THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE : COJfDUCTED BY C. G. BAERETT. E. C. RYE, F.Z.S. J. W. DOUGLAS. E. SATJNDEES, E.L.S. E. McLACHLAN, E.E.S. H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S. VOL. XIX. " The advantages attending the division of labour reach their maximum when not onlj individuals devote themselves chiefly to one object, but associate together for the purpose of promoting and extending it. * * * To a thorough conviction of this truth the Entomological Society of London owes its existence." (" Introduction " to vol. i of the Transactions of the Entomo- logical Society of London, the " organization " of which Society ivas effected on May Zrd, 1833.) JOHN VAX VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1882-83. LONDOX : XAPIEB, PRINTER, SEYMOm STREET, EUSTON SQUARE. MDCCCLXXXIII. INDEX. General Index i. Entomological Society viii. Special Index — Coleoptera x. Diptera xii. Heniiptera xii. Hymenoptera xiii. Lepidoptera xiv. Neuroptera xvi. Thysanura xtII. page Index to Contributors xvii. Genera and Species New to Sciknce ... xviii. ,, „ „ ,, ,, Britain ... xix. Larv.'E of British Species Described ... xx, ReVIBWS XX. Obituary xx. INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS. " A Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by S. H. Scudder :" Review Abundance of Litliocolletis platani, Stdgr., at Pallanza Acanthia, Cimex or Acherontia Atropos taken at a bee-hive Acrobasis consociella, var. sodalella, in Pembrokeshire, Occui'rence of Acronyeta alni near Bristol Actidiuni coaretatum, &c., near Grloucester Addition to the British Fauna of a new genus and species of Hemiptera Horaoptera ... JEgeriidae and Sphingidse, Descriptions of new species of Agrotis tritici, aquilina, obelisca, and nigricans, On the probable specific identity of Ammcecius brevis at Matlock Antennal characters of Psocida?, The tarsal and An thicus bimaculatus, 111., near Liverpool Anthomyiidse, Annotated list of British ... ... ... 29, " Ants and their Ways, by Eev. W. Farren White, M.A. :" Review Apanteles, Great destruction of Pieris brassicse by ... Apathus, The British species of ... Aphalara nervosa, Capture of „ eubpunctata, Forst. (A. pallida, Leth.), Note on ... Argynnis Dia near Tunbridge Wells Argyrolepia Schreibersiana re-discovered Bombyx quercus. New food plant for ... British Anthomyiidse, Annotated List of ... . . ... ... 29, „ species of Eremocoris, On the ... }, ), ,) Psithyrus, The „ Tortrices, Notes on Butterflies, A List of the, captured in Barrackpore Park from March, 1880 to August, 1881 Calyptonotus lynceus at the Camber Sandhills PAGB 47 94 202 236 111 89 20, 139 154 15 278 117 12 161 , 213 262 206 267 20, 42 189 210 44 165 145, 213 266 267 58, 135 33 117 145, PAGE Capture of Crabro gonager, ?, in Gloucester ... ... ... ... •.• 100 „ „ Mixodia rubiginosana, &c., in West Norfolk ... ... ... 280 „ „ the njmph of Aphalara nervosa on Achillea raillefoliuni ... 20 Captures at Deal ... ... ... . .• ••• •■ ••• 187 „ during the past season in the Forest of Dean, Notes on certain ... 185 „ of Lepidoptera in Yorkshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 91 Carposina, II. -S., referable to the Tortriciiia . ... ... . ... 69 " Catalogue of British Coleoptera, by Eev. A. Matthews, M.A., and Rev. W. W. Fowler, M.A. :" Review 263 J, „ Lepidoptera, The Yorkshire .. .. ... ... ... 233 " „ „ the Tortrices of North America north of Mexico, by Profes- sor C. H. Fernald ." Review 190 Catoptria expallidana. Description of the larva of ... ... .. ... 140 Ceraleptus lividus, Stein, &c., at the Clamber Sandhills ... ... ... 139 Ceropacha ridens and Tseniocampa miniosa in Pembrokeshire ... ... 44 Characters of new genera and descriptions of new species of Geodephaga from the Hawaiian Islands .. ... ... .. ... ... ... 62 Chauliodus insecurellus, A probable clue to the Habits of ... ... ... 73 Chelaria conscriptella, Habits and description of the larva of ... ... 114 Chrysalids, Simulium feeding upon ... ... ... ... ... ... 254 Chrysopa minima, Kiljander, = Ch. dasyptera, McLach. ... ... ... 117 Cimex or Acanthia ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 202 Cocci and earwigs .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 88 Coleophora reputed to feed on wlieat in Russia, On the strange ... ... 101 Coleoptera at Cliobham, Hemiptera and ... ... ... ... ... 140 „ „ Hunstanton ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 138 „ „ Mablethorpe 161 „ &c., at Ventnor ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 160 „ in 1882 in the Hastings District 261 „ „ Kent 238 „ , Notes on new British, since 1871 ... .. 121, 167, 197, 229, 247, 269 Collecting, Entomological, on a voyage in the Pacific... ... ... 22, 257, 274 Contribution to the Life-History of Spercheus emarginatus ... ... 79 Contributions to a knowledge of the Rhynchotal Fauna of Sumatra ... 156 Cooke, Death of Benjamin ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 238 Coriscium sulphurellum, Larva of ... ... ... ... ... ... 92 Crabro, A new British species of (C. KoUari, Dahlb.)... ... ... • ... 246 „ gonager, ?, in Gloucestershire, Capture of 100 Crambi allied to C. pinellus, On the species of European ... ... ... 239 Crambus furcatellus. Note on ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 187 Cucujus coccinatus and C. Grouvellii, Specific distinctness of ... ... 261 Description of a new spscies of Hemiptera-Heteroptera from Central America 41 I) ,> ,, „ „ Pentatoniidse from Japan ... ... ... 76 ») » » ), J, „ „ Madagascar ... ... 108 1) » » „ „ Psyllidse recently new to Britain .. .. 64 „ „ the larva of Catoptria expallidana 140 » ») » „ „ Chelaria conscriptella, Habits and ... ... 114 ,, ., „ „ „ Dicvcla Oo 203 Description of the larva of Pamphila linea „ „ „ „ „ Pterophorus pentaclactyliis Descriptions of new species of ^geriidffi and Sphingidse „ „ „ „ „ Geodephaga from the Hawaiian Islands, Cha racters of new genera and „ „ the larv£e of Hawaiian Lepidoptera „ „ three new species of Papilio ... Destruction of Lepidoptera by rain „ „ Saturnia carpini by parasites, &c. Dicycla Oo, Description of the larva of Dilar japonicus, n. sp. Diptera in Arran . . Dipterous larvae in the human subject ... Distribution of the genus Platypleura ; a correction Early life of Psylla pyricola Economy of Zartea fasciata, On some points in the Eggs laid by the same female, and other notes, On the of Lepidopterous Endotricha flammealis, Natural History of Ennychia anguinalis, ,, ,, ,, Entomological collecting on a voyage in the Pacific . „ Society of London, Proceedings of the Entomology in the Isle of Harris, &c. ... Ephestia passulella, Natural History of Ei'emocoris, On the British species of ... Error as to fig-insect from Ficus religiosa „ „ occurrence of Retinia duplana Eubria palustris, Note on Eumicrus rufus, Miill., at Hurst Green, Sussex Euplectus bicolor, &c., on Cannook Chase Eupoecilia Mussehliana in Carmarthenshire, Peronea perplexana and Eupteryx vittatus, Linn. ... European Crambi allied to C. pinellus, On the species Eurytomides, The question of parasitism or non-parasitism in certain " Fifth Annual Report of the Dulwich College Science Society :" Review Fig-insect from Ficus religiosa. Error as to Food-plants and times of appearance of Psyllidse found in Great Britain, &c Further Tropical Notes ... Garden Insects in 1882 ... Gelechia ligulella, vorticella, tseniolella, and Sircomella (identity of) „ maculiferella at Lewisham „ „ bred from Cerastium ... „ , On two of the species of, which frequent salt-marshes Geodephaga from the Hawaiian Islands, Characters of new genera and de scriptions of new species of Gerris lacustris in hibernation far from water ... Great destruction of Pieris brassicae by Apanteles Habits and description of the larva of Chelaria conscriptella m. PAGE 244 187 15 62 55 234 90 237 203 220 222 45, 69 67 205 97 variation of the sizes 208 149 77 ... 22,257,274 47, 119, 143, 212, 264 237 104, 142 266 163 142 138 190 19 115 , 89, 115 239 67 of 141 262 163 13 59, 226 117 112 93 112 231 62 20 206 114 PAGE Habits of Chanliodus insecurcllus, A probable nine to the 73 „ „ Lepisma saccharina, On the ., •• ••• ••• ••• ^-^ Halietus cjlindricus carnivorous ... ... ■■■ ••• ••• ••• ■'^"-' Heliodos arbuti, Natural History of ... ... •.• ■•• ••• •■• ^" Hemiptera and Coleoptera at Chobham ... ... ■•■ •■• ••• 1^'^ „ at Deal in July and August, 1882, Ilymcnoptera and 85 „ „ Hurst Green, Sussex ... ... ... ... H^ „ , Notes on British ... ... ... ... ••. • •• ■•■ 1°" -Homoptera, Addition to the British Fauna of a new genus and species ot ... ... . ... ... ■■. ••. ••• ^'^^ Hepialus hectus, Odour emitted by the male of ... ... ... ••• 90 Hermaphrodite specimen of Lasiocampa trifolii .. ... ... ••• HI Hey, Death of Archdeacon ... ... .. ... ... ... ••• 192 Hints as to the best means of rearing larvsB of Tortricidse ... ... ... 172 Homopfcei'a, Parasites on... ... ... ... .• ... ••. ...116,142 Hoplisus bicinctus, Rossi, near Plymouth ... ... ... ... ... 163 Hydrilla palustris and Pieris Daplidice at Cambridge ... ... ... 236 HyleccDtus dermestoides, &c., on Cannock Chase ... ... ... ... 43 Hymeuoptcra and Hemiptera at Deal in July and August, 1882 ... ... 85 „ at Hastings in 1882, Notes on spring ... ... ... .. 20 „ from some of the sandy districts of Hungary, On some ... 70 ,, , Spring ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 280 Identity of Terias Hecabe and T. Mandarina, On the specific ... ... 85 " Illustrated Essay on the Noctuidffi of North America, by A. R. Grote, A.M.:" Review 05 Influence of Meteorological conditions on Insect Life, The ... ... ... 1 "Insects injurious to Forest and Shade Trees, by A. S. Packard, Jun. :" Review ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47 Labrey, Death of Beebee Bowman ... ... ... ... ... ... 22 Larva collecting, A day's, in the New Forest .. ... ... 69 of Catoptria expallidana, Description of the ... ... ... ... 140 „ Coriscium sulphurellum ... ... ... ... ... ... 92 „ Dicycla Oo, Description of the ... ... ... ... ... 203 ,, Lemmatophila phryganella, Notes on the ... ... ... .. 166 „ Pamphila linea. Description of the ... ... ... ... ... 244 „ Phycis carbonariella, Notes on the ... .. ... ... ... 110 „ Pterophorus pentadactylus, Description of the ... ... ... 187 Larvse of Hawaiian Lepidoptera, Descriptions of the... ... ... ... 55 „ „ Tortricidse, Hints as to the best means of rearing ... ... ... 172 Lasiocampa trifolii, Hermaphrodite specimen of ... ... ... ... HI Lavcrna atra ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 91, 112 ,, Hellerclla and atra distinct species ... .. ... ... ... 112 Lemmatophila phryganella, Notes on the larva of ... ... ... ... 166 Lepidoptera at Wicken Fen ... .. ... ... ... ... 44 „ from the Hawaiian Islands, On a small series of ... ... 176 „ in Roxburghshire, season 1882, Notes on ... .., ... 236 „ „ Yorkshire, Captui'cs of .. . ... ... ... ... ... 91 „ of Heligoland, Notes on the ... ... ... ... ... 164 PA(iB Lepidoptera of tlie Pyrenees in September, Not^ on the ... ... ... 207 Lepidopterous larvae destructiye to rice in Panama ... ... ... ... 112 Lepisma saccharina, On the habits of ... ... ... ... ... ... 22 Leptidia brevipennis, Muls., found in England ... ... ... ... 89 Life-History of Papilio Paeon, Roger ... ... ... ... ... ... 53 „ „ ,, Spercheus emarginatus, A contribution to the ... ... 79 List of the Butterflies captured in Barrackpore Park from March, 1880, to August, 1881 33 Lithocolletis platani, Stdgr., at Pallanza, Abundance of ... ... ... 94 Longevity in a beetle .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 260 Marine caddis- fly, A 46,235 " Matabele Land and the Victoria Falls ; a Naturalist's Wanderings in the Interior of South Africa, by Frank Gates :" Review ... ... ... 71 Meteorological conditions on insect life, The influence of ... ... ... 1 Micro-Lepidoptera, Notes on ... ... ... ... ...106,112 ,, „ On the synonymy of certain ... ... .. ... 265 Mixodia rubiginosana, H.-S., in West Norfolk, CaptuiT of ... ... ... 280 Molanna palpata, McLach., in Perthshire, Occurrence of ... ... ... 67 Mouhotia (Scaritidae) , On a new species of ... ... ... ... ... 193 Myrmecoxenus vaporariorum at Birmingham ... ... ... ... ... 190 Natural History of Endotrioha flammealis ... ... ... ... ... 149 „ „ „ Ennychia anguinalis ... ... ... ... ... 77 „ „ „ Ephestia passulella .. ... ... .. ... ...104,142 „ „ „ Heliodes arbuti ... ... ... ... ... ... 36 „ „ „ Petasia nubeculosa .. ... ... ... ... ... 271 „ „ „ Pionea stramen talis ... ... ... ... ... 126 „ „ „ Rivula sericealis ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 Nepticula betulicola ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 113 „ regiella, bred ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 113 Neuroptera of Langdale, Notes on the ... ... ... ... ... ... 82 „ „ Strathglass, Inverness-shire, Notes on the ... ... ... 8 New European Panorpa, A ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130 „ food-plant for Bombyx quercus ... ... ... ... ... ... 165 ,, localities for Trioza crithmi ... ... ... ... ... ... 205 Noraada new to the British List, Two species of ... ... ... ... 45 Norman, Death of Greorge ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 96 Notes on British Hemiptera ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 189 „ „ ,, Tortrices ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 58,135 „ ,, certain captures during the past season in the Forest of Dean ... 185 „ „ „ Micro-Lepidoptera ... ... ... ... ... ...106,112 „ „ Lepidoptera in Roxburghshire, season 1882 ... ... ... 236 „ „ new British Coleoptera since 1871 121,167,197,229,247,269 „ „ Spring Hymenoptera at Hastings in 1882 ... ... ... ... 20 „ „ Tenthredinidse 132,206 „ „ the Lepidoptera of Heligoland ... ... ... ... ... 164 „ „ „ „ „ the Pyrenees in September ... ... ... 207 ,, „ „ Neuroptera of Langdale ... ... ... ... ... ... 82 „ „ „ „ „ Strathglass, Inverness-shire ... ... ... 8 PAGE JTotes on the season in West Norfolk ... ... ... ... ... ... 165 „ „ „ Trichoptera of Upper Clydesdale ... ... ... ... 194 Nyctemera biformis of Mabille, and two otlier forms of Xyctemeridae from Madagascar ... ... ... ... ... ... . . ... ... 57 Nymph of Aphalara nervosa on Achillea millefolium, Capture of the ... 20 Occurrence of Acrobasis consociella, var. sodalella, in Pembrokeshire ... Ill „ „ Molanna palpata, McLach., in Perthshire ... ... ... 67 Odour emitted by the male of Hepialus hectus ... ... ... .. 90 Ooderaas senescens, Boh., Note on ... ... ... ... .. ... 69 Pachetra leucophoea on Box Hill ... ... ... ... ... ... 43 Pamphila linea. Description of the larva of ... ... ... ... -.. 244 Panorpa, A new European ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130 Papilio, Descriptions of three new species of ... ... ... ... ... 234 „ Pffion, Roger, A Life-History of ... ... ... ... ... 53 Parasites, &c.. Destruction of Saturnia carpini by ... ... ... ... 237 „ on Homoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ...116,142 Parasitism or non-parasitism in certain Eurytomides, The question of ... 141 Pamassius Apollo, Stridulation in the female of ... ... ... ... 89 Pentatomidse from Japan, Description of a new species of ... ... ... 76 „ ,, Madagascar, „ >, » >» >, » ■•■ ■•• •.. 108 Perla Ferreri, Pictet, Re-discovery of ... ... ... ... ... ... 109 Peronea perplexana and Eupoecilia Mussehliana in Carmarthenshire . 115 Petasia nubeculosa, Natural History of .. ... ... ... ... ... 271 Phycidffi, On some Australitm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 255 Phycis carbonariella, Notes on the larva of ... ... ... ... ... 110 Pieris brassicse, Great destruction of, by Apanteles ... ... ... ... 206 „ Daplidice at Cambridge, Hydrilla palustris and ... ... ... 236 Pionea stramentalis, Natural History of ... ... ... ... ... 126 Platypleura, Distribution of the genus : a correction .. . ... ... ... 67 PcBcilochroma Bouchardana, in West Norfolk ... ... ... ... ... 280 Polystichus vittatus and otlier Coleoptera near Hastings ... ... ... 68 Priocnemis hyalinatus near Lincoln ... ... ... ... ... ... 139 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 47, 119, 113, 212, 264 Psithyrus, The British species of ... ... ... ... ... ... 267 Psocidce, Remarks on certain, chiefly British ... ... ... ... ... 181 „ The tarsal and autennal characters of ... ... ... ... 12 Psy 11a pyrieola. Early life of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 205 Psyllidas found in Great Britain, &c.. Food-plants and times of appearance of 13 „ recently new to Britain, Description of a species of ... ... 64 Pterophorus pentadactylus, Description of the larva of ... ... ... 187 Pyrrhopyge, Remarks on some Central American species of 18 Question of parasitism or non-parasitism in certain Eurytomides, The ... 141 Rain, Destruction of Lepidoptcra by ... ... ... ... ... ... 90 Re-discovery of Perla Ferreri, Pictet 109 Remarks on certain Psocidse, chiefly British ... ... ... 181 „ „ some Central American species of Pyrrhopyge ... ... ... 18 Rctinia dxiplana, Error as to the occurrence of 142 PAGE " Rliopaloccra Malajana, by W. L. Distant, parts i and ii :" Review ... 95 Rhyncliotal Fauna of Sumatra, Contributions to a knowledge of the ... 156 Rice in Panama, A Lepidopterous larva destructive to ... ... ... 112 Rivula sericealis, Natural History of .... ... ... ... 49 Salt-marshes, On two of the species of Geleehia which frequent ... ... 251 Saturnia carpini by parasites, &c., Destruction of ... ... ... ... 237 Scoparia conspicualis, Hodg., near Doncaster .. ... ... ... ... 91 Scymnus Redtenbacheri, Muls., On, an additional British species, and some other British Coleoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 67 Sericomyia borealis (singing of) ... ... ... ... ... ••- ... 188 Setodes argentipunctella, McLach., Note on ... ... ... ... ... 21 Simulium feeding upon chrysalids ... ... ... ... ... ■•• 254 Solenopsis fugax at Sandown, Isle of Wight, &c. ... ... .. .. 139 Species of Micro-Lepidoptera new to the Witherslack list .. ... ... 113 Specific distinctness of Cucujus coccinatus and C. Grouvellii ... ... 261 Spercheus emarginatus, A contribution to the Life-History of ... ... 79 Sphingidffi, Descriptions of new species of ^Egeriidae and Spiders and bugs .. Stigmonota nitidana in Pembrokeshire... Stridulation in the female of Parnassius Apollo Submergence by the female of Phryganea, Voluntary Synonymy of certain Micro-Lepidoptera, On the Syutelidge : a family to include Syutelia and Sphaerites, with a note of a new species of the first genus ... Teeniocampa miniosa in Pembrokeshire, Ceropacha ridens and 44 Tarsal and antennal characters of Psocidffi, The ... .. ... ... 12 Tenthredinidse, Notes on ..132,206 Terias Hecabe and T. mandarina, On the specific identity of ... ... 85 " The Butterflies of North America, by W. H. Edwards, 2nd series, part ix :" Review . ... . . ... ... ... ■•■ ••• ■•• ^4 " The Student's List of British Coleoptera, by F. P. Pascoe :" Review ... 46, 72 Thwaites, Death of Dr. a. H. K., F.R.S 142 Tortrices, Notes on British ... ... .. ... ... ••. •■• 58,135 Tortricidse, Hints as to the best means of rearing larvee of ... ... ... 172 Trichoptera of Upper Clydesdale, Notes on the ... •• 194 Trioza crithmi. New localities for ... ... ... ... ••. ■•• 205 Tropical Notes, Further 59,226 Two species of Nomada new to the British List ... ... ... -. 4a Variation of the sizes of Lepidopterous eggs laid by the same female, and other notes. On the ... ... ... ... ••• ... •.• ••• 208 Variety of Zygsena filipendulse ... ... ... ... ... ... 21,43,90 Voluntary submergence by the female of Phryganea ... 28 Wailes, Death of George .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ••■ 211 Yorkshire Catalogue of Lepidoptera, The 233 Zarffia fasciata. On some points in the economy of ... ... ... ... 97 Zeller, Death of Professor 280 Zygaena filipendulse, Variety of ... ... ... ... ... ••• 21, 43, 90 15 115 45 89 28 265 137 INDEX OF SUBJECTS NOTICED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PAGE Agrotis helvetiiia ... ... ... ... .,, ... 48 Anchocelis pistacina, Variety of ... ... ... ... ... 48 Anniversary Meeting .. ... ... ... ... ... 213 Anommatus 12-striatu8 at Tunbridge ... ... ... ... ... 120 Antliersea Pernyi and Roylei, Hybrids between ... ... ... 48 British Aculeate Hymenoptera... ... ... ... ... ... 48 „ Ichneumonidse ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 „ Trichoptera, New List of ... ... ... ... ... 48 Butterflies, Temperature-forms of Japanese ... ... ... ... 120 Ceratapliis lalanise ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 Ceylon, On a visit to ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 Chili, Lepidoptera of ... ... ... ... ... ... 48,212 Cicadidse from Madagascar ... .. ... ... ... 48 Coleophorse, North American ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 Coleoptera, Do xylophagous species attack healthy trees ? ... ... 144 „ from Madagascar ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 Coniopterygidae, Notes on certain European ... ... ... ... 143 Conocephalus found living in a hot-house ... ... ... ... 212 Copiophora found living in a hot-house ... ... ... ... 264 Cryptophagus validus, Habits of ... ... ... ... ... 212 Darwin, Death of Mr. ... ... ., ... ... ... 47 Discomyza incurra new to Britain ... ... ... ... ... 120 Eel taking larva from off a leaf of Nuphar ... ... ... ... 143 Elater, Stigmata of an ... ... ... ... ... ... 264 Ephemeridse, Luminous species of, from Ceylon ... ... ... ... 120 Epping Forest, Preservation of ... ... ... ... ... 47 Eurytoraidffi, Habits of ... ... ... ... ... 48,212 Eicus, Insects from ... ... ... ... ... ... 144,212 Eidonia atomaria. Variety of .. .. ... ... ... ... 48 Hagenius brevistylus, Nymph of ... ... ... ... .. 144 Hymenoptera, British Aculeate ... ... ... ... ... 48 „ from figs .. ... ... ... ... ... 144,212 Ichneumon idffi, British ... ... ... ... ... 48,264 Indusial Limestone ... ... ... ... ... ... 143 Japanese Butterflies, Temperature-forms of ... ... ... ... 120 Lepidoptera of Chili ... ... ... ... ... ... 48,212 Leptidia brevipennis alive in London ... ... ... ... ... 144 Light, Influence of, on colours of Insects .. ... ... ... 144 Limestone, Indusial .. ... ... ... .. ... ... 143 Lina injurious to hazels and willows in Norway ... ... ... 143 Macrobia labiata at Woking ... ... ... ... ... ... 120 Madagascar, Cicadidae from ... ... ... ... ... 48 „ , Coleoptera from ... ... ... ... ... .. 120 PAGE Microscopic examination, Apparatus for furthering ... ... ... 264 Moth, Mimicry in a, at Cannes... ... ... ... •■• ... 264 „ , Viviparous, from Brazil ... ... ... .. •.. 212 Nematus ribesii, Scarcity of ... .. ... •• ... ... 48 „ , Ten new species of, from Scotland . . ... ... ... 212 Neuropt era from the Val Anzasca ... .. ... ... ... 143 Niptus hololeucus said to damage silver-plate ... ... ... 212 North American Coleophorse ... .. ... ... ■•• ... 120 Ogyris Grenoveva, Habits of .. ... ... ... ..• 120 Pararga tibialis, Capture of ... ... ... ... ... ••• 120 Paussus, Habits of ... ... ... ... ... ... 264 Phytoptus on Ash .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 Pine-trees injured by chafer-grubs ... .. ... ... ... 120 Platymetopius undatus new to Britain ... ... ... ... ... 212 Polistes hebrseus found alive in London ... .. ... ... 264 Proctotrupidfe, New species of .. ... ... ... ... 120 Psyllidse of the British Museum ... ... ... ... ... 120 Rhyacophila Meyeri ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143 Sitones lineatus. Development of ... ... ... ... ... 120 ,, puncticollis injurious to clover ... ... .. ... ... 119 Spider's nest from Sardinia, Curious ... ... ... ... 212 Spiders, Parasites on ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 120 Stigmata of an Elater ... ... ... ... ... ... 264 Synchita juglandis at Tunbridge Wells .. ... ... ... .. 144 Syntelidse, The family ... ... ... ... ... ... 212 Tinea vastella in Antelope horns ... ... ... ... ... 144 Tineina, Classification of ... ... ... ... ... ... 213 Trichoptera, New List of British ... ... ... ... ... 48 Tropisternus, Revision of ... ... ... ... ... ... 212 Val Anzasca, Neuroptera from ... ... ... ... ... 143 Viviparous moth from Brazil ... ... ... ... ... 212 Xyleborus Saxeseni (?) injurious to beer-casks at Rangoon ... 120, 144, 212 Xylophasia ZoUikofferi ... .. .. .. ... ... 48 Zygsena filipen dulse, Variety of ... ... ... ... ... 48 SPECIAL INDEX. COLEOPTERA. PAGE Abdera triguttata 269 Acidota cruentata «. ferruginea 171 Actidium coarctatura 20, 139 Acupalpus biseriatus 62 brunnipes 125 derelictus 125 Adelops Wollastoni 230 Aleochara hibernica 168 villosa 168 Amara continua 123 fusca 123 infima 140 Ammcecius brevis 117 Anac«na variabilis 167 Anaspis moniliconiis 269 variegata 269 Anchomenus erro 63 Sharpi 63 Auisodactylus cuneatus 63 Auisotoma bruiiiiea 229 clavicoriiis 230 curta 229 hinicollis 230 macropus 229 pallens 230 scita 230 Aiithicus bimaculatus 161 scoticus 270 Aphodius melanostictus 249 niger 249 Athous difformis 68 Atomaria atra 233 badia 233 divisa 233 Atrachycnemis Sharpi 63 Bathyscia Wollastoni 230 Bembidium lampros V. velox 125 Bracbinus explodcns 122 Bryaxis cotus 197 Calosoma inquisitor 186 sy cophanta 122 Carabus auratus 122 cancellatus 123 coDvexus 122 Cardiophovus rutipes 249 Carpophilus scx]nistTilatui 2^1 PAGE Cathartus ad vena 232 Ceropbytum elateroides 249 Ceutborhynchideus Davvsoni 160 Cillenus lateralis 138 Clambus punctulum 201 Colon Barnevillei 230 Colpodes octoocellatus 63 Compsochilus palpalis 171 Coninomus constrictus 247 Corticaria linearis 248 obscuva 247 Cryptophagus graudis 233 parallelus 233 pilosus D. punctipennis ... 232 subfuniatus 232 Waterhousei 233 Cucujus cocciuatus 261 Davidis 262 Grouvellii 261 imperialis 262. Cyclothorax cordaticollis 63 Karscbi (sp. n.), T. Blackburn 62 montivagus 63 scaritoides 63 Cypbon pallidiventris 250 punctipennis 250 Dasj'tes uiger 250 Deleaster dicbrous v. Leacbii 171 Disenochus terebratus 63 Dromius oblitus 123 vectensis 122 D^'scbirius obscurus 122 Dytiscus lapponicus, Voracity of 261 Rceselii, Longevity of 260 Enicraus miiiutus 247 Eubria palustris 138 Eudectus Whitei 171 Eumicrus rufus 190, 198 Euplectus Abeillei 197 Duponti 197 Kirbyi 197 minutissimus 198 piceus 197 Geotrupes fo veatus 248 pyreuaeus 248 spiniger 248 stuix'orariu.s 218 PAGE jyriiius caspius 126 laliplus varius 125 iai'palus cordatus, &c 124 diffinis 124 griseus 124 latus. var. metallescens 125 luteicornis 124 obscurus 123 4-punctatus 125 sulpburipes 124 Selochares punctatus 167 Helophorus aequalis 167 brevicoUia 167 laticollis 168 planicollis 168 strigifrons 168 tuberculatus 167 Homalium brevicorne 172 testaceum 172 Homalota ajneicollis 169 atrata 169 difficilis 169 egregia 169 fimorum 169 hunieralis 169 Hj'dnobius spinipes 230 Hydroporus incoguitus 125 HyleccBtus dermestoides 43 Ilybius aenescens 126 Ilyobates forticornis 238 Latheticus oryz88 269 Lathridius angulatus 247 angusticollis 247 pini 247 undulatus 247 Lebia hajmorrhoidalis 123 turcica 123 Leptidia brevipeunis in England 89 Leptusa testacea 168 Lithocharis picea 171 tricolor 171 Ly mexylon navale 250 Melanopbtbalma Wollastoni 248 Meligetbes incanus 232 Kunzei 231 maurus 232 morosus 231 ochropus 231 palmatus 232 pictus 232 Meloe cyaueus 270 PAGE Microcara Bobemani 250 Mouhotia convexa (sp. u.), Lewis 193 Mycetoporus brunneus 169 lepidus 169 longicornis 169 lougulus 169 Myrmecoxenus vaporariorum 190 Nossidium pilosellum 139 Notiopbilus 4-punctatus 121 Olibrus atfinis 231 bicolor 231 belveticus 231 Olistbopus insularis 63 Olophrum consimile 171 Oodemas aenescens 69 Oopterus plicaticollis 69 OtiorlijMichus ligustici 161 Parnus striatellus 248 Phalacrus Brisouti 230 Humborti 231 Philhj'drus suturalis 167 Phytosus balticus 261 Platynus planus 63 Polystichus vittatus 68 Priouus coriarius 238 Promecoderus fossulatus 63 Psammobius porcicollis 249 Ptenidium atomaroides 201 Kraatzii 201 turgidum 201 Wankowiczii 201 Ptilium ca;sum 201 caledonicum 201 marginatum 200 Ptinella pallida 199 Proteus 199 testacea 199 Ptinus testaceus 269 Quedius brevicornis 170 fageti 170 fulgidus 169 puncticollis 170 4-punctatus 169 rufipes 170 semiaeueus 170 temporalis 170 Scopaeus Ryei 171 Scybalicus oblongiusculus 123 Scydmaenus glyptocephalus 198 praeteritus 198 pumilio 198 Sbarpi ■. 198 XII. PAGE Scymnus arcuatus 68 limbatus 68 lividus 68 Redtenbaclieri 67 Serropalpus striatus 269 Sitones lineatus 119 Spercheus emarginatus 79 Spbffiiidium marginatum 168 Synaptus tiliformis 250 Syncalypta hirsuta 248, 261 Syntelia histeroides (sp. n.), G. Lewis ... 138 Tachys quadrisignatus 68, 125 Tenebrioides raauritanica 232 Throscus carinifrons 249 Trachys nanus 249 pumila 249 Tribolium confusum 269 Trichonyx Maerkeli 261 Trichopter3'i cantiana 199 carbonaria 200 Cbampionis 199 convexa 199 convexiuscula 199 •Edithia 200 fratercula 199 fuscula 200 Lsetitia 199 longicornis 200 longula 200 rivularis 200 seminitens 199 volans 200 Trimium brevipenne 198 Trogosita mauritanica 232 Xantholinus glaber 170 Zilora ferrugiuea 269 DIPTERA. Anthomyia 31 albicincta 32 octoguttata 33 pluvialis 32 pratincola 32 radicans 32 sulcivL'ntfis 32 Chortophila 145 albescens 146 arenosa 146 Billbevgi 148 buccata 145 cincrea 117 Cbortopliila cinerella 147 impudica 146 sepia 148 tvapezina 147 unilineata 146 Diaphorus dorsalis = melancholicus 225 Gloma fuscipennis 225 Haematopota crassicornis 224 pluvialis 224 Lasiops 29;! ctenocnema 29! Meadei 30 Roederi 30 Medeterus, British species of 225 Phorbia 213 cepetorum (sp. n.), Meade 218 cilicrura 216 dissecta 215 exigua (sp. n.), Meade 220 floccosa 214 florilega 217 histrio 216 ignota 217 incognita 215 lactuca 215 muscaria 216 neglecta (sp. n.), Meade 219 obscura 216 pudica 215 transversalis 214 trichodactyla 217 Porphyrops simplex = micans 225 tenuis = praerosus 225 Rhampbomyia, British species of 224 Scatophaga squalida 226 Sericomyia borealis 188 Simulium 254 Syrphus cinctus 226 nigritarsis ? 225 Trichophthicus hirsutulus 226 innocuus 226 HEMIPTERA. Acocephalus agrestis. Parasite on 116 Acompocoris alpinus 115 Aphalara nebulosa 42 nervosa, nymph 20 subpunctata 189 Apodesmius Jansoni (sp. n.), Scott 41 AthysanuB subfusculus. Parasite on 116 Atractotomus niatrniconii.s 115 PAGE Calocovis ticinensis 140 Calyptonotus Ij-nceus 87, 117 Cantbecona cognata (sp. n.), Distant 157 Capsus laniarius 119 Ceraleptus lividus 139 Ceratocombus coleoptratus 115 Cblamj'datus caricis 140 pygmaeus 140 Ciraex or Acanthia 202 Corizus maculatus 140 Cosmocarta Juno (sp. n.), Distant 160 Cynius melanocepbalus 140 Deltocephalus xantboneurus, Parasites on 116 Dundubia Bocki (sp. n.), Distant 159 Eremocoris erraticus 266 fenestratus 266 plebeius 266 podagricus 266 Eupteryx vittatus 67, 89, 115 Gerris lacustris bibernating 20 Globiceps salicicola 87, 189 Halobates ? 278 Lamproplax piceus 140 Lecauium ribis 88 Lobita grandis v. sumatrana, Distant 158 Macrocoleus molliculus 115 solitarius 115 Megalocersea longicornis 115 Memmia Cowani (sp. u.). Distant 108 Mictis ? Jansoni (sp. u.), Scott 41 Miridius 4-virgatus 87, 115 Mytilaspis pomorum 118 Neosalica Forbesi (sp. n.), Distant 157 Odontosc-elis fuliginosus 87 Orthocepbalus coriaceus 115 Pantbous cocalus (sp. n.), Distant 158 talus „ „ 159 Plagiognatlius Bobemani 87 nigritulus 87 Platymetopius undat us 155 Platypleura, Tbe genus 67 Psylla pyricola 205 Psyllidas, Britisb species of 13 Rbyparocbronius sabulicola 139 SaldaCocksi 115, 140 marginalis 140 Scbizoneura lanigera 118 Sebirus biguttatus 115 Teratocoris Saundersi 87 Trioza critbmi 64,205 Tropicoris japonicus (sp. n.). Distant 76 Typblocyba crataegi, Parasite on 142 nil. HYMEXOPTERA. PAGE Ancyloneura 132 Andrena bicolor 280 fasciata 20 Gwynana 280 Hattorfiana 86 lapponica 20,280 Trimmerana var. spinigera 20 Bembex olivacea 70 Bombus Smithianus 237 Bracby toma 133 Camptoprium 133 Cepbalocera calcar 133 Cladomacra 132 Colletes margiuata 87 Crabro gonager ? 100 Kollari 246 Decameria 133 Dolerus Cbappelli 135 geniculatus 135 Halictus cylindricus 162 Hoplisus bicinctus 163 Larra bungarica 71 Lopbyroides (g. n.) Cameron 133 tropicus 133 Lophyrus cordoviensis 132 tropicus 132 Miscophus maritimus 87 Nematus baccarum 134 bellus 134 betularius 133 conjugatu^ 133 consobrinus 133 crassiventris 133 curtispina 207 erythrogaster 133 luteogaster 133 Marshalli 134 melanocepbalus 206 monticola 134 pallescens 133 ribesii 97 salicivorus 207 salicis 206 umbrinus 133 varius 133 Nomada bifida 45 guttulata 45 Parnopes carneus 71 Perreyia 133 anomala 133 compta 133 Pleistodontes imporialis 164 Pompilus chalj'beatus 87 Wesmaeli 87 Priocnemis hyalinatus 139 Prosopis dilatata 87 Psithyms Barbutellus 268 campestris 268 quadricolor 268 lupestris 268 vestalis 268 Solenopsis fugax 139 Stizomorphus tridens 71 Tachytes lativalvis 87 Tenthi-edo chloris 139 coxalis 132 Zaraea fasciata 97 LEPIDOPTERA. Abraxas grossulariata 118 Acheroiitia Atropos 236 Acrobasis consociella, var. sodalella Ill Acronycta alni 89, 91, 185, 209 Agraulis vanillaB 26 Agrotis aquilina 278 cremata, Larva of 56 nigricans 278 obelisca 24, 278 saucia 24 tritici 278 Aleucis pictaria 69 Arabulyx argeutata (sp. n.), Druce 17 Elwesi (sp. n.), Druce 17 Amphidasis prodromaria 186 Anartia Amalthea 24 Fatima 26 Anchoteles perforatana 106 Anerastia Parrella 165 Aiitaeotricha adjunctella 107 basirubrella 107 lignicolor 107 purulenta 107 Aiitithesia Staintoniana 187 Apaniea Dumerilii 208 Arctia urticae 44 Argynnis Aglaia 4, 5 Dia 208, 210 Euphrosyne 4, 5 Lathonia 208 Paphia 4, 5, 69 Selene 4, 5 PAffI Argy ria Candida 101 obliquella loi ArgjTolepia Scbreibersiana 44i Aspilates strigillaria 23? Asychna terminella 112 Azinis hilarella 18C Biblis Thadana 26 Bohemaimia quadrimaculella 280- Bombyx neustria 21C quercus 165, 237J Bryophila glandifera 208' Caligo Teucer 25 Callimorpha Hera 208 Cateremna leucarraa 256 Catocala promisaa 69' Catopsilia Py ranthe 35 Catoptria expallidana, Larva of 140 Ceropacha ridens 44, 69, 185 Chauliodus chserophyllellus 76 dentosellus 75 Illigerellus 75 iuiquellus 74 insecurellus 73 ochreomaculellus 75 pontificellus 75 Chelaria conscriptella, Larva of 114 Chcerocampa Godmani (sp. n.), Druce ... 16 porcellus 208 Choregia fulgens 107 Colaenis Phaerusa 26, 259 Coleophora annulatella 104 tritici, Lindeman 102 CoHas Edusa 3, 207 Hermina 24 Conchylis auriceps 266 Tbetis 266 Coremia quadrifasciaria 165 Coriscium sulphurellum. Larva of 92 Cosmopterj'x Lienigiellus 280 Crambus conchellus 240 furcatellus 187 haniellus 166 latistrius 166 luctiferellus 243 luctuellus 244 niyellus 241 niytilellus 241 pauperellus 239 perniutatellus 242 pinellus 240 piatellus 118 PAGE Crambns speculalis 242 tristellus 118 Crastia Core 34 Cryptolechia confixella 107 Erschoffi 107 filiferella 107 humeriferella 107 laeviuscula 107 inuscula 107 radicalis 107 residuella 107 scitiorella 107 strigivenata l07 urbana 107 Cymatopbora Or 210 Daphnis Andamana (sp. n.), Druce 16 Toremia (sp. n.)i Druce 17 Deilepbila eupbovbiee 207 spiuifascia 258 Deiopeia pulcbella 1 Depressaria b^'pericella 113 Diasemia litmalis 8 Dicbelia isoscelana 266 DicyclaOo, Larva of 203 Dyiiastor Darius 26 Eiidotricba flainniealis, Larva of 149 ignealis 265 Ennj'cbia anguinalis, „ „ 77 Ephestia passulella 142 „ „ , Larva of 104 Ephippiphora regiana 141 Epicortliylis ciniiamicostella 107 Erebia Blandina 91 Manto 208 Eriopsela quadrana 142 Eupithecia debiliata 90 Eupcecilia Mussehliana 115 Gelecbia instabilella 251 ligulella 112 maculiferella 93, 112 ocellatella 252 plantaginella (sp. n.), Stainton... 263 Sircomella 112 scutella 107 subscriptella 107 tseniolella 112 vorticella 112 Geometra papilionaria 166 Gesneria floricoleus (sp. n.), Butler 180 Grapholitba cinerana 58 HelicQiiius Melpomene 26 PAGE Heliodes arbuti, Larva of 36 Hepialus bectus 90 sylviims 118,209 Heospbora euryzona (sp. n.), Meyrick ... 256 Holochila Blackbunii, Larva of 66 Hydrilla palustris 236 Hylemera Candida (sp. n.), Butler 58 nivea (sp. n.), Butler 58 Hyloicus Reevei (sp. n.), Druce 18 Hyponomeuta padella 118 Isamia Rothueyi (sp. n.), Moore 34 Laelia caenosa 236 Lasiocampa quercvis 165 trifolii Ill Laverna atra 91, 112 Hellerella 92, 112 Lemmatopbila pbryganella. Larva of 166 Leptosoma Mabillei (sp. n.), Butler 57 Limenitis Sibylla 69 LithocoUetis plataui 94 Lycaena argiades 207, 208 bsetica 207,208 Corydon 187,208 Marpesia Thetis 259 Melanitis Ismeiie 34 Melanomecyua stellata (sp. n.), Butler ... 179 Meliaiia flammea 44 Melissoblaptes gularis 106 tenebrosus 106 Melit«a Parthenie 208 Miaiia expolita 91 Mixodia rubiginosana 280 Morpho Peleides 25 Polyphemus 275 Nepticula arcuosella 113 aurella 113 betulicola 113 glutinosse 114 pruuetorum 113 regiella 113 Noropsis fastuosa 27 Notodonta chaonia 186 Nyssia hispidaria 186 CEcophora arabella 107 bracteatella 108 concisella 107 dichroella 107,265 divisella 107, 108,265 griseicostella 108,265 irruptella 107,265 minutella 113 XVI. PAGE Oilcophora iJi'oductella 108,265 tiijugella 108,265 ffinectra Pilleriaua 135 Oi;;yia antiqua 118, 209 Orpheides Eiithonius 36 Oithomeoyiia albicaudata (sp. u.), Butler. 178 exigua, var. cupreipennis ... 179 Pachetra leucophiea 43 Pamphila linea, Larva of 244 Panacra Rutherfordi (sp. n.), Druce 16 Papilio Diopliaiitus (sp. n.), H G. Smitli. 234 Forbesi (sp. n.), „ „ 234 Fulleri (sp. n.), „ „ 234 Machaoii 41,207 Pseon, Larva of 53 Polydama 26 Thoas 53 Paruassius Apollo 89 Peronea perplexana 115 Petasia nubeculosa 271 Philohota Arabella 266 Phlajodes Deiuamiana 165 Phtheochroa rugosana 59 Phycis betulella 166 carboiiariella, Larva of 110 Pieris brassicae 206 Daplidice 207, 236 meuapia 254 Pionea strameutalis. Larva of 126 Plusia gamma 118 Puecilochroma 13ouchardana 280 Polia clii 208 Protoparce Laucheana (sp. n.), Druce 18 Psecadia circumdatella 107 notatella 107 xaathorrboa 107 Pterophorus pentadactylus. Larva of 187 Pyralis docilisalis 265 stilbealis 265 P3-rameis Garage 258 Terpsichore 258 Pyrrhopyge Acastus 19 Amra 18 Patrobas 19 Ketiiiia duplana 136, 142 turionaua 165 Rhodaria despecta. Larva of 56 robiiia 265 Rhodocera Cleopatra 207 Rivula sericealis. Larva of 49 Roxaiia arcuana 45 Salel)ria gypsopa (sp. n.), Meyrick 255 Sara Poyeri (sp. n.), Druce 15 Saturnia carpini 237 Scoparia conspiculis, Hodgk 91 Scopula litorea (sp. n.), Butler 178 Scotorythra arboricoleus (sp. n.), Butler... 177 Smerinthus populi 208, 209, 236 Stathmopoda pedella 165 Steganias permutaria 208 Stigmonota nitidana 45 Tainiocarapa gracilis 44 miniosa 44 Terias Hecabe 35, 85 Mandariua 85 Thecla betula; 69 v^-album 91 Thinasotia impletella 265 pleuiferella 265 Tortrix Lafauryaua 165 Tortyra spectabilis 107 Triptogoii Cytis (sp. n.), Druce 18 rosea (sp. n.), Druce 17 Tylochares cosmiella 256 Urania leilus 259 Uzeda torquetana 106 Vanessa cardui 3 Tammeamea, Larva of 55 Vazugada strigipleuella 107 Victoriua Steneles 26 Zophodia eusiferella 255 Zygffiua filipeuduhe 21, 43, 90 NEUROPTERA. Asynarchus coenosus 195 Cajcilius Burmeisteri 183 obsoletus 183 perlatus 183 Chimarrha marginata 11, 84 Chrysopa minima = dasyptera 117 Cloeou simile 11 Clothilla annulata 184 Cordulia arctica 12 metallica 12 Dilar japonicus (sp. n.), McLach 220 Elipsocus '.iticeps 184 unipuiictatus 184 Halesus auricollis 10, 195 Heptagenia lateralis 12 Hydroptila forcipata 11 Itbytrichia lamellaris 11, 84 Leucorriiiuia dubla 12 ff Leptocerus alboguttatus 10, 84 annulicornis 195 commutatus 195 f ulvus 10 ^Liiunophilus borealis 9 fuscicornis 194 ignavus 9 jMolanna palpata 10, 67 Panorpa hybrida (sp. n.), McLach 131 nigrirostris 132 picta 132 Peripsocus alboguttatus 182 subpupillatus 183 Perla Ferreri 109 Philanisus plebejus 46 Phrj'ganea obsoleta 9, 194 xvii. PAGE Plectrocnemia geniculata 196 Polycentvopus Kingi 10, 84 Psocidae, Tarsal and antennal characters of 12 Psocus (Neopsocus) rhenauus 181 Rhithrogena semicolorata 12 Rhyacophila obliterata 196 septentrionis 196 Setodes argentipunctella 21, 84 Sialis fuliginosa 11, 83 Sipblurus lacustris 11 Steuophylax infumatus 195 rotundipennis 195 Wormaldia mediana 10 subnigra 84, 196 THYSANURA. Lepisma saccharina 22 INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE Atmore, E. A 165,280 Axon, W. E. A 45 Baker, George T 239 jBarrett, C. G. ...1, 21, 44, 45, 58, 90, 111, 135, 166, 172 Bignell, G. C 163 Blackburn, Rev. T., M.A 55, 62, 69 Blatch, W. G 19,43, 117, 138, 190 Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A 188, 210 Bower, B.A 43 Bridgman, J. B., F.L.S 270 Briggs, C. A 43 i Buckler, \V...36, 49, 77, 104, 126, 149, 203,244, 271 Butler, A. G., F.L.S., &c 57, 176 Butler, E. A 87, 115, 140 Cameron, Peter 132 Champion, G. C 226 Collett, E. P 68,117,139,261 Dale.C. W. 237 Distant, W. L., M.A.I., 67, 76, 108, 156 Douglas, J. W. ...20, 67, 88, 91, 116, 117, 142, 202, 266 Druce, Herbert, F.L.S 15 Eaton, Rev. A. E., M.A. 89 Elliot, A 236, 237 Ellis, J. W 161 Fletcher, J. E 206,207 Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S. .20, 67, 79, 89, 112, 121, 139, 160, 167, 189, 192, 197, 229, 247, 269 Eraser, Jane 187 Eraser, R. A Ill Griffith, G. F 236 Hagen, Dr. H. A 12, 235, 254 Hellins, Rev. J., M.A 208 Hodgson, A. E., B.A 185, 187 Jones, A. H 69, 208 King, J. J 8, 67, 82 Lewis, George, F.L.S 137, 193, 261 McLachlan, R., F.R.S. .21, 46, 94, 109, 117, 130, 181, 220 Mann, W. K 89 Mathew, G. F., R.N., F.L.S 18 Meade, R. H 29, 145, 213 Meyrick, E 69, 255, 265 Moore, F., A.L.S 33 Morton, Kenneth J 28, 194 Osborne, J. A., M.D 69, 97 Parfitt, E 116, 162 Perkins, Rev. C. Matthew 236 Perkins, V. R 100 Pim, H. Bedford 161 Porritt, G. T., F.L.S 44, 91, 110, 142, 187 Pryer, H., C.M.Z.S 85 Pryer, W. B., C.M.Z.S 59 Raynor, G. H 44 Richardson,"N. M 114, 115 Roebuck, W. Denison 223 Rossi, G. de 22 Rothney, G. A. J 33 Sajo, Prof. K 70 Saunders, E., F.L.S 20, 45, 86, 189, 246, 267, 280 Saunders, Sir S. S., C.M.G 163 Scott, J. .13, 20, 41, 42, 64, 154, 189, 205, 206 Sharp, D., M.B 260 Smith, H. Grose 224 Stainton, H. T., F.R.S. ...73, 92, 93, 101, 251 Threlfall, L H 112, 142 Verrall, G. H 222 Walker, J. J., R.N 22, 53, 257, 274 Walsingham, Lord, M.A., F.L.S 190 Warren, W 278 Waterhouse, C. 0 138 Weyenbergh, Dr. H 141 Wilson, Owen S 165 Wood, J. H.,M.B 140 Wood, Theodore 238 LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES, &c. IN THIS VOLUME. DESCRIBED COLEOPTERA. SPECIES. Cyclothorax Karschi, BJackbvrn, PAGE Hawaiian Islands 62 Mouhotia convexa, Lewis, Laos 193 Syntelia histeroides „ Japan 138 DIPTERA. SPECIES. Phorbia cepetoruni, Meade, Britain 218 exigua, „ „ 220 neglecta, „ 219 HEMIPTERA. GENERA. A PODESMius, Sco« 42 Neosalica, Distant 157 SPECIES. Apodesmius Jansoni, Scott, Nicaragua Caiithecona cognata, Distant, Sumatra Cosmoscarta Juno, „ „ Duudubia Bocki, ,, „ Lohita grandis, var. sumatrana, Distant, Madagascar 158 Memmia Cowani, „ „ 108 Mictia (?) Jansoui, Scott, Nicaragua 41 Neosalica Forbesi, Distant, Sumatra 157 Panthous cocalus, „ „ 158 talus, „ „ 159 Tropicoris japoiiicus, „ Japan 76 41 157 160 159 HYMENOPTERA. GENUS. LornYRoiDES, Cameron 133 LEPIDOPTERA. GENERA. Melaxomectna, BiiHer 179 Orthomectna, „ 178 scotorythea, „ 177 TrtocHAKES, Meyrich 256 SPECIES. Ambulyx argentata, Driice, Saigon Elwesi, „ Darjiling ... Choerocampa Godmaiii, „ Chiriqui ... Daphnis andamaua, „ Andamans... Torenia, „ Fiji Gelechia plantagiiiella, Stainton, Britain Gesneria floricolens, Butler, Hawaiian Islands Heosphora euryzona, Meyrick, Australia Hylemera Candida, Butler, Madagascar.. nivea, „ ^, Hyloicus Reevei, Bruce, Paraguay Isamia Rothueyi, Moore, Barrackpore... Leptosoma Mabillei, Butler, Madagascar Melanomecj'na stellata, „ Hawaiian 17 17 16 16 16 253 180 256 58 58 18 34 57 Oitliomocyna albicaudata, Butler, Hawaiian Islands Islands 179 178 exigua, var. cupreipennis, Butler, Hawaiian Islands 179 Panacra Rutheifordi, Druee, Cameroons.. 16 Papilio Diophantus, H.G.Smith,Sumatra 234 Forbesi, „ ,, 234 f ulleri, „ Cameroons 234 Protoparce lauclieana, Druce, W. Africa. 18 Salebria gypsopa, Meyrick, Australia ... 255 Sats. Vvyevi, Druce, Borneo ... 15 Scopula litorea, Butler, Hawaiian Scotorythra arboricolens, Butler, Hawaiian Islands Islands 178 177 Triptogon cytis, Druce, Cameroons rosea, „ S.Africa . NEUROPTERA. Dilar japonicus, Ifciae/iZaw, Ja^aw 220 Panorpa hybrida, „ Europe ... 220 Peripsocus subpupillatus, 3IcLachlan Europe 183 ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH INSECT FAUNA BROUGHT FORWARD IN THIS VOLUME. COLEOPTERA. PAGE Sc3'mi)us Redtenbachei'i, Muls 67 DIPTERA. Anthomyia albicincta, J'nZ? 32 octoguttata, Zett 33 sulciventris, „ 32 Cliortophila albescens, „ 146 arenosa, „ 146 Billbergi, „ 148 hnccsda, Fall 145 cinerea, „ 147 cinerella, „ 147 impudica, -RojuZ 146 ti-ayiezmsi, Zett 147 unilineata, ,, 146 Diapliorus melancholicus, Loeio. ( = dor- salis, Verr.) 225 Gloma fuscipennis, -3f^ 225 Ha'matopota crassicornis, Wahlhg 224 Lasiops ctenocnema, Koivz 29 Meadei, „ 30 Roederi, „ 30 Medeterus apicalis (?), Ze^^ 225 micaceus, Low 225 pallipes, Zett 225 Plioi'bia cepetorum (sp. n.), Meade 218 cilicrura, Bond 216 dissecta, If^ 215 exigua (sp. n.), ■M'eac^e 220 floccosa, J/aeg 214 florilega, Zett 217 histrio, „ 216 ignota, JSowrf 217 incognita, „ 215 lactucae, Bouche 215 neglecta (sp. n.), iJfeac^e 219 obscura, Jfaej 216 PA6R pudica. iZowci 215 transversalis, Zett 214 trichodactyla, UoMti 217 Porpli^'rops micans, Mg. ( = simplex, Verr.) 225 prserosus, Loeic. ( =^ tenuis, Verr.) 225 Rhamphomyia albosegmentata, Zett 224 geniculata, -Tfj^ 224 tarsata, „ 224 urabripennis 225 Syrphus nigritarsis, Zett. ? 225 Trichophthicus hirsatulus „ 22*5 „ innocuus „ 226 HEMIPTERA. Lecanium ribis, A. Fitch 88 Platymetopius undatus, Burnt 155 HYMENOPTERA. Crabro Kollari, Da/iZi 246 Neniatus conjugatus, J)rt/ii6 133 Nomada bifida, Thorns 45 guttulata, Schenck 45 Psithyrus quadricolor 268 Tacliy tes lativalvis, Thorns 87 LEPIDOPTERA. Acvobasis consociella, var. sodalella, Zell. Ill Gelechia plantaginella (sp. n.), Stainton.. 253 NEUROPTERA. Cfecilius Burmeistri, JBra«er 183 perlatus, Kolhe 183 Clothilla annulata, Ba^ 184 Peripsocus siibpiipillatns, McLaeh 183 LARV.E OF BRITISH SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. Aplialara nervosa, Sco^< 20 Catoptria expallidana, JFoort? 141 Chelaria coiiscriptella, Richardson 114 Dicycla Oo, Buckler 203 Endotricha flammealis, Buckler 149 Ennychia anguinalis, „ 77 Ephestia passulella, ., 104 Gelechia instabilella, Stainton 253 plantaginella, ,, 253 (irapholitha cinerana, ^arre^f 58 Heliodes arbuti, ^MciZer 36 Lemmatophila pbrj'ganella, Barrett 166 PAGE ffinectva ViWeriaxia,, Barrett 135 Pamphila linea, Buckler 244 Petasia nubeculosa, „ 271 Phtheoehroa rugosana, Barrett 59 Phycis carbonariella, PorrJW 110 Pionea stratnentalis, Buckler 126 Psylla pyricola, SpoM 205 Pterophorus pentadactylus, PorriY^ 187 Rivula sericealis, 5!(fA-Ze)* 49 Spercbeus emarginatus, Fotvler 79 Trioza crithmi, Scott 65 REVIEWS. PAGR The Student's List of British Coleoptera : F. P. Pascoe 46, 72 A Bibliography of Fossil Insects : S. H. Scudder 47 Insects injurious to Forest and Shade Trees : A. S. Packard 47 Matabele Land and the Victoria Falls : C. G. Gates 71 The Butterflies of North America: W. H. Edwards 94 Rhopalocera Malayana: W. L. Distant 95 An Illustrated Essay on the Noctuidae of North America: A. R. Grote 95 Catalogue of the Tortricidae of North America : C. H. Pernald 190 Ants and their wa^-s: W. Parren White 262 Fifth Annual Report of Dulwich College Science Society 262 Catalogue of British Coleoptera: A. Matthews and W. W. Fowler 263 OBITUARY. B. B. Labrey 2'J George Norman 96 Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites 142 Archdeacon Hey 192 George Wailes 211 Benjamin Cooke 238 Professor Zeller 280 THE ^.S\> VOLUME XIX. V//X ib^ V* THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOaiCAL CONDITIONS ON INSECT LIFE. BT CHAELES G. BAEBETT. The means employed by nature to keep species within due bounds — checking theii' inordinate increase or unnecessary decrease — are so certain and reliable in their results, and yet so obscure and diificult to trace in their modes of action, that almost any observations, however slight, which seem to be reliable as data from which to ascertain these means, are interesting and worthy of being put on record. In every district and every climate there are evidently many species so peculiarly fitted to it that none of the periodical changes of M^eather and temperature materially affect their numbers, and from these little evidence can be obtained. It is from those species which only casually and rarely extend themselves from their natural homes into cliaiates imsuitable for them, or from those which are always to be found in a given locality, but sometimes rarely, and always varying in numbers, that the most satisfactory evidence must be expected. In the first class of cases an example occurred to me a few years ago which seems very much to the point. A friend, a well-known entomologist, being in the South of France and seeing with delight the lovely Deiopeia pulclieUa flying about, captured some, secured eggs, and sent them to a friend in England, who, by great care and assiduity, reared some of them to maturity and again obtained fertile eggs. A few of these he sent to me. They duly hatched, and as it did not seem very likely that any chance of observing native larvae would ever occur to me, I regarded them with great interest. They were supplied with several species of Myosotis, but only about half a dozen of them seemed to possess sufiicient vitality to feed, and as these evidently preferred Myosotis pahistris, I potted some plants and kept them growing in a sunny window, where the young larvae, covered with gauze, made themselves tolerably comfortable and grew rapidly, feeding with especial eagerness when the sun was shining on them. The weather happened to be fine and the sun hot for two or three 1882. 2 [June, weeks juet at that time, and one larva made such progress that in a fortnight it was full-fed, when it spun a very slight cocoon on the gauze and turned safely to pupa. By this time two more larvae were full-fed and left the food-plant for the gauze, the rest being fully half grown, when a change of weather came, with wind, heavy rain, and a total absence of sunshine. The larvae were, of course, not exposed to the rain, but the effect of the change was that those full-fed made no attempt to spin up, and the .rest ceased to feed, and in a few days they all fell off the gauze or the plants, dead. After a fortnight of wet weather it cleared uj) and the one pupa produced the moth — a male. This seems to supply a key to the whole history of the eccentric casual appearances of this and many other inhabitants of warmer climates on our shores. In obedience to some singular instinct that impels insects when becoming too numerous in their natural homes to emigrate to " fresh fields and pastures new," they, contrary to their ordinary habits, cross land or sea, arriving, of course, very often in some inhospitable clime, where — if not at once captured and made native specimens of- — they very likely soon fall victims to some pitiless storm of wind and rain. But supposing both these risks to be avoided, the moth — if an impregnated female — in due course lays its eggs, which most probably hatch, and the young larvae are left — like Mark Twain — "friendless orphans in a foreign land." If the tem- perature happens to be lower or the weather wetter than the natural constitution of the species is able to endure, the difficulty is settled at I once- — the young larvae die without even attempting to feed, but if ■ matters are more favourable, the strongest of them struggle along, and if fairly favoured by the weather a few of them may reach the perfect state ; if quite unusually favoured by the weather a large proportion of them may do so, producing those remarkable instances of the sudden appearance in numbers of a species usually rare. Such good fortune rarely extends to a second season and the species becomes a rarity again or is even probably exterminated here, to be renewed at some future time by the same instinct of migration. In cases such as these it appears to me that sunshine means life, and its absence destruction, to the larvae, and that by this simple and obvious influence the extension of species beyond their assigned limits is practically prohibited. It also happens sometimes that the immigrant, following instinc- tively its inherited habit, attempts to produce an additional brood in the year, over what the climate will allow. 1SS2.I 3 For instance, from the second brood of Colias Edusa whicli was so abundant in 1877, eggs were obtained, and tlie larvae fed up and turned to pupae, but, as far as I can ascertain, none emerged. My old friend, Mr. Birchall, wrote me that all his pupse shoived the yellow colour of the ivings in December and then died. This colour of the wings, as we all know, only shows itself when the insect is nearly ready to emerge, and these Ediisa pupae following inherited habit tried to emerge in the winter, so as to hibernate, as they are well known to do in the perfect state, but from insufficient warmth and sunshine were unable to muster sufficient strength. Again, in 1880, there was a wonderful immigration of Vanessa cardui, the usual numbers in this district, as in others, being enor- mously re-inforced by — evidently- — a portion of the vast army that migrated across Europe. Very late that autumn the Eev. Clennell Wilkinson, of Castlemartin, Pembroke, found, to his great surprise, that larvae of V. cardui were tolerably common on the thistles on the warrens near his residence. All the tall thistles were dead, and these larvae were feeding, at the beginning of October, on the young plants close to the ground, making their nests among the radical leaves. Some of these larvae he took home, and, by great care, two of them entered the pupa-state, October 17th and 20th, and one emerged (in- doors) November 20th of the same year, 1879. The rest died. This failure of instinct on the part of the immigrants surely explains, in some degree, the fact that last year the insect was more than usually scarce, hardly any appearing to have hibernated, and also why an in- sect with such a power of increase in a suitable climate is so uncertain and variable in its appearances in one that is unfavourable. With reference to the second class of cases — those in which a species always present is periodically common or scarce— much has been written, excessive rain being usually assigned as the cause of diminution in numbers, sunshine as the cause of increase. Without doubt these causes act to a very large extent, large numbers of larvae being actually drowned by continued heavy rain, and others rendered liable to disease, but a little evidence has come under my notice, pointing so distinctly to another influence of equal potency, that I think it well worth recording in detail. It may be within the memory of some readers that at the end of the first season that I was here at Pembroke (1875), I contributed to this Magazine some notes on Pembrokeshire insects, in which I re- lieved my soul by a vigorous grumble at the (entomological) barren- ness of the land. It appeared that although in the preceding winter 4 . [June, there had been in England and Scothmd severe cold and remarkably heavy snow, and though snoio had fallen heavily here also, the winter had been in this district comparatively mild, the snow disappearing almost immediately, and that, in fact, for many years before, there had been little or no intense cold in Pembrokeshire. This mildness of weather continued through the three subsequent winters, there really was no hard frost, and snow was only occasionally seen on the hills. The predominence through each winter of winds from the south-east, south, west, and especially the south-west, all coming off a sea kept constantly warm by the gulf-stream, the water of which not only flows with each tide up the Bristol Channel, but also through the heart of the county by means of the windings of Milford Haven, fully explains this, and caused at that time a mildness of temperature probably un- equalled in these Islands, except on the south coast of Devon and Cornwall. In many places fuchsias standing out of doors had never been cut down by frost within the memory of the inhabitants. Some of them were trees standing from fifteen to twenty feet high, with trunks of the size of a man's leg. One in the garden at AVallaston farm (thought nothing of by its owner) stood by the path where every one walked under it, its lowest branches being barely within reach of a tall man. The handsome shrubby Veronicas, usually green- house plants, had grown in the cottage gardens into great bushes five or six feet high, their abundant blossoms at the end of autumn affording the latest attraction to the Vanessce before retiring to their winter quarters. Myrtles had actually grown old and ugly out of doors, sumachs of many years' growth stood in gai-dens, and it seemed that, but for the hoar frosts of October and November, the Tropoeohims and Pelarcjoniums would have blossomed all the year round. During these years, very many insects of general distribution in the United Kingdom, continued to be either very scarce, or confined to exceedingly restricted localities in this district. Of Ai-gynnis Papliia only one or two specimens were seen in each season ; Argi/nnis Aglaia was found only in two or three favourite spots in the wildest of the coast sandhills; of Argynnis Euphrosyne a very few specimens were seen in Canaston Wood, and one on the flank of Prescelly Mountain ; while Argynnis Selene was scarcely to be found at all, ex- cept on a favoured slope of one of the more accessible sea-cliffs. Satyrus hyperanthus was also very local and uncommon, and Safyrvs JEgeria only very sparingly to be seen. Lyaena uSSgon must have existed somewhere, but was not observed in those years at all. Of Bomhyx neusfria I ol^served each year only a few nests on blackthorn 1882. in one or two favourite localities ; the larvaB of Bomhi/x quercus and rubi were scarce, and those of Odonestis potatoria so uncommon, that it was difficult to find a dozen, to be reared for the sake of occasional chocolate coloured varieties. Emmelesia affinitata occurred almost as a rarity, and I searched long and carefully before I could find its larva for Mr. Buckler to figure. Noctuae (except a few universally abundant species) appeared to be almost absent ; such a dearth of ordinary night-flying species I never knew^ anywhere before. But in the winter of 1878, there was a great change. Persistent north or north-east winds, intensely cold, froze everything up hard, the warm sea air was completely expelled, or if a .slight change of wind permitted a few clouds to come over, the rain from them was instantly converted into ice, with which the high roads were coated to a thickness of three or four inches, for weeks. Horses properly "roughed " travelled well enough, the rough points cutting into the ice, which did not wear them down ; but vehicles had a bad time. Heavily laden waggons brought to a turning down a hill declined to follow the horses in taking a proper sweep, but went first, and the wheels of lighter vehicles skated rather than turned round, with the Bound and action of sleigh-runners. The winters of 1879 and 1880 were equally cold, indeed, the latter was said to be the coldest known here for fifty years, even the sea sands along the tide line were covered ankle deep with ice and frozen snow, a sight very rarely seen on this coast. The first of those three winters killed all the shrubby Veronicas and. some of the sumachs, and the tree fuchsias and myrtles above the ground. And now I will give the results as regards insects. In 1879 Argynnis Fapliia began to be visible in every woodland ; in 1880 it had become plentiful, and was even to be seen along the roads ; in 1881 it abounded, and specimens actually flew about the town, in the gardens, and settled on the sunny fronts of the houses. A. Aglaia first increased in numbers in its pet localities, then sj^read along the coast, till, in 1881, it could be found in scores or hundreds in places where previously not a specimen had been seen. A. Euj^hro- syne became common in the woods, and at last began to fly about the country lanes, and A. Selene became abundant all over the country, flying about every little strip of marsh and wet land by the road sides. The same was the case with Satyrus liyperanthus, and 8. Mgeria became common everywhere, while Lycaena u3£gon flew about the heathy hills along the coast in plenty. Zygcenafilipendulce, which had been local and not common, rapidly became abundant, the larva? conspicuously Q [June, SO ; the nests o£ Bombyx neustria were to be found in scores on hawthorn and blackthorn bushes ; B. ruhi and quercus became plentiful, and Odonestis fotatoria so abundant, that the larvae could easily be col- lected in hundreds, where hardly one could be seen before, and even the empty cocoons were conspicuously numerous on the hedge-banks in the winter. Emmelesia ajfinitata became a common insect, and many other Geometrce turned up which had hardly been seen before. But in Noctuce the improvement was the most remarkable, as in that group the scarcity had been most marked. Ajylecta herhida and Sadena thaJassina appeared close to the town ; Xylophasia hepatica and Apamea gemina (both richly variable), 3fiana fasciuncula, Orammesia trilinea, Noctua c-nigrum and festiva, Aplecta nebulosa, Hadena dentina, and Olcga spadicea, all became abundant ; Thyatira derasa and hatis, Acronycta Ugustri and megacephala, Leucania comma, Itiisina feiiehrosa, and Noctua trianguhim, turned up more or less freely ; Triphcena jantliina came commonly into the gardens, and Leucania littoraJis on the sand hills, and Seliodes arhuii in the meadows, both increased greatly in numbers. These, to be sure, are not remarkable species to obtain, the wonder was that they should have been previously rare or apparently absent. Other and scarcer species were also secured, but I am now referring to captures in home lo- calities, which had been worked from year to year. Another species which wonderfully increased in numbers was Pyrausta ostrinalis, which actually swarmed last year. Here we seem to have a direct example of cause and effect, but I am not prepared to say that the effect always arises in the same way. I think there can be no doubt that in the case of those insects whose mode of life includes the capacity for hibernation, their constitution is greatly strengthened and their chance of arriving at maturity in- creased, if the cold of winter is sufficiently severe to induce complete torpidity, undisturbed by warm and spring-like weather at unseasonable times, and this may account for the vast increase in numbers in species which, like Bomhyx neustria, hibernate in the egg state ; it also pro- bably has a strengthening effect on those which, like the species of Arqynnis already mentioned, pass the winter as small social larvae under a silken tent on the ground, or which, like the Noctuce, hibernate in the larva state on the ground or among dead leaves, and are teuipted out to feed by every warm and genial evening. On the other hand, there can be no doubt that mild winters act directly to cause the destruction of both hibernating larvae and pupae, in two ways. One is by encouraging the growth of mould, which we I88-J.] 7 know attacks tLem as soon as, from excess of rain or humidity, they become sickly ; the other by permitting the continued activity of pre- daceous creatures. These are very numerous. Moles continue at work in mild winters, instead of burying themselves deep in the ground ; and mice are constantly active. These small mammalia destroy great numbers of Lepidopterous pupae, and they abound in this dis- trict, as also do birds during the winter in an extraordinary degree. As soon as severe cold sets in to the north and east, the birds come down in swarms to the open fields and sheltered hill sides of this district, and it is hardly necessary to point them out as most indus- trious and persevering destroyers of larvae. Predaceous beetles and earwigs are generally on the alert all through very mild winters, and although they probably do not eat much at that time, and, indeed, are not very plentiful in Pembrokeshire, they must destroy many larvae and pupae, having little else to subsist upon. But I believe that the mischief done by all these added together does not equal that done by the Onisci. During mild winters these crustaceous vermin increase and mul- tiply, and feed, and grow without check, till in so mild a climate they become a perfect nuisance, pervading everything indoors and out. It was hardly possible to keep them even out of the breeding cages, where they would get introduced when very small and unnoticed — or perhaps in the egg-state — hunt out and destroy every larva and pupa, and grow large and plump without ever showing themselves above the leaves and rubbish. Doubtless, their industry out of doors was in the same proportion, and my impression is that they approached very near to completely exterminating many species that would naturally be common here. Severe cold seems to destroy some of them, for they are not nearly so numerous now, and it certainly puts a complete stop to their destructive operations during a time when larvae are most especially helpless and liable to attack. To this, with other I causes already mentioned, I am inclined to attribute the extraordinary incrciise in numbers of so many species during the last three seasons, divided by severe winters. The winter now past has been mild, and, therefore, a further progressive increase cannot reasonably be ex- pected ; but I hope that the mischief done in one mild winter may not be serious. It is the progressive increase of destroyers with the de- crease of victims through successive mild seasons that is really to be dreaded. As a slight corroboration of this view, I may mention, that while this district of country is comparatively poor in all the species of 8 [June, which the larvae feed and hibernate in any exposed situation, several species of Noctuce, of which the larvse live underground, are always abundant, and the country is actually rather rich in those species of Tortricina which feed and hibernate entirely within the stalks or roots of plants. It is worthy of notice, that there are a very few species which have appeared unable to cope with severe cold. Lohophora viretata was tolerably common here during the first three or four years of which I have been writing, but after the first cold winter it became scarce, and has since almost disappeared. Its favourite locality was turned into a school playground and destroyed, but the decrease is also observable in the casual specimens which used to be found sitting on the fronts of houses, windows, gates and elsewhere all around the neighbourhood, of which hardly one occurred last year. Diasemia literalis has also been scarce for the last three years, but I have no great fear that it is dying out, since we have found casual specimens in two fresh localities. Pembroke : 10^ April, 1882. NOTES ON THE NEUROPTERA of STEATHGLASS, INVERNESS-SHIEE. BT J. J. KING. Having spent July and August of ISSO in a locality, to the Neuropterous fauna of which, very little attention has been paid, it has been suggested to me that I should make out a detailed list of my captures for this Magazine. Strathglass is situated to the north of Loch Ness, being parallel with it ; the Strath proper commences about nine miles from Beauly, and continues for about ten miles across the country in a south- westerly direction. It is for the most part about three-quarters of a mile broad ; from south-west to north-east it descends in a series of terraces, which are almost level, these terraces are covei'ed with small water-worn boulders, all which suggest to one the idea of its having been once the bed of a large lake ; this idea is further borne out when the falls of Kilmorack are visited, the rocks at this place having the appearance of being wrenched asunder njid hurled into the valley be- low, as if the pressure of the water above had been too much for them. The Strath is very warm, the hills rising on either side rather abruptly to a considerable height, help to shelter it. The river 1882.] 9 Glass, which has its source near Ben Attow, close to the west coast of Scotland, flows through it in a somewhat deep channel, and discharges itself in the Beauly firth. About seventeen miles from Beauly the Cannich joins the Glass ; this place, where there is a small village containing a good hotel, I made my head quarters. Invercan- nich is, in fact, the centre of the district, all the churches are situated near here, and on Sundays it is quite a busy place, the people having to come in some cases upwards of twenty miles to get to church or obtain a glass of the national beverage. This is one of the best localities I have ever visited ior Neur opt era, more particularly Trichoptera, as water is plentiful in many conditions. A swift deep river (the Glass) traverses the Strath ; then we have the Cannich, passing over many falls in its course before it reaches the Glass, which makes it very suitable for certain species of caddis- flies ; burns of all sizes abound, while Lochs and " lochans " are too numerous to mention, these latter occurring at all heights on the surrounding hills, and as for ditches and marshy ground, the difiiculty is to keep clear of them. During the two months I staid in the district, little or no rain fell, but during the night a heavy fall of dew took place. In the day time the heat of the sun's rays made it almost impossible to undertake any long excursion, hence most of my collecting took place not far from Invercannich. TRICHOPTEEA. Upwards of two-fifths of the British species of this group were taken. Fhryganea striata, L., a few odd specimens occurred in various localities. P. ohsoleta, Hag., was the common species of the district, at no Loch or Loclian was it absent ; I have had as many as a dozen in my net at one time while sweeping. In Glen Cannich, at a small peat-hole dui'ing an exceedingly wai-m day, I observed a very light coloured ? of this species thrice descend about eighteen inches into the water, using a I'eed' to walk on, no doubt it was in the act of oviposition, it evidently came to the surface of the water to get air, as in each case it merely came to the water's level, turned round, and deliberately walked down again; each time, I should think, it stopped down about one minute and a half ; the insect seemed strange to me, and I could not resist the temptation to catch it when it made its appearance on the surface the third time. Qlyphotcelius pellue.idus, Oliv., occurred at many of the Lochs, but was not common. The genus Limnophilus was well represented, fifteen out of the twenty-four British species being captured. Limnophilus rhomhicus, L., common. L. horealis, Zett., three specimens turned up at different Lochs. L. marmoratus, Curt., common everywhere. X. stigma, Curt., rare. L. lunatus, Curt., abundant at all levels. L. ignavus, Hag., one speci- 10 [,luiic, men. L. centralis, Curt., very common. L. vittatus, Fab., equally common -with the last. L. affinis, Curt., rare. L. auricula, Curt., frequent. L. gi-iseus, L., some nice varieties of this common species were taken. L. extricatus, McL., one specimen. L. luridus, Curt., a few specimens were taken. L. hirsutua, Pict., one specimen. L. sparsus, Curt., occurred in swarms, some well-marked forms were taken. AnaboUa nervosa, Curt., common. Stenophylax stellatus, Curt., very common along the banks of the Glass. Micropterna sequax, McL., rare. Halesus radlatus, Curt., common. H. auricollis, Pict. ; the Maj' to October. (.Polygonum lijdropiper, Linn j nehidosa, Zett Epilobium angustifolium, Linn nervosa Fo.st Acbillea millefolium, Linn ..... 7 ^j ^^ September, picta, Zett Chrysanthemum leucantbemura, Lain. ) ■' ^ artemisi.,Yor.t { ^^^^^'^ S^M^ 'i. ^ ^ ^ L } ^^^ ^o September, exilis, Web. and Mobr. ...Rumex acetosella, Linn June to October. Ti ■ n 1. ( Acer campestre, Linn 7 i., . i „j? t„i- Rhikocola «..r.*, Curt J __ pseudoplatanus, Linn j May to end of July erica, Curt Calluna vulgaris, Salisb June, July. speciosa, Flor* Populus nigra, Linn June, July. LiviLLA ulicis. Curt Ulex europseus, Linn June. Aett^na genista, hatr i^ ex e iropse s, in. •■■,••• ^ May to September. " xi^ y , ( Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch ) •' ^ PsTLLA spartii, Gu^r Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch May, June. Horvathi, Scott* Genista tinctoria, Linn rhamnicola, Scott Rbamnus catharticus, Linn July to October. pruni. Scop Prunus spinosus, Linn May. cratcegi, Forst Crataigus oxyacantha, Linn April to June. costalis, Y\ox „ „ „ August. peregrina,Yox%\, „ „ „ June. costatopunctata,Yh\^\, „ „ „ May to November. pyri, Linn.*a Pyrus communis, Linn.c June to October. apiophila, YmsiA „ „ „ June, July. pyrisiiga,W6xsi.'i „ „ „ May, August, Sept: pyrastri,Y.'L'6\v.* „ „ „ June to August. simulans, ¥\ov ,, „ „ August. pyricolajVoxst „ ,, „ August. j»aZt, Schmdb „ malus, Linn May to October. visci, Curt Viscum album, Linn May to September.! vihurni, F. Low.* Viburnum lantana, Linn May, June. fraxinicola, Forst Fraxinus excelsior, Linn August, September^ fraxinifHAun „ „ „ June to Septemben discrepans, Y\ov* „ „ „ May, June. hippophaes, Forst Hippopbae rhamnoides, Linn August, Septemberi phaoptera,Y.\j'6'K.* „ „ „ June. buxi, Linn Buxus sempervirens, Linn May to October. stenolahis, F. Low Salix capraa, Linn May, June. saUcicola,Y'6xst „ „ „ June to September, betulce, Linn Betula nana, Linn June. Ldu)ii,Sc,oit „ alba, Koch February, Nov. B'ar^iJ, Flor „ verrucosa, Ehrh Maj'. alni, Linn Alnus glutiuosa, Gaert July, August. Fiirsterl, Flor „ „ „ June to end of Oct pineti, Flor Pinus sylvestris, Linn May to November. Spanioneuea JPoMSCoZowJet, Forst.*... Buxus sempervirens, Linn June. Teioza , ?* Berberis vulgaris, Linn , ?* Cardamine sylvatica. Link. 1882.] 15 Name. Food-plant. Date of Appearance. 'bioza cerastii, H. Loevv.* Cerastium tri viale, Link June. Walkeri, Forst Rhamnus cathaiticus, Linn July, August. WiamMt, Schrank „ ,, „ Ma j', July to Oct. trgopodii, F. Low.* ^gopodium podagravia, Linn April to June. crithmi, F. Low Crithmum niaiitimum, Linn April to June. gain, Flor Galium palustre, Linn June to September. Neilreichii, Frauenf.* Valerianella dentata, Deitr June. chrysanthemi, F. Low.* Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Linn.... senecionis, F. Low.* Senecio nemoreusis, Linn. 6 Jul)'. -flavipetMiis, Forst.* Lactuca muralis, Don 7 nr < ^ r\ j. ^— -,?* Leontodon hastilis, Linn.6 j May, Aug. to Oct. proa-ima, Flor* Hieracium pilosella, Linn August and Sept. flavipemiis, Forat* „ „ „ May, Aug. to Oct. Dalei, Scott Armeria raaritima, Willd October, November. , ,.. T> i* C Chenopodium chenopodn, Reut.* | Atriplex urticcp, Linn Urtica urens, Linn May to October. munda, Forst „ dioica, Linn July to September. salicivora (Reut.), Scott Salix capraea August. striola, ¥\o\-* „ „ June to November. MMi/ttscjato, F. Low „ purpurea, Linn albiventris, Ym^t „ „ „ Sept. and October. „ „ „ alba, Linn May, Aug. to Oct. „ „ „ fragilis Sept. and October. remota, Forst.* Quercus robur, Linn arntipennis,7ieti Pinus sylvestris, Linn May to October. viridula, Zett „ abies June to October. abdominalis, F\oT „ „ August, September. Lee, S.E. : 26ih March, 1882. DESCEIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MGERIID2E AND SFSINGIDJE. BY HERBEHT DRrCE, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Family ^GERIID^. Sara Peteri. Wings bright bronze-brown shot with purple ; posterior-wing with two trans- parent spots close to the base, the fringe black ; body brown, and the anal tufts bright red. Antennae and legs black. Expanse of wings, If in. Hab. : N. E. Borneo, Sandakan {Fryer). Mus. Druce. This species is allied to S. chalyhea, Butler, from Singapore. * Not yet ascertained to be British. a There is no proof that the Fs. pyri of Curtis is identical with that of Linn., and, therefore, I include it amongst those not yet ascertained to be British. b The plants are not British, but, probably, the insects may be found on some of the allied species. c Pear-trees in gardens should be carefully examined, as several of the species infesting the wild pear, if not the whole, ai-e found upon them. d Although Forster says he had one specimen from Mr, Walker, I have not seen any of recent date, and have not, therefore, included it in my former list. The Ps. notaia, Flor, is synonymous. 16 lJ""<-. Family SPHINGTD.E. Sub-Family CHOEROCA MPINjE. PaNACRA RrTnEHFORDI. Pj'imaries above dark brown, speckled with reddish-brown along the costal margin, crossed from the apex to near the base bj a wide, pale-coloured, straight band, bordered on each side by fine blackish lines, the apical margin slightly dentated : secondaries dark brown, paler at the base ; body pale brown. Under-side, uniform dull brown, thickly speckled with pale ochreous scales. Expanse of wings, 3 in. Hah.: West Africa, Cameroons (Rutherford). Type, Mus. Druce. This species resembles P. vigil, Gruer., but is easily distinguished by the straight baud of the primaries and much darker colour. ClIOiROCAMPA GODMANI. Primaries dai'k greyish-brown at the base, which colour extends beyond the middle, the apical third ochreous, clouded with dark brown ; several indistinct lines crossing the wings from the inner margin to the black discal dot. Secondaries shining dark slaty-brown, the outer margin dark brown, and a small ochreous spot close to the anal angle ; head, thorax, and abdomen above, dark brown, the sides black, bordered above with red, and beneath with white lines, under-side pale brown. Under-side of primaries dark brown, richly clouded with red and yellow scales near the apex ; secondaries greyish-brown, crossed in the middle by three indistinct dark lines speckled with reddish scales. Expanse of wings, 3f in. Hah. : Panama, Yolcano de Chiriqui (Champion) . I have only seen one specimen of this species : it is very distinct from any that I am acquainted with, but comes nearest Ch.falco. I hope shortly to figure it in the " Biologia Centrali- Americana." Daphnis andama:n^a. Much like D. Horsfieldii, but rich red-brown ; primaries crossed beyond the middle by a broad, dark brown band, palest on the outer margin, a dark brown spot close to the base in the middle of the wing. Secondaries chocolate-brown, crossed by a sub-mai'ginal pale brown line from the middle of the costal margin to the anal angle. Under-side pale reddish-brown, both wings crossed by four darker waved lines ; head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Expanse of wings, 21 in. Hah. : Andaman Islands. Mus. Druce. This species seems somewhat intermediate between i>. Horsjieldii and D. Baga, but more closely allied to the latter. Daphxis torenia. Primaries fawn-colour, crossed beyond the middle by a broad brown band, and mottled with brown to near the apex ; a large, oval-shaped, brown spot close to the base ; theinner half white, with a small black dot in the middle. Secondaries rich choeolate-red, excepting the basal third, which is almost black ; an indistinct whitish line, close to the anal angle, extending nearly to the middle of the wing. I 1882.] 17 Under-side red, closely resembling Chcerocampa Belti, only that the green markings in that species are replaced by greyish-white. Head, sides of the thorax, and base of abdomen dark brown, a white line on each side of the thorax, and crossing the base of the abdomen ; the under-side pale reddish-brown. Expanse of wings, 31 in. Hal). : Fiji Islands {WafJcius). Type, Mus. Druee. This fine species is very distinct from any yet described ; in form it resembles D. hypothous, in colour it comes nearest D. andamana. Sub-Family AMBULICIX^E. Ambultx Elwesi. Much like A. ruhricosa, but shorter-winged and more robust. Primaries rich brown, the outer half the darkest, a series of ochi-eous marks along the hind margin, extending nearly to the anal angle. Posterior-wing bright pink, the outer half deep brown, an indistinct black line bordered with greyish-blue near the anal angle. Under-side rich bro^vnish-pink ; primaries bright pink near the base, and an indistinct greyish band crossing the wing near the outer margin ; secondaries crossed in the middle by a pinkish-white band ; between it and the base on the costal margin is a brown spot. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown, paler beneath. Antennae and legs brown. Expanse of wings, 3j in. Hah. : Darjiling {Elwes). Type, Mus. Druce. This beautiful species is allied to A. ruhricosa and A. Junonia. I am indebted to Mr. Elwes for the pleasure of describing and adding it to my collection. Ambultx aegentata. Primaries glossy gi-eyish-brown, almost white at the apex, crossed by a series of pale waved lines, a black dot at the end of the cell, the outer margin and the fringe brown. Secondaries pale brown, thickly speckled with white hairs, a row of white spots crossing the middle of the wing from the anal angle to the costal margin, the spots nearest the inner margin are tlie largest. Under-side dark pinkish-brown, the spots and markings as above, only more distinct, and speckled with brown scales. Head, sides of thorax, and base of the abdomen dark olive-green. Middle of thorax and abdomen silver-grey. Expanse of wings, 3j in. Hah. : Saigon, Cochin China (Boucard). Type, Mus. Druce. This very distinct species reminds one at first sight of A. hjjpos- ticta, the under-sides being somewhat alike. Sub-Family SMERINTHINjE. Triptogo:!^ rosea. Primaries above pale pinkish-brown, crossed by three indistinct brown lines, a dark brown spot close to the anal angle, and a large dark patch of the same colour extending along the outer margin almost to the apex. Secondaries bright rosy-red, with a brown spot at the anal angle. Under-side reddish-brown, both wings ci'ossed by several indistinct, pale brown, waved lines. Head, thorax, and abdomen, pale brown. Expanse of wings, 2i in. 18 [Juns, Hah. : "West Africa, Cameroons (Hittherford). Mus. Druce. Not unlike T. comjjlacens from Japan, but quite distinct. Triptogon cttis. Primaries and secondaries uniformly pinkish -grey-brown, crossed in the middle by a brown line, a small black spot at the base of the primaries : under-side as above. Expanse of wings, 2^ in. Hah. : South Africa, Vaal Eiver. Mus. Druce. A very distinct species, not nearly allied to any with which I am acquainted. Sub-Family SPHINGIN.E. Protoparce laucheana. Primaries light chestnut-brown, marked and banded with white, resembling P. solani. Secondaries blackish-brown. Under-side uniform slate-colour. Upper-side of head, thorax, and abdomen chestnut-brown ; under-side white, tinged with pink. Expanse of wings, Sj inch. Hah. : West Africa {Thomson) . Type, Mus. Druce. Htloicus Keeyei. Primaries greyish-brown, crossed from the inner margin to near the apex by a wide whitish band, the outer margin almost black, between it and the white band are several indistinct brown lines. Secondaries greyish-white, bordered with dark brown. Under-side uniform greyish-white, the secondaries almost white. Head, thorax, and abdomen above, black ; under-side whitish. Expanse of wings, 2% in. Hab. : Paraguay {Beece). Type, Mus. Druce. This species is allied to H. Dynceus, Hiibuer, from which it differs in the broad white band on the primaries, and the almost white secondaries. Hiibner's species is not included in Mr. Butler's mono- graph of the SphingidcB, but is well figured iu the " Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge," Nos. 463, 461. The Beeches, Circus Eoad, N.W. : 2dth April, 1882. EEMARKS ON SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OP ri'RRHOPYGE, HUBN. BY GERVASE F. MATIIEW, R.N., F.L.S., E.Z.S., &c. While on the Pacific station during 1872 — 4, I had an oppor- tunity of making the acquaintance of this remarkable genus, and when Pyrrhopyge Amra, Hew., was noticed for the first time at San Bias, on the coast of Mexico, in December, 1873, it was taken for some species of day-flying moth, for its habits were quite unlike those of any 1882.J 19 butterfly I had previously met with. They flew very rapidly during the hottest part of the day, and were fond of passing backwards and forwards in front of some favourite bush, before which they occasion- ally stopped and hovered, their wings being moved with extreme rapidity. Sometimes they would suddenly alight on the under-side of a leaf and were lost to view, and one's beating stick had to be brought into requisition to dislodge them. At other times before settling they would fly in a short jerking manner, somewhat after the fashion of the long-tailed skippers (Eiidamus). At the Island of Tobago, in the bay of Panama, the following April, another species, Pyrrhopyge Acastus, Cram., was tolerably numerous, and I was so fortunate as to discover its larva and pupa and bred the perfect insect. At the time I had no idea what these larvje would produce, and certainly did not expect to see a butterfly. What they fed on I cannot say, for they were full- grown when found, and preparing to pupate between chinks of bark on a trunk of a tree. They may have fed upon the leaves of the tree itself, or, what is more likely, upon some of the surrounding low herbage. The larva, which is soft and flabby to the touch, is clothed with fine straw-coloured hairs, is somewhat cylindrical in shape, and tapers towards each extremity ; head cordate, and very large in pro- portion to the size of the larva, and of a brick-red ; general colour reddish-brown, with well defined segmental rings of a deeper hue, and narrow black, yellow, and reddish perpendicular lines on each segment; under-surface, claspers, and prolegs light red. When full fed it spins a loose network cocoon betw^een chinks of bark and therein turns to a light-red pupa with many segmental black spots, and covered with fine white down, and a purplish powdery bloom. The eyes are black and very prominent. The butterflies emerge in about three or four weeks. Another fine species, Pyrrhopyge Patrohas, Hew., was rare, and difiicult to obtain in perfect condition, for they flew about so rapidly among the brushwood that they soon became worn. H. M. S. " Espiegle," Simons Bay, Cape of Good Hope : \Uh February, 1882. EupJectus bicolor, Sfc, on Cannock Chase. — -A few days since I found some half- dozen specimens of Euplectus bicolor, in decaying birch logs on Cannock Chase. In company with them occurred Euplectus nanus (Reich.), E. nigricans, ScydmcBnus exilis, Ptinella testacea, P. aptera, P. angustula, Pteryx suturalis, Tetratomafun- gorum, and Liodes humeralis. — W. Q-. Blatch, 214, Green Lane, Smallheath, Birmingham : Hay \9,th, 1882. 20 [''"lie, Actidium coarctatum, S^'c, near Gloucester. — Last autumn, at Barnwood, near Grioucester, in a hotbed composed partly of tan and partly of manure, I found Nephanes Titan plentifully, and with it Ptiliiim foveolatiim, Millidium trisulcatum, Aub^, and one specimen of Actidium coarctatum. The capture of this latter insect in a hotbed is worth recording, as confiraiing the statement of the late Mr. Haliday that he had taken it in such a locality ; it has been supposed that he made a mistake, as the Actidia, as a rule, are river-bank insects. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : 2nd May, 1882. Notes on Spring Ht/menoptera at Hastings in 1882. — During a stay of a few days at Hastings, from the 6th to the 10th of this month, I succeeded in meeting with a considerable number of species of Andrena, &c., and as the season has been one of such unusual mildness I thought it would be of interest to notice those which occurred. Nearly all the species were found either on Sallows in the Ticinity of Ore lane, or flying about the sandy banks of the Croft. Andrena pilipes, $ and $ , common on the Croft, the ? with the pubescence of the thorax unusually grey ; A. albicans, J $ , Ore ; A. atriceps, Croft ; A. Trim,' merana, ^ $ , Ore, common, a few very brightly coloured females of the var. spini- gera, most of the females sliglitly red at the base of the abdomen beneath ; all the males of the ordinary Trimmerana type — A. thoracica, Ore; A. nitida, Croft; A. fulva $ , Croft ; A. Clarkella 9 , Ore ; A. nigro-cBnea ^ ? , Ore and Croft ; A. Owyn- ana, Croft and HoUington ; A. lapponica ^ , Ore ; A. pracox $ , Ore ; A. varians $ , Croft ; A.fasciata, S ? , Croft ; A. parvula ^ , Ore ; Nomada succinvta. Croft ; Anthophora acervorum, Croft ; Bomhns lapidarius, B. terrestris, B. pratoriim, Ore ; B. Derharnelliis, HoUington. — Edward Saunders, Holmesdale, Wandle Eoad, Upper Tooting : April Wth, 1882. Qerris lacustris in hibernation far from -water. — On the 17th of March, at Weybridge, I had some moss-hunting without success, having found nothing beyond sjjecies of insects that are usually seen in or under moss at all seasons, many of the examples defective by efflux of their time. I assume the reason of this paucity was that all the species that had made use of the moss simply for hibernation had gone out and were distributed, induced thereto by the recently previous, and then still existing, hot sunny weather. The abundance of insects of many kinds which had been roused from their various hiding places and were flying at this early season was remarkable; one of them, Ilylurgus piniperda, I caught with my hat. There was, however, one exception to the general liveliness — a Oerris lacnstris — which was deep in long damp moss growing under the shelter of a furze-bush on the northern \ side of a hillock, and this insect though still was not torpid. The remarkable thing, however, was not so much its remaining in seclusion as that it had travelled half a mile away from water to gain its winter quarters ; the species usually hibernating close to the water on the surface of which it had lived. — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beau- fort Gardens, Lewisham : 2oth March, 1882. Capture of the nymph of Aphalara nervosa, Forster, on Achillea millefolium. — For three seasons I have searched diligently for the above and younger forms of this species, but without success, until about a week ago, when, after a couple of hours' work, I was rewarded with the sight of one, and theu another, until I took about 1882.] 21 sixty specimens. As far as I have observed, they sit in the axils of tlie leaves, or at the base outside, and with the head downwards. They adhere very firmly to the ,, plant, and when they do move, it is not at a rapid rate. The larvae ai'e of a more deli- cate green colour than in the following stage, and are unicolorous. The nymph is of a darker green in some eases than in others. Head slightly convex in front, with a faint notch in the middle, and about six to eight short white hairs round the margin. AntenncB short, yellow, spigot- or peg-shaped, 1st and 2nd joints green, apex black. Eyes, viewed from above, large, greenish-white, from the side-centre black. Thighs gi'een, tihicB and tarsi pale yellow, apex blackish. Ulytra-Xohes yellowish or very pale brownish-yellow, base pale, costal margin somewhat convex, flattened in the middle, posterior margin slightly concave next the anterior angle, which is acute. Abdomen green, convex, with a longitudinal depression or faint channel on each side nearer to the centre than the margin ; segmental incisions somewhat strongly defined ; margins rounded to the apex, which is acute, and with about ten long white hairs on each side of the last two segments, extreme apex yellowish. Length, 1 line (Paris). The eyes, as seen from above, present a somewhat curious appearance, the creature looking as if it were blind or had a hood over them. — John Scott, Lee, S.E. : May 12th, 1882. Note on Setodes argentipuncteUa, McLach. — This exceedingly delicate and pretty little species was first described in this Magazine, vol. xiv, p. 105 (1877), from examples taken by Mr. Hodgkinson at Windermere, and by the Eev. A. E. Eaton at Killarney. Mr. King found it in great abundance at the former localily in August, 1881 {cf. Vol. xviii, p. 163) . When Mr. A. R. Wallace was writing his " Island Life" (published in 1880), he applied to me for a list of J'r^c7^o^