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S. BaGNan, D.SC., ¥.R.S.E. T. Bainpriccr FrLrercurr, Maicorm Burr, D.&£C., F.E.s. ReNew ale Sap Ro 2.8. Manes: Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F-§:s. Major P. P. Graves, F.&.s. EH. A. Cockayne, a.M., D.M., H. E. Pages, v.48. F.E.S., F.R.C.P. AL¥RED SICH, F.E.8. J. HK. Conuin, J.P., FBS. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S. H, DonisTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ¥. 2.5. G. T. Brruune-Baxer, F.7.8., F.E.8., Editor Hmeritus. and Henry J. TURNER, v.£.5., ¥.R.H.S., & Editorial Secretary oe ~ * ATLA a i ee $U4 36 ‘s ; yj , ( ¥ - » * " VOL. XLIV. (new series). JANUARY tro DECEMBER, 1982. PRICE 12s. 6d. Special Index (with every reference) 1s. 6d. We have much pleasure in welcoming Mr. T. Ba:nbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S. F.Z.8., F.E.S., who has consented to join the panel of editors of the magazine. His varied experience of practical entomo- logy especially in the study of microlepidoptera in many parts of the world, and his long tenure of duty in India as Imperial Entomologist is a guarantee of his ability to assist in carrying on the study of Variation initiated by our revered founder, the late J. W. Tutt, more than forty years ago. We shall also have in Mr. Fletcher a man of wide experi- ence in the economic field of Entomology, whilst as a field naturalist among the macrolepidoptera his co-operation will be of great value. In the Special Index an attempt has been made to correct the errors in spelling of specific names and to indicate the correct up-to- date genera with the alternatives or those in general use up to the present. It was the late J. W. Tutt’s view that with all names below the species name, a special (i.e. a species) index should include the species and genus to which such names belong. ‘The labour of this is considerable, and errors are almost bound to slip in unless several collaborators take part. In all our current text books and lists numerous names are incorrect, modern innovations and spellings instead of the real original name. We hope to get more notes of captures during the coming year. Those readers who want information as to captures should also send notes of their own captures. There are many parts of the country still unrecorded as to their insect life; even the commoner species are still unnoted for theni. Good wishes to all. JANUARY, 1932 DITED G. T. Beruoune-Baxer, F.z.8., ¥F.2.8., | J. BE. Conrin, ¥.u.s. othe Chairman. H. DonistHorex, ¥.Z.8., F.E.8. 4 R. S. BaGnatt, D.SC., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.8. , stance of | Matcorm Burr, D.80., ¥.u.s. H. KE. Paat, F.u.s. / Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.r.8, ALFRED SICH, F..8. KE. A, Cockaynr, M.A., M.D., F.E.8,, Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8., F.Z.8. F.R.C.P, By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.8., ¥.R.H.8., Hditorial Seeretary. CONTENTS Stray Visits to Kerry in Search of Moths, Canon G. Foster, B.D. .. Ss 1 The Coleopterous Fauna of a Willow ene in Windsor Forest, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. ; 4 Notes on Algerian Butterflies with Special Metsience to some Laonlitios { in Kabylia, Miss L. M. Fison .. co 7 Lithosia pallifrons [vitellina] ab. Oe cate: i. B. D. otal. ie 8 Dates of Htibner’s Plates (Noctuae), Hy. J. Turner, F.H.S., F.R.H.8. .. 9 On the ‘‘ Illustrations of Varieties of British ean iG eee Peel S. G. Castle-Russell, Ls 10 Norzs on CoLiectine. a ere ead te Earaiees . Nichotsan. F.H.S.; Late Larvae of D. truncata, Id.; Larvae of P. brassicae, P. rapae and P. napi on the same Plant, Id. : A Nature Story, Id.; EH. polychloros in Essex, H. H. Bentall, F.H.S,; Butterflies in Kabylia, Algeria in December, Miss L. M, Fison .. ae ae 3 “5 10 Current Norzs .. Be Be 13 Socitetizs.— Lancashire and @heshire cinteridloereal Society as age 15 Osrrvary.— Edward Step, F.L.S., Hy.Jj.T. .. we oe wie a 16 Spzcrat Inpex, Hy.J.T. .. ee oa 25 ae fs Bic (i.)- (xii.) ‘Titne-PaGce, for 1931. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F. E. S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.H.9. Price TWO SHILLINGS (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 J. J. HiLL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD RCAD, N.W. 10. PHonte: Willesden O309. THE VASCULUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland. assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.S:E., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc.; B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., H. S. Wallace. The Vasculum is now in its seventeenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberiey Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. ‘late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt, containing a coloured examp'e of every species and many varieties also half-tone illustrations of eggs. caterpillars, food-plants, etc., revised nomenclature and index of scientific names. 7/6 net. FREDERICK WARNE & GO. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.C.2. ‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List cf British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. By y. J. Turner, F.E.S. Be .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. ee on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Krennera J. Haywarp, F.E.S. .. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. ‘ Durrant, F.E.8. (a few copies only) .. oes bis .. 3s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.B.S 6d. s, Nos. 37-42 of Ent. Record, new series ; including Special ae & bo ae ie aia ae Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be obtained post free from H, W. ANDREWS, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. ologisp gio $y uo by AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Wom olny: No: 1p January 157uH, 1982. Stray Visits to Kerry in Search of Motks. By CANON G. FOSTER, B.D. It was with great interest that | read Major Graves’ article “ Col- lecting in Kerry” in the July-August, 1930 number, since I myself, have casually collected for many years in this county. It was especially so since he has, to some extent, covered the same ground ag I have done, only at a different season of the year. I did not, however, touch upon either the Killarney or Kenmare districts proper, which seem to have the highest reputation and where the vegetation is more or less virgin. For much of Kerry strikes one as being but cut out bog, while the more fertile districts have been completely cleared and the old wood absolutely exterminated. The localities | have worked in recent visits are the Inch peninsula on the North side of Dingle Bay; the South side of Caragh and Glenbeigh, Kells, and Valentia Island; then further South of Dingle Bay, Darrynane, West Cove, Sneem and Blackwater. Inch is most promising, though | had only about 10 days there, there are 5 miles of sandhill backed by marsh, with cliff and mountain on the mainland. Caragh is a miniature Killarney with plenty of wild native scrub. These are the 2 best localities as worked. Hntomologists in Ireland labour under diffi- culties principally from lack of fellowship. They may average one in a county. They cannot compare notes and so learn what to look for, or where to look for it. Under such circumstances, through ignorance, no doubt numerous insects though perhaps locally abundant escape detection. Again we have no one with whom we can compare our specimens. Accordingly this record will be found, I am painfully aware, much poorer than it ought to be, or would be, if made by a trained English collector. It might be mentioned that some of the commoner species are omitted as I did not preserve specimens. RHOPALOCERA. Pieris brassicae, L.—Summer brood abundant at Valentia ; autumn ditto Ballymac Elligott. As Major Graves remarks they are very similar to the English specimens. 2. ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1.1932 P. napi, L.—Both broods are very abundant; Valentia supplied a small specimen, of which the upperside of the wings are both very dark and also strongly tinged with yellow. Colias croceus (edusa).—Single specimens at Caragh, July; Kells, August; Valentia, August. Euchloé cardamines, L.—As a schoolboy at Ballymac Elligott this was my earliest capture,—the males. I took 2 females, June, 1928, at Valentia, typically Irish, the lower wings upperside strongly tinged with yellow. Melitaea aurinia, Rott.—In the beginning of June, 1928, M. aurinia was most abundant at Darrynane, both in the sandhills near the Abbey and also higher up the valley among the woods. Later on in the month a single specimen appeared on Valentia; where it came from I do not know, but I am inclined to think the headquarters must have been on the islands in the harbour. The Kerry awrinia, as far as my experience went, is not nearly so strongly marked as Mr. T. Greer’s Tyrone broods, which are far more highly coloured. Dryas paphia, li.—Dallyearthy near Tralee used to be my hunting ground in the early eighties for D. paphia. Some of the specimens which I still possess are verging towards ab. valesina. Aglais urticae, L.— Everywhere abundant, August, on the flowers of the creeping thistle. Pyrameis atalanta, L.—Abundant on every nettle patch at Ballymac Hlligott in August-September. Here (Co. Down) I do not see it frequenting the nettles, but instead it attends to the garden flowers. Can it be that here in the north the specimens are but migrant, while in the south they are native born and therefore continue attached to the food-plant on which they were reared ? Pyramets cardut, l4.—Abundant at Valentia, June, 1928, also on the mountains above Aunascaul, July, 1905. I always, strange to say, find P. cardui abundant on Irish mountain tops (as also P. atalanta in the North) the earlier part of the season. So at Valentia it was on the higher ground it occurred profusely, while in the lower parts of the island I do not remember noticing it. Vanessa io, L.—Abundant, August and September, at Ballymac EKlligott. In July, 1905, there were some huge colonies of larvae on nettles at Inch. [ have not noticed anything abnormal in the markings. V. 10 constantly attempts to colonise the North of Ireland, but it never seems to succeed. Pararge aegeria, Li.—-Very generally distributed and is to be seen on the wing here (Co. Down) from the end of April till late September. Plentiful at Valentia in June and at Ballymac Elligott in August and September. The Kerry specimens appear darker than those of the Co. Down. Pararge megera, l4.—Very general, abundant at Ballymac Hlligott in August and September. Hpinephele jurtina, L.—Abundant; Valentia, June, 1928. EF. tithonus, L4.—The only place I have met it was on an island in Lough Curran at Waterville in August. Coenonyiipha pamphilus, L.—Abundant at Inch, June and July. turalis betulae, L.—Was recorded in “ the Field”” some years ago from Milltown in September, but I have not met it. STRAY VISITS TO KERRY IN SEARCH OF MOTHS. 3 Strymon quercus, L.—The locality for S. quercis is the Glencar end of Lough Caragh, but again I have not tried for it. Callophrys rubi, L.—Abundant and widely distributed in south Kerry. My localities are Caragh, Lough Acoose, Kells, and Darrynane at the end of May and throughout June. Rumicia phlaeas, L.—Valentia, June, including an abnormally small specimen, otherwise they did not show much variation. Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—Valentia, June, 1928. Lycaenopsis argiolus, L.—Very abundant at Caragh, May-June, 1912, but they were so worn as not to be worth taking. One specimen was beaten out of a holly tree at Glanleaw, Valentia, June, 1928. I have seen no signs of a second brood in Kerry. SPHINGIDAB. Mimas tiliae, L.—Miss O’Connell bas taken the larva and reared the perfect insect at Darrynane. Amorpha populi, L.—Abundant, e.y., the perfect insect was taken by me on wing in Valentia, June, 1928. Smerinthus ocellata, L.—Taken by the Miss Delaps at Valentia. Theretra porcellus, L.—Inch, July, 1905. Kumorpha elpenor, U.—Caterpillar abundant in Valentia, August. Hemaris tityus, L.—Frequented rhododendron flower at Caragh in extraordinary abundance, June, 1912; Valentia, June, 1928. NovopontTiDAR. Cerura vinula, L.—Caragh, Valentia, abundant. Stauropus fagi, L.—The caterpillar has been taken and reared by the Misses O’Connell at Darrynane. Leucodonta bicolor, Hb.—I have obtained two specimens in 58. Kerry. After sheltering under a hazel tree from a heavy thunder shower, I proceeded to beat my host with the result that L. bicolor tumbled out. I showed it to my friends with whom I was staying and the next evening on returning they informed me they had found a second specimen resting on the window ledge. Both were in perfect condition. This was the beginning of June. Lophopteryx camelina, L.—No doubt abundant if searched for in the larval stage. One specimen came to the light of my lamp while I was reading, the beginning of July. Phalera bucephala, L.—Abundant, e.g., at Valentia, June, 1928. THYATIRIDAL. Thyatira batis, L.—Abundant, Glanleam Valentia, June, 1928. Palimpsestis duplavis, L.—Abundant in the Caragh woods, June, 1912. P. fluctuosa, Hb.—I beat out a single specimen in the Glencar woods, June, 1928. LiymantTRuDAt. | Orgyia antiqua, L.—Larva at Ballymac Elligott. Dasychira pudibunda, L.—LULarva at Blackwater, October, 1908. 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. : 15.1.19382 LasIoOCAMPIDAE. Macrothylacia rubi, L.—Most seasons the caterpillar is in profuse abundance on blackberry leaves through the autumn, and the moth itself flies wildly the end of May over the heather, ¢.g., at Caragh, May-June, 1912. DReEPANIDAE. Drepana lacertinaria, L.—Abundant around Caragh, June, 1912. AROTIIDAE. Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri), Esp—Abundant, West Cove, June, 1928. Diaphora lutea (lubricipeda), Ksp.—Abundant, Valentia, June, 1928. Both of the above I have found so abundant in both larval and perfect stages that I have few records. But I have not met with any of the remar— Ay-ff CONTENTS eS The Harly Stages of P. globulariae, and of P. aca Dr. #. A. oe A.M, BE. S. and C. N. Hawkins, F.E.S, 17 Stray Visits to Kerry in Search of as Rev. Canon G. Kee B.D. (concluded) .. 23 The Specific Names and a Se Variations of M. parthenide and M. parthenie, Dr. Roger Verity (concluded) Bd 27 Newly-Described Forms of British Species of Lepidoptera .. as an 30 Current Notes .. 4 Be oc ae ; Dc Be ae 31 Supriement.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.E.S., F.R.H.S. (213)-(216) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free | TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.0.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 J. J. HILL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, ete. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection econoniucally. Wrife for particulars of our various Unit Systems CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. PHons : Willesden O3O9. The VASCUEUIM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. Gs Garret D.Sc., B. Millard Grice D.Sc., F.L.S., J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc., ERS, A. Retercick M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., H. S. Wallace. The Vasculum is now in its seventeenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberiey Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. ‘* Written with unusual lucidity and wealth of illustration.’”’—The Naturalist. THE STANDARD NATURAL HISTORY FROM AMOEBA TO MAN Edited by W. P. PYCRAFT, F.L.S. With a number of distinguished collaborators, most of whom are on the Permanent Staff of the British Museum (Natural History). Complete in one volume of 960 pages, with 12 coloured plates and over 900 half-tone illustrations in the text. Size 9'’ x 64". Cloth Gilt, 15/= net. Half Morocco, 21/= net. F. WARNE & CO., Ltd. LONDON, W.C.2. ‘‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.H.8. .. .. Price, one copy, 1s. 0d. ; two, 1s. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenneru J. Haywarp, F.E. So.) dead) Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.H.S. (a few copies only) . .. 38s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. AnpRews, F.H.S. .. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-42 of Ent. Record, new series ; ; including "Special Index. 50 oc Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be ieaed post bee from H, W. ANpME, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. EARLY STAGES OF PROCRIS GLOBULARIAE AND P. COGNATA. 17 The Early Stages of Procris globulariae, Hb., and of P. cognata, H.-S. By Dr. H. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., F.E.S., and C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S. On May 2nd, 1931, we went to Lewes to look for larvae of ‘ globulariae.’ On the lower slopes of Cliffe Hill the leaves of Centawrea nigra showed obvious signs that many larvae had been feeding, but we found only a few. Higher up the hill they were much more plenti- ful, so that presumably most of those lower down had pupated. We found about 140 larvae, of which all but a few were in the last instar and many were nearly full-fed. Most of them were in blisters of various sizes formed by the cuticle of the leaf all the rest having been eaten ; others were in the act of eating their way into a fresh leaf ; some with nothing but the head inside, and others with a smaller or larger part of the body already hidden. Larvae only partly inside a leaf dropped to the ground as soon as they were disturbed. Some were cutting a way in from the upper side, but the majority were making a new blister, by entering a leaf from its under side. In one leaf two larvae, both nearly full-grown, were lying side by side in the same blister, but in no other blister was more than one larva found. Three or four larvae were sitting on the central short leaf of the plant, probably full-fed and resting prior to pupation, for they were not changing skin, an operation carried out inside the leaf. Old blisters of all sizes were seen and in many of them the cuticle had turned brown, but not infrequently one was found still showing the shape of the larva that had left it and with the pale green colour of the cuticle unaltered. In such cases a larva was usually found pushing its way in or already inside a neighbouring leaf. Frass was present in strings between the two layers of cuticle in many of the old blisters, for though the larvae extrude some frass, most of it is passed within the blister. The plants of Centaurea nigra are very small with the leaves often few in number, short, and rounded so that they are quite inconspicuous, and the discoloured patches left by the larva are often the first thing to draw attention to them. In some of the smaller leaves a blister occupies the major part or even the whole of the leaf. The larvae were surprisingly active, much more so than those of a Zygaena, rolling themselves into a ball when disturbed and falling, but soon crawling away to a better shelter if exposed to view. Iixpecting a green larva we were surprised when the first larva was seen to be greyish-brown and still more so when at the end of the day we had not taken a single green one. Our first surmise as we came home by train was, that two species. must occur on the continent both forming blisters in Centaurea and that Buckler must have obtained the wrong one for his figures and description, and on looking at his book found that he obtained eges in the autumn and larvae in the spring from Herr Heinrich Disqué of Speier. Referring to other authorities it was seen that South, Barrett, and even Tutt had been content to copy Buckler and that all gave the colour of the larva as green. The article in Seitz showed that our guess was very nearly correct. Dr. Karl Jordan in Seitz Pulaearctic Macro-Lepidoptera Vol. U., p. 8 (1909) says that Procris cognata, H.-S., or what he takes to be this 18 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.11.1982 species, is very like ylobulariae, Hb., differing in the imago having longer pectinations to the antennae and in the claspers of the male being narrower and having a long free thorn-like process at the base ~ directed backwards. He goes on to say that it is found in Spain, Italy, France, and the South coast of England, perhaps also in Germany and Austria, and mines in the leaves of Centanrea, especially in C. nigra. Of globulariae he says it is found in all the countries of Murope except the most Northern and that it is not found in England. Meyrick how- ever in his Revised Handbook of 1927, though admitting that globulariae and cognata are distinct, retains the name globulariae for the British species. In all probability it will never be possible to decide which name was applied to the species accepted by Jordan as coynata, but it will avoid endless confusion if his determination is accepted. Rebel Berge Schm. Buch, 9th edition p. 450 (1910) also uses the name coynata for the British species. Freyer, Neve Beitrage. (1833), I. 119, Pl. 62, gives a figure and description of the larva of globulariae. The figure shows a larva with a greyish-green ground colour, narrow pale yellow dorsal stripe, a row of large black dorsal spots, another lateral row and a red stripe between them, but in the text he says that there is a row of red spots in a light green (hell graun) line. Globularia vulgaris is given as the food- plant. Kirby, Huropean Butterflies and Moths (1882) Pl. 21, fig. 2a, fioures a pale green larva with a narrow pale yellow dorsal line, a row of large black dorsal spots and another row of black subdorsal spots and between them a blackish-green band with a red wart on each somite. His description states that the larva is green with reddish ‘warts and two zigzag straw-coloured lines on the back. He gives Centaurea scabiosaas the food-plant. Hoffmann, Schm. Hur. (1898) Pl. 9, fig. 15. has a very similar figure, but the ground colour is not so clear a green and the band between the two rows of black spots is a pale bluish-white so that the red warts show much more distinctly. In the text he says ‘‘ Grau mit rotlichen Warzen und zwei strohgelben, eckig vortrenden Rwiicklinien.” He gives Centaurea scabiosa and Globularia as food-plants. Spuler, Schm. Eu. (1906) uses the same figure. Hoffmann’s figure shows the dorsal black spots as a series of triangles occupying the whole of the anterior and outer part of the dorsum of each somite and uniting anteriorly across the mid-line and laterally, while the lateral row of spots forms a continuous band. It seems Clear that these authors are all dealing with the same species. Buckler’s figures, and description made from the larvae from Speier on the Rhine are different in many respeets. The following comparative account is extracted from Buckler. “The larva has a green ground colour, the dorsal black spots are rounder and meet neither across the middle line nor laterally, and there is no pale yellow dorsal line shown in the figures or mentioned in the text. The white subdorsal marking inclines to creamy-white, some- times to yellowish-white, and this is strongly contrasted below by a broadish stripe of dark green.’”’ These markings are not mentioned or figured by Freyer, Kirby, and Hoffmann, while Buckler’s figures show no red warts and they are not described. If these red warts are the subdorsal tubercles, they are very unlike those of Buckler’s larvae, for all the large tubercles in these are green, the dorsal ones being light bluish green set with short fine blackish bristles. EARLY STAGES OF PROCRIS GLOBULARIAE AND P. COGNATA, 19 It is not improbable that there are three species of Procris with larvae mining in the leaves of Centaurea, one with a grey or greenish larva with red warts first described by Schmidt and figured by Freyer, Kirby, Hoffmann and Spuler, another with the bright green larva with red warts figured by Buckler, and third, our British Species with a brownish larva, of which I have found no published description or figure. If the green larvae belong to two species it is probable that a microscopical examination of the skin of blown larvae would show structural differences. The question as to whether they belong to one or two species might be settled by breeding from green larvae with and without red warts and examining the antennae and genitalia of the two lots of imagines. Although Jordan pointed out more than twenty years ago that the British species is coynata and not the much commoner Continental species qlobulariae, he did not mention the larva of either of them, and, with the exception of Meyrick, no British author has taken any notice of Jordan’s remarks. Both before and after Seitz published his book all have followed Buckler attributing a green larva to the British Species and they have in consequence taken the imago to be globulariae, to which this green larva belongs. None of the Sussex collectors, who have been breeding it from time to time for many years, seem to have noticed that the larva they found was quite unlike that described in all our books. It is remarkable that Tutt in his British Lepidoptera copied the old mistake. He must have seen that Buckler’s larvae came from abroad, but he never tried to confirm Buckler’s account by obtaining larvae from Sussex as he could have done quite easily. The description of the early stages contributed by Chapman is_ probably correct, but unfortunately the source from which the eges came is not stated. The following is a description of our British species, P. cognata. Lasr Instar.—Larva of the shape common to Procris and Zyyaena, short and stout in the middle, tapering greatly at both extremities. Head very small and flat, nearly black. Prothoracie plate dark brown and shining, 1mm. in leneth, and 1:5mm. in breadth at the widest part. The plate is triangular in shape with the posterior margin forming the base of the triangle and the apex directed forward. The apex however is very sharp pointed and the sides are not straight lines. Commencing from the base, the sides run parallel or nearly parallel to each other and to the long axis of the larva for about one fourth of their length, then they curve sharply inwards, and finally curve gently forwards again for about the last third of their length so as to meet at a very sharp angle at the apex. The base is almost straight or is slightly sinuous. A narrow strip of colourless chitin runs up the middle of the posterior half dividing it into two parts. On each side from the anterior end of the straight part of the lateral margin a line runs inwards and forwards, curving first with a convexity and then with a concavity forwards, and these lines form by their junction a very sharp projection in the mid-line pointing towards the head. The portion of the plate in front of these lines is covered with long light brown setae and that behind is bare. The anterior portion of the prothorax is not covered by the plate, but is quite soft and the 20 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1932 head can be retracted almost entirely within it or can be thrust far forward for the purpose of eating out the parenchyma of a leaf. Legs black. Ground colour pale greyish-brown (grayish olive— Ridgway), appearing darker on the dorsum between the dorsal and subdorsal tubercles and below these tubercles owing to the greater abundance of black dots with which this part of the skin is studded. At the beginning of an instar the larva appears to be very dark because the dots are then close together, but it becomes paler as they separate with the growth of the skin. There are four rows of large tubercles either pink or avellaneous (Ridgway); the dorsal tubercles oval, set obliquely with the anterior ends close together, so that only a small space is left between them and almost touching one another on the 2nd thoracic; the subdorsal tubercles oval with their long axis lying transversely. These lie in the line of the anterior ends of the dorsal tubercles and extend downwards nearly to the spiracles, which are at the level of their anterior borders. Below the spiracles are the two subspiracular rows of tubercles, smaller and nearly round. There is one tubercle of each row on each somite. Hairs of two kinds arise from each tubercle, short ones varying somewhat in size, sharp, smooth, pale brown with dark brown tips, and much longer ones, white or colourless, divided up into numerous short segments each a little wider at the distal than at the proximal end. Small numbers of both kinds of hair are also present on the lower part of each proleg, but both kinds are smaller than on the tubercles. Just external to the dorsal tubercles is a fairly broad stripe, whitish, cream-coloured, or clear pale yellow, curving inwards towards the middle line in the intervals between the tubercle of one somite and the next and sometimes running up the sides of each tubercle. In some larvae this stripe is bordered externally at a point opposite each tubercle by a narrow bright red line. Anal plate small and dark brown. Prolegs with brown crochets. Spiracles small, oval, and black. Seen under high magnification (4 objective) the whole of the prothorax excepting the plate is thickly covered with short sharp black spines pointing backwards and similar spines are also present on the dorsum of the second thoracic and there are also a few low down on the lateral aspect of all the somites, some of them on the prolegs. The black dots, seen with a lens on all somites except the first and second thoracic, are small raised round black chitinous plates, from which arise short blunt spines. These plates vary in size. A few have only a single spine, others have three or four, while the largest have a row of about eight around the margin and three or four in the central part. The central spine is longer than the others and vertical, while the rest point obliquely outwards from the centre. These spiny plates are numerous on all parts above the spiracles with the exception of the subdorsal stripe on which they are scanty, but become very sparse at the level of the subspiracular tubercles. In addition to these spiny plates the skin, except that of the prothorax, is thickly studded with minute raised dots, much smaller and more numerous than the plates, black where the ground colour is brown and white on the subdorsal line. On each somite from the second thoracic to the eighth abdominal, in the mid-line half way between each pair of dorsal tubercles is a small area, apparently a shallow depression, variable in size and shape, EARLY STAGES OF PROCRIS GLOBULARIAE AND P. COGNATA. Dill but as arule nearly oval. These areas are free from the small black dots and the larger spiny plates and are occupied by flat plates of thickened cuticle, each approximately round and outlined by a very narrow wavy brown line. The average number in each area is about ten, but they vary in number and in size. There is also a lateral row of similar areas, one on either side of each somite at the level of the upper border of the subdorsal tubercles and lying half way between one tubercle and the next. These areas correspond with the flat black plates found in the same situations in the larva of Zygaena exulans, on the dorsum of which there are two roughly semicircular ones with posterior ends close together or even touching, and between the subdorsal tubercles a long narrow plate lying at right angles to the long axis of the larva. Exulans however has another lateral row of small round plates at the level of the subspiracular tubercles. The skin is soft and distensible like that of a Zygaena, but no oily drops are exuded, as they are from many points on the skin of a Zygaena, when it is rolled preparatory to being blown. There appears to be no prothoracic gland. The blood is a rich orange colour like that of all the species of Zyyaena examined. Penuttimatre [nstar.—In all respects the same, except that no larva with a red line bordering the subdorsal stripe was met with. Cocoon and Pura or Procris coacnata, H.-S.—When full-fed the larva rests for some time, often as long as three or four days, on the ground or some object such as a stem or leaf of the food-plant. It then buries itself just beneath the surface of the ground, travelling along for a short distance, frequently pushing up the surface of the earth into a little mound above it. Next it spins the grains of earth above it into a kind of cover with strands of soft silk, which may also occasionally be attached to a leaf of the food-plant or other object tying on the earth beneath it thus forming a fragile outer elongated oval cocoon of earth, which is subsequently strengthened by spinning a layer of silk all over the inside. Within this outer cocoon is an inner one formed of soft but fairly tough pale brownish-grey silk (not greenish-white as described by Buckler and Hofmann, but agreeing very nearly with Zeller, who describes it as “‘braun-grauen’’), closely woven and lightly attached to the outer cocoon, with little nodules of pure white silk here and there in the texture. Very rarely a larva will in captivity form its cocoon upon some object just above the surface of the ground, but these cases are probably due to some abnormal circum- stance such as disturbance by another larva. Upon emergence of the imago the pupal skin is often withdrawn entirely from the cocoon and left lying loose on the ground, but this is certainly not always the case. Usually the empty pupal skin is left projecting from the cocoon as in Zygaena, The dehisced pupa is fairly transparent, very pale brown in colour, and evidently thinly chitinized. At the same time it is of reasonably stout substance and does not usually lose shape badly on emergence of the imago. The male pupa is 11-5 to 12mm. long and nearly 4mm. wide out- side the wings at the widest part, the third abdominal somite, while the female is about 1mm. less in length, but of stouter build, that part of the abdomen not covered by the wings being considerably stouter than in the male. Chapman’s description of the pupa under the name gluoulariae as quoted by Tutt in Brit. Lepidopt. Vol. I. pp. 412-8, 22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1982 appears accurate so far as it goes except that the number of “ fine brown spinous points ”’ forming the dorsal rows of spines near the anterior margin of the abdominal somites 2 to 9 varies from 10 to 24 on each side in a female and from 8 to 18 in a male according to the width and position of the somite instead of from 14 to.18 as mentioned by Tutt. A few further details can however now be given from an examination of dehisced pupae. The dorsal head-piece is well developed, as long as the prothorax, or even longer, at the sides and shortening toward the centre-line to about one third of that length. Hpicranial suture distinct and effective on dehiscence, leaving the dorsal head- piece attached to the prothorax. Prothorax short and of nearly the same length throughout its breadth, but becoming slightly shorter towards the external margins and in the middle. Mesothorax rather more than three times the length of the prothorax at the sides and about four times the length at the mid-line, there being a large backward projection into the area of the meta-thorax. Metathorax comparatively short, about half the length of the meso-thorax at the sides and shortened by nearly half in the middle by the backward projection of the mesothorax. On dehiscence all these parts separate partially from each other and from the abdomen and usually slide over one another to a certain extent, which makes accurate measurement difficult. The dorsal head-piece and prothorax divide completely down the centre-line and the meso-thorax divides nearly but not quite to the posterior margin. With regard to the head parts, the front is placed well forward and there is no visible fronto-clypeal suture. There does however appear to be some trace of a suture between the clypeus and labrum although it is only a faint line. The invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium are slit-like and of considerable size. The labial palpi are either not visible at all externally or they are reduced to two minute knobs at the posterior margin of the labrum, probably the former, in which case the labrum appears to extend slightly over the bases of the maxillae. Mandibles are clearly indicated and consist of raised irregularly oval rougbened areas at the postero- lateral angles of the labrum. The maxillae are long and reach to about the posterior margin of the 6th abdominal somite or a little further, as also do the tarsi of the 8rd pair of legs. The tarsi of the 2nd pair of legs and the antennae are much shorter and reach barely to the posterior margin of the 4th abdominal. The meso-thoracic wings are about 5mm. long in the female and slightly longer in the male. There is one other point about Chapman’s description as quoted by Tutt which appears to need correction. He says there is no definite trace of maxillary palpi. In fact there is, just outside the sculptured eye-piece on each side, a curious little knob-like projection, which appears under the microscope and by transmitted light to show distinct signs of segmentation, the apparent number of segments being three, and a basal part extending to the outer angles of the maxillae. There would seem no doubt that these are maxillary palpi. As Chapman says there is no cremaster nor anal armature of any description nor are there any setae or spines whatever on any part of the pupa, except the dorsal rows of spines on the abdominal somites. The spiracles on the 8th abdominal are placed very far back, almost at the posterior margin of the somite, and are very prominent par- ticularly in the female. STRAY VISITS TO KERRY IN SKARCH OF MOTHS. 23 The date of emergence is much influenced by temperature, for from the pupae kept in an unheated room in London, imagines appeared from June 11th to June 18th with the exception of two belated ones ; whereas from those taken on June 2nd to Braemar, where the weather was cold, the imagines appeared from June 27th to July 5th. Emergence generally took place in the afternoon. Only two larvae were parasitized. A single specimen of Cremastus bellicosus, Gr., an Ophionine ichneumon was bred from one, and several Apanteles (probably) yeryonis, Marshall from the other. Our thanks are due to Mr. Claude Morley, who identified the former, and to Mr. K. G. Blair who identified the latter. Stray Visits to Kerry it Search of Moths. By CANON G. FOSTER, B.D. (Concluded from page 4.) Noorvuipaz£. Pharetra (Acronicta) rwnicts, L.—Kells. Agrotis segetum, L. — Blackwater, Oct., 1908. A. vestivialis, Hufn.—Abundant on the flowers of the bent grass, at the Inch sandhills, July, 1905. A. corticea, Hb.—Inch, 1905. A. nigricans, L.—Glenbeigh, August, on ragweed. A. tritici, L.Abundant at Glenbeigh, on ragweed. A, obelisca, Hb.—Glenbeigh. A. strigula, Thnb.—Glenbeigh. Noctua rubi, View.—Glenbeigh. N. xanthographa, Fb.—Glenbeigh. Axylia putris, L.—Inch, July, 1905. Triphaena interjecta, Hb.—Glenbeigh, abundant on ragweed in August. Mamestra persicariae, L.—One came in to light, June 1928, Valentia ; persicariae is very scarce in Ireland, and this is the only occasion I have met with it. M. brassicae, L.—Valentia, June, 1928. Apamea gemina, Hb.—Valentia, June, 1928. Hadena pisi, L.—Caterpillar often to be seen on rushes, etc., in August. A. nana (dentina ssp.)-—Sitting on rocks in daytime, Valentia, West cove, June, 1928; also at sea campion by night. Apamea oculea, Gn.—Generally abundant. Dianthoecia cucubali, Fues.—Abundant. Darrynane, June, 1928, also on sea campion at Valentia same date. Here (Strangford) I have never seen it at sea campion ; its place is taken by DL. conspersa, Ksp., which | did not see at Valentia, or anywhere in Kerry. /). cucubali here keeps to ‘ ragged robin.’ D. carpophaya, Bork.— I have never seen a typical carpophaga in Ireland, but capsophila, Dup., is abundant on every part of the coast I have worked ; ¢.g., Strangford and Ardglass, Down; Ballintoy, Antrim ; Howth, Dublin; Greystones, Wicklow; Valentia and Inch, Kerry. The darkest, and those with the obscurest markings, were from Inch, Kerry, in late July. 24 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1982 Cleoceris viminalis, Fb.—While beating for caterpillars at Glanleam, Valentia, a specimen dropped into the umbrella, June 1928. Xylophasia rurea, Fb.—Valentia, June, 1928. Phlogophora meticulosa, L.—Blackwater, Oct., 1908. Hydroeeia nictitans, Bovk.*—Darrynane, on window of Hotel. I have not had an opportunity in recent years of visiting Kerry when this insect was on the wing, but it used to be abundant at Glenbeigh. Leucania litoralis, Curt.—Inch, July, 1905, abundant on sandhills. L. conigera, °b.—Inch, July, 1905. Caradrina alstnes, Brabm.— Inch, July, 1905. C. taraxaci, Hb.—Inch, July 1905. C. quadripunctata, Fb.—Common everywhere. Amphipyra trayopagonis, L.—Glenbeigh. Dyschorista iners, Tr. (suspecta, Hb.)—Glenbeigh. Amathes lota, Clerck.—Blackwater, Oct., 1908; Valentia, larva, June, 1928. A. macilenta, Hb.—Blackwater. A. circellaris, Hufn.—Blaekwater. Xanthia lutea (flavago, Kb.)—Sneem. Orrhodia vaccinit, L.— Blackwater. Xylina socia, Rott.—Blackwater, Valentia, June, 1928, larva. X. ornithopus, Rott.— Blackwater. Calocampa exoleta, L.—Blackwater. C. vetusta, Hb.— Blackwater. Erastria fasciana, L.—Caragh, June, 1912. Glencar, June, 1928; abundant. Phytometra viridaria, Clerck.— Plusia bractea, Fb.—Inch, July, 1905. P. gamma, L.— There seemed to have been an invasion of Kerry by gamma, in June, 1928. They rose in clouds as you tramped through the heather and made it difficult to fix the eye on anything else. They must have been in thousands. Strange to say there was also an invasion of two other insects, Nomophila noctuella, Schiff., and Scopula ferrugalis, Schiff. Usually of these last two but odd specimens turn up here, but in June, 1928, they were ubiquitous in Kerry. And when I returned home here (Co. Down) N. noctuwella was equally plentiful in this district, while Scopula ferruyalis was far more so than usual. P. gamma, of course, is a migrant, but why these other insects so abounded I do not know. P. gamma here is frequently to be captured hovering over the sea-campion in early June. Later its place is taken by Plusia iota, P. pulchrina, and P. festucae. But when they go it appears again at ragweed andivy. In Belfast I have reared a caterpillar which was found on a geranium leaf ina greenhouse during September. Habrostola tripartita, Hufn. —Abundant, Valentia, June. H. triplasia, L.—Abundant, Valentia, June. Kuclidia mit, Clerck.—Kells and Darrynane, frequent. Zancloynatha tarsipennalis, Tr.—Inch, July, 1905. Z. grisealis, Hb.— Valentia, June, 1928. Bomolocha fontis, Thnb.—Abundant at Caragh and Glencay. * crinanensis ?—.A.C. Some since identified are crinanensis.—Hy.J.T. STRAY VISITS TO KERRY IN SEARCH OF MOTHS. 25 GEOMETRIDAE. Hipparchus papilionaria, L.—Caragh, July. Todis lactearia, L.—Caragh, June, 1912. Hemithea aestivaria (striyata, Mull.)—Came to light, Inch, 1905. Ptychopoda biselata, Hufn., and P. dimidiata.— Generally abundant. Acidalia floslactata (remutaria, Hb.)—Caragh, June, 1912. Cosymbia pendularia, Clerk.—Caragh, June, 1912. Ortholitha mucronata (plumbaria, Fb.)—Abundant on the hills in June. QO. chenopodiata (limitata, Scop.)—Abundant everywhere in August. Lygris pyraliata, Fb.—Abundant, Inch, July. Cidaria fulvata, Forst.—Inch, Glenbeigh, June, July. Euphyia corylata, Thnb.—Caragh, May and June, much lighter coloured than Perthshire specimens. Dysstroma truncata, Hufn.—Valentia, June, 1928. Calostigia pectinitaria (viridaria, Eb.)—Abundant in June, e9., Caragh, 1928. Entephria caesiata, Schiff.cGlenbeigh, June, 1928. Aanthorhoé montanata, Bork.—Generally distributed. E'pirrhoé yaliata, Hb.—Darrynane, June, 1928. K. alternata (sociata, Bork.)—Caragh. Huphyta unangulata, Haw.—Inch, July, 1905. Hulype hastata, L.—Abundant, Caragh, June, 1912, caterpillars on tips of bog myrtle at Sneem, September ; on birch, Glenbeigh. Mesoleuca albicillata, L.—Inch, Caragh, Valentia, June and July. Perizoma albulata, Schiff.—Valentia, Darrynane, June. P. blandiata, Hb,—Abundant on the hill, ‘‘ Devil’s Elbow,” Caragh, June, 1912 and 1928. Huphyia bilineata, L.—Abundant, June-July. Hydriomena coerulata, Fb. (impluviata, Hb.)—Valentia, June, 1928. Hupithecia pulchellata, St.—Valentia, June, 1928. F. suecenturiata, L.—Inch, July. H). venosata, Kb.—Valentia, June, abundant. Orthonoma obstipata, Fb. (fluviata, Hb.)—Two specimens on Ivy, Oct., 1908, Blackwater. Bapta bimaculata, Fb.—Abundant at Caragh, May and June, 1912. Bb. temerata, Hb.—Caragh, June, 1912 and 1928. Anagoga pulveraria, L.—Caragh and Glencar, June, 1912. Selenia bilunaria, Esp.—Valentia, June, 1928. Phalaena syringaria, L.—Caragh, July. Gonodontis bidentata, Clerck.—Valentia, June, 1928. Crocallis elinguaria, L.—Caragh. Plagodis dolobraria, L.—Caragh, June, 1912. Pseudopanthera macularia, L.—Abundant at Oulagh Lake, Caragh, June, 1912. The Caragh specimens are much deeper yellow than those taken at Rathdrum, Wicklow, 1925. Perhaps they are descended from an earlier and more ancient colonisation of Ireland. Semiothisa notata, L.—Caragh, June, 1912. Also June, 1928. S. liturata, Clerck.—Caragh, June, 1912. Biston betularia, L.—Ballymac Elligott, July. I have not seen carbonaria (doubledayaria) in Ireland, though taking betularia in Cos. Kerry, Armagh, Down, and Antrim. 26 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1932 Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff. (gemmaria, Brahm.)—Valentia, Inch. B. repandata, L.—Valentia, June, 1928. B. consonaria, Hb.—Very local where it does occur. Robert’s Island, Caragh, June, 1912; Glanleam Woods on left, Valentia, June, 1928. Ectropts punctulata, Hb.—Abundant, Caragh, June, 1912. Ematurga atomaria, L.—On all heaths in June.. Bupalus piniaria, L.—Abundant, Caragh, June, 1912. Lithina chlorosata, Scop. (petraria, Hb.).—Abundant, Caragh, May and June, 1912. Valentia, June, 1928. Chiasmia clathrata, L.—I took a specimen in the train while returning from a visit to Kerry, but cannot maintain it came on board in Kerry. Of course clathrata is locally abundant in many Irish counties, ¢.g., Antrim and Armagh. ZYGAENIDAE. Zyyaena filipendulae, L.—Is abundant on sandhills, eg., at Inch; also Valentia, June, 1928. Procris statices, L.—Inch, July, 1905. HEPIALIDAE. Hepialus hectus, L.—Glenear, June, 1928. PYRALIDES, ETC. Kirrhypara urticata, L.—Inch, July, 1905. Botys fuscalis, Schiff.—Darrynane, June, 1928. Scopula lutealis, Hb.—Abundant everywhere, August. S. jerrugalis, Schiff—Abundant, Valentia, Kills, Darrynane, June, 1928. Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.—I was interested to notice that Major Graves comments on the abundance of noctuella July, 1928. Apparently the June swarms which [ met with continued undiminished into July. Kills to Darrynane, June, 1928. Killarney, September, 1904. Scoparia dubitalis, Hb.—Valentia, June, 1928. S. crataegella, Hb.— Glenear. Schoenobius forficellus, Thnb.—l did not meet with it in Kerry, but used to take it abundantly in the drains, locally called “ guts,”’ running into Lough Neagh, west of Lurgan, Co. Armagh, in July, 1904 and 1905. S. mucronellus, Schiff.—Inch, July. Crambus pascuellus, L.—Abundant at Glencar, June, 1928. CU. perlellus, Scop.—Inch, July, 1905. C. yeniculeus, Haw.—Sandhills at Darrynane, June, 1928. Hoimoeosoma binaevella, Hb.—Inch, July. Aphomia sociella, L.—Valentia, June, 1928. The Miss Delaps have unearthed the nest of a bumble bee of sorts, and it was crowded with the cocoons of sociella, These kept emerging throughout the month of June. TORTRICES. The list of Tortrices is short since I have not had them verified. Tortriv viridana, L.—Glencar, June, 1928. SPECIFIC NAMES AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS. 27 Capua favillaceana, Hb.—Inch, July. Sericoris micana, Haw.—Caragh, June. Aspis udmanniana, L.—Inch and Valentia, June and July. Cnephasia chrysanthemana, Dup.—Inch, July. Mixodia schulziana, Fb.—Inch, July. Laspeyresia aurana, Fb.—Inch, July. Excluding the Tineina something about 600 species of lepidoptera have been recorded for Kerry. This list therefore, 166 or so, only amounts to about one quarter. Many exceedingly common insects are omitted, and a fair number are new records for Kerry. A_ resident Entomologist working the year through would no doubt enlarge the list immensely and in all probability make important discoveries. It was only during three visits that I have done any serious work. These took in, the end of May, June, and 10 days towards the end of July, while my last visit was rendered almost hopeless by incessant wet weather. The specific names and the Geographical Variations of Melitaea parthenoides, Kef. (=parthenie, auct. nec Borkh.) and of parthenie, Borkh. (=aurelia, Nickerl). By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Concluded from p. 189, vol. XLIII.) We next come to the group of races, which fly on the southern watershed of the Alps. One of its peculiarities is that at low altitudes it produces a second generation at the end of August, often quite as abundant as the first of May or June. Taken as a whole, this group differs in a comparatively very distinct way from all those described above: the wings are, on an average, shorter and rounder at the apex ; the fulvous is more even in tone and thus less variable both as regards the different parts of the wing surface and the various individuals ; the black pattern is, on the contrary, less uniform and notably the central elbowed row of spots tends to form a broad band, across all the wing (never broadened at the back of the cell of the forewing into a triangular patch, as it is particularly in niyrobscura), whereas the premarginal bands tend to be thinner. ‘These features all contribute to give the races of this group a more athalia- and parthenoides-like aspect than one ever finds in the others, and some individuals may even be so very like these species as to make it quite difficult to separate them without the aid of the genitalia. My experience is that the fulvous colour of the palpi, which is considered the best distinctive feature of parthenie=aurelia, is not sufficiently sharpe and constant to be reliable in all difficult specimens. It must also be noted that there is a certain parallelism between these features of the southern Alpine watershed and those which distinguish the athalia of the same regions from the nominotypical one of Central Europe. Race mendrisiota, Fruhst., J.c. The dry mountains of the Canton Tessin (typical from 600 m. on Mount Generoso, south of Lugano, and of June) produce the race with the thinnest black pattern known in the species: in the males the inner premarginal streak goes so far 28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1932 as to be entirely obliterated in some individuals, so that they might easily be taken for varia, M.-D.; the females are very similar to that form of rhaetica, which has a thin black pattern, because the fulvous can be, as in the latter, either replaced by light yellow or by reddish- brown, but on the other hand, they differ from it in that the two colours are never combined together ; the light-coloured females recall those of paithenoides, the darker-coloured those of athalia; both are transitional between the appearance of auwrelia and that of luceria from the Cogne valley; mendrisiota differs more from aurelia than does rhaetica and what distinguishes it from luceria is the regularity of the rows of spots over both fore and hindwing. Race imitatrix, nom. nov.: The race, which is broadspread in the Susa Valley, whence I have a large series of specimens from Oulx, 1100m., and others from Mount Musiné, 1000m., at the entrance of that valley and only a few miles from Turin, certainly cannot be called luceria as defined below. It is the one which VW. britomartis, Assm. race aureliaeformis, Vrty, from the Venaria park of the latter locality so exactly resembles that the genitalia are the only possible way of distinguishing them, ‘The late Reverdin has dissected those of all my males from Mt. Musiné and several I sent him direct from Oulx, in hopes we might discover a new locality of britomartis, but the result was they all turned out to be the species we are dealing with here. Allowing for the usual very great variability in every respect, race imitatrix, taken as a whole, can be described as being of small size, of a rich tone of fulvous and as having a rather heavy black pattern, comparatively with the other races of the southern Alpine water shed ; it thus is exactly the opposite of luceria by all three of these features and it resembles britomartis on this account, even the difference of thickness between the elbowed band and the two premarginal not usually being as accentuated as in the other races just men- tioned. Only about 69% of both sexes can be considered transitional to luceria by their larger size, clearer and brighter fulvous and by the thinner and less uniform black pattern ; the females nearly invariably belong to the form which resembles the male most and only 5% point to the one characteristic of rhaetica by having a broad black suffusion over the basal half of the wings and the fulvous alternately reddish and yellowish, to the degree which is frequent in poenina. Race luceria, Frubst., Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1916, A., 2, p. 11 (1917) : The original description is anything but a happy one and the further comment in the Archiv of 1917 (publ. 1919), J.c., only adds to its vagueness and confusion. Fruhstorfer at first only had six specimens, he had collected above the village of Cogne at 1650m. ‘“ They constitute,’ he says, ‘“‘the most striking form of awrelia we are hitherto acquainted with from Kurope; their appearance is that of true children of the south, on account of the brightness of the yellow-brown spots and of their breadth, which is more than double. These specimens are so much more remarkable than 386 I have from Martigny, the Simplon and the Barmsee, in’ Upper Bavaria, that they are nearly exactly like Seitz’s figure of mongolica, Stdgr. on pl. 66h.” He adds that luceria is probably a transition to the ‘‘ aurelia ’’ recorded by Rocci from Turin, but we, of course, now know, these are M. britomatis, Assm. SPECIFIC NAMES AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS. 29 on the strength of the genitalia. In 1919 he complicates matters by describing a “lowland form” of luceria, based on males collected in August in the Brianza (hill district of Lombardy) and on spring specimens from Salsomaggiore (province of Parma), which are said to be of a still brighter leather-yellow and with thinner black streaks than the Cogne examples. ‘Turati informs me he has three specimens of the Soldo, near Alzate (Brianza), collected in May and June 1875. The Salsomaggiore example evidently must have belonged to the following race, which had already been named three years previously from a locality about 30 miles further east and likewise nearly in the plain, at the foot of the Apennines. Excluding, as it should be done, the latter lowland race, one can positively take it that the name of luceria must stand for a large Alpine one resembling Seitz’s figure of monyolica, Stdgr. This sets it on a tolerably definite base. Race mussinae, Costantini, Atti Soc. Nat. Modena (5) 38, p. 14 (1916) has been described from La Mussina, near Borzano (prov. of Reggio Emilia). It is said to be abundant there in June and it is described very unsatisfactorily as follows; ‘“‘a little larger; wings slightly rounded ; upperside of wings more fulvous ; underside wholly yellower ; black pattern, whitish bands, premarginal lunules, ex., different.” Some photographic plates the author has sent me show that he compared his specimens with a few from Vienna and fortunately I have also obtained some of his cotypes of both sexes collected on June 11th and a female of June 15th from Mount Gibbio 400m., afew miles further east, near Modena. All doubts are thus removed as to mussinae belonging to this species, except for a remote possibility that they should be britomartis; this will have to be decided by the dissection of the genitalia, but it compares so much better with the second generation of the race of the Carso and to some specimens of Oulx than to aureliaeformis, Vrty, of Turin, that I feel quite sure this is not the case. Asa matter of fact it only differs from the second generation of the Carso by its larger size (not equal, however, to that of the first one) and by the black pattern being thicker than in the darkest specimens of the latter; on the other hand it is far from being as dark as many itmitatria of Oulx, so that the general aspect of the race can be descrived as intermediate between the two. It seems very likely that a second generation will be found to exist in Emilia, as it does in Brianza, according to Fruhstorfer, and on the Carso. Race carsicola, nom. noy., and II gen. postcarsicola, nom. nov: One is rather surprised at the fact that this species thrives on the dry tableland of the Carso, at about 800m. above Trieste. The first generation flies at the end of May and I have myself collected the second emerging abundantly in late August on the slopes, facing north- ward, near Opcina. The spring generation attains a larger size than I have seen in any other race, some males having forewings of 18mm. in length, whereas the late summer generation produces some extremely minute individuals of only 14mm. The usual size is 17mm. in the first and 16mm. in the second, and, trifling as this difference may seem, it corresponds to quite a marked one in the aspect of the whole insect. A feature which strikes one in both generations is the far lesser 30 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1982 variability than in other races. The shape of the wings is quite the rounded, athalia-like one, of the southern watershed of the Alps. So is the very uniform and even tone of the fulvous, which is rather clear, but decidedly dull; it is lighter and a little brighter in the second generation. So is also the pattern: the central elbowed band is broader, the outer ones narrower, but they are all of the same even breadth across the whole wings and the premarginal ones are very straight and regular; in a few exceptional individuals the inner one is partly or nearly entirely obliterated, but these specimens then stand out amongst the rest, for there is no tendency to vary in this direction, as there is in the very variable mendrisiota. The few individuals which occur in both sexes with an extremely thin pattern are also of a very light yellow-fulvous and give one the impression of being aberrations due to the excessive drought. As a rule the females belong to the form most similar to the male, as it is the case in all the driest localities of the species, and thus contribute to increase the uniform aspect of the race as a whole. The darker forms of the species never occur in either sex, as they do further east, in Austria. The second generation, besides being considerably smaller than the first, also exhibited on an average, a thinner black pattern and a lesser and lighter coloured basal suffusion, accompanied by a paler tone of fulvous, so that on the whole there is quite a notable difference. Stauder figures three specimens from this region in the Zeit. wissenschaft. Insektenbioliy, 1922, p. 83, but in the text the figures referring to them are mistaken: fig. 12 represents the very small size to which the second generation is often reduced, 13 is quite an abnormal form, with the pattern partly obliterated, 14 is an unusually small female of the first generation, but it shows the thin and even black pattern reduced to the utmost extent; I have found one of the same sort, but smaller, in the second generation. Newly-described Forms of British Species of Lepidoptera. Fuchloé cardamines ab. subflavopicta, Mezger.—‘‘ The underside of the forewings have a yellow spot, between the discoidal and the outer margin, of variable shape in different examples.’ Hungary, Lamb. XXXI. 115 (1931). Minas tiliae ab, vitrina, Gehlen.—‘‘ With a round transparent spot on both hindwings symmetrically placed.” Ent. Zt. XXXV. 204 (1931). Melitaea anrinia ab. tetramelana, Cabeau.—‘‘ The yellow basal portion of the hindwings has four large black spots instead of the typical pale yellow spots.” Lamb. XXXI. p. 174 (1981). Minas tiliae ab. yriseothoracea, Cabeau.—‘‘ The thorax is entirely whitish grey.” Lamb. XXXI. p. 174 (1981). Melanargia yalathea ab. nigerrima, Kautz.—‘‘ Upperside almost markingless black, with normal white fringes chequered at ends of the veins with black. The forewings with a somewhat grey- whitish suffu- sion ; above the middle of the inner margin in cells 1b and 2 there stands a spot divided by the black vein 2; in cell 2 there is also a small spot seen. The hindwings whitish on the inner-margin, the white of the dise of zigzag shape; bestrewn thickly with fine grey scaling.” Zeit. Oestr. Ent. Ver. XVI. 86, plt. TV. (1981), CURRENT NOTES. 31 GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘“‘ Durandesthorpe,”’ 19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, on December 17th, 1931, Mr. H. Donisthorpe in the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :—Messrs. Robert Adkin, H. Willoughby Ellis, Jas. EK. Collin, W. J. Kaye, Dr. Harry Eltringham. Visitors present :—Sir T. Hudson Beare, E. C. Bedwell, K. G. Blair, Capt. A. F. Hemming, Dr. Karl Jordan, G. C. Leman, Martin E. Moseley, Wm. G. Nelson, Capt. N. D. Riley, and W. H. T. Tams. The meeting was called for 6.30 p.m. On arrival the members and guests were received by Mr. and Mrs. Donisthorpe, when light refreshments were dispensed in the Drawing-Room. The Chairman’s collections were on view, and he specially exhibited two living ant colonies and his collection of British Coleoptera. The Windsor Pilot Files compiled by the Chairman, recording a very large number of interesting insects, which during many years he has collected at Windsor Forest, created much interest. Supper was served at 8 o’clock, and the very enjoyable meeting was continued to a late hour.—H.W.-E. The Can. Ent. for October contains an interesting article ‘‘ The Reactions of Some Insects to Rain.’’ Observations were made on the action of bees and butterflies on the advent of sudden and violent storms and these were compared with the reactions caused by artificial similar showers from a hose and sprinkler. In spite of the absence of the darkening of a heavy cloud in the latter case the insects responded in the same way and hastened to shelter at once. ‘The reaction is distinctly different from the sudden flight which takes place if the insects recognise the movement of one’s own person. In the Ent. Rund. for November, Herr H. Beuret discusses the biology and systematic position, etc., of Plebeius ismenias under a generic name Lycaenides. We have seen this species put under the generic name Lycaeides. The Plebeiids seem to be unfortunate in the hands of the nomenclator both specifically and generically. Two further parts of the Catalogue of Indian Insects have recently appeared. Pt. 21, The Lycidae (Col.) by R. Kleine and Pt. 22, Phalontidae and Chlidanotidae (Liep.) by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher the Imperial Entomologist. Parts 28 and 29 of the Supplement to Seitz Fauna Palaearctica are to hand. Pt. 29 contains additions to Rumicia phlaeas, Aricia astrarche (medon), Polyommatus icarus, P. coridon and Pamphila palaemon, ete., and a large portion of the Index to the Rhopalocera. Pt. 29 is a continuation of the volume of additions to the Bombyces some fifteen of which are of British species. The correction of lubricipeda to lutea is made but the necessary corollary, the correction of menthastri to lubricipeda, has not been made. Of Lithosia pygmaeola M. Drauat suggests that it is a genuine species although in the main volume it was classified under pallifrons. This last was definitely proved by Messrs. Kettlewell and Tams in our January number. There is a long discussion of the various forms of Coscinia cribraria and also of Parasemia plantaginis. Phragmatobia fuliginosa has a long paragraph devoted to it. Among the other British species dealt with are Miltochrista miniata, Philea irrorella, O¢eonwstis quadra, Utethetisa pulchella and Lithosia caniola. There is a coloured plate of 67 figures very well pourtrayed. 32 KNIOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.11.1931 There is an excellent portrait of Auguste Forel the great student of Ants 1n the November Mitt. Deutsch. Hint. Gesell. On the evidence of reports in most of the continental journal there have been captures and observation of Phrywus (Celerio) livornica in many places throughout Europe. In Lamb. for November last there is an interesting and useful summary of the distribution, occurrence and life-history of this species. The plate in this number contains figures of 4 forms of Aglais urticae, viz., ab. leodiensis, ab. nigricaria, ab. victor’ (melanic), and an albinistic form. We have received a copy of a new journal, Stylops, promoted by the Entomological Society of London, to be issued monthly. It is “‘ primarily designed to meet the demand for the prompt publication of short (and purely) taxonomic papers” we are told, and preference will be given to “short”? communications of that description. We trust that our three current British entomological journals will not be adversely affected by this new periodical. The late founder and editor of the Mut. Record decided to publish on the 15th of the month in order to facilitate the ‘‘more prompt publication of new entomological matter,” since the two other magazines came out on the Ist. Thus our present current magazines give opportunity for prompt publication twice a month. By far the greater number of both British and continental students of the palaearctic fauna will either be ignorant of this journal or unwilling to subscribe 24s. to a journal of which the bulk of the contents will be of no interest to them. We trust that all palaearctic taxonomic matter will be excluded. And specifically we protest against the inclusion of the description of a new palaearctic Lycaenid in the present issue. We believe that nearly all the contents will be exotic matter and in that way the journal will doubtless be very acceptable to all centres of economic entomological activity. But all short palaearctic taxonomic matters would have much greater dissemination if sent to either the Hntomolouist, the Hntomologist’s Monthly Magazine or the Entomoloyist’s Record. Needless to say the journal is well produced, as one would expect under the auspices of the Entomological Society of London with its able Secretary, Dr. S. A. Neave, who acts as editor. The annual portly volume from Portici has recently come to hand, Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Ayraria, the XX1Vth of its issue, consisting of some 340 pp. 150 figures and 4 plates. It is astonishing what a wonderful run of interesting and useful memoirs are issued from this institution year by year. The subjects of these deal with Isopods, Pseudoscorpions, Psyllidae, Chermidae, Tinea, the Honey-bee, Coceids, Coleoptera, Ants, Chalcididae, Thysanura, ete. The whole of the papers are well illustrated, most of the “ figures ’ being composite ones. To lepidopterists the history of Ptychopoda herbariata will be very interesting and is illustrated by no less than 73 diagrammatic figures. The matter is dealt with under the following headings :—Systematic position and nomenclature: adult (head, thorax, abdomen): ova: larva (head, thorax, abdomen) at hatching: ditto at maturity: pupa: descriction of life and habits (date of appearance, copulation, ovi- position, number of ova, etc.): plants attacked by larva: economic considerations: bibliography. A very thorough and comprehensive study. Tour of the 21 memoirs are contributed by Signor Sylvestri, five by Signor Boselli, the memoir on ants is by W. M. Wheeler. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IDENTIOAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require In~usrRarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr. Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. ‘ Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuaners.—Living Eges of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 138, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—Ocellatus* 5, Hastata 1, Cambricaria 3, Blandina 12, Protea* (melanic) 2, Camelina* 2, Dromedarius* 1, well set on black pins with data. Desiderata.—Betulae, Trepida, Diluta, Or and Myricae. Geo. Nicholson, 24, Nun’s Moor Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8 p.m. March 2nd, 16th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. February 25th, March 10th, 24th.—_Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, Avenue Homse, The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through pererss or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, BSeX. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY | Published every Two Months | Hdited by J. A. S. 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BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.): GCGONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism and MrtanocaroismM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VanriATIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generie nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. - To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E, 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable MARCH, 1932 Epirep G. T. Brruunu-Baxer, v.z.s., F.u.s.,.| J. BE. Conn, ¥.5.8. h th Chairman. H. DonisTHoRen, P.2Z.8., F.1.8. with the R.S.B : . S. BAGNALL, D.S8C., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. GRavEs, F.£.s. ansistance of . Maxcoum Burr, v.sc., r.n.s. H. E. Pagan, ¥.1.s. Rev. C. R. 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British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprevws, F.E.S. .. Me Bic OD Bisveot tea oy: a 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-43 of Ent. Record, new series; including Special Index .. Ae ae ol 6 ae ae Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be obtained post free from H. W. Anvrews, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.B.9. CATALOGUE DES INSECTES COLEOPTERES. 33 “Catalogue des Insectes Coléoptéres de la Foret de Fontainebleau avec indication des espéces nuisibles aux arbres.” Colonel F. Gruardet. Assn. Nat. Vallée du Loing. Moret-sur-Loing. 19380. pp. 1-227. This very interesting work dealing with the Coleopterous Fauna of the Forest of Fontainebleau is much more than a mere list and, as will be seen later, it also gives a variety of other valuable information. One may conveniently quote here from a letter written to me by my friend Colonel J. Sainte Claire Deville (a friend of Colonel Gruardet) some years ago :— ‘We have in the vicinity of Paris two old, well preserved, forests with ‘réserves artistiques,’ the forét de Fontainebleau and the forét de Compiégne. It is very striking that the fauna of the ancient British woods is much more analogous with that of Fontainebleau. The Compiégne forest, which was an extreme patch of the primitive ‘Arduena silva’ of Julius Caesar, has retained many elements of Kastern origin, which do not occur in Fontainebleau. The relicta of our semi-primitive woods on both sides of the Channel, are gradually vanishing, and it is high time that a good list should be published of them.” 9.xi.26. In this review I propose to compare the Coleoptera of Windsor Forest (of which I have the materials to hand, right up to date, ready for publication) with that of Fontainebleau. In the preface the author points out how the fauna is inclined to change more or less rapidly by the disappearance of very old trees ; the effect of forest fires; the changes in the flora and vegetation: the replacing of oaks, etc. with other trees, especially pines; etc., etc. He explains that the work is based on the numerous insects which he captured in the forest and town during two sojourns at Fontaine- bleau, from the end of December 1900 to April 1909, and October 1911 to December 1912. It is evident from two supplementary lists to the Catalogue that he has collected in this district from time to time since those dates. He has also obtained further information from tke works, and collecting, of Iu. Bedel, J. Sainte-Claire Deville, H. du Buysson, Max Bernhauer, A. Dubois, F. Duchaine, etc.; and from captures recorded in the Annales et le Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France. He justly points out that to make a work of this sort as complete as possible one must : 1. Live in the region for a number of years, 15 to 20, on account of the variations in the number of individuals of the same species from one year to another, and more generally during a period of many years. 2. Be able to give up one’s whole time to entomology. It is also necessary not to neglect the commonest species. The number of species listed in the main body of the catalogue is 2558 of which a large number appear to be very rare, but with a printed supplementary list of 89, dated December 15th, 1930, and a manuscript list of 67, dated September 30th, 1931, the grand total is 2714. The order and the names used are those of Reitter’s catalogue dated 1906. All his own captures are indicated by the number of the month or months of capture being given immediately after the name of the species, and the circumstances of the capture. ADD 7 AND 6) 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.J11.1922 The species harmful to trees are signified in a special manner, and are classed in two grand categories. 1st Category.—Insects which attack healthy trees in full vigour, and in consequence are especially harmful. Their species are not numerous, and belong especially to the families Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, and Ipidae. These species are preceeded by two asterisks (**). 2nd Category.—Insects which either attack unhealthy trees in the parts where the sap no longer circulates, or quite dead trees, either blown down by the wind, or cut-down by the foresters. Their species are a little more numerous than those of the first category. Most of them attack trees which still retain their sap, the state in which one finds trees recently cut down. Their larvae then live either under the bark, or in the thickness of the same, or in the interior of the tree. A certain number only attack quite dry trees, in the interior of which their larvae excavate their galleries. In reality all these species are not really harmful except that they depreciate the marketable value of the trees by boring their galleries in the inner part of them. They do not cause damage to healthy trees. Nearly all of them have almost disappeared from forests which are regularly exploited, or are very rave there. Most of those which attack dry trees are found again in timber yards or houses. Those species of which the larvae penetrate to the interior of the tree either during their life, or to construct their cells, are marked with a single asterisk (*). Those species of which the larvae live between the bark and the wood, or in the interior of the bark itself, but do not penetrate into the wood itself are marked with a broad stop (#). These species are not harmful properly speaking because they do not depreciate the marketable value of the tree. Nevertheless their workings render easy the introduction of damp under the bark, thus permitting the develop- ment of fungi, and by this means the rapid decomposition of the wood. He places in this last group a certain number of species of which the larvae live in the little branches, and slender dead twigs, of different trees, as well as the greater part of those which attack the leaves of healthy trees, and of which the damage is almost nil. The greater part of the species of which the larvae live under the bark or in the interior of trees recently dead multiply in an extraordinary manner as a consequence of forest fires. This is particularly remark- able with those which belong the family [pidae. There is occasion to remark that the insects of the first category never attack dead trees, and those of the second category always respect healthy and vigorous trees. The only exception is for certain species in the family Jpidae, which having multiplied in an extraordinary manner on account of forest fires as has already been pointed out, become harmful to healthy trees on account of the great invasion of these insects. He marks species observed by himself with—CC=very common ; C=common ; AC=fairly common: R=rare: and RR=very rare. Two lists also are given at the end of the Catalogue—the one refers to species that have been recorded in error, or whose existence in the forest requires verification ; the other to species recorded in the CATALOGUE DES INSECTES COLEOPTERES. 35 Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (Bulletins), of whieh the identity requires to be verified. I now propose to compare the Coleopterous fauna of Windsor Forest with that of the Forest of Fontainbleau. The number of species listed by me for the former locality was on December 81st, 1931,— 1602 (on December 31st, 1922, the then known list was—147) a considerably lower figure than that of the latter, but it must be remembered that beetles in France are vastly more numerous in species than in England. Also very local species, or those confined to a single locality in England are widely distributed in France—one may mention such very local British beetles as Cicindela germanica, L., Oberea oculata, L., and Chrysomela cerealis, L., which all occur at Fontainebleau, and there are many otherg such. Some 1035 species occur in, or have been recorded from, both localities. It will thus be seen that nearly 600 species found at Windsor have not yet been recorded for Fontainebleau, though nearly all the Windsor specialities occur there. A certain number of species have been recorded for both localities which do not occur now, or at any rate have not been refound at Windsor. The following is a list of such species:—Teretrius picipes, F., Tillus unifasciatus, F., Triplax rufipes, F. +, Hyperaspis reppensis, Hbst., Adelocera quercea, Hbst. +, Selatosomus cructatus, L. +, Melanotus puncto- lineatus, Pel., Hlater cinnabarinus, Eisch., Phaeuops cyaena, F. +, Ptinus lichenum, Marsh., Caenocara bovistae, Hoff., Scraptia dubia, Ol., Marolia variegata, Bosc. t, Spondylis buprestoides, L. +, Leptura revestita, L., Donacia dentata, Hoff., Chrysomela limbata, F. +, OC. lurida, L. +, Gymnetron rostellum, Hbst., Aphodius 4-maculatus, Li. Those species marked with a dagger ({) are no longer included in the British list; nevertheless it is very probable that some of them at least were to be found formerly in Windsor Forest. To take two examples : — Selatosomus cruciatus, L. Stephens [Mand. 8 267 (1830)| records that it was taken near Windsor by the late W. Griesbach, Esq., of whose capturing four or five examples are in the British Museum. There are five specimens (no doubt those referred to by Stephens) in the drawer of doubtful British species in the British collection of Coleoptera in the British Museum. Spondylis buprestotdes, F. Stephens [Mand. 4 226 (1831)] records that it was taken in Windsor Forest in August, 1831 by the Rev. F. W. Hope. There are two specimens in the Hope-Westwood British Collection of Coleoptera in the Oxford University Museum. One is labelled ‘“ Coll. Hope,” and the other ‘‘ Windsor Forest, F.W.H.” The following is a list of the Windsor specialities which also occur at Fontainebleau :— Huryusa optabilis, Heer, H. sinuata, Hr. §, Tachyusida gracilis, Kir. §, Bolitochara reyi, Shp. §, Huplectus nitidus, Fair. §, EL. afer, Reitt., v. infirmus, Raffr. §, Batrisodes delaportet, Aubé. §, B. adnexus, Hampe. §, Gnathoneus buyssoni, Auz. §, Abraeus granulum, Er., Fhizophagus oblongicollis, Blatch, Teredus cylindricus, Ol., Cis coluber, Ab., Ludius ferrugineus, L., Megapenthes lugens, Redt., Procraerus tibialis, Lac., Hlater nigerrimus, Lac., §, Ischnodes sanguinicoliis, Pz., Hucnemis capucina, Ahr., Agrilus sinwatus, Ol., Lymeaylon navale, L., Lorcatoma dresdensis, Hbst., D. serra, Pz., Dryophthorus corticalis, Pk. §, Rhyncolus truncorum, Germ. 36 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1982 Those species marked with a section (§) have only been found in Windsor Forest in Britain. It is very remarkable that Gnorimus variabilis, L., which occurs rather freely in suitable old oaks in Windsor Forest, should not be recorded from the Forest of Fontainebleau. Ti may be as well to mention the species which are attracted to burnt areas after forest fires, though not all of them have been recorded from both localities. Winsor. _ FonrTatneBLeEau. Pterostichus angustatus, Duft. Pterostichus angustatus, Duft. Agonum 4-punctatum, De G. Agonum 4-punctatum, De G. Micropeplus tesserula, Curt. 1Cryptophagus ruficornis, Steph. ?>Melanophila acuminata, De G. Melanophila acuminata, De G. Ernobius mollis, I. Ernobius mollis, L. FE. mulsantianus, Sharp. H. oblitus, Sharp. Cricephalus poloricus, Mots. Cricephalus poloricus, Mots. Salpingus ater, Pk. Pityophthorus ramulorum, Perr. Pityophthorus ramulorum, Perr. (pubescens, Marsh.) Pityogeres bidentatus, Hbst. Pityogene bidentatus, Hbst. Of course many other species appear to be attracted to, or to become more abundant in burnt areas, but those of the above list are usually present. Our final list consists of those species which are found in both localities and which Gruardet has marked as being harmful. The signs are used which he employed to classify such species :— *Melasts buprestoides, L., **Agriotes lineatus, L., *Lyctus linearis, Gvez. (canaliculatus, ¥.), *Xestobium rufovillosum, De G. (tessellatum, F.), = Knorbius mollis, L., *Anobium striatum, Ol. (domesticum, Foure.), *Ptilinus pectinicornis, L., *Prionus coriarius, L., *Leptura scutellata, F., *Criocephalus polonicus, Mots., *Asemum striatum, L., *Tetropium fuscum, F'., *Phymatodes testaceus, Li. (Callidium variabile, L.), = P. aint, L., *Liopus nebulosus, L., **Saperda populnea, L., **Melasoma populr, L., # Phyllobius pyri, L., = Polydrusus cervinus, L., **Strophosomus melan- ogrammus, Forst. (coryli, F.), 8. capitatus, DeG., ** Hylobius abietis, L., ** Pissodes notatus, F., = Orchestes quercus, L., **O. fagi. L., = Rhyn- chites betulae, Li., = Attelabus nitens, Scop. (curculionoides, L., **Hecop- togaster scolytus, F. (Scolytus destructor, Ol.), = H. intricatus, Ratz., eH. rugulosus, Ratz., = H. multistriatus, Marsh., **Hylesinus fraaint, Pz., **Myelophilus piniperda, L., **Hylastes ater, Pk., **H. attenuatus, Hbst., **H. opacus, Kr., = H. palliatus, Gyll., = Cryphalus fagi, F., Pityogenes bidentatus, Hbst., **Ips lavicis, F. (Tomicus laracis, F-.), » Dryocoetes villosus, i, *Xyleborus saweseni, Ratz., *X. dryographus, sle se L. (Melolontha vulgaris, F.).—H. DonistHoren. 1 In the Fungus Daldinia concentrica on young burnt birch trees. 2 The ‘‘ fire-beetle.”’ REVIEW OF PAPER ON TABANIDAE. 37 A Review of Mr. E. Rivenhall Goffe’s paper on Tabanidae (Trans. Ent. Soc. S. of England 1930.) By J. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. There can be no Collector of any Order of Insects who has not experienced during summer excursions unpleasant attentions from the blood-thirsty Yabanidae ; few are interested beyond the immediate destruction of such pests, but my friend Goffe for the last two or three years has apparently never been really happy except when surrounded by swarms of these insects, and would travel many miles to any locality where ZTabanidae were known to be particularly venemous in their attacks in order to secure specimens. ‘The interesting and instructive pamphlet which he has published in the Transactions of the Entomo- logical Society of Hampshire and the South of England is proof that his energies and self-sacrifice in the cause of Science has not been in vain. About 70 pages are devoted to tables and short descriptions of all the British species while there are two plates illustrating details of some of the structural and other differences. ‘Twenty seven species are listed as British while Verrall in Vol. V. of “ British Flies’ described only twenty five, but one of Verrall’s species Tabanus ylaucus was certainly partly described from the species correctly recorded by Goffe as 7. miki, Brauer. The two additional species included by Goffe are Therioplectes borealis, Mg., and Atylotus plebejus, Fln. Th. borealis is reinstated as British on the strength of two specimens :—the male upon which Austen introduced the species as British in 1906 (British blood- sucking Flies), and a female without date or locality in the. old Entomological Club Collection now in the Hope Department at Oxford. The male can quite definitely be ruled out as being only J’h. montanus as indeed it was considered to be by Verrall. Austen working with Brauer’s Monograph quite correctly ran this male down to borealis (Mg.) Brauer, but Villeneuve (Wien. Hint. Zeit. 1910) has proved from an examination of Brauer’s specimens that the male of Brauer’s borealis was montanus. With regard to the female, there must have been some ‘‘lapsus”’ on the part of Goffe. I have examined the specimen referred to and it is only an ordinary Th. bisignatus ; Th. borealis therefore still remains to be discovered in this country and has no right to remain in our “hist.” Atylotus plebejus is recorded on the strength of two specimens in the British Museum taken by Mr. H. Womersley in Cheshire in 1911. This paper of Goffe’s is a remarkably good one when the fact that the author has only recently taken up the study of the Diptera is taken into consideration, but one feels that it could have been much improved if the author had delayed publication for another twelve months and spent the time in special investigations on a few of the more difficult species. There are also two outstanding faults, one being the acceptance without enquiry of the generic names* contained in Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification of 1800 and the consequent use of Chrysozona in place of Haematopota ; the other is the practice of giving names to ‘‘ forms” of a species. These “‘forms”’ are all dealt with * For the present position in regard to the status of these names see the note by F. W. Edwards in the January number of Ent. Mo. Mag. and Entomologist. 38 ENTOMOLOGISY’ S RECORD. 15.11.1982 4 under the heading “ variation’’ and the author makes no distinction between a generally distributed variety or aberration such as those occurring in the genus Chrysops and restricted to one sex only (the female), and a possible local race such as his sudeticus meridionalis. No doubt it is hoped that an easy reference to different ‘“‘forms’’ may lead to a better knowledge of their distribution and biological significance, but the value in this respect is no compensation for the immense burden placed upon nomenclature. One can only hope that the author’s action will hasten the day when it will be universally accepted that such names are outside the pale of the ‘“‘ Law of priority”’ and can consequently be ignored by taxonomists. Apart from these faults the work is one which should not only stimulate present workers in this family but add to their numbers. Those who intend to help in the study of this interesting family may be glad to note one or two observations and additions to Goffe’s work which I am in a position to make, often largely due to the examination of material collected by Goffe himself, or to the re-exam- ination of my own material in the ght of that author’s work with the idea of confirming or confuting some of his conclusions. Tabanus bovinus group. The common New Forest large Tabanus has so long been considered to be bovinus that it comes as a shock to find that though true bovinus does occur in the Forest it appears to be a rare species. Goffe and Verrall both realized this in regard to the male, but both failed to distinguish correctly the female. In fact I am not certain that Goffe at present possesses a female while the great majority of Verrall’s females were not borinus. This is not the place to go into details of the characters distinguishing the true female of bovinus but one should on no account fail to catch and pin any of these larger New Forest Tabanids having green, or coppery-green, instead of coppery-brown, eyes. The more common New Forest large Tabanus will probably prove to be identical with saudeticus var. perpleaus, Verrall, which I am convinced must rank as a species. . In trying to separate his ‘‘forms”’ of swdeticus 9 Goffe places too much faith in small differences in the shape of the shining frontal callus, this is a character which is particularly liable to suffer from abrasion, an injury which may increase with the age of the specimen and is almost unavoidably inflicted to a greater or less extent when specimens are caught. One has only to compare Goffe’s figure of the frontal callus of his supposed female bovinus with that of his perpleaus, to see that the differences are only such as might easily be due to abrasion. Therioplectes tropicus, L. There has been much confusion in the use of this name. Brauer, accurding to specimens sent to him by Verrall and returned as tropicus, certainly included at least two species under this name, for the ‘‘ Worcester ”’ specimen is quite distinct from all the others. Verrall noted the differences of this specimen but, though Brauer had returned it as typical tropicus, treated it as an extreme pale form of tropicus, and used the name tropicus for what I should call bisignatus; he REVIEW OF PAPER ON TABANIDAE. 389 probably did this because Brauer had also returned some similar bisignatus forms as typical tropicus. Having used the name tropicus for this form, Verrall (perhaps influenced further by Brauer’s statement that he considered bisiynatus to be a melanochroitic form of tropicus) used the name bisignatus for the darkest form with ‘the reddish colouring sometimes quite absent’’ from female abdomen. Goffe naturally follows Verrall with the exception that he begins to be suspicious of the tropicus tropicus of Verrall and would place males which Verrall considered to belong to that form as males of bisignatus, and in doing so is probably correct. The few females which Goffe refers to tropicus tropicus are, like Verrall’s, almost certainly only a form of bisignatus with the pale markings at sides of segments 1 and 2 more extensive. True tropicus must be a species with the sides of the first three abdominal segments yellowish in the female, and if it occurs in this country is represented by the “‘ Worcester’ specimen mentioned above. An examination of the so-called form of tropicus mentioned by Verrall in the Addenda to British Flies, Vol. V., as taken by Col. Yerbury at Crymlyn Bog in 1908, reveals the fact that they are specifically identical with the Worcester specimen, and the same species also occurs in the Norfolk Broads district. The separation of this species (which I feel bound for the present to call tropicus) from bisiynatus and the raising of 7. perpleaus to the rank of a species adds two additional species to the British List, making 28 in all. Therioplectes solstitialis, Mg. I feel certain that Goffe has mixed up two species under this name. I have not seen Andrews’ Sutton Broad specimens but the species I have taken in the Norfolk Broads is the British tropicus (v. above) and quite distinct from the species occurring in Chippenham Fen, and at Lyndhurst and other parts of the New Forest, mentioned by Goffe, these latter being probably the true solstitialis of Meigen. My speci- mens of the Norfolk Broads species (tropicus) occurred early in August in company with distinguendus but were at the time easily recognised as distinct. It may be gathered from the above remarks that there is still plenty of useful work to be done in collecting Uabanidae, while a study of Goffe’s paper will show that there is an immense field of research awaiting those who will take up the study of variation, especially in such species as Jabanus sudeticus and perpleaus and Therioplectes distinguendus and montanus. No one, I am gure, will be more pleased than my friend H. Rivenhall Goffe if the publication of his paper gives the necessary impetus to the collecting and study of this interesting family—which includes some of the largest of the British Diptera—with the consequent clearing up of outstanding problems, and the acquisition of a sound knowledge of the species inhabiting these islands. He will, I know, willingly offer information and advice to anyone interested who cares to enter into correspondence with him, and I would conclude by asking all students of Diptera to give him every possible help. 40 ENTOMOLOGIS'’ S RECORD. 15.111.1932 Nomenclature. We have been asked what is the justification for the very modern introduction of the generic name Lycaeides in place of the original generic name Plebeius of Linneus. We can find none except a matter of ignore-ance, ¢.e., ignoring the work of Linneus. The query has caused us to look up what Tutt and his band of skilled helpers said in British Lepidoptera. Tutt based his nomenclatorial conclusions upon every scrap of information and fact, for which he gave ample references. Turning to the chapter on Tribe: Plebetidi in British Lepidoptera Vol. X.= British Butterflies, Vol. II1. p. 150 and seq. p. 160 (1908) we find every point dealt with. Of course one must bear in mind that the terms “ family,” “ tribe,” “ genus,”’ etc., used by Linneus and other early authors did not indicate the same degree of classification as in modern usage. A modern writer has said that true facts cannot be repeated too often so that must be our excuse for reprinting here much of the fact and argument given in the above, merely stating that we have verified all the references except Kluk. Ex Brit. Lep. p. 160. ‘‘ Scudder announces and states (Hist. Sketch, pp. 98, 252, 1875) that Plebeius was not used by linneus in a generic sense, and that he only used the name in the plural form.”* After giving (Sys. Nat. Xth ed. p. 482) the name Pilebeti to the whole of the “ hairstreaks,” “ blues,” ‘‘ coppers” and ‘‘ skippers,” and subdividing them into (1) MPlebett rurales (p. 482) and (2) Plebett urbicolae (p. 484), Linneus prefaced his description of every species of these groups with the letters, ‘‘ P.P.” writing in full at the top of each page the names thus contracted ‘ Papinio Puespesus.” Hach species therefore had the singular form applied thereto, ¢e.g., ‘‘ P.P. betulae,” “P,P. aryus,” etc., so that Plebeivs was here used quite in the modern generic sense of the division next above the species. Tutt then refers to Muller, Fn. Ins. Hrid. p. 87, (1764), to Linné Sys. Nat. XIIth. ed., p. 787 (1767), where Plebeius was used in exactly the same sense. Tutt further says ‘‘ Considering, as we do, that the basis of binomial nomenclature—species and genus—involves the necessity of treating the group directly above the species as a genus, we consider this use of Plebeius as essentially generic in the modern sense.” ‘Tutt then cites (teste Prout) Kluk, Zwierzt. Hist. Nat. LV. p. 81 (1780) in which the author ‘“‘ After briefly describing the butterflies in general, says that they be grouped in five genera, the last of which is Genus V, Purserus divided into RuraLes— Plebeius cupido, ete. Urpicotar— Plebeius comma, ete. which is exactly what Linné did in his Sys. Nat. Xth ed. pp. 483 et seq. where having divided Papilio into various divisions, of which the Plebevi are one, and after subdividing these into Rurales and Urbicolae, he calls each individual species in the Plebeti—‘‘P.P.” i.e. Papilio, Plebeius, the names being placed at the top of every page on which the Plebetid species are described.” This argument seems so convincing to us that we shall continue to use Plebeius for the aegon, aryyroymon group of Lycaenids.—Hy.J.T. *It is inexplicable how Scudder could make such a statement if he ever saw a copy of either the Xth or XIIth edition of the Systema Naturae.—H.J.T. CORNISH NOTES FOR 1931, 41 Cornish Notes for 1931. By CHARLES NICHOLSON. Referring to my notes on Heliothis peltigera and some Cornish Sphingids on pp. 157-8 of last volume [| should like to add that the three peltigera that emerged were of the brown form, No. 2 in Mr. Wightman’s classification on p. 182, and there is some brown suffusion on all these specimens over the whole of the space between the sub- terminal line and the basal line, except the subcostal area between the basal line and the reniform stigma, and this area is the only ochreous part of the wing. The other pupae either dried up or otherwise died. The season of 1931, although on the whole a wet one here, was by no means unproductive as regards numbers of lepidoptera, which were about up to the average, but I have no records of Phrywus livornica to set off against those of Agrius convolvuli last year and must be content with Manduca atropos already noted. Butterflies were about as usual with the exception of the following :— Colias croceus, one crossed the garden on September 8th, and one was seen on Perranporth Sandhills on August 30th. Gonepterya rhamni was scarcer even than usual, only two males having been seen—one in the garden on September 15th, and one on red campion (its favourite flower about here) on October 11th. Aglais urticae was also even scarcer than usual, having been seen four times only, and three of hese (in garden August 6th, on buddleia variabilis flowers in next garden August 31st; on road wall of next garden October 14th) may have been the same specimen; the other was on flowers of /scallonia illinita in Boscawen Park, Truro, on October 7th. Pyrameis cardut was fairly common and seen in most localities I visited—in garden June 3rd, Malpas (very wasted) August 2nd, common and fresh on thistles near Probus on August 28rd, in garden on Sedum spectabile, September 25th and on Michaelmas daisy (very sandy) October 11th, finally at Boscawen Park, October 18th. Lycaenopsis (Cyaniris) argiolus, very scarce ; I have no dates and cannot remember having seen a single specimen, although we usually see examples of the first brood. Pararge aegeria was even commoner than usual and seemed to be everywhere in shady lanes and rides in woods. First seen in the garden on May 7th and then almost continuously until October 18th (Boscawen Park) including a good many on thistles, August 23rd, and two in the garden all day on Sedum spectabile, September 25th. One of my most interesting captures was Synanthedon (Sesia) vespiformis, of which | boxed a pair evidently just emerged—the male on an old oak stump in the garden on June 11th, and the female within two yards of it, but on an Hscallonia bush on June 8th. No doubt both these had fed up in the old stump and as there are about a dozen other oak stumps in the garden I am surprised that I have not seen more of this clearwing. About the middle of May I found two-thirds grown larvae of Lasiocampa quercus f. callunae on Bolenowe Moor, near Redruth, and on bramble in the hedges around upland fields about here, and the moths emerged during the first half of August. I tried sembling in the garden with the fresh females, and males came on August Ist, 3rd, 5th, and 7th, but only one male on each day! I allowed several of them to pair and also some of my bred males, and got several hundred ova, which began to hatch on August 30th. J fed them up on hazel, sallow and other things until 42 KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1931 they were about half an inch long and then I turned them out into the garden in suitable spots, except about 20 which are at present feeding on ivy in the garden shed and are about an inch and a quarter long. The moths, by the way, were very typical. On Sept. 24th the forewings of Noctua c-nigrum left by the bats were found in the verandah and on Sept. 25th the right forewing of Chloroclysta siterata—the first time I have seen this species here. Of ‘other orders”’ the most interesting example of the Diptera taken was a female Sargus bipunctatus, which I saw settle on our hedge of Cupressus macrocarpa late in the afternoon of Sept. 25th. As it looked unfamiliar I netted it and was very pleased to see that it was unfamiliar. It is remarkable that Verrall never saw it alive, as he says in ‘‘ British Flies,” Vol. V. p. 170, although it seems to be widely distributed in Great Britain, and has been taken in Ireland. The outstanding species of the season, however, was one of the Coleoptera, to wit, Strangalia aurulenta, which was quite common in the garden here. It may be recalled that I recorded two captures of this species, bothfemales, in 1930, on a young Turkey Oak (July 5th) anda young Broom (July 22nd) respectively ; see this magazine Vol. XLII. p. 155. The first capture last year was on July 1st, when I felt something alight on my head in the garden about 11 a.m. and, on putting up my hand quickly, found it was a male of this species flying in the bright sun- shine. The next seen was a fine 9 ona young tree of Pyrus intermedia on July 10th; then the species was seen nearly every day up to the 27th, after which no more were seen at all. As the circumstances of capture are rather interesting | give the list in brief, omitting the times of capture, which were usually in the morning. The weather on most days bright, but cloudy at first, usually followed by more or less sun- shine all day and occasionally with a shower or two; the state of the sky did not appear to make any difference to the beetles, but on every day on which they were seen the temperature was between 58° and 75°.. These are the other records: July 18th, small male on granite boulder on rockery. July 15th, fine ? on watercan in garden shed. July 16th, male on doorstep of shed. July 17th, male on a flower stake in garden. July 19th, male in shed with right posterior tarsus missing. July 21st, another male on the rockery ; flew away before I could box it. July 22nd, female with damaged elytra tips, in shed. July 23rd, male on American currant in garden. July 24th, a fine female buzzing on the window of the shed fell down and was seized by a spider and carried into its tunnel; another fine @ was found in a bush of Cistus salvifolius and a male and a female were found on oak branches in shed, the male having a hole in the “ shoulder ”’ of his right elytron ; these were boxed in a large glass bottomed box and promptly paired. July 25th, male with right posterior leg missing, in shed. July 27th, male and female in cop. on ground in front of shed. It will be noticed that ten of these specimens were found in or about the garden shed, and as there were a number of oak branches (for firewood) varying between 24 and 5 inches in diameter, and between 3 and 10 feet in length I was led to the opinion that the beetles had emerged from these branches; as we have 8 large oaks and a number of old stumps in the front garden (in which all the other specimens. were seen) it seems practically certain that they were the sources from which the other specimens came. We have no pines of any size in the: COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1931, 43 garden, so the idea I had previously been led to hold, that this species was attached to conifers, is evidently erroneous. We have no birch in the garden either except a young tree I myself planted, so Mr. Donisthorpe’s note in this magazine, Vol. XLI. p. 125 will not apply. Tt is curious that, with the exception of the one taken on July 1st and the one that flew away on the 21st, I saw none on the wing in the open, although I| have seen Vowotus meridianus flying in the sunshine in some numbers in Epping Forest near Chingford, and there oaks were almost the only trees. It seems therefore from these records that July is the month for this species, but although Fowler says: “ On flowers”’ I cannot corro- borate this, for not a single specimen of those seen was on any sort of flower and only five of them were on living plants at all. The only other specimen I have was taken near Bovey Tracey in July 1924, when it flew down from some pines into an adjoining clover field and its unusual appearance aroused my curiosity. Dr. R. C. L. Perkins has had some experience with this species in that locality and I hope he will give us the benefit of it. It may be well to call attention to an interesting point about the copulation of this insect. As a rule both sexes of all species of insect that I have observed are quiescent, if undisturbed, during this process, but in the case of this species the male in each case showed a slow but rhythmic pulsation (rather suggestive of pumping), which seemed to “ flow” from his head backwards, causing a slight movement of the whole beetle, including the milk-white aedaeagus, at least two-thirds of which was visible. Has anything of this kind been observed in other insects ? Collecting Lepidoptera in 1931. By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL. Sprinc Coizuectinc In Scortanp AND THE NorruH. For the first time this spring I bad the pleasure of doing what all my older collecting friends have done many times in the past—namely of visiting Scotland in early April, and although the results of their various expeditions have more than once been written in the pages of this journal, I do not hesitate to repeat my own experiences of such pleasant and varied collecting. I was accompanied by my mother who was a most active helper throughout the trip. We reached Scotland on April 9th and the following day leaving Stirling and travelling via the Sma Glen we passed through Aberfeldy and so on to Struan where we halted for about on hour. We found Nyssta lapponaria fairly common but extremely local, being confined to a couple of hundred yards—both sexes in equal numbers were sitting about on posts. Several pairs were in copula. Polyploca flavicornis was very abundant on these same _ posts. We reached Aviemore about an hour later and in the failing light of the day I found one worn specimen of Asteroscopus nubeculosa. After dark large numbers of insects came to the sap, which was running freely from recently cut birch trees. Orrhodia vaccintit, Calocampa exoleta and C. vetusta were extremely 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 111.1932 common together with magnificent forms of Taeniocampa incerta and T. gothica var. yothicina. We spent the following days tree-searching by day and examiniug birch sap at night and aided by Mr. Brookbanks of Aberfeldy, who joined us, we took the following species :— P, flavicornis.—Was common on some days on all posts and tree trunks and then was absent on others. It flies freely to birch sap in early afternoon particularly if the sun is shining. Some beautiful banded forms were taken. A, nubeculosa.—16 were taken in all. 1 on the 10th, 3 on the 11th, 2, on the 12th, 4 on the 13th, 5 on the 14th, 1 on the 15th and none on the 16th or 17th. They sit on any side of a birch trunk from two to 15 feet from the ground—usually about 6 feet. Occasionally they are very difficult to see. We took a few on birch sap at night. Kees were laid freely by a 9 in confinement on the muslin covering a cardboard box. At first the ova are an orange red colour, but they soon became dark. I gave Mr. Lees of Streetly the greater number and kept a dozen myself. He succeeded in getting nearly a hundred fullfed larvae, sleeving some and keeping others in breeding cages. Due to the enormous depth to which these larvae bury them- selves he lost the larger part of the brood through their entering the ashes on which the eight or nine inches of peat stood. Mine were fullfed by June 26th and throve in the middle of London provided the birch was sprayed every evening. E. versicolor.—I was surprised to see this beautiful creature out as early as the 12th up here—the males dashing about in the few brief moments of sunshine. It was here that Mr. Esson several years ago assembled so many males around a cardboard box containing a female that the box was knocked off the post on which it stood! My own observations and method of catching were different,—I only saw four males on the wing and three I obtained in perfect condition by giving them a smart rap with a six foot birch bough !—in each case after a very active two hundred yards or so, which made me Spare the quieter modes of collecting such as pupa digging or even ‘assembling.’ I saw one or two males on wet days sitting conspicuous on the birch trunks. I found them better sport when on the wing ! T. gothica.—Was very abundant on birch sap. About 40% were var. yothicina, Some very extreme forms were obtained. T. incerta.—Was not very abundant at Aviemore. Some beautiful erey mottled forms were obtained. Pachnobia rubricosa.—Only one example of this species was seen at Aviemore. It came to birch sap and was the most extreme ab. lucida, I have ever seen. Orrhodia vaccintt.—Common on sap, Scopelosoma satellitia.—A few on sap. C, ewoleta,—Very common on birch sap. One pair in cop: on the 16th ova obtained. Brephos parthenias.—Very common in the sunshine. Visited birch sap by day but was even then alert. Ova not obtained. Chloroclysta miata.—One on birch trunk. Calostigia multistrigaria.— Very common after dark. Nothopterya carpinata.—Fairly common. Some beautiful forms of ab. fasciata taken ; ova obtained. Lycia hirtaria. 2 on the 12th, 2 on 14th. One fine yellow female. COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1931, 45 Males of pale and bright yellow obtained. A very large number of ova were laid. I attempted to get the crossing hirtaria ? with lapponaria 3, which I obtained so easily four or five years ago when the resulting ova proved infertile, but was entirely unsuccessful. I hope to try it again this spring. Nyssia lapponaria.—At Struan, 9 on the 10th, 7 on the 12th (very cold). On the 18th I noted a 9 busily engaged in ovipositing in the afternoon sunshine. She had her ovipositor fully 4 inch extended into the crack of an old post in the depths of which I could see a large green batch of eggs. They laid very freely in captivity both in muslin balls and fluted paper. Mr. Lees kindly bred me them. ‘The larvae fed up very slowly throughout the summer. On the 17th of April we left Aviemore and went to Rannoch, where I met Messrs. Pennington and Poore. I[ learnt from them that the local A. nubeculosa had not appeared in the Rannoch district for some years, and in vain did | search its well known haunts of Finnart and Cairie Wood. I was very disappointed about this as I hoped to be able to point out what I have never seen noted before, namely the local difference between the Rannoch and Aviemore “‘ sprawlers.’”’ All those I have seen from Rannoch have a distinct purplish brown tint—this never is seen from the Aviemore locality where a plain grey ground colour is the usual form. Sallow at Rannoch produced large numbers of P. rubricosa, most of which were referrable to the form lucida. I also took a nearly white Taeniocampa munda (ova obtained). At sugar we took the T’aenio- campidae in moderate numbers and some magnificent forms of var. gothicina turned up. J] was surprised to note a fine g JZ’. populeti on sugar. NV. carpinata and vars. came commonly to light and was plentiful on the tree trunks. One female /Mctropis bistortata was observed on a birch tree. In vain did I search the bilberry for early larvae but not one was taken. Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Pennington, I was put on the track of two insects J had never before taken in numbers, namely Pachnobia leucographa and Nothopterya polycommata, and was advised to try for them near Grange Over Sands on my return journey. On the 26th we spent the night at Keswick. I searched the birch trunks in vain for newly hatched Lophopteryx carmelita without sucGess. The following night we arrived at Grange and were taken out to a wood in the vicinity by Miss Reid and Miss Molyneux to whom I owed all my success. They called it a ‘poor night’’ nevertheless we took 19 fine P. leucographa together with fewer numbers of Jaentocampidae on the sallows. I was sorry not to take 7’. miniosa, which they had been taking. N. polycommata was exceedingly abundant sitting motionless on ash twigs and a fine series were taken. ‘There were about ten males to one female. I was fortunate in taking one absolutely black Mupithecia abbreviata and understand that this melanic form 1s not at all unusual in this particular wood. The following day (April 28rd) I had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Lowther and seeing his wonderful local collection, and in the evening we met at the same locality as on the previous night. P. lewcographa 46 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.111.1932 was again fairly abundant. The ¢s lay freely on muslin balls and Mr. Lees has bred me a large number of larvae. On the 24th we returned home and were thus away just a fortnight and during that time took the surprising list of 25 different species and this list not including many of the common spring Geometers which were not sought after. I can recommend this spring trip for this ‘“‘ Year of Economy’”’ to any of my Entomological friends who normally spend their April in possibly warmer climes but with certainly less invigorating collecting. A new form of Boarmia rhomboidaria. By H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.E.S. As shown in my paper read before the South London Entomological Society on March 10th inst. I think I have established that my ‘“‘ yellow,” so distinet in facies, has a genetic constitution distinct from ‘“‘orey”’ rhomboidaria—at least as distinct, it may be precisely as distinct, as the violet grey perfumaria. I think then that it should now be described. Where in the scale of organisms inferior to a species it should be placed, Ido not know. ‘Turner calls perfumaria a ‘‘ race.” It is an odd one, to say the least. It may be an assemblage of races. [am content to call my form an aberration, and as a slight tribute to my friend and helper Mr. J. C. Hageart of Glasgow, who introduced it to my know- ledge, I wish it to bear his name. Boarmia rhomboidaria ab. haggarti ab. nov. Head, thorax, patagia, abdomen and wings of a smooth pale yellowish grey, the bands on the abdomen only faintly suggested. The smooth appearance of the wings, a conspicuous feature in both sexes, is due to the almost entire absence of the freckling of black dots, which gives a rougher and darker appearance to rhomboidaria. In fact the yellowish erey ground colour of the wings, in spite of the pale appearance of the ~ insect, is not paler than the whitish grey of typical rhomboidaria, the dark grey appearance of which is due to freckling, which is also a prominent feature in the bright ochreous aberration australaria, Curt. On the pale ground, the usual markings are indicated, but in a paler shade than in other forms; the cross lines on the fore-wings quite weakly marked, the discoidal spot, on the other hand, being very distinct and prominent and accentuated by a clear pale area below it; the subterminal line distinct, and the apical and subapical markings clear and conspicuous. The hind wings particularly smooth, but the markings are indicated. The second cross line tends to be weak and is obsolescent in one 2 specimen. Size of B. rhomboidaria. Types. and 2 incoll. mihi. ¢ bred 19.vii.1928. ? bred 29.vi.80. Co-types 39 9. 82 2 in coll. mihi. 2 other 2 2 in coll. mihi. 1 @ in coll. Dr. HE. A. Cockayne. Other specimens in coll. J. C. Haggart. Habitat. Largs, Ayrshire. This aberration only occurs, so far as is at present known, at Largs, on the Ayrshire coast. The only specimens found at rest have been on walls to which their colour assimilated well. CURRENT NOTES. AT GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Many local lists of the Lepidoptera have appeared in this country from time to time, but few have included the so-calied Micro-lepidoptera. All are for the most part mere lists including the names of a few general collecting spots, but none show even an attempt to combine such excellent biological facts and suggestive details of the life-history of the micros as does the book before us. The Moths of Eastbourne, Pt. I]. The Pyralidina to the Micropterygina with the Obtectae, the Burnets, Clearwings, Swifts, ete. This third section of Mr. Robert Adkin’s work, the most difficult portion, really outdoes the two excellent parts previously published. One would have said that 1t was impossible to condense so much information into the few sentences alloted to each species native to Hastbourne. When one turns to the plates, 25 in number one, is envious of the young nature lover whose privilege it will be to start studying the smaller fry of the district with this excellent guide in his possession. Even the older entomologist may study this volume with great advantage to himself with the suggestive details here given. Nothing is omitted that is of paramount importance, from the most effectual method of killing to the provision of an excellent map. We must congratulate the author on this most useful piece of work,-and the Kastbourne Nat. Hist. Society, under whose auspices it has been published as a Supplement to their 7’ransactions. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries have sent us a series of 14 “ Advisory Leaflets” and Bulletin 29 on “ Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases of Basket Willows.” The latter is well-illustrated showing the pests themselves and views of their depredations. Among the pests are: Lepidoptera :—T'rochilium bembeciforme, Synanthedon formicae- formis, Depressaria conterminella, and Hypermecia cruciana. Coleoptera. —Aromia moschata, Galerucella lineola, Phyllodecta vulgatissima, and Oryptorrhynchus lapatht. Diptera, the midge Rhabdophaga heterobia. These are figured on the plates, but other species are referred to in the text. The leaflets are re-issues of older leaflets brought up to date with modern illustrations and additional information. They are quite adequately illustrated. The Int. Ent. Zeit. for Oct. 8th describes and figures a remarkable aberration of Zygaena transalpina in which the spots of the forewing are wanting except the lower spot of the outer marginal pair. Spots 3, 4 and 5 are completely absent, but of 1 and 2 there are obsolescent traces. The captor O. Michalk has named it ab. paradowa, It was taken in Bavaria. To those who are interested in the naming of the lower grades of species of the Lepidoptera, one would wish to call their attention to an article in the Hnt. News for October. The writer would place the naming of such on a biological basis and exclude most racial and aberration names. He would recognise the great regional subspecies but the naming of lower grades would be an exceptional occurrence. To those Lepidopterists who visit Berne one would suggest a visit to the ‘‘ Alpinen Museum”? to view the collection of alpine butterflies under the care of the Entomological Society of Berne. There are six sections. 1. Alpine species not found in the high north. 2. Alpine species also occurring in the high north. 38 and 4. Species of the lowland and the alpine slopes up to 4000 ft. 5. Lowland species and 48 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.111.1982 corresponding forms of the Alps, which are attached to the same special alpine plants. 6. Species of the warmer zone and southern alpine valleys. Many examples of melanism are included, Our trusted correspondent Capt. K. J. Hayward has sent us separates of three articles he has contributed to the Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina. 1. Instruction, with 2 diagrammatic plates for detailed descriptions of ova, larvae and pupae of a Lepidopteron. 2. Notes ona migration of the Argentine subspecies automate of Pieris phileta (monuste). 3. Abnormalities of four insects he has recently met, with figures of the deformities. A large quarto volume of 820 pages and 35 plates some coloured has reached our table from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Archivos do Instituto Biologico, vol. 1V. 1981 contains 18 articles on natural history of which four deal with entomology Diptera, Coleoptera and Ants. The main body of the volume is in Spanish but every article has a long abstract of its contents in English and also several abstracts in German. The volume is very well got up and records admirable work done on the Fauna and Flora of S. America by competent experimenters. We regret to note that several well-known continental entomologists have died recently including M. J. Culot of Geneva, who was the artist of those beautiful volumes on the Noctuelles et Geometres; P. J. S. Tavares, who was the editor of Broteria and devoted to the Cécidiés ; M. J. P. Dognin, the great Belgian student of 8. American Heterocera ; and Dr. ’. Rambousck of Prague well-known for his knowledge of the Staphylinidae. A separate from the Ind. Jr. of Veterinary Sci. and Animal Husbandry illustrating and describing 24 species of Tabanid Diptera has been received from the authors, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher and 8. K. Sen. The figures being in colour and of natural size must be of great practical use and the correctness of the matter must be inferred from the prestige of the authors, L’ Amateur de Pap. continues the descriptions of good French localities for Lepidoptera. In the November no. we have an account of Huzet-Les-Bains (Gard) by M. le Comte A. d’Aldin. The article includes a list of species indigenous to the neighbourhood. The same number contains a further portion of ‘“ Collecting in Madagascar.” There are two excellent black and white plates of albinistic and melanistic forms of Welanargia galathea in the December no. of Zeit. Oster. Ent.-Ver. with descriptive letterpress by Hans Hautz. A fine gynandromorph from the Hofer collection in Wien is given. Thereis a summary of the different named forms. Hunting Insects in the South Seas. By Hvelyn Cheesman. Philip Allan.—The authoress is rapidly becoming as good a writer as she is a good collector and observer of insect habits and transformations. She experiences unknown dangers often alone in the bush, even spending nights alone in deserted huts at the full mercy of native attacks ; hitherto she has emerged unscathed. In fact at times, as she told us one evening in a lecture to the South London Hntomological Society she was “‘ taboo’ and every native feared to cause her harm inany way. In the present work are such subjects as Potter wasps, Friendly Butter- flies, Caterpillars, Fireflies, Bees, Praying Mantises, A night in the Bush, and A Climbing Adventure on the Marquesas Islands. This is not a record of mere fact, but a search for the reason and object of OURRENT NOTES. 49 all the curious habits of the creatures dealt with. Obviously the cocoon is an arrangement gradually evolved for protection of the pupa during its quiescent stage, when it would be exposed to attack without ability of defence. But there is a second “ significance to the cocoon.” “Why some caterpillars wrap themselves up so carefully in bales of silk before yielding to those delicate operations by which they are changed into the mature form is because they avoid risk of a shock by doing so.” ‘There are a few illustrations but one would like more and particularly one wants a map. The book is in a very attractive jacket illustrating one of the strangely fashioned insects encountered. ‘Those who have heard Miss Cheesman lecture will need no further inducement to peruse this volume, and those who have perused the book will wish for a closer acquaintance with her in her lectures. In Lamb. for October M. Derenne gives a summary of the views of different writers on the naming of varieties, which is well worth careful reading and thought. The Entomological Society of London have recently added two eminent foreign entomologists to the much coveted honorary fellowship of the Society, viz., Dr. Walther Horn of Berlin (Germany) and Monsieur René Oberthtir of Rennes (France). The following has been sent to us; an excerpt from a Daily News- paper. It looks as if the writer was endeavouring to measure the depth of utter rubbish which the editor would insert.—‘ A curious beetle. Imprint of fly on its back. To the Editor of the Morning Post. Sir,—I am no ornithologist, but to-day (Friday), on a mountain-side in the Hifel, I saw a beetle which was quite new to me. He was wholly of a vivid scarlet, except his proboscis, which was black. At the end of each of his antennae was a good imitation of a penknife, which opened and shut like one, and, when open, gleamed like steel. On the perfectly flat back of this wholly scarlet beetle was the perfect impress, in black, of a fly. From time to time my friend would stop working his knife, and, with a hind leg, lazily polish the impress of the fly, by which the wings of the fly gained an additional shimmer.” WanpDervocEL, Altenahr.”’ We have just received the prospectus of the 5th International Congress of Entomology to be held in Paris this summer from July 16th to 23rd. The Meeting of the Congress will coincide with the celebration of the Centenary of the Entomological Society of France. Arrangements have been made for the occasion. Dr. P. Marchal will be President of the Congress, Dr. K. Jordan of Tring is the permanent Secretary, Dr. H. Hltringham represents Gt. Britain on the Executive Committee, Dr. R. Jeannel France, Dr. Walther Horn, Germany, Dr. Y. Sjosteat Sweden, and Dr. O. A. Johannsen the United States. We trust there will be a move in Nomenclature and that the Entomologists will strike away from the domination of the Zoologists. Those who wish to take part in the Congress should write to the General Secretary, Dr. R. Jeannel, Laboratoire d’Entomologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 45bis, Rue de Buffon, Paris (5e), France. On page 126 of last year, July-August 1931, we called attention to the immigrant lepidoptera of which we had heard in this country 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.19382 during the season. Any further records or a summary of what readers have noted along the coast, or far inland would be most acceptable. "Tis individual observations we want, which when pieced together may give dates of arrival on the coast, dates of appearance in the inland south, dates in the centre of the country, dates farther north, and so. on, besides indicating second immigration if occurring. The portents of the present season seems so far to point to further abnormal weather, when no doubt further mass movements of insect species will occur. The method of recording was well described by Dr. C. B. Williams in a Supplement to our journal in November last and we can supply prepared cards to all who ask for them. The Annual Gathering of British Entomologists, The Verrall Supper, took plaee on January 19th and was again a very successful gathering of old friends from far and near with a fair sprinkling of new and younger men. ‘There were not quite so many present as there has: been for the past few years and a few of the old members were missing. Appended is a list of those present: —B. W. Adkin, J. H. Adkin, R. Adkin, H. EH. Andrewes, H. W. Andrews, Dr. R. Armstrong, EH. B. Ashby, S. R. Ashby, Maj. EK. E, Austen, R. S. Bagnall, F. Balfour-Browne, H. F. Barnes, Sir T. Hudson Beare, E. J. Bedford, HK. C. Bedwell, R. B. Benson, G. T. Bethune-Baker, K. G. Blair, 5S. F. P. Blyth, EK. D. Bostock, H. Britten, Dr. G. V. Bull, Dr. M. Burr, L. C. Bushby, Prof. Bailey Butler, Dr. P. A. Buxton, Dr. M. Cameron, Dr. Hale Carpenter, S. G. Castle-Russell, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, C. L. Collenette, J. E. Collin, J. Collins, L. G. Cox, L. W. R. Cox, HK. §. Craske, W. Parkinson Curtis, H. W. Daltry, R. P. Demuth, J. R. Dibb, Dr. F. A. Dixey, A. W. Dods, H. Donisthorpe, 8. P. Duffield, H. M. Edelsten, J. H. Hdmonds, F. W. Edwards, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Dr. H. Eltringham, W. Fassnidge, R. A. Fisher, L. T. Ford, G. Fox- Wilson, I’. W. Frohawk, J. C. F. Fryer, A. G. Gabriel, A. F. J. Gedye, W.S. Gilles, F: J. Gilliat, E. Rivenhall Goffe, A. de B. Goodman,. E. J. Griffen, T. H. L. Grosvenor, H. M. Hallett, A. R. Hamm, H. §. Hanson, C. N. Hawkins, A. R. Hayward, Dr. L. G. Higgins, W. D. Hincks, B. M. Hobby, A. W. Hughes, Prof. 8. Issiki, Dr. K. Jordan, Dr. Norman Joy, H. B. D. Kettlewell, Dr. H. Lancaster, F. Laing, H. A. Leeds, H. G. Leeson, G. C. Leman, J. Spedan Lewis, H. Main, W. Mansbridge, A. M. Massee, Prof. S. Maulik, W. T. Mellows, Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, Dr. S. A. Neave, L. Nell, L. W. Newman, L. H. Newman, M. Niblett, F. A. Oldaker, H. EK. Page, T. Parker, J. F. Perkins, F. N. Pierce, 8. W. P. Pooles, Prof. E. B. Poulton, R. M. Prideaux, L. B. Prout, Capt. HW. B. Purefoy, W. Rait-Smith, O. W. Richards, Capt. N. D. Riley, A. W. Richardson, Dr. EH. Scott,, Dr. D. W. Seth-Smith, C. D. Sherborn, Dr. H. D. Smart, A. E. Stafford, H. Stringer, H. E. Syms, G. Talbot, W. H. T. Tams,. Rev. J. E. Tarbat, E. Taylor, HE. Terzi, J. le B. Tomlin, A. E. Tonge, H. J. Turner, C. J. Wainwright, Comm. J. J. Walker, Col. R. M. West, Rev. G. Wheeler, Rt. Rev. W. G. Wittingham, Rev. Preb. A. P. Wickham, V. R. Wigglesworth, D. 8. Wilkinson, H. R. Williams, C. G. M. de Worms, C. Worssam, L. H. Bonaparte Wyse. REVIEWS. 51 FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. A Practican Hanpsoox or British Beertus. By Norman Joy, M.R.S.C., L.R.C.P., F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. Witherby, 2 vols., 3 guineas.— It may, perhaps, be permitted to an orthopterist to offer a few observations on this remarkable work. Dr. Joy has devoted an immense labour to its compilation over the last twenty years or more. He was inspired by the fact that Canon Fowler’s work was not compact and had no synoptical tables for the major groups, which makes an orthopterist wonder, for no systematic work of importance on that order without such table had appeared since Brunner introduced them fifty years ago. Anticipating the criticism of his colleagues because he has, in his own words, “ returned to an older method of classification which the author considers more practical,’ he quotes in defence such eminent authorities as Sir Guy Marshall for sanction to use a key as opposed to a classification, and General St. Claire Deville, who, in a particular instance (the Alaeocharinae), hints at the possibility of the key evenly proving to be the scientific system. But supposing his key is not scientific? What of it? The sub- title of the book is ‘‘ Tabulated and [llustrated.” It is, in fact, a tabulation, not a classification. He disarms criticism by disclaiming any pretensions to a scientific monograph and he should be judged only on his own claims. Does he help us name our beetles? If so, hats off to him, for that has been his sole object. If he places the Brachelytra at the beginning, it does not mean that he considers them either the most primitive or the most advanced form of beetle, but only that they are of such distinctive appearance that any fool can recognise them at a glance even in the field. Similarly with the Gyrinidae. Logically, it is an ordinary process of elimination, just as though he had started his classification like this, 5 (2) Males with enormous jaws... ie Stag Beetles. 2) (1) Males with ordinary jaws Lg Others. Fee may not be scientific, but it would enable a beginner to tell whether his capture is a stag beetle or not. For Dr. Joy is a utilitarian unshamed and claims to be nothing else. He has avoided certain characters merely because they are inconvenient ; he prefers those which can be illustrated by figures, which do not involve highly skilful dissection, nor even, if possible, ungumming from a card. He claims, too, to be a pioneer in the use of the aedeagus as a specific character, presumably in. the Coleoptera, which, incidentally makes an orthopterist sigh for uniformity of classification. Judging by analogy, this should afford extremely useful characters, though presumably little is known of individual variation in these organs. Still, they must to a certain extent be a definite mechanical hindrance to inter-breeding. Nor does he mention the soft parts, which must offer valuable, though difficult, characters. By economising space to the utmost, by avoiding characters that cannot be used for the immediate purpose of identification, he has been able to condense into one volume of synoptical keys the 3560 species of British Coleoptera, which is 300 more than Canon Fowler knew. 52 KENIOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.111.1932 It is, in fact, in as compact a form as possible, a vade-mecum of British beetles, though only a stalwart entomologist could take it into the field with him. ‘The figures, in a separate volume, seem very clear, as though showing up points of importance. They alone representa great labour, as 1650 of them have been drawn by the author himself. He seems to have achieved his object, which has been not to write a monograph, which it is not, but to make a handbook, which it is, in the simplest, most practical form. To what extent he has really succeeded in this extremely difficult task can be proved only by the touchstone of experience and actual test. The publishers have done their work nobly. The price is a good deal of money, especially nowadays, but the work is not for one year only, and the information cannot be dear at the price.—M.B. Tue Lepmorrrrous Fauna or Atpania. By Dr. Hans Rebel and Dr. Hans Zerny, Vienna. Large quarto. 126 pp, 1 plate, 1 map.— This extremely well got up and arranged work is an admirable report of the Lepidopterological observations made in Albania in 1918 by the members of the Expedition sent out by the Academy of Science, Vienna. In the report the results of all previous coliecting in the same area have been incorporated, and a really comprehensive account has been produced. The introductory portion has been arranged on the same useful and instructive plan which one finds in Dr. Rebel’s previous works on the Lepidopterous Fauna of Balkan-lands. There isa useful Geographical Sketch of the country, followed by a note on the Lepidop- terous peculiarities of the adjoining territories, Montenegro and Macedonia, then come summaries of the faunal character of Albania ; endemic species 21; Eurosiberian species 618; Alpine species 68 ; Boreal Alpine species 30; Mediterranean species 136; Pontic species 35, and Ponto-Mediterranean species 617; a List of References from which matter has been culled, including a number from the pages of our own magazine, and notes on the various places referred to in the text. 1500 species are recorded exclusive of many local forms. The inclusion of data concerning Montenegro, Macedonia, etc., have much increased the value of the record. 21 new species and forms are described, most of which are figured on the plate. The immense amount of research for records is simply marvellous, and the whole work will be of untold value to all future workers in Albania, Montenegro and Macedonia. The nomenclature used is that of Staudinger but is illumined in each species, by the insertion in brackets of the genera used by more recent workers, e.y., Aricia, Hirsutina, lolana, Agriades and others in the omnibus genus Lycaena of old, recognising that such an unwieldy assemblage must be cut up to to be grasped by the mind. We understand that Dr. Rebel has now completed his term of duty in the museum—vwe wish him a long and pleasant relief from official duties. The younger and most able Dr. Zerny will be a worthy successor to Rebel and we look forward to a continuance of the able memoirs which for so many years have been coming from the Viennese Lepidopterists.—Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InuusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. ‘Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. hey shonld be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. VI’. Woolhouse, Hill Howse, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ durago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and eponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—Ocellatus* 5, Hastata 1, Cambricaria 3, Blandina 12, Protea* (melanic) 2, Camelina* 2, Dromedarius* 1, well set on black pins with data. Desiderata.—Betulae, Trepida, Diluta, Or and Myricae. Geo. Nicholson, 24, Nun’s Moor Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Duplicates. —A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. March 16th, April 6th. The South London Entomological and ,Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. March 24th, April 14th, 28th.—Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, Avenue House, The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. © Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Miss L. M. Fison, Rev. Canon Foster, Lt. EH. B. Ashby, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, W.H. T. Tams, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. B. D. Kettlewell, H. Donisthorpe, J. Sneyd Taylor, Dr. N. H. Joy, W. G. Sheldon, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, «“‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday. collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. A GONTENTS OF VOL. II. MeLanisM aND MetaNnocarotsmMm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VanraTion (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., ete., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, Lond to whom. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable ee APRIL, 1932 AND JOURNAL OF VARI EiprreD G. T. Beraonn-Baken, v.z.8., F.u.3., ) J. Wi. Comin, ¥.£.8. Wah the Chairman. H. DoniIsTHoRPH, F.z.8., R. S. Baanann, D.SC., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. Graves, F.E.8. istanoe of Maxcontm Bourn, D.8¢., F.8.8. H. fi. Paar, r.n.s. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, r.u.s. ALFRED SICH, ¥.1.8. I. A. Cockaynr, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Rev. G. WHErLER, M.A., F.E.8., F.Z.8. F.R.C.P. By Henry J. TURNER, ¥.4.s., r.n.u.8., Editorial Seeretary. CONTENTS Lepidoptera at Dieulefit, 1930 and 1931, Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.H.S, .. 53 Aigle and the Rhone Valley, 1931, Lt. H. B. Ashby, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Bt 55 Notes on Algerian Butterflies ; Kabylia, Miss L. M, Fison. .. oi bc 58 Mosley’s Original Descriptions. .. oe 5e aie ar 60 George Crabbe 1754-1832, H. Donisthorpe, Pa Z.S., PI E.S. ye 61 Norss on CoLtectine.—Lepidoptera from Salonika, Dr. G. “8. Tara Uhlunga typica (Pentatomidae), J. Sneyd Taylor, M.A., D.1. C., F.E.S.: P. globulariae and P. cognata, WV. G. Sheldon, FE.S. Manduca atropos, C. Nicholson : Additions to the Irish List, Rev. Ganon S. G. Foster, B.D, .. re aie ae : 61 Current Notes .. ne oe 2: Se ae sc S06 Se 64 Nomenclature, Hy.J.T. .. a ag se oA ne 50 65 Rerviews.—‘‘ Butterflies of Columbia ”’ by A. H. Clar oe Biology of Spiders, by EL. Nielson... 3 : 56 ef ee at 67 Oprrvary.—J. J. Tees 7 South. 3 ; as oa 68 SupeLemMentT.—-British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.E.S., F. R. H.S. (221)-(224) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS, to The Ilon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Witham, 8.1.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). 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The Vasculum is now in its seventeenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings: and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. OF THE BRITISH ISLES BUTTERFLIES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. — late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt, containing a coloured examp e of every species and many varieties also half-tone illustrations of eggs. caterpillars, foo -plants, etc., revised nomenclature and index of scient fic names. 7/G net. FREDERICK WARNE & GO... LTD. 1-4, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. ‘« ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turnyr, F.E.8. .. .. Price, one copy, 1s. 0d. ; two, 1s. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenneru J. Haywarp, F.E.S. .. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.H.S. (afew copies only) . ae .. 8s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. ; Anprews, F.E.S. .. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-438 of Ent. Record, new series ; ; including "Special Index . oe oe 50 o6 50 ate Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be spanned post free from H, W. Anprews, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. LEPIDOPTERA AT DIEULEFI?. 53 Lepidoptera at Dieulefit (Dréme) in April, 1930 and 1931. By Wu. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.E.S. When my wife and I chose the small village of Dieulefit, of 3,600 inhabitants, in the entomologically unknown Department of the Drome, as the place where we would like to spend the Haster holiday of 1930, we certainly had no intention of paying asecond visit. But the finding of one or two interestiny insects, coupled with the fact that 1930 was a very late season in that region, and further strengthened by our stumbling on a very pleasant ‘‘ pension,” induced us to go there again in 1931, in order to explore more fully the possibilities of the locality, while at the same time gathering material for the solution of at least one of the problems raised. Dieulefit is quite a small village in a lateral valley about 15 miles east of the Rhone at Montélimar. It hes at the end of a ‘“ tramway,’ which has now been replaced by a motor- bus service run by the same company, in the foothills of the Basses-Alpes at no great altitude, and the mountains in the vicinity range from about three to four thousand feet in height. One higher mountain is to be seen from the town—La Lance—which reaches over five thousand feet. For the most part the hillsides are steep and stony; dry and rather barren, with here and there oak scrub, pines, juniper, viburnum, etc. Hven in April there is not much water in the streams, and no doubt later in the year the vegetation on the hillsides suffers much from drought. In April, 1980, the season was a late one, but in 1931 it was more normal, possibly even a little earlier than usual. In both years we spent about three weeks at Dieulefit, staying at ‘ Le Jas,” a pension run by Mlle. Barral, where we found ourselves very comfortable at a moderate price, being especially delighted with the spacious gardens gay with flowers of every kind. I have already said something concerning three insects bred fre galls on juniper found at Dieulefit (Hunt. Rec. MOG al OST ip. 3A), namely, Poecilonota festiva, L., Laspeyresia Fniemaetnonaine, Moschl., and Synanthedon spuleri, Fuchs, and propose now to add further observations made in 1931 to what I wrote there. One of my reasons for revisiting this locality was to investigate these juniper galls, though as my wife had already decided that she wished to spend another holiday there, perhaps it was just as well that I was able to agree so readily. We began at once in dull and windy weather to search on the junipers that grow so abundantly on every hillside and in every stony valley all around the town ; we continued the process at intervals and I made notes on the spot. The hammer headed larva of the lovely green Buprestid, P. festiva, L., did not seem to be so common as in 1930, but still was plentiful enough, feeding ir a flat burrow between the bark and the wood in stems of moderate thickness, and stuffing the mine behind it full with tightly packed sawdust-like frass. I soon learned to distinguish its mine from any other, and only bred two specimens this year, brought home by chance, as I did not want them. I found the beetle larva and the Aegeriid larva mining together occasionally, and the beetle larva and the Tortrix larva mining together rather more frequently. Normally, however, the’beetle larva was all alone, and the swelling caused by it was not at all conspicuous, only the brown needles on the half dead twig betraying its presence. I did not once find two APR °Q 1932 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1V.19382 beetle larvae mining in the same stem. The Tortrix larva, which has kindly been identified by Mr. E. Meyrick from insects bred in 1930 as Laspeyresia interscindana, Moéschl, was very common. On April 5th, I found it mostly full fed or nearly so, sometimes spun up for pupation, twice already changed to pupa, in a silk lined chamber scooped out of the wood just under the bark. Fine reddish frass betrays its presence as well as the shght swelling of thestem. Twigs ofall sizes are affected, sometimes quite thin ones only a quarter of an inch thick below the swelling. ‘The larva is yellowish white, with a chestnut brown head and paler two-lobed neck shield, but no sign of an anal plate. Often there are three or even more larvae in one twig and but rarely only one. It is very frequently parasitised, and one may see the hymenopteron fully formed within the pupa. JI carelessly did not note that Kennel in his great work on the Palearctic Tortricidae does not mention the larva of L. interscindana, or I would have made more voluminous notes on it when I had the opportunity. I have no doubt whatever that this species is the sole cause of the slight swelling observed, but I cannot say if the swelling deserves to be ranked among the galls. The Aegeriid larva—that of Synanthedon spulert, Fuchs, stated to be conspecific with S. tipuliformis, Cl.—was only moderately common although its old workings were comparatively abundant. In early April the larvae were of varying sizes, some being still quite small, while many were spun up for pupation, some few having already changed. The pupal chamber is formed well within the stem and lined with silk. It greatly weakens the thinner stems at that point so that there is great danger that they will break if carelessly handled, damaging the pupae. Apart from risk of damage there is no great harm done, for 1 succeeded in breeding a good proportion of pupae extracted from their mines. The smallest larvae were about three eighths of an inch in length, in borings just under the bark, rather more transparent than larger larvae, and having a reddish alimentary canal. ‘They are quite easy to distinguish from the Tortrix larvae, which occur fairly frequently in the same swellings. I think these smaller larvae would feed up and emerge in the same season, though it is not possible to make a definite statement. Emergence in captivity is spread over a considerable period, as is often the case with Aegeriids, and almost certainly the species has only a one year cycle. [ found this species in stems of all sizes, often in stems from which insects had emerged in previous years, in which case they were boring lower down in the stem nearer to the living wood, and not above the gall where the stem was dead or dying. Several times I found two or three larvae together, and a few times more than three. They are very heavily parasitised indeed. Old mines are easily found because of the dead and brown needles, but I found several larvae in galls where the stem was still quite living and the needles still almost as green as ever. These stems must have been only recently affected, and would not die away until after the first tenants had emerged. Many times I found the remains of the pupa case, sometimes even the complete case, projecting from stems containing one or more living larvae. Clearly the affected stem is used for several years by successive generations. Theswelling thus caused is sometimes a very conspicuous one, for in September, 1981, I found these larvae at San Juan de la Pefia, near to Jaca, in Aragon, feeding in stems as thick as my wrist, causing galls more than eight inches in length and four inches in thick- AIGLE AND THE RHONE VALLEY, 5d ness. I have no reasonable doubt that these swellings are caused solely by the larvae of S. spulert, which must certainly be maintained on the short list of gall-making lepidoptera. One very curious and welcome find came to break the monotony of the search for these juniper galls. After cutting off a galled stem I discovered that I was grasping a fine large cocoon of Hoplitis milhauseri, F'b., fixed to the stem close above the gall, from which cocoon a fine large female duly emerged as late as July Ist, at 4.30 p.m. Before leaving the subject of juniper galls, I ought to state that in spite of the rather large number of larvae necessarily spoiled by my investigations, yet I brought home a sufficient number of galls to yield a long series both of the Aegeriid and of the Tortrix. One other insect also emerged from these juniper twigs, namely, a single specimen of Laspeyresia juniperana, Mill., which is well known to feed on the berries, and doubtless had simply found a convenient spot for pupation in one of the mines. One other Aegeriid rewarded my search at last, Sciapteron tabani- formis, Rott., a species | have sought for in vain in many localities in France. I found full fed larvae and pupae low down in young shoots of lombardy poplar growing in the open far from the parent trees, and bred two moths. Although this species has long been known as a gall- maker, these larvae had not caused the slightest swelling, and the copious frass extruded alone betrayed their presence. (To be concluded.) Aigle and the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, in May, 1931. By Lieut. H. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Leaving London at 2 p.m. on May 9th, I arrived at Aigle station via Paris and Vallorbe at 9.1 a.m. on the following day. I decided to stay again at the Hotel Beau Site, because of its immediate proximity to Aigle station, and I was made very comfortable there during the whole of this trip. May 10th.—I went out before and after déjeuner, but my bag only included the Butterflies, a g Carterocephalus palaemon, and 8 Leptosia sinapis, the Bombilius fly B. discolor ; and two specimens of Chrysotoaum festivum, l., the Coleoptera Carabus auratus, L., Cocinella bipunctata, L., var.,and Corymbites purpureus, Poda., the Hymenoptera Halictus laticeps 9, Hucera longicornis, and the Rhyncotid Triecophora dorsata, Germ. This last is new to the British Museum collection at 5. Kensington, and more specimens are wanted. The B.M. is rather weak in Triecophora species in general. 7’. dorsata is to be found in Spain, S. France, Switzerland, Italy and Dalmatia. The country was looking exceedingly pretty and the weather was fine, tempered with a nice breeze. I also took a single specimen of the bee Bombus hypnorum, L. =meridiana, Panz., for the first time. As I imagine that English collectors might very easily overlook this bee I give the following description of it by Dr. Schmiedeknecht, viz.: “ Bombus hypnorum, L., is so characteristically coloured, that a mistake cannot occur. Only Bombus gerstdckeri and Bombus hortorwmn var. consobrinus have any resemblance. In the female the head in front is blackish-grey, above the thorax it is covered with hairs of a fox-red colour. The black hairs of the abdomen appear dull on account of 56 ° ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1932 interspersed greyish hairs. The whole underside is black with inter- mingled yellow-grey hairs. Segments 4 to 6 dingy white, segment 6 rather bare, underneath at the extremity covered with short fox red hairs. Legs black, the tarsi yellow-grey. In Germany the females nearly always have a black abdominal base, on the other hand the fore segments in the males are mostly rust-red coloured, less so in the workers. Varieties, in which the thorax is partially coloured black, appear to be very rare, J at any rate have never come across such. “ Bombus hypnorum moreover nowhere belongs to the over abundant species, but occurs everywhere in the northerly and central regions. I have noticed, that the species is extraordinarily variable in its occurrences. Thus it was, about 10 years ago, not exactly rare at Gumperda, but disappeared in the following years, so that for about 8 years I came across no specimen. In the year 1880 it occurred very suddenly again rather abundantly and single specimens occurred in the last two years. The females appear here about the middle of April and seek by preference the blossoms of gooseberry bushes. They also visit other spring flowers, such as Anchusa, Lamtinmn, Taraxacum, ete. The workers have an especial preference for the flowers of Rubus and are met with there in company with pratorwm and scrimshiranus. The males appear from the end of August. They may then be found freely on thistles, very freely also on Hypilobium auyustifolinm and Solidago. On the latter flowers especially in company of the male of Bombus lapidarius. “ They are rather inactive. The nest above the ground.” Patria: Huropa borealis et centralis. From ‘‘ Apidae Europaeae’’ by Dr.. H. L. Otto Schmiedeknecht, Gumperda in Sachsen.—Altenburg. 1882. May 11th.—This morning I walked up the Sepey road for several kilometers and then turning down to the right of the road on to a wooded footpath I found a collecting ground well shaded from the morning sun. Here I found some nice Aglaia tau in good condition ; L. sinapis, Nisoniades tages, Brenthis enphrosyne, Polyommatus semiargus males only, and Hesperia malvae among the butterflies. Papilio podalirius and P, machaon were also flying but were out of reach. The Coleoptera Telephorus rustica, Fall., Cicindela hybrida, L., Necrophorus mortuorum, F., the beautiful longicorn Apanthia cardut, L., Cetonia hirtella, L., Malachius aeneus, L.; the Hymenoptera Chalicodoma muraria, F., Psithyrus vestalis, Foure., and Andrena hattorfiana, Fab.; and the Dipteron Syritta pipiens ; the moths Melanippe sociata, Bork., Bapta temerata, Hb., and Boarmia repandata. At night the beetle Melolontha vulgaris 3, flew into my bedroom with great noise. In the morming I also took the Ants Formica sanguinea, Latr. and Camponotus ligniperdus. May 13th.—This morning by train to St. Triphon at 8a.m. Thence by walking along a track directly parallel to and north of the railway in due course I reached the banks of the RiverGryonne. These banks I found better up stream, rather than down stream, as the section where the Gryonne joins the Rhone and the Rhone banks themselves produced practically nothing. Working up the Gryonne banks against the stream I found Hamearis lucina, the “ blue” L. cyllarus in some abundance and both sexes, some fresh C. palaemon, Polyommatus thersites, Cant., a few of both sexes but in splendid condition ; Cupido AIGLE AND THE RHONE VALLEY, 57 sebrus, P. icarus; the moth Lobophora halterata, Hufn., 2 ; and the Neuropteron Ascalaphus longicornis in abundance ; also the Rhyncotid Carpocoris purpuretpennis, De Geer, on bushes in some numbers by the River bank. After walking back along the banks of the Rhone, a most fruitless journey, I came to some woods alongside the Rhone, and just opposite to St. Triphon these produced a nice fresh series of C. palaemon; the Coleoptera Trichodes alrearins, Kabr., Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop., Phyllopertha horticola, L., Melanotus vittatus, F., Abaw striola, F., and Leptura aethiops, Poda; the Hymenoptera Arge enodis, Tenthredella solitaria, Scop., and the ant Pormica pratense, Ritz.; Macrophya ribis, Schrk. and Syrphus ribesii, L., and the Diptera H’mpis tessellata, Fabr., and Chrysotowum ttalicum, Rond., and the Neuropteron Philopotamus gudificatus, Mch. After midday the heat was pretty awful and I was glad to rest and take the afternoon train back from St. Triphon station to Aigle. I may mention that the road electric tramway Aigle—Ollon -—Monthey serves this locality just as well and provides a more frequent stopping service than the Railway. It was interesting this morning to watch Ascalaphus longicornis emerging in great numbers along the banks of the River Gryonne. When the wings first begin to grow they are of a pale yellowish green, the distinctive colorations appearing later, but in short duration. May 15th.—To St. Triphon station this morning early. Then I found the road which leads through the Charpigny Estate, only a short distance from the Railway, to the north of it. I spent several hours on this rocky eminence and took Hrebia medusa quite fresh, also Heodes dorilis ; Melitaea cinxia; the moth Aglia tan ; and a few Coleoptera, amongst them Telephorus rustica, Fall. ; and the Hymenoptera Tenthre- della temula, Scop. ; Chalicodoma muraria, F.; Bombus pratorum, Ly; B. sylvarum, L.; Odynerus pictus; Bombus subterraneus (latretllellus) ; and the Diptera Chrysotoxum fasciolatum, M.G.,a beautiful fly. Cupido minima Was conspicuous amongst the Butterflies, and I saw several P. machaon, but they were elusive. ‘The day was very hot, and the only one or two men I| saw walking through the Estate seemed too much affected with the heat to take any notice of me. There is suitable collecting ground throughout the length of the road which winds around the Hstate, which appeared to have hardly altered at all since I was last there by the courtesy of the late Monsieur Fison, in July 1909, a day which [ shall never forget. May 16th.—This morning I spent on the sloping marshy pastures between the Grand Hotel, Aigle, and Ollon. I took the following in superb condition H. dorilis, both sexes; P. semiargus, males only; M. cinaia, and P. icarus, I noticed also the moth Aglia tau, and Hrebia medusa. ‘There is a small pond in the area, to the right of the road around which a number of Dragon Flies were flying, but they managed to keep out of reach. I took the Rhyncotid Syromastes marginatus, L. At night a male and female of the moth Melanippe procellata flew into my bedroom. May 17th.—Today by the River Gryonne, which flows into the Rhone between St. Triphon and Bex, and in the marshy fields adjoining the River for some distance Hrebia medusa was becoming more abundant, and Melitaea parthenie was justemerging. A nice number of P. thersites, 58 - ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1932 both sexes and in good condition were found settled on Onobrychis sativa by the banks of the Gryonne. P. icarus were also in the same situation, I thought not so common as P. thersites; I took one specimen of the moth Lithosia sororcula, The day became stormy about 3.0 p.m. and ended in torrents of rain from 5.80 p.m. onwards after my return. Zygaena achilleae, Esp, were beginning to emerge. (To be concluded.) Notes on Algerian Butterflies with Special Reference to some Localities. in Kabylia. By Miss L. M. FISON. (Concluded from page 8.) The genus V'anessa.—A pparently the ‘‘ Peacock Butterfly” (J. io) does not exist in Algeria. 1 have never seen it nor have | found any record of it. Pyraneis atalanta.—Not uncommon in Kabylia. It seems to fly early and late. I have seen it as late as December, and yesterday, January 22nd, 1931, I saw one near a Kabyle village at a height of about 8000 ft. above sea-level. It must have been a hibernated specimen—which the first sunny day had brought out after weeks of torrential rain, snow and sleet. Michelet itself is placed at a height of 1182 French metres above the sea, and in winter we are frequently blocked with snow which lies at a depth of anything between 30 centimetres to 1 metré 50. P. cardui.i—Common in the valley of the Sebaou. (L.M.F.) Plateaux, Tell, Sahara, Biskra and Blida. Sometimes in great numbers. Eugonia polychloros.—Azazga, Djidjelli, Port Gueydon, Mékla, Michelet, Yakouren ; also I think I’, erythromelas. Euvanessa antiopa.—The ‘‘ Camberwell Beauty” I have seen only occasionally in the forest of Yakouren. (L.M.F.) Polygonia egea.—Azazea, Michelet, Valley of Oued, Djemaa, } Mekla. P. c-albtum.—The same localities. Melitaea aurinia subsp. iberica.—N. Africa, no locality given, | have never seen it yet. (L.M.F.) M. desfontainii.—The Tell. M. aetherie subsp. alyerica.—Tlemcen, Teniett, Plateaux and Tell. M. phoebe.—Tlem¢en, Lambeése. M. didyma.—Plateaux, Tell, Sahara, Michelet, Oued, Djemaa. M. didyma subsp. deserticola.—Biskra and Teniett. M. deione.—Not seen. M. cinwia.—Not seen. Issoria lathonia.—Valley of the Sebaou, mountains above Fréha, (L.M.F.) Argynnis aglaia.—Not seen. A. adippe.—Kabylia. Probably subsp. auresiana.—Valley of the Sebaou. (L.M.F.) Aurés Mts. and Plateau. A. paphia and A. pandora.—Both in woods near Azazga. (L.M.F.) Aurés Mts., Plateaux, Blida, Teniett, Sebaou, Tlemcen, Oran. The interesting and beautiful genus Mrebia does not seem to exist NOTES ON ALGERIAN BUTTERFLIES IN KABYLIA. 59 in North Africa, although of course probably the extreme heights of the Atlas Mountains have as yet not been much worked. Libythea celtis.—I have not as yet found a specimen of this butterfly, but probably because I have not paid sufficient attention to it. Neither the ‘“‘ Purple Emperors”’ nor ‘‘ White Admirals’? seem to exist here. The ‘‘ Hairstreaks’’ were remarkably abundant in two localities with a profusion of rare ‘‘ blues’? in June and July, 1921, in a ravine near Djemaa Sahridj. 1 would especially recommend this locality to any entomologist who should visit Kabylia. In 1922 again they swarmed in a wood near the river Sebaou, close to the village of Aboubrouu half-way between Azazga and Mékla at the end of May, June and July, 1922. I should be very pleased to direct any entomologist to these two localities should they wish to visit them. They are the best I know for these species and undoubtedly an expert would discover interesting secrets in both these local spots. Also in Azazga forest. (L.M.F.) Strymon (Thecla) tlicts.—Guelma, Souk Ahras. Zephyrus quercus subsp. tberica.—Sebdou. Cigaritis zohra.—Guelma. C. siphav.—Teniett. Thestor ballus.—Abundant each year in the valley of the Sebaou, Azazea, Mékla, Michelet, Ageribbes, Port Gueydon. (L.M.F.) Blida, Kantara, Lambése, Bougie, Algeria, Constantine and Hammam. T’. mauretanica.—Algiers, Lambése, Mustapha Superieur, Constantine. Rumicia phlaeas.—Valley of the Sebaou. (L.M.F). Lambese, Constantine, Biskra, Blida, Oran, Tlemcen, Hamman. ff. elens.— Guelma. Lampides boeticus and Syntarucus telicanus.—Both, I think, very abundant in the two localities mentioned with the ‘ hairstreaks ”’ with a lot of other blues, which I could not identify—as I had never seen specimens in Kurope and I have never seen an Algerian collection. Very interesting localities to entomologists. (L.M.F.) I shall hope to re-visit these spots this year. Tarucus theophrastus.—Teniett, Sebdou, Kantara, Souk-ahras. Zizera lorquinit.—Teniett, Blida, Tlemcen. Plebeius martini.—Lambése, Teniett, Cascade. Scolitantides baton (=vicrama).—Kantara, Hamman. Iiveres argiades.—Blida. Aricia medon.—Lambese, Michelet. Polyommatus icarus.—Valley of the Sebaou, Michelet, Mékla, Azazga. (L.M.F.) P. thetis (bellargus).—Sebdou. Glaucopsyche cyllarus.—Hammam. Lycaenopsis aryiolus.—Spring and summer, Valley of Sebaou, Ait Sadda, Michelet. (L.M.i.) G. melanops.—Kantara, Blida, Lambeése, Philippeville, Michelet (com.). Carcharodus lavatherae. Spilothyrus boeticus.—Guelma. [rynnis alceae.—Sebdou, Tlemcen, Salda, Maglim1. Powellia therapne.—Blida, Sebdou. Hesperia alveus.—Sebdou, Tlemcen, Saida. 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1V.1922 H.. onopordi.—Lambese. Sloperia proto subsp. mohammed.—Algiers, Teniett, Sebdou. Powellia sertorius (sao).—Guelma, Michelet. Thymelicus acteon.— Lallah, Magnia. Adopaea lineola.—Teniett. A. hamza.—Teniett. A. flava (thaumas).—Lallab, Magnia. Augiades sylvanus.— Parnara nostradamus, P. mathias, and P. zelleri.mSebdou. In conclusion let me say that ] fully realise how incomplete these notes are—and how much more ground needs yet to be covered in order to get an adequate knowledge of these localities. ‘hese notes are however intended to be merely preliminary to others and we hope year by year to add to them. ‘The primary object has been to suggest localities for further researeh—and to encourage entomologists more expert than myself to come to Kabylia and discover more about the rich butterfly fauna produced in this beautiful land. A visit of several months from February to the end of June would well repay the eager searcher. Azazga, Tizi-Ouzou, Tigzirt and Michelet are certainly good centres from which to work. Probably Kerrata too at the foot of the famous Gorges du Chanet-es-Akra would also prove a good hunting-ground. Kabylia is opening up in all directions with a good communication of trains and motor-buses, etc., and the hotels are quite moderately comfortably. It is therefore with no hesitation that we affirm the Djurjura Mts. of Kabylia to hold secrets well worth unravelling—and secrets which have certainly remained for centuries absolutely hidden to the great majority of the inhabitants of Algeria. Original Descriptions. By C. Mosley. Below are the original descriptions of several aberrational forms which have appeared in more or less obscure journals or publications and therefore very difficult for the average worker to obtain. I. The new formsannounced by C. Mosley in the Naturalist’s Journal more than 30 years ago. Pieris napt ab, aurea, Mrly. Nat. Jr. Sup. p. 6 (1856). The name was given to a coloured figure on plt. 11. fig. 10. from an example in Capper’s Coll. Yellow with nervures clouded with grey and the usual females markings on all wings; not the bright canary-yellow. S. of England. Kuchloé cardamines ab. minor, Mrly. Nat. Jr. Sup. p. 6 (1896). “ g and 2 measuring 15 lines in expanse ; fairly constant and recurring. It is in many collections: I have taken it at Arnside,.and Mr. Barrett says (/J1.M. XXY. 81) it occurred regularly for some years in Surrey, a few days before the ordinary form.” Aricia medon (agestis), Mrly. Nat. Jr. Sup. p. 8 (1896). <‘ Ground colour below brown. A form of the second brood.” Polyommatus thetis (adonis} ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 9 (1896). “The g pale lilac, the 2 pale brown.” This form occurs on the Kentish coast. Lycaena arion ab. immaculata, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 10 (1896). ‘* With only disc spot,” plt. IV. fig. 13. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 61 Aglais urticae ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 14 (1896). ‘* Ground straw-colour.”’ Melanargia galathea ab. rubra, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 16 (1896). “* Black markings replaced by red-brown.” Pararge aegeria ab. bipupillata, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 16 (1896). <‘ Tip spot on fore-wings with two white spots.” Pararge megera ab. bipupillata, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p.16 (1896). ‘“ Apical spot: with two white dots.” Adopaea sylvanus ab, pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 16 (1896). ‘The ground colour being of a yellowish bone-colour.”’ Adopaea comma ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 17 (1896) pale. Adopaea lineola ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 17 (1896) pale. George Crabbe 1754-1832. This year is the centenary of the Poet Crabbe. Everyone of course, has heard of him as a poet, but [ should imagine that very few people know that he was an entomologist ! He was born at Aldborough, in Suffolk, on December 24th, 1754, and was brought up to be a doctor, but he soon gave up the medical profession, and took to literature, in which he became eventually distinguished. In 1781 he qualified himself for holy orders, and became domestic chaplain to the Karl of Rutland. He had many distinguished friends including Dr. Johnson, Burke, Fox, etc. He was presented with a number of livings, including Muston, and Croxton Kerrial, in Leicestershire. It was in Leicestershire that he did much of his collecting, and he published an essay on ‘“‘ The Natural History of the Vale of Belvoir” which was written for ‘‘ Nichols’s History of Leicester- shire” (1795). The part containing the Coleoptera in this paper was reviewed by the writer in the Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society & 198-200 (1896). I came across this paper when taking notes for the Donisthorpe pedigree in Nichols’s History. Crabbe evidently had a very fair idea of Natural History and also a knowledge of the various works on Entomology then extant. In Thomas Marsham’s ‘‘ Entomologia Britanica’’ several beetles are given as “‘ Hix mus D. Crabbe.’ It would be interesting if possible to find out what has become of this collection. To mention some of his Poems the best known are ‘‘ The Candidate”; ‘‘The Village’”’ ; ‘The Borough,” perhaps his best ; ‘‘ Tales in Verse”; and “ Tales of the Hall.”—Horacze DonistHoren. YOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. Norss on a FEW Lepipoprera From SaLonika.—It may be of interest to record a few insects I took in Salonika in 1918 and early 1919; as the box containing them was mislaid, until recently, there was no opportunity to do so before. Kpinephele jurtina and f. hispulla, Polyommatus icarus (type), Varucus balkanica, Syntarucus telicanus, Coenonympha pamphilus race lyllus, Ocnogyna parasita, Hiibn., Huaoa spinifera, Hibn., Huaoa radius, Haw., Cucullia chamomiliae, Zamacra flabellaria, Heeger., Cidaria obstipata, Fabr., Celama chlamitulalis, Hiibn. 62 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1932 These were identified by Capt. Riley and others at the Natural History Museum, 8. Kensington, without whose kind assistance several species could not have been named. O. parasita came freely to ight in the army huts during the last few days of Dec. 1918 and first week of January 1919—at that time there was a severe frost, and snow was on theground. Cidaria obstipata was out in February.—G. 8. Rosertson, M.D., ‘‘ Struan,” Storrington. February 9th, 1982. A Nore on Ustunea typica, Dist., (Pentatomipan).—Harly in June of last year ] found a number of Pentatomid egg-clusters on the leaves of a wild species of fig. (Ficus ingens, Miq.), growing in my garden at Barberton. The egg-clusters were more or less circular in form, and each consisted of a single layer of eggs varying from about thirty to fifty in number. In each case the female Pentatomid was observed resting on the eggs, remaining there, or in close proximity to the eggs, until hatching took place. The nymphs, on hatching, migrated to the fruits where they, as well as adults, were to be found in considerable numbers. The insect has since been determined as being Uhlunga typica, Dist., by Mr. B. P. Uvarov, of the Imperial Institute of Entomology. Dr. Imms in his General Teatbook of Entomology, p. 346, under “ Pentatumidae,’ quotes two similar cases with reference to other species.—J. Sneyp Taynor, (M.A., D.I.C., F.H.S.), Pretoria, Transvaal. Procris GLOBULARIAE aND P. cognata.—Dr. E. A. Cockayne in his paper on the early stages of Procris ylobulariae, Hb. and of P. cognata, H.S. in the Frebruary number of the Hnt. Record states, p. 19, ‘‘ None of the Sussex collectors, who have been breeding it from time to time for many years, seem to have noticed that the larva they found was quite unlike that described in all our books.” Jam afraid Dr. Cockayne hardly gives the credit to at least one Sussex collector that he deserves. — If he will turn to Mntomologist Vol. LIV. (1921) p. 240, he will find there a note by myself on this larva in which I state ‘“*] am indebted to the kindness of Mr. F. G. 8. Bramwell of Brighton, for a supply of larvae of this extremely local moth, and also for pointing out that Buckler’s figures and description do not agree with British examples of the larvae.” Dr. Cockayne says ‘‘I have found no published description or fioure’”’ of the larva. It is true in my short note I did not give a full description, but I did in it point out the differences, as I noted them, between the larvae supplied by Mr, Bramwell, and Buckler’s description, and suggested that the difference is so great that I am inclined to think Buckler, who obtained his larvae from Continental sources, must have had some other species.—W. G. Saetpon (F.Z.5., F.E.S.), “West Watch,’ Oxted. March 4th, 1982. More azout Manpuca atropos.—Adverting to my note on a larva of this species, found on privet in this village on August 19th last and recorded on p. 157 of last volume, I think it will be desirable to give its further history. ‘lhe larva duly pupated in about a fortnight after it went down in a pot of soil on the 21st and was left in the pot covered with the soil, but under a ‘“ tent”’ of cardboard to prevent the NOTES ON COLLECTING. 63 soil from pressing on it. It was kept thus in a cold, but frost-proof, room with a north aspect and IJ decided to try the experiment of leaving it thus for at least several months, as I had no bellglass, or similar convenience, for forcing it in the recognised way. Every few weeks the pupa was inspected and touched, and it responded vigorously with tail turnings and twitchings until about the middle of December it occurred to me to try a little mild forcing on it. It was therefore established in an old breeding cage, made out of a “50” cigar box with perforated zinc sides, ends and lid. This was stood on end and fitted at the ‘‘ bottom ’”’ with a small tin box containing damp earth on which several layers of newspaper were laid and finally a piece of tissue paper; on this the pupa rested quite exposed, and remained so (with occasional soakings of the earth with warm water, to prevent the pupa from being chilled) between the hot water cistern and the wall in our kitchen airing cupboard at a temperature varying between 65° and 80° Fahr., until a fine male of the intermediate form emerged in the evening of February 15th. Next day I took it in the box to show such of the villagers as were interested, and all were much impressed with its handsome, but uncanny, appearance and said they had never seen such a moth before. It was perfectly quiescent, probably on account of the prevailing chilly weather, and [ could not induce it to squeak. I kept it alive, still in the box, until the 21st, when, as it had not moved and seemed torpid with the cold, I put it in the cyanide bottle.—C. Nicuotson, Tresillian, Cornwall. Criticism, Corroporation, Appirions to ‘‘ Recent additions to Irish Fauna and Flora” Proc. Roy. Irish 4c. XXIX. Sect. B. No. 1, pp. 19- 20 (1929)—-Fucosmia cruciana, Li. (angustana, Hb.).—Among willows at Narin and Portnoo, Co. Donegal, August, 19380, but Meyrick says, ‘‘ Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common,” p. 546. Kane gives a long list of Irish localities. Aryyroploce semifasciana, Hb.—Abundant at Inch, Kerry, July, 1905. A. corticana, Hb.—One in woods skirting Carrig Mt., Co. Wicklow. Meyrick, ‘“‘ Britain to Ross, local.’ June, 1925. A. profundana, Fb.—Rathdrum, .Co. Wicklow, August, 1924. A. micana, Fr6l.—One, Caragh, Co. Kerry, June, 1912. Of the following I can find no previous records. Hucosma crenana, Hb.—Kilclief, Co. Down, August 17th, 1929 (Identification doubtful). Meyrick, ‘“ North of England, Perth.” Therefore Co. Down, is a likely locality. Penthina staintoniana, Barr. (yrevillana, Curt.).—One at Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow, June, 1924. Meyrick, ‘Perth to Sutherland, local. Not recorded elsewhere.” Simaethis pariana, Clerck.— One at Donegal Town, August, 1931. Meyrick, ‘‘ Britain to the Clyde, local.” Platyptilia calodactylus, Schiff. (zetterstedtii, Zell.) (taeniodactyla, South).—One at Valentia, Kerry, on the road beside the old reservoir, June, 23rd, 1928. Meyrick, ‘‘ Kent, Devon, Cornwall, local.” Tinea semifulvella, Haw.—One Strangford, Co. Down, July, 4th, 1980. Meyrick, ‘‘ Britain to Perth, rather common. The only really remarkable record among the above is that of P. staintoniana, as it is a long hop from Perthshire mountains to Co. Wicklow. Mr. A. Stelfox says, however, in a letter on the subject, ‘¢ Wicklow is full of Northern Hymenoptera so you need not be sur- prised to get a Scottish type of micro there.” However, as regards the other four insects, the sea is the only gap, while with staintoniana 64 ENTOMOLOGIS"’S RECORD. 15.1V.19382 there is not only sea, but wide stretches of land, intervening. As regards calodactylus, for example, Kerry and Cornwali are closely connected botanically and zoologically, and (Gnophos myrtillata (obfuscaria), Entephria flavicinctata and Nyssia zonaria show the same connection between N. Ireland and W. Scotland.—(Reyv. Canon) G. Foster (B.D.), Strangford, Co. Down. G;URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Caracas,” Ditton Hill, Surbiton, on March 8rd, 1982, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the Chair. embers Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robt. Adkin, Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Harry Eltringham, Prof. EK. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis. Visitors Present :— Mr. J. A. Simes, Mr. G. C. Leman, Mr. C. H. Lankester, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. C. N. Hughes. The guests were received by Mr. and Mrs. Kaye, and Tea was dispensed by Mrs. Kaye. The comprehensive and interesting collections of Lepidoptera were on view throughout the evening. Supper was served at 8 o'clock. During the evening it was announced that Dr. Karl Jordan had been nominated a Fellow of the Royal Society. A very successful and most enjoyable evening was spent.—H.W.-E. Our readers will no doubt have been surprised that the review on Dr. Joy’s recently published Hand Book of British Beetles (antea p. 51) was written by our sub-editor for Orthoptera and not by myself. I may mention that my friend Dr. Burr asked me first if I minded if he wrote a general review on the above work, as he had half promised Dr. Joy he would do so, and I of course replied that I did not mind. The Hntomologist’s Record was not given a copy to review as were its two contemporaries, one of which does not now cater for the coleopterist while the nt. Record does. In these difficult times. the price of the book is almost, if not quite, prohibitive to most working coleopterists. Moreover the Record has as large a circulation abroad if not larger than either of its contemporaries. The publishers however know their own business best? it is the author that suffers generally in restricted issues. The chief point, however, is this—the whole object of the book is to enable beginners, and others, to easily identify their beetles with the use of its tables. No one could properly, or fairly, criticise this work until he, and others, have used the tables for some months, and not just dipped into it, here and there. If this object is attained then as my colleague says ‘“‘ Hats off to him’! but if on the other hand it is not, then the book is worthless, an unnecessary expense, and a woeful waste of time. I propose later to publish a critical review in our magazine, and shall be much obliged if any Coleopetrist who has used the book will let me know what his experience: is with regard to the tables.—H.D. A List of the Butterflies and Moths of Folkestone (Macro-Lep.) by A. M. Morley, M.A., 1/- (lolkestone Natural History Society). No doubt the List will be found useful to those lepidopterists visiting this neighbourhood. It is a List only with scarcely any information beyond “‘ local,’ “‘ scarce,” etc., an occasional localisation, and a very occasional line of real information. Some so-called English names. are given. ‘The real names are given from Seitz Pal. Lepidoptera. NOMENCLATURE. 65 Several errors have crept in partly owing to the printer and partly that 1t was not checked by one of our up to date lepidopterists. We note megaera, hyperanthus, corydon, astrarche, sibylla which are modern unnecessary alterations in place of the originals megera, hyperantus, coridon, medon, sibilla. We British always use aegon (as Seitz notes to be preferable). Lubricipeda should now be replaced by the prior lutea. Chrysorrhoea by phacorrhoea the prior name. Derasa was shown a decade or more ago to be pyritoides, and Rothschild long before showed that Macroglussa should be the prior Macroglossum. Curtis spelled litoralis from Latin litus, a shore, and not from the Italian littorale. Apamea nicitans speaks for itself. Cosymbia puppillaria (porata) was funny ; the porata intended was on the next page of Seitz. We rather think that all our modern British collectors use South’s 8 Vols. and that the List would have been better based on them, in spite of the want of Indexes. The Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera is making Steady progress; Parts 30 and 31 are recently to hand. Part 30 con- tinues the additions to the Bombycids, the species found in Britain to which additions have been made are Diaphora mendica, Diacrisia sanuio (14 names), Arctia caja (41 names), A. villica (12 names), Callimorpha dominula, OC. quadripunctaria, Hipocrita jacobaeae, Dasy- chira fascelina (6 names), Orgyta antiqua, Lymantria dispar (13 names), LL. monacha and Euproctis chrysorrhoea. Those working with the polymorphic species A. caja and L. dispar connot dispense with the matter contained in this part, showing what an amount of study has been put into almost every species since our late editor initiated the intensive study of aberration and variation. Part 30 continues the additions to the Agrotids by Dr. A. Corti, with 2 plates containing no less than 111 very good figures of forms of various species of Huwoa. In the 4 pp. of text of this part the only species found in Britain is tritici of which the author notes the extreme variability and remarks that possibly some aberrations may turn out to be good species. ‘The author says “Other denominations of aberrations by Tutt and other English authors appear to me absolutely unjustified as they only refer to quite unimportant colour and marking aberrations and cannot be clearly separated from one another.” The var. psendogothica, P. Curt. is both described and figured as a local race of Britain. In the Int. Hnt. Zeit. for February Ist is an article on ‘“‘ Melanism in Butterflies’ by Dr. Walther, and in the report of the Verein Apollo a summary of aberration in Mimas tiliae. Nomenclature. Linneus in Systema Nat, Kd. X., p. 505 (1758), described under the name lubricepeda two forms which were subsequently proved to be two species. He numbered these (a) a white form and (b) a yellow form. Subsequently Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. IL. p. 412 (1766), revised this and naturally named the (b) the yellow form, as lutea, properly restricting the name lubricepeda to the first form the white. This white form was redescribed by Esper as menthastri, Schm. Abbild. ILI. 334, plt. 66 (1786). Unfortunately this redundant name was copied 66 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1932 by most subsequent authors, in spite of periodical reminders. In Kirby, Syn. Cat. Het, 227, 228 (1892) the nomenclature is correct. It is much to be regretted that in our latest British authority this repeated correction is ignored.—Hy.J.T. Nomenclature—Errors IV. Coleophora lineolea, Haw.—In 1828 Haworth described a species under the name lineolea. ‘I'he specimens still exist. The description, although possibly sufficient at that date, is very incomplete. Stephens in 1829 copied the description (translated from the Latin) but did not enlarge it, in his /dlustratious. In 1850 Zeller from a single example introduced a species under the name crocogrammos with an adequate description, in the Linn. Hunt. In 1854, Stainton, recognised crocogrammos, Gell. as the lineolea, Haw., in the Ins. Brit. Tineina, and in Nat. Hist. Tin. LV. verified his recognition by comparison of Zeller’s species with Haworth’s specimens in the Brit. Museum, 1859. Zeller was joint author of this last volume and must have fully agreed with the correctness of Stainton’s judgment. In Meyrick’s Hand. 1895, the name lineola is accepted but in the Revised edition, 1928, we get the mutilated name crocogramma for Haworth’s lineolea. The larva of this species feed in rough irregular cases on Ballota nigra and Stachys sps. Jn Stainton’s Annual, 1858, is described another species of the genus Coleophora under the name apicella, the larvae of which feed in neat cylindrical cases on the stichwort seeds, and the species belongs to a different section of this large genus according to Heinemann, Schm. Deutsch. und Schw. In Meyrick Revised edn., the name has been sub- stituted for Stainton’s name apicella, a most strange and inexplicable muddle. These species should stand Revised Hand. p. 761. No. 54 C. apicella, Stain. and 55 C. lineolea, Haw. Norr.—It has been pointed out by T. B. Fletcher, Generic names Microl., 52, that Hupista, Hb. should be used for Coleophora, Hb. if the Tentamen of Hubner be rejected finally in the Entomological Rules of Nomenclature now being revised. Aspilates citraria, Hb.—This should be Aspitates, Tr. (a case of wrong copying) ochrearia, Rossi (prior name). Corrected by Prout in Seitz; see Hnt. Record List of British Geometers. Ptychopoda bdisetata, Rott. should be P. biselata, Hufn. The specific name was copied wrongly by Rottemberg. Corrected by Prout in Seitz. Corydon, Fb. and sibylla, L. should be coridon, Poda, and sibilla, L. respectively. Actaeon, Rott. is another strange spelling error or “ rectification,” Rottemberg wrote acteon. FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Tue Burrerriizs or THE Districr or Cotumpia anp Vicinity. By A. H. Clarke, Smithsonian Institute, U.S.A., 1982. 282 pp., 64 plates. —One of the first essentials of a work on a limited fauna is a map. Unfortunately this otherwise excellent work is spoiled by the REVIEWS. 67 absence of this key to the understanding of the district and the species distribution. The distinguishing generic and specific characteristics are allcarefully tabulated from the descriptions given by Scudder in his great work on the ‘‘ Butterflies of the Eastern United States’? and thus much repetition is precluded. Every species is figured and in the text under each species the whole account is restricted to biological facts, under headings :—Occurrence, History, Seasons, Habits, Spring forms, Sequence of forms, Notes and Remarks and occasional references to Broods, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Local Variation, ete. Some 60 pp. are devoted to summaries of the facts; Racial Forms, Faunal Limits and Relation, Species Permanent in District, Immigrant Species, Typical species of various habitats, Day and Seasonal occurrence of Butterflies, Succession of Butterflies, Pressure of Population, Kffects of Storms, Butterfly Mieration, etc. A mass of well digested matter and full of interest rather for the entomologist than for the mere collector. There are some notes on the Odours of Butterflies, and plts. 59-64 deal with the curious and so far unexplained effects shown on a sensitive photographic plate when the wings of butterflies are placed on thei in complete darkness.—Hy.J.T. THe Biotoey or Sprpers with Esvecial Reference to the Danish Fauna, by HK. Nielson. Vols. I. II. 248 pp. XXXII plates (89 figs) + 724 pp. V. plts. (4 coloured), 465 figs. Messrs. Levin and Munksgard, Copenhagen 1932.—These two small quarto volumes are printed partly in English and partly in Danish. Vol. | wholly in English is a most interesting and full discussion of the Biology of these creatures, while Vol. IL is the systematic portion and deals not only with species found in Denmark, but includes notes on species native of Sweden, the Tyrol and the Riesen-gebirge. Spiders are generally considered as outside the perview of the entomologist, but the biologies of spiders and insects are so closely interwoven that entomologists must often desire to gain a certain amount of knowledge of the former group. Although a number of figures of the creatures themselves is given, the bulk of the illustrations are of the snares, the retreats, cocoons, etc. with a few exhibiting special structures which have been evolved for functions which are specific rather than of general occurrence. The sections devoted to the “ water spider,” Argyroneta aquatica, the “garden” or “eross” spider, Hypetra diademata, and Atypus affinis, the so-called *‘trap-door ” spider of England, are most interesting and full. In fact the whole of the first volume is most attractive reading. The intro- ductory portion is, perhaps, the most useful portion for a beginner dealing as it does with (1) Moulting; (2) Regeneration of limbs; (3) Sound producing organs; (4) Types of Webs; (5) Types of Snares ; (6) Special Threads; (7) Uses of Claws; (8) Nests of spiders; (9) Copulation ; (10) Hgg-laying ; (11) Cocoon ; (12) Gossamer ; and finally (13) The Spider as a Sky-pilot. A large number of references is given to each species both in the ext and in the List of Danish Spiders, a good Bibliography and two Indexes are also given. But one would like to have seen in the sections of Vol. I. reference to the sections of Vol. II. where more detailed information could be found without con- sulting the index of that volume. The get up of these volumes is everything that could be desired. It is rarely that one gets such a wealth of illustration as one finds in these two volumes.—Hy.J.T. 68 KNLTOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.1 V.1932 @BITUARY. J. J. Joicey. We much regret to record the death of Mr. James J. Joicey from heart failure on March 10th at his residence, the Hill, Witley, Surrey. He was 61 years of age. From boyhood he was interested in Lepidoptera, but it was not until a few years before the war that his interest in Exotic Lepidoptera led him to build up the vast collection which he has left... His purchase of the Grose-Smith Collection in 1910 and of the Druce Collection in 1912, served at once to make his own Collection one of the largest private Collections in existence. Since 1914, Mr. Joicey’s Collection has steadily grown in size and in scientific importance. It was developed by the purchase of other private Collections, among which the most notable were those of Trimen and Elwes. At the same time, Mr. Joicey sent the brothers Pratt to S. America and to New Guinea, and later, the late T. A. Barns to little-known parts of Africa. These collectors sent home an immense amount of material, a great deal of which was new to science. In 1921, Mr. Joicey published the first part of the Bulletin of the Hill Museum, of which four volumes have been completed. In addition to this, the work carried out at the Museum formed the subject of 87 papers in other journals. Mr. Joicey was also responsible for the publication of Talbot’s ‘‘ Monograph of the genus Delias”’ of which however only five parts have been issued. A Catalogue of the Type specimens of Rhopalocera in the Collection has heen prepared and will be published shortly. He made yery large gifts of specimens to the B.M., including the entire material of a number of families. Recently he had arranged to concentrate on African Lepidoptera, and arrange- ments were being made to extend this fauna very considerably, whilst reducing many other groups. Mr. Joicey was a fellow of the Entomological, Zoological, Linnean, Royal Geographical and Royal Horticultural Societies. [An interesting account of Mr. Joicey’s gifts to the Natural History Museum appeared in the J’imes of March 16th. | Richard South. We much regret to announce the death of one whose name has been an oracle with all the budding lepidopterists of the last quarter of a century. Richard South died on March 28th, at the fine old age of 85. To the younger generation he was known as the author of that wonder- ful work on British Butterflies and Moths in 8 vols., a work that every older lepidopterist would have been only too glad to possess when he began his collecting career. ‘l’o the older men he was known personally as an ever present member of the South London Entomological Society of which he had been a strong supporter during the whole of the active part of his life. He had been on the Council many times, had held the chair for two periods and shared in all the Society’s activities until some twenty years ago. He had been a Fellow of the Entomological Seciety for many years and had served on the Council. A full Obituary of him was in the 7imes of March 31st.—Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require Intustrarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. T'urnmr, '‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.— Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.— Rh. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromsields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. . Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia. Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata yv. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.— A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8p.m. May 4th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. April 28th, May 12th.—Hon. Secretury, Stanley Edwards, Avenue House, The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.3. 5 The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— VW. 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Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection — Parthenogenesis— Puper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynits paplia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrogpect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of dgrotis pyrophila, Hpwnda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus — Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. i GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Mesanism and MetanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Vanration (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generie nomen- clature and the dcronyctidac—A fortnight at Riunnoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyaxna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., ete., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New ‘Cross, Lond 8 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 0 MAY, 1932 Epirep G. T. Beruune-Baxer, r.z.s., F.u.s., | J. H. Coun, F.4.s. | apdth: the Chairman. H. DonisTHORPE, ¥.Z.8., F.U.8. R. 8. BaGnat, D.SC., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. GRAvEs, F.E.S. hasistance of Matcoxim Borr, D.SC., F.E.S. H. fi. Paan, r.z.s. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.n.s. ALYRED SICH, F.1.S. EH. A. Cockayni, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.B.S., F.Z.8. ¥.R.C.P. By Henry J. TURNER, F.z.s., ¥.n.H.8., Hditorial Seeretary. I CONTENTS Lepidoptera in and around the Ran-dan Woods, Bromsgrove, P. S. Smith 69 M. Pacifica, a species hitherto confused with M. britomartis, Dr. R. Verity 70 Aigle and the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, May, 1931, Lt. H. B. Ashby, 72 The Spring of 1931 in Kabylia, Miss L. M. Fison .. ae ae ve 74 Notrs on Conuectine,—Northern insects in C. Wicklow, A. W. Stelfox; A Note, Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A. F.H.S. .. a ais ai a 76 Current Notes .. Sie 40 He a8 ae A ue a 78 Reyimw.—Medical Entomology, Hy.J.T. He e Bi a0 Se 80 SuprLement.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.H.S., F.R.H.S. (225)-(232) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.B.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 J. J. 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To be obtained post free vba A. Ww. bison 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. ee oe LEPIDOPTERA IN AND AROUND THE RAN-DAN WOODS. 69 Lepidoptera observed in and around the Ran-dan Woods, Nr. Bromsgrove, 1927-1931. By P. SIVITER SMITH. The following list is an attempt to wotk out the insects occurring in the Ran-dan Woods, consisting of Oak (chiefly), Birch, with Ash and Poplar in very small numbers. The soil is sandy and very light. Honeysuckle is common, and there are odd little patches of Larch. I[ was at Bromsgrove School during this period 1927-1931, and as all my observations are made during the term, it will be grasped how inadequate the time allowed was for a thorough investigation. This accounts for the almost complete absence of the common Noctuidae and other night- fliers which almost certainly occur in large numbers. The locality is, I imagine, a very good one. Ruopatocera,—Pieris brassicae, generally common in a large central clearing ; less common elsewhere. P.rapae, common. P. napt, very common, especially on the south side of the woods. Muchloé cardamines, common, females scarce. [/.eptosia sinapis, an intensive search was made for this elusive species, which used to occur here, but without result.| Aylais urticae, common. Vanessa io, common on the out- skirts of the wood facing east. Pararge meyera, occurs in small numbers. Mpinephele jurtina, abundant. Coenonympha pamphilus, very common. Rumicita (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, common. Polyommatus icarus, common. In the Report of the Bromsgrove School Natural History Society (September, 1930, to July, 1931) occur the following species, listed as occurring in these woods: Dryas (Argynnis) paphia, “1 specimen in 19381.” Aryynnis adippe, ‘‘ probably of regular occurrence.” A species whose presence has not been verified and which therefore should not be in the list. J doubt if it occurs there. A. aglaia is not listed. Breuthis euphrosyne, “common in some years.” In the text of the Report it says that in the woods “several Small Pearl-bordered Fritillaries (A. selene) were seen,” but A. selene is not in the district list so there is a mistake somewhere, Probably B. exphrosyne is the species meant in both cases. Pararge aegeria var. eyerides, ‘‘\Vood Ringlets were abundant in the Ran-dans in July.”’ I am not clear if this is P. egerides or Aphantopus hyperantus, the Ringlet. In the lst for the Ran-dans, P. eyerides is not represented, while 4. hyperantus is “common.” /.ycaenopsis aryiolus, “not common.” I have searched for this species as hard as | have for 1. sinapts but have not turned it up. I don’t know of any specimens being caught lately. dAdopaea flava (thaumas), “fairly common.” Augiades sylvanus, ‘ fairly common.” Heterocera.— Polyploca flavicornis, 1 took one specimen, March 26th, 1931, just emerged. I imagine the species is quite common. Cosmotriche potatoria, larvae of course common. Spilosoma menthastri, larvae common. Arctia caja, larvae more abundant than I have ever inet them in one locality. “T'aéniocampa cruda, I have found the wings of this species floating in ditches. Brephos parthenias, this species is most abundant, and flies around trees of all species all over the woods. I have not seen B. notha; there is no Aspen in the woods that I have seen. Ortholitha chenopodiata (limitata), common everywhere. Odezia JUN 6 1939 70 ENTOMOLOGIS’ S RECORD. 15.V.19382 atrata, occurs in one field about 14 miles from the wood, on the east side, but it is not common there. Hulype hastata, frequent but by no means common. HKuphyia (Camptogramma) bilineata, common, but no nice forms. Aunticlea derivata (nigrofasciaria), not uncommon ; generally on Pine trees. Hupithecia pusillata, this is probably the most interesting insect that has been recorded in this district. South (Moths Brit. Isles. Vol. II.) says, “ very local’’ and gives as localities Kent, Surrey, Hants, Devon, Wilts, and Suffolk. Meyrick (Brit. Lep. 1928) gives “ Kent to Devon and Wilts, Derby, local.’ In the Entemologist, 1918, p. 187, EH. pusillata is recorded from Cambridge- shire. I have one specimen taken on May 25th, 1931, resting on a Pine trunk on the outskirts of the wood. This would appear to be the first record of this insect in Worcestershire. Col. C. Donovan kindly con- firmed the identification of the insect from a fine series he has taken in the Cotswolds. Cabera pusaria, not uncommon. Selenia bilunaria, a few specimens seen in 1931. Hrannis (Hybernia) leucophaearia, common on oak trunks, ab. merularia in 19381 was about i8%, and ab. marmorinaria also about 18% of the whole number seen. Hrannis (Hybernia) marginaria, I found one female on a small oak bush in 1930. Phigalia pedaria, a few, resting on tree trunks. Hetropis (Tephrosia) bistortata (spring form), one in 1980. Lozogramma chlorosata (petraria), abundant in the bracken. The following species ara mentioned in the School Report, and are insects I have not recorded in that list. Phalera bucephala, ‘ not uncommon.” Tephrosia bistortata, ‘1 specimen 1931.” Date not given. This list is, of course, absurdly smali, but on the average I probably would not have visited the wood more than six times a year, and most of these visits would be in the spring which did not help the number of species observed. Possibly others have notes from this locality which would be of interest, as I have seen no references to it before except by the Rev. F. O. Morris. Melitaea pacifica, a species hitherto confused with M. britomartis form plotina, Bremer. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. On closing the series of papers on the Melitaea, | have published during the last few years in this Journal, I must make an addition to what | have said about plotina, Bremer, in Vol. XLII., page 110. On the strength of Bremer’s original figure I remarked that this name applied perfectly to the Asiatic form of britomartis, Assm., which somewhat recalls, in some respects, the look of M. diamina, Lang= dictynna, Ksp., so that he was quite right in describing it as a variety of the former and in saying that, although it had a very distinct aspect, it was connected with it by transitions ; in his description he does not mention the upperside, but it is to be observed that in the figure the whole of the black pattern is remarkably thick, so that, for instance, the inner one of the two premarginal bands of both forewing and hindwing is very broad, and the whole basal half of the hindwing is black, with only a few very small fulvous spaces; the wings are also elongated and rather pointed. All this corresponds exactly to my MELITAEA PACIFICA AND M. BRITOMARTIS. fib diamina-like specimens of britomartis from high altitudes in the Altai and from Mondy in the Sajan Mts. 2600m. Riihl describes all these features in his long description of plotina, page 414. Staudinger in the Mém. Romanoff, V1., p. 187, began to mix things up; he states that Bremer figures a specimen with a very broad dark pattern, whereas all the ones received from both eastern and western Siberia by himself had a thin one. Now, since writing my paper of 1930, I have received from Bang-Haas some speimens which have cleared up the situation. They are obviously what Staudinger called plotina, but they are distinctly different, notably on the upperside, from Bremer’s and there is no sign of transition to the latter in any of them; they are frailer in build, the wings are less elongated, the fringes are shorter and less broadly white, the whole pattern on the upperside is very much thinner so that the inner premarginal band is even partly effaced in one or two of my specimens and the base of the hindwing is fulvous down to the root, with separate bands and streaks across it; there is a remarkable contrast with the underside black pattern, which, in some specimens, is thick on both the forewing and the hindwing and would correspond quite well, in a general way, to Bremer’s description. Evidently this resemblance has been the cause of the confusion made by Staudinger and which has spread with his specimens. It is unfortunate, but there can be no doubt that a confusion has been made. ‘The two insects are quite distinct and the fact there is no approach of one to the other, as stated by Staudinger and as shown by my specimens, in a genus such as this one, makes it quite clear. Itis possible that Bremer’s specimens from lower Ussuria belonged to the other species, but, anyhow, the one he figures must be taken as the “‘ type”’ of plotina and this name used accordingly ; it was, presumably, one of those collected by Radd in the Bureja Mts. and it was in this set he noticed the transition to the aspect of the European britomartis, which he mentions in his original description and which thus settles, together with the figure, the insect his name must apply to. As to the other, described above, Staudinger’s misuse of plotina has leftit, to this day, without a name and I propose giving it that of pacifica, owing to its restricted eastern area, as compared with those of the other species, which stretch across the Palaearctic region. J select as ‘‘ Holotype’’ one of my male specimens of July from Troiz Kossowsk, 800m., on the Tshikoi river, in the south-western Trans Baikal province ; others from Sutshanski Rudnik, near Vladivostok, are very similar to them, but larger. The former are smaller than most plotina and agree very exactly, in every respect, with Seitz’s figure of plotina on pl. 67c; two have the underside quite as intensely suffused with ochre-yellow as that figure, whereas this never occurs in the true plotina, as | remarked it.in 1980, when I thought that tone of colour could only be a mistake in the plate; other pacifica have no signs of it and, as a matter of fact, have spaces of a very pure silvery white; these, whether white or yellow, are always separated into small roundish spots with a thick black edge, to a degree not seen in true plotina; also the russet spotting of the hindwing is more restricted than in the latter and replaced, in some cases, by a more yellow colour. It seems highly probable that the single specimen from Ussuria, which Suschkin says he possessed under the name of plotina and whose genitalia are, according to his figure and description, extremely similar 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1932 to those of niphona, Butler, was a pacifica. If the genitalia of the latter actually are of this kind, its position would evidently be between britomaréis and niphona and it would confirm my view that athalia and niphona have sprung, as parallel branches, from a common ancestor. As soon as I can, I will have my own specimens dissected in this connection. The large Vladivostok race of pacifica might be called ussuriae. Aigle and the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, in May, 1931. By Lizur. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. (Concluded from page 58.) May 18th.—After heavy rain in the night the only possible ground was Charpigny, which dries quicker than the low lying meadows around. On the ascent through the property from the St. Triphon station side the males and females of the bee Andrena hattorfiana, Fab., were flying numerously around a seat on the right hand side of the twisting path. The Charpigny property now belongs to a Frenchman, who lives in Paris. To-day I met his brother who manages the property for him, and we had a very pleasant chat. I could only box a number of Polyommatus semiargus, males, and P. hylas, which latter were emerging this morning, and were found at the damp puddles in the Charpigny entrance road, near St. Triphon station. The coleoptera Blaps mucronata, Latr.; Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf.; the Hymenoptera Ammophila sabulosa; Proanthidium laterale=4-lobum, Per.; Diprion polytomus, Hartig. ; the Rhyncolta Cornutus centrotus, Lygaeus saxatalis, Stenodema laevigatum, Li. ; etc., were noted. After midday I went along to the banks of the river Gryonne to complete my good series of P. thersites which were all resting on the heads of Onobrychis sativa. I also took the beetle Meloé brevicollis, Panz., g ; and Melolontha vulgaris g ; and several specimens of Lavinus sternus, Schaller; and the moth, so distinctive and so often overlooked, Thyris fenestrella, Scop. May 19th.—To Vernayaz for the walk to Martigny, but a poor day taking only units of P. podalirius; C. dorilis; S. orion; and a few IM. cinwia; the Rhyncotid Rhaphigaster sagittifera; the Hymenoptera Chalicodoma muraria, F.; Bombus sylvarum; Arge enodis; Tenthredella temula, Scop. ; and the Coleoptera Silpha thoracica, L.; Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf.; and the Neuropteron Stalis fuliginosa. What is much worse, they are making a new road along under the cliffs, from Martigny up to Salvan, which will destroy most of this well known famous walk ‘‘ under the cliffs ” from Vernayaz to Martiony. I went in peril of my life to-day as they were blasting high up most of the way and frequently many rocks and stones were falling. The small piece left of the old walk is from the Vernayaz end. I did not reach quite as far as Martigny, as it was quite useless and I had to walk part of the way on very marshy ground. May 20th.—Pouring with rain all day; frogs for the entree at dinner ; and at night the moth Huaoa cinerea, Schiff., flew into my bedroom. May 21tb.—To the St. Triphon marshes, and along the bed of the canal which runs parallel to but a little distance south of, the railway AIGLE AND THE RHONE VALLEY. 73 line. Anthocharis simplonia var. flavidior, Wh., are fresh out to-day and settle frequently along the canal bed on the yellow flowers of apparently a crucifer, which is abundant right along the canal bed on both sides. M. parthenie and Erebia medusa are now more plentiful in the marshy meadows, and | took one ¢ ab. procopiani, Hormuzaki, of the latter. A. sylvanus was out quite fresh, and I took a fine Hesperia malvae var. taras in the marshy meadows, with the Hymenoptera Ophion luteus, L., Tenthredopsis stigma, the beautiful Andrena hessae, Panz., prominent on blossoms all along the canal bed; Anoplius viaticus, F. (= Pompilus viaticus, auctorum) ; also the Dipteron Chrysotowum festivum, L. May 22nd.—Along the canal bed south of the railway from Aigle towards St. Triphon. I completed my series of A. simplonia var. flavidior, which includes 8 fresh females; I completed also my series of H. medusa and M. parthenie. The Neuropteron Sialis fuliginosa was common along the canal bed; 2 more Andrena hessae, Panz., and Psammochares fuscus, L., amongst the Hymenoptera. To Charpigny for an hour when I found the moth Z. achilleae in full emergence; the Coleopteron Silpha obscura, L.; the Rbhyncota Hurydema oleraceum, L., form annulatum, Fall.; the Neuropteron Fihyacophila abttindens, McL. ‘Today was extremely hot. May 238rd.—To Branson. A few S. orion, var. and ab. nigra, Gerhard, were taken on the rocks between the Rhone Bridge and Branson Village. I had the pleasure of meeting, I think, Mr. C. W. Wyatt in the middle of Branson village. I went on and up further taking halt a dozen Everes argiades ab. polysperchon, Brgstr., 3 g sand 3 2s. P. apollo and A. crataeyi, were on the wing in units, and one specimen of H. malvae, ab. taras, Mg. I took also the Hymenoptera Allantus bifaseiatus, Mull. and Sphecodes gibbus. May 24th.—To St. Triphon Village station by the electric tramway ; and then down towards Charpigny; then again down to and across the bridge over the railway line proper, and then down to the canal bed. Susa is hot in July, but that canal bed worked twice over to-day nearly boiled me. I took the largest g of P. machavn I have ever taken and two more 4. simplonia var. flavidior, Wh. one a go; M. dictynna was commencing to emerge and the moths Diacrisia sanio and Tanagra atrata, L., alone the canal bed. Also the Hymenoptera Allantus bifasciatus, Mull.; Andrena hessae, Panz.; and T'enthredella flavicornis, Fabr. The Rbyncotid Cercopis sanguinolenta; and the Coleopteron Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf.; and a female of the moth Aphomia sociella, L. May 25th.—To-day to Martigny, whence by funicular to Marecottes on the Martigny-Chatelard line. I went too high for this date this spring only getting two fine S. arion var. and ab. nigra at Marecottes, and afterwards descending by road the 15 kilometers down to Vernayaz I took units of Glaucopsyche cyllarus; M. cinxia; Callophrys rubi; 1. aryiolus; and M. dictynna in the marshes at Vernayaz; with one I. podalirius on the road just by Vernayaz station. I feel sure 1 saw P. mnemosyne on the way down, but it was unreachable. One specimen of the Hymenopteron Chrysis ignita, and one specimen of the beetle Dermestes lardarius, L., were taken. May 26th.—At Aigle to-day a single specimen of the Hymenopteron Odynerus parietum. 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1932 May 27th.—To Caux via Territet and Glion. My best thanks to the Rev. G. Wheeler who directed me so well that I walked into the Loweta amphidamas spot. I was able to take 12 specimens, about 6 of each sex ; and discarded two others as they were chipped; and in view of the late spring I think I was very fortunate. On the way back to Caux some nice Cupido minimus were boxed, but I was unable to take a selection of the Alpine moths, as a sudden thunderstorm broke. May 28th.—To Villeneuve station to walk up the Val Tiniére. I apparently missed the reservoirs mentioned in Mr. John Alderson’s article in Ent. Record, Vol. XXII., No. 9, page 207, unless they have long since gone, but I followed the directions given by him and made straight, a long climb, for the place where the road crosses the stream over a wooden bridge, and taking a footpath to the left, which led to some favourable collecting, a large flowery field, on a steep hillside ; here Hrebia medusa were in great quantity; and M. parthenie in fair numbers; H. dorilis, Powellia sertorius (sao) and some H. malvoides* but I could not find Aricia eumedon, nor H. hippothoé, though I was told yesterday on the railway between Caux and Glion that ‘“ Large Coppers”’ had been seen in the near district. [| also took the Hymenopteron Ammophila hirsuta, Scop. and the Neuroptera Chrysopa perla, L., and a specimen of a Nemouwra species? After descending a little by the main road, and taking a path to the right leading to a small chalet-restaurant Folquier-Sequier, | succeeded in getting one fresh specimen of Aricia ewmedon, the possibility of getting any others being dispelled by the advent of a thunderstorm, which had the after effects of attracting the Lycaenid blues of the district to the puddles and wet mud of the main road down to Villeneuve station. Two specimens to-day of the interesting Dipteron Coelomyia ferruyinia, Scop., more of which are wanted for the South Kensington Natural History Museum. Colias hyale and Pieris napi var bryoniae males were frequently noticeable during the day, and one or two C. palaemon. Lalso took the Coleopteron Mylabris variabilis, Pall. May 29th.—This morning I took the Coleopteron 7richius fasciatus, L., near the Grand Hotel, at Aigle. Beating for larvae in the same spot was useless. I left Aigle for London after dinner, at which I had the pleasure to meet Mr. Symmons, who had just arrived at the Hotel to collect in the district. Before concluding I must again thank those many Naturalists who have helped me to identify the more difficult species mentioned in this article. The Spring of 1931 in Kabylia. By Miss L. M. FISON. There is perhaps nothing more beautiful than the early spring in North Africa, before the extreme heat of summer sets in, and after the often severe winter has done its worst, for contrary to what is popularly believed of sunny Africa, December, January, and February are often bitterly cold, and heavy falls of snow and torrential gales of hail, rain and wind are experienced. In Kabylia we have had falls of snow of about 3 feet deep. * H. malvoides? So far only H. malvae has been found up to S. Maurice and is certainly very common in the Tiniére Valley.—G.W. THE SPRING OF 1931 IN KABYLIA. iio There is a great charm in my mind in early collecting in Kabylia, for although there is no great profusion of insects, yet everything is fresh and there is the daily interest of seeing fresh species emerge, and the joy of feeling that one is escaping at least two months cold of Hnegland or of North and Central Kurope. During March, April and May the Djurjura Mountains are at their best, and the Genista, Lavender, Cistus and Asphode] covered slopes, the young green corn, etc., produce a brave show of brightness and colour. Long days out in the open air are a glorious delight in the brilliant sunshine, but oh! the heat later in July, August and September, during which months everything is parched and burnt up. Then indeed it may be said of North Africa that it is a thirsty land where no water is, where cattle, sheep and flocks die often in thousands for lack of sustenance, and where the sirocco blows for days on end, withering all before it in its burning blast. For the last 12 years it has been my privilege and joy to carry the Gospel to the Kabyle tribes who inhabit little primitive villages perched amongst these mountains, and it is during the long walks or rides amongst these neglected tribes that we are learning more each year of the secrets of the butterfly fauna common to this range. Our headquarters is Michelet, a mountain village and chef d’arron dissement de la Commune Mixte di Djurjura situated at a height of 3,000 feet above sea level. In the plain of the Sebaou, and Mitidja, hundreds of feet lower down, and away in other low-lying regions on the Hauts Plateaux, Tell, and great Sahara, species emerge certainly earlier than those at Michelet, indeed certain species fly all the winter in parts of 8. Algeria. We shall, however, write merely of an experience in the Djurjura range. Our earliest entry for 1931 is that of Pyrameis atalanta (an un- doubted case of hibernation), found near the Kabyle village of Aguemoun Izem, on January 21st, during a fine spell between falls of snow and sleet. Frequently at Michelet the snow is so deep that we are without communication of any sort for days. However, lately a service of a snow-tractor has been established, so we trust the Government Road at least will now be kept open during the snow. We have no further entry between January 21st and March 4th; but on the latter date Huyonia polychloros (hibernated specimens) was common around the “ Chéne-Zéen ”’ trees (kind of Algerian oak) near the village of Tafraout. We captured 3 specimens. On March 5th near Taka we again found HM. polychloros and also saw 2 hibernated ‘‘ Brimstones,” Gonepteryxy rhamni. On the 11th near Thaurirti Huchioé eupheno began to emerge, also Pieris brassicae and P, rapae. From March 11th-24th we spent at a little sea-side port called Port Gueydon, and at Les Agegribbes in the mountains the other side of the Valley of the Sebaou towards the coast. March 18th.—Between Tizi-Ouzou and Aggribbes we observed the following species flying in the Sebaou Valley, Pieris brassicae, P.vapae, Gonepteryx rhamni, Anthocharis belia (ausonia) and Huchloé eupheno. Whilst at Aggribbes we caught several A. belia (ausonia) and Antho- charis belemia. March 19th.—Pyrameis cardui appeared, also Thestor ballus. 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1932 Whilst at Port Gueydon we discovered a sheltered ravine which proved to be a good butterfly corner, and here we saw or captured Huchloé eupheno, Gonepteryx rhamni, Pararge aegeria, Colias croceus (edusa), P. brassicae, Thestor ballus, P. rapae, and Zerynthia (Thais) runina. On a beautiful piece of the corniche road by the side of the Mediter- ranean between Bizarga and Port Gueydon we saw or took Pararye aegeria, G. rhamni, P. brassicae, P. rapae, EH. eupheno, 1’. ballus and A, belia (ausonia). March 20th.—At Agegribbes we took 2 7%. rumina, 1’. ballus and A. belia (ausonia). March 30th.—After our return to Michelet we found the following species had emerged near the Kabyle village of Tril Igonlmimen.— P. brassicae, P. rapae, A. belia (ausonia), KH. eupheno, T. ballus, G. rhamni, G. cleopatra and Eugonia polychloros. April 2nd.—Near Agoni-Gsaad produced Callophrys rubi and C. avis (2), Pyrameis cardui, EF. polychloros, P. brassicae, P. rapae and Huchloé eupheno and @ ; also Polyommatus icarus, Powellia sertorius (sao) and T’. ballus. April 8rd.—We took Anthocharis belemia for the first time near Michelet. On Hiaster Monday we discovered a good butterfly corner near the village of Agoni-Taslent and had a good day. We captured 3 lapilio podalirius, Rumicia phlaeas, Pieris napi very fine and fresh, P. rapae, P. brassicae, T’. ballus, P. icarus, P. sertorius (sao), Hugonia polychloros, E. eupheno particularly common and also A. belia (ausonia). We also came across Libythea celtis, and this is the only locality where I have as yet seen it in Kabylia. There are a good many ‘ Micocoulier ” (Celtis) trees in the district. (To be concluded.) TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. Nortuern Insects 1n Co. Wickxiow, I[revann.—In the April number of this Journal, p. 63, Canon Foster refers to the presence of northern insects in Co. Wicklow and quotes from a somewhat hastily written letter of mine. He had expressed surprise that he had captured in Wicklow a micro-lepidopteron not previously recorded as British except from Scotland, but knowing this district this did not surprise me. Although situated on the eastern seaboard of Ireland, Wicklow has in its fauna and flora many species characteristic of the western counties of Kerry, Mayo and Donegal, some of which have southern and some northern affinites. When J wrote Canon Foster [ had in my mind some of the latter of which I will give two good examples. Both are ichneumon flies and possibly parasitic on lepidoptera, though so far as I am aware their hosts have not yeé been ascertained. One, Cryptopimpla anomala, Holgrn., is reported by Morley (Brit. Ichn. ILI. 184) from near Currie in Midlothian, Scotland, and doubtfully by Bridgman from ‘“‘ Wickham ”’ (Joe. cit.). This species I have found in NOTES ON COLLECTING. 77 an oak wood, with much hazel, holly, etc., in the Gold Mines Valley, Co. Wicklow, where it appears to be not uncommon towards the end of March. Both sexes have occurred to me as early as the 25th of that month. This locality is one of the mildest in Wicklow and not more than a hundred feet above sea level. Farther north, in Co. Dublin, I have taken males at 1,000 to 1,200 feet alt. in Glenasmole on May 25th. Dr. A. Roman of Stockholm seems to regard this as a species typical of the northern parts of Sweden, and on receipt of specimens expressed his surprise at my getting it so far south, adding that “ Thomson does not mention this species, evidently because he never met with 1t, he living in the southernmost part of Sweden, and C. anomala not going so far south.’’* The second species I wish to refer to is Lissonota maydalenae, Pfankuch of which I took a single female on the elevated plateau near the source of the R. Liffey, at 1,700 feet alt., on June 7th, 1929. This was kindly identified for me by Dr. Roman, to whom I had sent it as possibly a new species. So far as I know it has not previously been reported from the British Isles. When returning my specimen, Dr. Roman remarked :—‘ Your first specimen astonished me, for I recognised in it a species from my own country. It isa regular spring species which | in 1924 (Arkiv. for Zooloyi, Band 17a, No. 4, p. 24, 1924), described as L. vernalis, but before my paper appeared in print I discovered that Pfankuch had already (Arancher’s Knut. Jahr., 1921, p. 125) described it from his region as 1. magdalenae.” In, passing I may mention that on the central plateau of Wicklow the ‘northern water-beetle Agabus arcticus occurs in extraordinary abundance in the shallow ‘“‘ pans” which stud the moor. I hope that my reason for not being surprised at Canon Foster’s capture of Penthina staintoniana in Wicklow will now be more obvious. —A. W. Sretrox, (M.R.I.A.), 14, Clareville Road, Dublin. A Notr.—The following two footnotes should have appeared in the last number on pages 58 and 59 respectively with the article on Algerian Butterflies by Miss L. M. Fison. (1) “* Argynnis adippe.” ‘ Probably subspecies auwrestana.” “As I pointed out at a meeting of the Entomological Society of London some years ago when [| exhibited the first specimen (I believe) of A. auresiana seen in England, this is not a form of cydippe=adippe, the andreconia being quite different and is much ore nearly related to A. niobe.”—G. WHEELER. (2) ‘“ Powellia therapne.” “Ts this P. therapne or P. sertorius (sao)? The former is usually supposed to be confined to Corsica and Sardinia. The latter mention of P. sertorius (sao) would however seem to point to both species occurring in Algeria.” —G. WHEELER. * It may be well to point out that Schmiedeknecht’s description of the 3 of his anomala (Opuscula Ichn. p. 1251) is not taken from the ¢ of this species, which has no yellow markings as there described by him. Dr. Roman agrees and tells me that the Wicklow ¢ is identical with one in the Swedish National Museum. 78 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.V.1932 GZYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Mr. W. G. Sheldon has again asked us to call attention to the ““Wicken Fen Fund” of which he is Treasurer. May we remind subscribers that now is the time to renew their annual contribution. No doubt they have all had a copy of the Ann. Report of the Fund so that they are aware of the work that has to be done annually, and which needs keeping up to preserve the wonderful local fauna and flora of the district from the destruction of neglect and depredation. We hope that all who have helped in the past will continue to do so, despite the devastating attacks that the activities of world financiers have caused upon pockets of late. Our colleague Dr. Burr has made use of his intimate knowledge of the Russian language to translate the MS. of P. S. Nazaroff, Hunted through Central Asia. The author relates his adventures among the Sarts and Kirghiz for two years as a geologist and naturalist, his forged credentials holding him in good stead until he could escape across the Tian Shan Mts. into Kashgar where he lived for four more years before passing on into Thibet. The book not only relates the incidents of his adventure as a fugitive, but contains interesting descriptions of the countries visited, the people in whose encampments he often lived, the plants and animals, and the results of his keenness for scientific research such as his discovery of tin ore in Central Asia. Dr. Burr’s translation well reproduces the vigour and humour of the author ; the book has a map which aid no book should be without. The price, too, is low. We much regret to report the death of another young and able entomologist, J. C. Robbins, F.E.S., of the staff of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. Like the late Dr. Withycombe, he had the keenness, the skill and the basic acquirements which would, in the future, have led him to eminence. The Fifth International Congress of Entomology takes place in July when the Centenary of the founding of the Société Entomologique de France takes place. The Itinerary already arranged is a long one embracing the period from Friday, July 15th to Sunday, July 81st. The French Government has made a considerable grant towards the Congress expenses and there will be a 50% reduction of railway fares during the period of the meeting for all those taking part. Papers will be read each day from Monday, July 18th till Saturday, July 23rd, and various entomological questions of international concern will be discussed. We are wondering what will be done over Nomen- clature. Our British National Committee is the only active one, if not the only one existing, and of that we have heard nothing of its activity since the last Congress. Hach day Excursions will take place at very reasonable costs; two different itineries for Paris, Forest of Fontainebleau, Versailles, Chantilly, a visit to the tomb of Latreille, to the Museum of Natural History, etc. At the finish of the Congress there will be an organised excursion to the Pyrenees, in course of which visits will be paid to Lourdes, Gavarnie, San Sauveur, Luchon Lac d’Oo, Tarascon, Carcassonne, Toulouse, ete., largely by autocar. The permanent Secretary of the Congress is Dr. Karl Jordan of Tring, and Dr. H. Eltringham is one of the executive Committee. The travelling arrangements and hotel accommodation is in the hands of CURRENT NOTES. 79 Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son. The meeting should prove a most inter- esting and enjoyable one to all those who take part; we hope that every success will attend it. Nos. 1-8, Vol. [V. Revista Soc. Ent. Aryentina, are to hand and contain a long and complete Memoir, ‘“‘The Lepidoptera of the Argentine. Family Nymphalidae,” by our friend and correspondent Capt. K. J. Hayward, F.Z.8., F.E.S., F.R.G.S. After some five or six years of collecting in various areas of the country, the author has put his notes and observations together, compared his results with all the chief collections, public and private, in the state, and written this admirable contribution to our science. It is comprised in about 200 quarto pages and 21 black and white plates, with a few text figures. The life histories as far as known are given with descriptions, habitats and the principal references. Subspecies and forms are dealt with, the newly described being also given in English. The author has ably used his long experience of entomological matters in the Eastern Hemisphere to bring the Argentine material up to date not only for the use of the scientist but also for the beginner. Introductory matter gives a map showing the relative positions of the various provinces, the terms as the author uses them, the limits of venation, what he under- stands as subspecies, form, aberration, etc., a list of the species in their systematic grouping. At the end is a list of foodplants of the Nymphalids, the legends of the plates, a good bibliography of works dealing with the group as found in the Argentine and an Index. We must congratulate the author on the success of his work and compli- ment Messrs. Breyer, the two great patrons of natural history especially entomology in the state, for the great assistance they have rendered Capt. Hayward in every way so that this admirable piece of work could be accomplished. In the Int. Ent. Zeit. for December 22nd, there is a summary of what is known of the Palluperina nickerlit forms (of which our British guenéei is one). There is a view of the ground on which the species is taken at Halle, a figure of the egg, one of the position of the batch when laid on a stem of grass, and figures of the valves of the genitalia. On the accompanying plate there are 17 good figures of representatives from Halle (dark generally), from Meissen (lighter with conspicuous reniform), from lschwege (generally still lighter), and from Lancashire (the very light form guenéet). This is a very useful article, but one would like to have seen the French forms included. The illustrated supplement to Lambillionea for December contains figures of 8 aberrations of Melitaea aurinia and 2 of Aglais urticae. This completes another set of 12 plates, year1931. These illustrations will be found most useful in illumining the descriptions of the many newly described forms to commonly occurring species by the con- tributors to this most useful periodical. In the January number of Lambillionea is commenced a new set of plates of aberrations, the present one containing 8 figures of Chrysophanus (Heodes) dispar including race batavus, subspecies rutilus (with gen. vern. burdigalensis and gen. est. aestivalis). The text deals in detail with the various races and forms of this species by Dr. Mezeer. In his Annual Address to the Entomological Society of London, the President, Dr. Eltringham, dealt with Entomology (1) as a subject 80 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V.1922 of great interest for itself, and (2) as something having a bearing on human progress. In the recently issued Memories Soc. Knt. Italiana, X. 1, Signor Rocci deals intensively with the forms of variation exhibited in Melitaea athalia and illustrates his remarks with 2 plates of 40 figures. He makes two types of forms. A: examples of small size, always less than B, but variable, and in two diverse generations each in three recognisable forms. B: examples of larger size, always larger than A, some larger still. The former group comparable to aurelia and dictynna, the latter comparable to athalia true and helvetica. May we again remind our readers to look out for early spring immigrants now that there is a break in the cold drought spell which has lasted so phenomenally long. The recently received Vol. LXXXI. pts. 1-4, Verh. Zoo. Bot. Gesell. Wien. has an important article “‘ Critical and Synonymic Notes on Diptera’ by F. Hendel. There are notes by M. Kitt on the “ Lepidop- tera of the Oeztale,’”’ and another article on the material taken during a trip to Algeria with a long list of the captures, some 300 species of Macro-lepidoptera. F. Preissecker also contributed an interesting account of the Lepidoptera occurring in Lower Austria, particularly referring to the most notable micro-lepidoptera. FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Mepican Entomotocy.—A Survey of Insects and Allied Forms which affect the Health of Man and Animals. By W. A. Riley, Ph.D., Se.D., and O. A. Johannsen, Ph.D. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Lid., pp. xii.+476, figs. 184. Large 8vo., 19382.—This is really a revision of a book published some years ago, now re-arranged, enlarged and brought up to date. It is not a record of original investigation but a compilation and classification of all that is known of the Relation of Insects to Man. After two or three short introductory chapters containing a few historical facts on transmission of disease, the ways in which the health of man can be affected (1) by poison, (2) by parasites, (3) by transmission of disease, and the classes of the Arthropoda, the following chapters deal with the attacks by Arachnida, Ticks, Myriapods, ete. An introduction to the metamorphoses of Hexapoda (Insects) and their external and internal anatomy, upon which the remainder of the information relies, follows. The next thirteen or fourteen chapters deal with the various orders of Insects, nine chapters, more than half the volume, discuss fully the relations of the Diptera to Man. Most of the illustrations are taken from well known and reliable sources and are adequate for their purpose. A most valuable addition is given in the exhaustive Bibliography of 26 pages containing quite 600 references. The book should prove of outstanding use to students of medical practice, health committees, and all interested in the well-being of man and animals. The printers and publishers have done their part admirably. Every library should hold a copy not only for the information it contains but for the wonderful list of references.—Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nov to send ws comnuunications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AurHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—§S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,’’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuanaus.—Living Begs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Hrfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. t Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8p.m. May 4th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. April 28th, May 12th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ; The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. Entomological Society of the South of England, 102 High Street, Southampton. PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE (Prices are ‘ post free ’)— Syn. Brit. NEUROPTERA, F. J. Killington, 5s. FAUNAL LISTS (WITH LOCALITIES)— (86 pp. with Tables, 6 Pl., 6 Figs.) Hants. Macro-Lepidoptera, W. Fassnidge, 2s. 6d. Syn. Brit. TABANIDAE, E. R. Goffe, 6s. 6d. Hants. Tortrices, W. Fassnidge .. .. Qs. 6d. (71 pp. with Tables, 2 Pl.) Hants. Hymenoptera-Aculeata, H. P. Jones 1s. Syn. Brit. HETEROPTERA, H. P. Jones, 5s. 6d. Hants. Orthoptera, F. J. Killington ws 1s. (88 pp. 2 Pl.) Hants. Paraneuroptera, F. J. Killington 1s. E, RIVENHALL GOFFH, Hon. Sec. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF ; NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— VW. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Miss L. M. Fison, Rev. Canon Foster, Lt. E. B. Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Hllis, W.H. T. Tams, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. B. D. Kettlewell, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, and Reports of Bocieties. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. - IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at lighnt—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., efc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Metanism and Metanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyectidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable JUNE, 1932 'ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD q | By | AND | | JOURNAL OF VARIATION | 1 Eprrep G. T. Bernone-Baxsr, F.z.8., ¥.E.8., | J. H. Cou.in, F.4.8. wi ihe Chairman. H. DonisTHORPH, F.Z.8., F.1.N. | R. S. BaGnatt, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.8. wsistance of | Maucorm Borr, D.8¢., ¥.u.8. H. HE. Paas, ¥.u.s. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. Au¥FRepD SICH, F.1.8. E. A. Cockayntr, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Rev. G. WHEULER, M.A., F.E.8., F.Z.8. F.B.C.P By Heyry J. TURNER, F.u.3., F.R.0.8 (get i | lips CONTENTS ; : ae 4 199 Lepidoptera at Dieulefit, April 1930 and 1931, Wm. Fassnidge, Mst.4hZ.S. si ee A List of Lepidoptera, Bromsgrove, 1927-1931, P. Siviter-Smith Nel Se Mu 84 the abundance or otherwise simply give my impression, as I have never worked for any butterflies and it may well be that some species | have thought local are in fact wide spread. Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, and P. napi: abundant. EFuchloé cardanines: plentiful. Leptosia sinapis: very local and not plentiful. Colias hyale: once only. C. croceus (edtisa): most seasons in small numbers and some years abundant. Gonepteryx rhamni: plentiful. Apatura tris: rather local and apparently scarce. Limenttis sibilla: plentiful. Polygonia c-album: rather plentiful these last few years. Aglais urticae and Vanessa io: abundant. Pyrameis cardut and P. atalanta: usually plentiful. Dryas (Argynnis) paphia: plentiful in woods. Argynnis adippe and A. aglaia: fairly plentiful. Brenthis euphrosyne and B, selene: plentiful. Melanargia galathea : local. Satyrus semele: rather local. Pararge aegeria: abundant 1p woods. P. megera ; plentiful. Epinephele jurtina and FE. tithonus: plentiful. Aphantopus hyperantus: plentiful. Caenonympha pamphilus : plentiful. Zephyrus betulae: well distributed but nowhere abundant. Strymon quercis: abundant. Thecla w-album : local. Callophrys rubi: plentiful. Rumicia phlaeas: plentiful. Cupido minima : local. 128 ENTOMOLOGIS’’ S RECORD. 15.1X.1932 Plebeius aegon: abundant on heaths. Aricla medon (astrarche) : abundant on downs. + Polyommatus tcarus : abundant. P. coridon: abundant locally. P. thetis (bellargus) : local. Lycaenopsis argiolus: plentiful. Hamearts lucina: local. Hesperia malvae: plentiful. Nisontades tages and Adopaca flava (thaumas) : common. Auytades comma : scarce. A. sylvanus: plentiful. A. J. WigHtman. HuPItHECIA PUSILLATA IN WoRCESTERSHIRE.—1 have recorded the date of the capture of the specimen mentioned on page 70 of the May issue of this magazine as May 25th, 19381. This is a mistake on my part, as it should be May 25th, 19380. Hyropaina Brcotorana, Fuess. (quercana, Schiff.) can be added to the list of species occurring in the Ran-dan Woods, Wors., as I now know that a larva I found in June, 1980, in the woods was that species. I failed to rear it. GasTROPACHA QUERCIFOLIA, Li.,1n WoRcESTERSHIRE.— On July 16th last I had the pleasure of rearing a splendid female of this species, from a larva beaten from wild plum near this village on June 5th, I fancy it is not a common insect in this district. Immigrant Leprpoprera.—Plusia yamma first appeared on the Cotswolds on June 12th, when I saw about five at Guiting, and netted two worn males, and a female in better condition. It has been common everywhere since that date. The only Pyrameis cardui I have seen were two in Kent, both very worn indeed, one at Herne Bay on July 3rd, and one near Margate on July 8th. A male Macroglossum stell- atarwn caught at Valerian in the garden here on June 28th looks almost in too fine condition to be a migrant—the fringes are hardly worn at all. Rhopalocera are very scarce this year. JI have only seen two Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, one in Cornwall in May and one in Kent in July, and only one Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, also in Kent at the beginning of July.—P. Sivirer Smitrx, Pebworth. A Query re EpinepHELE gurtTiIna-—Fpinephele jurtina, Li. ab. splendida, B. White is described in Scott. Nat. I. 200 (1872) as follows— “¢ Larger and brighter coloured ; the apical spot of the front wing w.th two white dots.” He adds that it is the only form to be found in the island of Longa, on the west coast of Rossshire, that it is occasionally found in Aberdeenshire and that he has also taken it in the island of Capri. Could any of our readers give us more information about this form, ¢.g., Is it really the only form of Longa Island? and is it a combination of the forms fulvocincta, Fuchs and bioculata, Rebel, as I suppose from the description? A more detailed description is badly needed.—B. J. Lempxe, Amsterdam. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 129 Birps ann Srirex eicgas.—The following observations may be of interest. Beneath the sloping glass roof of my verandah a variety of insects are trapped daily (and nightly) owing to the fact that the angle formed by the wooden plate and the end of the glass affords no exit. Many species of moths, flies, bees, wasps, beetles, etc., incessantly keep to the line of the glass and few only escape the birds (mostly sparrows) that fly in to ‘‘clear them up”’ especially in the early hours after day- break. About a fortnight ago a fine specimen of Sirea gigas arrived and roused me with the noise of the rapid vibration of its wings against the glass (I sleep on the verandah), but although the birds have been busy with their usual slaughter of trapped insects, this formidable looking though harmless creature had not been attacked. LimEnItTIs sIBILLA 1N Croypon.—My wife saw a freshly emerged Limenitis sibilla flying in the strong sunshine over sone fruit vegetable stalls in Surrey St. (Croydon) one day last week. This thoroughfare is a street market, and two or three excited people tried to catch the butterfly. Iam glad to say they did not succeed and that it flew safely away. I have never met either of the above mentioned insects before in these densely built-up:parts of Croydon, that is, not in a state of nature.—Tuos. B. Fostrr, Croydon, July 26th. How Ranatra uinearis, L., swis.—This large water-bug occurs in a large and ancient pond in Windsor Forest; though widely distributed it is a decidedly local species in England. On May 1st last, when fishing for water beetles in the above mentioned forest, several specimens were taken, and subsequently housed in an aquarium in the Natural History Museum—one at least being still alive. The object of this note, however, is to describe how we saw the bugs swimming on the top of the water. Butler describes this in his Biology of the British Hemiptera as follows :—‘‘ The swimming is done mainly by the hind legs, which are then moved simultaneously and with a graceful motion lke that of a frog’s hind legs. The inter- mediate legs are also moved simultaneously, but in a less rhythmical way. . . . The raptorial legs are sometimes moved vertically in the water as if to aid in progression.” But what we saw was quite different to this. The bug appeared to stand on the water ina slanting position and using the front legs like a dog swimming, and swimming with the back legs, it rushed forward, looking like a miniature motor- boat. We observed this several times; one specimen swept out and round in a great circle; another went right across the large pond in an incredibly short time, leaving a regular wave, as if from a steam- boat, inits wake. Theday was warm and sunny which probably stimu- lated the creatures, and it looked as if they were taking this exercise purely for pleasure. In the aquarium they are very sluggish, and remain submerged beneath the surface of the water.—Horace DonistHoRPE. ; Huxoa yesrictatis From Dorser. —More than 2 years ago my kind correspondent, Mr. Parkinson Curtis of Parkstone, Dorset, very thought- fully sent me the following note for inclusion in my British Noctwae notes. This was pigeon-holed and forgotten. Still I think rather than be so long deferred it would be better to record the form described in print. 130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1932 Mr. Curtis writes thus, ‘‘ There is one beautiful form, which seems to be worth naming and apparently has not so far been named. It is not very common here and occurs in both sexes. The double basal line is the usual two rich madder brown lines with a greyish interspace, but the basal between vein 1 and the median nervure is a very lively pale burnt sienna brown. Tke colour unfortunately deteriorates after death somewhat, but I have a g before me, which is particularly well marked, and besides has the patagia tipped with the same ruddy brown, which is a very unusual feature in my experience. The form may of course be usual elsewhere, but I am told the vestigialis from Dorset are particularly well-marked.” Jn a consideable series we note one or two which approach the above, but none are marked sufficiently to be conspicuous, and some, especially the females, certainly have this feature almost distinctively dark asin Newman’s fifth figure. Newman, in his description mentions this oval area as being hght brown. I suggest the name hasidistincta for this form with the almost pink basal oval.—Hy.J.T. Ruopometra (STeRRHA) SACRARIA IN Sussex.—On the West Sussex Downs to-day I tooka g R. (S). sacraria in bred condition. At the same spot 3 Colias croceus were seen.—H. B. Witurams (UL.D., F.E.S.) August 28rd. [Another example has been taken by Mr. Rayward at Eastbourne. —Hy.J.T.] Scarcity or Insecrs.—A day spent on the ‘“‘ Crumbles” at Hast- bourne (August 17th) on one of the extremely hot days produced the now usual paucity of Lepidoptera. Heliothis peltigera, eight medium- sized green larvae on the Senecio viscosa. Six pupae of Dianthoecia carpophaga. Abundance of Plusia gamma. One Pyramets cardui. One Pararge megera. One or two Pieris brassicae. A solitary micro unidentified. A few Hpirrhoé galiata, the dark banded form. It was suggested that we might get all sorts of things but not even a solitary C. croceus was seen and even the flies (Diptera) ceased to worry.— Hy.J.T. Imuierants.—So far no Pyrameis cardui has been seen in Hastings this year until August 13th, when one was taken and released next day ; it went up to at least 300 ft. when set free and flew due north. After one P. atalanta on May 28th no further specimen was seen until August 8th when seven were seen. As far as I know Niton in the Isle of Wight was the only place recorded P. cardui in numbers in May. Two Macroglossum stellatariun were caught at Round Island Red Light in the Scillies in June. In July the Light Vessel (7 miles 8.8.E. of Selsey Bill) sent me many moths in the light westerly winds. They include Ourapterya sambucarta, Abraxas grossulariata, Tortrix viridana, Cabera pusaria, Pieris brassicae, and others which Mr. Wm. Fassnidge has for identification. Perhaps some of these may be classed as “reinforced resident.” Seven miles off seems hardly far enough for certainty though that is as far as Aglats urticae has ever been reported. The Owers also sent in two “ lacewings’’ in their catch. Plusia gamma has been repeatedly seen at Hastings since June 28th. P. atalanta released on August 15th flew north as did 8 Colias croceus on August 9th.—From Notes received from Captain DannreurHer, August 15th, Hastings. REVIEWS 131 GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at EKastbourne on May 28th, 1982, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Prof. E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Mr. Jas. E. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham, and Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors Present :—Mr. B. W. Adkin, Mr. H. W. Andrews, Dr. BR. R. Armstrong, Maj. E. HE. Austen, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Mr. E. C. Bedwell, Mr. K. G. Blair, Dr. Malcolm Burr, Capt. J. D. Dannreuter, Mr. H. M. Edelsten, Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Col. F. A. Labouchere, Dr. H. Lankester, Mr. Hugh Main, Rev. John W. Metcalfe, Mr. W. Rait- Smith, Mr. Edwin P. Sharp, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, Mr. Alfred E. Tonge, Mr. H. J. Turner, Mr. G. C. Leman, Rev. Geo. Wheeler, and Mr. Cyril G. M. de Worms. Several of the guests arrived by car. Those travelling by train were met at the station by the Chairman and conveyed to the Grand Hotel where luncheon was provided in a private room at 1.15 p.m. After luncheon the party divided, one section making a tour of the Downs and the other of the Crumbles. The latter locality provided Mr. Collin with a series of Delia flavidipennis, Stein., on Silene. The Hntomological Club Supper took place at the Grand Hotel at 6 o’clock, and after a most enjoyable evening many of the guests returned to London. The Chairman had kindly extended an invitation to all who were able to stay over the week-end and this was very freely accepted, a considerable number remaining. Owing to Mrs. Adkin’s delicate health all were accommodated at the Grand Hotel. On Sunday morning an excursion in motor cars was organized to Abbotts Wood. The rides and wood generally after the recent rains were in a very sudden and muddy condition. The weather at first was rather dull and insects appeared to be scarce, but during the morning the sun shone brilliantly and insects were very plentiful, and Pyrochroa coccinea was flying freely in the sunshine. On returning to Kastbourne luncheon was provided at the Grand Hotel Public Dining Room. During the afternoon a visit was paid to Hodeslea, Meads, the Chairman’s residence, where tea was provided and the gardens inspected. In the evening the Chairman and his family entertained the guests to dinner at the Grand Hotel, after which an exellent concert by the Hotel Band was much enjoyed. The meeting was throughout most successful and enjoyable, and the party broke up on Monday morning.—-H. Wittovexsy-Euuis. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Bers, Wasps, Anis anp Auuiep Insects of the British Isles, by Kdward Step, F.L.S., 264 pp., 44 coloured plates, 67 other plates, 64 wing maps, and many text figures. Price 10/6, Messrs. Frederick Warne and Co., Ltd.—Earlier in the year we recorded the death of a great figure in the dissemination of a knowledge of the natural history of our own country, the late Edward Step, F.L.8. We now have had sent to our table a posthumously published work, the last unfortunately, of which he had completed the MS. just previous to his death. We 132 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.1932 have no hesitation in saying that it is the best of all his works. It is a happy combination of author and publisher, in which both have done their best to produce a book, which must be of inestimable value to field naturalists. The amount of classified information pleasantly put by the author and the unstinted wealth of illustrations by the publishers make it one of the cheapest books of its kind on the market. The price versus the contents is negligible. An Introductory Book on the Order Hymenoptera has been a great desideratum for all time. We have had erudite volumes on sections of the Order, of little use to the incipient student, or to the field naturalist, but no book existed where the average nature lover of a countryside could run down, more or less closely, the bees, wasps, ants, etc., one so often disturbs in the open field or garden of flowers. The wing venation is a structure of much use in the discrimination of the various sections of the Hymenoptera, and here we have no less than 64 diagrams of such. Lepidopterists often meet with larvae of Sawflies when beating; here we have two coloured plates of 24 figures of the more commonly occurring kinds. Illustrations of the saws of this group are given as text figures, and 5 plates are devoted to figure many species of sawfly. Of the Ichneumons there are 5 plates figuring numerous species and of the gall-flies numerous illustrations both of species and of galls. The body of the work deals with the Hymenoptera-Aculeata, the Humble-bees, Cuckoo-bees, Social Wasps, Potter Wasps, Mason Wasps, Spider-hunting Wasps, Sand Wasps, Digger Wasps, Wood-boring Wasps, Solitary Bees, Mining Bees, Carpenter-bees, Homeless Bees, Ants, etc. Under each of these classes we have a readable general account of the creatures, with perhaps a reference to those who have made a special study of them, and then particulars and illustrations of the more commonly met with species. These illustrations are not limited merely to the figure of the species, but include cells of the Mason-wasp, ditto opened up, heath potter-wasp building its clay cell, queen wasp scraping a wooden post for material for ‘‘ paper-making,” - leaf-cutter bee entering its nesting site, sand-wasp dragging its victim a paralysed caterpillar, and so on. The ordinarily met with bees, humble-bees, wasps, ants, ete., are similarly dealt with; one interesting chapter describes the lives of the ‘“‘ cuckoo-bees,” of the fights between unwelcome visitor and unwilling host, and another chapter the violent banditry of the murderous spider-hunting wasps. The fascinating life-histories, so wonderful in their variety and interest, although known to the specialist perhaps for many years, are inthis work brought together, compared and contrasted for the first time for the general lover of nature. Our local societies must have a copy of this work on its shelves and individual members will find a personal copy is indispensable. Appended we have a short list of reference books, a classified list of families and genera referred to in the book, a glossary of terms and a capital index, in fact nothing is omitted to spoil the completion. We congratulate the publishers, Messrs. Frederick Warne and Co., on the result of their efforts and trust that their reward may be a circulation better than they even anticipate.—Hy.J,T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turnen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AuTrHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge, hey should be sent to Mr. Hy, J. T'urnen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Tlinlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and gponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Koad, Kingston Surrey. ; Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. October 5th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the wonth, at 7 p.m. September 22nd. October 13th, 27th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. FOR SALE Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera. Second series. Hand-coloured by (late) S. L. Mosley, F.E.S. (1B... . to 1903). Thirty plates, 150 figures. Original parts as issued—vyery rare, £2 2s. 6d.—Curator, Museum, Wakefield. Seitz. Palaearctic Volumes J. and IJ. (Butterflies and Bombyces) in parts complete and clean (German edition), price £4.—Otto Michalk, Leipzig-Kleinsch. W. 32, Schlossweg 2!. Germany. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STHENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Hditors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communieations to be addressed to :— W.oM. CRAWFORD, BA. FES, F.ZS. Hone See, ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or haye been promised by Lt. KH. B. Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Hllis, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, C. Mosley, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, “ Tatemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT. TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. i. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinuthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GCONTENTS OF VOL. If. Munanism And Mrnanocarorsa—Bibliozraphy—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., efc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, ‘“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable | Vol. XLIV. LOW, Me G Epirep G. T. Brtaune-Bausr, ¥.z.s., F.E.3., | J. HE. Conuin, F.E.8. Sth the Chairman. H. DonistHoRPE, F.Z.8., F.K.8. R. S. BaGNatt, D.SC., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. GRavEs, F.5.8. ssistance of . Maxcorm Born, D.80., ¥.n.8. H. i. Paar, r.z.s. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.s. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. KH. A. Cockaynnr, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., ¥.8.8., F.Z.8. F.2.C.P. By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.8., ¥.R.H.8., Hditorial Seeretary. CONTENTS Notes on the Psychidae. XIII. (With plate.) Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 133 On the ‘Illustrations of Huropean Butterflies,’ S. L. See (1879- 1894), C. Mosley, M.B.O.U. (concluded) .. Be 135 Newly described forms of Species found in Britain, Hy.J.T. ns as 138 Zygaenae, Geypocers and ae of the Cottian ee Dr, ae Verity . 139 Nores on Conuectinc.—KE. jurtina subsp. splendida, P. P. Graves, F.H.S. 142 Current Norges .. ae ote se se ve re ie ais 143 Review.—List of the Coleoptera of Sheppey, J. J. Walker, H.D. .. & 147 SuprPLemEenT.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.E.S., F.R.H.S. (245)-(248) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S,.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 J. J. HiLL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection ecunonrically. Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems GABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD RCAD, N.W. 10. Poone: Willesden O309. THE e7VASCUEOM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam. William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R-S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., H. S Wallace. The Vasculum is now in its seventeenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimbcriey Gardens, Newcastlie-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 accurate y coloured +xamples, figuring every species and ft many varieties, also drawings of eggs caterpillars, chrysa- jpouniete pee lides and food-plants. Price 10/6 ne: per volume. WITH DESGHi UV ee ; paces ae | FREDERICK WARNE & GO.. LTD. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turnur, F.E.S. ae AF Price, one copy, 1s. 0d. ; two, 1s. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenner J. Haywarp, F.E.S. .. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.H.S. (afew copies only) . bc Re ais (Onl: British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.E.S. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37- 43 of Ent. Record, new series ; including "Special Index. ea 58 Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be obtained post A. fii n, W. pea 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. Prate II. PsycwiDEA NuDELLA, Busveis PectinELLAa EPicHNOPTERY* pullA. The Entomologist’s Record. del C. R. N. Burrows. Mate Geniratia oF PsycHiDanr. NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDAE. 133 Notes on the Psychidae. XIII. (With Plate.) By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. (Continued from page 119.) Passing from the Fuwmeidae, still following Tutt’s arrangement, we arrive at the extraordinarily awkward term /picnopteriyidae. This we owe to Hubner, who in his Sammlung (1822) introduced the name Epichnopteria for a certain group of the Psychides, which later proved to be a very mixed lot (Tutt, Vol. 2, p. 348). Rambur (Cat. Sys. Lep. Andalousie, 1858, p. 814 et seq.) examining Hiibner’s group, separated certain species which possess a_ short anterior tibial spur, under the generic name of Psychidea. His words translated read ‘‘ Thighs and anterior tibia shorter than the posterior, having a very short epiphysis.”’* Most unfortunately, Rambur identified his type, so far as the name is concerned, with pectinella, Schiff., an error which has had unforeseen, and confusing, results. Rambur, as a matter of fact, collected entirely in Andalusia. His insect must have been wdella, Ochs. HKven up to the date of the publication of Seitz, vol. 2, there would appear to be no record of the occurrence of peetinella in Spain. Itis however sufficient for our purpose to note, that the spur in Rambur’s Psychidea must-be, markedly short. The spur in pectinella is long, and the insect which he examined had a short spur. Nudella does occur in Spain, and is very like pectinedla. Nudella is figured by Bruand (Monograph, Fig. 58). Hubner figures pectinella twice. First in 17938, and much later in his Sammluny. The former figure is unquestionably Bruand’s niwdella. This mistake in a name has led to repeated error, to which Tutt called attention (Hntom. Record. Vol. 12, p. 168, 1900). First of all, Dr. Heylaerts in 1879 named the long spurred genus, Bijugis, and later (Ann. Soc. Ent. Bely., May 14th, 1900, p. 189) stail mislead by Rambur’s mistake in identification, places pectinella, and its long spurred congeners in Rambur’s short spurred genus, Psychidea, and for the short spurred forms created a new genus,—Rebelia, which must, of course, fall before Rambur’s older name. ‘The rest of Hubner’s species were left in Mpichnopteria. Staudinger (Catalog, 1901) unfortunately follows Heylaerts, as also does Seitz. Staudinger places Psychidea next to Fumea, but his Psychidea is the long spurred genus containing pectinella, and not Rambur’s. Seitz also, gives Psychidea the long spur, and the “ cellula intrusa ”’ which really belongs to Heylaerts’ Bijugis, the long spurred genus. But there are other, and equally important differences between these genera. Firstly, Psychidea, as separated by Rambur, has its final segments in agreement with Humea, and not with Hpichnopteria. Secondly, the tibial spur ratio is noticeably different (Psychidea, 83-51, Bijugis, 52-64. Again Psychidea has the spur short, and no “cellula intrusa,”’ Bijuyis has the spur long and possesses the ‘‘ cellula intrusa,’”’ while Eipichnopterix has no spur, but has the “ cellula intrusa.’’ I am * This term according to Smith’s Glossury vs ntomology, means—‘‘ A lappet- like process, covering an excavation on the fore tibia of many Lepidoptera.” I must confess that I have not discovered this excavation, the cover must be that which we call the spur. 134 ENTOMOLOGIS'’ S RECORD. 15.X.19382 unable to detect the ‘“cellula intrusa”’ in Acentra. Besides these differences the position of the genera is somewhat critical, and very interesting. It will be remembered that there has been some uncertainty in time past as to the continuity of the Psychides. The ancient case of Stainton’s ‘‘ Manual”’ is an example of this. Tutt was wholeheartedly in favour of considering them to be ‘‘ one separate, distinct, homo- geneous, group of the Lepidoptera,” with which opinion I entirely agree. The genera now under consideration occupy this interesting position, but require shifting slightly, to bring them into line. I have therefore thought myself justified in revising Tutt’s arrange- ment, by placing Psychidea next to Kumea, that is above Bijugis and outside his Mpichnopteryyidae, and between these genera I have placed my new Genus. Acentra, which is introduced, and defined, in my former paper. This sugvested rearrangement will be found in the amended table now provided. Fumea. PsycHIpKIDI. PsycuHipEA. Ramb. 1866. 62. Sarno, Mill. 63. NocrurneLa, Alph. 64. Nupexva, Och. v. Suriens, -ntella Ren. 65. PLuMELLa, Hs. 67. SraubINGEnt, Heyl. v. MasorELua, 68. MiLnreret, Heyl. 69. |*LavEScENS, Heyl. ACENTRA, Burrows. 61. VestaLis, Staud. HT picHNOPTERYGIDAR. JipI1cHNOPTERYGINAE. BisuGinae. Bisuerpt. Bisuais. Heyl. 1879. 57. BompyceLya, Schiff. v. RoTuNDELLA, Brd. v. ELONGATELLA, Brd. 58. Proxima, Led. 59. PEcTINELLA, Schiff. vy. PERLUCIDELLA, Brd. ALTalIca, Staud. 60. ALPHERAKI, Heyl. 71. GRAECELLA, Mill. In the plate attached I have tried to indicate the position. The resemblance of Psychidea, Rambur., to Fumea, and of Bijugis, Heyl. to Epichnopterix. I doubt however whether I have succeeded in marking sufficiently the delicate Funea form, as contrasted with the much stouter Hpichnopteria. ON THE ‘‘ ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.” 135 I have not found the species here discussed to be freely offered by dealers, and imagine them to be difficult to collect. In Chapman’s material are a good many cases which agree with those which have been identified, but there is no specimen which can be identified as bred, or collected by him. I have in my collection now 6 specimens of G. pectinella. Such as bear data, come from Hungary, Lautarets, and Vienna, two having been bred. Of P. nudella I have 5, which come from Fiume, Hungary, and Spain. The larval cases of all these insects so far as I have been able to ascertain (with the exception of B. bombycella, which appears to construct a ‘‘ faggot’) would appear to be cylindrical, long, and slender, consisting of silk, intersperced with fine black sand. There is complete absence of an attempt at decoration, in the shape of leaves, and sticks. I have measured those of Acentra. 1. Acentra vestalis 2 females 14+ 8mm., slender, narrower towards exit. 2. ie 2males ?15+38mm., stouter, parallel sides. 3. I have no ease. AL lmale ?10+38mm., swollen in middle, very pointed towards exit. As to the genitalia I have made these notes. 1. 10 see. ventral view, conical, very narrow and sharp, edge well infolded, 8th sternite strongly “hooked laterally. 2. Be 3 Wide, slightly infolded, Saccus blunt, forward edge lobed. 3. s : Narrower, slightly infolded, Saccus blunt, forward edge not lobed. 4. ” 55 Conical, narrow, slightly infolded, Saccus produced, inner edge not lobed, but with two points. I observe that vestalis, Staud., appears in the Catalog, 1901, as a var. of Rebelia nudella, but is identified with pectinella, Hub. It is described as ‘‘ minor, tota alba.,”’ while nudella is, ‘‘ cinereus, ciliis al. albis.”’ On the “Illustrations of European Butterflies” by S. L. Mosley (1879-1894). By CHARLES MOSLEY, M.B.O.U. (Curator of The City of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery.) (Concluded from page 127.) CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. PAPILIONIDAE DoRrirtTIs PEIRIS Pp 8. Apollina - 14. Brassicae =) 15. Krueperi 1. Podalirius PaRNASSIUS 16. Rapae 2. Alexanor 17. Napi : 9. Apollo BL 3. Machaon WOW Dalans 18. Callidice 3. Hospiton 19. Daplidice 11. Nordmanni 20. Chlorodice 12. Mnemosyne TualIs 5. Cerisyi ANTHOCHARIS 6. Rumina Aporta (PrERIs) Si Belomin 7. Polyxena 13. Crataegi 22. Belia 136 23. Tagis 24. Cardamines 25. Gruneri 26. Damone 27. Kupheno Leraris 28. Pyrothoe 29. Kupheme LEUCOPHASIA 30. Sinapis 31. Lathryi Couias 32. Palaeno 33. Phicomone 34. Hyale 35. Erate 36. Chrysothome 37. Hecla 38. Thisoa 39. Myrmidone 40. Edusa 41. Heldreichi 42. Aurorina GONEPTERYX 43. Rhamni 44. Cleopatra DANAIDAE Danalis 45. Chrysippus NYMPHALIDAE MELITAEA 46. Cynthia 47. Iduna ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 48. Maturna 49. Artemis 50. Desfontainesii 51. Cinxia 52. Arduinna 53. Phoebe 54. Didyma 55. ‘Trivia 56. Deiona 57. Athalia 58. Dictynna 59. Britomartis 60. Parthenie 61. Asteria ARGYNNIS 62. Aphirape 63. Selenis 64. Selene 65. EKuphrosyne 66. Pales 67. Chariclea 68. Polaris 69. Freja 70. Dia 71. Amathusia 72. Frigga 73. Thore 74. Daphne 75. Ino 76. Hecate 77. Lathonia 78. Hugenia 79. Cyrene 80. Alexandra 81. Aglais 82. Niobe 83. Adippe 84. Loadice 85. Paphia 86. Pandora ARASCHNIA 87. Prorsa GRAPTA 88. Egea 89. C-album VANESSA 90. Polychloros 91. Xanthomelas 92. V-album 93. Urticae 94. Io 95. Antiope PyRAmMnris 96. Atalanta 97. Cardui 98. Ionia NEPTIS 99. Aceris 100. Lucilla LIMENITIS 101. Sibylla 102. Camilla NyYMPHALIA 103. Populi APATURA 104. Iris 105. Llia CHARAXES 106. Jasius CONTENTS: OF VOEUMIET Ir SATYRIDAE MELANARGIA (ARGE) 107. Galathea 108. Laschesis 109. Teneates 110. Larissa 111. Hylata 112. Clotho 113. Pherusa 115. Arge 116. Thetis Lastommara (Saryrvs) 117. Roxelana 118. Clymene 119. Maere 120. Hiera 121. Megaera 122, Aegeria 123. Dejanira Hrpparcuta (SATYRUs) 124. Proserpina 125. Hermione 126. Akeycone 127. Briseis 128. Anthe 129. Autonoe 130. Semele 131. Anthelea 132. Peplopea 133. Agave 134. Beroe 135. Lolaus 136. Arethusa 137. Statilinus 138. Fidia 139. Phoedra 140. Cordula i141. Actaea (142 not figured) 143. Lycaon 144. Narica 145, Janira 146. Janiroides 147. Nurag 148. Ida 149. Tithonus 150. Pasiphae 151. Hyperanthus TRIPHYSA 152. Phryne 153. Sunbecca CoENONYMPHA 154. Oedipus 155. Hero 156. Iphis (157 not figured) 158. Areanius 159. Leander 160. Philea 15.X.1932 ON THE “‘ ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.” 1B 7 161. Dorus EREBIA 192. Stygne 162. Dorinna 176. Epiphron (Cassiope) 193. Afra 163. Amaryllis 177. Melampus 194. Parmenio 164, Pamphilus 178. Eriphyle 195. Manto 165. Thyrsis 179. Arete 196. Ocnus 166. Davus 180. Mnestra 197. Tyndarus 167. Typhon 181. Pharte 198. Gorge 182. Pyrrha _ 199. Gorgone. CHIONOBUS 183. Ceto 200. Goante- 168. Jutta 184. Oeme 201. Rechlini 169. Aello 185. Medusa 202. Pronoe 170. Tarpeia 186. Pirene 203. Neoridas : 171. Norna 187. Nerine 204. Medea (Blandina) 172. Bore 188. Kvias 205. Ligea 173. Taygete 189. Melas _ 206. Euryale 174. Crambis 190. Alecto 207. Embla 175. Oeno 191. Scipio 208. Disa CONTENTS OF, VOLUME il LIBYTHEIDAE 238. Fischeri 284. Cyllarus LIpyrHea 239. Trochilus 285. Melanops : 240. Aegon 286. Tolas AIDS (Gets 241. Argus 287. Alcon 242. Optilete 288. Diomedes N SECU SND J (243 not figured) 289. Arion Bee 244. Zephyrus 290. Arcus 210. Lucina 245. Pylaon : 246. Bavius HESPERIDAE LYCAENIDAE 247. Battus Pyreus (Hxsprrta) THECA : 242. Hylas 291. Malvarum 211. Betulne 249. Panope 292. Marrubii 212. Spini 250. Lysimon 293. Lavaterae 213. W-album 251. Rhymnus 294. Proto 214. Tlicis 252. Psylorita 295. ‘Tessellum 215. Acaciae 253. Pheretes 296. Cribrellum 216. Pruni 254. Orbitulus 297. Cynarae Sitqemlvederani 255. Medon (Agestis) 298. Side 218. Quercus 206. Idas ; 299. Carthami 219. Rubi aoe eae 300. Alveus 258. Anteros ‘ Lom B59. Eros = + «82 Onloaline. 220. Roboris 260. Bee oy fy ; PI coenedac THESTOR 20, canus) (les) 304. Centaureae 262. Chiron 305. Malvae (Alveolus) 221. Ballus 263. Amandus 306 Phlomidis 222. Callimachus 264. Agestor Seta State 3 307. Orbifer CHRYSOPHANUS ore rataeeee 308. Sao (PoiyommaTus) as 6 Bony 309. Therapne 223. Vigaureae 267. Corydon 268. Dorylas NISONIADES (HESPERIA) 224. Ottomanus Sloss 555! Mersntion 269. Daphnis 310. Tages 996. Hippothoe 270. Admeyus 311. Marloyi 227. Kurydice (Chryeis) zie eigen PAMPHILA (HESPERIA) E 272. Lefebvrei 228. Alciphron 312. Thaumas 999. Gordius 273. Menaleas i 313. Lineola 230. Dorilis 274. Hopfferi 3 . 314. Actaeon ») (231 not figured) egonoy figured) 315. Sylvanus 726. Damon Ca Bap claens 277. Donezelii 316. Comma, zee. Jaleille 278. Argiolus 317. Aetna” Potyommatus (Lycaena) 279. Sebrus 318. Nostradamus 234. Boeticus 280. Alsus Cytcoprmpes (HESPERIA) 235. Telicanus 281. Semiargus (Acis) 319. Steropes 236. Baleanica (282 not figured) 320. Paniscus 237. Tiresias 283. Coelestina 321. Sylvius * This item is crossed through with ink, and it is written ‘‘N. Amer. Sp. Not Europ.’’ 188 ENTOMOLOGIS'’’S RECORD. 15.X.1932 Newly-described Forms of Species of Lepidoptera found in Britain. 1. Zygaena purpuralis.—In the Int. Ent. Zeit. for December 8th,1931 (Vol. XXV., p. 841) the Oban race of this species is named caledonensis, by H. Reiss. It is characterised by the thin scaling, and the very strong hairs on the thorax and abdomen, and is smaller than the purpuralis from Germany while exceeding somewhat in size the small high alpine race niubigena. 2. Zygaena achilleae.—In the same place the Scottish subspecies of this species is named caledonica by H. Reiss. It is characterised by smaller size, resembles mostly the subspecies alpestris from the high alpine districts of Kurope, and has thinner scaling, with hyaline | streaks at the base of the hindwings. Ground colour blackish in both sexes without gloss or scattered yellowish scales and distinctly strongly ‘haired. Forewing spots much contracted. Spot 6 small, attached to spot 5. Hindwings lead coloured with blackish fringes. 3. Zygaena melilotimOn p. 344 of the same Herr Reiss names the English (Lyndhurst) race of this species asanylica. It is characterised as smaller than the typical form in Bavaria. Ground colour in the 3s with practically no gloss, but in the females with a slight green sheen. ‘Thorax and abdomen more thickly clothed with hair than in the typical form, comparable with f. niyrina of Hast Prussia, from which it is readily separated by its much narrower black margin of the hindwings. In Lamb. for December, Vol. XX XI. p. 199, M. C. Cabeau describes an aberration of Melitaea aurinia as ab. simiyracilens. It is charac- terised by the forewings being of an almost uniform fawn colour with the black markings very thin or quite obsolete; while the hindwings are greyish black with some of the fulvous markings more or iess well emphasised. Rabais-Virton. In Lamb. for January, Vol. XXXII. p. 8, M. C. Cabeau describes a new form of Arctia caja as ab. flavomacula. ‘This form is character- ised by the forewings being white and the dark marking being separate and not united by lines. But the hindwings are orange red; the spots, numbering five, are not of the usual bluish black colour but are of a pale yellow. Caught at Ruffac, Charente, in September, 1980. Gonepterya rhamni, L.—In Lamb. for February, p. 88, Herr B.-J. Lempke describes and names two hitherto unnoted forms of this species. (1) ab. $ awrantiaca, “Ground colour of a magnificent golden yellow.” It must not be confused with ab. fervida, Fritsch, in which this coloration is less intensive and confined to the upperside only. (2) ab. ? alba, ‘‘ Ground colour of a pure white.” Melitaea aurinia, Rott., ab. melanolenca, Cabeau.—In Lamb. for April, p. 76, this aberration is described as an extraordinary mixture of melanism and albinism and is figured on Plate IV., fig. 1. The base and disc of the forewings are black leaving only 2 fawn coloured spots somewhat reddish, while the submarginal area is much lighter and of a yellowish fawn. The hindwings are similarly suffused but the marginal area is not so pronouncedly light. The nervures are all well emphasised with black. On the underside the ground is as above but less emphasised and the submarginal area is greyish. Digne. Mamestra oleracea, Li.iM. Dufrane describes 8 new forms of this species in Lamb. XXII. 81. (1) ab. minov.—of small size. 32mm. ZYGAENAK, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 139 Framiéres, Belgium. (2) ab. nana.—Of small size but the colour that of obscura, Spul. Framiéres. (8) ab. minuscula.—Of the same size as ab. minor but has the colour of ab. obsvieta, Lambl. Framiéres. Sideritis (Leucania) pallens, L.—M. Dufrane describes 2 new forms of this species in Lamb.—(1) ab. minor, 28mm., with coloration as in the type. Framiéres, etc. (2) ab. nana like ab. minor but coloration as in ab. sujusa, Steph. Miana (Oligia) furuncula, Schiff. (bicoloria, Vill.)—M. Dufrane described 2 new forms of this species in the same magazine.—(1) ab. minor, 17mm. in expanse, similar to the form bicoloria, Vill. (2) ab. minuscula, same as ab. minor but similar to ab, rufuneula. Both from Framiéres. Rivula sericealis, Scop., ab. ochrea, Cab.—The ground of the fore- wings deep yellow ochre and not straw-yellow as in the type; the hindwings are of a greyish yellow. Hautes-Pyrénées. Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with other races. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from Vol. XL., p. 163.) Melitaea trivia, Schiff., race ?—Oulx (‘‘one specimen taken by Mr. Lawson, July 31st, flying with J. didyma”’). This information is furnished by L. G. Higgins in The Hntomoloyist, 1930, p. 158, who also says it is “ very different from examples from Hastern Hurope; a most distinct form.” Not having met with this species at Oulx and having two male didyma, which resemble trivia very much, from that locality, | asked Mr. Higgins whether it was quite sure that Lawson’s specimen exhibited Riley’s distinctive feature of trivia on the under- side of the hindwing, 7.e., the first row of black dots, beyond the end of the cell, very near and quite parallel to the following row, which is on the edge of the orange band. This is the only character which I have found to be perfectly reliable in separating the two species. His angwer was that it is unmistakably present. Melitaea diamina, Lang (=dietynna, Esp. hom. prim.) eexrge vernetensis, Rondou, race alpestris, Frhst., at Sestrieres, and race alpestris, Frhst., trans. ad maynaclara, Vrty., at Oulx (only one male on July lst and a female on the 17th) and Cesana (males abundant and all very fresh on July 11th; females from the 15th and a few of both sexes still emerging on the 24th).—I have stated in my recent paper on this species in the Hint. Rec. that the race of Sestriéres is small and very melanic and that its underside exhibits the features of the Central exerge, so that it corresponds exactly with the broadspread alpestris, Frhst., of the western and central Alps. The Cesana and Oulx race is larger and has broader fulvous spaces, so that it is intermediate between the preceding and the still larger maynaclara, Vrty., of the Maritime Alps. I think the Central exerge of diamina should, taken as a whole, bear the name of vernetensis, Rondou, because it is the first one given to one of its races, although the latter is not a pure strain of that exerge, many individuals showing they carry a strain of the Northern one mixed with it, so that the race is a synexerge, as I have pointed out in the aforesaid paper. 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1932 Melitaea (parthenoides, Kef.=parthenie, Auct. nec Borkh. exerge ?) varia, Meyer-Diir. race variabella, Vrty.: Clavieres, 1800 m. (on July 29th, and, according to Higgins, Sestrieres on July 4th).—I have des- eribed this race and established its position in the Hnt. Rec. of 19381, p. 152, so that nothing need be added here about it. Melitaea parthenie, Borkh.=anrelia, Nickerl, race imitatriz, Vrty. Oulx (males already abundant, but all quite fresh, at the end of June and still emerging after the middle of July ; females from the beginning of this month and a few still emerging at the beginning of August).—I have already stated in the paper mentioned above that the species is found also on Mt. Musiné, which stands at the foot of the Susa Valley, near Turin, and is about 1000m. in height. I sent specimens from both these localities to Reverdin, who made sure of the species by dis- secting the genitalia of several, with a view to discovering whether any belonged to the exactly similar J/. britomartis, Assm. race anreliaeformis, Vrty., but it was not found. I have described race imitatria and its appearance and variations at Oulx in the same paper. [ must record here an aberration, in which the fulvous is replaced by deep chestnut, inclining to chocolate colour, whereas the black pattern is so poorly pigmented that it looks grey; it is a male with the edge of the wings on the right side ill-developed. - Melitaea athalia, Rott., exerge helvetica, Rubl=pseudathalia,Reverdin, race celadussa, Frhst.—Oulx (males from June 30th; females from July 4th; on the 20th this species had nearly entirely disappeared, but a few sporadic females still emerged till the 28th) ; Cesana (a few still fresh at the beginning of August). Melitaea deiune, H.-G., race berisalii (spelt with a double 7 in the original description), Rtthl—I have not met with this species, but Higgins informs us in The Hntomologist of 19380, p. 158, that he has collected at Oulx, on July 8rd, one worn example at about 38000 ift., which he cannot separate from those he has from Martigny. If the genitalia and other specimens confirm this diagnosis, it will be an interesting discovery, as berisalii was only known from the Valais and the dvione of Tessin and the Alto Adige stand nearer to the nominotypical race of the species than to it. Whilst race tessinorwmn, of Biasca, is described as a transition to berisalii by Fruhstorfer, nobody seems to have noticed that in the Maritime Alps there exists another very fine race, transitional to rondoui, Obth., of Gédre in the valley of Saint-Sauveur (Hautes Pyrénées), and to the, more or less, similar siynata, Sagarra, of Catalonia (Seva), which could easily be mistaken for the athalia of the same region, owing to their heavy black markings and their deep fulvous. The original figures of the species in Hubner’s magnificent plates represent a very extreme and rather unusual form of both sexes, from what, one may be sure, was a remarkably arid locality: the size is strikingly small, as compared with the usual, normal, one of the lowlands of southern [france, but not as much so, especially in the male sex, as in the tiny dejonella, Vrty., of the second generation (the length of forewing from base to tip measures 20mm. in Hiibner’s figure, whereas in my typical series of dejonella from Marseilles it measures 18); the tone of the fulvous is very pale and _ cold; the black markings are extremely thin and notably the central elbowed row of spots are reduced to a degree one seldom meets with. Hemming, in the 7ans. Ent. Soc. London, 1981, p. 504, points out ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 141 that, on the strength of a statement of Duponchel.. Hiibner’s specimens must have been from ‘‘ Aix-en-Provence.” There remains to be seen whether Hubner’s form ever is so constant locally as to constitute a peculiar race ; anyhow, I think it will be use- ful to distinguish the usual, larger, brighter and more bodly marked form by the name of praestantior, taking as typical a series of speci- mens collected for me by Foulquier at the well known Sainte Baume, in the Var, on May 20th. The race of the Maritime Alps, mentioned above, as represented by a series collected by C. Hofer at Saint Martin de Vésubie, at the beginning of June, and again from August 10th to 27th in the second generation, is constantly, in all the specimens, and markedly distinct from praestantior, of the Var, and can be described as a further degree in the direction of rondoni and signata to which it is a near approach. Both generations are distinctly larger than the corresponding ones of the Var and the first is, in fact, as large as mayna, Seitz, of Andalusia, the male’s forewing measuring 22 and the females 22 to 23mm.; the fulvous is of a rich, warm and bright tone; some females are hand- somely variegated in that this colour is alternated with a yellowish fulvous in some of the spaces; both the basal suffusion and the rest of the black pattern are always much more prominent than they ever are in praestantior and thus resemble some rondout and siynata,’and even berisalii, except for the peculiar broad black marginal band of the latter, which does not exist at all; the underside does not differ much from that of praestantior, and there is no tendency on this surface to the prominent markings of berisalii. I propose naming this fine race vesubiana and its small second generation (male 18, female 18 to 20mm.) yesubiella. The latter, compared with the former, exhibits no tendency to a reduction ‘of the black pattern, as does dejonella compared with praestantior. As I am dealing with this species | must also note that, now Ribbe has made it clear that magna, Seitz, is the Andalusian race of deione and not athalia, Oberthur’s name of nitida, given to the Algerian race, which is exactly the same, makes it a synonym, as Seitz’s was published on October 7th and Oberthir’s in June of the same year, 1909. I can- not agree with Ribbe that mayna is a synonym of nevadensis, Obth. : the original figure of the latter is exactly like one of my vesubiana and it must apply to the mountain race, whereas nitida =mayna is the larger one, with broader wings, a brighter colouring and a very thin black pattern, of the lowlands of southern Spain ; I possess it from Murcia. Boloria euphrosyne, Li. race neston, Frhst. Oulx (beginning of June) and along the path from Jouvenceau to Notre Dame des Broussailles (beginning of July) ; race ewphrosyne, LL. Cesana (July 11th), Clavieres (July 29th) and Sestrieres (July 4th, according to Higgins).—] have shown in my recent paper on this species that in the drier and warmer valley of Oulx a race similar to the neston of Tessin is produced, whereas, further up in the mountains, from Cesana, one meets with a distinctly different one, which is quite similar to the nominotypical one of Sweden. Boloria pales, Schiff. race palustris, Frhst. Claviéres (both sexes emerging on July 29th); Sestriéres (Swarming on August 8th, from very worn to pertectly fresh conditions).—I have discussed this race, together with other cases afforded by this interesting and somewhat 142 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X.1922 puzzling species, in a monograph on this subject, published in the ‘Tris’ of September, 1932. It unquestionably is, on the whole, a true palustris, but I have pointed out that some specimens, to my mind, distinctly betray a strain of broyotarus, Frhst. = tendensis, Higgins, so that this is one of the reasons, which scarcely admits con- sidering the latter as belonging to a distinct species, according to Higgins’s view (Lhe Entomologist, 1980, p. 199). (Lo be continued.) YOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. M. (H.) surria spLenoipa, B. Wuire. Repry to Mr. Lempxe.— Mr. Lempke has only to consult the Mntomologist, LXIII., nos. 802, 808 to find an account of Buchanan White’s insect ‘ Mpinephele jurtina ab. splendida,’ which is there proved to be a good subspecies. Since the paper was published I have visited Longa Island and Gairloch. and taken splendida in fair numbers. It is unmistakeably a subspecies and when seen in flight looks much darker than the ordinary §S. English jurtina.—P. P. Graves (F.H.S.). AnotHeR Literary Curiosrry.—Another loss for Parisians. Paris without butterflies is inconceivable. It is a prospect calculated to bring infinite sadness to the entomologist, and nothing short of consternation to the Secretary of State for Tourist Propaganda. But it is a dread possibility serious entertained, it would seem, by expert Nature observers. According to one of these, M. Gérard d’Houville, the beautiful insect is this year a rare sight in the gardens of the Luxemburg and the Bagatelle Gardens of the Bois de Boulogne. M. d’Houville remembers years when his eyes were gladdened in these delightful resorts by great flights of butterflies. He recalls a night of long ago when Andre Gide offered him a superb specimen that he had captured on an electric globe in the Rue Royale. To the plaints of old Parisian about the demise of famous cafés and of familiar boulevard landmarks, and about the decay of manners, there may now have to be added yet another variant of the poignant familiar line—‘‘Ou sont les papillons d’antan ?” (‘‘ Where are the butterflies of yester-year ?”.—‘“ D.T.” 18. vii.32. ; GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Speldhurst Close, Sevenoaks, on July 9th, 19382, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robt. Adkin, Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Mr. Jas. E. Collin. Visitors Present:—Mr. L. W. Adkin, Maj. E. E. Austen, Mr. H. W. Andrews, Mr. EH. C. Bedwell, Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Dr. K. Jordan, Mr. Hugh Main, Mr. J. F. Perkins, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. H. J. Turner. The members and visitors arrived at 3 o’clock and were received by Mr. and Mrs. Willoughby-Hllis. The Chairman’s Museum was open for inspection, which included his re-arranged collection of British CURRENT NOTES. 1438 Butterflies in 160 drawers, the British Moths in 60 drawers, British Hemiptera and British Coleoptera. Mr. Hugh Main brought a number of newly-hatched larvae of the Cetoniid beetle, Gnorimus nobilis, in their pabulum of decayed brown mould, from an oak tree, in which the eggs were laid. ‘Tea was served on the lawns at 4 o'clock, after which, in brilliant weather, a tour was made of the gardens and woods. Supper was served at 6.30 p.m., and the party dispersed about 11 o'clock. Some of the guests remained at Speldhurst Close for the week-end, and on Sunday morning Darenth Wood was visited in very hot weather. The portions of the wood which still remain are very much overgrown, and considerable difficulty was experienced in proceeding from one part to another ; insects were found to be some- what scarce. yctiscus betuleti and many other species of Coleoptera were captured, amongst which was a very white variety of Strangalia armata, The Members of the Club took the opportunity of their meeting together to join in sending its congratulations and good wishes to Mr. Robert Armstrong Adkin, the only son of Mr. and Mrs. R. Adkin, senior member of the Club, on the occasion of his marriage to Miss Hileen Marguerite Melvill late of Johannesberg, 5. Africa, at the same time presenting the bridegroom with a clock suitably inscribed. Mr. R. A. Adkin has for many years past assisted his father in the meetings of the Club at Mastbourne. He takes a particular interest in the Mollusea,—H.W.-E. The volunie of the Ann. Soc. ent. France for 1932, contains articles or the Faunas of the Azores Islands and the Mascarene Islands, dealing with spiders, Orthoptera and Coleoptera. There are six plates, one coloured. The format of this journal is now quarto. We have to thank Dr. F. Heydeman for various separates of his writings. In Hnt. Rund. of the present year he has been dealing with Liycaenid species of the Palaearctic Fauna. His articles are very thorough and all palaearctic students should consult them for the results of his study. L’ Amat. de Pap. for March has an account of Lanslebourg as a good collecting ground by M. Catherine.. More than once both Dr. Chapman and Mr. J. W. Tutt spent many days in this neighbourhood. We have received a copy of no. 1 of the Journal of the Hntomo- logical Society of the South of England. In addition to the valuable Transactions which this Society is publishing year by year, this new journal has been established to take the smaller communications of local value and interest, which may not be of sufficient comprehensive- ness for the former. The Society does not intend to publish it us a journal of proceedings at their meetings, but it will contain each year the list of officers, a list of members and their addresses, a financial statement, and other matters of general interest to the Society. The issue will, we understand, be at regular intervals. There are no less than 86 items contributed by sixteen members the subjects being mostly of the ‘‘ other orders”’ six only being purely Jepidopterous in content although two, such as the interesting note by Prof. EH. B. Poulton, deal in part with lepidoptera. Needless to say the general get up of the journal is admirable. The progress and usefulness 144 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X.19382 of this Society has been wonderful since its inception some 10 years ago and is a great credit to all concerned in its management. The position it has so quickly attained is a measure of the importance of entomology in itself, and indicates that it is not in anyway necessary to tack the subject on to general zoology to make it an attractive and successful branch of natural science. Jt can stand on its own basis. We wish it all the future it so well deserves. In the February no. of Lamb. Herr. B.-J. Lempke discusses the variation which has been recognised in Gonepter ya rhamni. He divides the aberrations into four groups to which he adds the races recorded. Those species in the first group have developed an orange ground colour above with a tendency more or less to reddish and are eight in number, which the writer reduces to three. Those in the second group have the basic colour of the other sex. Of these there are three. Those in the third group are aberrations of the underside, four in number. Those in the fourth group are six aberrations not classed in the other three groups. The races are two besides the typical one. The species of the genus Cacullia are considered by A. Dufrane in the March no. of Lamb; especially the closely allied species or forms C. verbasci, C. lychnitis, and C. scrophulariae, but the difficulties remain unsolved still. In the same no, of Lamb. Command. de Sandt contributes an article ‘* Some figures’ in which he gives some appalling cnlculations on the results of the present extreme desire to enregister the aberrations in the Lepidoptera. An Exrract.—A Diagram speaks for itself but it is not always one can carry it around with one so that it may be handy to show to friends. ‘ However, Nature has built a copy of this into each of us. Stretch your arms out horizontally at your sides. . Now, if you take the distance between the tips of the fingers of your outstretched arms as representing the number of different kinds of animals living to-day, the last joint of the middle finger of your right hand will represent the number of different kinds of mammals. The middle joint of that finger will represent the number of different kinds of reptiles and their kin. The first joint of the same finger will represent the number of different kinds of birds; and the distance from the knuckles to the wrist will represent the fishes. In other words you can hold our so- called zoological gardens and their aquarium annexes in one hand. The length of one fore-arm from the wrist to the elbow would, on the same scale, represent the number of the different kinds of spiders, worms, known protozoa and all other invertebrates which are not insects. And you have left the distance from that elbow to the shoulder across your chest, and out to the tips of the outstretched fingers of the other arm to represent the number of different, already described, insects now living on this earth. What right has any man to call himself a zoologist who does not know a bug from a beetle?” From an Address given by Frank EK. Lutz to the Entomological Society of Ontario And yet we entomologists allow ourselves to be ‘‘ ruled” by a relatively small section who do “ not know a bug from a beetle,” the so-called zoologists. We let the tail wag the dog.—Hy.J.T. A Fry Y1siration.—Motorists on the coastal road near Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire, were recently held up by a swarm of flies. There were CURRENT NOTES. 145 many species amongst the swarm. They came apparently from the sea, and by the time night fell they had mostly disappeared.—The Motor. Those who take an interest in our British species Miana (Oliyia) striguis should read Dr. Heydemann’s thorough discussion of that and the closely allied species, M. latruncula, M. fasciuncula and MM. versicolor, Bork. ‘This last he says is Tutt’s form virgata. The paper is illustrated by 2 plates. Unfortunately the results of tne author are not summarised in our notes on British Noctuae as they were published after our own notes had appeared. Dr. Heydemann’s paper appeared in the Hnt. Zeit. for April, May, June, July. A further portion of the Schmett. Siidbayerns, Heft 4, Geometers (continued), has been received, as a supplement to the Mitt. Junch. Entom. Gesellschaft. There are 2 photographic plates, 47 figs. of local forms and a number of new aberrations and races are described in the text. ‘I’bose of species occurring in Britain will be dealt with later. Parnassiana—a iagazine devoted solely to the restricted genus Parnassius and one or two allied genera which are more closely allied to it than to any other, has reached the end of its first volume in 8 numbers from June, 1930, to November, 1931. Jt contains 2 plates and 34 figures, and is probably a magazine with the most restricted outlook known, A register of an extreme example of specialisation. Our correspondent Herr Warnecke of Kiel has kindly sent us a copy of the first portion of his work on the Noctuidae of the Hamburg- Altona area. His work on the Macro-lepidoptera began in 1924 with the butterflies and the present section is the fifth in order. ‘T’he order of Staudinger’s Cataloy 1901 is followed with Warr.-Seitz corrections In nomenclature. ‘The new forms of any species occurring in Britain will be recorded later. ‘I'he author treats latruncula and fasciuneula as separate species. One of our contributors, Herr B. J. Lempke of Amsterdam has sent us his summary of the history, relationship and variation of Colias croceus in which he has followed the action of the more advanced entomologists in treating croceus as a subspecies of Col/as electo, L. [‘« Colias electo, L. subsp. crocens, Fourer. (edusa, 'b.).”| | Deseriptions and notes are given of no Jess than 80 forms 2 of which are new. The paper is published in the Hutomologische Berichten for May. He refers to the statement of Kloss and Hannemann in Supp. Mnt. that the genus name Cvlias properly refers to rhammni, ete. and that Murymnus, Swains., is the correct genus name for croceus, etc. Unfortunately the average British reader is handicapped by ‘his ignorance of the language in which this most useful paper is written. A copy of the Hastings and I. Sussea Naturalist, Vol. IV., No. 5, lies before us. A very interesting and useful local magazine of a seaside resort dominated, as it should be just now, by the subject of Immigration, for which our friend Capt. Dannreuther is largely responsible with the paper he read on March 8rd. The rest of the pages contain useful records in all branches of natural history, but in the List of 18 species of Butterflies observed on July 31st at that famous collecting ground, Abbott's Wood, surely, if only for the education of the younger members, the nomenclature and spelling should be up-to-date. H. thawnas for more than 20 years has been H. flava, and KE. janira has been FE. jurtina, the prior names. Sibylla 146 WNLOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.X.1932 should be stbilla, galatea should be galathea, hyperanthus should be hyperantus; all the prior spelling. In another page we have the variation sybila ! We noticed Dr. F. Heydemann’ s exhaustive paper on the ein ronei nictitans Group of species while 1t was in course of publication. The author has now sent us a copy of the completed paper with the 6 plates. Four species are recognised: oculea, L. (1761), with form nictitans, Bork. (1792); fucosa, Freyer (1830), with subsp. paludis, Tutt (1888), and subsp. pallescens, Stdgr. (1899) ; lucens, Freyer (1845) ; and erinanensis, Burrows and Pierce (1908). It is often the case that first class work is done by members of a local society but that want of funds make it impossible to publish the records of such and there the matter ends. With the Entomological Society of the South of England such appears not to be the case for there lies before us Pt. 2 of the Transactions of the Society for 1981 and Pt. 1 of the Journal for 1982, both recently issued. The former contains three excellent papers. (1) ‘‘A Biological Survey of the Megaloptera—Neuroptera of Hampshire and the I. of Wight” by Fred J. Killington, W.W.S. (2) ‘* Observations on the Wasp Mellinus arvensis,’ by B. M. Hobby, M.A., F.H.S. (8) ‘‘ An Annotated List of the Coleoptera of Sheppey,” by ee J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.5., F.E.S. Allof outstanding merit and usefulness. The Jounal contains some 36 extended Notes and Observations by no less than 18 meibers, relating mostly to the area of operations of the Society. These notes are of a hich jevel and such as we would much like to see in our three entomological journals where they would most propably have the more extended circulation which they are quite worthy of. In the Bull. Soc. Mnt. de France M. Le Charles describes and figures the abnormally bifid antennae of a Zygaena occitanica and Ortholitha mucronata (plunbaria) with a supplementary lower left wing perfectly developed and of almost normal size. In a recent number of the Bull. Soc. ent. Bulyaria, Herr Drenowski makes a comparative investigation of the butterfly fauna of the Bulgarian High Mountain Regions. Unfortunately the paper is written in the Bulgarian tongue, but an admirable summary has been given in German. ‘The species recorded are mostly alpine and racially differ from the typical alpine forms, e.g., Hrebia tyndarus var, balcanica, Coenonympha tiphon race rhodopensis, Erebia lappona, EF. tyndarus race ottomana, I. yorye race peronica, Psodos trepidaria, Titanio phrygialis, T. schranktana, Brenthis pales race balcanica, Gnophos myrtillata, Pararye hiera, etc. In another paper in the same number Herr Tuleschkow discussed the species of lepidoptera discovered from 1928 onwards new to the Bulgaria area. The account describes and announces two new forms: (1) Agrotis lucernea subsp. bureschi, and (2) Plebeius orbitulus subsp. rebeli. On p. 95 of Lamb. Herr B.J. Lempke points out how ignorant we still are on the biology of Colias hyale. He collates the various notes published in recent years in what stage hibernation takes piace, when the larva appears and how many broods occur per year, and finds no agreement, and no probable solution. REVIEWS 147 FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Aw Annotated List or THE CoLEOPTERA OF THE IsLE oF SHEPPEY. By James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.1.8S., F.B.S., ete. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Entomological Society of the South of HKngland. 7 (2) 81-140, June Ist, 193%, with Map.—This excellent and interesting little production is not a mere list of names but, as its title denotes, an annotated lst, giving full information about many species, and at least how all are to be found. It is also of much historical value, many of the ancient coleopterists of the past being referred to, and their doings in the Isle of Sheppey mentioned. It is probable that only the author with his special knowledge of this locality and the many years he collected there, could have written it. Sheerness is his native town, and was his home and headquarters until the end of last century during the intervals of his naval service abroad. The map of the Island is very clear and well executed. In the Introduction the physical features of the Island are dealt with, and some historical facts are mentioned. The capture of the beautiful little beetle Acupalpus elegans, De}. (now alas! extinct in Britain) by Rev. Hamlet Clark in 1853 and subsequently by others is referred to here, but dealt with fully in the body of the list. We believe that the author is the only living coleopterist who has taken this beetle in Britain. The value of such a list as this is greatly increased by the fact that a lasting record of the whole coleopterous fauna is brought together here; as building operations gradually destroy many of the best collecting grounds, many of the rarer species become extinct, and their occurrence forgotten. To refer to some of the rarer species: (p. 76) we have already mentioned. Amara strenua, Zimm. (p. 89).—It is pointed out that Dr. Power and Dawson captured it in 1858 and the author in 1897. Mention is made that the writer and my old friend the late A. J. Chitty took it with the author in the Iwade Marshes in 1898, 1899. My friend Sir T. Hudson Beare also took it with us, for | have an interesting “snapshot ’’ of Commander Walker and Sir Thomas sitting in the *‘ Lord Nelson’’ at Iwade. I believe the only other known british locality was Ryde in the Isle of Wight, where it used to occur very many years ago—except that I have recently taken it, in June last, at Port Victoria ! Pogonus Luridipennis, Germ. (p. 91), is another fine species, once abundant, which appears to be extinct in Sheppey now. Through the author’s kindness I took a nice series in company with Professor Beare near Sheerness in 1897. Polystichus connexus, Geof. (p. 92), one of the specialities of the Isle of Sheppey. It also occurred in numbers in flood refuse at Lwade, where we found Amara strenua sparingly in 1899. I was very surprised to capture two specimens of this beetle at the roots of a tree in Windsor Forest in 1923. Berosus spinosus, Stev. (p. 95), another of the Island’s specialities ; it appears that the brackish ditches in which it occurred are now filled up. Acupalpus elegans, Dj. 148 ENTOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.X.1982 Emus hirtus, L. (p. 102). This grand beetle was first taken in Sheppey in 1859. Many of us, including the author and the writer, are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Malcolm Cameron for the pleasure of taking this insect. Malachins vulneratus, Al. (p. 123), bas only occurred in Sheppey in Britain ; the author is the only Coleopterist who has found it in any numbers. Haemonia mutica, F., var. curtisi, Lac. (p. 125). For the capture of this very local beetle, which occurs in brackish ditches, the writer is again indebted to the kindness of the author. Stephens records it for Windsor, no doubt erroneously, in the place of H. appendiculata, Pz., though he records that species for Windsor also. Bayous argillaceus, Gyll. (p. 184). This very local beetle discovered in Sheppey by Messrs: Champion and Marsh in 1869, has been taken in greater numbers in Sheppey than in any other British locality. Baris scolopacea, Germ. (p. 1386), was taken in the Isle of Sheppey by the late Mr. Champion and the author in 1872 and it has occurred in numbers there by sweeping Atriplea portulacoides, L., the Sea Purslane. The only other known British locality is a salt-marsh near Bosham, West Sussex, where I discovered it on August 19th, 1920 [cf. Knt. Mo. May., 57153 (1921)]. Iwas collecting there with Mr. P. Harwood and I pointed out that the Sea Purslane, which was growing in the salt-marsh, was the plant on which this beetle occurred in the I of Sheppey, I proceeded to sweep it and immediately captured the Baris. At the end of the list is a useful table comprising the number of species recorded from—bBritish Isles 8587; Isle of Sheppey 1211; Rochester District 1615 ; Oxford District 2141; and Wicken Fen, 1044. I may add— Windsor Forest 1631. Conrrisuto aLLa Conoscenza DeLLA Brotogia DEI RHopaLocERA Isericr. (Contribution to the knowledge of the Biology of the Iberian Rhopalocera), by Orazio Querci, published by the Barcelona Museum of Natural Sciences. Vol. XIV. of the Annals.—The MS. of this work of some 270 quarto pages was left behind by the author in 1929 when he went to the United States. Nearly 200 species are discussed from varietal and biological points of view. The remarks on the various broods are very enlightening. He notes for instance that sometimes the common Pierids appear to emerge almost uninterruptedly from April to November. The suggestion is that there are two independent cycles of emergence running contemporary, both having three annual broods, but one cycle is retarded so that while in the one case pupae hibernate in the other the ova hibernate being laid too late to hatch before the winter influence arises. It was unfortunate that the author had no opportunity to correct the proofs, as there are numerous ‘“‘ printer’s errors,” and the 34 new forms described and named are not in any way indicated. We thank the author for kindly emending our own copy and compliment him on this fine piece of work.—Hy.J.T. Will readers send us accounts of their doings of the year. These records are most valuable for reference, and many areas are still unworked or unrecorded. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Tornen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications 1iDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require ILLusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duyplicates.— S. Andrenaeformis, Bied 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuanoers.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and eponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 18, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. ° Desiderata— Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata y. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 386, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Ureent.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Eglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.— J, Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—4J], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8 p.m. October 19th, November 2nd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. October 27th. November 10th, 24th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. tah hentai a eh CR! in al IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subseription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lf. H. B. Ashby, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R.N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, C. Mosley, J. Sneyd Taylor, Q. Querci and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘* Tatemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT | TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genos Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. Ii. Mevanism AND Mruanocarotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VarraTIon (inany)—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and 4. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., efc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mv. H. E. PAGE, ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New ‘Gross, London, §8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable No. 1l NOVEMBER, 1932 ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD : AND ~ JOURNAL OF VARIATION UDITED G. T. Beraune-Baker, ¥.z.8., F.u.s., | J.B. Corn, F.z.s. sith the Chatrman. H. DonIsTHORPE, ¥.Z.8., F.1.8. RK. S. BAGNALL, D.SC., F.B.S.E. Major P. P. GRavEs, F.E.8. istance of . Maucorm Burr, D.80., r-z.s. H. EE. Paar, F.4.s. Rey. C. BR. N. Burrows, F.£.s. ALFRED EK. A. CocKaYNtr, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Rev. F.R.C.P. Vv By Hewry J. TURNER, F.z.8., F aA, E - Seeretary. Mins CONTENTS Yo Races, Hy.J. r. b¢ AZT _Musel Notes on some Devonshire Gaicoskers: H. Denonee ‘pe, F. Z. S., FESS Notes from Spain, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. Reduviidae collected in Barberton District, EH. Transvaal, J. Sney Payton, M.A., D.I.C., F.E.S. HG 154 Records of Immigrant Lepidoptera at Hadtings Cane T. Danner Sane Bo 156 Newly-described Forms of Species of Lepidoptera found in Britain, Hy.J.T. 157 Screntiric Notrs.—The Biology of Triple-brooded Species, Q. Quercit .. 158 Norzs on Cotnectina.—S. dubius a rare Trichopteron in Windsor Forest, H. Donisthorpe; The Season in Cumberland, C. B. Rowtledge; Notes on A. atropos in E. Suffolk, 1932, Lt. Col. Hawley; Notes from the Stratford-on-Avon area, etc., P. Siviter- ee Notes from Dorset, Robert Troup . Be a0 ee oe : ee 36 ae 160 Current Notes .. : 162 Ruvinws.—Seitz Wiaaiotepidgaters: Supplement, Hy. : Tes Regort of ne Eton College N.H.S., Hy.J.T. .. 164 SuprLement.—British Noctuae, H. J. ner. P. E. 8. ER. H. S. (249)- (252) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. Hi to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., a 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §.E.9. 4 Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return 36, Strand, London, W.C:2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 : TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 J. JF HiLa & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLCGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGHABLE UNI SYSTIMMS. Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particuiars of our various Unit Sysieris CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 1G. PHonr : Willesden 0309. THE: VASCUEUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties ELITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D-Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., H. S Wallace. The Vasculum is now in its seventeenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastic-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Hditor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt, containing a coloured examp e of every species and many varieties also half-tone illustrations of eggs. caterp llars, foo -plants, ete., revised nomenclature and index of scient fic names. 7/6 net. FREDERICK WARNE & CGO. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.C.2. “ENTOMOLCGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyme. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, 1s. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennern J. Haywarp, F.E. 's. 1s. 3d. Biibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. es Durrant, F.E.S8. (afew copieson'y) .. ob ce Be -. 3s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.E.8. .. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-43 of Ent. Record, new series ; ; including "Special Index . ae He ae o6 Price, per vol. 12s.°6d. To be obtained post ide sie H. W. ere 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. RACES. 149 Races. At the request of Mr. Bethune-Baker some while ago I have been endeavouring to trace the specimen of Polyommatus coridon in the Herrich-Schaffer collection from which he drew the figure 500 labelled hispana, without success. During the quest I have received a letter from our old correspondent Signor Querci containing some very interesting facts and suggestions that should be registered for future reference. Signor Querci has been in Cuba and Philadelphia for two or three years since leaving the Iberian Peninsula where he collected for several seasons. He writes from the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., as follows :— ‘‘T have carefully searched everywhere but I have been able to find no Kuropean butterflies, which might have belonged to Herrich- Schaffer’s collection. All the Pocy’s specimens are Cuban; there is an explanatory list written by him, but not any list of Palaearctic insects. The main Pocy collection remained at Habana as I have heard say. “‘T am convinced that the specimen figured by H.-S., by the name of hispana, was taken in Catalonia. Probably it was collected by ~ Martorell, when he was a boy. [I still possess a series of specimens, taken in September near Barcelona, which look like the type figure. The type of hispana does not belong to the most frequent form, but this often occurs. If you compare Esper’s figure of belemia and Hiubner’s figure of aesculi with specimens we took in Portugal, you will see that the types differ from most specimens we found in the same place whence the types came. Isper’s type of proto looks different from every specimen of proto from Portugal I have seen, save 5 specimens in the Museum Bocage at Lisbon. They were taken only a few miles from the place where we found a quite different form in the exceptionally fine spring of 1927. ‘“« The fact is that the so-called ‘‘ races’’ are not constant. The - larvae fed in a season favourable for vegetation produce bigger examples than when the larvae have suffered from the scarcity of food. The specimens emerging in a hot and dry period are brighter than these, which have emerged when it is cold and damp. *« The coridon (true coridon) we collected in Central Spain in the very dry summer seasons of 1924 and 1926, look different from Pyrenean specimens, but in 1928 Central Spain was as wet as a marsh, and the coridun (true coridon) from Cuenca does not differ from those in the damp valleys of Catalonia. Most butterflies from Cuenca in the damp summer of 1928, and particularly actaea, statilinus, lachesis, russiae (japyyia), iphioides, thetis (bellaryus), comma, cinarea, ete., look different from those taken, quite in the same place, in the dry summer of 1926. Most species from the Sierra Nevada in the dry summer of 1926, are showier than in the same place in the damp summer of 1925. The specimens from Sierra da Estrella in the Museum Bocage of Lisbon, taken by Lima and Lemos in 1886, during a very dry summer, are very different from those collected by us in 1927, For instance statilinus in 1886 perfectly agree with allionta, which Fabricius described _from Portugal ; our specimens taken during a rainy and mild summer, are much bigger and darker. . “At Una (Cuenca), both in 1926 and 1928, we daily collected all 150 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X1.19382 the proto and fritillim, which gradually emerged in a valley near our home. ‘The period of emergence was long, the weather often changed from one day to another. We observed 1. When it was hot and dry most specimens were orange-cinnamon on the underside of the hindwings. 2. When it was hot and damp the tint was verona-brown, or mikado-brown. 8. When it was mild and dry the tint was cinnamon-buff. 4. When it was mild and damp the tone varied from saccard’s- umber to tawny-olive. “The reddish: underside was much more frequent in 1926 than in 1928 ; the yellowish underside occurred only in September, 1926, not in August; while in the milder and damper August of 1928 we found many specimens haying a yellowish underside. ‘“¢ My conclusion about racial names would be, that in many cases the description of a geographical race is but the opinion of an author who looked at a few specimens taken at a given time in a locality. If he had observed another series, collected quite in the same place, but either in another season, or in another year, his description would have probably been different. The material, which I collected, some- times more than one year in the same place, seems to prove this statement.”’ Notes on some Devonshire Coleoptera. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. Having paid two short visits to Devonshire this year to collect Coleoptera, my friend Mr. T. H. Edmonds has asked me to put on record the species taken. From June 7th-14th, Miss Kirk and J stayed at 'Torcross, where we were joined by Mr. Edmonds, and collected at Slapton Ley and other places near by. The chief object of the visit was to take more of the new species discovered last year, viz. Oxypoda maritima, Donis., Scopaeus minutus, Hr., Cephennium edmondst, Donis., C. pallida, Edmonds, and Malachius elegans, Ol.; all except the last two being again secured. The following is a list of the species taken :—Suapron Ley. Lionychus quadrillum, Duft., running on shingle, and under larger stones. ‘The typical form was very scarce, but the abs. bipunctatus, Heer., and wnicolor, Schil., occurred in small numbers. J/etabletus foveatus, Geoff. (foveola, Gyll.) was running in company with them, and on June 9th, a specimen was taken in cop. with the ab. wnicolor! Oxypoda maritima, Donis., a short series was secured, after very hard work, under small stones and sifting very fine shingle. Atheta flavipes, Jh. (halobrectha, Shp.) under shingle, A. euryptera, Steph., and A. atramentaria, Gyll., under flood refuse. Philonthus varius, Gyll., P. bimaculatus, Gr., and Gabrius nigritulus, Gr., under stones. G. pennatus, Shp. under flood refuse. Othius laevinsciulus, Steph., under stones. Scopaeus ryei, Woll.,and S. minutus, Er., sifting very fine shingle, the formerin some numbers, but the latter very scarce. Paederus riparius, L., and P. fuscipes, Curt., under flood refuse. Cephennium edmondst, Donis., a short series, after very hard work, under small stones and sifting very fine shingle; Stenichnus pusillus, Mull., ditto, but in some NOTES ON DEVONSHIRE COLEOPTERA. 151 numbers. Cryptohypnus dermestoides, Hbst., ab. 4-guttatus, Lap., under flood refuse. Malachius marginellus, Ol., some hundreds of specimens were examined in the hope of finding M. elegans, Ol. All the specimens of the former were found to have very narrow borders on the thorax, and I shall shortly publish more on this subject. Psilothria cyaneus, Ol. (nobilis, Kies) occurred in profusion on the flowers of Thrift, ete. ; all green (ab. viridis, Rossi) different shades of blue, blue and green, and deep violet forms occurring. Rhynchites germanicus, Hbst., and Strophosomus retusus, Marsh., sweeping. Apion wurticariun, Hbst., on Urtica wrens. Between Stapron Ley and Hatusanps, by sweeping—Atheta hypnorum, Kies., A. fungi, Gr., Mycetoporus angularis, Rey., Stenus nanus, Steph. (declaratus; Kr.) Phalacrus corruscus, Pz., Lathridius angusticollis, Gyll., Meligethes fulvipes, Bris., Micrurula melanocephala, Marsh., Malachius viridis, F., abundant in a grassy hollow on top of the cliff—at first glance we thought we had got on to MW. eleyans, Ol. ; Bruchus lott, Pk., abundant sweeping Lotus corniculatus ; Lamprosoma concolor, Stm., Psylliodes chrysocephala, L.; Barypithes aranetformis, Schr., B. sulcifrons, Boh., and T'ychius flavicollis, Steph. (squamulatus, Gyll.). Laccobius nigriceps, Th., not uncommon in a pool in an old stone quarry. Hauusanps. Trechus fulvus, Dej. (lapidosus, Daws.) under large stone on, and in shingle. Gyrinus elongatus, Aub., common in the Ley outside the reeds and in a stream running out of it into the sea. G. urinator, Ill., a certain number of specimens were taken, but only in the water outside the reeds in one spot. ‘This capture is of impor- tance as Fowler writes [Coll. Brit. Isles. 1 218 (1887)] ‘ Very local ; recorded by Stephens from Slapton Ley near Dartmouth, but this appears to have been in error, as it has not occurred there since.” The only other records I know of are near Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Strathglass, Scotland; Kerry, Ireland; Bath; Bodelstreet, near Battle (where I took it with the late W. H. Bennett many years ago); New Forest; and Bude. Atheta graminicola, Gr., and A. clientula, Kr., on the wing, A. vestita, Gr., and A. sulcifrons, Steph., in shingle, Scopaeus abbreviatus, Rey., recently added to the British list by Mr. Edmonds, of which some 15 specimens were taken on damp sand under fine shingle ; Medon pectiniventris, Donis., recently described by me, of which several specimens were taken under a large stone on and in, coarse shingle. My second visit was from August 19th-22nd when I stayed with Mr. Edmonds at Totnes. Agabus melanarius, Aub., occurred in some numbers in pools in the sphagnum bog at Haldon Moor. A. chalconatus, Pz., and A. bipustulatus, L., occurred with it, but it is easy enough to recognise melanarius at a glance by reason of its very different punctur- ation. Crepidodera ventralis, Ill., was swept in plenty off Solanwm nigrum at Slapton Ley. Several specimens of.a Lema were swept up, which raised hopes of L, erichsoni, Suffr., but eventually proved to be only L. puncticollis (cyanella, L.). Considerable rain spoilt a greater part of the visit. 152 ENTOMOLOGIS2’S RECORD. 15.X1.1932 Notes from Spain. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. After an interval of twenty years it was very nice paying a flying visit to Spain again. I was only there a few days and did not penetrate beyond the frontier village of Port-Bou, but was able to take a few strolls around the rocky cliffs and pick up a few Orthoptera. The air was fragrant with the aromatic shrubs. Rosemary was the chief, and apparently it is the rocky cliffs of the Mediterranean coast that are the original home of this sweet shrub, as indeed, its name implies, Rosmarinus. Another sweet-smelling herb was a lavendar, Lavandula stoechus, neither so large nor interesting a plant as our garden species, but with a certain reputation. I find from the books that it extends from Asia Minor to the Canaries and was in our pharmacopeia until 1746, while the Arabs still use it as an anti- spasmodic and expectorant. I found also that the Stoechades, to-day known as Hyeres, were so called from the abundance of this herb. It was October when I was there aud the plants were over. The thistles were dried up; there was some gorse, without flowers, and a dark green shrub like a broom, with pods, and very hard sharp spikes, Genista scorpius, a member of the same genus as our dyer’s weed and needle furze. Here and there was a pleasant green shrub with small red berries, which I was surprised to learn was a pistacio. I had known the more familiar kind, P. terebinthia, in Macedonia and seen it in the Caucasus, where it grows into a tree, but this was P. lentiscus, the lentisk, a quite important shrub, for it is the source of mastic, an exudation which appears in incisions in the bark in the form of rounded tears, as big as peas, with a glassy fracture, once an important ingredient in medicine. It is still used largely as a chewing-gum and in the form of the favourite drink of the Levantines, and too as a varnish. It is chiefly cultivated in Asia Minor and some of the Greek islands. For some reason Chios was specially famous for its mastic in classical days. There was a heath, too, Hvica arborea, chiefly interesting from its remarkable distribution, for it occurs on Kilimandjaro, where it grows like a gigantic cabbage to a height of twelve feet or more and I rather think it is the same species which forms thickets among which I have hunted Orthoptera on Tenerife, There was also an Huphorbia, much stouter than our English species, but of course far feebler than the Canary or African kinds. But the dominating shrubs on those rocky slopes are two species of Cistus, C. albidus and CQ. clusti. It must be a beautiful sight when they are in flower. Apparently these species are of no particular use, but several of the rock roses give “‘ ladanum,” a kind of balsam which was once very highly prized in ancient Greece and still used in perfumery and for making fumigating pastilles. The grey green velvety leaves of these shrubs give the hillsides a characteristic colour, the greyish green tint, suggestive of the olive, characteristic of the maquis. The Spaniards give special names for these plant assoc- iations, from the dominant species; thus, the great groves of Cistus are jarales, from yaras, a rock rose, which are in places so extensive as to cover great areas, and give a characteristic appear- ance to the scenery. The Sierra Morena derives its name from the NOTES FROM SPAIN. 153 dark colour of the extensive thickets of jarales, but what a splendid sight it must be in the spring when they are in flower. Where thyme and the low growing Labiates dominate, they call them tomiilares, from tomillo, thyme, with Thymus, Lavandula, Rosmarinus, etc. Both forms seem to be about equally divided on these rocks around Port-Bou. ; Here and there was a prickly pear, which fitted in very well with the native scenery, where it is Jong since naturalised. It is strange that so queer and uncouth a plant should have so delicate a flower, suggestive of a lemon-yellow tulip. The scarcity of birds was surprising. There were plenty of insects about and no lack of food. I caught a glimpse of a yellow wagtail and of alark. A few pigeons sometimes flew over, but these were probably domesticated or perhaps rock doves. One evening a couple of crows flew over the sea, on their way to roost among the cliffs, where here and there a stunted pine was the only tree to offer them a perch. I was surprised to move a rabbit as no creature could dig a burrow on those hard rocks. I picked up a few Orthoptera. The tinkling tintinnabulation of Decticus albifrons, so characteristic of a Meditterranean autumn, at once evoked many memories. He has a strange preference for the thorniest shrubs and driest ground. His colour fitting in well and his great activity made him not easy to catch. The last time I had heard it was at Doiran in Macedonia under very different circumstances. The only other Tettigonid was Metrioptera intermedia, Serv., barely distin- guishable from M. grisea,so common in suitable localities along our south coast. Of Mantids I picked up a couple of small Ameles, but Mr. Uvarov, who was good enough to determine these Orthoptera for me, declines to venture on a specific name, so complete is the muddle in this genus. It is an extraordinary thing that even such a marked physical feature as conical eyes have no specific value, as they vary considerably and seem to pass into the rounded form. The coloured-winged grasshoppers of course were quite at home on these rocks. There was a Sphinyonotus, without smoky bands to the wings, but here again, no one can offer a certain identification of the numerous and apparently plastic species of this extensive and almost world-wide genus. Oedipoda caerulescens, Li., with blue wings, and O. germanica, Latr., with red, both quite common central and south Huropean species, were plentiful. The pretty Ramburiella hispanica, Ramn., was fairly common; it is a purely meridional species and seems to prefer the coast, as not penetrating far inland, in Spain, the south of France and north coast of Africa. Of the Stenobothrine grasshoppers, that is the group of true grasshoppers, there were three species, two central Huropean and one typically southern, Omocestus raymondi, Yers. This is closely related to our O. rufipes, but much paler in colour and purely southern in distribution ; it is a native of the western Mediterranean countries, where it may be found adult from the early summer to the end of the year. Chorthippus vagans, Hy., was there too, a regular but somewhat localised Central Kuropean species which Mr. Uvarov has identified in some British material in the museum. In appearance it is very close to the generally abundant Ch. bicolor. The third grasshopper was Euchorthippus pulvinatus, F.W., which may be found commonly 154 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.X1.1932 adult throughout southern Europe from the early summer to the end of the year. I was surprised to find a high proportion of immature grass-hoppers so late in the season. Of course, Calliptamus italicus, L., was numerous. This is a remarkable species. ‘The male is about half the size of the female, but both vary extensively in dimensions as well as colour. Brunner has recognised several of these forms by name, but it has been regarded as a single species. However Captain Campbell, an excellent observer, but with no systematic knowledge, noticed in Macedonia that there were two quite distinct races which never met, as they appeared at different times, and now the opinion is in favour of splitting it. Hitherto, only the Canary form, C. vuleanius, Kr., has been recognised as distinct, the Madeiran form being associated to the Huropean. But now it looks as though the Madeiran is really near the Canary one and that the whole group will be split into half a dozen distinct species, or perhaps even more. I sent the Orthoptera to Mr. Uvarov to be verified. In the bottles with them were a few casuals, four common Rhynchota, Graphosoma lineatum, L., Hurydema ornatum, Li, EH. festivum, Li. and Codophila varia, FE, These are very ordinary and call for no comment, but what puzzled the staff at the Museum was a big wasp. This was clearly a species of Belonogastzr, a big handsome fellow, but what was he doing in Spain? He caused, in fact, quite a commotion, and they came to the conclusion that it must have been a stragegler from the tropics. When I heard this, I realised that I was myself the cause of all the pother. I had used an old killing-bottle that I had last had in my hands in Northern Rhodesia. ‘That wasp must have come from the Luano Valley, and been lying in the bottle four years. Reduviidae collected in the Barberton District, Eastern Transvaal. By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.I.C., F.E.S. The following twenty-nine species of Reduviidae were collected in the Barberton District, Hastern Transvaal, during five-and-a-half years residence there. As sufficient time was not available in order to make a systematic collection, the list is probably very far from being complete, and it could doubtless be considerably augmented by anyone fortunate enough to be able to devote all his time to collecting in this district, which is so rich in entomological fauna. The majority of the species contained in the list were collected in the vicinity of the town of Bar- berton, and the remaining few on brief and occasional visits to other parts of the district. The altitudes of the various localities mentioned are as follows :— Barberton, 2,825 feet ; Nelspruit, 2,849 feet ; White River, about 3,300 feet ; Tonetti, about 1,860 feet. In five cases, where the specific name is not given, the species con- cerned were not previously represented in the British Museum collection, while in one instance the genus was also not represented. I am indebted to Mr. B. P. Uvarov, of the Imperisl Institute of . Entomology, for determining the majority of the species. Tribelocephala boschjesmana, St.—'T'wo specimens obtained at light, October and November, Barberton. REDUVIIDAE COLLECTED IN BARBERTON DISTRICT. 155 Oncocephalus caffer, St.—T wo specimens obtained at light, September and March, Barberton and Nelspruit. Oncocephalus annulipes, St.—Two specimens obtained at light, March, Nelspruit. Varus flavoannulatus, St.—One specimen obtained at light, October, Barberton. Reduvius tarsatus, Germ.—Common at light, October, February, Barberton. Reduvius sp. ?—One specimen obtained at light, November, Barberton. Sastrapoda baerensprungti, St.—One specimen obtained at light, December, Barberton. Edola sp. 2—One specimen found under a stone, apparently hibernating, July, Barberton. Acanthaspis obscura, St.—Common at light, November-June, Barberton. Acanthaspis lurco, St.—Common at light, October-February, Barberton. Pirates lugubris, St.—One specimen obtained at light, January, Barberton. Pirates sp. ?—Two specimens obtained at light, March, Nelspruit. Leptodema acanthocephala, Carl.—One specimen found in the house, apparently at light, January, Barberton. Rhinocoris violentus, Germ.—One specimen found in cotton field, March, Barberton. Rhinocoris tristis, St.—One specimen obtained on tobacco plant, January, Barberton. Rhinocoris tibialis, St.—One specimen found in house, apparently at light, April, Barberton. (Two specimens obtained on cotton plant, February, Magut, N. Natal). Rhinocoris albopunctatus, St.—Occasionally found in cotton fields, and on wild plants. Has been observed preying upon Lepidopterous larvae. October-June, Barberton. Rhinocoris segmentarius, Germ.—The commonest species met with in the field, it has frequently been observed in association with infestations of cotton, maize, tomatoes, peas, etc., by larvae of Heliothis obsoleta, Fabr. and other Noctuids, upon which it preys. Egg-clusters (nt. Rec. d Jr. Var. XL, p. 141) have been found on cotton foliage. The species occurs commonly, September-May, Barberton and Tonetti. Rhinccoris sp.—One specimen found on grass, April, Barberton. Rhinocoris sp.—One specimen found in cotton field, March, ~ Barberton. Pantoleistes princeps, St.—Fairly numerous on trunk and branches of Acacia sp. ?, February, 1928, Barberton. 5 Endochus cinnamopterous, Dist.—(?) One specimen obtained on citrus tree on which larvae of H. obsoleta were abundant at the time, September, Nelspruit. Phonoctomus formosus, Dist.—Two specimens found on citrus, November and February, White River. Coranus carbonarius, St.—One specimen found under pea plant in the presence of larvae of Euaoa segetum, Schiff., August, Barberton. Coranus paptillosus, St.—A common species found in the field. During the summer it has frequently been observed in cotton fields 156 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 15.X1.1982 where it preys upon ‘ bollworms ”’ and other Lepidopterous larvae. In the winter months it has been found under pea plants in the presence of larvae of I’. segetwn and Laphygma exigua, Hbn., and also among debris in cotton fields. Barberton. Coranopsis vittata, Horv.—Three specimens obtained, one on kaffir- corn, infested by larvae H. obsoleta, one among debris in cotton field, and one at light, January, August, and September respectively, Barberton. Ploearia hewitti, China.—Three specimens obtained, two at light, and one on grass, April, September, and July, Barberton. Physorhynchus crux, Thunberg.—Two specimens obtained, one on garden path, and one in house, January, and March, Barberton. Records of Immigrant Lepidoptera seen at Hastings (East Hill), with dates on which specimens were on the wing. By Carr. T. DANNREUTHER. Pyrameis cardwi.—First appearance in Hastings Aug. 3rd (W.F.) Single specimens 12th: 13th: 17th four rosy fresh: 18th two worn: 19th three: 28rd: Sept. 4th three. Pyrameis atalanta.—May 15th: Aug. 8th seven: 15th: 17th three: 18th four: 23rd: 28th two: Sept. 7th two. Colius croceus.—Aug. 9th three: 12th: 16th two: 24th. Pieris brassicae.—First appearance May 29th then average. Pieris rapae.—More abundant than usual but no direct evidence of immigration. In hot spellin August at the maximum 19 summer brood counted feeding on one lavender bush. Few left in Sept. Pieris napi.—Not common. Seen July 27th: and Aug. 17th two. Aylais uwrticae—Common but no indication of immigration. Several taken Aug. 5th and 8th: 17th eight: Sept. 12th two on the beach. No Hawk-Moths or vagrant lepidoptera seen [exept one Amorpha popult at Battle July 18th, and larvae of Chaerocampa elpenor Aug. 20th (J. Hi. Ray.)] Plusia yanma.—Taken in daylight: June 28th: July 28th two: Aug. 6th: 9th: 10th two: 18th seven: 15th fourteen : 16th two: 18th twenty-one: 19th four: 21st: 24th: 25th: 28th. Nomophila noctuella.— Sept. 6th. Pionea ferrugalis—Aug. 16th two. Dragonflies, probably residents—Sympetrim sanguineum Aug. 25th. Aeschna niata Aug. 16th: 17th five. (Aeschna cyanea, Sympetrum striolatum, Aeschna grandis, and Agrion puella also taken but not classed as possible immigrants). Other records reported from elsewhere :— Colias hyale and C. croceus at Waldringfield (Suffolk) May [3th (Rev. A. P. Waller.) Pyrameis cardui.— Corton Cliffs. July 5th, three worn. (J.G.) Pyrameis atalanta.—Norwich. Aug. 4th new brood. (G.J.C.) Phrywxus livornica.—Grantham (Lines.) early June (H. Preston.) Nomophila noctwella—Crumbles (Hastbourne) May 28th (H. Main). _ Wm. Fassnidge wrote from Maurin, Basses-Alpes, on Aug. 29th :— “Glorious weather but a bad season. A few immigrants have shown NEWLY-DESCRIBED FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA, 157 up, and last night N. noctwella was in thousands at the lamp and sheet.” Mr. H. Main writes from South Woodford, E. 18, ‘‘ Nothing but Large and Small Whites on Buddleias but a few P. atalanta in vicinity.” Whenever | obtain migrant species tired or merely fluttering at the flowers they are kept captive until the following morning and then released from a lawn. About half the P. cardui and L. atalanta so released will dart up at an angle of 45 degrees flying fast and straight to the North or N.N.W. (true) thus showing that the urge to migrate is still present though not observed when captured. Others will merely flutter in the vicinity and Plusia gamma will usually remain where released. One very worn P. cardui died in the house before release on August 18th. ‘The specimen was exhibited at the B.A. meeting at York. Newly-described Forms of Species of Lepidoptera found in Britain. Phragmitiphila (Nonagria) typhae, Thnbg.—M. Dufrane describes two new forms. (1) ab. obsvleta, on the forewings, the black spots before the submarginal line are completely obsolete, or reduced to the merest atoms. Dampremy, France. (2) ab. punctata, on the fore- wings these same dots are enlarged and very black. Mons. Lamb. XXXII. 83. Hybernia defoliaria.—Herr Gornik describes and names two un- recorded forms of this species in Zeit. Oestr. Hnt. Ver. XVII. 5. (1) ab. destrigata. ‘The ground colour of the upperside forewing lighter or darker reddish ochre-brown and more or less powdered. But the blaek brown sharp, transverse streak wanting while the rest of the marking is present, hence the darker brown unevenly wide scaling of the large hinder transverse band shows clearly just as does the smaller more basal line. Thus the enclosed central area becomes somewhat lighter. The discal spots of both fore- and hindwings are very distinct. Fringes unicolorous. Hindwings finely powdered brown.” (2) ab. punctata. Like holmgreni, Lamp., but the discal spots of both fore- and hindwings upperside are very distinct, Metachrostis (Bryophila) muralis ab. vividior—Herr Schawerda describes and names this form taken at light in Corsica, in the Zeit. Oestr. Ent. Ver., vol. XVII. 30 as intensively suffused with bright green, above other green examples. Hadena didyma ab. wanthostigna.—Herr Schawerda also describes and names on the same page an example of this species with the stigmata yellow instead of white as in the well-known form leucostiyma. Col de Vizzavona, Corsica. - Metrocampa margaritata ab. rubrociliata.—The same writer names a new form of this species with carmine red fringes on both wings, taken at light on the Col de Vizzavona, Corsica. In the Mnt. Bericht for May, Herr B. J. Lempke records and describes two new aberrations of our familiar Colias croceus. (1) ab. hasisuffusa, an ‘‘orange § with strongly suffused base.” (=ab. suffusa, Tutt, 1896, nec. Cockerell, 1889). (2) ab. rufomaculata, “ the double silver spot wholly suffused with carmine red.” 158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1932 Chloroclystis rectangulata ab. ochrea, Derenne, Lamb. (1932) XXXII. 156.—The ground colour of the wings is yellow ochre. Ixelles, Brussels. Hydroecia fucosa, Freyer (paludis, auct.)—Dr. Heydeman in his masterly paper (Hnt. Zeit. 1930) on the nictitans group describes and names the following forms. (1) ab. fucosa-albo, Heyde., ‘“‘ with larger, snow-white reniform stigma, but in which the 2 white spots on the innerside do not uppear quite so perfect and roundish as in oculea, L.” (2) ab. intermedia, Heyde., ‘somewhat darker leather yellow-brown.” (3) intermedia-albo, Heyde., ‘‘as the last with white reniform.” (4) brunnea, Heyde., ‘ dull yellow, often suffused violet-grey in the marginal area, with larger more fully yellow reniform.” (5) brunnea- albo, Heyde., ‘‘ ditto with restricted white reniform.” (6) grisea, Heyde., ‘“‘in which the yellow-brown ground-colour is quite masked by a dusky slight yellowish grey on which the often quite large reni- form is clearly evident and yellow in colour.” (7) grisea-albo, Heyde. “‘ ditto with white reniform.” [rufa, Dadd, and rufa-albo, Dadd, were not recorded in British Noctuae. Without grey or ochre-yellowish tone with deep orange coloured reniform in the former and reniform white in the latter.] H. fucosa, Freyer, subspecies paludis, Tutt. (1) rufa, Heyde, “pale red brownish with ochre-yellow-toned reniform.” (2) rwfa-albo, Heyde. ‘ditto reniform not yellow.” (8) obscura, Heyde., “ deep chocolate leather brown, without red tone, melanistic, with quite narrow streak- like reniform.” H1. lucens, Freyer. (1) ab. brunnea, Heyde. “‘ brown to dark leather brown without red tone in the disc and with mostly dark grey hind- wings and red ochre fringes. Yellow reniform.” (2) ab. brunnea-albo, Heyde. ‘“ not yellow reniform.” Coremia (Ochyria) spadicearia (ferrugata, Clrck.) ab. eatrema, Schneider.—In Hnt. Runds. XLIX. 145 (1982), Carl Schneider describes and figures this new form. ‘ Forewings :—basal area normal, central band wholly obliterated by the encroachment of the adjoined markingless grey outer area. Hindwing markingless as well as the whole undersides of the wings.” Cannstatt, Wurtemburg. In the Mnt. Ziet. XLVI, p. 112 (1982) Dr. Przegendza of Nurnberg describes and names new races of Zyyaena species. Z. purpuralis race (subsp.) erythroides from Managgio. ‘‘ Middle size, with very broad bright red forewing marking. The central wedge spot is much enlarged and cut off slnenp hye The wings are narrow of a dull black ground without gloss. In 33% the forewing marking is so much enlarged that only a small area of cae black ground colour remains. Z. purpuralis race (subsp.) kijevana. “ Scaling of the 3 thickly overspread with dull bluish black gloss, the ¢? thinner scaled and duller in colour. The markings of a clear dark scarlet red colour very regular, but tolerably narrow. Spot 6 short and of oval form united with 5 broadly. Gov. Kijer. There are 4 figs. on plt. SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Tur BroLoGy oF TRIPLE-BROODED SPEcIES.—I have been studying the Pieris and other triple-brooded species with the help of Scudder’s and Edward’s data and the large and magnificent series of specimens, which SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 159 I sent here from Spain and Portugal. All these series are here at my disposal and with them at hand I can speak much more fully than in my recently published book. After three years since I wrote at Bar- celona the note printed last January I still believe what I then said about the triple-brooded species is right. My hypothesis explains every case. Everyone says that the Pieris, and some other species having more than one brood, pass the winter as a chrysalis. I feel sure that when, in the fall, there is a marked and sudden change in the weather, which continues until the following year, some eggs remain unhatched. They are those only which have been laid in the last week, or so, of fine weather. Ifa few eggs hatch, the larvae die when the country becomes icy and barren. But both the chrysalides and a few eggs survive. The eges hatch as soon as the fields become green again, for instance in March, producing a brood in May, a second late in July and in August, and a third late in October. The hibernating pupae, however, produce imagines 20 to 30 days later than the hatching of the eggs, in the warm days of April, with a second brood in June, and a third in September and early October. Thus sometimes there is a continued emergence of the butterflies from April to November, and we must admit that there exist in the country two quite independent cycles of emergence: viz. that from the hibernating chrysalis and that from the hibernating egg. When the rainfalls are frequent and the country generally verdant throughout the year, we have what appears to be six broods, when really there are only two sets of three. It is quite impossible to admit that this second group, which emerge even less than one month later than the hatching of the eggs of the first group may be the descendants of the first. The eges from the earliest emerged specimens have not time to complete their life cycle in such a short period and while the climate is still mild. Besides that we have sometimes found larvae of Pieris in early spring before any specimen of that genus had emerged. I came to this conclusion, observing what happens in spring, after a sudden change of weather in the previous fall. In April (for instance) we collected the small and grey forms produced by lethargic pupae: Pieris rapae f, metra, P. manni f. farpa, P. napi f. vulgaris, P. brassicae f. verna, P. daplidice f. bellidice, Colias hyale f. vernalis, C. croceus f. vernalis, Coenonympha pamphilus £. murina, Polyommatusicarusf. vernalis, etc. About 20 to 30 days later than the earliest appearance of these forms and while they were still in full emergence, we found on the wing the showiest forms of the same species P. rapae f. messanensis, P. mannt f. secundogenita, P. napi f. atlantica, P. daplidice f. ewpansa, C. hyale f. ealida, C. croceus £. ampla, P. megera f. vividior, C. pamphilus f. australis, P. tcarus £. meridionalis, etc. etc. When the previous fall gradually becomes cold, which allows all the eggs to hatch in the autumn and the larvae to develope pupae that overwintered as such, the showy forms of butterflies cannot emerge, because there are no pupae produced in early spring.—Orazio QuERcI. i160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1932 OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. STENOPHYLAX DUBIUS, STEPH., A VERY RARE T'RICHOPTERON IN WINDSOR Forrest.— When fishing for waterbeetles in a stream in Windsor Forest on October 2nd, 1931, I noticed a Trichopteron on the water net. As it looked darker in colour than any other species | had seen at Windsor before, it was promptly bottled. Mr. Martin Ki. Mosely informed me, at the British Museum, that it was a male of the very rare Stenophylax dubius, Steph., of which there was only one example in the B.M. collection, the type, also a male. Stephens described the species from ‘‘ near London” in 1887, and it has never been taken in this country again until now. The species has been taken on the Continent in Germany, Galicia, Croatia, Finland, Russia and Courland. On September 18th this year when sweeping long grass, ete., in another spot in Windsor Forest, but near to the same stream I captured a second specimen which Mr. Mosely tells me is a female, and of course that sex has not been taken in this country before.— Horacr DonistHoRpE. THe Season in Cumpertanp.—LlLately I have been sugarine the trees. Amathes litura, Scopelosoma satellitia, Orrhodia ligula, O. vaccinti, and A. circellaris are about at present (October 11th). On October 2nd I took Calocampa vetusta my fourth example in Cumberland. I mostly take C. eavoleta here. We have had a bad summer, wet and frosty nights must have been bad for the summer larvae. Of course larvae that hibernate can stand the cold.—G. B. Rourieper (J.P., F.H.S.), Tarn Lodge, Head’s Nook, Carlisle. October 11th. Norres on A. atropos in Hast Surronx, 1932.—I came here on August 17th, and the same day 2 larvae of A. atropos were brought to me from the village of Orford. I imagine that these had been dug up with potatoes, as they immediately burrowed when | gave them the chance. Another larva was brought to me on September 10th, about 2 grown. I then made a personal search and secured 12. More were brought to me, until I at last had about 80. Several of these had been dug up while pupating, and 8 or 4 of them died, but the others, though unable to burrow or form their earthen case, succeeded in pupating when placed in a hollow on damp sand, and covered with moss. At this time most of the potato leaves had died down and the larvae were, I think, underfed while in the open. The pupae seemed small. The only pupa brought to me was received on September 19th from a village boy. This produced a good medium sized 9 on October 15th. Of the larvae which pupated in captivity, none has so far attained the perfect state. I have never seen it noted that this larva makes a peculiar sharp clicking sound when disturbed. Of all the larvae seen, only one was of the dark form. The remainder were of a brilliant green ground colour.—D. G. B. Hawuwy (Lieut.-Colonel), October 17th, 1932. Norrs From THE SrTRaTFORD-oN-Avon arEA, ETC.—The output of useful entomological work has diminished tremendously since the death of Tutt; how he ever found the time necessary for his work I don’t know. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 161 I have been having a very interesting ten days at Bourton-on-the- Cotswolds, but the good Noctuae are just arriving as I have to leave. I have been quite successful in getting pupae of Aydraecia petasitis, which occurs there, but J] am afraid a large percentage of them come ‘out crippled. I have had a few nice ones so far. I have tried sugar and light for them, and also took down a crippled @ but I could see no imagines at all. Barrett says they fly at dusk, but I could not confirm it, and I don’t think it has been confirmed anywhere. I caught an interesting Noctua at sugar which appears to be a second brood of Mamestra (Hadena) thalassina, Rott., but when it is set I will let you see it as it may interest you. It is not at all like ordinary thalasina, having a broader forewing and a more rosy tinge over the whole. The hindwings are much darker too. C. xerampelina was just coming to sugar and I got one female at light. At light also I got Luperina testacea of course and a single Ennomos fuscantaria, which is rare in the district. One Triphaena orbona, Hufn. (subsequa, Hb.) came to my sugar, but I believe Col. Donovan has had several thisseason. A very interesting visitor was the var. sufwsa of Polia chi, and another between that and the type, which is of course common in the district. My friend Col. Donovan has been very successful in Ireland this year getting three larvae of Leucodonta bicoloria and other prominents, not, I think, recorded in Ireland before. A note about them will appear soon I fancy. It is a bad year for immigrants, but I caught a splendid P. cardui on the Cotswolds which is rather nicely coloured.—P. Srvirer-Smiru, Pebworth. August 81st. Norrs From Dorset.—On August 1st I visited our local colony of Polyommatus (Agriades) coridon, but found none on the wing, owing, no doubt, to the lateness of the season and the site being some 600 ft. above sea level. On August 20th I again visited this site and found P. coridon on the wing but very scarce; P. icarus, Plebetus medon and Coenonympha pamphilus were also flying, the slope being covered with Hippocrepis, Lotus and Helianthemum. I took about a dozen very ordinary g¢ and @ P. coridon as | wished to procure some ova to breed from, and was on the point of leaving when, what I took at first sight for a moth, got up infront of me. On netting it I found it to be a worn pathological specimen of coridon corresponding almost exactly with the description of specimen € on p. 7 of Tutt’s British Butterflies, vol. IV. 2 diameter 88 mm. The forewings are the same pale fawn tone as the hindwings but in some lights look much paler. Fringes worn, hairs on wings in good condition. Hind- wings each with a small piece missing. Underside also pale fawn, fully spotted, orange lunules rather pale. As this ¢ had evidently laid most of her ova I set her rather than risk further damage to her wings. I hope to visit the locality next year and work for her offspring ifany. I again visited the slope in September but coridon was no longer on the wing, my only capture being a 9 Rumicia phlaeas which ‘gave me a good batch of ova.—Rosert Trove, Buckland Newton, Dorchester. October 24th. 162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.19382 GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 52, Oakhill Road, Kast Putney, on September 21st, 1932, Mr. H. Donisthorpe in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the Chairman:—Mr. H. Willoughby- Ellis, Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors Present:—Sir T. Hudson Beare, Mr. K. G. Blair, Dr. M. Burr, Dr. EK. A. Cockayne, Mr. F. W. Edwards, Dr. K. Jordan, Mr. M. E. Moseley, Mr. W. H. T. Tams. The meeting was called for 6.80 p.m., and the members and guests were received by the Chairman, when tea and light refreshments were served. A retirement was made to the Chairman’s study, where his collections and recent work were inspected. His method of filing notes and separata in the Orders in which most of his work has been done, which enables any reference to be found within the space of a few minutes, was greatly admired and appreciated. Supper was served at 8 o'clock, after which the Chairman made the following exhibits :— Scopaeus abbreviatus, Rey., a Staphylinid beetle taken at Hallsands, S. Devon, 12.vi.82, new to Britain, taken by Miss Kirk and Messrs. Edmonds and Donisthorpe. The first named found the first and most of the specimens. Next day Mr. Keys joined the party and more specimens were taken. Recently further captures have been made by Messrs. Edmonds, P. Harwood and Sir T, H. Beare. Medon, n. sp. A specimen was taken at Hallsands, 8. Devon on 12.vi.382., by Mr. Donisthorpe in fairly coarse shingle. Subsequently Miss Kirk took a second specimen, and recently Messrs. Edmonds, Harwood and Sir T. H. Beare have made further captures. Stenichnus, n. sp. A number of specimens were taken at Slapton Ley, June 8th-12th, 1932, in fine shingle on turf. A very pleasant and interesting evening was spent. —H.W.-E. The Insect Immigration Committee of the South-Hastern Union of Scientific Societies request that all who have been supplied with the standard Immigrant Insect Record cards since April 1st, 1932, will — send in any filled in records (with specimens if available), in time to reach the local Recorder for the County, by November 1st, annually (or if his address is unknown, to Captain T. Dannreuther, R.N., ** Windycroft,’ Hastings), in order that Recorders may complete their lists by November 10th. As negative evidence is of value, it is requested that if it can be definitely stated that any of the common immigrant species were absent from the observer’s district during 1932, that the word “‘ Absent ’’ may be against it in the list given below, and the list returned to Recorder. Locauiry :—Painted Lady, Pyramets cardui; Red Admiral, Pyrameis atalanta ; Clouded Yellow, Colias croceus or edusa; Pale Clouded Yellow, Colias hyale; Silver Y Moth, Plusia gamma; Diamond-back Moth, Plutella maculipennis ; Rush Veneer Moth, Nomophila noctuella. Vol. XXVI. of the Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agraria issued by the Institution at Portici, contains the usual well done and adequately illustrated memoirs of the original work done by the able staff, under the Directorship of Prof. Silvestri. The papers are devoted to Coleoptera 2, Diptera 2, Hymenoptera 2, Isopoda 3, Hemiptera 2, Thysanura, etc. There are 2 plates with nearly 60 figures of galls and most of the papers are illustrated by a very large number of figures. The volume is very clearly printed and displayed, and a credit to-all concerned. CURRENT NOTES. 168 In the recent numbers of Hint. Rundschau, Herr H. Beuret has been issuing a number of biological and nomenclatorial ‘*‘ Notes on the Continental Lycaenidae’’; and Herr H. Marshener is giving an account of the “‘ Macrolepidoptera of the Riesengebirge”’ ; Dr. A. Seitz continues the account of his journies abroad. In No. 17, Herr H. Reiss and Herr H. G. A. Schneider give an account of the Zygaena-fauna of the Southern Urals illustrated by a plate of 34 figures. New forms are described of 7%. meliloti and Z. lonicerae of both of which figures are given. 3 For some time past an account of the ‘ Lepidoptera of Inner- Anatolia ”’ by Fritz Wagner kas been appearing in the Int. Mnt. Zeit. Various authors are giving Notes on the Zygaentdae. There is a register of the Noctuidae occurring in Wirtemburg and Hohenzollern. Dr. W. Stichel writes on the Genus Notonecta in N. Germany. Herr Schneider discusses the Geometrid Genus Boarmia as laid down by L. B. Prout in Vol. LV of Seitz Palaearctic Geometridae. No less than 16 species are noted as occurring in Wurtemburg. Herr G. Warnecke is contributing an article on the myrmecophilous larvae of the butterfly family Lycaenidae, summarising the facts of the connection so far as investigated, with a detail plate. Herr Hugo Reiss is discussing the the races of the beautiful Zyyaena fausta of the more southern portions of Europe. There is a very good black and white plate of about 3 dozen figures. The Ant. Zeit. during the past few months has articles on The Breeding of Acherontia atropos from the egg ; a <<‘ List of the Lepidoptera of Glatz’’; C. Schneider writes concerning the Geometers of Wurtem- burg; Kurt John introduces a series of new Sphingid hybrids and contributes two plates of figures of Celerio with Mimas, and Sphina. Fortunately none of results of this hybridisation has received names. The ‘‘ Lepidopterous Fauna of Corsica’? by Dr. C. Schawerda continues to occupy pages in the Zeit. Oesterr. Mnt. Ver. Dr. Heydemann with his usual thoroughness, discusses Oporinia christyi. There is a plate with comparative figures of the g antennae, the octavals or portions of the hind margin of the 8th segment with tufts, and the last segment of the pupae of C. autiwnnata, C. nebulata (dilutata) and C. christyt. The Report of the London N. Hist. Socy. for the year 1931 contains considerably more entomological matter than it has for some years. For this thanks are due to the energetic Hon. Secretary, Mr. H. J. Burkill, M.A., .R.G.S., whose contributions are (1) the Report of the Entomological Section, (2) a very interesting paper ‘‘ An Introduction to the Study of Plant Galls”’ in which study Mr, Burkill is a specialist, (8) ‘* Plant Gall Records for 1981 ”’ with notes on each species observed, (4) “ British Butterflies in 1981,” a compilation of the observations sent in by some thirty members with the notes summarised. (5) ‘“« Heterocera Notes in 1931,” a similiar compilation on the Moths. Also there is a few Notes on the Large Wood Wasp (Sirea gigas) by Arthur Richardson, and Studies on the Biology of Fleas by Patrick A. Buxton, M.A., M.R.C.S. (The Bacot Memorial Lecture). We are surprised that the Society had to go to Scotland to get it printed. Some so-called “‘gynandromorphs’’ are circulating; they are ‘“‘ reported” from three different centres. 164 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.X1.1982 FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Seitz MacronepipoprEra, Supplement to the Palaearctic Section pts. 34, 35, 36 have been just published. Parts 34 and 36 with 2 plates deal with additions to the Saturniidae and Sphingidae and an Appendix to the latter dealing with the Hybridisation that has been carried out. There is only one British species of Saturniidae dealt with but such well-known species as Graeéllsta isabellae, Sannio eynthia, and Saturnia pyrt have considerable additional forms named. ‘The hybrids with Saturnia pyri have a section to themselves. Aglaia taw has no less than 15 further recorded forms, while our native S. (Hudia) pavonia has added 16 named forms from localities scattered all over Europe, but none British. Additional names are added to the British Sphingids as follows: to Acherontia atropos 7, to Herse convolvuli 8, to Sphina liqustri 5, to Sphina pinastri including those of Dr. Cockayne, 8+4 genitalic forms, to Mimas tiliae 17, Smerinthus ocellata 4, Amorpha popult 5, Haemorrhagia fuciformis 4, Macroglossum stellatarum 1, Celerio euphorbiae 86, C. livornica 2, Pergesa elpenor 4, P. porcellus 2, Hippotion celerio 8. The above summary shows how necessary it is for all British workers to consult the pages of Seitz volumes ere venturing to add further synonyms to our already overburdened Lists. Part 35 is a continuation of Dr. Corti’s summary of the Agrotidae, 8 pages and 2 plates. The British species dealt with are Agrotis ypsilon (sujfusa) with 2 additions, A. segetis (segetwm) 9, A. corticea 7, A. vestiyialis 8, and A. cinerea 6. The two plates are quite good. With regard to the Agrotid larvae Dr. Corti makes some interesting remarks. He says, «‘ The larvae are as a rule typical subterranean larvae, like those of the genus Huwvoa and outwardly very similar to same. However various species already show a tendency to leave the earth and exist above the surface.” ‘ The eggs are almost without ridges, occasionally weakly ridged. Generally they are laid loose or in clusters 1 in or on the earth.” itt Jal. The Report of the Kton College Natural History Society for 1981-2 lies before us. It is a very interesting little report of this very active School Society. Several times throughout each month there is some meeting or other, either Lecture or Excursion, devoted to one of the subjects embraced in the comprehensive term ‘natural history.” Several of the excursions were largely devoted to the search for Lepidoptera. Among the Lectures we note ‘“ Life among the Ants,” by Mr. W. U. Tutton, “ Colourin Animals ” by C. R. White-Thompson. Brigadier General B. H. Cooke is thanked for his valuable help in the excellent Collection of Kuropean Butterflies and Moths in process of formation. There is a useful article by N. G. Wykes on ‘“ Moth Traps’ describing the making and use and the results after a three weeks trial. In the last report was a list of Coleoptera taken during the year. The present report gives an additional list of some 82 species collected near Hiton. There are 5 admirable plates. A record of another successful year adequately reported.—Hy.J.T. We regret to learn of the death of the Abbé Joannis, one of the best micro-lepidopterists of France with a fine all-round knowledge of our science. —" All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. 'Founnn, ‘‘ Lutemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that 1equire Inusrrarions are inserted on condition that the Aurnor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. JI’. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.— ht. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. Destderatu.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia, A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayuaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.— yale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, D:ffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate lioad, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.— A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those iilustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Duchauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Urernt.— Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidopteraa—B. C. &. Warren, 14, Avenue de lI’ Kalise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sofiner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), Bohemia, Tschechosiowakische Republik. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7. 8 p-m. November 16th, December 7th. The Scuth London Entomojogical and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. November 24th, December 8th.—lion. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History fSociety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. FOR SALE Seitz. Palaearctie Volumes I. and II. (Butterflies and Bombyces) in parts complete and clean (English Edition), price £4.—Otto Michalk, Leipzig-Kleinsch. W. 82, Schlossweg 2). Germany. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY | Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— VW. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. E. B. Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R.N. Burrows, H: Willoughby-Ellis, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, J. Sneyd Taylor, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson, A. G, Whiteman, Maleolm2 Burr, Rev. Canon Foster, J. A. Downes, Thos. Greer, H. W. Wajson arid Reports of Societies. All somibianieations should be pidresced to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Tratemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF = The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Voli. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 celoured plates— Differentiation of Jelitaea athalia, parthenie, and auwrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymiec notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Iifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Mpwnuda lichenea, Heliophobus hisptdus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., etc., 360 pp. GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. Muenanism anp Mrnanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VarraTion (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- elature and the Acronyctidue—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross,” London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Tas es RD AND ae “yy Z N “Migs ‘Ca \ Gy ca Epirep G. T. Burnune-Baxer, F.z.8., ¥.u.8., | J. BE. Coury, r.E.8>a Meth. the Chatrman. H. DonistHORPE, F.z.8., FY. R. 8. BaGnatt, D.SC., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. GRAvEs, F.E.8. ussistance of | Maucoum Bore, D.80., ¥.u.8. H. E. Paaz, F.1.s. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. ALFRED SICH, I.1.8. KE. A. Cockaynr, M.A., M.D., F.E.8., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8. F.R.C.P. By Henry J. TURNER, F.u.8., ¥.2.H.8., Editorial Seeretary. CONTENTS Notes on Erebiid Species, B. C. S. Warren, F.H.S. .. sts Sle 6 165 Immigration Report, Lancashire and Cheshire, H. W. Wilson ae ne 167 An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae, O. Querct Be 168 Scientiric Notres.—Length of life of O. ene J. A, Downes: Food of C. verbasci larvae, Id. .. So ae 176 Notes on Contectinc.—Recent Additions to the Irish Fauna er repidon: T. Greer ae 36 oe ais ae 56 é 177 Current Notes .. ae ac a otk wi dita 25 si 177 CorRECTIONS is 50 ate ces oe o6 are ave te 177 INDEX vs oe Se 56 Se Sic ue Se Se Sc 178 Surriement.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.E.S., F.R.H.S. (253)-(256) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.1.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). = ? Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices ; Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 J. J. HILL. & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems -GABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. PuoxE: Willesden 0309. THE VASCULUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland. assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D-Sc., F.R.S.E., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R-S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberiey Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. AN IMPORTANT NEW WORK BEES, WASPS, ANTS, AND ALLIED INSECTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. With 48 Coloured Plates showing over 500 figures. and 63 Plates showing 108 photographic reproductions. Also Pictorial Index to Classificstion by VVing Veins. Prospectus available Price 10/6 net. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. Chandos House, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. ‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications, List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Ba aan Price, one copy, Js. 0d. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kunneru J. Haywarp, F.E.S. .. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the Jate J. H. Durrant, F.E.S. (afew copies only) . Ae .. 3s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.H.8. .. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-43 of Ent. Record, new series ; including "Special Index . a0 Sa Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Spina post free om H, W. Anpaews, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E 9. NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES, 165 Notes on Erebiid Species. By. B. C. 8S. WARREN, F.E.S. (1) H. pronoé.—I have recently received specimens of a remarkable little race of this species, from the mountains near Krunn, on the south-side of the Isar Tal, in the Bavarian Highlands. This new race at once reminds one of the beautiful little race yardeina, Schaw., but the latter is characterised by the reduction of all markings on the upperside, while the new race is very strongly marked. It may be described as :— Race varia, nov.—The smallest form of the species, g averages 46-48, 2? 42-46mm. Other average sizes are; pronvé 50-52mm. both sexes ; races, tarcenta, f'rhst. 48-50mm. both sexes, yardeina gf 46- 50mm., 2? 44-48mm. On the upperside varia is suggestive of tarcenta, for all the black spots excepting the apical two on the forewings, are much reduced in size, and any, or all of them may be lost. The two apical ones remain as large as in typical pronoe. Varia differs from tarcenta in that, in spite of its sinall size, the bands are as fully developed as in typical pronoé, and the coloured spots on the hindwings often even more developed. In tarcenta the bands are narrow on the forewings, and reduced to mere dots on the hind. In the 9 tarcenta they are extremely reduced on the forewings and entirely wanting on the hind. In the varia Q they are broader on the forewings than in @ pronoé and equally so on the hind, ‘This, of course, makes the reduction of the spots all the more conspicuous. There is much variation in the width of the bands on the forewings, which can sometimes be as narrow as in tarcenta, but such specimens still differ from the latter by their smaller size and the invariably greater size of the reddish spots on the hindwings. ‘The variation in the number of the black spots, other than the two apical ones, is endless; but even when all are present they are never fully developed as in pronoé. The underside is typical of the species. (2) EH. neoridas, Boisd.—There have been many uncertain references as to the locality of typical neoridas. In the Index Meth., 1829, Boisduval merely gives ‘“ Alpes’’ as the locality, which naturally has been inter- preted in various different meanings. Fortunately in the Icones in 1832 he is more explicit and writes: ‘‘ Cette espece a été découverte par nous aux environs de Grenoble. [lle a été retrouvée depuis dans le départiment des Basses Alpes . . . et de la Drome.” The typical race is therefore that of the mountains of the Isere. A decidedly different race occurs in Lozére, which I would describe as :— Ssp. lozerica, nov.—A much smaller race, averaging 40-43mm. in both sexes; typical weoridas averages 44-52mm. The colour of the bands on the upperside of the forewings is golden rather than a dark reddish, the spots on the hindwings of the same colour but very sinall; the black spots are reduced in size on both wings and the white pupils frequently wanting on the hindwings. Sometimes the black spots are also lost, and speciinens with quite black hindwings, all markings lost, also occur. In the feature of the hindwing markings, lozerica resembles the little race of the Sibillini mountains—s/byllina, — Vty.—but in this the spots are still smaller and the colour of the JAN 4 1953 166 ENTOMOLOGIS’’S RECORD. 15.X11.19382 bands darker ; the colour of the lozerica g being very like that of the sibyllina 9. The underside of the hindwings in lozerica is a pale brown, the antemarginal band only very faintly silvered, and the basal area practically unmarled, and merged with the median area. This underside is very different from sibyllina where the bands contrast strongly, but it is extremely like the underside in FH’. zapateri, in fact both in colouring and marking lozerica might well be taken for a race of the latter. Types from the Causse above Mende, Lozere. (3) Some races of H. ottomana.—One of the most interesting discoveries in connection with the Erebias was made last year by Herr Dannehl, who found a race of ottomana on Monte Baldo above lake Garda; which he 1s describing. This race is closest to the ssp. balcanica, Rbl., but differs in being much darker on the upperside, the rusty patches around the apical spots on the forewings being reduced to mere rings, and the spots on the hindwings to mere points, in some cases hardly visible. On the underside of the hind- wings, especially in the g, the Garda race is strongly banded and there- fore strikingly different from the more even colour of balcanica. The antemarginal band in the @ is also a little better marked than in the 2 balcanica. In his description of the latter, Rebel included specimens from all the known Balkan localities, north of Greece. But balcanica varies a good deal, and the form from the Durmitor in north Montenegro, forms a remarkable transition to the Garda race. This race I would describe as: Race durmitorensis, nov.—-A transition between balcanica and Garda specimens, nearest the former, being similar to it on the underside. All the markings on the upperside are considerably reduced, the black spots being affected as well as the bands, the two apical on the forewings being a little smaller than in balcanica and all the others reduced to mere points, or completely lost. In the loss of markings duyrmitorensis resembles Garda specimens, though as a rule the spots on the hindwings in the latter ave still smaller. I have one specimen, however, which is indistinguishable from Garda ones on the upperside, but this is not normal, and the underside remains closer to balcanica. From these notes it might seem that durmitorensis was scarcely worthy of a name, but if attention was not drawn to this race it would be a certain source of trouble, for Durmitor speci- mens if taken ag typical of balcanica would mislead anyone into concluding that the Garda race was the same as balcanica, or that it occurred in Montenegro, either of which would greatly confuse the records of the future. (4) Nomenclature.—I take this opportunity to make three changes which unfortunately are necessary : (a) FE. erinna, Stg.—This name has already been changed once, by Staudinger himself, but as it is a secondary homonym of Pap. erina, Fab. 1787, it must be changed a second time. I propose the name E. erinnyn, nov. pro zrinna, Stg. (6) HE. tyndarus var. retyezatica, Didsz.—This name is a primary homonym of manto var. retyezatica, Didsz. which has page priority over the former. For this Transylvanian form of tyndarus I propose the name, transylvaniensis, noy. EXTRACTS FROM A LETTER. IMMIGRATION. 167 (c) EH. evias orientalis, Rbl. (1914) —A primary homomonym of FH. epiphron orientalis, Elw. (Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond. 1900). I propose the name rebeli pro orientalis, Rbl. It may be noted that in the case of (a) ertnna, Ste., was never a valid name under any rules, only asynonym. If it were not for the rules on homonyms, it would fall under the law of priority. The older name, erynnis, is also a secondary homonym, which was why Staudinger changed it, noting that it was not wise to retain two similar names in the genus. He overlooked the crina of Fabricius or he would certainly have chosen another name. Whatever changes entomologists may make, it is to be hoped they do not alter the rules on homonyms, which are nearly ‘‘ fool proof’’ in use, and of great value in dealing with the earliest names. But for them such familiar names as Hf. aethiops and FE. euryale would be lost under the law of priority. [These 3 examples of thé homonymic stupidity of the ‘* Zoological” Rules well emphasise the necessity for the Entomologists to make their own Rules which would apply as such to quite 95% of the world’s organisms. As this is being done (notoriously slowly) it does not seem wise to add further to the already overloaded nomenclature. (a) erinna is not strictly a homonym of erina. (b) There seems no practical reason why the name retyezatica, Didsz. should not be applied to every Hrebia species if necessary, even if it were a subspecies and (c) vrientalis can be applied to every species if necessary.—Hy.J.T. |] Extracts from a letter dated November 7th, 1932 from H. W. Wilson, Hon. Sec., Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. Only three Plusta gamma and Pyrameis atalanta have been recorded for Lancashire and Cheshire this year. Pyrameis cardui in the larval stage is usually observed on the coast sandhills in July, but I am not aware that the species has been seen there in 1982. It had been noted in three of the four preceding years including 1931. Since writing this I have learnt that a single imago was observed early in May at Freshfield, Lancs. It would be interesting to know what evidence there is of the migration of /’lusia moneta, The increase in the range of this species has been steady and its northward progress has been noted step by step. In these circumstance there does not seem to be any adequate reason for discarding the theory of its introduction with imported delphiniums, unless of course it has been observed well out to sea. Pyrameis atalanta is apparently classified with P. cardui as a migrant, but its status as a migratory species seems to call for careful consideration. It is curious that although this insect 1s a very more abundant and more generally distributed species in this country than P. cardui the evidence of migration is not nearly so conclusive. I have not seen any reference to a migrating swarm consisting solely of P. atalanta, but mere notes of its presence, in much smaller numbers, accompanying migrating hordes of P. cardut.* * See Hnt. Record, Vol. XI, p. 279, 1899, P. atalanta seen in numbers 500 miles from the Lizard bound for S. America and Ent. Mo. Mag. No. 809, October 1931, p. 229, which gives an instance contradictory to this view.—T.D. 168 . ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. - br 15.X11.1932 All the Vanessids, including Polygonia c-album (not regarded as a migrant) have a disposition to wander about, and as P. atalanta is so strong on the wing its general distribution seems to be sufficiently explained, in the absence of direct evidence of true migration, by its notorious vagrant habits. It certainly seems to be impartial as to the direction of its long distance flights and may be observed on cecasion flying fast on an undeviating southerly course. The value as immigrant records of observations of P. atalanta inthis country is also so dependent on the question of whether the species is capable of surviving the winter here that it is important that the evidence in favour of its being a local resident should be carefully examined. I have noted below a few significant facts which have come under my notice. (1) Kept in captivity by myself throughout winter and remained vigorous in spring—also by H. W. Head (Hntom. Nov. 32). (2) Seen ovipositing in April (Penmaenmawr, N. Wales). (3) Found drying wings beside empty pupa case in early July (Penmaenmawr) not same year as (2). (4) Regularly seen in fresh condition in July in many places in N. Wales. (5) Observers frequently remark on excellent condition of specimens seen in June-July, when P. cardi is invariably very worn. ‘The possi- bility cannot be ignored that such specimens may be bred from ova deposited in April by hibernated butterflies. It will be appreciated that the North Wales observations so early in the year carry greater weight than similar records from the south coast and indicate that local conditions are favourable for the species to maintain itself there from year to year. I would suggest that it 1s desirable to explore the subject further. (Letter from H. W. Wilson to Capt. T. Dannreuther, 7.xi.32.) An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae. By ORAZIO. QUERCI. This year I have made some experiments to get data about the life- history of L’ieris rapac, Linné, and-some other polygenetic species of butterflies. I found an excellent collecting place on the Parkway, near the Art Museum, which by solicitation of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was left to grow wild. Last year, at Philadelphia, the butterflies began to emerge in April, but. in 1982 the weather was bad in early spring and we saw the first Lepidoptera on the wing on May J5th. I'rom that day until now we have collected without interruption taking about 7000 specimens which were brought hoie still living ; some were set in cages, with thei host plants, where they laid eggs ; others were mounted. Higgs, larvae, chrysalids and imagines were also tried in different temperatures in refrigerators and incubators kindly put to my use by several. institutions. I. Bwepine From tHe liaes. \A). ‘Lhe butterflies taken in the field were set in a cage with wild flowers and food plants. Some females laid eggs, and those laid on the same day were reared all together. The lots of eggs STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE, 169 obtained in different days were kept separated. Both in spring and summer the mean temperatures varied from 65° to 75°F, and almost always the eggs hatched in four or five days. In each lot there were a few larvae which grew very rapidly and became full grown in seven days; for others, although being laid by the same female on the same day, full development required 8 to 14 days. The butterflies emerged from the chrysalids in from one to two weeks. From May 19th to September 15th we reared more than 100 lots of eges, and the whole life-cycle was never shorter than 18 days, and longer than four weeks. (B). In this fall the temperature was lower; the eggs hatched in 5 to 7 days, the most rapid larvae grew in 10 days, and the imagines emerged after 8 days. The minimum required in development of the imago from the ege is now 23 days instead of 18. Ido not yet know the maximum because the other chrysalids of the same lot have not yet emerged. (C). On May 19th and 20th we obtained two big lots of eggs from specimens of the first brood taken in the field. Those eggs hatched in 5 days, and one of the larvae, from the eges laid on May 19th, hatched on the 23rd, pupated on May 80th, and a female emerged on June 7th. That female was not well developed and died withont laying eggs. Un June 8th one male and one female emerged at home from eggs laid on May 20th; they mated on the same day of their birth and the female laid eges from June 9th to the 13th, which hatched from the 18th to the 17th of the same month. A few larvae, from the lot of eggs laid on June 9th, pupated on the 20th, and the imagines emerged from them on June 27th. The male and female of the second brood, emerged on June 8th (mounted after their death), are large, with pale and reduced pattern at the tips of the wings; their descendants, born on June 27th and following days are smaller, with a very black and extensive pattern. All the rapae which emerged in our cage on June 27th from the home born specimens of the second brood, were placed in another cage, where the females laid many eggs for six days. I wished to mount those specimens of the pure-line third brood, but they were so badly broken, while flying in the cage, that I preferred to set in my collection one male and one female, which emerged on June 29th, from the same lot of eges, which looked very like those emerged two days before and from which I had six lots of eges from June 27th to July 2nd. At the beginning of July it was bot: the thermometer reached up to 98° F., and all the larvae of five lots died. Placing the larvae in an ice box and in front of a fan, a few of them, from the eggs laid on June 29th, were able to survive, and pupated. Two females emerged on July 19th, another female and two males on the 21st. These five specimens of the pure-line fourth brood are very small with pale and reduced pattern. The three females laid many eggs, but, in spite of every care, only three larvae survived the heat and pupated. One male and one female of the pure-line fifth brood, emerged on August 9th, mated and the @ laid 19 eges only. Another female emerged on the 18th, but did not lay egos as the male of the same ou was dead. _ The pure line rapae of the fifth brood are larger than their paneer 170 ENTOMOLOGIS’ S RECORD. 15.X 11.1932 and with a very black pattern; they resemble their grand-parents of the third brood. The 19 eggs, from which | expected specimens of the sixth brood, hatched in four days, the larvae became very big, but all died on August 22nd, on a sultry day when the thermometer reached up to 88° F. Thus my series of pure-line breedings remained uncompleted before reaching the sixth brood, but my experiment proves that if I have obtained five consecutive broods from May 20th to August 9th, at least three other broods may occur before the frost in October. Il. Temprraturn Experiments. (D). Higgs, larvae and chrysalids tried for 5 to 20 days at 0° F., and later gradually warmed at 30°, 50° and 70° I’, died when they returned to normal temperature. (KE). The spring eggs, larvae and chrysalids died when tried for 25 days at 30° F. The experiment was made again with summer specimens, which remained one month at 30°, and later were gradually returned to the temperature of our rooms. Abouta half of the eggs hatched, the larvae survived and the chrysalids emerged. Another big lot of eggs was tried for 45 daysat 30° F. Very few larvae hatched when they returned to normal temperature. (F). At the temperature of 45° to 50° F, most eggs of a big lot hatched there after 14 days. The larvae were left in that rather cold room with fresh plants. They grew very little and in about one month died. (G). Some chrysalids, placed in a room at 50° I', emerged there after 27 days, but the Lepidoptera were not able to spread their wings. _ (H). Many butterflies of different species remained at 60° F for 18 days. All the males died; most females survived and laid eggs when they were placed in our cages. (1). A lot of eggs placed at 98° F, hatched there in 4 days. All the larvae died almost at once, also if they were taken out from the incubator they died. (J). Most larvae in our breeding cages turned yellow and later died when the temperature reached 85° F for a few hours. (K). It seems that also in the field, many larvae die when it is hotter than 90° F. As the heat does not injure the chrysalids, the butterflies continue to be plentiful, for about one week, after a wave of heat, later they become scarce for about ten days because the high temperature kills both the small and big larvae. Comparing the results of our collecting with the data of the Weather Bureau of Philadelphia, I am finding a perfect concordance. The scarcity and often the total absence of polygenetic species which sometimes I observed for ten and more days while collecting in Southern Kurope, and which I supposed to be intervals between one brood and its following, are but the effect of the waves of heat. III. Lire-nisrory or Pieris RAPAE AT PHILADELPHIA, IN THE YEAR 1932. The American authors relate that rapae begins to emerge some- times by the end of March, and often in April. This year the weather was fine in winter but it became bad in early spring, until mid May. On the 15th of this month we took some butterflies. STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE, 171 They continued to emerge until May 20th, and later, until the 26th, only worn specimens were on the wing. The duration of the flying period of the first brood was 12 days. The lack of Lepidoptera in the last days of May was not due to the climate as the weather was fine. In the afternoon of June 2nd we saw a few rapae in the City, and the following morning we collected two males and one female. ‘The second brood had begun to emerge 19 days later than the first emerged specimens of the first brood. This period corresponds with the result of our breedings. To know when the second brood might cease to emerge | had the support of the data of our breedings: minimum of duration of the larval stages 18 days, maximum 28 days, but I was not sure that, both in the cages and in the field, the period would have been the same. A useful indication I might perhaps get by looking at the forms. While most rapae of the first brood are small and with a pale apical pattern of reduced extent, many specimens of the second brood are very large, the grey pattern is a little wider and the ocelli are bigger: Fresh rapae of this exuberant form were taken until June 22nd, that is 28 days later than May 26th, when we saw the last female of the first brood laying eges. Worn rapae of its largest form were found until June 28th. The flying period of the second brood was 27 days and it was 15 days longer than that (12 days) of the first brood. In-accordance with what I believe to be a rule (when the tempera- ture does not change) tke earliest rapae of the third brood should begin to emerge on June 19th, but on that day it was raining. ‘The following day there was 63 per cent of sunshine, and we took some rapae a little smaller than those of the prevailing form of the second brood but with a wide and very black pattern. Specimens of this form became more frequent later. Irom June 20th to 28th we saw Specimens both of the second and third brood flying together and when, on June 29th, the second brood ended, the black-spotted rapae of the third brood remained on the wing alone urtil July 7th, when the striking form of the fourth brood began to emerge. I expected that the rapae of the third brood would have disappeared from the field by the end of July, instead the specimens with a prominent black pattern continued to emerge in August, September and until now. For some time I was unable to understand why the duration of the third brood might have been so long, while at home rapae continued to emerge in no more than 28 days since its ege was laid. Only later I knew that the deep black-spotted rapae is also the prevailing form of the fifth brood. This is confirmed by the three pure-line rapae of the fifth brood, which emerged in our cages and which are black (not grey) at the tips of their wings. With the support of these data I suppose that the third brood, began on June 19th or 20th, and ended on July 24th. Some females con- tinued to fly until the 30th, or so. By theend of July the butterflies in our cages had lived long and laid many eggs. The probable flying period of the third brood was 44 days, about 17 days longer than in the second brood. The fourth brood of rapae, which is rare in the hot and barren 172 ENTOMOLOGIS?’ S$ RECORD. 15.X 11.1982 countries of Southern Europe and of which we found no specimen in North Africa, has been plentiful at Philadelphia this year. We have taken at least 600 specimens of that pretty form. Last summer the country was always verdant: almost as luxuriant as we have seen in the Tropics in the raining season. At the Weather Bureau I have been told that such a fine summer has not happened in this City for 30 years. Many specimens of the fourth brood, we collected in the field, are as small and with as pale a pattern as the five pure-line rapae which emerged in our cage from the cross of a male of the third brood with a female of the same generation. ‘This seems to prove that the small size of some polygenetic species is produced by heredity and not by environment. Until now I had believed that the butterflies smaller than usual might be the ones which had grown in distress, but I must change my opinion. ‘The largest number of small Lieris rapae, Vontia protodice, Colias philodice and C. eurytheme were taken, this year, after the field had been for a long time (during their larval stages) the most luxuriant I have seen in the Temperate Zone. From my breedings [ have learned that when the larvae of the Vieridae are in distress they die. The nice rapae of the fourth brood began to emerge on July 7th; fresh specimens were found until August 28th, and some worn females until September 3rd. The flying period of this brood has been 59 days. Why individuals of the fourth brood (form phaiosoma, Verity) 1 my collection look to be from the cross of both third brood male and female, as this last brood remained to fly alone for some time last June. In August we found some very small vapae with a black (not pale grey) pattern, which are perhaps the mongrels between the third and fourth broods, which flew together in July. For the fifth brood Iam unable to check whether it began on July 25th and ended on October 7th, according to my forecast, or nob. When it began, there still were on the wing specimens of the similar third brood, and in September it mixed with the eighth brood, the form of which is, J believe, the same as in the third and fifth broods. Almost every day, from June 20th until now, we have taken some rapae with a very black pattern; this is the most frequent form of the species, being of the third, fifth and eighth broods, Also among the so-called second brood there are speciiuens which resemble those of the third, etc. This occurs for a cause which I will try to explain later. The large rapae of the second brood did not fly after June 28th ; after that day we found only smaller (third and fifth brood) and much smaller (fourth brood) specimens on the wing; also their mongrels were not large. On August 12th a few white rapae, which looked lke those of the second brood, were found. ‘The appearance of this showy form, which we had not seen for 45 days, happened just when I had foreseen that the sixth brood should begin to emerge, and this allows ime to suppose it may be the peculiar form of rapae when two pure- bred specimens of the fifth brood cross together or when the third brood crosses with the fifth. Some large rapae have been taken almost every day from August 12th until now, but they have not been plentiful, because the fifth brood, having flown together with the STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 178 fourth, which is small, produced mongrels of reduced size. I was not able to get in my cages any specimen of the sixth brood, as the 19 larvae, I had from the pure-line rapae of the fifth, died after the wave of heat of August 22nd, but from that breeding I learned that the pure sixth brood rapae must be large, as the larvae which grew more rapidly and that were trying to pupate when the heat killed them, were very big. The pure bred vapae of the seventh brood, which began to emerge on August 29th, have been scarce, as their pure bred parents had not been plentiful and had mated with those of the fourth and fifth broods and their mongrels. I have no positive data to establish which may be the peculiar form of the seventh generation ; I suppose that some small rapae, like those of the fourth, but dusted with black scales (owing to the increasing humidity in the fall) may be those of the seventh when one pure-bred male of the sixth crossed with a pure-bred female of the same brood. This year these dwarf rapae, the smallest in my series, emerged from chrysalids made by larvae which, in August, had lived among the most luxuriant vegetation. Also in this case, the very reduced size seems not to be produced by environment but by heredity. I think these specimens, flying in September and also in these last days (October 1st to 10th) can not be still those of the fourth brood which should be ended by the beginning of last September. On August 31st, after the eclipse, a wave of heat (up to 95°I*) arrived in this country and continued for some days. In spite of that the Lepidicum virginicum, which is the plant that the larvae of rapae prefer to eat, remained verdant everywhere, and the period, 18 to 28 days, for the metamorphosis, remained unvaried for the specimens which we bred in September. I suppose that the eighth generation began to emerge on September 18th, but [ cannot prove my assertion. I also suppose that the pure bred rapae of the eighth brood may be as black spotted as those of the third and fifth broods. What I observe is that, in spite of the considerable hybridisation, rapae has never been so variable as in September: dwarf specimens of the seventh flew together with the giants of the sixth and the black- spotted individuals of the fifth. If some vapae of this last form are those of the eighth brood, is not sure but likely. By the middle of September until now the weather bas been unsettled and the field is not so verdantasin summer. The butterflies in the cages die quickly, laying very few eggs. The wave of heat at the beginning of September has lowered the number of butterflies on the wing. However the larvae, which we are rearing, continue to grow almost in the same time as in spring and summer. Perhaps the emergence of the chrysalids will be delayed, but if the weather continues fair for a few days longer, a ninth brood may occur this year although last spring the lepidoptera began to appear very late in the season. What I have tried to explain alove can be shown by the following table where (1) for every brood, J record (2) the day on which the speci- mens of each brood probably began to emerge; (3) the not so probable 174 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.X 11.1982 days on which the last specimens of every brood emerged ; (4) the day on which they ceased to fly and to lay eggs; and (5) the presumed duration, in days, of each brood : (Eye aL II III IV Vv VI VII VIII IX (2) May15. Jun. 2. Jun.19. Jul. 7. Jul. 25. Aug.12. Aug.29. Sep.18. Oct.? (3) May 20. Jun. 22. Jul. 24. Aug.28. Oct. 1. (a) (a) (a) (a) (4) May 26. Jun. 28. Jul. 30. Sep. 3. Oct. ? (a) (a) (a) (a) , (5) (12 27 44 59 75? (b) (0) (b) (0) (a) A few chrysalids of the VI, some of the VII, many of the VIII and most of the IX brood will go over winter, emerging in the spring of 1933. () It is not possible to state the duration of the flying period of the last broods, which will occur after the winter pause. In accordance with the data of the preceding table, the broods of Pieris rapae have probably emerged and overlapped (at Philadelphia and in the very regular season of 1932) as follow: from May 15 to May 26, first brood ; from May 27 to June 1, interval between the first and second brood ; from June 2 to June 18, second brood alone ; from Jun. 19 to Jun. 28, second and third ; from Jun, 29 to Jul. 6, third alone ; from Jul. 7 to Jul. 24, third and fourth ; from Jul. 25 to Jul. 80, third, fourth and fifth. from Jul. 81 to Aug. 11, fourth and fifth ; from Aug. 12 to Aug. 28, fourth, fifth and sixth ; from Aug. 29 to Sept. 3, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh ; from Sep. 4 to Sep. 17, fifth, sixth, and seventh ; from Sep. 18 to Oct. ?, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth ; from Oct. ? to Oct. ?, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth. Now I hope to be able to get the data which are still missing ; later I will check better, with the support of my collection of more than 2000 rapae, 800 protodice, 200 philodice and eurytheme, which seem to emerge in the same manner as rapae, all mounted and labelled. I regret not to have been able to breed all the larvae from the eggs laid by one single female of Pieridae, to see whether all the imagines are equal among them, or not. I succeeded with the larvae of Papilio and Phyciodes, when I obtained imagines 98 per 100 of the laid eggs, but the larvae of Pieridae are very frail, and from more than 12,000 larvae, which I tried to rear, I had no more than 250 chrysalids. Also in the field the mortality must be considerable when it is very hot, and still more when it is hot and dry. Some authors say that one female of rapae can lay more than 200 eggs; also supposing that the eggs are only 25 of which 15 males and 10 females, if each egg might produce the imago there would be 10 females at the second brood, 100 at the third, 1,000 at the fourth, 10,000 at the fifth, 100,000 at the sixth, 1,000,000 at the seventh, 10,000,000 at the eighth. This does not happen; the butterflies instead of being plentiful are scarce chiefly because the heat killed most larvae. STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 175 IV. Osservations. I feel almost sure that the data I record for the beginning of the first to the seventh brood are right. At any rate the error can be no more than one day or two. From May 15th to September 10th the temperature lowered to 50°F only thrice (May 19th and 23rd, and June 8th) during the night. The minimum mean temperature varied from 61°3° in May to 69:4° in August, and in those conditions, the larval stages went ahead with the greatest regularity. The data which I quote for the end of every brood are tentative, because in each lot of larvae, which we have bred, those which grew slowly always died. The search in the field for the last living female of every brood is not an easy task, not only because it is hard to find her, but also because I based my investigation looking at the form. That the form of rapae should change from a generation to its following is a simple opinion which I base on the fact that the speci- mens of the second, third, fourth and fifth brood, which I obtained from consecutive breeding, changed at each brood, and that their change corresponding with it had occurred in the field some days before. However I must notice that my series of pure-line rapae is very poor. I had many chrysalids of the second brood, most were tried in temperature experiments and in many cases died; also of the third brood I had many pupae, some died when tried at low tempera- ture, others emerged but the specimens were ruined in the cages; of the fourth brood I obtained five specimens, of the fifth only three. This is all. The study of the variation, referred to the identification of the broods, is also doubtful because also the specimens of the first gener- ations are not alike among themselves in my series of rapae, the earliest emerged almost afi the same time from May 15th to 20th, there are a few, which look different from the others and seem to have not been produced by chrysalids, which had gone over winter. Among the rapae of the second brood, emerged in the first fortnight of June, when certainly the real third brood specimens had not had time to emerge, | see some specimens, with very black spots, which look like those of the true third brood, which surely did not began to emerge before June 19th. The presence of these specimens which apparently have advanced one brood over their time of emergence, allow me to suppose that either the eggs, or the larvae, or both, might go over winter together with the chrysalids. From my experiment (I), related at p. 170, I have learned that very few eggs, of a big lot, survived when kept 45 days at 28° to 30°F. At Philadelphia, this year it was never cold in winter for long. The coldest days were: Dec. 8th, 1931, Jan. 28rd, Feb. Ist and 16th, March 9th, 1982, on which the thermometer was 28°F for a short time. Perhaps some eggs, laid in the last fair days of October, 1981 and remained unhatched, were able to survive, and hatched during the first days of April, when it was 67° and 73°F. The larvae did not die, as is shown in my experiment (fF) at p. 170, and pupated about on April 23rd, when the max. temperature was 72 to 79°F, but were not able to emerge until middle May, when it was 77° to 87°F. The 176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.19382 presence of these specimens from the egg-cycle are a trouble when they are mixed with those of the chrysalids-cycle in the first brood. Now I am arranging to keep many eggs to see wether they will hatch next spring, or not. V. Concuusion. My experiments are still incomplete, but at any rate I can state that: 1. Pieris rapae and many other polygenetic species are ready to be prolific at any time of the year, as soon as the temperature allows their eggs to hatch. Jn Southern Portugal we collected many poly- genetic butterflies in January of 1928. 2. The cold injures only when it is, probably, below 15°F. Otherwise it only delays the metamorphosis. 3. The intensive heat, above 90°!" produces a terrible massacre of larvae, but does not injure either eggs or chrysalids. 4. When the mean temperature is above 60°F, a new brood occurs about every 18 or 19 days. (I have not yet full data for the fall.) 5. ‘The duration of every brood is at least 15 days longer than that of its preceding brood, and therefore all the broods, save the first, overlap. 6. This year, at Philadelphia, with a uniform and favourable season, but shorter than in most years, certainly eight broods have emerged, and probably a ninth may occur. When the butterflies emerge here from April to October there may be 10 or 11 broods. In Southern Spain and Portugal, and in the southern portion of the United states, perhaps 14 broods occur in most years. PuHinapELPHIA. October 11th, 1932. SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Levers or Lire or tHe [Maco or Orrwopra LtiguLa.— Of this species South (Moths Brit. Is.) says “1 lives through the winter , but does not seem to turn up at sallow catkins in the spring,” Adkin (Moths of Hastbourne) “It is doubtful whether it ever lives through the winter.’”’ In this connection it may be interesting to note that I took a specimen at Chipstead, Surrey, on January 30th of this year, at rest on a hawthorn by night, which was fed with sugar at intervals and lived until mid-April.—J. A. Downes. “ Koop” or CucuLiia verBasct Larvan.—This year I collected a . few larvae of C. verbasci at Box Hill. They were kept in a cardboard honey carton, which as usual had a thin layer of wax on its surface. One day the larvae were given insufficient food, with the result that they nibbled through the wax and started on the cardboard underneath. A friend of mine had a somewhat similar experience with this species. He enclosed them in a muslin sleeve, again with insufficient food, and found next day that they had eaten a hole in it and escaped.—Ip. CURRENT NOTES. : LE JFWoOoTES ON COLLECTING, ete. Recent Appitions ro THE [ish Fauna anp Fora. [Proc. Roy. Irish Acd. XXIX (1929.)] —With reference to the comments of Canon G. Foster on the above in the April No. of this journal, page 63, the following are additional records and corrections. Argyroploce (Diluta) semifasciana, Hb.—Barrett writes, in british Lepidoptera (1905), “taken by Canon Cruttwell in Connemara ;”’ not uncommon. among sallows, Killycolpy Wood, Co Tyrone, June 1920. A. (Penthina) corticana, Hb.—Beaten out of birch near Maghery, Co Tyrone; and Churchill, Co Armagh. A. (Huchromia) rufana, Scop.—-Near Stewartstown, Co Tyrone, June 1921. Eypiblema crenana, Hb.—Lisdoonvarna Co. Clare, larva found and imago bred August 1929, W. G. Sheldon: Mntom. Vol. LXII page 241. Ohimabache (Diurnea) phryganella, Hb.—Tullylagan Co. Tyrone, October 1921. Tinea semifulvella, Haw. —Already recorded by Kane from Sligo, Clonbrock, and Bray; near Stewartstown, August 1923.—Tuomas Greer, Milton, Dungannon. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. The Hon. Treasurer will be obliged if those subscribers who have not yet paid for the current volume (1932) will do so before the end of the year. The amount (10/-) should be sent to Ll. W. Andrews, I°.E.5., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.1.9. Several readers have sent or promised to send notes on the season’s experiences. We shall be very pleased to have others. General reports seem to tell us that there never was a worse season and yet we hear of captures of unusual species and some of our very young collectors have not done badly. Corrections.—By an oversight an incompleted proof of the November number was passed ‘“ for press’ and thus several important corrections are necessary, besides spelling, ete. p. 149, 1. 18, Poey= Poey: |. 28, aescult=escull. Packo byl. 2, peer a‘‘,’’ before *‘ different” 1.27, Coll. = Coleoptera. Pala Zel. Oye avendar ’ =“ lavender’: stoechus=stoechas. p. 158, 1. 40, ‘‘ Ramm.” =“ Ramb.”: |. 41, del “as”: Mediterranean. p- 156, Ie 14, insert ‘°1932” after “wing.” pee EO Blestilunain |e * Aeshna”: except. p- 157, 1. 84, “ vividior ” =“ viridior ”: 1, 48, del stop after ‘ nec.” p-. 161, 1. 8, Hydraecia= Hydroecia. ; Os 162, iP 25, Stenichuus = Stenichus. 4 p. 168, 1. 35, the generic initial ‘ C.”” should Me SO aes : journeys. p. 164, 1. 8, ad ie CONTENTS OF “VOEUME Kisii? By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Aberrations of R. phlaeas, 15; C. quadripunctaria, 16; E. jurtina, 128; EH. vestigialis 4 pelis0 Abundance of Theelids in Kabylia 59 “« Addition to List of Lepidoptera of Treland,’’ Rev. Canon Foster, 63 ; ‘Recent additions to ditto,” T. Greer 177 Address to Ent. Soc. of the S. of England 96 Aegeriides connected with juniper 54 Affinity of Faunas of N. Scotland and Ireland (Lep.) a 76 *« Aigle and the Rhone Valley i in May, 1931,’’ Lt. E. B. al 55, 72 Assembling .. 44 Biology of, S. spuleri in ‘juniper, 54; M. atropos, 62; Spiders, Review, 67; Microlepidoptera, Review, 95; Z%. erulans, 99; ‘« Triple-brooded species,” O. Querci, 158; ‘‘An Account of my Studies on the B. of P. rapae,’’ O. Querci . 168 *¢ Birds and S. gigus,’’ T. B. Foster 129 ‘“‘Brachypterous lHarwigs. A Problem,’’ Dr. M. Burr .. 98 Breeding of, 1). trwncata from ovo, 11; nubeculosa, 44; Pierids from the ege : . 168 Broods of C. croceus i Serre **Buttercups, B. fumatus ay? Jel Donisthor pe 93 ** Butterflies, in Kabylia, Miss L. M. Fison, 12; at flowers, 41; ‘of the Pulborough District,” A. Ts Wightman 50 -. 127 Cat lying in wait for moths. 83 “Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the Forest of Fontainebleau,’’ Review, H. Donisthorpe.. 50. Be Classification of the Psychidae, 118, 133 Comparison of Faunae (Col.) of Fontainebleau and Windsor Forests oo BB) Cocoon of P. cognata oo ell ‘* Coleoptera of a Willow Swamp,” H. Donisthorpe .. Collecting Notes, 10, 61, 76, 93, 127, 142, 160, 177; ‘‘ Lepidop- tera in 1931,’’ H. B. D. Kettlewell 43 Correction in, British List of Lepid- optera 9, 17, 65, 66, 89, 128; Footnote Correction is 77, 96 ‘Cornish Notes for 1981,’’ C. Nicholson . . c se AL C. pronubana and its Parasites 10 Current Notes, 13. 31, 47, 64, 78, 94, 115, 131, 142, 162, 177 Cuttings, A Nature Story, 11; In- valuable Words, 14; A Curious Beetle, 49; A literary Curiosity 142 ‘¢ Dates of Hiibner’s Plates,’’ Hy.J.T. a6 oe co PAGE Description of, Kerry, Iceland, 1; a willow swamp, 4; L. of P. globulariae, 17; L. of P. cognata, 19; New forms of Melitaea, 28, 29 ; Fontainebleau, 34 ; Dieulefit (Drome), 53; B. hypnorwm, (Hym.), 55 ; Sie pacifica, 71; Bromsgrove area ae | ‘* Devonshire Coleoptera, Notes on some,’’ H. Donisthorpe .. “ Dieulefit (Drome), in April, 1930- 31, Lepidoptera at,’ Wm. Fassnidge - “* Diptera in 1931,”’ H.W. ‘Andrews ‘“‘Harly stages of P. globulariae and of P. cognata,’’ Dr. H. A. Cockayne and C. N. Hawkins, . 161 150 53 122 17; appearance of P. atalanta.. 93 | Entomological Club, 31, 50, 64, 131, 142, 162 ‘“* H. polychloros in Essex,” K. Bentall : 12 “« Hrebtid species, Notes Oi,” 18). C. S. Warren 165 “ H. vestigialis in Dorset, Hy, J. T. (ite 125 Cwrtiis)) gs 129 Exhibition, Lancashire & Cheshire Ent. Socy.. : 15 | “Fauna of Albania, ” Rebel and | Zerny, Review, Hy. J. Turner.. 52 | ‘* Food of C. verbasci larvae,’’ J. A. Downes Se so LID Forms of aurinia in Kerry, 2 2 pide brassicae be 89 Galls, juniper : aoe ‘« Geographical Variation of B. euphrosyne,”’ Dr. KR. Verity 119 Geometers in Kerry a5 29) ‘* Handbook of British Beetles, 2 IN. Joy, Review, M. ae pS ale Donisthorpe 64 | Heterocera in Kerry ‘ Sano Hibernation of, P. atalanta ~ +. 58 ‘Holiday at Braemar, A,’’ Dr. H. A. Cockayne .. > 68) How R. linearis (Hem.) swims, H. Donisthorpe : 129 Hiibner’s Plates, Dates of . : ) | ‘*Tlustrations ra Varieties of, British Lepidoptera,’ S. G. Castle-Russell, 10; ditto, C. Mosley, 86; ditto ‘‘ Huropean Butterflies,’’ C. Mosley, 102, 124, 135 | Immigrant, Lepidoptera, etc., 49, 128 (P.S. Smith); 130, 156 (Capt. Dannreuther); 162; ‘‘ Species in Lancashire and Cheshire,”’ H. W. Wilson . 167 International Congress of Entomo- logy, 5th, uel .49, 78, 115 ‘Invaluable Words ” : 14 Juniper Insects at Dieulefit 53 ‘«Tarvae of P. rapae, P. napi and P. brassicae on the same plant,”’ C. Nicholson abil 179 CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE +‘ Tate larvae of D. truncata,’”’ C. Pupa of C. cognata, 21 ; ‘‘ What is Nicholson .. 10 the meaning of a P. ?,’’ N. H. 4‘Tength of Life of Imago of 0. Joy.. 87 ligula,’”’ J. A. Downes .. 176 Pupation of Z. exulans 100 “« Lepidoptera, at Dieulefit (Dréme) ‘* Query, A, re E. es 2s iD in 1930-31, 53, 81; near Broms- | Lempke ‘ -. 128, 142 grove (Ran-dan Woods) ” 1827- | ‘* Races,” O. Querci_ 149 31, P. S. Smith 69, 84 | Races, of, M. parthenie, ete., 27 : “‘ Lithosia pallifrons (vitellina) ab. B. euphrosyne, 110; Ry. pygmaeola,’’ H. B. D. Kettlewell 8 jurtina,’’ P. P. Graves ~: 142 Local Lists 47 | Rare species, L. bicolor, 3; 4H. Medical Entomology, Review 80 laticollis (C.), 5; O. salictaria Melanie, A. urticae . 32 (C.),5; O. nigrocincta (C.), 5; 4¢ Melitaea pacifica, ‘hitherto con- M. morosus (C), 5; C. palustre fused with M. britomartis,’’ Dr. (C.), 53 C. rufulus (C), 5; LP. R. Verity .. 70 lwornica, 16; H. peltigera, 41; Migrant, P. aiicianatien F in Ireland, Q: M. atropos, 41, 62; S. bipunctatus P. gamma in Ireland, 24 ; N. (D), 42; S. aurulenta (C.), 42; noctuella in Ireland dit 126 E. versicolor, 44; A. nubeculosa, Misuse of ‘ Lycaeides ”” for 44 ; So). Gaullord, Gee IS. ‘« Plebeius, etc., 40 tabaniformis, 55; B. hypnorum New forms of, Melitaeae, 98, 29, (Hym.), 55; P. cognata, 62; 70, 140 ; British Species of P. globularia, 62; P. staintoniana, Lepidoptera, 0), TBS}, Usi7/ S J8ie 63; BP. anthacina (Col.), 93; rhomboidaria, 46; Genus of R. sacraria, 1380; S. dubius Psychides, 97 ; races of B. euphro- (Trich.) 160 syne, 112, 113, 114, 120, 121; of ‘* Rare we taken in Windsor Erebia, 165; E. vestigialis 130 Forest, A,’’ H. Donisthorpe 93 4« New form, A, ‘of B. rhomboidaria,” “ Records 6 Immierants at H. B. Williams, 45; M. pacifica 71 | Hastings,’ Capt. T. Dannreuther 156 Noctuidae in Kerry . nye .. 28 | ‘ Reduviidae collected in the Bar- Nomenclature, 40, 65, 115, 144 | berton District, E. Transvaal,’’ +“ Northern Insectsin Co. Wicklow,’’ | do Si, Wayyllowe 154 A. W. Stelfox 76 | ‘* Report on Immigrant Species i in 4¢Notes on, Algerian Butterflies,’ Lancashire and Cheshire,’ H.W. Miss L. M. Fison, 7, 58 ; mete | Wills 3. so Gr doptera of Saloniea,” De G. 8S. | Reviews, Short, 13, id. 31, 32 , Bei, Robertson, 61 ; ‘‘ the Psychidae,’’ loin ain4on49. olesaoe 64, 65, 66, Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, 117, 67, 68, 78, 80, 94, 95, 96, 115, 133; ‘‘ Worcestershire Lepidop- 116, 131, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, tera,’’ P. S. Smith, 128; ‘‘ from 162, 163, 164 Spain,” Dr. M. Burr, 152; ‘‘ A. | Review of, Mr. E. R. Goffe’s atropos in EK. Sussex, Lt.-Col. D. | Paper on ‘‘ Tabanidae,” J. E, G. B. Hawley, 160; ‘‘ from Collin, 37; ‘‘Stylops,’’ Hy. J. Stratford-on-Avon,’’ P. S. Smith, Turner, 32; ‘‘ Catalogue of Col- 160; ‘‘ from Dorset,” K. Troup, eoptera of Fontainebleau,’’ Col 161; ‘‘ Hrebiid SIE B.C.58. Guardet, H. Donisthorpe, 33; Warren .. 165 ‘Practical Handbook of British Obituary, E. Step, 16; G. Crabbe, Beetles,’ Dr. N. Joy, M. Burr, 61; J. J. Joicey, 68; R. South, 51; ‘‘Biology of Spiders,” E. 68; J. C. Robbins : 78 Nielson, Hy. J. Turner, 67; Original Descriptions, The, of the ‘‘Medical Entomology, W. A. late S. L. Mosley (C. Mosley in Riley, Hy.J.T., 80; ‘* Biology of error) ; 60 the Microlepidoptera, iden Gea al +¢ Parasites of C. pronubana, ve C. Schutz, Wm. Fassnidge, 95; Nicholson, 10 ; Parasitic Hymen- “« Bees, Wasps, Ants and Allied optera with Ants . 86 Insects of the British Isles.’’ E. *¢ Pentatomid, A S. African (U. Step, Hy.J.T., 131; ‘Journal typica),’’ J. S. Taylor . 62 and Trans, of the S. of England Pests of basket-willow wan 47 Ent. Socy., Hy.J.T., 143, 146; Pins, Entomological oe 115 ‘* Annotated List of Coleoptera P. rapae at Philadelphia in 1 1932... 170 of the Isle of Sheppey, J. J. Processionary caterpillars .. oo Se Walker, H. Donisthorpe, 147; +* Psychides, A new genus of,” Rev. ‘¢ Tberican Ue O. C. R. N. Burrows ate sa Oe Querci, Hy.J.T. .. .. 148 180 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.X11.1922 PAGE PAGE Rhopalocera in Kerry 5¢ .. 177 | “Stray visits to Kerry in Search of Sallows at Rannoch 4 AD Moths,” Canon G. Foster #323; Satyrus, The genus, in Kabylia not IP 8 Sis ylops 1 ee cy 4 Searcity of Rhopalocera, 128 ; ‘¢ Tabulation of Psychidae,” Rev. C. Insects .. ee ie .. 130 kK. N. Burrows 134 Scientific Notes : .. 158, 176 | ‘‘ Temperature Experiments with “ Season, of 1931, » 1Big Mayen 135 Pierids”’ PEO Kettlewell, 43; of 1931, mp) ««Tricopteron, A rare, S. dubius in IPR Onin Cumberland, GB. Windsor Forest,” H. Donisthorpe 160 Routledge .. Ac .. 160 | Unusual locality, for C. rufulus (C), Seitz Supplement .. 31, 115, 164 5; for L.-sibilla, T. B. Foster .. 129 Societies : Lancashire and Cheshire Variation in, WM. parthenie, ete. 27 ; i.8. Be . 15 M. euphrosyne, 119; WM. ‘« Some species of ‘Hymenoptera britomaris, 70; M. pacifica, 70; parasitic on Ants,” H. Donis- 12, brassicae, 88; ‘‘ Geographical thorpe ah .. 86 V. in B. by Dr. R. ‘¢Some forms of P. "brassicae, he Be Verity 23 ay: -« 216 J. Lempke.. , 88 | Verrall Supper, The 50 “* Specific Names and Geographical Willow swamp, Fauna of a a Variations of MW. parthenie, etc.,”’ “« Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopa- Dr. R. Verity ae ix oo AY locera of the Cottian Bey ee ee Spring, in Scotland, etc., 43; ‘‘ in Verity 139 Kabylia, in 1931,’’ Miss L. M. | Fison 20 D0 50 -- 74 Locauities :—Abbots Wood, 15; Aigle, 55, 72; Algeria, 7, 58, 74; Argentine, 65, 79; Barberton, 154; Braemar, 99; Bromsgrove, 69, 84; Columbia, 66; Cornwall, 10, 41; Devonshire, 150; Dieulefit (Drédme) 53, 81; Dorset, 161; Folkestone, 64; Fontainebleau, 33; Hallsands, 151; Hastings, 156; Ireland, 1, 23, 63, 76, 177; Kabylia, 7, 10,58, 74; Kerry, 1, 23,43; New Forest, 15; Pulboro, 127; Ran-dan Woods, 69; Rhone Valley, 55, 72; Salonica, 61; Scotland, 43, 76; Slapton, 151; South Seas, 48; Spain, 152 ; Stratford-on- Avon, 160; Surrey, 1 15; Symons ¥ Yat, 15; Windsor, 4, 33; Worcestershire, ae ae LEST OF CONDE TRO EO les Ashby, Lt. HE. B. .. Ae 59, 72 Kettlewell, H. B. D. is 8, Bentall, E. EH. Lo int .. 12 | Lempke, T. J. ae ws 88, Burr, M. ek Sd 51, 152 | Mosley, C. .. .. 86, 102, 124, Burrows, Rev. C. R.] 97, 117, 133 | Nicholson, C. ..10, 11, 12, 41, Castle-Russell, S. e a -. 10 | Querci,O. . Be 149, 158, Cockayne, ibe H. A. a 17, 99 Robertson, Dr, Gaon ah ae Collin, J. HE... OG Ke .. 87 | Routledge, G. B. : Curtis, ‘E. PB... x Ne ahd Sheldon, W. G. as Si te Dannreuther, Capt... .. 130, 156 | Smith, P.S... .. 69, 84, 129, Donisthorpe, H., F.E.S., F.Z.8., Stelfox, A. W. sai Si a 4, 32, 61, 64, 86, 93, 129, 150, 160 | Taylor, J.S.. Bs Pe 63, Downes, J. A. 176 | Troup, R. - Ellis, H. Willoughby-, 31, 50, 64, Turner, Hy. ae 9, Te 14, ae 30, 131, 142, 162 31, 32, 40, 47, 48, 49, 52, 61, 65, Fassnidge, W. oe _.58, 81, 95 a, 67, 68, 78, 79, 80, 94, 96, Fison, Miss. M. .. 7,10, 58, 74 115, 116, 129, 130, 131, 138, 145- Foster, Canon G. .. je lle BB BR} 6, 157, 162, Foster, T. B. ad: ANG aa JAAS) Verity, Dr. R., 27, 70, 110, 119, Graves, P. P. bf .. 142, 177 | Warren, B.©.8. .. i we Hawkins, C. N. i .- 17 | Whiteman, A.J. .. Hawley, Lt.-Col. D. @, Be .. 160 Williams, Dr. H. B. Hewitt, E. H. Sis ae .. 177 | Wilson, H. W. NOW, i, Tie) 6 a xe asi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate I. Male Genitalia of Acentra vestralis .. cis .. to face page yD IJ. Male Genitalia of Psychidae .. se pibdtia ase a #5 a 128 133 j All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Tonner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send us communications IDENTIOAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLUsTRaTions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, Duplicates.—§S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.— Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hilt House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D.caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species eepecially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-sir. 77, Germany. Urcrent.— Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de 1’ Holise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksleldrde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8p.m. January 18th, Annual Meeting. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. January 12th, 26th, Annual Meeting.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E'S., F.Z’S., Tion. Seey., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. E._B. Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, J. Sneyd Taylor, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson, A. G, Whiteman, Malcolm Burr, Rev. Canon Foster, J. A. Downes, Thos. Greer, H. W. Wilson, F. B. Welch, A. E. Welch, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘* Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, He liophobus hisptdus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism AND Menanocarotism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Variation (many)—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. HE. PAGE, “ Bertroge,’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (213) ascribed to bastlinea by its author in his Vol. J. of additions since the issue of Seitz Pal. Noctuae. Orie. Descriep.—‘ Has a pale clear brown colour of forewing running slightly into reddish, while in lama it is light (yellowish) grey. The females agree consistently in having the hindwings almost uniformly darker grey brownish; the central line of the hindwing is also clearly developed on the upperside. In the single g obtained the colour of the forewing is more reddish than in the females; but the hindwings of the male are darker than in lama, although not so dark by far as those of the females of dubiosa. The eyes are naked as in lama.” Apamea Tr. (1816-25) Tutt, Gn., Barr. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Stder., Meyr., Culot: Xylina, Tr. (1816-25): Trachea, Tr. (1816-25) Hamps.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1827) Warr.-Seitz: Hama, Steph. (1829) : Luperina, Dup. (1842)] pabulatricula, Brahm. (1791) =conneawa, Bork. (1792). Bork., Nat. Hur. Schm., [V. 360, although he referred to the name pabulatricula (mis-spelled papulatricula) of Brahm, Seriba’s beitr, ILI. 259, plt. XVIII., renamed the species connewa, a name which stood many years for this species. Hiven Treit. /.c. V(2). 105 (1825), used the name connewa giving Brahm’s name as a synonym. So did Gn. and Dup. The spelling papulatricula was used on the plate in Scriba but pabulatricula was used in the text.’ Tutt B.N. I. 86 (1891): Barr., Lep. Br. Is. IV. 398, plt. 184 (1897) : Stdgr. Cat. [[led. 175 (1901): Splr. Schin. Hur. I. 196, plt. 41 (1905) : South Moths Br. Is., I. 278, plt. 182 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 172 (1908): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. II]. 168, plt. 40d (1911): Culot N. et. G. 1(1). 165, plt. 30 (1909-13). Hb., J.c., 462 (1808-18), figured a form of the species under the name elota, in which there was a wide transverse brown clouded band with the almost black inner-marginal square spot included. Subsequently in his 7’eat Hb. p. 182 (1805-18) altered this to connexa. Hirnst and Engr. l.c. VI., p. 116, fig. 851 (1788), figure two examples without name, the one nearer to the fig. of Brahm but darker clouded, the other closely resembling the edota of Hb. Dup. Sup. l.c. plt. 68, 4, is a good figure but somewhat too bluish grey. Spuler, /.c. 196, treats semibrunnea, Petersen, as the same as elota, Hb Culot, lc. I(1). plt. 30, has an excellent figure. Of the variation Barrett says—‘‘ Hardly variable except in the greater or less completeness of the broad central band, and in the tinge of brown over the grey-white ground colour.” Barrett records a specimen, ‘‘ of which the ground colour is wholly dark grey, and the central band tinged with brown.” (214) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. List of Forms and Names to be considered :— pabulatricula, Brahm Ins. Kal. I1(1). 895 (1791). connexa, Bork. Naturg. [V. 860 (1792). ab. elota, Hb. Saml. 46% (1808-18). ab. semibrunnea, Ptrsn. Bertr. (Lep.) Kunde Hst. de. 1V. 84 (1902). ab. conjunta, Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 196, plt. 41 (1905). Tutt dealt with elota with ochreous central and basal area and with the typical form pabulatricula =connewa. ab. semibrunnea, Petersen, Beitr. Lep. Kn. Est. dc. 84 (1902.) Orie. Descrip.—‘ There occur examples in which the basal half of the forewings up to the reniform and the outer transverse line is uniformly brown or brown black, so that the forewings have a dark basal half and a pale marginal half.”” Wesenburg-Reval. Sple. l.c., 196, says that semibrunnea is the same as elota, Hb. ab. conjuncta, Splr., Schm. Hur. I., 196 (1905). Orie. Descrrrp.—‘ A form in which the pale basal area (of the type) is united with the outer light marginal area by a broad yellowish white band above the orbicular and reniform along the costa.” Apamea, Tr. (1816-25) Steph., Tutt, Barr. [| Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Meyr.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-Seitz: Oligia, Hb. (1822) Hamps.: Miana, Steph. (1829) Stdgr., Splr., Culot.] ophiogramma, Ksp. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 87 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br, Is. 1V. 399, plt. 184 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. [Iled. 164 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 180, plt. 41 (1906): South Moths Br. I. I. 274, plt. 182 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIL. 874 (1908) : Culot Noct. et G. I(1). 121, plt. 21 (1909-18) : Warr.- Seitz Pal. Noct. II. 170, plt. 40f. (1911). Ksper’s fig. on plt. 182, Vol. IV., is very wooden and rough, and the darker markings are much too dark in contrast with the light ground which errs in being much too smooth and light; no lunule on h-wing. Ernst and Ener. l.c., VIII. fig. 529 is more like Esper’s fig. and by no means good. Hiibner, l.c., fig. 855, correct in contour of marking is too much slate in colour and no suggestion of the normal ochreous suffusion, 7.e., a badly coloured figure. Treit. in 1825 said that the fle. 529 of Ernst and Engr. was better than Hubner’s and mueb better than Esper’s. Dup. l.c. plt. 109 vol. VII. has a good figure but the dark area is too contrasted with the ground and there is very little trace of the yellow ochreous. Wood’s fig. Ind. 272, is a somewhat dark form and not like Hubner’s fic. in colour at all. The former has a rich brown tone over all, the latter a pale grey or slate tone. Freyer’s fig. on plt. 75 is better than those of his predecessors but not very successful. It is between Esper’s and Hitbner’s in general tone of colour. South, J.c., I., plt. 182 gives a good fig. except that the lighter ground hardly shows the tone of average examples. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (215) Warr.-S., J.c., plt. 40 f. has one of the best figures of the yellowish ochreous typical form. Culot has an excellent figure, J.c., 1(1). plt. 21. | Since Haworth identifies his biloba with Hubner’s figure which is not coloured as Esper’s fig. and description, the name biloba should take the place of ophiogramma for Hubner’s fig. This is supported by Haworth’s description “‘ alae anticae griseae,’’ while Hsper’s figure is yellowish ochreous. ; Variation according to Barrett.—‘‘ Usually not very variable.” Barrett records specimens, ‘‘ having the ground colour pale slate- Pp 8 g I grey, dark slate, and smoky slate with intermediates.” He also records a specimen “ which has the orbicular stigma and Pp g a blotch near the hind margin rich orange-yellow.” List of Names and Forms to be considered : ophiogramma, Ksp. Abbil. LV(8). 10, plt. 182 (1794 ?). ophiogramma, Hb. Noct. 855 (1802-8). ab. biloba, Haw. Lep. Br, 209 (1806-10). ab. moerens, Stdgr. Cat. 164 (1901). Tutt dealt with the typical form and ab. biloba. ab. moerens, Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 164 (1901). Fie.—Snell. Hnt. Tijds. plt. XII. 3 (1897). Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Multo obscurior, al. ant. fere unicolor nigricanti- bus ; ab. frequens.”’ Ground colour blackish; forewing with the grey area suffused with fuscous. (Hamp. Lep. Ph. VIL. 375). Apamea, Tr. (1816-25) Gn., Tutt, New. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Frr., Culot, Splr., Steph., Stder.; Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-S.: Trachea, Tr. (1816-25) Hamp.] yemina, Hb. (1808-18) | =remissa, Hb. (1808) ] . Hubner, l.c., figs. 482, 483 are labelled gemina, but 483 is obviously not a gemina but thalassina. Hitibner in his Jat. p. 193 refers to 483 only as gemina. Tutt, B.N., does not refer to fig. 483 but only to 482 which may be considered the type figure of the gemina form. This was published between 1808 and 1818. Hubner, J.c. fig. 423 is labelled remissa, a good figure of a form with an extremely light ground and dark band. This was published in 1808, and consequently should be considered in the light of subsequent discovery that gemina and remissa are one species, the typical form and name. Haworth, Lep. Brit. 189 gave a description of a moth and referred it to Htibner’s remissa 428. This was published in 1806-1810 and must have been subsequent to Hubner. On the same page Haworth described a variety of remissa under the name obscura (“ varietas praecedentis”’). Whereas remissa was a yenistae-like insect, obscura was described as ‘“‘ Alae anticae magis obscurae, seu fusco-cinereae, macula magna basi eostali pallidiore, lineolae atrae interne adnata. Juxta marginem posticum striga obsoletissima undulata vix pallescens. (216) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Posticae cinereo-fuscescentes,’ and thus described and preceded the figure of gemina, Hiibner 482. The actual Synonymy for the two chief forms would thus appear to be according to priority. remissa, Hub., 423 (Haw.). f. obscura, Haw. (genvina, Hb. 482). Both Hampson and Warren-Seitz use the name obscura, Haw. for this species. The satura of the Verz. (1775) p. 84, is said to be the gemina form. It was described by Bork. Naturyes., IV. 877 (1792). Teste Wrnbrg. Beitr. II, 175 (1864). H.-S. Bearb. I]. 24 (index) also teste. Tutt Hnt. XXII. 302 (1889): Brit. Noct. I. 87 (1891): Smith Cat. Noct. N, Am. 182 (1893): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is, IV. 886 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. Illed. 175 (1901) : Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 194 (1905): South Moths. Bre ts. UV 272: (1907)= Bamps. Cat. eps Phal. Ville leORGSOs)e Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. I[I. 168 (1911): Culot Noct. et. Geoms. (1). 162 (1909-13): Draudt-Seitz Am. Noct. VII. 214 (1925). Ernst and Engr., Pap. a’ Hur. VIL. f. 471 depiet a very brightly variegated form of remissa (1790). Of his obscura, Haw. said, “ Greatly allied to remissa and its affinities, and probably a variety.” Stephens, JJ. II. 181-184 treats remissa, oblonga and obscura as three separate species although with some doubt ; and says of oblonga, Haw. “The resemblance between this and remissa is almost too close to warrant their separation.” Treit. Schm. V(1). 846, commends Htbner’s fig. 482 as being good but the general colour two dark. He says that 483 is undoubtedly thalassina. Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 91, has a very fair figure of gemina — probably representing the intermedia, Tutt. On plt. 107, fig. 5 named anceps, is a very fair figure of gemina but too dark, black brown, for a British example. Spuler figures remissa, Schm. Hur. plt. 40, 24 in which the sub- marginal area devoid of marking i is rather too dark. Culot l.c., plt. 80 has good figures of the two dominant forms. Freyer, N. Beitr. L. 49, says that Hub. f. 483 labelled gemina is thalassina and notes the fic. of Hib. 482 as too dark suffused. He says that Hubner’s figure 423 vemissa appears to have been drawn from an old and worn specimen whereas his own figure plt. 29 is from a fresh bred example. H.-S. says that Freyer’s fig. plt. 29 is good but slightly too white in pts. and that the colour of Freyer plt. 29 is better than Hubner’s 482. Neither Hub. nor Frey depict the uniform mottled form with lines and stigmata obscure, which we have been accustomed to call gemina, and which agrees so well with Haworth’s description of obscura. Wood, Ind. fig. 1668 figures obscura from Haworth’s cabinet, p. 240, and fig. 237 depicts a remissa form without any lighter areas (whitish) as in the typical yenistae-like typical fig. Hub. 423. The black + is present. Her.-Schiaf. Bearb. LV. fig. 584, has an exceedingly good figure of remissa, and, l.c., IV. p. 280, says that Hubner’s fig. 483 labelled THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (217) yemina is thalassina. He also says, l.c., IV. p. 274 that be does not know an example so dark as Hiibner’s 482 (481 in error) and that the toothed marginal line is incorrect. He does not like the fig. 428 remissa of Hb. The wings are too long, the ground too light, the characteristic basal line is correct, but the central band too much emphasised and its border near the reniform far too pale. Of the constantly recurrent ‘‘ grey form with davk black blotch from 4 -like mark under stigmata, remissa,” Barrett says—‘ In some examples the base of the costa is also clouded with pale grey down to the black central streak ; but the central space around the stigmata and the greater portion of the basal hind marginal areas remain of the usual brown-black or purple-brown, and has a striking and distinct appearance, and is constantly mistaken for a different species or mistaken for Hadena genistae.” The remissa form ‘‘ varies in shade of colour and all intermediate gradations between it and the type are met with; while in northern and western districts its peculiarities are intensified.” Those from the Waterford area ‘‘ unusually large, clouded with bright brown and the stigmata conspicuously yellowish- white.” Barrett records a very old example which, ‘‘has a broad and distinct stripe of pale ochreous down the median nervure, completely dividing the central dark colouring.” He also records ‘another of an almost unicolorous grey-brown.”’ And he reports a variety from Cork, “ smaller dark grey, but the markings all traceable.” From near Waterford Barrett records ‘“ the more typical form tinged with red-brown, and with the stigmata yellow.” The two dominant forms remissa and obscura (gemina) are suggestive of two species at a glance and early authors all considered them as such; even H.-S. treats them as such. The forms to be considered are :— remissa, Hb. Noct. 423 (1808). f. obscura, Haw. Lep. Brit. 189 (1806-10): Wood. Jnd. 1663, plt. 52. ab. oblonga, Haw. lc. gemina, Hb. Noct. 482 (1808-1818): Text p. 193. ab. submissa, Tr. Schm. V(1). 346 (1816-25): Seitz Pal. Noct. III., plt. 40d. ? anceps, Dup. Hist. Nat. VII. 109 (1827) plt. 107, 5. subsp. indocilis, Walk. Cat. Noct. B.M. 1X. 178 (1856): Seitz Am. Noct. VII. plt. 31c. ab. intermedia-grisea, Tutt Ent. XXII. 304 (1889): Brit. Noct. I. 89 (1891). ab. intermedia-rufa, Tutt, l.c. ab. rufescens, Tutt, lc. ab. supermissa, Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 194 (19085). Tutt dealt with (1) yemina and (2) obscura, the obscure form ; (3) the intermediate form oblonga with dark costa and fascia and pale stigmata ; (4) and (5) intermedia-grisea and intermedia-rufa both with the dark — mark; (6) remissa the genistae-like form ; (7) rufescens, a red or brown grey mottled form. (218) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. The variation of this species seems to plan out thus :— Unicolorous finely mottled melanie blackish grey gemina (obscura). », brownish grey or reddish brown ru feseens. Slightly banded, + below stigma, grey intermedia-grisea. Bah Alecia », Yeddish brown intermedia-rufa. The + mark becomes a dark fascia renvissa. a re A with subterminal space) | oe SUDMIUSSA.. light and clear) The 4 mark becomes a dark fascia with subterminal space ) light and clear and basal area also clear} An intermedia form with dark costal fascia including pale stigmata oblonga. supermissa. Barrett, Lep. Br. I. I1V., mentions separans as being the American form of gemina. Grote in his notes on allied and representative species of Noctuidae inhabiting Europe and N. America mentions neither remissa nor separans, although he gives long lists of species. Smith says, Cat. Noct. N. Am. 182 (1898), ‘‘It is a very close ally in maculation to remissa, or yet nearer to the Huropean ygemina, but much darker and with all the pale markings wanting. The W mark in the sub-terminal line is distinct, the orbicular oblique, and there is a broad dash between the ordinary lines.” The figure of separans in Seitz is not in accord with this description. This must have been in error, as Dyar’s List of N.A. Lep. gives indocilis, Walk. (remissa, Hb.) and gives separans, Grote, as a distinct species from it. Drauat, in Seitz Amer. Noct. VII. 214, says ‘“ indocilis, Walkr. (=remissa, Auct.) and on plt. 31c¢ is certainly a remissa form. Smith says, Cat. Noct. N. Am., 182 (1893) ‘“ Walker’s type of be) indocilis is in the B.M, and is this species of Hubner’s,” remissa. ab. submissa, Treit. Schm. V(1). 846 (1825). Fie.—Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. plt. 40d. Oric. Drscrip.— var. remissa is the most striking; in a few specimens there runs from the base a distinct reddish-white longitudinal streak below the claviform, in others it starts from the first complete transverse line. The reniform is also bright reddish—mostly united with the similarly coloured waved line. But here I find a very slight. transition, distinguished if one gives to it the new name submissa, which stands between remissa and yemina and which has the light area on the hind margin not so light, but the band more distinct than in gemina.” Vienna. indocilis, Walk. Cat. B.M. 1X. 178 (1856). Orig. Drscrip.—‘ Brownish testaceous. Thorax with a black stripe on each side. Forewings with ferruginous black-varied marks. along the costa and towards the base, with a large angular one which extends between and behind the discal ringlets, and with two on the exterior border, which is adorned with a row of deep black lunules ; the large spot forms a right angle hindwards, and is bounded on the interior side by a double transverse undulating line; hindwings pale THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (219) cinereous, with two transverse lines and very broad borders of a brownish hue.” New York; Massachusetts. ab. supermissa, Splr. Schm. Mur. I. 194 (1905). Oric. Drescrie.—‘‘ The basal area on the inside of the transverse line, also frequently the costa, becomes considerably paler, and the greyish white or yellowish colour extends much forward, joining with the reniform, while the pale orbicular stands out in the dark central area and inside the waved line there is only the dark claviform near vein [II. but the marginal area outside the waved line is much darkened.” Apamea, Tr. (1816-25) Frr., Gn., New. [ Polia, Tr. (1816-25) H.-5S., Bdy.: Trachea, Tr. (1816-25) Hamps.: Hadena, Schrnk (1802) Frr. Stdgr., Splr.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-Seitz.] wnanimis, Hb. (1808-18). Tutt. Brit. Noct. I. 90 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. 387 (1897): Stder. Cat. I[led. 175 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. vie isda South Moths Br. Is. 1. 273 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. Vil. 184 (1908) : Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 168 (1911): Culot, N. et G. I(1). 163 (1909-13). Hubner’s fig. 556 the type is not a good one. The distinguishing characters of the species such as the reniform, are scarcely in evidence. H.-S. says it is recognisable. Newman’s figure, p. 305, is too large, and also depicts the reniform badly. Unaccountably the text says ‘‘larger”’ than gemina, whereas it should be “‘ smaller.” Guenée, V. 209 (1852), says that no good figure had yet been made of it. Freyer, N. Beitr., 144 says that because of the close resemblance of the larva of this species to those of yemina and rurea he thinks it would better be classified in the genus Hadena than in Apamea. Freyer’s fig. plt. 871, is good although the markings are somewhat too bold. H.-S. says this fig. is good. Steph., //7. III. 9 (1829), never having seen it, and trusting to Treit.’s remarks, doubts it as a species. He accepts, J.c. 8, the secalina of Haw. as a species. Treit., Schm. X(2). 62 (1834), in a long dissertation suggests that unanimis is connected with didyma but, in his Sys. Verz. p. 250, places it as a var. of gemina. Wood has a recognisable figure, /nd. 265 (1834). Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. plt. 40c has a good figure of the typical form and figs. of secalina, and of each of his three newly described forms (see below). Of the Variation Barrett says—‘“ A little variable in the depth of the ground colour, more so in the extent and intensity of the red-brown or dark marbling; this last being in some individuals almost absent from the dorsal margin and from a broad band beyond the second line, while in others it is uniform to the exclusion of central darker clouding.” (220) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Barrett records ‘‘ one having a broad pale yellow-brown band before the hind margin.” The forms to be considered are: — unanimis, Hb, Noct. 556 (1808-18). f. secalina, Haw. Lep. Brit. 210 (1806-10): Seitz lc. plt. 4¢ (1911). scortea, H.-S. (Led.), Sys. Bearb. 11. Nach. I. 57, fig. 588 (1845). ab. rufithoraa, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. 111. 168, plt. 40ce. (1911). ab. fasciata, Warr.-Seitz, l.c. plt. 40d. ab. semtochrea, Warr--Seitz, l.c. plt. 40d. ab. ngrobrunnea, Hoffmn., Zt. Oestr. Hint. Ver. I. 14 (1916). Tutt dealt with the two forms (1) wnanimis without the 4 mark and without central dark band. (2) secalina with the 4 mark and with a darker central area. f. scortea, H.-S. (Led.). Staudinger, Cat. IIled. (1901), included the scortea, H.-S. fig. 588, as this species. H.-S. says, Nachtr. to vol. II. p. 57, that although Lederer considered figs. 482-483 as representing a new species which he named scortea, he himself considered that they were both forms of gemina. The figures are both a close approach to fig. 484 which is rightly named remissa, of which it is a good figure. Hampson put scortea as a syn. of wnanimis, and Warr.-Seitz does the same. ab. rufithoraw, Warr.-Seitz, Pal Noct. Il]. 168 (1911). Fie.—l.c. 40e. Oric. Descrie.—‘ With black streak on submedian fold, sometimes with paler basal and submarginal areas, and has the whole head and thorax including the patagia bright rufous.” Wiesbaden. ab. fasciata, Warr.-Seitz, l.c. Fie.—l.c. 40d. Orie. Descrie.—‘ Has the median area filled up with dark fuscous, the pale upper stigmata and the inner and outer lines more conspicuous ; the head and thorax blackish.”’ ab. semtochrea, Warr.-Seitz, l.c. Fire.—t.c. 40d. Orie. Descrip.—‘ Has the postmedian area between outer and submarginal lines and the lower part of the median area pale ochreous, and might easily be mistaken for an example of secalis ab. vculea, Guen.”’ ab. niyrobrunnea, Hoffm. Zeit. Oest. Hint. Ver. I. 14 (1916). Orie. Descrre.—‘ Dark brown, almost without marking. The generally light transverse markings are not apparent. The most that can be distinguished is the outer lne towards the inner margin. The stigma is outwardly—as in the typical form—finely white margined. This form corresponds to the leucostigna form of H. secalis.” Bred from Krieglacher. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (221) Apamea, Ochs. (1816-1825) Frr., Tutt, Barr., South. (Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Stdgr., Splr., Cul., Meyr.: Trachea, Tr. (1816-25) Hamp.: Polia, Tr. (1816-25) Hb. (1806) H.-S.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1827) Warr.-Seitz,|] didyma, Esp. (1786) =oculea, Li. (1761) =?? secalis, L. (1758). The dates of the publication of the sections of Vol. IV. of Esper (Noct.) are unknown except that on the title-page of IV(1) is the date 1786. Most of the plates were issued long before the letterpress and descriptions, hence early authors attributed the name didyma to Borkhausen. Borkhausen himself refers to Esper’s plate but not to the page, hence we may infer that Esper’s text dealing with plate 126 was not issued until after Borkhausen’s Noctva Vol. [V. was published. Esper has priority. And we find that Esper’s text p. 378, to plate 126 f. 7, refers to Borkhausen’s text, p.465. Bork. calls 126, f. 7, oculea, Fb. but Esper says that cannot be as it has the characteristic black line of didyma above the inner margin. Guenée says that didyina is the oveulea of Linné and fa abricius. But we have shown ante p. (167). that oculea, Li. is the prior name of nictitans, Linn. Hence didyma, Esp. is the priority name. Werneburg Stett. e. Z7t., 52 (1858), identified secalis, L. as stramen- talis, Tr. This, after becoming acquainted with the citation quoted by Linn., viz. Rolander in Acta Holm. 62 (1752), he considered an error, and said that on the evidence of all three stages it was the ovhrolenca, Tr. cf. Fuess. New. Mag. II. 355. Schoyen, Stett. e. Zt. 389 (1879) discusses the identity of sevalis, L. at great length and finally decides that didyma, Esp. is secalis, Li. in spite of Linné’s own statement that it is a Pyrale. Stdgr., Hamp., South, and Warr.-Seitz use secalis, while Meyr. uses didyma. Werneburg, ascribes the brunnea, Htifn. to didyma, Tr. Hufnagel’s description runs ‘‘ Whitespot, dull brown with darkbrown shading and a white spot in the middle of the fore-wing,’ which Werneburg says denotes the lighter variety of didyma. He goes on to say that the citation of Kleemann. plt. X. fig. B. by Rottemburg to brinnea, Hutn. is quite excusable, since the figure is so poor, but that the notes of Kleemann are quite conclusive that he was giving a figure of wictitans. Tutt. Brit. Noct. 1.91. (1891): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is., 1V. 894 (1897) : Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 175 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 195. (1905) : South, Moths. Br. Is. 1. 274 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 211 (1908): Warr.- Seitz., Pal. Noct. 111.171 (1911): Culot Noct. et G. [(1). 163 (1909-18). Ernst. and Ener. Pap. d’ Eur. have 9 figs. on plts. 256-7 Vol. VI. Treit. /.c. V(2) 87 points out that Hb. in his text cites secalina to no. 19 on p. 183 instead of to no. 18. the fig. Hb. 420 being secalina. Preyer says, Nev. Beitr. I. 1389, that Esper’s fig. 6 on plt. 47 (126) as well as the accompanying description belong to true nictitans= chrysographa, Hb.; but that fie. 7. l.c. was certainly didyna to which Hubner’s fig. 420 secalina was undoubtedly to be referred. Freyer, New. Beitr., plt. 448, has two figs. of dtdyma both good. The second is very comparable to the vilis, Hb., but has the white markings, lines and dots very delicately put in, while in Hb’s fig. they are very thick and hard. The ground colour is the same. (222) HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. H.-8., Beard. I]. 274, criticising figures of authors, says, Freyer. I. plt. 75 recognisable; Hb. 619, 620 (nictitans) usual red-brown specimens ; Hb. 97 quite unrecognisable; Hb. 420 (seculina) a large fresh coloured example ; Hb. 511 (vilis) ‘I can in no sense place it here.” He puts oculea, Fb. and leucostigua, Esp. as synonyms of didyma (Bork.) Esp. H.-S. says, lc. Il. 275, “The colour of moderata is brown-grey duller than that of all specimens of didyma. ‘The reniform is smaller, narrower, without any appearance of white, the marking on the inner portion of the margin very sharp, veins 3 and 4 are somewhat lighter where they-start from it.”” The example was supplied by Eversmann himself. Warr.-Seitz. gives 12(10) figures. 1. [-niyer should be /-niger-albo, %. didyma, 3. oculea, 4. rava should be rava-flavo, 5. yrisea probably grisea- flavo, 6. reticulata should be retigulata-flavo, 7. nictitans but does not show the black H characteristic of nictitans, 8. leucostiyma should be albostigma, 9. pulverosa, and 10. lilacina both new forms, 11. muderata treated as a true species, 12. strwvei also treated as a true species. Culot, N. et G., 1(1), gives beautiful figures of oculea, Gn., secalis, armoricae, nictitans, leucostigma, lugens, struvet (2). Neither of the two figures of strwvet are pure white in the characteristic area, as descriptions in Hamp., Seitz and Culot state. Barrett describes the variation thus :—‘‘ Variable in an extra- ordinary degree in all localittes. The most abundant is that of those having the forewings brown in some shade, marbled or mottled all over with darker; but one of extreme frequency has also a faint or more distinct central band from a blackening of the space between the first and second lines; and another, also plentiful, has the dorsal margin and the broad band between the second and subterminal lines of some light bright brown, while the enclosed portion forms a very large, darker red-brown, purple brown, or umbreous triangle along the costal half of the wing; these characters are partially combined in those specimens which with the broad pale hinder band have a dark central space, and in these there is in some individuals a deep black horizontal bar, above the dorsal margin, joining the first and second lines. ‘‘ Another and rather different range of variation is of uniform deep purplish brown to brown black, or dull black, often with the subterminal line more visible and yellow, or dotted with yellow; often also with blacker marbling on the central band; very often with a brightly contrasting yellow, orange, or white reniform stigma. It may be remarked that this stigma is most eccentric in colour, varying through yellow, brown, and white, in every different form of the insect, and apparently in no way governed by any tendency in them to be darker or paler. In all varieties the thorax follows the colour of the forewings, except that the back crest, or the portion lying between its tufts is erratic in colour, usually not differing, but in some examples without reference to their colour, yellow, orange, reddish-brown, or even chestnut.” Barrett records a specimen, ‘‘ of which the dorsal half of the wing and the broad hinder band are of a pale cream colour, with the costal region and hind marginal clouds blackish brown.” He also records another ‘“‘ from Ireland which is actually tinged with rosy-purple.” THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (223) The names and forms to be considered are as follow.— [secalis, Linn. Sys, Nat. Xed. 519 (1758). ] [oculea, Linn. Hn. Suec. 1382 (1761)]. 2? bombycina, Hufn. Berl. Mag. III. (1766). didyma, Esp. Abbild, 1V. 878. plt. 126. 7 (1786). ab. lancea, Hsp. l.c. LV(2). 663. plt. 174 (17862). ab. nictitans, Hsp. l.c. LV. 375. plt. 126. 6 (1786). ab. lencostigna, Hsp. l.c. 1V(2). 542. plt. 159 (17862). lamda, View. Tabell. II. 81 (1790). ab. secalina, Hb. Noct. 420 (1808). ab. I-niger, Haw. Lep. Brit. 210 (1806-10). ab. rava, Haw. l.c. 209 (1806-10). [ab. secalina, Haw. l.c, 210 (1806-10. | ab. furca, Haw. l.c. 209 (1806-10). ab. lugens, Haw. l.c. 212 (1806-10). ab. vilis, Hb. Noct. 511 (1808-18). ab. moderata, Kvers. Bull. Mosc. 547 (1848). ab. oculea, Gn. Noct. V. 210 (1852). ab. struvei, Rag. Nat. Sicil. [V. 274, plt. 4. f. 7 (1885). Culot N. ¢ G. Hy. 164 (1909). ab. grisea-albo, Tutt. Brit. Noct. I. 93 (1891). ab. grisea- hao, Tutt. lc. ab. reticulata-albo, Tutt. l.c, ab. reticulata-flavo, Tutt. Lc. ab. secalina-albo, Tutt. l.c. ab. secalina-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. I-niger-albo, Tutt. lc. ab. viryata-albo, Tutt. l.c. ab. viryata-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. oculea-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. rufa-albo, Tutt. L.c. ab. rufa-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. nictitans-linea, Tutt. l.c. ab. secalina-linea, Tutt. l.c. ab. rava-flavo, Tutt. lc. ab. didyma-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. furca-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. nigra-albo, Tutt. l.c. ab. nigra-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. lugens-flavo, Tutt. l.c. ab. albostigma, Tutt. lc. ab. uniformis, Splr. Sch. Hur. I, 195 (1905). ochracea, n.ab. (Hamp.) Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 212 (1908). ab. atrocyanea, Krul. Rev. Russe. 1X. 807 (1909). ab. armoricae, Cul. (Obthr.) Noct. et G. I(1), 164. plt. XXX. f. 7 (1909-13). ab. lilacina, Wavr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 171. plt. 40h. (1911). ab. pulverosa, Warr’-Seitz. l.c. ab. binota, n.ab. ab. albo-excessa, n.ab. (224) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Tutt dealt with the following forms :— A. Ground colour :—Whitish grey, grey, or yellowish grey. I. Unicolorous form. j, (a. Whitish reniform=vyrisea-albo. Lo eleven = mark 7 Ochreous reniform =grisea-flavo. II. Reticulated form. Whiti Oo as arte : Lanna cree (o Whitish reniform=reticulata-albo. (5. Ochreous reniform = reticulata-flavo. 2 With SAAD ONE Whitish reniform= secalina, var. y, Haw. : Be (b. Ochreous reniform = secalina-flava. III. Central banded form. aa a. Whitish reniform =virgata-albo. Bh, Wauiso 5 1 ian 1b. Ochreous reniform =virgata-flavo. : ! (a. Whitish reniform = /-niger-albo. A Where) caneiels (o. Ochreous reniform =/-niger, Haw. IV. Dark costal form. “i (a. Whitish reniform = oculea, Gn. 1. Without 4 mark (6. Ochreous reniform = oculea-flavo. B. Ground colour :—Ferruginous red, reddish brown, or purplish s purp brown: I. Unicolorous form. i (4. Whitish reniform =71fa-albo. fo Witlnomth mos b. Cchreous reniform =r7wfa-flavo. II. Reticulated form. ;.(a. Whitish reniform =nictitans, Hsp. Hb. 1. Without 4 mark (b. Ochreous reniform = secalina, Hb. 2. With eee (a. Whitish reniform = nictitans-linea. f a b. Ochreous reniform = secalina-linea. III. Central-banded form. ; a. Whitish reniform=vrava, Haw. 1. Without 4 mark, b. Ochreous reniform=vrava-flavo. ane a. Whitish reniform=didyma, Esp. 2, WONG han (b. Ochreous reniform =didyma-flavo. lV. Dark costal form. si, ,, (a. Whitish reniform= fwrca, Haw. Be Wunlbenath 1 ings (6. Ochreous reniform = firca-flavo. C. Ground colour :—Black. I. Unicolorous form. ; ,,(a. Whitish reniform=niyra-albo. 1) Without mark? Ochreous reniform=niyra-flavo. IJ. Reticulated form. (a. Witish reniform=lugens, Haw. Liane arate (b. Ochreous reniform =liyens-flavo. E a. Whitish reniform=albistiqma. 2. With 1 mark i Ochreous reniform=lencostigma, Esp. Warr.-Seitz. says (1) lamda, View., lancea, EKsp., vilis, Hb. are synonyms of secalis, Li. (2) ab. didyma, Esp. is secalina, Hb. (8) ab. oculea, Gn. is doubtfully -oculea, Li. (4) ab. reticulata, Tutt is doubtfully ab. wniformis, Splr. (5) ab. lencostigma, Hsp. is luyens, Haw.+ nigra, Tutt,+albistigna, Tutt. (6) Treats moderata, Kv. as a true species, “Quite distinct from secalis,” (7) Treats struve/, Ragusa as a true species. Tutt considered moderata as doubtfully the same as ab. grisea. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (225) secalis, Linn. Sys. Nat. Xed. 519 (1758). Orie. Descrie.—* Noctua spirilinguis cristata, alis deflexis: superioribus griseo-fuscis striatis : macula reniformi A latino.” This species was not included in the Hn. Swec. (1761) by Linn. but in the Sys. Nat. XIled. 882 (1767) it was transferred to the Pyrales. bombycina, Hutn., Berl. Mag. ILI. 410 (1766). Werneburg Beitraye I. 252 (1864) says ‘Concerning bombycina of which Rottemburg found no longer in. Hufnagel’s collection, the diagnosis runs “ Grey with brown markings, a whitish encircled space and white reniform stigma. On the stems of trees. Rare.” Since this deals with a moderately large noctuid, and Hufnagel mentions no transverse lines, which are certainly very non-apparent in advena, and for which also the rest of the diagnosis passes, I consider my deter- mination as well grounded.” t.e.=advena. ab. lancea, Hsp, Abbild. IV(2). 663, plt. 174, 5 (1786 ?). This figure may be anything. Werneburg say that this is brunnea, Hufn.=didyma, Tr. From the description one infers that this lancea is none other than a variety of didyma with lighter suffused bands and coppery red terminations of the stigmata. Hisper’s description is a long one. ‘The ground colour is reddish strewn with black spots andatoms. A light submarginal band bordered on both sides with a yellowish line, curved inwards and toothed near the costa outwardly. From this band extends above the inner margin a broad blacker streak, elongated both ways. ‘The stigmata are also margined with yellowish. ‘I'he reniform has two black dots towards the inner side and a similar black lunular-streak. The oval stigma is lengthened. The outer margin has yellowish dots and the edge is black brown. The hind wings and the undersides are of pale red-colour and only have an obsolescent blackish marginal area. Both sides are somewhat glossy. The description and the figure do not agree, both being unsatis- factory. lamda, View. Tabell, II. 81 (1790). Orig. Descrir.—‘ The fore-wings are yellowish brown on the Outer margin. Across the disc runs a brown transverse line, margined on both sides by a pale line; on the outer side of this, there lies, towards the upper margin a brown whitish mixed reniform stigma, and before this another circular spot wholly brown and almost obsolete ; under it lies a black longitudinal line running out to two points. On the outer margin stands a small black spot white in the middle just in front of which lies an angled pale transverse line. Besides this one finds a short black streak at its commencement. ‘The body and hind wings are dark grey.” Berlin. Werneburg, II. 216, says this is the brwnnea, Hufn, and the didyma, Tr. ‘This is accepted by Hampson (Lep. Phal.) ab. vilis, Hb. Saml, Noct. 511 (1808-18) Tewt. 175 (1805-18). Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ Red brown: Head and thorax dark scaled: the forewings very dark, with chalk white reniform and waved-lines, which are mostly broken up: the lower wings and abdomen brownish grey, (226) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 8. Tyrol.” This is an inadequate description of a very remarkable specimen (aberration) which H.-S. says he can under no consideration place here. Hampson accepts it as a synonym of didyma. Description of vilis, Hb. fig. 511. _ The size of didyma. Of a very dull uniform brown with a slight shade of chestnut in it. The markings, chalky white and very conspicuous, consist of 2 or 3 small white dots near base of costa, a line midway between base and reniform somewhat waved, a reniform a large white blotch with a dark curved line in the middle, the curve hollow outwards, a broken continuation of this stigma to costa and to timer margin, a few spots from costa parallel with the reniform, a row of submarginal dots, with lghter brown fringes. Possibly the spots outside the reniform and those below may represent the elbowed line much broken in the middle.—Hvy.J.T. ab. moderata, Kvers. Bull. Mosc. III. 547 (18438). Fie.—Seitz. Pal. Noct. ILL. plt. 40h. Orie. Derscrre.— Alae anticae olivaceo fuscae, nebulosae, fascia lata externa pallidiore unicolore ;-—posticae fuscescentes.” ‘Of the same size and appearance as didyma and similar to it, “‘Alae anticae a basi usque ad strigam seu lineam transversam externam ordinariam olivaceo-fuscae, nigro-nebulosae, linea transversa interna maculisque ordinaris pallidioribus, his fusco inscriptis: extra lineain externam sequitur, fascia seu spatium latum olivaceo-fuscescens uaicolor, sine uimbris, externe spatio angustissimo terminali bis sinuato limitatum ; cilia fusca, pallido-varia. Alae posticae fuscae, aut fusces- centes, externe sensim obscuriores. Subtus alae sericeo-nitidae: antice e luteo et griseo fusconigricantes ; posticae sordide lutescentes, pulvere fuscescenti paulului. adspersae punctoque medio obsoleto: omne mareine externo pallidiore strigaque externa obsoleta obscuriore.” Habitat in promontariis Uralensibus. . ab. moderata, Evers. Hn. Volg. 240 (1843-1844). Furtser Nores.—A further description appeared in F'n. Voly. 1844 = 1843 (see back of title-page.) “‘ Alae anticae thoraci concolores, fusco-olivaceae, fusco-nebulosae, spatio submarginali latius-culo, olivaceo unicolore, spatio terminal: angustissimo fusco, maculis ordinariis pallide circumscriptis ;—posticae fuscescentes.”’ “Very like didyma, differs by the olivaceous colour and by the submarginal area being devoid of clouding. Habitat in the Ural mountains, etc.” _ In his 1856 notes he uses the word “ pallidiore ” of the subterminal area and adds ‘‘ lineis medianis crenulatis fuscis’’ and ‘linea subter- minali sinuata, edentata,’’ He adds “‘ southern” to Ural Mts. This seems to be exactly like didyma in disposition of marking, size, ete. but is of a distinct colour, suffused somewhat with olivaceous. ab. struvet, Ragusa, Nat. Sictl. LV. 274 (1805) plt. 4. The author does not deseribe the aberration but refers it to the description given by Berce, Noct. France ILI. p. 106 (1870). Oric. Descrir.—‘ Basal and subterminal areas white.’’ On his plate Ragusa figures a “didyma’”’ form as struvei which does not agree with the above description at all and must be discarded. Its description THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (227) is ‘‘ hase dark mottled to the first transverse line or band which is whiy3 centred by a dark line, making really a doubled line. The discal area is similarly dark mottled, the reniform having a still darker centre with a well defined broad white line along its inner margin. The immediately succeeding white band :s fairly wide but split up into three by two dark lines. Outside this the marginal ground is of the same mottling with a portion of a wide white line just below the apex losing itself in the ground about the middle of the margin.” This figure certainly does not apply to the described struver. Hampson says ‘‘ suffused with white.” But the figure is not so. Culot, Noet. et G. I(1). plt. 30, 11, figures a specimen in Turati’s collection sent to him by Ragusa himself in which the basal and sub- terminal areas are suffused with very light coloration and may be accepted as typical instead of the figure in Nat. Sicil. ab. uniformis, Splr. Schm. Eur, I. 195 (1905). Orie. Descrie.—“ A unicolorous, very slightly finely marked reddish yellow grey distinct form, which is found far and wide but very sparsely.” ab. atrocyanea, Krul. Rev. Russe. 1X. 307 (1907). Orie. Drscrie.—In Russian only ‘ Alis anticis atris, cyaneo micantibus, picturis omnibus indistinctis, macula reniformi nivea.” Very rare in the oriental provinces of Russia. ab. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VIL. 212 (1908). Orig. Descrip. Fore-wing rufous, the costal area to subterminal line, the cell and area below it to submedian fold, and the terminal area except at apex suffused with fuscous.” This is very much like Tutt’s furca-flavo. ab. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph, VII. 212 (1908). Ortc. Descrrp.—‘ Forewing with the ground colovr brownish ochreous, the costal area to subterminal line, the cell and area below it to submedian fold, and the terminal area except at apex suffused with fuscous.” This does not appear to fall in Tutt’s scheme, and I suggest the name ab. ochracea, ab. nov. ab. armoricae, Obthr. Culot. Noct. I. 164 (1909-13). Fie.—l.c. plt. XXX. f. 7. Orig. Descrip.—Culot does not describe in words this striking (trés claire) aberration, but figures it on plate 30, of vol. I of his Noct. et. Geom. fig. 7 under the name armoricae. The specimen was taken at Huelgoat, Finnistere. The coloration is of a very light ochreous sandy shade, the forewings somewhat darker basally, with blackish claviform tie to the two weakly expressed transverse lines, an orbicular defined by two oblique curves, a reniform less clearly defined but with a pure white centre, and a few scraps of marginal markings. The hindwings uniformly pale. | have not seen an example with the colour and markings so washed out as it were. ab. armoricae, Obthr. var. taken by Dr. Cockayne. Orie. Descriep.—‘ A whitish insect, ground colour palest grey with (228) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. slight yellow or ochreous tint. The markings are very distinct, those limiting the orbicular and reniform nearly black and the bar posteri~sly also nearly black, those below the stigmata and near the termen, very dark grey- brown, those at base and apex palish grey-brown.” 9° Oxshott. This would appear to be a variation on armoricae, Culot, N. et. G. I(1). plt. 30. 7. in which the ground is paler and the marking more emphasised in black. ab. lilacina, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 171 (1911). Fie.—l.c. 40h. Or1c. Descrrep.— Has a dull lilac grey ground colour in basal and postmedian areas, with the median area and the terminal more diffusely dull rufous brown; the inner and outer lines and the reniform stigma filled up with lilac grey; pectus and legs paler but strongly tinged with violet; anal tufts fulvous.”’ Silvaplana, Engadine. ab. pulverosa, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 171 (1911). Fie.—l.c. 40h. Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Somewhat like ab. reticulata, Tutt, but darker, suffused with brown and clouded, especially along costa, with blackish fuscous, in places thickly irrorated with whitish scales; veins strongly . dusted with dark and pale scales : inner and outer lines distinct, filled up with ochreous ; subterminal line brownish ochreous preceded by a deep brown cloud and followed by dull blackish terminal blotches on both folds; claviform and orbicular dull, brown, with black edges ; reniform large, the inner half dark with a dark edged central brown lunule, the external margin yellow ochreous, except at lower end, which is white; hindwing dark fuscous, head and thorax black brown.” Pescocostanza, Italy. binota, n. ab*. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour is nearly black. The reniform is white and there runs out from it to the line limiting the central area a further patch of white.’”’ Forres. The appearance is as if the reniform were duplicated. Dr. Cockayne has seen two rsava with the same additional white mark. struvei-excessa, n. ab. Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Ground colour white, markings nearly black. The broad submarginal area is white, the basal area very largely white, and thus far resembling struvei, Ragusa, but in addition the area uniting these two areas alony the inner margin is white and very wide, with only a thin irregular line crossing it, the vestiges of the transverse line.” @ Kingsgate. Miana strigilis and M. latruncula. For many years a number of named forms have been associated by most collectors with that known as strigilis. But now and again the real student of the lepidoptera felt that there were at least two species * T think any form with the additional white should fall under this name. Mine happened to be blackish, hut the two others were rava. All three were from Forres.—E..A.C. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (229) associated together (1) that which was generally the larger and with chalky white colour and (2) that which was smaller and sturdy of a black, black brown, or reddish tinge usually. But not until the advent of the study of the genitalia was there any stable character to differen- tiate the two with certainty. In 1907 in the Schrift. Phys. ock. Ges. Konigs. p. 75, Dampf differentiated the two species by their genitalia. And in the same year Petersen in a more detailed paper in the Rev. Russe. d’Hnt. vol. VII. ». 206, showed definitely that latruncula was not a form of strigilis. Both the above communications appeared in local and little distributed publications, and the information was more or less hidden from general knowledge. DIFFERENTIATION BY GENITALIA. Genitalia of Miana latruncula and of M. strigilis. Dampf. Schrift. Phys. ock. Ges. Konigsb. p. 75 (1907).—‘ Latruncula is not an ab. or a var. of strigilis, but a true species, as Rossler rightly conjectured. The examination of the genital organs give a constant difference between the two forms. The tooth on the lower margin of the valve in the 3 of M. strigilis is long and pointed (bodkin-like), in M. latruncula shorter and conical; we also found a similar difference in the snout-like apex bent downwards at the free-end of the valva. The other differences are best seen on the attached figure. The 9? of M. strigilis possesses a distinctly longer “‘ ductus bursae”’ which before the ostium of the bursa is swollen out into a globular shape. In M. latruncula the ductus is shorter and shows no striking enlargement. Similarly constant distinctions are found between the outer genital- organs of the females of the two species.” Figures of the male organs of the two species were given. Petersen Rev. Russe. d’Ent. VII. 206 (1907).—After referring to Rossler’s conjecture and to the discovery of Dampf that it was an actual fact that latrwncula was neither an ab. nor a var. of strigilis but a good species, Petersen goes on to confirm the discovery, and gives figures of the organs of both sexes of both species more in detail than does Dampf. He says that the distinctions of the two species are so constant in a long series of examples without any intermediate occurring, that it leaves no doubt whatever but that there are two species. He bas examined Estland, German and Tyrolese series. “The valve of the g shows the Hadena-type of modification; the axe-shaped form of the distal end of the valve is rounded at the front angle, produced at the back angle into a continuation, which in profile looks not unlike the head of a bird; the “ bill” in strigzlis is distinctly longer than in latruncula, in the former 4 times, in the latter twice, as long as the width. The projection arising from the lower edge of the valve is in strigilis, as Dampf stated, bodkin-like and longer, in latruncula conical and shorter. At the base of this projection on the basal side of the upper margin of the pocket, one finds a projection in strigilis, which is absent in latrwncula. At the foot of the penis-body in latruncula in front and below lies a strong conical tooth, while in the corresponding position in strigilis there is only to be seen a chitinous thickening with three fine points. In the @ the essentially distinctive character, by which one can with certainty distinguish the species, lies (230) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. in the surround of the ostium of the ductus bursae. In strigilis this is abruptly strongly widened, developed almost globular, deeply indented on the outer side, in /atrwncula it is only shallow and gradually runs into the ductus bursae. The inner chitinous plate marginine the ostium ventrally is wide in strigilis, narrower in latruncula.” There are further differences. Petersen based his results on the examination of at least 1700 examples. Two years later we have the evidence of a British observer as follows :— Genitalia of Miana strigilis, Pierce, Noctuidae p. 33, plt. xiii. (1909). “‘T examined a a great number of this, and the other species of the Miana, of every variety.” ‘“« Harpe angulated, with corona; cucullus divided, the anal angle produced and lobed, the lobe being thickly clothed with spines ; below the cucullus on the outer edge is astraight arm ; Clasper not produced ; ampulla rounded ; clavus peaked, bulbed at the base, and clothed with short hair; uncus narrow waist, diamond pointed; vesica with curved bulbed cornutus; juxta without side spines.” It is very remarkable that not a single latrwncula was found in the great number examined. For the skill of the observer is unassailable. At a meoting of the South London Entomological Society in April, 1930, Mr. W. H. T. Tams stated that he was convinced that under the name striyilis there were two definite species and illnstrated his remarks by sketches of the genitalia. _ Dr, E. A. Cockayne has independently confirmed the observations of Dampf and Petersen and has no doubt whatever that there are two species which he can readily distinguish by their facies. DirFerEnTIATION BY Marxine, erc.—Dr. Cockayne says ‘‘I have examined genitalia of many British specimens from various places and find no difficulty in dividing them correctly by eye first. There are no intermediate genitalia. Both have forms with and without the black bar as in didyma. (This is probably inherited as an independent character in these species and in didyma).” “ Strigilis. Almost always larger. “‘(1) Various black and white forms from very pale to very heavily and darkly marked. ‘‘ (2) Suffused all over with grey—no brown tinge. Norr.—‘‘ I have two strigilis as black as the black latruncula, one with the black bar the other without, and two with the usual white markings somewhat suffused with grey. ““T have seen one British brown strigilis and such are said to occur on the continent.’’ He further says (in lit). ‘«T see no clear cut division between the lightest strigilis and the darkest of these with white markings. Nor do I see any clean cut division between the various forms of latruncula.” “ Both strigilis and latrwncula have forms with and without the black bar below the stigmata. “T have a latruncula with greyish white (nearly white) submarginal band but the stigmata are of the same colour as the ground, darkish grey brown and the other markings are not much darker; the termen is also bordered with uniform grey brown. It has none of the clean cut black and white of strigilis.” THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. | (231) Latruncula. Smaller. ‘* All shades of brown to unicolorous black. The palest do show some definite markings much like those of pale strigilis. “JT have a single specimen with white and blackish markings rather like a strigilis.” : In the Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 89 (1930-31) I have summed up the recorded differences between strigilis and latruncula as follows.— “ Strigilis has a somewhat larger expanse than latruncula; 3 up to 26 mm., 9 28 mm., against 24 mm., (latrwncula) and has somewhat narrower and more pointed forewings. In typical strigilis the ground colour is a pure blackish grey without brown powdering, while latrun- cula is brown. The marginal area in strigilis has chalk white in it, replaced in latruncula with pale brown suffusion, although some may have impure white markings occasionally. The outer transverse line is in strigilis strongly bent inwards towards the inner margin, but is more straight in latruncula. In its upper part in strigilis, as a rule, on the outer side there are five distinct black streaks which in latrun- cula are very weakly developed or wholly wanting. In latruncula there stands almost always between the transverse line and the claviform a blacker streak-like spot, which unites with it to form a black bridge joining the two transverse lines. In strigilis this mark is absent or if present very obsolesceut. The fact of both species having parallel series of similar variations emphasises the confusion.” Miana, Steph. (1829). Tutt, Gn., Barr., Splr. [Oliyia, Hb. (1822) Hamps.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-Seitz.: Apamea, 'I'r. (1816-25) Freyer, Tr.: Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Meyr.] strigilis, L.. (1758) and latruncula, Schiff. (1775). Tutt’s citing strivilis to Clerk was an error (Brit. N. p. 99). He quoted the description of strigilis from Linn. 8.N. XIled and did not refer to the prior works except Clerck’s Icones. Striyilis was redeseribed in the XIled, S.N., from the F'n. Suec. p. 318. (1761). In Sys. Nat. (L758) p. 516 is the prior description, thus strigilis must be cited to L. and not to Clrk. In his descriptions subsequent to (1758) Linn. sub- stituted ‘‘ prior’ for ‘ fusca.” Strigilis, Linn. Sys. N. Xed. 516. Orie. Descrie.—“ Alis deflexis nebulosis: denticulis setaceis intra fasciam albam terminalem.” ‘Alae griseo-cinereae tribus annulis ovalibus nigris ; facia alba alas terminans latior, intra quam area fusca inferit 5 vel 6 striae nigras fere ad ejus medium.”’ The description of the type, and different from Clerck’s description which is possibly that of a latruncula form. Tutt does not place the striyilis of Linn. although he states it differs from that of Clerck, nor does he refer to the strigilis of Haw. According to Haw. himself he says that both his praeduncula and his strigilis are the same as the strigilis, Linn. of the F'n. Suec., and that he hesitated whether he should unite the three slightly differing species (= forms) praeduncula, strigilis and latruncula into one species. The descriptions of strigilis, Linn., praeduncula, Haw., and strigilis, Haw. are only very slight differences of the same form, and almost negligible for differentiation. Strigilis, Haw. is said to be a little (252) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. smaller than praeduncula, but scarcely differs except in the black connecting streak which is constant in all forms. Tutt put Haw. as the authority for both latruncula and praeduncuia whereas Schiff. Verz. p. 89 (1775) introduced both latruncula and praeduncula among their ‘“‘ Kleine Kulen”’ characterised by small size, having on the very dusky dependant forewings a transverse band which narrows inwardly and is narrowest on the inner margin, with a white waved little streak on its edge. On the abdomen stands a small single tuft. The latruncula has its narrow forewings brown varied’ with red : the praeduncula has its narrow forewings brown with white in the marginal area. Tutt Brit. Noct. J. 99 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. Is. V. 12, plt. 186 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. Illed. 164 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 181, plt. 41 (1905): South Moths Br, Is. I. 275, plt. 134, figs. 1, 4, 7, 10, 18, 16 (1907): Hamps. Ley. Phal. VII. 381, fig. 63 (1908): Culot Noct. et. G. I(1). 122, plt. 21, figs. 16-18 (1909-13). Ksper’s figure, LV. plt. 146, 1, 2,3? are bad portraits of strigilis ; the figs. 4, 5, 6 Esper calls var. aerata. Werneburg calls the latter strigilis var. without comment. HKsper’s figures 4, 5, 6 are quite distinct from one another, fig. 4 a very light brown form resembling striyilis without any white. Tligs. 5, 6, both apparently ‘‘ alis cupreo-micantibus ” are more alike, while 5 has some of the marking clearly visible, fig. 6 has all but the outer waved line obsolescent, smooth shining brown. Treyer says that figs. 2 and 3 are more certainly latrunenla than strigilis. Fig. 3 has the reddish coppery colour of latruncula. Hsp. l.c. re aerata plt. 146, figs. 4, 5, 6 in his Teawt. p. 469 calls fie. 6 latruncula. Esper’s fig. on plt. 162 called latrwncula was corrected in the text p. 557 to aerata. [It is noted in Pap. d’ Hur. VILL. 38 that the description of Esper’s fig. IV. plt. 146, (1786), had not been published in 1792.] Ernst and Kngramelle, Pap. @’ Mur, VIII. figs. 550-1, have 7 figures of strigilis-latruncula. In the text p. 88 the authors say that 551a, c are the strigilis, L. and they consider that the figures 550a, .b, c, e, f, are so like strigilis in every respect but colour that they must be considered as varieties of it. Werneburg, eitr. I]. 128, says that 550a, b, c, are latruncula, Schiff. and that b. with whitish in the border is the form rubeuncula, H.-S.; 550e, f, are also latruncula, but e is an extraordinary figure, which may belong here asa rare form; and 551a, c, are striyilis, L. One would agree with this except that 550f, is strigilis rather than latruncula. Borkhausen, IV., seems to have mixed up several species with strigilis, ete. Werneburg points out that on p. 174 his latruncula is strigilis, L. var. latruncula, Schiff. ; on p. 175 his praedunciula is fasciana, L.; on p. 176 his furuncula is latruncula, Schiff. var.; on p. 187 his meretricula is latruncula, Schiff. var. (teste Bork. in Rhein. Mag. 1); and on p. 188 his versicolor is strigilis, L. Hibner has three figures, 94 latruneula, 95 praeduncula, and 776 latruncula. 94 and 776 have nothing in common as regards colour. In Hiibner’s Text. he alters praeduncula to strigilis, L., p. 183 and says that 94 latruncula is aerata, Hsp. p. 184. To this latter Tutt agrees, but strangely does not refer to either of the other figures of THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (233) Hubner. MHibner’s fig. 776 seems to be a small example of aethiops, Haw. [fig. 776 is Geyer’s, after Hiibner’s death. | Boisduval put rubeuncula, Ramb. as a form of latruncula, Ind. Meth. no. 901 (1840), but Donzel and Freyer both think it is a true species (Frr. N. Beitr. V. 148). Wood. Ind. 274-6, has good figures of the same three. Guenée recalls the fact that Freyer figures strigilis and latruncula with unlike larvae, but he (Guenée) states emphatically that he has observed no difference between the two and that Freyer’s figures have not been verified in nature. Dr. Cockayne says (in lit.) ‘I agree with Guenée’s statement. [can see no difference. If there be one it must be very slight indeed.” Like many continental lepidopterists Guenée puts fasciuncula as a form of the strigilis-latruncula complex. He recognises praeduncula, Schiff., etc., as strigilis. Guenée points out that in latruncula the subterminal line is preceded by a ferruginous tint and also that in aethiops this tint is traceable. Guenée describes latruncula ‘‘ All individuals in which the grey- white of the subterminal space is replaced by grey-brownish. The subterminal is generally preceded by a ferruginous tint.” Werneberg, Beitr. I. 518, says ‘‘I accept the determination of Lederer that latruncula, Tr., is not specifically distinct from striyilis, L.; I have no hesitation in placing together strigilis, Fb... with praed- uncula, W.V., which is certainly latruncula, Tr., the variety with more whitish mixed band.” Staudinger, Cat. IIled. (1901), treated latruncula as an ab. of strigilis. Spuler notes, Sehm. Hur. I. 181, 1906, that Hormuzaki’s intermedia is the dusky form of latruncnla parallel to the aethiops of strigilis. Rebel, Berye- Reb. (1909) treats latruncula as an ab. of strigilis, more reddish brown, the outer band pale brown (not white), mostly smaller but equally common. Rebel says, Berge-Reb. (1909), p. 189, that intermedia, Hormuz., without the lighter area in the submarginal field, is identical with the latruncula, Haw., of Tutt’s tabular scheme, Brit. Noct. I. 99. It would appear to be the var. 8 of Haw. named wnicolor by Tutt. Warr.-Seitz, U.c. plt. 40, gives eleven figures but not one of the typical strigilis, L. The nearest is that called praeduncula ; latruncula is next, a brown form; aerata; fasciata, which agrees with Tutt’s description ; suffumata, an extreme form of the last; viryata; 2 of aethiops, one can be allotted to latruncula with just a shade of a brown outer marginal area, the other a strigilis form with a grey shade; intermedia, Hormuz.; unicolor; terrea, Warren. Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. (1911), treated latruncula as a form of strigilis, and aerata as an extreme form of latruneula with a more or less rufous tint, instead of the pale more or less luteous outer band. Culot, Noct. et G. (1909-13) says on the authority of Stdgr. that latruncula is a local form of Sicily. Culot, NV. et G. I. plt. 21, has three figs. all very good, strigilis, a small one with only a few white markings, latrwncula and a very small aethiops. (234) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Barrett describes the Variation as follows—‘‘ Exceedingly variable the more typical form varies in the ground colour from greyish-white, through various shades of grey, grey-brown, whitish-brown, and pale reddish brown, even pale olive-brown, or tinted with fulvous, and has the described markings in various dark shades, varying with the ground colour, or becoming at times even dark purple-red. ‘In other cases the ground colour assumes dark brown and dark red- brown shades, the white wholly obliterated, or the white crescent above the anal angle alone remaining ; and the wings are then marbled with more monotonous tones of brown and red-brown, the central band is but little darker, or not so at all. ‘* But the most usual variation, and the most striking, which seems to accompany the type everywhere, except where it supersedes it, is deep black—wholly so—or else the thorax and ground colour of the forewings smoky black with a deep black central band; the stigmata often not visible. ' “Tn all the forms the thorax follows in colour the darker portion of the forewings ; and the hindwings are darker or paler in unison. Barrett records a specimen “large, of the typical colouring, with the markings grey-black, and of so bright a colour as almost to appear blue.” The names and forms to be considered are :— strigilis, L., Sys. Nat. Xed. 516 (1758). strigilis, Clerck., cones, plt. IX. 6 (1759). latruncwa, Schiff., Verz. 89 (1775). Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. IIL, plt. 40i. : praeduncula, Schiff., l.c.; Warr.-Seitz, l.c. aerata, Ksp., Schm. Abbild. 1V(2). 466, plt. 146, f. 4-6 (1786 etc.) ; Warr.-Seitz, l.c. meretricula, Bork., Natura, [V., 187 (1792). versicolor, Bork., l.c., 188 (1792). praeduncula, Haw., Lep. Brit. 218 (1806-10). - latruncula, Haw., l.c. 214. (1806-10). aethiops, Haw., l.c. 215 (1806-10) ; Warr.-Seitz, J.c. suffuruncula, Frr., N. Beitr. V. 148, plt. 471 (1845). . Prubeuncula, Ramb. Donz., Ann. Soc. ent Fr, 480, plt. 12, 3-4 (18388). invisa, Walk., Cat. Noct. B.M. X., 259 (1856). ab. virgata, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I., 99 (1891) ; Warr.-Seitz, l.c. ab. nigro-rufa, Tutt, l.c. ab. rufa, Tutt, Jc. ab. wnicolor, Tutt, l.c.; Warr.-Seitz, J.c. ab. fasciata, Tutt, l.c.; Warr.-Seitz, l.c. ab. amoena, Krul., Soc. Hnt. XXIII., 11 (1908). ab. intermedia, Horm., ; Warr.-Seitz, l.c. ab. suffumata, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III, 172, plt. 40 k, i (1911). ab. terrea, Warr.-Seitz, l.c. ab. fasciata, Lenz., Oesth. Sudbay. I1(2)., 269 (1927), plt. XIV. 19. Tutt treats of praeduncula which is striyilis, L.; ashy grey ground with reddish grey outer fascia, suffuruncula ; ditto with reddish median band, virgata (both latruncula forms) ; ground reddish-grey or -brown with whitish or whitish grey outer fascia, strigilis, Clk. (a latrunenla THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (235) e form) ; ditto with pale reddish outer fascia, aerata (alatruncula form) ; ditto unicolorous, latrucula, Haw. ; ground blackish or reddish-brown with whitish outer fascia, nigro-rufa (a strigilis form); ditto with red outer fascia, rufa, (a latruncula form); ditto unicolorous, wnicolor (a latrnncula form); ground black with white outer fascia, fasciata (a strigilis form) ; ditto unicolorous, aethiops (a strigilis form deep black, a latruncula form a paler slightly brown black). The allocation of these-forms and names between the two species is a difficult matter and quite open to criticism. The attempt is below. Miana strigilis, L. (1758). praeduncula, Schiff. (1775) : Haw. (1806-10). versicolor, Bork. (1792). ab. aethiops, Haw. (1806-10) very black form. ab. nigro-rufa, Tutt (1891). ab. fasciata, Tutt (1891). r. amoena, Krul. (1908). ab. suffumata, Warr,-Seitz (1911). ab. terrea, Warr.-Seitz (1911). ab. fasciata, Lenz. (1927) =fasciata, Tutt. versicolor, Bork., Naturg. IV., 188 (1792). Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ This Noctua has the size and appearance of striyilis. The forewings have a reddish-brown ground colour which is mixed with blackish brown chequered with whitish markings. At the base there is a trace of a whitish transverse line, then follows a whiter transparent streak. Next following there are the usual stigmata of which the orbicular is first, the reniform beyond, both of these are white edged, and below the orbicular there is a small claviform stigma of similar character. Beyond these stigmata is a white trans- verse band, in which blackish hairlike projections extend from the ground. ‘he fringes are chequered white and black. The costa is black spotted and towards the apex of the wing white dotted. The hindwings are brown-grey ; darker scaled on the outer margin.”’ This appears to be none other than the usual strigilis: Werneburg, l.c. is of this opinion. Bork, refers to Esper’s plt. 146, fig. 3, labelled strigilis var. ab. amoena, Krul., Soc. Hnt. XXIII. 11 (1908). Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ The whitish colour in the marginal area of the forewings has a distinctly greenish tone.” Very scarce. Hastern Russia (Wiatka and Kasan). | ab. terrea, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 172 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 40k. Orie. Descrie.—‘ A dull grey unicolorous form, with the lines, the outlines of stigmata, and the teeth of outer line finely black.” Tring. ab. suffumata, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 172 (1911). Fieg,—l.c. plt. 401. Ornic. Descrir.—‘ Has the white areas of fasciata, Tutt, still farther reduced.” (236) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. ab. fasciata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay. II. (2), 269 (1927). Fie. —l.c. plt. XIV. 19. Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Suffused to the white marginal area.” [Miana strigilis, Clrk. (1759).] ? latruncula, Schiff. (1775). aerata, Ksp. (1786). meretricula, Bork. (1792). ab. aethiops, Haw. (1806-10), paler form. latruncula, Haw. (1806-10), var. a. ab. suffuruncula, Tr. (1816-25). ab. rubeuncula, Ramb. (1838). r. invisa, Walk. (1856). ab. virgata, Tutt (1891). ab. unicolor, Tutt (1891), =latruncula, Haw. var. 8. ab. rufa, Tutt (1891). ab. intermedia, Hormuz., teste Splr. meretricula, Bork., Natury. LV. 187 (1792). Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ It is somewhat smaller than strigilis. which it resembles in shape and also much in marking. The ground colour of the forewing is brown and somewhat suffused with red-yellow scaling. The usual spots (stigmata) are yellow with brownish centres. Before these are a few yellowish wavy lines, and beyond them a yellow some- what obsolete band, in which five or six black streaks run over into the brown area to the middle. Inside the fringes lies a yellow line; and the fringes are yellowish and black spotted. The hindwings are ashy-grey with yellow margin.” ‘This seems to indicate a latruncula form. Werneburg, Beitr. Il. 171, says this is latruncula and notes that Bork. himself in the Rhien. Mag. subsequently explained that this was a variety of latruncula. ab. suffurucula, Treit. Schm. Hur, V(2). 97 (1816-25). Tutt gave Freyer plt. 471 as the original of suffuruncula. This is not so as Freyer gives a reference to Treit. Fies.—Freyer. Neu. Beit. 11. plt. 142, 471. Freyer says his first figure was from a not quite fresh example. Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ The forewings have three distinct areas, of which the first near the base and particularly the third are wide. These two are a shiny and near the second area a more silvery, and to- wards the base and fringes of a more coppery suffusion. The first area extends to the orbicular. A black streak lies towards the costa which ends at the orbicular. ‘Then follows the stigma itself, and a longish, black streak, emphasised with silver and coppery colour. Under it lies a strong black square in place of the claviform. Beyond the orbicular and claviform the third area begins which contains the reniform which is wholly filled with silvery powdering. The waved line contains fine black dots and is coppery coloured. ‘The fringes are dark brown and double edged.” Vienna (Frr.). rubeuncula, Ramb., Ann. Fr. (1838), 480-1. Fic.—l.c. plt. XII. f, 3-4. THE BRITISH NOCTUAK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (237) Orie. Desorre.— Like latruncula but smaller. It is a brick-red, while that is black brown. The forewings have a brick-red ground lighter transverse sinuous wavy lines. The most notable is the third, which, before reaching the inner margin, takes the form of a white crescent of which the points are turned to the outer margin. On the inside of this.is seen a squared space of a red brown; the stiymata are scarcely apparent ; they are paler than the ground upon which they rest; the fringe is pale reddish streaked with brown. “ The hindwings are blackish with the fringes of a reddish white.”’ Pyrénées Orientales. The inner half length of the 2nd line is well marked by white in the figure. I note that Bdv. and Dup., attributes rubewneula to Donzel and not to Rambur [Ind. Meth. no. 901 (1840) and Cat. 126 (1844)] Guenée describes aethiops. ‘‘ The brown colour has become blackish and has invaded almost the entire wings: the subterminal space remains, however, just a little lighter, with a trace of a little ferruginous before the subterminal line. The other lines are almost entirely lost in the colour of the ground.”” Hb.-Gey. 776. Haworth’s var. a. “ totus niger’ would be the ab. aethiops of striyilis. race invisa, Walk. X. 259 (1856). Orie. Descrte.—‘‘ Pallide fusca: thorax fasciis obscurioribus cristaque postica nigricante; abdomen cinereum, cristatum; alae anticae gutta basali nigricante, lineis tranversis undulatis pallidis fusco marginatis, fascia cervina exteriore punctisque marginalibus obscure fuscis ; posticae cinereae, ciliis testaceis interlineatis.”’ “Pale brown. Thorax with darker bands, and with a blackish hind crest. Abdomen cinereous, crested. Forewings with a blackish discal dot near the base, with transverse undulating pale dark brown bordered lines, with a fawn coloured exterior band and with dark brown marginal points. Hind wings cinereous, with testaceous interlined ciliae.” ‘Turkestan. Miana, Steph. (1829) Stdgr., Tutt, Barrett, Splr., South. [Hadena, Schrnk, (1802) Meyr., H.-S.,: Oligia, Hb. (1822) Hamp. Warr.-Stz. : Apamea, Ochs. (1816-25)] fasctuncula, Haw. (1806-10). This species has been so confused on the continent with strigilis- latruncula that it is difficult to trace its history. Speyer, however, Stett. e. Zt. 126 (1867), with English examples before him considers that the British judgment is correct, less on account of the differences of colour and marking than in the shape of the wings, the straighter costa, less concave beyond the middle, the apex more produced and sharper, the border area, the narrowness of the median area on the inner margin, etc. H.-S. even put fasciuncula as a var. of latruncula. Tutt remarked in 1891 that ‘‘ This species (fascinncula) which is generally treated as a variety of M. strigilis by the Continental authors,* is so exactly like that species in shape and markings, that, besides * Stdgr. Cat. Iled. (1871) treated fasciuncula as a species. (238) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. colour there appears to be no distinguishing mark in the imago state by which it can be separated.” [Brit. Noct. I. 102.] Pierce in Genitalia of the Noctuidae, p. 88, figs. on plt. XIII., gives the following definite differences :— Strigilis. (1) Loss of the anal angle of the cucullus thickly clothed with spines. (2) Cxavus peaked, bulbed at the base, and clothed with short hairs. (3) Unous narrow waist, diamond pointed. (4) Juxta without side spines. (5) AmpuLia rounded. Fasciuncula. (1) Loss of the anal angle of the cucullus thinly clothed with spines. (2) Cravus peaked and clothed with short hair. (3) Uncus broad without waist and pointed. (4) Juxra two arms surmounted with a bunch of spines on each. (5) Amputta stout and rounded. These differences are well shown on the plate. In addition the terminal portion of the valve is produced in a “bird’s head ”’ in profile but the beak portion is still longer than in strigilis, and quite distinctive (teste Dr. Cockayne in lit.). Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 101 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 15, plt. 186 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 165 (1901): Splr. Sehm. Hur. 1.181. plt. 41 (1905): South Moths. B. I. I. 275. plt. 1384 (1907) : Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 877 (1908): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 172. plt. 40k (1911): Culot Noct. et. G. (1). 122. plt. XXII. 1-2 (1909-18). Figure 550b of Ernst. and Engram. Pap. d@’Eur. VII. (1792) is that of a fasctuncula form possibly Donzel’s rubeuncula. Hubner’s erratricula 587 does not belong here. The central fascia unites it undoubtedly with bicoloria. There are no traces of the white characters on the inner margin. Warr. in Seitz place it to bicoloria. Wood, Ind. plt. 13. figs. 279-280, figures two forms, the former named rufuncula, reniform red not so red as the typical and with the fascia ‘“‘ Plain red minor,” only showing on inner margin and the latter a typical form. The fig. 279 of Wood is a fasciuncula form undoubtedly and not the rufincula of Haw. and Steph. Haworth’s description of ‘‘strigis duabus rectis medio ”’ undoubtedly refers to bicoloria. Fig. 279 has the med. fascia identical with that of the normal fasc. albeit somewhat wider on the inner margin. H.-S’s. figures are all three much like erratricula of Rambur but of normal size; all are characterised by the central area (fascia) being darker on the inner margin and contracted to half its width above and bordered there by a conspicuous curve of white. Spuler’s figure is a very red-brown colour, plt. 40, f. 8. Warr.-Seitz, l.c. plt. 40k figures the grey and the red forms. Culot, U.c. I(1). plt. 22 figures a typical form with an intermediate without very suppressed red colouring. Guenée treats erratricula, Hb. nec Frr., as a species and states the essential characteristics as a ground colour of grey-violet, with the narrow median area of a decided black. s He describes a form of it (A) much mixed with reddish, the median area being of an agatha red. Thorax of a decided red with the black line of the collar very feeble. Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ There is a constantly recurrent variety of the male, often common, which bears a far greater resem- THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (239) blance to the female—of a pale brownish-drab or yellow-brown, clouded with dull umbreous, and having the central band of a very soft umbreous, the markings normal except that the white edges to the transverse lines are less distinct, and the stigmata sometimes dusky white. Intermediates occur much more rarely. In all the colour of the thorax follows that of the central band of the forewings. In the North of Ireland and in Scotland the red forms are sometimes brighter red and the drab-brown rather darker, while some take a smoky tinge.” Barrett records a specimen having “the central band of a rich purple-red, with shading of the same on both base and apex of the wings.” He also records a specimen ‘“ Entirely suffused with golden-yellow, through which the darker markings are perceptible.” The names and forms to be considered are— fasciuncula, Haw. Lep. Brit. 215-16 (1806-10). ab. rubewncula, Donz, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 480. plt. XII. 3-4 (1838). ab. erratricula, Rambr. Cat. Sys. Lep. And. plt. XVI. 1-2 (1858). ab. cana, Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 102 (1871) [Haw. Lep. Brit. 216 (1806- 10)]. ab. pallida, Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 101. ab. extrema, Tutt L.c. ab. suffusa, Tutt l.c. ab. brnnneata, Warr.-Seitz. Pal, Noct. III. 172. plt. 40k (1911) (Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 877 (1908)]. ab. grandis, n. ab. Tutt dealt with (1) fasciuncula typical ; (2) rubewncula, Frr. (not of Donz.) almost unicolorous, less red, band not developed ; (3) cana, Stdgr. Haworth’s var. B. the ground pale, with distinct fascia (red or dark fuscous); (4) pallida pale all over, fascia only on inner margin; (5) (pallida) eatrema pale, entire absence of fascia; (6) swffusa dark greyish black with obsolescence of markings. Tutt gives ab. rubewncula as of Freyer (1845) whereas it should have been of Donzel (1888) as Freyer states. Tutt’s description of the figure is wrong from my copy of Freyer. The figure is not ‘‘ almost unicolorous.” The usual markings of fasciuncula are quite apparent and the arrangement of markings well defined. Freyer, NV. beitr., V. 143 (1845), considers this, as did Donzel, a true species, whereas Bdv., Ind. Meth. (1840), placed it as a form of latruncula. No doubt this last opinion was in accord with the generally received continental view that fasciuncula was a form of strigilis. H.-S. treats rubeuncula as a species only separable from latruncula with difficulty by the outer transverse line being cut through or not by the black veins, the appearance of the stigmata as lighter spots without sharp dark margins, the colour either clear cinnamon red (both sexes) or pale ochre-yellow at the base, in area 2 and beyond the elbowed line most red. Warr.-Seitz. gives rubewncula, Donz. and erratricula, Hb. and suffuruncula, Tr. as synonyms of literosa. (240) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ab. rubewncula, Donz. Ann. Soc. ent. France. VII. p. 429 (1888). Fie.—l.c. plt. 12. Orie. Descriep.— It has the appearance of latruncula, but is smaller. It is of a brick red, while that is a blackish brown. The fore-wings are a brick red ground with the sinuous transverse lines lighter. The most notable is the third, which before reaching the inner margin takes the form of a white cresent of which the points are directed to the outer margin. Within this crescent one sees a small square space of ared brown. The stigmata are obsolescent ; they are paler than the ground on which they stand. The fringe is pale reddish cut into by brown. The lower-wings are blackish with the fringes of a reddish- white. The female is of a paler tint, tending to soiled yellow; the lines are better indicated. Some males are the colour of the females.”’ Mont-Louis. Pyrenées Orientales. ab. grandis, n. ab. Fic.—Ramb. l.c., plt. XVI. 1-2 (erratricula, Hb. ? error). Orica. Drscrie.—No letterpress. Ramber, Cat. Sys. Lep. And. plt. XVI. f. 1-2 (1858) figures an insect under the name erratriewla, Hb.? A careful comparison of the figures show complete dissimilarity. There is no letterpress. Hubner’s fig. 487, erratricula is certainly a bad figure to represent any form of fasciuncula with which | am acquainted. It is smaller than Rambur’s figure and the markings are not comparable, all being more or less regularly transverse. and the general colour is not the beautiful red of fasctuncula, of which Rambur’s figure certainly partakes. Warr.-Seitz. places it to diterosa and I think rightly so, and Rambur’s figures they place to fasciuneula. In this case Rambur’s fig. is without a name and as it is nearly twice the size of typical fasciuncula it might be called grandis. ab. brunneata, Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. ILI. 172 (1911) [Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 878 (1908)}. Orie. Descrre.—Hamp. Ab. 1. “ Darker brown,” Scotland. Warr.-Seitz. “‘ Scotch form browner, especially the lower half of median area.” ab. (ssp.) albtluna, Kozhants. Jahr. Martian. Minussinsk. VI. 76 1929 ! ee Descrip.— This was placed to the species Oligia lewconephra, Hamps. The determination of it as that species arose from an error since lewconephra does not belong to the genus Oligia. But the species which we included under the name leuconephra is a true Oligia which obviously possessed the habitus and the marking of O. fasciuncula. The distinction from the typical form consists only in the golden reflection from the brown forewings and the clear white half moon- shaped spot in place of the indefinite reniform stigma.” THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (241) Miana, Steph. (1829) Gn. New. Barrett, Stdgr. Splr. Cul. [ Hadena, Schrnk. (1802), Meyr.: Apamea, Tr. (1816-25). Bdy.: Oligia, Hb. (1822) Hamp., Warr.-S.] bicoloria, Vill. (1789)=furuncula, Schiff. (1775). Tutt took Villar’s name for this species viz. bicoloria, Linn. Entomologia, II. 288 (1789), which name Bork. used Sehm. IV. 190 (1792). Treit. Schm. Hur. V(2). 94 (1825), discusses the name and points out the agreement of Hitibner’s fig. 545, the specimens in Schiffermiiller’s collection, and the German description in the Verz., p. 89, 1775, that furuncula is the prior name for bieoloria, Vill. Hub. Teat-Noct., 184 (1805-18) gives bicoloria, Bork. and meretricula, Bork. as synonyms of furuncula, Schiff. Villars gives a reference for bicoloria to ‘‘ Entomologia Paristensis, 194,” which I have failed to trace. It would appear to refer to Fourcroy or to Geoffroy, but I fail to find the name in either of these books. furuneula, Schiff. Vere. 89 (1775). Orig. Descrie.—‘ Small Noctua, has a transverse band on the dependent very dusky forewings, which narrows inwards, is least on the inner margin and is margined with a white wavy contour line. There stands a few tufts of hair on the body. Braune Weissstreifigte Wule.” It is classified with latruncula, praeduneula (strigilis), ete. There seems great uncertainty among earlier authors what is the colour and marking of the earliest named form, 7.e., of furuncula, Schiff. If we may depend on the remarks of Treit., /.c., 94, this fig. 545 is of the typical form, which Hb. describes, Text p. 184, as ‘‘ reddish brown, the outer half of the wings pale in colour, with whitish reniform and waved line, the body and abdomen grey. Syn, furuncula, Treit., bicoloria, Bork. and meretricula, Bork.” Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 108 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. Is. V. 20, plt. 187 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[led., 165 (1901): Splr. Sehm. Hur. I. 181, plt. 41 (1905): South M. Br. Is, I. 277, plt. 134 (1907) : Hamp. Lep. Phat. VIL. 3893 (1908): Warr-Seitz. Pal. Lep, Noct. II. 178, plt. 41 (1911): Culot N. et G. I(1). 122, plt. 22 (1909-13). Hsper’s fig. aerata plt. 146, 5, which is sometimes referred to this species is undoubtedly a strigtlis form. The figures of Ernst. and Engr. Pap. d’Hur. VIII. are very mixed and difficult to elucidate. Werneburg says 548a small and light clay yellow furuncula ; 548b-e, he also calls furunenla. Probably correctly except that b is exceptionally large for this species, 549a-c he calls furuncula. I would only call a this species. 550f he calls strigilis, but I should certainly agree with Guenée and call it furwneula. Hibner’s Noct. 96 (1808) shows the characteristic transverse line of vinctuncula very clearly. 545 (1808-18) has a uniform strongly dark mahogany brown base with ochreous brown ground. Tutt calls this the typical figure of furwncnla, and thus does not agree with Gn. who gives Ernst. and Ener. fig. 550f which has no shade of reddish or brown in it. Hibner’s fig. therefore does not represent the bicoloria as described by Villars. But Borkhausen IV. 190, however, describes the (242) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. basal half as either brighter or darker red-brown. Hence Gn. has not indicated the typical furuncula but the bicoloria form. Goetze calls it the ‘‘ white streaked brown.” Ent. Beitr. I11(8), 222. Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. CI. £. 3 is of a very dark form of two main shades of dark reddish-grey, the basal half being of a deep brown (VII..1). Wena. Indew. figs. 277 and 278 plt. 13, are Anmeralis and terminalis. He does not figure the very light form with which one is so familar on the sea coast, sandhills, ete. His figure 279 labelled rufunenla is not this species ban a fascituncula form. South. M. Br. Is. I. plt. 184. gives five figures not one of which is typical furwncula as depicted by Hb. Fig. 8, is probably the bicoloria, Villars, ground colour greyish fuscous with outer balf paler than basal half. Warr.-Seitz figures bicoloria, Vill. plt. 401, furuncuia, Hb. plt. 401, rufuncula, Haw. 2 figs. 401, terminalis, Haw. plt. 401, vinctuneula, Hb. plt. 41a, wnicolor, Warr.-8. pit. 41a, pallidior, Stder. pli. 40], reticulata, Tutt. plt. 401, brunneo-reticulata, Tutt. plt. 401, lonyistriata, Warr. S. plt. 401. Yet none of the really pale forms are figured, all are what I should call dominantly dark. Culot figures, l.c. plt. XXII. £.3. bicoloria; £.4. furuncula; £.5. insulicola ; and £.6. vinctuncula ; as usual all are quite excellent figures. Of the Variation Barrett says.—‘‘ A form which instead of having the colours of the forewings equally divided [as in typically marked forms] has them completely marbled with some shade of brown or reddish-brown, is in many districts even more plentiful, and in this the perpendicular line is usually obliterated. Intermediate forms retaining the division, but having the outer portion almost any shade of brown paler than the inner are not infrequent.” ‘Tn some parts of the South Coast and especially in the Isle of Wight, the brown of the basal half is invaded with white, so as in some instances to leave a darker central band and eyen to furnish iis lower half with a dark brown or black bar, while in others the orbicular stigma and an oblique blotch below it become white; in all these the white outside the perpendicular line has a chalky tint. In these localities the female in some instances has similarly divided colouring. ‘Tn Berkshire and clsewhere inland the basal half is not seldom of a rich purple-red or purple-brown, and the hind marginal cloud similar or darker.” Barrett records a form in great abundance from some parts of the Irish coast, ‘‘ having the forewings unicolorous yellowish-drab, varying but little darker or paler.’ ‘This form stands broadly out from the rest, but language altogether fails to express the intermingling of all these variations.” Barrett adds ‘ Various names have been given to these forms, in the first place under the impression that they formed distinct species, more recently as varieties :—from our great knowledge of the inter- mediates, these have lost all definite meaning and seem to be of little value.” The Names and Forms to be considered are :— furuncula, Schiff. Verz. 89 (1775). f. bicoloria, Vill. Linn. Ent. 288 (1789). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (243) ab. terminalis, Haw. Lep. Brit. 215 (1806-10). ab. rufuncula, Haw. l.c. ab, humeralis, Haw. l.c. var. y. ab. vinctuncula, Hb., Noct. 96 (1802). furuncula, Hb., l.c. 545 (1808-18) =furnncula, Schiff. furuncula, Tr., Schm. V(2). $2 (1816-25). ab. pulmonariae, Dup., Hist. Nat. VI. 47 (1826) plt. 75. erratricula, Freyer, Neu. Beitr. I. 81, plt. 142, 3 (1836). furuncula, H.-S., New. Schm. p. 4, figs. 19, 22, 23 (1856) =insulicola, Stder. | subsp. insulicola, Stdgr., Cat. Iled. 103 (1871). subsp. pallidivr, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zt. XLII. 42 (1882). ab. pallida, Tutt, Brit. N. I. 105 (1891). ab. albicans, Tutt, l.c. ab. reticulata, Tutt, l.c. ab. fusca-reticulata, Tutt, l.c. ab. brunnea-reticulata, Tutt l.c. ab. rufa-reticulata, Tutt l.c. ab. yrisea-reticulata, Tutt l.c. ab. semicretacea, Alph. Mem. Rom. 1X. 29 (1897). ab. albimacula, Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 181. plt. 41 (1905). ab. unicolor, Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 178. plt. 41a (1911). ab. longistriata, Warr.-Seitz. l.c. Tutt dealt with pallida, whitish grey of two shades, the basal half slightly darker: subsp. insulica the mottled whitish grey form; the unicolorous whitish grey, albicans; bicoloria the grey fuscous with outer half paler=humeralis, Haw. ; reticulata, the mottled fuscous grey with distinct markings; /himeralis, var. y, Haw., the unicolorous fuscous grey; the reddish-or ochreous-brown form, furuncula, Hb. (Haw. ?); the mottled ochreous- or reddish-brown, brunnea-reticulata ; the unicolorous ochreous- or reddish-brown, terminalis, Haw. a and b. ; pale reddish ochreous with outer half pale reddish grey, pulmonariae ; the mottled pale reddish ochreous, ru/a-reticulata ; the unicolorous pale reddish-ochreous, rufuncula, Haw.; vinetuncula, the narrow banded (black) form ; and in the Appendix Vol. LV. pallidior, a paler form with basal half rufous, terminal half whitish, hindwings white. He also refers to fusca-reticulata and grisea-reticulata, neither of which he otherwise mentions. Probably the former refers to reticulata above and the latter insulicola above. Haworth evidently did not consider his rufwncula related closely to his Aumeralis and terminalis as he separated them by his fasciwncula, and if Wood’s fig. 279 of rufuncula be correct it certainly is not a form of furwncula as the outer limit of the fascia of fasciuncula form, outside the reniform, is double curved and not straight. The colour also is the red of the latter and not the ted with pubescent white surface of the former. Stephens only had one poor example. Freyer, New Beitr. Il. p. 81. plt. 142. 3 (1836) erratricula does not belong here nor is it the erratricula, Hb. It has been put here by some authors. Guenée considers the typical form to be the bipartite brown and white form, as figured in Ernst and Engr. VIII. fig. 550f. This figure (244) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. is too large and also too clearly and brightly marked and has a much better appearance for strigilis. Werneburg considers it to be strigilis. eee says :—typical form: half brown, half white, (i.e. bicoloria orm). terminalis, A: white half replaced (=548 d. e.) with division line still distinet by a. brown, b. reddish. rufuncula, B: whole wing uniform tint, one sees only the division line, the basal line and black traces in the terminal space. . eR A: whole wing uniform tint, line very pronounced ack. pulmonariae, C: ground yellow-ochre, stigmata clear, obsolescent central line = Engr. 548a b. pulmonariae, D: grey black, extra basal area brown mixed with yellow to base. Stdgr. Cat. Iled., 108, gives var. et ab. insulicola with reference to H.-S. New Schm, 4, figs. 19, 22, 28, (al. ant., griseis, albido, nigroque, strigulosis) thus naming the form of furunciula figured by H.-S. Newman, brit. Moths, 809 (1869) points out that Haworth’s Ahumeralis, terminalis, and rufuucula are the 8 chief forms of furuncula, and he (Newman) figures all three rather crudely. Tutt quotes Stdgr. (Iled.) for the typical form “ab. ant. usque ad medium fuscis.” (iisque is a printer’s error, B. N. I. p. 103) as deseribing the typical form. In IIled. Stdgr. adds ‘“ deinde albicantibus.” Tutt says 4 ground colours, white, fuscous grey, pale reddish, dark reddish, and of each. (1) unicolorous (2) mottled with transverse whitish lines (3) basal half dark, outer pale grey or white. a. uni- colorous base. 6. mottled base. Stder., Cat. ILled. 165, lists semtcretacea, Alph. as his pallidior (dilutior, al. ant. dimidio basali rufescenti, dimid. exter. subalbido, al. post. sordide albidis). He lists the rufuncula, Gn. as the vinctuncula, Hb. (ut rufuncula sed al. ant. fasci media tenui nigra; ab. rarissima). He says that the furwncula, H.-S. New Schm. is the same as his © insulicola (alis ant, griseis, albido nigroque strigulosis). He says that the erratricula, Frr. is the same as the rufuncula, Haw. (alis ant. fere unicoloribus rufescenti-griseis) see ante. He lists terminalis, Haw. as the furwncula, Hb. 545. He omits all reference to the pulmonariae, Dup. Splr. takes bicoloria, Vill. as the type, where the basal half of the forewing is brown and the outer- marginal half whitish. If the base be very pale it is ab. pallida. If the outer half is reddish or brownish, it is ab. furwncula. When the forewings are unicolorous red-grey it is ab. rufuncula, and with white reniform is ab. albimacula. If similarly coloured with narrower black brown transverse bands it is the rare form ab. vinctuncula. The var. (race) insulicola has greyish forewings, which are marked by whitish and brown-grey, and come from Helgoland. In sandy steppe-like areas occurs rufuncula, with reddish base, lighter and whiter marginal half of forewing and dusky whitish hindwings, which form is paler further east as var. pallidior (Schm. Eur., I. 181-2). Hamp., l.c., adopts furuncula, Schiff., he treats ervatricula, Frr. (nec. Hb.) as synonymous as well as suffurwneula, Bdv., Ind. 116. Warr.-Seitz uses bicoloria, Vill., and states that “typical bicoloria THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (245) has the outer area whitish or grey with arufoustinge.” Of furuncula, Hb., he says, ‘‘ the outer half is reddish-brown approaching the colour of the basal half,” with which his fig. plt. 401, somewhat agrees, but does not agree with Hiibner’s fig. 545, which is remarkably rich in colour. He puts humeralis, Haw., as a syn. of bicoloria; rufuncula, Haw. is the erratricula of Freyer, nec. Hb.; insulicola, Stdegr. is furuncula, H.-S. (nec. Hb.). Dup. Gist. Nat. VI. 47, plt. 75, f. 3, bas described and figured his form pulmonariae, in proximity with Caradrina in which he followed Ochs.-Treit. Gn. Noct. V. 217, draws attention to the yellow-ochreous ground and the very slight separation into the two shade areas of the usual forms. He says that fig. 548 a, 6, Engram. is the same, but the colours of this insect in my copy of the latter work are much too bright and 4 bas the separation very well defined. subsp. fmsulicola, Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 108 (1871). H.-S. New Schmett. p. 4, 1856, writes the following note concerning figs. 19, 22, 23 on his plate. ‘“‘T consider there is almost a specific difference from A. furunciula; it appears somewhat more slender, the colour not so reddish, but brownish yeliow, the reniform more distinct, smaller, and whiter. ‘One example as pale as fig. 23 has the basal half of the forewing and the marginal area beyond the waved line as dark as typical furuncula.” From the Island of Norderney. in numbers, where no ordinary furuncula occur. These three figs. 19, 22, 23 may be described— 19 has a darker ground, more dark ochraceous, but the markings are quite distinct. 22 1s very uniform grey, with suppressed markings just visible, the most apparent being the submarginal. 23 has the upper 2 of the f.w. very whitish and also a thin whitish inner margin. A darker chevron before the apex. The remaining + being darker still, forming a long wedge from submarginal near inner angle to the base in a blunt point. Culot, N. et. G. I(1). 123 remarks, ‘‘The example which has served me as a copy was furnished by Stdegr. to the old collection of Pictet, forming now a part of the Museum of Geneva; thus one may assume that the determination is correct.’ However, there seems to me but little agreement with Stdgr’s description, which reads thus, Alis ant, griseis albido niyroque strigulosis. In my opinion it belongs to the ab. rufunenla, Hw. subsp. semicretacea, Alph., Mem. Rom. 1X. 29 (1897). Orie. Descrip.—‘ Var. major, pagina postica anticarum albidiore. $=26mm. A single g larger than the Kuropean type, with the exterior half of the forewings whiter, appears sufficient to me to form a characteristic geographical race of bicoloria, Vill.” Cent. Asia near Moudjik. ab. albimacula, Splr., Schin. Hur. I. 181 (1905). Orie. Descrie.—* When the unicolorous red-grey form has a white reniform it is ab. albimacula.”’ (246) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. ab. unicolor, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct, II, 173 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 41a. Orie. Descrie.—“ Differs from vinetuncula, Hb. in being unicolorous fawn brown with a slightly darker band instead of the black band.”’ ab. longistriata, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 178 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 400. Orig. Descrie.—‘“ In which a straight black streak runs along the submedian fold from base to termen; the ground colour is pale grey, suffused with rufous-brown except at base of costa and beyond the pale grey reniform stigma, the terminal area being paler rufous-brown ; hindwings grey.” Bilbao, Spain. ADDENDA. var. reissert, Schawerda, Zeit. Oestr. Ent. Ver. XVII. 13 (1932). reg—iBbr, IUUL S. (; Orig. Descrir.—‘ The ground colour of the forewings is grey- brown. The central area is dark brown, in the small examples almost black brown. ‘The central area is margined both on the outside and inside by a white double line. ‘The outer white double line is con- spicuously scalloped on the inner margin in both specimens bow- formed. The orbicular is clearly visible, with hight margin. The reniform large, distinctly white, and since it reaches a white larger costal marginal spot, appears conspicuously larger and whiter. Three very small white spots on the costa towards the apex. An indistinct whitish premarginal transverse line. Blackish marginal lunules. Light and dark chequered fringes on the forewing. ‘The outer area between the light curved lines and the outer margin darker. In and near the white of the marking a lighter variegated tone. In the larger g there is a darker cell space on the hindwing very clearly defined. Thorax the colour of the torewing, along the abdomen more dark grey than the hindwing and the unicolorous underside.” High Mountains of Corsica. Nearest to ab. reticulata, Tutt, and ab. brunneo-reticulata, Tutt. ab minor, Cabeau, Lamb. XXXII. 82 (1982). Oric. Descrie.—‘ Very small, 17mm., but in coloration as in ab. bicoloria, Vill. ramiéres.” ab. minuscula, Cabeau, l.c. : Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Small as in ab. minor, but the coloration of ab. rufuncula, Haw. Framiéres.”’ e Miana, Steph. (1829), Gn., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., Cul. [ Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Meyr.: Apamea, Ochs. (1816-25) Frr.: Oliyia, Hb. (1822) Warr.-S., Hamp.] Jiterosa, Haw. (1809). Gn. Noct. VY. 216, like many continental authors, says that literosa is the erratricula, Hb., but not of Freyer. His var. A “Of a rosy-grey, much suffused with reddish ”’ may represent literosa. Warr.- Seitz gives this latter varietal status under the name subrosea. Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 389, treats erratricula, Hb. as synonymous. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (247) Although Tutt does not refer to erratricula, Hb. under bicoloria= furuncula, under literosa he expresses the opinion that erratricula is a form of bicoloria, although on the continent literosa has always been included with it. J am in agreement with Tutt here for all the literosa I have seen and all those recorded have a peculiar rosy coloration which is unmistakable. Reference to the figures of the genitalia of literosa and furuncula in Pierce Gen. Noct. plt. XIII. is quite convincing as to their specific distinctness. The text l.c., p. 32, 33 is rather meagure and not sufficiently comparative. Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 106 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 8, plt 185, 2 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. [[led. 164 (1901): Splr. Schm. Kur. [., 180, plt. 41 (1905) : South Moths Br, Is. I. 276, plt. 184 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 889 (1908): Warr.-S. Pal. Noct. III. 172, plt. 40k (1911): Culot N. and G. I(1). 121, plt. 21, £. 15 (1909-13). Stephens has a good figure but somewhat larger than average examples. Ul. III. plt. 25, fig. 1 (1829). Warr.-Seitz includes the erratricula of Hb. and the suffuruncula, Tr. as Synonyms. He figures g and ?, typical markings but the rosy flush practically suppressed ; constricta; subarcta with no red tints; subrosea, the whole forewing suffused rosy brown; and onychina, reduction of dark tints, the whole forewing creamy grey, a striking ab. Ab. subrosea is var. A of Guenée. Culot N. et G. I(1). plt. 21, fig. 15 has a very good figure of the typical form. Oberthtr (1918) treats literosa as the same as the erratricula, Hb. 537. Barrett says of the Variation—‘‘ Very slightly variable in the general colour of the forewings, from purplish-red to purple-grey, and in the degree of silvery-grey clouding.” Barrett records a specimen which ‘‘ has these wings entirely dark purple, without any pale clouding ; from Essex.” He also records another ‘‘ strongly tinged with rusty-red and has no pale clouding.” Tutt notes, ‘“‘ rather paler’ specimens from Forres, Scotland, “ variation in the width of the median band,” “also its intensity,” and the “ development of the longitudinal 4 mark under the stigmata.” “Tt is the most constant of all the British species of Miana.” ? The Names and Forms to be reviewed are :— literosa, Haw. (1809) Lep. br. 218. erratricula, Hb. (1808-18) Noct. 537, Text 184. ab. suffuruncula, Tr. (1816-25) Schm. V(2). 97. ab. suffuruncula, (Frr.) (1825) New. Beitr. I. plt. 142, 4. subsp. onychina, H.-S. (1856) New. Sch. 4, figs. 20-21. race subarcta, Stdgr. (1897) Jris. X. 2838, plt. LX. 14. ab. constricta, Warr.-S. (1911) Pal. Noct. II]. 172, plt. 40k. ab. subrosea, Warr.-S. =Gn. (1911) lc. race powelli, Obthr. (1918) Lep. Comp. XVI., 185, plt. 496, f. 417. (248) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Of erratricula Hiibner, Teat Noct. p. 184, says, “ brownish red, grey shading ; the wings dusky, marked with pale yellowish-brown centered stigmata.’’ This cannot be literosa, which is ‘ violet grey with a partial rosy brown flush” (Warr.-S.). Stdgr. also queries the identity, Cat. 165. ab. ? suffuruncula, Tr. Schum. Hur, V(2). 97 (1816-25). Fie.—Freyer. New. Beitr. II. plt. 142, f. 4. Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ Fresh specimens are very bright and shine with a mixture of silver and coppery colour on the forewings. This feature is sufficient to distinguish it from the other species, even if no other character is to be found. ‘“‘ Head, neck and thorax grey with reddish and white hairs. The neck is darker edged, the thorax crested. The abdomen ashy coloured. The antennae clear brown, not toothed in the male. The feet grey, white ringed. ‘‘The forewings have three areas, of which the first at the base and especially the third are very wide. They are both very glossy, towards the second area more silvery, towards the base and fringes more suffused copper colour. ‘The first area reaches up to the orbicular. Towards the costa there lies a black streak, which ends before the orbicular. Then follow the orbicular itself as a longish blacker marking filled in with silvery and coppery colour. Under it lies a strong black square in place of the claviform. Beyond the orbicular and reniform stigma the third area hegins; the reniform is wholly suffused with silvery. The waved band is fine, black points and finally there comes coppery colour. ‘The fringes are double-edged dark-brown. The hindwings are uniform grey somewat darker towards the outer margin and strongly glossy. The fringes again are brighter.” Hamps., Lep. Phal. VII. 389, treats suffuruncula, Ochs. and Treit. as well as erratricula, Hb. as synonyms of literosa. Freyer, New. Beitr. 11. 81, plt. 142, f. 4, figures the su/furuncula, Tr. from the actual specimen from which Treit. made his description many years before, Sch. V(2). 97. The figure wants the peculiar rosy colour of literosa and if that species, must be considered as a form of it. The band is certainly like that of typical literosa and not com- parable with either erratricula or fasctuncula or bicoloria (furuneuta). The example would not be a fresh specimen and therefore would not be ‘sehr schon und frangen mit einer silber—und kupferfarbigen Mischung auf den Vorderflugeln.”’ race onychiona, H.-S. Neu. Schm. 4 (1856). Fies.—l.c., 20-21. Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ The more unicolorous the specimen is and the more indistinct all the marking is, the more sharp do the veins stand out, while in the darkest example they are resolved into small dots; the central area is always broader than in erratricula, the orbicular is more oblique and more produced, the black streak in cell 1b of the central area is always wanting.” “Compared with eratricula(sic): 28 examples which I have before me are quite different from that. ‘There is wanting the bright cinnamon- brown suffusion, the ground colour is a pale red grey mixed with THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (249) shining grey, the latter colour being most apparent on the reniform and on the veins.” Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VII., 389 (1908) ‘“‘ Much paler; forewing grey white, the marking obsolescent.” Oberthtr says, ep. Comp. XVI. 135. ‘“ With wings unicolorous and of a uniform clear ochre tint. None of the ordinary spots or lines are present on the forewings above. Of a uniform clay or dust colour.” Heligoland. race subarcta, Stdgr. Iris. X. 283 (1897). Fie.—l.c. plt. 9, f. 14. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Herr J. Paulus sent me a tolerably fresh (only somewhat damaged) example, 28mm. in expanse, a 9 caught at light on June 1lth at Jerusalem, to which a g sent much later by him measuring 25mm. belongs. 1 see now that both these insects can only be a local form of A. literosa, to which a tolerably perfect ¢ 30mm. in expanse caught in Sicily by Herr Kalchberg and one found by Haberhauer in mid August at Lepsa in N.W. Central Asia belong. I have described the last in the Stett. MNnt. Zeit. 1882, p. 41, as * Literosa with very little reddish suffusion.” Thus itis apparent, that these var. swharcta on the average are larger than diterosa, A chief point of distinction from typical English and German literosa is the obsolescent nature of the reddish suffusion of the forewings, which in the Palestine specimen is quite absent. This absence of the reddish coloration mislead me especially to identify (compare) the laree female from Palestine with the somewhat larger arcta, Led., and the equally large arctides, Stder., from the Amur area. Irom both these forms very similar to one another literosa is to be distinguished, and also from subarcta by the lighter almost markingless underside. There shows in the first two forms distinctly, broad, dark transverse lines particularly on the lighter hindwings which also bears a sharp, dark discal spot, while the almost white-grey underside of the wings of literosa is mostly not marked, or only on the hindwing bears a very obsolescent dark discal spot and traces of an obsolete transverse line. The v. subarcta differs from the confusedly tolerably variable Central- Asian literosa (unter eiander), moreover by no constant difference ; the middle area of the forewing between the two transverse lines, is mostly wider and produced somewhat blacker or black margined, by which subarcta appears very like the arcta form.” Hamp. says, l.c. 889, ‘‘ Larger ; forewing not tinged with rufous.’’— Sicily, Palestine, Ala Tau. ab. constricta, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 173 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 40k. Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ Principally confined to the g g ; the median area between the two lines is narrowed and much darker, especially in the two folds, and the red flush 1s less developed.”’ ab. subrosea, Warr.-Seitz. Pal, Noct. III. 178 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 40k. Orie. Duscrie.—‘‘ The darker grey and fuscous tints may be reduced and the whole forewing suffused with rosy brown, the whole thorax also showing rufous.” A common form in England. (250) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. The ab. A. of Gn. is this form (1925) Noct. V. 216 “of a rosy grey, much suffused with reddish.” race powellii, Obthr. Lep. Comp. XVI. 185 (1918). Fie.—l.c, plt. 496, f. 4117. Orie. Descrip.—< The Algerian race is more uniformly grey and the appearance more frail. Divested of all trace of red.” Greyville. “Tt is not exactly referable to the Sicilian suwbarcta, Stder.” The figure is larger than the average British races and the colour is quite distinctive dull orange apparent even through the markings. The stigmata are somewhat lighter. There is a transverse narrow dark band inside the orbicular, a similar but wider band between the orbicular and reniform which is curiously but clearly interrupted by the lighter claviform, also a slight dark chevron lies on the costa behind the apex. The hindwing has a dark marginal band of some width ; the ground colour is not a shade lighter than on the forewing. Phothedes, Led. (1857) New., Stdgr., Tutt, South. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Meyr.: Apaniea B. Treit. (1816-25), Bdv., Dup., H.-S., Evers. : Oligia, Hb. (1822), Warr.-5., Hamp.: Jliana, Steph. (1829), Dbldy., Stain., Stdgr., Barr., Splr., Culot.] captiwneula, Tr. (1816-25). Tutt Br Noct: [. WOT (i891): ) Barr eps 7. Iss Vin 24 saoliemsles {1899) ; Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 165 (1901): Splr. Sch. Hur. I. 182, plt. 51, 45 (1906) : South Moths Br. Is. L. 277, plt. 184, figs. 17-18 (1907) ; Hamp. /.ep. Phal. VII. 894 (1908): Warr.-Scitz. Pal. Noct. III. 174, plt. 41b (1911): Culot \. et G. 1(1). 128, plt. 28, f. 7-9 (1909-13). Dup. Hist. Nat. Noct. VIL(1), has a good fig. of the variegated continental form. H.-S. Noct. I1., figs. 178, 174, are very variegated forms of the purple-red continental suffused form. Meyr. Hand. Jed. 136, places eapolita as not differing from captiuncula, and also refers it to Stain., possibly correctly in part. Warr.-Seitz, Jc. plt. 41b, figures the typical form and eapolita, Dbldy. In the typical figure the purple-red colour predominates, but in that of eapolita it is completely absent. Culot, \. € G. I(1). plt. XXII. figs. 7, 8, 9, gives 8 very good figures of the variegated purple-red continental form. The Forms and Names for consideration are : — captinuneula, Tr. (1825) Sch, V(2), 96. eubsp. eapolita, Dbldy.-Stain. (1855), Stain. Ann. I. 41 (68). ab. wrica, Frr. (1858), New. Beitr.. VII. 68, plt. 640. subsp. tincta, Kane (1895), Hnt. 165. ab. captiunculoides, Hamp. [Strand] (1908-1915), Lep. Phal. VII. 394 [Arch. Nat. ges. LXXXI.154. Abt. A. Heft. 11.] ab. albosuffusana, Hamp. [Strand] (1908-1915) Jc. Tutt dealt with (1) captinncula the purple-red continental type, (2) the grey British form eapolita. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIE (251) Barrett says of the Variation—‘ Not very variable, but there is a tendency in the male to the brighter purple-red colour of the female ; and in the West of Ireland this is accentuated, so that all the specimens from that district are of a much richer, brighter red colour. He records an example from Durham which “has the reniform stigma distinct with white margins and a broadly white second line.” He also records another which ‘“ has a rich red central band and a white stripe on each side of it.” And of another he says “‘‘has the second line, not only broadly white, but strongly angulated.” The Russian race described by Eversman, Noct. pt. 1V. 41 (1856), has no purple-red and from the description more resembles the British dark grey form. ab. wuica, Frr. New. Beit. VII. p. 68 (1858). Fic.—l.c. plt. 640, f. 1. _ Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ This striking little Lepidopteron stands nearest to N. latrunenla. Jt is smaller and smoother than latruncula. Thorax and forewing black with purple-red suffusion. The stigmata are purple-red and fairly distinct. From the base runs a purple-red thin streak through the first paler scarcely visible band. Beyond the reni- form lies a white narrow band toothed on the outer edge across the whole breadth of the wing up to the inner margin, which divides the forewing into two areas. To this white band succeeds a purple-red dark marbled area. The fringes are black grey. The abdomen and the hindwings as well as the whole underside is dark, black-brown.” The figure and description only agree in a general way. The detail is partly incorrect in either figure or description. More probably the figure wants the delicate detail of the description. Warr.-Seitz, l.c. p. 174, treats wnica, Frr., as of the type form. subsp. tincta, Kane, nt. 155 (1895). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A richly coloured form found by Mr. Birchall. Forewings: basal third of a warm grey, somewhat mottled followed by a deep rose-coloured band reaching from costa to inner margin, bordered interiorly by a very sinuous festooned line of purple-brown, edged externally with grey, and exteriorly by ove of similar colours, deeply elbowed towards the outer margin of the wing; the outer third of the wing is of a shining pink, with a dark ruddy patch along the costa, but not reaching to the apex, and a clear whitish suffusion along the lower and outer portion of the red central band, corresponding to the whitish patch shown in the same position in J/. striyilis and M. fasciuncula. Hindwings of a sooty-brown, shot with a ruddy reflection. All fringes of a dirty grey. Thorax of adingy brown; abdomen paler.” Local but plentiful. Ardrahan, Ireland. Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 895 (1908), ‘‘ Forewing with the basal area grey, the medial area deep pink, the terminal area pale glossy pink.’ —Ireland. ab. captiunculoides, Strand, Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 394 (1908- 1915). Oric. Descrip.—‘ Forewing with the postmedial area rufous with- out white beyond the postmedial line.” (252) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ab. albosnffusana, Strand, Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 395 (1908- 1915). Orie. Desorie.—‘‘ Forewing with the ante- and postmedial areas largely suffused with white.” Celaena, Steph. 1829: Gn., Stdgr., Barrett, Splr., South, Hamp., Cul. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802), Meyr.: Apamea, Ochs. and Tr, (1816- 25), Curt., Frr.: Oligia, Hb. (1822), Hamp., Warr.-S., Matsu.: Gortyna, Hb. (1822), Evers.: Luperina, Bdv. (1829), Hoffm.: Neurita, Gn. (1841), H.8.] haworthii, Curt., 1829.* Tutt, B.N. I. 107 (1891): Barrett, Lep. BI. V. 1, plt. 185 (1899): Stdegr. Cat. led. 169 (1901): Splr. Schin. Hur. I. 186, plt. 89 (1905) : South Moths Br. Is. 1. 269, plt. 128 (1907) : Hamps. Lep. Ph. VII. 195 (1908) : Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 174, plt. 41b (1911): Culot, N. et G.I. (1), 142, plt. 26 (1909-13). Steph. Cat. II. 87, gives Esp. Abbild. IV. plt. 166, f. 7, for lancea. However there is no fig. 7 to plt. 166, nor can I trace the name in Werneberg’s Beitr. Eversmann in Bull. Mosc. p. 550 (1842) and in Fn. Voly. p. 72 (1846) described a species morto, which in his subsequent Noctwites Bull. Cazan, pt. Il. p. 895 (1855) he identified with typical haworthii, and also with Freyer’s erupta. Wood’s figures, Ind. 288, is fairly typical, but not variegated as. much as the usually occurring type; 284 is lancea of a lighter brown with light hindwings; 285 is hibernica a darker, richer brown; both the last are more uniform in coloration with suppression of the orbicular. Freyer’s fig. of morio, N. Bettr. V. 888, 1, is a uniformly red brown with white-ringed reniform stigma from which a few white lines run outwards, a white submarginal line, and marginal white dots. This is much like one of the figures of Graslin, Ann. Soc. ent. Hr. (1848). It is of good size. His fig. 472, U.c. erupta, has a similar reniform but white inside, a white orbicular, a white inner marginal line and numerous white transverse lines along the submarginal area. This is smaller. Neither is like typical haworthit. ‘ H.-S. says that the morio of Freyer plt. 888, 1, is unrecognisable. In his Synonymic Catalog-Index, he cites lyncea, Steph. (recte lancea) but omits it in the text. Graslin, Ann. Soc. ent. F'r., p. 58 (1848) gives 4 good figures. 38, no veins white; 5, veins in submargin only white; 4, veins generally white but not continuous; 6, veining white continuously. Tutt says morio runs Freyer’s erupta closely (B.N. 109). H.-8., Sys. Bearb. figs. 467-8, has two excellent figures of the typical form, g and ¢. Fig. 14 in Humph. and Westw. is an average well marked example of the typical form and of good size. None of the marking in either fig. is white, all are rich yellow. * Hampson gives the weird spelling havorthi. i THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (258) The fig. of tripuncta in H. and W., plt. 38, f. 15, does not agree with the description, p. 182; it does not show the subapical blotch near the apex below the costa. ; The fig. of Jancea in H. and W., plt. 38, f. 16, also is defective, only the R. forewing being nearly uniformly coloured. South, Moths Br. Is., I., plt. 128, has a very good typical figure. Seitz, Le, p. 174, fioures typical haworthii, plt. 41b, er ne plt. 41b, and hibernica, plt. 41b, all good figures. Warr. Seitz treats tripwnucta as a synonym of Peo morio a synonym of erwpta and lancea a synonym of hibernica. Culot, N. et. G. I(1). plt. 26, gives two figs., 1 a very poorly marked, typical devoid of much light markings, and which i in the text he says agrees with erupta. In describing the Variation Barrett says—‘‘Not usually very variable, except in the degree of whiteness of the nervures, which some- times is much obscured or even obliterated. This in some instances extends to the whiteness of the orbicular stigma. There is a little difference also in the ground colour, which sometimes is of a redder chocolate.” Barrett records a specimen ‘of a pale grey, but with the paler markings quite normal.” He records also one “of a very rich purple- red and another extremely pale olive-brown.”’ Dr. Cockayne says (in lit.) ‘‘On some of my York specimens the ground colour is very pale brown or buff. In East Aberdeenshire ones it is nearly black. The orbicular varies much in size and shape (and in colour) and it and the reniform are very white, in most ones.” The forms to be discussed are— haworthii, Curtis (1829) br. Ent. VI. 260. subsp. hibernica, Steph. (1829) Jd. III. 16. pl. 25. ab. lancea, Steph. (1829) J.c. ab. tripuncta, Curt. (1829) l.c.; H. and W., I. plt. 38, f. 16. ab. erupta, Freyer (1845) Neu. Beitr. V. 150, plt. 472. race morio, Hivers. (1842) Bull. Mosc. III. 550; Freyr. l.c. plt. 388. ssp. sachelinensis, Matsu. (1925) Jr. Coll. Agr. XV. 140. plt. 11. Tutt treats of (1) the typical haworthii: (2) hibernica the Irish form very red: (3) lancea of small size nearly uniform in coloration: (4) tripuncta both stigmata distinct and pale, and a pale patch near the sub- apical costa: (5) morio the Volga form: (6) erwpta with reniform and orbicular and with numerous other white markings. Tutt gave Freyer’s description and figure as the original of erupta, but Germar’s figure and description in 1827 was the original. ab. erupta, Germar. Ahrens’ Fn. Insect. Hur. XXI. (1827). Fie.—l.c. plt. 15. Orie. Descrrp.—“ Affinis Agrotis celtae (F'n. Eur. fasc. [V. Hb. 16) ; A. lidea, Hb. Tr.; minime, Cram. sed minor. Caput et thorax nigra, antennis setaceis. Abdominecinereum. Alae anticae atomiis cinereiis basi et ad costam adspersis, maculis ordinariis albis, fascia postica repando-dentata, squamis fuscis et maculis sagitatis nigris variegata (254) __._ THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. albida. Costa maculis aliquot albis. Ciliae nigrae, griseo-maculatae. Pagina inferior alarum anticarum nigro-fusca maculis et fusea paginae superiores. Alae posticae nigricantes, basi dilutiores, subtus concolores.”’ subsp. sachalinensis, Matsu. Jn. Coll. Agri. Sapporo. XV. 140 (1924-5). ORS Fie.—l.c. plt. XI. 16, g (a very bad indistinguishable figure in black and white). Orie. Descrip.—‘ Reniform much larger, being bifid at the veins 8 and 4, and on its outerside with a broad, oblique, fuscous patch ; at the termen in each interspace of 4 and 5 with a fuscous patch; marginal band relatively broad, and of a blackish colour; fringe yellowish, traversed by a fuscous line.”. §S. Saghalien. ee ace I am indebted to Dr. Cockayne for pointing out that ‘* Helotropha leucostivyma is congeneric with Celaena haworthei both by larval charac- ters and by genitalia.” Mannestra: (Ochs. and Tr. 1816) Hb. (1822) Tr. (1825). - The genus name Mamestra was proposed by Ochs. and Tr. in 1816 (Schm. TV. 76) but not described. In 18%5 Treit. (Schm. V(2), 127) described the genus quite fully. But in 1822 (Verz. 214) Hubner had adopted the genus name and described it briefly (but imnden maeelyy Hence it seems that the genus should date from 1822. - One finds the utmost divergence of opinion as to the spate of this genus and the more modern systematists discard the use of it. The six species included by Tutt have been shifted alps singly or in groups in at least 14 different genera. In 1816 Ochs. and Tr. proposed the following species for Magee: —pisi, splendens, oleracea, suasa, aliena, abjecta (nigricans, View.), chenopodit, albicolon, brassicae, furva and persicariae (Schm. IV. p. 76). In 1825 Treit adequately described the genus and added rubrirena the 12th species. (Schm. V(2). p. 127). But in the meantime Hubner (Verz, p. 214) in 1822 had adopted and described the genus including in it the 8 species pisi, wnanimis and leucophaea only, of which_ pist alone was in the original genus proposed by Ochs. and Tr. Hence it seems that the genus should date from Hb. (1822). Herr.-Schaff., Sys. Bearb. (1845) suppressed the name Measciae and placed the 6 spomes we are concerned with in his huge en genus Polia. * Guenée in 1852 (Noct. Wei p- 188), places about 25 species in the genus including our six species, abjecta, anceps (sordida), and albicolon” in his group II.; furva, brassicae and persicariae in his group IDDE, Stder. in 1861 (Cat. Ted. 39) places brassicae, persicariae ‘and albicolon in Mamestra, and furva, aljecta and infesta = sordida in Hadena. In 1871 (Cat. led. 101) he copied this arrangement. South in the Hntomologist Syn. List. (1884) placed the whole 6 i in the-genus Mamestra. Although his List was mainly an adaptation of Stdgr. Cat. 1871, he was no doubt influenced by the Doubleday List, THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND HEIR’ VARIETIES. (255) which British collectors of the day used almost exclusively, and accepted Mamestra as in that List. Doubleday no donbt, based his arrangement on the work of Guenée. ‘This List took the place. of Doubleday’s List and it was from it that Tutt selected his genera and species. Meyrick (Hand. 79) in 1895, did not use Mamestra, but put brassicae, persicariae and albicolon in the genus Melanchra, Hb. and the other three species in Hadena. Stdgr. in 1901 simply copied his own List of 187i. ~ In his Moth of the Brit. Is., South (I..270) in 1907, retained the 2 species. persicariae and Eitan only for Mamestra, selected abjecta, sordida and furva tor the Hama of Stephens, and brassicae he put in Barathra as Hubner had done. Pierce in the following year 1908 (Gen. Noct. 38) placed ai cu in the genus Neuria, Gn. and the other five of ‘l'utt’s species with saponariae in Mamestra remarking that from a genitalic view, Mamestra as consti- tuted by him was not separable from Apamea and all should be included with Xylophasia. Hampson, Ley. Phal. (VII. 208) in 1908, suppressed Mamestra and used the genus Trachea, (Ochs. and 'lreit) Hb. for abjecta=niyricans = oblonga, Haw., sordida=anceps and furva, placed albicolen in the Trichoclea, Grote, brassicae in Barathra, and persicariae in Polia, Ochs. and 'l'reit. Warren in Seitz in 1911 (Pal. Noct. II]. 167) placed abjecta and sordida in Parastictis, Hb., furva in Crymodes, the other three as in Hampson, the name Mamestra being, completely ignored. Meyr. Revised Brit. Lep. (1927), repeated his action of 1895. Evidently with so many diverse views we are far from stability in this group of our Noctuids. Mamestra, Ochs.-Treit. (Hb.) Treit. (1816-1822-1825), Tutt, South. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802), Hb., Stdgr., Cul., Meyr.: Polia, Ochs.-Treit. (1816-25), H.-S.: Trachea, Ochs.-Tr. (1816-25), Hb. (1822), Hamp.: Hama, Steph. (1829), South : Newria, Gn. (1841-52), Dup. (1844).] abjecta, Hb. (1818) = [niyricans, View. (1789), nec. I*b., Hb. (preoe.).]. Tutt describes Htibner’s figure, ‘“‘ Anterior wings of deep, but clear brown (almost reddish) grey, an abbreviated basal transverse line and a complete one in contact with the inner edge of the orbicular, both double; a short dark (black) longitudinal streak under base of median nervure, orbicular distinct, reniform outlined in white (lightish); an oblique line from costa to median nervure between stigmata; a wavy transverse line just beyond reniform, followed by four (five) short longitudinal wedge-shaped spots. The dark longitudinal mark under the “stigmata in Newman’s figure.(Dritish Moths, p. 298) is absent, The hindwing dark grey on outer edge, with pale base and indistinct (no) lunule.” The interpolations are mine from my copy of Hubner’s Noctua. ¥ gaa od (256) p - THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S. RECORD. nigricans, Vieweg. Tabell. Verz. If. 66 (1789) [placed between pist and persicariae and thus shows the relationship as interpreted by Vieweg]. Orta. Desorrp.—‘‘ Antennae, head, thorax and fore-wings are blackish. The last have a few paler transverse lines, and the usual spots depicted only very indistinctly. On the outer margin and parallel with it lies a row of dark black, separate triangular spots, and on the costa away from the apex stand four small whitish dots. The hindwings and the body are grey,” Mark Brandenburg. He refers to Fab. Sys. Hnt. 616, whose short Latin description he copies. Fab. Sys. Ins. II. 288 (1781) gives Fb. Sys. Ent. 616; Linn. Sys. Nat. XIIled. 855; and Fn. Suec. no. 1220 as references to nigricans. The description in Latin in these authors “ Alis nigricantibus, maculis ordinariis pallidioribus ” with the added comment of Linné “ fusco- nigricantes magis quam in alia ulla nostratum ; cannot refer to abjecta, Hb., 5389, (=nigricans, View.) Werneburg, Beitr. II. 215, agrees that abjecta, Hb. is nigricans, View. Many authors have mixed the nigricans, View. with the nigricans, Linn. and Fab. as did Vieweg himself, although his description is undoubtedly that of abjecta, Hb. The nigricans of the other early authors are emphasised “ black” and have no triangular black spots in the submargin. Treit. Schm. V(1). 141, puts nigricans, View. under fumosa, Hb. =nigricans, L. in Hn, S, and again on p. 186 under aethiops =nigricans, Hb. touches on this intricate complex in the application of the name nigricans by Linn., Schiff., Fab., Esp., de Vill., View., Hb., and Ochs. Then in l.c. V(2). he very exhaustively and clearly states the case with the following results.—I. That the nigricans, Schiff. and Fab., Illiger, Gotze and Rossi belongs to famosa. Il. That nigricans, Hsp. goes best with frumosa and is much too small for abjecta. III. That nigricans, Linn. agrees less with abjecta than with fumosa. Treit goes on to say that he cancels his citation of nigricans, View. to fumosa as held by Ochsenheimer, and confirms the citation to abjecta, Hb. 5389, noting that nigricans, Schiff. is cited to abjecta, in error. Stephens, Jl. II. 198, describes and figures, plt. XXIV. 2, nigricans, which he ascribes to Vieweg. The figure is a very fair representation of our ordinary obscurely marked abjecta. There is a blue mother-of- pearl sheen on all 8 figures on the plate, which no doubt is not intended. Wood’s figure of nigricans (after Steph.) is a very poor unrecog- nisable one. Jndew, plt. XII., f. 254. Freyer, Nev. Beitr. II. 92, calls attention to the many authors who have used the name nigricans, which, as Treitschke had stated after full examination, that abjecta, Hb. 539 and nigricans, View. referred to the same species, and that the other authors’ nigricans, should be referred to frumosa and aethiops, the nigricans, Hb. 709. Hampson, J.c. 208, identifies niyricans, View. as this species as well as the oblonya, Haw. Lep. Brit., 188 (1809). As the name nigricans is not available, he uses oblonya, Haw. as the prior specific name. In this last action he is followed by Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. but not by Meyr. in using oblonya as the name of this species. SPEC FAT. iN ye. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S., F.R.H.S. VOL. XLIV. (new series) (1932.) The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. to Science) with: two pier isks. t : : : PAGE The following Lists of mere names are not indexed. List of Coleoptera, in a Willow Swamp in Windsor Forest, 5-6; at Fontainbleau and not in Windsor Forest, 35; pests of basket willow, 47; both in Windsor and _ Fontainebleau - Forests, 35; new last year in Devonshire, 150; attracted to burnt, areag, 36; harmful in both “Windsor and _ Fontainebleau ’ Forests, 36; taken by sweeping. ; at Slapton and. Hallsand, Devon 151 COLEOPTERA... Abax striola.. ... oes Taye oll Acupalpus elegans... .. .. 147 Agabus arcticus Biter Res ea hh bipustulatus stone Caio ots oo 151 chalconatus she sf ve LBL melanarius Ea emeltonl Agapanthia asphodel S50 ser Ok eardui is bs 56,- 8k Alaeocharinae Beovebs re sd OE Ga biiag boul Amara strenua Wee we RAT Anthicidae .. eer stryke Anthicus Aatherinvs ie Pe 6 Aphodius sticticus .. i sear 8 Apion urticarium. .. 5 .. 151 Atheta she <2 oe sfersah yo atramentaria a wi .. 150 clientula .. se Se -. 151 “euryptera .. ae .. 150 flavipes (halobrectha) oe .. 150 graminicola is 56 .. 151 sulcifrons ... phat ote 50) Kill vestita .. is ive .. 151 Bagous argillaceus :< Er .. 148 Baris scolopacea _... Ve .. 148 Berosus spinosus » .. ae «~-L47 Blaps mucronata ... ste sent? STA CHELY ETA, cc. ow seu these 1h 1s eon Byctiscus betulae . .~ ts .. 148 Byturusfumatus .. as SiGe) ‘tomentosus pe [os GRR Stee. The other orders arranged by Species. Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new Calodera aethiops... riparia Carabidae _.. Carabus auratus violaceus Cephennium edmondsi pallida _. Cerambycidae Cetonia hirtella ne palustre rufulus : Choleva nigricans . Chrysomela cerealis Chrysomelidae Cicindela germanica hybrida _. Coccinella bipunctata Coecinellidae Corymbites purpureus Crepidodera ventralis Cryptocephalus aureolus Cryptohypnus dermestoides ab. 4-cuttatus : Cryptophagidae Curculionidae. : Dasytes plumbeus (oculatus) Dermestes lardarius : Emus hirtus.. Ba Enicmus transversus Huconnus hirticollis Gabrius nigritulus .. pennatus. .. Geotrupes Gnorimus nobilis variabilis. .. Gyrinidae Ae Gyrinus elongatus .. urinator . Haemonia mutica -v. curtisi O10 appendiculata .. Helophorus laticollis Hydrophilidae Ipidae 0 . Laccobius nigriceps, Larinus sternus ... Lathrydiidae ale 72; ii. SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE PAGE Lema erichsoni es Ae .. 151 | Strangalia armata .. ae LAS puncticollis (cyanella) .. -. 151 aurulenta . ae . 42 Leptura aethiops .. Se -. 57 | Strophosomus retusus 151 Lionychus quadrillum 3¢ .. 150 | Telephoridae.. 3 ae gq) ls ab. bipunctatus .. 50 .. 150 | Telephorus rustica .. Be 56, 57 ab. unicolor ib .. 150 | Toxotus meridianus : 43 Longitarsus pellucidus 50 -. 6 | Trechus fulvus (lapidosus).. 151 Lycidae 30 Sc O6 .. 31 | Trichius fasciatus .. 74 Malachius aeneus .. 30 .. 66 | Trichodes alvearius.. 57 elegans... ot Se .. 151 | Tricopterygidae 6 marginellus a ae .. 151 | Trichopteryx 5 viridis ae Bic 36 an. Gt fratercula .. i of 6 vulneratus.. 30 ne .. 148 Medon YO RROD Mi AOR ETE DIPTERA. pectiniventris ae ae .. 151 | alneti, Didea : 123 Melanophthalma fuscula .. .. 6 | anthracina, Psilota.. 93 Melanotus vittatus .. 50 .. 57 | Asilidae 00 i) Meligethes morosus.. ba .. 86 | bipunctatus, Sargus.. ae oe 42 Meloé brevicollis .. ete .- 72 | bisignatus, Therioplectes 37,38, 39 Melolontha vulgaris a8 56, 72 | borealis, Therioplectes 2. SFT Metabletus foveatus (foveolus) .. 150 | borussica, Hydrotaea 123 ab. unicolor Bie 50 .. 150 | bovinus, Tabanus 38 Micrambe villosa .. a -. 9 | cristatus, Trichopticus, Lophosceles 123 Mordellidae .. es Sc on. & Chrysozona eee oners) 37 Mylabris variabilis .. ts .- 74 | Chrysops a 38 Necrophorus mortuorum .. .. 56 | cryptarum, Eristalis 123 Nitidulidae .. bid a .. 6 | discolor, Bombylius ; 55 Oberea oculata A eh Bo) os) distinguendus, Therioplectes 39 Olibrus aeneus ai an .. 6 | fasciolatum, Chrysotoxum.. 57 Othius laeviusculus. . the .. 150 | ferruginea, Coclomyia 50 aan (5 Oxypoda maritima .. oe .. 150 | festivum, Chrysotoxum .. 55, 73 nigrocincta oe 50 .. 6 | ferox, Echinomyia a 123 salictaria .. a ae .. 65 | flavidipennis, Chor tophila, Delia, Paederus fuscipes .. Sa .. 150 Nudaria .. : -. 122, 181 riparius .. & .. 150 | floralis, Nemorilla .. . 10 Pagodus luridipennis 40 .. 147 | glaucescens, Fannia 123 Phalacridae .. 5 tee 6 | glaucopis, Tabanus 123 Philonthus bimaculatus oe -. 150 | glaucus, Tabanus 37 varius ¢ 00 .. 150 | grisea, Hammomyia : 123 Phyllopertha horticola .. -. 937 | Haematopota= Chrysozona 37 Polystichus connexus So .. 147 | haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga 122 Proteinus macropterus -.. -- 5 | heterobia, Rhabdophaga 47 Pselaphidae .. Soaks Hylephila 122 Psilothrix cyaneus (nobilis) -. 151 | infumata, Platypeza oSpohee BB2 ab. viridis . a ots .. 151 | intermedia, Didea .. as -. 123 Pyrochroa coccinea. . oo .. 131 | irritans, Hydrotaea.. oe 123 serraticornis ie oe .. OV | italicum, Chrysotoxum 57 Pythidae ee be .. 6 | laternarius, Ischyrosyrphus 122 Rhinosimus planirostris 5c -- 6 | latifrons, Sarcophila 122 Rhynchites germanicus .. .. 151 | Lophosceles=Tricopticus .. 123 Scarabaeidae aa Oo -- 6 | linearis, Dioctria : .. 122 Scopaeus abbreviatus -. 151, 162 meridionalis (sudeticus SSp.), minutus .. -.. o0 -. 150 Tabanus ae oe 38 ryel.. 3 DC 30 .. 150 | miki, Tabanus ms 3c 37 Seydmaenidae o6 ne -. 6 | modesta, Helomyza o6 .. 122 Selatosomus cruciatus A -- 35 | montanus, Therioplectes .. 37, 39 Silpha obscura 30 3c .. 73 | morissii, Beris OG od .. 122 thoracica .. a6 0 .. 72 | mussitans, Arctophila ar ion -b} Silphidae a Ste aye 6 | neilseni, Ernestia 122 Spondylis buprestoides ais .. 35 | obtusa, Hylephila Se see} Staphylinidae 2c wa 5, 48 | perplexus (sudeticus var.), Tabanus Stenichnus .. ate Be -. 162 38, 39 pusillus .. 50 ee -- 150 | personata, Hylephila .. 122 pipiens, Syritta a ae 56 SPECIAL plebejus, Atylotus .. ee oc ribesii, Syrphus at a0 ribis, Macrophya .. oe ruficauda, Neoleria .. 5 rufipalpis, Phaonia .. - rustica, Dexia a ae aie rusticus, Machimus.. wea ae sponsa, Hylephila : solstitialis, Therioplectes .. fos sudeticus, Tabanus .. 38, Tabanus (idae) 13, 37, 38, terranovae, Protocalliphora tessellata, Empis oa Tricopticus (Lophosceles) -. tropicus, Therioplectes — Trypetidae .. ae : HYMENOPTERA. anomala, Cryptopimpla Apanteles Aprostocetus.. cg arvensis, Mellinus Bf Belonogaster. . : bellicosus, Cremastus bifasciatus, Allantus Chaleididae .. 30 clavellatus, Microterys .. consobrinus (hortorum var.), Bom- bus. ote corruptor, Gelis, Pezomachus Cynipides Ce 38, 76, 32. enodis, Arge .. i 57, epigonus, Pleurotropis aie *filicornis, Ecrizotes aks flavicornis, Tenthredella .. flavus, Acanthomyops fuliginosus, Acanthomyops fusca, Formica ; bs fuscus, Pezomachus ae gerstaickeri, Bombus geryonis, Apanteles.. oc gibbus, Sphecodes .. Se gigas, Sirex .. 129, glabaria (fusca ab.), “Formica Habrocytus .... ce ec Halticoptera oc Zé hattorfiana, Andrena ae 56, hessae, Andrena .. ae tr hirsuta, Ammophila aa 30 hortorum, Bombus .. ue ans hypnorum (meridiana), Bombus 50, Ichneumonidae AG Oc oc ignita, Chrysis So ae 26 instabilis, Gelis, Pezomachus 06 lapidarius, Bombus.. laterale (quatuor-lobum), Proanthi- dium : an ae a laticeps, Halictus .. : oe latreillellus = subterraneus ligniperdus, Camponotus .. longicornis, Eucera.. : luteus, Ophion ah : cc maculipennis, Arthrotylus ie INDEX. ili. PAGE magdalenae, Lissonota Ct meridiana=hypnorum .. 55 Meteorus 45 -- 40 muraria, Chalicodoma ..56, 57, T2 niger, Acanthomyops ep co ig, parietum, Odynerus 73 perplexa, Alloxysta.. 86 pictus, Odynerus 57 Pireninae .. 5 86 polytomus, Diprion | 72 pratense, Formica .. So Bil pratorum, Bombus .. ee 56, 57 pyrrhogaster, Micromelus . . 86 quatuor-lobum = laterale 72 roesellae, Tetrastichus 86 rufa, Formica 86 Sabulosa, Ammophila 72 sanguinea, Formica 56 scrimshiranus, Bombus 56 solitaria, Tenthredella oT stigma, Tenthredopsis 4 73 subterraneus (latreillelJus) Bombus 57 sylvarum, Bombus .. 57, 72 tarsalis, Lamprotatus so SE. temula, Tenthredella a7, 72 vernalis, Lissonota . so UG vestalis, Psithyrus .. 56 viaticus, Anoplius, Pompilus 13 LEPIDOPTERA. List of Lepidoptera, in Kabylia in 1931, 12, 90; from Surrey and Sussex, 15; pests of the basket willow, 47; from Salonica 1918- 19, 61; Seitz additions to forms of British species, 65; Noctuids of which notes are wanted, 94; in Mosley's ‘‘Illustrations,’’ 102, ‘124, 135; Rhopalocera in the Pulborough area, 127; British Psychides, 134; alpine forms of, Bulgaria, 146; butterflies with lethargic pupae, 159 ; immi- grant species for special observa- tion and note ab .. 162 abbreviata, Hupithecia .. 45 abdelkader, Satyrus His dts abietella, Doryctria Oe Abraxas ac 50 65 OE **Acentra .. ae “ 97, 134 achilleae, Zygaena .. 58, 73, 138 actaea, Satyrus, Nytha 149 actaeon =acteon -. 66 acteon, Thymelicus 60, 66 adippe=cydippe .. ..08, 69, 77 adonis = thetis oe 56 60 advena, Mamestra .. 95 advenaria, Cepphis, Epione aa ek aegeria, Pararge 2, 12, 41, 61, 69, 76, 90, 92 Aegeriidae .. ec ate bo) MG: aegon, Plebeius 50 40, 65 aesculi (error) =esculi oc . 149 aestiva (medonab.), Plebeius, Aricia 96 7 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE aestivalis(dispar oars aest.), Chiyso, phanus .. 79 aestivaria (strigata), Hemithea Aone) aetherie, Melitaea .. ee ee amIOS, aethiops, Erebia .. ite peeling) agestis=medon ‘ 60, 96 aglaia, Argynnis .. so BS. BY) Agriades ae me a 50) 2 Agrotidae .. sia he .. 164 ala, Melitaea.. 120 alba (rhamni ab. ? i eee 138 albula, Nola .. oe lls albidice (daplidice ab. Np Pontia. .. 7 albicillata, Mesoleuca Se se OS albiluna (fasciuncula ab.), Miana, Oligia ae aie Oe albipuncta, Leucania Ene oo | eB albovenosa, Arsilonche .. ogi lld) albulata, Perizoma . a0 on BS aleeae, Erynnis ke go) @Y) aleyone =fagi, Satyrus, Nytha ae eS algirica (aetherie ssp.), Melitaea .. 58 algirica (semele ssp.), Hipparchia.. 8 alligata=fasciata .. a so) BY allionia (statilinus race), Satyrus.. 149 alpestrella, Bankesia = .. 118 alpestris (achilleae ssp.), Zygaena.. 138 alpestris (didvyma race), Melitaea.. 139 alpina (enpmosine ¢ r.), Brenthis, Boloria .. ; so Ualeh, as alsines, Caradrina .. sages 55 alternata, (sociata), Hpirrhoé, Melanippe, Xanthorhoé ..25, 56, 85 Alucitidae = Pterophoridae. . 5 eR alveus, Hesperia sis se oo &) amphidamas, Loweia ae So es anceps (trepida), Notodonta do 1s anglica (meliloti race), ee 50 J1ByS angustana=cruciana 63 anka (euphrosyne r.), “Boloria, Brenthis .. 120 answina. (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis, Boloria Ae i lela ile anthrax = nigroviridescens.. oo fs antiopa, Huvanessa. . 56 -, 08 antiqua, Orgyia 8 a8 cree ra) apenning (euphrosyner.), Brenthis, Boloria .. AD 111, 112, 121 spline te, Brenthis, Boloria 119, 120 apicella, Coleophora is .. 66 apollo, Parnassius .. te 73, 120 arcanoides, Coenonympha... 8, 92 Arctiidae .. oo OS 4 argiades, Everes .. Se 59) 13 argiolus, Lycaenopsis 8.41, 59, A a 69, 73, 92 Argynnis .. ‘ee ae ‘.. 110 argyrognomon, Plebeius dé .. 40 Aricia.. : 50 a6 jo) OP arion, Lycaena OG 5d nOO Aspitates .. “bo 66 astrarche=medon -. Si 31, 65 atalanta, Pyrameis 2, 58, 75, 92, 93, 130, 156, 157, 167, 168 PAGE athalia, Melitaea 14, 27, 30, 72, 80, 112, 140, 141 atomaria, Kmaturga ac se Se atrata, Odezia, Tanagra .. 10; 773 atropos, Manduca 41, 62, 160, 163, 164 aurana, Laspeyresia af Bion AE aurantiaca (rhamni ab. 3 ) Gonep- teryx ; . 2 1387 aurea (napi ab. ), Pieris... =< O0- aureliaeformis (britomartis Tavs js Melitaea é .28, 29, 140: aurelia = parthenie, Bor h. , Melitaea 27, 28, 29, 30, 80, 140 auresiana (cydippe =adippe 8sp.), Argynnis ©.. “96 oe OS Mn auricoma, Acronicta 52 sa YE aurinia, Melitaea 2, 15, 30, 58; -79, 81, 84, 138 ausonia (belia), Anthocharis a 12, 5, 76, 92 australaria ~ higetegiaasieye ae yeegs Boarmia .. “oo ae .. 46 automate (phileta=monuste ssp.); Piefis oc be -. 48 autumnata, Oporinia - 163! avis, Callophrys .. 55 YfSy 282 baeticus, Spilothyrus oc =. 09 baleanica: (ottomana ssp.), Hrebia 166 ballus, Thestor 59, 75, 76, 92 Bankesia .. 117 **basidistincta (vestigialis ab.), - Agrotis ~-. <2 130 basistriata (auricoma ab.), Acronicta 95 basisuffusa (croceus ab.), Colias .. 157 batavus (dispar ssp.), Chrysophanus ua batis, Thyatira baton= vicrama, Seolitantides, Turanana’ < 5 at 59, 81 baumanniana, " Chlidonia Je zs. 83 belemia, Anthocharis Up Woe 09, 90, -91, 149 eee f, L270, 1605 (Ose bellezina’ (tagis ssp.), Anthocharis 81 bellargus=thetis . .15, 59, 149 berisalii (deione r.), “Melitaea 140, 141. belia Sausonia betulae, Ruralis, Bre 2, 13 betularia, Biston .. .. 25 bicolor, Leucodonta:. 3, 161 bicolorana, Hylophila 83, 128 bicoloria = furuncula 50 so dIEE) bidentata, Gonodontis 2 Hb es Bijugis 3 20 97, 133, Ae biligaita =striata 89 bilineata, Euphyia, Camptogramma 25, 70, 86 bilunafia, Selenia -.. v, SQE ZO! bimaculata, Bapta’.. ~ —.. Sea binaevella, Homoeosoma .. ‘3,°' 26 binaria, Drepana ~:. ; lds bioculata, (jurtina ab.), Epinephele 128 bipupillata (aegeria ab.), Pararge.. - 61 bipupillata (megera ab.), Pararge.. 61 biselata, Ptychopoda 25, 66 bisetata =biselata ~.. <.) 926) 366 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE bistortata, Ectropis, Boarmia 45, 70 blandiata, Perizoma ~ i 25 Boarmia . 163 boeticus, Lampides .. eo) Boloria (Brenthis) bs dic LG bombycella, PRUE -.. 135 bowerella, Masonia . . 119 bractea, Plusia 24 bradyporina (leporina ab.), Acronicta 84 brassicae, Mamestra oe 23, 94 brassicae, Pieris 11, 12, 23, 69, 75, 76, 83, 88, 89, 90, 130, 156 bremeri, Parnassius ; 120 Brenthis = Boloria ue 110 britomartis, Melitaea 28, 29, 70, 71, 72, 140 briseis, Satyrus, Hipparchia 8, 111 brogotarus (pales r.), Boloria, Brenthis a ae so Ne) Bruandia : of Be xo) 1S} brunnea (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia .. 158 brunnea (lucens ab.), Hydroecia .. 158 brunnea-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia brunnea-albo (iucensab.), Hydroecia bryoniae (napi subsp.), Pieris bucephala, Phalera . burdigalensis (dispar —rutilus ab. ), Chrysophanus bureschi (lucernea ssp.), Agrotis caecilia (ida r.), Epinephele - caerulea (icarus ab.), Polyommatus caeruleocephala, Diloba, Bia caesiata, Entephria.. caia, Arctia .. . 4, 65, 69, 84, c-album, Polygonia .. 15, 58, calidonica (achilleae r.), Zygaena.. calidonensis (purpuralisr.),Zygaena caliginosa, Acosmetia : dy callunae (quercus f.), Lasiocampa ealodactyla, Platyptilia 63, calynda (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis, Boloria.. oe camelina, Lophopteryx 6 caniola, Lithosia .. 8, canteneri (rumina ab.), Zerynthia, Thais capsophila, Dianthoecia ae "-doubledayaria(betularia b.), Biston 30 peehee ain, Isturgia cardamines, Huchloé 2, 7, 30, 60, cardui, Pyrameis 2, 12, 13, 41, 58, 75, 76, 90, 92, 128, 130, 156, ‘157, 161, 167, carlinella, Metzneria : ar carmelita, Lophopteryx a carpinata, Nothopteryx 44, carpophaga, Dianthoecia 130, **carsicola(parthenie=parthenoides r.), Melitaea castanea, Noctua castrensis, Malacosoma catax, Eriogaster cataleuca (brassicas ab.), Pieris 97, 101, 119 . 116 82 v. PAGE celadussa (athalia 7.), Melitaea .. 140 celtis, Libythea as Sobis Tas aOR: Celerio 163, 164 centaureata, Hupithecia oo (slay centum-notata (truncata ab.), Dysstroma. . oa de cesarea, Diacrisia so chariclea, Brenthis, Boloria q Jil) chaonia, Drymonia . . 82 charlonia, Euchloé .. 7 chenopodiata(mensuraria, limitata), Ortholitha.. eo PADy (3)q (S15) chi, Polia Be 5 gil Chlidanotidae 3 He Ogu Gul chlorosata, (petraria), Lithina, Lozogramma 26, 70 christyi, Oporinia . 163 chrysanthemana, Cnephasia 27 chrysorrhoea = phaeorrhoea 65 cinctaria, Boarmia .. aac eee el) cinerea, Euxoa, Agrotis .. 72, 164 cinarae, Hesperia ah o6 LAG cinxia, Melitaea NO 2 he circellaris, Amathes : 24, 160 citraria =ochrearia .. a 6G clathrata, Chiasmia ae Open 6 cleopatra, Gonepteryx ee CUS e-nigrum, Noctua a Re eo: coerulata (impluviata), Hydriomena “25 cognata, Procris Wie disk, i), Oe Colias. . ; Mal .. 145 Coleophora (Eupistia) 66 comes,, Agrotis egy eh: comma, (Adopaea) Urbicola 61, 149 comma-notata areas ab.), Dysstroma 10 complana, Lithosia. . 15 conigera, Leucania . 24 consonaria, Boarmia 26 conspersa, Dianthoecia og) hE conspicillaris, Melanchra, Xylomiges be sy conspurcatella, Bankesia 117, 118 constancella, Psyche ao, CR convolvuli, Agrius, Herse .. 41, 164 cordigera, Anarta ae ge OI coridon, Polyommatus 15, 31, 65, 66, 111, 149, 161 corticana, Argyroploce, Paedisca 63, 177 corticea, Agrotis, Huxoa 23, 164 corydon =coridon OG corylata, Huphyia 25, 85 Cossidae 5% so.) G5; crameri= belia Rive A Cy UB crataegella, Scoparia 26 craetaegi, Aporia oo (Ae crenana, Hucosma, Epiblema 63, 177 cribraria, Coscinia .. co Bil cise ETE, Hydroecia 24, 146 croceago, Xantholeuca 82 croceus (edusa), Colias 2, 7, 12, 15, 41, 76, 92, 130, 145, 156, 157 crocogrammos (a in error) =lineolea 66 cruciana (angustana), Hucosma .. 63 vi. SPECIAL PAGE eruda, Taeniocampa 69 eucubali, Dianthoecia : 23 culiciformis, Synanthedon.. eal, cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 58, 69, 177 cyllarus, Glaucopsyche 56, 59,73, 81 ¢eynosoma open” r.), Brenthis, Boloria .. : sa II, 120) cynthia, Samia .. 164 dagestanica (euphrosyne r) Bren- this, Boloria . .. 120 daphne, Brenthis, Boloria. . 110 daplidice, Pontia .. a Up Si defoliaria, Hybernia 157 defoliella, Bankesia.. oe 50 IVS deione, Melitaea ..98, 81, 140 dejonella (deione 7.), Melitaea 140 delius = phoebus : Be .. 120 densoi (Un TESRIES., r.), Brenthis, Boloria c a0 .. 112 dentina =nana ; oe derasa=pyritoides .. is $6 OD derivata (nigrofasciaria), Anticlea, Coenotephria .. re > TW, 13) deserticola (didyma r.), Melitaea .. 58 desertorum(belemia?r.),Anthocharis 7 desfontainii, Melitaea no Bs} destrigata (defoliaria ab.), Erannis, Hybernia A ao IST dia, Brenthis, Boloria 112, 114 diamina (dictynna), Melitaea 70, 71, 73, 80, 139 dictynna=diamina 70, 71, 73, 80, 139 didyma, Melitaea 58, 92, 112, 120, 139 didyma, Hadena, Apamea.. so La diJutata—nebulata .. 163 dimidiata, Ptychopoda 25 discobolus, Parnassius 120 dispar, Chrysopbanus ae 79 distincta (belemia ab.), Anthocharis 7 divergens (athalia Gp.), Melitaea.. 14 dolobraria, Plagodis, Hurymene 25, 85 dominula, Callimorpha .. gg dls dorilis, Heodes 3 soils WA We dorylas (hylas), Polyommatus 72 dorsana, Laspeyresia 83 doubledayaria = carbonaria 25 douglasella, Bankesia 118 Drepanidae oc 4 dubitalis, Scoparia .. 26 ~duplana, Evetria 83 duplaris, Palimpsestis 38 duponcheli, Leptosia Be age edt **durmitorensis(ottomanar.),Hrebia 166 edusa = croceus 2, 7, 12, 76, 92, 145 edwardsella, Masonia 3 118 efformata, Anaitis . ; eli) egea, Polygonia 58, 81, 92 egerides (aegeria ssp.), Pararge 69 electo, Colias ; om Seale elpenor, Pergesa 30 . 164 eleus (phlaeas f.), Rumicia 59 elinguaria, Crocallis 25 elpenor, Eumorpha, Pergesa 3, 156, 164 emigrisea (brassicae ab.), Pieris .. 89 INDEX. PAGE **eminens (euphrosyne r.), Bren- this, Boloria bis eS Epicnopterix, ygidae 133, 134 epiphron, Erebia ne LOT Erebia 58, 167 erina, Erebia 166, 167 unr, Erebia 166, 167 **erinnyn=erinna .. Ae Jory erythroides (purpuralis r.), Zygaena 158 erythromelas, Eugonia : 58 esculi (ilicis ssp.), Strymon (aeseuli inerror) .. .. 149 eugenia, Brenthis, Boloria.. 110 eumedon, Aricia .. 74 eupheno, Euchloé, Anthocharis 1, 75, 76, 92 euphenoides, Anthocharis, Euchloé 81 euphorbiae, Celerio . 164 euphrosyne, Brenthis, Boloria 56 69, 84, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, Ug). 120, 141 Kupista = Coleophora oo We, euryale, Erebia 14, 167 EHurymus : .. 145 eurytheme, Cclias 172, 174 Buxoa be .. 164 evagore, Teracolus é Ht eT evanescens (belemia ab.), Antho- charis Bee ih eversmanni, Parnassius 120 evlas, Erebia ae 167 exigua, Laphygma .. eh so. Late exoleta, Calocampa.. 24, 43, 44, 160 on ae (spadicearia = ferrugata b.), Xanthorhoé, Coremia .. 158 ee Zygaena .. 21, 99 fagi (aleyone), Satyrus, Nytha 8 fagi, Stauropus : Temes falloui (belemia r.), Anthocharis .. 7 fascelina, Dasychira ne 16, 101 fasciana, Krastria Ae 24 fasciata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89 fasciata (carpinata ab.), Psa ae 44 fasciuncula, Miana, Oligia.. 145 tatua, Satyrus, Nytha 8 fausta, Zygaena 163 favicolor, Leucania .. 13 favillaceana, Capua 27 feisthamelii (podalirius ft), Papilio 91 fernestrella, Thyris .. : 72 ferchaultella, Luffia 119 ferrugalis, Scopula, Pionea 24, 26, 156 ferrugata = spadicearia 158 fervida, (rhamni ab.), Gonepteryx 138 fervida (rubi ab.), Callophrys 92 festucae, Plusia 50 Mie 24 festiva, Poecilonota. . af oii ata) festiva (hebe), Eucharia 82 fettigii, Coenonympha 8 Fidonia A By on WE filipendulae, Zygaena ..15, 26, 85 fimbria, Triphaena .. oe bo e) fingal (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis, Boloria 114, 115, 119, 121 SPECIAL PAGE firmata, Thera . .. 101 flammea (piniperda), Panolis so tH flammea (empyrea), Rhizotype .. 83 7 flava (daplidice ab.), Pontia be flava (thaumas, linea), Adopaea 60, 69, 145 flava (lutea), Xanthia ae .. 24 flavago=lutea ad ts .. 24 flavicinctata, Entephria .. .. 64 flavicornis, Polyploca .43, 44, 69 flavidior (simplonia ab. ), Antho- charis ie . 1 flavomacula (caja ab. ), Aretia flavopicta (brassicae ab.), Pieris 88, 89 floslactata (remutaria), Acidalia .. 25 fluctuata, Xanthorhoé ae Aga tela) fluctuosa, Palimpsestis .. eke yo fluviata=obstipata .. 25, 62 foenella, Eucosma .. 2 chiagy etek fontis, Bomolocha .. ae 16, 24 forficellus, Scbhoenobius .. 26 fortunata (jurtina ssp.), Epinephele 8 freija, Brenthis, Boloria 114, 119 frigga, Brenthis, Boloria 119 fritillaum, Hesperia . ae .. 150 fuciformis, Hemaris, Haemorr- hagia .. 164 fucosa, Hydroecia .. 146, 158 fucosa-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia 158 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia .. 1B), Bll fulvata, Cidaria si = Ree fulvocincta (jurtina ab.), Epinephele Fumea, eidae . 97, 118, 133, furuncula (bicoloria), ieee Oligia fuscalis, Botys are ao 2 fuscantaria, Ennomos : 161 gulathea, Melanargia 8, 30, “48, 61, 146 galiata, Epirrhoé .. 25, 130 gamma, Plusia 24, 85, 128, 130, 156, 157, 167 gardeina (pronoé r.), Hrebia 165 gemina, Apamea .. a6 a Pa) gemmaria=—rhomboidaria .. 26, 46 geniculeus, Crambus Fr erp OU Geometridae. . ee ae serie) germanica, Fumea .. 119 glauce (belemia ssp.), Anthocharis 7 globulariae, Procris 17, 18,19, 21, 62 glyphica, Kuclidia .. : 85 gothica, Taeniocampa : 44, 85 gothicina (gothica ab.), “Taenio- campa HA 26 44, 45 grevillana = staintoniana ae 63 grisea-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia 158 grisea (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia 158 grisealis, Zanclognatha .. Leos nat griseopicta (brassicae ab.), Pieris.. 89 griseothoracea (tiliae ab.), Mimas 30 grossulariata, Abraxas 130 guenéei (nickerlii ssp.), Apamea, Palluperina 79 **hagegarti (chomboidaria ab, 3) Boarmia .. are 5 .. 46 INDEX. vii. PAGE halterata (hexapterata), Lobophora 57, hamza, Adopaea .. So OU) hansii (statilinus ab.), Satyrus, Nytha AA aif ae Sie eet) hastata, Hulype if a8 25, 70 hebe = festiva De as oo Se hectus, Hepialus' .. .. 26 hegemone, Brenthis, Boloria 119, 120 helvetica (pseudathalia), Melitaea 80, 140 Hepialidae .. ibis 26, 95 herbariata, Ptychopoda 50 aoe Bi) Hesperiidae Me ea ae hd ue) hibernicella, Masonia : go ght hippothoé, Heodes .. : bee hippocastanaria, Pachynemia dee nal) Hirsutina .. =e See 2 hispana, Polyommatus .. 149 hirtaria, Lycia, Biston 44, 45 holingreni (defoliaria ab.), Hrannis, Hybernia .. 157 humiliata (osseata), Ptyehopoda isis humuli, Hepialus .. ae =. 89, hyale, Colias.. i 7, 74, 146, 156 hylas (dorylas), Polyommatus .. 72 hyperantus, Aphantopus 65, 69, 90, 146 ‘iberica (aurinia r.), Melitaea .. 68 iberica (querctis r.), Strymon, Zephyrus .. 59 icarus, Polyommatus 3, 15, ‘31, 57, 58, 59, 69, 76, 92, 161 ida, Epinephele atl ae aH 8 ilicis, Strymon, Thecla_ .. aig BR) imitaria, Acidalia .. 16 **imitatrix iparthenie = partheno- ides r.), Melitaea . , 29, 140 immaculata (arion ab.), pels ao (ol) immorata, Acidalia.. Pa den ees impluviata =caerulata 60 nee incerta, Taeniocampa ae .. 44 ines, Melanargia .. NG aN 8 iners (suspecta), Dyschorista dow eee! infra-fasciata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89 intacta (sordida ab.), Mamestra .. 94 interjecta, Triphaena dc PP) intermedia (aegeria r.), Pararge .. 8 intermedia-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia.. .. 158 interrogationis, Plusia go MO) interscindana, Toebeyrcsls 53, 54 io, Vanessa .. : : 2,058, 69 Tolana ate a ae co BY iota, Plusia .. a6 .. 24 iphioides, Coenonympha .. 149 irrorella, Endrosa, Philea .. i}, ) Ble isabellae, Graellsia .. 164 ismenias, Plebeius .. fs ego jacobaeae, Hipocrita 3c 4, 84 janira =jurtina 56 36 .. 145 janiroides, Hpinephele .. aaintaiites japygia =russiae ae .. 149 jaspidea, Valeria .. ab .. 83 jerdoni, Brenthis, Boloria .. aoe a Li) viii. SPECIAL PAGE juniperana, Laspeyresia -. 55 jurtina (janira), Epinephele 2, 8, : 69, 90, 128, 142, 145 kamtschadalis (euphrosyne 7.), Brenthis, Boloria.. a 5q- Al kijevana (purpuralis 7.), Zygaena.. 158 lacertinaria, Drepana 4 lachesis, Melanargia 149 lactearia, lodis : : sq 2a) lambessana (abdelkader r. ), Satyrus 8 lapideana, Argyroploce 56. Bill lapidella, Luffia 5 dS, TN) lapponaria, Poecilopsis, Nyssia 43, 45 lapponica Cane r.), Boloria, Brenthis : 114 Lasiocampidae ang 4 lathonia, Issoria ee so.) OS latruncula, Miana, Oligia .. 95, 145 lavatherae, Carcharodus .. .. 59 lentiscaria, Scodiona - : 83 leodiensis (urticae ab.), Aglais 32 leonina (dia 7.), Boloria, Brenthis 112 lepidii (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89 leporina, Acronicta . é 84 leucographa, Pachnobia 45 leucophaea, Pachetra, Luperina 15, 83 leucophaearia, Hybernia, Erannis 15, 70 leucostigma (didyma ab.), Hadena 157 ligula, Orrhodia 160, 176 ligustri, Sphinx ae oe .. 164 limitata=chenopodiata ..25,69, 85 lineola, Adopaea oe 60, 61 lineolea, Coleophora 66 Lithosia Me is z : By 9 litoralis, Leucania .. 24, 65 litura, Amathes 160 liturata, Semiothisa.. : 25 livornica, Phryxus, Celerio ‘6, 32, 41, 156, 164 lonicerae, Zygaena .. . 2, 85, 163 lorquinii, Zizera : 59 lota, Amathes a ae yeaa **lozerica (neoridas r.), Erebia 165, 166 lubricepeda (menthastri),Spilosoma —_- 4,31, 65, 69, 84 lubricepeda=lutea .. 56 4 Bly GD lucens, Hydroecia 2. 46, 158 luceria(parthenie=parthenoidesr.), Melitaea 28, 29 lucernea, Agrotis ide .. 146 lucida (rubricosaab.), Pachnobia 44, 45 luciflua (atbalia r.), Melitaea 112 Jucina, Hamearis 56 lunaria, Selenia 83 lunigera, Agrotis 15 lupulina, Hepialus . , a6 lutarella, Lithosia .. ee Be eS) lutea (flavago), Xanthia .. 24 lutea (lubricepeda), Spilosoma a, 65 lutealis, Scopula ae 26 luteolata, Opisthograptis 85 lutosa, Calamia ate soe Al Lycaeides=Plebeius 31, 40 INDEX. PAGE lychnitis, Cucullia .. .. 144 Lycaenidae, Lycaena .31, 52, 163 lyllus (pamphilus SP, ); Coenonym- ha... a6 oe Lymantriidae a ae sie aD lyssa (maera r.), Pararge... aoe ts machaon, Papilio 56, 57, 73, 91 macilenta, Amathes Bade 71: Macroglossum 65 macularia, Pseudopanthera. 25 maera, Pararge te 8 magna (deione r.), Melitaea, .. 141 **magnaclara (euphrosyne ~7.), Brenthis, Boloria.. ce . 120 magnaclara (dictynna = diamina r. + Melitaea ~ 139 mahommedani (sao =sertorius IP ine Hesperia, Powellia 93 major (briseis r.), Bani ‘Hippar- chia : 8 malvae, Hesperia 5B, 73, 74 malvoides, Hesperia 74 manni, Pieris 81 manto, Hrebia ae ae oa HET | margaritata, Campaea, Metro- campa ; ake 85, 157 marginaria, Brannis P soe TO maria (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89 marmorinaria (leucophaearia ab.), Erannis, Hybernia 70 martini, Plebeius - 5 BS) Masonia : 118, 119. mathias, Parnara See So) aid) mauretanica (ballus ssp.), Thestor 59 mauretanica (jurtina ssp.), Epine- phele . 00 os ERP aS) medon (astrarche), Plebeius, Aricia z 12, 15, 31, 59, 60, 65, 92, 96, 161 medusa, Hrebia ..d7, 73, 74 megacephala, Acronicta 85 Pararge 2, 8, 12, 65, 69, 90, 93,” 130 melanoleuca (aurinia ab.), Melitaea 138 melanops, Glaucopsyche 59, 81, 90, megera, 92, 102 melathalia (athalia Gp.), Melitaea 14 meleager, Polvommatus sears ke! meliloti, Zygaena 138, 163 Melitaea 70, 119 mendica, Diaphora. . Bs 65, 84 mendrisiota (parthenoides = par- thenie r.), Melitaea ‘ PA es) menthastri=lubricepeda 4, 31, 65, 69, 84 meridionalis (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89 meridionalis (rhamni 7r.), Gonep- teryx oo fee 7 merularia (leucophaearia ab. ‘4 Erannis, Hybernia J5 gh meticulosa, pe .. 24 mi, Euclidia . ‘ 24, 85 miata, Chloroclysta. . 44 micana, Sericoris, Areyroploce 27, 63 microdactyla, Adaina 83 SPECIAL ~ PAGE fuilhandert, Hoplites 55 Mimas 163 miniata, Miltochrista ob 31 minimus, Cupido 15, 57, 74, 82 miniosa, Taeniocampa 45 minor. (cardamines. ab.), “Buchloé 60 minor- (furuncula.. ab.), Miana, | » Oligia : ae Me og dishs) | minor (pallens av.), Leucania 139 | minor—nana (brassicae ab.) so) S| minor: (oleracea ab.), Mamestra, | Hadena ae 36 .. 138 minuscula (furuncula ab.), Miana 13y mitfordella, Masonia 119 — mnemosyne, Parnassius 73 | mohammed (proto ssp.), Sloperia. . 60 monacha, Lymantria 15 | moneta, Plusia 167 mongolien(parthenie = parthenoides r.); Melitaea oo AS 8) | montanata, Xanthorhoé 25, 85 montanella, Bankesia 5g) JSS) monuste=phileta .. 48 mucronata (plumbaria), Ortholitha, | Eubolia 25, 146 | maaeronellus, Schoenobius . gis PA | multistrigaria, Calostigia .. 44 | munda, Taeniocampa 45 mundana, Nudaria .. 4 | muralis, Metachrostis, Bryophil.. 157 | murinata, Minoa ; : 15 | muriana, Cacoecia .. 10 pecs (parthenie = parthenoides r.); Melitaea : 29 myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos 64, 101 nana (dentina), Hadena etie23) | nana (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89 nana (oleracea ab.), Mamestra 139 | nana (pallens ab.), Leucania >. 139 napi, Pieris 2, 11, 60, 69, 74, 76, 90, 91, 156 | nebulata (dilutata), Oporinia 163 | neoridas, Hrebia se ye lGa | **nestonclara (euphrosyne 1.), Brenthis, Boloria.. 112, 113, 120 | nephele (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis, | Boloria As .. 114 | neston (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis, | Boloria 111, 112, 113, 121, 141 neustria, MMaleocora te .. 116 nevadensis (deione 7.), Melitaea .. 141 nickerlii, Palluperina, Luperina .. 79 | nictitans, Hydroecia 24, 146, 158 | nictitans = crinanensis 24, 146 | nictitans (oculea 7.), Hydroecia 146 | nigerrima (galathea ab.), Melanargia 30 | nigra (orion ad.), Scolitantides 73 | nigricans, Agrotis 23 nigricaria (urticae ab.), Aglais 32 | nigricata (repandata ab.), Boarmia 16 | nigrina (meliloti ab.), Zygaena .. 138 | nigrofasciaria=derivata .. 70, 85 | nigroviridescens=anthrax (brassi- | eae ab.), Pieris ; 88 | INDEX. -niobe, Argynnis °°... niphona, Melitaea . nitida (deione r.), Melitaea Noctua, idae 9, 23, 69, 84, 95, 145, noctuella, Nomophila 24, 26, 156, nomion, Parnassius. . nostradamus, Parnara notata, Semiothisa vs 16, notha, Brephos 15, Notodontidae i aa nouna (evagore r.), Teracolus nubeculosa, Asteroscopus .. 43, nubigena (purpuralis ssp.), Zygaena nudella, Psychidea . 8), N63}, Nymphalidae 65, obelisca, Agrotis Aa obeliscata, Thera obfuscaria = myrtillata oblongata =centaureata obscura (fucosa ab.), Hydoecia obscura (oleracea oe Hadena, Mamestra .. te 54 obscura (sordida ab.), Mamestra .. obscurior (euphrosyne r.), ee Boloria ;haiaa AAA AANA ARAN A es a' @ @ AA AAAIA ~ ~~ gy | pa AAA AAAA~A~AAAAAAARAL AAS NAN AAAI ARAREARAR ANAT inal : lo’ AARAR AAA SS fa fa E SAA AR AAAAR NY AY. 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