begin, or have just begun
to appear. Its favourite flower is Dianthus Carthusiano-
rum, on which it sleeps at night, hanging on the calyx, as
though to be less easily seen. More rarely it frequents Sca-
hlosa arvensis. The best time of the year to obtain good
specimens is the first half of July.

SOME REMARKS ON ZYG.^N^.
By Professor Zeller.

[Published in 1844, Ent. Zeitung, pp. 38-43.]

1. Boisduval gives in his Monograph of the Zygcenidce, p. 7,
a notice on the larvae of Zygcsna, which seems less generally
known than it deserves. I therefore mention it here. The
larvae only feed for about fourteen days after their exclusion
from the egg, then they become torpid, and do not wake up
and recommence eating till the following spring. Thus they
sleep a large portion of the summer and all through the
autumn and winter. That occasional exceptions will occur,
is shown by Ochsenheimer's experience (Treitschke, x., 1,
p. 106), since he met with two specimens of Zygmna Tri-
folii in autumn, newly escaped from the pupa state; the

54 A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS.

larvae of these had probably never become torpid. I myself
once found near Frankfort a just hatched specimen of Z,
Filipendulce in the middle of autumn.

2. Zycjcena Minos. Some species of insects owe their
existence to the industry of the dealer. How Dahl misled
amateurs is narrated by Treitschke in speaking of the
varieties of Zerynthia Polyxena (x., 1, p. 84). Since most
collectors content themselves with a pair of such species
which they can only obtain by purchase or exchange, and
indeed are generally obliged thus to moderate their desires,
such dealers as Dahl have an easy game in the fabrication of
species ; it would be much more difficult if they had to
furnish each species wholesale. Many of the southern
ZycjcBuce require to be collected by conscientious observers
in sufficient numbers to clear up all our difficulties.

The species of Zygcena are of that class in which a/ew
specimens easily enables us to pronounce a confident opinion.
A large number of specimens makes us feel much less con-
fident, but is imperatively necessary if we would ascertain
the truth. He who has not carefully examined extensive
series of specimens of allied species, should only pronounce
his decision as prohahle. Formerly I was of opinion that I
had found in a specimen, of which the spots were smaller than
usual and remote, a species distinct from 3Iinos. I therefore
collected above 100 specimens of Minoif, just as they came,
and soon recognized that my supposed species was merely a,
variety. I was thus enabled to indicate in the " Isis" (1840,
p. 137) a series of very perceptibly distinct varieties of this
species, most of which occur near Glogau.

Herr Keferstein goes so far as to unite (Ent. Zeit. ii. p. 117)
Zyqcena Pluto with Z. Minos, because it frequently occurs
along with it, and has only a broader grey margin to the
posterior wings. But Ochsenheimer mentions characters

A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS. 55

which make it doubtful whether Keferstein had the true
Pluto (with which T am likewise unacquainted) before him.
Ochsenheimer speaks of a more slender antennal club, and
broader, more rounded wings, — thus of things in which Z.
Minos shows no such variability ; and before one could
maintain that Ochsenheimer had exaggerated, it would be
necessary to see original specimens of Zi/g(Ena Pluto,

Boisduval also formerly was anxious to unite Z. Pluto
'and Z. Minos; but according to his new Index (in which
Z. Pluto is introduced at an unsuitable place) he has revoked
this opinion. The Z. Pluto of his Monograph may be
identical with that of Ochsenheimer ; the figure is certainh^,
like most of those in the Monograph, bad enough, so that it
furnishes little information ; but in the description all Och-
senheimer's distinctive characters are repeated, whence there
seems little reason against the identity of his and Ochsen-
heimer's Z. Pluto.

But Zt/gcsna Pluto of the Icones (tab. 52, fig. 4) is quite
another creature, wherefore also the characters sound very
anomalous. Difference in the form of the wings and antennae
is no more the question ; the securiform spot of the anterior
wings is rounded, and even larger than in the next figure of
Zygcena Minos (fig. 5) ; in short, Boisduval had had a Z.
Minos before him, and erred in his references.

From Professor Hering I have received a male Zi/gcena
for determination, which was sent him by Frivaldsky as Z.
Pluto. Two males, of unknown locality, which agree spe-
cifically therewith, were received by me from Vienna. Only
Hering's specimen shows the hind margin of the anterior
wings externally more convex than in Zi/gcena Minos ;
otherwise they agree entirely with that species, except, firstly,
that the middle spot is much further from the hinder margin,
and seems abbreviated, and, secondly, that the posterior

56 A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS.

wings have a broader grey margin. The second character is
of less importance, and less striking than the first, since the
spot reaches little beyond the transverse vein, then suddenly
expands on both sides, projects a tooth obliquely over the
third branch of the median vein, and has its hinder margin
not hollowed. Whether this is a constant form, or whether
connecting varieties occur, must be ascertained by the com-
parison of a greater number of specimens of Z. Minos from
Southern Europe. Though these three specimens show much
agreem.ent in the form of the spot with Ochsenheimer's de-
scription of Z. Pluto, yet the other characters given by
Ochsenheim.er are far too contradictory to allow one to pro-
nounce this with certainty as the true Zi/gcena Pluto. It
is possible that Keferstein had specimens similar to these
before him as Pluto ; however, he should have taken more
notice of the form of the middle spot if he had wished to
give us complete certainty.

From Professor Hering I received a beautiful pair of a
Zygwna, very closely allied to Z. Minos, with the inquiry,
whether I considered it distinct? For after he had found
the whitish larvae of Z. 3Iinos plentiful on Pimpinella
Saxifraga in the fortification trenches at Stettin, he found
four weeks later, in a plantation, on dry sand, many orange-
yellow larvse on Thymus Serpyllum, and from these he
obtained a number of this Zygcena. Not the difference of
food, nor locality, nor the appearance of the larvae, but the
peculiarities of the two perfect insects, decided me to answer
the question in the affirmative. Since I also had found
some years ago, after I had always found the larvae of Z.
Minos on Pimpinella Saxifraga j yellow larvae plentifully on
Thymus Serpyllum in dry sandy pkces ; from these 1
expected Z. Filipendulce, and, to my astonishment, obtained
specimens which I could not distinguish from Z. Minos.

A CHAPTER ON ZYG2ENA MINOS. 57

Since I now cannot distinguish which of my specimens were
bred from these Ip.rvae, and possess no specimens agreeing
with Bering's species, I must formerly have entirely dis-
regarded the differences in the earlier stages.

To a similar inquiry sent to Herr Freyer, the answer had
come, — These were the ordinary Zyg. Minos. In order to
attain certainty with regard to this species, I begged Pro-
fessor Hering to lend me his stock of the doubtful species,
and also his Pomeranian Zytjcema Minos. He was so good
as to comply with my wish, and at the same time sent me
au Augsburg specimen. The latter is at any rate the true
Minos, which Freyer has figured, which does not differ from
the Glogau specimens, and which has no more accordance
with Bering's species than any ordinary specimen of Minos.
Professor Hering wrote me word that he had still two spe-
cimens of his species left, and sent them to me. Un-
fortunately I removed them from their box, and placed them
am.ongst the specimens of the true Mhio^ belonging to him ;
and since several of the latter are unlabelled, I can no longer
distinguish the second specimen, also accidentally unlabelled,
since none possesses the peculiarities of the supposed new
species.

This circumstance has removed, in my judgment, a great
deal of the confidence which it would have, if, as the words
in Bering's letter imports, two specimens were in the parcel
agreeing with the pair received a long time ago.

Be now the reason what it may, that precisely the un-
labelled specimen can no longer be distinguished from the
ordinary Z. Minos, yet this is certain, that the labelled male
and the pair previously sent to me agree sufficiently in their
characters and differ sufficiently from Z. Minos to render it
j>robably a truly distinct species. Should this be confirmed,
1 would propose for the species the name of Zygceaa Seringi,

dS a chapter ox ZYG^NA MINOS.

after the discoverer and observer, though it may a] so be
considered as Z. Minos, var. h.*

In this Zygcena Heringi the middle spot of the anterior
vrings immediately strikes the eye ; it expands suddenly very
considerably, fills up nearly the -whole breadth of the space
between the first and second branches of the median vein, is
rounded, and reaches even further towards the hind margin
than in Z. Minos. In no. Silesian, Pomeranian, Augsburg
or Austrian specimen of Z. 3Iinos known to me has the
spot this expansion inwardly — neither has Z. Erythrus —
but, perhaps, almost Z. Pluto, Bdv. Icon. pi. 52, f. 4, only
that it is here much shorter, and therefore further from the
hind margin. The second peculiarity of Z. H'eringi is, that
the hind margin of the anterior wings is externally convex,
with the convexity most protruding below the middle, whereby
not only the apex of the wing is kept somewhat back, but
also the breadth of the wing appears more considerable.
The third difference is shown in the antennjE, which, in the
male far more imperceptibly than in the female — one must,
however, compare males with males, females with females —
are more attenuated from the club towards the base, and in
the female are longer and have a more slender club. Every
thing else is variable, as in the allied species, even the form
of the posterior wings. Only the males have a little grey in
the apex of the posterior wings, the females none at all.

* Vars. h, c, d, g, /and g will be found in the " Isis," 1840, at p. 138.

OX ZYG.^XA MINOS.
By C. F. Freyer.

[Published in 1841, Eat. Zeitung, p. 85.]
Herr Zeller of Glogau has given, in the February number
of this Zeitung, some very interesting remarks on some of the

A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS. 59

ZygcencBy and had formerly suspected that out of Z. Minos
probably two species might be established. His former
suspicious in reference to this separation, which he had com-
municated to Professor Hering of Stettin, become somewhat
unsettled in the above treatise, so that it now seems rather
doubtful whether he would maintain or not his previously
determined separation of this one species into two.

Professor Hering had already inquired of me whether
Z. Minos should not be divided into two species, since he
found the larvte quite different from those figured in my
plate 86, namely, ivhite and whitish-blue^ instead of yellow.
I have carefully examined the specimens of the imago sent
by him, but after all my investigations I could find no suffi-
cient distinctions , between them and the specimens which I
take here. Only in some specimens of Minus I find the
securiform spot, in which the red middle stripe terminates,
somewhat broader, larger, and more lost in the ground-
colour.

When I gave my figure of 3Iinos on plate 86, I had
always found the larvae yellow and no other colour. How-
ever, last summer, on the 25th May, 1843, I chanced by
accident to find, in a meadow near a wood, a number of the
white larvae of Zt/gcena Minos, which is very like Hiibner's
figure, and at the very same place, amongst them, sows
yellow larvae. They ate very properly only Pimpinella,
but they also bit other plants, such as thyme, &c. Of these
larvae, which, when I found them, were just full grown,
I collected considerably over a hundred, amongst them from
17 to 20 of the yellorv ones, which were also rather larger.
I immediately separated them, and kept the white larvae and
the yellow larvae in separate cages. But unfortunately many,
indeed most, of the larvae were infested with Ichneumons or
Gordii, so that in proportion to my stock of larvae I ob-
tained only a few perfect insects, which showed no further

(iO A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS.

differences except the above-mentioned characters. Only I
may remark this, and I consider it of some importance, that
the yellow larvae almost all produced females, whereas the
white larvae furnished mostly males and very few females.
Should, therefore, the difference of colour in the larvas in-
dicate the sexes ? I should further observe, that the yellow
larvae had a dark dorsal stripe, whereas on the white or
whitish-blue larvae no dorsal stripe was perceptible. The
cocoons of the yellow larvae were silvery-grey, some few
cocoons were, however, pale yellow. The cocoons of the
white larvae were also much flatter, and not so vaulted as
those of the yellow larvae.

Altogether, out of the mass of larvae I obtained about 30
perfect insects ; the greater part of which, as I could see no
sufficient distinction between them, I set at liberty. Also in
the form of the pupae could I find no difference. They were
very soft, some yellowish-brown, some black-brown, some
altogether black.

The perfect insects appeared from the 25th June to the
10th of July.

If we reflect on the difference in the colour and markings
of the larvae, it is of course very probable, that if the
differences do not indicate the sexes here two species may be
mixed, yet it will always be a difficult matter to find out any
good points of distinction in the perfect insects.

NOTE ON ZYG^NA MINOS.
By Professor Hering.

[Published in 1846, Stett. Ent. Zeitung, p. 235.]
ZygcBna Minos, var h. Heriiigi, Zeller,

The larva of the ordinary Zygwna Minos, which we find
here almost exclusively on Pimpinella Saxifraga, never

A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS. 61

occurs later with us than about the middle of May. The
larva of the above-mentioned variety or species, which flies
in the perfect state in August, when 3Iinos is long past, I
had for several years sought in vain. I find them only on
Thymus Serpyllurrij on sandy places in fir-woods, never in
our fortification trenches, where Minos is in many years
quite common. This year I found a larva on the "21st June,
v^iiich. for want of proper care, died. But immediately I
found it I made the following description of it.

The larva is dark citron-yellow — at the end of each ring
are two black spots, which consequently form a double row
of spots, between which are numerous white hairs, placed on
extremely fine blackish warts. Along the legs is placed, in
the middle of each segment, a small black spiracle, over and
under which are white hairs, as on the back. A careful
comparison with the larva of the ordinary Zi/gcena Minos
must be postponed, as I have neglected to seek for larvae at
the right time.

ZYG^NA MINOS.

[From Hemch-Schiiffer's Schmetterlinge von Europa, II. p. 30,
published before 1847.]

Minos, W. V., Hiibner, fig. 8 (antenna false) ; Boisd.
Icones, pi. 52, figs. 4 and 5. (The two figures show no
diflTerence, though he calls fig. 4 Pluto.) Freyer, n. B., T.
86, fig. 1 (anterior wings too broad and pointed); Suppl.
figs. 13—16.

Exp. ir— 15'".

Majoi\ corpore nigro, alls anteriorihus non limhum
versus nigrioribiis.

Larger ; anterior wings blue-grey, not darker towards the
blackish marginal line. The ends of the cilia brown. Spots

62 A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS.

2 and 4, 3 and 5, are always confluent. The collar and
shoulder pieces never with a whitish mixture. The great
difference in the united spots 3 and 5 is shown by the
figures.

The specimens from the Alps and the south are distin-
guished by the wings being more thickly scaled and therefore
darker, and by the shaggy aud black-haired abdomen, whereby
the shorter steel-blue scales are concealed. I imagine these
specimens are the Pluto, W. V. ; at any rate I have never
seen any other Pluto. I never saw a specimen with the
anterior wings as broad behind as Hiibner's fig. 88 (^Py-
thia). My fig. 14 shows a specimen in which the securi-
form spot is hardly expanded behind. Fig. 13 shows a very
peculiar cut of the anterior wing of the male. Fig. 15 a
female, in which the red is much expanded. In Fig. 16 the
securiform spot is much attenuated towards the base.

The apex of the hind wing in the male has sometimes
a rather broad tinge of black. See Ent. Zeit. V. pp. 39
and 85.

Rather widely distributed ; abundant near Ratisbon, and '
the earliest Zycjcena to appear. June. The larva on various
low plants.

ZYG^NA MINOS.

[From Herrich-Schaffer's Schmetterlinge von Europa, VI., Appendix
to Vol. II. p. 43, published before 185(3.]

Minos. — In one female specimen (from Herr Kaden) of
unusual size, spot 3 is only connected with 5 by a slender
line, and 5 is much contracted at rib 5. In another equally
large, but much wasted specimen, the costa is red for three-
fourths of its length, and then united with a very large unde-
teimined spot 5. The latter is united with the magnified.

A CHAPTER ON ZYGiENA MINOS. 63

likewise indistinct spot 4, but this is only united with 2 along
the middle rib, on which alone 3 is joined to 5.

Mann's Nubigena are Alpine specimens of Minos.
[The synonymy given in the Index of Vol. II. is as fol-
lows : — ]

Minos {Zygcena), W. V. ; Fr., n. B. 86; Tr., H., 8 ; H.-S.,
13, 16, p. 30.
„ Seringii, Zeller.
„ Pluto, Bdv., 52.
,, Nubigena, Mann, in litt.

„ PilusellcB, Esp., t. 24 ; Polygalce, Esp., t. 34, 3,
,, PurpuralU (Pyral.), Miiller.
„ ScabioscR, F.
„ Vicice, Lang.

ZYG^NA MINOS.

[By E. Newman, in the Zoologist, pp. 7565 and 7676, published 1861.]
Occurrence of Zygcena Acliillece in Ireland. It is a
dangerous thing to write about our British Zygcence : if any
one incline to take up the genus I heartily wish him well
through it. It is an equally dangerous thing to introduce a
new species on the faith of a single specimen ; but I will
lisk both these dangers. About a month since, Mr. Birchall
sent me a single specimen of a Zygcena taken by himself in
the West of Ireland. I could not make it out, as it presented
a combination of characters which do not exist in any other
species. After a w^hile I submitted it to Mr. Douhleday,
who pronounced no opinion, but, with his invariable
promptitude and kindness, sent me a pair of continental spe-
cimens of Zygcena Achillece, for the purpose of comparison,
and the new comer proved to be identical with that conti-
nental species. It may at once be distinguished from every

64 A CHAPTER ON ZYG2ENA MINOS.

species yet discovered in this kingdom, save and except Z.
Minos, by the extreme bluntness and capitate form of the
antennae ; and from Z. Minos it is instantly distinguishable by
the texture and colour of the covering of the body ; in Z.
Minos this covering is long, shaggy and dead black ; in Z.
AchUlecs it is close, compact, shining and chalybeous-blue.
On the Continent this species occurs more particularly on
chalky soils, but I am not aware of the existence of chalk in
the vicinity of its Iiish habitat. I forbear describing the
colour of the wings, as the species seems subject to much
variation in this respect (p. 7565).

Further Note on the supposed New Irish Zygcena. Of
course my note in a late number of the "Zoologist" (Zool.
7565) has produced many communications on the same
subject, the most interesting of which are, first, a letter from
M. Guenee, addressed to Mr. Doubleday, and, secondly, a
visit from Mr. Birchall.

From M. Guenee's letter it appears manifest that that
greatest of Lepidopterists considers that the two Irish Zygcenm
are distinct as species. The one which we have so long known
by the name of 3Imos, and which is particularly distinguished
by its black woolly or hairy body, he believes to be un-
described ; and the comparatively recent addition to our
Fauna, which I announced in the June number, he regards
as the true Zygcena Minos. This view of the. case is cor-
roborated by a most careful comparison of a pair of con-
tinental specimens of Zygcena Minos, sent over by Herrich-
Schaffer, and one of which I had supposed to be Z, Achillece.
The continental specimens have been kindly presented to the
cabinet of the Entomological Club by Mr. Birchall, and
have been placed side by side with others of his own taking.
A pair of continental Zygcence, presented by Mr. Doubleday

A CHAPTER ON ZYG^XA MINOS. 65

to Mr. Birchall, were at the same time submitted to a critical
examiPiation, with tl]e result that one of them was certainiy
identical both with Herrich-SchiifFer's Z. Minos and with
Mr. Birchall's new Irish insect ; the second specimen, how-
ever, seemed to differ, being a much more opaque insect,
somewhat larger, irroi-ated with testaceous scales, and having
a whitish or greyish tuft on each side of the mesothorax at
the base of the forewings, extending on to the wing itself.
These differences at first induced both Mr. Birchall and
myself to think that the two specimens iji question were
referrible to different species, the one probably being the true
Z. Minos, the other the true Z. Achillea; but even this
conclusion appears doubtful, since we found the testaceous
scales often present in the Irish specimens, and in a iew
instances the grey tuft at the base of the forewings is also
very distinctly present. Under these circumstances, it seems
best to eliminate the name of Z. /Irhillece from the discussion,
and to confine our attention to the two species, or supposed
species, which I endeavoured to differentiate at p. 7565.
Let us call the most familiar black-bodied insect Zi/f/cena
Nvbigena, thus adopting a cabinet name, used both in France
and Germany, and one which M. Guenee proposes to adopt,
should he ever describe this tribe of insects. And let us
inquire how it came to be called Z. Minos in England, and
in England only. The first notice of the insect is from my
own pen, and runs thus: — "I am informed by my friend
Mr. Thomas H. Allis that about a dozen specimens of
Zygcena Minos were taken last summer on the west coast of
Ireland by Henry Milner, Esq., of Nunappleton, near York."
ZooL 4180, dated January, 1854. Mr. Stevens (Zool. 4272)
is reported to have exhibited at the Entomological Society's
Meeting specimens of the new British Zygcena Minos. At
Zool. 4438 is a most interesting!: paper by Mr. A. G. More
1862. ^ F

i}6 A CHAPTER ON ZYGiENA MINOS.

on the geographical distribution of Zygcena Minos in the
West of Ireland. Such were the earliest notices of this
insect, all adopting, without hesitation, a name for which no
authority had then been given. Latterly Mr. Doubleday
places it in his Synonymic List as Z. 3Iinos, W. V. The
Vienna Catalogue is certainly high authority when we know
what is intended ; but, alas ! in this, as in too many other
instances, it is now too late to inquire what its learned
authors meant by the name. It will not, I think, be urged
by Mr. Allis, with whom the name, as applied to the Irish
insect, seems to have originated, that he ever went into the
question of its nomenclature \eYj critically. Let me now
attempt to bestow on it a name which, even if not accepted,
will at any rate challenge inquiry and discussion.

Zyg^na Nubigena, Musceorum.
Alee anticce semi-hyalincBy 7iigrescentes^ plaga magna
diffoimi discali rubra; alee posticce rubrce margine
tenuiter nigro ; caput, thorax et abdomen nigra,
opaca, hirsuta.
The amount and disposition of the red colouring on the
forewings of the species of Zygcena has always been held of
great importance in differentiating species ; thus the terms
"five spot" and "six spot" describe characters which in
this country were for sixty years considered amply sufficient
to distinguish our indigenous species. Although this is no
longer the case, we may still consult these markings with
advantage. In the two supposed species I am now con-
sidering, the red area of the forewings is divided by the
wing-rays into three portions or blotches; the first blotch
may be called costal ; it originates at the base of the wing,
and extends immediately beneath the costal margin ; the
second may be called discal, occupying, but not limited by,

A CHAPTER ON ZYG^NA MINOS. 67

what is usually termed the discoidal cell ; the third may be
called the inferior blotch ; it originates at the base of the
wing, and extends towards the hind margin. The costal
blotch is pointed at its discal extremity, and the discal blotch
at its basal extremity. Mr. Birchall has pointed out to me
that in the continental specimens of Z. 31inos these two
points do not pass or overlook each other, whereas in Z.
Nuhigena the passing or overlapping is most evident. In a
letter from Mr. N. Cooke, of Liverpool, to Mr. Doubleday,
this character is clearly shown by coloured sketches. This
difference, I admit, appears very insignificant ; but supposing
that one form of blotching is constant to the black-bodied
individuals, and the other form of blotching constant in the
green-bodied individuals, it will aid us very materially in
our attempts to establish the existence of two species. In
addition, I have only to say, that I shall be much obliged
for any information respecting the Z. Minos said to have
been found both on the west and east coasts of Scotland. I
have seen neither (pp. 7676, 7677).

NOTE ON THE IRISH ZYG.^N^.

[By Henry Doubleday, in the "Zoologist," p. 7715, published 1861.]

The remarks of my friend Edward Newman ( Zool. 7676)
respecting the Irish Zt/gcena will no doubt lead many of the
readers of the " Zoologist" to suppose that M. Guenee has
examined a number of specimens, and considers that two
species have been confounded under the name of Zyijcena
Minos. This is not the case; he has only seen two indi-
viduals which I sent him some years since. In a letter to
me, dated May 25th, 1861, he says : — " I have examined
with great attention an Irish Zygcena which you sent me
some time ago, and which I regarded as a simple variety of

f2

6S A CHAPTER ON ZYGJ3NA MINOS.

Z. Minos. The two individuals which I received from you
are identical with those which I took in 1858, at Bourg
d'Oysaurs (Hautes-Alpes), and also with two specimens
which I have received from the mountains of the Tyrol. I
am now inclined to regard this Zycjmna as a separate species,
proper to mountainous countries. It differs from the typical
Minos in the border of the inferior w'ings, and especially by
their internal angles, which are tipped w-ith dark grey ; by
the red spot upon the superior wqngs, which extends as far
as the celkiJar bifurcation ; and, lastly, by the body, which
is of a dark brownish-black, instead of blue. This ZygcBua
flies in the open fields of the mountains, and does not appear
to seek shady places, as Minos does wdth us. It is known
in Germany by the name of Nuhifjcna ; and although this
name is bad, I believe we must adopt it, in order that we
may not introduce confusion into this genus, already so
difficult." I have thought it right to give the remarks of
my friend in his ow^n words. Whether the Irish Zygcena is
anything more than a local variety of Minus time may
perhaps prove.

( 69 )

HYMENOPTERA.

Notes on Hymenoptera, observed during the past
Season ; some Observations on Hymenopterous
Parasites, and a Monograph of the Family Chry-

SIDID.E.

By Frederick Smith.

Last year I commenced ray observations on the JBLynneno-
ptera, by an account of the effect of the most ungenial weather,
which prevailed during the entire season, upon the tribe
'Aculeata; the effect was principally observable upon the
social genera Bomhus and Vespa, a great diminution in the
number of these insects being obvious to the most negligent
observer.

It now becomes my province to record the effect of the cold
wet season of I860 upon the Aculeate Hymenoptera, as
rearards their scarcitv or abundance in 1861. Having; as-
siduously collected and observed the Aculeata during the
last twenty-five years, I am able to state unhesitatingly, that
the past season stands alone for paucity of the Hymenoptera;
it is true that some of the social species have been abundant
in certain localities, but the almost total disappearance of
some species, even of these, is a circumstance that has not
occurred in my previous experience.

It does not fall to my lot to record the capture either of new
or very rare species. I have therefore thought it may prove
interesting to give some account of the various parasites that

70 HYMENOPTERA.

prey, either upon the larva, or upon the food stored up by
the industrious portion of the family Hymenoptera; under
this head, I include, of course, the bees, wasps, and the
numerous tribe of burrowing or fossorial species. Previous,
however, to entering upon this part of my subject, it will be
as well if I record such facts as have come to my notice
respecting the appearance of Hymenopterous insects during
the past season.

One of the most interesting captures that has come to my
knowledge is that of the true Myrmica unifasciatay by
Mr. Lewis, who found the species at the Landslip, between
Luccomb Chine and Ventnor, in the Isle of Wight; this is
not, however, its first capture. On looking carefully over
the collection of Mr. Curtis, I found several specimens,
captured by that eminent Entomologist some years ago at
Dover ; I regret much that I was not aware of this at the
time of the publication of my Monograph on the Formicidce.
I have now the pleasure of recording the fact of Myrmica
unifasciata being an undoubted British insect, and of point-
ing out two localities for the species.

In my Monograph on the British Formicid(Bj I published
a short account of xrlyrmica Iceviyata (^CEcophthora pusilla
of Heer), the house-ant of Madeira; I also stated that a
few specimens had been taken by myself on old walls some
years ago, and that it had become abundant in hot-houses at
Exeter and elsewhere; appended to this will be found the
following observation : — " The species is described here, as,
in all probability, it will, in the course of time, become gene-
rally distributed and naturalized like the Myrmica molesta,
our too common house-ant." The first time that I noticed
the Madeira house-ant is now upwards of twenty years ago,
this was on an old wall at Battersea; subsequently, it has
been found in many conservatories, &c. During the past

NOTES, ETC. 71

season my anticipations have proved to be too true. The
Rev. W. White observed this ant in great numbers swarming
in a baker's shop in the Borough ; so great were its numbers
that it was running over everything, — bread, biscuits, buns,
&c. ; it could not in fact fail to attract the notice of everyone ;
in consequence of which, the poor tradesman stated he had
unfortunately lost the best part of his customers. Here then
is a serious evil, a pest far more to be dreaded than the M.
molesta, and one which will prove a sore annoyance in every
house into which it manages to intrude itself. We have
given figures of this formidable intruder in the plate that
illustrates the " Annual."

This ant is of a black colour, with the feet and antennae
pale ; it is full one-third larger than the M. molesta ; I am
here speaking of the small workers; the insect belongs to the
family Attidm, which is distinguished from that of the
Myrmicidce by the colonies consisting of four distinct forms ;
namely, males, females, large and small workers ; the large
workers have their heads greatly enlarged, from three to four
times larger in proportion than that of the small workers, the
latter having heads of an ordinary size; other structural
differences of course separate the families Attidce and
MyrmiddcB, but these are unnecessary to be pointed out
here.

Having mentioned large and small workers, it may be
questioned whether there exists any positive distinction
between them ; this is a point that has been much disjuited ;
some believe that one is a mere modification of the other, and
that if communities of ants were carefully examined, a set of
links would always be found forming a progressive chain of
development from the most minute to the most gigantic indi-
vidual in the community ; that difference of size, and enlarge-
ment of particular parts, are simply degrees of approach to

72 HYMENOPTERA.

what must be considered the perfection of the SjDecies. Such
opinions, I feel convinced, are always the result of a super-
ficial knowledge of the subject; instances amongst the
Formicidce might be cited to prove that in many species a
difference of structure is found, so great, that it is at once
obvious the functions of the two kinds of workers must be
totally diffi rent; in fact, that each kind is totally incapable
of performing the duties of the other. I may briefly allude
to the genera Ecifon and CEcodoma ; in the latter, the large
or soldier-workei's are armed with spines at all points, and
have enormous heads, furnished, in some species, with an
additional eye, or ocellus, in the middle of the forehead; in
JEciton the soldier-ants are furnished with long sickle-shaped
mandibles, the small w^orkers having them of an ordinary
size; between these there exists no gradation in size, each
is structurally fitted to perform a different set of duties, and
is incapacitated from exercising the occupations assigned to
the other form of sex.

Wojking honey-bees are apparently proved to be sterile or
abortive females; in outward structure, however, no visible
difference, excepting size, is obvious; but we do not find
here, as amongst the ants, one set of individuals in a com-
munity so distinct in form and appearance from the rest,
that nothing short of actual observation could lead any
naturalist to believe there could possibly exist any con-
nection between them. In all the species of ants that are
known, the thorax of the worker is diffei-ent in form to
that of the female; in the latter it is usually oblong-ovate,
whilst in the former it is more or less wedge-shaped, with the
thin edge cut off, and the mandibles and antennae are usually
more elongated, fitting it for a totally different occupation in
the economy of the formicarium.

NOTES, ETC. /O

During the past season fossorial insects were of rare occur-
rence ; I visited localities in Kent, Suffolk and Surrey, where
some species usually abound, and where in 1858, in the
months of August and September, I certainly observed one
hundred individuals where I found a single example in 1861.
This observation will apply to the whole fossorial tribe, of
which I am not aware of a sohtary species of any rarity
having been captured.

During the entire season of 1860 I only saw three wasps,
although I visited many localities where they are usually
abundant ; from their great scarcity during that year it
might have been reasonably inferred, that nearly the whole
tribe has perished in consequence of the unusual degree of
cold and rain ; such however does not prove to have been the
case. I have received a communication from my friend Mr.
Henry Doubleday on this subject, which I will give entire :
he says, '' last year I did not see a single wasp, and I am not
aware that one was seen by any person in this neighbour-
hood ; but at the present time, August 14th, they are more
numerous than they have been for years ; we have them by
thousands, they are destroying all the early plums. I have
no doubt they are the produce of females of 1859, which
remained in a torpid state through last year/' In this opinion
I quite agree, no other reasonable mode of accounting for
the general abundance of these insects appears to me to
present itself.

Mr. Curtis informed me that at Wangford, in Suffolk,
wasps swarmed in incredible numbers, proving a most in-
tolerable nuisance in houses, whilst their depredations in the
shops of fruiterers and grocers became a serious loss to
them ; even butchers complained of the loss and damage
done to their meat, so great and unusual were their numbers.
At Halesworth, in Suffolk, wasps were extremely numerous,

/4 HYMENOPTERA.

and, as T experienced, proved a great annoyance by flying
into railway carriages passing along the line. In the neigh-
bourhood of Portsmouth, Mr. Bouchard observed wasps in
great numbers ; these pests were so numerous that all shops
at which grocery or sweets were sold, were filled with them;
the counters, windows and walls were literally covered ; at
one shop the tradesman said he took no steps to get rid of
them, it was quite useless, but as he never disturbed or
molested them, he had not been stung by them. I have
received similar reports of wasps from several parts of the
country ; in Scotland I am informed they have been less
abundant than in 1860.

The past season must be regarded as an unusually fine one,
particularly the autumnal months, which have been cha-
racterized as a second summer, some portion having been
hotter than any part of the summer months ; notwithstanding
this, so great a scarcity of the solitary autumnal bees has not
occurred in my experience ; I have always looked forward
to autumn, as the time when the Halicti would abound ; the
flowers of the hawkweed, hemlock and ragwort being
usually visited by them in great numbers ; but I looked in
vain on these flowers for my favourites, scarcely a single
example was to be met with. One consequence of the hot
autumnal weather was the forcing out as it were of some
individuals, which under ordinary circumstances would not
probably have appeared until next season ; thus, I captured
three males of the beautiful little Ceratina ccerulea at
Folkestone on the 3rd of October.

Of the spring bees or Andrenidce, no species is usually
more generally distributed, or more abundant, than Andrena
cintraria, yet of this species I only saw one or two examples
even in situations where their burrows are usually found in
great numbers.

NOTES, ETC. 7^

The beautiful Aiidrena falvn was equally scarce, so much |
so that I did not secure a single example. ^

In order to ascertain, with a greater degree of certainty,
the manner in which the wet and cold of the previous season
had affected the solitary bees, I visited a locality at Southend,
where a very extensive colony of Anthophora has existed
for many years, and also one of Eucera lovgicornis; both |
these bees, in ordinary seasons, are found at that spot in great
numbers, but on my last visit scarcely a single bee was to be
seen on one of the finest days of early summer. Being dis-
appointed in my search, I proceeded to dig into the bank in
which the colony was situated ; an explanation of the cause |
of the scarcity of the bees soon presented itself; hundreds of I
dead bees filled the burrows, whilst numberless cells were !
half filled with the mouldy remains of honey and pollen
stored up for the larvae, which had doubtless perished during
the former ungenial season. A similar fate has, I fear,
befallen three-fourths of the solitary bees, and it will I fear
be some years before we shall again see these attendants upon
spring and early summer, in their usual numbers, flying from |
flower to flower, and adding life and beauty to the sunny
days of spring.

As might be expected. Humble bees did not suffer so
severely, but still a great diminution in their numbers was
very apparent; those which build their nest underground
appeared by far the most numerously ; the moss-building
species were greatly diminished in number. During the
autumn of 1860, I found nests of these bees in which the
entire brood had perished from the cold and wet ; larvae, ^
pupae and perfect bees were rotting in the damp and mouldy 1
nests which swarmed with thousands of acari that fed upon
the remains of the wax and honey which they contained.

I will now proceed to give some account of the parasites
that prey upon the different families of the Aculeata, con-

76

HYMENOPTERA.

fining myself to such as live upon British species. These
parasites may be divided into distinct races; first, such as
feed upon the provision laid up for the larva of the future
bee ; secondly, such as prey upon the larv^ themselves; and,
thirdly, those which are found upon the perfect insect, and
lastly I may briefly notice such as prey upon the parasites
themselves.

One set of parasites which prey upon the food stored up
by the bee have been called cuckoo-bees, and certainly, in one
respect, they merit the appellation ; they never construct
nests of their own, but deposit their eggs upon the food laid
up by the provident and industrious species, but I am not i
inclined to the belief that the working bee also deposits her
egg upon the same food; no hostile feeling appears to exist
between the bee and its parasite; and I believe the latter, !
watching its opportunity, and at length finding a store suited |
to its own purpose, deposits its egg and then closes up the I
cell ; I am led to adopt this opinion from the circumstance of '
having found, on the tibia? of these parasites, masses of clay,
or sometimes of the gummy secretions of plants, the purpose i
of which, in my opinion, was for closing up of the cell in '
which they had previously deposited their egg. ;

The following is a list of such parasites,"and the species '
which they attack, as I have myself observed :— I

Epeolus variegatus on Colletes Daviesana. '

Nomada varia on Halictus ruUcundus, \

„ furva on „ morio. \

„ solidaginis on „ ahdominalis. \

„ jacohce(B on Andrena fulvicrus. \

„ ruficornis on „ niyrocBnea. \

„ lateralis on „ longipes.
„ haccata on „ argentata. I

„ or/irosttma on „ lahialis.
„ horealis on „ Clarkella. :

NOTES, ETC. 77

Nomada armata on Andrena Hattorjiana.
,, Gerinanicaon „ fidvescens.
„ sexfasciata on Eucera longicornis.
Coelioxys 4-dentata on 31egachile argentata.
„ Vectis on „ maritima.

y, simplex on ,, Willughhiella.

„ umhriiia on Sar7-opoda himaculata,
Stelis aterrwia on Osmia aurulenta.

„ johoeoptera on „ fidciventris.
„ octomaculata on „ levcomelana.
The parasitic genus 31 elect a, of which we have two species,
are parasitic upon Anthophora retusa, and J., acervorum,
but they attack indifferently either species of bee. Some of
the species of Nomada do not, I believe, confine their
attacks to one species of Andrena ; 31. rujicornis appears to
be parasitic upon Andrena nitiday tibialis, and perhaps some
other species, but certainly the greater part of them are per-
fectly constant in their parasitism, the bee and its parasite
being always found together.

The social humble bees are subject to the parasitic attacks
of allied species : Bombus lapidarius is attacked by Apathus
rapestris ; B. hortorum, by A. campestris ; B. pratoruMj
by A. Barhutellus; and B. terrestris, by A. vestalis ; the
latter also attacks B. lucorum.

The parasitism of the fossorial Aciileata differs widely from
that of ApidcB ; their attacks are not confined to insects
belonging to their own order, or their own tribe ; some being
the parasites of Coleopterous insects. The genus Tiphia is
the only representative of the family Scoliadce, being closely
allied to the genus Scolia; a species of the latter genus,
Scolia Jlavifrons, having been discovered by Passerini to be
the parasite of Oryctes nasicornis ; of which a series of
illustrations are to be seen in the British Museum. Tiphia

78 HYMENOPTERA.

femorata, I have every reason to believe, to be the parasite
of a species of Aphodiu.s ; I have several times found it
beneath the droppings of cows and horses. Amongst the I
British fbssorial species, I know of two only that I have i
reason to rank amongst the parasites; but several species
prey upon Apidce^ which they store up as food for their
young. The Philanthus triangulum stores up the Apis \
rnellificaf Halictus zonatus and Andrena fulvicrus; Cer-
ceris ornata preys upon Halictus I'uhicundas and H. cylin- ;
dricus.

Amongst the MutillidcB, or solitary ants, we also meet with ^
parasitic genera ; of the typical genus 3Iutilla, we have only \
two well authenticated, British species. The Mutilla Euro- \
pcea is parasitic upon humble bees ; M. Drewsen of Copen- \
hagen has obtained as many as seventy-six individuals from
a single nest. It must not, however, be supposed that Mutilla
is exclusively parasitic upon Bomhua ; such cannot be the
case, as many species of the genus are found in countries |
where the Bom^>i are not found, Australia being an example ;
of this. I have little doubt of the rare Metlwca ich- \
ncumonoides also being a parasite ; it is the only representa-
tive, hitherto found in this country, of the family Thynnklde;
the species of the latter have been observed to be parasitic on |
Lepidoptera, by Mr. R. Bakewell, at Lower Plenty, South \
Australia. j

There remains to be noticed certain parasites belonging, in i
the opinion of some naturalists, to a distinct order of insects, v
but which latterly have been included amongst the parasitic )
Coleoptera, Sitarisj Rhipiphorus, &c., and such is probably i
their natural position ; the parasites belong to the genus
Siylops and its affinities. The number of species hitherto |
discovered is small ; all are internal parasites, and, as far as ■
discoveries have been made in this country, appears to confine i

NOTES, ETC. 79

their attacks to the Andreni'ice ; this will not apply to exotic
genera. The larva of Sty lops feeds upon that of the bee,
without causing the death of its victim ; on the latter
arriving at its perfect condition, the males of the Stt/lops
escape from its body between the segments of the abdomen ;
the female, on the contrary, never quits the body of the bee,
not possessing powers of locomotion, being in fact little more
than a shapeless maggot, with only the head and a portion
of the thorax protruding between the segments of the body
of the bee. For a history of these remarkable parasites
I may refer the reader to the works of Siebold, and to an
elaborate paper by Mr. G. Newport, in the 29th vol. of the
" Linnaean Transactions."

There are other bee- parasites, belonging to the family
Chalcidhlce ; of these none is more remarkable than the
Melittohia Acasta, the larva of which feeds upon that of
sAnthophora acervorum ; the female is a small shining green
insect, about the twelfth of an inch long, furnished with wings,
the male being apterous, or having only rudimentary wings,
unfitted for flight ; it is also remarkable for having exceed-
ingly minute, or microscopic eyes — not, as in the female, com-
posed of numerous facets similar to those of most other
insects ; but simple, like the three ocelli with which its
crown is furnished. Many chalcididous parasites are known,
but the mention of one or two will suffice for our present
purpose, Monodontomerus nitidus, and dentipes ; both attack
the larvae of Anthuphora, and also that of Osmia rufa. On
more than one occasion I have discovered the larva of
3Ielittohia preying upon that of the 31 onodontomerus ; in
fact I have found it attacking the parasite quite as frequently
as the larva of the bee.

The last family of parasites to which I shall at present
allude are the Chrysididce ; these insects are generally

80 HYMENOPTERA.

known, the brilliant splendour of their coloui-s havinof obtained
for them several characteristic names; they are usually known
by the popular one of ruby-tailed-flies.

The attacks of these insects are general : the same species
at diflPerent times will be found preying upon the larvae of
different species of bees; at another on wasps, attacking both
the solitary and social species of that family ; it may also be
found in the nests of fossorial Hymenoptera ; Chrysis innita,
the most abundant species of the genus, is found in all
parts of Europe, and is subject to very great differences, both
of form and colouring ; this insect is frequently reared from
nests of Odynerus antilope, I have also obtained it from that
of O. spmipes, A few years ago I brought home from
Yorkshire a nest of Vespa rufa; as I kept this nest for
several weeks in my sitting-room, I had an opportunity of
obtaining many parasites on this species of wasp, amongst
others, several of Chrysis ignita. I have also observed it
about the burrows of Cerceris arena na, and Wackenaer has
I believe obtained it from the nests of that insect ; it most
probably will be found to be a very general parasite.

The beautiful Chrysis bidentata I have only found in com-
pany with Odynerus spinipes ; to this species its attacks
appear to be confined.

Chrysis cyanea is the parasite of Chelosioma Jiorisomnis,
and I think it also attacks other species of wood-boring bees ;
it is found in all parts of Europe.

Chrysis hicolor is a species new to the British list ; I ob-
tained specimensfrom a nest oiOsmia parietina, brought from
Loch Rannoch by Charles Turner, the well known collector.

It is now upwards of twenty years since Shuckard pub-
lished his excellent Monogiaph on the Chrysididce, in the
" Entomological Magazine ;" since that period much ad-

NOTES, ETC.

81

ditional information has accumulated ; Dahlbom's fine work
on the family has appeared, and that celebrated Entomologist
has carefully examined the typical specimens, described by
Fabricius in the '^ Systema Piezatorum," and " Entomologia
Systematica :" these are principally to be found in the Museum
at Kiel ; every species has been referred to its proper genus,
according to modern classification. Such being the case, I
have thought a short Monograph of this beautiful family of
Hymenoptera would prove even more acceptable than a
mere record of captures of rarities and new species. I have
not entered into all the intricacies of nomenclature; the sy-
nonyma adopted I trust will prove adequate to the object
proposed, namely, the publication of a series of short descrip-
tions, whereby the species may be easily recognised, and such
a revision of the synonyma as modern scientific research has
rendered necessary.

Having omitted two species from the list comprised in
Shuckard's Monograph, it is necessary to give my reasons
for so doing; having had the opportunity of tracing the
localities in the registers of the British Museum, I ascer-
tained that the Chryds cceru/ipes was taken in Italy by Dr.
Leach ; it is also found in Austria and Turkey. The same
celebrated naturalist took Chrysis Leacldi in the south of
France ; it also occurs in Italy, Hungary, and in Asia Minor.

I have included in the present Monograph an insect of
which I have very great doubts of its being indigenous, the
Euchrceus quadratus ; this species, as far as I can ascertain,
has occuri'ed only in Italy, Germany, Hungary and Egypt :
Shuckard says also at the Cape of Good Hope ; but, on an
examination of the specimen from that locality, I do not
think the two insects are identical.

1861. G

82 HYMENOPTERA. !

i

J

Family CHRYSIDID.E. j

Body oblong-ovate or ovate-rotundate, punctured, of i
moderate size, occasionally minute ; of splendid metallic

colouration ; the antennae 13-jointed in both sexes and con- j

volute ; the eyes oblong-ovate, entire ; wings with few veins, I

membranaceous, or sub-hyaline ; abdomen generally toothed j

at the apex ; the female having an articulated retractile ovi- I
positor.

The following is the list of the 22 British species of this
family : —

I. Cleptes, Latr.

1. semiaurata, Latr,

2. nitidula, Latr.

II. Chrysis, Linn. \

1. ignita, Linn. \

2. Ruddii, Shuck. v

3. fulgida, Linn. \

4. bidentata, Li7in. 1

5. succincta, Linn.

6. cyanea, Linn. \

7. Austriaca, Fabr. j

8. bicolor, Dahlb. |

9. neglecta, Shuck. ,
10. ornata, Smith. \

III, EucHR^us, Latr.

1. quadratus, Shuck, ^

IV. Hedychrum, Latr. '

1

1. lucidulum, Latr. j

2. caerulescens, St. Farg. i

3. ardens, Curt. :

4. fervidum, St. Farg.

5. roseum, St. Farg. \

NOTES, ETC. 83

V. Omalus, Panz.

1. auratus, Dahlb.

2. cseruleus, Dahlb.

3. nitidus, Panz.
VI. Elampus, Spin.

1. Panzeri, Latt\

Genus I. Cleptes, Latr.
Head transverse, nearly sub-quadrate, as wide as the
thorax; antennae 13-jointed in both sexes; prothorax sub-
quadrate, narrowed and somewhat rounded in front; the
raetathorax truncated, with spines at the posterior angles ;
anteriOT wings with a complete marginal cell, the first and
second discoidal cells complete ; abdomen ovato-conical, in
'.he male having five segments, in the female only four; the
latter with a protruded ovipositor.

1. Cleptes semiaurata, Latr. Hist. Nat. xiii. 236, 1 ;

Nouv. Diet. vii. 190.
Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 154, 1.
St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, vii.

119, 1.
Shuck. Mon. Clirys. 158, 1.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Brux.

vii. 168, 1.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 15, 3 ;
Dispos. 2, 4.
Sphex semiaurata, Linn. Faun. Suec. No. 1661 ; Syst.

Nat. i. 946, 35. S
Ichneumon semiauratusj Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 184, 210.

Panz. Faun. Germ. 52, 1.
Cleptes splendens, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 155, 3.
Length 3 — 3| lines. Head, thorax and basal joint of the
g2

84 HYMENOPTERA.

antennae bright metallic green, or blue-green ; the head and
prothorax strongly punctured, the metathorax coarsely so;
the mesothorax, scutellum and postscutellum with distant
shallow punctures ; the coxse and femora green, the trochan-
ters, tibiae and tarsi testaceous, the latter usually dusky ; the
flagellum black; wings sub-hyaline and iridescent; abdomen
shining, rufo-testaceous, with the apical margins of the third,
fourth and fifth segments black, with a chalybeous reflection.
(Male.)

Head and thorax shining coppery or golden-red, the punc-
turing very similar to the other sex ; the antennas rufo-tes-
taceous, with seven or eight of the apical joints fuscous; the
wings with a dark cloud beneath the stigma and a lighter one
at the apex of the wings ; the legs, abdomen and ovipositor
rufo-testaceous; the apical segments black as in the male,
with a steely-blue reflection. (Female.)

Very plentiful occasionally in May and June, running
quickly on plants and flowers; in numbers on the Colts
Foot at Old Brorapton ; very generally distributed.

2. Cleptes nitidula, Latr. Hist. Nat. xiii. 236, 2.

St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, vii. 119,

2.
Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 154, 2.
Dahlb. Exercit. Hym. 25, 2; Hym.

Eur. ii. 13, 2.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

]59, 2.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.
Brux. vi. 169, 2.
Ichneumon nitidula, Rossi, Faun. Etrus. ii. ; Fab. vi. fig.

1,7.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 184, 211.

NOTES, ETC. 85

Length 3 lines. Head black with a coppery tinge, in
some examples with a green or blue reflection on the face ;
the two first joints of the flagellum and the scape rufous ; the
latter usually, and sometimes the former also, of a dark
bronze tint above ; finely but not closely punctured. Thorax :
prothorax rufo-testaceous, the mesothorax black, with a
bronze tint, both slightly punctured ; the scutellum, post-
scutellura and metathorax metallic green or blue, the latter
rugose ; the intermediate and posterior coxae and femora dark
bronze-black, paler in some examples ; the legs otherwise
rufo-testaceous ; the wings fusco-hyaline and iridescent, the
tegulag rufo-piceous. Abdomen shining rufo-testaceous,
with the apical margin of the third segment and the two fol-
lowing entirely black, with a steel-blue reflection; ovipositor
exserted, testaceous. (Female.)

The male I do not know.

Readily distinguished at once by its rufo-testaceous pro-
thorax ; it is certainly a very local species, but has been taken
in the New Forest by the Rev. Mr. Rudd, and also in
Suffolk; I once took a specimen near Lowestoft in July,
also received one from Loch Rannoch in Scotland.

Genus II. Chrysis, Linn.
Head transverse, as wide as the thorax ; the antennte 13-
jointed in both sexes ; the thorax truncated anteriorly and
posteriorly, the metathorax with a tooth on each side ; the
anterior wings with one marginal cell, which is complete in
the majority of the species, in the others it is more or less
open at the extremity; the first and second discoidal cells
complete, the claws of the tarsi simple. Abdomen consist-
ing of three segments, the apical margin of the terminal one
toothed ; the number of teeth various ; in many species the

86 HYMENOPTERA.

margin is edentate ; along the apical margin is a more or less
deep sulcation, in which is a row of minute fossulets ; the
legs moderate.

Sect. I. The marginal cell completey the abdomen qua-
dindentate at the apex.

1. Chrysis ignita, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 414, No. 1665;
Syst. Nat. i. 947, 1.
De Geer, Ins. ii. 832, 1, tab. 28, fig.

17—21.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 241, 10 ; Syst.

Piez. p. 173, 14.
Latr. Gen. Ins. iii. 317; Hist. xiii.

238, 4.
Don. Brit. Ins. i. pi. 7.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 5, 22.
Spin. Ins. Lig. i. 64, 6.
Dahlb. Mon. Chrys. 7, 2 ; Hym.

Eur. ii. 292, 165.
Shuck. Mon. Brit. Chrys. Ent. Mag.

iv. 161, 1.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.

Brux, vi. 174, 1.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. p. 433, 2.
Length 3| — 7 lines. The head and thorax strongly and
closely punctured, of fine blue or green, or of a mixture of
those colours, sometimes splashed with golden or coppery
effulgence ; occasionally the region of the ocelli, a transverse
stripe on the prothorax and the sutures of the thorax above
black ; the antennae, mandibles and tarsi black, the rest of
the legs metallic green ; the base of the antennae tinged with

NOTES, ETC. 87

green. Abdomen strongly punctured, the basal segment
usually much more strongly so than the two following ; an
elevated smooth line running down the centre, sometimes be-
coming obsolete on the third segment, always more or less
so. Wings faintly coloured, with the apical margins hyaline.
The apex of the abdomen terminated by four teeth on the
apical margin, the two central ones ividest apart. (Halcione.)
Var. 1. The two central teeth nearest together. (Asterope.)
Yar. 2. The two central teeth tiearest together, with the
lateral teeth directed outwards, the central
curve deepest. (Celoeno).
Var. 3. The terminal teeth at equal distances. (Electra.)
Var. 4. The terminal teeth at equal distances, the lateral

teeth bent inwardly. (Ma'ia.)
Var. 5. The two central teeth nearest together, as in Var. 1 .
(Asterope), hut all much shorter and their
apices only describing a slight cur've. (Tay-
geta.)
Var. 6. The two central teeth obsolete, the lateral angles

acute, not produced into spines. (Merope.)
This is the most variable species of the genus ; probably
other and also intermediate varieties occur ; sufficient are
however given to show the protean character of the species;
the puncturing of the abdomen varies greatly in depth and
also in density : it is shown that the parasitism of the species
is not even confined to a single genus, but that it attacks
both solitary and social species; consequently the food upon
which its larva feeds must vary considerably in quantity.
The larva of Vespa vulgaris is much larger than that of an
Odynerus, and may it not be to such circumstances that we
must attribute the great variation in the size of both sexes of
Chrysis ignita ?

88 HYMENOPTERA.

2. Chrysis Ruddii, Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

163, 2.

Length 4 — 4J lines. The head and thorax green, generally-
varied with dashes of blue ; the vertex, scutellum and some-
times the tegulae with a golden or coppery lustre ; the legs
green, with more or less of golden effulgence ; the tarsi, man-
dibles and antennae black; the scape and the base of the
flagellum with metallic lustre. The puncturing of the head
and thorax as in C. ignita. Abdomen of a rich crimson
carmine, or inclining to bright copper colour; very finely and
very closely punctured ; the extreme base of the abdomen
strongly punctured ; the puncturing so fine and close as to
render the abdomen opaque, wanting entirely the bright
lustre of the preceding species ; having a longitudinal cen-
tral carina, terminated by four teeth ; the teeth less acute than
in the C. ignita; the wings as in that species.

Although this species closely resembles the preceding,
still, although its differences are slight, they are constant ; it
is always more highly coloured than C. ignifa;- and the
puncturing of the abdomen, which is as fine as dust, at once
distinguishes it.

This species is local ; it was first taken in the New Forest;
I have found it near London, but raiely ; it also occurs at
Dover, Sandgate, and Isle of Wight, but always sparingly ;
I once bred a few from bramble sticks.

3. Chrysis fulgida, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 415, No. 1669;

Syst. Nat. i. 948, 7. (Female.)
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 240, 8; Syst.

Piez. 172,n.
Latr. Hist. Nat. xiii. 237, 2.
Schrank, Faun. Boic. ii. 343, 2194.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 79, 15.

NOTES, ETC.

89

St. Farg:. Ann. du Muse, vii. 126.
Shuck. Mon. Chry. Ent. Mag. iv.

164, 3.
Dahlb. Dispos. 9, 6 ; Hym. Eur. ii.

245, 136.
Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. fol. 8, pi. 8. ?
Zett. Ins. Lapp. p. 433, 1.
Chry sis ornatrix, Christ. Hym. p. 403, fig. 12. (Male.)
Chrysis Stoudera^ Jurine, Hym. 296, pi. 12, fig. 9.
(Male.)
Panz. Faun. Germ. 107, 12.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

165, 4.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. p. 433, 1.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.
Brux. vi. 175, 3.

Length 4 — 5 lines. The head, thorax and basal segment
of the abdomen closely and strongly punctured, of a deep
blue, varied with tints of a golden green lustre, sometimes
with rich golden effulgence ; the legs green, with the tarsi
black ; the mandibles and antennae black, the former with the
basal half usually blue, or with a green metallic tint. Ab-
domen : the second and third segments of a rich carmine,
purple or golden red, rather finely punctured, much more so
than the basal segment; a central elevated smooth carina
runs down the centre, usually more or less obsolete on the
third segment. (Female.)

Length 4— 4i lines. The head, basal joints of the an-
tennae, thorax, first segment of the abdomen, and a large
semicircular spot on the second, blue or metallic green,
the remainder of the abdomen golden-red or rich carmine ;
the thorax and head tinged frequently with golden or coppery

90 HYMENOPTERA.

lustre ; the legs metallic green, or blue ; the tarsi, apical half
of the antennae and the mandibles black ; wings smoky, with
their apical margins pale ; the abdomen, except the extreme
base, much more finely punctured than the head and thorax ;
the first and second segments of the abdomen with a central
raised smooth line, the apex terminated with four short acute
teeth. (Male.) |

I have taken the female of this beautiful species in Hamp- i
shire, at Weybridge, and near Darenth Wood, where the I
only male I have captured occurred. Mr. Stephens used ,
to take both sexes rather plentifully at Darenth. That C,
Sfoudera is the male of C. fuigida has been established by :
Zetterstedt ; Dahlbom has also united them in his Monograph. \

4. Chrysis bidentata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 947, 2.

Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 241, 11 ; Syst.

Piez. p. 173, 16. \

Don. Brit. Ins. i. pi. 19. '

Panz. Faun. Germ. 77, 15. i

St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, vii. 128, '

23.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

165, 6.
Dahlb. Mon. Chrys. 8, 3; Hym. '

Eur. ii. 257, 142.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc. j
Brux. vi. 175, 4.
Chrysis dimidiatay Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 258, 15, 16;
Syst. Piez. p. 174, 22.
St. targ. Ann. du Muse, vii. 127, 20.
Spin. Ins. Lig. ii. 170, 15.
Length 2^ — 4 Hnes. Rich golden or crimson-red, some-
times with coppery lustre j the head, emargination of the

NOTES, ETC. 91

prothorax, the metathorax, the body beneath, and the terminal
segment of the abdomen, blue or green, or blue dashed with
golden lustre, strongly and closely punctured ; the abdomen
most delicately so ; legs blue, or green, with the tarsi pitchy ;
the apex of the abdomen with the lateral angles acute,
seldom produced into teeth, the centre of the margin usually
emarginate, seldom forming two teeth ; sometimes terminated
by four equi-distant obsolete teeth.

This species is universally distributed, and may be found
abundantly wherever a colony of Odynerus spinipes occurs.

5. Chrysis succincta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 947, 3.

Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 241, 13; Syst.

Piez. p. 174, 19.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 77, 16.
Spin. Ins. Lig. i. 64, 7.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

166, 7.
Dahlb. Mon. Chrys. 10, 5 ; Hym.

Eur. ii. 26S, 149.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.
Brux. vi. 176, 5.
Head and thorax of a metallic blue or green, the meso-
thorax red, tinted with golden lustre; prothorax with its
anterior margin more or less golden-red. Abdomen rich
crimson-red, tinged more or less with golden lustre, delicately
punctured, the head and thorax coarsely so ; the femora and
tibiae metallic green, the tarsi obscure testaceous ; the an-
tennae black, tinged with golden-green ; wings faintly tinted,
with their apical margins hyaline ; the abdomen terminated
by four obtuse teeth.

This is a rare species; Mr. Dale and Mr. Rudd took i)
some years ago in Hampshire, and I am not aware that i'
has been taken out of that county, I have twice captured it.

92 HYMENOPTERA. ,

Sec. \, A. Abdomen tridentate.

6. Chrysis cyanea, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 414, No. 1667;

Syst. Nat. i. 948, 5.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 243, 20; Syst.

Piez. p. 176,29.
Don. Brit. Ins. vii. pi. 235.
Latr. Hist. Nat. xiii. 238, 6.
St. Farg. Ann. Muse, vii. 128, 22.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 51, 10.
Schrank, Faun. Boic. ii. 2, 345.
Spin. Ins. Leg. i. 65, 12.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

167, 8.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 188, 102.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.
Brux. vi. 177, 8.
Length 2J — 3| lines. Dark blue, varied with bright
metallic green, occasionally splashed with gold ; the apical
segment of the abdomen, the margins of the other segments
usually bright green ; the head and thorax deeply and closely
punctured; the abdomen finely so, and with a deep central
fossulet in the middle of its basal margin ; legs tinted with
metallic green, the tarsi pitchy; the apex of the abdomen tri-
dentate, sometimes tri-angulate ; wings hyaline, the nervures
brown, the costal nervure and the tegulae nearly black.

This insect is abundant everywhere on old palings, trees,
outhouses, &c. ; it is parasitic upon several species of wood-
boring bees, and wasps.

Sect. II. The marginal cell complete, the abdomen rtot
toothed at the apex.

7. Chrysis Austriaca, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 173, 15.

St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, vii. 128,
28.

NOTES, ETC.

93

Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv,

168, ]1.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 120, 67.
Chrysis refidye?is, Spin. Ins. Lig.i. 8, 4; ii. 170, 16.
Head and thorax coarsely punctured, and as well as the
tibise, femora and basal joints of the antennae blue-green, or
blue, varied with tints of green and gold ; the tarsi black, the
wings slightly fuscous, the apical margins pale, their nervures
dark brown, with the tegulae green. Abdomen of a rich
carmine, or red, tinged with golden lustre ; strongly punc-
tured, particularly at the base, and having a slight central
longitudinal carina ; not toothed at the apex. This species
is much more pubescent than any of the preceding.

Not often met with in the south or west of England, but
not rare in the north ; I have taken it freely in Yorkshire ;
there were many specimens in the collection of Mr. Heysham
of Carlisle.

Sect. III. The marginal cell incomplete, the abdomen not
toothed at the apex.

8. Chrysis bicolor, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 123, 695 ^^o"-
Chrys. 10, 6.

Chri/sis Austriaca, Zett. Ins. Lapp. p. 466, 6.

Length 4 lines. Head and thorax strongly punctured, of
a deep blue- green, tinged with golden lustre on the prothorax
in some individuals; the basal joints of the antennae, the
tibiae and tarsi metallic green, the rest of the antennae and
the tarsi black ; wings faintly coloured, the nervures dark
brown. Abdomen of a bright crimson-red, with a faint
golden lustre ; extremely delicately and very closely punc-
tured, with a central longitudinal carina on the first and

94 HYMENOPTERA.

second segments ; the apical margin not toothed, but evenlyi
rounded without lateral angles. i

This species, which is now added to the British Fauna, isij
most closely allied to the C. Austriaca ; but from which itlj
may be easily distinguished by the close and minute punc- •
turing of the abdomen, by the rounded apical margin of the^
abdomen, and by its general form ; being widest at the apex-^
of the second segment ; the characteristic row of fossulets,^
which is present in all the species, is sub-obsolete, whilst in \
C. Austriaca they are deeply impressed, and the lateral ;
angles are rounded off, or sub-acute. The lateral teeth ^orj
spines on the metathorax larger and more acute than in Aus-
triaca. The only specimens I have seen were obtained from j
nests of Osviia parietina ; the cells or pupa cases of the '
Chrysis were not distinguishable from those of the bee. ;
Zetterstedt obtained this species from nests of Osmia nigri- I
ventrisj a close ally, if not identical, with O. painetina.

9. Chrysis neglecta. Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv. '
169, 12.
Chrysis Austriaca^ Dahlb. Mon. Chrys. 14, 12. j

Chrysis integrella, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 133, 73.
Length 3 — 4 lines. Head, thorax, legs and basal joints of ]
the antennae dark blue, varied with bright tints of green, oc-
casionally splashed with gold, particularly on the prothorax ; i
the mesothorax sometimes nearly black, finely punctured ; \
the scutelium and postscutellum most strongly so ; wings ]
slightly fuscous, the nervures brown, the tegulas green ; the '
tarsi black. Abdomen very finely and very closely punc-
tured ; of a rich carmine, semi-opaque, with a slight central !
longitudinal elevation in the middle of the second segment; j
the apex without teeth. The anterior wings have the mar- i
ginal cell open at its apex. |

NOTES, ETC. 95

This species is very abundant in most localities; I have
repeatedly bred it from bramble sticks, which contained nests
of fossorial H}/menoptera, or those of Prosopis, but I have
not ascertained upon which it is parasitic ; I have frequently
noticed it in company with C, bidentataj entering the burrows
of Odynei'us spinipes.

10. Chrysis ORNATA, Smith, Zool. Append. ix. cxxv. (1851.)
Male. Lenojth 4| lines. Head golden-green, with the
vertex dark blue ; the thorax, legs and apical segment of the
abdomen golden-green ; the thorax with a mixture of golden
and coppery effulgence above, dashed with a faint tinge of
carmine in parts; the scape green, the flagellum and tarsi
black ; the wings slightly coloured ; the two basal segments
of the abdomen of a rich carmine-red, very minutely and
closely punctured, the extreme base more strongly so ; the
base of the apical segment blue, with the apex edentate,
evenly rounded, not laterally angulated.

This very beautiful insect was taken by Mr. Hewitson, who
presented it to me ; it closely resembles C. bidentata, and
possibly it may be an extreme variety, but the structural
differences are so great that I have kept it separate in the hope
that its locality, Bristol, may be assiduously searched, when
more examples may be found. It differs from C. bidentata
in being larger than any of that insect that I have seen ; its
prothorax is much more prolonged ; the abdomen is as finely
punctured as in C. neglectaj and the apex of the terminal
segment of the abdomen is rounded and without teeth ; the
second discoidal cell is also considerably longer and larger.

Genus III. Euchr^us, Latr.
Head large, transverse, as wide as the prothorax ; antennae
13-jointed in the male ; the clypeus large, slightly elevated,

96 HYMENOPTERA.

and produced over the mandibles, the sides rounded, trun-
cated in front; the thorax truncated anteriorly and posteriorly ;
the metathorax toothed on each side ; the anterior wings with
an incomplete marginal cell ; the first sub-marginal cell in-
complete, the first and second discoidal cells complete. Ab-
domen very con vex,, with the apical margin of the terminal
segment multidentate.

1. EucHR^us QUADRATUS, Shuck. (Lcach, MSS.)j Mon.

Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv. 169.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 373, 207.
Klug (Mus. Beroli.).

JEiichrceus fesfivus, Mus. Spin.

Length 3g lines. Green, dashed with golden lustre, the
region of the oceUi, an oblong-quadrate spot on the disk of
the thorax, a line on each side of it, the base of the second
abdominal segment, and the third entirely blue ; the scape
and legs golden-green, the knees and tarsi testaceous ; the
apical margin of the terminal segment with thirteen teeth,
the three central teeth widest apart ; the head and thorax
closely and strongly punctured ; the abdomen finely and
strongly punctured, but the punctures distant; the second
abdominal segment with a smooth, elevated, central carina.

Of this beautiful insect I have only seen a single specimen
supposed to have been taken in England ; it is in the British
Museum, and bears a ticket with the locality Swansea. It
has been ascertained, that after the death of Dr. Leach a few
insects from the Continent, supposed to have been captured
in England, by accident were incorporated with the British
collection ; I think it somewhat doubtful whether the locality
given is not erroneous, the capture of a second specimen
would be decisive.

NOTES, ETC. 97

Genus IV. Hedychrum, Latr.
The head transverse, thorax oblong quad)'ate, rather nar-
rowed in front, truncated anteriorly and posteriorly, the
metathorax with a tooth on each side ; the anterior wings
with a marginal cell nearly completed in some species, but
only commenced in others ; the two discoidal cells faintly
traced in some species, but totally obliterated in others ; with
a tooth in the middle of the claws of the tarsi. Abdomen
short and convex, rounded behind.

1. Hedychrum lucidulum, Latr. Hist. Nat. xiii. 239, 2.

St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, vii.

122, 9.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent.

Mag. iv. 171, 2.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 78,

45.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 51, 5.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy.
des Sc. Brux. vi. 170, 3.
Chrysis hicidula, Fab. Syst. Piez. p. 174, 21.

Spin. Ins. Lig. i. 64, 8.
Medychrum regium, St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, 7, 122, 4.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

171, 1.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. 5.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 79.
Chrysis regia, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 175, 26.

Panz. Faun. Germ. 51, 9.
Sphex nohiliSf Scop. Ent. Carn. 792 ?
Length 2| — 3| lines. The head, thorax and legs blue ; the
1862. H

98 HYMENOPTERA.

thorax slightly varied with tints of green or gold : in some
examples the prothorax, mesothorax and scutellum with
golden effulgence ; the prothorax and mesothorax frequently
of a rich crimson, dashed with gold in the females ; the
head and thorax coarsely punctured ; the wings fuscous,
darkest towards their apical margins ; the flagellum and
mandibles black ; the tai'si rufo-testaceous. Abdomen
shining carmine-red, frequently with a golden lustre; the
terminal segment with the apical margin rounded, and with
a minute tooth on each side near the base.

Walckenaer found this species parasitic upon species of
Halictl ; in this country it is very rare, so much so that
I never met with a single example, but it has occasionally
been found in Kent and Hampshire ; there is a fine series in
the collection of the British Museum.

2. Hedychrum c^rulescens, St. Farg. Ann. du Muse,

vii. 122, 10.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent.
Mag. iv. 172, 3.
Hedychrum chalyhceum, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 64, 35.
Klug. (viride, Mus. Berl.)

Length 21 lines. Dark blue, tinged in some examples
with golden-green on the head and thorax; the flagellum
black, the tarsi obscurely testaceous; the wings clouded
towards their apex ; the head and thorax strongly and closely
punctured, the abdomen delicately so ; the apical margin of
the terminal segment rounded and entire.

There are two examples of this species in the British
collection of the National Museum, taken in Devonshire.

NOTES, ETC. 99

3. Hedychrum ardens, Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. fol. 38, pi. 38.

Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag.

iv. 172, 4.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.
Brux. vi. 170, 2.

Length 1 — 2 J lines. Head and thorax green, or blue
mixed with tints of green ; the vertex, the posterior portion
of the prothorax above, the pro- and mesothorax, bright
coppery or carmine-red ; the scutellum sometimes of the same
colour, but frequently golden, more or less tinged with red ;
the legs green, rarely blue, with the tarsi rufescent; the
flagellum and mandibles black, the latter ferruginous at their
apex ; wings slightly coloured and iridescent. Abdomen very
glossy, bright coppery or golden-red, the colour changing in
different lights ; its posterior margin entire, not toothed
towards the base.

This species very closely resembles some of the varieties of
H. lucid ulum ; it is common in many localities; at Deal,
Dover, and along the entire south-east coast, it is plentiful ;
I have bred it from bramble sticks, and suspect it is parasitic
upon Mimesa unicolor ; it has also been taken in the London
district, at Southend, Weybridge and in the New Forest.

4. Hedychrum fervidum, St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, vii.

122, 7.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent.

Mag. iv. 172, 5.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des
Sc. vi. 170, 5.
Hedychrum rutllans, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 76, 44.

Megerl. (testeKollar,in Mus.Vienn.)

Length 3 — 4 lines. The head, thorax beneath, the legs and

metathorax blue ; the pro- and mesothorax and scutellum of

h2

100 HYMENOPTERA.

a rich golden or coppery-red ; abdomen red, with a golden
effulgence, beneath black ; the head and thorax coarsely and
deeply punctured; the abdomen finely punctured, but more
strongly so than in most of the other species ; the apical seg-
ment rounded, entire; the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; the wings
fusco-hyaline, darkest towards their apical margins.

This is a very rare species, but has been taken in the London
district. I never captured an example.

5. Hedychrum roseum, St. Farg. Ann. Muse, vii. 123, 13.

Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag.

iv. 173, 6.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 93, 53;

Dispos. 2, 3.
Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.
Brux. vi. 169, 1.
Chrysis rosea, Rossi, Mantis. Ins. 132,290; Faun. Etrus.

ii. tab. 8, fig. 7.
Chrysis rufa, Panz. Faun. Germ. 79, 16 ; Jurine, Hym.

297.
Length 3 lines. Head, thorax, scape of the antennae,
femora and tibiee, green or blue, splashed with gold in some
examples, the tarsi rufo-piceous ; the flagellum black ; the
wings hvaline at their base, but fuscous bevond the stigma.
Abdomen rosy-ferruginous, frequently with a violet iride-
scence, particularly at the apex.

This insect was first captured in this country on Hamp-
stead Heath by Shuckard, upwards of twenty years ago ;
where I have frequently captured it, but not during the last
few years ; in fact the Heath is fast losing its entomological
reputation; the close approach of London and the conse-
quent increase of visitors to the Heath have nearly de-

NOTES, ETC. 101

stroyed it as insect locality. I have taken H. roseum at
Birch Wood, Kent, and one specimen near Wakefield, York-
shire.

Probably parasitic upon Tachytes pompiliformis, or
Arpactus tumidus, according to Shuckard.

Genus Y. Omalus, Panz.
Body small, robust, abdomen short, wide, and ovate ;
deeply emarginate at the apex ; the anterior wings with the
marginal cell only just commenced, or rudimentary; the dis-
coidal cells obsolete ; claws of the tarsi serrated.

1. Omalus auratus, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 268; Dispos.
4,5,1.
Chrysis auratUy Linn. Faun. Suec. No. 1666 ; Syst. Nat.
i. 948, 4.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 242, 18 ; Syst. Piez.

p. 175, 25.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 51, 8.
Schrank, Faun. Boic. ii. 345, 2200.
Hedychrum auratum, Latr. Hist. xiii. 239.

St. Farg. Ann. du Muse, vii. 12, 1.
Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag.
iv. 174, 7.
Elampus auratus^ Wesm. Bull. Acad. Roy. des Sc.
Brux. vi. 171, 1.

Size 1| — 2f . Head and thorax coarsely punctured, blue or
green, soihetimes tinted v, ith gold ; the scape, femora and tibiae
green, the tarsi piceous, antennae black; abaomen bright
fiery red, the puncturing extremely delicate, the terminal
segment acuminated.

This species is universally distributed.

10*2 HYMENOPTERA.

2. Omalus c^RULEUs, Dahlb. Dispos. 5, 3; Hym. Eur.

ii. 34, 12.

Chrysis cwrulea, De Geer, Mem. Ins. ii. 837, 2.
Dahlb. Exercit. Hym. 33, 17.

Sphex violacea, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 298, 793 ?

Omalus nitidus, Panz. Faun. Germ.

Chrysis fuscipennis, Dahlb. Mon. Chrys. Suec. 15, 13.

Hedychrurn bidentulum, Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag.iv.

Elampus violaceus, Wesra. Bull. Acad, des Sc. Brux. vi.
171, 2.

Length 2 — 2| lines. Deep blue-black, highly polished,
smooth and shining on the pro- and mesothorax ; the head,
anterior margin of the prothorax, the scutellum, post-scu-
tellum and metathorax strongly punctured; in some examples
tinted with violet ; the abdomen smooth and shining, not
pubescent, the margins finely punctured, and usually brilliant
green, with the disk black, or blue-black, the colour changing
in different lights; the apex notched; wings and legs as in
the preceding species.

All my specimens of this species were bred from bramble
sticks.

3. Omalus nitidus, Panz. Faun. Germ. 85, 13.
Chrysis cenea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 242, 17 ; Syst. Piez. p.

175,24?
Panz. Faun. Germ. 51, 7 ?
Omalus ceneus J Dahlb. Mon. Chrys. Suec. 17, 6; Hym.

Eur. ii. 35, 13.
Chrysis ccernlea, Dahlb. Excer. Hym. p. 33, 17.
Hedychrurn bidentulum, Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag.

iv. 174, 8. (var. 1.)
Length 2—3 lines. Shining dark blue, purple-blue,
bluish-green, or blue, with an seneous tinge ; very variable in

NOTES, ETC. 103

intensity and brilliancy of colour ; head and thorax coarsely
punctured, the abdomen very delicately so, very gibbous,
convex, and pubescent ; the apical segment acuminated,
notched at its apex ; the wings with a broad fuscous band on
their apical margins ; the tarsi black.

Shuckard has, for want of sufficient specimens to examine,
included two very distinct species under his S. bidentulum ;
the preceding species will at once be distinguished by its
having the pro- and mesothorax shining, smooth and im-
punctate; this species occurs in most situations and may be
procured by collecting perforated bramble sticks during the
winter months, it is parasitic upon such species of fossorial
insects as construct their nests in them.

Genus YI. Elampus, Spin.
Head transverse, rather wider than the prothorax ; the
thorax truncated anteriorly and posteriorly ; the prothorax
with a deep suture between it and the mesothorax ; the post-
scutellum produced into a porrect spine, flattened above and
blunt at the apex ; anterior wings with the marginal cell
rudimentary, the discoidal cells obsolete ; the abdomen rather
longer than in the genus Hedychrum, very convex, and
truncated at the extreme apex.

1. Elampus Panzeri, Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. iv. 45.

Shuck. Mon. Chrys. Ent. Mag. iv.

176, 1.
Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 45, 21.
Chrysis Panzeri^ Fab. Syst. Piez. p. 172, 9.

Spin. Ins. Lig. i. 63, 3.
Chrysis scutellaris, Panz. Faun. Germ. 51, 11.
Length 2^—3 lines. Head and thorax coarsely punctured,
shining golden-green, with tints of blue ; the scape, femora

104 HYMEXOPTERA.

and tibij/; metallic ^reen, th^; tarsi pal*':: riifo-tf;.stacf;oiib ; the
i\h(rf'A\\im black ; the anterior femora compressed and pro-
duced into a fttoiit spine at their base beneath ; the lateral
angles of the metathorax spinose ; wingrs nearly colourless,
but with a fuscous stain close to the stij^ma ; abdomen shining
golden-red, carmine-n^^I, or in some lights of a fine yellowish-
green ; very finely punctui-ed, the apical segment notched at
its afXiX.

This is a local and j-are species ; it has been taken in Kent
and in the \ew Forest; some years ago I met with it in
»ome numbers at Sandhurst near the military College; again
in IHfjl in the month of September I beat three or four into
my net at liy fleet, near Wey bridge ; on attempting to lay
hold of it with the fingers it falls to the ground, feigning
de-ath.

( 105 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

New British Species in 1861.

(By the Editor.)

Though we have had a very fine summer in the south-east
of England (the north and west having been much more
rained upon), the season has not been generally favourable
for insects.

Our list of novelties is even worse than last year. An
attempt has been made to erect a phase or form of Zygcena
3Iinos into a species : but the last sentence in Mr. Double-
day's short note is so truly philosophic that it will bear
repetition, "whether the Irish Zygcena is anything more
than a local variety of Minos time may perhaps prove."

A reported new Noctua has occurred in Ireland, but till
something more decided is known about it, it is better to pass
it in silence.

The following is the list of novelties : —

BOMBYCINA. CrAMBINA.

Lithosia Caniola. Crambus ocellea.

„ Sericea.

NOCTUINA. TORTRICINA.

Nonagria Elymi. Eupaecilia albicapitana.

Xylina conformis. ._

TiNEINA.

Geometrina. Tinea Confusella.

Lythria purpuraria. Gelechia Tarquiniella.

Eupithecia tripunctaria. Gracilaria Kollariella.

„ trisignaria. Coleophora Wilkinsoni.

Cidaria reticulata. Nepticula Ulmivora.

106 LEPIDOPTERA.

LiTHOSiA Caniola, Hiibner.

Of this species, which is sometimes so excessively abundant
in the streets of Florence, a few specimens have occurred in
Ireland. Mr. Henry Doubleday, writing in the " Zoologist,"
p. 7407, observes, '^ Mr. Barrett took four specimens in Ire-
land last August." Mr. Barrett in the " Zoologist," p. 7799,
observes of it, " this species occurred sparingly in sheltered
spots on the coast in the middle of August; it was over in
fourteen days from the appearance of the first specimen. It
flies gently at early dusk, and is partial to the flowers of rag-
wort and Galium verurn." Some specimens were exhibited
at the September Meeting of the Entomological Society of
London.

Guenee remarks (Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 4th series, vol. .
i*. p. 48) that ^^ Lithosia Caniola is common in central and
southern France in June. It is found in towns, in houses
and public buildings ; I have found it in the most elevated
galleries of the cathedral at Chartres. The larva feeds
principally, if not exclusively, on the lichens which grow on
walls, and especially on the tiles of roofs."

Guenee's diagnosis of the species is as follows : —

" AlaB anticas albo-griseae, sericeae, fimbria concolori,
vitta costali albidiore, costa tenuissime fulva, versus medium
convexa; subtus griseae, margine terminali late albo. Alae
posticse albae, vix luteo tinctse, margine interno levissime
griseo, diluto. Caput collareque fulva. Thorax abdomenque
murina, ano in mare luteo, in fcemina concolori.

Lithosia Sericea, Gregson.
Under the name of Lithosia Molyhdeola the Lithosia
Sericea of Gregson has been described by Guenee. It would
appear that Gregson's name has priority and must be re-
tained.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1861.

107

I place the observations of
for convenience of comparison,
Plumheola is our Complanula

Gregson, Int. ix. p. 30.

Intermediate between Com-
'plcma and Complanula.

Differs from Complana in
its more rounded costa, the
costal streak being narrower,
and not carried out to the
apex of the wing parallel as
in Complana ; in the under
winofs always beino; suffused
more or less, sometimes with-
out any of the yellow upon
them.

From Complanula it dif-
fers in being less rounded on
the costa, and also in the
collar being continued uni-
colorous with the costal
streak as in Complana.

It always wants the ample
yellow under wings of Com-
planula,

the two authors side by side
remarking only that Guenee's

Guenee, Ann. Ent. Soc.

France, 4th series, vol. i.

p. 50.

Intermediate between Com-
plana and Plumheola.

Distinguished from Com-
plana by its darker colour,
by the much narrower costal
yellow streak, which ter-
minates in a point before
reaching the tip as in Plum-
heola. The under wings are
strongly tinged with grey at
the inner margin, and some-
times this colour extends over
the whole surface, then leav-
ing only an ochreous edging,
rather broad between the
median and inner nervures.

This species is still more
easily distinguished from
Plumheola by the form of the
wings quite similar to Com-
plana, the grey as shining,
the costal streak narrower
and brighter, the cilia tinged
with grey, the unicolorous
collar, the leaden under
wings, but especially by the
tuft of scales beneath the
costa of the anterior wingfs.

108

LEPIDOPTERA.

Guenee observes that the final determination of the distinct-*
ness of this species must depend on the discovery of the larva,
which he thinks probably feeds on the lichens which grow'
on the stems of the heather, or which carpet the stones in'their
vicinity.

IVoNAGRiA Elymi, Treitschke. 1

(Fig. 1.) \

On the night of the 27th June last, two or three specimens i
of this insect were captured in the Norwich Fens by Messrs. |
Winter and Crotch. Two of these specimens were exhibited '
at the August Meeting of the Entomological Society of|
London. I

The continental locality for this insect is the Prussian^
coast near Stettin, from whence a pair of bred specimens, '
kindly forwarded by Dr. Schleich, were exhibited at the
September Meeting of the Entomological Society of London. |

Xylina Conformis, W. V. \

(Fig. 3.) :

At the March Meeting of the Entomological Society of
London, two beautiful specimens of this insect were ex-
hibited ; they had been taken in the county of Glamorgan,
South Wales. {

This species comes to ivy in October, and sometimes to '
sugar in March. Guenee says it is common in the centre
and north of France in September and October. '

Lythria Purpuraria, Linne. :

Specimens of this insect were formerly in Mr. Swainson's I
collection as British, but of their locality he could give no '
information (Stephens, Illust. Haust. iiil p. 208.) From a
short notice by Mr. Y. R. Perkins in the *' Zoologist,"

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1861. 109

p. 7449, it appears that "two specimens, males, of this
conspicuous insect were beaten out of broom, on the 18th of
June, not far from the city of Perth, by Mr. D. P. Mor-
rison, of Pehon, near Newcastle-on-Tyne."

Guenee says the insect is common on hot and dry hills,
and in chalky fields and rocky woods throughout Europe in
May, and again in July and August. According to Mus-
sehl, the favourite food of the larva is the sheep's-sorrel
(Riimex Acetosella).

EupiTHECiA Tripunctaria, HerHch-SchaiFer.

This insect has been bred by the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe
(see Zoologist, p. 7568) from larvae found in September, in
damp woods, on the flowers and seeds of Angelica sylvestris.

Mr. Doubleday forwarded specimens to Dr. Herrich-
Schaffer as Pimpinellata, var., and received for reply that
the insect w^as the Tj'ijmnctaria of Herrich-Schaffer. The
description by this author will be found at p. 77 of the
Appendix, not at the reference w^hicli he gives in the index
of p. 121 of the text of the third volume.

Mr. Harpur Crewe's description of the larva (which also
first appeared in the " Zoologist") will be found in another
page of the present volume.

EuPiTHECiA Trisigxaria, Herrich-Schaffcr.

Mr. Doubleday writes in the " Zoologist," p. 7567 : " The
Rev. Joseph Greene discovered the larva of this species on
Angelica si/lvestris, in a damp wood. The perfect insect is
very dull coloured, but quite distinct from any other species.
It is new^ to this country."

A specimen sent to Dr. Herrich-Schaffer was pronounced
to be his Trisignaria ; the diagnosis of which will be found
at p. 120 of vol. iii. of his " Schmetterlinge von Europa."

110 LEPIDOPTERA. \

Mr. Harpur Crewe's description of the larva (which also<
first appeared in the " Zoologist") will be found in another^
page of the present volume.

CiDARiA Reticulata, Wiener Verzeichniss. |

The occurrence of this insect is announced in the '' Zoolo-
gist," p. 7361, by Mr. Henry Doubleday. ''Three speci--
mens of this pretty and very distinct species were taken in*
August, 1856, on the border of one of the Lakes, by my^
friend Thomas H. Allis." One of these specimens was^
exhibited at the February Meeting of the Entomological I
Society of London. I

Mr. Hodgkinson has noticed (Intell. ix. p. 179) that other^
specimens were captured at the same time, and distributed^
in collections as the " second brood of Silacearia.''

The species, though widely distributed on the Continent,]
is scarce, and the larva is unknown. It occurs in the Alps,
the Pyrenees, and in Hungary.

Crambus Ocellea, Haworth.
This insect had been erased from our lists. Haworth, in ;
1812, introduced it in his " Lepidoptera Britannica" as^
Palparia ocellea (the Necklace Veneer), with the observa-|
tion: ''This was purchased of a collector, who says it was |
caught in a garden in the suburbs of London, extremely]
early in the spring season." This specimen, now in the;
collection of the British Museum, has remained unique till I
now. Lately, in a box of insects sent for determination, 1 1
found, to ray surprise, a specimen of this species, which hasj
not yet been found on the Continent, though it belongs to a^
group which appear to have their home on the shores of the i
Mediterranean. On inquiry as to where this specimen had|
been captured, I learnt that it occurred in Glamorganshire, i

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1861. Ill

in a lane about a mile from a town ; it was captured about
the middle of March, when the captor was out one evening
sallow hunting : he thought it strange that a Crambus should
be about so early in the season.

' The coincidence of Haworth's specimen and this being
both caught " early in the spring season" is rather remark-
able, and would certainly imply that the insect hybernates,
an idea which is most decidedly corroborated by the appear-
ance of the only two known specimens of Crambics ocellea.

Eup^ECiLiA Albicapitana, Cooke.

A Tortrix, apparently distinct from any known species, is
described by Nicholas Cooke in the *^ Zoologist," p. 7801.

Mr. Cooke observes : " I captured this insect on the Hill
of Howth, about the 20th of June, 1857, and felt convinced
at the time that it was undescribed, but did not think it
desirable to name it until more specimens had been taken.
Since then, I have ascertained that some specimens have
been taken on the Cheshire coast, both by Mr. Gregson and
Mr. Greening; and this season it has been taken in the
same locality, whei"e I found it four years since. It is more
hke E. duhitana than any other species, but is sharper-
winged, larger and lighter coloured, especially near the apex
of the wing."

Tinea Confusella, Herrich-Schaffer.
Of this interesting little novelty, Mr. Barrett met with
some specimens near Dublin. He has thus noticed it in the
" Zoologist" p. 7800 : — '' Rambling along the cHffs on the
coast, in August, I noticed a little Tinea, pretty common,
flitting about and running up the grass stems like an Ela-
chista. This has been identified by Mr. Stainton as Tinea

112 LEPIDOPTERA.

Confusella of Herrich-Schaffer, new to Britain and rare on
the Continent, and occurring on rocks near Vienna."

It is not an easy insect to describe, from the confused
appearance of the markings. Herrich-Schaffer speaks of it
as follows : —

*' The smallest species of the genus. Head dirty-white.
Anterior wings black-brown, with milk-white speckles,
which seem to form three undecided fasciae, at |, h, and | ;
also in the cilia some long white scales."

Expansion of the wings 4 lines ; thus size of Bistrigella
and Argentimaculella.

The nearest allied species of which the larva is known is
the continental Tinea Pustulatella ; of this the larva feeds
on lichens, as I am informed by Professor Frey; and I
should sti'ongly suspect that the larva of Tinea Confusella
has similar habits.

Gelechia Tarquiniella, n. sp.

For this novelty we are also indebted to the untiring
exertions of Mr. C. G. Barrett, who has thus noticed it in
the " Zoologist," p. 7800: — "This little gem, new to science
and indebted to Mr. Stainton for a name, has habits similar
to those of G. pictellaf which it resembles. It occurs on
the sand-hills, in warm hollows among moss, Galium^ &c.,
in June. It cannot well be seen, much less captured, without
lying down, when it is only to be secured by sharp practice
with a pill-box."

This insect is interm.ediate in size between Pictella and
Superbella^ but differs from both, in having only one silvery
streak from the costa, and in having the tips of the palpi
black. In the antennae, which are dark with white tips, it
resembles Pictella, Superbella having annulated antennae,
with no white tips.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1861. IjO

The female of Tarquiniella has acuminate anterior wings.
Specimens were exhibited by Mr. Bond at the August
Meeting of the Entomological Society of London.

Gracilaria Kollariella, Zeller.

Of this very distinct-looking insect a specimen has been
found in the collection of British insects in the British
Museum. It was purchased of Mr. Bouchard.

This insect is figured and described in the " Transactions
of the Entomological Society of London," vol. i., N.S.,
p. 193, plate xv. fig. 7.

The specimen in the British Museum was discovered by
Mr. M'Lachlan, concealed amongst' Lyonetia Padifoliella.

Coleophora Wilkixsoni, Scott.

Under the above name, Scott has described, in the
" Transactions of the Entomological Society of London"
(vol. v., New Series, p. 411), aunicolorous grey Coleophoraj
the larva of which feeds on birch.

" The larva mines the birch leaves in August and Sep-
tember. The case appears to be made of a portion of the
leaf of the food-plant, and is of a dark brown colour, growing
deeper, through various atmospheric causes, after the larva
has retired to complete its transformation. The case some-
what resembles those of Viminetella and PoUtella, but it is
longer than the latter and not so long as the former, neither
is it bi-coloured, as in those two species. A great character
in the formation of the case of Wilkinsoni is a rounded pro-
iection towards the middle, on its under side, of a greater or
lesser size, the lower edge of which is parallel with the
mouth of the case, and rests upon the leaf, both while the
larva is feeding and in a state of repose."

1862. I

114 LEPIDOPTERA.

" I have named the insect after Mr. Thomas Wilkinson,
of Scarborough, who has bred it now for four years, and who
was the first to call my attention to its peculiarities."

Nepticula Ulmivora, Frey in litt.

Mr. M^Lachlan exhibited a specimen of this insect (at the
July Meeting; of the Entomological Society of London)
which he had bred from larvae mining in elm leaves, near
West Wickham.

Mr. Tompkins showed me last spring a caught specimen
of a Nepticula^ which appeared to me decidedly referable
to this species (Int. ix. p. 187).

( n-5 )

LEPIDOPTERA.
Rare British Species captured in 1861.

Vanessa Antiopa. The occurrence of a specimen near
Coldstream on the 11th of September is recorded in the
IntelHgencer (x. p. 194).

Sphinx Convolvuli. The captures of four specimens
have been recorded; near Hahfax, September 11 (Zoolooist,
p. 7760); near Hull, September 17 (Zoologist, p. 7760);
near Newcastle-on-Tyne, September 19 (Int. x. p. 202);
and near Wakefield, September 22 (Int. x. p. 202).

IVoTODONTA BicoLORA. In the latter part of June, an
artisan collector residing in Manchester captured a specimen
of this insect in Burnt Wood, Staffordshire (Zoologist, p.
7682). I saw this specimen when at Manchester; it is
much rubbed, the collector having taken httle notice of it at
the time of capture, fancying it was a gold-tail; it is un-
doubtedly Noiodonta Bicolora.

NoTODONTA Carmelita. Eight specimens were cap-
tured near Keswick, last April, by Mr. J. S. Mawson
(Zoologist, p. 7569).

Gastropacha Ilicifolia. This has occurred on the
moors near Ripon (Int. x. p. 75).

Drepana Sicula. Several specimens were taken last
June in Leigh Wood, near Bristol, by Mr. G. Harding and
Mr. C. Butler (Zool. 7680 ; Int. x. p. 131).

Heterogenea Asellus. a female of this species was
captured by the Messrs. Fenn, at Loughton, June 22nd
(Int. x. p. 100).

i2

116 LEPIDOPTERA.

AcRONYCTA Strigosa. The followino^ notes by Mr.
Saville on the habits of this insect appeared in the "Zoolo-
gist" (p. 7765):'"^. Strigosa prefers a covered situation
in the immediate vicinity of young ash trees. It takes sugar
freely. Its flight is low, undulating, and even slow. Most
of my specimens I took either after a slight shower of rain
or during a brisk breeze. One might easily pass this insect
over, as it sits particularly close with closed wings, and its
colouring being so near to small knobs of the greyish-white
of the ash as to be distinguished with difficulty therefrom."

AcRONYCTA Alni. The larva of this insect has been
recorded as occurring at Worcester (Int. x. p. 154), Tam-
worth (Int. x. p. 170) and Bri<ihtampton (Zool. p. 7717).

Leucania Putrescens. This species has again occurred
at Torquay and Teignmouth. " I have captured a beautiful
series of X. Putrescens, all in first-rate condition," says
Mr. Stewart (Int. x. p. 178); see also Int. x. p. 163. A
specimen from Teignmouth is shown on the Plate, fig. 2.

Xylomiges Conspicillaris. Mr. Edmunds bred two
specimens at Worcester, last spring (Int. x. p. 154).

Aporophyla Australis has occurred rather freely at
Torquay. Mr. Stewart writes (Int. x. p. 202) : " During
the past week, at ivy, I have taken A. Australis in pro-
fusion." The Rev. Charles Grinstead met with it at Tei^-
mouth (Int. x. p. 163).

Acosmetia Caliginosa. Mr. Farren met with thirty-
three specimens in the New Forest (Int. x. p. 91).

Agrotis Obelisca. Mr. Barrett has met with this
species near Dublin, where it frequents the Rag-wort bloom
in August and the beginning of September (Zool. p. 7799).

NocTCA Ditrapezium. Specimens of this insect have
been captured near Portsmouth (Zool. p. 7799).

NocTUA SoBRiNA. Specimens of this insect, captured by
Mr. Bouchard dming the past summer, in Scotland, were

RARE BRITISH SPECIES CAPTURED IN 1861. 117

exhibited by Mr. Waring at the October Meeting of the
Entoraolo2:ical Society of London.

DiANTH^ciA Capsophila. Mr. Barrett writes in the
" Zoologist," p. 7799 : '' This species occurred again in
June, both at light and hovering at flowers, on the cliffs, but
only in small numbers ; it appears to be scarce even in its
very restricted localities. I looked for the larva among
Silene mar-itima, and found some different from all our
known species) which would probably produce it, but they
were so tender that only one or two have entered the pupa
state, so that the chance of rearing it is diminished con-
siderably."

Heliothis Armigera. Several specimens have occurred
this autumn : I have heard of captures in Devonshire and
Sussex.

Scoria dealbata. The following notice appeared in the
"Intelligencer" (vol. x. p. 91): ''On the 10th and 11th
instant, Mr. H. Foster, silversmith, of this place, and myself,
succeeded in capturing over one hundred specimens of the
above-named rare moth, in beautiful condition, several of
which were found on the high grass, just come from the
pupa, with the wings not then developed ; since then
Mr. Dowset and Mr. R. Down, of this place, have taken
over fifty more at the same spot. — Alexander Russell,
Ashford, Kent, June ISth, 1801."

In September, Mr. Russell forwarded me a larva for
description ; he had obtained several larvae from the eggs,
feeding them on Dock and Polygonum aviculare.

The larva which I received on the 24th September was
seven lines in length. It was greyish-ochreous ; the dorsal
line dark grey, only distinct on the three or four anterior and
five posterior segments ; the 6th to 9th segments have each
an elongate dark spot in the place where the sub-dorsai line

118 LEPIDOPTERA.

should be. On the underside is a whitish central line
between two dark grey ones ; and on each side there is a
greyish brown streak just above the legs. At that time the
larva was apparently about to hybernate, not having increased
in size for some weeks; probably they should feed-up in
April or May.

Emmelesia Unifasciata. Two specimens were cap-
tured near Forest Hill by Mr. M'Lachlan in August (Int.
X. p. 162) ; and Mr. Ellis met with two at Cheam on the
21st August (Int. X. p. 170).

Margarodes Unionalis. Mr. Stewart has announced
in the ** Zoologist" (p. 7799) the capture of a second spe-
cimen of 3Iargarodes Unioftalis, on Saturday, October 5th.

AcENTROPUS NiVEUS. This insect has occurred in some
plenty at the Hampstead Ponds in June last, as recorded by
Mr. M^Lachlan in the " Zoologist" (p. 7614\

Sericoris littoralis. Mr. Barrett has noticed in the
neighbourhood of Dublin " a second brood of this species
in September, all of the true Irish type, light ground-colour,
with rich dark markings" (Zoologist, p. 7800).

DiCRORAMPHA coNSORTANA. Mr. Barrett has met with
this near Dublin " in August, on a little spot of limestone
soil on the coast, the exact spot where D. acuminatana and
D. sienectari occur" (Zoologist, p. 7800).

Eup^ciLiA ATRiCAPiTANA. Of this insect Mr. Barrett
remarks (Zoologist, p. 7800) : " Widely distributed along
the coast near Dublin, occurring both on cliffs and sand-hills,
and lasting from the middle of June to the middle of August,
but rare. I never saw more than one specimen in a day."

( 119 )

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH AND CONTI-
NENTAL TINEINA.

(Extracted from Letters of our Correspondents, and
from other Sources. — The Specie?! not yet known to occur
in Britain are indicated by an *.)

Dasystoma Salicella. " In October I found a few strange
looking sluggish lai-va feeding upon Potentilla Anserina.
(Silver- weed). I fear they have all died except three, which
changed to pupae and have emerged a few weeks since.
They consist of one male and two very narrow-winged
females of ^ome species of DasystomaJ" (H. B., 2, 461.)

" In the larger box you will find one male and two females
of my supposed Da^^yMoyna^ bred from Potentilla Anserina ;
they are all I was able to rear." (H. B., 17, 461).

[The specimens were Dasystoma Salicella.]

" I can now send you a few larvae of Dasystoma Salicella^
which I can only find upon Potentilla Anserina, growing by
the side of a dusty road, and far from anything like a Salix.
They are rather troublesome larvae to feed, as they eat very
little at a time and roll themselves up generally in a leaf,
which they have not half consumed, before you are obliged
to disturb them in their retreat and change their food. They
grow so slowly, that I can see scarcely any difference in them
from one fortnight to another. This larva seems perfectly
wedded to Potentilla Anserina^ nor can I get them to touch
anything else. They are scarce this year, and though I have

120 LEPIDOPTERA. \

i

searched for them repeatedly during the past two months, '.
I have taken very few. They appear to be inveterate wan- i
derers, always strolling about the breeding glass, when not '
eating, and I find them generally on plants at some distance
from each other." (H. B., 11, 9, 61.) \

These larvse were dull whitish-green, with the spots grey; '
the head black, the second segment with a blackish-green i
lunule behind, and the anal segment much speckled with
grey. ^ '

The third pair of legs placed on a long stem, but not club- ]
shaped, having a regular claw. i

In one larva, the head was decidedly brown. i

* Talceporia, n. s. "I have bred a species oi Talceporia \
distinct from Inconspicuella. It is of a bright grey, speckled ^
with brown. I found the cases spun up three weeks ago ;
{Incons]7iciiella is now still in the larva state). They were
under the bark of a dead tree." (E. F., 15, 3, 61.)

" All the specimens are very similar to that X send you, j
and I do not think the species seems liable to much variation." '
(E. F., 28, 3, 61.)

Ochsenheimeria VacculeVa. Mr. Scott has recorded (Int.
ix. p. 123) the occurrence of this species '' beneath the bark of
a willow tree, and on the trunk of an oak tree at Leather-
head." !

Euplocamus Boleti. Mr. Farren met with an old fungus
in the New Forest, infested by this insect, and bred several
specimens therefrom (Int. x. p. 108.)

Adela Sulzella. *' I now send you four larvae of
Adela Sulzeriella, Z. I had already found small cases in
the autumn ; on the 1st of April I made a renewed search
and found six living larvae. I have not yet observed them
when very young. I found them under a hedge, in the
middle of the field; the hedge was principally privet, bnt

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEINA. 121

mixed with rose, vetch and gooseberry. I imagine that the
young larva mines in the leaves of privet, as the perfect
insect is always sitting on the flowers of that plant. The
larvse are now feeding on various dry leaves." (G. G. M.,
3,4,61.)

The cases of these larvae were elongate, with parallel sides,
apparently made by additions spun round a central nucleus.

Nemotois Scabiosellus. " I forward you six specimens of
the still living, last year's larvag of N. Scabiosellus. Out of
about twenty larvse which lived through last winter, only two
imagos have appeared. It is thus evident that as we have
already noticed that the larvae of Nemotois Violellus will
live over two winters, so those of N. Scabiosellus and N.
Minim ellus do likewise. Of both these species we have this
year proportionally bred very few moths, and often in the
smallest cases of N. Violellus and N. 3Iinimellus we found
larvcB still living." (F. H., 20, 9, 61.)

Nemotois cupriacellus. Mr. Healy succeeded in keeping
many of his larvae (E. A., 1861, p. 107) through last
winter, but none of them made their appearance in the
perfect state.

Nemotois Fasciellus. " To-day was our first fine spring
day. I did not let it pass unemployed, and was fortunate in
finding some Nemotois cases amongst the radical leaves of
BaJlota nigra. These will probably be N. Schiffer-
7nilhrellus, S. V., of which some years ago I took a wasted
female in the same locahty. At the end of December I
found some similar cases, but then very small ; these have
safely survived the winter, and now are nearly as large as the
specimens I found to day.

" The young larvae probably first feed in the flowers, like
all their alhes." (A. S., 24, 3, 61).

These larvae produced N. Fasciellus, Fab. The Schiffer-

1*22 LEPIDOPTERA.

miller ellus, W. V. They fed rather voraciously on the
leaves of Ballota nigra, gnawing holes in the leaves and
making much blackish excrement.

The case was fiddle-shaped, of various shades of brown,
darkest in the centre, not distinctly pieced.

Nemotois 3Iimmellus. " The case-bearers found on Sca-
biosa succisa last October have produced, as Dr. Wocke
suspected, specimens of N. Minimellus" (F. H., 24, 6, 61).

MiCROPTERYX. The larvae of this genus are now well
ascertained. For many years they have been observed by
Micro-Lepidopterists both here and in Germany, but had
been mistaken for Coleopterous larvae.

Dr. Hofmann succeeded in breeding Micropteryx Spar-
mamiella last spring, and subsequently Mr. Wilkinson
obtained larvae of M. Unimaculella from the egg. Various
other larvce have been observed, but the species they will
produce can only be conjectured at present.

31icropteryx Sparmannella. Dr. Hofmann bred this in-
sect in February from larvae collected the previous summer in
the leaves of birch. These larvae mine large blotches in the
birch leaves, and when full-fed quit the leaves and descend
below the surface of the earth, " where they construct small
oval cocoons, bedecked externally with grains of sand."

The most distinctive character of a Micropteryx larva
appears to be the excrement, which is thus described by
Dr. Hofmann : —

" The excrement forms an uninterrupted black thread,
twined into a thick coil."

In the Micropteryx mines I have examined I should
scarcely describe the excrement as an uninterrupted black
thread, but iristead of being in round black grains, it is like
short lengths of black cotton, from a quarter to one-sixteenth

OBSERVATIONS OX BRITISH, ETC., TINETNA. 123

of an inch in length, — a pecuHarity by which a Micropteryx
mine can be immediately recognized, even though the larva
has quitted it.

Dr. Hofmann describes the larva as follows : —

" The larva, entirely apodal, is three lines long, flat, and
gradually narrower towards the tail end ; the thirteen seg-
ments are separated by deep incisions, the last is particularly
narrow, and terminates with two small points ; the colour is
dirty white or yellow, the three large segments only are
tinged with reddish. The flat brow^n head is much narrower
than the first segment ; it is pointed towards the mouth, and
has a dark brown spot on each side" (Herrich-Schaffer's
Correspondenzblatt, 1861, p. 116 ; Int. ix. p. 195).

At Dresden, on the 13th of June, I obtained a larva in
birch leaves, which / beliece to be that of 31. Sparmannella.
It was greenish-white, with the dorsal vessel darker ; the
head brown, darker above, and with two hind lobes showing
through the front part of the second segment ; the fifth
segment wqth a rounded protuberance on each side. (This
remarkable character occurs in several of the Micropteryx
larvae which I have examined.) The three last segments
have a rosv tino-e. When vouno;, this larva has a black
plate on the second segment.

The mine is at first a slender gallery, perfectly Nepticuli-
form ; it then swells out to a complete blotch, and very
frequently this blotch surrounds the original gallery, which
can then only be traced with difficulty by the string of brown
excrement.

Micropteryx Unimaculella. Mr. Wilkinson, of Scar-
borough, forwarded me early in May a birch leaf, containing
a young mining larva of Micropteryx Unimacnlella, bred
from the egg the first week in April. Mr. Wilkinson thus
described his mode of obtaining the eggs : — " I took ten of

124 LEPIDOPTERA.

the perfect insect, and having a fine young birch in a pot,
just coming into leaf, I covered the pot over with muslin,
and turned the insects on to the plant, and the same evening
I observed one of the females depositing her eggs on the
underside of the leaves ; some leaves have as many as four
larvae in them" (Int. x. p. 45).

Later in the month Mr. Wilkinson forwa;rded me some
nearly full-grown larvae of this species. They were whitish,
with the dorsal vessel green, giving the larva a very green
tinge; the head brown, with the liind lobes showing through
the front edge of the second segment ; the fifth and sixth
segments had slight lateral protuberances ; the hinder seg-
ments were very pointed.

The mine often begins with a gallery, and then expands
into a large blotch.

Micropteryx, sp. ? (Descr. Nos. 8 and 9). In May I
received from Mr. Healy some birch leaves, mined, as I
thought, by two different sorts of larv^.

I described these as follows : —

No. 8. Whitish, dorsal vessel greenish ; head brown, the
two black hind lobes showing through the second segment ;
no plate on second segment ; no ventral spots.

No. 9. Whitish, almost glassy ; sides of head black,
mouth brownish ; the second segment with a broad sub-
cutaneous black plate; third segment broadest; the segments
deeply incised. The second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth
segments each with a quadrate black spot beneath, dimi-
nishing in size, that on the sixth segment being little more
than a point.

Eventually, however, it turned out that No. 8 was only
the adult form of No. 9, as all the spotted larvae became in
time spotless.

After these larvae were full fed they came out of the leaves,

OBSEKVATIONS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEINA. 125

and, descending into the sand at the bottom of the cage,
formed cocoons there.

. Micropteryx, sp. ? (Descr. No. 10). On the 6th of May
I examined some young birches near Chislehurst, and ob-
tained two sorts of Microipteryx larvae. One, which was
whitish, may not be truly distinct from that above described
(Nos. 8 and 9), but the amount of excrement was mucli less,
and the lateral protuberances on the fifth segment, which T
had not observed in Nos. 8 and 9, were evident.

Micropteryx, sp. ? (Descr. No. 11). This was a grey
larva collected in birch leaves near Chislehurst on the 6th of
May, and near Shirley on the 14th.
My description of it is as follows : —

No. 11. Dark grey; head reddish-brown, darker at the
sides; second segment with two black marks of irregular
form ; fifth segment with shght lateral protuberances.

Micropferyx subpurpurella ? On the 8th of June Mr.
Wilkinson met with a Micropteryx larva in oak leaves,
which in all probability will prove that of Subpurpurella.
On the 9th of June Dr. Hofmann met with some of the
same larvae at Spandau, near Berlin. From these I made
the following description : —

No. 27. Whitish-yellow, no markings ; the dorsal vessel
greenish-grey; head reddish-brown; on the fifth and sixth
segments there are slight lateral protuberances.

As the larvse were found by Mr. Wilkinson during ray
absence on the Continent, he forwarded them to Mr. Douglas,
from whose observations I make the foUowino; extracts : —

" Feet entirely wanting; when placed upon a sheet of
paper the larva was able to move in a tolerably straight line,
for some time, by drawing itself together and pushing itself
along by the extremity of its last segment, but having nothing
to hold by it continually rolled over.

126 LEPIDOPTERA.

" The larva mines the young leaves of oak ; there is no
trace of the commencement of the mine, nor of the egg ; but
at this time the larva was full-grown, and the lobe of the leaf
completely cleared out for about half an inch from the tip,
the larva continuing to eat the parenchyma, its head towards
the base of the leaf. By beginning at the point furthest off,
and eating towards the stem, the larva always secures the
freshest food. The mined part becomes whitey-brown. The
excrement is in black threads, which soon become broken
into short bits, and is scattered throughout the mine."

MicrojUerijx Allionella? On the 27th of June Mr.
Wilkinson met with a Micropteryx larva on birch, wdiich
he suspected might be Allionella; afterwards he became
convinced they must be Allionella, as they occurred where-
ever he had met with that insect.

This larva 1 have described as follows : —

No. 35. Whitish, with greyish-green dorsal vessel ; head
whitish, with brownish spots on each side, and reddish-brown
mouth ; the three posterior segments have a reddish tinge ;
on the fifth segment is a slight lateral protuberance.

The young larva has a brown-black plate on the second
segment.

The mine is at first Nepticuliform, the brown excrement
completely filling the track; then it forms a complete blotch,
with black linear excrement.

From the foregoing statements it will be seen how vast a
step has been taken in working out the larvae of the genus
Micropteryx ; it is to be regretted that none of the smaller
species (Calthella, Sep'pellaj Aruncella and Mansuetella)
have yet been detected in the larva state.

Mr. Scott has recorded the observation (Int. x. p. 3), that,
" some six years ago, he found a mine in the leaf of Caltha
jmlustris, which he then considered to be that of M. Cal-

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEINA. 127

thella.'' Unfortunately this clue has not yet been successfully
followed up, and the larva of so abundant an insect as M»
Calthella still remains one of the "things hoped for."

Plutella amiulatella. Mr. Barrett found this abundant
under the cliffs close to the sea, near Dublin, but larger and v^
much more richly marked than Northumberland specimens
(Zooh, p. 7800). Probably they approached the gayer
colouring of the specimens from the Isle of Portland.

* Depressaria Culcitella. On the 20th of May I re-
ceived some larvae of this species from my very kind friend
Herr Hoffman, of Ratisbon. They were feeding on Chry-
santkemum corymhosum.

* Depressaria Astrantice, Of this species (nearly allied
to Angelicella but larger), I received some larvae from HeiT
Hoffman, of Ratisbon, on the 13th of June. They were
feeding on Astrantia major.

Dejjressaria purp^crea. Kaltenbach states that " accord-
ing to Dr. Wocke the larvae of D. pu?yu?'ea is plentiful in
kitchen gardens at Breslau on carrots, on the leaves of which
plants it feeds quite in the style of Applana, It prefers
places that are rather shady. Larvae collected on the 1st of
August underwent their metamorphoses in the earth, and
produced perfect insects from the 9th of August to the 1st of
September" (Int. x. p. 118).

Depressaria Capreolella. Mr. Barrett met with this
species on the coast near Dublin, and remarks (Zool., p. 7800) X
that " in August they come occasionally to ragwort bloom at
dusk ; in April, after hybernation, they fly in the afternoon
over furze bushes." I once saw this species flying rather
freely in the afternoon at Sanderstead downs ; it was a
glorious hot day in March, but I and my companion were
alike unprovided vf'iih. nets.

Depressaria Ocellana. " I have again bred this species j

128 LEPIDOPTERA.

I had collected the larva on the 4th August on Salix viminalis,
amongst some Tortrix larvae ; it is very similar to the larvae
of Teras sparsanci and scabrana' (F. W. F., 29, 9, 61).

Depresmria rotiinddla. Mr. Barrett observes that in the
neighbourhood of Dublin (Zool. p. 7800 j, this and D. nana-
tella '^ occur together not uncommonly along the coast, in
August and September, and that they are fond of the flowers
of ragwort, thyme and Galium verum.'"

* Dep7'essarm, sp. ? As already noticed in the " Intelli-
gencer" (vol. X. pp. 86 and 105), a Depressaria larva feeds at
the end of May in the shoots of Artemisia campestris, and
produces a perfect insect belonging to the Albipunctella
group. Treitschke had described the larva erroneously as
that of Albipunctella. The name of this Artenusia-feeding
Depressai-ia is not yet satisfactorily determined.

* Gelechia Lineolella. " Yesterday I made an excursion to
the Judenburg, and beat out a specimen of Gelechia Lineo-
lella for the first time in my life; it was amongst Calama-
(jrostis epigejos, the plant on w'hich Metzner discovered the
species, whence I conclude that the larva feeds upon this
grass" (P. C. Z., 3, 6,61).

* Gelechia lutatella. " I have discovered a Gelechia
larva on Calamngrostis epigejos, but it has not produced G.
Lineolella, but G. lutatella'' (P. C. Z., 8, 8, 61, and 15, 8,
61).

* Gelechia flavicom.ella. " This has been bred from sloe,
five specimens have appeared; according to my brother the
larva is reddish" (O. H., 11, 6, 61).

* Gelechia Ml/ ricariella, Heutti. " On the 10th of June
I made an excursion with Herr Boll to the banks of the
Reuss. We came to a place where Tamarix Germanica
grew very freely, and found the terminal shoots of the
branches yellowish, and as though decayed. In the interior

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEINA. 129

of the stem of these, also between united leaves, we found a
greenish Tiyiea larva. They soon changed to pupa, either
on the ground, or in the woody stem, and early in July
produced the Gelechia Myricariella of Reutti" (H. F., 12,
7, 61).

Gelechia ^thiops. " I am in hopes of getting eggs of
G. JEthiops, but the weather keeps so cold that I have yet
only obtained one of the perfect insect" (T. W., 5, 5, 61).

" I took 100 G. uEtldaps last night ; I will see if I can
get any eggs from them" (T. W., 16, 5, 61).

^' Herewith I send you a larva of Gelechia JEtliiofs for
figuring ; it seems to me to have done feeding. When young
the larva mines the leaves ; afterwards it constructs a gallery
of silk and excrement, intermixed with bits of the food plant,
and so continues to feed within the gallery" (T. W., 5, 7, 61).

These larvas I have described as follows : —

No. 37. Dull reddish, the incisions of the segments green-
ish, spots small and black, head brown ; second segment with
a black plate divided down the centre ; anal segment with a
blackish plate.

^Gelechia CauUgenellay Schmid, (6^. 7iutantella, Hofmann
in litt.)

The larva of this species makes galls in the stems of Silene
7iutans ; the lower pai't of the stem, when inhabited by the
larva, swells out very considerably, and the larva finds
within a comfortable residence. The larva is dull pale green ;
head brown ; second segment with two black-brown marks,
divided by a slender central line of the pale ground-colour ;
spots imperceptible.

Gelechia Vicinella. " I expect that G. Vicinella was
tolerably common at the spot where I met with it. I saw
several specimens in a very short time, but only secured

1862. K

130 LEPIDOPTERA. |

three, as I thought it was G. Mai'm^orea; which I had j
found in abundance on the sand hills a few miles away.

Its food is very likely to be Silene Maritimay as that
plant is abundant on the rocks where the specimens occurred" j
(C. G. B., 1,2, 61).

" G. Vicinella is now out, but sparingly. I searched
repeatedly for the larva but without success" (C. G. B., 9,
8, 61).

Gelechia leucomelanella. Mr. Barrett remarks (Zool. p.
7800) that "this species occurs on the Dublin coast amongst
Silene viaritima, and that it appears not to be nearly so
active as most of the Gelechiaj generally falling down when '
beaten from its concealment, and so allowing itself to be '
captured."

Gelechia Coronilklla. Mr. Barrett met with a specimen
on the coast near Dublin in August last (Zool p. 7800). I

Gelechia subdecurtella. This was bred last year (1860) i
from larvae found by Mr. Brown, of Cambridge, feeding on
Lythrum Salicaria. (These larvae were erroneously referred ;
in last year's *^ Annual," p. 113, to Laverna decorella.) 1

A full description of the imago is given in the *' Intelli- '
gencer," vol. x. p. 22).

*Parasia paucipunctella. " We have bred several speci-
mens of this from the larvae which we collected last October, i
in the heads of Anthemis tinctoria'^ (F. H., 24, 6, 61). j

Pleurota Bicostella. " I send you two larvae of P. Bi- j
costella, under a web on the mid stem of Erica Cinerea; \
from their present quiescent state, I should think they intend |
feeding up in the spring" (T. W., 21, 11, 60). '

" The Pleurota Bicostella larvae are all defunct ; the chief
cause I fancy was the want of a fresh supply of food during
the depth of winter" (T. W., 3, 4, 61 >.

" I now send you two fine larvce of P. Bicostellttj which

OBSERVATIOXS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEIXA. 131

I think will be lar<2:e enou":h for you to describe and fio;ure.
I have a lot more, which are not quite so large, which I shall
try and keep over the winter"' (T. W., 4, 11, 61).

These larvae I have described as follows : —

No. 53. Pinkish-grey, with brownish dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines and marbled with brown along the sides ; spots
blackish, small ; head and second segment yellowish-brown,
the latter with some darker markings posteriorly ; mouth
dark brown.

Something like the larva of Ypsolophus marginellus.

It spins a web among the heath, analogous to that spun by
an Ypsolophus larva on juniper.

(Eeophora Jiavifrontella. Mr. Miller found the larva of
this species in October among fallen leaves. It fed on the
dry leaves, skeletonising them like the larva of an Incur'
varia.

It was the larva of this species which I received from Herr
Hofmann two years ago, as probably that of Lypusa Jlau-
rella.

(Egoconia quadripuncta. Mr. Barrett met with this near
Dublin, beating it " out of furze bushes in August in com-
pany with Depresmria Costosa" (Zool. p. 7800).

Butalis variella^ " Last June I met with this insect in
great numbers running over the sand on the sand-hills of the
Antwerp Campine" (E. F., 28, 3, 61).

*Carposina Scirrhosella. The larvae in the hips of roses,
received from Herr Lederer at the end of October, 1860, have
just produced two beautiful specimens of Carposina Scir^r-
hoseUa(¥. H., 24, 6, 61).

GhjpJiipterijx Fischeriella. " I have a notion that I
shall get hold of the larva of G. Fischeriella this season.
I found a larva last season which I suspect belongs to that
species" (T. W., 5, 5, 61).

k2

132 LEPIDOPTERA.

" I have this morning bred G. Fischeriella from the
suspected larva; the larva lives in the seeds of Dactylis
glomerata and various other grasses. I first found the larva
August 19th, 1860, nearly full fed ; you can see little or no
trace of the larva, unless you collect some of the seed heads
and put them into a glass and look at them in a day or two ;
vou will then soon see where thev are at work" (T. W., 17,
5, 61.)

This larva is whitish, with dark grey dorsal vessel ; head
blackish ; plate on the second segment dark grey ; anal
segment dark grey. It bores into the grass flowers, making
holes in the sides.

A7'gyresthia liter eUa. I captured a specimen of this
insect near the end of July among alders, at Lewisham. It
was in company with A. Goedartella, and I am now satis-
fied it is not really distinct from that species. I revisited the
spot several times, in hopes of obtaining other specimens ;
but, though I dislodged Goedartella by thousands, I could
not observe any others referable to the Literella type.

*Gracilaria Simploniella. This has occurred in Belgium.
" Flies in August and September in open places along
hedges of oaks — among the heaths of the Campine ; it only
flies short distances" (Leon Becker to E. F.).

■ Gracilaria Imperialella. Herr Hofmann has bred this
species from larvae mining in the leaves of Orohus nifjer, col-
lected near Muggendorf, in July (see Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 117,
Enigma, No. 83). " The larva loosens the lower epidermis
of the entire leaf, and eats much of the parenchyma ; the
leaf is slightly curved and quite bladder-like ; the loosened
lower skin is very white. The larva spins a pale ochreous
cocoon outside the leaf, but attached to the white loosened
skin of the underside, where it is hardly perceptible."

* Gracilaria Pavoniella. On the 20th of August I

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEINA. 133

received larvae of this species from Professor Frey, who
collected them in the leaves of Margarita hellidiastrum,
near Ziirich.

The insect has been found at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
mining the leaves of Aster amellus. Probably it occurs
further north on othei* Compositor.

The mine on the Margarita hellidiastrum is very peculiar ;
the larva mines the upperside of the leaf from the tip towards
the base ; the mined place is at first red, afterwards brown,
and puckered and raised up in the middle (like the mine of
Nepticula Weaveri on Vaccinium Vitis Idcea).

Corisciiim cuculipennellum. Mr. Fereday has noticed in
the '* Intelligencer" (vol. ix. p. 140) the occurrence of this
insect near Folkestone. " I have two specimens, which I
bred from about a dozen pupae collected from a privet bush
on the coast at Folkestone ; they were all found on one bush,
and my search on other bushes proved quite fruitless. The
formation of the end of the privet leaf into a cone, containing
the pupa within, was very remarkable for symmetry of con-
struction, being turned and jointed with the greatest nicety ;
it should be seen before the leaf has withered to be duly
appreciated ; when withered the cone becomes distorted. It
was a source of regret that I knew not how to preserve its
original form."

*Or?iix Pfaffenzelleri. Thus noticed by Professor Frey
(Int. X. p. 164):-

*' On the rocky cliffs of the Engadine there grows a small
thornless shrub, from three to five feet high, with small, oval,
somewhat thick leaves and small red berries, Cotoneaster
vulgaris^ Linn. This is the food-plant of Ornix Pfaffen-
zelleri, which fii'st mines a leaf, and then rolls up another
leaf so as to form a habitation similar to that constructed by
0. Torquillella or 0. guttea, in which it passes the re-

134 LEPIDOPTERA.

mainder of its larval existence ; afterwards it spins a brown !
cocoon, like O. guttea. The larva occurs at the beginning ■
and middle of July, and I bred the perfect insect early in
August." I

Ornix Sciitulotella. Professor Frey has bred this from |
larvae found towards the end of June and the beo^innino* of
July on Betula torfacea in swampy places (Int. x. p. 164).

^ Ornix Fagivora, Frey (Int. x. p. 60). This is the De- i
voniella, Frey (Tineen u. Pteroph. der Schweiz, p. 252), but
not the Devomella, Stainton.

The larva turns down the edge of the leaves of beech.

Larvae probably referable to this species have occurred in
various parts of England, but 1 have seen no British ex-
amples of the imago. ** The perfect insect is easily recog- •
nized by the ochreous inner margin of the anterior wings."

^Coleophora Gallipennella. " On the 15th of August we ;
found some Coleophora larvae feeiling on the green-seeds of |
Astragalus Glycyphyllus. Dr. Herrich-Schaffer believes
that these are the larvae of Coleophora Gallipennella of \
Hiibner and Zeller, as he has taken that species amongst the 1
Astragalus'' (F. H., 18, 8, 61). \

The cases of these larvae are extremely similar to the cases i
of Coleoj)hora Coronillce, to which C. Gallipennella is closely ;
allied. \

* Coleophora muscnleUa. In May last I received larvae j
of this insect from Herr Miihlig, of Frankfort-on-the-Main ; ]
they were feeding on the leaves of Dianthus superbus. The i
case is something like that of Saponariella, but smaller; it ■
is grey-brown, with black stripes longitudinally ; the perfect
insect is also allied to Saponariella. \

Coleophora albicans. *' During the Michaelmas holidays |
I found, along a sandy road near here, a multitude of the
larvae of Coleophora albicans, Stainton, on the Artemisia .

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEINA. 135

compestris, which grows so plentifully, and collected upwards
of 200 specimens. Though the cases are so like the flowers,
yet they readily strike the eye in the sunshine. No doubt
one overlooks many, and the terminal shoots especially must
be turned down, in order to discover those which are not
exposed to the sunshine. Amongst them, to my surprise,
there were some cases, formed, not like the Artemisia
blossoms, but quite of the form of the cases of Ccespititiella.
Although I at first conceived they could only be AVncans^
yet as they were proportionally so much thinner than those
resembling the Artemisia blossoms, I felt rather doubtful.
But my hesitation is now entirely removed, since the larvae
in the box collected together into a heap, and so rubbed one
another that most of the cases lost their blossom-like appear-
ance and put on quite the appearance of the thinner cases"
(P. C. Z., 18, 10, 61).

*Coleophora Arenariella. *' Whilst seeking for K'>hl-
weinii, I found a case-bearing larva on Astragalus arenarius^
one of the truest sand-plants. The largest case is already
firmly attached, so that I hope to breed it" (P. C. Z., 19,
6, 61).

" Dr. Wocke writes me that the Coleophora on Astra-
galus arenarius is a new species, for which he proposes the
T\2ime o^ Arenariella. I notice that the white costal streak
goes further into the cilia at the apex of the wing than in
Serenella ; the ground-colour of the anterior wings and the
head is also diflerent" (P. C. Z., 18, 10, 61).

Stathmopuda Pedella. V^arious researches have been
made for the larva of this species, but all hitherto without
success. The perfect insect has occurred at Hampstead
(Int. X. p. 131), but I have not again met with it at
Lewisham.

Laverna decorella. Senator von Hey den has bred this

136 lEPIDOPTERA.

from larvae " which feed in a more or less rounded, gall-like
swelling, of the size of a pea, on stems of Epilohium {al-
pinum), generally at the base of a leaf-stalk. There are
often several galls on one stem. The larva changes in a
longish whitish cocoon, within the very confined space of the
gall ; at the upper side of the gall some white web protrudes
in a tubular form through a small hole, and out of this
the perfect insect escapes. A gall found in the middle of
October produced a moth the following day" (Stett. Ent.
Zeit. 1861, p. 37).

Chysoclista Flavicaput. " I found the enclosed chrysalis
this morning in a clipped white-thorn hedge. It appears the
insect is only found in last year's wood ; consequently when
the hedge was clipped last autumn many were destroyed"
(W. S., 30, 3, 61).

'^ I enclose a twig just as I cut it from the hedge. It was
by accident I first discovered it, by cutting several in two
whilst trying to graft some red-thorn on the white. After
destroying so many, I thought in what way could I best
discover them without injuring them, and on diligently
looking I discovered the little opening, you will observe, a
short distance I suspect from the chrysalis. I have not dis-
covered any in the old wood; they are all in last year's
growth" (W. S., 4, 461).

" About a month ago, when the hawthorn leaves were
beginning to appear, a friend of mine brought me a couple
of twigs like those I enclose, containing the slit and burrow,
with pupae at the bottom. To day the first insect made its
appearance, proving to be C. Flavicaput. The moth comes
out about 7 A.M. I observe that, in nine cases out of ten,
the hole is situated about an inch from a fork, and that the
pupa is just at the fork. In the specimens infested with
ichneumons there is no hole" (F. A., 16, 5, 61).

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH, ETC., TINEINA. 137

*Ochrojnolopis ictella. " From larvae found at the begin-
ning of May in webs, on the tei-minal shoots of a Lithospe?'-
num ? we bred at the end of May two beautiful specimens of
Ochromolopis irtella" (F. H., 24, 6,61).

" 1 am not clear respecting the name of the food plant of
Ochromolopis ictella" (F. H., 6, 7, 61).

" The food plant of Ochromolopis ictella has been named
for us by a clever botanist Thesium montanum. This is
confirmed by a comparison of the living plant with the
figure in Sturm's Flora. The species probably feeds also on
Thesium pratense. The latter occurs in meadows and shel-
tered places here very plentifully, and in both localities where
it occurs Dr. Herrich-S chaffer has met with the perfect
insect" (F. H., 20, 9, 61).

* Stagjnatophora albiapicella. " We have bred Stagmato-
phora p)omposella from pupee which we found in May in the
last year's seed-heads of Globularia vulgaris" (F. H., 24, 6,
61).

*' In the middle of May we found in the dried last year's
seed-heads of Globularia vulgaris small pupae, which on the
31st May produced Stagmato])hora albiapicella. Dr. Her-
rich-Schaff'er at first pronounced them S. pomposellay but we
found on more accurate examination and comparison with spe-
cimens in Dr. H.-S.'s collection and our own, that the species
was undoubtedly S. albiapicella^ of which the imago occurs
amongst Globularia (H.-S., Schmett. v. Europa V. p. 217).

" At the end of August we again searched the locality where
we had found these pupae, and we noticed the Globularia,
though rather sparingly, but could find no trace of any
larvae. Yesterday we repeated our investigations, and were
so fortunate as to find in the interior of the dried seed-heads
a small yellowish-white larva with dark brown head, and
dark and pale brown marbled second segment, and in the

138 LEPIDOPTERA.

interior of the flower stems a similar larva, ratlier larger.
Hence we conclude that the egg is laid in June on the
drooping flower of the Glohulariaj that the larva on the
setting in of the moist weather in autumn quits the egg, and]
feeds on the seeds and pith of the stem, passes the winter in !
the stem, and changes to a pupa in the receptacle" (F. H., 20, i
9,61).

* Elachista nohilella. Professor Frey has bred this
species from larvae found in March in a species of Festuca.
** The mine is long and white, and the larva often appears to
go from one leaf to another. The larva is slender yellowish,
with a brown head, and is nearly full fed before winter. The
pupa reminds one of that of JE. Gleichenella'' (Int. x. p. 61).

Professor Fritzsche also bred this insect from larvse in a
species of Festuca.

* Elachista hifasciella, Treitschke. This insect had
always remained a great rarity, though described nearly thirty
years ago. This spring Professor Fritzsche met with the
larvae in March in a species of Festuca at Freiberg in;
Saxony, and reared many of the perfect insect. I

Elachista Zonariella. " I can assure you that thei
larva figured in vol. 3 of the "Natural History of the
Tineina," plate 5, as that of E. Zonainella, does not belongj
to that species 5 but that the larva figured on plate 2, as thati
of 3Iegerlella, is truly that of Zonariella" (F. W. F., 29, 9,
61).

The above is the remark of so conscientious an observer as
Professor Fritzsche : we cannot in any way assent to it, but we
publish it with the view of inducing a more rigorous com-
parison of the larvae of these two species j we fancy we know
Megeriella very well.

Lithocolletis Bremiella. *'This also occm's on Orohus, as|
I have bred it from that plant" (H. F., 10, 5, 61).

139

LHhocolJetls Insignitella. ** On the 28th July I found
near Mombach a leaf of Ononis Spinom, mined by a Litho-
colletis larva. A few days ago the imago made its appear-
ance, and is very nearly allied to Insignitella^ if indeed it be
not the same species" (A. S., 6, 8, 61).

I believe Mr. AUis has British specimens of this insect ; its
habitual food is clover.

Lithocollefis Torminella. Mr. M'Lachlan has bred spe-
cimens of this species from larvae found in the leaves of a
Morella cherry tree in a garden at Exeter (Zool. p. 7801).

LithocoUetis Vacciniella. *' I took a few specimens of this
insect on the Carinthian Alps, and enclose you a leaf mined
by the larva" (P. C. Z., 8, 8, 61).

Lithocolletis Comparella. Mr. Scott has again met with
the larva of this species at Lee, mining the underside of the
leaves of Populus alba.

Cemiostoma Wailesella. I met with several of these
larvae at Dresden, and watched the gradual development of
the mines ; they commence with a spiral mine, which forms a
round blackish blotch ; then they expand into a long slender
gallery, and eventually form a large irregular blotch, which
occupies nearly the whole of one of the small leaves of the
Genista tinctoria.

Cemiostoma Lotella. Dr. Jordan met with a Cemiostoma
liarva early in August, in the leaves of Lathyrus sylvestris at
Sheldon, near Teignmouth. These appeared to me referable
to C. Lotella, but they may prove distinct.

Bucculatrix Boyerella. " It is yet a few weeks too soon
for the larvae of B. Boyerella'' (A. S., 6, 8, 61).

" Early this morning we started in search of the larvae of
B. Boyerella, though the weather was very unfavourable —
indeed we experienced rather a violent storm. Professor
Frey and I together only obtained seven larvae. The

140 LEPIDOPTERA.

creature is very scarce in our neighbourhood, Ulmella being
much more abundant" (A. S., 15, 9, 61).

This larva differs rather from the usual Bucculatrix type.
1 have described it as *' pale yellowish, with dark green
(almost blackish-green) sub-dorsal stripes ; spots small and
grey ; head pale brown ; some of the segments, especially
the eighth, are tinged with grey on the back."

Nepticula Weaveri. Professor Zeller has sent me a leaf
of Vaccinium Vitis Idcea, collected near Meseritz, which
was mined by the larva of this species (7, 4, 61).

* Trifarcula Pallidella. " On the Carinthian Alps,
4,500 feet above the sea, a yellowish Trifurculay which is no
doubt Pallidella, was flying amongst Genista sagittalis; it is
probably attached to that^ plant, just as T. immundella is
attached to the common broom" (P. C. Z., 8, 8, 61).

( 1^1 )

ANSWERS TO ENIGMAS.

81. No doubt a Ne7notoi>i, but the species can never be
now ascertained with certainty.

82. These larvae produced only Incurvaria Pectinea.

83. Gracilaria Imperialella (see ante, p. 132).
85. Coleophora lineariella.

89. Parasia jmticipunctella (see ante, p. 130).

ENIGMAS STILL UNANSWERED.

11. "An Elachista larva, found by Mr. Scott, at the end
of April, 1854, mining the leaves of Scirpus lacustris."

20. " A Depressaria larva, found by Mr. Boyd, May
2nd, 1855, (it was then young,) feeding on a leaf of Pas-
tinaca sutiva under a turned-down corner; this was expected
to be Depressaina DoiKjlasellaT

26. " A Nepticida larva, raining the leaves of birch ; the
mine has some resemblance to that of N. luteeUa, but central
track of excrement is broader, not so mathematically linear.''

27. " A Gelechia ? larva, feeding in the heads of yarrow
{Achillea millefolium').''* May this not be Cochylis Smeath-
manniana ? (see Int. x. p. 126), or Eupcecilia dipoltana (see
Int. X. p. 134) J both appear to have similar habits.

142 ENIGMAS STILL UNANSWERED.

33. " A brown Gelechia-Wke larva, found amongst moss
by Mr. Douglas, in March, 1857."

38. " A Lithocolleiis larva, mining the upper side of
beech leaves."

46. " A pretty red-spotted yellow larva, mining a leaf of
Carex riparia, found at Hackney, March 29th, 1858."

47. " A Gelechia ? larva, mining down the stems (near
the root) of Carex paludosa, collected at Wicken Fen, near
Cambridge, April 30th, 1858."

48. " A larva mining in the stems of the shoots of Rham-
nus Frangula, near Guildford, causing the leaves to droop,
collected May 21st, 1858."

49. "A grotesquely minute, pistol-form Coleophora case,
collected bv Mr. Gregson, on Salix fusca, at the end of
May."

50. " A Toi'trix ? larva, mining down the stems of Cen~
taurea nigra, and ejecting its ' frass' from a hole in the side
of the stem, collected by Mr. Boyd, at Probus, in Cornwall,
June 19th, 1858" (see Int. iv. p. 151).

57. ** A Gelechia ? larva, feeding inside the flowers of
Campanula persicifolia^ collected at Erlangen, at the end of
June."

71. "A brown Gelechia? larva, found by Mr. Scott, at
the beginning of August, 1859, feeding in the heads of
Statice Armeria.^'

72. " A greyish-w^iite CEcophora ? larva, found by Mr.
Boyd, burrowing in the bark of apple trees, at the beginning
of May, 1859 ; it constructs a gallery of 'frass,' "

76. " A Coleophora larva, found by Herr Hofmann, the
beofinning; of October, on oak and hazel near Ratisbon. The
case of the larva is most extraordinary ; the cases I have
seen are all rather small, but they possess large alary appen-
dages, attached to a slender central tube j viewed from above

ENIGMAS STILL UNANSWERED. 143

the case is almost broader than long ; the wings of this case
are black, the body, or rather the tail portion, is brown, the
anterior part of the tube being darker."

77. " A Coleophora larva, found by Mr. Edleston, early
in April, on the seeds of the Luziila campestris. Theo-
retically, this ought to have been C. murinrpennella, but the
case was different, being cylindrical, greyish-ochreous, with
the mouth turned down ; indeed the case was very similar to
that of C. argentula.^'

79. ^* A mining larva, collected by Herr Schmid, at the
end of October, 1859, in the leaves o^ Lysimachia vulgaris ;
the mine is slightly puckered, but yet reminds one consider-
ably of the mine which Stephensia Brunnichella constructs
in the leaves of Clinopodimn."

84. " A Coleophora larva, found at Wavendon by the Rev.
Henry Burney, at the end of August. It feeds on the seeds
of Stellaria graminea, the cylindrical whitish case being
attached to the capsule, and the larva boring into the interior.
In captivity they eat readily the Stellaria media. When
the case is protruding from the calyx of an unripe capsule, it
looks excessively like a dried flower of the plant, and would
thus readily escape observation"* (Int. viii. p. 189).

86. " A Gelechia ? larva, found near Ratisbon by Herr
Hofmann, feeding in the seeds of Linosyris vulgaris
(Chrysocoma), and devouring the seeds and fructification of
that plant, which is nearly allied to Solidago virgaurea.''

87. ^' A Gelechia larva (supposed to be that of Ericetella)j

* I bred a single specimen from these larvae, but have not been able to
refer it to any known species. Mr. Burney did not obtain a single imago,
but trusts that the pupae are only biding their time and will appear next
year. He searched in vain for the larvae this last season, and not a
single case was to be found, where the previous year they had been so
abundant.

144 ENIGMAS STILL UNANSWERED.

found by Mr. Wilkinson, of Scarborough, at the end ofl
September, feeding in the flowers of the heath." Mr. Wil-!
kinson did not succeed in rearing these; he has again col-i
lected a supply of the larvee this autumn, and will try again
to rear them.

88. " A Nepticula larva in birch leaves, found by Mr. |
Healy, Mr. M' Lachlan and others, in October. The mine ;
is contorted, with a thread of black excrement. A peculiarity i
of the mine is, that when the larva is young, it does not eat \
jhe whole thickness of the leaf, so that the first portion of the |
mine remains green." '

90. " A Nepticula larva in the leaves of Agrimonia
Eupaforia, found by Mr. Healy, in October, near Croydon, i
The mine of this eventually forms a complete blotch. This i
is the third species which feeds in the Agrimoniaj and pos-
sibly there are yet others." :

( 145 )

NEW ENIGMAS FOR SOLUTION.

91. A Gelechia ? larva, found August 10th, on the under-
side of alder leaves at Reigate ; it diaws two side ribs together
from beneath, and lives in the web it thus makes. It is pale
green, the dorsal line whiter-green, the sub-dorsal lines a little
darker ; the head pale brown ; the spots black, very neat and
distinct.

92. A Gelechia ? larva, collected near Ratisbon by Herr
Hofmann, August 25th, inside the pods ofCi/tisus nigricanSj
where it feeds on the seeds.

93. A Parasia 1 larva. " Yesterday we found in the
locality where our Cosmopteryx occurs some larvae in the
receptacles and seed-heads of Chrysanthemum Curymhosum.
They are probably a Gelechia or Parana, and come near
to those which we found last year on Anthemis Tinctoria'*
(F. H., 29, 3, 61).

These larvse burrow through the seeds, and are very similar
in habit to the larvte of Gelechia hifractella.

94. Coleophora, sp. ? In the spring of 1860 Mr. M'Lach-
lan found, at Forest Hill, a long, slightly curved, dirty-
whitish case, containing a larva which was feeding on Cen-
taurea nigra. This came to an untimely end, and Mr.
M*Lachlan has never been able to find another (Int. x.
p. 72).

95. A larva in the seeds of Gentiana acaulis. " I suspect
that a Tinea larva eats out the seeds of the Gentiana acaulis;
but I found only " frass," the larvse being all gone. This

1862. L

146 NEW ENIGMAS FOR SOLUTION.

species of Gentiana was not common on the Carinthian
Alps; and in other plants of that genus which were just
coming into flower of course no larvae were to be expected"
(P. C. Z., 8, 8,61).

96. A Bucculatrix? larva collected by Herr Hofmann,
near Ratisbon, mining the leaves of Arnica montana ; the
mines are long, and not very unlike those of B. maritima
ill Aster Tripolium,

( 147 )

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA.

During the past season 53 larvae have been described and
46 bave been figm-ed. This is a considerable improvement
upon our last year's report.

The season has no doubt been more favourable than the
wet season of 1860, and besides the discovery of the larvae of
the genus Micr^opteryx has given us at least six new larvae
en masse.

I annex a Table as formerly, showing the amount of assist-
ance received since the last report.

Dasystoma Salicella

Adela Siilzella

Nemotois Fasciellus ....

Micropteryx unimaculella
sp.?
„ Sparmannella

,, Subpurpurella

>> )'

,, Allionella ..

Depressaria Culcitella ,

,, Astrantise ..

Gelechia Fischerella . . . . ,
„ iEthiops

Burney . . .
Miihlig . .,
Schmid ..
Wilkinson
Healy ....
Hofmann. .
Wilkinson
Hofmann. ,
Wilkinson
Hofmann. ,
Hofmann..
Zeller ...,
Wilkinson

l2

■a

1

1

1

.^1

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•50

•25

•50

•25

,.

•25

•50

, ,

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

148

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA.

Gelechia Cauligenella Schmid .

Harpella Majorella Fologne .

fficophora flavifrontella Wilkinson

Glyphipteryx Fischeriella Wilkinson

Gracilaria Pavoniella Frey

Ornix Fagi vora Frey

Coleophora Musculella jMiihlig . .

„ Gallipennella ? ;Hofmann.

Stagmatophora albiapicella Hofmann.

Elachista bifasciella 'Fritzsche

Lithocolletis distentella 'Mlihlig . .

„ Comparella IScott ...

Bucculatrix Boyerella .Schmid .

Parasia paucipunctella Hofmann .

Coleophora lineariella i Hofmann .

Gracilaria Imperialella j Hofmann .

•d

s

v.

O V

to

a

c

c^

Q

m

ZD

i4

•50

•25

•25

"

••

•25
•25

•50

•25

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

•25

•25

•25

1

,,

•25

-.

••

••

•25

•50

•25

•25

•50

■25

•25

-.0

•25

•25

The last three entries refer to larvae received in 1860, but
which were not then specifically known. Those larvae
received in 1861, of which the names are quite problematical,
stand over in like manner till our next year's statement.

We shall be glad to hear from contributors who detect any
errors in this Table.

The summary yields the following results

Hofmann 7-75

W^ilkinson 475

Miihlig 2-25

Schmid 2-25

Frey 1^25

Fritzsche 1*

Healy .
Burney
Fologne
Scott ..
Zeller . .

•75

•25

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA.

149

The total awards to this time being:—

HOFMANN 30"

MiiHLiG 2i-75

Frey 22-

Wilkinson 2025

SCHMID 20-

Scott 14-

Boyd S-25

Gregson 5'

Douglas 4-75

Edleston 4-

Zeller 3'50

Wailes 3-25

Bond \

Parfitt J

Milliere

Harding, H. J.. . . .

Fologne ~)

Healy J

Brockholes . .

Brown, T

Law

Logan

Vaughan ....
Winter, W. . .

2-75

2-
1-75

1-50

1-25

Fritzsche . ,
Hellins ...
V. Heyden .,
Machin . . . ,
Miller . . . ,

Sang

Boll

Cooper .. ,
Simmons . ,
Crump ...
M'Lachlan
Staudinger.
Beaumont
Chappell
Drane . . . .
Fletciier ..
Harding, G.
Lederer . .
Newnham
Sayer ....
Shield ....
Wildman

iiii}

•75

■50

V -25

Owing to the decease of Herr Grabow and Monsieur
Bruand, we reo:ret to have to omit their names from our list.

( 150 }

ON HEMIPTERA, COMMONLY CALLED BUGS.
By Johx Scott.

" It is a familiar beast to man, and signifies love."

Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I., scene 1.

Can it be that the familiarity of the one has bred contempt
for all the others ? If so, on -what grounds ? and will any
one say why it is they should not be as thoroughly known
to us as other branches of Natural history ? Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera have been and are hunted after to such an
extent that everybody knows something about them. They
have been written about, and figured in so many popular
ways, that the only thing now remaining to be done is to
give a Shilling Volume depicting the undersides of the
creatures.

Why not leave for a while this track, so much trodden,
and do something in another quite as interesting ? The same
Divine mark is imprinted on all, and the necessity for the
knowledsre of the one is as essential as that for the others.
Is it the Hemipterous smell which deters ? Gardeners grow
tulips and dahlias as well as roses, and can give us as much
information on the one as the other, yet the perfume of the
former is as inferior to that of the latter as is the colouring.

Some of the bugs have no smell whatever, others give off
a rather agreeable odour, and others, again, emit a very dis-

HEMIPTERA, COMMONLY CALLED BUGS. 151

agreeable one. This, however, is only perceptible if thevare
handled while alive. It ceases with death, and there is no
necessity to touch any of them with the fingers until such is
the case.

The end of summer and autumn is the great season for
them. They are found everywhere ; and the number of
species belonging to Great Britain is at present an unascer-
tained fact. Mr. Douglas and myself are engaged on a
work intended to supply this deficiency, — for deficiency it is,
— and we desire to have the co-operation of all genuine
naturalists throughout the Islands. Our own exertions since
we took the matter in hand have been signally successful ;
but we know that a great deal more may be learned from a
distance than we are capable of working out alone ; as, for
instance, the distribution and variation of species, —whether
they are particularly partial to the same plant or plants
throughout the range of distribution, — what species are local,
and whether occurring singly or in companies. If it were
possible — and indeed what Mr. Douglas and myself most
desire — to have the assistance of some one in each county,
the value of our undertaking would be amazingly increased.
Large tracts of sandy country are almost certain to be very
prolific ; and indeed the very fact of there being so much
sand on the Continent, covered as it always is with many
low plants, thereby afibrding the creatures a dry shelter at
all times, is the secret, in a great measure, that renders the
doings of the naturalist a success.

For collecting, it is necessary to be provided with a net,
which can be contrived so as to answer three purposes : first^
for beating into ; second, for sweeping the herbage, heath,
&c. ; and thirds for water purposes, as there are many
species to be found in ponds, some of them familiarly known
by the cognomens of " Boatmen," " Toe-biters," ** Water-

152 . HEMIPTERA,

watchers," &c. These wriggle about in the net much after
the fashion of water-beetles.

Excepting the Pentatomklce (cut in five ways, or re-
sembling a shield), and a ^QVi- other genera, bugs are very
active in the hot sunshine, and require some adroitness in
capturing them. The Capsidce, for instance, no sooner feel
themselves beat or swept into your net, than they raise their
wino^ and are off ao;ain at once.

The Saldulce also, found for the most part on the sandy
or gravelly edges of pools, are exceedingly difficult to lay
hold of. They are oval in shape, with very prominent eyes,
and leap out of sight on the least apprehension of danger.

Like the moths and beetles, bugs, too, have their repre-
sentatives in ants' nests ; but in this country we know next
to nothing what these are. What a grand chance is here
afforded to those who dwell in the North, and visit such
places as Rannoch, where ants' nests are worth calling so !

I remember, when staying there, how surprised I was at
seeing such huge things piled up at the roots of almost every
fir tree, the trunks swarming with the creatures passing up
and down in long files, this one bearing a leaf, that a piece
of bark ; and then the curious crackling noise emitted from
the thousands on the surfaces of the nests, a heaving mass
working: with the o-reatest excitement : but I knew nothing
of bugs then, or I might have reaped a rich harvest.

Another feature worth mentioning in the bugs is this, —
unlike moths or beetles, their forms during their trans-
formations retain all the characters of the perfect insects,
except the wings.

Very delicate species, such as BerytuSy Neides, Ploiaria,
&c., — these are gnat-like creatures,— we put singly into pill-
boxes ; all the others we "bottle." A phial containing a
few bruised leaves, or a drop or two of benzine, with some

COMMONLY CALLED BUGS. 153

pieces of blotting-paper so as nearly to fill it and prevent
them shaking about, is the general receptacle. Their an-
tennae and legs are very delicate, and require the nicest
manipulation, or it will be found difficult to set out a perfect
creature. After they have lain for about twenty-four hours
in the phial, they will be found to have lost all the rigidity
occasioned by the death to which they have been subjected,
and are then ready for setting.

We never pin any of them, large or small, but card all
species. The gum used is the same as for beetles, viz.
Tragacanth. One specimen, at least, we set out with the
wings expanded, another showing the underside, and the
remainder of each species in the ordinary way. On the Con-
tinent the Semiptera have won the sympathies of famous
men, such as Baerensprung, Dohrn, Fieber and Flor as well
as others, and we sincerely hope they will find admirers other
than ourselves here. They were sent for our instruction, and
what He has created is surely not beneath us to study.
There is more than beauty in them, and it only remains hidden
and in obscurity because of the unwillingness to give them
the attention they merit, and thereby place them in the niches
intended for their reception, and for which their forms and
robes have been specially designed. Our own ignorance
only becomes the more apparent as we turn over leaf after
leaf of the book of nature. New sights are unveiled and
we wonder that such things are and should have escaped our
observation hitherto.

I would here call attention to some of the apparently
scarcer species which we wish to obtain, as also notices of
their times of appearance, locality and other general infor-
mation relating thereto. The places where they are found,
and the plants, &c. to which they are attached, are those
quoted by Fieber in his late work j but with the exception of

154

one or two cases he does not mention the months in which
they occur. A great omission in a work otherwise of so
much value.

Tetyra Hottentotta, Fab. On grassy banks and under
various plants singly.

lliyreocoris scarabceoides, Linn. Under the leaves of
bushes and on grassy hedge banks.

Coptosoma globus, Fab. On Coronilla varia. Not a
British plant ; probably to be found on some of its allies.

^Ua acuminata^ Linn, (not Curtis). In grassy places
and on various plants, also on the ears of corn.

Eysarcoris pusilluSj Panz. On what and at what time ?

Pentatoma baccarum, Linn. On various plants and
bushes.

Pentatoma lynx, Fab. On Verbascum, 3Iedicago saliva,
Fragaria, Artemisia campestris. Sand-hills and the cre-
vices of old buildings.

Pentatoma junipenna, Linn. Upon junipers.

Pentatoma sphacelata, Fab. On Verbascum.

Rhaphigaster grisea, Fab. On birches and in gardens
on various plants.

Asopus punctatus, Linn. Upon felled timber and young
birches.

A7'ma custos, Fab. On what and when ?

Jalla dumosa, Linn. Stony places — under the leaves of
nut bushes in the autumn, also on Pteris aquilina.

Atr actus spinipes, Fall. Under the leaves of the after
growth of lime trees in the autumn, also on bushes.

Rhopalus crassicornis, Linn. Upon sorrel on grassy
hedges and on felled timber.

Rhopalus tigrinus, Schill. Singly upon grassy hillocks
and on felled timber.

COMMONLY CALLED BUGS. 155

JRhopalus magnicornisj Fab. Not uncommon on dry
sorrel on grassy hedge-banks, also on felled timber.

Rhopalus maculatuSy Fieb. On what and when ?

Metatropis rufescens^ Fieb. On what and when?

LygcBus equestriSf Linn. On Seseli hippomarathrum
and Asclepias vincetoxicum, and sunning itself upon stones
in the spring. Neither of the plants named are British, but
Seseli lihanotis, or mountain meadow saxifrage, is found in
Cambridgeshire.

Lygmus familiarisj Fab. On grassy slopes.

Lygceus pujictum, Fab. On rocks in sunny places.

Rhyparochromus Echii, Panz. On stony, sunny hills
under leaves, in grass tufts and under stones.

Rhyparochromus quadratusy Fab. On sandy places and
upon sunny hills.

Rhyparochromus marghiepunctatiis, Wolff. Singly in
sandy places, upon hills, under low plants. Thymus, Erica,
&c.

Rhyparochromus varius, Wolff. In sandy places under
low plants. Frequently under Herniaria (rupture wort), of
which we have one species in Britain, viz., H. glabra. It
is found in Lincolnshire, Suffolk, Cornwall and Kerry, but
it is very rare.

Rhyparochromus luscus, Fab. Under fallen leaves, on
plants and at roots of trees frequently. Found throughout
the whole year.

Rhyparochromiis luniger, S chill. In sandy places.

Pilophorus clavatus^ Linn. On small willows, alders and
oaks.

Dercecoris scriptus, Fab. Upon Eryngium campestre.

Laccometopus clavicornis, Linn. Between stunted leaves
and in the calices of Teucrium chamcedrys. A rare plant,
found on ruined walls and dry banks.

1
156 HEMIPTERA, j

Derephysia crisfata, Panz. Singly under fallen oak •
leaves ; also upon grass in summer.

Munanthia scapula7'is, Fieb. On sandy places under
Senecio Jacobcea. <

Campylosteira hrachycera^ Fieb. On sunny hills under '
moss and Cenonryce (lichen). •

Tingis pyri, Geoff". In gardens upon the leaves of pear '
trees.

Tingis spinifrons, Fall. Upon sandy places under At- I
temisia campestris ; in companies at the roots of grass ; and |
singly upon sorrel.

DESCRIPTION OF A HEMIPTEROUS INSECT i

NEW TO BRITAIN.— Fig. 6.

Genus Metatropis, Fieb. •;

Berytus, H.-Sch., Burm., Gorsk. «

Neides, Spinola. \

Head small, somewhat heart-shaped. Thorax rising gra- [

dually and widening out until it reaches the hinder angles. \

Abdomen long, narrow and lanceolate. Legs and antennae j

very long and slender. The basal joint of the latter and the |

apices of all the thighs clubbed. The first joint of the an- i

tennae longest; the second joint scarcely half the length of i

the first; the third joint a little over half the length of the i

first ; the fourth joint spindle-shaped, and about as long as ,

the second. j

Metatropis rufescens, H.-Sch., Fieb. !

Berytus eleganSy^wrm . '.

Berytus annulatus, Gorsk. !

Neides Sieberi, Spin. !
Ramea^ Am. Mon. sp. 90.

Length 4 — 4| lines. Reddish-yellow or brown. Head '

and thorax deeply punctured. The three first joints of the ;

COMMONLY CALLED BUGS. 157

antennae pale reddish-yellow. The two first with large black
spots of unequal size, distributed irregularly throughout their*
entire length ; the first joint having also a broad black ring
before the apex. The fourth joint black, with the exception
of the apex, which is reddish-yellow. Head with two lon-
gitudinal channels. Thorax with a dorsal ridge. Eyes
small, black. Behind the eyes is a deep transverse channel,
beyond which are placed the ocelli of a clear, shining red
colour. Thorax in front with two somewhat rounded eleva-
tions ; the sides wrinkled ; the shoulder angles and dorsal
ridge, terminating in bhmted dentate processes. Scutellum
small, convex, triangular. Hemielytra flat, narrowing
gradually from the base until beyond the third pair of legs,
when they again widen out until they reach the termination
of the corium (or leathery portion) on the costal edge, at
which part they are widest. The ribs of the corium very
strong ; the cells somewhat opaline. Membrane rather iri-
descent. Thighs and tibia? spotted with black ; the former
with a broad black ring before the apex ; and the extreme
tip of the latter also black. The claws, basal and tip of the
anti-penultimate joints of the tarsi black.

This genus is closely allied to 3fetacanthus, which it very
much resembles.

The specimen from which I have made the description was
captured by T. V. WoUaston, Esq., some years ago at Pang-
bourne, Berkshire, and is unique.

( 158 )

NEW WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. j

I

By the Editor. j

I

This Volume has already exceeded its usual limits, and we
must therefore restrict ourselves to enumerating the Titles of
some of the Publications received during the past year.

CATALOG DER LEPIDOPTEREN EUROPA'S \
und der angrenzenden Lander. I. Macro-Lepidoptera, bear- j
beitet von Dr. O. Staudixger. II. Macro-Lepidoptera, '
bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wocke. Dresden : bei Dr. O. ■
Staudinger, und in der konigl. Hofbuchandlung von j
Hermann Burdach. September, 1861. Price 4^. i

CATALOGUE METHODIQUE DES LEPIDO-

PTERES D'EUROPE pouvant etre employe comme ,

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1861. Paris : chez A. Deyrolle, Xaturaliste, 19, Rue de \

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I
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NEW WORKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. 159

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&c., and of the Books published from 1846 to 1861. By
J. Victor Carus, Professor of Comparative Anatomy,
Leipzig, and William Engelmann. Leipzig : Engel-
MANN. London : Williams & Norgate. 2 vols.
Price 305.

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Druck und Verlag von G. J. Manz.

" Icli werde meia Correspondenzblatt in seiner gegenwiirtigen
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litt. 30, 11, 61).

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA. Vol.
VI., containing: Depressaria, Part 1. With 8 Coloured
Plates. Price 12^. 6d. London : John Van Voorst,
Paternoster Row.

The next volume of this Work (Vol. VII.) will contain 12 of
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160 NEW WORKS ON. ENTOMOLOGY.

NEUE SCHMETTEHLINGE AUS EUROPA und

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Regensburg: G. J. Manz.

Three Parts have now appeared. This Work may be considered
as supplementary to Herrieh-SchafFer's great AVork, and is no
doubt intended to contain descriptions and figures of all the new
species as they are turned up.

Part I. contains 9 Plates, published in 1856.

Part II. „ 9 Plates, „ I860.

Part III. „ 8 Plates, „ 1861.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Neuroptera.

Synopsis of the British Ephemeridae. By Dr. Hagen .. 1

Lepidoptera.

Some Remarks on the Species of the Genus Nepticula. By

H. VON Heinemann, of Brunswick .. .. ..36

Notes on some of the Genus Eupithecia. By the Rev.

H. H.Crewe, M.A 116

New British Species and Captures of Rarities in 1862. By

the Editor 147

Hymenoptera.

Notes on Hymenoptera. By Frederick Smith .. .. 51

COLEOPTERA.

New British Species, Corrections of Nomenclature, &c.,
noticed since the publication of the Entomologist's Annual,
1861. ByE. C. Rye 65

Trichoptera.

Notes on British Trichoptera, with Description of a New
Species of Rhyacophila. By R. M'Lachlan, F.L.S. .. 129

Notes on North American Phryganidse, with especial refer-
ence to those contained in the Collection of the British
Museum. By R. M'Lachlan, F.L.S 155

Hemiptera.

Additions to the Fauna of Great Britain, and Descriptions of
two new Species. By John Scott .. .. .. 139

Addresses of Entomologists .. .. .. .. .. 164

EXPLANATIOX OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Trichonijx sulcicollis, Reichenbach, see page 110.

2. Ptinella Proteus, Matthews, see page 104.

3. Toxocampa Cracca, Wiener Verzeichniss, see page 148.

4. Trapezonotus distinctus, Douglas and Scott, see page 145.

5. Orthostira concinna, Douglas and Scott, see page 143.

6. Rhyacophila munda, M'Lachlan, see page 135.
6*. Upper margin of anal segment of R. munda.
6**. Side view of apex of append, of R. munda.

7. Upper margin of anal segment of Rhyacophila ohliterata,

M'Lachlan, see page 134.
7*. Side view of apex of append, of Rhyacophila ohliterata^
M'Lachlan, see page 134.

8. Pu^a of Micropteryx, side view ; 8*. Front view; S**. Natural

size, see page 153.

ERRATA,

Page oZ, omit the first paragraph about Wasps which relates to 1861,
and read —
^Ir. Bold writes me that " Wasps have been very scarce this year ;
where they were abundant in Cumberland last season, scarcely one was
to be found when I was there in May, and in the beginning of October
I did not see half-a-dozen."

a2

NEUROPTERA.

Synopsis of the British Ephemerid^.
By Dr. Hagex.

EPHEMERID.E.

Body long and narrow ; head rather small, but little broader
than long ; antennas slender, short, pointed ; with two short
thicker basal joints and a fine bristle of greater length. Eyes
generally large, of very different forms in the two sexes, but
always further apart and smaller in the females, in the males
sometimes very large, conical and placed near together. The
males in two genera have double eyes, in which an upper
segment branches off either as in many Ascalaphi (Pota-
manthvs) through a lateral furrow, or in the form of a
turban-like excrescence, which is generally brightly coloured
(Cloeon). On the flat crown are the small ocelli remote
from each other. The maxillary organs are undeveloped
and unfit for eating. The prothorax is annular, sometimes
very short. The mesothorax is very large, stout and barrel-
shaped. The metathorax is small and sometimes ill-developed.
Abdomen ten-jointed, long, cylindrical or flattened, generally
attenuated towards the apex, beneath the dorsal plate of the
last segment are inserted three long, thin, many-jointed,
caudal filaments ; the middle one is sometimes longer or
shorter than the others, and in some genera or even as a
sexual character is either entirely or almost entirely wanting.
The caudal filaments in the male are always considerably
longer than those of the female, often manv times long^er
1863. B

2 NEUROPTERA.

than the body. Legs very thin and delicate, femora and
tibiae of nearly equal length ; tarsi five-jointed, at the apex
with two broad claws differing more or less in form ; the first
joint of the tarsi is generally very small. The anterior legs
of the male are considerably longer than those of the female,
sometimes as lonsf as the bodv. In the males beneath the
outer caudal filaments are two four-jointed, rather long anal
forceps, between which protrudes the well-developed cleft
penis, which difi'ers in shape according to the species. Some
of the females have a rounded egg-valve at the antepenulti-
mate abdominal plate, but in others it is wanting, and the
eggs appear to be pushed out by the disruption of the ab-
domen.

Wings four, in one genus only two are present, and the
posterior wings are wanting in individual species of other
genera. The. anterior wings are large and triangular, the
costa forming the longest side ; the posterior wings are con-
siderably smaller than the anterior wings, often almost quite
undeveloped, resembling small scales. Near the (X)sta and
almost parallel to it are two simple lons^itudinal veins, the
third is forked more or less, and supplies the entire wing with
straight veins running to the margin. Transverse veins, in
greater or less number, but never entirely wanting, connect
the longitudinal veins and form cells, which are generally
quadrangular. The apical half of the marginal field some-
times shows very irregular transverse veins and even rows of
double cells.

The colouring of the Ephevieridce is generally rather dull
and monotonous. The head and thorax are often glossy.
The colours of the abdomen are principally a more or less
dark brown or black, yellow or yellowish-red in all shades,
the belly sometimes white. The eyes are often very brightly
coloured, blood-red, blue, green or yellow. The caudal
filaments are generally paler than the body, the joints often

SYXOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 3

^vitll dark rings. The legs are generally pale, but often the
joints are darker; the anterior legs not iinfrequently are
darker than the others. The wings are generally trans-
parent and hyaline, rarely dull ; sometimes yellowish or
brownish, or with dark spots; the costa, especially towards the
apex, is often darker. The colouring in the sexes is often very
different ; the females being always the palest and having the
abdomen unicolorous, when in the male it is of different colour.

The larvae have almost the form of the imago, but yet are
generally very unlike it; they are elongate-cylindrical or
flattened, sometimes anteriorly much expanded. The strongly
developed maxillary organs are adapted for carnivorous
habits. The head is much larger than in the imago ; on the
sides of the abdomen are six or seven pairs of branchial tufts
or plates ; at the apex are three caudal setag, often feathered.
The pupa is only distinguishable by the appressed triangular
winci^-cases. Pictet's beautiful work frives detailed informa-
tion on the larvae, and is the best guide for the student.

The larvffi always live in the water, are very active, power-
ful and predacious ; some genera lurk in holes in the mud at
the sides of streams, others swim freely or await their prey
under stones.

The pupae of the Ephemeridce are metamorphosed into
the winojed sub-imasfo, which in a short time again casts its
skin and appears as the perfect imago. Hence, in this way,
the Ephemeridce have one metamorphosis more than other
insects, yet some (especially the female of Palingenia longi-
caudci) always remain in the sub-imago state, and never
cast off the last skin. In the " Stettin Entomolooische
Zeitung," 1849, p. 365, I have given a detailed description
of the mechanism of this last metamorphosis. The circum-
stance, that thus for each species there are four different
winged forms (two for each sex), has much increased the

b2

4 NEUROPTERA.

difficulties of the study of these insects, and impeded the
identification of described species. Pictet first rendered the
essential service of pointing out the characters by which the
sub-imago can be distinguished from the imago ; they con-
sist in the dull membrane of the wings, the presence of
delicate fringes of hair on the margins of the wings, and the
distinct hairs on the caudal filaments. The form of the sub-
imago is analocrous to that of the imao-o, but the caudal
filaments and le^s are shorter. The colouring^ often differs
essentially ; that of the body is generally paler, with a grey-
ish tinge, that of the opaque wings is always darker, yellow,
grey or even blackish, but not bright.

The duration of the life of an Epheviera larva will in
general not exceed a year; Swammerdam suspected for the
larva of P. longicauda a duration of several years. When
about to change it appears that the pupa climbs to the sur-
face of the water, and the sub-imago swiftly escapes from the
pupa skin ; it then flies to some firm object and there changes
in a short time (sometimes not till the following day) to the
imago state. The name of these creatures indicates their
known shortness of life, but this is only correct to a limited
extent. Some genera, Palingenia, Ccenis, OUooneuria, ap-
pear towards evening, and are gone by morning ; their life
is but for a few hours. The males appear before the females ;
copulation takes place immediately whilst on the wing (the
male beneath the female), and directly afterwards the eggs
are ejected in two clusters into the water. The emission
of the eggs takes place with such force that, partly through
the disruption of the abdomen, the two ovaries appear to be
ejected with their entire contents : at least in P. virgo the
two oval bags of eggs make this credible. The circumstance
that the eggs are not poured out through the oviduct in a con-
tinuous stream, but simultaneously in two lumps one on each

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID.E. 5

side, exjDlains the use or rather the necessity of the double
penis, since each side requires to be separately fertilized.

The other genera appear to live longer ; especially those
females which meet with no opportunity of copulation can
live a long while, and Stephens notices a female of C. dip-
terum which continued ahve for three weeks. The imago
takes no food, indeed its undeveloped maxillary organs are
quite unserviceable ; its sole object is the propagation of the
species, hence speedy copulation. For the accomplishment
of this the males perform in great numbers the well-known
dancing flight ; only very rarely is there a female in such a
swarm, for directly she appears she receives proposals from
one of the numerous males, and disappears with her consort
immediately from the swarm. Generally the female is found
sitting sideways in the grass, and probably requires a longer
time to prepare her for her more important mission. The
species of the genus Palingenia^ which, by their appearance
in such numbers, hke falling snowflakes, have long attracted
the attention of observers, are wanting in England. But
even the English species of Ccenls sometimes appear in
Prussia in such quantities, that objects near the water, such
as tables or windows of houses, are covered an inch thick,
and on the Cuiische-Nehrung they are used to feed the pigs.

The best time for capturing EphemeridcE is evening and
night, especially on sultry, thundery days, but yet some
species of Potamanthus and Ej^hemera are also to be found
swarming in the air in great numbers in the morning and at
mid-day, but then they are almost all males. The free-
swimming larvje and pupse are easily netted in the water,
and these are not difficult to rear in ordinary aquariums in
which water plants are growing. The burrowing larvas (at
least Eph. vulgata) are easily found when one presses the
net along the side of the steep clay banks of ditches. I

6 NEUROPTERA.

have never tried to rear these ; probably it would be rather
difficult, since their food in sufficient quantities ought to swim
past them, whilst the free-moving larvae seek their own food.

In collections Ephemeridce can only be imperfectly pre-
served ; when pinned they lose almost entirely their colour
and markings, and their delicate abdominal skins change
their form very essentially. Neither do they keep well in
spirits of wine, their colours then going entirely. I have,
however, observed, that on taking great numbers, w^iich in
their swarms is often possible, individual specimens will
always partially preserve their forms, so that, in this way,
one may obtain by degrees approximately good specimens.
The alteration in the JEphemeridce after death is naturally
one of the main causes of the low state of our knowledge of
species. I am of opinion that this evil can only be remedied
in one way, namely, by the careful description of living
specimens, and by noticing at the same time how the same
specimens change after death. But since the males and
females are generally very different, and also the imago and
sub-imago differ essentially, this renders necessary for each
species four, and if we add thereto the dead insects, eight
separate descriptions ; a work the completion of which will
vet require considerable time, since at present we hardly
know ail the four-winged states of a dozen species, and only
possess descriptions of the living insects of single species.
Hence here there is rich unexplored field open to inves-
tigation !

One will seldom be in doubt as to the genus to which any
species should be referred, but to distinguish the species is,
on the other hand, a work of considerable difficulty, and the
differences which I have mentioned are those which are
apparent on the examination of dried cabinet specimens. In
the first place, the wings must be examined, the form and

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID.E. /

colour of which only varies very little ; unfortiinate]y these
seldom afford characters easily intelligible, yet the transverse
veins in the apical part of the marginal field are not iin-
frequently very serviceable. The legs and caudal filaments
differ in length and colouring, but are rarely so striking as
to furnish decided characters for dead specimens. The eyes
lose their form and colour almost entirely, the prothorax
and head likewise, the thorax loses at least its colour, the
abdomen generally loses entirely both form and colour ; so
that only very few characters are retained by which the
species can be recognised. The external sexual organs, that
is, the anal forceps and penis of the male, the egg-valve and
the last abdominal segment, appear to me in a number of
species to furnish differences rather easily recognisable,
althous^h these orc^ans likewise lose some of their form in
drying. Besides this uncertainty of the characters, the^'e is
still an ao'ofravatino; circumstance to be mentioned. The
sub-imago sometimes undergoes a partial metamorphosis
after being pinned, and hence specimens actually occur in
which the head and thorax, or else only the abdomen and the
caudal filaments, are freed from the skin of the sub-imago.
In the larger species such a condition is easily perceived,
but in the smaller species, which shrink more in drying,
attention must be paid to this, in order to avoid mistakes.

At any rate the species of Ephemerid<^ are considerably
more numerous than is generally supposed. I possess about
150 species, and in the collections which I have examined
there are many species which I do not possess, so that
probably at the present time there are about 250 species in
collections. AVe know comparatively few of the exotic
species, but wherever insects have been eagerly collected, a
large number of species has turned up, so that we may with
certainty calculate that at the present time we only know a

8 NEUROPTERA.

fragment of the existing species. Pictet's beautiful mono-
graph is doubtless the best work we possess on the JEphe-
meridce, and is certainly a rich source for the investigator.
Considering the scanty materials of 54 species which he
possessed, we must not complain that the descriptive portion
is frequently insufficient, especially since of 28 species he
only had before him one condition.

With respect to the English authors, I do not precisely
know what occurs in the older authors, such as Berkenhout,
Samouelle, Donovan ; but, as far as I remember, it is unim-
portant. Leach, in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 1815,
t. ix. p. 1, p. 127, divides these insects into two famihes,
Baetidce and Ephemeridce, with two and three caudal fila-
ments. The former contains two genera, Baetis (bioculatus)
with four, and Cloeon (pallida) with two wings; the latter
one genus, Ephemera (vulgata).

Curtis, Philos. Magazine, 1834, vol. 4, p. 120, describes
very briefly nineteen species ; 1 Ephemera^ 11 Ba'etis, 4
CIoeoHj 3 Brachijcerus. The last-named genus is synony-
mous with Ccenis of Stephens. In the second edition of the
Guide (1837) he enumerates fifty-six species, viz. 17 EpJie-
mera, 7 Brachycerus^ 22 Baetis, 10 Cloeon. In his British
Entomology he figures Ephemera cognata and Baetis dispar
in his usual masterly style. The types I have not examined.

Stephens describes (1835), Illustrations, Mandibulata,
vol. 6, p. bOy the fifty species already enumerated in his
Catalogue, and figures three of them. His descriptions are
very short and unsatisfactory, and, as he observes at p. 62,
some of the insects were much injured by damp. The
Curtisian types were not compared by him, and six species
were only taken from the Curtisian descriptions. Of the
sixteen species placed in the genus Ephemera, only the two
first belong thereto, the remainder to Potamanthus, some

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 9

even to Baetis and CloeoUy although the presence of three
caudal filaments is expressly given as the generic character.
The genus Ccenis with seven species is divided by Stephens
into two sections, with long or short (^Brachycerus) caudal
filaments. That this character was only sexual seems to
have escaped him. Baetis includes eighteen species, of
which, however, the eight last wdtli faint venation belong to
Cloeon. Finally, in Clo'eon he has eight species.

My comparison of the types has admitted of a consider-
able reduction of species, but I fear I may thereby have
committed mistakes. The investigation of the species is the
more difficult, as the types are not labelled according to the
Illustrations but accordinsf to the Cataloo;ue, and some of
them do not agree with the descriptions.

Westwood in his Introduction gives a masterly sketch of
the families and their habits. In the Synopsis he enu-
merates fifty-six species, namely, 6 Ephemera, 10 Lepto-
phlebia (^Potamanthus), 23 Baetu, 5 Brachycerus, 2 CcBtiis,
10 Clo'eon. Walker in the British Museum Catalogue de-
scribes no new English species.

In working out this synopsis I have carefully compared
the species in my collection with the existing descriptions,
and have arrived at the conviction that our knowledge (or
at any rate mine) of the Ephemeridce is still very defective.
Instead of the fifty-six species hitherto recorded as British,
I can only make out the trifling number of twenty-five.
I am sure that England possesses a considerably greater
number of species, and probably on a more careful investi-
gation of the types some of my reductions would be found
to be incorrect. My work only represents the state of my
knowledge of this remarkable family. I have, however,
endeavoured to avoid errors as far as possible, and have
therefore, when practicable, always made the descriptions

10 NEUROPTERA.

from English specimens. A number of species, kindly com-
municated by Mr. Francis Walker, has been of essential aid
to me. It is to be hoped that English investigators will soon
be incited to fill up the existing gaps.

CtENIS, Stephens.
(Brachycerus, Curtis; Oxycypha, Burmeister.)

Head short, broad ; eyes simple, small, far apart ; thorax
long and thick ; wings large, almost without transverse
veins, fringed at the hind margin and at the base ; posterior
wings wanting. Abdomen short, conical ; in the male with
small lateral anal forceps ; in the female a large oval egg-
valve; in the male with three very long caudal filaments,
the middle one always the lonirest; in the female short,
feathered near the base, at the tip with a stout tuft of hair
(this peculiarity is observable in the sub-imago in both sexes) ;
penis of the male large, double, invertedly triangular ; the
claws of the tarsi replaced by two large quadrate lobes.

Larva and pupa unknown. I once bred the perfect insect,
but unfortunately without having observed the larva. They
live in stagnant water which has clayey banks, and probably
belong to the tribe of burrowing larvae. The sub-imago
only diff'ers from the imago by the duller colour, shorter legs
and caudal filaments, and hairy wings. It appears in mul-
titudes in the middle of summer towards evening, especially
on thundery evenings, immediately moults, then copulates
and dies in the course of the night. The small yellowish
eggs are deposited in two large lumps.

1. C. MACRURA, Shephens, Tllust. p. 60, l,pl. 29, fig. 1, ^ .

Imago. Head, thorax and base of the antenna? shining

dark black-brown : abdomen and the entire underside

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID.E. 11

dark pitchy-brown ; antennal bristle and caudal fila-
ments grey ; legs pale-brown ; anterior legs grey ;
Avings transparent milky-white ; the two costal ner-
vures black-brown, the basal half darkest. The
colouring of the female is only a little paler -, caudal
filaments white, feathered for some distance, the base
rather darker.
Length of the body IJ lines; expansion of the wings

4^ lines; setae ^ 7 lines, ? H lines.
Habitat near London, in June.
The description is made from a pair communicated to me
by Mr. "Walker. Stephens says, "filaments faintly dotted
with fuscous," which probably only arises from the darker
parts of the joints. Probably this is identical with C, luc-
tiiosa, Burmeister, Pictet; but my specimens from Nice are
rather smaller, and show distinctly the black spot at the
tarsal joints mentioned by Pictet ; this scarcely appears to
be represented in the English specmiens.

2. C. HALTERATA, F. ; C. gi'isea, Pict. ; C. chironoforinis,
Steph. 62, 6, ? imago ; Curtis, Phil. Mag. 122, 2.

Imago. Head and thorax shining pale-brown ; antennae
grey, the base darker ; the antennae of the female quite
dark-grey ; mesothorax anteriorly gently sloping ; ab-
domen beneath yellowish, above brown-grey, with
indistinct black transverse streaks from the stio^ma :
legs white, the anterior legs greyish ; anterior femora
of the male dark grey, blackish at the joint, tibiae and
tarsi snow-white, with the tips rather darker; caudal
filaments white. Wings hyaline ; the two costal ner-
vures black-brown nearly to the apex.

Length of the body $ 1|, ? 2j lines ; expansion of
the wings $ 4|, ? 5f lines; setae $ 7A, ? 2 J lines.

12 NEUROPTERA.

Sub-imago unknown. The description is made from living
specimens from Prussia : the type of Stephens' C. chirono-
formis, has been compared with them and is identical ; the
specimens of Curtis I have not seen, but the description is
not discordant. C. interrupta, Stephens, 62, 7, is wanting
in Stephens' collection j it is a female, and should probably
be referred here.

Habitat London, Bath (Stephens).

A male sub-imago from England probably belongs to this
or the preceding species ; according to the colouring it agrees
with C. halterata, yet 1 received it with the described speci-
mens of C. macrura,

3. C. DiMiDiATA, Stephens, 61,2, $ imago; C. pemiataj
Stephens, 61, 5, $ imago; C, brevicaiida, Stephens,
61,3, ? sub-imago; ? C. minima, Curt. Phil. Mag.
122, 3.
Imago. Head and thorax brown (when alive violet-
grey) ; antennae white ; mesothorax anteriorly steeply
sloping; abdomen grey-brown, the terminal half
white; caudal filaments white; legs white; the ante-
rior legs grey ; wings narrow, hyaline, the costal
veins black-brown to near the apex, the basal half
darkest.
Length of the body $ 1|, 9 1^ hues; expansion of the

wings ^ 3|, 2 5 lines ; setae, ^ 6, 2 1| hues.

Sub-imago similar throughout to the imago ; the colours

duller; the wings dim greyish-white, darker towards

the base.

This species is readily distinguished by the white colour of

the tip of the abdomen, which occupies 3 or 4 segments, and

is strongly contrasted with the dark colour of the base. The

description is made from living specimens from Prussia,

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID.E. 13

which have been compared with the types of the three
species mentioned by Stephens. In C. dimidiatay Stephens
says (head and thorax) "pitchy-black." I have observed
differences in the colouring and met with some darker speci-
mens, but never ** pitchy-black." Stephens does not mention
the dark base of the abdomen. Since his description was
made from dead specimens, these two circumstances are not
sufficient to prevent our uniting the species. The same re-
mark may be made with regard to C.pennata, and although
he here mentions a sub-imago, the description of C. brevi-
cauda appears to suit very well for the female sub-imago.
Curtis's description of C. viiiiima is too short to decide on
the species ; it is very possible it belongs here.

Habitat London, Hertford, in June ; Cambridge, Whittle-
sea Mere, in July.

The circumstance that C. hrevicauda and interjnipta are
found in the same localities and at the same time does not
prove anything for an identity of the species ; since C. haU
terata and dimidiata fly simultaneously in Prussia in the
same localities.

C. Harrisella, Curt. Phil. Mag. 122,1; Steph. 61, 4;
is only made out from Harris's figure. Exposition, pi. 6,
f. 3. Harris figures a female sub-imago, which, according
to the size given, belongs to C. halter ata.

The genus Palingenia, Burmeister, has simple eyes, four
dull wings with numerous transverse veins, three caudal
filaments, the middle one very short. The two European
species, P. longicauda and virgo, live in large sluggish
streams, whence they seem to be excluded from the English
Fauna ; moreover both species, by their size, their colouring
and their generally abundant occurrence, are so remarkable

14 NEUROPTERA.

that they could hardly have escaped the observation of
English naturalists.

EPHEMERA, Linne.

Head moderately broad ; eyes simple, semi-conical, rather
large, far apart ; wings four, with numerous transverse veins ;
the anal forceps of the male is long and four-jointed; the
penis is double, like a fork; egg-valve hardly present; three
long caudal filaments of equal length ; the first tarsal joint
very short.

Larva long, round ; head two-pointed ; mandibles ensiform.
curved upwards. Legs flat, the anterior legs fitted for bur-
rowing, on each side are six tufts of branchiae.

The larvae live in the banks of sluggish streams.

L E. VULGATA, Linne; Stephens, 55, 1.

Imago. Head and thorax shining dark black-brown ;
mouth beneath yellow ; antennae black-brown, the
apex of the bristle whitish; abdomen yellowish-
brown, with two black longitudinal streaks on the
back, these expand externally at the base of each
segment, so as to form a row of triangular spots ;
between these streaks are two black longitudinal
streaks on each segment; anal forceps yellowish-
brown; caudal filaments of the same colour, the
joints annulated a little darker; legs yellowish-brown ;
fernora and tibiae of the anterior legs black. Wings
smoky-brown, with a hyaline spot at the base, trans-
vej'se veins generally margined with brown ; marginal
field of the anterior wings and a broader mai'gin on
the posterior wings darker; in the middle of the
anterior wings near the costa are three or four qua-
drate brown spots, and a single one near the base ; in

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID.E. 15

the middle of the posterior wings is generally a minute
dark spot.
Female similar, but of paler colours ) the middle of the
head and the middle and sides of the prothorax rusty"
yellow ; abdomen paler ; the black streaks remain
straight, and do not expand into triangular spots ; the
colouring of the wings is essentially paler than in the
male, and the spots more indistinct.
Length of the body ^ 7, $ 9^ hues; expansion of the

wings $ 15, $ 20 lines ; setae $ 15^, 2 12 lines.
Sub-imago similar to the imago throughout, only the
genei'al colouring has a dull grey tinge, the caudal
filaments are black. Stephens rightly observes that
the colouring of E. vidyata is very variable, the costa
and wings especially are more or less dark. Pictet's
E. Danica should be referred to E. vulgata.
This description is made from Prussian specimens
which have been compared with the Stephensian
types.
Habitat near London, common (" the May Fly").
In comparison with the abundance of the males, one rarely
meets with the female ; she does not share the mazy dance of
the males, but sits solitarily on the grass.

I know also one female English sub-imago of the pale
variety which Pictet figures, pi. 7, f. 2, but I am not yet
certain whether it should not form a distinct species.

2. E. Daxica, Miiller; E. cognata, Stephens, 56, 2;
Curtis, Brit. Entom. fol. 708, $ imago ; Colhnson,
Philosoph. Transactions, 1746, pi. 44, p. 363 — 366,

%•

Imago. Head and antennas black; mouth beneath
yellow ; prothorax ferruginous, on each side with a

16 NEUROPTERA.

broad black stripe ; mesothorax shining black ; ab-
domen whitish-yellow, dark brown at the base and at
the tip ; each of the pale segments has on each side a
black hne on the back and on the belly ; anal forceps
brown ; caudal filaments dark brown, the joints annu-
lated with black ; legs yellowish, the joints and tarsi
blackish ; the anterior legs black-brown ; wings as
in E. vulgafa, but generally paler, with the transverse
veins maro:ined with darker brown, whence thev have
a ver}' different appearance.

Female similar; the abdomen yellow above, with a
wavy, black, longitudinal streak on each side ; the tip
of the abdomen yellow, with two thick black central
stripes on each segment ; the anterior legs and wings
are paler than in the male.

Length of the body <J 7, 2 8| lines ; expansion of the
wings ^ 15, $ 20| Hues ; setae $ 17, S 12 lines.

Sub-imago similar to the imago, but with the same
differences as in E. vulgata.

Habitat near London, common.
This description is made from English specimens.

3. E. GLAUCOPS, Pictet, Ephem. 132, 3, tab. 8, f. 1—3.

Imago. Pale fawn-colour ; prothorax with two lateral
brown spots ; mesothorax with red streaks ; abdomen
with black streaks ; eyes blue ; wings hyaHne, with
brownish margins, the hind wings rather darker;
venation pale brown, the second longitudinal vein
darker ; spots as in E. Danica, but paler ; legs
yellow ; caudal filaments yellow, with black annula-
tions.

The female is paler.

Length of the body ^ 8, ? 7| lines; expansion of the
wings ^ 14, ? 15 lines; setae ^ 8, ? 6| lines.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 17

Sub-imago straw-yellow ; mesothorax and metathorax
with a black stripe on each side, which have between
them a rhomboidal spot ; wings dull yellowish-grey,
with a few dark spots in the middle.
Habitat London.
Stephens probably united this species with E. vuJgata ;
I have before me only two English specimens of the sub-
imago.

POTAMANTHUS, Stephens.
(Ephbmbra, Stephens (partim) -J Baetis, Stephens (partim).

Head rather small ; eyes of the male double, large, far
apart ; wings four, unspotted, with numerous fine,
transverse veins; males with four-jointed anal forceps;
penis double; egg-valve long; three long caudal
filaments of equal length ; first tarsal joint very short.

Larva short, roundish ; maxillarv oro^ans and leo:s slig^ht ;
on each side are six branchial plates, sometimes with
branchial setse ; three long caudal filaments.
The larva swims freely ; at least some of them do so, and
occurs in stas^nant water or sluo-crish streams.

1. p. marginatus, L., Zetterstedt ; Eph. stigma^ Stephens,
56, 3, $ imago; E2)h. talcosa, Stephens, 57, 4, $
imago.
Imago. Head and thorax shining black ; abdomen
dark brown, the posterior segments with pale annula-
tions ; caudal filaments brown ; legs yellowish-brown ;
the joints darker; anterior legs black-brown, the tarsi
brov.n. Wings hyaline, the apical half and the costa
rather smoky, the apical third of the marginal field
brown, with rows of irregular double cells ; venation
yellowish-brown ; anal forceps pale brown.
1863. c

18 . NEUROPTERA.

Female similar to the male, but the anterior wings with
very little colouring, the smoky tint being almost
entirely wanting; the apex of the marginal field is
slightly tinged with brown, the large oval whitish
egg-valve extends beyond the anus, and is cleft nearly
to its base.
Length of the body ^ 4f , 2 5 lines ; expansion of the

wings $ 10^, $ 11| ; setas ^- 11 ; 2 6J lines.
Sub-imago. The colouring is black, with a dull grey
tint, only the four posterior legs and the anal forceps
are pale brown ; wings unicolorous, grey, the veins
margined, and hence appearing darker; the marginal
field of the anterior wings, especially towards the
apex, is darker; the posterior wings only a little
paler.
Habitat England.
Stephens' descriptions are made from female specimens of
unknown locality, my description from Prussian specimens
which I have compared with the types, and from an English
sub-imago.

Of this species, which is so very common in the north of
Europe, one very rarely finds a female amongst the swarms
of males. I have bred this species. JP. marginatus, Pictet,
is a distinct species.

2. P. Geerii, Pictet; Ejih. disjja?', Stephens, 58, 8, $
imago and sub-imago ; JEph, suhmarginataj Stephens,
58, 7, 2 imago.
Imago. Head and thorax shining black; abdomen
black-brown at the base and tip ; the 3rd to 6th
joints pale brown ; caudal filaments yellowish, the
joints annulated with brownish ; anal forceps pale ;
legs pale brown, femora and tibiae of the anterior legs

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 19

dark brown ; wings and venation hyaline, the lon-
gitudinal veins of the anterior wings yellowish ; apex
of the marginal field with some furcate veins.
Female similar to the male, but the abdomen unicolorous
brown ; the large egg-valve projects beyond the anus,
and is divided by a fissure in half its length into two
triangular sharp points.
Length of the body $ 4|, 2 5 lines; expansion of the

wings $ 10, $ lOJ lines; setae $ 11, $ 45 lines.
Sub-imago blackish-grey; wings grey, the dark mar-
gined veins give them a banded and chequered ap-
pearance. In the middle of the anterior wings are
a few larger white spots, which arise from the absence
in those places of transverse veins.
Habitat near London in July, not scarce.
This description is made from Prussian specimens which
I have compared with the types ; I have English specimens
only of the sub-imago.

Pictet's dimensions are not accurate, especially those given
for the caudal filaments.

? 3. P. DiLUTUS, Stephens ; Eph. diluta, Stephens, 58, 10.
The type is wanting; according to the description I ima-
gine the species must be a female PotamanthuSj commg near
to the preceding in colouring and size ; one can hardly hope
to indentify the species with certainty.

4. P. Fuscus, Stephens ; Eph. fusca, Stephens, 58, 9,

$ imago ; Curtis, Phil. Mag. 120, 7 ; Eph. rufescens,

Stephens, 59, 12, ^, 2 imago; Eph. rosea, Stephens,

59, 13, $ , 2 imago.

Bactis ohsciircij Stephens ( = Eph. rosea), Qb, 9, 2 imago.

c2

20 NEUROPTERA.

On a comparison of the types I have noted their identity
as above ; the description is made from Enghsh specimens
which have not been compared with the types. P, hrunneus,
Pictet, Ephem. 217, 6, tab. 27.

Imago. Head and thorax shining pitchy-black ; abdo-
men brown, the middle segments rather paler in the
middle at the base ; anal forceps brown ; caudal fila-
ments pale, the joints with darker annulations ; legs
pale-yellow, the anterior legs brown, the femora black.
Wings hyaline ; the posterior very small ; venation
very fine, the veins near the costa yellowish, in the
apex of the marginal field are six straight, rather
darker transverse veins.
Female similar to the male ; egg- valve quadrate, a rec-
tangular incision goes more than half the length and
makes it two-pointed.
Length of the body ^ 2|, $ 3 fines ; expansion of the

wings ^ 6|, 2 6| lines ; setae <J 5|, $ 4J fines.
Habitat Hertford in June.

The description of Ephemera fusca suits very well. Ejih.
rosea is probably discoloured ; B. obscura certainly appears
to belong here. With reference to Ephemera rufescens^
comparison should be made with P. erythrojyhthalmus,

5. P. ci>XTUs, De Geer; Pictet, Ephem. 219, 7, tab. 28;
Ej^h. diLbittf Stephens, 59, 15 ^.
Imago. Head and thorax shining black-brown ; the
upper segment of the eyes red ; abdomen snow-white,
the first and the three last segments black ; anal for-
ceps and caudal filaments white ; legs white ; femora
of the anterior legs and the tips of the tibiae black-
brown ; wings hyaline, the posterior very small ; vena-

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 21

tion very delicate, some straight transverse veins at

the apex of the marginal field.
Length of the body $ 3| lines; expansion of the wings

$ 4| lines ; setae $ 3J lines.
Habitat near London.
The description is made from English specimens.

6. P. ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Schrank ; Pictet, Ephem.
p. 222, 8, tab. 29 and 30 ; Eph. riifescens, Stephens,
59, 12, $, 2 imago.

Imago. Head and thorax reddish-brown ; on the side
of the mesothorax is a sort of yellowish stripe ; abdo-
men reddish, the tips of the segments with a darker
transverse streak ; caudal filaments pale yellow, the
joints annulated with brownish-red ; penis pale brown,
of the form of a narrow oblong plate, the apex with
a triangular excision ; legs yellowish, the anterior pair
darker. Wings hyaline, the marginal veins yellowish ;
apical field with oblique veins and a row of double
cells ; the row of cells next the margin much smaller
than the others.

Female very similar to the male, but the abdomen uni-
colorous and darker ; egg- valve projecting beyond the
anus, large, oval, the apex slightly emarginate.

Length of the body $ 3|, 2 3| lines; expansion of the
wings ^ 8|, 2 8 lines; setae $ 5|, 2 3| lines.

Sub- imago entirely yellowish-grey ; the caudal filaments
distinctly annulated with darker; wings unicolorous
ashy-grey.

Habitat near London.
Pictet refers Stephens' Ephemera rvfescens to this species,
and probably he is right ; when I vras examining the Stephen-
sian types, I was not sufficiently acquainted with the dis-

22 NEUROPTERA.

tinguishing characters of P. erythrophthalmus, and have
probably been in error in referring E. rufescens to P.fusciis.

The description is made from EngHsh specimens, which
however I have not compared with the types.

Possibly B. cmtumnalis, Stephens, 67, 17, of which the
description is only copied from Curtis, also belongs here ;
onlv as a JBa'etis it should have onlv two caudal filaments.

BAETIS, Leach, Stephens.

Head rather long ; eyes simple, in the male large, conical,
almost confluent; in the female far apart; wings four, the
posterior wings hardly one-fourth the size of the anterior
wings ; venation considerable and distinct ; the males witli
long four -jointed anal forceps; penis furcate, securiform;
egg-valve short, broad ; two long caudal filaments.

Larva short, flat and broad ; mandibles slight ; branchial
tufts on the side of each segment but the last ; caudal fila-
ments fringed. They swim freely or hide under stones in
rapid streams.

1. B. VENOSA, F. ; Pictet, Ephem. 167, 2, tab. 20, 1 ;
B. dispavy Stephens, 63, 1, $ imago ; Curtis, Brit.
Ent. fol. 484 ; B. venosa, Stephens, 63, 2, $ imago.
Imago. Head and thorax shining chestnut- brown ;
abdomen yellowish-brown ; the tips of the segments
with broad dark-brown margins ; anal forceps black-
brown ; caudal filaments very long, brown, at the
base black-brown ; wings hyaline, yellowish towards
the base ; costa yellowish, apical half of the wings
brown, with irregular double cells in the marginal
field ; legs pale brown, tarsi darker ; anterior legs
bJack-brown. Female of similar colouring, but the

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID.E. 23

wings paler; egg-valve short, broad, with rounded
corners.
Length of the body ^ 61, $ 7 lines ; expansion of the

wings (? 17 1, 2 I6h ; setae $ 22 J, $ 14 lines.
Sub-imago dull brown-grey ; thorax yellowish in the
middle ; caudal filaments and legs brown-grey ; wings
grey, the transverse veins generally margined with
darker ; the marginal field not darker.
The description is made from Prussian specimens, which
have been compared with the types of the sub-imago. I
have English specimens before me.

Habitat near London ; Ambleside, June ; scarce.

2. B. LUTEA, Stephens; JEpk. lufea, Stephens, 57, 5,
$ imago ; Eph. marginata, Stephens, 57, 6, $ imago.

Imago. Dark luteous ; on the hinder part of the head
near the eyes is a triangular black spot ; the abdominal
segments with a dark-brown band at the tips ; caudal
filaments yellow, the joints annulated with black ;
anal forceps and legs yellow, the anterior legs hardly
darker; wings hyaline; costa pale yellow, with par-
tially darker black-brown transverse veins ; apex of
the marginal field with straight transverse veins : penis
double, straight, cylindric, the apex cup-shaped.

Female similarly coloured throughout, but paler ; egg-
valve oval ; ventral plate of the last segment incised
in the middle.

Length of the body ^ 3i, 2 4 fines ; expansion of the
wings $ \l\, 2 14 lines; sets ^14, 2 85 lines.

Sub-imago coloured quite similarly to the imago, but
duller, with a greyish tinge ; easily recognised by the
black-brown transverse veins of the costa.

Habitat near London, in June.

24 NEUROPTERA.

The description is made from an English male, and fron-.
Prussian specimens which I have compared with the types.

Stephens' description of E. lutea suits the female well, but
the length of the caudal filaments is somewhat too little.

I have referred Stephens' E. marginata as the male ; but
he describes the head and thorax as too dark, viz. " black,"
and the caudal filaments as short as those of the female. A
further comparison of these types would solve these doubts.
From a comparison of the types it would also appear that the
male of B. costalis, Stephens, should be referred to E. lutea.

3. B. LONGiCAUDA, Stephens, 63, 3, S ; 2 imago.

JB. suhfuscay Stephens, 64, 5, 2 imago; B. costalis,
Curtis, Phil. Mag. 120, 7 ; Stephens, 64, 4, only 2
(the $ belongs to jB, lutea) ; B. cerea, Pictet, Ephem.
183, 10. tab. 23, f . 2 ; $ imago.
Imago. Ochreous-yellow, on the hind part of the head
is a black streak on each side near the eyes ; thorax
shining ; the joints of the abdominal segments darker ;
caudal filaments pale, the joints annulated with black ;
legs yellow, the anterior a little darker ; tips of the
femora brown. Wings hyaline, costa yellow with
strongly marked black transverse veins ; apex of the
marginal field with straight transverse veins; egg-
valve rounded, ventral plate of the last segment cir-
cular, not incised.
Length of the body 2 5.^ lines; expansion of the wings

2 18 lines ; setae 2 12^ lines.

Habitat Hertford, in June.

The description is made from a solitary English female,

which, however, has not been compared with the types.

B. cerea of Pictet doubtless belongs here ; the black streak

on the hind part of the head, which is not mentioned in the

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 25

description, is represented in the figure. The description
of B. lomjicauda, Stephens, suits very well, the length of
the caudal filaments indicates the male ; B. suhfusca of
Stephens indicates a smaller and darker female. Of B. cas-
ta lis, according to my observations, the female only belongs
to B. longicauda.

This species comes very close to the preceding in form
and colouring.

Probably B. mellea, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 5, should
be referred here as the sub-imago. But M'here the allied
3ub-imago B. straminea, Curtis, 121, 5 a, should be referred,
I cannot say.

4. B. ELEGANS, Stephens, 64, 6, S sub-imago, 2 imago;
Curtis, Phil. Mag. 120, 6.
The female in my collection, which, after a comparison
of the types I had labelled B. elegans, I am not now able
to separate from B. lutea. But as, according to my notes,
B. elegans is a distinct species, I can only here quote the
description of Stephens.

" Bright ochreous-yellow ; abdomen palish-chesnut ;
filaments pale, the tips of the joints fuscous ; legs very
pale ochreous ; the tarsi with the apex of each joint
blackish; wings iridescent, pale ochreous-yellow;
costa darker, especially towards the apex, forming a
stigraoid spot."
Length of the body 4J lines ; expansion of the wings

13| lines ; setse 8 lines.
Habitat near London.

Probably B.jlavescensy Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 8, should
be referred here as the sub-imago.

26 NEUROPTERA.

5. B. SEMicoLORATA, Cui'tis, Phil. Mag. 121, 9; Stephens,

64, 7 ; Pictet, Ephem. 178, 7, tab. 22, f. 4—9.
Imago. Shining yellowish-brown ; the tips of the ab-
dominal segments with a brown stripe; caudal fila-
ments pale, the joints rather darker; anal forceps pale;
penis divided, cylindrical, the apex cup-shaped; legs
brownish-yellow ; the tip of the femora and the tarsi
darker, the femora of the anterior legs internally
darker ; wings hyaline, the basal half yellowish, the
apex of the marginal field with straight transverse
veins.
The female similar to the male, but the wings destitute
of yellow ; egg-valve rounded ; the last ventral seg-
ment oval, with the apex excised.
Length of the body $ 3J — 4, $ 3| lines; expansion of
the wings $ 9i— lOJ, 2 10 lines ; setse $ 10^, $ 5J
lines.
Sub-imago pale yellowish-grey ; wings very pale yel-
lowish.
Habitat near London.
The description is made from English specimens, but
they have not been compared with the types. The larger
males have the base of the wings less yellow, but otherwise
appear identical.

6. B. MONTANA, Pictet ? Ephem. 172, 4, tab. 20, f. 3.

Imago. Head and thorax shining pale-brown; ab-
domen yellow ; tips of the segments with brown
stripes, which laterally expand into triangles ; the last
joint unicolorous yellow; caudal filaments pale brown,
the joints scarcely darker, the base dark brown ; anal
forceps brown; the cleft penis, of which, however, the

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 27

halves keep close together, is much expanded at the
tip, and almost T-shaped ; legs yellow ; tarsi brown ;
anterior legs dark brown ; wings hyaline, with brown
transverse veins ; costa pale yellow, with the apical
half brownish ; the apex of the marginal field with
oblique, irregular, partially double cells.
Female similar to the male ; the unicolorous abdomen
darker ; the costa of the wings paler ; ventral plate of
the last segment oval.
Length of the body $ 4^, $ 4| lines ; expansion of the

wings $ lOJ, 2 llj lines J setas ^ 12, $ 7 lines.
Habitat England.
The description is made from English specimens. T have
not seen Pictet's type, but the identity appears probable.
Stephens' description of jB. elegans suits for this species :
perhaps it should be referred here.

7. B. OBSCURA, Pictet? Ephem. 182, 9, tab. 23, fig. 1.

Imago. Head and thorax shining-black; abdomen
brown, the tips of the segments darker 5 caudal fila-
ments dark fawn-colour, the joints annulated with
darker near the base ; anal forceps brown ; penis
divided (but not very perceptibly); legs brownish;
wings hyaline ; venation pale brown ; the apical part
of the marginal field with straight veins; costa very
pale yellowish. Female with the abdomen unico-
lorous pale brown.

Length of the body $ 3i, 2 3i lines; expansion of the
wings (^ 9, $ 10| lines ; setee ^ 7, $ 6 fines.

Habitat England, Ambleside.
The description is made from English specimens ; Pictet's
type I do not know. The B. ohscura of Stephens, which

28 NEUROPTERA.

Pictet refers here, is a Potamanthus. Probably a sub-imago
should be referred here which has the head and thorax yel-
lowish, the abdomen brown and the wings ashy grey.

B. carnea, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 9 a, the description
of which is quoted by Stephens {^b^ ]0) may probably
belong here.

8. B. LATERALIS, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 8 a, the descrip-
tion of which is repeated by Stephens, 65, 8, 1 cannot
make out. According to my notes the male and
female of a distinct species are in the Stephensian
collection. But since Stephens quotes his 3. phceojm
as a synonym, and a specimen in my collection which
on comparison with the types I had labelled B.
phceopa is a sub-imago of Cloeon, I am unable to
give any satisfactory explanation with regard to B.
lateralis.

CLOEON, Leach, Stephens, Curtis.
(Cloe, Burmeister.)

Head small; eyes of the male double, the upper half
turban-like; wings four, the posterior very small (in C.
dipterum entirely wanting) ; venation very delicate ; trans-
verse veins few in immber, generally only two rows in the
middle of the anterior wings ; male with powerful, three-
jointed anal forceps ; penis broad, deeply cleft ; egg- valve
divided ; two long caudal filaments and a scarcely perceptible
rudiment of the middle one.

Larva narrow, rounded ; mandibles slight ; seven pairs of
small lateral branchial plates ; caudal filaments fringed. The
larvae live as free swimmers.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 29

1. C. DiPTERUM, Linne ; Pictet, Ephem. 266, 11, tab. 42;
C. dipterum, Stephens, 68, 1, 2 imago and sub-
imago ; Bph. hehipes, Stephens, 59, 14, 9 imago ;
Eph. apicalis, Stephens, 59, 11, $ imago; Baetis
cuUciformis, Stephens, QQ, 14, (^ imago.

Imago. Head and thorax black-brown ; eyes black,
the turban-like part red ; abdomen pale fawn-colour ;
the four last segments brown ; anal forceps white ;
caudal filaments white, the joints and a slender ring
in the middle of the joints blackish ; legs yellowish ;
wings hyaline ; venation fine, whitish; in the apical
portion of the marginal field are some straight trans-
verse veins; posterior wings wanting. Female very
diff"erent from the male, reddish-yellow ; eyes blue ;
on the crown and prothorax are two small reddish
streaks ; abdomen with a brown raised spot on the
side of each segment and a dot in the middle ; egg-
valve with oval tip, entirely cleft ; legs yellowish ;
before the tip of the anterior femora is a red spot ;
wings hyaline, the costa to a little beyond the second
marginal vein yellowish-brown, marbled with white
spots.

Length of the body (^ 3, 2 2| — 3| lines ; expansion of
the wings $ 8|, 2 7|— 10| lines; setae ^ 9, 2 6J
lines.

Sub-imago $ . Eyes black ; turban orange ; head and
thorax dull brown-grey ; meta thorax pale brown ;
abdomen grey, the points and sides, together with the
last segment and the underside, paler; anal forceps
grey ; caudal filaments grey, the joints darker ; legs
dull yellow, the tip of the femora and tarsi darker;
anterior legs greyish-yellow, the femora above and
the tarsi darker ; wings ashy-grey.

30 NEUROPTERA. j

I

Sub-imago $ . Similar to the imago, the spots obsolete; I
wings unicolorous grey, the costa brown, spotted with :
white, but duller than in the imago. The pupa is !
distinguished by its black wing-cases, and swims very !
nimbly. The 2nd— 6th abdominal segments have on '
each side above a pale spot behind a dark dot, and in j
the middle of the base is a small yellowish triangle ; j
on each side are seven pair of branchial plates, but
none on the three last segments ; the seventh branchial {
plate is single, the others are double ; caudal filaments ;
pale, with the base of the joints annulated with dark
to the middle; exactly in the middle is a long joint :
quite dark, with three slender pale rings ; then follow
some joints which are quite pale, the remainder is
dark ; up to the end of the white part they are fringed
with double rows of long hairs, which are white on ,
the white joints, and almost blackish on the darker j
joints. i

Length of the body 3J ; setse SJ lines.
This description is made from English and from Prussian
specimens, which have been compared with the type ; I
reared the insect from the larva (which is still undescribed) ,
and from the pupa.

Habitat common near London, end of May.
Stephens' C. dipterwn decidedly belongs here ; Eph.
apicalis is the male according to a specimen which I had .
labelled after comparing it with the type ; but the description
says of the caudal filaments they are unicolorous ; according
to my notes Ej^h. hehipes (which from the description was ;
probably a bleached specimen) should be the female. B. \
cidiciformis also, according to my notes, is only the male of |
C. dipterum. Although this species varies considerably in |

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERIDJE. 31

size and colouring, a further accurate investigation should be
made in order to confirm my conclusions.

Synonyms for the imago are C. dipterum and C. mar-
inoratum, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 1 ; and for the sub-imago,
according to the conjecture of Curtis, C. ohscurum, 121, 2.

2. C. Rhodani, Pictet, Ephem. 248, 2, tab. 37—39 ; B.
horaria, Stephens, 66, 15, $ imago; B. veinia, Ste-
phens, 66, 16, 2 imago ; B. cingulata, Stephens, 67,
18, $ imago ; C. ockraceum, Stephens, Q^, 2, 2
imago; B. vermis, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 11a.

Imago. Head and thorax shining black ; the turban
of the eyes red ; abdomen pale brown, the tip darker ;
caudal filaments pale brown, with darker annulations ;
legs yellowish-brown, anterior legs dark brown ; anal
forceps pale, the thick basal joint brownish; penis
short, not visible externally ; wings hyaline ; costa
pale yellow, darker towards the apex ; apex of the
marginal field with numerous, irregular oblique trans-
verse veins, which are only here and there united to
form double cells.

Females similar to the male; abdomen entirely dark
brown ; the paler caudal filaments more distinctly
annulated; ventral plate of the last segment two-
pointed and deeply incised.

Length of the body ^ 3, $ 3.| lines ; expansion of the
wings (? 9, 2 9 lines ; setae <^ 9, 2 6 lines.

Sub-imago of both sexes unicolorous grey-brown ; cau-
dal filaments unicolorous brown ; wing's srev, costa
rather darker, brownish.

Habitat near London, Hertford ; May to July.
The description is made from English specimens; their
identity with C. Bhodani appears to me very probable, but

32 NEUROPTERA.

I have not compared the types ; however the dimensions
given by Pictet in his description do not agree with the
measurements in his figure. On examining the Stephensian
types I noted that the four species above cited were identical,
but I have no specimen before me which has been compared
with the types. There is nothing in the descriptions which
militates against their being referred here, but a further in-
vestigation is necessary in order to render my opinion certain.
In order, therefore, to avoid mistakes, I have placed none of
the Stephensian names foremost. A Prussian specimen
which, after comparison with the Stephensian types, I had
labelled B. jiJiceopa, Stephens, is the sub-imago of C. Rho-
dani. Stephens himself refers this species to B. lateralis
(Tllust. Qb, 8). The description, however, appears to refer
to a sub-imago, but I cannot say with certainty of what
species.

3. C. DiMiDiATUM, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 6; Steph.
69, 7, $ imago ; C, cognatum, Stephens, 69, 6, $
imago ; C. virgo, Stephens, 70, 7 (partim) $ imago.
Imago. Head and thorax shining chestnut-brown ;
abdomen clay-coloured, the tip brownish ; the tips
of the segments annulated with brown ; caudal fila-
ments pale yellow, the joints annulated with brown ;
anal forceps thin, cylindrical, pale brownish ; penis
small (apparently cylindrical and double) ; legs pale
yellow, the anterior legs brownish; wings hyaline;
venation yellowish ; apical portion of the marginal
field with some oblique veins ; and closer to the mar-
ginal veins are some irregular tmnsverse veins, which
form smaller double cells. In the specimens which I
take for the female of this, the abdomen is throughout
of paler colouring ; the wings and venation are as in

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 33

the male ; but the caudal filaments are unicolorous
pale, which makes their identity a little doubtful.
Length of the body $ 2h lines; expansion of the wings
$ 65 lines ; setse $ 6 lines.

I considei' as the sub-imago of this species some specimens
which are of the same size and form of wincr, but they are
throughout of a dirty yellow, the caudal filaments with
darker annulations ; wings dull yellowish-grey, with the
costa little darker.

Habitat near London, in June.

The description is made from English specimens, which
have not been compared with the types. I noted that C.
cognatum, dhnkliatum and virgo (partim) were identical.
The description of C. cognatum agrees, but the short caudal
filaments indicate females, whereas the types are males.
Tlie yellow spot on the side of the prothorax in C. dimi-
diatum I could not perceive, but the specimens are much
shrunk. According to the description of C. virgo it should
have unicolorous caudal filaments, otherwise there is nothing
against its identity.

Of this species I have only seen English specimens.

4. C. PUMILUM, Burmeister, Pictet, Ephem. 253, 4, tab.
40, fig. 2 ; Baetis hioculata, Stephens, Qb, 12, $
imago ; B. fuscata, Stephens, 66, 13, $ imago.

Imago. Head and thorax shining dark brown; abdo-
men white, the tip brown ; caudal filaments white ;
anal forceps white, with the base broad; legs white,
tip of the femora darker ; wings hyaline, venation
delicate and pale ; apex of the marginal field Avith a
i'ew straight transverse veins.

Female similar to the male' throughout ; only the abdomen
is unicolorous black-brown above and pale beneath.
1863. D

34 NEUROPTERA.

Length of the body 1 J — 2 lines ; expansion of the wings

6 lines; setae $ 3i, ? 2| lines.
Sub-imago dirty yellowish-grey, with the tip of the ab-
domen darker in the male; caudal filaments grey;
legs yellowish ; wings dull grey.
Habitat near London ; June.
The description is made from Prussian specimens, which
I had labelled according to the types, and from English spe-
cimens. The description does not appear to refute the
identity of the species of Stephens.

5. C. BiocuLATUM, Linne ; Pictet, Ephem. 244,1, tab. 34,
35 ; C. alhipemie, Stephens, 69, 4, $ mago ; C.
unicolore, Stephens, 69, 5, $ imago ; C. hyalinatum,
Stephens, 68, 3, $ imago.

Imago. Head and thorax shining fawn-colour; turban
of the eyes red ; abdomen snowy-white, the three last
segments yellowish-brown ; caudal filaments white ;
anal forceps pale yellow, the basal joints very broad ;
legs white, the anterior yellowish ; wings hyaline, the
longitudinal veins pale yellow ; the apical part of the
marginal field with some wavy transverse veins,
between which ai-e the rudiments of other veins, still
more irregular; posterior wings very small.

Female unicolorous, yellow ; the tips of the abdominal
segments brownish ; caudal filaments white.

Length of the body $ 2f , $ 2| lines ; expansion of the
wings i 7, 9- 7 1 lines; setae ^ 4|, $ 2^ lines.

Sub-imago unicolorous yellowish-grey ; the dull wings
yellowish-grey, paler in the female.

Habitat near London.
The description is made from English specimens and from
Prussian specimens which have been compared with the
types.

SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH EPHEMERID^. 35

On investigating the Stephensian types I referred C. alhi-
penne to the male, though the " nigrum" of the thorax does
not agree ; C. nnicolore, Stephens, agrees for the female, as
also does C. hyalinatum. According to my notes the female
is also placed amongst C. virgo, Stephens (70, 8). The
type of B. striata^ Stephens, Q^y 11, should also be the
female of a Cloeon, but I cannot express any further opinion.
The description, however, most decidedly indicates a male,
and that of a species very near to C. bioculafum, if it be not
identical; J3. autumnalis, Curtis, Phil. Mag. 121, 11 b, of
which the description is quoted by Stephens (67, 17) might
perhaps be i-eferred here.

I have before me some few sub-imagines of Cloeon^ which
I cannot refer to any of the above five species described.
But it appears to me it would be unwise to construct from
them new species before the imago is known.

P. S.— Whilst correcting the proof sheets I learn with regret that the
first investigator of British Ephemera, John Curtis, is no more. The
unsurpassable accuracy and like-life execution of his drawings will always
secure for him a high rank in science. The examination of details, to
which Entomology owes its greatest progress, was practised by him in a
comprehensive degree, and to some extent thoroughly. As in the case
of his great predecessor, Savigny, his eyes too truly used refused their
further services, for Isis allows us not to glance behind her veil with
impunity! It is to be hoped that his Collection, like that of Stephens,
will be preserved for the purposes of science. To English Naturalists
its loss would be irretrievable.

H. A. H.

d2

( 36 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

SOME REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE
GENUS NEPTICULA.

By H. von Heinemanjv, of Brunswick.

[Translated from the Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift, 1862,
August, Vol. 6, pp. 237 et seq.]

The increase of our knowledge of the species of the genus
Nepticula has of late been so great, especially since we have
learnt to rear these insects, that every year still brings to
light new species.

The good fortune of rearing several new species has also
fallen to myself and my friend Buchheister of Wolfenbiittel,
both of us having begun to rear these insects since the
autumn of 1 860 ; and I believe that the publication of these
novelties, and also of some observations which have
occurred in rearing these creatures in some abundance, will
not be without interest.

In reference to the introductory portion of Prey's revision
I make the following remark. There can be no doubt that
a number of the Nepticulce have only one brood a year,
although by far the greater number appear twice a year.
Amongst the single-brooded species may be enumerated,
according to my experience, Amjulifasciella, Ruhicora,
Wocke, Agrimoniella and Weaveri, the last named at any
rate on the Upper Harz, where I found both larvae and
pupse in the middle of June. One other species, of which

REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPTICULA. 37

the larvK were plentiful there in the middle of July, in the
leaves of Soi'bus aucuparia^ will also be only single-brooded
there, since in autumn the pupse still contained the well de-
veloped living imago.

In spite of the most careful search last summer for
OxyacantJiella in the hawthorn hedges, where the larvae
had been extremely plentiful the previous autumn, I could
not find a single mine, although Stainton says expressly that
it is double-brooded.

With regard to the duration of the larval state, this is ex-
tremely short, especially in the summer brood, yet possibly
the different species vary also in this respect. In the
summer brood of 3Ialella, Buchheister noticed that on a
young apple tree frequented by these larvae, after he had
very carefully removed from individual twigs every mined
leaf, in thirty-six hours he already found empty mines, and I
have noticed similar occurrences with Plagicolella. On the
other hand, of the autumnal brood of Plagicolella I have
had larvae still in the mine for five or six days after the last
moulting, and the same has happened with larv£e of Splen-
didissimella, Ruhivora, Angulifasciellay Ruficapitella and
others.

The larvae of Acer is must have a very short duration of life
even in autumn, for though the mines are not scai-ce on some
maple trees and maple bushes of our promenades here,
neither in summer nor autumn have I yet succeeded in
finding a mine still tenanted, although I have searched the
said trees and bushes almost daily, or at any rate on alternate
days.

That the Nepticula larvae moult is already noticed in
Herrich-SchafFer's Correspondenzblatt, II. p. 174.* I have
observed the moulting in Rujica'pitella, Anomalella, Splen-

[* A translation of this notice is given in the " Weekly Entomo-
logist," No. 10, p. 76.— Ed. E. A.")

38 LEPIDOPTERA.

clidissima, Pruneto7'um, Plagicolella, AnguUfasciella, Ru-
Mvora, Myrtillella and Ih'imaculella, and have found that
this always takes place where the mine, which at first forms
a very fine, hardly perceptible track, expands and assumes
the later form which characterizes the mine. Thus the larva
of Plaglcolella moults at the place where the mine expands
into a spot, and on the other hand the larva of Prunetorurriy
the mine of which at first forms a closely-wound spiral line,
moults exactly at the spot where the mine removes from the
so-formed blotch. In general, also, the excremental track is
altered after moulting, and becomes broader or looser, or is
deposited in curved, transverse lines. The moulting takes
place thus: — The old skin cracks at the head, and the larva,
continuing to eat its way forward, gradually creeps out of the
old skin.

In larvae in the act of moulting of S'plendidissimella, An-
gulijasciella, Rubivora, and, if I am not mistaken, of Tri-
maculella, I was astonished by an extraordinary marking,
which the larvae had neither before nor afterwards. The
colour itself was dirty-yellow ; and on the back was a row
of oblique quadrangular dark spots, which gave the larva
the appearance as though it were decayed and spotted,
although the regularity of the markings startled me. As
the larva then gradually crept out of its old skin, these spots
remained in their place, and the pale green or pale yellow
larva, which had assumed a fresh colour, no longer showed
any trace of them. More frequently the spots moved, as
well as the old head, a short distance forward with the larva,
but the row did not always remain complete, and no longer
so decidedly along the back of the larva ; but as this in eating
turned to the side and so took up a curved position, the
green dorsal line in AnguUfasciella and Rubivora was per-
ceptibly at the side of the row of spots. Afterwards the
spots became lost in the excremental track. Hence it

REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPTICULA. 39

appears that the larva assumes these spots during: the
moulting, that these are on the old skin which it is on the
point of casting off, and that in the narrow mine of the larva
the old skin is drawn forward for a short distance.

In real truth I have only observed one moulting, but 1
believe that there are at least two. For if we examine a
mine attentively, we shall notice, unless the commencement
has been covered over by a later portion of the same mine,
three different degrees of development. Thus, in a mine of
Miijicapitella, we see at the commencement a very fine, con-
tinuous, excremental line, hardly pale-margined at the sides ;
in the next stage the excremental line is broader and often
interrupted, but still it always forms a dense mass, and on
each side of it a distinct, though narrow, light space is per-
ceptible ; in the third stage the mine expands, the excrement
is thinner and more scattered, and only occupies the middle
of the mine, leaving a considerable empty space on each
side. The same thing seems to occur in all mines, but the
proportions are not always easily perceptible.

With regard to the distribution of the Nepticulce at con-
siderable altitudes, I will only remark that on the Upper
Harz, at 2,800 feet above the sea, I found in June mines of
Weaveri on Vaccinium Vitis Idcea ; and in July I found the
mines of a species, still unknown, on Surhus aiicuparia : the
pupae of the latter unfortunately all died ; the imago con_
tained in them had a red head and a silvery fascia. In the
same place I met with some specimens of a third species,
amongst bushes of Vaccinium Myrtillus and V. uUginosuni^
but only caught one specimen in bad condition, which is not
Ilyrtillella^ but has considerable resemblance with N. Lap-
ponicay of which I have received a worn specimen from
Staudinger.

The descriptions in Stainton's great work, " The Natural

40 lepid'optera.

History of the Tineina," are often incomplete, and would
cause doubt in many cases, were it not that the larva, mine
and food-plant remove all hesitation. Thus, the colour of
the cilia of the anterior wings is always given, but the other
peculiarities of the cilia are never mentioned. Yet the spe-
cies may be divided into two great sections by the cilial
markings. For instance, one section has the base of the cilia
of the antei'ior wings clothed with broad scales, which are
pale at their bases, and dark at their apices, so that the cilia
appear to be more or less pale, with dark spots. In genei'al
these spots arrange themselves to form several dark lines,
intersecting the cilia entirely or partially, especially at the
anal ano-le : the outer line is always the most distinctly and

decidedly expressed, and often it is the only one in which the
spots unite to form a distinct line. In some few species
(Salicis, Floslactella, Vimineticola), this line is not generally
distinct, but the dark ends of the scales project irregularly in
the cilia; but in all cases the latter beyond such a line or
beyond the dark scales, decidedly and abruptly defined, are
paler, generally whitish. In the other section it is true that
scales project from the base of the cilia, but they are narrow,
very little paler at the base than at the apex, and therefore
do not form so sharp and conspicuous a line as in most of the
species in the other section. And though in these the tips of
the cilia are paler, sometimes even whitish, the colour only
becomes gradually lighter, and certainly more from the pale
lustre of the tips of the cilia, whilst the latter in certain
directions are always distinctly grey. I call the above-men-
tioned line the divisional line of the cilia, or, more shortly,
the cilial line. Frey likewise does not mention it, but on the
other hand Herrich-Schaffer separates on that account
Turicella fi'om Titijrella (Basalella, H.-S.), Arciiatellaj
Fagelldf Salicis and Floslactella.

KEMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPTICULA. 41

A further character, which rnust be considered when we
divide the species into groups, is furnished by the length of
the antennae. As a rule the antenna? are longer in the male
than in the female, and therefore in this respect we must
compare males with males and females with females. In a
great number of species the antennae of the males reach
above two-thirds or even three-fourths of the length of the
anterior wings, in which case the antennce of the female have
rather more than half the length of the wings; in other
species the antennte of the males hardly reach beyond the
middle of the costa, and the antennae of the females are con-
siderablv less than half as lon^ as the wings. Some few
species stand midway between these sections.

For the discrimination of the species, the cervical tuft* is
often of importance ; sometimes this is white and then forms
with the eye-caps, when the insect is sitting with its antennae
set back, a distinct white collar ; in the red and yellow-headed
species the cervical tuft is often of the sam.e colour with the
frontal tuft, but paler, and frequently it is quite concolorous
with the thorax.

In the legs the middle tibiae are generally strikingly paler
than the posterior tibiae. Often they are quite white, whereas
in other species they are nearly as dark as the postei-ior tibias.
Thus, for instance Plagicolella is easily separated from its
nearest allies by the dark middle tibiae.

Moreover the tibiae as well as the antennae seem to be
paler or darker according as we turn them to the light, and
hence the colouring of these parts in general rarely affords
a certain character. In all species the palpi are whitish.

In the following list I have arranged the species known

to me in groups, in which I have made use of the cilial

markings, the length of the antennae, the markings of the

anterior wings, the peculiarity of the latter in respect to the

[* A tuft on the middle of the prothorax. — Ed. E. A.]

42

LEPIDOPTERA.

glossiness and smoothness of the disk, the finer or coarser
scaling;, as well as the metallic or dull character of the fascia.
Those species which are only known to me from descrip-
tions and figures I have introduced, between brackets, in the
groups to which they appeared to me to belong. I fancy these
groups are rather natural, and find that they almost always
include the species which are most closely allied.

I. Ciha of the anterior wings with no dark divisional line,
becoming gradually paler towards their tips.

A. Anterior wing's with no distinct fascia.
a. Antennffi long.

Pomella, Stainton. ^

^neella, mihi.
HiiJicapiteUa, Haworth.
Samiatellciy Zeller.
Atricapitellaj Haworth.
Kifidelfa, mihi.
PygmcBella, Haworth.
Basiguttella, mihi.
[Rhamriella, Herrich-Schaffer.
Suhnitidella, Zeller.]

h. Antennse short.
Tilice, Frey.
Anomalella, Goeze.
Lonicerarum, Frey.
Aucupari(B, Frey.
3finuscnlella, Herrich-Schaffer.
Oxyacanthella, Stainton.
Desperatella, Frey.
Nylandriella^ Herrich-Schaffer.
[Paradoxa, Frey,
Viscerellay Stainton.]

> Group I.

> Group II.

REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPTICULA. 43

B. The anterior wings with a pale fascia.
T. The fascia metallic.

a. The fascia quite indistinctly margined, very

broad ; antennae short.
Acer is, Frey. ^

Latifasciella. Herrich-Schaf- I ^_._.

fer. ^ Group III.

Regiella, Herrich-Schiiffer. )

1). The fascia with a decided margin, at least towards
the base.
a Basal half of the anterior wings quite smooth,
or partially so, and very metallic.

* Antennae long.
Pretiosa, mihi. ^
u^neofasciella, Herrich-

S chaffer.
Fragariella, Heyden.
Tormentillella, Herri ch-

Schaffer.
Splend'tdisdmellay Her-

rich-S chaffer.

* * Antennae short.
Aurella, Stainton. ^
Gratiosella. Stainton.
Ulmivora, Stainton.
Prunetorunij Stainton
Mar-ginicolellay Stainton. )> Group Y.
Speciosa, Frey.
[3Iesjjilicola, Frey.
X?'/e//<2,Herrich-Schaffer.
AcetoscBj Stainton.]

> Group IV.

44

LEPIDOPTERA.

> Group VI.

/3 Basal half of the anterior wings duller.

* Antennae short.
AlneteUa, Stainton.
Dnlcella, mihi.
ContinueUay Stainton.
Centifoliellay Zeller.
3Iicr other iella , Stainton.
Incequalu, mihi.
Betulicola, Stainton.
\_IIuhnei'iellaj Herrich-

SchafFer.]

* * Antennae long.
Plagicolella^ Stainton.
IgnohileUa, Stainton.
Poterii, Stainton.
Distinguenda, mihi.
GlutinoscB, Stainton.

The fascia not metallic.
a. Antennae short.

Luteella, Stainton.
h. Antennae.- long.

Turicellaj Herrich-Schaffer.

Hemargyrella, Zeller.

Lapponica, Wocke.

Argentipedella, Zeller.

> Group VII.

Group VIII.

Group IX.

II. Cilia of the anterior winojs with a distinct or indicated

divisional line, beyond which they are abruptly paler.

A. Anterior wings with a distinct pale fascia, sometimes

interrupted, in or beyond the middle. (If the fascia

is central, it is very silvery.)

REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPTICULA. 45

y Group XL

1. Fascia of the anterior winj^s verv metallic.

a. Anterior wings finely-scaled, the fascia beyond
the middle.
Tityrella, Stainton. "^

Freijella, Heyden. > Group X.

3Ialella, Stainton. )

h. Anterior wings coarsely-scaled, the fascia in the

middle.
Agnmoniella, Herrich-

S chaffer.
AtricolUSf Stainton.
A ngulifasciella y Stainton.
Muhivoraf Wocke.
Arcuatella, Herrich-Schaffer,

2. Fascia not metallic.

a. The fascia vei-y oblique from the middle of the
costa.

Ohliqiiella, mihi. Group XII.

h. The fascia beyond the middle of the costa.

3Iyrt'iUella, Stainton.

Salicis, Stainton,

Carpinellay Heyden.

Fhslactella, Haworth. } Group XIII.

Vimineticula, Frey.

[Uelianthemella, Herrich-
Schaffer.] ^

B. The anterior wings with no pale fascia beyond the
middle ; coarsely scaled. (If the pale opposite
spots unite to form an indistinct fascia, this is
central and not metallic.)

Gi'oup XV. i

46 LEPIDOPTERA.

1. The anterior wings with whitish markings, some-

times indistinct.

a. Antennffi long.

a Anterior wings with only a whitish dorsal spot.
Septemhrella, Stainton. ^
Catharticella, Stainton. > Group XIV.

Intimella, Zeller. J

/3 Anterior wings with a whitish costal spot, or
a whitish fascia, and with one or more other
whitish spots.

Weaveri, Stainton.

Turbidella, Zeller.

Sericopeza, Zeller.

[Zfecenfella^ Herrich-
S chaffer.

Quinquellaj Bedell.]

b. Antennae short.

a Anterior wings with whitish markings at the
basal half.

Trimacnlello, Haworth. ^

Assimilella, Zeller. I „ ^ YVT '

Suhhimaculellay Haworth. [

[Bisti'imaculella, Heyden.] J
fi Anterior wings with two whitish, opposite
spots, sometimes united.

ArgyroiJeza, Zeller. ^

Apicella, Stainton. V Group XVII.

[Headleyellttj Stainton.] J

2. Anterior wings without markings.

SimpUcella,m\h\. \ Group XVIII.

ICryptellay Staintoji.] J

REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPTICULA. 47

A glance at this arrangement shows, that the above-named
cilial-marking ahriost entirely appertains to the coarsely-
scaled species ; only with the exception that 3Ialella, Frey-
ella and Tityrella (the former and latter of which were cor-
rectly referred by Frey to the finely-scaled species) have also
a distinct divisional line. But that the character of coarsely
or finely scaled is not always a perfectly certain one, follows
from this, that Herrich-SchafFer and Frey include Turicella
among the coarsely-scaled species, and the first named
writer also includes Argentipedella and Basalellcif and Frey
on the other hand has placed Arcuatella amongst the finely-
scaled species. The character of the cilial-markings, on the
contrary, separates the species sharply, and places the former
species, without any doubt, in the right groups.

I have examined the venation in more than twenty species,
and have, on the whole, confirmed the statements of Herrich-
Schafier, as also those of Zeller and Frey ; those of the two
latter with this restriction, that Zeller had before him the
more complicated, Frey the more simple form. As already
noticed by Hei-rich-S chaffer, there are two forms in the
anterior wings, of which, however, one may easily be derived
from the other, and, moreover, they are connected by an
intermediate form. In the more complicated form the sub-
costal and sub-dorsal veins are present ; both are forked be-
tween one-third and one-fourth of the length of the winsf,
and the anterior branch of the sub-dorsal vein, and the pos-
terior branch of the sub-costal vein, intersect soon afterwards,
and the latter runs into the costa parallel to the anterior
branch of the sub-costal vein; on the other hand the posterior
branch of the sub-costal vein, as it turns first towards the
inner margin, and then towards the costa, runs into the last
named, after first emitting a branch to the inner margin, and
then parallel to this a branch to the apex, or to the casta

48 LEPIDOPTERA.

just before the apex. By the intersection of the branches of the
two main veins, a short middle cell is formed, included by the
two main veins, and their converging branches to the spot where
the latter meet. The anterior branch of the sub-costal vein
runs in a straight direction to about the middle of the costa ;
the posterior branch of the sub-dorsal vein first runs obliquely
towards the inner margin, curves beyond the middle of the
wing towards the apex, and terminates quite close to the
branch of the sub-costal vein, which runs to the inner margin
or even unites with it. The dorsal vein runs obliquely
towards the inner margin, is then curved forwards, and
beyond is parallel to the inner margin; beyond the middle
of the wing it approaches the posterior branch of the sub-
dorsal vein, and often runs into it quite in the same way as
the latter runs into the posterior branch of the sub-dorsal
vein.

According to my observations this form occurs in Aiigu-
hjerella, Agrimonice^ Argentipedellaf Argyropeza^ Tur-
hulella, Suhhimaculella and Simplicella. The venation
differs in Tityrella and JVeaveri thus,— the posterior branch
of the sub-dorsal vein is wanting, and this, therefore, runs
quite simple from the base to the costa, intersecting the pos-
tei'ior branch of the sub-costal vein soon after the forking of
the latter ; and hence the dorsal vein remains separate and
further removed from the branches of the two main veins,
and terminates in or near the inner margin at about three-
fourths of the length of the wing. In the other species
which I have examined, viz., Tilice, Anomalella, Regiellay
Gratiosella, Splendidisshnellay Plagicolella, BetuUcola,
Blalella and Septenihrella, the sub-dorsal vein is entirely
wanting. It is true it occurs in liujicapitellaf Salicis and
3fi/rtilli, but is very fine and short, and it terminates before it
reaches the posterior branch of the sub-costal vein ; hence in

REMARKS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEPTICULA. 49

all these species the cell is wanting. Sometimes the sub-
costal vein forks again soon after the first fork, emitting a
second branch to the costa, which corresponds to the anterior
branch of the sub-dorsal vein in the more complicated form,
fiom the place where it intersects the posterior branch of the
sub-costal vein, and then proceeds to the costa. Or in other
words, in the more simple form the sub-dorsal vein and its
posterior branch is entirely wanting, and the anterior branch
is wanting from the fork to the point of intersection of the
two intersecting branches of the two veins. Finally, in the
more simple form there is also wanting one of the last thi'ee
branches of the sub-costal vein which terminate near the
apex of the wing. The latter is consequently represented as
a vein, which first runs parallel to the costa, then turns
sharply towards the inner margin, and at the same time sends
two parallel branches to the costa ; and lastly is again forked
before the apex of the wing, emitting two branches towards
it. In all the three forms the costal vein is very short and fine,
and terminates in the costa near tlie base, often hardly dis-
tinct ; the dorsal vein is not furcate towards the base, and
not double. What Herrich-SchafFer calls " Rippe 1 b," and
Zeller and Frey call the fine upper vein of the fork, is the
delicate fold of the wing, which approaches the dorsal vein
in the middle and unites with it, but sometimes it remains
perceptibly distinct.

The posterior v.ings have only one medial vein, which
forks sooner or later and runs with the two forks to the
margins or towards the apex of the wing, besides there is one
costal and two dorsal veins.

To the desci'iptions of new species I have also added the
detailed characters of such species as have either not been de-
scribed at all, or only insufficiently described in German
works. The species described are arranged according to

1863. E

50 ' LEPIDOPTERA.

the groups above indicated. In tlie first place I give an
analytical table of the individual groups, as far as the species
are really known to me, or can be arranged from the existing
descriptions. I am not unaware of its deficiencies, but am
yet of opinion that to some extent it will facihtate the re-
cognition of the species.

[This analytical table I tried in vain to reduce to a prac-
tical form, and have, thei-efore, omitted it altogether.

The descriptions of the species (thirty-three in number)
would manifestly occupy too much of our space, and I am,
therefore, reluctantly obliged to stop here, — possibly I may
succeed in persuading the editor of the Zoologist to admit
the translations of those descriptions in the pages of his
journal. — Ed. E. A.]

( 51 )

HYMENOPTERA.

Notes on Hymenoptera.
By Frederick Smith.

Since the publication of the first Entomolo^cal Annual in
the year 1855, to which I contributed a few notes, I have been
annually requested to furnish a record of such observations as
I have made during the season on the order Hymenoptera ;
it has consequently become customary that I should make
an annual report.

During the last twenty-five years, no season has offered
to me so few opportunities of observing the habits of the
Aculeata ; not that I have been less assiduous in my re-
searches, or have had less time at my disposal for that
purpose, but that these insects have become so diminished in
numbers, that should similar ungenial weather continue to
prevail during the next two or three years, it will, probably,
become ray task to record the almost entire destruction of
the tribe.

The almost unprecedented wet season of 1860, in the
south of England, proved destructive, I believe, to two-thirds
of the Aculeate Hymenoptera. The broods of 1861 Avould
of course be expected to appear during the season of 1862,
but the cold and continual rains that prevailed, from the
first of March to the beginning of June, proved destructive,
I fear, to the greater portion of them. I have frequently
seen on a single day, during a season of fine genial weather,

e2

52 HVMENOPTERA.

as many bees as have fallen under my notice during the
entire season of 1862.

Humble Bees. — In the number of the Zoologist for
Aus^ust last, Colonel Newman has given a faithful picture
of the effect of the season on the family of the Bomhi ; he
tells us of the meffectual attempts oi Bomhus subterraneus
to establish herself, and lay the foundation of her colony ;
the ground, he says, " was so wet, a few inches deep, that
no lodsrment was made until the 7th of June, when an
inundation of rain washed the poor bee completely out of her
nest ;" the unfortunate bee was cared for, was rescued and
fed for a day, and then set at liberty to resume her task ; the
bee was again observed at her haunts, another attempt was
made to establish herself, but torrents of rain again fell, — the
poor bee appeared no more. That the majority of Humble
Bees shared a similar fate, cannot be doubted by any one
who has observed the scarcity of these insects; I have
frequently visited localities during the past season where
these insects are usually found in great numbers, but iew, if
any, were to be found. During an entire month spent in
Suffolk, commencing in the middle of August, and ter-
minating in the middle of September, a period of time
during which the Aculeata are usually abundant, I certainly
did not see above fifty insects belonging to this class, although
the weather was in every respect suitable for their appearance.
Tn the north of England, the Bomhi were not more abundant,
and the few individuals which I observed, were poor diminu-
tive representatives of their kinds, scarcely more than half
the usual size of the species; the latter circumstance is
probably attributable to a scanty supply of food in their
larval state. Of the moss-building species I have not seen
half-a-dozen examples during the season, and Mr. Bold

NOTES ON HYMENOPTERA. 53

observes that he has not seen a single specimen of B. senilis,
B. fragram, B. sylvaruu}, B. DerhameUus or B. Scrim-
shiranus. I received a fine series of B. Smithianus, from
Shetland, collected by Mr. Adam White, this being a moss-
building bee.

Wasps. — These insects have ajDpeared in great abundance
in some parts of the country ; Mr. Perkins, in the Trans-
actions of Tyneside Naturalists Field Club, remarks on their
superabundance at Gibside, as also does Mr. Bold, who
adds, '^ Vespa yiorveglca was the predominant species. Their
nests mio;ht be noticed in especial abundance by the road-
sides leading from the railway station to Naworth Castle.
The same species had colonized the gardens, using the
branches of the goosberry-bushes on which to suspend their
nests." The ground wasps were in equal abundance.

It will be remembered that the almost unprecedented wet
season of 1860 in the west of England proved so destructive
to wasps that during the following season, in many districts,
the remark was common, "I did not see a single wasp;"
but in Scotland the summer was fine, and wasps abund-
ant. In the course of a few years, what with the increase
obtained through the few communities that survived that
disastrous season, and the tide of immigration southward,
wasps will again h^ found generally abundant.

I found many nests during September last, in deserted
stone-quarries in Yorkshire, particularly such as were situ-
ated in elevated situations ; I noticed only two species, Vespa
vulgaris and Vespa Gennanica; I did not observe a single
individual of V. nifa, V. norvegica or V. arhorea.

In the situations I have alluded to, wasps are fond of con-
structing their nests under large stones ; these prove, no
doubt, a secure shelter from wet, nothing being in my

54 HYMENOPTERA.

opinion, more destructive to these insects. Beneath many
of the stones I discovered females,— frequently three or four
beneath a single stone,— apparently laid up for the winter, all
being in a semi-torpid condition. The communities of wasps
at this time were evidently gradually breaking up, the ma-
jority both of males and females having left the nests ; the
workers, in most of the nests, were occupied in extracting the
remaining grubs from the cells, and conveying them out of
the nest to a considerable distance, where they left them to
perish ; this apparently unnatural proceeding, is found to be
probably a work of necessity ; or it may be simply a part of
the usual economy of the insects. When the males and
females arrive at maturity and quit the nest, the great end
of the community is accomplished, the perpetuation of the
species is secured ; additional assistance in the labours of the
commonwealth becomes no longer requisite ; even the feed-
ing of the brood is no longer necessary, perhaps not even
possible ; be this as it may, the clearing out of the remaining
worker brood is a common occurrence at the latter part of
the season.

Solitary Bees. — The AndrenidcB, speaking according
to my own experience of them during the past season, may
be said to have become almost extinct ; the whole tribe bur-
row in the ground, and it is such species that have suffered
most during the two or three previous unusually wet seasons
— that is, wet at the time when these bees appear; if such
be the case, and the bees have awoke from their winter
torpidity, it is sure to prove very destructive to them. I
found, however, for the first time specimens of Dasypoda
hirtipes near Lowestoft. Several of the most abundant spe-
cies, such as are usually observed in numbers in early spring-
flowers, I have not seen at all during the past season j in

NOTES ON HYMENOPTERA. 55

very favourable situations, no doubt, some have survived,
but I fear several yeai-s must elapse ere we shall again see
them, as in previous seasons, visiting every flower in the early
days of spring.

FossoRES. — The same influences that have reduced the
numbers of the solitary bees, have also equally thinned the
ranks of the fossorial group of the Acideata ; most of the
species of the genus Pompilus have in consequence become
rarities ; I have not observed more than three or four species
out of tv/enty tliat are indigenous. PompUus phimheus has
been tolerably numerous on the slopes of the sandy shores of
Suffolk and Norfolk, but it is an insect that usually appears
there in countless numbers, it being, according to my expe-
rience, the most abundant species of the genus.

TiPHiA FEMORATA also appears in imm.ense hordes along
the same line of coast during favourable seasons ; their num-
bers were, however, very greatly diminished last season, and
such as were seen were exceedingly small examples — not
more than about half the usual size of the species.

Ants. — We have a love for old books, particularly old
natural history books ; it is a great treat to us to ponder and
meander through the pages of "An Account of English
Ants ; by the Rev. William Gould, A.M., of Exeter College,
Oxon. Printed for A. Millar, opposite Catherine Street in
the Strand, mdccxlvii.," published four years previously fo
" The Fauna Suecica." These old books are wells of know-
ledge, and many an ingenious theory, and startling circum-
stance, that emanates from the fertile brain, or rewards the
patient observation of modern Entomologists, may be fished
out of them. As a theoretical instance, the following ob-
servations, to be found in Gould's volume, will recall a
subject which a few years ago attracted much attention from

56 HYMENOPTERA.

ils ino^enious orisjinalitv: " Of the antennae, it is remarkable
that insects whose eyes are very prominent, or extend over
great part of their heads, have exceedingly short feelers.
As may be seen in many common flies, and other Papilio's,
especially in the dragon, or, more properly, large hawk-fly.
On the contrary, such as have very little eyes, and placed
on each side of the head at a distance from one another, have
remarkably long antennae. As may be observed in variety
of Scai-abs or beetles, in the hawk-grasshopper, Gryllotalpa,
house-crickets, and several flies. The feelers of many in-
sects seem to lengthen or shorten in a kind of proportion to
the largeness and distance of their eyes. Probably, there-
fore, the feelers rather supply the want of large eyes than the
immobility of them."

Every Entomologist has no doubt read the true and cir-
cumstantial account of "The Funeral Ant" published in the
Proceedings of the Linnean Society ; let us see what Gould
has to say upon the same subject : " As soon as one of their
fraternity dies, it is carried out of the settlement, and thrown
upon the ground without ceremony or rites of a funeral.
Pliny informs us that the ants of his country are wont
to bury their dead, which is a curiosity not imiitated in
England."

The loyalty of ants to their queen is not exceeded in our
day by the most accomplished courtier. " In whatever
apartment a queen ant condescends to be present, she com-
mands obedience and respect. An universal gladness spreads
itself through the whole cell. They have a peculiar way of
skipping, leaping and standing upon their hind legs. These
frolicks they make use of both to congratulate and to show
their regard for the queen." Gould was a man of observa-
tion, and having obtained a large black queen, together with
some workers, he placed them in a box, that he might more

NOTES ON HYMENOPTERA. 0/

conveniently observe their operations. By some misfortune
the queen died ; " the ants, as if not apprised of her death,
continued their obedience. They even removed her from
one part of the box to another, and treated her with the same
court and formality as if she had been aUve. This lasted
two months, at the end of which, the cover being open, they
forsook the box, and carried her off." " Many" (says
Gould) "are the moral instructions arising from the sight
of a colony of ants ; affection towards the young might teach
us to value posterity and promote its happiness. The obe-
dience they pay their queen might read us a lecture on true
loyalty and subjection. Their labour shame the lazy part
of mankind. From their oeconomy we may learn prudence ;
from their sagacity wisdom."

Ants are found in great numbers on the hilly districts of
Yorkshire, particularly those species that belong to the
genus Mynidca ; the nests are most commonly found be-
neath stones ; in such situations I found them in the month
of September last. In the places alluded to, nests of three
species of the genus Formica are of common occurrence, —
those of F.Jfava, F. nnjra and of F.fuaca. I found many
colonies of the latter ant under stones ; most of them con-
tained larvae, or pupee, but I was surprised to find, that in
almost every instance, the pupae were naked, not enclosed in
cocoons; precisely as we always find the larvse of the
genus Myrmica, One of the most distinctive characteristic
differences in the habit of the species of the two genera, and
one usually regarded as being constant, is, that the Formicidce
spin cocoons when about to change from the, larva to the
pupa state, whereas the 3Iyrmicidce undergo their metamor-
phoses naked, that is, they do not spin cocoons ; this is the
usual habit of our indigenous ants.

This apparent anomaly is not easily, if it be even possible

58 HYMEiVOPTERA.

to account for it; the brood, when disclosed under stones,
are certainly more protected from the influences of weather
than when reared in nests constructed in banks, and the
necessity for spinning a silken covering, might under such
circumstances, appear to be unnecessary ; but if this were
the case, all the broods thus situated might reasonably be
expected to be found unenclosed, but such was not the case ;
in many instances all the nymphs were enveloped in silken
cocoons. When it becomes a well-ascertained fact, that it is
the usual habit of a group to undergo their change from the
larva to the pupa state enclosed in cocoons, which the larvse
themselves spin previous to such a metamorphosis, may we
not reasonably infer that such larvae must be provided with
a secretion expressly adapted to such circumstances ? and
when, on the contrary, others are known as constantly to
change without spinning a cocoon, is it not equally to be
inferred, that such larvae are destitute of such secretion ? If
this be an allowable inference to draw, our difficulty appears
to increase when we attempt to account for the remarkable
deviation from the usual economy of Fovjnica fusca ; it is
quite possible, should such a secretion as I have supposed
each larva to be provided with, that it may be ejected pre-
viously to changing to the nymph state, but still, why some
should, and others should not spin cocoons, when appai-ently
placed under similar conditions, remains to be accounted for.
Some years ago I found a brood of F. fusca that had
constructed their abode in a rotten oak stump; the larvae and
pupae were contained in chambers excavated immediately
beneath the bark ; in this case the pupaa were naked. These
facts are, in my opinion, well worthy of record, offering, as
they do, additional instances of the wonderful and endless
variety observable in the operations of nature, and in how
admirable a manner we always find these opei-ations adapted

NOTES ON HYMENOPTERA. 59

to the circumstances under ^Yhich they take place ; frequently
we observe the same ends arrived at by a totally different
process of development.

Myrmica lippula. — This minute ant appears to be a
constant resident in the nests of other species, at least in this
country ; whether it is found invariably in such situations
throughout Europe, I am not prepared to say, but I have
never found it separated from other ants. Mr. Janson,
and also Mr. Shepherd, find it in nests of Formica fidl-
ginosa. I have also myself found it in company with the
same species, but sparingly. In May last it occurred in some
numbers in ants' nests near Highgate, but I have only been
successful in taking workers; the only examples I have ever
obtained of the other sexes are two females ; one was taken
on the wing in October, and the other on a Christmas Day,
some years ago. I am inclined to believe that M. lippula
never constructs its own nest, but resides constantly with
species of Formicidce ; 31. j^ylandevi and J/, muscorum,
I am informed by Dr. Xylander, constantly reside in nests
of Formica rvfii, our common wood-ant.

Myrmica molesta. — In my former communications to
the Annual, I have had frequent occasion to refer to the
common house-ant, Myrmica molesta of Say, the Myrmica
domestica of Shuckard. In a paper published in the '* Ber-
liner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1862," Dv, Roger has
changed the name, referring the species to the F. Pliaraonis
of Linnaeus ; he at the same time attempts to prove that our
house-ant cannot be the house-ant of North America. In
the pi'efatory remarks to Dr. Roger's paper, I am said to be
an author who has a love for giving my own names to the
well-established species of older authors ) to this charge I at

60 HYMENOPTERA. \

i

once plead " not guilty :" let it be our endeavour to examine \
the nature of the evidence, as produced in the paper in ques-
tion, without bias, and possibly we may be able to ascertain
to whom the charge most truly applies.

It has been the o-ood fortune of Dr. Rosfer to have a
number of the Fabrician type specimens of Forniicid<B \
entrusted to him by the authorities of the Copenhagen
Museum ; the examination of these has enabled him to make
known to Hymenopterists, the modern genera to which the j
species belong ; he has also discovered that several of the i
species have been re-described by myself under specific i
names of my own. I scarcely think it can be necessary for !
me to say that this was unavoidable ; many of the Fabrician
descriptions do not consist of more than a few words, and |
even the more extended descriptions are frequently of so ]
general a character, that it would baffle Dr. Roger's, or even I
a Nylander's powers, to discriminate the species with the aid I
of the descriptions alone. Dr. Roger has conferred a great ;
benefit on science by making known to Hymenopterists, the ;
genera to which we are to refer so many of the Fabrician
species, and I am sure every Hymenopterist in Europe M^ill,
with myself, accord to him their best thanks ; I accept without
reservation every correction made through the medium of |
the Fabrician types; Dr. Roger's knowledge of the For- !
micidce is too profound to admit of the possibility of any
error occurring as regards such species, but I certainly do
hesitate to accept, without a careful examination on ray own \
part, the conclusions at which Dr. Roger has arrived as
regards those species, for the determination of which, he had ;
the help of descriptions alone. \

I have here only to do with one species, the Myvmica |
molesta of Say ; I will briefly state my reasons for having I
adopted this name, in preference to the very characteristic \

NOTES ON HYMENOPTERA. 61

one given by the eminent Hymenopterist Mr. Shuckard ;
admitting at the same time, tliat my inclination wouhl cer-
tainly have led me to have adopted the latter ; Say described
the species in the " Boston Journal of Natural History" for
1834, Shuckard's description will be found in the "Magazine
of Natural History" for 1838.

It will naturally be asked what proofs exist of the identity
of the insects ; the following have guided me in arriving at
that conclusion. In the national collection will be found a
number of examples of a small Myrimca from North
America; these were originally gummed irregularly on a
large piece of card, with the note " house-ant" written at one
corner; they formed part of the fine collection of American
insects presented to the Museum by the late Edward Double-
day. Those specimens I carefully compared with British
examples of our house-ant, and I have no hesitation in pro-
nouncing them to be identical ; I should add, that I ex-
amined them under various magnifying powers. I in the
next place had recourse to Say's description ; this I most
carefully studied in connexion with the specimens, and,
excepting that the insect is described as being entirely
yellow, they agree exactly with the greater number of
British examples, in which the apex of the abdomen is more
or less fuscous ; in some examples, however, it is very
slightly, in fact scarcely perceptibly so ; every one who has
had occasion to work from Say's descriptions will know
that a slight discoloration would in all probability be passed
over unnoticed ; I also observed that some of the American
specimens were almost unicolorous. Dr. Roger says that if
I had carefully studied Say's description, I should have
found that the two terminal joints of the antennae are of the
same length, whereas in M, Pharaonis the penultimate
joint is only half the length of the terminal one. As I have

62 HYMENOPTERA.

Stated above, I had read Say's description most care-
fully, and I did not find the two apical joints described as
being of the same length ; the description is, " the terminal
joint as long again as the penultimate," exactly as I found it
in our own house-ant. After a careful reinvestigation of the
subject I am of opinion that the English and American
house-ant is one and the same species, and that we shall do
right in retaining for the insect the name of Mijrmica molesta.
If the species had not proved to be identical with the
American one, I should have preferred to have used
Shuckard's name " domestica.'' The Pharaonis of Linnaeus
is described in the following w^ords : " F. rufa, abdomine
magis fusco ;" F. aniigiiensis of Fabricius is given as a
synonyme of Pharaonis, the only description of which is,
*' parva, testacea abdomine apice solo nigro," descriptions
that present to me an insurmountable difficulty when I
attempt to apply them, since I find they will equally well
suit half a hundred species.

It must not be supposed for a moment that T charge Dr.
Roger with any wilful misrepresentation ; certainly not. I
will point out the error into which I believe him to have
fallen, by an incorrect appreciation of Say's description ; the
following, "the terminal one as long again as the penulti-
mate," does not mean, as Dr. Roger appears to have under-
stood it, that the terminal one is of the same length, but that
it is of twice or double the length; *' as long again" has
evidently been construed to signify that the terminal joint is
(again) of the same length as the penultimate one ; thus, it
will be found, that all the arguments used to prove my con-
clusions to be erroneous, confirm their correctness.

I have entered somewhat into detail, but I trust not more
so than will be deemed necessary, in order to prove the
necessity of a careful investigation of synonyma before giving

NOTES ON HYMENOPTERA. 63

full credence to every supposed correction. There has been
for some time past a growing tendency, still on the increase,
to accept at once, unquestioned, the determinations of foreign
Entomologist-. Every Entomologist who elicits the truth is a
benefactor to science; but truth is to be sought for patiently,
it lies deeply hidden, and is not at once to be found on the
surface by any one. Do not believe that anyone can intuitively
discover it ; examine carefully into the correctness of alleged
errors, and pause before giving them full credence, until they
are confirmed by some one competent to test their accuracy.
Every one is liable to error, even w^hen most sincerely
endeavouring to establish truth ; and under such circum-
stances I am convinced my old correspondent Dr. Roger has
stumbled. When such an obvious mistake is made, as re-
gards one species, by an eminent Hymenopterist, I certainly
think it behoves us all not to be too hasty in jumping at
conclusions : Homopterists as well as Hymenopterists are
fallible.

Pediculus Melitt.e. — Whilst on a visit to Yorkshire
in September last, I captured several solitary wasps belong-
ing to the genus Odynerus. I was surprised, at so late a
period of the year, to find on most of them specimens of the
Pediculus Melittce of Kirby, the TriunguUnus andrenetarum
of Dufour. It is somewhat surprising that no one has yet
been able to decide whether these little hexapods are larvaa
or perfect insects ; judging from analogy, it will undoubtedly
be generally believed that they are the larvae, most probably,
of a Coleopterous insect. If such is the case, they must be
the larvag of some very common insect, and one very generally
distributed : excepting in colour, they exactly resemble the
larvEe of the genus 3IeTue. It has long been known that
these animals are not the larvae of Mel'de violaccus, M.

64 HYMENOPTERA.

p?'Oscarabeiis, or of 31. cicatricosus ; the larvae of neither of
these species, we are informed by Mr. Newport, *' ever ac-
quire this dai'kened coloui- ;" Pediculus Melittce being black,
and rather larger than the orange-coloured larvffi of 3Ielde.
These little hexapods are of the commonest occui'i'ence on
bees and wasps, and so in fact are also the larvae of Meloe ;
they frequently occur in early spi'ing, in great numbers, in
the flowers of the celandine, in buttercups and other flowers.
They continue to be found throughout summer, during
autumn, and I have found them in the cells of Anthophora
even in winter ; at all periods they are of the same colour
and size. Mr. Newport wrote, in 1845, '' whether they
belong to some other allied genus remains for future investi-
gation ;" he felt certain that they did not belong to J/e/oe,
and in 1862 we are unable to throw any additional light
upon the subject.

The most remarkable discovery that has been made in the
Aculeata during the ppst season, is that of an imperfect
hermaphrodite example of the hive bee. Apis iiiellifica ; it
was taken by a bee-keeper in Scotland, and passed into the
hands of Mr. T. Woodbury, of Exeter, who liberally pre-
sented the specimen to myself; an account of tiiis remark-
able bee will be found in the volume of the *^ Zoologist " for
1862.

An inaccuracy has inadvertently crept into the desci'ip-
tion, which I will hei'e correct : in describing the parts of
the bee that partake of the female characters, it is stated
that the sting is straight; this should not have been noticed,
since the sting of the queen bee is curved, that of the
worker being straight.

Islington, October 29th, 1862.

( 65 )

COLEOPTERA.

New British Species, Corrections of Nomencla-
ture, &c., noticed since the Publication of the
Entomologist's Annual, 1861.

By E. C. Bye.

Having been requested at a short notice to communicate
the present article, I must beg a lenient sentence for the mis-
takes it may probably contain, especially as I -vvas quite un-
prepared for the task, and have the arrears of two years to
notice.

I have adopted Waterhouse's Catalogue as a basis of
operations, presuminir that it is now used by all Coleopterists
of repute ; hence, with the exception of species apparently
new to science, novelty is merely claimed as regards that
work. With reference to this point I must remark that
insects have often been recorded as new to Britain, which,
on examination, have proved to be merely " old friends with
new^ faces ;" consequently a fresh starting-point is necessary,
and as Stephens' Manual is out of the question, there
remains not only no better, but no other than Waterhouse's
Catalogue; to which the w^ords of Flaccus well apply: —

" si quid novisti rectius istis,

"Candidus imperii ; si non, his utere mecnni."

I have added a few hitherto unrecorded localities and
notices of captures of rarities, in the hope that they may be
of service to others; and these, together with the large
number of species requiring comment, occupy so much
space that I am compelled to curtail the hitherto voluminous

1863. F

66 COLEOPTERA.

references to authors, and lists of synonyms ; enough^ how-
ever, is given for practical purposes, and the room saved has,
I trust, been made generally useful by giving distinctive
characters, as often and as fully as possible. In these
latter I have endeavoured to use the words of the original
recorders.

1. Blechrus GLABRATUS, Dufts. ; Dcj. ; Waterhouse Cat.

Brit. Col.

This species must be erased from our lists. It was intro-
duced on the supposed authority of the Stephensian col-
lection ; I have, however, examined the insects bearing the
name glahratus in the latter, and can come to no other con-
clusion than that they are all Metahletus truncatellus.

The Bleclirns found in England so commonly is wiawr?/.s',
Sturm; it is smaller thnu glahratus , Dufts., entirely jetty
black and shining, with the head smaller and thorax a little
more contracted behind ; the elytra, moreover, in glahratus
are even more parallel than in this species. Both Fairmaire
and Dawson have considered the two as identical ; however
this may be, the insect known ^s glahratus, Dufts., appears to
belong to Southern Europe.

2. Dyschirius ELONGATULus, Dawson; Wat. Cat.

Mr. Waterhouse is inclined to believe tin's is the D.
extenms of Putzeys (Monographic des Clivina, &c., p. 40,
sp. 49) ; but our insect is not the same as that described by
Dr. Schaum in his Ins. Deutschl. under the latter name, as
Dr. Schaum has kindly allowed his type specimen to be
compared wnth our British insect.

Examples have recently been taken by the Rev. H. Clark
at Deal ; the species, however, appears to be as rare on the
continent as here.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 67

3. Dyschirius angustatus, Abrens, Faun. Ins. Eur. i. 9;

Putzeys.
jejiums, Daws. ; Wat. Cat.
This species, pre-eminently distinguished by its rugose
bead, is clearly the same as D.jejanus, Dawson. Botli Dr.
Schaum and Mr. Waterbouse bave compared a continental
specimen of amjustatus wdtb the two examples in Mr.
T. J. Bold's collection (kindly fowarded by him for that
purpose), from which the species of Dawson was described.

4. Patrobus clavipes, Thomson, Sk. Coll. 25, 2 (1857);

E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb. 1862, Zool.
7911 (1862).
'* Taken by the late H. Squire near Lerwick, Shetland, in
August, 1858."

This is probably the species brought forwai-d in Ent. Ann.
1859, p. 144, as P. ZapponicuSf Chaud., but mentioned at
the time as requiring further investigation. It has long been
separated by Mr. Bold, who sent it to me as distinct, and has
been taken by many others in Scotland.

5. Harpalus diffinis, Dejean, Spec. Gen. iv. 196, 4

(1829); E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb.
1862, Zool. 7911 (1862).
Taken by Mr. Janson near Croydon.
There appears some difficulty in distinguisbing between
diffinis and rotundicolUs ; the latter, according to Dr.
Schaum, seems to have the sides of the thorax more strongly
rounded, and the apex of the elytra more distinctly sinuate,
appearing also to belong mostly to Southern Europe. There
is a specimen in the Madeirensian Coll. at the Brit. Museum,
taken by Mr. Wollaston, whicb differs from our common
Britisli species, but exhibits precisely these characters of
rotundicullis pointed out by Dr. Schaum.
* f2

68 COLEOPTERA.

6. Harp ALUS obscurus, Fab., Ent. Syst. i. 151 (Carahus).

monticola, Dej., Sp. iv. 195.
stictuji, Steph. ; Wat. Cat.
Mr. Waterhouse informs me that the Ojihomis siictus of
Stephens must be referred to this species.

7. Harpalus parallelus, Dejean, Sp. Gen. iv. 219, 25

(1829); E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb. 1862,
Zool. 7912 (1860).

"Captured by the late H. Squire on the Sussex Coast,
February, ] 858.'"

This may be known from the small vars. of jmncticoUiSj
Payk., by its shorter, sub-quadrate thorax, on which the
dorsal channel and basal fovese are indistinct or almost
wanting; the elytra have also on the third and fifth in-
terstices a row of distinctly larger punctures. Its general
colour is dai'ker, and this is especially seen on the under
surface.

8. Harpalus griseus, Panzer, Faun. Germ. 38, 1

(Corabus); Dejean, Sp. iv. 251. 49, Icon. iv. 144,

43, pi. 186, f. 4; Boisd. et Lac. Faun. Ent. Paris, i.

150, 12; Erichs. Kaf. Brand. 47, 5.

Mr. Waterhouse has in his collection tvro examples of this

species, hitherto unrecorded as British, and long ago

separated by him under this name. This species comes next

to ruJicorniSy Fab,, which it much resembles ; but is smaller,

with the hinder angles of the thorax somewhat obtuse, and

the apex of the elytra scarcely exhibiting any sinuation ;

whereas rujicornis is larger, with the thoracic angles

decidedly acute, and the apex of the elytra distinctly sinuated.

Detected amongst some specimens of the latter species, but

Mr. Waterhouse has no locality for them, and does not

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-52. 69

know their history ; this notice, however, may call attention
to the matter, and possibly other examples may be found.

9. Stenolophus derelictus, Daws.; Wat. Cat.; Solomon,

Zool. 7408 (1861).
The opinion of Dr. Schaum (recorded in Ent. Annual,
1860, p. 25) that this is only a dark var. of dorsalu, Fab.,
is certainly correct, so far as can be judged from specimens
in metropolitan collections; but Mr. Dawson told me long
ago that the example in his possession, upon which he had
founded the species, was unlike any others he had seen.

10. Bembidium nigricorne, GylL ; Wat. Cat. p. 107

(1861).
In the Proc. Ent. Soc. 3rd Mar. 1862, Zool. 7981 (1862),
will be found a letter from Mr. Wailes of Newcastle, the
original captor, establishing the locality of Mr. Waterhouse's
specimens, amongst others.

11. Laccophilus variegatus, Germar, Faun. Ins. Eur.

iii. 6 {Dytiscus); Aube, Sp. 439; Wat. Cat. p. 107

(1861).

At once known from its congeners by its narrow shape,

and the bright and well-defined markings on its thorax and

elytra, the latter being dark and glossy. Fii^t taken by the

Rev. H. Clark, plentifully, near Arundel I believe, in 1860.

12. Hydrgporus quinquelineatus, Zetterst. Faun. Ins.

Lapp. i. 335 {Hfjphijdrus)'^ Aube, Icon. 367, pi. 42,
fig. 2; Rev. H. Clark, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept. 1862,
Zool. 8219 (1862), Journ. Ent. 1, 469.

Hydroporus 1* sp. ? Wat. Cat. p. 107 (1861)..

Closely allied to H. reticulatus, Fab., and distinguished
from it by the longitudinal markings of the elytra, which are

70 COLEOPTERA.

na^ro\^'er, more regular, iininterrn)3ted, and continued to the
base parallel with the sutural marking ; the punctuation also
is more uniform and coarser.

Taken by Mr. Waterhouse, most probably in the London
district,

13. Hydroporus unistriatus, Schrank; Wat. Cat. p. 13.

14. Hydroporus bisulcatus, Curt, j Wat. Cat. p. 13.
Thi^, and the preceding species, must be rejected from our

lists, having been introduced by a mistake of nomenclature.

15. Hydroporus griseo-striatus, De Geer, Ins. iv. 103

( Dytiscus) ; Aube, Sp. 541.
Dijtiscus halensis, Paykull.

Similar in shape to A. picipes, Fab., but a little less
robust, with a darker thorax, and much finer punctuation.

Fulvous, with the thorax more or less pitchy on the disc,
and the elytra pitchy black, with thin yellow longitudinal
striae.

Dr. Schaum, during his recent visit to London, pointed
out this species, which has been doing duty for II, halensisy
Fab., in most metropolitan collections.

It has been taken in the north of England and Scotland,
by Messrs. Hislop, Soraerville and others.

16. Hydroporus halensis. Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 108, 52

[Dijtiaais)', Payk. ; Aube; Wat. Cat. p. 13; Rev.

H. Clark, Journ. Ent. i. 470.
areolati/Sf Dufts. ; Lacord.
severiifiy Clark, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept. 1862, Zool.

8219(1862).
This species must remain in' our lists, since the single

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 71

exponent of it in the Stephensian Collection is certainly
JuilensU, Fab. It is much broader and shorter than tho
last-mentioned insect, and more like H. assimilis, but with
the thorax not contracted behind : its colour is flavescent,
with two black central thoracic marks, and the elytra with
thin black striae, a scutellar patch, four spots on the disc, and
six or seven round the margins, all more or less distinct.
Recently examples have been taken by the Rev. H. Clark
in Horning Fen, and by Dr. E. Adams near Stowmarket ;
Dr. Power has also specimens from the latter locality, and
has long separated them in his collection as a distinct species.

17. Hydroporus derelictus, Clark, Proc. Ent. Soc.

1 Sept. 1862, Zool. 8219 (1862), Journ. Ent. i. 471
(described).
Nearly allied to U. planus, Fab., but slightly narrower,
more parallel, and not so rounded, with pubescent deep black
elytra; it differs from II. enjthrocephalus, Linn., (which it
resembles in the colour of head and elytra, and in its fuscous
tarsi,) in being less rounded and larger.

Taken in the Island of Orkney, August, 1855.

18. Hydroporus celatus, Clark, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept.

1862, Zool. 8219 (1862), Journ. Ent. i. 473
(described).

Closely resembling H. vithda, Er., but larger, thoracic
punctures less regularly distributed, the sti-iee on the elytra
less distinct, legs entirely rufo-flavous, and very like a large
H. pubescenSy Gyll., but with finer punctuation. Its place
is next to li. GyllenJiallu in our lists.

Taken in Bradgate Park and Black Park by Dr. Power,
also in Tilgate Forest by Mr. Brewer.

72 COLEOPTERA.

19. PIydroporus tinctus, Clark, Ann. Nat. Hist. Nov.

1862.
Near //. palustrb, Linn. Detected by Dr. Power as
distinct amongst a mass of water- beetles taken by Charles
Turner in the New Forest.

20. Gyrinus celox, Schiodte; Wat. Cat. p. 15.

This species, which has been introduced into our lists, and
which no one a})pears either to possess, or to be able to make
out, is regarded simply as a synonym of G. hicoloVy Fab., by
Thomson in his Skandin. Col. ii. p. 116.

21. IscHNOGLOssA coRTiciNA, Erichs. Col. March, i. 3ol.

15, Gen, et Spec. Staph. 153. 27 ; Redt. Faun.
Aust. 667, 20 {Oxyjjoda)', Kraatz, Naturg. d. Ins.
Deutschl. ii. 59, 3; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc.
2 Dec. 1861, Zool. 7864 (1862).
varia, Heer.
Distinguished from J, co?'ticalis, Steph. (ri/fo-picea, Ktz.)
l)y its more thickly punctured thorax and elytra, and lesser
bulk generally.

Detected by Mr. Waterhouse in the collection of the late
Mr. Heysham, of Carlisle.

22. Haploglossa pulla, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 494 ; Erichs.

Gen. 173; Fairm. et Lab. ; (nee Kraatz, or Wat. Cat. )

E. W\ Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 4 Nov. 1861, Zool.

7862(1861).

INIr. Janson records this distinct and coarsely punctured

species as taken by Mr. H. S. Gorham in the Isle of Wight ;

it was, however, already in Mr. Waterhouse's collection, and

well known to him (as remarked in the notice of the next

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 73

species), and is also possessed by Dr. Power and Mr.
Douglas.

23. •Haploglossa nidicola, Fairmaij-e, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Franc. (1852) 688 {Aleochara) ; E. W. Janson,

Proc. Ent. Soc. 4 Nov. 1861, Zool. 7862 (1861).
piilla, Ktz. ; Wat. Cat. p. 15; (nee Gyll.)
rvfipennis, E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 6 Feb. 1860,

Zool. 6937 (1860), Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 61 ; Wat. Cat.

p. 107 (1861), (nee Kraatz).
Mr. Waterbouse, prior to tbe first correct Britisb record of
tbis species, viz., in Proc. Ent. Soc. 7 Oct. 1861, Zool. 7808
(1861), Avitbdrew tbe name o^ H. rufpennis, Ktz., from bis
catalogue, introduced originally on tbe autbority of Mr.
Janson ; and stated tbat tbe latter insect must be referred to
tbe H. pulla of bis catalogue. Mr. Waterbouse bad, bow-
ever, at tbe time of v/riting tbat work, only two specimens,
one tbe true pulla, Gyll. (determined by bimself ), and tbe
otber tbe insect now known as nklhola, tben considei'ed by
bim, in accordance witb Kraatz, to be a var, of tbe same
species.

Tbe present species bas been found by my friend Mr. G.
Lewis, in great numbers, also by Mr. Brewer ; and I took
it in profusion on wild flowers at tbe base of sandy cliffs
near Walton-on-tbe-Naze ; also in Coombe Wood.

24. Aleochara mcerens, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 493, 53-54,

(1827); Ericbs. Gen. et Spec. Stapb. 169, 22;
Kraatz ; E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb.
1862, Zool. 7912 (1862).
higubris, Aubej Fairm. et Lab.
Comes next after A. moesta. *' Found by tbe late J. Fox-
croft in Pertbsliire, 1855."

74 COLEOPTERA.

It appears to differ from A. moesta, according; to Ericlison,
in having the thorax and abdomen, towards the apex, some-
what narrowed, and in the abdomen being more thickly
punctured.

It differs from A. lanuginosa in the somewhat depressed
pubescence, and in having the elytra thickly and less strongly
punctured.

25. Tachyusa coarctata, Erichs. Col. March, i. 308, 2,
Gen. et Spec. Staph. 71, 2 ; Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i.
345, 3 ; Redt. Faun. Austr. Qob, 3 j Ktz. Ins.
Deutschl. ii. 152, 4.
nigrita, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 344, 2.
This species was originally determined by Dr. Power, and
taken by him near Mickleham. It comes next after con-
st7'icta, Er. ; the abdomen being, however, not quite so con-
tracted at the base as in that species, and it is smaller, duller,
not so dark, and inclined to a blueish tint.

26. Tachyusa umbratica, Erichs. Col. March, i. 310, 6,
Gen. et Spec. Staph. 73,9; Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i.
345, 7; Redt. Faun. Aust. 655, 7; Ktz. Ins.
Deutschl. ii. 154, 8.
I am informed this species was originally determined by
Mr. Janson ; it was taken at Burford Bridge, near Mickle-
ham, on the banks of the river Mole, by Messrs. Janson and
Brewer, and by Dr. Power, Avho has also found it on the
banks of the Thames at Halliford. It may be distinguished
from T. leucopa by its generally lighter colour and lesser
bulk ; also by its I'ufescent antennae and legs. Its place is
next after T. leucopa.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 75

27. OxYPODA LUCENS, Mulsaiit, Opusc. Entomol. ii. 56,3;

Kraatz, Ins. Deutsch. ii. 178, 26; Wat. Cat. p. 107
(1861).
Taken by Mr. Morris Young of Paisley, and returned to
him from Paris with the above name.

28. HoMALOTA FLUViATiLis, Kraatz, Ins. Deutsch. ii. 222,

22 ; Wat. Cat.
gogatina, Mulsant.
Taken by Dr. Power. Comes next after S. ccunhrlca,
Wat. Cat. "

29. HoMALQTA LUTEiPES, Ericlis. Col. March. i. 320, 9,

Gen. et Spec. Staph. 89, 16; G. R. Waterhouse,
Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept. 1862, Zool. 8219 (1862).
Taken by Mr. Wollaston at Whittlesea, and by Dr.

Power in the London district. Comes next after H. lurldi-

jjennis, Wat. Cat.

30. HoMALOTA PALLEOLA, Erichs. CoL March, i. .333, 31,

Gen. et Spec. Staph. 115, 72; G. R. Waterhouse,
Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept. 1862, Zool. 8219 (1862).
Taken by Mr. Linnell, near Reigate, and originally deter-
mined (I believe) by Mr. Janson. Comes next after //.
(pgra, Wat. Cat.

31. HoMALOTA PARALLELA, Mannerh. Bullet, de Moscou,

1844, p. 173; Kraatz, Ins. Deutsch. ii. 262, 69;
G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept. 1862,
Zool. 8219 (1862).
talpa, Heer ; Redt.
Taken by Mr. Gregson ; and by Mr. Hislop in Scotland.
Comes next after U. incomjjicua, Wat. Cat.

76 COLEOPTERA.

32. HoMALOTA Thomsoni, Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb.
1862, Zool. 7912 (1862).
nigricornis, Thomson, Kong. Yet. Akad. Forli. Stockli.
(1850), 142, 42; Kraatz ; (nee Kirby or Steph.).
Captured by Mr. E. W. Janson, near Hampstead, in
April, 1857. Comes next after S. divisa, Wat. Cat.

33. HoMALOTA AUTUMNALis, Erichs. Gen. et Spec. Staph.
113,66; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept.
1862, Zool. 8218 (1862).
foveola, Mulsant.

Taken at Hawkburst, Kent, by Mr. Waterhouse ; also by
Dr. Power, and by myself at Coombe Wood. It comes
next after H. corriariaj Wat. Cat.

Concerning this insect Mr. Waterhouse has given me the
following remarks : — "When I exhibited to the Entomolo-
gical Society a specimen of what I believed to be the Iloina-
lota autumnalisy Er., as a species new to England, I was
very properly reminded that the insect had already been re-
corded in Murray's * Catalogue of Scotch Coleoptera.' I
have since found that the species is also recorded by Messrs.
Hardy and Bold, in their * Catalogue of the Coieoptera of
Northumberland,' &c. ; and indeed it is described in the
latter work. Upon referring to my note-books I find that I
have had an opportunity of examining the ' H. autiimnaUs'
both of jNIr. Murray's and Mr. Bold's collections, and that
in both cases the species was represented by H. grecjaria.
The description above referred to, however, certainly cannot
have been taken from H. gregaria ; and it appears to me
almost as certain that it does not apply to the insect I exhi-
bited as H. autumnalis."

New BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 77

Giving all praise to the good work done by Messrs.
Murray, Hardy and Bold, I must remark that the above
statement affords a clue to the reason of divers other species
recorded bv them havins: been omitted in Waterhouse's
Cataloo-ue.

34. HoMALOTA SUBTERRAXEA, Mulsant, Opusc. Entom. ii.

40,4; Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. ii. 291, 99; G. R.

Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sept. 1862, Zool.

8219 (1862).
Comes next after H. hospita, Wat. Cat. This species was
originally introduced into the Catalogue on the authority of
a specimen captured by Mr. E. W. Janson, and recorded in
the Proc. Ent. Soc. 2 July, 1860, Zool. 7152 (1860), Ent.
Ann. 1861, p. 61, which insect, that gentleman subsequently
says (Proc. Ent. Soc. 4 Nov. 1861, Zool. 7861, 1862),
appears to coincide, as stated by Mr. Waterhouse, with
//. scapularis, Sahib., a species already included in our lists.
Prior to the last-mentioned date, viz., in Proc. Ent. Soc.
7 Oct. 1861, Zbol. 7808 (1861), Mr. Waterhouse withdrew
H. subterranea, Muls., from his Catalogue, but it must now
be returned, the true species of that name having been dis-
covered by him among some insects taken by Mr. Morris
Young, of Paisley, to whose indefatigable exertions British
Entomology is much indebted.

35. HoMALOTA INTERMEDIA, Thomson, Ofvcrs. af Kon.

Vet. Acad. Forh. (1850), 145, 58; Kraatz, Ins.
Deutschl. ii. 301, 11; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent.
Soc. 1 Sep. 1862, Zool. 8219 (1862).
Taken by Dr. Power at Purley Downs. Comes next after
H. suhrufjosa, Wat. Cat.

78 COLEOPTERA.

36. HoMALOTA LEPiDA, Kraatz, Ins. Deiitschl. ii. 310, 120;

G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 Sep. 1862,
Zool. 8219 (1862).
va r. excavata, ^v'lchs.', Redt. ; Heer.
Taken by Mr. Andrew Murray in Scotland. Comes next
after I£. palustrisj Wat. Cat.

37. Oligota apicata, Erichs. Gen. et Spec. Staph, 182, 6;

J. A. Power, Zool. 7530 (1861); Wat. Cat. p. 107
(1861).
granaria, Wat. Cat. p. 19 (not of Erichson).
Distinguished from its British congeners by the two last
joints of the abdomen and legs being clear fulvous-yellow,
and by the two first joints of the antennae being of the same
length, and relatively longer than any of the succeeding
joints.

Taken in April, 1861, by Dr. Power from debris of fern,
at the Holt Forest, Hants, and subsequently in numbers at
the same place. The species granaria, Erichs., must be
erased from our lists, having been introduced erroneously,
on the authority of a specimen of apicata originally taken :
by Dr. Power.

38. Gyroph^na pulchella, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i.

310, 1 ; Kraatz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xv. 185. 4, Insect.

Deutschl. ii. 356, 3; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent.

Soc. 6 Jan. 1862, Zool. 7905 (1862), Trans. Ent. ^

Soc. vol. i. 3rd Series, pt. iii.

Readily distinguished from most other British species by

its long antennae ; differing from G. ajpnis, Mann., the only

other long-horned species, in its generally paler colour and

more glossy surface, also in having the thorax and elytra

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 79

relatively longer, and the punctuations on the elytra finer.
Its place is the first in the genus.

Taken by Dr. Power, also by myself at Coombe Wood.

39. GYROPHiENA LiEViPENNis (Thomson in litt.), Kraatz,

Ins. Deutschl. ii. 358, 7; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc.

Ent. Soc. 2 Dec. 1861, Zool. 7864 (1862), Trans.

Ent. Soc. vol. i. 3rd Series, pt. iii.
Rather less than G. nana, with the punctures on the head
and thorax less distinct than in that species, and the elytra
almost perfectly smooth. Its place in our lists is next after
G. affinis.

Detected by Mr. Waterhouse in the collection of Mr.
Heyshara, also taken by Dr. Power, Mr. Brewer and myself,
and stated by Mr. Janson to be known to him.

40. GYROPHiENA, sp. ? 6* . G. R. Watcrhousc, Traus.

Ent. Soc. vol. i. 3rd Seiies, pt. iii.
In Dr. Power's collection. Allied to G. J'asciata and
gentilis, but differing from both in having the thorax fur-
nished with minute scattered punctures throughout, and the
dorsal rows obsolete. It is smaller than G. gentilis, which
it most resembles, and wants the transvei'se depression near
the postei'ior margin of the thorax, having also the abdomen
less broadly margined.

41. Gyroph.^na manca, Erichs. Gen. et Sp. Staph. 190,

15; Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. ii. 361, 12 ; G. R. Water-
house, Proc. Ent. Soc. 2 Dec. 1861, Zool. 7864 (1862),
Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. i. 3rd Series, pt. iii.
A little larger than G. minima, Er., and distinguished
from that species by its pitchy colouring, more ample thorax

80 COLEOPTERA.

and elytra, the latter being more tliickly and finely punc-
tured ; also, in the male, by the absence of an}^ distinct ridges
on the sixth abdominal segment.

Taken plentifully by Dr. Power under bark near Thorton
Reservoir, Leicester, and stated by Mr. Janson to be also
kno\yn to him. Its place is next after G. minima in our lists.

42. QuEDius UMBRiNus, Erichs. Col. March, i. 491, 11 ;

Gen. et Spec. Staph. 541,27; Redt.; Heer; Kraatz,
Ins. Deutschl. ii. 509, 21.
maurorufuSj Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 309, 25 {Staphylinus).
Determined by Mr. Waterliouse from specimens in his
own collection, and in that of Mr. Morris Young.

This species must come next after Q. peltatus in our lists,
from which it differs in being narrower, and uniformly
glossy ; the antenna are shorter, the elytra shorter and less
bulky, and their punctuation more sparing but much stronger.

43. QuEDius SEMi-^NEUs, (Kirby) Steph. Illust. v. p. 243,

8 (Baphirus) ; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc.
3 Nov. 1862.
nitipennisj Steph. Coll. (^Raphirus).
semiohscurus, Erichs. ; Ktz. ; (?) nee Marsham.
Tar. riifipennis, Steph. loc. cit. 243, 6 [Rapliirus).
Mr. Waterhouse has pointed out the differences between
Q. attenuatus and this species, which has hitherto been con-
founded with it in our collections.

Q. attenuatus, Gyll., is somewhat less robust, the inter-
mediate coxos testaceous, the abdomen not striped longitu-
dinally, and the elytra jeneous, with dusky pubescence.

Q. semi-ceneus varies considerably in size, and in the
colour both of the elytra and intermediate coxsb ; the larger
examples usually have the .most rufous elytra, but the

ISfEVV BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-6'2. 81

pubescence in all is more or less reddish, es}3ecially at the
extreme apex ; and the smaller specimens have the inter-
mediate coxa3 generally lighter ; still the gradations are
scarcely perceptible. The best specific diagnosis, however,
is to be found in the abdomen, which has (or appears to
have) four longitudinal interrupted bands of ashy pubescence ;
and the basal segments have each three shallow foveffi, con-
sisting of one on each side, and a smaller depression on the
mesial line.

The species appears to be much more common than
attenuatus.

44. QuEDius INFUSCATUS, Erichs. Gen. et Spec. Staph.
543, 29 (1840) ; J. A. Power, Proc. Ent. Soc. 5 Nov.
1860; Wat. Cat. p. 107(1861).
chrysuruSj Kiesenw. in Kiist. Kiif. Eur. xii. 55 (1847) ;
Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. ii. 5*20, 35 j G. R. Crotch,
Zool. 8140 (1862).
Determined by Dr. Power, from specimens sent to him by
Mr. G..R. Crotch, found near nests of Formiica fiisca.

There appears no reason why Erichson's name (which is
the senior by seven years) should be rejected; his description
merely differs from that of Kiesenwetter in mentioning the
elytra as fusco-testaceous with a pitchy disc, instead of
entirely pitchy, and such a variation must be allowed for a
species in which the elytra are more or less margined ; at all
events. Dr. Power was enabled to determine our insect
correctly by Erichson's diagnosis.

Found by Mr. Crotch at Weston-super-Mare and Cam-
bridge ; also by the Rev. A. Matthews in Leicestershire, and
by Dr. Power and Mr. A. Haward in a rotten oak, near
Croydon.

1863. G

02 COLEOPTERA.

45. Philonthus punctiventris, Kraafz, Ins. Deiitschl. ii.
579, 10 j E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 4 Feb.
1861, Zool. 7415 (1861) ; Wat. Cat.

Brought forward by Mr. Janson on the authority of one
specimen, taken near London by Mr. E. Shepherd.

Allied to P. carhonarius, Gyll. (having the basal joints
of the front tarsi in the male not dilated), but distinguished
by its more parallel form, the coarser and thicker punctuation
of the abdomen, and especially by the seven apical joints of
the antennae not being transverse. Plentiful under decaying
vegetable matter, in hay stacks, fungi, &c.

This insect has been doing duty for P. lucens, Mann., in
certain metropolitan collections, but the latter has a narrow
head, and is especially like P. polituSy with the exception of
the basal joint of the antennae not being fuscous beneath.

Mr. Waterhouse informs me that there appears to be a
third species, between carboiiarivs and punctiventris in its
characters, with the joints of the antennae as in the latter
species, but the antennae perceptibly longer, and the elytra
less strongly punctured and a?neous in colour, having the
broader form and larger size of carhonarms. I have seen
specimens answering to this description in that gentleman's
collection, also in one or two others. Possibly these may be
the P. temporalis of Mulsant, but we have no means of
comparing with the original description at present ; this
notice may, however, serve to draw attention to the m.atter.

46. Philonthus prolixus, Erichs., Gen. et Spec. Staph.

510, 143; J. A. Power, Zool. 7325 (1861); Wat.

Cat. p. 108 (1861).

Determined by Dr. Power, who took it at Cowley ; also

taken by myself in the London district. Comes next after

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 83

P. shjiiaticoTnis, Muls., in our lists, and may be distin-
guished from that species by the antenna not being pale at
the base ; from P. villondus it may be known by the
antennae not being entirely pale. It is rather larger than
P. procei'uhis, vv-hich it most i-esembles ; the antennae, how-
ever, being longer, elytra wider, more distinctly and sparsely
punctuated, and with the rufo-testaceous apical colour ex-
tending beyond the middle.

47. Xantholinus atratus, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i.

246, 7; Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. ii. 636, 5; E. W.
Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb. 1862, Zool. 7912
(1862).

Discovered by Mr. Janson " in a nest of Formica rvfa^
near Highgate, Middlesex, October, 1856."

This species, the last in the genus in our lists, is appa-
rently abundant, and has been taken plentifully, long ago,
also by Dr. Power, who had remarked its differences.

It may be distinguished from X. pnnctulatMS, Payk., by
its smaller size, the finer punctuation of the head, and
generally lighter colour, especially in the antennae, which are
piceous instead of black. From X. ochraceus, Gyll., which
it resembles superficially, it may be known by the lesser
number of indentations in the two central thoracic strias, and
by the fewer and more remote punctuations on the head.

48. Lathrobium geminum, Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. ii.

673, 3 ; E. C. Rye, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb. 1862,

Zool. 7913 (1862).
elongatum, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 363, 1 ; Mannerh.

Brach. 37, 1 ; Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 239, 10.
bicolor, Heer (Kraatz, Berl. Zeits. 1861, p. 409).
g2

84 COLEOPTERA.

elongatum, var., Ericlis. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 590;
Fairm. et Lab., Faun. Ent. Franc, i. p. 551.
Detected by me amongst L. elongatum, Lin. ; from which
species it may be distinguished on the upper surface by the
equal breadth of the thorax and elytra, and comparative
shortness of the latter ; on the undei' surface the head is less
thickly punctured, and the penultimate segment of the abdo-
men in the male presents no central excision, the hairy ridges
being also shorter, and more parallel. It is as common as
L. elongatum. In Dr. Schaum's Cat. Eur. Col. he identifies
this species with boreale, Hochs.

49. LiTHOCARis RiPicoLA, Kraatz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xv. 126,
xvi. 165, 4; Ins. Deutschl. ii. 715, 8.
fuscula, Muls. et Rey, Opusc. Entomol. ii. 78.

Head blackish, thickly and finely punctured, rather dull ;
thorax red-bi'own, very shining, finely and thickly punctured,
wqth a smooth central fine; elytra red-brown, rather duller
than, and nearly half again as long as, the thorax, very
thickly and finely punctured ; abdomen darker and duller
than the elytra, antennae and legs reddish-yellow.

Differs from fuscula, Mann., in not being quite so large,
and the head being darker, thorax brighter, and punctuation
very much finer ; also in having the elytra of greater length,
in which character it resembles apicalls, Ktz., immediately
before which it must come in our lists. From brunnea, Er.,
it may a fortiori be known by its much longer elytra.

I determined this pretty species from five examples detected
by me among some un-named Brachehjtra belonging to
Mr. Douglas, who, with his usual liberality, presented a
specimen to me, and another to Mr. Waterhouse. Mr.
Douglas took them on the 19th May, 1861, under seaweed
on the shore near Southampton.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IX 1861-62. 85

50. Stenus atratulus, Erichs., Col. March, i. 540, l'2f

Gen. et Spec. Staph. 701, 21 ; Redt. Faun. Austr. ed.
ii. 220, 18; Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 219, 19;
Kraatz, Ins. Deulsehl. ii. 759, 21.

This species is omitted in Waterhouse's Cat., but recorded
in Hardy and Bold's Cat, Col. North, and Durh. p. 82,
1851, and Ent. Ann. 1855.

Its place in our lists is next after S. morlo, Erichs. ; I find
it not unfrequently in one rather dry place in Battersea Park,
and with the exception of three examples in Dr. Power's
collection (taken I believe by Mr. Brewer in the Cambridge
Fens), 1 have seen no specimens but those taken by myself.

It is a small species, 1 J lin. in length, coarsely punctured,
with a convexity between the eyes, and an abbreviated dorsal
channel on the thorax; it very much resembles S. mgrltuluSj
Gyll., but has the abdomen margined.

I have always wrongly supposed this insect to be the
*S. inorio of Erichson, and have given it away as such,
having been misled by a specimen in Dr. Power's collection,
I'eturned by Dr. Kraatz with that name ; this latter example
is certainly not 7nor'w ; having, apart from other characters,
the convexity between the eyes, as in ati'atulus; w^hereas
itiorio has the front of the head gently excavated.

51. Stenus lustrator, Erichs., Col. March, i. 548, 22,

Gen. et Spec. Staph. 712, 41 ; Redt. Faun. Austr.

ed. ii. 226; Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl. ii. 764,28 ; Wat.

Cat. p. 108(1861).
Originally taken and determined by Dr. Power; sub-
sequently found by myself and Mr. A. Hayward at Croy-
don, and by Messrs. Crotch and Brewer in the Cambridge
Fens.

86 COLEOPTERA.

It may be kiiow'n from iS. providus at once by its more
slender shape and the black apex to the palpi.

52. Bledius, 5 sp. ? Wat. Cat. p. 108 (1861).

This is the insect named J^. jyallipes, Grav., in Water-
house's Catalogue, the latter being removed from our lists.

c-3. Bledius subterraneus, Erichs., Gen. et Spec. Staph.
777, 34; Wat. Cat. p. 108 (1861).
This species was originally omitted in Waterhouse's Ca-
talogue, but recorded in Ent. Ann. 1855, p. 93.

54. Bledius talpa, Mann., Brach. 45, 10 ; Erichs. Gen. et

Spec. Staph. 777, 33; Steph. (not of Coll.); Wat.
Cat. p. 108 (1861).
Two specimens in the Leachian Collection were at first
overlooked by Mr. Waterhouse.

55. Bledius crassicollis, Boisd. et Lacord., Faun. Ent.

Paris, i. 456, 2 ; Erichs. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 770, 20 ;

J. A. Power, Zool. 7530 (1861); Wat. Cat. p. 108

(1861).
About the size of B. unicornis; head and thorax un-
armed, the latter strongly punctured, wiih a smooth space
and no fun-ow along the middle; elytra coarsely punctui-ed,
testaceous red, with a darkish stain near the scutellum ;
abdomen black, with apex testaceous.

Taken by Dr. Power, on a sandy bank near Walmer, in
August, 1857.

56. OxYTELUS PiCEUS, Grav. ; Gyll. ; Erichs.; Wat. Cat.

p. 30.
This species was introduced by Mr. Waterhouse on the

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 87

authority of a single specimen in his own collection ; it has
since been taken by him (in cow-dung in the field opposite
the inn at Birchwood), also by myself and Dr. Power, and
is most probably mixed with O. laqueatus, Marsh., in col-
lections.

It may be distinguished from the latter sjoecies by its head,
which has only one central longitudinal groove on the back,
and is also more punctured in front, with the space of the
clypeus less concave, and the clypeus is not so acute at the
angles ; the bulk of the eye is also much larger than in
laqueatus; and in the male the sixth segment beneath is
bisinuate, and the seventh tricuspid, whilst in laqueatus the
sixth segment has two tubercles, and the seventh is bisinuate
and produced into a mucro.

57. OxYTELus MARiTiMUS, Thomson ; G. R. Crotch, Zool.

8083 (1862).

Mr. Crotch records this species as taken in tolerable abun-
dance under sea-weed on the Somersetshire coast, and says
it resembles O. inusi-us, Grav., but may be known by its
testaceous antennae and more scattered punctuation.

This is most probably the Oxyfelus allied to inastus taken
on the coast, and distinguished long ago by Mr. T. J. Bold,
who has sent it to myself and others as distinct ; but I am
unable to speak decidedly on the point, not having seen the
original description o^ maritimus, which is, I presume, in the
recently published part of Thomson's work.

58. Ancyrophorus longipennis, Fairm. et Lab., Faun.

Fr. iii. p. 614 (TrugophlcBus) ; Wat. Cat. p. 108
(1861).
Distinguished from A. omalinus, Erichs.,by its larger size,
longer antennae and longer and more robust elvtra.

00 COLEOPTERA.

Taken by Mr. Waterhouse and Mr. Morris Young, both at
Paisley.

59. Thinobius brevipennis, Kiesenw., Stett. Ent. Zeit.

(1850) -221 ; Ki-aatz, Ins. Deutschl. ii. SSd, 5 ; E. W.

Janson, Proc. Ent. Soc, 3rd Feb. 1862, Zool. 7912

(1862).

Taken by Mr. Janson at Holme Fen, Hunts., in May,

1859 ; also in some numbers by Mr. G. R. Ci'otch (to whom

1 am indebted for specimens) in the Fen district.

60. Omalium Allardi, Fairm. et Bris., Ann. Soc. Ent.

Fr. (1859), p. 44.

When on the point of concluding this paper I was in-
formed of the occurrence in Britain of this and the following
species, which have been returned from the Continent to
Mr. Morris Young with the names here given to them re-
spectively.

I have not consequently had time to refer to the original
description of the present species, which is however decidedly
a distinct one from any of our other British Onialia.

It is about the size of oxyacanthcB, but in general habit
more like a small example of rivulaj^ef w^ith the exception
of being narrower; pitchy, with the base of the antennae,
maroiu to the abdomen, and a humeral spot testaceous-red j
the latter sometimes suffused nearly all over the elytron.

Its place is next to fos.wla turn in our lists.

Taken somewhat plentifully by Mr. Morris Young (to
whom I am indebted for specimens) at Paisley ; also by
Ml". Waterhouse in the same locality, as well as in different
parts of the London district (including the British Museum
Court Yard), but neither this nor the next species are to be
referred to the two queried new species in Wat. Cat.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IX 1861-62. 89

61. Omalium nigriceps, Kiesenw., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

(1851), p. 435.

Comes next to ccesum in our lists, from whicK its gene-
rally rufo-testaceous colour and black head at once distin-
guish it ; nevertheless, the description given by Kiesenwetter
is very vague.

Taken by Mr. M. Young, also by Mr. Waterhouse.

62. MiCROPEPLUS MARGARITA, Jacq. du Val, Gen. Col.

d'Eur. ii. 82, id. in Cat. Staph, {loc. cH.), p. 83;
H. S. Gorham, Proc. Ent. Soc, 7th .Ian. 1861, Zool.
7374 (1861); Wat. Cat. p. 108 (1861).
Var. fulvusy Erichs. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 912, 3.

Mr. Gorham has pointed out the difference between this
species and M. staphyUnokles, Marsh., with which it has
hitherto been mixed in collections. It may be known by its
longer elyti-a and more rounded sides, and the inconspicuous
tubercle of the fourth segment of the abdomen, which in
atapliylinokles assumes the form of an acute prominent crest ;
in the male of margaritce also the head is more acutely
toothed.

\i appears more abundant than M. staj)hylinoides.

63. Choleva grandicollis, Erichs., Kaf. Brand, i. 237.

tristi><j var. 2, (Murray) Wat. Cat. p. 34.

This conspicuous insect is separated in the continental lists
as a distinct species, and suiely with propriety. See remarks
of Dr. Kraatz in Berlin Ent. Zeits. (1858), pp. 30, 31.

It may at once be distinguished by the great width of its
thorax behind.

90 COLEOPTERA.

64. Choleva Kirbii, Spence in Linn. Trans.; Steph. Man,
Spencri, Stephens.

rotmidicoUis, Kellner ; Kraatz. i

tristisy var. 3 (Murray), Wat. Cat. p. 34. ,

The same remarks apply to this insect as to the last; it "
may be separated from trhti>i by its much smaller size, more |
convex appearance, and the punctuation of the thorax, which ■
is much closer than in that species, and somewhat rujrulose. '
I have taken large numbers of this insect, and never found I
it vary in appearance, and but very slightly in size; it has ;
more die habit of a small grandicollU than tristis, and might j
possibly be mistaken for a var. of the former of these, or \
even for one of its sexes ; but I have repeatedly found the
sexes both oi' Kirbii and grandicolUs in copula, and even at
the same time and place, though the species have never been
mixed sexuallv.

!

Qb. ScYDM^NUs GoDARTi, Latr., Gen. i. 282; Erichs. Kaf. j

Brand, i. 252, 1 ; Fairm. et Lab. Faun. Ent. Franc, j

ii. 346, 1 ; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool. 7975 (^1862). i

The first species of the genus, and the largest of our ;

Scyhnceni, being nearly equal in size to Eumicrus tarsatus, j

Miill., which it resembles in colour, but differs in the shape i

of its head and thorax, and in having pointed elytra. !

Takenin July,1861,in Sherwood Forest, by Mr. Matthews,]

and determined for him by M. Aube.

QQ. ScYDM^NUS PUMiLio, Schaum ; Rev. A. Matthews,^

Zool. 7975 (1862).

minutuSf Chaudoir.

Allied to ^\ SparshalUi, Denny, but differs in being of aj

darker colour and wider form, and having more obtuseljr

pointed elytra. Its place is next after SimrslmlUi m our lists.(

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IX 1861-62. 91

Mr. Waterhoiise informs me that the differences JDointed out
by Mr. Matthews for this species are equally applicable to
the insect which the former supposes to be ruhicundus.

Taken by Mr. Matthews near Gumley, Leicestershire, in
the years 1860 — 2, and determined for him by M. Aube
^^ from Dr. Schaums Catalogue,'' but I have as yet been
unable to refer to the original description, which does not
appear in any of Dr. Schaum.'s papers on ScydmcBni I have
seen.

67. ScYDM^NUs RUBicuNDUS, Schaum, Anal. Entom. 13,

31; Faii'm. et Lab. Faune Ent. Franc, ii. 348, 7;
G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 7 Jan. 1861,
Zool. 7375 (1861).
N.B. The specific name of this insect does not appear
in the Proc. Ent. Soc. or Zool.
Comes next after S, elongatulus, MiilL, in our lists.

68. ScvDMiENUs NANUS, Schaum, Germ. Zeits. f. Ent. 1844,

471; Wat. Cat. p. 105(1861).
exiliSf Schaum.
viininius, Chaud.

69. Cephennium intermedium, Aube, Ann. Soc. Ent.

Fr. 1859, Bullet, p. 235; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool.

7976 (1862).

Mr. Matthews says this species may be known from

C. thoracicum, MiilL, by its dark colour, smaller thorax,

more elongate shape, and rather longer antennte ; according

to the description, however, the shape should be shorter.

A single specimen found in moss near Silchester, Hants,
by i\Ir. Matthews, in July, 1859, and determined for him by
M. Fairmaire.

92 COLEOPTERA.

70. EuTHiA ScHAUMii, Kiesenw. in Berliner Ent. Zeits.

(1858), Part i. p. 45; Wat. Cat. p. 105 (1861).

71. Agathidium rotundatum, Gyll., Ins. Suec. iv. 513,

17, 13 {Anisotoma) ; Erichs. Tns. Deutschl. iii. 101,
9 ; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool. 8084 (1862).
Allied to A. mandihulare, Sturm, but distinguished by
the greater length of the sutural stria, and pale apical joint
of the antennae.

Taken by Mr. Matthews near Gumley. I noticed this as
a distinct species long ago amongst some Agathidia, sent to
me by Mr. Moi-ris Young of Paisley, and it has also been
known to Mr. Waterhouse.

72. Meligetiies symphyti, Sturm, Deutschl. Ins. xv.21,9

(Nitidula); Erichs. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 180,22; Wat.
Cat. p. 108 (1861).
convexa, Schiipp.

73. Meligethes exilis, Sturm, Deutschl. Ins. xvi. 53, 26

(Nitidula); Erichs. loc. cit. 206, 47; Wat. Cat. p.
108 (1861).

74. Endophlceus spinulosus, Latr., Gen. Crust, et Tns.

ii. 179, 2, Tab. 16, fig. 3 {Eledona) ; Eric. /. c. 256;

Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Mar. 1862, Zool. 7981 (1862).
This new genus, a grand addition to our Coleopterous
Fauna, was taken in the New Forest by Charles Turner
(who has also reared specimens of it from one of its earlier
stages). Its place is in the Cohjdiidce, next after Sari^otrium.
Turner is unquestionably the first "wood worker" of the
day, and without him our collections would be poor in
ElateindcB and Xyhijihaga.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-6*2. 93

This species is rather flatter, more oblong, and larger than
Cicones variegatus, being sometimes \ inch long: it is dull
red-brown suflused with pitchy-black, the edges and sutiu'e
lightest, with short hairs round the margins and on the eleva-
tions. The thorax is roughly granulated, with broad, flat
margins deeply toothed at the sides; the anterior angles
strongly produced, and the posterior doubly emarginate: the
middle is much elevated, projecting slightly over the head,
and with two irregular ridges enclosing the central line, which
ends in front in a small notch ; the elytra have rough in-
terrupted ridges, and the entire margin is crenulated.

75. MoxoTOMA spiNicoLLis, Aiibe, Ann. Soc. Ent. Franc.

(1837), p. 463, 6, pi. 17, f. 6 ; Wat. Cat. p. 105 (1861).

76. MoNOTOMA BREvicoLLis, Aube, loc. cit. p. 460, 4, pi.

17, f. 4 ; Wat. Cat. p. 105 (1861).

77. MoNOTOMA QUADRicoLLis, Aubc, loc. cit. p. 465, 7, pi.

17, f. 7 (?) ; Wat. Cat. p. 105 (1861).

78. MoNOTOMA SUBQUADRTFOVEOLATA, Watcrhousc, Cat.

Bi-it. Col. p. 105 (1861).
quadrifoveolata, Waterh. (Proc. Ent. Soc. 7 Dec.
(1857), p. 97 (not of Aube, loc. cit. p. 468, 9, pi. 17,
f.9). .

79. Antherophagus stlaceus, Herbst, Kaf. iv. 169, 6,

Taf. 42, fig. 7 (Ips.) ; Erichs. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 344,
2 (nee Gyll.); Rev. A. Matthews, Zool. 8084
(1862).
Allied to A. nigricornisj Fab., but distinguislied by the

94 COLEOPTERA.

tooth at the apex of the anterior tibis, and also by its long
pubescence.

Taken by Mr. Matthews some years ago in Oxfordshire ;
also in Mr. Waterhouse's collection (taken by Chas. Turner,
at Folkestone).

80. Dermestes undulatus, Brahm, Insecten Kalender, i.

114; Erichs. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 430, 4.
tessellatus, lUig. ; Herbst ; Wat. Cat.
Mr. G. R. Crotch has pointed out the above correction.

81. Dermestes Frischii, Kugelann, Schneid. Mag. 478,

3; Erichs. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 428, 2; (Fischeri)
G. R. Crotch, Proc. Ent. Soc. 3 Feb. 1862, Zool.
7914 (1862).
vulpinus, Iliig. (nee Fab.)
Allied to D. vulpinus, Fab., but distinguished by the
brighter colour of the sides of the thorax, which has a black
spot at each hinder angle; underneath, the middle spot on
the last segment is teiminal only, being produced in vulpi-
nus; and in Frisdiii the mucro at the apex of each elytron
is wanting.

Taken by Mr. W. Farren under a dead horse in the New
Forest, 1860.

82. Aphodius fcetidus. Fab., Ent. Syst. i. 40, 131 ;

Payk. ; Panz. (ScaralxBus) ; Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 38,
35; Erichs. Ins. Deutschl. iii. 817, 17.
putridus, Herbst, Kaf. ii. 160, 99 (Sca7Yibceus),
tenellus, Say.

alpinus, Wat. Cat. p. 109 (1861), nee Scop.
The Aphodius named alpinus in Wat. Cat., and taken

.NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 95

by Charles Turner in Scotland at the end of 1860, must be
referred to this species.

The true oljyiniifi, Fab., is a larger and less convex species,
presenting somewhat the appearance of ater, De G., and
with distinct tubercles on the clypeus ; whereas in foetidus,
Fab., the clypeus presents a taint transverse line, and even in
the male the tubercles are scarcely perceptible. The elytra
are pitchy red, more or less suffused, and with a darker
sub-apical patch.

83. Aphodius Zenkeri, Germ., Mag. i. 118, 6; Schmidt,
Germ. Zeits. ii. 107, 16 ; Erichs. Ins. Deutschl. iii.
852, 39.

Most resembles porcu:t, Fab., but immediately known
from that species by its more convex form and polished ap-
pearance, and particularly by the smoother and broader
elevation of the middle of the interstices on the elytra. It
comes next to tcs^ellatus in our lists, ai]d is of the same shape,
and in the same section, as that species.

Taken at Mickleham {^in stereo re huma no) and determined
by Dr. Power, to whose unwearied energy, discerning eye and
generous nature our lists and collections are most eminently
indebted ; subsequently found, under similar unsavory cir-
cumstances, by myself in the same locality, also by Mr.
Brewer ; and detected in the collections of Messrs. S.
Stevens and J. Scott, both of whom found it at Mickleham.

84- Ammcecius BREVis, Erichs., Ins. Deutschl., iii. 907, 1 ;

J. A. Power, Proc. Ent. Soc. 4 Nov. 1860;

A. Haward, Zool. 7368 (1861); Wat. Cat. p. 109

(1861).

elevatus, Panz. Faun. Germ. 87, 1.

The addition of this new genus (whose place is between

96 COLEOPTEUA.

Aphodius and Rliyssemus) to our lists is due to Mr.
Haward of Croydon, who in May, 1859, captured a single
specimen on the sand-hills at Southport, Lancasliire, in
company with ^gialia arenaria. It may at once be
known from ^glalia by its much less globose body, which

in fact resembles certain species of Aphodius; also by the j

slender tibiae and coarsely punctured thorax. |

It has subsequently been taken in profusion by Mr, i
Haward, and also by Mr. M. Solomon in the same
locality.

I

85. Elater rufitarsis, Desvignes, *' Entomologist." j

1842, p. 326; Wat. Cat. p. 109 (1861). i

Allied to E. nigrinus, but larger, more robust, with -

coarser punctuation and darker tarsi.

Taken by Mr. Desvignes, and subsequently by Charles j

Turner in Windsor Forest. i

86. Agbiotes, 4* sp. , Wat. Cat. p. 109 (1861). j

Hmbaius, pars, Steph. Coll. (Adrasfus). j

It is almost impossible to beat young trees in the spring j

without finding this insect in one's net; nevertheless it does j
not agree with any recorded British species. It is generally

mixed in collections with Adrastus pallens (limhatus olim), i

which it much resembles; but, apart from generic dis- j

tinctions, it may be known by its stouter and darker limbs, j

and in having the thorax not so globose. AdrasUis, also, is :

much less common, and does not occur until later in the i

summer, according to my experience. \

The present species is very like Agriotes acuminatus, but ;
always smaller, with the elytra not so pi-oportionately long,

and the interstices not so wide, or containing so many j

punctuations. |

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 97

87. Telephorus, 21* sp. ? Wat. Cat. p. 109 (1861).

Taken by C. Turner at Rannoch. Allied to testaceiix,

Linn., but larger, more robust, antennae darker, thorax
broader, less constricted, and darker, and the punctuation of
the elytra decidedly closer.

88. Telephorus ater, Linn., Syst. Nat. 2, 649, 16 ; Gyll.

Ins. i. 336, 10 {Cantharis) ; Kiesenw. Nat. der Ins.
Deutschl. (1860), 516, 42; Wat. Cat. p. 109 (1861).

89.. Haplocnemus nigricornis, Fab., Ent. Syst. i. 2. 81.
16, Syst. Eleuth. ii. p. 73, 10 ; Payk. ; Gyll.
impressus, var., Steph. 111.

Mr. Waterhouse informs me that there are not only two
species of this genus in England, but that on a very careful
examination of the original descriptions, he comes to the
conclusion that the common species has been hitherto
wrongly named by him. Dr. Power originally noticed the
existence of more than one Haplocnemus in England, and
the present species was determined by Mr. AVaterhouse, from
a specimen found by Charles Turner in the New Forest.

It may be known from impressus, Marsham, by its greener
colour ; its tibiae, tarsi and apex of femora being pale, and
the elytra having a lesser number of punctures, which are
coarser and less clearly defined : the reflected mai'gins of the
thorax and elytra are also rufescent beneath.

90. Haplocnemus impressus, Marsham, Ent. Brit. 226,
16 ( Crioceris) ; Steph. Illust. iii. p. 316, and Coll.
{Aplocnemus).
nigricornis, Wat. Cat. p. 57.

This is the insect named nigricornis in our collections.
1863. H

98 COLEOPTERA.

91. Genus DrxoDERUS, Redtenb., Faun. Austr. (ed. 1858)

p. 569.
sp. SUB5TRIATU5, Pavkull, Faiin. Suec. iii. 142, 2;

Gvll. Ins. Suec. iii. 374, 2 {Apate); Germ. Faun.

Ins. £ur., Fasc. 20, Tab. 12 (Apate subsfriata);

Redtenb., loc. cit.; Wat. Cat. p. 109 (1861), (nee

Steph.)
Dinoderas suhstriatus of Stephens is not, as has been
supposed, the insect known by the same name to continental
naturalists, but belongs to a different genus. The species
above recorded has, however, been found in England ; on one
occasion I believe at Darenth, by my friend INIr. G. Lewis.

92. Tychius poltlineatus. Germ., Insect. Spec. i. p. 294,

1824 [Sihirtia polyJineatd) ] Schon. Gen. et Spec.
Cure. iii. 403, 3 (1836) ; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc.
Ent. Soc, 5 May,^1862, Zool. 8062 (1862), described.
lineatuIuSj Schon. Supp. (nee Kirby;.
lineatuluB, pars, Steph. Coll.
Mr. "Waterhouse states this species is genei-ally labelled
Schneideri in our collections, and often mixed with the true
species of that name, from which it differs in having several
li^ht-coloured stris, instead of one distinct band at the suture ;
also in being larger, longer, and more convex, generally
lighter in colour, with the scales wider when viewed under a
high power, having the posterior femora somewhat obtusely
toothed, and the anterior tibiae of the male without the tooth
on the inner side.

Found on the south coast generally.

93. Tychius Kirbii, Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc, 5 May
1862, Zool. b063 (1862), described.
JiavkoUis, car. /3., Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. vii.
:304, 21.

>-EW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IX 1861-62. 99

Jiavicollis, "Walton, Brit. Mus. Coll. (not of Kirby or

Steph.)

Mr. Waterhouse lias elevated the insect found in England,

hitherto supposed to be a var. o^ flai'icoUis, Schon., to the

rank of a separate species, and named it after the revered

Kirby.

94. Tychius brevicornis, Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc,

5 May, 1862, Zooi. 8064 (J 862), described.

About half the size of T. nigrirostrU, "Walt., which it
much resembles, differing in its small size and short antennaB,
the scape being relatively shorter and more clavate, and the
separate joints of the funiculus shorter.

Taken by Mr. "Waterhouse at Hawkhurst, Kent, in April,
1860, and at Gravesend in May, 1861 ; also in Mr. S.
Stevens' collection.

95. Ceuthorhyxchus uligixosus (Walt.;, Schonh.

Supp. ; Wat. Cat. p. 80; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc.

Ent. Soc, 7 Oct. 1861, Zool. 7808 (1861).
This species must be withdrawn, as Mr. Waterhouse states
that the Waltonian exponent in the Brit. Mus. Coll. is
nothing but CceUodes didi/mui!, Fab. ; also that anotiier
example, named by Mr. Walton, in Mr. Dale's collection,
is a rubbed specimen of Ceuthorhf/nchus litura, -Fab.

96. Ceuthorhynchus biguttatus (Waterh.), Schonh.

Supp. ; Wat. Cat. p. 80 ; F. P. Pascoe, Proc. Ent.
Soc, 5 May, 1862, Zool. 8062 0^62).
Mr. Pascoe remarks that the insect recently described by
M. Chevrolat as C. Baphculensis is idectical with this
species.

h2

100 COLEOPTERA.

97. Ceuthorhynchus inornatus, Waterhouse, Proc.

Ent. Soc. 3 June, 1861, Zool. 7615 (1861),

described.
Allied to C. sulcicollis, Gyll., from -which it may be dis-
tinguished by the pitchy-red colour of its tarsi, and by the
under surface of the body being very sparingly clothed with
the white scales so conspicuous in the latter species. In the
male of sulcicollis^ also, the penultimate abdominal segment
underneath has two approximated small tubercles, and the
last segment is concave in the middle, the concavity being
bounded by a slight ridge ; whilst in inornatus the penul-
timate segment is simple, and the concavity of the last seg-
ment is bounded by a conical tubercle.

Taken by Mr. Waterhouse at Highgate, Box-hill and
Northfleet, always on Erysimum alliaria ; afterwards by
Dr. Power, Mi*. Brewer and others, on the same plant.
C. sulcicollis, which feeds on Erysimum officinale^ appeals
never to accompany this species.

98. Ceuthorhynchidius minimus (Walt, in litt.), Brit.

Mus. Coll. ; Walt. Cat. Brit. Cure. (1856); Waterh.
Cat. p. 81.

99. SiTOPHiLUS ORYZiE, Linn., Amoen. Acad. 6, 395, 19;

Oliv. ; Fab. (Curculio) ; Schonh. ; Wat. Cat.

p. 82.
If S. granarius be allowed as an English species, the
present also must be included in our lists, having become
naturalized, and being abundant in many parts of the
country though of course originally introduced from the
East.

XEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 101

100. Cryphalus pice^ [Bo.stnchics (Cryphalus) pirecs],

Ratzeburg, Forst. Ins. i. 163 (1837); Rev. A.
Matthews, Zool. 7918 (1862).
Resembles C. ahi^.tifi, but may be known by the acumi-
nate capitulum of its antennae, which is circular in that
species.

A single specimen taken many years ago by Mr.
Matthews, near Weston-on-the-Green, Oxon, in October;
and afterwards a second example, near the same spot.

101. DoxAciA AQUATicA, Linn., Syst. Nat. 2, 637

{Leptura) ; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc.
3 Dec. 1860, Zool. 8335 (1861); Wat. Cat. p. 86.
Comari (Ahrens), Suffr. ; Janson, Ent. Ann. 1861,
p. 77.
It appears from Mr. Waterhouse's remarks, and from his
examination of the Linnsan specimens, that the name
aquatica for this species is entitled to priority.

102. Graptodera ampelophaga, Guer., Rev. et Mag.

de Zool. (1858), p. 415 ; Allard, Ann. Soc. Ent. de
France (1860—61), 78, 31 ; Wat. Cat. p. 90.

103. Crepidodera ckloris {Ckalcoides cldoris)^ Foudras,

Altis. 318, 4, in Mulsant's Hist. Nat. des Col. de
France (1860); G. R. Crotch, Zool. 8083 (1862).
Mr. Crotch states this species to be not uncommon on
sallows.

It appears from Foudras (loc. cit.) to be allied to
C. aurata (Marsli.), Foud., and about the same size as
that insect, from which it differs in being concolorous,
though varying from greenish-copper to aeneous and blue ;
also in having the four first joints only of the antennae

102 COLEOPTERA.

ferruginous, instead of five as in aurata (as remarked by
Mr. Crotch.

Mr. Crotch points out that the oedeagus in the male is not
emarginate ; but the difference in that respect between the
two species appears to be that in aurata the oedeagus is
arched, shghtly contracted in the middle, depressed in a
trifling degree at the apex, and obtusely rounded; whilst in
chloris it is arched, parallel, depressed at the apex, and
acutely angled.

I find in my collection specimens answering to this de-
scription ; they are all, besides, more elongate and parallel
than C. aurata^ which peculiarity is also remarked by
Foudras ; aurata however appears also to be concolorous
sometimes. Mr. Waterhouse has long separated similar
examples in his collection as possibly distinct, but he informs
me they all came off poplars.

104. Crepidodera ventralis, Illig., Mag. vi. 58; Allard,

Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. (1860—61), 54, 8; Wat. Cat.
p. 91.

105. Phyllotreta pceciloceras (Kunze), Comolli de

Col. Nov. (1837), p. 48; Allard, loc, cit., 376, 93;
Wat. Cat. p. 92.

106. Phyllotreta vittula, Redt., Faun. Austr. 532;

Allard, loc. cit., 380, 99; Wat. Cat. p. 92.

107. Thyamis obliterata, Rosenh,, Fn. Eur. p. 6] (1847);

Allard, loc. cit., 96, 46; Wat. Cat. p. 93.

108. Thyamis minuscula, Foudras, Alt., 1860, p. 154;

Allard, loc. cit., 322 ; Wat. Cat. p. 94.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-6*2. 103

109. Thyamis pellucida, Foudras in Muls. Col. de Fr.

210,52; Wat. Cat. p. 94.
Icevis (Duft.), Allai'd, loc. cit., 121,69.

110. Thyamis Reichei, Allard, loc. cit., 132, 80; Wat.

Cat. p. 94.

111. Thyamis Lycopi, Foudras, Alt. p. 193; Allard, /(jc.

cit.,S3'2; Wat. Cat. p. 94.
ahdominalis (Duft.), Allard, loc. cit., 119, 67.

112. Psylliodes cupronitens, Forster, Uerbers. Kaf.

Faun. Rlieimp. p. 37; Allard, loc. cit., 815, 214;
Wat. Cat., p. 95.

113. Psylliodes picipes, Redt., Faun. 538 ; Allard, loc.

cit., 822, 223 ; Wat. Cat. p. 95.

114. Apteropeda splendida (Forster), Allard, loc. cit.,

bll, 182 ; Wat. Cat. p. 96.

115. Scymnus fasciatus (GeofFroy), Fourc. Ent. par. i.

149, 21; Mulsant, Col. de Fr. 242, 9; Wat. Cat.
p. 99.

116. Scymnus Mulsanti, Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc.'

4 Mar. 1861, Zool. 7453 (1861), Trans. Ent. Soc.

Vol. i., 3rd series, pt. ii. (described).

limhatus, Stepli. Coll., nee Steph. lUustr.

Similar to S. discoideus, Illig., but smaller; having the

legs uniformly testaceous, the pectoral groove obsolete, and

the underside more thickly and finely punctured; the red

104 COLEOPTERA.

colour of the elytra also is usually darker, and the elytra
broadly margined with black throughout.

Found in marshy places, not on or near pine trees, as is
always the case with S. discoideus.

Taken at Southend and Holme-bush by Mr. Waterhouse,
and by Dr. Power at Holme-bush, Deal and Lee.

117. Clambus pubescens, Redt., Faun. Aust. 119, 158 j
Fairm. et Lab. ; Wat. Cat. p. 100.

118. Ptinella, Motsch, Matthews.

Some members of this genus require no comment, but the
following arrangement of our British species is in accordance
with the views of Mr. Matthews, who informs me that sub-
sequent observations have much confirmed his previously
recorded suspicions as to the wings in Ptinella affoiding
merely a sexual distinction ; and therefore species, hitherto
considered distinct, are coupled together in the present
notice ; still further observation is required before this associa-
tion can be absolutely confirmed. I am much indebted to
Mr. Matthews for his kind assistance in this m.atter.

Sp. 1. (fig. 2.) Proteus, Matthews, Zool. 8261
(1862), described.
Ratishunensis, Matth., Zool. 8058
(1862) ; Wat. Cat. p. 101 (nee
Gillmeister).
It appears that the doubts expressed by Mr. Matthews as
to the identity of the Ptinella, taken so plentifully by him-
self in the midland counties with the Ratishonensis of Gillm.,
are now justified beyond question ; also that Mr. Matthews'
insect is a new species ; to which, on account of its numerous
variations, he has given the name of Proteus.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 105

It occurs both with and without wings, and with the wings
imjDerfectly developed ; the specimen figured in our frontis-
piece having the wings very conspicuous. The usual pro-
portion appears to be one winged to four apterous examples.

It is well distinguished from its congeners by its laige size
and long pubescence, also by the greater dilatation of the
anterior part of the thorax and by the oblong elytra, and
from all, except P. Maria, by its obtuse abdomen.

Sp. 2. Maria, Matth., Zool. 8058 (1862), described.
At first sisfht resembles a minute Omalium : differs from
its cono;eners in the o^reater width of the bodv, the rounded
thorax, long slender legs, and fineness of its punctuation.
Three winged and two apterous specimens were taken by
Mrs. Matthews in Derbyshire.

Sp. 3. PUNCTiPENNis, Fairm. et Bris., iinn. Soc.
Ent. Fr. (1859), 32 (Ptilium) ; Rev. A.
Matthews, Zool. 8058 (1862).
Pafisbonensis, E. W. Janson, Proc. Ent.
Soc. 4 April, 1859, Zool. 6614 (1859),
Ent. Ann. 1860, p. Ill . . (alafa).
DENTicoLLis, Fairm., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
(1857), 732 {PtiUum)', Matth.; Wat.
Cat. Brit. Col. . . . (aptera).
Mr. Matthews writes that Mr. Janson, to whose per-
severing exertions both the above owe their introduction to
our lists, has again met with them this summer, and in com-
pany, thereby considerably confirming Mr. Matthews' pre-
viously expressed opinion as to the probability of their being
the sexes of the same species.

One of tiie two examples of the winged form previously
known to science was taken by Mr. Janson in the London
district, March, 185S.

106 COLEOPTERA.

The P. Ratishonensis of Ent. Ann. 1860, appears (by a !
mistake almost inevitable at that time) to be wrongly so ^
named ; it is P. jmnctij^ennisy Fairm. i

•I

Sp. 4, Britannica, Matth., Zool. 6032 (1858) ; j

Wat. Cat. '

This species has occurred as yet only in the apterous form. |

Sp. 5. TENELLA, Erichs., Ins. Deutschl. iii. 33, 15 ;i

Matth. ; Wat. Cat.

microscopica, Gillm. j

A single foreign specimen, without wings, in the collection!

of M. Aube, and another with wings, taken by Mr. ;

Matthews in Sherwood Forest, are the only known examples!

of this species.

Sp. 6. Ratisbonensis, Gillm. in Sturm's Deutschl.

Faun. xvii. 61, 2, T. 324, fig. 2 (1845),:

Trichopteri/x, (not of Matth. Zool. 80581

(1862) nor of Wat. Cat.). \

testaceo, var. Erichs.

Mr. Matthews says the ti'ue Ratishonensis is so closely

allied to P. testacea, Heer, that Erichson is probably right!

in considering it merely a var. of that species ; but, whether!

distinct or not, it has been taken in England by Mr. I

Matthews, and its name must, therefore, be retained in our]

lists. i

It has as yet occurred here only in the winged form.

Sp. 7. testacea, Heer, Faun. Col. Helv. i. 376, 9i

(1841) ; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool. 8058|

(1862).

Umhataj Heer, loc. cit. 376, 8; Wat.,

Cat. . ' . . . . {alata).\

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 107

APTERA, Guerin, Rev. Zool. 90 (1839)
Ptil'mm; Erichs. ; Wat. Cat. {aptera].

Mr. Matthews associates these two forms, but i-emarks
that it is strange testacea should so rarely occur, both here
arid on the continent, whilst aptera, the only one with
which it can be associated, is the most generally dis-
tributed of the genus.

Among Mr. Matthews' specimens of testacea (all of which
were taken in company with aptera), is one that agrees
exactly with the type specimen of Ratishonensis sent by
Dr. Schaum.

Seven examples of te.'^tacea were tuken by Messi'S.
Matthews and Hildebrand in the Midland counties ; it has
also been taken by Mr. Janson in the London district ; on
both occasions along with aptera.

P. aptera was first found by Mr. Janson in the London
district, and afterwards taken plentifully by Messrs. Janson,
Scott, Douglas and Gorhara ; found also in the Midland
counties by Messrs. Matthews and Hildebrand.

Sp. 8. GRACILIS, Gillm. in Sturm's Deutsch. Ins.
xvii. 62, pi, 324, fig. 3 ; Matth. Zool. 8059

(1862) {alata).

ANGUSTULA, Gillm. loc, cit.j 66, pi. 324, f. 6;

Wat. Cat (aptera).

One specimen only of P. gracilis has yet occurred, found
by Mr. Matthews, in company with P. angustula, which
latter was first taken by the same gentleman in the Midland
counties, and afterwards by Mr. Janson in the London
district; in both localities rather plentifully.

119. Trichopteryx attenuata, Gillm. loc. cit., 49, pi.
322, f. 5; Matthews, Zool. 7975 (1862).
Distinguished from the rest of the genus by the transverse

108 COLEOPTERA.

foveaB at the posterior angles of the thorax, and by having
ihe elytra much antenuated towards the apex; the antennas
also are almost entirely black.

Its place in our lists is next after T.fac'icola, Allib.

Taken by Rev. A. Matthews near Gumley.

120. Trichopteryx Guerin-ii, AUibert, Rev. Zool.

(1844), 52; Fairm.; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool. 7975

(1862).
Intermediate in size (and position) between T. &ericans^
Heer, and T. pyymcBa, Erichs. ; much depressed in shape,
with the elytra usually more or less red, sometimes wholly

so.

Taken by Mr. Matthews near Gumley ; also by Dr.
Power.

121. Ptilium inquilinum (Mark.) Erichs., Ins. Deutsch.

iii. 26, 3; Gillm.; (nee Wat. Cat.).
canaliculatum var. Mark.

ccBsiimj Ent. Ann. 1860 ; Wat. Cat. (nee Erichson).
Mr. Matthews writes to me that the true Pt. ccBsum,
Erichs., has not yet occurred in England ; the specimens
bearing that name in our collections, and found by Mr.
Gregson in ants' nests sent from Scotland, belonging to this
species.

Mr. Matthews also informs me that the specimens taken
by ]Mr. Waterhouse, and referred by the former in Zool.
7410 (1861) to this species, are certainly distinct, and
probably must be referred to P. discoideum, Gillm.

122. Ptilium insigne, Matthews, Zool. 7410 (1861\

described ; Wat. Cat.
Distinguished by the deep and wide longitudinal channel

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. 109

of the thorax, on each side of which is a parallel, distinct and
deeply impressed line; the latter in canaliculatu7n, &c., beino^
oblique and faint; also remarkable for the dilatation of the
tibice.

A single specimen taken by Mr. Waterhouse.

123. Ptenidium fuscicorne, Erichs., Ins. Deutschl. iii.

37,4.
picipesj Matth., Zool. 7067 (1860); Wat. Cat.
I am informed by Mr. Matthews that his P. picipes has
proved identical with fuscicoriie, Erichs. ; hence the latter
name claims priority.

124. Ptenidium formicetorum, Kraatz, Stett. Ent. Zeit.

(1851), p. 167; Rev. A. Matthews, Zool. 7976 (1862).

Next before P. apicale, Erichs., in our lists, but smaller
and narrower than that species, with the thorax less convex
and elytra more pointed at the apex ; the latter entirely
bright rufo-piceous.

Detected by Mr. Matthews in his own collection, amono;
p. apicale, Erichs.

125. Lathridius rugosus, Herbst, Col. v. 6. 3, Tab. 44,

f. 3, c. C; Gyll., Ins. Suec. iv. p. 140, 20 (Lat7'idius];
Mann., in Germ. Zeits. fiir die Entom. vol. v. (1844),
p. 90, sp. 28; G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc.
1st Dec. 1862.
In the collections of Mr. Waterhouse and Rev. A.
Matthews.

126. Myrmecoxenus vaporariorum, Guer., Ann. Soc.

Ent. Fr. (1843), p. 70, pi. ii. f. 1 ; Wat. Cat. p. 103
(1861).

110 COLEOPTERA.

127. Bryaxis simplex, Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 4 Mar.

1861, Zool. 7455 (1861); Wat. Cat. p. 103 (1861).

As large as S. sangulnea, Fab., but in the same section
as B.fossulata, Reich., having the abdomen simple in both
sexes. Rufo-piceous, elytra red, margins dusky, legs fusco-
testaceous, anterior coxs unarmed in the male, which is
only to be distinguished by a small spine at the apex of the
intermediate tibiae.

Found by Mr. Waterhouse at Strood, on the Medway ;
also by myself at Southend.

128. Bryaxis Helferi, Schmidt, de Pselaph. Faun. Prag.

33; Aube; Wat. Cat. p. 103 (1861).
jmlrhel/a, Schaum.
assimilis, Curtis (?)
Common on the south coast, especially near Folkestone.

129. Bryaxis Lefebvrii, Aube, Mon. Pselaph.. 28 (?),

G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 4th Mar. 1861,
Zool. 7454 (1861) ; Wat. Cat. p. 103 (1861).
Mr. Waterhouse records as above a female Bryaxis in his
collection resembling Helferi but certainly distinct ; the
abdomen more finely and less thickly punctured, the vi^hole
insect narrower, and the humeral angles more prominent :
this specimen agrees most closely with a male Lefebvrii
received from Paris.

130. (fig. 1.) Trichonyx sulcicollis, Reichenb., Mon.

Pselaph. 62 (Paelaphus); Aube, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
(1844) 141 ; Fairm. et Lab., Faun. Ent. Fr. 364, I ;
G. R. Waterhouse, Proc. Ent. Soc. 2 June, 1862,
Zool. 8101 (1862).
Anthicus Dresdensis, Fab.
This magnificent Pselaphidian (the largest in Europe,

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., IN 1861-62. Ill

except perhaps Batrisus formicarius) was taken in some
numbers by Messrs. Douglas and Scott under elm bark, "in
the London district."

It may be known from T. 31'dr'kelii by its superior size,
its thorax not being so contracted behind, and the elytra
more opaque and not so finely reticulated.

131. Trichonyx Markelti, Aube, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

(1844), 142 ; id. Mon. Pselaph. 52 {Euplectus sul-
cicollis) ; Wat. Cat. p. 104 (1861).
Bryaxis hcematica, pars, Steph. Coll.
Recently taken by Mr. Waterhouse in moss, at Mickle-
ham, and has been met with by other Entomologists.

132. Euplectus Kunzei, Aube, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2"^^

serie, ii. 143, sp. 3 (1844); Wat. Cat. p. 104 (1861).

Like E. Bennii, but larger, more depressed, and with a
larger head ; rufo-testaceous in colour, instead of pitchy-
biack.

Taken by Mr. Waterhouse at Greenhythe.

133. Euplectus Dennii, Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. Vol. i. 3rd Series, Pt. ii. (1861); Wat. Cat.
p. 104 (1861).
? sanguineus, Denny, Mon. Pselaph. p. 10, sp. 2
(1825).
Like E. nanus, but more elongate, and with longer and
more slender antennse ; the eye also is larger and more
prominent ; and there is no distinct fovea on the raised part
of the head.

Taken by Mr. Waterhouse at Hawkhurst, Kent.

112 COLEOPTERA.

134. Sphindus dubius, GylL, Ins. Suec. i. 243 {NitiduJa) ;
Wat. Cat. p. 105 (1861).
Gylhuhalii, Chevr. ; J. A. Power, Proc. Ent. Soc.

5 Nov. 1860.
humeralis, Mink.
Taken by Charles Turner in fungus in the New Forest.

The following notice of new localities and captures of j
rarities (I believe previously unrecorded) will probably be i
interesting. i

Agabus brunneus, Fab. This very rare species has i
been lately rediscovered by Dr. Power ; who, with much
trouble, and after the lapse of many years, found the iden-
tical spot in the New Forest where he originally took it. j

DixARDA DENT ATA, Grav. Taken in plenty by Messrs.
Scott and Douglas in nests of Formica sanguineay near
Croydon. j

Myrmedonia Haworthi, Steph. Taken by Mr. H. \
Montague at Dulwich, Mr. E. Smith on Reigate Common,
and by Bouchard at Sutton.

OcYUSA PiciNA, Aube. Found by Dr. Power at Dray- ;
ton and Cowley. i

EuRYPORUS PiciPES, Payk. Taken by myself on Pur-
ley Downs, Croydon ; subsequently, at the same place, by
Mr. A. Haward and Mr. C. Waterhouse. I

QuEDius truncicola, Fairm. Taken twice by Mr.
H. Montague under elm-bark on Clapham Common. A !
specimen, liberally presented to me by that gentleman, j
exhibits a considerable depression between the eyes (which j
also appears in Mr. Waterhouse's specimen) ; I have not \
noticed this in Q. fulgidus. The third joint of the antennae ;

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., 1861-62. 113

appears also not so long in propoition as in the latter species.
Those "vtIio doubt the specific value of truncicola must
surely have omitted to notice its punctured scutellum.

Philonthus corvinus, Erichs. Taken by Dr. Power
at Merton, also by myself at Mickleham (in fungus) and
elsewhere. At once distinguished from ebeninus by its larger
size, deep black colour, rounder head, and more elongate
joints of the antennae,

Lathrobium pallidum, Xordm. Found by Mr. H.
S. Gorham, near West Wickham.

Stilicus fragilis, Grav. It is astonishing how com-
mon a species sometimes becomes; this hithei-to very rare
insect has occurred all over the country, sometimes in pro-
fusion. Taken by Mr. Adams, Mr. Janson, Dr. Power,
Mr. Brewei' and Mr. E. Smith, also abundantly by my
friend Mr. Garneys, in Suffolk.

Stenus pa lustris, Erichs. Pound in great quantity by
Mr. G. R. Crotch, also by Mr. Brewer, in the Fen district.

Acrognathus maxdibularis, Gyll. Mr. J. Scott has
taken a specimen of this rare insect at the original locality,
Darenlh, and, with his usual liberality, presented it to Mr.
Waterhouse.

PsEUDOPSis sulcatus, Newm. Taken abundantly by
Mr. Brewer in a haystack at Reigate.

Sph^ RITES GLABRATUS, Fab. Agp^iu taken by Turner,
and in some numbers, at Rannoch.

Het^rius sesquicornis, Preyssl. Dr. Power has
taken this little notoriety in nests of Formica rufa at Wey-
bridge ; and Messrs. Douglas and Scott have found it near
Croydon with Formica sangiiinea.

CoLYDiUM ELONGATUM, Fab. Rescucd from Leachian
suspicion by Charles Turner, who took it in the burrows of
Platypus in the solid wood, New Forest, Hants.

1863 I

114 COLEOPTERA.

L^MOPHL^us DUPLiCATUS, Waltl. Taken by my
friend Mr. G. Lewis at Farnborough very plentifully ; also
by myself at Coombe Wood.

L^MOPHL^us BIMACULATUS, Payk. Taken in some
numbers by the indefatif]^able Messrs. Scott and Douo^las,
under bark of hornbeam, Hainault.

Mycetophagus fopuli, Fab. Found in profusion in
the rotten black interior of an old elm by Mr. W. Leedes
Fox of Harleston, Norfolk, to whose liberality all collec-
tions possessing this rare species are indebted.

Helophorus intermedius, Muls. This insect re-
sembles a small example of aquaticus more than miMlus. I
found it last year at Walton-on-the Naze.

Megapenthes lugens, W. Redt. A single specimen
of this species (apparently equally rare on the Continent) was
taken by my friend Mr. H. Montague, under elm bark in
his garden at Stockwell ; the same garden has produced also
Ischnudes sanguinicollisy Eryx atra and XT/loj^hihis poj^ul-
neiis.

Dictyopterus mixutus, Fab. This rarity has suddenly
occurred at two distant places. Taken at Mickleham in last
September by Dr. Power, afterwards by myself at the same
place, by sweeping under fir trees. About the same time it
was also taken by Mr. Saunders, jun., at Bristol in some
numbers, on a felled tree.

Tetratoma Desmarestii, Latr. Taken by Mr. H. S.
Gorham at Coombe Wood ; by Mr. A. Matthews in Lei-
cestershire, Mr. Leedes Fox in Norfolk, and Turner in the
New Forest.

Tropideres niveirostris. Fab. Messrs. Douglas and
Scott each took a specimen of this rarity on the 8th June
last, by beating dry sticks near the Fox, Darenth.

Ceuthorhynchus viduatus, Gyll. Taken by Mr.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES, ETC., 1861-62. 115

Garneys in Suffolk. This insect much resembles CceUodes
dldymjis ; but, apart from the generic character of the
pectoral groove, may be known from that species by its
larger size, and the white marks on the elytra being nearer
the shoulder.

Cryphalus abietis, Ratz. Taken by Mr. Garneys at
Bungay.

Strangalia revestita, Lin. Taken in June last by
Mr. J. Scott at Darenth.

Symbiotis latus, Redt. Taken in some numbers by
jVIr. Gorham in a rotten stump near Clifton, Bristol ; and at
Bungay by Mr. Garneys.

E. C. Rye.

284, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.,
lOth November, 1S()2.

i2

( 116 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

Notes on some of the Genus Eupithecia.
By the Rev. H. H. Crewe, M.A.

Occurrence of a Eupithecia new to Science in Great

Britain. Eup. fraxinata, Crewe.
Since I took up the study of habits, larvae and food plants,
&c. of the genus Eupithecia, I have strongly suspected that
the typical Continental Eup. innotata, Hb., was entirely
distinct from our British species bearing the same name ;
though the perfect insects so closely resemble each other
that they are as difficult to distinguish as Acronycta psi
and tridens, the larvae are so totally dissimilar in habits, ap-
pearance, colour and food plant, that I could never beheve
they belonged to the same species, and I determined, if pos-
sible, to set the matter at rest during the past season. I am
happy to say that I have succeeded in doing so, and have
much pleasure in announcing to the Entomological world,
that our British species is not only entirely distinct from the
true Continental Eup. innotata, Hb., but apparently an un-
described species entirely new to science. In July last I
was able to forward to Professor Zeller, at Meseritz, two full-
fed larvas of our British o.s7i-feeding species : these were
reared from four eggs, kindly sent me by my friend Mr. '
Greene, who, after much trouble, succeeded in getting two
moths to pair in confinement. These moths were reared

NOTES ON SOME OF THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 117

from larvae and pupse taken from ash by Mr. G. in Derby-
shire, in the autumn of 1861. M. Zeller immediately replied
that these larvas were in every way so totally unlike those of
the Continental species, which occurs somewhat freely in the
neighbourhood of Meseritz on Ar'temisia campestrh, that
there could be no question whatever as to the specific dis-
tinctness of the two insects. In the course of the autumn,
M. Zeller very kindly sent me four Hving larvag of Eup.
innotata, Hb., taken by himself at Meseritz on A. camvestris,
I at once came to the same conclusion as himself. No two
larvag can be more di-^similar. Havino; taken an accurate
description, and secured most exquisitely life-like drawings
of both larvfE from my kind friend Mr. Buckler, I sent
the latter off to Mr. Doubleday, whose opinion I value more
than that of any other living Entomologist. He at once
replied that there could be no doubt whatever that our
British insect was totally distinct from the Continental
species. With his entire concurrence, I, therefore, propose
to name it Eup. fraxinata, Crewe. I have for some years
past been familiar with the larva, and have found it to be
exclusively confined to usJi. Mr. Greene has also for some
years past been in the habit of taking the pupa, and he has
invariably found it under moss on the trunk or at the roots
of that tree. I conceive, therefore, that it would be difficult
to select a more appropriate title. The following elaborate
description of Eup. in7iotata, and the points of difference
between it and Eup. fraxinata, was kindly written for me
by Mr. VVestwood, to v.hom I sent a well-marked pair of
each insect. I also subjoin a description taken by myself of
the larvae of both species.

Eup. inxotata, Hb.
Expanse of fore wings 10— 10| lines. Colour grey, slightly
tinged with brown, varied with brown and black scales.

118 LEPIDOPTERA.

Disc somewhat paler than the margins. Along the anterior
margin a series of about twelve irregular- sized black spots,
generally arranged in pairs, forming the anterior outlines of
the paler undulated strigae, which run across the wings.
From the base to the middle of the anterior margin, these
spots have an outward direction, but from the middle to the
tip they are directed obliquely towards the base of the wing.
In the middle of the wing, closing the discoidal cell, is a
small transverse black spot. The median vein between the
base and the first bjanch is marked with one roundish and
three oblong minute black spots. The branches of the
median veins, as well as the two disco-cellular and the sub-
anal veins, are also faintly marked with blackish spots, those
on the first branch of the median vein being the most strongly
marked. All these dark spots indicate the direction of the
pale obliquely undulated strigae, of which one near the base,
two running across the middle of the discoidal cell (strongly
elbowed near the middle of the cell), two beyond the middle
of the wing (strongly elbowed towaixls the fore-margin),
and one sub-apical (strongly elbowed near the anal angle,
forming a well-marked W opposite the apical angle), are
the most conspicuous : several others are, however, much
more sliixhtly indicated. The outer portion of the wing has
also a series of small dark lines running from the margin
towards the disc between the veins ; the outer margin itself
is formed by a dark line. The fringe is pale, with a dark
line near its base ; the outer portion is also dark.

Posterior wings paler than anterior ones, especially on the
disc ; anal portion darker, varied with short transversely un-
dulatino; strig^aB. At the commencement of the disco-cellular
vein a very minute dark dot. Beyond the middle of the
wins: a denticulated dusky striga, followed by a whitish one
commencing at the anal angle, beyond which the outer por-
tion of the wing is dusky. Fringe paler at the base, darker

NOTES ON SOME OF THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 119

on its outer portion, with a dark line near the base dilated
into dark dots opjDosite the extremities of the longitudinal
veins. Body griseous, slightly varied with darker scales.
On the middle of the posterior margin of each abdominal
segment a small pale dot, preceded by a dark semicircle.
Antennae slightly luteous.

Eup. FRAxiNATA, Crewe.

Expanse of anterior wings in a full-sized specimen lOJ lines
(English measure). These wings are of a more uniformly
brownish-grey colour than in the preceding species. The
black markings and pale undulated strigae always very faint
and indistinct, but in number and position similar to those of
Jnnotata. Frino;e more uniform in all the wing^s. The
w'hite strigular sub-apical W, so distinct in the previous
species, is here very faint, and sometimes scarcely visible.
Disc of hind wings much darker ; anal portion less strongly
marked, especially towards the body ; the dark and pale sub-
apical strigae can in fact only be traced with difficulty, though
their position is clearly shown by the somewhat more decided
markings at the anal a:jgle.

The above descriptions were taken from a very fine pair of
E. innotata bred and sent me by M. Zeller, and an equally
fine pair of E.fraxinata bred by myself.

Description of Larva of Eup. innotata, Hh.
Ground colour pinkish-grey. Central dorsal line dull
purplish red, or rusty brown, connecting a series of well-
defined top-shaped blotches of the same colour. Dorsal
blotches margined by a number of lateral white stripes.
Each lateral segment ornamented by a largish orange-red
and dusky purple spot. Spiracular line white. Back and
sides more or less suffused with orange. Head dusky purple.

120 LEPIDOPTERA.

Whole body studded thickly with minute tubercles. Belly
purplish grey. Central ventral line dusky purple, margined
with white. Resembles the pink variety of the larva of
E. nanata; the lateral stripes also remind me of the larva
of £'. vh^gaureata. Feeds on Artemisia campe.stris, ZeWer,
and according to Knoch and Schvvarz on A. absynthium
and vulgaris. The larvae sent me by M. Zeller were full
fied, Oct. 6 — 10th. Pupag inclosed in an earthen cocoon.
Thorax and wing cases pale yellowish green. Abdomen pale
yellowish red, segmental division dark red.

Description of Larva of Eup. fraxinata, Crewe.*
Long, smooth, tapering towards the head. Ground colour
uniform dull-green. Segmental divisions yellow. Central
dorsal line dingy-green or purple, very indistinct, except on
the anal appendage, where it is dilated into a large dark
purple spot. Spiracular line yellow. Belly whitish, wrinkled,
central ventral line dark green. A variety rarely occurs in
which the central dorsal line is wanting and its place is
supplied by a series of dusky triangular blotches, becoming
faint or evanescent on the anterior and posterior segments.
On each side is a row of slanting yellowish stripes, tinged
with pink. Pupa enclosed in a cocoon under moss, on the
trunks of ash, long, slender and tapering. Thorax and wing-
cases dark olive. Abdomen still darker, almost black,
tinged posteriorly with red. Feeds exclusively on ash.
Mr. Greene and myself have for some years been in the
habit of taking both larvae and pupae, and we never found
them upon any other plant. The larva will eat flowers of
laurusHnus if reared from the eg^ in confinement. It is full
fed at the end of August and beginning of September.
Perfect insect appears at the end of June and throughout
* Described as Innotata, Annual, 1861, p. 13(i.

NOTES ON SOME OF THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 121

July. The larva of E. tamorisciata^ Frey, Guenee, p. 332,
seems somewhat to resemble this species.

Occurrence o/'Eup. arceuthata, Frey, in
Great Britain.
Durinn; the three years that I have been resident in
Buckinixhamshire I have taken the larva of this insect on
wild juniper on our chalk hills. When I first found it, I
took it to be the larva of Enp. HelveticatUy Bdv. ; but when
the moths appeared thefollowincr spring, they were so different
in size, colour and general appearance, that I could not
believe them to be that species. Having an opportunity
during the past season of sending some Eupithecice to
Professor Zeiler of Meseritz, I enclosed a specimen or two
of my Buckinghamsliire insect with the rest. M. Zeiler at
once informed me that it was Eup. arceuthata, Frey, an
insect which he was in the habit of breeding freely in his
neighbourhood. He also kindly sent me some fine bred
Continental specimens, which precisely tallied with my own.
M. Zeiler, however, added, that he considered this species
and Helceticata to be identical, the latter being a northern
variety of the former. He admitted, however, that he was
not acquainted with the oeconomy of HeheticatUy and had
had no means of comparing the respective larvae. Messrs.
Doubleday and Bond were inclined to hold the same opinion,
but they also had not seen and compared the larvae. I
determined, therefore, if possible, to try and set the matter at
rest. I succeeded in May last in getting impregnated eggs
from my Buckinghamshire-bred Arceuihala. These I dis-
tributed among various friends : Mr. Hellins, Mr. Greene
and myself succeeded in rearing a few. Through the kind-
ness of Mr. Wilson, of Edinburgh, I procured some living
larvae of Eup. Heheticata from the Pentland Hills. T

122 LEPIDOPTERA.

made a careful and accurate comparison of each larva, and
took as accurate a description as I could. I also secured
from my kind and talented friend Mr. Buckler some ex-
quisitely life-like coloured drawings. There appear to be
unvarying distinctive differences between the two larvae, and
I am almost satisfied in my own mind that the two species
are entirely distinct. At any rate I am convinced that there
is no sufficient evidence at present for amalgamating them,
though Dr. Staudinger has done so in his " Catalogue
of European Lepidoptera," published in September, 1861.
Almost every Entomologist to whom I have sent the perfect
insect, with the exception of my excellent friends Messrs.
Doubleday and Bond, who are a host in themselves, think
it quite distinct from Helveticata, and to my eyes it has
never seemed anything else. Both, however, upon seeing
Mr. Buckler's drawings, tell me they think, if the differ-
ences between the larvae are constant, they may probably
be entirely distinct. I subjoin a description of the respective
larvae. Mr. Birchall has shown me an insect taken at
Killarney in 1859 which seems to be this species.

Description of Larva of Eup. arceuthata, F?^et/.
Stout and plump, the same thickness from head to tail.
Nearly one-fourth as large and long again as Helveticata.
Ground colour grass green. Central dorsal line dark green.
Sub-dorsal lines pale yellow or yellowish white, lower edge
dark green. Spiracular line white or yellowish. Segmental
divisions yellow. Belly bright green. Central ventral line
yellow. Head somewhat bifid, slightly curved inwards
when at rest, invariahlij uniform dull-green. Anal tip of
central dorsal line always dark green. Spaces between sub-
dorsal and spiracular lines darker green than rest of the body.
Feeds on wild juniper from the end of September to middle

NOTES ON SOME OF THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 123

of November. It is seldom full fed till towards the end of
October. It will feed on cypress if reared from the egg in
confinement. Pupa enclosed in a slight earthen cocoon.
Wing-cases very transparent, yellowish-green, thorax and
abdomen rather pale!', especially the latter. Tip of abdomen
dull red. Perfect insect appears in confinement in May.

Description of Larva o/Eup. Helveticata, Bdv.
Rather short and stumpy, much more so than the pre-
ceding species. Altogether a more clumsy looking insect.
Same thickness from tip to tail. Ground colour grass green,
duller than Arceuthata. Central dorsal line dark green,
slender. Sub-dorsal lines ditto, broader, edged anteriorly
with pale sti-aw-colour and sometimes posteriorly with purple.
Spiracular hue waved, pale yellow or straw-colour. Head
slightly bifid, curved inwards when at rest, inrariahly dusliy
purple, sometimes almost black. Anal tip of central dorsal
line in all the individuals I have seen purplish. Segmental
divisions yellowish. Belly duller green. Central ventral
line yellowish. Feeds on rvild juniper; full-fed from the
beginning to middle, of September, often a month or six
weeks earlier than E. arceuthata. I have previously
described this larva in the Annual, page 133, for 1861.

Description of the Larva ri/EuPiTHECiA

VIMINATA, Douhl.

Rather short, tapering very considerably towards the head.
Ground colour bright green, very translucent. Central
dorsal and sub-dorsal lines dark green, varying very con-
siderably in breadth and intensity of colour. Segmental
divisions yellow. Spiracular line whitish green. Belly
generally destitute of markings, but occasionally traversed
longitudinally by two slender faint sub-ventral lines, rather

124 LEPIDOPTERA.

darker than the otouikI colour. When yoiino: the ground
colour is iireenish-white. Feeds on liowers and seeds of"^
Valeriana officifnilis, in woods and osier beds. Full-fed from i
the middle of July till the end of August. During the two |
past summers I have met with this larva in Bucks, Here- i
fordshire and Dorsetshire. My friends Messrs. Hellins and.
Greene have by following my directions turned it up during;
the past summer in Devonshire and Derbyshire. Pupa \
enclosed in a slight earthen cocoon. Thorax and wing- i
eases bright green. Abdomen yellowish, tip and segm.ental |
divisions dull red. Perfect insect appears in May and June. '
There seems to be no doubt that this insect is Eup. Valeria-
natay Hub. He figures the larva, which agrees with those |
I have taken. The name Viminata must, therefore, li
suppose sink. \

Description of the Larva of Err. indigata.
Long, slender, tapering considerably towards the head.
Ground colour pale greenish-yellow, or yellowish-red. j
Central dorsal line dusky reddish-brown or olive, frequently |
very faint or entirely evanescent, except on the capital seg-<
ments. Sub-dorsal lines pale yellow. Segmental divisions^
and head reddish. Collar reddish-brown. Spiracular lineJ
pale yellow. Belly greenish-yellow. Central ventral line-
yellow ; sub -ventral ditto reddish-brown. I succeeded inij
rearing a few larvae of this species to full growth from eggsd
laid by moths sent me by Mr. Greening of Warrington. \
They fed upon jvild juniper and ci/press. I have no doubt^j
that its natural food is Scotch Jir, upon the trunks of whichij
the moths are taken. I

I have, as will be seen from the preceding pages, been j
able during the past year to add two new species of Eupi^\

NOTES ON SOME OF THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 125

ihecia to our British lists, and to secure descriptions and
become acquainted with the habits and food-pUint of the
larvae of three additional species to those hitherto described-
I have now drawings and descriptions of thirty-five out of
forty-five of our British species. If Entomologists at home
and abroad will only help me, I hope to make a hole in
the remaining ten during the ensuing season. These ten
are: — E. consignata, pulchellata , exigvata, egenata, perno-
tata, 'i)ijgmcsata, subciliataj debiliatay pluniheolata and
tog aid.

Eiij). puJchellata. — Mr. Birks, of Stonor, near Henley-
on Thames, tells me tliat he takes this insect pretty freely in
the woods in his neighbourhood, flying over the unexpanded
buds of JEpiluhium angiistifulium. He doubts, however,
and so do I, whether this is the food-plant of the larva. I
took a single ? myself during the past season in this
neighbourhood, flying over the same plant; but though I
confined her for some days in a gauze-covered box con-
taining sprigs of the Epilobium, and various other plants,
she refused to deposit a single egg, and died with lier
abdomen full. This averseness to oviposition seems to be
the great difficulty with this insect. Several of my friends
have done their best to procure me eggs, but as yet without
success. It would be worth the while of any collector in
whose neighbourhood EpHohium angustifolium abounds, to
take as many of the moths as he can at the end of May and
beginning of June, and confine them in a large gauze-
covered box with a bottle-full of sprigs of the plant. I
know of but one small patch of the plant near here. This I
thrashed well into an umbrella in August, but without any
success.

Eap. comignata.—l never took this insect myself, and
know of no one who does.

126 LEPIDOPTERA. j

Ewp. succeniuiiata.—^lr. Edleston has been fortunate
enough during the past summer to get impregnated eggs
from a pair of this insect, and to rear a brood of larvas.
Some of these be has most kindly given me. I beheve no I
one now doubts the entire distinctness of this species from I
Suhfulvata, but the result of these larvae will set the matter
at rest. ^ |

EujJ. subfuhafa.—l bred some forty specimens of this i
insect during the past summer ; all of them were true typical i
Suhfulvata, with the exception of five or six suffused spe- :
cimens verging upon the variety cognata. \

Eup, centaur eata.—l met with a very singular variety :
of the larva of this insect in July in Gloucestershire. It was ,
feeding on the flowers of the fjreat water hemlock. The 1
ground colour was mealy gi-een. Central dorsal line very .'
indistinct, darker green, invisible except in the capital seg-
ments. Sub-dorsal lines almost invisible dull green. Seg-
mental divisions and spiracular line yellowish-white. I have |
taken some hundreds of larvae oi centaur eat a, but never saw i
this variety, and till the perfect insect appeared, which it did |
in about a fortnight after the larva spun up, I was puzzled |
to know what 1 had got. |

Eup. plumbeolata.— This insect seems quite as averse to |
deposit its eggs in confinement as Pulchellata; several of:
my friends who take it pretty freely have tried in vain to
procure me eggs. I would recommend placing a number
of moths in a gauze-covered box containing a bottle filled
with sprigs of Hypericum, pulchrum, perforatum and hir-
sutum, and Teucrium scorodonla. I have an idea that one i
or other of these may prove the food-plant. |

Eu^j. virgaureata.— This insect appears to be double-,
brooded. In May M. D'Orville of Alphington kindly sent'
me a batch of impregnated eggs. They hatched in a few i

NOTES ON SOME OF THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 127

days. The larvae fed up with great rapidity on flowers of
cow-parsley {Anthriscus syhestris). They had all spun and
turned by the end of June. The perfect insects emerged
between the last week in July and the middle of August.
From these I obtained another batch of eggs which hatched
in a few days. I fed the larva up on their typical food-
plants, Senecio jacohcea and SoUdago virgaurea. They were
nearly as long again as the summer brood in attaining full
growth. These latter, though fed on such different pabulum,
differed scarcely at all in colour and appearance from the
autumnal brood. The moths of the summer brood were
rather smaller and darker.

Eup. tripunctata, H.-S. — This name must sink and be
superseded by Alhipuncfata, Haw. Mr. Dale, who possesses
Haworth's old original specimens, says they are precisely
identical with the modern Tripunctata of Herrich-Schaffer.
I suspect that this species, like the preceding, is double-
brooded. It is (at least when bred in confinement) one
of the earliest to appear, but the larva is not iiatched till the
beginning of September, and may be found full-fed till the
end of October. On the 19th of August I took a fine
fresh S (the only perfect insect I ever took), and a few days
afterwards I found the eggs upon the unexpanded buds of
Angelica sylvestris. The larva was tolerably plentiful in
this neighbourhood.

Eup, trisignata. This larva was also pretty plentiful.
The perfect insect does not seem to be double-brooded. In
the wild state it does not seem to emeroe till Ausfust, the
eggs may towards the end of the month be found deposited
pretty freely on the buds and flowers of Angelica sylvestris.

Eup. expallidafa.—'M. D'Orville and Mr. Hellins have,
during the past summer, bred this insect from larvas taken in
1860.

128 LEPIDOPTERA. ]

Eup. suhciliata. — This insect has again been taken flying;
over old maples. I have, however, been unable to procure i
eggs. May I again earnestly beg any Entomologist who'
meets with it to try and procure me some ?

Eup. sohrinata. — My friend Mr. Pickard Cambridge meti
with two specimens of an insect allied to this species on a!
heath at Rannoch, in June, which I have little doubt will|
turn out to be a species new to the British lists. i

Eup. coronaia. — I have taken the larva of this insect
during the past season on the flowers of Clematis vitalba,\
Eupatorium cannahinum, Achillea millefolium and Arte-^
misia vulgaris. The three last-named plants are new to me|
as pabulum for this larva. The specimens taken upon Arte^^
misia vulgaris were a singular dark-coloured variety.

Eup. dehiliaia. — This insect was taken in some plenty \m

July, at Burnt Wood, Staffordshire, but unfortunately noi

eggs were procured. Dr. Breyer, of Brussels, has bred iti

from larvae taken on Vaccinium myrtillus. This plant, I be-'

lieve, abounds in Burnt Wood, and the moths were takeni

sitting upon it. It is, I am told, a very sluggish insect in itSI

habits, and easily captured.

■|
H. Harpur Crewe, i

The Rectory, Draytox-Beauchamp, Tring,|
Noveviher ISth, 1862.

( 129 )

TRICHOPTERA.

Notes ON British Trichoptera, with Description of
A NEW Species of Rhyacophila.

By R. M^Lachlan, F.L.S.

Having been again requested to furnish any new information
I may possess on insects of this order, I have much pleasure
in complying; and in the notes which follow have endeavoured
to chronicle v\4iat has been done during the past season, and
I must premise that it is not my fault that this is so little.
I had hoped that by this time, Dr. Hagen's labours to
unravel the tano;led web in which the knowledg-e of the
British and Continental species generally had become involved,
would have been better appreciated, and that now, instead of
half-a-dozen workers (and this is the maximum), there would
have been admirers of the group spread over the length and
breadth of the land. It may be very pleasant to have a
branch of study almost to one's self, but it would be far
more satisfactory to know that others were following the
same pursuit, and that there was some chance of obtaining
something like an accurate knowledtj-e of our wealth of
species and of their habits and transformations. When one
looks at the number of workers in other orders, for instance
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and sees that notwithstanding
the vigilance with which every part of the country is ran-
sacked, yet there usuallv appears a long annual list of
1863. ' K

130 TRICHOPTERA.

novelties, he cannot help regretting that such orders as
Trichoptera and Neuroptera should be so greatly neglected.

It may be said that it is invidious to draw a comparison
between these orders, and that the former are far more local
in their habits; but granting that the individual species of
insects which in their earlier stages are aquatic are probably
less restricted in their geographical distribution than those
whose Jiabits are mostly terrestrial, yet experience proves that
the laws of distribution are very little understood : I have
never yet visited a new locality at any distance from home
where I did not obtain either new species or those that I had
not previously met with. My collection numbers at the
present time about one hundred and ten species, including
several undoubtedly new, but of which I can at present say
nothing definite.

The past season has not been by any means prolific in
insect life generally, owing no doubt to the prevalence of
cold and damp weather. I cannot say that I noticed any
considerable diminution in the number of Pltryganidce,
nevertheless there is a meagre list of novelties. The localities
frequented by these insects are not, even in fine weather,
always the most delectable to human beings, and a wet
season renders the collecting them additionally unpleasant,
unless the collector is proof against any amount of moisture
both from above and below.

Mr. Parfitt has bred a Dipterous insect* about tlie size of
the common house-fly, from the case of Limnepkilus mar-
moratus. I am not aware that the presence of Dipterous
parasites in Trichoptera has been noticed elsewhere. Kole-
nati says that they are attacked by either Diptera or Hy-
menopteraj but I believe that his observations have since
been proved to apply to the ichneumon Affriotypus armatus,

* JJydrotachina limnephili, Walker.

>'OTES 0-V BRITISH TRICHOPTERA. 131

Mr. Parfitt did not notice that the affected larvfe constructed
their case in a peculiar manner, as do those species that are
preyed upon by ichneumons. The manner in which this fly
deposits its eggs is an interesting subject for investigation ; it
must be done when the case is floating on the surface, and
as it would seem to be impossible that it can penetrate the
mass of wood, gravel and shells, of which the case is formed,
it is possible that the egg is flxed outside close to the
entrance, and that the larva when hatched finds its way into
the interior and attacks its victim. Those species that are
attacked by ichneumons, have their cases usually fixed at
the bottom of shallow streams, where they can be reached
by the long ovipositors of the parasites, which probably also
pierce the cases from the outside, as they are not formed of
such firm materials.

The species to be added to our fists, and which are noticed
in their places in the following notes, are —

Ijitnnephilus hirsutus, Pict. (^nec Kolen.)
Jloj-monia basalis, Kolen.
HhyacophUa obliterata, n. s.
B. ?nu7ida, M*Lach.
Several others must stand over till another season, as I
am not yet able to determine them satisfactorily.

Phriiganea minor, Curtis. In the beginning of July,
Mr. Barrett informed me that he had taken several of this
species near Haslemere, and a few days afterwards I visited
the spot with him. It was in a wood, and we found the
insect in profusion on the trunks of oak trees, which it much
resembled in colour. These trees stood round old gi-avel
pits then dry, but filled with dead leaves ; there can be no
doubt that these are the breeding-places, the female probably
depositing her eggs among the leaves, and tlie gelatinous
matter in which they are enveloped, keeping them from

k2

132 TRICHOPTERA.

drying up, until the pits are filled by the autumnal rains. It
has hitherto been a scarce species.

Zimnephilus stigma, Curtis. This appears to be a very
local species; Mr. Wormald found it abundantly at Ruislip
Keservoir, Middlesex, and I also took it at the same place.
It is excessively variable : some examples have no markings
except the dark pterostigma, and thus resemble Curtis's and
Stephens's types (some of these even have no pterostigma,
but I have seen no recent specimens without it) ; in others
the fore-wings are almost entirely dark brown, owing to the
numerous dark spots becoming confluent, the pale fenestrated
spot and anastomosal space then appearing very conspicuous,
but the majority have the wings thickly speckled with brown,
darkest towards the inner margin. This form is the typical
6r. sti(jviaticus, Kolenati, and probably identical with
L. fulva and impura, Rarabur.

An example of the dark variety v»'as taken at Folkestone
by Dr. Knaggs.

Limnephilus hirsulus, Pict. (nee Kolenati). Phryganea
hirsuta, Pictet, Recherch. p. 159, 29, pi. 11, fig. 10. This
species has not been hitherto definitively recorded as occurring
in this country. Dr. Hagen compared a specimen of No. 2,
Ent. Annual, 1862, p. 28, with Pictet's type, and found them
identical.

Stenopliylax. My paper on this genus is published in
Part 3, Vol. I. of the Third Series of the Transactions of
the Entomological Society. The relationship of this genus
to Anaholia is very close ; the latter seems to differ chiefly in
the peculiar form of the anal appendages.

Apaiania vestita, Kolenati. Mr. Piffard gave me several
specimens taken by him in the beginning of May near
Windermere : the app. intermediate are long, slightly curved,
needle-shaped ; the app. inf. very long, biarticulate ; the first

NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA. 133

joint rather longer than the second, club-shaped, with long
hairs ; the second obtuse, curved inwards and downwards,
thickly clothed with short black hairs. This is distinct
from A. fimbriata, Pictet, which is much paler and with
differently formed appendices.

Silo palUpes, Curtis. I met with a form of this insect
near Hythe, Kent, very small but scarcely distinct.

Monnonia hasalisj Kolenati ; Plag. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1859,
p. 150; Go'era hasalisj Kol. Gen. et Spec. Trichop. pt. 1, p.
98, 1 ; G. hirtUf Burm. Handb., Ent. 2, p. 924, 1 (nee
Fab. Curtis). New to Britain ; belongs to a group of
species distinct from that to which 31. liirta^ Fab., pertains,
and differing materially in their structure. In the males the
antennae are furnished beneath with a fringe of long hairs for
about a third of their length from the base ; the maxillary
palpi, instead of being knobbed at the end, are curved round
like a watch-spring; the costa in the anterior wings has a
fringe of long, silky, whitish hairs turned inwards; the hairs
. on the membrane are simple, not clavate ; in the females the
antennae and costa are not fringed, and the hairy clothing on
the wings is much less dense and paler coloured.

The credit of the discovery of this species as a native of
Britain is due to Mr. Parfitt, who sent me up specimens for
determination in June last, taken near Exeter ; subsequently
I and Dr. Knaggs met with it commonly at Saltwood Castle,
near Hythe, Kent, and it has since been taken near Leominster
by Mr. Newman. It is slightly larger than M. hirta.

Mormonia irrorata, Curtis = minor, Stephens. Of this
species, which has hitherto been excessively rare, I captured
about a dozen specimens in September in various localities in
South Devon. It frequents spots where there is a constant
flow of water, but little of it ; such as the sides of old stone-
quarries, where the water keeps dribbling down from slight
springs above.

134 TRICHOPTERA.

Leptocerus hifascia^us, Oliv. Common in many places.
Mr. Barrett met with it abundantly near Haslemere.

JRhyacophila obliterata, n. s. (Frontispiece, fig. 7.)
Mas. — Fusca ; antennis, pedibus et abdominis segmento
ultimo pallide testaceis, alis anticis ad basim angustis,
aureo-flavis, obsolete griseo-reticulatis, macula dorsali
dilutiore, pterostigmate saturation, macula obliqua ad
marginem dorsalem maculisque duabus apicem versus
griseis, venis fuscis; posticis sub-hyalinis, apicibus
flavidis.
Appendices anales : lamina dorsali fere quadrata ; appen-
dicibus superioribus sub laminam occultis ; inferioribus,
articulo ultimo ad basim lato, apice sub-acuto, in-
curvato.
Foem. — Valde saturatior ; alis anticis griseo-brunneis, con-

fertim cinereo-irroratis.
Long. Corp. 5 lin., exp. alar. 13 lin.

Male. — Fuscous ; antennas, legs, terminal segment of ab-
domen and appendices pale testaceous ; palpi slightly
fuscous ; anterior wings narrow at the base, golden yellow,
faintly reticulated with grey; pterostigma brownish-yellow, an
oblique grey spot on the dorsal margin towards the base
marks the outline of the pale dorsal blotch, near the apex
two small grey spots, thyridium whitish, veins fuscous ; pos-
terior wings sub-hyaline, yellowish towards the apex,
pterostigma darker. Anal appendages : lobe from the upper
margin of last segment broad, nearly square, concealing the
superior appendages ; inferior appendages with the second
joint broad at the base, then suddenly deeply incised to the
apex, which is bluntly pointed and incurved.

Female.— Generally much darker than the male; fore-wings
greyish-brown, thickly irrorated with cinereous spots, which,
becoming confluent on the dorsal margin, form the dorsal

NOTES ON BRITISH TRICHOPTERA. 135

blotch, several smaller spots round the apical margin ; hind-
wings sub-hyaline, with a greyish tinge ; veins and pterostigma i
brownish.

In general appearance the male is very similar to pale
examples of R. dorsalis, and the female still more so; indeed ,^
had that species been present where they were taken, it would w-
have been scarcely possible to separate this sex of both i
species. The form of the appendages in the male, and
especially of the broad lobe from the last segment, will
readily distinguish it. There are several European species
very similar in general appearance, but most of these have
this lobe narrow and often acute at the apex. I

Four examples, — two males and two females, — were taken
by Mr. Wormald near Llangollen, in September ; one of I
these he has with great kindness presented to me.

Rlujacophila miinday M'Lachlan, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-
don, Ser. 3, Vol. L, Part 3, p. 309. (Frontispiece, iig. 6.)
A very prettj^ species. The anterior wings are pale golden-
brown, irrorated with cinereous, and with two transverse '
cinereous bands ; the dorsal blotch extends to the base, and is
margined above by some black streaks. The lobe from the
last abdominal segment is very short and broad, the terminal
joint of the inferior appendages deeply cleft at the apex.

In September, 1861, I met with this species at Shaugh
Bridge, near Bickleigh, Devon (junction of rivers Meavey
and Cad worthy), and again this year at the same place, and
also at Ivy Bridge and Cornwood. All my specimens are
males, unless the female be so like that of R. dorsalis that I
cannot separate them, but from the wide difference between
the males one would scarcely think this possible.

Philopotamus? occipitalis^ Pict., Hag. Stett. Ent. Zeit.
I860, p. 279; Hydropai/che occipitalis, Pict., Recherch.
p. 211, 14, pi. 19, fig. 8; H, breviconiis, Pict., p. 211—13,

136 TRICHOPTERA.

pi. 19, fig. 7; Aphelocheira suhaurata^ Steph. III. p. 180 — 2;
Philopotamus longipenniSf Brauer, Neurop. Aust. p. 39,
(nee Rambur). This species was mentioned in the ^'Annual"
for last year, pp. 35-6, under the genus Aphelocheira. I
have since ascertained that it is occipitalis, Pict. It is not
a true Philopotamus and will probably form a new genus,
agreeing with Philopotamus in the possession of ocelli, but
differing in the form of the palpi and general habit. I have
specimens taken by myself in Devonshire much darker than
usual, and have seen similar ones taken by Mr. Wormald in
North Wales ; they are perhaps distinct. (^H. cohimhina,
Pict.?)

Aphelocheira flavomacuJata, Stephens. Mr. Reading
met with a specimen of this at Cornwood, Devon, in June,
and I took two specimens at the same place in September.

Forest Hill, l^th November, 1862.

NOTES ON BRITISH NEUROPTERA.

In the last year's " Annual" I mentioned that I hoped this
year to be able to furnish some notes on Neuropterous
insects generally. I regret that circumstances have pre-
vented my paying that attention to these insects that I should
have done, and am able to say very little on the subject. Of
the two families that have not yet received the benefit of
Dr. Hagen's published opinions, PerlidcB and Ephemeridae,
I possess a considerable number of species. I believe that
the Synopsis of the Ephemeridce will appear in the present
volume, and next year I hope to be able to add some species
to the list.

NOTES ON BRITISH NEUROPTERA. 137

Psocus ahdominalisy Steph. ; domesticuSy Biirm. ; hinoiatuSj
Ramb. This minute species of Psocus swarmed on the
inside of the parlour windows several times in the month of
October. I cannot help thinking that some of the so-called
book-lice must be the larvae and pupae of this species. I
have seen winged specimens inside boxes of insects that had
not been opened for months.

Chrysopa. Of this genus I now possess twelve species.
I much wish to obtain C. fulviceps, Steph., and more
examples of C. capitata, Steph. These may both be
readily recognized by their reddish colour ; all our other
species are blue or green.

I am of opinion that the accusation against these insects of
emitting bad odours is in a great part unfounded. I have
had upwards of a hundred living specimens through my
hands this year, and in onl// one instance (in a specimen of
C. sej)tempiinctata) did I perceive the slightest bad smell;
and even this was nothing very horrible. Sometimes they
will deposit their pedunculated eggs in a pill-box.

Sisyra terminalis^ Curt. Mr. Wormald has taken several
specimens of this along the banks of the Thames, between
Kew and Richmond. I have also met with it in the same
place, and by the river Mole, at Burford Bridge.

Hemerohius ochraceus^ Wesmael, Mon. Hemerob. Belg.
Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, 8, 215, 5; Brauer, Neurop.
Austriaca, p. 57. This species has not been hitherto re-
corded as inhabiting Britain.

It belongs to the section with three sectors, and perhaps
most nearly resembles H. micans, Oliv. The following
is a short description : —

Brown, thorax paler; antennae dark brown, annulated
with pale yellow ; legs pale yellow ; anterior wings pale
greyish-brown, slightly reddish at the pterostigma ; all

138 NEUROPTERA.

the veins closely spotted with dark brown; posterior

wins:s hyaline, tinged with brownish, darker at the ptero-

stigraa; veins pale brown, spotless, except the transverse

costal veins, which are spotted as in the anterior wings.

Exp. alar. 7 lin.

I have taken this species early in the year by beating fir

trees at West Wickham. Mr. Wormald has met with it at

the same place, and also at Hampstead.

Boreus hiemalis, Lin. Mr. Piftard gave me a 2 specimen
that he had taken with others from among moss that was
sent to him from the Lake District in the winter of 1860— 1,
for the purpose of obtaining small Coleoptera. It is possible
that Coleopterists in the north often find this insect on their
papers in winter, and throw it away as an Acarus or some
other queer creature they cannot understand. The produced
rostrum will readily distinguish it.

Forest Hill, \¥M November, 1862.

( 139 )

HEMIPTERA.

Additions to the Fauxa of Great Britain, and
Descriptions of two new Species.

By John Scott.

The close of a season brings with it its own weight of fruit,
always regulated by the amount of care and toil bestowed
upon it, and happy

" For him who, with a fervent heart, goes forth
Under the bright and glorious sky, and looks
On duties, well performed, and days well spent!
For him the wind, ay, and the yellow leaves.
Shall have a voice, and give him eloquent teachings."

In our particular branch of science, we have, this season,
met with a more than ordinary share of good things, and the
wisdom of our including such of the European species in our
Catalogue as we thought probably might be found in this
country is becoming more and more confirmed.

In the " Annual" for last year I gave directions as to the
mode of capture, &c., and I do not think that I can add to
what was then said in this respect. Our cry is still for
workers. Workers in the north, in the south, in the east
and in the west. Coleopterists must throw away innume-
rable quantities of bugs ; and I say this of my own know-
ledge. For whether bv beating^ trees, bushes or hedo:es,
sweeping flowery or grassy places, searching rubbish or

140 HEMIPTERA.

moss or ants' nests; there bugs are. Coleopterists there-
fore, if they would only see the ease with which they might j
do so, are in a better position to form a collection of JBemi-
ptera, than those who are working at other branches. But it
seems a difficult matter to get any one to look beyond his
present wants. The thought that he has sufficient to do in <
collecting in his own field, and the ready answer to allj
questions, especially about bugs, *' I cannot be bothered I
with them," indicates a want of appreciation of the glorious |
whole rather than a love for a particular portion. In the|
advancing state of science it seems surprising that the young
blood springing up should not have attacked all orders of:
insects. Collectors generally resolve themselves into Lepi-i
dopterists and Coleopterists, and many even of them, after ^
a brief period, die away and drop from the pursuit likei
leaves shaken from the trees by the winter winds.

Perhaps the time will shortly arrive when the stream shall j
have set full for them, and until then let us hope.

It is worth recording that we have observed but few of
the Scutati or the Rhyparocromidce this season, and even the,
one or two commoner species which fell in our way were notj
nearly so abundant as in former years, and it is difficult to|
say to what this is attributable. Indeed the general feelingi
seems to be that insects of all orders have been much scarcerj
than usual. I

At the end of this paper I give a list of such of thej
European species, marked in our Catalogue with an E., as;
we have added since its publication ; also one or two species^
not inserted in it but known on the Continent ; and descrip-i
tions of two species entirely new. I may add that we havei
also others about which we are not thoroughly certain, and
therefore prefer leaving them out until a future day. ^

ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF GREAT BRITAIN, ETC. 141

In conclusion, we are desirous to obtain British specimens

LygcBus equesfriSf L.
„ famiiiaris, Fab.
„ apuanSf Rossi, and
Metastemma guttula, Fab. ;
with dates of capture and localities. For although these
have been recorded as British species by former authors, as
yet we have not been able to prove it satisfactorily.

A List of Hemiptera detected in Britain since

THE Publication of our List in the Spring of

THIS Year,

Chnex vernalis, Wolff. A single specimen taken casually
several years since by Mr. Douglas.

Mormidea nigricornis, Fab. A single specimen received
from Mr. Reading, no locaHty given. Captured in Devon.

3Iacrocoleus sorcMus, Mey. Common on Stach?/s syU
vaticcf, end of May. In a wood near Lee.

Camaronotus cinnamopterus, Kirschb. A single example
beat from Scotch firs at Plumstead, in July.

Macrolophvs 7iuhilus,- n.-^ch. Abundant on Stachys
sylvatica, in a wood near Lee, in May.

Psallus dilutus, Mey. A single example.

Psallus saiicis, Kirschb. Common on ash trees, in June,
July and August,

Psallus sanguineus, Fab. Abundant at Deal on dwarf
sallows, at the end of August.

Apocremnus Quercus, Kirschb. Taken at Darenth, in
June.

Anoterops setulosus, Mey. About thirty specimens by
sweeping Centaurea nigra growing amongst furze bushes

142 HEMIPTERA. i

at Hurst Wood, Tunbridge Wells, beginning of September. ,
It gives off an exceedingly agreeable odour, resembling ripe ^
jargon el pears. ]

Orthotylus flavinervisj Kirscbb. Abundant on alders at j
Lewisliam, in July. ,

Ortliotylus angustusj H.-Sch. One specimen taken by |
Mr. Douglas. i

Ortliotylus concolovj Kirscbb. One specimen from Mr. ]
Bold, of Ne\vcastle-on-Tyne.

Hypsitylus pi'asinus, Pict. Mey. Common at Southend,
in September, amongst herbage. ;

Halticus erythi'ocephalus, H.-Sch. By sweeping Stachys \
sylvatica at Mickleham, in July and August. j

Polymerus nigrituSj Fall. Common at Mickleham with i
the above species, in July. This insect has, we believe, been |
mistaken by collectors for P. holosericeus, Hahn ; but the
antennas sufficiently point out the difference. In P. nigritus
the antennae are entirely black, in P. holosericeus the antennae I
are brown, the first joint entirely, and the second and third\
at the base, broad, dirty yellow. We have not yet seen a|
British example of the latter insect. '

Berytus crassijMs, Fab. A single specimen taken by Mr.
Crotch. ;

Drymus brunneus, Sahib. In" company with Drymus\
sylvaticus, with which it is perhaps confounded in collec- ^
tions. It is readily separated by the thorax, which, in thei
latter, is short and broad, while in the former it is long,i
narrow and more campanulate.

Nabis ericetorum, Scholtz. Abundant on heaths, pro-i
bably in collections as N. fuminervis, Dahlb., which it I
much resembles.

Pygolampis bifurcata, Lin. A single specimen takenj
many years ago by Mr. Marshall, at Quatford, in Shrop-|
shire. ' I

ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF GREAT BRITAIN, ETC. 143

Salda orthochila, Fieb. = picia, Curt. Specimens from
North Wales, taken by Mr. Wollaston, and from the Isle of
Wight by Mr. George Lewis.

Salda cincta, H.-Sch. In several places.

Temnostethus pusillus, H.-Sch. In July and August, by
sweeping amongst Centaurea nigr^a, &c., at Hurst Wood,
Tunbridge Wells, Mickleham and Darenth Wood. Not
uncommon.

Tetraphleps vittatus^ Fieb. Abundant on Pinus syhes-
tris. July, August and September, at Dartford, Tunbridge
Wells, &c.

Microphysa elegantulus, Baerensprung, $ and $ . The
female of this species seems not to have been known pre-
viously. In life it is of a deep red colour, the head and
thorax paler. In death the abdomen becomes brown. The
head and thorax are much longer than in M. pselaphoiclesj
and in all our specimens they are entirely devoid of elytra.
In fact, if the creature was deprived of its legs and
antennae, it would resemble a longitudinal section of an
ordinary porous water-bottle. Both sexes were exceedingly
abundant on the trunks of chestnut trees on Blackheath and
also in a hedge at Darenth, in June last.

Corisa atomariay 111. A single specimen taken by Mr.
Crotch.

Descriptions of Two New Species.
Genus Orthostira, Fieher.

O. concinna, Douglas and Scott.
(Fig. No. 5.)
Ovata, lutea, punctata j pronoto medio concavo, ma-
cula subquadrata transversa, margine reflexa, tribus

144 HEMIPTERA.

seriebus reticulata ; elytris maculis sparsis nigris, inar-
gine reflexa reticulata ; femoribus tarsisque piceis, tibiis
ferrugineis ; antennis ferrugineis apice nigro.

Broad, oval. IIeadv!\&ev than the front of the thorax,
pitchy-black, in front of the eyes ferruginous, the two short
horns on the crown ferruginous at the tip.

Antennce ferruginous, the third joint rather paler, the
fourth joint black. The reticulated sheath of the rostrum
luteous.

Pronotum luteous, lightly punctured, wider behind than
in front, the posterior margin produced into a long angle
which extends over the region of the scutellum ; behind the
anterior margin the pronotum is deeply depressed, and
across this depression is a wide sub-quadrate ferruginous
blotch ; the anterior and posterior angles rounded ; outer
margin broad, membranous, reflexed, with three rows of
rounded meshes ; the central portion of the anterior margin
is produced into a hood, slightly inclined over the head,
viewed from above is lozenge-shaped, reticulated ; the raised
line or keel extends from the posterior angle of the pronotum
across the central depression and over the centre of the hood,
and viewed sideways is reticulated.

Elyti^a broad, oval, wider than the pronotum, deep
luteous, with several irregularly disposed black spots, with
rows of reticulations ; the discoidal cell on each elytron oc-
cupies two-thirds of its length, somewhat ^-shaped, pointed
at each end, the upper end pointing from the suture, the
lower end towards it ; from the lower end of the cell a
raised line extends almost the length of the remaining thii-d
of the elytron, turning at its extremity slightly towards the
suture ; meshes rounded, across the centre of each elytron
there are two rows from the suture to the discoidal cell, five
rows across the cell and four rows from the cell to the

ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF GREAT BRITAIN, ETC. 145

margin ; sutural portion of the elytra depressed ; outer
margin reflexed, with two rows of meshes at the base of the
elytra, one row in the middle, then two, three, and two rows
beyond.

Thighs pitchy, except the tips, which ai'e broadly ferrugi-
nous ; tthlce ferruginous 5 tarsi pitchy.

Underside black.

Leno;th \"' .

We have seen only two British specimens, without any
note of the locality of their capture. Dr. Fieber has seen
one of these specimens, and returned it as a species un-
known to him, with the name O. concinna, Mss.

The figure given of this insect is too narrow. It ought to
be more oval^ and the spots on the elytra more distinct.

Genus Trapezonotus, Fieber.

T. distincfiis, Douglas and Scott.
(Fig. No. 4).

Longo-ovatus, fusco-lutescenti, nigro-punctatus.

Capite nigro luteo-piloso. Antemiis nigris, articulo
te.riio annulo lato rufo. Proiioto nigro luteo-piloso,
punctis nigris, postice laete lutescenti. Scutello nigro,
punctis duobus luteis. Elytrorum, clavo lutescenti
punctis nigris ; corio lutescenti punctis nigris sagpe con-
fl^uentibus; memhrand fumata, juxta corium (puncto
nigro excepto) alba, ad angulum internum in magna et
ad angulum externum in parva plaga extensa; venis
lutescentibus maculis tribus angulatis nigris interpositis.
Femorihus nigris basi et apice rufis, tibiis rufis, tarsis
rufescentibus, articulo ultimo nigro.

Long — oval. Head short, pointed, black, with yellowish
pile; rostrum black; eyes black, ocelU red ; antennae black,
1853 " L

146 HEMIPTERA.

with short prominent black hairs ; the first joint red at the
base and tip, the third joint narrowly red at the base and with
a hroacl red ring in the centre^ the very slender base of the
fourth joint also red.

Pronotum punctured, narrowed in front, with the anterior
angles rounded, so that it is less wide than the base of the
head measured across the eyes, posterior margin lutescent, the
black punctures stronger than in front ; posterior angles
obtuse, just within them a slightly raised short line, which is
yellowish.

Elytra at the base of the width of the pronotum ; clavus
luteous, Avith five rows of black punctures, the central rows
confluent ; corium luteous, the veins concolorous, but between
them several rows of black punctures often confluent and
forming black spots, but also leaving clear spaces, of which
one near the base and another on the disk are more con-
spicuous ; the extreme lateral margin luteous, apex black.
Membrane smoky brown, at its junction with the corium
clear white (with the exception of a round black dot close to
the corium) ; the white colour at the internal angle spreads
into a large blotch, and at the external angle forms a smaller
blotch ; just beneath the white colour, about half-way across
the membrane, three angulated black marks, the central one
the largest, are placed between the veins, which are yellow-
ish. Legs slightly hairy, thighs black, red at the base and
tip, tibiae red, slightly blackened at the extremities, tarsi red-
dish, the terminal joint black.

Underside black.

Length 2|"'.

Described from a single example taken in the summer of
1861 at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, by Mr. George Lewis; it
was returned by Dr, Fieberas a new species, with the manu-
script name of T, distinctus.

( 147 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

New British Species and Captures of Rarities in
1862.

(By the Editor.)

The past season has undoubtedly been the Tvorst for Ento-
mology in our experience. Captures and observations have
been equally scanty, and the season has been as unprofitable
on the Continent as in the British Isles. The weather is, no
doubt, much to blame for this ; and we observe, indeed, that
the Registrar-General for Scotland reports that the amount
of sunshine in the summer was almost the least ever known,
and the amount of cloud the greatest. The supply of Tineina
larvae received has been most lamentable; and the special
larva required for the completion of vol. 8 of the ** Natural
History of the Tineina" {Gracilaria ImperialeUa) has not
reached us. The prospect is not a cheerful one; but '* after
the blackest night comes the dawn."

The only novelties we have to mention are one Noctiia,
Toxocampa Craccce, and one Tinea, Gelechia Sangiella —
a considerable falling off from our reports in former years.
The new EupithecicB have been already noticed by Mr.
Harpur Crewe {^ante, p. 116). It is true that we have not
had throughout the season the " Entomologist's Weekly
Intelligencer," as in the six previous summers, giving weekly

l2

148 LEPIDOPTERA.

intimation of all noYelties and rarities captured, but the
Altrincham and Bowdon Entomological Society, undeterred
by the loss of three hundred and eighty pounds which attended
the previous speculation, and though forewarned they must
expect a loss of fifty pounds per annum, have boldly started
a successor to the *' Intelligencer" in the form of '^ The
Weekly Entomologist," of which the first number appeared
on Saturday, August 16th, 1862; and since that date we
should imagine that all to whom the existence of this w^eekly
journal (Price Twopence) was known would have commu-
nicated all captures and notes likely to be of interest to the
entomological community.

It is no use for Entomoloo'ists to treat entomolomcai iour-
nals as mankind are so apt to behave to their relations and
friends — to grumble at them whilst living and mourn them
when dead.

Whether the new weekly journal will have a Cossus-like
or an ephemei-al duration we cannot foi'esee ; but assuredly
it has our best wishes, and we are sorry that it does not yet
seem to be so generally known as might have been expected.

ToxocAMPA Cracc.^, Wiener Verzeichniss.
(Figure 3.)

The Rev. E. Horton, of Lower Wick, Worcester, took
four specimens of this species on the north coast of Devon,
July 24 — 28, 1861. Allied to Toxocampa Pastinuvi, but
easily distinguished by the yellowish-white veins of the
anterior wings, and by the black spots on the costa.

The larva is stated to feed on Vicia multifiora. Mr.
Horton obtained some larvae this summer, wdiicli he pre-
sumes are referable to this species, fi-om the locality in which
he captured the imago, and these were found on V'lcla stjl-
vaticci, which grows abundantly in the locality.

NEW BRITISH SPECIES IN 1862. 149

Gelechia Sangiella, n. sp.

Alls anticis elongatulis, subacutis, nigris, casruleo-siifFiisis,
punctis cliscoidalibus vix distinctis, maculis dilute luteis
apicem versus, parvis oblique spectaiitibus.

Exp, al. 5| — 6| lin.

Closely allied to GelecJiia Coronillella, but the anterior
wings are longer and more pointed ; the two sub-apical spots
have not the perpendicular direction of those of CoronHlella,
but though small, especially that on the inner margin, which
is generally only represented by a few scales, they have an
oblique direction posteriorly. Fine specimens of G. Sangi-
ella have a very decided blueish gloss, which I do not per-
ceive in bred specimens of G. Coronillella.

Taken by Mr. Sang, at Darlington, at the end of June,
amongst clover and Lotus corniculatus ; the larva has .not
•vet been noticed.

Deilephila LivoRMCA. — One at Worthing, April 16th
(W. R. 19/4/62); one at Heme Hill, April 29th (Zoologist,
8204); one at Deal, May 6th (Zoologist, 8051); two near
Plymouth, May 2nd and May 4th, taken at flowers by
Mr. Boiitho of Laira (Zoologist, 8051) ; one at Westbourne,
Sussex, May 4th (Zoologist, 8139) ; one at Colchester, May
14th (Zoologist, 8052) ; one specimen taken near Torquay
in the spring, " flying over white Narcissus flowers" ( Weekly
Entomologist, p. 21).

Ch^rocampa Nerii. — A fine female captured at
Hastings, August 2nd, 1862 (Weekly Entomologist, p. 11 ;
Zoologist, 8172), M-as exhibited at the September meeting
of the Entomological Society (Zoologist, 8218).

CHiERocAMPA Celerio.— One at Tooting, March 15

150 LEPIDOPTERA.

(Zoologist, 7971); one at St. Leonard's-on-Sea, Sept. 12
(Zoologist, 8204); one near Weymouth, hovering over a
bed of petunias at dusk, Sept. 24, taken by Mr. Fretor
(Weekly Entomologist, p. 70); one near York, Sept. 28
(Weekly Entomologist, p. 99); one at Brighton, October 29tli
(Zoologist, 8295).

Trochilium ScoLiiEFORME. — The locality for this spe-
cies is thus indicated by Mr. Gregson in the Weekly Ento-
mologist, p. 13: '' Go up the Yale of Crus(^s to the Abbey —
then turn to the right, through the fields, into the wood."
iMr. N. Cooke exhibited seven specimens at the July meeting
of the Northern Entomological Society, four bred and three
captured by himself and sons at Llangollen (Yv^eekly Ento-
mologist, p. 71).

LiTHOSTA Caniola. — Mr. Bircball records the capture
of" a fine series of this insect in August on the Irish Coast
(Weekly Entomologist, p. 42) : *^ It flies at dusk and again
at dawn, and also comes to sugar — but not freely." Mr. Bir-
cball remarks : " The larva does not appear to be exclusively
a lichen feeder. I have a brood apparently thriving on
clover, and there seems to be little lichen in the locality
where the moth occurs."

Leucania YiTELLiNA. — One specimen taken at sugar by
Mr. Rogers, at Freshwater, October 21st, whilst *' a gale of
wind was blowing and it was raining in torrents." (Zoologist,
8296.)

Leucania putrescens. — This has been taken rather
f]'eely near Torquay by Mr. R. M. Stewart (Weekly Ento-
mologist, p. 20).

Xylophasia scolopacina. — Tlie occurrence of a speci-
men near Hythe, Kent, has been recorded by Mr. M^Lachlan
(Zoologist, 8211).

Laphygma exigua. — A specimen was beaten from sallow

CAPTURE OF RARITIES IN 1862. 151

blossoms at Lewisham, by the Messrs. Fenn, March 24th,
1862 (Zoolocrist, 8019).

Agrotis Ashworthii. — Mr. Grejj^son says (Weekly En-
tomologist, p. 13 \ that he took this insect freely at sugar on
the slope at the limestone rocks, near Llangollen, on the
night of the 24th July.

Dasycampa Rubiginea. — A specimen was captured at
Haslemere, on the night of October ] 1th (C. G. B. 12/10/62).

Dasypolia Templi. — Mr. Jeffrey found a specimen in
one of his breeding-cages, Sept. 11th, 1862 (Weekly Ento-
mologist, p. 44).

Heliothis peltigera.— Three specimens were taken
near Torquay, by Mr. R. M. Stewart, ^' during June and
the early part of July" (Weekly Entomologist, p. 21) ; one
at South Shields in July on the flowers of Silene wjiata
(C. E. 11/10/62).

Agrophila Sulphuralis. — Mr. Bouchard met w^ith
this insect, near Brandon, in Suffolk, last summer (P. B.
14/7/62).

Ennomos Alxiaria. — A female specimen was taken in
September, at Deal, by Mr. Harding. It was flying about
a gas lamp (Zoologist, 8243).

BoLETOBiA FULIGINARIA. — A Specimen was captured in
the City by Mr. F. O. Standish, July 12th, 1862 (Zoologist,
8139).

Acid ALIA Rubricata. — A few specimens were captured
at Brandon, in Suffolk, by Mr. Bouchard, last summer
(P. B. 14/7/62).

Crambus contaminellus. — Mr. Gregson records the
capture of four specimens of this insect at Morecambe, in
North Lancashire, August 31st, 1862 (Weekly Entomolo-
gist, p. 37).

152 LEPIDOPTERA.

Crambus Pedriolellus. — I have been informed by-
Mr. Bond tliat a specimen of this insect was taken last
summer on the coast near Yarmouth, in Norfolk.

Cheimatophila mixtana. — This has been bred by Mr.
T. Wilkinson, of Scarborough, from dark-green larvae found
September 2nd on Calluna vulgaris (Weekly Entomologist,

p. 111).

Pjedisca oppressana. — Several specimens were taken
by Mr. Piffard on the trunks of poplars in June (Zoologist,
8218). These were exhibited at the September Meeting of
the Entomological Society under the name of Spilonota
Doiihledayana. Mr. Wormald has recorded the capture of
a specimen at Willesden (Zoologist, 8245).

EUP^CILIA ALBICAPITANA (E. A., 1862, p. 111). — Mr.
Birchall observes this flies with Sericoris littorana, among
Statice Arvierm, at the end of June (E. B. 25/11/62).

AcROLEPiA Betuletella. — A specimen was captured
this season by Mr. J. E. Robson at Castle Eden Dene
(Weekly Entomologist, p. 128).

Elachista apicipunctella. — This species has been
bred by Mr. C. G. Barrett from larvae which were found
spun up, on fallen oak leaves, under a pretty web of parallel
threads. The larvae, when found in January or February,
had not then changed to the pupa state; but, placed in a warm
room, they did so in a few weeks, and the imago appeared in
the early spring. The locality was a damp wood of oaks and
fir trees not far from Falkirk (Weekly Entomologist, p. 120,
and C. G. B. 3/12/62).

It would appear from this that the larva feeds up in
autumn.

Elachista serricornis. — I saw a specimen of this rare
species in a collection of insects mostly captured in Wales.

note ox the pupa of micropteryx. 153

Note ox the Pupa of Micropteryx.

In the summer of 1861 I had collected a considerable
number of larvae of the genus 3ficropteryx ; and, in the
month of January last, I began searching in my breeding-
cages in order to find the cocoons, hoping by that means to
become acquainted with the pupa.

My researches were for some time of a very unsatisfactory
nature, as I could find nothing ; but at length I stumbled on
a small sand cocoon, which, on being opened with the utmost
care and attention, was found to contain a dried-up larva!
A further search, however, produced another sand cocoon,
which seemed more fully tenanted, and it then became a piece
of delicate manipulation to cut open the sand cocoon without
injuring the inhabitant ; in this I was at length successful,
and I had before me the pupa represented on the Frontispiece
at figure 8. (Fig. 8 is the magnified side view ; fig. 8* the
magnified front view, and fig. 8** represents the natural size.)
This pupa, whilst still living, was exhibited at the February
Meeting of the Entomological Society, and the following
notes were read : —

'^ The wing-cases, legs and antennee are perfectly free from
the body, the abdomen being able to move away from them
to a considerable extent.

" The abdom.en of the pupa I examined was in almost
constant motion, both to and from the wing-cases, and with
slight lateral motion.

" Neither the wing cases nor the legs appear to have any
individual power of motion, but the end of the abdomen
would frequently move the ends of the legs by knocking
against them.

*' The abdomen was remarkably soft and flexible, remind-
ing one rather of a female Psyche.

" In front of the head one seems to distinguish both pair of

154 LEPIDOPTERA.

palpi, the antennae and legs ; the legs being longer than the '
antennae, for which I at first mistook them.

" The antennse were not symmetrical in the specimen ;
which I examined, that on the left side being close to the *
leg cases, that on the right side lying nearly across the centre ;
of the wing.

" Below the eyes and above the palpi appears a brown i
knob, which may possibly represent the tongue ; it bears |
numerous bristles ; immediately beneath it are two large j
brown projections, the use of which I am utterly at a loss I
to conjecture ; they expand towards the tips, which are |
scalloped obliquely. i

" Between the eyes, but above them, is a slight protuber- |
ance or beak, which is nearly transpai-ent ; above it are again j
some strong bristles. j

" On the back a slender semi-transparent membrane pro- ]
jects upwards from the first abdominal segment. I

'* The head is very clearly separated from the thorax, and j
between the two is a neck or collar." 1

This pupa unfortunately died, and I did not myself succeed >
in rearing any specimens of the genus 31icropteryx ; but ,
Mr. T. Wilkinson, of Scarborough, was more fortunate, \
having bred Microjyter.yx unimaculellaj Salopiella and Sub- \
pnrpurella.

When on the Continent in September I called on Herr ;
Kaltenbach at Aix-la-Chapelle and saw the specimens Avhich j
he had bred from nut leaves ; they were 3Iicropteryx Fas- j
tuosella. The larvae he finds in the scarcely expanded hazel i
leaves about the middle of April. i

1

( 155 )

TRICHOPTERA.

Notes ox North American Phrygaxid.^, with

ESPECIAL reference TO THOSE CONTAINED IN THE

Collection of the British Museum.

By Robert M^Lachlax', F.L.S.

On looking over the descriptions of PlLryganklce in Dr.
Hagen's ^' Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America,"
I observed that numerous queries were attached to the
descriptions of the species contained in the national collection,
which for the most part were described by Mr. Walker in
the British Museum Catalogue. As since the time that this
catalogue v/as published, considerable progress has been made
in the knowledge of the differential generic and specific
characters in these insects, I determined upon comparing the
types with Dr. Hagen's descriptions, and the notes which
follow are the result. Dr. Hagen has with great kindness per-
mitted me to make use of his own memoranda made during
his visit in 1861, which, owing to the work being then on the
eve of publication, were too late to be incorporated in it. No
part of the world is probably richer in Phryganidce than
North America, and those described can only be a tithe of
the number actually existing.

Neuronia iiTorata, Synopsis, p. 249, 1. — This is not
Fabricius's species ; his type in the Banksian collection has
the form of a GlyplwtceliuSj and is perhaps the same as

156 TKICHOPTERA.

Enokijla interciscij Walk. Mr. Walker's name concatenata
will stand.

N. oceJUgera, 250, 3. — Closely allied to reticulata and
clatlirata of Europe, but distinct; the app. inf. are yellow,
obtusely pointed and hollowed out; in reticulata longer,
more pointed and black, in clatlirata short and broad.

N. signata, 250, 4. — The type in the Banksian Collection
certainly does not belong to this genus ; it is some small
species, so covered with fungus that it is impossible to fix the
genus.

K. seviifasciata, 250, 5. — There is a specimen of this
in the Banksian Collection labelled retimilata, with the
locality " Terra Nova." This must be an error, as Fabricius's
description applies to the true reticulata, with the locality
*^ in Europae aquosis."

jN". notata, 252, 8. — The type is not a Neuronia, but
perhaps a Sericostomide.

Phryganea cinerea, 252, 1. — The dorsal lamina is emar-
ginate.

P. vestitay 253, 2, and commixta, 3, are the same
species. The ventral lamina has a deep oval excision in the
centre, the sides approximating above.

Limno2)hilus rhomhicus, 254, 2, and comhirmfus, 255, 4,
are the same species ; both types are males, and in the form
of their appendices do not differ from the European species,
but the colouring, especially of combinatus, is much darker.

L. divergens, 255, 5, is an AnahoUa or Stenophylax.
" Superior (dorsal) lamina bituberculated, bifid; app. sup.
rounded; app. inf. elongated adpressed, apex drawn out,
fuscous" (Ha gen).

L. gravidas, 257, 11. — The British Museum possesses a
male from Vancouver (Dr. Lyall). The dorsal lamina is
much produced and deeply furcate at the apex ; app. sup.

NOTES OX NORTH AMERICAN PHRYGANID^. 157

triangular pointed ; app. intermed. long, curved upwards,
acutely pointed ; app. inf. quadrate.

L. hjalinuSj 258, 14. — Dr. Hagen now considers this to
be the same as extractus, Walker, p. 260, 21.

L. indicans, 258, 15, has 1, 3, 3 spurs, and so belongs to
the genus Maltsus.

L. de.^peciuSf 259, 16, and inultifarias, 18, are the same.
" In the male the superior lamina has a produced tubercle in
the middle ; app. sup. quadrangular, truncated at the apex,
the internal angle hamate" (Hagen).

L. nehulosus, 259, 17. — Subptinchdatus (261, 24) is con-
sidered by Dr. Hagen to be this s])ecies, as is also one of the
types oi perforatus, Walk. ; the other type of this latter per-
tains to desptctus. L. nehulosus extends i7ery far north-
wards.

L mhmoniUfer, 260, 20. — Allied to hirsutus, Kol. of
Europe.

L. indh'isus, 260, 22, and suhguttatus, 261, 23, are the
same species, very closely allied to, and pei'haps not distinct
from, the European Stigma, Curtis {impura, Rambur).

L. trimaculatus, 261, 25. — Dr. Hagen now considers
that partitus. Walker, is distinct from this.

L. plagaj 263, 28. — " Probably recently developed, and
peiiw.'ps de.spectus' (Hagen). Dele " allied to trimaculatus'
in description.

L: himaculatus, 263, 29. — Is an AnaboUa, with the
superior appendages inform similar to those of JL. nervosa of
Europe ; app. intermed. truncated at the apex ; app. inf.
shining black, pointed.

Anahulia consocia, 264, 3. — Dele '^allied to Stathmo-
johorus striatus, Kol. in the description" (Hagen).

Halesus amicus, 265, 2. — Most probably the same as in-
distinctns, Walk. 256, 5.

158 TRICHOPTERA. \

Enoicyla intercisa, 268, 2. — " The ^ variety' is not difFe- '
rent; therefore dele the five lines relating to it in the descrip-
tion" (Hagen).

E. prceterita, 268, 3. — " Superior lamina deeply excised ;
in the middle; app. sup. short, small, triquetrous; app. inf. '
triangular, excavated, incurved" (Hagen).

E. difficilis, 268, 4. — " Superior lamina truncated, on each i
side scabrous and black ; app. sup. small, inserted ; app. inf. j
long, acute, straight, inflated at the base" (Hagen). i

Apatania nigral 270, 1. — The inferior appendices are j
long, straight, needle-shaped, acutely pointed. ^

Notidohia jjyraloides, 211 j 2. — Not belonging to the '
genus Notiduhia. The types are male and female, and '
possess 2-4-3 spurs! !

Hydroptila tetiehi^osa, 274, 1. — "Some of the types of j
this species belong to the genus Agapet?is" (Hagen). j

Molanna inconspicua, 275, 1. — There are three type ]
specimens of this. One is a Molanna, one a Setodes i
(perhaps ignita), and one an insect with 2, 4, 4 spurs ap- |
parently pertaining to tlie Hydrop^ychidcc. !

M, cinerea, 276, 2. — There are two specimens in the j
British Museum, answering to the description of this, which ]
seem distinct from i?iconsp?ciia, being smaller and darker; J
but I am b})- no means sure that the fact of their being i
recent and in good condition may not account for the
difference in colour.

Leptocerus sepulchralis, 277, 5. — The types do not differ i
from the common European ate7' of Pictet.

L. mentiens, 278, 8. — The type is in bad condition. Dr. j
Hagen thinks it may be the same as hislugeiis. \

L. incertns, 278, 9, has 1,2, 2 spurs, and should probably {
be referred to the genus Setodes; the type is in verv bad j

I

NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN PHRYGANID.E. 159

condition. Dr. Hagen considers his micans, 283, 13, to be
this species.

X. elega?is, 279, 10, and latifascia, 279, 12, are the same
species ; tlie dark fascia in the former is indistinct in con-
sequence of the type being unset. They have 2, 4, 3 spurs,
and with Noiidobm pyraloides will form a distinct genus,
but the family to which it should be referred seems doubtful.
The maxillary palpi do not differ in the sexes, and are similar
to those of LeptGcerm, as are also the antennje, but the form
of the wings and venation indicate an affinity with the Seri-
cosfomides. The numerical arrangement of the spurs is quite
aberrant, no other genus being known to possess less spurs
on the posterior than on the intermediate tibia. The middle
spur on the posterior tibias is placed quite in a line between
-the apical ones, and so not in a position that would indicate
that one was broken off or abortive.

A third species from Mysol, Indian Archipelago, is con-
tained in the British Museum.

L. indecisus, 279, 11. The type has 2, 4, 4 spurs. It is
of doubtful position.

Setodes nivea, 281, 3, and S. alhida, Walk., 283, 10, are
the same species. May not Mystacides Uwaroivii, Kolenati,
Gen. et Spec. Trichop. part 2, p. 249, 1, pi. 8, 24, also belong

lere

S, ochracea, 281, 4.— Erroneously included in the North
American list ; the specimen referred to perhaps belono-s to
S. iynita, 281, 5. ""

S.resurgens, 282, 9. -Dr. Hagen thinks that his cine-
rascens may be this species. The type has 1, 2, 2 spurs.

Hydropsyche alternans, 288, 4, and indecisa, 5, are the
same species, and Dr. Hagen thinks probably identical with
his moroscij 287, 2.

160 TRICHOPTERA. \

H. reciproca, 288, 6, and duhia, 7. Dr. Hagen con-
siders to be the same species.

Philopotamus confusus, 291, 1. Is a Si/ dropsy che, the

type has no ocelli.

Polycentropus crassicornis, 292, 2.— The " variety" is a
distinct species, smaller, and differing in the form of the
appendices.

Psychomia parva, 294, 2.— The type is almost de-
stroyed. Dr. Hagen now thinks that it belongs to the
genus Tinodes.

Chimarrha ohscura, 297, 3.— Perhaps an Agapetus.

There is an undescribed species of Setodes in the British
Museum, which I propose to call Setodts Piffardii, and
append the description.

Setodes PiffardU, n. sp.
Ferruginea: antennislongissimis,fuscis, bases versus luteo-
annulatis; capite luteo, niveo-piloso ; pedibus ochraceis;
alis anticis albidis, strigis transversis geminatis, etnebulis
apicem versus, griseis, punctis ad angulum analem nigri-
cantibus ; posticis niveis.
Long. Corp. 4 lin.; long, anten. 18 lin.; exp. alar. 13 hn.
Fernio-inous: antennas very long, the joints in the basal
third half vellow and half dark fuscous, the rest altogether
fuscous; head yellow, clothed with white hairs; legs pale-
ochreous ; anterior wings whitish, with numerous grey, some-
what geminated transverse bands, and the apex clouded with
o-rey ;''at the anal angle are two or three confluent blackish,
spots; apical cilia also blackish; posterior wings unicolorous
snowy- white.

Habitat near Halifax, Nova Scotia; B. Piffard, Esq.
AUied to S. exquisita, Walk. ; S. albida, Walk., and S. can^
dida, Hag. (especially to the first), but differs in the trans-

NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN PHRYGANID.E.

161

verse bands beino; more numerous and s^rev instead of vellow.
In all these species the anastomosis appears semi-circular,
owing to the arching of the adjoining veins.

The following is an attempt at a systematic list of all the
North American Trichoptera contained in the national collec-
tion, after the arrangement in the Synopsis : —

Family PHRYGANID^.
Neuronia, Leach.

1. concatenata, Walk.

(nee irrorataj Fab.)

2. pardallSf Walk.

3. oceUigera, Walk.

4. semijasciata, Say.

fusca, Walk.

5. posticaf Walk.

6. ocelUferaj Walk.

Phryganea, Leach.

1. cinerea, Walk.

2. co7nmixta, Walk.

vestita, Walk.

Family LTMNEPHI-
LID^.

COLPOTAULIUS, Kol.

1. perpiisilhis, Walk.

LiMNEPHiLus, Leach.

1. rhoinbicus, Leach.

combinatusj Walk.

2. gravidus, Hag.
1863.

3. extractusy Walk.

hijalinus, Hag.

4. despectus, Walk.

multifariusj Walk.
perforatusj Walk.

[partim.
stipatus, Walk.

5. nebulosus, Kirby.

perforatus, Walk.

[partim.

6. submonilifer, Walk.

7. indivisus, Walk.

suhguttatusy Walk.
Stigma, Curtis?

8. jmrtitus, Walk.

(nee trimaculatus,

[Zett.)

9. p^«^«, Walk.

Anabolia, Steph.
Stenophylax, Kol.

1. himaculata, Walk.

2. punctafisd?na, Walk.

3. consocia, Walk.

4. divergensy Walk.

M

162

TRICHOPTERA.

Fam. LlMXEPHILID.E-CO«^.

Halesus, Steph.
indicans, Walk.
scahripennis, Ramb.

anticus, Walk.
guttlfer^ Walk.
mdistincttis, Walk.

amicus, Hag.

Enoicyla, Ramb.

1. areolataf Walk.

2. intercisa, Walk.

irroratay Fab. ?

3. jrreeterita, Walk.

4. difficiIis,^Va]k.

5. designata, Walk.

Apatania, Kol.
1. nigra, Walk.

Family SERICOSTO-
MID^.

Sericostoma, Lat.

1. Aiyiericanum^Walk,

2. crassicorne, Walk.

( Hydropsyche),

Brachycentrus, Cm*tis.
1. fuUglnosiis, Walk.

Hydroptila, Dalm.
1. tenebrosa. Walk, partim.

Fam. LEPTOCERID^.

1. latifascia, Walk.

(Notidobia).
elegans, Walk.
{Goera).

2. pyraloides, Walk.

(Notidobia).

1. indecisa, Walk.
{G'dera).

MoLANNA, Curtis.

1. inconspicna. Walk.

2. cinerea, Hag.

Leptocerus, Leach.

1. ater, Pict.

sepidchralis, Walk.

2. submacuhf Walk.

3. mentiens, Walk.

lugens, Hag.

Setodes, Ramb.

1. exqiiisita, Walk.

2. Piffardii, M'Lach.

3. albida, Walk.

nivea, Hag.
Uwarowiiy Kol. ?

4. resurgenSj Walk.

NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN PHRYGANIDJE.

163

Fam. Leptoceridje — cont.

5. ignita, Walk.

inconspicua, Walk,
[parti m.

6. incertaf Walk.

viicansj Hag.

Family HYDROPSY-
'CHID.E.

Hydropsyche, Pict.

1. alternansy Walk.

iyidecisa, Walk.
morosa, Hag. ?

2. reclprocuj Walk.

dubia, Walk. ?

3. duhitans, Walk.

4. macidlcornis, Walk.

5. confusay Walk.

6. robusta, Walk.

7. transversa^ Walk.

Philopotamus, Leach.
1. distinctus, Walk.

POLYCENTROPUS, Curtis.

1. validuSf Walk.

2. crepuscularis, Walk.

3. crassicorniSj Walk.

crassicornis,\^Y.\\ 2A\i.
5. invarins, Walk.

TiNODES, Steph.
1. parva, Walk.

{Hydroptila).

Rhyacophila, Pict.
1. fuscida, W^alk.
(^Neuro7iia).

1.

Agapetus, Curtis.

7

?e?2e&ro5«,Walk.partim.
{Hydroptila).
? 2. obscurus. Walk.

loth November, 1862.

( 164 )

ADDRESSES OF ENTOMOLOGISTS.

A few gentlemen who have moved since our last list was pub-
lished, or who did not figure in that list, have requested
their present addresses to be given as under : —

BoRTHWicK, Richard, Chemist, Alloa, Clackmannanshire. British

Lepidoptera.
Clark, Rev. Hamlet, M.A., F.L.S., 12, Bulstrode Street, Manchester

Square, W.
Geldart, E., Rose Hill, Bowdon. British Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.
Geld ART, E. !M., Rose Hill, Bowdon. British Lepidoptera and Diptera.
Gill, Battershell, M.D., 5, Cambridge Place, Regent's Park, N.W.
Hall, George Webb, The Grange, Sutton, Surrey.
Hewett, Thomas E., 17, Gloucester Street, Gloucester Gate, Regent's

Park, N.W. Hymenoptera.
KiRBY, W. F., 29, Nelson Terrace, New Hampstead Road, N.W.

British Insects and Lepidoptera generally.
Lewis, W. A., Harrow, N.W. British Lepidoptera.
Nicholson, Albert, Stamford Road, Bowdon, Cheshire. British

Lepidoptera.
Rogers, William, Grove Cottage, Merton Road, Lower Tooting, S.
Wollaston, T. v., M.A., F.L.S., 1, Barnepark Terrace, Teignmouth,

Devon.

Just Published,
Price \\s. Post free \\s. Sd.

HAGEN. BIBLIOTHECA ENTOMOLOGICA.

The Complete Literature of Entomology
UP to the year 1862.

Vol. I. (A.-M.) 8vo. pp. 556. Leipzig, 1862.

Williams & Norgate, 14, Henrietta Street, Covent
Garden, London j and 20, South Frederick Street,
Edinburcrh.

Just published, demy Vlmo. cloth, price Qs.

A MAITJAI OF ETJEOPEAI BTJTTEEniES ;

Ox THE Plan of Stainton's

" MANUAL OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS,"
By W. F. Kirby,

With Fibres of Twelve Species, two of which are new,
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A SYNONYMIC LIST OF EUROPEAN
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THE

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TINEINA,

VOLS. I.-VIII.

Each 12s. Qd.f with Ehjht coloured Plates,

BY

H. T. STAINTOX, F.L.S.,

ASSISTED BY

PROFESSOR ZELLER, J. W. DOUGLAS AND PROFESSOR FREY.

The object of this Work is to make known the habits and
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group of the smaller Moths, the Tineina.

The Work is wholly wi'itten in four languages — English,
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The Plates represent, coloured and on a magnified scale,
the transformations of the species which are noticed in the
Volume.

Vol. I. contains 21 Nepticul^ and 3 Cemiostom^.
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III. ,, 21 Elachist^ and 3 Tischeri^.

IV. „ 24 of the Genus Coleophora.

V. „ 24 more of the Genus Coleophora.
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On Saturday f August \^th, 1862, was published the
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SUCCESSOR TO THE "INTELLIGENCER,"

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The Publication is now being continued from week to
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Complete in 10 Volumes, Svo., cloth, £2 : 5s.
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EITOMOLO&IST'S WEEKLY IlfTELLI&EICER,

1856-1861,
Edited by H. T. Stainton, F.L.S.

London : E. Newman, 9, Devonshire St., Bishopsgate St.

In One Volume, Svo., cloth, price 5s.
THE SUBSTITUTE;

PUBLISHED IN THE WINTER OF 1856-57.
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Author of " The World of Insects."

London : E. Newman, 9, Devonshire St., Bishopsgate St.

Price 205. 1 Vol. Sro.

THE BRITISH TOETEICES; '

By S. J. Wilkinson.

This Work forms one 8vo. Volume, uniform with the
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"Mr. Wilkinson has described, with great accuracy, from,
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ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY ;

AN OUTLINE

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NATURAL HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS.
By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S.

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RESPECTING

MOTHS a^^j:^ butterflies,

BY

Richard Shield.

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p. 166.

London: John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row, E.C.
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r Md?'"^--' ^-iJ^^7 "".:&*%av' '•.^•^'y 'K.s?%&y v^^^ ■v.fe^^iT'xs^vfr"' v.^a^'^si^ v^^t

#t ■ - ■ . I

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fl THE WORLD OF INSECTS ; 4

^ii f GUIDE TO ITS WONDERS. I

»^- . ■".!

m f

rdiji^ ^' There ure probably few Eutoniological Works ,|C

>ril,<^ that stand a better chance of being' extensively read |

J. ^\. DOUiiLAS.

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r^,j' H down when once we have taken it up, and the motto ^
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mi I

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0 JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.

^