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7 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Vol. 106 Nos 1—2

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
P.A. SOKOLOFF, eres.

Assistant Editors

J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING E.RES.

JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1994

ISSN 0013-3916

THE |
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

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JOURNAL OF VARIATION

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P.A. SOKOLOFF, r.r.£:s.

Assistant Editors
J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S.

Vol. 106
1994

CONTENTS

A.J. Wightman, a note., R. Dyson, 239

Abantis bismarki group of skipper butterflies,
with a description of Abantis bamptoni Sp.
nov. (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), S.C.
Collins & T.B. Larsen, 1

Abundance of the spring brood of Pararge
aegeria L. (Lep.: Satyridae) in S.E.
London, 1994, with a few local
observations. A.A. Allen, 150

Acritus homoepathicus Woll. (Col.:
Histeridae) at Box Hill, Surrey. J.A.
Owen, 194

Acronicta tridens Schiff. (Lep.: Noctuidae)
in South Cumbria. N.L. Birkett, 256

Additional hostplants for British
Ceutorhynchus spp. (Col.: Curculionidae).
A.A. Allen, 74

Agathomyia falleni Zett. (Dipt.:
Platypezidae) in East Kent. L. Clemons,
117

Agathomyia falleni Zett. (Dipt.:
Platypezidae): a further West Kent record.
A.A. Allen, 188

Agdistis bennettii Curtis (Lep.:
Pterophoridae) recorded inland. A.M.
Emmet, 250

Agelastica alni L. (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in
the New Forest, 1941. A.A. Allen, 188

Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae):
hibernation in first brood. B.K. West, 78

Amphipyra pyramidea L. Copper Underwing
(Lep.: Noctuidae) larvae on grape-vine.
(Vitis vinifer). M.C. Townsend, 140

Anthophora (Hym.) and Boraginaceae. C.A.
Stace, 212

Anthribus fasciatus Forster (Col.:
Anthribidae) in Somerset. R.A. Jones, 254

Aspilates gilvaria (D.&S-)(Lep::
Geometridae) and variation in the imago's
flight period, G. Clumo, 183

Athrips rancidella (H.-S.) (Lep.:
Gelechiidae) in south-west London. M.
Parsons, 232

Athroloopha pennigeraria Hbn. (Lep.:
Geometridae) in Spain. G. Clumo, 149

Bees at breakfast. J.A. Owen, 20

Beetles caught by a pitcher plant naturalised
in Highland Scotland. J.A. Owen & S.
Taylor, 103

Beetles from pitfall-trapping at high altitudes
in the Cairngorms. J.A. Owen & R.W.
Thaxton, 51

Bibio johannis L. (Dipt.: Bibionidae) in
urban London. P. Roper, 140

Blastobasis decolorella Woll. (Lep.:
Blastobasidae) new to West Suffolk. A.
Aston, 150

Book Reviews, 35, 117-118, 154-156, 256-
260

Breeding Maniola jurtina L. ab. addenda
Mosley (Lep.: Satyridae). R. Barrington,
13

Butterflies in Crete, April, 1994. P.B. Hardy,
203

Butterflies in the Hoggar Mountains,
Southern Algeria in April 1993. J.
Tennent, 21

Caloptilia robustella Jackh. (Lep.:
Gracillariidae) on Spanish Chestnut. J.M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 160

Carpelimus similis Smet. (Col.:
Staphylinidae) in $.E. London. A.A. Allen,
115

Catocala fraxini L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in
Cornwall? A. Spalding, 46

Check list of the microlepidoptera of
Carmarthenshire (VC44). S.R. Lucas, 161

Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille, the Sloe
Pug (Lep.: Geometridae) in Wales. A.M.
Riley, 35

Chloroclystis rectangulata L. The return of
the green form to north-west Kent, and a

comment on larval foodplants. B.K. West,
255

Choliva glauca Britten (Col.: Catoptidae) in
Kent. A.A. Allen, 77

Clambus gibbulus Le Conte (Col.:
Clambidae): two more West Kent records,
A.A. Allen, 190

Continued decline in melanism in Biston
betularia L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in N.W.
Kent. B.K. West, 229

Curious behaviour by Poecilocampa populi
L. (Lep.: Lasiocampidae). B.K. West, 77
Current status of the stem borer, Chilo
partellus Swinhoe. (Lep.: Pyralidae).
L.M. Mathur, 109

Dicycla oo L. the Heart Moth (Lep.:
Noctuidae) at Windsor in the 1940s. A.A.
Allen, 71

Distribution of Chazara prieuri Pierret in
Spain (Lep.: Satyridae). W.J. Tennent,
251

Distribution of Proturans (Hexapoda) in a
deciduous woodland in South Wales.
P.E. King & K.V. Aazem, 173

Dung-beetles in S.E. London. A.A. Allen, 17

Dwarfism in moths: further evidence from
Cardiganshire, mid-Wales. P.M. Miles,
79

Dyschirius angustatus Ahr. (Col.:
Carabidae): earlier Scottish finds. A.A.
Allen, 249

Eagira_ conspicillaris L. (Lep.: Noctuidae)
— observations of the behaviour of newly
hatched larvae and records of alternative
foodplants. J. Clarke, 123

Early butterfly dates in the Canary Isles.
C.A. Stace, 252

Early emergence of Spring moths. A. Aston,
116

Editorial, 260

Empis (Coptophlebia) melaena Bezzi.
(Dipt.: Empididae) in East Kent. L.
Clemons, 146

Encrusted but not encumbered — caked mud
does not necessarily impede a beetle's
ability to fly. R.A. Jones, 127

Ennomos alniaria L. (Lep.: Geometridae):
abs. destrigaria Cockayne and colcolor
Lempke in Kent. B.K. West, 72

Epiphyas postvittana Walk. (Lep.:
Tortricidae) in Cornwall. A. Spalding,
129

Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria
maritima Prout. (Lep.: Geometridae) in
Britain — an update February 1994. P.
Waring, 135

Estigmene nigricans More. (Lep.:
Arctiidae) in Bombay, 1994. G. Clumo,
193

ill

Eucosma_ pupillana Clerck. (Lep.:
Tortricidae) taken in Buckinghamshire.
G.E. Higgs. 151

Eudonia alpina Curtis. (Lep.: Pyralidae) at
low altitude. D.H. Howton, 101

Eudonia alpina (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low
altitudes in Scotland. S. Clancy, 6

Euphranta toxoneura Lowe. (Dipt.:
Tephritidae) in East Kent. L. Clemons, 84

Eupithecia icterata Vill. (Lep.:
Geometridae): larval foodplants. B.K.
West, 71

Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda and
Lymantria dispar L. in the Isle of Wight.
S.A. Knill-Jones, 28

Euplectus brunneus Grimm. (Col.:
Pselaphidae) and its status in Britain. A.A.
Allen, 171

Eurydema_ oleraceum L. (Hem.:
Pentatomidae) in 1992-93. A.A. Allen, 30

Experiences with Agrius convolvuli L.
(Lep.: Sphingidae). R. Pilcher & G.M.
Haggett, 34

Extension of range of Chloroclysta siterata
Hufn. (Lep.: Geometridae) in S.E.
England. B.K. West, 189

Fannia collini Fons. (Dipt.: Fanniidae) in
West Kent. L. Clemons, 117

Foodplants of the Privet Hawkmoth, Sphinx
ligustri L. (Lep.: Sphingidae): an
experimental study. G.W. Danahar &
R.G.W. Northfield, 47

Fruit-feeding butterflies in large numbers on
flowers. T.B. Larsen, 157

Function of tails in flight by some African
lycaenid butterflies. B.K. West, 133

Further records of Tipula helvola Loew
(Dipt.: Tipulidae) in Kent. L. Clemons,
89

Genus Apion (Col.: Apionidae) on
Woolwich Common, S.E. London. A.A.
Allen, 159

Genus Earias Hiibner, (1825) (Lepid-
optera: Noctuidae) in Britain and Europe.
B. Goater, 233

Glyphipterix simpliciella Steph. (Lep.:
Glyphipterigidae) in Scotland, M.
Harrop, 31

Goat Moth (Cossus cossus L.) (Lep.:
Cossidae) to light. R. Partridge, 74

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Egg-curry
Orcha, India, 1985. T.B. Larsen, 69

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Home
James, please. Ghana 1993. 7.B. Larsen,
112

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Managing
Hotel de France, Madagascar, 1982. T. B.
Larsen, 169

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Relics of
Empire. India, 1985. 7.B. Larsen, 146

Hazards of butterfly collecting —“Les
Papillon de Zaire” October, 1989. T. B.
Larsen, 244

Hazards of butterfly collecting -The Tampan
Ticks of Gemsbok, Botswana, 1991. T. B.
Larsen, 24

Hazards of moth collecting: diseases in
Equador. A. Spalding, 15

Hazards of moth hunting. A.J. Wightman &
P.A. Sokoloff, 141

Herminia nemoralis Feb. (Lep.: Hypeninae)
a second generation? B.K. West, 189

Hyposoter sp. of parasitoid wasp
(Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) reared
from wild larva of Reddish Buff Moth,
Acosmetia caliginosa (Lep.: Noctuidae)
from the Isle of Wight. P. Waring, 125

Identification of Cercyon alpinus Vogt.
(Col.: Hydrophilidae) and on its
occurrence in Scotland, J/.A. Owen, 181

Inachis io L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): second
generation larvae. B.K.West, 34

Incidence of Laothoe populi L. (Lep.:
Sphingidae) in north-west Kent, 1969-
1993. B.K. West, 41

Incidence of the Codling moth (Cydia
pomonella L.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in a
Sussex garden. R.C. Dening, 115

Interesting moth records from the
Peterborough area in 1992 and 1993. P.
Waring, 91

Tolaus newporti, a new species of
Lycaenidae from Nigeria (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae). T.B. Larsen, 197

Ischnoglossa turcicia Wunderle (Col.:
Staphylinidae) in Britain. J.A. Owen, 241

Large White, Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.:
Pieridae) apparently univoltine in
Banffshire, R. Leverton, 190

Larval foodplants of Pieris brassicae L.
(Lep.: Pieridae) in north-west Kent. A.A.
Allen, 50

Leaf-miners on Alnus incana. A.M. Emmet,

55

Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and
Kincardineshire — 7th Appendix. R.M.
Palmer & M.R. Young, 85

Life-cycle of a bughunter. S.N. Jacobs &
P.A. Sokoloff, 57

Lonchoptera nitidifrons Strobl. (Dipt.:
Lonchopteridae) in Greater London and
Kent, L. Clemons, 148

Margarita sticticalis L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in
Breckland. M.R. Hail, 31

Melanic Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Lep.:
Noctuidae) in north-west Kent. B.K. West,
46

Meligethes rotundicollis Bris. (Col.:
Nitidulidae) locally outnumbering M.
aeneus. A.A. Allen, 187

Merdigery and maternal care in a leaf beetle.
R.A. Jones, 7

Microlepidoptera review of 1992. D.J.
Agassiz, R.J. Heckford & J.R. Langmaid,
213

Migrant Ephestia? (Lep.: Pyralidae). S.
Clancy, 19

Migrant Lepidoptera taken in the Dungeness
area during 1993, including three species
new to Kent. S. Clancy, 90

Mites associated with the Dung beetle
Scarabaeus in Kuwait. A. Al-Houty, 102

Nasia cilialis Hb. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in
Norfolk and Suffolk. G.M. Haggett, 28

New foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana.
M.H. Smith, 26

New larval foodplant of Falseuncaria
ruficiliana Haw. (Lep.: Tortricidae) — a
correction. E.F. Hancock, 104

New organisation, the International

Scientific Collectors Association is
founded. 152

Notable records of ants (Hym.: Formicidae)
in south-east Sutherland. J. Hughes, 75

Notable Staphylinidae (Col.) in North Hants.
A.A. Allen, 29

Note on two Vanessid butterflies. A.A. Allen,
228

Notes on rearing Acronicta leporina L.
(Lep.: Noctuidae). R. Leverton, 191

Notes on Glyphipteryx thrasonella Scop.
(Lep.: Glyphipterigidae). A. Spalding, 184

Notes on Lepidoptera in Shetland in 1993,
M.G. Pennington & T. Rogers, 186

Notes on some Pyralids found in Bombay,
India, June 1994. G. King, 253

Notes on Uresiphita polygonalis (D.&S.)
(Lep.: Pyralidae) in Spain. G. Clumo, 180

Obituary: Katie Emmet, 40

Obituary: R.I. Lorimer, 195

Odontopera bidentata Cl. (Lep.:
Geometridae): larval foodplants in Ireland.
B.K. West, 72

On the gender of three generic names in
Coleoptera. A.A. Allen, 114

On the larval foodplant of Pontia chloridice
Hbn. in Bulgaria (Lep.: Pieridae). S.
Abadjiev, 139

Operation stag beetle. D. Dey, 185

Orthosia cerasi (Fab.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) —
an unusual date. J. Clarke, 138

Pale yellow forms of Atethmia centrago
Haw. (Lep.: Noctuidae) and two records
from Kent. B.K. West, 201

Parascotia fuliginaria L. Waved Black,
(Lep.: Noctuidae) a note of its occurrence
in VC8, South Wiltshire. S. Palmer, 251

Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick. (Lep.:
Oecophoridae) at Barrow in Somerset.
B.E. Slade, 35

Phlylodrepoidea crenata Grav. (Col.:
Staphylinidae) in South Northumberland.
A.A. Allen, 247

Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) larval
foodplants. R. Bristow, 73

Pontia daplidice L. (Lep.: Pieridae) a serious
pest of cruciferous crops at high altitude in
India. M. Arif, B. Singh & M.C. Joshi, 179

Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall. A. Spalding,
126

Poplar Kitten, Furcula bifida (Lep.:
Notodontidae) in Cardiganshire, Wales.
P.M. Miles, 202

Pupation of the Lime Hawk, Mimas tiliae L.
(Lep.: Sphingidae). E.C.L. Simson, 212
Red Admiral overwintering sites; the
continental cafe. R.C. Dening. 252

Rhigognostis incarnatella Staud. (Lep.:
Yponomeutidae) in England. 7.C. Dunn,
152

Rhodometra sacraria L. (Lep.: Geometridae)
in Hampshire. A. Aston, 195

Satyrium w-album Knock (Lep.: Lycaenidae)
in a moth trap. R. Bristow, 73

Schrankia intermedialis Reid a further
record of the Autumnal Snout (Lep.:
Noctuidae) in Kent. A.M. Riley, 31

Sighting of the Monarch butterfly Danaus
plexippus L. in Kent. P.A. Sokoloff, 248

Some recent sightings of Argynnis adippe
D.&S. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from West
Devon. R. Bogue, 247

Spargania luctuata D.&S., White-banded
Carpet (Lep.: Geometridae) new to
Hertfordshire. M.C. Townsend, 151

Specific flower associations in Empididae
(Dipt.). A.A. Allen, 250

Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.:
Satyridae) an important character in
Doctor Zhivago. P. Miles, 12

Thaumetopoea herculeana Ramb., an
unusual member of the Thaumetopoeidae.
G. King, 248

Three species of Lepidoptera new to the Isle
of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones, 77

Times of appearance of Lacanobia oleracea
L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in the British Isles.
B.K. West, 81

Tinagma ocnerostomella Staint. (Lep.:
Douglasiidae) new to Wiltshire. M.H.
Smith, 76

Trichoplusia ni Hbn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) a
species new to the Isle of Wight. S.A.
Knill-Jones, 134

Two new journals, 195

Two species of macromoths new to the Isle
of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones, 251

Two species of micro-lepidoptera new to the
Isle of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones, 114

Two species of Otitidae (Diptera)
circumstantially associated with
Umbelliferae. L. Clemons, 138

vi

Tytia luctosa D.&S., the Four Spotted (Lep.:
Noctuidae) new to Co. Durham (VC66).
T.C. Dunn, 254

Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae):
some comments on overwintering. B.K.
West, 121

Voltinism of Acleris schalleriana L. (Lep.:
Tortricidae). AM. Emmet, 246

When to wiggle, when to waggle and when
to walk. Observations on unorthodox
movement in a tree-hopper. R.A. Jones,
105

White-letter Hairstreak caterpillars in
Southwest Norfolk. G.M. Haggett, 5

CONTRIBUTORS

Aazem, K.V., 173

Abadijiev, S., 139

Agassiz, D.J.L., 213

Al-Houty, A., 102

Allen, A.A., 17, 29, 30, 50, 71, 74, 77, 115, 150,
159, 171, 187, 188, 190, 228, 247, 249, 250

Arif, M., 179

Aston, A., 116, 150, 195

Barrington, R., 13

Birkett, N., 256

Bogue, R., 247

Bristow, R., 73

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 160

Clancy, S., 6, 15, 90

Clarke, J., 123, 138

Clemons L., 84, 89, 117, 138, 146, 148

Clumo, G., 149, 180, 183, 193

Collins, S.C., 1

Danahar, G.W., 47

Dening, R.C., 252

Dey, D., 185

Dunn, T.C., 152, 254

Dyson, R., 239

Emmet, A.M., 55, 246, 250

Goater, B., 233

Haggett, G.M., 5, 28, 34

Hall, M.R., 31

Hancock, E.F., 104

Hardy, P.B., 203

Harrop, M., 31

Heckford, R.J., 213

Higgs, G.E., 151

Howton, D.H., 101

Hughes, J., 75

Jacobs, S.N.A., 57

Jones, R.A., 7, 105, 127, 254

Joshi, M.C., 179

King, P.E., 173

King, G., 248, 253

Knill-Jones, S., 28, 77, 114, 134, 251

Langmaid, J.R., 213

Larsen, T.B., 1, 24, 69, 112, 146, 157, 169, 197,
244

Lucas, S.R., 161

Mathur, L.M.L., 109

Miles, P., 12

Miles, P.M., 79, 202

Northfield, R.G.W., 47

Owen, J.A., 20, 51, 103, 181, 194, 241

Palmer, R.M., 85

Palmer, S., 251

Parsons, M., 232

Partridge, R., 74

Pennington, M.G., 186

Pilcher, R., 34

Riley, A.M., 31, 35

Rogers, T., 186

Roper, P., 140

Simson, E.C.L., 212

Singh, B., 179

Slade, B.E., 35

Smith, M.H., 26, 76

Sokoloff, P.A., 57, 141, 248

Spalding, A., 15, 46, 126, 129, 184

Stace, C.A., 212, 252

Taylor, S., 103

Tennent, J., 21, 251

Thaxton, R.W., 51

Townsend, M.C., 140, 151

Waring, P., 91, 125, 135

West, B.K., 34, 41, 46, 72; 77, 78, 81, 121, 133)
189, 201, 229, 255

Wightman, A.J., 141

Young, M.R., 85

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ABANTIS BAMPTONI — A NEW SKIPPER ]

THE ABANTIS BISMARCKI—GROUP OF SKIPPER
BUTTERFLIES,WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF ABANTIS
BAMPTON I sp. nov. (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)

S.C. COLLINS’ and T.B. LARSEN?

'P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya.
2358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL, UK.

INTRODUCTION

THE GENUS Abantis Hopffer, 1855 is composed of a‘number of very rare
species, many of which are not represented even in large museum
collections, and most of which are present only in very small numbers.

Abantis bismarcki Karsch, 1892 was described from near Bismarcksburg
on the Togo/Ghana border and is found from Ghana to southern Sudan
and western Kenya (Larsen 1991), where it is rare throughout. During 35
years of collecting in the Volta Region of Ghana, Father Theodor Maessen
(pers. comm.) collected only about a dozen, virtually all hilltopping on the
same hill. The Natural History Museum, London, has only seven or eight
and the National Museums of Kenya only seven. There are confirmed
records from Ghana, Togo, northern Nigeria, the drier parts of Uganda,
southern Sudan and western Kenya.

Abantis arctomarginata Lathy, 1904 was described as a species from
Zomba, Mlanje in Malawi, but was downgraded to a subspecies of A.
bismarcki by Aurivillius (in Seitz 1925). Evans (1937) reinstated it as a
distinct species, based on differences in the male genitalia. It differs more
decisively from A. bismarcki in having a distinctly rounded hindwing, the
tornus not being produced at all. The narrower black marginal band is of
even width, not broadening towards the tornus. Males look rather like
females of the other species. In A. bismarcki the tornus is distinctly drawn
out, as in most other members of the genus. The rest of the hindwing is
snow-white without orange shading along the anal fold as in A. bismarcki.
On the forewing the white hyaline spots in spaces 1b, 2, and 3 are at least
twice as long as in A. bismarcki. We have verified that the holotype is of
the round winged form.

The distribution of A. arctomarginata is generally considered to stretch
from Zimbabwe to Shaba, Malawi, and much of southern and central
Tanzania. We have, however, seen specimens of true A. arctomarginata
only from Malawi and south-central Tanzania (Iringa). It is, again, a very
scarce species. There are less than ten in The Natural History Museum,
London, all from Malawi, and none in the National Museums of Kenya.
Kielland (1990) never found it in Tanzania.

It has largely been overlooked that other populations in southern Africa
are quite different from the true A. arctomarginata, in fact being in several
respects closer to A. bismarcki. This form was actually figured by Neave
(1910) as the putative female of what is now known as A. /ucretia lofu

2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Fig. 1. Top left: A. bismarcki male from Kimaeti, western Kenya, v.1993 (S.C.
Collins leg.). Top right: A. arctomarginata, male from Madibira Rd., Iringa, south-
central Tanzania, 11.1992 (T.C.E. Congdon leg.). Bottom: bred male of A.
bamptoni from Harare, Zimbabwe, i11.1991 (J.1.W. Mullin).

Neave, 1910; this obvious error was spotted by Aurivillius (in Seitz 1925),
who described it as A. bismarcki arctomarginata f. neavei (type locality:
near Lake Benguela, Zambia). Aurivillius clearly intended it to be an
infrasubspecific name and it does not seem subsequently to have been made
available under the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.

Evans (1937) said nothing specific about the status of f. neavei, simply
listing it as a synonym of A. arctomarginata, but he must later have
reconsidered the matter, since the arrangement of his synoptic collection at
The Natural History Museum includes three subspecies, ssp. bismarcki,
ssp. arctomarginata, and ssp. neavei. However, this was never published.
Carcasson et al. (in press) treat it as infrasubspecific.

Thus, there are three clearly distinct taxa in the A. bismarcki-group, that
of Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Shaba being without a valid name. The
question is whether or not to treat them as three subspecies of A. bismarcki
as implied by Evans. We believe the radically different shape of the
hindwing of A. arctomarginata places it apart from the two others, yet the
genitalia — which are not strongly differentiated — place A.
arctomarginata closer to the other southern species than to A. bismarcki,
though their wing-shapes are so different. The best solution appears to
treat them as three distinct species.

ABANTIS BAMPTONI — A NEW SKIPPER 3

Abantis bamptoni sp. nov.

Male: The russet basal spot of the forewing is larger than in A. bismarcki
and the white hyaline spots in spaces 1b, 2, and 3 are longer, though not
quite as long as in A. arctomarginata. In A. bismarcki the spot in space 2 is
subequal to the cell spot; in A. bamptoni the spot is twice as long. The
hindwing is not rounded as in A. arctomarginata, having the general shape
of A. bismarcki, but the black margin is not as broad. The edge of the anal
fold is usually tinged with orange and the hindwing ground-colour is not as
pure white as in A. arctomarginata. On the hindwing underside the costa
tends to be shaded orange rather than black, though this may be subject to
seasonal variation.

Female: Almost identical with the male, but larger. Since females always
have more rounded hindwings, the distinction in relation to A.
arctomarginata is rather less obvious than in the male, but the black
hindwing margin remains broader, widening towards the tornus.

Male genitalia: The male genitalia of all three species are very similar, as
is the case in other species-groups of the genus, such as A.
nigeriana/pseudonigeriana and A. elegantula/maesseni. They are strongly
asymmetrical, since the massive gnathos consists only of the right branch.
Despite the superficial resemblance to A. bismarcki, the genitalia of A.
bamptoni are closest to those of A. arctomarginata, from which males can
be distinguished at a glance because of the rounded hindwing shape.
However, the main genitalia difference is rather minor (fig. 2).

HOLOTYPE: We select as holotype the male from Solwezi, N. Zambia,
placed as “‘ssp. neavei’’ in the synoptic collection arranged by W.H. Evans
(The Natural History Museum, London).

The species is named in honour Ivan Bampton who has done much
research into the early stages of African butterflies over the past 25 years.
Given that f. neavei has not been in use, and since it was based first on an
error by Neave, and then on an incorrect assignment of status by
Aurivillius, we have not wished to maintain this name.

Discussion

We have seen specimens of A. bamptoni from many localities in Zimbabwe
(Bomponi, Vumba, Harare), from the Lake Tanganyika area in Tanzania
(Kielland 1990), the Shaba area of Zaire (Mpala), Zambia (Solwezi, Mt.
Swebi), and from Mozambique near the Zimbabwe border. The known
range thus covers a crescent to the south and west of that of A.
arctomarginata. Both are strongly disjunct from A. bismarcki.

Material of genuine A. arctomarginata from Malawi and south/central
Tanzania has always been very limited and most published illustrations
represent A. bamptoni. Thus the series in Pennington (1978) are clearly all
A. bamptoni, as is the female figured by Kielland (1990). The radically
different hindwing shape of the male never leaves the slightest doubt as to
which species is involved.

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1.1994

Fig. 2. The male valve of A. bismarckiis shown. A. bamptoni differs in the shape
of the main dorsal process, shown above that of A. bismarcki. The valve of A.
bamptoni does not differ materially from that of A. arctomarginata. Overall, the
differences in genitalia are rather minor.

A. bismarcki has not been bred; the two other species have both been
bred on Uapaca (Euphorbiaceae). Both C. Congdon and |. Bampton bred
A. arctomarginata in southern Tanzania, and J.I1.W. Mullin and R. Pare
bred A. bamptoni on Uapaca kirkiana near Harare, after being shown the
larval pads by I. Bampton. The eggs are laid singly on the top of the leaf
and are covered with the anal hairs of the female, to the extent that the egg
cannot be seen. This type of anal hair in the female has evolved
independently also in some Lycaenidae (Satvrium, Pseudaletis, and
Cupidesthes).

A. bamptoni is very rarely met with, usually on flowers, and does not
seem to engage in hilltopping. A. arctomarginata does engage in
hilltopping and is more frequently seen in any given locality (I. Bampton,
pers. comm.).

Acknowledgements

This is the second in a series of papers under the auspices of the project
Butterflies of West Africa — origins, natural history, diversity, and
conservation (1993-1997). Larsen is grateful to the Carlsberg Foundation
of Denmark for their support to the West African field activities. We also
thank The Natural History Museum, London and the National Museums
of Kenya for their kind co-operation, mediated by Philip Ackery,
Campbell Smith and Richard Bagine. British Airways Environment
Department kindly donated a ticket for Larsen to visit Nairobi.

ABANTIS BAMPTONI — A NEW SKIPPER 5

References

Aurivillius, C., 1925. Macrolepidoptera of the African Region. Kernen, Stuttgart.

Carcasson, R.H., in press. Carcasson’s African butterflies — a catalogue of the
butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO, Canberra.

Evans, W.H., 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae in the British Museum.
British Museum (Natural History), London.

Karsch, F., 1892. Abantis bismarcki, eine neue Hesperiidae von Bismarcksburg im
Togolande (Deutschwestafrika). Entomologishe Nachrichten, 18: 228-232.

Kielland, J., 1990. The butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne & London.

Larsen, T.B., 1991. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.

Lathy, P.I., 1904. An account of a collection made at Zomba in British Central
Africa. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1904: 19-35.

Neave, S.A., 1910. Zoological collections from Northern Rhodesia and adjacent
territories. Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera. Transactions of the zoological Society,
London, 1910: 2-86.

Pennington,K.M., 1978. Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa. A.D. Donker,
Johannesburg & London.

White-letter Hairstreak caterpillars in Southwest Norfolk, 1993

Dutch elm disease has remained still very active in Norfolk and Suffolk
since the first wave of the disease, and few large trees survive; but along a
good many roads, motorways and small lanes there is vigorous elm
regrowth commonly to twenty-five feet high and this is comprised largely
of Ulmus procera the English elm with some East Anglian U. nitens and U.
carpinifolia. There is also a good deal of elm in pockets scattered through
the Scots pine plantations of Thetford Forest, growing as sprawling
understorey beneath the enfeebled pines and other trees that have gained
foothold; much of this elm is U/mus glabra, the Wych elm, and unlike the
other elms it flowers early in life so that much of Thetford Forest
understorey elm is of an age now bearing flowers.

An enlightened member of the forest staff when planning clearfalls of
the pine some years ago took care to keep out of the felling plan those areas
with attractive broadleaved underwood so that they were not cleared and
replanted with pine. It was one of these Wych elm sites that attracted my
attention in mid-May of this year when pondering on the current state of
Satyrium w-album Knoch. hereabouts. So I beat the elm heavy in seed and
in the course of some two hours counted forty-seven w-a/bum larvae in
from second to last instar and (as with larvae of Green Hairstreak last year)
found the labour of returning larvae to their food so time-consuming that I
then ceased beating elm, which was yielding a useful number of
Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. Some days later I was in another part of the
forest about six miles distant where there was a scatter of Wych elm so I
tried my hand again and knocked out four larvae at the first strike. Then
seeking larvae of Cosmia affinis L. I went to a hedge of English elm, for
affinis is not easy to find on other elms, which stood so hard by the verge of

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

a very narrow lane that the foliage grew as a tight wall into which the
beating tray had to be hard thrust. | found my a/finis but also a solitary
w-album which I saw came from scrub Wych elm abutting from the
adjacent copse. One final discovery was made before the hairstreaks
pupated. Along the busy A1075 road there was a patch of Wych elm rich
with seed that grew so close to the highway that passing traffic clipped its
foliage, and this I thought might be the ultimate test for w-a/bumy; it was
rather hazardous to attempt to beat the branches from the road and
because there was no other access I simply cut off four branches with much
seed about four feet long, and took them back to my car where I shook out
three w-a/bum larvae.

Twenty larvae I retained fed up quickly and in the last instar fed
ravenously on leaves alone. There was one parasitoid, in contrast to
Quercusia quercus L. of which I retained a couple of dozen whilst beating
for oak feeding noctuids, and of which exactly half the quercus were
parasitised by Phryxe magnicornis (Zett.), the sole w-a/bum tly being
Phrvxe nemea (Meigen), both being identified by Tom Ford, via Dr Mark
Shaw.— G.M. HAGGETT, Meadows End, Northacre, Caston, Norfolk.

Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low altitude in Scotland

Whilst visiting Scotland in late May 1993, myself and K. Redshaw secured
three examples of the Scoparitine, Eudonia alpina, at Coylumbridge, near
Aviemore, Inverness-shire. All three specimens were taken in the vicinity of
the campsite where we were staying (NH 916105), a site surrounded by the
Caledonian forest habitat so typical of this area, and at an altitude of
approximately 250 metres above sea level.

The first specimen, a male, was taken at actinic light on 28th May, and
two more males occurred on the night of 30th May, one at actinic light and
one at the artificial campsite lights. Mercury-vapour traps were operated
close to this site on two nights during this period and the area was searched
by day, but no additional a/pina were recorded.

Although this species occurs at lower elevations in Shetland, in mainland
Scotland it is only known to occur on high mountains above 700 metres
(Goater 1986 British Pyralid moths; Parsons 1993 A review of the scarce
and threatened Pyralid moths of Great Britain), and is here associated with
bare, open ground above the treeline. These three examples therefore not
only constitute the first mainland records of this species at such a low
elevation, but also represent the first time the species has been associated
with the Caledonian forest habitat.

The date of these specimens is approximately two weeks before the
species starts tO appear in its montane haunts (B. Skinner pers. comm.),
and this suggests that these three examples bred at a low altitude rather
than being wind-blown individuals originating from higher ground.—
SEAN CLANCY, **Delhi’’ Cottage, Dungeness, Kent TN29 9NE.

MERDIGERY AND MATERNAL CARE iy

MERDIGERY' AND MATERNAL CARE IN A LEAF BEETLE

RICHARD A. JONES
13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SEI5 3DE.

ON 23rd JUNE 1992, while photographing insects around the Powdermill
Reservoir, near Brede, East Sussex, I came across a female Galerucella
calmariensis (Linnaeus) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) ovipositing on an alder leaf.
She had laid about 20 eggs in a loose group on the underside, around the
mid-rib, near the edge of the leaf. I turned over the leaf and took a few
photographs of her.

As is usual when photographing beetles, the electronic flash-guns of the
first ‘‘shot’’ alarmed the creature, which squatted down, holding tight to
the leaf (Fig. 1). For the second shot a few moments later, the beetle was in
exactly the same pose, as if startled into immobility. But within about 15
seconds, the time required for the flashes to recharge for a third shot, the
beetle had recovered her composure and turned round to adopt what
appeared to be a protective position over her eggs. Here she remained,
actively turning about, her antennae held erect and probing in the air when
I took a third photograph (Fig. 2). Shortly after this, I knocked the leaf and
she fell off into the surrounding herbage, but was subsequently captured.
Whether her actions could be considered to constitute maternal care
remains to be seen, although it might be argued that she showed some
aspects of this behaviour.

Many recent books do not convey the rather loose foodplant associations
of Galerucella species. Walsh and Dibb (1954) suggest G. tenella (Linnaeus)
specifically associated with alder; Cooter ef al. (1991) and Bullock (1992)
list various other foodplants for seven species of Galerucella, but alder is
not included. Rather practically, Joy (1932) states ‘‘Generally on willows,
etc’’. Only Fowler (1890) acknowledges alder more widely, giving it as a
foodplant, albeit secondarily, of G. lineola (Fabricius), G. tenella, and the
present species, G. calmariensis.

Close examination of the slides resulting from the photographic session
revealed something which was not apparent at the time: each egg was
topped with a dark sausage-shaped blob (Fig. 1). Knowledge of the egg-
laying behaviour of other chrysomelids suggested that these might be
morsels of frass, deposited on the eggs when they were laid. Each egg
clearly shows this deposit attached to its top end and directed away from
the egg-laying female. Several other chysomelids exhibit various forms of
merdigerous behaviour.

Tortoise beetle larvae (subfamily Cassidinae) are armed with a special
bifurcate process which retains the shed larval skins in the form of a
knobbly mass held over the creature’s back. This is further ornamented
with excrement. If disturbed the larva waves the ‘‘parasol’’ over its back,
presumably in an attempt to revolt its would-be attacker into retreat.

' See appendix on page 11 for a discussion of the etymology of this word.

8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Fig.l. Galerucella calmariensis egg-laying on an alder leaf, Brede, East Sussex,
23rd June 1992. Each egg is clearly topped with what appears to be a frass dropping.
(Photo: R.A. Jones)

MERDIGERY AND MATERNAL CARE 9

Fig. 2. Disturbed by the flash-guns, the Ga/erucella turned and climbed on top of
the eggs. (Photo: R.A. Jones)

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Larvae of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli), immerse themselves
with their copious liquid frass. The anal opening is sited on the upper
surface of the larva, enabling the creatures to daub themselves with their
own excrement. The adult beetles’ bright red colour is, one surmises, a
warning of their distastefulness. The red larvae, covered in their reddish
droppings, are therefore probably doubly distasteful. L. /i/ii has, in the
past, also been described under the name L. merdigera (Linnaeus).

The female of Cryptocephalus coryli (Linnaeus) manipulates a pellet of
frass with her hind tarsi, coating each newly laid egg with a shell of faecal
material. When the larva hatches, it remains inside this frass shell, adding
to it and increasing its size as the larva increases in bulk (D. Porter and I.
Menzies, pers. comm.). Other species in the genus have long been known to
have case-bearing larvae, and that the cases are made of frass (Geéné,
quoted by Westwood, 1839).

In all of these instances the use of excrement is hypothesized to give
protection to the egg and resulting larva. In the case of Galerucella
calmariensis reported above, the amount of frass on each egg is small, not
nearly enough to hide the eggs or even disguise them. Perhaps, though, it is
sufficient to cover any scent from the eggs which might attract a potential
predator or parasitoid.

Acknowledgements

My thanks to Mr. D. Porter and Dr. I. Menzies for the details of the egg-
laying and larval behaviour of Cryptocephalus coryli and to Mr. A.A.
Allen who kindly identified the beetle and added material to an initial draft
of the appendix.

References

Bullock, J.A., 1992. Host plants of British beetles: a list of recorded associations.
Supplement to A coleopterist’s handbook. Feltham: Amateur Entomologists’
Society. p. 2.

Cooter, J. et al., 1991. A coleopterist’s handbook. 3rd edn. Feltham: Amateur
Entomologists’ Society. p. 189.

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. London: L. Reeve
& Co. Vol. 4, pp. 329-330.

Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles, London: Witherby.
(reprinted 1976, Faringdon: Classey). Vol. 1, pp. 403-404.

Walsh, G.B. & Dibb, J.R. (eds), 1954. A coleopterist’s handbook. Amateur
Entomologists’ Society. p. 83.

Westwood, J.O., 1839. An introduction to the classification of insects; founded on
the natural habitats and corresponding organisation of different families. London:
Longman ef a/. Vol. 1, p. 386.

MERDIGERY AND MATERNAL CARE 11

Appendix

Merdigery, merdigerous and other dropping-related etymologies
I make no apology for the word "merdigerous" which was used by Westwood
(1839, vol. 1, p. 379) in discussing the behaviour of tortoise beetle larvae. I do,
however, have some slight reservations on the validity of "merdigery",
although analogous nouns, transformed from technical adjectives, include
carnivory, from carnivorous, and oligomery, from oligomerous. And anyway,
it does make for an intriguing title to this article!

During Westwood's time, the lily beetle was known by the name Lilioceris
merdigera (Linnaeus), from the Latin merda, dung and gero, I carry. And even
though rare in Britain at the time, the beetle was well known because of its
curious defecation habits. As an anglicised form, the word "merdigerous"
would not have seemed unusual.

Some other beetles are named from merda, because they live in dung,
though not their own. These include Aphodius merdarius (Fabricius) and
Hister merdarius Hoffman, J., as well as a few other insects, such as the moth
Tinea merdella Zeller, and the fly Scathophaga merdaria (Fabricius).

The last mentioned insect is now known by the name Scathophaga stercoraria
(Linnaeus), a name that reflects another Latin word for dung, stercus. This
word crops up in the names of several insects associated with dung, including
two dor-beetles, Geotrupes stercorarius (Linnaeus) and G. stercorosus
(Scriba).

The distinction between merda and stercus is a fine one. Dr. Smith's smaller
English-Latin dictionary (1871) suggests that whereas stercus can be used to
signify the dung of all kinds of animals, merda is more appropriate for the
dung of birds or smaller animals. This seems to have been duly followed by
those naming insects, and is particularly apt for Lilioceris.

The shorter Oxford English dictionary (OED) includes the word "merd" as
an obsolete term for dung and excrement, but it is not given the improper
connotation that the word "merde"enjoys in French. Webster's (American)
dictionary includes "merde" with the proviso that it is sometimes considered
vulgar. The Glossary of entomology (1950, J.R. de la Torre-Bueno) includes
"merdivorous", meaning dung-eating, as do various other non-technical
American dictionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Reflecting the importance of the dung of larger, rather than smaller, animals,
the OED does contain several sterco-words, from stercobilin, the colouring
found in faecal material, to stercorous, meaning excrementitious.

The other major root for excrement-associated words in the English
language is the Greek for dung, KOmpoc (kopros). This gives us coprolite
(fossilised dinosaur droppings), coprophilous (dung-loving), coprostasis
(constipation) and the like.

The scientific names of insects, as indeed for all organisms, animals and
plants, are often based on Greek words to provide the generic name, hence the

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

scarab Copris, the staphylinid Coprophilus, the fly Copromyza and the ink cap
fungus Coprinus. :

Another Greek word for dung, dv00¢ (onthos), appears regularly in such
beetle names as Onthophilus the "dung-loving" histerid, Philonthus the
staphylinid "lover of dung" and Onthophagus the "dung-eating" scarabeid. A
third is OKap (skSr, stem sk&t), especially favoured by dipterists, as in
Scathophaga (a misspelling), Scatina and Scatopse.

To end, there is the Latin cdco, the act of defecation. In its Greek form
KQKKG@ (kakka6) and k&kKn (kakké), dung, it has found its way into
entomology; thus we have Hypoccacus "under dung", a genus of histerid
beetles, and Caccobius, a Continental genus of scarabaeids.

This last dung root does not appear to have found its way into much general
English usage although the OED does give "caccagogue", an ointment made
from alum and honey used to promote stool. The French use a rather shorter
derivative as a vulgar oath. A form of this is also occasionally used in English;
probably best known in the term cack-handed suggesting a rather coarser
origin than its polite definition of "left-handed" or "ham-fisted”.

The Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.: Satyridae) an important
character in Doctor Zhivago

It has often been pointed out that the upperside of the Speckled Wood
butterfly is perfectly coloured for moving and basking in dappled sunlight.
I was startled, however, to discover whilst walking this summer in Thetford
Forest (Norfolk) just how effective its greyer, underside camouflage is as

well.
A group of about ten butterflies were flitting about in the shade of a pine
wood and periodically — literally as if by magic — disappearing before

one’s eyes. A closer look revealed that every so often they were settling not
on the pine-needle floor, but on the bark of the pine-trees, where with their
wings closed and their forewings retracted they were practically invisible.
After a short rest, they would fly off again, only to repeat the trick shortly
afterwards.

The incident rang a bell. Eventually I remembered that in Boris
Pasternak’s novel Doctor Zhivago (Chapter 11) the doctor observes a
‘‘brown speckled butterfly’’ flying through dappled sunlight and then
settling ‘‘on the bark of a pine tree’’ and ‘‘disappearing into it’’. Textual
evidence and my own observation suggest this butterfly was Pararge
aegeria (tircis), which is the only Speckled Wood species distributed
through northern Russia as far west as Siberia (where this chapter of the
novel is set). The butterfly saves the doctor’s life by giving him the idea that
if he lies absolutely still on the forest floor he will blend into it and not
be noticed by a group of murderous partisans nearby!— P. MILES, 29
Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AJ.

MANIOLA JURTINA AB. ADDENDA 13

BREEDING MANIOLA JURTINA L. AB. ADDENDA MOSLEY
(LEP.: SATYRIDAE)

RUPERT BARRINGTON
101 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, Avon. BS7 8HR.

SPECIMENS OF ™M. jurtina having extra spotting on either surface of the
forewings, positioned in the submarginal band below the apical spot, are
known as ab. addenda. In its lesser expressions (one or two small extra
spots on each forewing, usually on the underside) it is not a rare form in the
female, although in England it is rare in the male (I have found it less rarely
in Western Ireland). More extreme developments with two heavy extra
spots on the upperside as well as the underside of each forewing are
distinctly uncommon. The most extreme form has white pupils in the extra
spots. This is rare. The name postexcessa Leeds covers extra spotting on
either surface of the hindwings. Brakefield and Noordwijk (1985) have
shown that spotting on the underside of the hindwings is controlled by a
number of genes (its inheritance is multifactorial with no segregation into
clear-cut forms). They do not mention extra spotting on the upperside of
the hindwings.

On the 6th July 1991 a female showing two strong extra spots on the
underside of each forewing (the lower spot developing a pupil) with traces
of these on the upperside, was captured in a hay meadow in North Dorset.
Approximately 120 ova were laid, resulting in 31 adults the following June.
The brood contained 17 males (seven showing extra forewing spotting,
mostly minor forms) and 14 females (three with extra forewing spotting).
The best male is illustrated (fig. 2). Two of the female aberrations were
minor, but one was a little more developed than the parent, having good
upperside extra spotting and also showing a spot at the anal angle of the
upperside of the hindwings. This paired with a male showing one extra spot
on each forewing, on both surfaces. Two hundred ova were laid.

Survival was poor and the F2 brood contained only 19 individuals. Of
the nine males, seven were aberrations, several being good addenda (fig. 1).
One, which emerged badly deformed, was an extreme example of excessa
having two large pupilled extra spots on the upperside of each forewing,
and at the anal angle of the hindwing upperside. Nine of the ten females
were aberrations including two extreme forms (figs. 3, 4 and 6). Three of
the females showed an extra spot on the hindwings (figs. 3, 5 and 6), one
specimen having two spots on each hindwing (fig.6).

The results indicate multifactorial inheritance of ab. addenda. The
upperside hindwing extra spot appears to be connected to addenda as part
of the multifactorial complex (in this experiment it only occurred on
strongly developed addenda although in the field it may occur
independently). A few of the best addenda specimens also showed extra
spotting on the underside of the hindwings. This suggests that all the extra

14

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Aberrations of Maniola jurtina L. All specimens figured coll. RDGB.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

1

NM FW NY

Male upperside, ab. addenda. F2.
Male underside, ab. excessa. F1.
Female upperside, ab. excessa. F2.
Female underside, ab. excessa. F2.
Female upperside, ab. excessa. F2.
Female upperside, ab. excessa. F2.

MANIOLA JURTINA AB. ADDENDA 15

spotted forms may be associated in a multifactorial complex. The fact that
each form may occur independently of the others in the field indicates that
each may be better adapted to slightly different environmental conditions.

Reference

Brakefield, P.M. and Noordwijk, A.J. van., 1985. The genetics of spot pattern
characters in the meadow brown butterfly Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera:
Satyrinae) Heredity 54: 275-284.

Hazards of moth collecting: diseases in Ecuador

Ecuador is probably the richest country in the world for biological
diversity. It occupies only 0.2% of the earth’s land surface, but contains an
estimated 10% of all the plant species. It is certainly a superb place for
moths. I have made several trips there, usually as part of a team surveying
newly established nature reserves, looking at the moths of primary forest
areas of the Andes. The worst hazard until my trip in 1992 was eating in the
local restaurants. The locals seem to prefer fast food joints, such as Pizza
Hut and MacDonalds (particularly for a family outing on Sundays),
although I have found most of the cafés in Quito old town very good value
for money. Prior to 1992, I had been ill twice, both times following a meal
at the same Chinese restaurant in Cuenca (opposite the fire station in case
you ever find yourself there). This is the only restaurant where I have found
a real fly in my soup. Having guts-ache at 10,000 feet seems much worse
than at sea-level, and both times I was incapacitated for nearly a week.

My trip in 1992 was different. I was visiting the new Los Cedros reserve,
owned by the Centro de Investigacion de los Bosques Tropicales, a non-
profit making foundation dedicated to the preservation of the tropical
forests of Ecuador. The reserve lies between 1,000 and 2,000 metres above
sea-level. Access is very difficult, requiring an eight hour hike from the
nearest road up a narrow, steep path which winds through open farmed
areas and forest, following one of the many river valleys. It is necessary to
take all food and medicines with you, although near the end is a small
house where Paulina and her daughters make you welcome with (if you are
lucky) a cool bottle of beer or Coca-Cola. Just as you think you can’t go on
any further, a green painted house comes in sight, built by a settler now
gone from the reserve. We would never have made it without the assistance
of the reserve warden, José.

My basic plan was to sample the moths at different altitudes, using a
lamp suspended in front of a white sheet hung between trees. The best
sampling point was at the house itself, where we could sit on the verandah
drinking the local ‘‘trago”’ distilled from cane sugar and wait for the moths
to come to us. I was also intending to sample at other sites, so I ran the light

16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1.1994

nearby a small river at 1,450 metres above sea-level, helped by two local
students (Marcos and Sandra) and Steve who came with me from Britain.
As I suspended the lamp on its rope between trees, I could smell the aroma
of substances which are illegal in this country wafting up from a nearby
half-completed house. I lit the lamp and several lovely moths came in,
notably many beautiful Ctenuchids, imitating Hymenoptera as they flew
around the lamp. There was also a single Xenosoma species, with white
wings crossed by black veins, looking exactly like Pericopinae species and
themselves mimicked by Dioptidae (or vice-versa). Along with the moths
came several hundred tiny black insects, attracted by the light and
swarming Over us, biting exposed skin. Steve and Marcos retreated, leaving
Sandra and I, buttoned-up against the sand-flies, to battle on in the hope of
a big hawkmoth. Soon, it was too much for us and we left quickly, back to
José’s house, where a log fire burned, beans were on the boil, the BBC
World Service was on the radio and trago was in the glasses ready for
drinking. But the best use of trago was splashing on our bites, cooling them
as the alcohol evaporated. After more trago, we had a party on the new
plank floor that was to form an extension to José’s open plan house, until
the planks came loose and the extension started to collapse.

Back in Quito a few weeks later, the bites had turned into spots, which
came and went on exposed parts of the body. Everybody I met had a tale to
tell about some illness that they had picked up somewhere, in the Orient
jungle, food-poisoning at a Chinese restaurant in Cuenca, strange diseases
from the Quito street girls (3,000 sucres a time, or so I’m told, equivalent to
£1.00). Still, I was okay, only sand-fly bites, and Sandra too was fine. It
was only back home that I started to worry, as the spots grew bigger and
my GP told me not to worry. Trevor, a friend who has studied sand-flies
and their vectors at college, told me that I probably had contracted
leishmaniasis, a widespread tropical disease with several different types. He
warned me that one strain prevalent in India led to enlargement of the
testicles, and suggested that I could borrow his Cornish kilt when ‘‘things
got out of hand’’. The skin specialist at the hospital confirmed that the
disease was Leishmaniasis braziliensis, potentially dangerous if not treated.
The worst part of the treatment was that I had to lay off drink for a month,
including Christmas and New Year, which gave me my first alcohol-free
Christmas since 1951. Still, I am cured now. It is said that the locals deal
with the illness by deliberately exposing their children to sand-fly bites on
parts of their bodies that are normally concealed by clothes, thus giving
them some limited immunity. Any scars thus produced will not normally be
seen.

If a tale has to have a moral, then it is this: its better to have mothed and
leishmaniasis, than never to have mothed at all! The Ctenuchidae alone
were worth the trouble. However, if you see someone at the AES
Exhibition wearing a kilt, it could be me, so don’t take a peak below the
tartan.— ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro, Cornwall.

LONDON DUNG BEETLES 17

DUNG-BEETLES IN SOUTH-EAST LONDON
A.A. ALLEN

49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 80G.

THE INSECTS which are the subject of these notes are those to which the
term dung-beetle is commonly applied, in this case one genus of
Scarabaeidae (Aphodius, here including Colobopterus) and two of
Geotrupidae (Geotrupes and Typhaeus). The genus Onthophagus in the
former family is unrepresented locally. The district concerned is bounded
by the parishes of Greenwich, Blackheath, Kidbrooke and Woolwich,
forming a compact area. Supplies of herbivore dung naturally tend to be
very scanty and irregular in such a suburban area, resulting in a poor dung-
beetle fauna compared with that of country districts with abundant and
continuous pasturage. However, from time to time, small enclaves can be
found even in the suburbs which enable one to gain an idea of the species
locally present. I paid some attention to two such sites in my district from
the autumn of 1978 to that of 1980, obtaining results which were no means
devoid of interest.

One of these was the deer-enclosure (‘‘The Wilderness’’) in Greenwich
Park (denoted hereunder by G), a lightly-wooded area in which deer have
been kept for many years; there were also, besides the deer dung, varying
amounts of horse dung (though horses were not normally kept there
they might not have mixed well with the deer!). The other (denoted by K)
was an open grass field at Kidbrooke, with a few horses, ponies, or
donkeys; it was later obliterated by a new bypass. Different as were the two
sites in many ways, the dung-beetle fauna was remarkably similar, only
three species not being found at both.

In the ensuing list, when the type of dung is not specified it is understood
to be equine (horse or donkey), this producing the vast majority of the
beetles, and no species was confined to the deer dung. The most productive
day, 15.v.79, was the hottest (up to 81°F), yielding seven species of
Aphodius at the Kidbrooke site.

Aphodius (Colobopterus) erraticus (L.). Scarce: K,4 (15.v.79); G,1
(22.vili.79). Like the next, not found in 1980.

A.(C.) fossor (L.). Also scarce: K,1 (15.v.79); G,2 (17.vi.79).

A.(C.) haemorrhoidalis (L.). K, rather common (15.v.79); 2 (2.i1x.79), not
seen there in 1980; G,1 (3.vili.80). Woolwich Common, | (19.v.90).

A. fimetarius (L.). Fairly common but erratic, often singly; K, common
and often in pairs, 7.iv.80, fewer on other dates; sporadic in G.
Sometimes active very early in the year, as in grass traps in February in
my former garden at Blackheath.

A. foetens (F.). Scarce: K,2 (2.1x.79); G,1 (27.vii.80).

A. foetidus (Hbst.) (=scybalarius auct.nec F.). Only in my Blackheath

18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

garden, at intervals singly or sparingly in rotting herbage, mainly grass
heaps (Allen, 1951).

A. ater (Deg.). K,2 (15.v.79); no other finds of this generally common
species at either site, but it used to occur as casual strays in the
Blackheath garden.

A. pusillus (Hbst.). Equally rare: K,1 (15.v.79); 1, Woolwich Common
(19.v.90).

A. granarius (L.). K,1 (1.viii.80); G (13.v.79) 3 horse, 1 deer, (2.vi.79)
1 deer. In the 1950s, in my Blackheath garden, it used to occur in rotting
herbage and under a stone in a muddy place.

A. rufus (Moll). Rather frequent at both sites, especially G, and several
times in deer dung; vii-ix. The first seen by me in this district flew to m.v.
light at Charlton, 21.viii.78.

A. consputus Creutz. Of this very local and mostly rare species, one
occurred in horse dung on Woolwich Common, 13.x.91 (Allen, 1992).

A. sphacelatus (Panz.). Generally common from early to late in the year,
though always heavily outnumbered in late autumn by the next; not
common, however, at the two sites G and K when they were worked, and
noted on only a few dates as at G (13.v.79, 2 horse, | deer). This scarcity
in such an otherwise abundant species is curious.

A. contaminatus (Hbst.). Throughout the district, but (as everywhere) only
in autumn; first appearing in early September as a rule, rising to vast
numbers in October and dwindling gradually to nothing through
November. When present in colossal abundance it usually excludes any
other species (as at K, 7.x.78). Its apparent absence at G on 28.1x.80 is
inexplicable. It does not object to dog dung, like the last species; nor to
that of deer, burrowing into and hollowing out the pellets.

A. rufipes (L.). Very scarce at the two sites and found only in G (27.vui.80,
3.vili.80), the second in stale rather mouldy dung. Doubtless quite
general, and considered common, but I find it to occur singly as a rule,
and usually in rather old horse dung with no other adult Aphodii. This is
the species which most often flies to light.

Geotrupes spiniger (Marsh.). K,2 in separate deposits (7.x.78); G,1
(21.x.79). As there were plenty of burrows in evidence on the latter
occasion, some of them may have belonged to this species. (In general
our commonest Geotrupes.)

Typhaeus typhoeus (L.). G, burrows plentiful under and beside both horse
and deer dung but only from about mid-October to mid-May; the beetles
in varying numbers during the same period, seldom wandering at large. I
never saw one in flight, which may be crepuscular. Even as late as
23.ix.79 no trace of the insect or its burrows was to be seen, while on 14.x
the latter were already numerous and some of the beetles active. On 13.v
there were many fresh burrows and casts (these indicating recent activity)
alongside deer droppings, but no beetles seen; in 1980 the autumnal

LONDON DUNG BEETLES 19

burrows were first seen on 28.ix, and on 9.iii.80 were noted as being
everywhere. On 18.xi.79 the beetles were an inch or two down in their
burrows. (In Richmond Park I have known them to be out and about in
plenty in a mild spell in February.) The larger piles of horse dung were
often, in season, found to harbour several specimens, mostly small
females.

The persistence of this striking insect (‘‘the Minotaur’’) so near the
metropolis is gratifying, and provided that the dung supply is maintained,
it would appear to be under no threat there. It was, I believe, first found in
the Wilderness (now a bird and deer sanctuary) by J.F. Burton some
decades before, mostly as copious remains in Tawny Owl pellets, but was
recorded from Greenwich as early as 1908 (Fowler, 1908).

The sixteen species listed above probably do not include all the
scarabaeoid dung-beetles that inhabit the district. It is quite likely, for
instance, that Aphodius prodromus (Brahm) — a fairly common species —
could be found. In earlier times, a number of other dung-beetle species,
from Copris lunaris (L.) downwards, were known fom the area, but few of
them are likely to have survived there. The presence even of Geotrupes
stercorarius (L.) is doubtful and requires confirmation.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to Mr J.A. Murray, Superintendent of Greenwich Park, for
his kindness in arranging a permit with the Department of the Environ-
ment; and to Mr John F. Burton for encouragement towards this end.

References

Allen, A.A., 1951. The Coleoptera of a Suburban Garden, pt.2. Entomologist’s
Rec. J. Var. 63: 189.

— , 1992. Aphodius consputus Creutz. (Col.: Scarabaeidae) in S.E. London. /bid.
104: 77.

Fowler, W.W., 1908. The Victoria County History of Kent: Coleoptera: 153.

A migrant Ephestia? (Lep.: Pyralidae)

On the night of 9th October 1991, I took an example of the pyralid,
Ephestia figulilella Gregs. at m.v. light at Dungeness, Kent, during a period
of migrant activity. I would be interested to learn of any other records of
this species, normally associated with stored foodstuffs, ‘‘at large’’ in the
British Isles, particularly coastal records away from suitable breeding sites.
I am indebted to Bernard Skinner and Michael Chalmers-Hunt for
confirmation of the specimen’s identity.k— SEAN CLANCY, ‘‘Delhi’’
Cottage, Dungeness, Kent TN29 9NE.

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Bees at breakfast.

For the past two years, we have had bees at breakfast. They forage in the
garden and then come down the chimney — but I had better start at the
beginning.

One morning in March 1992, my wife and I were eating breakfast when
we noticed a large black ‘‘bumble’’ bee crawling along the inside window
sill. Thinking little of the episode, I took it outside and let it go. When
other similar bees appeared on the window sill over the next few weeks, we
got a bit more curious. I sent one to my good friend Mike Edwards who
pronounced it a female Anthophora plumipes (Pallas). By the middle of
May, we had performed about ten ‘“‘rescues’’ and found another five or six
bees as corpses. All were females and all were at the same window which is
never open at that time of year. One day, we heard a bee buzzing and saw it
emerge into the room from the chimney so we had, at last, found how they
got into the room but not why.

In 1993, the invasion started earlier. The first bee, a male, appeared on
the Sth February and, from then until 13th May, we recorded 42
“‘rescucs’’, with up to five in the one day. Females outnumbered males 7:1.
It took us to the middle of April to realise that our rescue statistics were
being inflated. One day, we marked a bee with a small daub of Tipp-Ex
before letting it go in the garden. Lo and behold, within a couple of hours,
it was back down the chimney and sitting on the inside window sill waiting
to be released. Not all of the ten or so we marked reappeared inside but
about half did. One bee cycled three times. With our attention drawn to
them, we often saw Anthophora in the garden. The white Tipp-Ex dots on
marked specimens were quite visible as they flew about visiting flowers.
They seemed particularly fond of Pul/monaria.

It seems, then, that we have bees at breakfast because they use our brick
chimney stack as a nesting site. The chimney has an internal metal duct
from the central heating boiler and the bees came down the chimney
between its wall and the metal duct. Why some should lose their way and
exit down the chimney instead of into the garden is anybody’s guess. They
probably emerge early in the season because they are warmed up by the
effluent from the central heating boiler passing up the duct in the chimney.
That they nest in the chimney is supported by the appearance on 30.iv.93,
also on the window sill, of a specimen of Melecta albifrons (Forster), a
cleptoparasite of the Anthophora and, on 2.v.93 of an example of Osmia
rufa (Linnaeus) which has similar nesting habits to our breakfast visitors.
A. plumipes is, of course, of more passing interest to a coleopterist for it
acts as host to the rare beetle Apalus muralis (Forster) which develops in its
nest, preying on its larvae. We await next spring with interest.

I thank Mike Edwards for identifying the bees in this story and telling me
about them.— J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

BUTTERFLIES IN THE HOGGAR MOUNTAINS 21

BUTTERFLIES IN THE HOGGAR MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN
ALGERIA IN APRIL 1993

JOHN TENNENT

1 Middlewood Close, Fylingthorpe, Whitby, N. Yorks YO22 4UD.

THE SPECTACULAR Hoggar mountains in southern Algeria are not well
known entomologically. The southern desert town of Tamanrasset, from
which any foray into the Hoggar is made, sees fair numbers of tourists,
most of whom fly down from Algier on organised package tours, spending
only a couple of days.

Between 22nd April and Ist May 1993 I visited the Hoggar mountains,
driving down to Tamanrasset from Ghardaia in a Ford Transit camping
vehicle; a journey which was an adventure in itself. There is a sign in the
town of In-Salah, just over half way from Ghardaia to Tamanrasset,
warning that anyone venturing further south should have a 4-wheel drive
vehicle, sand ladders and sand tyres as well as several days supply of water
and food. A mere 20 kilometres further south, I had the opportunity to
contemplate this message at my leisure, stuck fast in one of several large
sand dunes blocking the road. I felt slightly better when, about half an
hour later, a large open lorry carrying a mixed herd of goats and camels
from Niger (officially the border is closed but with a little baksheesh . . . !),
shuddered to a halt and joined me in the middle of the dune. The “‘patron’’
of the outfit invited me to join him in the shade under his truck whilst his
team dug us both out, and instructed me in the art of not getting stuck
again! The art is to examine the dune carefully first then approach as fast as
possible, taking an absolutely straight line through the sand; turning the
wheels even slightly results in an instant loss of speed and a predictable
final result. Following his advice, there were no further difficulties and I
even felt sufficient of an ‘‘old hand”’ on the return journey to offer advice
to those less fortunate!

A 4-wheel drive vehicle is necessary to get into the Hoggar mountains;
the piste is as bad as the scenery is spectacular, but well worth the time and
expense if only to see the sun rise over the jagged peaks from the Ermitage
du Pont de Foucauld at Assekrem. Collecting was limited; I stayed only six
days in the Hoggar since my Algerian visa was valid for only 30 days and
there were other things to do in the north of the country.

The diversity of butterflies was not great but some interesting species
were seen; a combination of intense heat, soft sand, sharp rocks and large
numbers of Acacia thorns littering the ground, made collecting difficult
and pursuit foolhardy! Conditions were made considerably worse by the
wind, which visited most afternoons and whipped up the sand, quickly
bringing visibility down to almost zero; it was difficult to breathe and most
uncomfortable to be caught in when any distance from shelter — another
lesson learned the hard way!

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Literature sources are provided at the end of this paper; anyone wanting
further information on the area should consult the papers by Speidel &
Hassler (1990 & 1991) who give a historical account of lepidopterological
collecting activity in the area, together with an up-to-date species list and
comprehensive compilation of literature sources.

In view of the dearth of literature and general lack of knowledge on the
butterflies of the region, an annotated list of the species seen seems
worthwhile.

PIERIDAE

Pontia glauconome Klug 1829

The commonest butterfly seen. Two butterflies believed to be this species
were seen flying at the roadside north west of Tamanrasset on 24th April
and several were seen during the following two days in a sandy arid area
beyond the irrigated area east of the town. They are hardy butterflies,
sheltering in (unidentified) low spiny bushes whenever the wind caused
sand to drift. It was not uncommon in a dry wadi some 40 kilometres north
east of Tamanrasset on route W141 in the direction of Assekrem, flying
with the following species.

Colotis chrysonome Klug 1829

Only seen in a wadi approximately 40 kilometres north-east of Tamanrasset
on 28th and 29th April. About 12 were seen but only three captured; they
flew close to the ground and were difficult to follow visually against the
yellow sand.

LYCAENIDAE

Virochala livia Klug 1834

Three females were seen in an arid area on the eastern outskirts of
Tamanrasset on 27th April. Both sexes were found in small numbers on
acacia bushes in dry wadis adjacent to the Source Chapuis approximately
12 kilometres east of Tamanrasset and further to the east. They were
difficult to catch, flying at break-neck speed around the thorny bushes and
then alighting suddenly on one of the yellow blooms to feed.

Lampides boeticus Linnaeus 1767
Common in cultivated areas close to Tamanrasset; several were observed
flying in the town itself. A pair was also taken at the Source Chapuis on
28th April.
Tarucus (?) rosaceus Austaut 1885
A number of fresh males and one female were seen at the Source Chapuis
on 28th and 29th April; a small number of males were seen also in a wadi to
the east.

Both rosaceus and Tarucus theophrastus were noted in the Hoggar
region by Speidel & Hassler (1990: 115). Despite several authors giving

BUTTERFLIES IN THE HOGGAR MOUNTAINS 23

external characters for the separation of the three Tarucus species in North
Africa (theophrastus, rosaceus and balkanicus), positive identification can
only be made genitalic examination. A review of the distribution of North
African Tarucus is in preparation. The genitalia of the Hoggar specimens
have not yet been examined and they are placed tentatively as rosaceus.

Azanus ubaldus Cramer 1782

A female was taken in a wadi near the Source Chapuis on 28th April and a
second female was taken in the same place the following day. They were
flying with Virochola livia around acacia bushes.

Zizeeria knysna Trimen 1862
Zizeeria karsandra Moore 1865
Common in the irrigated areas close to Tamanrasset town. Not seen
elsewhere.

It is not certain whether these are knysna or karsandra, both of which are
apparently recorded from southern Algeria; the genitalia have not been
examined.

DANAIDAE

Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus 1758

Two specimens were seen flying slowly and apparently aimlessly in
Tamanrasset town centre on 24th April, and another in the same place the
following day. Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae), suggested as a possible
hostplant, was very common all around the town but no other chrysippus
were seen. Procera is a hostplant of chrysippus in West Africa (van der
Heyden 1992).

SATYRIDAE

(?) Satyrid sp.

On 27th April, after walking beyond the cultivated area west of
Tamanrasset and across an arid sandy area, I climbed a low rocky ridge —
for the view rather than in search of butterflies. On the summit, two resting
butterflies were disturbed and briefly observed as they dashed around the
summit a few times and then flew down the slope. If I had been 2000
kilometres further north, I would have had no hesitation in identifying
them as Lasiommata species; in the Hoggar where, to my knowledge, no
Satyrid species has been noted, I prefer not to guess. I remained on the
ridge for a further 15 minutes, during which time one might reasonably
have expected Lasiommata, which regularly hilltop, to return. They did
not. Their identity remains a mystery.

References
Fiori, A., 1940. Lepidotteri raccolti nel Fezzan e nei Tassili d’Aggér (Missione
Scortecci 1936)., Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat., 79: 253-259.

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 106 25.1, 1994

Hevden, T. (van der), 1992. Vertreter der Gattung Calotrepis (Asclepiadaceae) als
Raupenfutterpflanzen von Denaus-Arten(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae),
Nachr, entomol, Ver.) Apollo 13(3): 283-257.

Joannis, J.(de), 1908, Liste de Lepidopteéres recueillis au Sahara par M.R. Chudeau
en 190S-1906,, Bull. Soc, ent, Fr., (1908) 82-83,

Rothschild, L.W., 1918S, On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr Geyr
von Schweppenburg on a journey to the Hoggar Mountains,, Ann, Mag. Nat,
Hist... 16; 247-258, 392-402,

Riley, N.D., 1934. Report on the Insecta collected by Colonel R. Meinertzhagen in
the Ahaggar Mountains. IV. Lepidoptera,, Arn, Mag. nat. Hist., 13: 175-181,
Rungs, C.E.E., 1948. Mission scientifique de Fezzan (1944-45). V. Zoologie,
Arthropodes, I. Lépidopteéres, in Bernard, F., & Peyerimhoff; P: de: Zoologie,
Publications de l'Institut de Recherches Sahariennes., Mémoirs de la Mission

Scientifique du Fezz@n, §: 1-12,

— , 1958. Lepidoptéres du Tassili n’Ajjer, in Bernard, F,, Zoologie pure et
appliquee. — Publication de I"Institut de Recherches Sahariennes. Memoires de
la Mission scientifique au Tassili n’Ajjer. Traveau de l'Institut de Recherches
Sahariennes (Serie de Tassili: 3: 167-176).

Speidel, W. & Hassler, M., 1989 (1990). Die Schmetterlingsfauna der stidlichen
algerischen Sahara und ihrer Hochgebirge Hoggar und Tassili n’Ajjer
(Lepidoptera)., Nachr, ent. Ver, Apollo, Suppl, 8: 1-156. 5 plates.

Speidel, W., Hassler, M. & Kuchler, K., 1991. Die Schmetterlingsfauna der
stilichen algerischen Sahara. 1. Nachtrag., Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, 12(2):
121-135,

Hazards of butterfly collecting — The Tampan Ticks of Gemsbok,
Botswana, 1991

In February, 1991 we set off for a month to the furthest south-western
corner of the Kalahari, the Gemsbok National Park. That is some
thousand kilometres from our Gaborone base, much of it through the
worst possible sand, where even our sturdy Toyota Hilux four-wheel drive
could get stuck. Our aim was to see whether any of the special Cape and
Karroo fauna could be found, in addition to the two beautiful ‘“‘Coppers”’,
Tylopaedia sardonyx and Argyraspodes argyvraspis. We also saw vast
numbers of Catopsilia florella; we did not know at the time that they were
the parent brood for a subsequent migration containing at least 1.5 billion
individuals (1992. Tropical Lepidoptera, 3: 2-13).

The Kalahari is often referred to as a desert, but that is incorrect, since
rainfall is usually much higher than the upper limit for true desert. In fact,
most of the Kalahari is a well developed savannah, but it is true that during
the dry season you may drive nearly a thousand kilometres without meeting
any trace of surface water. However, the south-western corner of the
Gemsbok National Park begins to approach true desert, with rainfall in
places of less than 200mm a year.

Heading off into these parts basically means that you pack up for all
eventualities — 150 litres of extra water, 250 litres of petrol, food for a full
three weeks, and as many of life’s little luxuries as can be crammed into the
Toyota. If you have the space there is really no need to rough it more than
necessary, especially when you will be camping out for nearly a month

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25

Inching down from camp near Gemsbok National Park.

(some of our friends do think that bringing chopsticks for the occasional
Chinese meal is excessive, but why not?). And the splendid thing about the
Kalahari is that you travel in perfect safety. Any time you wish, leaving the
sandy track that counts for a road, drive 300 metres into the bush, and you
are effectively lost to the rest of the world. There are precious few places
left where this kind of thing is possible. And where else would a pride of
five lions walk past your breakfast table, their body language clearly
stating: ‘‘We’re OK! You’re OK!”’.

No paradise is complete without its snake (of which there are plenty in
Botswana, though they are rarely seen). On reaching the far south-western
desert corner of the country, suitable trees under which to camp became
increasingly hard to come by. We found a lovely Shepherd’s Tree (Boscia
albitrunca) in an otherwise featureless waste and stopped for the day —
even though it was a bit early to camp. This tree is revered in the Kalahari
for its dense shade. Both the San people (also known as Bushmen) and the
Batswana have tribal rules that forbid its felling.

We set up camp with practised ease, uncapped a beer and a coke, and
went about entering field notes on the portable computer and reading up
on what had to be read up. After fifteen minutes Nancy says: ‘‘Hey....
there’s a wood-tick on your leg’’. There is indeed. I get hold of one of the
cigarettes I always carry in case flight attendants discover me smoking my
pipe on aircraft, ready to do the thing in. It drops off well before I can zap
it....curious behaviour for a wood-tick. But, never mind.

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Suddenly Nancy goes ‘‘Eeek!’’, and points accusingly at the ground
between her feet. Literally thousands of ticks are milling about, ranging in
sizes from the European wood-tick to monsters of six centimetres or more.
Nancy is not a natural ‘‘outdoorsy’’ type, and this is definitely the kind of
thing that gives the outdoors a bad name. As we flee out into the open
sunshine, dim memories of something I have read begin to surface. And,
yes, we have the book in our mobile library. They are Tampan Ticks
(Ornithodoros savignyi). | have previously had occasion to write about
leeches in these columns (1989. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of
Variation, 101: 183-184); Tampan Ticks are even more primevally and
atavistically horrible. ‘‘One Kalahari farmer reported collecting over 13
litres of engorged Tampans beside the bodies of three dead cows which had
been killed by exsanguination or the draining of blood’’, reported my book
dryly. This was not a bit of information to pass on to Nancy immediately.
Always accentuate the positive and that was that Tampans only live in the
shade of the trees. And at 15.30 the Toyota Hi-Lux was throwing enough
shade for comfort so we were not unduly inconvenienced.

But, they really are awful creatures. Most humans react violently to their
anti-coagulants. As with leeches, their bite is not felt initially. They can lie
in wait for the unsuspecting camper (or, more likely, oryx or gnu) for up to
eight years without a meal. The moment they feel the vibrations of
footsteps, they emerge to do their dirty work. Anyhow, we now know what
faced us, and staying out in the open was only a minor inconvenience.

However, again to accentuate the positive, our brush with this set of
Tampan Ticks was about the worst misfortune to befall us during more
than 25,000 kilometres of ‘‘bundu-bashing”’ in the Kalahari. If such a low
disaster level could be maintained everywhere, the world would be a better
place. — TORBEN LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

A new larval foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.)
(Lep.: Tortricidae).
On the 20th July 1992 I decided to indulge in a few hours of general
collecting on the Imber Ranges military training area in Wiltshire,
searching an area known locally as ‘‘The Dragons Teeth’’ (ST 962465) —
the name is derived from a type of tank obstacle constructed there for
training purposes in the last war but is not marked on any map. Apparently
the general area was in use for military training over a century ago and
agricultural activity was modestly restricted even then. The effects of
military training such as shell craters have resulted in interesting downland
habitat and species such as Coleophora lixella Zell. and Pyrausta nigrata
Scop. occur in some abundance here.

In an area of rather coarse vegetation I noticed a somewhat dense clump
of yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor. The plants were in every stage of
development and it was in one of the recently formed yellowish-green seed

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 27

capsules that I noticed a slight discoloration and by opening the calyx could
see frass compressed between the wall of the calyx and the enclosed seed. I
noted another seed capsule with similar slight discoloration and so picked a
random sample of about two dozen stems of Rhinanthus. In due course
between 16th August and 2nd September a total of four adult F. ruficiliana
emerged.

Rhinanthus minor is closely related within the Scrophulariacea to a
known foodplant, lousewort (Pedicularis sylvatica) although this species
has not been recorded from this locality. Cowslip, Primula veris, is another
recorded foodplant that does occur on Imber Downs. Because of the
biology of these foodplants, and as ruficiliana is stated to be bivoltine, it is
possible that the larval broods alternate between these two foodplants, at
least in this locality and perhaps on other downland sites. R. minor has a
very long flowering and fruiting period extending well into the autumn.

This discovery prompted me to check published references and to
correspond with Mr. E.F. Hancock from Cumbria, who provided me with
a reference to continental larval dates of June-July and September- April
(Razowski et al. 1970, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica). Mr. Hancock adds
that Razowski “‘. . . is not very informative regarding the life history of the
species .. . . does not give dates for the adults. ..”’

The British Literature tells a different story. Bradley ef a/ (1973, British
Tortricoid Moths) describe ruficiliana as being univoltine. Later, Stirling
(Ent. Rec. 93:10) describes the discovery that ruficiliana is bivoltine, noting
that adults were found on 24th July. Emmet (1988, A field guide to the
smaller British Lepidoptera) recognises the species as bivoltine in Britain
and gives larval dates as May-June and July-April, the second generation
overwintering fully fed from September. Thus there is a difference of
opinion between British and Continental authors as to the timing of the
second generation with a discrepancy of some two months.

Ruficiliana may, of course, be univoltine where local conditions or
climate may impose some restriction on the species.

It is important to bear in mind that my specimens were bred through in
captivity, and even though I had them for only about five weeks and they
were kept out of doors, my results may not have been repeated in the wild.
However, having said that I would find it difficult to believe that my
captive stock, if of the overwintering generation, would be so influenced by
conditions that they would emerge from mid-August to September,
particularly as the species is stated to overwinter full-fed, pupating the
following spring. Naturally data from captive breeding projects cannot be
accepted as referable to conditions in the wild but I think there is sufficient
evidence here and in the above references to suggest that our knowledge
and published accounts are still incomplete. There would appear to be a
possibility that the broods overlap or are more extended than is realised, or
in favourable seasons such as 1992 ruficiliana might have three broods. It is
possible that Razowski’s data for the second larval brood might in fact
refer to a third brood.

28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

As far as I can determine the majority of records of ruficiliana concern
wild taken adults from mid-May to early June and adults bred or caught
wild in the second half of July. Records of overwintering stock appear to be
very thin on the ground. 1992 was an unusual year and therefore in the
interest of clarifying the life history of ruficiliana it would be of interest if
any lepidopterist has adults, particularly from late August or September,
taken in the wild or bred in a more average season. In addition in localities
where the species is considered to be bivoltine how frequently have larvae
taken in July and early August been bred through to adults in the following
May-June?

I would like to record my thanks for assistance, information and
comments generously supplied by Mr. E.F. Hancock of Ulverston,
Cumbria.— M.H. SMITH, 42 Bellefield Crescent, Trowbridge, Wilts.

Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda) and Lymantria dispar (Linn.) in the Isle
of Wight.

On the 19th August I took a female example of Euplagia quadripunctaria
(Poda) at light in my garden at Freshwater. This moth was on the grass
outside the moth-trap and the right hand wings were torn. It may have been
eaten by a Blackbird which must have rejected it after finding that it was
distasteful. On the 21st August Dave Wooldridge took a male of the same
species at light in his moth-trap at the Causeway in Freshwater. Two years
previously on the 11th September 1991 I found a dead male specimen of
this insect on a track leading from Tennyson Down during a time of
considerable migrant activity. I suggest that these recent captures are the
offspring of those 1991 migrants and that it may have become temporarily
established in the West Wight. The only other migrants recorded at the
time were Udea fulvalis (Hiibn.) on the 8th and 11th August which are the
first records for the Island since 1959. This species may also have become
temporarily established here as it has in the late Ted Wild’s garden at
Highcliffe in Dorset. Autographa gamma (Linn.) was also recorded at the
time.

I should also like to report the capture by Simon Colenutt of Lymantria
dispar (Linn.) at his mercury vapour light trap at Chale Green. This is only
the second record of this species for the Island, the first being taken by
Peter Cramp at light at Godshill in 1991.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Round-
stone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

Nascia cilialis Hb. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Norfolk and Suffolk

I have just recently seen the newly issued JNCC Report by Mark Parsons
(1993, Review of the scarce and threatened pyralid moths of Great Britain)
in which the main distribution in Britain of Nascia cilialis is given to be
Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. The larval food and habits quoted
in this report seem to follow the original accounts given in Buckler Larvae
of British butterflies and moths vol. 9, and as these seem not to be in
accord with my own observations I add here my comment. Thus the many

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 743)

larvae I have seen have always come from small narrow-leaved softer
sedges, and I am not aware that the giant prickly Cladium mariscus has
been present, still less eaten by ci/ialis larvae. Indeed when working sedge-
beds I find as I move into the coarser, taller plants that form their own
exclusive community, so I cease to find larvae of any species, certainly no
cilialis. The larvae is most plentiful in groves of Carex elata that can be
worked only when their site dries up, but I have swept the larva also from
mixed vegetation where the Carex grows as single stems, not in tussocks. In
both instances the leaf form is soft and narrow, not broad and hard.

I have kept and reared through the species on a number of occasions.
Larvae in captivity spin their tough cocoon between tightly packed sedge
leaves, or they may use Carex in association with paper lining. The sites
where I currently work have no reed at all, so that the species most certainly
does not have need to enter reed stems in order to pass the winter.

I did not know that this Pyralid was still supposedly known only from
Cambridge and Hunts (Ent. Rec. 105: 218). As long ago as 1952 Victor Day
and I used to find larvae freely at Stoke Ferry Fen and in recent years I have
been beating out larvae in numbers from Carex elata at Watton when
iooking for noctuids. It has long been recorded from Foulden Common.
The larvae is a most beautiful creature of rich yellow with crimson dorsum
centred by whitish with a pale blue tinge, and it is an easy one to rear to the
pupa. The moth has come to light trapping in contrasted sites in Norfolk
from its home in water meadows and dry fens to birch-heath and even in
pine plantations at some distance from breeding sites. Further east the
moth has been recorded by Norfolk Moth Group members from the
Broads at St. Olaves, Hickling and Burgh Common.

The Santon Downham Rothamstead trap being but a hundred yards
south of the River Ouse is virtually on the Norfolk-Suffolk boundary, and
we have seen the moth in Market Weston and Thelnetham fens which are in
the valley head of the Little Ouse, and again in neighbouring Lopham Fen
at the source of the Waveney, all these sites being also along the county
boundary.

Although not known to Morley (Lepidoptera of Suffolk, 1937) Nascia
cilialis was recorded from a number of locations between that date and
1960 when Alston published his Supplement to the main work again in
Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists Society; Alston gives records of the
species from Brandon, Flixton Marshes, Kessingland Denes, Waldringfield
and Walberswick.— G. M. HAGGETT, Meadows End, Northacre, Caston,
Norfolk NR17 1DG.

Two notable Staphylinidae (Col.) in North Hants

The two somewhat rare species recorded hereunder may well be additions
to the beetles of North Hampshire, much less intensively worked than the
southern vice-county. They were found recently among unset material.

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Philonthus corvinus Er.: a male caught flying in bright sunshine in the
vicinity of Woolmer Pond, 1.11i1.1953; it puzzled me at first, but Mr P.M.
Hammond, to whom I had sent a sketch of the aedeagus, kindly suggested
what proved to be its true identity. P. corvinus appears to become less
scarce towards the north; my late friend G.H. Ashe told me that it was not
uncommon in marshes in the Edinburgh district.

Omalium rugatum Muls. & Rey: also rare in the south-east, less so
towards the west and north. One occurred in debris from the R. Rother at
Liss, 14.v.53. I owe to my namesake Mr S.E. Allen the opportunity of
collecting various interesting species in that area.— A.A. ALLEN, 49
Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Eurydema oleraceum (L.) (Hem.: Pentatomidae) in 1992-3

Before entering on the main subject of this note, I should mention that I
mistakenly assigned the feminine gender to this bug’s trivial name when
writing of it last year (1992, Ent. Rec. 104: 79). It should have been neuter,
as above (see L.W. Grensted,1952, Ent. mon. Mag. 88: 141). For some
reason, however, Canon Grensted’s note has been widely overlooked and
most authors since have written oleracea. I must plead guilty to having let
myself be swept along unthinkingly on that tide!

In my previous note I remarked on the apparent extreme localisation of
the species on Woolwich Common near here, at all events in the autumn of
1991 when I first found it, after considerable search, in the nymphal stages.
It is worth adding now that in the following year it appeared to have
increased markedly. On 17th May, a suitably warm afternoon, I espied two
adults rather low on the outer foliage of one of the many then young plants
of Armoracia on the common, but nowhere near the 1991 site; and a third
on another plant. Two of them were of the strikingly handsome form
having the markings rich red — the first time that I had met with it. A few
further (typical) examples were swept not far away, one coming off an
isolated tall mignonette (Reseda lutea), but the foodplant was near at hand.
In June, nymphs of different sizes were several times encountered, again on
horseradish, in a third area nearer the original one — especially on sunny
evenings. Dr. I.S. Menzies informed me that the bug had been
exceptionally frequent in the same year, 1992, in a small ruderal area on
Bookham Common, Surrey, on (I believe) the same host. Clearly,
therefore, E. oleraceum enjoyed an unusually good season that year; in
contrast, I noticed none the following year on the common, but made no
special search.

Finally, on 18th August 1993 I met with further specimens in a new
locality for this district, alongside the Thames towards Greenwich. An
adult and a nymph were sighted on horseradish, and another adult almost
hidden in the yellow flower of some composite on the foreshore. Here the
foodplant was a very minor component of the local flora. — A.A. ALLEN,
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 31

Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.) (Lep.: Glyphipterigidae) in Scotland

While on holiday in Scotland I found several specimens of Glyphipterix
simpliciella (Steph.). This was at Achiltibuie (VC 105, West Ross — NC
024085) on 28.v.1993. It was in the early part of a warm and sunny
afternoon and the moths were in buttercup flowers.

I thought this record of interest as in Vol. 2 of The Moths and Butterflies
of Great Britain and Ireland it says Glyphipterix simpliciella ‘“‘has not been
recorded from the north mainland of Scotland — perhaps because it has
not been sought in these areas.”’

I am grateful to Dr M. Hull for checking the identification.—MARY
HARROP, 24 Delph Common Road, Aughton, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 5DW.

A further record of Schrankia intermedialis Reid, the Autumnal Snout
(Lep.: Noctuidae), in Kent

A single male of Schrankia intermedialis Reid was caught in the
Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap operating near Fagg’s Wood,
Warehorne, Kent (Site no. 478; O.S. grid ref. TQ988 346) on the night of
21/22.1x.1992. Identification was confirmed by examination of the
genitalia.

This is only the sixth specimen known; one was recorded at the above site
in 1988 and four others have been caught in Hertfordshire (Riley, A.M.
(1989) Schrankia intermedialis Reid (Lep.: Noctuidae), the autumnal
snout, in Kent. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 166). Nothing is known of
the biology of this taxon, which is suspected of being a hybrid between the
closely related S. costaestrigalis Stephens and S. faenialis Hiibner.
Confirmation of its presence in the Kent locality may lead to more
extensive research in the area.

Thanks are extended to Neil Davies for operating the trap at Warehorne
and to Bernard Skinner for his helpful comments.— ADRIAN M. RILEY,
AFRC Farmland Ecology Group, Dept. Entomology and Nematology,
IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. ALS 2JQ.

Margaritia sticticalis Linnaeus (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Breckland

In the recently published Review of the scarce and threatened pyralid
moths of Great Britain (Parsons, 1993) it is suggested that Margaritia
sticticalis has been extinct as a resident species since 1970, and all records
since that date refer to immigrants. I would like to put on record that in
1989, 1990 and 1991 I recorded this species from a scattering of sites across
Breckland, in both Norfolk and Suffolk.

Although recorded from only one site in 1989 there were several moths
seen, as there were on each subsequent occasion it was noted. Such
numbers would seem to indicate a resident population, if only temporarily,
and one that in some ways mirrors the Breckland occurrences of Scopula
rubiginata Hufnagel. It is suggested that M. sticticalis could be among that
group of species that establish resident populations, for a period of at least

32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

a few years, following a strong migration. Such populations would require
periodic re-inforcement to be continuous and the recent, apparently,
barren period could reflect the absence of such migrations.

The restricted sites at which M. sticticalis was recorded were not visited,
at the appropriate times of year, in either 1992 or 1993, but there is every
reason to believe that even a short term resident population would have
continued through these years.— MICHAEL R. HALL, ‘‘Hopefield’’,
Norwich Road, Scole, Diss, Norfolk IP21 4DY.

Some experiences with Agrius convolvuli L. (Lep.: Sphingidae)

I recently had opportunity to look through assorted papers left by Rick
Pilcher and thought this account of the Convolvulus Hawkmoth warranted
publication. Although undated the note was written when he still lived at
Boston, Lincs and would date from about 1965. Rick continued to grow
beds of Nicotiana at Boston where the size of his tobacco flowerbeds were
huge, and he followed the practice if on a reduced but still substantial scale
after moving to South Thoresby, where he invariably still saw the Hawk-
moth in most seasons.

‘*The attraction of the flowers of Nicotiana affinis for H. convolvuli is
well-known and in 1946 thirty-six specimens were taken at these flowers in
my garden. Since that year odd specimens have been taken in most years
and since my m.v. light trap was first put into operation six years ago, in
about equal numbers at the flowers and in the trap. Last year it was decided
to grow the Nicotiana in a large mass and at a different site twenty yards
from, and therefore well within the presumed attracting range of, my moth
trap. No specimens were seen last year either at the flowers or in the trap,
presumably because it was not in this area ‘convolvulus year.’

This year under the same conditions the first convolvuli, a male in
perfect condition, was found in the trap on the morning of 30th August.
Watch had been kept for the previous week, beginning at a date when
experience had taught me the first convolvuli might appear, and no moth
had been seen on the evening of the 29th, nor was it present in the trap at
midnight. On the evening of 2nd September a specimen was seen at the
Nicotianna flowers at that stage of dusk when it is just not too dark to see.
The trap was switched on immediately but it was not until some minutes
later, when the light had reached its full brilliance and it was appreciably
darker, that the moth became restless, no longer feeding for any length of
time at an individual bloom but flying rapidly from one bloom to another,
and finally flew swiftly away in an opposite direction to the trap. No
specimen was present at midnight; a specimen was present in the trap next
morning.

On the mornings of the Sth, 7th and 8th September specimens were
present in the trap in the morning. It had not been possible for various
reasons to keep an effective watch on the Nicotiana at dusk on the previous
evenings and the traps were not examined at midnight.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 33

On the evening of 10th September a specimen was caught at the
Nicotiana flowers, marked and released the following evening on the other
side of a high hedge one hundred and fifty yards from the trap. Its
subsequent behaviour could not be seen as it was released at rather late
dusk. It was not present in the trap at midnight. It was present on the
following morning when a second specimen was also present. This second
specimen was also marked and they were released at different sites, always
behind high cover in order to screen the light, at distances varying from 200
to 300 yards from the trap. In spite of the possible counter attraction of
brightly lit lamps, not switched off until after midnight, on the road on
which I live, the two released specimens were present in the trap on the two
following mornings. On the third occasion only one specimen, the first
caught, was present in the trap the next morning. Neither moth appeared
after this.

The distance from which the moths returned was certainly well beyond
the probable ‘‘attraction range’’ of the m.v. lamp and it was probably the
scent of the Nicotiana which drew them within the effective range.

I must confess that I have never kept an effective watch on my Nicotiana
before dawn, but my experiences suggest that the moth, like many others
and notably the Celeriids, has two main times of flight. The first is at dusk
before it is really dark and the m.v. trap is really effective; the second is
before dawn and while it is still dark enough for the m.v. light to be
effective.

The inquisitiveness of this moth has been frequently recorded and
Barrett states that it has been known to visit and to sample with its
proboscis a bright red jacket. On two occasions before the last war I have
seen specimens leave the Nicotiana and fly to my shirt-front for a brief
inspection, as I walked round my garden after dinner in the dusk. No
doubt, convolvull, conditioned to the white of the flowers, regarded my
stiff white shirt as a bloom of exotic quality. The very audible ‘‘whirr’’ of
the wings added a great thrill to the experience.

If this inquisitiveness is well-known, I cannot recall having seen any
record of another aspect of its behaviour. Bred specimens placed on a white
tablecloth, where their procrypsis is of no value, when irritated by gently
rubbing their heads and antennae, adopt a most impressive threat posture.
They draw themselves to their full height on fully extended legs, curving
their abdomen downwards and beneath them and so displaying what is not
normally a very noticeable feature, a much more deeply marked red and
black first abdominal segment overlapped by a black and blue extension
from the thorax. These markings are displayed with an almost startling
suddenness as the moth sinks into a relaxed position and then abruptly rises
into the threat posture. Yet when the same moths were placed on a
treetrunk, where their procrypsis was of value, they kept perfectly still,
tighly clasped to the tree trunk, even when they were roughly handled and
even lifted away.

34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

A. convolvull is easy to rear from the egg and presents no problems other
than one I met with in 1933 when an early October frost entirely killed the
normally too abundant cornbine in my garden and I was left with 86 larvae
in their penultimate instar, which one could imagine howling for food.
Frantic forcing of Convolvulus found in a sheltered corner only partially
solved the problem. I treat them in their last instar as I do atropos. When
the full-grown larva starts to take its restless walk round the breeding cage
looking for a pupating site, I place it in a large flower pot containing peat,
earth and sand and covered with a piece of muslin. The larva promptly
burrows and the pot is put in a frost-proof out-house for three to four
weeks. The pupa is then dug out of its earthen cocoon and placed in a
biscuit-box between moss and placed in my linen cupboard. The linen
cupboard is a strictly household appliance, to which I am allowed access
only on sufferance; it certainly approaches a tropical heat at times and the
temperature is dependent on the household’s demands on the hot water.
However, it works; the moss is dampened each evening with warm water
and three to four weeks later a moth emerges. One or two pupae have died
but I have never had a cripple with this technique.

I find that the females of the early summer lay freely, especially if kept in
rather close confinement. Females of the autumn brood seldom lay and
those that I have dissected have had only rudimentary gonads. Probably
the climate of the east coast is unsuitable for full development of the locally
bred insects, and the only autumn fertile female I have caught was probably
herself an immigrant. I have only found or had brought me larvae of this
moth in July and never larvae from the late summer brood.’’— The late
RICK PILCHER, via G.M. HAGGETT, Meadows End, Northacre, Caston,
Norfolk NR17 1DG.

Inachis io L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): second generation larvae.

On 10th September 1993, three groups of these larvae, rather less than half
grown and presumably emanating from a butterfly which emerged in 1993,
were Observed on a patch of stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) in an open
situation between two fields at Dartford. They were noted daily until the
15th, but on the 17th they had disappeared, presumably having dispersed
to pupate.

Such observations appear to be very rare. J.M. Chalmers-Hunt (The
Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 1962) gives none, and C. Plant (Butterflies
of the London Area, 1993) states that there are no such records for the
area.

This is a particularly surprising occurrence in view of 1993 having a very
poor summer in south-east England with /. /o being scarce, although less so
than Ag/ais urticae L. I had wondered if these September larvae would
produce butterflies during the autumn. However, in 1976, the year of the
long, hot, dry summer, several instances of September /. jo larvae were

Ww
nN

BOOKS AND JOURNALS

recorded, and C. Lipscomb (Ent. Rec. 89: 18) may have provided the
answer in an interesting account in which he reports collecting a brood of
these caterpillars in late September which produced butterflies in early
October, although not quite under natural conditions; he comments that
the pupal stage lasted only about a week.

The very occasional occurrence of a possible second generation in this
species is particularly interesting as it is probably univoltine throughout its
geographical range. L. Higgins and N. Riley (Butterflies of Britain and
Europe, 1970) state that it is univoltine throughout Europe. Also it is in
Japan, where it tends to have a northerly distribution, according to M.
Yokoyama’s textbook on Japanese butterflies (1956).—B.K. WEST, 36
Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick (Lep.: Oecophoridae) at Berrow in
Somerset

On the night of 31st August/1Ist September 1993 I caught a specimen of this
species in a m.v. trap in our garden at Berrow, Somerset (VC6). This
constitutes the first record for this vice-county. However, not the first for
Somerset (see Youden, G.H. Ent. Rec. 95: 103).— BRIAN E. SLADE, 40
Church House Road, Berrow, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset TA8 2NQ.

Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille, the Sloe Pug (Lep.: Geometridae) in Wales

A single male of Chloroclystis chloerata Mab. was caught in the
Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap at Cardiff (Site no. 347; O.S. grid ref.
ST 199 789) on the night of 17/18.vi.1993. So far as Iam aware, this species
has not previously been recorded in Wales. The fact that it has been found
in several of the bordering counties suggests the species is likely to be
present elsewhere in Wales but so far been overlooked.

Thanks are extended to Roger and Vicky Smith for operating the trap at
Cardiff and to Bernard Skinner for his helpful comments.—ADRIAN
M. RILEY, AFRC Farmland Ecology Group, Dept. Entomology and
Nematology, IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts
ALS 2J5Q.

BOOKS AND JOURNALS

Natura Croatica — Journal of the Natural History Museum of Croatia.
Two issues per year. Volume | (pp 1-128) 1992. Subscription US dollar 35.
from BTS, Knjiga tryovina d.o.o., Kptol 25, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia.

Recent reorganisation of the museum service in Croatia, following the
breakup of the former Yugoslavia has prompted the publication of this new
journal to bring together and promote natural history in the newly created
state of Croatia. This first issue is well produced with many clear,
monochrome, illustrations. Coverage is very broad including geology,

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

palaeontology, zoology and botany. There are two papers of interest to
entomologists — one by M. Kucinic on the Noctuidae of Licka Pljesevica
mountain, and another by F. Perovic on the sawflies of Biokova mountain.
Papers are in pee German or Croatian, with English or Croat
a summaries. The editors and publishers
provide an up-beat introduction to the
launch, from which this small quotation
will provide a flavour:
aa while we are writing this
introductory text, a shockingly cruel,
destroying and conquering war in
Croatia and neighbouring Bosnia and
Herzegovinia is still going on. So, why
are we Starting a new enterprise so
optimistically? Where does all this self-
confidence of ours come from? Both our
optimism and_ self-confidence are
founded in the bottom of our hearts,
because we know that we are suffering a
great injustice and that we are fighting
against it. Besides, only one superficial insight, not only into the richness
and interestingness of natura croatica, of museum collections and museum
staff, but also an insight into our past inspires and justifies all our hopes... ”’
We wish the journal every success.

Larger Moths of the London Area by Colin W. Plant. 214pp., A4. Boards.
London Natural History Society, London. 1993. £19.95.

This volume is the successor to The butterflies of the London Area, by the
same author, published in 1987. This work is a more ambitious
undertaking. The introduction includes useful sections on definition of the
area with map showing London borough and county boundaries, geology,
habitats, recording (past and present), validation of records, status (ten
categories), voltinism, larval foodplants, sources of information and
acknowledgements.

The bulk of the volume, 234 pages, is devoted to the recorded species.
All known records are cited for the rarer immigrant and very scarce species
with the aid of distribution maps for some of the latter, these indicating
separately old records and those for 1981-1991. A large, clear distribution
map based upon tetrads, and with county boundaries marked,
accompanies each report of a resident species, usually based on the
1981-1991 period only. A transparent overlay is provided to place records
in the context of the National Grid and tetrad systems, as well as indicating
county boundaries, chalk or woodland and built-up areas. These reports
cover voltinism, melanism, frequency, distribution, and in particular any
changes in these. Polymorphism, including aberrations, also receive some

BOOKS AND JOURNALS 37]

attention. The reports, especially where concerned with current trends and
anomalies in frequency and distribution are excellent; there are however,
several omissions and apparent inaccuracies. Melanism is not mentioned
for Ectropis bistortata and Hydriomena furcata; melanics of both have
been reported for the London area. For Chloroclysta truncata the
statement that ab. rufescens Strom. is ‘‘confined to the second generation,
as has been suggested by Chalmers-Hunt”’ is erroneous, the form being
genetically controlled and appearing in all generations. Eupithecia
plumbeolata is stated to have occurred at Dartford from 1981 to 1991;
should not this read ‘‘Darenth Wood’’? The map for Apoda limacodes
conveys the impression that the species is absent from the Kent area; it is
common at Dartford, 57B. How curious that with numerous well defined,
named forms including melanics, Orthosia incerta is ignored from this
aspect, as it is by Chalmers-Hunt (The Butterflies and Moths of Kent,
1968)!

Works of this nature very rarely provide authentic information on larval
foodplants; those listed in this volume are genuine and are from
observations within the London area.

A series of Appendices includes a comprehensive checklist based upon
the constituent counties, in which the status category is quoted; a list of
species according to the numbers and percentages of the tetrads for which
each species is recorded; a gazetteer of localities, a list of useful addresses
and a description of the functions of the London Natural History Society.
An index includes popular and scientific names, both specific and
binomial.

This volume is clearly printed on good paper, well bound and attractive
in all respects, and more important the author has sifted records to include
only those that are accurate, by, for example, the use of voucher specimens
and insisting on genitalic corroboration for certain species. Almost any
criticism must refer to the nature of the project rather than to any
shortcomings by the author. Even in this relatively well worked part of
England the distribution maps frequently appear to reflect that of static
light traps and favourite sites. Thus the reviewer’s tetrad is in the highest
category for moth records, that immediately to the west is the lowest
despite their similarity in habitats — and all for the want of a few more
yards of flex and the use of a neighbour’s garden! However, the maps
indicate that some very rich localities are under-recorded, including
Eynsford, Farningham Wood and those parts of Darenth Wood in three of
its four tetrads, yet the first of these localities has been well worked. Apoda
limacodes is shown as absent from the Kent area; it remains not uncommon
in tetrad 57B. Nevertheless, some maps illustrate interesting distribution
patterns which are valid and puzzling. Two particularly interesting maps
illustrate the recent colonisation of the whole London area by Lithophane
leautieri and the partial colonisation by Aporophila nigra; whereas a
number of species appear to have a southerly distribution, two show a
northerly one, Xanthothoe quadrifasciata and Selenia lunularia.

38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

The volume presents an excellent appraisal of the larger moths of the
London area; the author has endeavoured to make it as accurate as
possible. Unusually for this type of work it makes very interesting reading;
it is not merely for reference. No lepidopterist in the London area and the
home counties should be without a copy; it also has a wider appeal to the
more general naturalist, and it provides an ideal model for anyone
contemplating producing a local work in any branch of natural history, but
particularly the macro-lepidoptera in which hitherto the expertise has
frequently been somewhat lacking. The author is to be congratulated on
what is a truly remarkable publication; the London Natural History Society
has produced a wonderful advertisement for itself. One hopes that this
book will become the firm foundation and model for the publication of the
results of similar surveys for the London area in the future. B.K. West.

Lepidopteros Defoliadores de Quercus pyrenaica, Willdenow, 1805 by
Santiago Soria. 302pp., 196 colour illustrations. Paperback. Published by
Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion. ISBN: 84-505-6680-0.
Price 3000 Pts (approx. £15.00).

The dearth of decent books on the British market which deal exclusively
with Lepidopterous larvae, especially those of the moths, seems to be in the
process of being rectified thanks to the literature available in Spain.

I lived there between 1988 and 1991 and was overwhelmed by the quality
of information on offer in the form of beautifully produced books replete
with full colour photographs, indispensable as field guides.

Living in Madrid, I came across no less than four species represented in
the lasiocampid genus, Ma/acosoma (Hiibner, 1820). | would have been at
a loss to have been able to have identified them, but was able to make good
use of the works on the larvae found in Spain by Carlos Gomez de
Aizpurua in addition to the volume which occupies our attention here by
Santiago Soria Carreras.

The book which is a result of a thesis undertaken by Sr Soria Carraras
between 1981 and 1986, may deal exclusively with the lepidopterous fauna
to be found on one species of oak, Quercus pyrenaica (Willdenow, 1805),
but its relevance to the entomologist goes far beyond that.

The book covers in detail fourteen families of the Lepidoptera, including
the Geometridae, Noctuidae, Lasiocampidae, Plutellidae and Tortricidae.

Each species is dealt with in sections citing the following; Spanish data;
specimens captured by the author on Q. pyrenaica, description of each
stage, the species’ life cycle; distribution in Spain and the rest of the world,
and its influence if any, on pyrenaica, as well as the appropriate steps to be
taken should it assume pest status (the book is written with the Forestry
Commission, Spanish equivalent, in mind).

There are 72 species described with 28 accounts belonging to the
Noctuidae. Apart from the photographs themselves there is a very useful
Appendix illustrating male genitalia. The work opens with details on
collection of specimens in the field and preparing genitalia.

BOOKS AND JOURNALS 39

Two species of Malacosoma are described in detail here, neustria
(Linnaeus, 1758) and alpicola, (Staudinger, 1870). Illustrations include a
close shot of mounted head-capsules of three species from this genus (the
last two named plus, castrensis). This is in addition to and close ups of the
larvae themselves both in the field and in captivity. Four other
lasiocampids not found in Britain are also dealt with; Trichiura castiliana,
(Spuler, 1908), Phyllodesma_ tremulifolia (Hiibner, 1809-10), P.
kermesifolia, (Lajonquiere, 1960) and suberifolia (Duponchel, 1842).

Obviously, the entomologist with a special interest in Spain would be
best served by this publication, but there are a number of species described
also resident in the UK.

The text is in Spanish, but its usefulness for the British non-Spanish
speaking entomologist has lead me to embark on a translation. In the
meantime, copies can be ordered from: Natural History Book Service Ltd.,
2/3 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Gareth Clumo.

Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society. Quarterly publication
Volume | (pp 1-62) 1993. Private subscription US dollar 40. via Mr Willy
de Prins, Dikmuidelaan 176, B 2600 Antwerpen, Belgium. Published by
Apollo popular science publishers, Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology,
252601 Kiev MSP, Ukraine.

A new entomological journal from a new country recently separated from
the USSR. For those used to the depressingly poor quality of publications
from eastern block countries, this journal will come as a surprise.
Attractively produced with many good colour
illustrations it even contains a page with the
words ‘‘. . . this page is for an expected and
unexpected advertisement. Advertising means
contribution to this journal... .’’

The text is in Russian, with brief summaries
in English. As well as reports and reviews, this
first issue contains articles on rostral segments
of assassin bugs; new taxa of Cicindelid beetles
from Ukraine and Turkmenistan; notes of the
Dytiscid fauna of the Crimea; Ichneumonid f
wasps of the genus Noxocremastus from the
Palaearctic; Macrophotography of wild insects
(well illustrated); New Pamphiliid sawflies
from Talysh; new ants from Vietnam; new
wasp species of Gorytes rom Kazakhstan and predators of the weevil
Rhamphus oxyacanthae in apple orchards. Clearly, the Ukraine is in need
of some good lepidopterists!

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994

Help wanted — Peak District

Records of sites/species of invertebrate conservation importance wanted
for the Peak District National Park; must be site-specific and significant. If
you hold any useful records please contact RHODRI THOMAS, Ecologist,
Peak Park Joint Planning Board, Aldern House, Bakewell, Derbyshire
DE45 1AE. (Tel: 0629 814321).

The British Entomological and Natural History Society is pleased to
announce that its very successful book British hoverflies: an illustrated
identification guide by A.E. Stubbs and S.J. Falk is now available again
after being out of print for two years. Since its original publication in 1983,
this book remains the definitive guide to the British hoverfly fauna, and
with over 190 species being illustrated on the 12 spectacular colour plates it
is also one of the most attractive. A 16-page supplement was added in 1986.
Hardback copies are available at £26 each, plus £2.80 postage and packing
(£3.50 overseas), from the Sales Secretary, R.D. Hawkins, 30d
Meadowcroft Close, Horley, Surrey RH6 9EL. The BENHS is a registered
charity, number 213149.

CONTRIBUTIONS

Readers are reminded that they are the main source of material
for the Journal. We urgently need papers, notes and

observations for publication, particularly on British and
European Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and other orders. Please
see the front cover for details of how to contribute.

Contents and Special Index
The contents and special index for volume 105 (1993) will be distributed
with the March issue of the Record.

KATIE EMMET

It is with great sadness that we hear of the death of Katie
Emmet on 23rd December 1993. Although not an
entomologist by calling, she participated willingly in field
work, developing a keen eye for leaf mines — often spotting

those missed by ‘‘real microlepidopterists’’, and was warmly
welcomed when she applied for membership of the British
Entomological and Natural History Society in 1984. A
charming and courteous hostess, Katie will be greatly missed
by all who knew her. We extend our sympathy to Lt. Col.
Maitland Emmet on his loss. Paul Sokoloff.

THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY

The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the
younger or less experienced Entomologist.

For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing
30p towards costs) to AES Registrar, 22 Salisbury Road, Feltham,
Middlesex TW13 SOP.

L. CHRISTIE

129 Franciscan Road, Tooting,
London SW17 8DZ.

Telephone: 01-672 4024

FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST — Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens

Price lists are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line
stating your interests.

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Member of the Entomological Suppliers’ Association

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents
The Abantis bismarcki-group of skipper butterflies, with the description of
Abantis bamptoni sp. nov. santas Hesperiidae). S.C. Collins
and TB wvarsen) ss 4) oe WE ae ste es epg l

Merdigery and maternal care ina leaf vesila R. ea Vanes ae Fs 5 ee 7
Breeding Maniola jurtina L. ab. addenda Mosley ye Satyridae)

R. Barrington . . ‘ ts 13
Dung-beetles in South- east London. A. A. Allen Soe eee Fak it7/
Butterflies in the Hoggar Mountains, Southern Algeria in Ao 1993. ih Tennent : 21

Notes and observations
White-letter Hairstreak caterpillars on Southwest Norfolk, 1993. G.M. Haggett . . 5
Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low altitude in Scotland. S. Clancy . . 6
The Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.: Satyridae) an Bian

character in Doctor Zhivago. P. Miles. . = eae 12
Hazards of moth collecting: diseases in Ecuador. a Soule. 3. ee 15
Amigrant-Ephestia? (Lep.; Pyralidae): Ss: Glaricy = 5) ee 19
Bees at breakfast. J.A. Owen . . ae 20
Hazards of butterfly collecting: The fama ticks Bt Gensboke Ratna ana, 1991.

TsBsLarsen, . : : ae 24
A new foodplant for atecuicarie ruficiliana (Haw, ) (eps a Pontricidae):

M. Smith. Baa te 26
Euplagia quadrinunetania (Poda) and Dymantria dispar Ce oe in the Tale et Wight.

S.A. Knill-Jones . . a 28
Nascia cilialis Hb. (Lep.: Pyralidacn in Norfolk aad Suffolk. G. M. Hoesen ae 28
Two notable Staphylinidae (Col.)in North Hants. A.A. Allen. . . :) ae 29
Eurydema oleraceum (L.) (Hem.: Pentatomidae) in 1992-93. A.A. Allen 31) 30
Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.) (Lep.: Glyphipterigidae) in Scotland.

MEEGrr Op te 3. LS) ee 31
A further record of Selnonhan fitenmedialis Reid, ‘the Auaunnal Sout

(Lep.: Noctuidae) in Kent. A.M. Riley . . 3 ee ee 31
Margaritia sticticalis L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Breck eid: iM: R. Hall ; & Layee 31
Some experiences with Agrius convolvuli (Lep.: Sphingidae).

R. Pilcherand G.M. Haggett . . ile Alo. «'c 34
Inachis io L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): second poneration lanvaes B.K. West + us eee 34
Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick. (Lep.: Oecophoridae) at Berrow in Somerset

BSE Slade = «. ee 35
Chloroclystis Ghlocrata Mabille, the Slee Pag (Lep.: Geomeniiaen in Wales

AMER ey ec ie conti! SP Ae) Wena ee sety My Sec AL 5 ee 35
Books‘and Journals. = os. ae eS Ss a ka “en eg en 35
AMMNOUNGCEMTENTS: Sa) ee Gore) Mes asad Se Peto AG tse 40
Katie Emmet a. <<-out! Seine ce ee Be Ss 2 ea 40

SPECIAL NOTICE. The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited
number of back issues.

Printed in England by
Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel.: 0277-224610.

of PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY
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Nos 3—4

THE

& _ ENTomoLoaist’s REcorD
‘

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by
P.A. SOKOLOFF, eres.

Assistant Editors

J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING F.R.ES.

MARCH/APRIL 1994

ISSN 0013-3916

THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editor

P.A. SOKOLOFF, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.
4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS.

Assistant Editors
J.A. OWEN, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.E.S.

Editorial Panel

A.A. Allen B.Sc., A.R.C.S. P.J. Chandler B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
N. Birkett M.A., M.B. C.A. Collingwood B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
E.S. Bradford A.M. Emmet M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.
J.D. Bradley Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.0.G.
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt F.R.E:S. B. Skinner

Registrar

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Hon. Treasurer
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WHERE TO WRITE

EDITOR: All material for publication and books for review.
REGISTRAR: Subscription changes of address and non-arrival of the
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Notes for Contributors

It would greatly help the Editor if material submitted for publication were typed and double
spaced. Two copies are preferred. Please DO NOT use block capitals and DO NOT underline
anything except scientific names. Word-processed text should not use italic, bold or compressed
typeface. References quoted within the text can be abbreviated (eg Ent. Rec.), but those collected
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Rec. J. Var.). When in doubt try to follow the style and format of material in a current issue of
the Record.

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Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply

that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Editorial Board or the
publisher.

POPLAR HAWKMOTH IN KENT 41

THE INCIDENCE OF LAOTHOE POPULI L. (LEP.:SPHINGIDAE)
IN NORTH-WEST KENT, 1969-1993

BRIAN K. WEST
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN.

FOR MANY YEARS, without checking my records, I had believed that
this moth’s main period of appearance was in late May and June, followed
by a few moths of a second generation in late July and August, in this part
of England. My garden m.v. light has been in operation for twenty-five
years, and L. populi has been a regular visitor in its season throughout this
period in which numbers have steadily increased. For the fourteen years
from 1969 the average per year was 16, followed by 41 from 1983 to 1987
inclusive and 78 for the next six years. Until 1982 almost all specimens were
singletons, but in recent years there have frequently been several specimens,
up to as many as Six, per night.

There has been a general consensus of opinion expressed in the text
books until Heath and Emmet, (1979) and Skinner (1984). Thus Barrett
(1895) states that the moth is regularly double-brooded, the first brood in
May and June, the second in late July and August. Tutt (1902) states
normally May and June, in late seasons July, but in early seasons a partial
second brood in late July and August, there being a pupal stage of three to
four weeks; the inference being that the second generation occurs only in
early years. The life history chart in Newman and Leeds (1913) gives May,
June and July, but notes that L. populi is partially double-brooded in the
south. Finally South (1939) states May and June as a rule, but in backward
seasons the moths may not emerge until July or even August; however, he
adds that moths may emerge in late July when eggs are laid in May. In
addition three local works refer to the matter. Chalmers-Hunt (1968) for
Kent corroborates regarding the presence of a partial second generation
which he states ‘‘occurs fairly often’’. He notes the earliest appearance as
30th April 1845 at Lewisham (excluding a specimen seen at light in January
1922) and the latest date Ist September 1957. For north-east Surrey L. and
K. Evans (1973) quote that twenty-four specimens were noted at
Addiscombe between 25th May and 10th August 1969, and nineteen
between 28th May and 14th August 1970; the latest date given is Ist
September 1969 at Carshalton. The recently published work by C. Plant for
the London area (1993) states that the moth is univoltine most years, flying
from the second week of May until the first week of July; a partial second
generation is recorded some years, particularly those with hot summers
such as 1990 and 1991.

In these textbooks the contention is whether the second generation is
partial, i.e. affects only a proportion of the moths each year or/and occurs
every year or Only in some years. The time span (May to August) is not in
contention. The two latest books deviate from this pattern. Heath and

42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994

Emmet (1979) are precise and separate the two generations when present:
‘‘univoltine, occasionally bivoltine. Flies from dusk onwards in May and
June; a small second brood may occur in the autumn’’. Skinner (1984)
gives the first generation from May to July, plus an occasional second
generation in August and September. Thus these two recent works are in
agreement that the second brood is only occasional and that September is
included as a month for the moth’s appearance.

The accompanying table illustrates the number of L. populi attending
my garden m.v. light for the period 1983 to 1993, each month being divided
into two. The period 1969 to 1982 is not shown; moths came in very much
smaller numbers, but the same trends are reflected.

Year May June July August Total
1993 — 9 away 13 15 34 16 2 89
1992 — 14 12 away 13 42 10 1 92
199] _ ] — 3 12 20 31 1 68
1990 1 ] 2 4 7 15 16 4 50
1989 — 4 3 1 21 34 12 2 77
1988 1 ] 8 13 20 43 29 2 123
1987 — l _ 2 16 18 12 6 55
1986 — = 1 4 5 17 9 2 38
1985 _— — 3 4 6 17 10 6 46
1984 — _ 6 5 1 1] 9 6 38
1983 — 1 2 3 8 13 8 _ 35
Total 8 32 37 52 124 264 162 32 711

There are two constraints to be observed when considering the accom-
panying table. There are relatively fewer favourable nights during May and
early June than in late June, July and August. In north-west Kent
anticyclonic conditions with cold, clear nights and north or north-easterly
winds are a frequent feature of spring; additionally at this season there are
more nights when the light is not operated due to unpropitious weather
conditions.

The table portrays no indication of a break suggesting two generations;
my figures suggest a single-brooded moth with a long emergence period,
most commonly flying from early July until mid-August. However, Tutt
(1902) supplies evidence of the insect being partially bivoltine in southern
England, although many examples he cites refer to moths emerging in
confinement. Eupithecia intricata arceuthata Freyer is univoltine in south-
east England. It is a frequent visitor to my m.v. light, but I have never
recorded a specimen in October or November. Yet bred in captivity on
several occasions in a cool, unheated room, all the moths have emerged as a

POPLAR HAWKMOTH IN KENT 43

300

250

200
150

100

May June July August
Total numbers of L. populi, 1983-1993

second generation in October. Calliteara pudibunda has behaved similarly.
Therefore, it is essential when considering possible second generation
records to be certain that they refer to feral conditions.

Several interesting features may be observed from the figures presented,
and the accompanying graph:—

(a) There are no records for September, although several refer to the last
days of August — the 29th 1971, 29th 1984, and 28th 1985. The latest date
given by Chalmers-Hunt (1962) is for Ham Street, Ist September 1957; by
L. and K. Evans (1973) for north-east Surrey, Ist September 1969; by Tutt
(1902) 31st August 1894 at Waldringfield, of which he states: ‘*. . . the
latest date I have ever seen the species at large’’. The two recent textbooks,
Heath and Emmet (Eds) (1979) and Skinner (1984), which are out of step
with earlier ones, are at variance with my findings regarding September
also; upon what evidence are their claims based?

(b) The first half of May has by far the fewest records of the four month
period, although it also has far more nights of unfavourable weather
conditions and also more nights when the light is not in operation. Over the
whole twenty-five year period in only two years were L. populi noted in the
first half of May: seven in 1988, on the 8th (2) and 14th (5), and one
specimen in 1990, on the 14th, the next one not appearing until the 30th.

(c) The next fewest numbers are recorded for the second halves of May and
August, this being true of both periods, 1969-1982 and 1983-1993. Perhaps
surprisingly May as a whole is far less significant than August for this

44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994

moth, which is hardly in accord with the generally accepted statement for
the moth’s time of appearance as May and June with a partial second
generation in July and August.

(d) Here L. populi appears to be most common in the second half of July.
In the period 1983-1993 this was so in all years but two when the first half
of August recorded the most specimens, the second half of July taking
second place (only marginally in 1990). The first half of August over the
1983-1993 period shows the next largest number of records, followed by the
first half of July. For the earlier fourteen years the pattern is similar.

(e) There is no break in the records over the four months to separate the
generations, and the moths appear identical throughout the period.
However, for the earlier sequence of years there is a decline in numbers for
the second half of June. This is by far the largest moth to be considered
bivoltine in south-east England and its life cycle is consequently longer.

Only Tutt (1902) provides evidence concerning the life cycle of L. populi,
although his examples require careful interpretation because of confusion
as to whether the conditions were natural or artificial. Referring to
southern England he states that from pairings made in late May or June,
second generation moths do not emerge until the end of July, usually
August, and secondly that only some of the brood, usually a small
proportion, emerge in the same year. Examples are quoted, invariably with
at least the larval stage in confinement, portraying an egg stage of about a
week, a larval stage of five or six weeks at least, and a pupal state of three
weeks, giving a total of about two months. Therefore it is evident that egg-
laying by first generation moths must have ceased by the end of June, for
September moths are virtually unknown.

What is the explanation for these apparently anomalous figures for the
Dartford area? There are several possible hypotheses:

(a) The July/August peak is the result of a partial overlap of two broods.
This theory is not tenable regarding the peak from mid-July, for a first
generation pairing as late as this would produce second brood moths in
September.

(b) The July-August peak reflects only attraction to light, not actual
numbers flying, consequent upon differences in meteorological conditions
between spring and early summer. (I take summer as commencing at the
summer solstice). Or might there be a difference in this moth’s behaviour
between the two generations? Although this may appear very unlikely it
does occur in the case of Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. in which the first
brood is diurnal (Chalmers-Hunt 1968; West 1986).

(c) There is basically only one generation which emerges over a long period,
peaking in late July and early August. In conflict with this theory is the
overwhelming circumstantial evidence of a second generation in early years
at least. Also second brood specimens would surely tend to appear later (in
September) following the late July maximum.

POPLAR HAWKMOTH IN KENT 45

(d) The textbooks are correct in postulating a bivoltine régime in southern
England, but all are incorrect regarding details. The Dartford statistics
suggest that the second generation is substantially larger than the first. A
possible explanation for this may be that due to the overwintering pupae
lying upon the soil surface or just beneath it for eight or nine months
compared with only three weeks for those producing second generation
moths, there is a very much higher rate of mortality among the former;
there may be other contributary causes, but it seems that this is likely to be
the main one. However, I am unable to reconcile the evidence that there is a
much larger second generation of L. populi for twenty-five consecutive
years at Dartford with the textbook statements that this brood is only
occasional and partial, i.e. small. That this statement is included in Colin
Plant’s work for the London area, and for the period 1980 to 1991 in
particular, is perplexing. Although the author had many of my records he
did not possess those for the commoner species, including L. populi.

Unintentionally, this essay has posed more questions than it has
answered, and these can be forthcoming only from others. I am sure that
the form of bivoltinism in this moth observed at Dartford is not unique; it
must be similar elsewhere in south-east England, perhaps more widely over
southern Britain; doubtless too there are areas where the second generation
does occur as described in many textbooks — partial, small and occasional.
The approximate delineation of such areas is dependent upon the
observations of many people who operate static m.v. light traps on a
regular basis being made known.

References

Barrett, C. 1895. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, Vol. I.

Chalmers-Hunt, C. 1968. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent 2.

Evans, L. & K. 1973. A Survey of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Croydon and N.E.
Surrey.

Heath, J. and Emmet, A. (Eds) 1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain
and Ireland.

Newman, L.W. and Leeds, H. 1913. Text Book of British Butterflies and Moths.

Plant, C. 1993. Larger Moths of the London Area.

Skinner, B. 1984. Moths of the British Isles.

South, R. 1939. The Moths of the British Isles.

Tutt, J. 1902. A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, Vol. X11.

West, B.K. 1986. 98: 129. Some aspects of the natural history of the Ruby Tiger

moth. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 129.

46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.111. 1994

A melanic Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent

On 17th June 1993, an almost unicolorous, extremely dark grey specimen,
in which the thorax was also very dark, was found at my garden m.v. light.
It appears to be an undescribed form; in appearance the nearest specimens
to it comprise a series of nine in the National Collection, two from
Yorkshire and seven from Delamere, Cheshire, but these show traces of
paler transverse lines on the forewing, and appear slightly more variegated;
they too are of an unnamed form.

Chalmers-Hunt (The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 1968) gives no
record for the melanics in Kent; however, C. Plant (Larger Moths of the
London Area, 1993) states that melanic specimens are rare, and quotes a
record for Totteridge, Herts (Lorimer) for 1971. Kettlewell (The Evolution
of Melanism, 1973) considering melanism in this species writes of the
blackish forms thompsoni Arkle and robsoni Collins in the past tense,
stating that they had been replaced by another melanic form, bimaculosa
Esp. (syn. plumbea Mansbridge) which had become widespread in Britain.
This perhaps suggests that the 1971 specimen mentioned above was
bimaculosa. Compared with my Dartford specimen, this form is
considerably paler, more variegated, and has a paler thorax.

It is one of the mysteries of the development of melanism in north-west
Kent that species such as P. nebulosa and Aethalura punctulata D. & S.
addicted to resting exposed upon tree trunks, readily visible to the human
eye from a considerable distance, have not developed a dark form in this
area. It is also interesting that this specimen should arrive at a time when
melanism is on the decline in many species as atmospheric pollution
abates.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN.

Catocala fraxini L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Cornwall?

Until this year (1993), the only Cornish record known to me for Clifden
Nonpariel (Catocala fraxini) was in the garden of Kea Vicarage, where the
Rev V.A. Callon found a single specimen in 1949 (The Entomologist, 1949,
82: 15). Details of a second Cornish record have now been passed on to me.
A single was found in the lavatory of Cot Manor (SW 366375), near St Just
in west Cornwall, on the night of 14th August by the artist Kurt Jackson.
Apparently, a party was in full swing, but Kurt assures me that he noticed
the moth before getting into the party spirit. He is quite positive about the
identification as he used to collect moths at one time. No-one in the house
knew anything about the moth. I can only assume that the specimen had
been bred and released nearby, unless the moth had migrated from Europe.
This record may be the most westerly mainland sighting of this lovely and
distinctive species.— ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro,
Cornwall TR4 8RL.

FOODPLANTS OF PRIVET HAWKMOTH 47

FOODPLANTS OF THE PRIVET HAWKMOTH, SPHINX LIGUSTRI
LINN. (LEP.: SPHINGIDAE): AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

G.W. DANAHAR! and R.G.W. NORTHFIELD?

' School of Biological Sciences, Biology Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BNI 9OG.
(Author for correspondence)
? Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ.

Introduction

IN AN EARLIER paper, one of us (Danahar, 1993) speculated about the
reasons for an observed foodplant preference of the Privet Hawkmoth,
seen in the wild. This paper describes laboratory experiments to determine
the optimum foodplant for growth under controlled conditions.

Although such work can never give us a full answer as to why certain
foodplants are chosed in the field, it can indicate the nutritional value of
different foodplants for this species of hawkmoth, allowing for a more
informed interpretation of field-based observations.

Methods

Newly-hatched larvae were individually weighed in grams to three decimal
places, given sufficient foodplant and placed singly in sealed plastic pots.
They were kept in a constant temperature room at 27°C (range 26-28°C).
The light regime was 12 hours light : 12 hours dark. Every day or two (when
the foodplant in the pots needed to be replaced) the larvae were weighed
and then put into new containers and given a fresh supply of foodplant.
Four foodplants were used, Ash Fraxinus excelsior Linn., Lilac Syringa
vulgaris Linn. and both the Green and Golden Privet Ligustrum ovifolium
Hassk. Twelve larvae were fed on each of these foodplants. We wanted to
include Wild Privet L. vulgare Linn., but could not find a readily available
supply of this foodplant. When the larvae stopped feeding and started to
change colour and wander, they were placed in plastic pots with a layer of
dry coarse sand at the bottom, in which they pupated.

Results
Only larvae that survived to pupate are included here (Lilac n = 12
[Percentage pupal survival = 100%]Ash n = 10 [ 83.3%] Green Privet n
= 8 [66.7%] and Golden Privet n = 1 [8.3%]). Figure 1 shows changes in
mean body mass of Privet Hawkmoth larvae over the 25-day growth
period.

The larvae grew fast and reached their maximum weight at around
twenty days (Lilac mean weight = 6.3lg, S.E. +0.31g, Ash mean weight =
4.29g, S.E. + 0.26g, Green Privet mean weight = 3.95g, S.E. + 0.62g and
Golden Privet weight = 2.7g). They then lost a significant proportion of
their body weight during pupation. This was partially because they stopped

48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.ii1.1994

Fig. 1. Changes in mean body mass of Privet Hawkmoth larvae fed on four different
foodplants.

feeding and thus their digestive tracts emptied, but also because a large
amount of liquid was lost from their bodies.

The heaviest pupae produced were from those larvae which fed on Lilac,
mean weight = 3.45g, S.E. + 0.2g. This is 0.6g (17.4%) heavier than the
average weight of larvae fed on Green Privet (mean weight = 2.85g, S.E. +
0.17g), 21.7% heavier than those fed on Ash (mean weight = 2.7g, S.E. +
0.15g) and 39.1% heavier than the sole surviving larva which fed on Golden
Privet (weight = 2.1g). A one-way analysis of variance showed that there
were significant differences in pupal body mass between larvae fed on the
different foodplants (F = 4.21, p = 0.0144). A Scheffe F-test (multiple
range test) showed that the difference between Ash and Lilac was
significant (F = 3.01) at the 95% level.

The Green and especially Golden Privet showed poor results, despite the
fact that in an attempt to use the healthiest larvae for the experiment, the
larvae which fed on Green Privet were unintentially selected to be heavier
than the larvae which fed on the other foodplants. A one-way analysis of

FOODPLANTS OF PRIVET HAWKMOTH 49

variance of hatchling mass showed significant differences between larvae
fed on these four foodplants (F = 4.89, p = 0.0051). A Scheffe F-test was
carried out and the hatchling weight on Ash was significantly different
from that on Green Privet (F = 4.12) at the 95% level and hatchling weight
on Green Privet was significantly different from that on Golden Privet (F
= 3.15) at the 95% level.

Discussion

Although Lilac was present at the Dunhams Wood site (Danahar, 1993) a
search for larvae on it produced nothing, whereas large numbers of larvae
were found on Ash. However, there was considerably more Ash than Lilac
at this site.

The results of the present work suggest that Lilac is a nutritionally
superior foodplant for the Privet Hawkmoth. The observed distribution of
larvae in the field on Ash rather than Lilac, could result from preferential
Oviposition on Ash, or from better survival on Ash (with higher mortality
on Lilac), or because Ash was more likely to be encountered by adults. A
combination of these three factors could also result in the same
observation. Experiments on hostplant choice by ovipositing adults might
help to distinguish between these possibilities.

Lilac is not a native species in the British Isles (Clapham, Tutin and
Moore, 1990) and is mostly confined to urban settings, so it may be of little
importance to the ecology of the Privet Hawkmoth in its native haunts in
this country. However, the Privet Hawkmoth seems to have two distinct
habitat preferences. In the wild, Pittaway (1993) describes it as a species of
woodland edge and open scrub. He notes that the larvae show a preference
for sapling Ash or the lower growing foliage of Lilac or Privet. It could be
assumed that the Privet Hawkmoth is an opportunistic species, which is
quick to colonise chalk and limestone scrub where young Ash is the
primary tree colonist. In this context it would be interesting to know if Wild
Privet establishes as quickly as Ash. The alternative habitat preference of
this Hawkmoth is the urban setting, where it feeds on Lilac, Garden Privet,
Spiraea and Forsythia, to name but a few. It is commonly observed in
Cambridge where the apparent preference is for Spiraea as opposed to
Garden Privet (Northfield, personal observations). This observation is not
surprising in view of the low final pupal weight and high mortality of larvae
on Garden Privet, recorded in the present work. The ability of this species
to utilise new foodpalnts is already documented, for example
Symphoricarpos alba (Meerman, 1987), and it is possible that this plasticity
in foodplant acceptability is what has enabled the Privet Hawkmoth to
spread from downland habitats to the urban environment.

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.111. 1994

Conclusion

Under controlled conditions in the laboratory, Privet Hawkmoth larvae
put on most weight when fed on Lilac. Further experiments which include
Wild Privet Ligustrum vulgare Linn., Spiraea and Forsythia, could be
enlightening.

Acknowledgements

We thank the following people for their help: Dr Mark Tester, Dr Robert
Srygley, Dr Sarah Corbet, and Dr Brian McCabe.

References

Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G., and Moore, P. (1990). Flora of the British Isles (third
edition), Cambridge University Press.

Danahar, G.W. (1993). Nine out of ten caterpillars said they preferred Ash.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 125-128.

Meerman, J.C. (1987). De Nederlandse Pijlstaartvlinders (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae).
Wetenschappelijke Mededeling van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhis-
torische Vereniging 180: 60pp. Hoogwoud.

Pittaway, A.R. (1993). The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books,
Colchester, in association with the Natural History Museum, London.

A further note on larval foodplants of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.:
Pieridae) in north-west Kent

From the note by B.K. West (Ent. Rec. 105: 253-4) on this subject, in which
he invites the observations of others, I was greatly surprised to learn that
neither horse-radish (Amoracia rusticana) nor, apparently, hedge-mustard
(Sisymbrium officinale) are listed among the known foodplants of the
Large White in the standard textbooks. Like Mr West in his district, I had
long been accustomed to seeing broods of P. brassicae larvae on the former
plant, not very infrequently, here on Woolwich Common in the last few
decades, taking but little notice of them as I assumed their occurrence on
that host must be well known. For that reason I never even troubled to
verify the point! I may say that in August last year, 1992, the butterfly was
extraordinarily abundant there (and in this district generally, as also, I
believe, over a far wider area); but this year, 1993, its numbers — though
still quite high — were more moderate. I have not so far noticed larvae on
the hoary cress (Cardaria draba), the only other crucifer growing freely
here and there on the Common; nor on the wall-rocket (Diplotaxis
tenuifolia), plentiful here and along the Thames, and supporting the
Pyralid moth Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) which I see here each year.
However, four or five years ago I came upon a colony of brassicae larvae
defoliating a bushy plant of hedge-mustard at the edge of Eltham
Common, a short distance to the east.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

HIGH ALTITUDE BEETLES 51

BEETLES FROM PITFALL-TRAPPING AT HIGH ALTITUDES
IN THE CAIRNGORMS

J.A. OWEN! and R.W. THAXTON’

'8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.
* RSPB, Grianan, Tulloch, by Nethy Bridge, Inverness-shire, PH25 3EF.

THERE ARE many references in the literature to beetles occurring on the
high plateau of the Cairngorms but few quantitive studies have been
described. This paper records beetles obtained from a pitfall-trapping
exercise carried out in 1987 in what was then the RSPB Upper Glen Avon
Reserve, now part of the RSPB Abernethy Forest Reserve.

Trapping was carried out at three high-level sites, one on A’Choinneach
and two on Ben Macdui. The surface terrain on A’Choinneach consisted of
areas of coarse gravel with tufts of mat-grass (Nardus stricta) and three-
leaved rush (Juncus trifidus). The two Ben Macdui sites comprised coarse
gravel in which were loosely embedded variously sized stones, with sparse
vegetation consisting of small patches of mosses and occasional tufts of
alpine grasses and rushes between the stones.

The traps comprised slightly tapered, plastic drinking cups of about
200m1 capacity, charged initially and whenever emptied with about 80ml of
10% alcohol. Those on A’Choinneach were set in a line approximately 15m
in length and were emptied and recharged every four weeks. Those on Ben
Macdui were positioned at each site in a circle approximately 3m in
diameter and were unattended. Other site and trapping data are given in the
table. RWT set and retrieved the traps on A’Choinneach and JAO dealt
with those on Ben Macdui.

The species and numbers of each trapped are given in the table. The
number of individuals trapped was much lower than would be expected at
lower levels, ranging from about one beetle per trap per week at the summit
of Ben Macdui to about twice this rate on A’Choinneach. These low
catches no doubt reflect the harshness of the environment at such altitudes
in Scotland. Indeed, at the time the traps were being set on Ben Macdui
(13.vi.87), it was snowing quite hard and there was about an inch of snow
on the ground.

The difference in the species trapped at A’Choinneach on the one hand
and the two Ben Macdui sites on the other are somewhat surprising; of the
overall total of 25 species trapped, only three occurred on both hills. In
addition, more individual beetles were trapped on A’Choinneach. The sites
on Ben Macdui were essentially flat at the highest points locally whereas the
site on A’Choinneach was a little below the summit on a slight, east-facing
slope. It may have been that the latter had a significantly warmer micro-
climate because of this and because it was at a somewhat lower altitude
than the summit of Ben Macdui. A warmer micro-climate would
presumably support a richer biotope with more to eat for the predator

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1i1. 1994

species which made up most of the catch. Further study of the relation
between beetle population and nature of site on the Cairngorm plateau
would obviously be of interest.

Four of the species trapped — A. alpina, N. nivalis, E. whitei, and P.
adstrictus — are Boreo-British in distribution, that is they occur in the
British Isles and Scandinavia but not in central Europe (Lindroth, 1935).
The explanation for such a distribution is not clear. Lindroth considered it
most likely that such species reached Britain from the north before the last
phase of glaciation (Wiirm) and survived that glaciation period in sites
which were free from ice at least annually, possibly mountain tops.

Of these four, A. alpina is the most noteworthy. It has been recorded in
Britain with certainty from only four areas — the Garbh Meall range in
Perthshire, two sites in the southern part of the Cairngorm mountains and
from a cluster of sites at their northern edge. There is a published record
for the island of South Rona off the Scottish west coast (Harrison, 1939)
but the nature of this small island (maximum altitude 126m) in terms of
habitat and climate is such as to make the record unlikely and not really
acceptable without further evidence.

A. alpina is very much a cold-tolerant species and all the precise records
for this species of which we are aware are for sites with altitudes of 900m or
higher (except for a single specimen found under a stone by JAO at about
500m in Glen Einich in April 1953). The species (a single specimen) was
first found in Britain on Garbh Meall (Blackburn, 1866) but it seems to
have been found at this site only once since (Lloyd, 1895), apparently only
three specimens in all. In the southern part of the Cairngorms, there are
two reports from high ground in the Braemar area (Sharp, 1871; Beare,
1914) and there are two specimens in the Royal Scottish Museum labelled
Blair Atholl, 1898, taken no doubt on nearby high ground (Beinn a Ghlo or
Ben Dearg) but labelled with the name of the nearest town. Only in the
northern edge of the Cairngorms has the species been found repeatedly and
recently since it was first noted there (Champion, 1874) and there have been
several records for the species there within the last few years (e.g. McLean,
1988). The absence of records for this species from three of its four sites for
nearly a hundred years suggests that it may survive now in Britain only in
the northern parts of the Cairngorms, possibly eliminated from other
environmentally less severe sites as a long term effect of climatic warming.

N. nivalis was recognised as a British species comparatively recently
(Lindroth, 1935; Blair, 1949) but it is now known from 20 - 30 hill tops in
Scotland, England and Wales. The numbers trapped at the summit of Ben
Macdui indicate that there it is probably the dominant carabid. At other
sites where it Occurs it is usually heavily outnumbered by its close relative
N. gyllenhali.

E. whitei was first noted in Britain on Beinn a’Bhuird in the southern
edge of the Cairngorms (Sharp, 1871). The species is now known from
about 20 sites in Scotland and a few in northern England. Although
Scottish records are mostly from high altitude sites, it has been found in

HIGH ALTITUDE BEETLES 53

Yorkshire and in Perthshire below 800m (e.g. Morse, 1913; Harwood,
1921). Recent reports (e.g. Owen, 1988) have indicated that the species is
more widespread and much less uncommon than previously thought.

Paraxodically, for a Boreo-British insect, P. adstrictus is not confined in
Britain to high ground but is recorded from coastal sites in Scotland and
northern England as well as in montane regions (Luff, 1982). Some of the
other Boreo-British beetles are similarly not confined to high altitude sites
(Blair, 1949).

Of the other species trapped, only Corticaria linearis can be considered
out of place in a montane environment. This is a woodland species
occurring in Upper Speyside and Deeside and was no doubt carried to the
summit of Ben Macdui by air currents from a lower level. The remainder
are species regularly found at the tops of Scottish hills. What is perhaps
surprising is the fact that many (see table) are eurytopic — equally at home
in lowland sites. This seems to be a feature of montane beetle communities.
Thus, in a previous survey of beetles from hill tops in Perthshire (Owen,
1985), more than a third of the 69 species recorded are known to inhabit
Richmond Park, Surrey (Hammond & Owen, in press).

Acknowledgements

Messrs D.J.M. and T.A. Owen helped in setting out and retrieving the
pitfall traps on Ben Macdui and Dr M.R. Shaw very kindly provided us
with information from the Scottish Insect Records Index and from
specimens in the collections in the Royal Scottish Museum.

References

Beare, T.H., 1914. Amara alpina F. at Braemar. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 50: 14.

Blackburn, T., 1866. New British Amara. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 3: 92-93.

Blair, K.G., 1949. The Boreo-British Coleoptera by Dr Carl H. Lindroth, 1935.
Scott. Nat. 61: 104-111.

Champion, G.C., 1874. Coleoptera at Aviemore, Inverness-shire. Entomologist’s
mon. Mag. 11: 64.

— , 1913. A recent record of Eudectus whitei, Sharp from Ingleborough, Yorkshire.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 49: 275.

Hammond, P.M. and Owen, J.A. (in press). The beetles of Richmond Park SSSI—

a case history. Peterborough, English Nature.

Harrison, G.H., 1935. Coleoptera in Peacock, A.D., Smith, E.P. and Davidson,
C.F. (Eds). The natural history of South Rona. Scott Nat. 1935, 4-7.

Harwood, P., 1921. Eudectus whitei Sharp at Rannoch. Entomologist’s mon. Mag.
57: 233.

Lindroth, C.H., 1935. The Boreo-British Coleoptera. Zoogeographica 2: 579-634.

Lloyd, R.W., 1895. Amara alpina at Rannoch. Entomologist’s mon. Mag, 31: 265.

Luff, M.L., 1982. Preliminary atlas of British Carabidae. Biological Records
Centre, 1.T.E., Huntingdon.

McLean, I.F.G., 1988. Exhibit at meeting. Br. J. Ent. nat. Hist. 1: 185.

Morse, E.W., 1913. The Naturalist p. 401 cited Champion, (1913).

Owen, J.A., 1985. Beetles at the tops of hills. Coleopterists’ Newsletter 10: 6-8.

54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106

25.i11.1994

— , 1988. Additional Scottish records for Eudectus whitei Sharp (Col.: Staphilini
dae) with a comment on its status in Britain. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 100:

184.

Sharp, D., 1871. Addition of six species (including two new to science) and two

genera to the British list of Coleoptera. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 8: 73-74.

Site data and numbers of each species trapped

O.S. grid ref.

Altitude (M)

Number of traps

Start of trapping

Duration of trapping (wk)
Number of beetles trapped
Number of species trapped

Species

Carabus problematicus Herbst
Nebria gyllenhali (Schoenherr)

N. nivalis (Paykull)

N. salina Fairm. & Laboul.
Patrobus assimilis Chaudoir

P. septentrionis Dejean

Pterostichus adstrictus Eschscholtz
Calathus melanocephalus (Linnaeus)
Amara alpina (Paykull)

Trichocellus cognatus (Gyllenhal)
Cymindis vaporariorum (Linnaeus)
Arpedium brachypterum (Gravenhorst)
Lesteva monticola Kiesenwetter
Geodromicus longipes (Mannerheim)
Eudectus whitei Sharp

O. boops (Gravenhorst)

O. molochinus (Gravenhorst)
Bryoporus rugipennis Pandelle
Aloconota gregaria (Erichson)
Liogluta longiuscula (Gravenhorst)
Atheta tibialis (Heer)

Byrrhus fasciatus (Forster)
Corticaria linearis (Paykull)
Otiorhynchus arcticus (Fabricius)

O. nodosus (Miller, O.F.)

Ben Macdui — Ben Macdui
A’Choinneach North summit Summit
NJ035045 NN991995 =NN990990
980 1100 1300
10 8 8
1.6.87 13.6.87 13.6.87
16 8 8
352 65 86
18 9 11
Number of
Status* examples trapped
E 243 8 1
M — 30 4
M _ 3 19
E 11 _ —_—
M 7 _ —
M 16 — —
E 2, — —
E 28 _ —
M 1 — a
E 2 _ 2
M 2 — —
M 3 1] 29
M 2 a —
M 4 — —
M — 3 16
E 1 - —
EB 25 _ —
M ] — -—
E _ 1 3
M 1 _ 1
M — 4 9
E 2 8 1
E —_ _ 1
M _ 2
M

*Status codes: E = eurytopic; L = lowland specie; M = montane species.

LEAFMINERS ON ALNUS ANCANA 55

LEAF-MINERS ON ALNUS INCANA

A.M. EMMET
Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex CBI] 3AF.

I READ with interest the note of my friend John Robbins on the leaf-
miners of Alnus incana (Ent. Rec. 105: 259-260), and am responding to his
request for comments.The first is to say that I am solely responsible for the
blunder in The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland
(MBGBI) Vol. 2, of describing the mine of Phyllonorycter strigulatella
(Lienig & Zeller), and also that of P. distentella (Zeller), as occurring on the
upper side of the leaf. The text for the Lithocolletinae was written by Ian
Watkinson. At quite a late stage in the course of editorial revision, I
realised that he had throughout omitted to give the side of the leaf. By this
time Ian had emigrated to the USA, so I added ‘‘Upperside’’ or
‘“*Underside’’ to all species after the head Mine. Whether it was a slip of my
pen or an undetected typographical error is not important. Somehow the
text passed through the hands of eight readers, including that experienced
microlepidopterist the late E.C. Pelham-Clinton, without the mistake
being noticed. I was fully cognisant of the facts as testified by the two
editions of The Field Guide, published before and after MBGBI Vol. 2.

Although the information may not have been published, Ca/optilia
elongella (Linnaeus) has previously been recorded on A/nus incana, for
example at Colwich Country Park, Nottinghamshire on 4.ix.1988 by A.S.
Boot (in litt.), and by me near Earl’s Colne, Essex, in 1989 and no doubt by
other recorders.

The discrepancy between the relative sizes of P. strigulatella and P.
stettinensis (Zeller) in the text and on Plate 13 of MBGBI Vol. 2 may be
because Ian Watkinson chose an exceptionally large example of the former
for figuring as the best-marked specimen available to him.

It is not correct to say that Kloet & Hicks (1972) gave strigulatella as a
synonym of the present P. rajel/la (Linnaeus). It was formerly thought that
Linnaeus’ (1758) description of rajella (‘‘P. Tinea alis auratis: punctis 7
argenteis: secunda tertiaque connatis. Habitat in Alni foliis subcutanea’’)
applied to P. strigulatella and so as the senior name it was used for that
species with strigulatella in synonymy. Later this was found to be a mis-
identification and the name was transferred to the moth that now bears it.
After the change you read

strigulatella (Zeller, 1846)
rajella sensu auct. [sic]
This clearly indicates misidentification, not synonymy. The synonymy is
correctly given in MBGBI Vol. 2, Emmet (1987), efc.

Robbins’ comments on the voltinism of P. kleemannella (Fabricius) are
of considerable interest. Contrary to his implication, all authors (Stainton,
1857; Meyrick, [1928]; Ford, 1949; Watkinson in Emmet, [1979], efc.)

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994

described it as bivoltine prior to MBGBI Vol. 2 (1985). Then E.C. Pelham-
Clinton challenged the accepted view, and since his observations corres-
ponded with my own, I emended Watkinson’s text. Voltinism may vary
between years (Emmet, 1977) and between localities. Some individuals of a
mainly univoltine species may emerge exceptionally early and give rise to a
second brood of adults appearing contemporaneously with their univoltine
cousins. Additional data to elucidate the facts would be welcome.

May I conclude with a double digression? The first is to point out that
the correct abbreviation of sensu auctorum is sensu auctt. Sensu auct.
represents sensu auctoris, in the opinion of a single author. In the
abbreviation of inflected Latin words a plural is indicated by doubling the
final or only, letter, as in ‘‘p.’’ = pagina and ‘‘pp.’’ = paginae. ‘‘Auct.”’
was an abomination introduced by the botanists. I am glad to see that the
most recent Continental check list (Austrian) has accepted my spelling.

My second digression is to ask that the name rajella be pronounced
‘*rayella’’, as indeed it was spelt by Hiibner (1796). Linnaeus bestowed the
name in honour of John Ray, arguably the greatest British naturalist. Latin
has no letter ‘‘y’’ and Linnaeus represented both “‘y’’ and the consonantal
“7’? by the letter ‘‘j’’. Most entomologists correctly pronounce the
butterfly ag/aja to rhyme with Isaiah rather than Elijah.

References

Emmet, A.M., 1977. The influence of the hot summer of 1976 on leaf-mining
Lepidoptera. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 89: 123-124.

— , 1987. Addenda and corrigenda to the British list of Lepidoptera. Entomolo-
gist’s Gaz. 38: 31-52.

Ford, L.T., 1949. A guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 230pp. London.

Hiibner, J., 1796-1838. Sammlung europdischer Schmetterlinge. Augsburg.

Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae (Edn. 10) 1, 824pp. Stockholm.

Meyrick, E., 928%. A revised handbook of British Lepidoptera, vi, 914pp., text
figs. London.

Stainton, H.T., 1857. The natural history of the Tineina 2, vii, 317pp., 8 col. pls.
London.

Watkinson, I.A., +9793. Lithocolletinae, pp. 57-64 in Emmet, A.M. (Ed.), A field
guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 27\pp. London.

— , 1985. Lithocolletinae, pp. 294-360 in Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. (Eds.), The
moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 2, 41\pp., 14 pls (12 col.), 123
text figs, 223 maps. Colchester.

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER BI)

THE LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER
(The late S.N.A. JACOBS)

Introduced by PAUL SOKOLOFF
4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS.

Introduction

STANLEY JACOBS died on 14th September 1989 at the age of 92 and a
photograph and obituary were published in this journal. (Ent. Rec. 1990,
102: 5-6). Jacobs was editor of the Record for 17 years between 1955 and
1972. A few years after his retirement from the editorial chair he wrote an
autobiographical essay which he passed to the then editor, Michael
Chalmers-Hunt, who in turn passed the text to me on Jacob’s death. The
essay was incorporated into other papers and unpublished illustrations by
Jacobs, and remained in the archive.

Recently the essay was rediscovered, and is published in full below.
Although undated, it was probably finished around 1980. The title is
original and apart from a few annotations, only minor editorial changes
have been made, the essay being substantially as written by Stanley Jacobs.

The essay

‘ al OWE my original interest in entomology (bug-hunting at that stage) to
my mother who, before her marriage, lived at Leytonstone, and was a
member of a local Epping Forest natural history society led by a Mr
Hillyard. Her father, Mark.Green, a Crimean veteran, who married my
grandmother, one of Florence Nightingale’s nurses at Scutari, followed the
popular fashion of his day, and devoted a small spare room to a ‘museum’
including fossils, dried specimens and other natural history items bottled in
spirits of wine. He worked at the P. & O. Line office in the City, where
captains brought him small souvenirs of their voyages for his collection.

My father was given the fashionable education of his day, at Neunheim
College, Heidelberg, and while in Germany, took an interest in the alpine
butterflies, especially the Apollo group, but his luggage, including his
specimens, was stolen from him on his way back to England at the end of
his schooling. He did not resume collecting, but his tales of his field work
certainly found a mark with my brother and me at the early age of about
eight years. We both started collections, rivals at that time, with ‘whites’
knocked down with our hats, until our parents combined to provide us with
home made nets. Our collections were housed in cardboard sweet boxes,
which were available at sweet shops at one penny each, or for nothing if

58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1i1. 1994

your luck was in. In these we gummed small squares of cut up corks in rows
to take one insect each, and later the cork was cut into strips and gummed
in in continuous lines. At this stage, ordinary dressmaking pins were used
for mounting.

In 1898 we had removed to Catford, where our collecting commenced
about 1906. Our next door neighbour kindly introduced us to a Mr
Andrews, living further up our road, who had a very fine collection of
British butterflies in two forty-drawer cabinets. On two occasions I was
permitted to inspect these cabinets and was indeed thrilled by them. I may
say that in later years, I tried to locate this Mr Andrews who was apparently
in his late twenties at the time I knew him, but without success. He was not
the prominent dipterist who was well known as treasurer for The Record.

In those days, we had a local naturalists’ shop, run by a Mr Noakes, in
Brownhill Road, Catford, from whom we were able to obtain setting
boards, and later on, as pocket money expanded slightly, entomological
pins.

With open country nearer to home, with farm land less than a mile away,
collecting was not unduly difficult: there was even a very productive ‘lane’
or footpath, between our back garden fences and those of the next road to
us. There was also the very fine series of recreation grounds following the
river Ravensbourne between Catford and Ladywell. We used to work these
in small parties of school friends, the prizes being Cerura vinula L. and
Cossus cossus L. larvae for the lepidopterists, and the Musk beetle Aromia
moschata L. on the willows, for the coleopterists.

By this time, we were allowed to have cyanide bottles, made up by the
chemist at one shilling a time. A summer holiday at a farm between Otford
and Kemsing in Kent was most fruitful, and I was thrilled to see the number
of dark green fritillaries, Argynnis aglaja aglaja L., flying on the slopes of
the downs overlooking the old site of the West Kent Foxhounds kennels.

Another very pleasant summer holiday was when my brother and I were
sent to a farm at Burnt Fen, Suffolk, which produced the gift of a hatbox
full of tortoiseshells and peacocks swept from the ceiling of a dark corner
of the farmhouse, yearly, though they produced no varieties.

Based on gifts from our grandfather’s museum, we started our own, and
while my brother looked after the other subjects, I was made curator of the
entomological side, which had now graduated to storeboxes.

We started the habit of an early morning visit to the swimming baths at
Ladywell, rising at 6am and running the mile through the recreation
grounds and back home for breakfast and school. In the season, we were
accustomed to seeing daily anything up to twenty pairs of Poplar Hawks
(Laothoe populi L.) in cop. on the trunks of the young poplar trees.

In June 1914 I left school at St Dunstan’s College, Catford, and started
life as an engineer apprentice with Messrs Vickers Ltd. at Erith, Kent.

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 59

There, I came in contact with a dwarf labourer known to everyone as
‘Toby’ (I never knew his real name) who showed me a great deal of bug-
hunting methods and how to find moths under the works’ lights first thing
in the morning, all of which helped my collection to expand slowly.
Another bug-hunter at the works was a Mr Hayward, who invited me to his
home to see an almost completed ‘butterfly picture’ some three feet by four
feet filled with patterns of massed set butterflies including Clouded Yellows
and Pale Clouded Yellows (Colias croceus Fourch. and C. hyale L.) about
one hundred of each at least. The collecting and setting of all these insects
must have entailed a greal deal of work (the setting was good) but to what
end?

Then came the 1914-1918 war, and I joined up with the 20th London
R.W.K. Territorials. Later I was commissioned to the 11th Royal Fusiliers
in Kitchener’s first hundred thousand, but I was too young for a
commission and resigned, re-enlisting with the 16th Middlesex Regiment
(Public Schools Batallion), and with them served two and a half years in
France, transferring to the Field Survey Company, Royal Engineers in
early 1918, when I saw many Commas and Large Tortoiseshells flying
about my observation post in the Bois de Friéres. I was invalided home in
March 1918 with a slight dose of mustard gas, which more or less closed my
eyes, and went to the R.E. Command Depot at Thetford, Norfolk. Here I
was much impressed by the large numbers of the little Tortricid moth
Epinotia tedella Clerck, flying over the trimmed spruce hedges of the
district. While watching them, I was accosted by another R.E. who said
that his father made storeboxes for the trade, and offered to get me a
pocket box. This evenually came to hand and is still in my possession. In
September I returned to France and was drafted to the Overseas Branch of
the Ordnance Survey at Wimereux, and was there when the armistice was
signed.

My mother had promised to buy me a motor cycle on my return from the
war, but we both agreed that a good cabinet would be less dangerous and
would certainly last longer, and she bought me a drawer Crockett cabinet
from Mr F. Primrose Stevenson, which included a pair of Lycaena dispar
dispar Hayworth, amongst other things.

On demobilisation, I was fortunate enough to be granted a two years’
course in agriculture with an annual allowance, and was posted to Ditchling
Court Farm, Sussex. Here, I very soon met the local builder, Fred. F.
Wood, a very keen amateur naturalist beside being knowledgeable on many
other aspects of country life. Our friendship lasted until his death in 1941.
He made a very good collection of macrolepidoptera, and was in touch
with Mr Bramwell of Brighton, whom I never met, but who introduced
Wood, under strict secrecy, to Loughton Woods, the habitat of the Lewes
Wave, Scopula immorata L., of which Wood gave me a cluster of eggs later
on. I moved on to High House Farm, Chailey, where I was able to collect
many species, including many micros. Sallow was particularly productive

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994

in that year and I was able to take all the Orthosia species and many other
seasonal species. After this, I went on to Henley-on-Thames for experience
in poultry farming, where I was able to collect many more species both
macro and micro. '

My training finished with a fortnight’s course under Professor
Somerville at Oxford, based on Wadham College. Here, at the Oxford
Museum, I met Professor Poulton, and I gave him the immorata larvae
which I had brought with me to rear. He suggested that my parents might
have me trained for professional entomology, but this was not possible,
and I took a post as manager for a new poultry farm at Twyford,
Berkshire.

This farm failed to develop, and I decided to go to Canada on an assisted
trip in reply to a call for volunteers to help get in the harvest. There, my
time was very fully occupied with the exception of Sundays, when I was
able to do a small amount of collecting and observation. I made a net from
a sugar bag, and took two specimens of what I took to be Agraulis vanillae
nigrior and a few Plusiids, and one Phycetine species, all of which I handed
to Mr Riley at the Museum. The vanillae was a very far north record if the
determination was correct.

When threshing, I was struck by the numbers of Nymphalis antiopa L.
aestivating in the grain stooks: while waiting at Halifax, Nova Scotia for
my vessel home in December, I saw antiopa flying over the snow.

I had become most unsettled since the war, and seemed unable to settle
down to any occupation, and went back to work on the Henley farm where
I did part of my course. On a weekend visit home, I was accosted on
London Bridge station by Mr S. Abbot who had spotted my net stick and Y
tied on top of my suitcase, and he persuaded me to join the South London
Entomological and Natural History Society (in 1923), which met at the
Provision Exchange in Hibernia House, London Bridge.

At last I decided to take the sensible step of accepting a clerical post in
my father’s shipbroking and chartering business, and slowly started to
become a more civilised being. Working in the City made it easy to attend
the South London meetings, where I was fortunate enough to come into
contact with many of the leading members, including Henry J. Turner, the
Secretary, Robert Adkin, N.D. Riley, L.T. Ford, Guy Adkin, Dr
Cockayne, K.G. Blair, R.E.E. Frampton and T.H.L. Grosvenor, to name
a few, all of whom were most friendly and helpful. At one meeting, my
description of the changing from winter case to spring case of Coleophora
fuscedinella Zeller, won the heart of H.J. Turner, who later on presented
me with his extensive Co/eophora collection in two storeboxes.

Later I became secretary of the Society, but found that the calls of my
business life prevented the efficient performance of my secretarial duties,
and it was suggested that I resign and hand over my duties to Mr F. Stanley
Smith, who had kindly volunteered to relieve me. Later, I served as
President in the years 1954 and 1964.

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 61

After my marriage, my wife who, although being a country-lover, was
not an entomologist, attended field meetings with me. As time went on,
however, I realised that this was for my sake, and that standing or sitting by
while I worked a small area must be boring in the extreme to a keen walker
who was not an entomologist. I let the priorities take their correct order,
and cut down my attendances at field meetings, replacing them with
country rounds together, confining my collecting to our walks unless |
struck something worthy of closer attention. This worked out very well and
was treated with a broad mind by my wife, so that, without any feeling of
guilt, I was still able to go off on any extra special meetings which might be
arranged.

The Society’s field meetings were a source of great pleasure and interest,
and I was able to link up with Stanley Wakely, who joined the Society a few
years later, on account of our common interest in the micros; other micro
men in the Society were more advanced. L.T. Ford took us both under his
wing, and was most generous with his beautifully-set duplicates. Wakely’s
ability as a field worker soon made itself felt, and he was marked out as one
of the field workers of the future. Beside micros, he maintained an active
interest in the macros and dabbled in the other orders with a liking for the
Coleoptera and Diptera.

Prior to my taking the City job, during a visit to South Kensington, I
asked John Durrant whether I could get a job at the Museum. He replied
that I could start in the setting rooms, but added the warning that I would
stick there, finishing with the words ‘If you have plenty of money, go in for
science. If not, open a pub!’.

My visits to the Museum became more frequent, and I was greatly helped
by John Durrand, H. Stringer and W.H.T. Tams with the determination of
my catches, which included a Tineid which Stringer considered to be a new
species of a new genus and sent it to Edward Meyrick, who named it
Metarsiora horrealis, but which was eventually relegated to a variant of
Ateliotum insularis Rebel. This specimen I found on a bag of Brazil nuts in
one of the warehouses in the Eastcheap district of the City. I was well
received by the dried fruit merchants who had their showrooms in that
district and I was able to collect many Phycetinae and Galleriinae including
Ephestia spp., and Ectomyelois ceratoneae Zeller and its variety phoenecis
Durrant. Of the Galleriids I found Corcyra cephalonica Stt. after finding a
solitary male out of doors in Fen Court. I found Paralipsa gularis Zeller in
quantity in one warehouse, and was able to introduce Ford and Frampton
to the insect in situ.

Through H.J. Turner, I was put in touch with William Fassnidge who, in
turn, put me in touch with Leon Lhomme, both of whom steered me into
the way of continental species. Another much valued friendship came to
me in A.B. Klots, via Dr Cockayne, Joseph Klimesch via the British
Museum and A.G. Carolsfield-Krause via Klimesch. ‘C-K’, as he came to

62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994

be known to me, was very closely attached to the Neputiculidae, and took
over this family from the much overloaded Klimesch, for Microlepidoptera
Palaearctica, and with the help of all these, the foundations of my general
collection were laid down before the 1939-45 war. This separated me from
Klimesch, although, before the outbreak of hostilities we were able to wish
each other safe survival, and express the hope of a glad reunion at the end
of the war.

Klots was also more or less out of touch, although we received many
food parcels from America, which were most welcome. Fassnidge, a
modern language master at the Henry I School at Southampton, was
evacuated, with his school, to Poole, Dorset, from whence he sent me
mines of Stigmella suberivora Stt. As an officer in the Home Guard, he
attended a demonstration of shooting up a column in convoy by a spitfire
plane on Salisbury Plain, but unfortunately, the pilot mistook the
spectators for the column, and Fassnidge received two bullets, one in a lung
and the other in his left shoulder. These incapacitated him for some time,
but his iron will took him out collecting with me in the New Forest after the
war, under the watchful eyee of Mrs Fassnidge, who kept him on a short
lead to see that he did not over-exert himself. His wounds eventually
proved fatal after some three years of devoted care from his wife, and I was
glad to have been able to assist her in her appeal for a war widow’s pension,
which had been refused, but which was finally granted. Through
Fassnidge, I met Scarsdale Brown on an expedition to the Winchester
district in search of Myelois cirrigerella (Zincken).

After Fassnidge’s death, I purchased his microlepidoptera collection,
while his macro collection went to the Natural History Museum. I was also
given some rare and useful books from his library, and bought others. His
copy of von Kennel’s Palaearctische Tortriciden went to Mr Curtis of
Bournemouth.

When Europe was once more opened up to travel, I arranged to meet
Lhomme, who arranged quarters for us at Cabrerets, but unfortunately he
fell through the roof of an outbuilding at his home, and died from his
injuries. We called at le Carriol, his home, to pay our respects to his widow.
Lhomme and I had carried on a close correspondence, and I subscribed to
his /’Amateur de Papillons. He put me in touch with Paul Béde of Sfax,
Tunisia, from whom I received large numbers of micros from that district.
My subscription to /’Amateur put me in touch with S. le Marchand, who
took over the editorship after Lhomme, and his paper on the European
Lithocolletidae (/’Amateur de Papillons VIII: 83-118) inspired me to make
a translation of this paper, and produce a similar paper on the British
species of Lithocolletidae, with a coloured plate (Proc. South London Ent.
& N.H.S., 1944-45: 32-59).

Another pre-war friend was Josef Soffner, and while after the was I was
able to visit C-K, I was not able to meet Soffner, though we corresponded,

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 63

and I made an unsuccessful attempt to save his collection for him. I
understand that this went to the Prague Museum. C-K introduced me to a
young Czechoslovak named Dalibor Povolny, later to become a leading
Czechoslovak and world entomologist with a leaning towards the
Gelechiidae.

On a visit to Digne, in the days of its entomological glory, I was
fortunate enough to meet Dr Eduard Diehl while out collecting. We started
a correspondence, and when he took on a four-year contract for a medical
practice in Madagascar, he was only interested in the Macros, and sent me
all the Micros which came to his traps. Pierre Viette, whom I had met in
Paris, took a keen interest in these catches, for he was deep into a study of
the Madagascan Lepiodoptera fauna. He found four or five new species,
the types of which are in the Paris Museum, and I was able to pass the
remainder of the material into the British Museum (Natural History).

Another German entomologist with whom I corresponded, and who I
was able later to visit when on a holiday at Seefeld, was Osthelder, who
unfortunately died a few years later.

Coming back to the home front, the field meetings organised by the
South London Society were most interesting and productive, for these were
the years of plenty. One of the leading organisers was Mr C.E. Liles, who
always found room in his haversack for a bottle of Hock for use with his
lunch. T.R. Eagles was mainly interested in Lepidopterous larvae, although
he was also a keen botanist. Occasionally these meetings were attended by
Col. Labouchere, who was in part instrumental in the introduction of
Dutch Lycaena dispar batavus Oberthiir to Wood Walton Fen in an
attempt to compensate for the loss of dispar dispar Haworth.

After the first year of the 1939-45 war, not much field work was possible,
although I remember an enjoyable visit to Dungeness area with R.L.E.
Ford to collect Coleophora otitae Zeller on the sea campion, he having a
pass for the area which was heavily fortified. In 1941, my house was
severely blasted by a 500kg bomb with a graze fuse, which exploded on the
opposite side of the road. Although practically all the windows were
shattered, my collection sustained minimal damage, for while the blast
forced my cabinet doors open and shot the drawers about half way out, the
damage was in boxes of duplicates which were placed on a shelf vertically. I
am told that the experience of the Natural History Museum was similar
when blasted by a V1 weapon which exploded on the French college on the
other side of Cromwell Road. What a 500kg bomb failed to do was done
most efficiently by Anthrenus verbasci L., for although my tiles were
promptly replaced, it took more time to get my broken ceilings repaired,
and these abominable pests dropped through from the sparrows’ nests in
the roof, at a period when war duties took so much of my time that I was
not able to be as watchful as I should have been. Unfortunately my micros
suffered most, the larvae being able to step from pin to pin and clean off a

64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994

series. | often wondered who had taught them entomology, for they seemed
to have a preference for the ‘‘good things.”’

My general collection was becoming somewhat crowded after the war,
and Dick Ford sold me a 100-drawer continental cabinet which he had
received with the Bainbridge Fletcher collection. This was a table with five
tiers of ten drawers on either side; far too big for an ordinary house, but I
ripped up the carcass and re-asssembled it in four tiers of twenty-five
drawers each, which fitted well to one of my bug-room walls, and served
for the layout of the general collection.

In his late years, H.J. Turner gave me Tortricina and his Tineina to
S. Wakely. After his death, Turner’s son invited me to take what material I
required from the remainder of the collection and also what books I
required before he invited E.E. Syms, the South London Librarian to take
what the Society required. This put me in a somwhat awkward position,
but I confined my choice to such books as I knew to be in the Society’s
library. One interesting book which I selected was Col. Swinhoe’s
Butterflies and Moths of India, which had been Col. Elwes’ spare copy and
contained voluminous manuscript notes. This I handed to W.H.T. Tams
for the department’s library at the British Museum.

An item which was useful to me was three papers, bound together, on the
Pyralidae and Pyraustinae by Sir George F. Hampson, which enabled me
to set out those families in the 100 drawers, arranging the Phycitinae to
Crambinae based on Staudinger.

Some years ago, in 1948, Turner had put me on the editorial panel of the
Entomologist’s Record, and on his death, when the magazine had shrunk
to a few pages and looked likely to fade out altogether, P.B.M. Allan
gathered the panel to a meeting in London, and it was decided that we
should do our best to resuscitate the magazine under his supervision, edited
by Dr Cockayne. This went well for a few years, but Cockayne resigned
early in 1955 after a disagreement, and Allan continued on his own, but
asked me to take over the editorship. Eventually I agreed — with some
misgivings — having my inexperience in mind. Allan, however, proved to
be a very knowledgeable and kindly schoolmaster, and after a few years
with his help, I found myself able to edit, at any rate without incurring
much wrath from others. My initial term as editor was greatly helped by the
formation of a ‘Board of Governors’ for the Record. [The document
forming the Board of Governors is reproduced overleaf. We are pleased to
acknowledge that Mr A.A. Allen has maintained his involvement in the
Record to the present day.— Ed.]. I retired from my City business in 1962
and was able to give more time to the Record, and with the help of many
good contributors, was able to bring the magazine to its present standard.

After seventeen years I handed the editing over to Michael Chalmers-
Hunt [in 1972], so that I could help him find his feet as Allan had done for
me, although C-H was not as ignorant of publication as I was when I

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 65

started. Before leaving the Record, I would like to say that Turner’s failing
eyesight handicapped him very badly. His ambition was to complete his
writing-up of the Varieties of the British Noctuidae as a supplement to the
Record. This list was started by Tutt, and Turner’s idea was to let the
Record die on its completion. [Turner, himself, died in 1951 before
completing his ‘Varieties’ project. Although he had edited the Record since
1911, after the death of J.W. Tutt, no obituary to him was ever published
in the Record.— Ed.).

His material went to the printers, Messrs T. Buncle of Arbroath, on half
sheets of foolscap, about five lines to a sheet often ‘running up-hill’, and
Messrs Buncle are worthy of the highest praise for their handling of this
material. It was indeed, with a heavy heart that after the ‘three-day week’
in 1974 had hopelessly disorganised them so that they were no longer able
to produce the magazine, that I was compelled to employ another printer.

At the end of the Blitz period, I was stood down from full time duty with
the Metropolitan Special Constabulary, and applied, on recommendation
by R.L.E. Ford, for a post with the Ministry of Food Infestation Division,
and served for about two years as an inspector under Dr Stephen Corbet.
Here I was able to make a very reasonable collection of infesting insects
and other arthropods, mainly Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, for the
Department, and for myself, the determinations were made or verified by
Dr (later Prof.) H.E. Hinton who had an office at the British Museum.
After taking what was required for my collection from the Lepidoptera, |
handed the remainder of the insects which I had collected, to the South
London Society. My material went to the British Museum later with my
collections.

In the war years, the South London commenced to publish papers on the
Tineina, and started with a paper on the genus Mompha by S. Wakely.
Papers followed by L.T. Ford, S.C.S. Brown, J. Heath and myself, with
coloured plates drawn by Col. Fraser, D.C. Twinn and myself. These plates
were produced through the generosity of the Royal Society grant, but
unfortunately, following a change of Royal Society Treasurer, the South
London was informed that the R.S. grant must not be used for colour
work. This brought the project to a close, but about 500 copies of each
plate had been ordered for use with the projected volume when completed,
and these were retained in store until 1978, when it was decided to publish
the material being brought up-to-date by the Rev. David Agassiz. The
rapid sale of this collation showed the Council’s decision to have been a
good one.

Through an exchange notice, I was fortunate in contacting William
Mansbridge of Liverpool, who was most generous in sending me specimens
of many of the rare Tortricids in which he specialised, and also Dr Neville
Birkett of Kendal who supplied much interesting material for the Record as
a member of its editorial panel.

66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.iii. 1994

A Pot gentlemen, friends of the science of Entomology,
t
( was held in the rooms of the Royal Society at Burlington
A House, Piccadilly, London, at half-past two of the afternoon
gS of 29th October 1955, at which the following were present:-
S.N.A-Jacobs, A-C.R.Redgrave, A-A-Allen, L.Parmenter,

H.Symes, J.0.T.Howard, F.W.Byers, P.B.M.Allan
Ond Col Ww. Berner.

i By umanimous request Mr.S.N.A.Jacobs took the chair.
?
an It was RESOLVED that in view of certain difficulties

which have lately beset the production of the monthly magazine
mr called THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION,
van founded for the good of the science of Entomology by James
we William Tutt on 15th April 1890, a 30ARD OF GOVERNORS shall
be formed with power to control the editing, production, printing,
publishing and finance of the magazine. ;

It was further RESOLVED that the Board of Governors shall

S consist of six members,—ef—srom not—more than—four—skheaii—+be-
sepideptertsts; That appointments to the Board, as vacancies

Gok occur, shall be made by consensus of the then existing Board;
LM and That the Board shall meet as and when a majority of its

jad. members shall consider advisable, fourteen days' notice being

vk given in writing by the Secretary of the Board to each member

L of the Board.

It was also RESOLVED that in addition to the general
powers of the Board to control the editing, production,
publishing, printing and finance of the magazine,all appoint-
ments to the Editorial Chair of the magazine shall be vested
in the Board and the Boardshall likewise appoint the Treasurer
( and Production and Publicity Managers. and 6 Coot ape
ane

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 67

EEUU

Furthermore it was RESOLVED That the appointments of
Editor, Treasurer, Production and Publicity Managers made
by the Board shall in the first instance be for a term of
THREE YEARS and may be renewed for a similar or anentes term

if the Board considers advisable.

It was also RESOLVED That the Board of Governors shall

.

consist of the following gentlemen:-

Mr.S.N.A.Jacobs
Mr.A.C.R.Redgrave
Mr.H.Symes
Mr.A.A.Allen

Mr L.Permenter
Mr.J.0.T.Eoward

™hese Resolutions being agreed by all present nemine
contradicente, we the undersigned have hereto set our names

in the presence of one another:-

a

Fig. 1. Document creating the Board of Governors.

68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994

After the war years, I turned more attention to the Nepticulidae, and
with the help of Klimesch, C-K and later Col. A.M. Emmet, I found myself
with a large collection of mines and many imagines. The mines formed the
subject of a series of drawings, and although many of them are unnamed,
they are catalogued with data, and I am hoping that Col. Emmet may be
able to find some time to assist in naming those which C-K had not seen.

On my retirement from the City, I commenced working on one day each
week at the British Museum on a voluntary basis, and the first task given to
me was to incorporate the Aegeriidae of the Rothschild collection with the
British Museum collection. In this operation, Pierre Viette very kindly
supplied a series of photographs and notes by Chretien on the species seen
by him when he inspected the British Museum collection. When this task
was completed, I was given a similar task with the Phycitinae, and set the
collection out in some 125 standard drawers, with several drawers of
duplicate and unnamed species. After this, I was asked to attempt the
cleaning up of the Pyralids of the Swinhoe collection, which had been
badly boxed, and during their storage had become covered with a black
sooty dust. A medium/small sable watercolour brush proved to be the best
tool for this task, and after a short while, the introduction of a short piece
of a continental setting board for supporting the wings for brushing,
greatly lessened the risk of damage.

A very interesting task followed in the staging up and labelling of the
smaller Lepidoptera collected by the Vane-Wright South Western Africa
expedition, which contained many species which were probably new to
science. After this, I was entrusted with a similar task with the ‘small fry’
taken by the Royal Geographical Society’s Sarawak expedition, and
although illness has prevented me from completing the whole operation, I
am hoping that the coming of better weather will enable me to resume
operations with the few remaining boxes. This was a particular pleasure,
because, when viewing the television film of the expedition in operation, I
had said to myself: ‘How I would like to have the handling of the ‘small
fry’at the B.M.!’

Unfortunately, it has proved too difficult a task to treat the subject with
even reasonably chronological order, but it is to be hoped that omissions
may be few.

The degree of friendship and good will which I have experienced
throughout, from my early days of possibly overbearing know-all-ship to
my, I hope, more reasonable outlook on my entomological abilities, must
be in very sharp contrast with the notorious hostilities which existed
between some of the entomologists of the nineteenth century whose
opinions did not coincide.

The task of transferring my collections to the British Museum took some
considerable time. I commenced with my general collection, retaining my
British collection for reference purposes, followed up a few years later with

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 69

my British material, and I am pleased to say that the parting was not so
tragic as I would have expected. With advancing years, it would have been
something of a strain to have maintained the defence of the 180 drawers
from the attacks of Anthrenus and other pests.

In 1973, I was delighted to receive from the Director of the British
Museum (Natural History), a letter advising me that the Council had
offered me an appointment as an Honorary Associate of the Museum, and
on my acceptance of this honour, I was invited to meet the Director and
Governors of the Museum at a buffet lunch. At this lunch, I was
introduced to the Governors by the Keeper of Entomology, Dr Paul
Freeman.

This would seem to see me into my final instar, but I trust that this will
endure for some time yet, in order that I may have time to complete my
pupation without undue regrets for work unfinished.” ”

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Egg-curry orchha

India, 1985

An interesting thing happens in northern India in winter. A number of
Palaearctic butterfly species, normally only found above 1500 metres in the
Himalayas, breed in large numbers on the plains, among them Pieris
brassicae, Artogeia rapae, Pontia daplidice, two species of Colias,
Argyreus hyperbius, and several others. These are normally hibernating
species, but they seem to have evolved the alternative strategy of moving
down the mountains to have several broods on the plains between autumn
and spring. Most of these species breed on weeds in irrigated fields, so
possibly this is a relatively recent phenomonon (for more details see my
paper: 1986. Atalanta, 16: 245-252).

Having already investigated the foothills of the Himalayas, I decided to
take my girl-friend to see the wonderful temples at Khajurao, thus allowing
me to check how far into central India these seasonal wanderers might
extend. The best piece of luck I had was just south of Agra, where in the
bandit-infested (yet another example of the wonderful Indian way with
words) ravines of the Chambal River, Argyreus hyperbius was more
common than I have ever seen it in the mountains. Thousands were about,
but no violets, the normal foodplant. We made a longer stop on the way
back, but to my great chagrin, we could find no larvae.

Before we left, a friend had advised us to stop at Orchha, and ‘‘do ask
for room number one — the view from the toilet is magnificent’’. Orchha is
almost unknown, and well off the normal tourist trails, so we went. And
what splendid advice! It is an enchanting place. Two huge, empty palaces,
one said to have been built in anticipation of a visit by Shah Jehan that
never materialised, and subsequently never used. As in so many places in
India, monumental tombs had been built. A river babbled by, unfortu-
nately attracting only the most banal of butterflies.

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994

Palace at Orchha.

We were the only foreigners for miles. This was a good thing, because the
Madhya Pradesh Government Guest House had only three rooms, and we
were able to get number one. It was on the fourth floor of what had been
the harem. A huge room was outfitted with bric-a-brac confiscated from a
neighbouring Maharajah palace, complete with huge Belgian mirrors on
the walls, four-poster bed, stuffed tigers and enough weapons to fight a
minor civil war. But, as our friend had said, the bathroom was the
crowning glory. It was in a narrow turret with a view covering 270 degrees,
including one of those sunsets which make winter in northern India more
bearable than it would otherwise be. And all this for $15 a night for a
double room.

Would we like dinner? Most emphatically, yes!

Unfortunately it had to be vegetarian, said a hand-wringing manager.
That, however, is hardly a hardship in India, while meat dishes are, since
local meat is normally tough as old boots. A table in the little courtyard
adjoining the room was impeccably set on a gleaming white tablecloth.
Half an hour later, the meal arrived. Dal, yoghurt with chopped cucumber,
assorted chutneys, the fluffiest of basmati rice, chappaties, popadums,
and, the crowning glory, a most wonderful egg-curry. Such a meal in sucha
setting will be forever remembered, simple though it was. We had egg-curry
the next two days as well, despite the manager’s half-hearted attempts at
rustling up a chicken.

LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 71

We had a chat with the manager. We have seen our share of completely
hopeless State Government Rest Houses, so how could he be doing so well
in what had to be a remote ‘‘punishment-posting’’? Well, we probably did
not put the question exactly like that, but basically it seems he was simply
too effective, and too demanding, and setting too good standards for the
system to bear. So he was ‘‘punishment-posted’’. But there was hope.
Someone in Bhopal seemed to be listening. He had been promised he could
open two more rooms next year. The wheels of Indian bureaucracy turn in
inscrutable ways.

As we left, we asked to see the khansamah (cook), to thank him and to
give him the generous tip he richly deserved. There he was, on the floor,
under an ancient open-air staircase, with a blackened petroleum cooker of
the freestanding Primus variety, and a few battered pots and pans. I doubt
if I could have made a cuppa-soup on his equipment. If only India could
release this type of initiative and ingenuity in more productive ways.

Boiled eggs travel well, even in the tropics, and Egg-curry Orchha is now
standard camping fare for us in Botswana. I cannot say that I reach the
standards of that khansamah, but the curry is good and the rice is basmati.
However, there is no way I could manage chapatties and popadums as
well.— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

Eupithecia icterata Vill. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplants.

This moth, including a substantial proportion of females, has attended my
garden m.v. light each year in numbers suggesting that there might be an
alternative larval foodplant in the vicinity to yarrow (Achillea millefolia)
which is very little in evidence. On 3rd October 1993 I decided to remove a
number of plants of a cultivar of feverfew (Tanecetum parthenium)
possessing loose corymbs of small, white button-like flowers, which has
been a feature of my garden for at least two decades. I had successfully
utilised this plant for feeding E. icterata larvae; yarrow deteriorates rapidly
in plastic containers. The plants were shaken over a plastic sheet, and some
half dozen E. icterata larvae tumbled out, all nearly full grown. E. Philip
(Atlas of the Kent Flora, 1982) states that feverfew is a ‘‘frequent plant
about built up areas, and appears to be on the increase’’. Doubtless, this
plant, including its ornamental cultivars, has long been overlooked as a
natural larval foodplant of E. icterata which has aided the moth’s
colonisation of urban areas.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent
DAS 2HN.

Dicycla oo (L.) the Heart Moth (Lep.: Noctuidae), at Windsor in the 1940s
The recent records of this now scarce species in Berkshire (Ent. Rec. 105:
250) remind me that perhaps I should place on record the finding many
years ago of two specimens of D. oo at Windsor, in case it is of interest to

qe ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.iii. 1994

the compiler of the Lepidoptera list for that county. As I was paying but
little attention to moths at the time, I unfortunately omitted to put data on
the specimens, not thinking them likely to be of note in an area so full of
oaks as Windsor Forest; and can only place the year of capture as being in
the first half of the decade — my visits there being frequent.

Possibly at that period the species was not uncommon there, but the two
specimens (pinned and put aside with other ‘‘odds and ends’’, and passed
later to my friend Dudley Collins) remain the only ones I have met with.
Both were at rest on oak trunks in the eastern end of the Great Park one
day in June or July.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton,
London SE7 8QG.

Odontoptera bidentata Cl. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplant in
Ireland.

On 29th June 1987 I found a considerable number of these larvae on
bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in deciduous woodland at Pontoon, Co.
Mayo. Although I was familiar with O. bidentata larvae from the privet
hedges (Ligustrum ovalifolium) in north-west Kent, a plant not,
incidentally, listed by J.M. Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of Kent,
1981), these Irish insects were quite unrecognisable, being most variegated
and colourful to resemble the abundant lichens, whereas those of north-
west Kent are sombre hued. Several were reared to produce moths the
following year. Searching and beating birch, oak and sallow especially, in
the vicinity, provided no O. bidentata larvae. I concluded that bilberry
must be the overwhelmingly preferred larval foodplant in that woodland.—
B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

Ennomos alniaria L. (Lep.: Geometridae): abs. destrigaria Cockayne and
concolor Lempke in Kent

On 21st August 1990 my garden trap revealed a very pale male E. alniaria
with the transverse lines and discal marks barely visible and the minute
greyish striations absent. Fortunately it was later examined more closely
and found to be a perfect specimen, for at first sight it had appeared very
worn; indeed, as an excellent mimic of a very worn alniaria it could be
easily overlooked. It was identified as ab. destrigaria, being described and
figured in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for 1948 from a specimen
bred ab. ovo in Sussex in 1908, and this remains the only specimen in the
National Collection today.

The National Collection contains only two specimens, both females, of
ab. concolor, in which the canary coloration of the thorax is replaced by
the orange-brown of the wings. Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of
Kent, 1981) notes only one specimen for the county, a male at Dover, 1975.
To this I can add two specimens, both males, which appeared at my garden

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 73

trap on 30th August 1985 and 9th August 1992. This form also may not be
as rare as appears, for it could easily be overlooked.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar
Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN.

Satyrium w-album (Knock) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in a moth trap

With reference to the above note by Steve Kett in the November/December
issue of the Ent. Rec. (1993, 105: 282), it is possible to add a similar capture
at am.v. light in Stoke Woods, near Exeter, in 1977 (Bristow, Mitchell and
Bolton, 1993). With regard to the flying period of the White-letter
Hairstreak in Devon, the earliest date that we have is 27th June 1976.
References: Bristow, C.R., Mitchell, S.-H. and Bolton, D.E., 1993. Devon
Butterflies, Tiverton: Devon Books. — ROGER BRISTOW, Davidsland, Brendon
Hill, Copplestone, Devon EX17 SNX.

Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) larval foodplants

In response to B.K. West’s article in the November/December issue of the
Ent. Rec. (1993, 105: 253) I would like to point out that in Devon, in
addition to the usual brassicas, larvae of the Large White have been found
on Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), Watercress (Nasturtium officinale),
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra), Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Hedge
Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), Sea Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)
and Horse Radish (Amoracia rusticana) (Bristow, Mitchell and Bolton,
1993).

References: Bristow, C.R., Mitchell, S.H. and Bolton, D.E. 1993. Devon
Butterflies. Tiverton: Devon Books. — ROGER BRISTOW, Davidsland, Brendon
Hill, Copplestone, Devon EX17 SNX.

The Goat Moth (Cossus cossus L.) (Lep.: Cossidae) to light

On the 11th July 1992, one of my son’s friends brought to me a live male
Goat Moth that he had found at rest on the wall of his home, close to an
external light that had been left on all night. Two days later my son brought
home from the same garden two empty cases found on the surface of a
vegetable plot. I could not be certain but from their large size and general
shape I suspected that they were of the Goat Moth.

The garden occupies a very interesting position, situated as it is on the
Ouse Washes SSSI. On one side of the rectangular plot is the tidal Hundred
Foot River, on another is a row of some fifteen large willows (Salix fragilis)
with their roots submerged in a permanent pond, and on the third side is a
dyke lined with low, scrubby willows and sallows. Most of the garden is
lawn but there are several fruit trees, two flower beds and a permanent,
well-manured vegetable plot.

On my first visit I found exit holes and borings in one of the large willows
and several of the scrub willows. The owners were very positive about the
presence of the species and told me that in the autumn they often find large

74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994

larvae wandering around the garden and even entering the conservatory. A
photograph confirmed that these had been of the Goat Moth.

On the 14th February 1993, the owner brought me a large larva that he
had dug up from the vegetable plot. The larva re-buried immediately and
produced a female on the 30th June. Another larva that had been retained
by the owner produced a male three days later.

Paul Waring visited the site on 9th July 1993. Photographs were taken,
copious notes made and larvae were collected from the small willows. He
was also kind enough to leave a Robinson trap at the site for two weeks,
enabling me to put to the test the species’ apparent lack of interest in light.

Trapping began on 10th July 1993 and continued until the 26th apart
from two night of heavy and continuous rain. The trap was checked before
7.00am each day, and the surrounding herbage and tree trunks were also
examined. The time was divided equally between a point close to the large
willows and a point close to the small, bushy willows.

A total of 98 species of macro moth was recorded during this period of
trapping, including a number that I had not noted in my garden, less than
half-a-mile away. On 18th July, the lady of the house, visiting the trap
before me as she often did, discovered a worn female Goat Moth at rest on
the lawn, about four feet from the trap which was positioned close to the
scrub. This was the only evidence from the light that the species was
present.

This result appears to confirm the comments made in recent literature
about the Goat Moth’s habits concerning light; Bernard Skinner (Colour
Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles, Viking 1984) says
‘occasionally attracted to light’’, while Emmet and Heath (The Moths and
Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 2: 73. Harley 1989) say ‘‘in very
small numbers at light’’.

However, the flight period is June and July, and the emergence dates
given earlier suggest that the spell of trapping may have begun too late for
many individuals. Also, I was unable to remain with the light for long after
dark and it may be that in the small hours the moth visits the lighted area
without entering the trap.

Thanks are due to the owners of the site — their enthusiastic assistance
went far beyond the call of duty — and to Paul Waring for the loan of the
equipment.— R. PARTRIDGE, 11 New Road, Mepal, Ely, Cambridgeshire
CB6 2AP.

Some additional host plants of British Ceutorhynchus spp. (Col.:
Curculionidae)

To the list of host plants given by Prof M.G. Morris (1991: 262) for the
above weevils in his valuable paper of the classification of the British
Ceutorhynchinae, I can add some others from my own collecting
experience. An asterisk indicates that only one specimen was on one

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS pfs

occasion found on (or swept from) the plant in question, so it is possible
that some such instances were of only casuals or strays. Otherwise, the
species either was found more than once, or was present as more than a
singleton and obviously breeding. The genus Ceutorhynchus is now
restricted to the species living on Cruciferae (and Reseda).

C. assimilis: Armoracia rusticana (commonly), Barbarea vulgaris.
Garden plants: Cheiranthus cheiri (wallflower), Alyssum. Clearly
polyphagous.

C. chalybaeus: Barbarea vulgaris.

C. cochleariae: Cardamine amara. Garden plants: *Arabis caucasica.

C. erysimi: *Descurainia sophia.

C. pervicax: I can confirm its occurrence on Cardamine amara (queried
in the list).

C. picitarsis: Lepidium campestre.

C. rapae: *Armoracia rusticana, *Alliaria petiolata, Lepidium
campestre, *Thlaspi arvense (?), Sisymbrium officinale (a major host, the
only one noted by Fowler, 1891: 354; in considerable numbers on this plant
at Blackheath, S.E. London, in 1973, linking up with Fowler’s records
(ibid.) for the adjacent Lee and Lewisham. Morris gives only Descurainia,
but adds ‘‘(and other genera and species?)’’. C. rapae is less rare than often
supposed.

C. sulcicollis: stated to be probably polyphagous; I have found it on
Alliaria petiolata (once freely) and Sisymbrium officinale.

C. turbatus: Lepidium campestre (this plant is so similar in most respects
to Cardaria (formerly Lepidium) draba, the weevil’s primary host, that its
occurrence on both seems very natural).

A mystery surrounds the host plant of C. syrites in Britain, where the

beetle is so rare that available data are minimal. On the Continent it is
Camelina sativa, a crucifer found in Britain only as an alien, in cornfields
etc. In this country, however, it is stated to be Silene inflata (bladder
campion) — not a crucifer. It seems reasonably certain that C. syrites was
taken from the latter plant, and on more than one occasion — see Fowler,
1891: 345. Since this west Kent site was a field, one wonders whether, just
possibly, the Camelina was growing there mixed with the Silene.
References: Fowler, W.W., 1891. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 5: 345, 354,
London. Morris, M.G., 1991. A taxonomic check list of the British
Ceutorhynchinae, with notes, particularly on host plant relationships (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae), Entomologist’s Gazette 42: 255-265.— A.A. ALLEN, 49
Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Notable records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in south-east
Sutherland

Formica sanguinea Latreille, a species with an unusual distribution in
Britain, is found in the woodlands of the Central Highlands of Scotland

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994

and then travelling southwards is not encountered until the Wyre Forest
near the Welsh border (Bolton, B. and Collingwood, C.A., 1975. Handbk.
Ident. Br. Insects 5 (3c): 25). | found a healthy colony of this species in the
pinewoods at Migdale, near Spinningdale in south-east Sutherland during
the summer of 1993. This is approximately 60km north of the nearest
recorded colony in Glen Affric, and 100km north of the species’ stronghold
in the Central Highlands.

Myrmica sabuleti Meinert, not previously recorded from Sutherland,
was found within the bounds of the Scottish Wildlife Trust’s reserve at
Loch Fleet (O.S. sheet number NH 79/89 grid ref. 815 946). Many colonies
were discovered on _ recently-formed sand dunes. The species is
morphologically similar to specimens from southern Britain, lacking the
longer and coarser scape and epinotal spines of specimens from the nearest
recorded colony at Garve, East Ross (Collingwood, C.A., 1951). It is worth
noting that colonies of the rather local ant, Myrmica lobicornis Nylander,
were found in the same locality as that of the M. sabuleti.

My thanks to C.A. Collingwood who confirmed the identification of the
three species.

Reference: Collingwood, C.A. (1951). The distribution of Ants in north-west
Scotland. Scottish Naturalist, 63: 46.— J. HUGHES, 2 Coul Farm Cottages,
Dornoch, Sutherland 1V25 3QF.

Tinagma ocnerostomella (Staint.) (Lep.: Douglasiidae).
New to Wiltshire.

On 13th June 1993 whilst collecting on the West Down army ranges at
Shrewton Folley (SU 0948) (v.c.8), | came upon a stand of exceptionally
fine flowering spikes of Viper’s-bugloss (Echium vulgare). My attention
was immediately directed towards numerous Bumble-bees (Bombus spp.)
scrambling over the flower-spikes. I also noted that quite frequently, as a
result of this rumbustious activity, many small, pale, rather delicate moths
were being disturbed. Closer examination revealed that they were 7.
ocnerostomella and a very short series of voucher specimens was taken.

On 17th October I visited the area again and found, in the now dead
stems of £. vulgare, the tell-tale signs of larval occupation, confirmed by
splitting open one of the stems.

FE. vulgare is a common component of the downland flora on the army
ranges of Salisbury Plain. I have searched for evidence of 7. ocnero-
stomella for many years in many localities, in the course of which I must
have examined many hundreds of plants. This leads me to suspect that
notwithstanding the frequency of the foodplant this species is probaably
very local within the county.— M.H. SMITH, 42 Bellefield Crescent,
Trowbridge, Wiltshire.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 77

Curious behaviour by Poecilocampa populi L. (Lep.: Lasiocampidae)

At 9.15am on 3rd December, a bright, mild morning following a week of
intensely cold weather, I removed my m.v. trap to the shed for examination
— the usual process. It was not jarred on its journey, nor when placed in
the shed. Almost immediately many of the P. populi became active, and
with the removal of the light flew out towards the window where they
remained fluttering for a few minutes before settling on the window
frames. Within seconds almost all of just less than fifty specimens,
including twelve females, had left the cartons.

The procedure carried out was routine, the light from the window being
sufficient for normal identification purposes, and although not
infrequently a moth will be disturbed, especially when the cartons are
removed, I have not previously encountered a spontaneous mass
awakening and call to activity of this kind.

Only three other species were present in the trap — Agrochola macilenta
Hbn. (3), Erannis aurantiaria Hbn. (1) and E. defoliaria Clerck (2),
including a very fine ab. progressivea Haverkampf, by far the scarcest of
the normal run of forms here. These species remained quiet.— B.K. WEST,
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

Three species of Lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight

On 24th May 1993 Simon Colenutt took a fresh example of Hadena
albimacula (Borkh.) at m.v. light at his home at Chale Green. This is the
first time that this species has been recorded on the Island but it is probably
breeding on the south coast on the Isle of Wight where its foodplant
occurs.

My brother Dr R.P. Knill-Jones has recently identified two species of
microlepidoptera which have not been taken on the Island before. These
are Zelleria hepariella (Stain.) which was taken at light at Freshwater on
14.vii.1987 and the Tortrix Crocidosema plebejana (Zell.) which was also
taken at light at Freshwater on 18.vi.1990.— S.A. KNILL-JONES,
Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

Choleva glauca Britten (Col.: Catopidae) in Kent

Through some oversight I had omitted to record what appears to be the
earliest capture of the above beetle in Kent, when on 20.ix.1951 I took a
male from a rabbit burrow in sandy ground at Knole Park, Sevenoaks. My
friend Mr Norman Heal has collected the species in the county in recent
years, and will doubtless publish his records. C. glauca is one of the rarer
species of the genus, which I have also, singly, from Meavy Valley, S.
Devon, in moss (ix.1933) and Wellington College, Berkshire (23.vii.1911,
P. Harwood).— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7
8QG.

78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.iii. 1994

Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): hibernation in first brood

On 26th July 1992 I noticed that two A. urticae had settled upon the white
ceiling of a cupboard in an east-facing upstairs room with permanently
drawn curtains, to be joined by two more by 8th August. Despite the room
becoming exceedingly hot by day at times during August and September,
and again in the spring, the butterflies remained in place until 24th May.
Two days later the first three to hibernate had departed, while the fourth,
when examined in June was found to be deceased.

In south-east England there are two generations, the first in June and the
second in August and September. The major textbooks are in agreement on
this, but they are neither so precise nor in agreement regarding hibernation,
which is surprising in view of the description given by Barrett (The
Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 1893). He states that hibernation is not
induced by cold weather, and that all individuals are not influenced in the
same way. He details examples, e.g. of two butterflies going into
hibernation in early August at a time when young larvae for the second
brood were plentiful, and the two individuals remaining torpid throughout
the intense heat of an unusually hot spell in early September, to be joined
by others during that month. He adds that specimens which continue on
the wing through the autumn die at the approach of winter. Despite this,
South (Butterflies of the British Isles, 1939) confines hibernation to the
second generation.

Ford (Butterflies, 1945) suggests that it may be the heat of summer rather
than the cold of winter that drives some species of hibernating
butterflies into retreat, and less controversially, that some _ species,
including A. urticae, start to hibernate in early August, or even late July.
This contrasts with Emmet and Heath, Eds (The Moths and Butterflies of
Great Britain and Ireland, 1987) in which it is stated that hibernation
occurs in the autumn, although conceding that it may begin as early as mid-
August, while Plant (Butterflies of the London Area, 1987) comments that
hibernation lasts from about late October until late February or early
March, but involving both generations.

A. urticae is one of the commonest butterflies, so it is surprising that
there is not more agreement in the textbooks. Barrett did produce evidence
in support of some of his statements; subsequent authors have not.
However, his view that specimens which remain active well into the autumn
die before winter seems to require substantiation. The subject of
hibernation in A. urticae is complex; its commencement covers a very long
period, and it has been a neglected subject. Curiously, the journals contain
records almost annually of winter sightings of active hibernating
butterflies, and V. atalanta, yet records of early or particularly late entering
into hibernation are almost non-existent. I have found one, R. Uffen
(Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural
History Society, 18: 51), who notes an A. wrticae hibernating from late
July, 1984 in Hertfordshire.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 719

The specimens quoted as successfully hibernating at Dartford in 1992/93
were torpid for a very long period, almost ten months, despite enduring
high temperatures in April and May. Unfortunately the butterfly has been
scarcer in 1993 than I have ever known it previously; only a casual specimen
or two have appeared on the Buddleia and Aster novi-belgii, and none on
the Sedum spectabile in my garden, and the ivy blossom in October visited
daily was patronised only by P. c-album, so it is not surprising that my
upstairs rooms, somewhat unusually, possess no hibernating butterflies this
year.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

Dwarfism in moths: further evidence from Cardiganshire, mid-Wales,
1991-92

A trend towards dwarfism in twelve species of wild-caught moths at Cnwch
Coch, Cardiganshire, was reported in Ent. Rec. (1990) 102: 182-183. Since
that time ten additional examples have been observed. One example in 1991
and five examples in 1992 involved five species of moths (Table 1). Four
specimens of three species were of minimum size. It was postulated that
environmental conditions prevailing during development particularly of
larvae resulting in deprivation of good quality food and inadequate water
requirements are important factors in causing dwarfism in the wild.
Climatic instability has been a feature for a number of years recently.
During this period extremes in weekly and monthly temperatures and of
rainfall have been nationally noteworthy. However, it was interesting that
in the long term, taking a mean of three consecutive years of monthly
averages of temperatures, equality resulted: 51°F. (1990), 50°F. (1991),
50°F. (1992) at Cnwch Coch, Cardiganshire.

On day-by-day climatic data for July, 1990, spring was the warmest it
was claimed for three hundred years. The drought in July of nineteen
consecutive days without rain and very high temperatures resulted in soil
becoming cracked and dried out to a depth of several inches such that it
caused established Rhododendron and Azalea bushes to wilt severely. High
temperatures continued, resulting in a heatwave, and 3rd August was
claimed to have had the hottest-ever recorded temperature in Britain,
reaching 96°F., and 94°F. at Cnwch Coch. These very high temperatures
and drought conditions came too late to affect most larvae which had
already reached maturity, but the number of adult species observed in
August was low at fifteen, the same as in 1992. There were twenty-three
species in 1991, and thirty-three species in 1993. Such yearly fluctuations
have been observed previously and are not unusual. If dwarfism is
influenced by climatic extremes prevailing during the weeks of development
of immature stages, the expectation for dwarfism to occur in 1992 was
confirmed.

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994

May 1992 was the warmest in some places since 1948. On the 14th May at
Edinburgh, 90°F., at Norfolk on 20th, 91°F., at Cnwch Coch, 80°F. These
hot days continued at Cnwch Coch throughout June in the 70s°F. to reach
82°F. on 30th June. With no rainfall from 12th June, the soil was hard and
dried out; even more so in early July. However, from the 4th there was a
slow decline from extreme conditions. Moths coming to light in August and
September were, as anticipated, showing signs of dwarfism in some
specimens of several species. Measuring the distance from the centre of the
thorax to the apex of the forewing x 2, new minima in the size of the
following species of moths were established. Also four specimens of three
species were of minimum size.

Table 1. New minimal wing expanse in some moths

Min. wing
Min. wing expanse
expanse (Skinner 1984)*

Species Date mm mm
Opisthograptis luteolata L. (Brimstone) 23.viii.92 30 83
Selenia dentaria F. (Early Thorn) 2.vili.92 34 40
Cerapteryx graminis L. (Antler Moth) 30.vili.91 26 27
Mesapamea secalis L. (Common Rustic) 3.1x.92 30 31
Luperina testacea D. & S. (Flounced 25.vili. &

Rustic) 4.ix.92 30 32

Moths of minimal wing expanse

Chloroclysta truncata Hufn. (Common

Marbled Carpet) 5.ix.93 32 32
Atethmia centrago Hb. (Centre-barred

Sallow 17.ix.92 32 32
Luperina testacea D. & S. (Flounced 25.vili &

Rustic) 4.1x.92 32 32

*Skinner, B. (1984). Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles,
Viking.
PHILIP M. MILES, Werndeg, Cnwch Coch, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales.

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

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Contents

The incidence of Laothoe populi L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) in north-west Kent,
1969-1993. B.K. West

Foodplants of the Privet Hawhneth Scone nensral ene iScnineidae): an
experimental study. G. W. Danahar and R.G.W. Northfield :

Beetles from pitfall-trapping at high altitudes in the Cairngorms. J.A. Over auth
R.W. Thaxton . : :

Leaf-miners on A/nus incana. ve M. Benet en

The life-cycle of a bughunter. S.N.A. Jacobs and P. a Sokoloff .

Notes and observations
A melanic Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent. B.K. West .
Catocala fraxini L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Cornwall? A. Spalding .
A further note on larval foodplants of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Biendaen in
north-west Kent. A.A. Allen
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Egg-curry vorchna! ee 1985. Tr B. pen
Eupithecia icterata Vill. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplants. B.K. West . . .
Dicycla oo L. the Heart Moth (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Windsor in the 1940s. A.A Allen
Odontopera bidentata Cl. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplant in Ireland.
B.K. West
Ennomos alniaria L. fteo Gramennaey abe einen Goctagne ana eoncaten
Lempke in Kent. B.K. West. :
Satyrium w-album Knock (Lep.: Pycaendeeyn ina coin aes R. Bristow
Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) larval foodplants. R. Bristow . P
The Goat Moth (Cossus cossus L.) (Lep.: Cossidae) to light. R. Pariides :
Some additional host plants of British Ceutorhynchus spp. (Col.: Curculionidae).
A.A. Allen .
Notable records of ants (ame Roecideen in sania east Sutherland: J. Hasies
Tinagma ocnerostomella Staint. (Lep.: Douglasiidae) new to Wiltshire.
M.H. Smith
Curious behaviour by Pocciocaune same L. (lene iiasineareeinen B. K. West
Three species of Lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones
Choliva glauca Britten (Col.: Catopidae) in Kent. A.A. Allen .
Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): hibernation in first brood. B.K. West.
Dwarfism in moths: further evidence from Cardiganshire, mid-Wales. P.M. Miles .

78
79

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LACANOBIA OLERACEA 81

THE TIME OF APPEARANCE OF LACANOBIA OLERACEA L.
(LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE BRITISH ISLES

B.K. WEST
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

NONE OF THE standard textbooks include August within the main flight
period of this widespread and common moth. However, Barrett (1897)
adds that occasionally there is a second generation at the end of August, or
September, or October. South (1939) adds that it sometimes occurs in the
autumn. Both Heath [Ed.] (1979) and Skinner (1984) state that there is a
small second brood in the south.

The three local works concerned with south-east England offer evidence
regarding the time of appearance of this insect, although it is somewhat
meagre in each case. Chalmers-Hunt (1968) quotes trap records for Wye,
3.v. to 3.viii. 1953 followed by 14.viii. to 2.x.1953. L. and K. Evans (1973)
present two series of dates for Addiscombe, Surrey — 17.v. to 21.ix.1969
and 24.v. to 29.viii.1970. C. Plant (1993) summarises the time of
appearance in the London area as late May to the third week of July, with
occasional specimens being seen in August in some years, as in 1976 and
1983.

My garden trap records are for the twenty-five years from 1969 to 1993
inclusive, and they are at variance with the standard textbooks and the local
work by C. Plant in one particular aspect; my records suggest that there is a
prolonged emergence without break from May well into August, sometimes
to the end of the month. In one year records terminated in July; thus in
1975 the last specimen was seen on 18th July, but I was away from the 19th
July until 12th August. L. oleracea is a very common species here, and in
season is recorded almost every night, although never in the large numbers
associated with Agrotis exclamationis L. or Noctua pronuba L.; only at the
beginning and end of the season are records sporadic.

In several years, and especially in 1969, the long time of appearance
continued into September. In that year the first specimen was observed on
31st May; the trap was operated in that month only on the last two nights.
The sequence was interrupted from 23rd July until 15th August due to my
absence, after which it resumed with a fairly even spread of records for
50% of the nights until 18th September. This was the only year to exhibit so
prolonged an emergence. The pattern for 1969 is corroborated by the first
sequence of records quoted by L. and K. Evans for Addiscombe, that for
1969 — 17th May to 21st September. Coincidentally, the second sequence,
that for 1970 — 24th May to 29th August, is also remarkably similar to
mine of that year — 18th May to 25th August.

September records are sparse, and appear to refer to late examples of a
protracted sequence, and not to possible representatives of a second
generation. In 1979 a specimen was noted on 5th September after a long,
unbroken series terminating on 30th August. In 1982 the first moth

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

appeared at the trap on 20th May, but by the end of July the moth had
ceased to be a constant feature of the trap, only visiting it in August on the
8th, 11th and 21st, and also on Sth and 8th September. This pattern of
scattered dates suggests to me a protracted tailing off of the brood rather
than the presence of a second generation. In 1985 a singleton was noted on
12th September, the species having been last observed on 18th August; on
this I make no comment. 1988 was an early year, L. oleracea was observed
almost daily from 8th May until 17th August, to be followed by two more
on Sth and 6th September; this gap however becomes less significant in
view of the trap not being operated on eleven of the eighteen nights
between 17th August and Sth September, due to distinctly unpropitious
weather conditions.

The pattern displayed by my records suggests a long period of
appearance, usually commencing in May and continuing into the latter half
of August, and occasionally into September. The mean date for the twenty-
five year period of the end of the August sequence of records is 21st
August; in calculating this I have not included September figures. The two
sets of records for Addiscombe and that for Wye are in accord with my
findings. In contrast the summary presented by C. Plant for the London
area appears to corroborate the time of appearance given in the various
textbooks, probably univoltine in most years, but occasionally bivoltine,
with a large emergence from about the beginning of May until the end of
the third week of July, but in some years, notably 1976 and 1983,
specimens being recorded in August. How can such conflicting assessments
be reconciled? Perhaps the explanation lies in the different nature of the
two operations. My figures refer to a particular place for a specified
sequence of years; the figures of the author of a local work are mainly
dependent upon what is provided in the way of records by a number of
people. There is some inertia regarding the provision of these records and
usually some uncertainty of what precisely is required. Observations for
scarce immigrants and rare species may be enthusiastically and faithfully
forwarded, detail concerning the commonest species receives scant
attention by all involved.

My observations provide almost no indication of a second generation.
The August records continue smoothly from those of July; there is no
indication of a resurgence in late August or September. However, a
probable second generation specimen did occur in 1993; specimens were
observed from 10th May until 26th August, to be followed by one in good
condition on Sth October.

Perusal of past numbers of this journal has proved quite instructive; in
them L. oleracea has received far more attention than I had anticipated.
Firstly, there is evidence that the species flies in August regularly in places
far away from north-west Kent, indicating that this is by no means a very
local and restricted phenomenon. Thus for north-east Derbyshire Johnson
(Ent. Rec. 66: 146) quotes the time of appearance in 1953 as being from

LACANOBIA OLERACEA 83

25th May to 16th August; for County Cork Chainey (Ent. Rec. 88: 230)

states that the species is found continuously from mid-May until mid-

August, while for the Isle of Canna Campbell (Ent. rec. 81: 69) records that

almost six hundred specimens were attracted to m.v. light between 26.v.

and 11.viii.1968. Lorimer (1983) does not detail the time of appearance in

the Orkney Islands, but does indicate that three dull, pale brown specimens
were seen on Ist August in 1973 and 1976, and 8th August 1977; this
suggests that specimens normally fly in August.

Secondly, these volumes contain evidence of bivoltinism in some
northern locations. Campbell (Ent. Rec. 82: 294) describes the moth as
being double brooded on Canna, deducing this from m.v. light records .
from 1951 to 1969, and quotes the earliest and latest dates for this period as
3.v.1957 and 18.ix.1957. Goodall (Ent. Rec. 72: 157 1960) comments on the
species in 1959 thus — first brood 8th May to early July, early appearance
and numerous, second brood 11th August to early September, a few.
Harper (Ent. Rec. 68: 39) describes the 1954/1955 winter weather at
Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, as being the worst within living memory,
followed by a mild and sunny April, and a return to winter conditions for
most of May; however, prolonged fine weather later caused several species
to produce second generations which were not known to have done so
previously, including L. oleracea.

Very late emergences, too, are not confined to the south. Birkett (Ent.
Rec. 68: 80) records a specimen for Kendal, Westmorland, 24.ix.1955;
Jackson (Ent. Rec. 102: 106) notes a specimen at Muston, Yorkshire,
22.ix.1989, and Dewick (103: 138) records four specimens at Bradwell-on-
Sea, Essex, in October 1990.

Certain conclusions can be drawn:-

(a) At Dartford there is an extended time of appearance from May to
August inclusive, and sometimes into September; there is evidence
that this might be so in parts of Surrey and East Kent.

(b) There is a curious anomaly — this evidence is not corroborated for
the London area as a whole.

(c) August is within the normal time of appearance probably throughout
the British Isles; more evidence is needed for longer periods.

(d) There is evidence that the moth is at least sometimes bivoltine in
northern England and Scotland including the Western Isles.

(e) What is the propensity for L. oleracea pupae in confinement to
produce imagines the same year? The insect is probably only reared
for the obtaining of parasites!

(f) |The time of appearance is surely one of the most important pieces of
information about a species that should be detailed in local works; it
is usually omitted!

These conclusions if correct will have revealed a quite remarkable, if not
unique, fact concerning L. oleracea; wheras it is univoltine in the south-
east, omitting the very occasional isolated October record, it may well be

84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

bivoltine, even regularly, in some northern localities; a reversal of the usual
position. What is more clearly demonstrated is the general lack of
knowledge of one aspect of one of the commonest and most widespread
British moths, yet one so easily remedied by the use of static traps.

General References
Barrett, C., 1897. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, Vol. lV.
Chalmers-Hunt, C., 1968. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent. Vol. 2.
Evans, L. and K., 1973. A Survey of the Macro-lepidoptera of Croydon and north-
east Surrey.
Heath, J.(ed), 1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 9.
Lorimer, R. 1983. The Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands.
Plant, C., 1993. The Larger Moths of the London Area.
Skinner, B., 1984. Moths of the British Isles.
South, R., 1939. The Moths of the British Isles. Vol. 1.

Euphranta toxoneura (Loew) Diptera: Tephritidae in East Kent

Euphranta toxoneura is peculiar amongst tephritidae in that the larvae are
predatory on those of sawflies of the genus Pontania. Larvae of Pontania
live either in rolled leaf-margins or inside galls on Salix species and it is
believed that Euphranta larvae are specifically associated with the latter.
Given that there are some dozen species of gall-forming Pontania in
Britain, that Euphranta has been found associated with at least five, and
that species such as P. viminalis (L.) may be very abundant throughout
Britain and Ireland it is interesting to note the apparent rarity of
Euphranta. To date the species has been reported from only about twenty
sites within the following counties: Avon, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire,
Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, London,
Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Sussex, Warwickshire and Yorkshire.
The dates of capture of the adults range from 18th May to 12th July
(several recorders, pers. comm.). On 22nd May 1993 I swept a single male
Euphranta during a short visit to Aylesford Pit near Maidstone (51/7359).
The small pit has resulted from gravel extraction and consists mainly of
willow and hawthorn scrub. Several species of Salix grow there including
Salix triandra, the almond willow, which is uncommon in Kent. The rarity
of the fly cannot be due to it having a short flight period since the dates
given above suggest that it is at least comparable to many more widely
recorded tephritids e.g. Urophora cardui. It is quite possible that the fly is
actually more generally distributed but is under-recorded on account of
some secretive diurnal habit.— LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s
Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 85

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE
7th Appendix
R.M. PALMER’ and M.R. YOUNG?
12 Glenhome Gardens, Dyce, Aberdeen AB2 OFG.

2 Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen.

THE FIRST part of this seventh appendix follows the format of previous
appendices and reports the addition of ten microlepidoptera new to
Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire and two rediscovered species last
recorded in the 19th century (old records of these species are included in
square brackets). There follow details of species of microlepidoptera for
which there are additional vice counties records.

The second section deals with additional records of macrolepidoptera,
including new or rediscovered species and those which are apparently
extending their range or are of interest for other reasons. Finally, the
apparent disappearance of several other former residents in the area is
discussed.

(i) Microlepidoptera new to VCs 91 - 93
(dates are those of the first record)

Nemophora minimella D. & S._ 93. Wartle Moss, 1993

Caloptilia stigmatella Fabr. 91. Loch of Leys, cones on Salix sp. 1991

Phyllonorycter cavella Zell. 92. Dinnet Muir, bred 1991

Amphisbatis incongruella Stt. 92. [Common near Aberdeen (Horne, quoted by
Reid, 1893)]; Dinnet Muir NNR, 1993

Bryotropha senectella Zell. 93. Gight woods, 1990

Blastodacna hellerella Dup. 92. Port Elphinstone, Inverurie, one; 7/93 in the
Rothamsted trap run by Mr and Mrs J. Bailey

Hysterophora maculosana 91. Elf Hill, 1993

Haw. [92. Common at Inverurie (Trail 1878)

93. Pitcaple (Reid, 1893)]
Epiblema roborana D. &. S. 92. Dinnet oak wood 1990

Pammene obscurana Steph. 92. Grandholme Moss, 1993
Cydia cognatana Barr. 92. Linn of Quoich, 1993
C. injectiva Hein. 93. Peterhead; three bred in 1993 from cones of

Pinus jeffreyi imported from the USA (Tuck
and Young, 1994)

Platyptilia ochrodactyla 92. Peterculter, 1990

D. & S.

Of the above, Cydia cognatana deserves special mention. This species of
the Scottish Highlands is recorded in textbooks (e.g. Bradley ef a/., 1979) as
occurring in Aberdeenshire, yet, as far as we can ascertain, there are no
actual published records and consequently that from Glen Quoich, where
the species was seen by the authors and Dr J.R. Langmaid on 1.vii.93 is the
first formal inclusion of the species in a list of Aberdeenshire moths.

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

New vice-county records
New to VC 91. Rhyacionia pinivorana L. & Z.; Epiblema tetragonana
Steph.

New to VC 92. Blastobasis lignea Wals.; Agapeta hamana L.

New to VC 93. Eriocrania subpurpurella Zell.; Stigmella ruficapitella
Haw.; Lampronia rubiella Bjerk.; Phyllonorycter harrisella L.; P.
heegeriella Zell.; Sesia bembeciformis Hb.; Ypsolopha vitella L.;
Blastobasis decolorella Woll.; Aethes smeathmanniana F.; Olethreutes
obsoletana Zett.; Apotomis sauciana grevillana Curt.; Blastesthia
posticana Zett.; Aphomia sociella L.

Now recorded from all 3 VCs Stigmella salicis Stt.; S. floslactella Haw.; S.
crataegella Klim.; S. glutinosae Stt.; Heliozela resplendella Stt.; Tinea
pellionella L.; T. trinotella Thunb.; Lyonetia clerkella L.; Parornix
anglicella Stt.; Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella Hb.; Elachista atricomella
Stt.; E. alpinella Stt.; Schiffermuelleria similella Hb.; Depressaria
pulcherrimella Stt.; D. weirella Stt.; Agonopterix ocellana F.; Acleris
sparsana D. & S.; Hedya dimidioalba Retz.; Epinotia immundana F. v
R.; Epiblema costipunctana Haw.; Pammene rhediella Cl.; Cydia
internana Guen.; Scoparia pyralella D. & S.; Eudonia truncicolella Stt.;
E. mercurella L.; Pleuroptya ruralis Scop.

(ii) The macrolepidoptera
Four macrolepidoptera have been added to the list, three of these are
‘‘rediscoveries’’ from the 19th century lists of Reid (1893) and Trail (1878).

Pararge aegeria L. was recorded once in the last century, [two at
Hazelhead, Aberdeen City; VC 92(Reid, 1893)]. The status of these early
records is not clear but the recent spread of the Speckled Wood from the
west coast via Inverness and the Moray coast is well documented (Barbour,
1986) and it can be considered as a recently established resident in VC 93
where R. Leverton found it commonly near Huntly in 1991 (Leverton,
1991).

Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. was recorded as rare at Pitcaple (Reid,
1893) and a single specimen taken at Oldmeldrum in 1993 suggests that this
species may be a low density resident in VC 93.

Peridroma saucia Hb. on the other hand is a well-known migrant which

seldom reaches this far north. Recorded as rare by Trail (1878) (no
localities given), the only recent records are of single specimens at
Oldmeldrum in 1986 and 1992.
Orthosia gracilis D. & S. is the only macro for which there are no previous
records. A single specimen was taken at the Sands of Forvie NNR, 1991, it
is not known to be migratory and is perhaps a newly-established resident
species in north-east Scotland.

ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 87

Since the publication of the previous appendix (Palmer & Young, 1991)

there have been only two new macro records from VC 91 (Orthonama
vittata Borkh. and Eupithecia tenuiata Hb.) and only one (see below) from
VC 92. In contrast, North Aberdeenshire (VC 93) is an under-recorded area
and therefore, although the macros are not usually recorded by vice-
county, the occurrence in VC 93 of many new macros should be
mentioned, even if some are only of local interest. The new records (from
Oldmeldrum unless otherwise stated are:
Callophrys rubi L. (Loch of Strathbeg, 1992); Trichiura crataegi (The
Buck, 1990); Eulithis prunata L.; Electrophaes corylata Thunb.; Epirrita
filigrammaria Hb.; Eupithecia assimilata Doubl.; Semiothisa wauaria L.;
Petrophora chlorosata Scop.; Ectropis bistortata Goeze; Euxoa nigricans
L.; Xestia castanea Esp.; Papestra biren Goeze; Xylena vetusta Hb.;
Agrochola lota Cl.; Atethmia centrago Haw.; Cryphia domestica Hf. and
Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Sands of Forvie NNR, 1993).

Whilst most of the above have probably been resident for many years,
others such as Rhyacia simulans Hf.; Hoplodrina blanda D. & S.;
Caradrina morpheus Hf. and Pseudoips fagana F. may be recent arrivals.
One non-resident not previously recorded from North Aberdeenshire is
Colias croceus Geoffr., which was recorded from many parts of Scotland
in 1992, including records from Cruden Bay and The Cabrach.

Some confusion has arisen over the species now known as Apamea zeta
assimilis Doubl. (Mikkola & Goater, 1988). In the original list (Palmer,
1974) A. exulis assimilis Doubl. was recorded from Ballater. In the third
appendix (Young et al., 1981) the record from Udny was referred to
incorrectly as A. exulis Le Feb., whilst the first VC 93 record (Palmer &
Young, 1991) was, also incorrectly, called A. maillardi exulis. All three of
these records, and a subsequent specimen from VC 93 (Oldmeldrum, 1993)
are of the mainland subspecies A. zeta assimilis. Whether the moth breeds
in these low lying areas is not known, more probably the few records are of
strays from higher ground to the west, in either case there is no evidence of
migration of the Shetland subspecies to Aberdeenshire.

Another species worth closer attention is Euchoeca nebulata Scop. The
record of a single specimen from VC 92 (Palmer & Young 1991), and the
record of a second specimen in Gight woods, VC 93, in 1992 suggests that
this species may be another low density resident. Both records were from
suitable habitats, i.e. woodlands containing plentiful and long-established
alder.

This situation contrasts with the status of Alcis jubata Thunb. which was
new to north-east Scotland when a single specimen was recorded from
Dinnet Oakwood NNR in 1987. Four years later A. jubata was the
commonest moth at light in the same wood, a conservative estimate of 40
specimens were seen there on 2.viii.91. The species remains common at
Dinnet Oakwood and five were taken at a portable trap in a second locality
in VC 92, an oakwood near Monymusk, in 1990.

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994
eee eee

An even more remarkable spread has been achieved by Lomaspilis
marginata L. This species is generally considered to be widespread
throughout Britain but was first recorded in north-east Scotland in 1986,
from VC 91 (Palmer & Young, 1991). Since then it has been recorded from
three other localities in Kincardineshire and from five localities in VC 92. It
was first recorded from an urban garden (where R.M.P. has run light traps
for 24 years) in 1993. The first record for VC 93 was in 1992, at
Oldmeldrum, where M.R.Y. has been running a light trap since 1979.

To counteract this picture of a consistent gain of species by the north-
east corner of Scotland, some losses should be mentioned. The first is
Cataclysta lemnata L., which became established in a pond in the City of
Aberdeen following introduction of the foodplant in 1982. This species
subseqently disappeared when the pond was cleared. Erynnis tages L., was
recorded near Monymusk until about 1970; Nymphalis polychloros L. bred
regularly in Lauchentilly wood near Kintore until the 1950s; and Eurodryas
aurinia Rott., was a well documented resident at Pitscurry moss, near
Inverurie, well into the 1960s. These three butterflies were all recorded by
the late W. McWilliam and all appear to be extinct in the area. The same is
probably true of three macro moths; Polychrisia moneta F. spread into
Aberdeenshire about 1945 (specimens bred by the late Dr G. Morison now
in coll. of R.M.P.); the species persisted until 1958 but has not been seen
since then. Hemaris titvus L. was recorded from the Muir of Dinnet (VC
92) in 1938, from Banchory (VC 91) in 1942 (G. Morrison) and from
woodland near Kemnay (VC 92) until about 1960 (W. McWilliam) but also
sadly seems to have gone. Far more remarkable was the record of H.
fuciformis L., also by W. McWilliam in the same Kemnay locality as H.
tityus and until about the same time. Were it not for the fact that the
specimens still exist in W. McWilliam’s collection these records would be
hardly credible, being so far beyond the recognised range of the species.
However the occurrence of other species in similarly disjunct localities,
such as Aethes rutilana Hb. in Wester Ross (Agassiz, 1984), suggests that
nothing is impossible.

References

Agassiz, D., 1984. Microlepidoptera in Wester Ross. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
96: 12-13.

Barbour, D., 1986. Expansion of range of the Speckled Wood butterfly (Pararge
aegeria L.) in north-east Scotland. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 98-105.

Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, J.D. & Smith, A., eds. British Tortricoid Moths Vol. 2
(Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) (1979) The Ray Society.

Leverton, R., 1991. The Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria L.) reaches North Aber-
deenshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 103: 330-331.

Mikkola, K. & Goater, B., 1988. The taxonomic status of Apamea exulis
(Duponchel) and Apamea assimilis (Doubleday) in relation to A. maillardi (Geyer)
and A. zeta (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Enfomologist’s Gazette 39:
429-257.

ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 89

Palmer, R.M., 1974. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. Entomo-
logist’s Rec. J. Var. 86: 273-284.

Palmer, R.M. & Young,M.R., 1991. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardine-
shire: 6th Appendix. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 103: 125-127.

Reid, W., 1893. List of the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire.

Trail, J.W.H., 1878. Lepidoptera of Deeside. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Aberdeen, 28-42.

Tuck, K. & Young, M.R., 1994. A record of Cydia injectiva (Heinrich) (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae) from Aberdeenshire. Brit. J. ent. Nat. Hist. 7: 1-2.

Young, M.R., Palmer, R.M. & Hulme, P.D., 1981. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire
and Kincardineshire: 3rd Appendix. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 93: 116-119.

Further records of Tipula helvola Loew (Diptera: Tipulidae) in Kent

Stubbs, 1992 (Provisional atlas of the long-palped craneflies (Diptera:
Tipulinae) of Britain and Ireland) shows two Kent localities for this
hitherto poorly recorded species, both of which are within the western half
of the county. Although I had submitted records to the Tipulidae recording
scheme from one site in east Kent as long ago as 1981 these had
unfortunately escaped inclusion in the atlas. Having found the species
again in both east and west Kent in 1993 it is perhaps worthwhile recording
the circumstances under which the specimens were found.

The first specimens were found on 7.vii.1979 (and again on 13.vii.1983)
within a small chestnut coppice with oak standards at Murston
(51/929651). The coppice is interesting in that it lies on the boundary
between a plateau of sand and the coastal clay of the north Kent marshes.
Consequently part of the coppice remains relatively dry whilst the
remainder is often very waterlogged. On the first visit numerous males and
females were in evidence at about 19.30 hours amongst a dense stand of
nettles.

On 3.vii.1993 I led a meeting of the Kent Field Club at Eccles Pit
(51/7261). Part of this site is damp and densely overgrown with willows. At
about 11.45 I swept a single male from nettles growing in dappled shade
within such a spot. Further sampling in the drier regions of the pit yielded
no other specimens. Further examples of the fly were taken on 18.vii.1993
at Chiddingstone Ponds (51/5147) and on 2.viii.1993 at Lenham Heath
(51/9149). The former site lies on the clay and contains numerous water-
filled pits resulting from past extraction of material for bricks. Two males
were again swept from nettles growing in the shade. The site at Lenham
Heath where a further male was obtained is an open sandpit. The southern
margin of the pit contains some damp areas and has become colonised by
sallows. The single specimen was obtained by sweeping a patch of Juncus in
this damp area. Although Stubbs states that Tipula helvola is a species of
dry woodland it is pertinent to note that the adults recorded in Kent have
tended to occur within the damper regions of such woods.—LAURENCE
CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

Migrant lepidoptera taken in the Dungeness area during 1993, including
three species new to Kent

During 1993, I was fortunate enough to take two species new to the county,
at m.v. light at Dungeness, Kent. The first was a male example of Agrotis
trux Hbn. (the Crescent Dart), taken with immigrant species on 10th
September, a date suggestive of a second-brood individual. The nearest
English colony of this species is to be found at Eastbourne, Sussex, where
bivoltinism is apparently unknown (C. Pratt, pers. comm.), and this also
appears to be the case in Cornwall (W. Kittle, pers. comm.). It is probable,
therefore, that the Dungeness specimen, which occurred in a light southerly
airstream and was followed by a single Palpita unionalis Hbn. at the same
trap-site on 11th September, was of a continental origin.

The second species new to Kent occurred to me at Dungeness on 11th
October, a male Ochropleura leucogaster Freyer (Radford’s Flame
Shoulder). This specimen represents the fourth British example of this
species and breaks the sequence of 17th October records, the other British
records all having occurred on this date as follows: Walberton, W. Sussex,
1983 (J. Radford); Swanage, Dorset, 1990 (D.C.G. Brown); near Truro,
Cornwall, 1990 (P.N. Siddons).

A third species new to the county was taken by K. Redshaw at Dungeness
on 24th May. This was a rather worn male example of Harpyia milhauseri
Fab. (the Tawny Prominent), a species with only one previous British
record, at Aldwick Bay, Sussex, in June 1966 (R.R. Pickering).

In addition to the three species added to the county list, two species only
recorded on one prior occasion in Kent, also occurred during the 1993
season. These were Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (the Golden Twin-spot), of
which a single male specimen was taken by Miss P. Carter in Lydd on 19th
August; and Photedes extrema Hbn. (the Concolorous), single males of
this species being taken at Greatstone on Ist June by B. Banson and at
Dungeness on 10th June by myself.

A number of other noteworthy species were recorded in the Dungeness
area during 1993 and these included a male Nola aerugula Hbn. (Scarce
Black Arches) at Greatstone on 2nd July (B. Banson); a female Hyles
euphorbiae L. (Spurge Hawk-moth) at Dungeness on 12th August (D.
Walker); a male Macdunnoughia confusa Steph. (Dewick’s Plusia) at New
Romney on 21st September (K. Redshaw); and two male examples of
Trigonophora flammea Esp. (Flame Brocade) at Dungeness on 10th
October (A. Butcher) and 12th October (K. Redshaw).

In the context of the generally poor 1993 season, both for resident and
migrant Lepidoptera, this is a rich array of unusual immigrant species, and
would suggest that the proximity of mainland Europe to this corner of
Britain allows even the most localised of weather conditions to produce
continental immigration.— S.P. CLANCY, Dehli Cottage, Dungeness,
Romney Marshes, Kent TN29 9NE.

PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 91

SOME INTERESTING MOTH RECORDS FROM THE
PETERBOROUGH AREA IN 1992 AND 1993

PAUL WARING
Windmill View, 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 6LS.
Introduction

MOTH RECORDING in the Peterborough area has had a long but patchy
history. Whitwell (1845) published a short list, indicating that recording in
the area was well under way at that date. There have been a number of later
contributions on the moths of the area, though many are unpublished
manuscripts or exist in the form of data labels in collections at
Peterborough Museum and elsewhere. Some of these are referred to by
Waring (1992a-d, 1993a) and Waring et al. (1992). Pooles (1932) published
a very full list for the area and Chalmers-Hunt (1989) reports that he has a
copy which Pooles annotated with additional records for the period
1946-66. There is a typescript attributed to the late R.E.M. Pilcher on the
Lepidoptera of Castor Hanglands and Ailsworth Heath 1911-1960 which is
in the English Nature files at Peterborough and includes records from the
author’s father and Messrs W.T. Mellows and W. Quibell among others.

There are additional notes supplied by S.W.P. Pooles up to 1964, and
from Brian Elliott for 1964. Several key sites near to Peterborough are well-
known nationally and have extensive moth lists of their own. In addition to
Castor Hanglands there are Bedford Purlieus, Holme Fen and Wood-
walton Fen. Whittlesey Mere, which was drained in the 1850s, lies just
south of Peterborough and this area, and the Fens generally, were well-
worked for moths from the early nineteenth century and have an extensive
literature of their own. The lists of Lepidoptera in three Victoria County
Histories also refer to the Peterborough area, owing to the proximity of
Peterborough to the county boundaries of Northamptonshire,
Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, a situation which has always
complicated biological recording.

Most of Peterborough is in vice-county Northamptonshire but the land
immediately to the east is in the vice-county of Cambridgeshire. The
cathedral city of Peterborough is bisected by the River Nene, which runs in
a west to east direction, and the part of the city on the south bank, and the
land to the south, is in the vice-county of Huntingdonshire. The
Lincolnshire border, which loosely follows the course of the River
Welland, is only 5km north of Peterborough and the Leicestershire border
is only 12km to the northwest. Since the reorganisation of administrative
boundaries in 1974, Peterborough finds itself within the modern county of
Cambridgeshire which has absorbed the old county of Huntingdonshire.

In terms of present day moth recording in and around Peterborough,
two groups are particularly active — the Peterborough Biological
Recording Group and the Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group.

BZ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

ne EEE

The two have close links and have some members in common. The
Peterborough group was reformed in 1988, is based on Peterborough
Museum and covers all branches of wildlife recording. In 1991 the group
was given permission to record the wildlife of the Milton Estate, which
includes most of the woods to the immediate west of Peterborough. Moth
work within the group has concentrated on these woods, most of which
appear not to have been worked for moths in the past on account of the
fact that they are private and keepered. The results so far have been
reported by Waring et al. (1992, 1993). Mick Beeson and our Moth
Recorder for the Group, Malcolm Hillier, are also involved in a long term
project up-dating the records for Castor Hanglands National Nature
Reserve, along with the site manager Chris Gardiner.

The Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group (HMBG) was formed
late in 1988 by Marney Hall and Nick Greatorex-Davies to provide an
opportunity for local lepidopterists to get together on a regular basis and
exchange local information. It has close links with the much older
Huntingdonshire Fauna and Flora Society. Since 1990 HMBG has
produced an annual report which has provided a great incentive to
exchange and publish our results at the end of each year.

During 1992 and 1993 the number of light traps operated on a regular
and fairly frequent basis in or near Peterborough increased to at least
twelve as far as I am aware, with others operated on an occasional basis.
Other recording techniques have also been used. A number of records were
collected which are of more than local interest and these are summarised
below. The regular trap operators based loosely on Peterborough include
Mick Beeson (Scotsman Lodge west of Helpston, Northants. TF118031),
Malcolm Hillier (Helpston village, TF131048), Chris Topper (Helpston
village, TF114054), Chris Gardiner (Castor Hanglands, TF119015, with
Messrs Beeson and Hillier), Debbie and Howard Hillier (Old Fletton, vc
Hunts. TL187969), Peter Marren (Easton on the Hill, Northants. TF0O104),
Margaret Palmer (on my behalf at Tolethorpe, Leicestershire TF0210 in
1992), Bill Pugh and Sue Edwards (at Longthorpe, Peterborough,
Northants. TL167986, on my behalf in 1993), David Sheppard (Hanthorpe,
near Bourne, S. Lincs, TF0824), Peter Kirby (at Bretton, Peterborough, vc
Northants. TF163011), Alan Stubbs (centre of Peterborough in 1993, vc
Northants. TL197998) and the author at Werrington, vc Northants.
TF164034). Trap coverage continues further afield, some of the results of
which have been reported elsewhere e.g. Partridge (1992, 1993), Smith
(1989), and others extensively in the HMBG reports, particularly Barry
Dickerson and David Evans, who have recorded moths on a large number
of sites in ve Huntingdonshire.

Some of the most interesting records from around Peterborough are
arranged below in loosely chronological order. In some cases the
coincidence of dates suggests patterns of local movement.

PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 93

1992

A Red Swordgrass Xylena vetusta Hb. was taken at the Robinson trap at
Castor Hanglands on 28th February 1992, followed by a White-marked
Cerastis leucographa D. & S. at the same site on 20th March 1992, the
recorders being Malcolm Hillier, Mick Beeson and Chris Gardiner.
Continued trapping at the site produced the Brindled White-spot
Paradarisa extersaria Hb. on 23rd May 1992 and again the following year
on 11th June 1993.

A Bordered Straw Heliothis peltigera D. & S. was captured by Malcolm
Hillier at his trap at Helpston on 23rd May 1992. This species turned up
again in the area two months later, as a singleton light-trapped by P.
Waring in the garden of 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough on
the night of 29/30th July 1992. This was a period of much migrant activity
locally, including numbers of Silver Ys Autographa gamma L.

A single Orange Footman Eilema sororcula Hufn. was captured in the
Robinson trap at Castor Hanglands, Northants 29th May 1992 by Messrs
Hillier, Beeson and Gardiner. It is unclear whether this record represents a
resident species or a vagrant. The moth proved to be a female which laid a
batch of fertile eggs from which larvae hatched. This is the first and only
record of the species from this site in recent years, in spite of much
recording activity.

An adult and pupal cases of the Lunar Hornet Clearwing Sesia
bembeciformis Hb. were found by Chris Gardiner at the recently declared
Collyweston Great Wood and Eastern Hornstocks National Nature
Reserve (TFO100) on 12th June 1992. This site is proving to be very species-
rich for moths.

A Marbled Clover Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. was captured by Peter Kirby
in his Robinson trap at Bretton, Peterborough on 29th June 1992.

A colony of the Four-spotted Moth, Tyta /uctuosa D. & S. exists at
Werrington Junction, Peterborough. Adults were seen from 23rd May to
21st June 1992 by day and larvae by night on Ist July 1992. This colony has
proved to be large and extensive with over a hundred moths being seen
along the railway line during 1992. For further details see Waring (1992b).
The recorders were P. Waring, M. Hillier, M. Parsons, M. Beeson. Mick
Beeson also recorded a singleton at his home light trap at Scotsman Lodge,
Helpston, on 21st May 1992. The quarry behind the house was searched
after the capture but no more were found. Malcolm Hillier has recorded
the moth most years at his light trap at Helpston but it was only in 1992 that
the breeding sites and larvae were found. A single adult was recorded by
David Sheppard, on the outside of his garden light trap at Hanthorpe on
Ist June 1992. This is the only specimen so far noted at this trap. A single
male was subsequently found on 7th August 1992 at Orton brick-pit on the
southern edge of Peterborough (vc Hunts.) by Malcolm and Howard
Hillier.

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

A Striped Hawk-moth, Hyles lineata livornica Esp. was captured at
Castor Hanglands, Northants, 22nd May 1992, in a Robinson trap
operated in a glade within the woodland by C. Gardiner, M. Hillier, P.
Waring and other members of the Peterborough Biological Recording
Group. This was one of a number of records of this species in Britain
between 14th May and the end of May 1992, indicating a considerable
influx. P. Waring recorded another hovering around in his Robinson trap
near Shalfleet, Isle of Wight, at 00.15 hours on 28th May 1992.

A Peacock moth, Semiothisa notata L. was captured at Castor
Hanglands by Messrs Gardiner, Hillier and Beeson on Sth June 1992,
followed by a Pale Shining Brown Polia bombycina Hufn. at the same site
on 19th June 1992. The Peacock moth may be the first record for
Northants. Interestingly, the county recorder, John Ward, found one the
following night at a light trap at Hazelborough Wood, near Silverstone,
some 70km to the south-west of Castor Hanglands, at the other end of the
county.

A Ruddy Carpet, Catarhoe rubidata D. & S. was captured by Margaret
Palmer in an actinic trap on 23rd June 1992 at Tolethorpe. The specimen
was confirmed by M. Parsons and P. Waring.

Oak Eggar, Lasiocampa quercus L. 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington,
Peterborough. In 1991 a single female was captured by P. Waring in the
garden Robinson trap, followed by two more females on 21st and 28th July
1992. On 4th August 1992 two wild males assembled to a virgin female bred
for this purpose. The few recent records of this species in the area were
collected together by Waring (1992a).

Four adults of the Six-belted Clearwing Bembecia scopigera Scop. were
swept amongst Bird’s-foot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus at Dogsthorpe
brickpits (TF212025) by Alan Stubbs on 23rd July 1992. Alan found this
moth just west of Peterborough at Barnack Hills and Holes National
Nature Reserve in 1985 (TF076047). Previously it had been recorded in the
Peterborough area by the late J.W. Turner at Fletton Brickpits (TF185965)
in 1971, when it was fairly common while sweeping on 26th and 28th July
and 4th August, near the Fletton Field Study Centre. The site has since
been destroyed but there are other similar places in the area. There are
voucher specimens in Mr Turner’s collection.

A male Red-belted Clearwing Synanthedon myopiformis Bork. was
recorded by Alan Stubbs near two large apple trees in his garden in the
centre of Peterborough on 2nd August 1992.

An Oblique Striped Phibalapteryx virgata Hufn. was trapped by Chris
Topper at Helpston village on 6th August 1992 and confirmed by Malcolm
Hillier. This is the second county record for vc Northants. One was

previously recorded by Peter Gent at Wellingborough in 1955 (John Ward,
pers. comm.).

PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 95

Singletons of the micro-moths Aethes smeathmanniana Fab.
(Cochylidae) and Schoenobius gigantella D. & S. (Pyralidae) were captured
by me at 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington and confirmed by Mark Parsons.
The first is probably a new vice-county record for Northamptonshire. It
was taken in the Robinson trap on 21st May 1992. The Schoenobius
gigantella flew to a tungsten bedroom light on the evening of 30th June
1992. This also appears to be a first county record for Northamptonshire.
Another individual came to Malcolm Hillier’s trap at Helpston on 11th
June 1993. The species is known to breed in the Fens and possibly it also
breeds along the ditches and watercourses around Peterborough. Malcolm
recorded one at light on the south bank of the Nene at Alwalton (TF9613)
on the west side of Peterborough (ve Hunts.) on 6th July 1991.

The apparently very rare Tortricoid Epiblema grandaevana Lien & Z.
was confirmed as resident in an abandoned limestone quarry at the
Collyweston Great Wood and Easton Hornstocks National Nature
Reserve, Northants, with the capture of eleven individuals at light on three
nights between 31st May and 8th July 1992. Full details of the discovery of
the moth, on 27th July 1991, and the subsequent work, can be found in
Gardiner and Hillier (1993).

Two more apparently new vice-county records for Northamptonshire are
the Gelechiid moths Mefzneria aprilella H.-S. taken at Barnack Hills and
Holes NNR by Chris Gardiner on 24th June 1992 and determined by Mark
Parsons, and Brachmia blandella Doug. taken at Easton Hornstocks by
Chris Gardiner on 8th July 1992 and determined by John Langmaid (Mark
Parsons pers. comm.).

The Twenty-plume moth Alucita hexadactyla L. was seen in numbers
during 1992 and 1993 by Debbie Hillier at 17 St. Margaret’s Road, Fletton,
with two also noted at 78 Queen’s Road, Fletton on 9th July 1993 by
Malcolm Hillier.

1993

A survey of likely sites for the Hornet Clearwing Sesia apiformis Clerck
has revealed the presence of the moth on Poplar trees planted as screens
around various brick-pits and other sites around Peterborough (TL19).
Full details of the results are to be reported by Howard Hillier in 1994. The
adults were emerging on 6th July 1993, and a pair was found in cop on 16th
July 1993 at 0800hrs.

The Currant Clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, is established
adjacent to 78 Queen’s Road, Fletton, Peterborough (TL197975), on
Currant bushes in the garden which backs onto this property (M. Hillier
pers. comm.). Four individuals were seen at the above address between
21st-23rd June 1993, settling on leaves in the afternoon sunshine and one
was brought to me live for photography. This species was also seen several

96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

times in the same week at 78 Peterborough Road in nearby Farcet by Stuart
Ball (pers. comm.). Both localities are in vice-county Huntingdonshire. A
single specimen of this moth was seen by David Sheppard in his garden at
Hanthorpe (Lincs.) a year or two previously.

A single male Red-belted Clearwing, S. myopaeformis Borkh., in good
condition, was recorded by Malcolm Hillier at 160 Lincoln Road,
Peterborough, on the inside wall of the kitchen, on 26th June 1993. Added
to the individual recorded by Alan Stubbs nearby in 1992, these results
suggest the moth is established in the older gardens of Peterborough.

Two fully grown larvae of the Oak Eggar L. quercus were found by
myself and Rachel Thomas on a scrubby field margin by the railway track
at the level crossing south of Werrington Junction on 31st May 1993. They
were wandering over bare ground in a sparsely vegetated area near a
Bramble plant Rubus fructicosus agg. sprawling along a fenceline. Apart
from a single larvae found at Helpston by Malcolm Hillier in the late 1980s,
these seem to be the only report of larvae in the area in several decades (see
also Waring 1992a) and give an insight into the sort of habitat in which the
moth is breeding. Both larvae were reared and a female emerged on 9th
July and a male on 11th July. The former was placed out in the garden on
12 July and attracted three wild males (Waring 1994). Oak Eggars were also
reported again in the area in 1993 by Malcolm Hillier (a female in his light
trap at Helpston on 4th July 1993 and a female at Chris Topper’s in the
same village), and Mick Beeson (two females at light at Scotsman Lodge,
on 30th July and 6th August).

The Four-spotted moth 7. /uctuosa was seen flying again at Werrington
Junction on 31st May 1993 (P. Waring and Rachel Thomas). Subsequently
an adult was captured at light by Pete Kirby at 49 Barnstock, Bretton
(TF167011) on 10th June 1993 and a singleton turned up in the Robinson
trap in my garden at Werrington on 19th August 1993. The latter suggests
there may be at least a partial second generation of this species in this area.

A Grass Rivulet Perizoma albulata D. & S. turned up at Malcolm
Hillier’s trap at Helpston on 6th June 1993, the first since light-trapping
began at this site in 1983. There appear to be a few local records for this
species (M. Hillier pers. comm.) though it may simply have been
overlooked in the area.

Four Cream-bordered Green Pea Earias clorana L. turned up at the
Werrington trap in 1993 on 8th June (1), 9th June (1), 2nd July (2). These
are the first in three years’ trapping at this site but the species is regularly
recorded by others in the area.

The Dog’s Tooth Lacanobia suasa D. & S. was recorded by Debbie
Hillier at 17 St. Margaret’s Road, Fletton, on 18th June 1993 and
confirmed by Malcolm Hillier, who has seen others in the Peterborough
area in past years.

A Pale Shining Brown P. bombycina was recorded at Ketton Quarries
SSSI, Northants (SK973056) on Ist July 1993 by Chris Gardiner.

PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 97

A Red-necked Footman Afolmis rubricollis L. was captured in a
Robinson trap on the night 3rd/4th July 1993 at 246 Thorpe Road,
Peterborough, by Bill Pugh and seen alive by me. This is an area of large
established gardens, with old trees. It is the first record of the species from
this 10km square and we await others to see if the moth is resident or
vagrant here.

A male Festoon Apoda limacodes Hufn. was captured at light by
Malcolm Hillier at Helpston on 3rd July 1993, the first in eleven seasons
trapping. This is currently the most northerly post-1980 record of the
species in Britain. It is interesting that it coincides with the above Red-
necked Footman on the same date at Longthorpe. The nearest potential
larval foodplant for the former, a hedgerow Oak tree, Quercus robur, is
nearly 1km away from the Helpston trap so the Festoon was certainly a
wanderer. The species has long been known from Castor Hanglands and
Bedford Purlieus so the moth may represent only local movement. A male
Festoon was noted by Malcolm at Castor Hanglands on the previous night
(2nd July). The Red-necked Footman has also been recorded at Bedford
Purlieus in the past, but not since 1960 (J. Ward pers. comm.). The Thorpe
Road specimen was caught 14km to the east of Bedford Purlieus.

Between 20 and 40 Blackneck Lygephila pastinum Treits. and one Gold-
spot Plusia festucae L. were recorded at Sutton Heath (TF091000) on 16th
July 1993 (Messrs Beeson and Hillier) and the presence of Meadow-Rue
Thalictrum flavum along the ditch which borders the lower part of this site
was noted. This was searched by me for larvae of the Marsh Carpet
Perizoma sagittata Fab. on 8th August 1993, without success. At the same
time on this site, Rachel Thomas found a nearly full grown larva of the
Shark Cucullia umbratica L. This is not an unusual moth in the
Peterborough area but there are few if any records of larvae. This larva was
found, almost fully grown, at 15.00hrs in cloudy, dry, bright, warm
weather. It was at rest on the stem of a yellow-flowered composite,
identified as a Sow-thistle, Sonchus sp., leaning over short turf in a herb-
rich calcareous sward on the higher ground at this site. The larva ate the
flowers of the host plant when kept in captivity, and was seen feeding of its
own accord at 08.00hrs in natural light in the morning. Subsequently it was
offered flowerheads, leaves and stems of the Compass Plant or Prickly
Lettuce Lactuca serriola, all of which it ate, demolishing large areas of leaf
and eating down the stems before burrowing in soil to pupate on 13th
August. The larva was very active and, if disturbed, would throw its head
to one side and fall to the earth, which it matched in colour.

Larvae of the Goat moth Cossus cossus L. were found at Mepal on 10th
July 1993 (Waring 1993d). A Robinson trap was operated on the site by
Rob Partridge and on 18th July a battered adult was found on the ground
two metres from the light trap and also a worn Pine Hawk Ayloicus
pinastri L. on same night. The latter is unusual in the area, the former adds
to a series of records of Goat moth from this site.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

Larval webs of the Small Eggar Eriogaster lanestris L. were discovered in
two localities near to Peterborough in 1993. On 25th June Mick Beeson
found two larval webs at Raunds Wood, Northants (TL037737). Both webs
were on Common Hawthorn Crateagus monogyna growing between rows
of young conifers in a plantation. Both webs were about 1.3 metres from
the ground, on the south-facing top parts of the Hawthorn, close to each
other. The two webs contained about a dozen larvae each, in penultimate
and final instars. Both webs were very conspicuous but no others were seen
elsewhere in the plantation. Subsequently, on 28th June Malcolm Hillier
searched the site and the surrounding area. No new webs were found in the
wood and the known webs contained only three to four larvae in and
around them. The entire perimeter of the wood was searched without
success but four more webs were found on the approach to the wood from
Keyston, lying within vc Huntingdonshire. Two of the webs were on
Common Hawthorn and two on Blackthorn Prunus spinosa. All four were
between one and two metres above the ground, in south-east-facing
exposed positions on scrubby isolated bushes or at the southern end of a
clump in rather poor condition. None were found on a nearby mixed hedge
which was thicker and complete and included additional shrub species such
as Field Maple Acer campestris, Common Elm Ulmus procera, Ash
Fraxinus excelsior and Sallows Salix spp. One web was collected and some
Tachinid flies were reared from the larvae. These have yet to be identified.
Of 14 apparently unparasitised pupae that were retained, two females and a
male emerged on about 12th February 1994, but these had been kept
indoors and may have been in advance of emergences in the wild. Another
male emerged on 14th March 1994.

A web of Small Eggar larvae was also found at New Bridge, Fox Road,
Catworth (TL0873) only 5km south-east of Keyston, by David Evans, in
June 1993. The web was on Elm, and was about five metres above the
ground. The web, the larvae and the adults reared from some of them, were
photographed, and the identity of this unusually highly placed web has
been confirmed by the author.

Wormwood Shark Cucullia absinthii L. — a singleton was trapped by
Debbie and Howard Hillier at Old Fletton, Peterborough, on the warm
night of 28th/29th July 1993 during showers. This is apparently the first
record for vc Huntingdonshire (B. Dickerson pers. comm.). The species
has been recorded by Colin Smith in the adjacent county of
Cambridgeshire, where it occurs on the Gogs, at Royston and, in 1988, on
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris at Girton (Smith 1989). The Fletton specimen,
a suspected female, was identified by Malcolm Hillier and retained for
eggs, but proved to be a male. It has been set by Mick Beeson for
Peterborough Museum.

Six larvae of the Wormwood Shark were subsequently found by Howard
Hillier on 30th August 1993 as a result of deliberate searches of likely

PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 99

breeding places in the Stanground area near Fletton. All six larvae were
found on a patch of nineteen large Wormwood plants Artemisia
absinthium growing on the ballast of the railway line that passes to the
north of Fletton and Stanground (TL1997). Mugwort A. vulgaris was also
present on this site but no larvae were seen on it. A further nine larvae, of
various sizes from very small to full-grown, were found by Howard at the
same place on 7th September.

Singletons of the Peacock S. notata and Square-spotted Clay Xestia
rhomboidea Esp. were recorded at Castor Hanglands on 20th August 1993
by Messrs Hillier and Beeson. The first follows the record in 1992 and
suggests the species may be resident. The Square-spotted Clay was last seen
on this site before 1961 (J. Ward, pers. comm.) but is not a noted wanderer
and will probably prove to be a long-established resident. Interestingly, in
this context, a single Square-spotted Clay was recorded by Peter Kirby at
his garden light trap in Bretton on 9th August 1993 the only one ever
recorded at this site. A single Lesser-spotted Pinion Cosmia affinis L. was
recorded at the same trap on the night of 14th August 1993. Singletons of
this species are recorded by Malcolm Hillier at Helpston on an average of
about once every two years.

Some large larvae of the Privet Hawk Sphinx ligustri L. were found on
Guelder Rose Viburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae — honeysuckle family) on
30th July 1993 by Rick Keymer and were confirmed by Mick Beeson. They
were in a newly-planted hedgerow at Etton (c. TF142067). The foodplant is
of interest. Though not mentioned specifically by South (1961) or Skinner
(1984), Guelder Rose is listed as a foodplant by Allan (1949). The plant in
question was completely stripped of leaves and the larvae ate the plant
when taken into captivity. From the damage to the saplings several other
larvae had probably been present. The Guelder Rose was not adjacent to
Privet or Ash so eggs were presumably laid on Guelder Rose. The moth is a
common species in the Peterborough area, where larvae have been found
feeding on Lilac Syringa vulgaris (Oleaceae) in gardens (Waring 1993c).

The Streak Chesias legatella D. & S. — a single specimen was found by
an outside light at the doorway of a house in Eastern Avenue,
Peterborough, at 03.00hrs on 2nd October 1993 by Mick Beeson. The
larval foodplant, Broom Cytisus scoparius, has been planted on the verges
of the ring-road that runs to the east of this site, but also occurs as a garden
plant in the area.

Two species of national interest, the Maple Prominent Ptilodontella
cucullina D. & S. and the Mere Wainscot Photedes fluza Hb. are frequently
recorded in the Peterborough area, even in suburban gardens (e.g. Waring
1992d) and we have records of these from several local woods (e.g. Waring
et al. 1992, 1993). The Concolorous Photedes extrema Hb. continues to be
recorded regularly at Castor Hanglands and was also recorded at the
Collywestern Great Wood and Easton Hornstocks NNR, on 20th May 1992
by Chris Gardiner.

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

A crop of first records for vice-county Northants were added among the
micro-lepidoptera in 1993. Full details of these and previous years are being
collated by David Manning. Many of these come from the Lepidoptera
recording work at the recently declared NNR at Collywestern Great Wood
and Easton Hornstocks, for example Semioscopis avellanella Hb.
(Oecophoridae) by Mark Parsons on 20th April 1993, Eriocrania
sparrmannella Bosc. (Eriocraniidae) and Narycia monilifera Geoff.
(Psychidae) both on 23rd April 1993 by John Langmaid, and Aethes
dilucidana Steph. (Cochylidae) and Mompha_ conturbatella Hb.
(Momphidae), both on 29th June 1993 by Mark Parsons.

A male and female of the European Corn-borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hb.
were noted by Malcolm Hillier on 9th September 1993 at 78 Queen’s Road,
Fletton.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all the above-named for their work in recording the
moths of the Peterborough area. I particularly thank Malcolm Hillier, the
moth recorder for the Peterborough Biological Recording Group, for
collecting many of the above records and Barry Dickerson, editor and
producer of the HMBG annual report as well as county moth recorder for
the vice-county of Huntingdonshire. I would also like to thank John Ward,
the county moth recorder for Northamptonshire, for his help and
encouragement to us all and Gordon Chancellor, at the Peterborough
Museum, for co-ordinating the Peterborough Biological Recording Group.
I thank Mrs J.W. Turner for allowing John Ward and I to examine the
moth collection of her late husband and Mark Parsons for collecting
together the records of the micro-lepidoptera.

References

Allan, P.B.M., 1949. Larval foodplants. Reprinted 1979. Watkins & Doncaster.
Hawkhurst.

Gardiner, C. & Hillier, M., 1993. Epiblema grandaevana (Lienig & Zeller) (Lep.:
Tortricidae) established in Northamptonshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105:
239-240.

Hillier, H.W., 1994. A search of the Hornet Clearwing (Sesia apiformis) in north
Huntingdonshire. Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group. 4th Annual
Report. 24-27.

Partridge, R., 1992. The Moths of Mepal. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’
Society 51: 293-297.

— , 1993. The Moths of Mepal — additions for 1992 with some later records.
Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society 52: 267-272.

Pooles, S.W.P., 1932. List of macro-lepidoptera taken during the last ten years
(1923-32) within a radius of fifteen miles of Peterborough. Report of the Peter-
borough Natural History and Archaeological Society 1930-31: 49-56.

Skinner, B., 1984. Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking.
Harmondsworth.

PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 101

Smith, C., 1989. Butterflies and moths in suburbia. Nature in Cambridgeshire 31:
19-27.

South, R., 1961. The moths of the British Isles. 2 vols. Warne. London.

Waring, P., Hillier, M. & Beeson, M., 1992. Moth recording on the Milton Estate,
Peterborough, 1991. Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group (HMBG). 2nd
Annual Report. 17-26.

— , 1992a. Field Meeting Report. Holme Fen National Nature Reserve, Cambridge-
shire, 25th July 1992. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 5:
178-181. (Also in HMBG 3: 9-12.)

— , 1992b. Wildlife Reports - Moths. British Wildlife 3: 374-376.

— , 1992c. The butterflies and moths of Werrington, Peterborough. Part | - the site
and its butterflies. Butterfly Conservation News 51: 59-62.

— , 1992d. The butterflies and moths of Werrington, Peterborough. Part 2 - the
moths. Butterfly Conservation News 52: 48-56.

— , 1993a. The butterflies and moths of Werrington, Peterborough. Part 3 -
recording, references and records. Butterfly Conservation News 54: 52-61. (Parts
1, 2 and an abbreviated form of Part 3 appeared in HMBG 2: 49-68).

— , 1993b. Thisanotia chrysonuchella Scop. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in ve 32, North-
amptonshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 195.

— , 1993c. The butterflies and moths of Werrington, Peterborough. Supplementary
information resulting from work in 1992. Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly
Group. 3rd Annual Report: 55-62.

— , 1993d. National Goat Moth Survey. Butterfly Conservation News 55: 21-24.

Waring, P., Hillier, M., Beeson, M., Dickerson, B. & Parsons, M., 1993. Moth
recording on the Milton Estate, Peterborough, 1992. Huntingdonshire Moth and
Butterfly Group. 3rd Annual Report: 24-28.

Waring, P., 1994. The macro-moths of Werrington, Peterborough - additions to the
species list, as a result of work in 1993. Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group
4th Annual Report. 21-23.

Whitwell, J., 1845. Capture of lepidopterous insects near Peterborough. Zoologist
845-846.

Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low altitude

Mr Clancy’s note of E. alpina at low altitude (Ent. Rec. 106: 6) concurs
with my own observations of the moth in 1993, which might be of interest
and support his suggestion that it resides well below 700 metres in the
Aviemore area.

I took two examples at m.v. light at Granish Farm, one kilometre north
of Aviemore, at an altitude of approximately 240 metres, in open birch
woodland, the dates being 30th May and 2nd June. This was in open birch
woodland.

On 3rd June I was in the Rothiemurchus area at Coylumbridge,
surveying the open areas for eyebright with Perizoma species in mind, when
I came across a damp hollow in which grey pyralids were flying abundantly.
They were flying in the afternoon sunshine and more could be disturbed
with every few steps. I netted about half a dozen at random and all were E.
alpina. They were clearly flying within, and not through, the area. The grid
reference is NH 917095, and the site is about one kilometre south of the

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

campsite where Mr Clancy took his examples. Furthermore, it is adjacent
to the track which runs alongside that campsite and leads into Gleann
Einich.

It would seem reasonable to assume therefore that there is at least one
small but thriving colony of E. a/pina in Rothiemurchus, that the source of
those taken at Coylumbridge and Granish was local, and that they were not
wanderers or windblown from a higher altitude.

E. alpina is stated to fluctuate in numbers. Could it be that, at times of
relative abundance it descends to colonise lower altitudes, such as it is
known to occupy further north, withdrawing to, or rather, surviving in
higher levels in times of diminished numbers? Or has there been a recent
expansion of its range as it would seem unlikely to have been overlooked
previously in such well worked areas as Rothiemurchus and the Spey
valley?— D.H. HowTOn, 36 Coldermeadow Avenue, Corby, Northamp-
tonshire NN18 9AJ.

Mites associated with the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus in Kuwait

During a recent work on the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus F. collected
from Kuwait desert, a number of mites were observed to attach themselves
on the ventral part of the beetles especially near the base of the hind legs.

These mites were probably feeding on the dung fragments left on the
beetle body after the latter had scooped its share of the dung to roll it to the
underneath nest.

Five different species of the mites have been collected that belong to four
genera, three families and two suborders.

Suborder: Mesostigmata

Family: Parasitidae

Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts
Family: Macrochelidae

Macrocheles merdarius (Berlese)
Macrocheles glaber File & Peg.

Suborder: Prostigmata

Family: Pygmephoridae
Pediculaster mesembrinae (R. cane)
Bakerdania sp.

Maqueen and Berine (1974) collected cattle dung mites in the southern
interior of British Columbia and have recorded that Parasitus and
Macrocheles glaber associated with the dung dweller dung beetle,
Aphodius fosser (L.) and that Pediculaster mesembrinae associated with
the dung fly, Haematobia irritaas (L.). | wish to thank A.S. Baker from the
British Museum (Natural History) for the identification of the mites.
Reference: Maqueen, A. and Berine, B.P., 1974. Insects and mites assoc-

iated with fresh cattle dung in the southern interior of British Columbia.
J-ent. Soc. Br. Columbia, 71: 5-9.

W. AL-Houty, Department of Zoology, University of Kuwait, P.O. Box
5969 Safat, 13060 State of Kuwait.

BEETLES IN A PITCHER PLANT 103

BEETLES CAUGHT BY A PITCHER PLANT NATURALISED IN
HIGHLAND SCOTLAND

J.A. OWEN’ and S. TAYLOR?2

'8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.
2RSPB, Forest Lodge, Nethy Bridge PH25 3EF.

PITCHER PLANTS have receptacles or ‘‘pitchers’’ which trap and digest
insects and other small invertebrates. In 1991, several such plants, later
identified as Sarracenia purpurea ssp. purpurea L., were discovered by
David Wood growing together in a low-lying sphagnum bog in upper
Speyside. The leaves in this plant form the receptacles which have the shape
of wide-mouthed, upright vases, two to three inches long, about one inch
wide and crowned with a wide, open flap (see illustration in O’Connell,
1988 p10). When S.T. visited the site in the early summer of 1992, two
kinds of receptacles were present — smaller, green ones apparently just
developing and larger, somewhat withered, brown ones which had
evidently persisted from the previous growing season. The latter contained
obvious insect fragments.

To see what sort of insects had been caught, three of the larger
receptacles were collected and their contents examined. No complete
insects were found but there were present parts of many beetles (heads,
pronota, elytra and legs), with occasional complete hind-bodies (elytra and
abdomen) together with fragments of flies, spiders and ants. Remains were
found of at least 58 beetles comprising at least 11 species. These, with
minimum numbers in parentheses, were:- Carabus violaceus L. (1),
Pterostichus “‘nigrata’’ aggr. (2), Agonum ericeti (Pz.) (15), Catops sp. (3),
Nicrophorus investigator Zetterstedt (2), N. vespilloides Herbst (21),
Thanatophilus rugosus L. (2),Oiceoptoma thoracica (1), Cyphon sp. (2),
Coccinella hieroglyphica L. (7) and C. septempunctata L. (2).

S. purpurea is a North American plant which was introduced from
Canada to Ireland about 1903. It has thrived there and now occurs at
several sites (O’Connell, 1988). Currently, the plant is also known,
apparently always as an introduction, from a number of sites in England
and Scotland. It seems very likely that the plants at the site on Speyside
were similarly introduced, a conjecture supported by the discovery a few
metres away of another North American bog plant — Kalmia polifolia.

All of the fully identified beetles had been found in the general area of
the site on previous occasions. None can be described as rare. A. ericeti is
uncommon in a national context but relatively common in the bog where
the plants were found. It is unlikely, therefore, that a few small plants at
this site would have any more effect on the local beetle fauna than that
otherwise exerted by other insectivores such as insect-eating birds. Large
colonies of the plant, however, may have hundreds of pitchers and, if each
pitcher caught as many beetles as did the three examined, it is possible that

104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

they could have a significant effect on the local populations of some of the
insects trapped.

Like other ‘‘carnivorous’’ plants, pitcher plants grow naturally on
impoverished substrates where the role of the receptacle is to provide the
plant with supplementary nutrients derived from the digestion of the
creatures trapped. While the number of beetles listed from the three
receptacles suggests that the trapping process had been very successful, it
may be that the data overestimate the gain to the plant. Several of the
species, i.e. Catops sp., T. rugosus and O. thoracica are normally attracted
to decomposing organic material such as carrion and, while some of these
beetles may have been trapped and digested while the receptacle was still
functional, others may have been trapped after the receptacle had started -
to wither and was no longer ‘‘feeding’’ the plant. Even this, however, may
be of value to the plant by bringing nutrients from the digested beetles to
within a short distance of the plant’s roots.

It would certainly be of interest to discover more of the process by which
the beetles are trapped. The entrance to the pitcher is large enough for the
beetles to enter accidentally but the pitchers are brightly coloured red and
green, which suggests that visual attraction plays a part in the trapping.
This could perhaps be tested by covering the outside of some receptacles
with aluminium foil to reduce any visual attraction. Chemical attraction
through factors elaborated by the pitcher or by the products of digestion is
another possibility. It is hoped that further studies may shed light on these
matters.

Acknowledgements

We are much indebted to Mr David Wood for passing on to us his
discovery of the two plant species at their Speyside site, to him and to Mr
Bernard Thompson for information on the status of S. purpurea in Britain
and to Mr David Cheek of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for providing a
full identification of the plant.

Reference

O’Connell, C., 1988 The IPCC guide to Irish peatlands. Irish Peatland
Conservation Council.

A new larval foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.) (Lep.:
Tortricidae). A correction.

In his note in Ent. Rec. 106: 26-28 under the above heading Mr M.H. Smith
quoted my statement to him that Razowski does not give dates for the
adult. In fact May and August are given for the moth and I apologise to Mr
Smith and to Dr Jozef Razowski for this error.— E.F. HANCOCK,
Abbotsford, Belmont, Ulverston, Cumbria.

TREE-HOPPER MOVEMENTS 105

WHEN TO WIGGLE,
WHEN TO WAGGLE AND WHEN TO WALK AWAY.
OBSERVATIONS ON UNORTHODOX MOVEMENT IN A
TREE-HOPPER

RICHARD A. JONES
13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SE15 3DE.

THE EXOTIC wonders of Guatemala started immediately upon stepping
out of our cabin at the Posada Montana del Quetzal (literally the inn on the
quetzal mountain), near Coban, up in the cloud forests of the mountainous
centre of the country. The cabin was on the edge of the compound and
wilderness started within feet.

Along with giant pink and red spotted flea-beetles, globose metallic
green harvestmen, brashly coloured solitary bees and a peculiar assortment
of lichenose grasshoppers was a number of bizarre spine-like tree-hoppers
(tentatively identified as Polyglypta dispar Fowler, 1895) sitting on various
leaf edges. Although the insect had a particular and distinctive structure, it
was not its form, but its motion which attracted my attention — it was
wiggling!

Ordinarily, movement of an insect is what catches the eye of a keen
predator or keen entomologist, and one of the best defences against being
snapped up by either is to remain perfectly still. However, the particular
movement made by the tree-hopper had an effect opposite to what one
might expect. A combination of its posture and slightly erratic motion
made it look like a piece of dead leaf fluttering in the wind. This
observation was even more surpirsing considering that the creature was not
at all camouflaged. Its black body, marked with cream, gave it a very
striking appearance (Figure 1).

At first, I thought perhaps the bug was dead, loosely attached to the leaf
and was being rustled by the breeze. But others in the surrounding bushes
were all making the same strange movements.

The bug, like many members of the Homoptera family Membracidae,
had a large pronotum armed with horns. The two horns, one extending
right over the head, the other completely covering the abdomen and wings,
combined to create a hard, shining, ribbed carapace resembling a thorn.
However, the leaves on which the bugs were perched did not have spines,
nor did the plant’s stems, and anyway the black and cream pattern of the
bug was unlike any thorn to be found anywhere.

When to wiggle
When slightly disturbed, the bug tilted its body forward, touching the tip of
its anterior horn down onto the leaf, and lifting its posterior into the air at
an angle of about 30 degrees. Keeping the front horn aimed at the same
point on the leaf, it then wiggled its behind in an irregular circular

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

Figure 1. A Central American tree-hopper, tentatively identified as Polyglypta
dispar, on the edge of a leaf. The pronotum, 10mm long, and covering the entire
body is produced into two horns; one at the front extends over and beyond the head,
the other at the rear covers the abdomen and wings. Photo: R.A. Jones, Coban,
Guatemala, 23.x.1992.

movement, at the same time irregularly rotating its body slightly from side
to side (Figure 2).

The combined irregularity of these two movements created a most
hypnotic effect. The harder I looked at the beast, the more its movement
mimicked the random swayings of loose rubbish, attached to the leaf edge
by a thread.

I “‘knew’’ the thing was a bug, and I ‘‘knew’’ it was alive, but its
movement was so extraordinarily deceptive, that it took some minutes of
close watching to convince myself what I was seeing and what it was doing.

When to waggle and when to walk away
After a while, the bug started to respond to the flashes from my camera and
stopped wiggling. It lowered its derriere and for a few moments it shimmied
from side to side — a waggle perhaps.

Its final move to escape my attentions was the typical move of tree-
hoppers the world over, it got up and quickly walked sideways over the
edge onto the underside of the leaf. As I turned the leaf over to expose it
again, the bug reversed this process and scrambled sideways back onto the
upper surface again. We played peek-a-boo a couple more times before I
eventually left the creature alone.

TREE-HOPPER MOVEMENTS 107

Making moves
Much work has been published on insect locomotion and movement. Insect
flight has been the subject of many studies, from academic treatises on the
functional morphology of insect wings (e.g. Wootton, 1992) to the
stunning images captured on high speed flash photgraphy (e.g.
Brackenbury, 1992).

Running, digging and ‘‘wedge-pushing’’ have been examined with
respect to the structure of beetle legs (e.g. Evans & Forsythe, 1984).
Hopping and skipping have been investigated in fleas, flea-beetles,
grasshoppers and springtails. The snapping mechanism allowing click
beetles to leap has been extensively studied. But one particular type of
insect movement appears not to have received its fair share of attention —

wiggling.

Wiggling defined

The Oxford English dictionary expounds on both waggling and wiggling.
Waggling, it states, is the frequentative of wag, and derives from origins in
German and Dutch, waggelen, ‘‘to stagger’’, ‘‘to totter’? and to move to
and fro in short quick motions. Wiggle, on the other hand, derives from
German and Dutch wiggelen, similar to waggelen, but applied more
specifically to movement to and fro, irregularly and lightly. A dog may wag
or waggle its tail, but the delicate fluctuations one might observe in insects
can only really be best described as a wiggle.

Figure 2. Diagrammatic analysis of wiggling. Head down and clinging to the leaf
edge, the tree-hopper keeps the tip of its front ‘‘horn’’ unmoving on the leaf while it
rotates its ‘‘tail’’ in a roughly circular movement. At the same time it twists its whole
body from side to side.

108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

$$ —

What wiggles?
Despite the possibility for alluring alliteration, worms do very little in the
way of wiggling, rather they writhe. The ‘“‘worms’’ of entomology, wire-
worms, glow-worms, inch-worms and horn-worms, likewise do little
wiggling in deference to crawling and wriggling.

Those creatures which do wiggle, tend to do so because they have a
motion not altogether under their own control. Wiggling tends to be the
result of an ungainly body, a tenuous grasp on the substrate and the effects
of wind and water.

The larva of a coleophorid moth, enclosed in its case, only its head and
legs protruding, wiggles as it moves. With its tail end stuck up (or down)
the attentions of gravity mean that the caterpillar is more concerned with
clinging on tight to its foodplant than moving delicately from one part to
the next. Even with minute care, its front end slowly crawling across the
substrate, its nether end is apt to wiggle erratically as it moves.

A list of other wigglers might include the woolly bear larvae of
Anthrenus beetles with their ungainly gait, the bottom-waving alarm
response of aphids and almost any large insect clinging on to leaf or flower
against a strong wind.

However, wiggle though they may, the motion of none of these
approaches the decisive and careful movements of a certain Central
American tree-hopper. I look forward to further debate in the literature on
the nature of wiggling.

References

Brackenbury, J., 1992. Insects in flight. Blandford, London.

Evans, M.E.G. & Forsythe, T.G., 1984. A comparision of adaptations to running,
pushing and burrowing in some adult Coleoptera: especially Carabidae. J. Zool.,
Lond. 202: 513-534.

Fowler, W.W.,1895. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-
Homoptera. Vol. 11, Part 1. p.126, pl. VIII, figs. 6 & 7.

Wootton, R.J., 1992. Functional morphology of insect wings. Ann. Rev. Ent. 37:
113-140.

Note added in proof

Since writing this short essay I have had a further chance to observe
wiggling in a New World homopteran, this time in Florida and in
completely different circumstances.

Walking through grass, I disturbed a brightly patterned leaf-hopper. In
mid-leap, however, it was caught in a spider’s orb web spun across the low
herbage. But before any spider was able to make a move, the bug had freed
itself from enmeshment. Hanging head down from the strands, with its
wings closed, it kicked out with its large hind legs and wiggled its body in a
circular movement from side to side. By this shimmying, the bug descended
through the web, quickly dropping from one sticky strand to the next until
it fell to the ground and escaped. Just how widespread is wiggling?

CHILO PARTELLUS IN INDIA 109

CURRENT STATUS OF THE STEM BORER,
CHILO PARTELLUS (SWINHOE) (LEP.: PYRALIDAE)

L.M.L. MATHUR
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012.

THE MAIZE, sorghum or spotted stem-borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) is
widespread in South Asia, but is most common in the northern plains of
India from March to November. This insect was first recorded by Swinhoe
in 1884 from Karachi (Pakistan) as Crambus zonellus and also from Poona
in 1885 (as Crambus partellus). However, Hampson (1895) synonymised
the two insects as conspecific. Later studies have revealed that there are
several species of Chi/o in nature and a number of them were grouped into
Chilo partellus ( = zonellus). Bhattacherjee (1971) described four subspecies
of the insect as Chilo partellus acutus C.p. coimbatorensis, C.p.
kanpurensis and C.p. partellus and concluded that the supposedly single
homogeneous monotypic species of C. partellus was in fact a polytypic
species.

The evaluation of diverse maize germplasms obtained from the maize
breeders, collected from maize growing tracts in India and procured from
northern and southern American continents, Carribean regions and
European belt has revealed that the strain Antigua Gr. I. has consistently
shown good tolerant reaction to the maize stem borer under artifical
infestation conditions at Dehli centre of the All India Coordinated Maize
Improvement Project but secured from moderately tolerant to highly
susceptible grades at other locations in the country (Anon. 1969-92). This
led to the conclusion that this variation in nature for resistance to the borer
is partly attributable to the level of variability available in host and the
variability in the pest used for evaluation (Singh, 1983). A preliminary
study was therefore undertaken to examine the variability in the borer
populations spread between 16.43-28.38°N, 70.42-87.75°E, 51.84-579.5
MSL and wide range of annual temperatures, rainfall, soil types and soil
DH values (Table 1).

Wild cultures of C. partellus were brought to the laboratory and 24 hour
old male and female pupae from each culture were separated
(Sithanantham and Subramaniam, 1975). Considering that the gut remains
free from food contents and the gonads remain in their rudimentary stage,
11-20 pupae of each sex from different cultures were individually weighed
on a precision electronic balance. It was observed that the weight of the
male pupae varied from 353 to 716 mg. and that of female ranged from 677
to 1039 mg. Among these, the male and female pupae from Kolhapur
centre were distinctly heavier than those collected from other centres and
the percentage increase in weight of the female over the male pupae was
45% as compared to other centres which varied from 86 to 92%. Similarly,
the adults emerged out of these cultures showed distinct size and body
colorations. The biggest male and female moths obtained from Dholi and

25.v.1994

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106

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Delhi centres appeared relatively smaller in size and darker in colour than
the respective sexes obtained from Kolhaper and Udaipur centres.

Although biotypes of Hassianfly (Painter, 1930), green bugs (Wood,
1961), variety of aphids (Painter and Pathak, 1962; Wilde and Feese, 1973;
Nielson and Don, 1974), gall midge (Israel 1974) and plant hoppers (Pathak
and Saxena, 1980) are known to occur, the information on the nature of
morphological isolations, physiological races and genetically variables of
the stem borers in India is lacking. The variations in the body weight of
male and female pupae and adult size and body colorations among the
borer cultures from different agro-climatic regions in India are attributed
to the availability of the random mating populations of C. partellus in
nature. These populations result in continous variations for virulance to the
known varieties tolerant to the borer from one location to another.

I am grateful to the Project Director for providing necessary working
facilities and the fellow entomologists who have helped me in insect
collections.

References

Anonymous, 1969-92. Proceedings of the XII-XXXV Annual Maize
Workshop Meetings of the All India Coordinated Maize Improvement
Project, IARI, New Dehli.

Bhattacherjee, N.S., 1971. Studies on the maize and jowar stem borer,
Chilo zonellus (Swinhoe). Entomologist, 104: 298-304.

Hampson, G.F., 1895. On the classification of Schoenobinae and
Crambinae, two subfamilies of moths of the family Pyralidae. Proc.
zool Soc. Lond., 957pp.

Israel, P., 1974. Current status of research and control of rice gall midge in
India. Plant Prot. News.: 41-45.

Nielson, M.W. and Don, H., 1974. A new virulent biotype of the spotted
alfalfa aphid in Arizona. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 67: 64-66.

Painter, R.H., 1930. The biological strains of MHassianfly. Jour. Econ.
Entomol., 23: 322-329.

Painter, R.H. and Pathak, M.D., 1962. The distinguishing features and
significance of four types of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis
(Fitch.). Proc. XI Int. Congr. Entomol., 11: 110-115.

Pathak, M.D. and Saxena, R.C., 1980. Breeding approach in rice. 421-455.
In Breeding Plant Resistant to Insects edited by F.G. Maxwell and P.R.
Jennings, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Singh, J., 1983. Breeding for resistance to insect pests of maize - some basic
considerations. Techniques of scoring for resistance to major insect
pests of maize, IARI, New Delhi: 1-15.

Sithanantham, S. and Subramaniam, T.R., 1975. Relationship between
some characters among the sexes of the pupae of sorghum stalk borer,
Chilo partellus (Lep.: Pyralidae). Sci. & Cult., 41: 326-327.

Swinhoe, C., 1884. On the Lepidoptera collected from Kurrachea. Proc.
zool Soc. Lond.: 503-529.

— , 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Part IV.
Heterocera (Continued). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.,: 852-886.

Wilde, G. and Feese, H. 1973. A new corn leaf aphid biotype and its effect
on some cereal and small grains. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 66: 570-571.

Wood, E.A. Jr., 1961. Biological studies of a new green bug_ biotype.
Jour. Econ. Entomol. 54: 1171-1173.

112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

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Hazards of butterfly collecting — Home James, please: Ghana 1993

In 1993 I had the considerable pleasure of making a survey of the
butterflies in the small forest of Kakum near Cape Coast in Ghana.
Nobody knows how many species of butterflies may be found in single
localities in West Africa. I noted 360 species during my own first three sets
of visits. Well over 100 species would be seen on any given day. I expect the
total gradually to grow to at least 550, nearly two thirds of all the species
known from the entire country. This in a forest of only 270km?.

Since I was not equipped to camp, and needed electricity for the
computer, I stayed in Cape Coast, commuting to the forest every morning
if the weather was OK. A schoolteacher named Oscar, whose family ran a
taxi business, arranged to send a taxi at 07.30 which I could then use,
postpone, or cancel depending on circumstances. They owned three Lada
cars, the virtues of which he highly praised, the only time I have heard
anybody say something nice about a Lada.

The same arrangements could not be made for the return trip. I could
never be sure when I would want to leave. On a sunny day activity tapered
off at 14.00, which coincided neatly with the fact that the collector was
becoming very tired and very hot. On a dry, slightly overcast day, it was
worth staying till 16.00. On other days a tropical downpour might close
down collecting at any time. So public transport had to be used.

This made the return from the forest every day a minor adventure.
Public transport in Africa consists mainly of mini-buses, known as tro-tros
in Ghana, which may be flagged down anywhere along the road. They serve
not only as passenger transport but are also the main means of transporting
agricultural produce and domestic animals to market. And they are almost
always full to capacity.

Their mechanical condition is usually distinctly wonky. In fact, virtually
everything not absolutely necessary is missing. It is often impossible to
identify the make of vehicle — Toyota Hiace is the default category. Never
mind how decrepit, no ¢tro-tro is complete without a freshly painted slogan
on the back, of various levels of sophistication and interpretability. LET
THEM SAY is a common one, and so is NO TIME TO DIE. Ghana is a
poor country, so slogans such as BE CONTENT WITH YOUR LOT are
frequent, as are religious ones such as THE LORD IS MY SHEPHERD or
GOD KNOWS WHY (I have seen them combined, which does not work
well). More cynical souls might have slogans along the lines of MONEY
RULES ALL and POOR NO FRIEND, and though others may deny it,
one of my fro-tros proclaimed with great honesty: MONEY IS THE ROOT
OF ALL JOY. Everyone in Ghana has favourite slogan — mine is the
wonderfully ambiguous ‘‘“GO LIKE HELL AND YOU WILL GET
THERE”.

The trip by taxi to the forest in the morning lasted just 20 minutes. The
return journey. lasted rather more. I did once make make it back in 40

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 113

minutes, but an hour or even two was more usual, if for no other reason
that you stop to take on and put off passengers everywhere. It is a supposed
truism (with no statistical support) that buttered bread always falls butter
side down. If, in Ghana, you have just stopped to take on a new passenger
with eight sacks of cassava, you can be quite sure that three minutes later
the guy who has the four baskets of palm-oil seeds will want to get off. So
the eight sacks of cassava have to be unloaded, then the palm-oil, and
finally the cassava has to go up again.

There are many memories from specific trips. On one a trussed goat was
under my seat, but it was still able to butt, and every time it did so it hit my
— shall we say... . no, let’s be honest — balls. Not all that hard, but then
it doesn’t have to be very hard. There also was the ride where the old lady’s
sacks of cocoyam (taro) kept falling off with an audible thud. Each time
the sacks got roughed up more, more cocoyams spilled out, and they got
roughed up too. No wonder she became increasingly indignant, garnering
enough support from the passengers after the fifth spillage to have her
ticket cost waived.

The noises of the indignant cocoyam woman were nothing against
another trip where two groups of market-women were at odds. They
outnumbered me and two other men by twenty to three (twenty-five people

Well . . . in this case HE did not.

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

in a fro-tro is not a lot). The level of noise was almost unbelievable. We
were reduced to communicating through the cacophony by sight and
shrugging of shoulders, and — honestly (!) — there was nothing sexist in
our communication.

So, such are the hazards of public transport in Ghana, but it does get you
to Cape Coast in the end. With a ride of about 35km for the princely sum
of 35 pence. And do remember (another common slogan): WHATEVER
YOU DO PEOPLE WILL TALK OF YOU.— T.B. LARSEN, 358
Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

Two species of Micro-lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight

On looking through my collection Barry Goater identified a specimen of
Dioryctria schuetzeella (Fuchs.) amongst my series of Dioryctria mutatella
(Fuchs.) which was taken at mercury vapour light at Freshwater on 14th
July 1985. This is new to both Hampshire and the Isle of Wight.

My brother, Dr R.P. Knill-Jones also identified a specimen of
Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.) which was found resting on a curtain in
my sitting room at Freshwater on 29th September 1989. This is an imported
species which feeds on oranges and is the first record for the Isle of
Wight.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Fresh-
water, Isle of Wight.

On the gender of three generic names in Coleoptera

I have already (1993) had occasion to notice a recent tendency to make the
name Cicones feminine, contrary to both classical origin and established
tradition. I now draw attention to three further cases of unwarrantable
change of gender of well-known names in current British works.

1. Amphimallon: the neuter of a late Greek adjective meaning ‘‘woolly
both sides’’ (masc. & fem. ending -os.); A. solstitiale and A. ochraceum
therefore are correct. The masculine usage is simply a hang-over from
the previously used combinations Amphimallus (or Rhizotrogus)
solstitialis and A. ochraceus. (Pope, p.45; Jessop. p.28; Hyman &
Parsons, p.383.)

2. Catops: a name always, in our literature at least, treated as feminine up
to around 1930 when (probably following the European Catalogue of
1906) it was altered to masculine, which has remained usual ever since.
However, the Greek ops ‘‘eye, face’’ is feminine, thus vindicating the
older usage. Catops, incidentally (from kato-ops), should signify
‘*(with) eyes below’’, but is of obscure application.

3. Platycis: as far back as 1955 I pointed out that the earlier-used P.
minutus was right and the later-used P. minuta wrong; and that the
second element of the name can only be the Greek kis ‘‘woodworm’’,
which is masculine — as in the generic name Cis. Pope (p.52) this time

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 115

has the correct gender, so it is hard to see why in Hyman & Parsons
(p.346) the name should have reverted once more to the indefensible P.
minuta.
References: Allen, A.A., 1955. The gender of the name Platycis (Col., Lycidae)
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 91: 42; 1993, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 241.
Hyman, P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1992. A review of the scarce and threatened
Coleoptera of Great Britain, 1, Peterborough. Jessop, L., 1986. Dung beetles and
Chafers. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 5(11). Pope, R.D., in Kloet & Hincks, 1977. A
check list of British insects, 2nd ed.: Coleoptera & Strepsiptera. Handbk. Ident. Br.
Insects 3).
— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Incidence of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in a
Sussex Garden, 1993

It seems worthwhile to record the results of a third year of pheromone
trapping on our two garden apple trees (Cox and Bramley), because this
year there was a substantial drop in the numbers of males caught, after the
very prolific previous year.

The total in 1991 was 76 (Ent. Rec. 104: 185), and in 1992 it was 432
(Ent. Rec. 105: 196-197). In 1993, 91 were trapped.

The trap went up on 15th May, the pheromone capsule was replaced on
17th June, and the trap was taken down on 30th August.

The trees were sprayed with dimethoate on 14th June and 8th July.

There was a large crop of apples about 415 Bramleys, mostly large, and
550 Coxes, many small but tasty. Infestation with codling larvae was
negligible.

The daily record of males trapped was as follows:-

May June July August
23rd ] 2nd 2 Ist 2 2nd ]
24th 1 3rd 2 3rd 4 11th ]
25th 3 4th 3 4th 5

5th 7 Sth 2
6th 7 8th 3
7th 6 15th 1
8th Z 21st 2
13th 1

18th to

28th 35

R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent Road, Selsey, West Sussex PO20 9DQ.

Carpelimus similis (Smet.) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in S.E. London

My first example of this lately-detected species (see Hyman & Parsons,
1944, A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain, 2:
127), was found crawling on damp soil on a bank of the River Quaggy at

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

Kidbrooke in this district, on 24.vii.1965. I had not myself separated it
from the extremely similar C. bilineatus Steph. but Mr P.M. Hammond
kindly identified it (1980) as above, on the basis of the pronotal sculpture
and the aedeagus. Hyman & Parsons class the species as notable and very
local, centred in the south; see also Owen, 1993, Coleopterist 2(1):5. I took
a second specimen of C. similis here at Charlton, at mercury-vapour light,
8.viii.92 (a frequent resort of C. bilineatus).— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm
Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Early emergence of spring moths

In this part of Hampshire, several species of non-hibernatory spring moths
have made very early first appearances:-

MBGBI
1994 1993 1992 imago

Theria primaria 9 Jan 29 Jan 6Feb Jan, Feb
Apocheima pilosaria 12 Jan 26Dec 14 Feb Jan, Feb
(1992)
Orthosia gothica 31 Jan 29 Jan 3 Mar Mar, May
Alsophila aescularia 4 Feb 15 Feb 26 Feb Mar. Apr
Biston strataria 4Feb 13 Mar 29 Feb Mar, Apr
Agriopis leucophearia 4 Feb 29 Jan none Feb, Mar
Orthosia cerasi 8 Feb 11 Mar 7Mar Mar-May
Agriopis marginaria 10 Feb 15 Feb 29 Feb Feb-May

It would be interesting to know whether other readers have made similar
observations. It is possible that emergence dates could be useful indicators
of climatic change.

Reference: Emmet, A.M., 1991. Chapter 3, Volume 7(2), The Moths and Butterflies
of Great Britain and Ireland, Harley Books, Colchester.—, ALASDAIR ASTON,

Wake’s Cottage, Selbourne, Hampshire GU34 3JH.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 17

Fannia collini Fonseca (Diptera: Fanniidae) in West Kent

Fonseca 1968 (Handbk ident. Br. Insects vol. X part 4b) stated that Fannia
collini was known from only Farley Down and Matley Bog in Hampshire.
Falk, 1991 (A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain)
gives the species Red Data Book K status, meaning that its distribution is
imperfectly known. During a Kent Field Club survey of Chiddingstone
Ponds reserve, near Tonbridge (51/5149) on 18.vii.1993 I obtained a single
male collini along with numbers of the more generally distributed Fannia
armata, coracina, polychaeta, rondanii and umbrosa. The site, which is
managed by the Kent Trust for Nature Conservation, contains several
damp flushes and is in parts heavily wooded. It was not, however, possible
to ascertain exactly where the specimen was taken.— LAURENCE CLEMONS,
14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

Agathomyia falleni (Zetterstedt) (Diptera: Platypezidae) in East Kent

Chandler, 1973 (Trans. Kent Field Club vol.5 (i)) gave details of captures of
Agathomyia falleni from the western part of the county. The first Kent
specimens were taken from Knole Park, Sevenoaks on 9.x.1966 and a
further male was obtained at Pond Wood, Chislehurst on 30.ix.1967. Mr
Chandler subsequently took a single male and female at Scadbury Park,
Chislehurst on 22.x.1993 and 3.xi.1984 (pers. comm.). On 10.x.1992 I
obtained a single male of this species during general sweeping for diptera at
Aylesford Old Pit, near Maidstone (51/735 592). The species is currently
listed as Red Data Book 3 by Falk, 1991 (A review of the scarce and
threatened flies of Great Britain) and is known to be associated with the
fungus Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.ex Fr) Karst. — LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14
St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

Monmouthshire Lepidoptera: the Butterflies and Moths of Gwent by Dr.
G.A. Neil Horton. 352pp., 27 coloured and other plates. 1994. Obtainable
from Images Ltd., 19 High Street, Upton-upon-Severn, Worcs WR8 OHJ.
Price £26.75.

This fine county list is the first definitive work to be published on the
lepidoptera of Monmouthshire, and covers the whole Order. Altogether
1164 species are treated comprising 588 macrolepidoptera and 576 micro-
lepidoptera.

The first 27 pages include an account of the topography of the county,
together with details of the more interesting or local specialities, migrants,
vagrants, extinct species and historic recording in Monmouthshire. Then
follows the main part of the work — the Systematic List. In this are treated
the butterflies (pp. 31-58), macrolepidoptera moths (pp. 59-224) and
microlepidoptera (pp. 225-311). A bibliography (of 101 titles), national
grid references and abbreviations of authors’ names follows. The work
concludes with two indices: one of English names (pp. 326-332) and one of
scientific names (pp. 333-351).

118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994

The 18 coloured photographic plates of habitats are of superb quality,
but the remaining nine which include 125 figures of set specimens, all from
the author’s own collection, are somewhat marred by background
shadows.

The author states (p. 27) that ‘‘larval foodplants have only been named
when they have actually been noted as such within the county’’. This is
most laudable and one wishes that the authors of many other local lists
would follow this course.

We should have liked mention of at least localities and dates in the case
of a number of species lacking essential data. This is especially so with
many MBGBI species where only ‘‘Monmouthshire’’ appears. However,
on the whole, documentation is excellent, and presentation of the records is
admirable.

Paper and printing are of good quality, and the book is strongly cased in
an attractive hard cover.— J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT.

Ground Beetles in the Yorkshire Museum by Michael Denton. 83pp. AS.
The Yorkshire Museum, Museum Gardens, Yorks YOI1 2DR; free on
receipt of s.a.e.

This booklet provides an annotated list of the British ground beetles
(Carabidae) in the Ellis Collection at the Yorkshire Museum, together with
a history of the collection and a brief biography of H.W. Ellis. The ground
beetles are part of a vast collection (90,000 +) of coleoptera assembled by
Ellis, which bear the names of about 80 different collectors. About 90% of
the British carabidae are represented. For each of the British species, there
is an entry giving a brief comment on the species together with the numbers
of examples of each species present in the collection. These range from one
to 267. This numerical data will be of value to specialists contemplating a
visit to the Museum for study purposes. Entomologists more concerned
with faunal distribution would have wished a complete listing of the
specimen data but this would have been a mammoth task. A minor
criticism concerns the comments given on the British status of most of the
species. This appears to have been taken largely from the UK JNCC
publication A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great
Britain Part I 1992 P. Hyman, revised and updated by M. Parsons. One
wonders if it was really necessary to reproduce the information given in this
readily available publication.— JOHN OWEN.

Butterflies on British Islands

Records of butterflies for the smaller British islands are being compiled by
Dr Roger Dennis at 4 Fairfax Drive, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 6EY. Any
contributions will be most welcome. Together with a note of species, please
provide information, if possible, on sex, precise locality, date, and the
presence or absence of hostplants.

NOTICES 119

Microlepidoptera of Middlesex:
An appeal for records

Following on from the success of the recent publication of Larger Moths of
the London Area the London Natural History Society now proposes to
work towards publication of a checklist of the microlepidoptera of
Middlesex. It is expected that this exercise may take about five years to
complete.

The term Middlesex involves the entire Vice-county 21 and thus includes
all the London boroughs north of the River Thames with the exception of
the five lying east of the River Lea; these five are in south Essex. Middlesex
also incorporates some areas which lie in the current administrative county
of Hertfordshire, notably the Potters Bar area. Records are actively sought
from appropriate persons for all those families generally regarded as
“‘micros’’ — thus including the Psychidae which were formerly referred to
the ‘‘macros’’, as well as those which are sometimes referred to as ‘‘meso-
lepidoptera’’ (Tortricidae, Alucitidae, Pyralidae and Pterophoridae).

Records should include the species name, the Bradley and Fletcher Code
number (to avoid nomenclatural confusion) the date where possible and the
locality. Records will be assumed to relate to imagines unless ‘‘mine’’,
“‘larva’’ or other qualifying statements are given alongside. Localities will
ideally involve a place name and a four figure grid reference. Place names
should be those appearing on the Ordnance Survey maps; precise localities,
such as the names of nature areas or ecology parks in London are desirable,
but if these do not appear on OS maps the nearest locality should always be
given. Where a grid reference cannot be obtained, a precise address as it
appears in one of the various published books of street maps of London
should be used. Site lists will ideally be presented in Log Book order to
facilitate data entry. Overnight trap dates shouid be given according to the
example 23/24 August or 23 August, and not as 24 August. Approximate
counts and sexes are desirable for immigrants. Confidentiality of selected
records may be requested. Records are required from all time, not just the
present period.

Records should be addressed to The London Natural History Society’s
Lepidoptera Recorder, Colin W. Plant, at The Visitor Centre, East Ham
Local Nature Reserve, Norman Road, London E6 4HN who will happily
provide more detailed information. All communications will be
acknowledged and records from outside Middlesex contained in mixed lists
will always be forwarded to appropriate Recorders unless directions are
given to the contrary.

Very special offer, for limited
period only, on established
classic titles in their fields

HARLEY

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For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

The time of appearance of Lacanobia oleracea L. ates Noctuidae) in the British

Isles. B.K. West 81
Lepidoptera of Aberdeaneanre fall icueantinecne = ‘7th appendix. R. M. Palen

& M.R. Young . 85
Some interesting moth pane fon ine peicreorouene area in 1992 antl 1993.

P. Waring 91
Beetles caught by a pitcher nant maruralceds in Highland Scotland : ve even &

S. Taylor. 103
When to wiggle, ween to aeele! andl eicae to wale: aay Obsererignel on

unorthodox movement in a tree-hopper. R.A. Jones . 105
Current status of the stem borer, Chilo saa (Swinhoe) (eps Pyralidae).

L.M.L. Mathur 109

Notes and observations

Euphranta toxoneura (Lowe) Dipt.: Tephritidae in East Kent. L. Clemons. 84
Further records of Tipula helvola Loew (Dipt.: Tipulidae) in Kent. L. Clemons . 89
Migrant lepidoptera taken in the Dungeness area during 1993, including three

species new to Kent. S.P. Clancy . : 90
Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at ine aligude 2» H. Howion : : 101
Mites associated with the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus in Kuwait. A. Al- Hoe 102
A new larval foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana Haw. (Lep.: Torticidae) a

correction. E.F. Hancock Pik: 104
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Home femies mlesce: Ghans 1993. Tr B. Hane 112
Two species of micro-lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones . 114
On the gender of three generic names in Coleoptera. A.A. Allen . 114
Incidence of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L.)(Lep.: Tortricidae) in a Giveses

garden, 1993. R.C. Dening . cw) = eS
Carpelimus similis Smet. (Col.: Siapholinidae) ns: E. andor yt a fen 115
Early emergence of spring moths. A. Aston 116
Fannia collini Fons. (Dipt.: Fanniidae) in West Kent EE: iClerons 117
Agathompia falleni Zett. (Dipt.: Platypezidae) in East Kent. L. Clemons : WSU7
Book Reviews. 3, @ ) 6 Po) ee eo

Notices; 2. je nan ee ee ee ee ce a ee

SPECIAL NOTICE. The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited

number of back issues.

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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

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VANESSA ATALANTA OVERWINTERING 121

VANESSA ATALANTA L. (LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE):
SOME COMMENTS ON OVERWINTERING

BRIAN K. WEST
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

ON 22nd DECEMBER 1982 I noticed a specimen of the Red Admiral
butterfly resting about 18 inches from the ground on an east-facing white
wall at Bexleyheath, Kent; it was still in place on the 24th, but was gone by
the 28th, having been settled in a most conspicuous and inappropriate place.
Plant (1971) gives no December records for the London area, nor of
successful overwintering. Chalmers-Hunt (1961) quotes four examples of the
butterfly “hibernating”, although only one, that of a female found together
with two /nachis io L. and two Aglais urticae L. which were clinging to
woodwork beneath some slates of a house in February 1907, stands up to
scrutiny; even so, mid-February is mid-winter, with some time to go before
sallow blossom time. Unfortunately this observation has no sequel. This, and
the Bexleyheath specimen were probably of local origin; the annual review
of migrant lepidoptera by Bretherton and Chalmers-Hunt (1983) states that
the few atalanta which continued into December were probably local bred.

A probable interesting coincidence not previously reported concerns the
sighting of atalanta in the same small clearing in the local woodland in April
in the four consecutive years 1978 to 1981. This clearing contains beds of
stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) and the odd larva of atalanta has been found
on them over the years. Although each year several sightings were made,
there was no evidence that more than one specimen was involved each year.
What is curious is that the species was not encountered anywhere else.
According to the annual review in this journal for the relevant years
regarding migrants, 1978 was not a good year, and immigrants were rarely
seen before June. In 1979 a small immigration of atalanta was recorded in
April in Devon and Cornwall; in 1980 immigrant atalanta were seen in
Sussex in early April, while there were other records for the butterfly in Kent
in both March and April. In 1981 several probable immigrants were reported
for March and April, plus that of a specimen “hibernating in a room in
Orkney in February”, an interesting observation, but lacking a sequel, and
also the assurance that the specimen was in fact alive. This latter point is
important; one of several hibernating Ag/ais urticae L. observed in a room in
my house in 1993 remained in place into June, but was deceased.

I believe Lempke (1971) accurately summarises the position in north-west
Kent when writing of overwintering and migration of atalanta in western
Europe, suggesting:-

a) It does not enter into diapause.

b) Sunshine, even at low temperatures, activates it.

c) Specimens overwintering in buildings do not survive.

d) It can only successfully overwinter with feeding.

192 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii. 1994

To add to this L.W. Newman (1911) noted that he could only overwinter
the species by keeping it in a frost-free room and feeding the butterflies
regularly. Therefore some of the sightings in south-west England, and
perhaps elsewhere, may well be examples of successful overwintering, but
not hibernating in the strict sense; this view is I believe the generally
accepted one today.

I suspect that a somewhat similar inconclusive situation exists in North
America; textbooks refer to hibernation and overwintering as though the
words are synonymous. Harris (1972) notes that the fall brood overwinters
either as pupae or adults in Georgia. For Oregon, Dornfield (1980) states that
atalanta is multi-brooded flying from April to November, and even on warm
days in winter since fall-hatching butterflies can overwinter in protected
hiding places. Ferris and Brown (1980) for the Rocky Mountain States also
accept the winter may be passed in either the adult or pupal state, and the
term “hibernate” is used; in view of so much of the region being over 4,000
feet altitude with severe winters, passing this period without diapause seems
unlikely; however, migrants, sometimes in large numbers appear in spring.
Scott (1986) referring to the whole of North America states that adults (and
doubtfully pupae) hibernate, thus contradicting other authorities. I would
have thought it not difficult to settle the question of overwintering of pupae!

A relevant fact that I have not seen mentioned is that all the British
Nymphalids which hibernate, although possessing brightly-coloured
upperside, have exceedingly dull, blackish undersides with a distinctive
pattern of numerous striations, well-suited to their winter environment whilst
resting with wings closed. V. atalanta has a quite different underside colour
and pattern, one found commonly among non-hibernating tropical
Nymphalids.

Precis octavia Cram. is a common butterfly in many parts of Africa, often
visiting gardens; the summer (wet season) form is bright pink with black
markings, but the winter form (dry season) is largely deep blue, and whereas
the underside of the summer form is similar to the upperside, the winter form
has an underside not unlike that of the true hibernators among the British
Nymphalids, more so indeed than those of the blackish species of Precis
such as P. stygia Aur. which retain a leaf-like pattern. However, the winter
form of P. octavia has the habit of hiding in dark buildings, burrows, caves
and overhangs (Swanepoel, 1953). Presumably, there is no diapause, for
when disturbed I find they readily take flight.

A further interesting case of this cryptic underside pattern and colour I
found whilst living in the Cameron Highlands, Malaya, at an elevation of
over 5,000 feet, for there I encountered a butterfly resembling a large
Polygonia c-album L. with the ground colour deep blue, Kaniska canace L.
(formerly Polygonia); its underside is almost identical with that of /nachis
io. However, in Malaya it does not hibernate; there is just a succession of
broods; it is one of the Indo-Chinese group of species which arrived from the
north, and also inhabits Hokkaido, the most northerly island of Japan, where

VANESSA ATALANTA OVERWINTERING 123

it hibernates for about eight months (Yokoyama, 1953). Although it has
several subspecies they all retain the special cryptic underside so well-
adapted for resting in dark places.

Thus, in conclusion, it seems that V. atalanta, by virtue of its underside
pattern and coloration is a species not adapted for hibernation in the dark
places frequented by certain other Nymphalids fairly closely related to it.
Although it is now generally accepted that the insect may overwinter in the
mild conditions of south-west England, I believe the evidence is purely
circumstantial; I can find no record of a recognisably-marked specimen
being observed on numerous occasions from December to late March or
April. Its ability to survive the winter of the London area seems more
remote, but might be feasible under conditions which permit late summer
and autumn flowers to continue into December combined with a very early
spring with mild, sunny periods enabling the butterfly to feed at such flowers
as coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), laurustinus (Viburnum tinus) and ornamental
cultivars of Prunus, followed by sallow blossom (Salix species) in late
February and early March, and blackthorn blossom (Prunus spinosa) a
month later.

References
Bretherton, R. and Chalmers-Hunt, C.,1979-1983. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the
British Isles, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 91-95.
Chalmers-Hunt, C.,1961. Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Vol. 1.
Dornfield, E., 1980. The Butterflies of Oregon.
Ferris, C. and Brown, F., 1980. Butterflies of the Rocky Mountain States.
Harris, L., 1972. Butterflies of Georgia.
Lempke, B. 1971. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 83: 199.
Newman, L.W., 1911. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 173-174.
Plant, C., 1987. The Butterflies of the London Area.
Scott. J., 1986. The Butterflies of North America.
Swanepoel, D., 1953. Butterflies of South Africa.
Yokoyama, 1956. Colour Encyclopaedia of the Butterflies of Japan.

Eagira conspicillaris (Linn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) — observations of the
behaviour of newly hatched larvae and records of alternative foodplants

The occurrence of batches of ova of this species on the dead flower spikes of
dock is well documented. With this in mind, and after a night (Sth May) in
which all seven seen at m.v. were males, a search was made at dawn in a
well known site near Ross-on-Wye. In addition to finding a female, form
melaleuca View., at rest on the proverbial fence-post (looking so much like a
flake of wood that even though I was looking for the species I almost passed
it by), three egg batches were discovered on the top of old inflorescences of
Dock (Rumex species). Only one of these was conspicuously white, the other
two being brownish-purple in hue.

When they hatched, a spectacular escape bid was mounted. Creeping
through the mesh of the netting cage they ascended to the highest parts of the

124 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

bookcase and launched themselves off on silken strands. They absailed down
the furniture but climbed up again when realighting. Although small, they
were in such numbers as to present a very impressive sight with up to five
positioned on one thread at intervals reminiscent of mountaineers attempting
a tricky ascent. (A slightly different view of these antics was taken by my
wife!)

A large batch of ova may present a gamble in terms of survival especially
if the larvae all remain together; some form of dispersal would reduce the
chance of heavy parasitism or predation after hatching. Interestingly one of
the batches produced large numbers of parasites and no larvae at all. The
polyphagous habits of the larvae would be an advantage to a species that
disperses in such a manner as larvae may encounter a wide variety of
foodplants on landing. If this species were only able to accept a narrow
range of pabula only the few that by chance landed on their particular
foodplant would have any chance of survival.

Considering that the imago, a robust Noctuid, has powers of dispersal that
are far in excess than those of the larvae it would seem that the observed
behaviour represents a strategy for avoiding excessive larval loss rather than
a means of extending the range of the species. However, spiderlings are
known to travel vast distances and be carried in high altitude airstreams and
there seems no reason why, in theory, tiny newly hatched larvae could not
cover significant distances in this way. It would be interesting to observe
newly hatched larvae of species with wingless females as this mechanism
would be of much more significance in dispersing a species in which the
female is unable to move by any other means than crawling.

Initially the larvae fed avidly on dock but accepted a large range of other
foodplants including: Blackthorn — Prunus spinosa

Hawthorn — Crategus

Lime — Tilia

Willow — Salix

Privet — Ligustrum ovalifolium

Oak — Quercus

Nettle — Urtica dioica

Dandelion — Taxacarum officinale

Plantain — Plantago species

Various grasses

Aspen — Popula tremula

Honeysuckle — Lonicera
Two larvae were inadvertently left in a box containing the remaining ova
and no foodplant was included. Thus some surprise was occasioned by the
discovery of two healthy second instar larvae. The mystery was solved when
they were observed feeding on the unhatched ova, starting at the point of
maximum curvature and enlarging the hole until the head capsule was able
to squeeze into the cavity of the egg to consume the contents— DR JULIAN
CLARKE, Oaklea, Felcourt Road, Lingfield, Surrey RH7 6NF.

PARASITE OF REDDISH BUFF MOTH 125

HYPOSOTER SP. OF PARASITOID WASP (ICHNEUMONIDAE:
CAMPOPLEGINAE) REARED FROM WILD LARVA OF REDDISH
BUFF MOTH ACOSMETIA CALIGINOSA (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE)
FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT

PAUL WARING
1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 OLS.

ON 21st JULY 1993 a small larva of A. caliginosa was collected from the
Isle of Wight for rearing as part of English Nature's Species Recovery
Programme for this protected species (Waring 1990, 1993, 1994). From this
larva a single grub of a wasp emerged on 24th July and proceeded to spin a
cocoon by the corpse of the host. As an indication of the development stage
of the host, the head capsule measured Imm across at the widest point and
the caterpillar was 15mm in length. It was probably no more than third
instar. The cocoon of the parasitoid was off-white like dirty wool. It was
kept in a plastic box at outside temperatures. Initially the cocoon was
inspected frequently but as the adult insect had not emerged by 27th
September 1993, it was assumed the pupa would overwinter and the adult
would emerge to attack larvae the following season. However, when the
cocoon was inspected in mid-November 1993, a black wasp was found to
have emerged and died. This was identified as a Hypersoter species by Dr
Mark Shaw, Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. Dr Shaw informs me
that it is difficult to identify wasps of this group to species at present due to
taxonomic problems within the genus.

I am not aware of any previous records of parasitoids from A. caliginosa
in Britain. Dr Shaw tells me that the Hypersoter species which make the
above “bird-dropping type” cocoons tend to have wide host ranges and this,
together with emergence of the adult in the autumn, when larvae of A.
caliginosa have long since pupated below ground, suggests the wasp is
unlikely to be specific to this moth. Most likely the wasp attacks other
noctuid larvae which occur in the same open sward over the winter, such as
those of the Square-spot Rustic Xestia xanthographa.

Parasitoids can be an important influence on the population dynamics of
host species and it is possible that the population size of A. caliginosa may
be influenced by the activities of this wasp, even though the latter appears
not to be a specialist on this host.

The wasp, its cocoon and the remains of the host have been deposited with
Dr Shaw at the museum in Edinburgh.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Dr Shaw for identifying the parasitoid and the owners
of the site for their co-operation with the project. The work is funded as part
of English Nature's Species Recovery Programme.

References

Waring, P., 1990. Conserving Britain's rarest moths. British Wildlife 1(5): 266-284.
—, 1993. Wildlife reports — Moths. British Wildlife 4(3): 185-188.
—, 1994. Wildlife reports — Moths. British Wildlife 5(3): 191-192.

126 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL, LOO 25.vil. L994

Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall

Following B.K. West's recent article in Ent, Rec, 106: 41-45, where he
considered whether the Poplar Hawkmoth is univoltine or bivoltine in
Britain, | decided to look at the records for this common and widespread
species in Cornwall. We have 158 records of this species at the Cornish
Biological Records Unit, most of which are for one sighting only, The
earliest record is by W. Noye at Lands End in May 1846, the latest is by RJ,
Heckford at m.v. light on 13th August 1993 at Kennack Sands. Of these
records, 109 are dated precisely and their distribution throughout the year ts
illustrated in the accompanying graph, where each month is divided into four
weekly sections. There is a clear peak in July, with 59 moths (54% of the
total) recorded, out of which 38 (35%) were recorded between 8th and 23rd
July. The earliest records are for early May (apart from a freak February
record in 1986), from whence there is a fairly steady rise in numbers to mid-
July, followed by a rapid decline. This suggests that there is single brood
with a prolonged emergence during this period, but the isolated individuals
recorded at the end of August and more particularly in late September and
early October suggest that (in some years at least) there is a partial second
brood.—ADRIAN SPALDING, Cornish Biological Records Unit, Institute of
Cornish Studies, Trevenson Road, Pool, Cornwall TRIS 3PL.

20

she

10

ND Wan Oia. e =

0
1st May - 7th October in weekly intervals

Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall 1846-1993, showing the numbers of moths recorded
weekly trom May to early October.

CAKED MUD ON BEETLES WAH

ENCRUSTED BUT UNENCUMBERED —- CAKED MUD DOES NOT
NECESSARILY IMPEDE A BEETLE'S ABILITY TO FLY

RICHARD A. JONES
13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SEIS 3DE,

THE AERODYNAMICS of beetle flight are only vaguely understood.
Perched on a suitable vantage point, the winged-cases are flung back, the
delicate membranous flight wings are extended, the wings beat and the
creature is lifted into the air. In most species the elytra are held out at right
angles to the body the whole time the beetle is on the wing. In a few, notably
the Rose Chafer Cetonia aurata (Linnaeus), the flight wings are able to beat
while the elytra are closed back over the insect's abdomen. Air flow over the
body, whether with elytra in or out, will control the insect's ability to rise,
fall and steer. Whatever the mechanism of flight or aerial control, it would
seem logical that any impediment to the body would prevent, or at least
influence, the creature's ability to fly properly. However, observation of a
chafer partly encrusted with earth shows that this is not necessarily the case.

On 19th June 1993, the pretty litthe downland chafer, Omaloplia ruricola
(Fabricius) was moderately common, flying over the steep, sheep-grazed
chalk slopes of Mount Caburn, Lewes, East Sussex. Both Fowler (1890) and
Joy (1932) regarded this species (formerly Homoloplia ruricola) as very
local and rare. However, Fowler quotes a poignant remark made by C.O.
Waterhouse that finding an abundance of a “rare” species at a particular spot
and at a particular time suggests that it really ought to be considered only
“local”. Hyman and Parsons (1992) have duly reduced the beetle’s status to
“notable b”. The beetle is almost “common” in several parts of the South
Downs of Sussex.

O. ruricola has several colour forms. The typical beetle is black, with each
elytron extensively bright orange-brown on the disc. The size and depth of
the orange patches vary and occasionally a beetle is entirely black. The two
extremes of this spectrum can be readily spotted and identified on the wing,
and on the warm sunny day in June several “light” and “dark”-forms were
flying about over the flowery downland turf.

Suddenly one appeared which had a somewhat different appearance; as it
flew it seemed spotted with white. When it landed, the cause was
immediately seen to be a thick encrusted layer of chalky material on the
thorax (Fig. 1). The beetle climbed about aggressively in the herbage. It
scrambled to the tip of a leaf and after a few minutes, unperturbed by its
crusty coat, it opened its wings and took off again.

How it came by its unusual integument is open to speculation. The larvae
of Omaloplia are subterranean, hence one can only assume that the adult
emerged on a less than clement day and that it became muddied as it
struggled to clear the pupal cell.

128 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

Fig. 1. Omaloplia ruricola, Mount Caburn, Lewes, East Sussex, 19th June 1993; even
with its thorax encrusted with chalky earth, the beetle is unencumbered. Shortly after this
photograph was taken it stuck out its wing cases, flapped out its wings and launched
itself off into the sky. Photo: R.A. Jones.

Beetles groom themselves with their legs, front legs for the head and
antennae, hind legs for elytra and abdomen. And in order to keep active and
free of constraint beetles frequently engage in grooming. Only a few
flightless weevils such as Trachyphloeus do not keep their upper surfaces
clean, the coating of soil and rock granules adding to their already cryptic
colouring and form. Even dung beetles do not allow their bodies to become
soiled though they have chosen the stickiest medium in which to live.

However, in this case, the chalky thorax did not obviously affect the
insect's ability to fly. The Omaloplia may have compromised on cleanliness
and given up after ridding the more important areas, its head and wing cases,
of mud.

In a recent communication to this journal (Jones, 1994), I took the liberty
of describing the strange faecal habits of various leaf beetles, expounding on
the use of the word “merdigery” meaning dung-carrying. On this occasion
however, I will exercise restraint and not dwell on the possibility of
“mudigery” in this chafer.

References
Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. 1V. Reeve, London.

pp. 48-49.

Hyman, P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1992. A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera

of Great Britain. Part 1. UK Nature conservation, No. 3. JNCC, Peterborough. p. 393.
Jones, R.A., 1994. Merdigery and maternal care in a leaf beetle. Entomologist’s Rec. J.

Var. 106: 7-12.

Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles. Witherby, London. p. 255.

[Reprinted 1976, Classey, Faringdon].

EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA IN CORNWALL 129

EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA (WALKER) (LEP.: TORTRICIDAE) IN
CORNWALL

ADRIAN SPALDING

Cornish Biological Records Unit, Institute of Cornish Studies, Trevithick Centre, Trevenson Road,
Pool, Redruth, Cornwall TRIS 3PL.

THE SPREAD of this moth from the first records in Cornwall across the
southern counties of England has been well documented in the
entomological literature, from Meyrick (1937) onwards. Baker (1968)
provided maps showing its spread through England. More recently, David
Agassiz has worked on the rate of spread for this (and other) species through
Britain and come up with much new (unpublished) information. This short
paper is an attempt to provide more detail about this moth in Cornwall. Maps
are included to show its changing distribution over the years based on the
221 records for this species held on the computer database at the Cornwall
Biological Records Unit. For this purpose, a record is one notification of this
species in one place over a period of time (usually a single day, but
sometimes longer) and may refer to several sightings. Information from this
database is available for anyone doing research on the wildlife of Cornwall
and the Isles of Scilly.

It is well known that Epiphyas postvittana is a native of Australia, where it
is a serious orchard pest (Bradley, Tremewan & Smith, 1973). Meyrick
(1937) gives the first record for Britain (repeated in Bradley et al) as
Newquay in 1936 where it was found as larvae quite abundantly on an
Euonymus hedge by F.C. Woodbridge. He bred out four Tortrices, three of
which he sent to Meyrick for identification. With great foresight, Meyrick
writes that “I think it will find no climatic obstacle to maintaining its ground
in Devon and Cornwall”. He adds that its rapid multiplication is probably
due to the fact that it has not brought any of its parasitic enemies along with it.

In fact, the first record I can find for Cornwall is for the spring of 1933,
when Dr F.A. Turk reported a heavy infestation on two trees (including a
Bramley apple) of the larvae of E. postvittana at Roscroggan, Camborne. Dr
Turk sent the larvae to C.B. Williams at Rothamstead, who provisionally
identified them as this species. Meyrick mentions (without naming a place)
that the caterpillar “has been found feeding in the interior of an apple”,
which may refer to this record.

Apart from the record at Newquay in 1936, the next record I can find is
for 1939 at Pentire Point (Baker, 1968). I can find no records for the 1940s
(which may show an understandable lack of recording effort during the war),
but by 1961 Tremewan refers to it as “widespread and common in many
localities”. Since then the numbers have steadily built up over the years
(Table 1). The total for the 1990s looks set to be greater than for the 1980s.
The maps clearly show the spread of Epiphyas postvittana (adults and
larvae) eastward through Cornwall.

130 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii. 1994
1930-39 1950-59

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EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA IN CORNWALL 13]

Epiphyas postvittana was apparently first recorded in the Isles of Scilly
(on St. Mary's) on 26th May 1975 by R.J. Heckford, and David Agassiz
records it as common (Agassiz, 1981). R.J. Heckford recorded it here again
on 30th May 1993. (This record is not yet shown on the accompanying
maps.) Epiphyas postvittana has also reached the small island of St.
Michael's Mount, where it was recorded by Chalmers-Hunt on 8th
September 1974. Records seem to be scarce in north Cornwall with records
for Tintagel in 1981 by Pelham-Clinton (per Agassiz) and one record for
Bude on 30th July 1991 by J.L. Gregory. The paucity of records may be due
to lack of moth recorders in this area. By contrast, the concentration of post-
1980 records in the St Austell area are largely the results of the activity of
one recorder (J.L. Gregory) and show one of the problems of distribution
maps (viz. that they show where recorders have been as well as where the
species occur).

Listed associated foodplants include Aster trifolium, Centranthus ruber,
Euonymus japonica, Filipendula ulmaria, Hedera hibernica, Lavandula sp.,
Ligustrum ovalifolium, Malus domestica, Potentilla sp., Rosa sp., Rubus sp..,
Teucrium scorodonia and Veronica sp., as well as a wide number of garden
and house plants. Despite finding larvae on eight different plant species in
Cornwall, Chalmers-Hunt (1975) failed to find larvae on Euonymous
Japonica.

At least 41 of the records are of adult moths attracted to m.v. light and
there are also records of the moth at gas lamps and actinic tubes. The adult
has been recorded in every month of the year, from 2nd January to 26th
December (both records by Gregory). The most numerous records are for
August (37), the least number for November (2) (Table 2). The low number
of winter records may be more a result of low recording effort than a
measure of winter abundance and this species could be continuously
brooded. The highest number of individuals recorded at one time was 32 on
Ist August 1976 by M.R. Shaw.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank David Agassiz and Frank Smith (the county recorder for
Cornwall) for records and information additional to those records on the
database at the CBRU and to Jim Minchen who researched the database for
me. This database has been devised by Colin French for the CBRU. The
maps are based on the records of the following people: D. Agassiz, J.M.
Chalmers-Hunt, S.H. Church, K.G.W. Evans, L.T. Ford, A.P. Foster, B.
Goater, J.L. Gregory, M. Hadley, E.C.M. Haes, R.J. Heckford, H.C.
Huggins, J.R. Langmaid, J. McPhail, S.C. Madge, J.E. Marshall, R.M. Mere,
M.S. Parsons, R. Rogers, M.R. Shaw, A. Smith, F.H.N. Smith, A. Spalding,
K.L. Spurgin, W.G. Tremewan, F.A. Turk, M.W.F. Tweedie and F.C.
Woodbridge.

132 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil. 1994

Table 1: Numbers of records for Epiphyas postvittana (adults and larvae) in Cornwall for
each decade.

Decade Number of records
1930 — 39 3
1940 — 49 0
1950 — 59 31
1960 — 69 |
1970 — 79 35
1980 — 89 83
1990 — 93 58

Total 221

Table 2: Numbers of records for adult Epiphyas postvittana in Cornwall for each month.

Month Number of records
January 5
February 5
March 7
April 9
May 12
June 23
July 16
August 35
September 24
October 13
November 2
December 3

Total 154*
* The totals of Table | and 2 do not agree because some of the records on the database have not been
allotted to a particular month.

References

Agassiz, D. 1981. A Revised List of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) of the Isles of
Scilly. Isles of Scilly Museum Association, Isles of Scilly.

Baker, C.R.B. 1968. Notes on Epiphyas (=Austrotortrix) postvittana (Walker) (Lep.:
Tortricidae). Entomologist’s Gazette. 19: 167-172.

Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G., & Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths. The Ray
Society, London.

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M. 1975. Note on the larva of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in
Cornwall. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 87: 58.

Meyrick, E. 1937. Tortrix postvittana Walk. (Microlepidoptera), a species new to
Britain. The Entomologist 70: 256.

Tremewan, W.G. 1961. Records of Lepidoptera from Cornwall, 1943-58. Entomologist’s
Gazette. 12: 127-142.

LYCAENID TAILS 13

WW

FUNCTION OF TAILS IN FLIGHT BY SOME AFRICAN
LYCAENID BUTTERFLIES

BRIAN K. WEST
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

DURING A VISIT to the Republic of Togo in September 1990, I was
standing one day in a little forest clearing in the Atakora Mountains when
my attention was drawn to a curious phenomenon. Slowly, in a straight line,
crossing the clearing at about eye level was what appeared to be a tiny
drogue, whitish in colour, and unattached. Its slow deliberate passage
possessed an etherial quality in the absence of a visible means of propulsion,
for there was not the slightest breeze; gravity being defied! At the edge of
the clearing the apparition suddenly disappeared. Careful scrutiny revealed a
small Lycaenid, subsequently identified as Hypolycaena lebona Hew..,
settled upon a leaf. Later, a slightly larger, commoner species, H. antifaunus
Westwood. was encountered; the appearance in flight and at rest of the two
species was almost identical. This slow, undeviating flight is additionally
interesting in view of Lycaenids of this group being noted for rapid, and
often erratic flight. Larsen (1991) remarks that in a closely-related species
the tails are most noticeable when the insect is in flight, and of the long-
tailed species in general, that they sometimes perform aerobatics with
unbelievable vigour and precision despite being aerodymatically
disadvantaged by the long tails.

Hypolycaena lebona
upperside (left) and underside (right)
Enlarged

134 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

When at rest upon a leaf the butterfly’s wings are held erect, and the very
long tails lie together, flat upon the leaf, the 90° twist being achieved largely
by the small tornal lobe of the hindwing, which in both species has a small,
subsidiary eye spot, lying in the horizontal plane. The butterflies were
observed at rest only in quite calm conditions, and the long tails appeared as a
single, whitish streak resembling the mark frequently made by the splash of a
bird dropping. Thus these long tails appear to have a useful function when the
insect is both in flight and at rest. The function of the short tails in association
with an eye spot has long been thought to distract a predator from more vital
parts, and was recently considered by Riley and Loxdale (1988).

One of the problems of obtaining a series of many of these Lycaenids with
short, filamentous tails is to get specimens not damaged in the tornal area of
the hindwings, and possessing their complete set of caudal appendages;
Deudorix, Castalius and Anthene are frequently so damaged. In contrast, H.
lebona and the slightly larger H. antifaunus. | met with in Togo, even when
slightly worn had the long tails intact, and usually the others also, the ones at
risk seeming to be the shortest, first pair, and I encountered none with tornal
damage.

Jacoona anasuja C. & R. Feld. is rare a Malayan Lycaenid with extra-
ordinarily long, whitish, sword-like tails also emanating from vein Ib of the
hindwing; when the butterfly is at rest they probably have the same appearance
and function as those of H. /ebona, rather than resemble antennae, as I think is
the case with most of these long-tailed species, especially when the tails
originate from vein 2, for example the common Cheritra freja Fab. I found in
Malaya too, that usually these very long-tailed species had their long tails
intact, any damage being confined to the small supplementary tails, whereas
Arhopala species and others with a single pair of short filamentous tails were
very often deficient of one or both. However, not once have I seen in Malaya
the flight of a Lycaenid resemble that of H. /ebona and H. antifaunus in Togo.

References
Larsen, T., 1991. The Butterflies of Kenya.
Riley, A. and Loxdale, H., 1988. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 100: 59.

Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) — a species new to the Isle of Wight
Warm southerly winds blowing up from the Bay of Biscay caused a recent
mini-migration of Lepidoptera and on 15th May 1994 I took an example of
Trichoplusia ni (Abn.) which is the first definite record of this species for the
Isle of Wight. Other migrants taken around the same time were Agrotis
ipsilon (Hufn.) and Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.).— S.A. KNILL-JONES,
Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

ESSEX EMERALD UPDATE 135

ESSEX EMERALD MOTH THETIDIA SMARAGDARIA MARITIMA
(PROUT) (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) IN BRITAIN — AN UPDATE,
FEBRUARY 1994

PAUL WARING
1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 OLS.

ENGLISH NATURE'S Species Recovery Programme for the endangered
Essex Emerald moth Thetidia smaragdaria entered its second year in 1993.
The results of the first year were summarised by Waring (1993a). Previous
work and background information have been reported by Waring (1989a-c,
1990a-d, 1991a,b, 1992, 1993b).

The Essex Emerald moth has not been seen in the wild in Britain since the
spring of 1991, when five post-hibernation larvae were found. There has
been no sign of the moth at the site since, in spite of spring and autumn
searches in the subsequent years. The disappearance was in the absence of
any gross change in the available, but severely limited, habitat and was the
end result of a decline from 56 larvae in September 1988 to less than 30 in
1989 and 1990. The moth still survives as a captive stock which was
established in 1987 (Waring 1989a). This has now been used to supply
larvae and adults for five separate establishment experiments, in three
different parts of the former range of the moth. The remainder of the stock is
proving increasingly difficult to maintain in captivity. Many females are
failing to lay eggs, the others generally fail to lay anything like their
potential quota of 80 - 100 eggs each, and the majority of eggs fail to hatch.
Some eggs appear to be infertile but well-developed larvae have been found
in others.

In 1992 the stock was divided into two batches, one in Essex and the other
in Peterborough. This was the second attempt to develop separate lines
which could be crossed periodically in an attempt to reduce inbreeding
effects. From these larvae 40 adults were reared in 1993 in Essex, including
24 females, of which 22 had numerous opportunities for mating. Only about
100 eggs were laid however, the product of several females, and not a single
egg hatched. In Peterborough, where the majority of the captive stock has
always been held, 197 larvae were successfully overwintered and these
produced 145 adults, though nine males and 12 females were seriously
deformed. Three males and a female appeared in fine condition but died
within 24 hours of emergence. The remaining 21 looked to be healthy and
many had a good adult life-span of over ten days and up to 17 days. Some
were taken back to their natural salt-marsh habitat for the experiments
described below. Although over 800 eggs were laid in Peterborough, only
226 larvae resulted. These are hibernating out of doors at the time of writing,
as in previous years, and have had to cope with the factors which cause
winter mortality. This is the first year since the stock was established, in
which the number of larvae produced in captivity has been less than the
previous year, using similar equipment and techniques.

136 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil.1994

In 1992 when larvae were released into the wild, some completed
develop-ment successfully, and free-flying adults were produced but there
was no sign of any offspring (Waring 1993a). During the work in 1993, adult
moths were taken to the site to observe their behaviour, which it was hoped
would include mating and egg-laying. Netting cages were set up on the
saltmarsh, into which adults were released for observation. Each cage was
over eight cubic metres in volume and was fitted with a 60W red light to
enable the moths to be watched throughout the night without disturbing them
unduly. Moths are not very sensitive to red light. Two cages were manned
throughout the night on three separate nights. Each cage contained a freshly-
emerged virgin male and virgin female and a male and female which had
been caged with other males and females for two or three days until eggs
began to be laid. The latter moths had ample opportunities for mating during
this period and in some cases mating pairs were seen. The main results from
the observation sessions on the coast were that both types of female spent
most of the night either at rest or in the position associated with the release
of pheromones to attract males. This activity involves exposing a scent organ
at the tip of the abdomen and holding the wings away from the body slightly.

The females were obviously expecting to attract males during the night
but the males disappointed them. The males spent most of the time at rest
although some flight was noted on nine out of the twelve male moth-nights
of observations. Activity was extremely limited and only two males showed
sustained flights of over one minute duration. These flights were sufficiently
strong that they would have taken the males well away from the females and
the available habitat had they not been caged. Other flights were of shorter
duration and occurred intermittently through the night. The males were more
inclined to walk over the vegetation than fly. Only three of the flights and
walks resulted in males approaching females, only one approached to within
Sem and no mating took place during any of these sessions.

During the six man-nights of observation only five eggs were laid. Three
of these were laid by an experienced female and two by a fresh virgin,
despite the fact that some of the females had commenced egg-laying before
being taken to the coast and others mated or laid eggs subsequently in
Peterborough. In a subsequent experiment a total of ten females and eight
males were caged over the larval foodplant on the saltmarsh for extended
periods of from two to five days and nights. Only 16 eggs were laid and only
six hatched, so the adults even failed to replace themselves with the same
number of offspring.

Could the lack of activity be blamed on the weather? The experiments
took place in late June which was rather cool and dull. None of the nights of
observation were very windy and there was no heavy rain, which might have
deterred the moths, but night temperatures were not high. The warmest night
was 15°C at dusk falling to a minimum of 13°C and the coldest was 8°C at
dusk falling to a chilly 6°C. Generally it was a poor season for moth activity,
with most species being seen in small numbers, presumably related to the

ESSEX EMERALD UPDATE 137

dismal weather. Perhaps the poor performance of the Essex Emerald and
other species can be blamed on failure to reach certain temperature
thresholds. A test proposed for 1994 is to rear some individuals at raised
temperatures during parts of their life-cycle to see if this has any effect.

However, the reproductive rate of the Essex Emerald is now so low that
the species runs the risk of being unable to survive and multiply in captivity
let alone in the wild. Tests for diseases in 1992 and 1993 have not produced
any evidence of pathogens such as protozoans, bacteria or viruses. There is
now concern that the poor breeding performance and failure of eggs to hatch
may be the result of genetic abnormalities resulting from inbreeding. We
know that the stock is inbred. It descends from three mated females seven
generations ago and no new material has been introduced subsequently. It is
very likely that the colony had been inbreeding in the wild prior to the
founding of the captive stock, because it appeared to consist of less than a
hundred individuals and to be isolated from other potential habitat. To test
whether inbreeding is contributing to poor success, some of the captive stock
could be paired with individuals from another strain and success rates
compared. A marked increase in the latter would indicate that inbreeding is a
factor. In the absence of wild British material, stock is needed from
continental Europe. The results of such a test may help to explain the
disappearance of other small and isolated colonies during this century.
Whether or not the hybrids would be suited to life on the British coast is
another matter, because the habits and even the appearance of some of the
forms on the continent differ from those in Britain.

Any contacts and information regarding large colonies of T. smaragdaria
in continental Europe would be most welcome.

Acknowledgements

The Essex Emerald work above was funded by English Nature and the Joint
Nature Conservation Committee. I would like to thank Dr Susan A. Clarke
for her help with the nocturnal observations.

References

Waring, P., 1989a. Rescue bid to save the British race of the Essex Emerald moth from
extinction. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 231-232.

—, 1989b. Moth report. British Wildlife 1: 47-48.

—, 1989c. Moth report. British Wildlife 1: 103-105.

—, 1990a. Conserving Britain's rarest moths. British Wildlife 1: 266-284.

—, 1990b. Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima Prout (Lep.: Geo-
metridae) — an update. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 102: 71-73.

—, 1990c. Moth report. British Wildlife 1: 296-297.

—, 1990d. Moth report. British Wildlife 2: 115-117.

—, 1991a. Moth report. British Wildlife 2: 308-310.

—, 1991b. Moth report. British Wildlife 2: 373-375.

—, 1992. Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima (Prout 1935) — history,
ecology and conservation in Britain. Species Recovery Report 1992. 108pp.
Confidential report to English Nature. Peterborough.

—, 1993a. Wildlife reports — Moths. British Wildlife 4(3): 185-188.

—, 1993b. Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima (Prout 1935). Species
Recovery Report 1993. 58pp. Confidential report to English Nature. Peterborough.

—, in press. Conserving Britain's rarest moths. Proceedings of the International Congress
of Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica. Helsinki 19-23 April 1992.

138 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

Two species of Otitidae (Diptera) circumstantially associated with
Umbelliferae

Smith, 1989 (An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies.
Handbk ident. Brit. Insects 10: 14) states that the larvae of Oftites guttata
(Meigen) and Dorycera graminum (Fabricius) are underdescribed. He cites
the remark by Séguy, 1934 (Faune de France 28 Dipteres (Brachyceres)
Muscidae Acalypterae et Scatophagidae) that Dorycera graminum females
oviposit in the ovaries of Tamus communis L., although Séguy himself
quoted this from works by Robineau-Desvoidy and Macquart.

Otites guttata is widespread in Kent and I have personally taken it in ten
localities (all but two of these being on the North Downs chalk) on dates
ranging from 9th May to 22nd June. A common factor wherever the fly has
been found is the presence of hogweed, Heracleum sphondylium L.
Specimens were either swept directly from stands of the plant or, in one
case, tubed from a nettle plant growing nearby.

Dorycera graminum is currently listed as a Red Data Book 3 species
(Falk, 1991. A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain). I
first encountered this species in large numbers on 13.vi.1992 whilst
generally recording diptera at Kingsnorth on the Hoo peninsula on North
Kent (51/8173). Although distributed over a fairly wide area, the fly seemed
particularly concentrated where hogweed was growing. Specimens were
swept only from the lower leaves of the plant and none could be found
feeding from the flowers. On 6.vi.1993 I attended a meeting of the Kent
Field Club at Grain (51/8877) which is also situated on the Hoo peninsula.
Considerable numbers of Dorycera graminum were swept, but this time
mainly from or around alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum L.

There is little evidence to suggest that the larvae of Otitidae are
specifically phytophagous and the adult flies may simply be chemotactically
attracted to certain plants. Mr P.J. Hodge recently informed me that
“swarms” of the tephritid Anomoia purmunda (Harris) are regularly attracted
to the flower heads of Achillea filipendula in his garden. The larvae of this
species, however, develop within berries of, for example, hawthorn. If my
observations are no more than circumstantial, it is hoped that they will at
least stimulate more recording of two genera of this very neglected family of
flies. - LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent
ME10 4NE.

Orthosia cerasi (Fab.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) — an unusual date

On the night of 3rd November 1993 a slight battered male Orthosia cerasi
(Common Quaker) came to one of my garden m.v. traps. It was otherwise an
unremarkable entomological night with the usual late autumn residents
amongst which this species looked extremely out of place.— JULIAN CLARKE,
Oaklea, Felcourt Road, Lingfield, Surrey RH7 6NF.

FOODPLANT OF PONTIA CHLORIDICE 139

ON THE LARVAL FOODPLANT OF PONTIA CHLORIDICE
(HUBNER, [1808-1813]) IN BULGARIA (LEPIDOPTERA:
PIERIDAE)

STANISLAV ABADJIEV
Block 415, Entrance G, Flat 80, Druzhba 2, Sofia 1582, Bulgaria.

IN THE MIDDLE of June 1993, I was in the low eastern parts of the
Rhodopi Mountains (South Bulgaria) for the purpose of collecting some rare
Bulgarian Pierids. On 16th June I examined the left bank of the Arda River,
just near the small railway station of Sredna Arda. Around was an interesting
formation of volcanic rocks and screes with rare vegetation. There was an
abundance of flying second generation specimens of Pieris krueperi
Staudinger, 1860 and Pontia chloridice (Hiibner, [1808-1813]).

The biotype of P. chloridice is an arid scree with south exposition. In the
early afternoon (at about 1.00 to 2.00pm local time) I observed three females
of P. chloridice ovipositing on a small plant. The females lay their eggs
singly either on the upper leaves or directly on the flowers of the plant. I
took three eggs and several blades of the plant and travelled back to Sofia on
the same day.

The plant was identified at the Biological Faculty of Sofia University as
Cleome ornithopoides L., (1753) (family Capparidaceae Juss.). C.
ornithopoides grows between the stones of screes. The distribution of the
plant in Bulgaria is similar to the known range of P. chloridice (eg. Sliven,
East Rhodopes) (Abadjiev, 1992). Also, I have been told, the plant is well-
distributed in Asia Minor.

To my knowledge there are two records about the larval foodplant of P.
chloridice. In Kazakhstan near Uralsk the larva feeds on Sisymbrium
junceum M. B. (Bartel, 1914); and in Tadjikistan the larva feeds on
Cymatocarpus popovi Botsch. (family Brassicaceae), an endemic of
Vakhshsk Valley (Shchotkin, 1987).

Acknowledgement
I must express my hearty thanks to Dr Dimiter Dimitrov from the Herbarium
at Sofia University for the identification of the plant and for the helpful
information provided. Special thanks go to Mr Lutz Lehmann (Eisenhiitten-
stadt, Germany) for his kind assistance with the work of Max Bartel.

References

Abadjiev, S., 1992. Butterflies of Bulgaria. Part 1. Papilionidae & Pieridae. Veren
Publishers, Sofia. 91 pp.

Bartel, M., 1914. Ueber einige Lepidopteren-Arten der Uralsteppen. Mitt. miinch. ent.
Ges. 5: 5-25.

Shchotkin, Y.L., 1987. New materials on the relict, rare and declining species Pontia
chloridice Hb. Theses and reports of the seminar Systematics, faunistics, ecology and
protection of butterflies, 2nd-5th October 1987, Novosibirsk: 116-118 (In Russian).

140 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil.1994

Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus) Copper Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae)
larvae on grape-vine (Vitis vinifera)

On 7.v.1991, whilst carrying out field work at Rothamsted Experimental
Station, Herts, | was informed by a couple exercising their dog, that the
grape-vine in their conservatory in nearby Harpendon had been seriously
defoliated by numbers of quite large caterpillars. Naturally, I asked if it was
possible to see the problem and perhaps offer advice. I later visited the
house, equipped with boxes suitable for Sphingids, etc. (ever the optimist!)
but was slightly surprised to find that the culprits were the larvae of
Amphipyra pyramidea (Linn.).

Considerable damage had been done to the leaves of quite a large vine. At
least 20 to 30 larvae had already been removed and disposed of, but I was
able to locate two, already in their final instar at this early date. Both were
reared through to confirm their identity. Regarding their origin, introduction
with the foodplant can be ruled out, from the age of the vine. Therefore, the
most likely explanation is that a gravid female somehow entered the
conservatory, perhaps initially in order to hide during the day. This species is
known to be attracted to buildings as hiding places (Skinner, B. 1984.
Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking,
Harmondsworth). Her progeny were subsequently able to mature rapidly in
warmth and relative safety.

Amphipyra pyramidea has been recorded on a variety of trees and shrubs
(Skinner, Joc. cit.), including Buddleia davidii (Owen, D.F. 1983. Ent. Rec.
95: 20). However, since I can find no reference to it feeding on grape-vine
the above record, albeit from a slightly artificial situation, may be
noteworthy. MARTIN C. TOWNSEND, 29 Coniston Avenue, Headington,
Oxford OX3 OAN.

Bibio johannis (L.) (Dipt.: Bibionidae) in urban London

On 29th March I was visiting some offices in the newly-built Canary Wharf
complex in London Docklands and I noticed a large number of Bibionid flies
above the turf of a recently laid formal lawn set amid the acres of stone and
asphalt. I captured one of the insects that had settled on a wall and it turned out
to be the widespread and often abundant Bibio johannis (L.).

Last year in early April I found the same insect in considerable quantity
flying low over newly laid turf on the front lawns of the National Maritime
Museum, Greenwich across the river Thames about two kilometres to the south
of Canary Wharf.

This species is almost certainly being brought into these sites as larvae or
pupae with the high quality turf that is being used in these prestigious city
locations and it will be interesting to see if they are able to persist: perhaps
unlikely as they would already be much more widespread than they appear to
be in urban parks and gardens.—PATRICK ROPER, South View, Sedlescombe,
Battle, East Sussex TN33 OPE.

HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING 141

THE HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING

THE LATE A.J. WIGHTMAN
INTRODUCED BY PAUL SOKOLOFF
4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS.

Introduction

FEW PEOPLE now remember Archibald John Wightman who died some 23
years ago, but in his time he was an entomologist of considerable stature. He
began studying the lepidoptera in the 1890s, continuing throughout his life —
and was even noted collecting at night in the depths of Borth Bog at the age
of 83. He specialised in collecting and breeding the Noctuidae and was adept
at breeding, often in large numbers, even the most difficult and fastidious
species. His knowledge of these moths was prodigious and his large
collection immaculate. On his death, some 1300 of his specimens were
selected for the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection.

A physically large man, and a larger than life collector, he also attracted a
measure of folk lore — he was reputed to carry his coffin with him on
collecting trips: in truth, he had converted his car to carry a large chest which
both held his field collecting equipment, and doubled as a bed. Fulsome
tributes appeared in the Entomologist’s Record (1971) 83: 113-115 and Proc.
Trans. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. (1971) 5: 75-80.

He wrote many notes and articles, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s,
many of them appearing in this journal. The essay presented here has never
been published. It was written by A.J. Wightman at the age of 85, about a
year before his death in March 1971. When discovered, it was untitled, but
carried the comment “. . . a few notes on the hazards that can befall anyone
who goes out moth hunting . . . .”, from which the current title is derived.
His first account deals with a trip taken in 1907 and in which an acetylene
gas lamp features. Way before the invention of portable lamps such as the
Coleman or Tilley, collectors used acetylene lamps — designed for use as a
light on a bicycle (hence the term “cycle lamp”). Acetylene gas was
produced by allowing water to drip onto powdered calcium carbide. The
commercially available calcium carbide was usually impure, contaminating
the acetylene with small quantities of phosphine and hydrogen sulphide,
making the resulting gas rather foul smelling. The gas was then burnt to give
light. Acetylene needs a plentiful supply of oxygen to burn properly: without
sufficient oxygen it burns with a smoky flame, blocking the burners. To
overcome this, the gas was conducted along two thin tubes directed towards
each other. When lit, the burners produced a thin sheet of flame with
maximum surface area exposed to the air. The flame is very hot (hence its
use in welding) and very bright. Apart from weight and bulk, these lamps
were very efficient as sources of light for collecting.

142 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

The essay

Taking the opportunity of the long winter evenings, I have been reminded of
my Own experiences, when out with a portable light, searching for larvae.
This is a method of collecting that has always appealed to me far more than
getting the perfect insects at light or sugar, partly because I wanted to know
the habits in nature, and partly because I hardly ever get a really perfect
moth other than by breeding. Over a period of sixty or more years, I have
had plenty of trouble from free-ranging bulls, savage stray dogs, guard dogs,
barbed wire, smashed lanterns and such accidents.

Working alone one can get into trouble where the presence of a mate
could quickly put matters to right, although again I have had trouble just
because as one of a party, I have become embroiled in someone else's
difficulties. In 1907 I went with two friends, Taylor and Sharp, to the cliffs
at Beachy Head, East Sussex, to sugar the flower heads for the Northern
Rustic, Standfussiana lucernea L., a species only to be obtained in Sussex at
the extreme southern point of those cliffs. Taylor and I were new to the spot,
Sharp was not and although we knew the spot was considered dangerous, we
felt safe under his guidance. Arriving there in good daylight, we called at the
lighthouse and told the Keepers of our intention of using lights there, and
they raised no objection, but repeated the warning about the locality.

Having sugared hardheads (Centaurea sp.) that in those days were
plentiful all along this bit of cliff, we retired away from what to me seemed a
very risky spot, and sat down to await the coming of darkness. It was then
that Taylor displayed a leather harness that he had obtained and upon which
a cycle lamp bracket has been fastened so that he could from time to time put
his lamp on it to have both hands free for boxing.

At that date the collecting light was a very heavy acetylene cycle lamp —
clumsy, but giving a grand light, and although the burners were liable to get
choked up, replacement in the field was simple. Both Sharp and I admired
the idea, but it was obvious that improvements were called for, as the weight
of the lamp caused it to droop onto his stomach. As events were to show, we
had overlooked a far greater fault, for the fastening — a buckle and pin affair
— was concealed by the bracket.

It was a grand evening as regards the conditions, good cloud cover but no
threat of rain, warm as a late July night should be, so as soon as the light had
faded enough, we got up and Sharp led us back along the cliffs towards our
sugared flowers, we lighting up as we walked, just the water to turn on and
then a match to the burner. Taylor put his lamp on his belt before he did this,
and when he put the match to the burner the whole lamp burst into flame, he
having failed to tighten up the gas chamber, and so intense was the flame
that it was not possible to touch it with the hands nor could we knock the
lamp off the bracket, and as the flame was touching his stomach, his clothes
were being ignited. In a panic, fearing that he might be cremated far too

HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING 143

young, Sharp cut the harness by pulling at the back, to get the knife inside,
and so not cut the man. The lamp and harness fell away, and as a result of
the jerk Taylor fell backwards and disappeared over the cliff. After a
moment of horror, we heard Taylor calling for help as he was on the very
edge of the cliff, and we then found that in the commotion, we had got to the
cliff face at a point where a big fall was in process, and the sagging cliff top
had formed a sunken undercliff, and in this very dangerous place Taylor was
lying. Rescue was not too difficult, if only the cliff kept up, under the weight
of all three. This shock had upset our moth hunting elan, so we decided to
get away from the danger area, have a rest and then go home, but when
nerves had steadied up we changed our minds, and found that our
flowerheads were acrawl with moths including numbers of freshly emerged
lucernea in fine condition, both sexes being about in equal numbers. And so
what threatened to be a very black day, appears in my diary as a red letter
day.

A good many night trips to similar areas, during the following fifty odd
years, were on the whole free from trouble, and I had come to think that solo
work in such places was really much safer than in company, as when alone
one has only to take acceptable risks, and there is no danger of being
involved in what someone else might be disposed to risk, but I was to learn
that this is not always so, and being alone can be a danger, for the worst
fright of my collecting life came only a few years ago, when I had gone to
the Isle of wight in mid-April to search for larvae of Aporophyla australis on
the cliffs just below the Tennyson Memorial. The cliffs in that area are
specially dangerous, by reason of extensive falls over the years, which have
left a very wandering cliff top with gaps between protruding portions, so that
every step must be carefully surveyed before any trust is placed in it.
Knowing how plentiful the species is at that spot, I had made my trip a one
night affair, and so when the weather turned foui, I had to get all dressed up
in greatcoat, mackintosh, sou'wester, rubber-boots, in fact so wrapped
against the wind and rain, that I feared that I might be blown over the cliff, if
the wind treated my clothes as sails, and as a result I was crawling about on
my knees, using an old mack’ as a kneeling mat. In the early hours of the
morning a huge black dog suddenly turned up, and at once came in to attack
with lips well back, teeth at the ready and growling. I shouted for his
supposed owner to call him off, but got no response, and so still calling out, I
crawled at the dog, putting the lantern to his head, and so by degrees got
away from the cliff edge, and struggled to my feet, but even then the case
was desperate, for the dog was quite a large black Dane, not so huge as he
first appeared, but still large enough to have been frightening even in broad
daylight and far from the cliff tops. He continued to come at me, ready to
bite, and from the persistent way he worked around me, I felt quite sure that
he was a trained guard-dog, off his beat, but determined to do his stuff.

This animal moved steadily around me, trying to avoid the glare of the
lantern, and get at me from the rear, which compelled me to back away and

144 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

keep turning at the same time, and all wrapped up as I was, I feared that if he
got me down, he might well be able to worry me, as a dog can worry a
sheep. After a few minutes that dragged as years, I became aware that a
second dog, probably a bitch was present, but keeping just outside the circle
of light, and it was quite a half-hour before my attacker gave up his rushes,
and widened his distance, finally joining presumably his mate, but even then
he still kept appearing into the area of light, and so kept me walking
backwards, until I was nearing my small car, that was parked by the old fort.
I shall not say I was frightened by this episode — I was downright terrified.

But this was not to be my final dog trouble, for only six years ago, quite
near my home I had dog trouble again, this time in a wood, a spot with
which I was quite familiar. I had gone to Chiddingfold to search for spring-
feeding larvae, and having parked my car in an open space in the wood just
off the road, I lighted the lantern and went on a trip through the rides, but
found the gravel very wet, and so went back to the car and collected a pair of
rubber boots from the rear seat and resumed my searching. Collecting was
not too good, and about midnight, having had enough, I went back to the car,
intending to drive home. As I approached the car, I fancied that I could see a
pair of eyes peering at me from the rear seat behind the driver's place, and on
reaching the car found that I had a passenger, a really huge black Dane type
mongrel, sitting bolt upright, and keeping perfectly still. I opened the door
and talked to him as one does to a dog, telling him that he was in the wrong
car, and that as I was not going his way, he had better get out and walk
home, but he seemed not to hear me, so at last, seeing that he was wearing a
collar, I put out my hand to read the name on it. My docile dog, at once let
me hear his voice and see his teeth and my hand came back faster than I had
put it forward. I thought of several good ideas to get him out, such as getting
into the other rear seat, with a coat over my arm, and pushing him out by
stages. Let me say it was I who got out, not the dog, so here I was, in another
black dog trouble.

What a position to be in! Should I get in and try to drive home with the
dog, breathing down the back of my neck, and risk him thinking he was
being kidnapped, and strike back, or would it be best to hang about where
we were all night, in the hope that at last he would get home-sick? No safe
and speedy solution of the problem seemed likely. After a while I decided to
drive to Chiddingfold Village on the main road, and see if I could find a
policeman, with ideas, and so I got in to the driver's seat, leaving the door
open, and started up the engine but having that head at the back of my neck,
caused me to sit awhile to give him a chance to get out, finally I decided to
leave all doors open, and drive on to the road.

I hoped the dog would use the rear door to alight from, and I meant to
have a front door that I could escape from if need be, and so with three doors
as driving hazards, I drove down to the only house in the wood in that area,
pulled to the ditch on my nearside, and waited hopefully that this might be
my passenger's abode, but he made no move, and after a few minutes, a light

HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING 145

came on in one of the upper windows, a head came out and asked what the
trouble was. That, I fully explained, and from this conservation I learned that
this dog was from a gipsy encampment in a nearby wood, and was harmless
if not touched, but savage if interfered with, and my new friend came out
and confirmed that I had indeed got the gipsy dog. He thought it most
unlikely that I should find anyone at the encampment, if I drove there, and
suggested that on his home ground the dog might attack without being
touched, nor did he think I should get anything out of driving to the village,
at that time of night, and we really could not think what should be done. The
dog decided at this stage to find out what we were hatching up, came out
slowly, wandered over to us and sat down behind us, like a well trained dog
might be expected to do. Now said my kind helper, you go to the car, I will
go to the house, so into the car I went and closed all the doors, waited until I
saw the house door close, and then drove home, leaving the dog in the road
at the spot he had walked to, he did not seem to care and looked so innocent
sitting there, I almost felt guilty in deserting him.

The only occasion when I was seriously hurt, occurred in daylight, and
this was due to my riding a single strand of barbedwire, over a trout stream, I
was powerless to free myself, and salvation only came when my weight
pulled out the posts to which the wire was attached, and dropped me into the
stream, where with one foot at last, able to get contact with the hard bed of
the stream, I thought I could free myself from the wire, but no, I was still
held in a firm grip, with the barbs cutting into the inside of my by now, well
lacerated leg. I was wearing a pair of riding pants, tough melton material,
buttoned below the knee, and they would not tear away from the wire, until I
had got out a rather blunt knife and split them from the thigh to below the
knee.

I have sometimes thought that I must be a sort of Jonah, and that it always
must happen to me, but in fact considering the number of trips I have made,
perhaps I have been lucky, as I know of others who have had quite serious
mishaps, such as being threatened with a gun, by a man who not only
threatened to shoot, but from his actions, likely to do something of the sort,
while another friend of mine fell through a reed-bed which was in fact once
part of the main stream of the Sussex Ouse, had great difficulty in getting
out, and when he did make a landing, he was wet through, had lost his
glasses, and had two hours to wait until he was to be picked up by his driver
whom he had sent on a mission to Lewes. Knowing that he must keep
moving, he started off towards Lewes in order to meet the returning car,
when at a sharp bend in the road, his car shot past him and away to the
rendezvous, quite a time before it was expected. Now the trouble had
deepened, because the driver seeing that his employer had been in the water,
might well not return to Lewes but go to the nearer Newhaven for help. But
he did in fact return quite shortly, and got him home in double-quick time,
where a day in bed soon got him back to normal, but his missing glasses
-were a big trouble. I had hardly got away from the telephone, over which I

146 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil. 1994

had heard of the accident, when another collector came to my door, and
asked if I had lost my glasses in this reed-bed, as he had been to the spot that
day and seeing that someone had been in the water, looked around and found
a pair of glasses in the reeds. Knowing that this was a favourite spot of mine,
he had concluded that it was I who had taken the plunge, and kindly brought
the glasses to me. When I phoned up the owner of those glasses, I had quite
a job to convince him that I really had his lost glasses and he could send his
driver for them.

Empis (Coptophlebia) melaena Bezzi (Diptera: Empididae) in East Kent

Collin, 1961 (British Flies: Empididae) recorded Empis melaena from
Purley in Surrey and Hampshire. Falk, 1991 (A review of the scarce and
threatened flies of Great Britain) awarded the species Red Data Book |
status. On 20.vii.1985 I took a single female melaena at Lydden LNR
(61/278453) near Dover. The site is chalk downland with a south-west
aspect, although the specimen was probably swept from hawthorns along the
periphery. Thanks go to P.J. Chandler for confirming my identification.—
LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John's Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Relics of Empire. India, 1985

Looking after a large development project in Tamil Nadu in southern India
did have its occasional entomological spin-offs. I was travelling with
members of the Danish Government Audit Office in the august business that
auditors have, but we did have the chance of stopping briefly at the
wonderful rock-carved temples at Mahaballipuram on the way south. They
are among the jewels of Hindu art, in the vaut le voyage category of the
Michelin guides.

I was delighted to see vast numbers of Red-Bodied Swallowtails
(Pachliopta hector and P. aristolochiae) roosting communally among the
ruins, and the auditors were suitably impressed at how difficult it was to tell
the two toxic Pachliopta from their perfect mimics, in two forms of Papilio
polytes females. They should be impressed. The mimicry between these two
is not only near perfect, but it varies geographically. In southern India nearly
all P. polytes females are mimetic, and they mimic both Pachliopta in more
or less equal numbers. In Dehli, nearly half the females are male-like and
non-mimetic, while the remainder are mimics of the only Pachliopta that
occurs there, though very sparsely. Finding the other form, a mimic of P.
hector, not occurring in northern India, was as sensational in Dehli as it was
common-place in southern India. I suspect the vast numbers of Pachliopta at
Mahaballipuram was a dry/cool season aestivation roost, composed of
migrants from further east, but I am not sure. I am certain, though, that both
the mimicry relationship, the polymorphism of P. polytes, and the migrations
and roosting of the Pachliopta are deserving of much additional research.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 147

Our project area had little
in the way of hotel accom-
modation, and since govern-
ment auditors must be treated
with kid gloves, we had
booked at the Hotel de France
in Pondicherry. Lest anyone
should think that a hotel of
this name in the boondocks of
Tamil Nadu is somewhat
incongruous, let it immed-
lately be said that Pondicherry
is composed of a few square
kilometres of Union Territory.
It used to be a French colony,
but the French graciously
(well, more or less) quit in
1958, thus avoiding being
evicted by force as were the
Portuguese from Goa in 1961.
Faint memories of France still
survive: a cemetery, a large
The Common Mormon, Papilio polytes (top) a proportion of Christians, a

wonderful mimic of the Crimson Rose, Pachliopta police force still wearing
hector (below).

kepis, street signs exactly as
you see them in Paris (such as /mpasse Leon Blum), several reasonably good
Indo-Chinese restaurants, and Hotel de France. Otherwise the memory of
times French had largely gone. I always wanted to do a quick survey in the
streets of “Pondi’, as it is always known, to find out how many of the locals
knew who Leon Blum was, but this was never to be.

The proprietor of Hotel de France, appropriately, was probably the most
prominent remaining link between Pondi and France. He was a tall, stooping
man, in his mid-seventies. His four children were citizens of France. he
spoke fluent French, passable English, and halting Tamil. He believed in
maintaining standards. . . and he did have the only reasonable hotel in an
area larger than Denmark.

There was a standard evening ritual. At 17.30 le Patron would descend
from his quarters. A digestif would be offered —on the house — with profuse
regrets that we had to make do with “Indian Made Foreign Liquor” (one of
those wonderful combinations of words which only Indian bureaucracy can
concoct). When all are comfortably settled with a drink, stage two: “Et
maintenant, un peu de musique?” Two minions wheel out a giant console
containing an ancient gramophone: complete with the type of funnel speaker

148 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vi1.1994

which the dog of “His Master's Voice” used to contemplate with a doleful
expression. Soon the rhapsodies of Liszt would struggle out, competing with
the static and scratches of the 78rpm record, which had seen 30 years or
more of daily service.

The three-course dinner menu is impeccably hand-written, as you see it in
provincial France. The descriptions, alas, vastly surpass what we actually get
to eat. But, our patron is talkative. This is the very dining-room where
ministers, governors, prefects, and the creme-de-la-creme of Pondi society
have dined. Charles de Gaulle slept here, admittedly during the Second
World War, and not as President. “Mais, maintenent!” — he shrugged his
shoulders, implying that auditors and aid administrators were not entirely up
to his standard.

Our host was gracious, having increasingly less to be gracious about. As
we checked out, he discreetly inquired whether we could pay in devises
etrangeres; then he could send his children in France some real (ie. non-
Indian) presents. We could not oblige. There are draconian currency
restrictions, and what with two auditors in tow. The demise of empire,
anywhere, leaves victims in its wake, but there is, perhaps, also an obligation
to adapt. T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

Lonchoptera nitidifrons Strobl (Diptera: Lonchopteridae) in Greater
London and Kent

Smith, 1969 (Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 10: 2ai) gave Cheshire, Oxfordshire,
Somerset and Suffolk in England and Bardsey Island in Wales as localities
in which Lonchoptera nitidifrons had been taken. Falk, 1991 (A review of the
scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain) lists the species as notable 1.e.
believed to occur within the range of sixteen to one hundred ten kilometre
squares. On 30.viii.1993 I visited Barnes Cray near Crayford (51/526 749) in
order to survey diptera on behalf of the Kent Trust for Nature Conservation.
On subsequent examination of retained pinned material I identified a single
female nitidifrons along with three of the very common Lonchoptera lutea
Panzer. In addition to having the key characters of two yellowish basal
antennal segments and a fourth small bristle on the upper part of the front
tibiae this female was distinctly smaller and much more uniformly pale
orange than /utea and I recalled having seen many similar specimens in the
sweep net. In order to try to discover the exact site of capture I returned to
Barnes Cray on 3.ix.1993. Since the area covered on the first visit was not
large I retraced my steps and quickly located a colony where I had crossed a
stream in order to investigate some grazing marsh. Large numbers of
females were to be swept from aquatic vegetation e.g. Veronica catenata,
Nasturtium officinale, Lycopus europaeus and Mentha aquatica. A further
foray into the adjoining grazing marsh yielded numbers of /utea, males and
females, only.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 149

On 18.1x.1993 I attended a Kent Field Club excursion to West Wood,
Lyminge Forest (61/1343) and was surprised to take a further pair of female
nitidifrons. This site was in complete contrast to that at Barnes Cray, being
coniferous plantation with large stands of bracken and no fresh water of any
description. A week later during another KFC meeting, this time to Kiln
Wood, Lenham (51/888 5155) another pair of nitidifrons females was taken.
At Kiln Wood they were swept from dense vegetation including Mentha
aquatica growing in a calcareous pond.

The final surprise in the saga of nitidifrons came a couple of weeks later
whilst I was preparing a list of Lonchoptera for Dr C.M. Drake, co-ordinator
of the Lonchopteridae recording scheme. A single female was found
amongst a small batch of unidentified material taken on 11.vi.1989 from
Round Down, Dover (61/293 396). This locality is on the chalk cliffs above
the Channel Tunnel entrance and again, is completely dry. Dr Drake
subsequently informed me that the current records for L. nitidifrons suggest
that it is a fenland species so the records for West Wood and Round Down
are puzzling. He stated that there was no reason to doubt that the characters
given for the separation of adult nitidifrons from lutea are not valid. Smith,
1968 and 1989 (Handbk ident. Brit. Insects 10: 14) states that only L. furcata
Fallén and L. lutea have been identified in the larval stage. It would appear
that the larvae of these species are generally saprophagous. My experience
with the adult females is that they are particularly to be found where
aromatic labiates grow and whilst these may or may not have any direct role
in the life cycle of the nitidifrons, they should perhaps be more diligently
searched in future for the fly — LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John's Avenue,
Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE.

Athroloopha pennigeraria (Hubner, 1813) (Lep.: Geometridae) in Spain

This day-flying Geometrid is, according to Gomez de Aizptirua (1987)
distributed throughout Spain and in the south-western corner of France. He
cites the Pyrennean foothills as being especially favourable, including in his
assessment Navarre and the Basque Country, more specifically, Javier and
Leyre in the former province, and Araya and Zalduendo in the latter.

He also details the vicinity of Madrid from whence come my own
observa-tions. The overwintering larvae can be seen in areas exposed to the
sun from March to May on their foodplant, Santolina ssp. as well as Ulex
spp. I collected about 17 fully-fed specimens on the former plant along the
railway line which runs from Madrid to Segovia in the area of Gudillos in
the Sierra de Guadarrama. The larvae feed quite exposed on their foodplant
and are very easy to pick off. My own examples began to “go under” within
two days of collecting them on 24th March 1990 and had all pupated within
two weeks.

Imagines began to emerge on 16th May, more or less the same time as
moths were seen on the wing in Gudillos. Initially, males were well
outnumbered by females, one male was known to have fertilised no less than

150 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii. 1994

four females. Pairings were very simple to obtain in nothing more than a
bare net cage. There seemed to be no particular hour when copulation
occurred as my notes referred to three quite different times in one day; 1120,
1215 and 1900. The females oviposited immediately, laying large batches of
greenish ova between two sheets of paper provided in a jar. Within ten days I
had thousands of tiny larvae. Those I kept I reared on their original foodplant
but managed to lose all, due I believe to the summer heat of the Spanish
capital being considerably warmer than the nearby sierras.

References: Gomez de Aizptrua, Carlos (1987). Biologia y Morfologia de las Orugas,
Vol. Ill, Geometridae; Gomez de Aizpurua, Carlos (1974). Catalogo de les Lepidopteros
que integran la Coleccién Cientifica del Norte de Espana; Gomez Bustillo, Dr M.R.
Catalogo Sistematico de los Lepidopteros Ibéricos (1981).

— GARETH CLUMO, 2 Longbridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS14 9EL.

Blastobasis decolorella (Woll.) (Lep.: Blastobasidae) — new to west
Suffolk

On 3rd August 1991, when I was visiting Northfield Wood, Onehouse, I saw
a specimen of Blastobasis decolorella, which had been disturbed from the
vegetation and settled on the path. I recognised the species immediately,
since I had been introduced to it by Mr S. Wakely when I lived in south
London and I had also discovered it new to east Suffolk on 8th August 1959
at Aldeburgh. I understand that this moth has now been recorded from all the
surrounding vice-counties but that this is the first record for west Suffolk
(Col. A.M. Emmet pers. comm.).— ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage,
Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH.

Abundance of the spring brood of Pararge aegeria (L.) (Lep.: Satyridae)
in S.E. London, 1994; with a few local observations

During the fine and sunny weather at the end of April and beginning of May,
I was struck by the exceptional profusion of the Speckled Wood, greater than
I had seen anywhere before. This was the case in all suitable situations:
Maryon-Wilson Park, Woolwich Common, the Shooters Hill woodlands.
Even my garden was favoured, though in a far more modest degree. Here I
think it must have bred both last year and this (there being plenty of rough
uncut grasses), to judge from the presence of a specimen or two at frequent
intervals through the season. Quite evidently they were not just passing
through but resident for periods of a week or more, taking up basking and
roosting positions on a clump of Bergenia or the adjacent cypress hedge,
and/or a large mass of honeysuckle close by the house. The butterflies seem
to show territorial behaviour in both sexes, female especially — one
pertinaciously defending the honeysuckle thicket against any intruder
(human included!). Later in the summer, and in autumn, the species is more
seldom seen in the garden.

In Maryon-Wilson Park I have known a male aegeria to return repeatedly
to a roosting-perch in the evening or in dull weather, a nettle plant beside a

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 151

shady path. The same leaf was invariably used (I wonder whether a
recognition-scent is involved here). The specimen was self-marked by a
small nick in one wing; it eventually fell victim to a bird.

On Ist May, on Woolwich Common, the butterfly was numerous every-
where in the vicinity of bushes or trees. Along a path flanked by young
poplars, it was a new experience for me to put up Speckled Woods from the
grass at almost every step, for all the world like Meadow Browns in high
summer. In contrast, they were entirely absent from bare open grassland,
showing that though the species has in recent years ventured far from its
original sylvan retreats in the course of its spectacular spread into suburban
areas, it still retains its essential liking for the proximity of shade.

In view of the abundance noted above, it is remarkable that P. aegeria
appeared very scarce in the woods at Chislehurst, some miles to the south, in
perfect weather on 22nd and 30th April— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Spargania luctuata (Denis and Schiffermiller) White-banded Carpet
(Lep.: Geometridae) new to Hertfordshire

On the morning of 1.vi.1992 a rather worn male Spargania luctuata (D. &
S.) was found inside the m.v. light trap in the garden at my previous
residence in Harpenden (OS grid reference TL 146 132). Since this appears
to be the first record of S. /uctuata from Hertfordshire (C. Plant, pers.
comm.) an investigation into its possible origin seemed worthwhile.

Spargania luctuata breeds on Epilobium angustifolium (Rose Bay
Willowherb) in woodland rides and clearings (Skinner, B. 1984. Colour
Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking, Harmondsworth).
The Harpenden site is an urban garden, but suitable-looking habitat exists to
the south east, with small woods about a mile away and more extensive
woodland at about four miles. Beating large stands of the foodplant for
larvae in the nearest woods in September 1992 was unsuccessful, the only
geometrid larvae encountered being those of Ecliptopera silaceata (D. & S.)
(confirmed by rearing).

However, the moth was caught during a period of warm southerly winds
and may therefore have come from one of the known strongholds of S.
luctuata in south-east England, which are in Kent and Sussex (D. Agassiz,
pers. comm.), or from the Continent. This species has also been recorded
from Essex (Skinner, Joc. cit.) so it would be interesting to know whether it
has colonised east Hertfordshire. The specimen was retained and was shown
at the 1993 BENHS Exhibition.

Thanks are due to David Agassiz and Colin Plant for providing
information on the distribution of $. /uctuata— MARTIN C. TOWNSEND, 29
Coniston Avenue, Headington, Oxford OX3 OAN.

152 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

Eucosma pupillana (Clerck) (Lep.: Tortricidae) taken in Buckinghamshire

Whilst looking through a drawer of microlepidoptera, all of which I have
taken at Willen, North Bucks, David Manning noted a specimen of Eucosma
pupillana. This example was taken on 8th August 1991 and is, I believe, a
new record for Buckinghamshire.— G.E. HicGs, The Cottage, Willen, Milton
Keynes, Buckinghamshire.

Rhigognostis incarnatella Staud. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in England

The contents of the Rothamsted Trap sited in Chopwell Wood in county
Durham, v.c. 66, OS NZ 135580 are sent to me for identification and listing.
The catch for 28th July 1992 contained a single specimen of the above
species and that for Ist August 1992 contained another. These captures were
surprising to say the least, but a further specimen the following year, on 3rd
August 1993, confirmed my suspicion that the species was probably
established in the area. Chopwell Wood is a Forestry Commission plantation
with some areas of deciduous trees. It is quite an ancient wood, having been
operated by the Crown Estates before the Forestry Commission was formed
in the 1920s.

Col. Maitland Emmet informs me that he has records for only five vice-
counties in Scotland (four of which are in the Highlands), and four in
Ireland. The records from Chopwell, therefore, appear to be the first for
mainland England.— T.C. DUNN, The Poplars, Durham Road, Chester-le-
Street, Co. Durham DH3 3LY.

A new organisation, the International Scientific Collectors Association,
is founded

It seems increasingly fashionable to minimise the contributions to the natural
sciences made by the so called “amateur” or “avocational” worker. It seems
nearly forgotten that virtually all of the great pioneer natural scientists —
Audubon, Fabricius, Linnaeus, Rambur, Selys — they were amateurs.

Today most taxonomic and life history studies are being conducted by
amateur scientists in their own time, and at their own expense. Most hold
academic degrees in their field of interest, and many are the most
knowledgeable experts on their particular group of study. It is quite ironic
that governments use the enormous pool of data assembled by these same
workers to help determine the status of possible at-risk fauna and flora, but
at the same time they continue to proliferate regulations that make acquiring
such data more difficult.

In July 1993, a new organisation to be known as the International
Scientific Collectors Association (ISCA) was formed in Louisville,
Kentucky. It is a membership governed and supported organisation with
objectives of addressing all matters of concern to the international

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 15

oS)

community of persons engaged in the pursuit of scientific knowledge
derived from collecting data or systematic specimen material in all
disciplines of the natural sciences. It will be a primary goal of ISCA to bring
better recognition of the important contributions made to science over the
years by the traditional amateur collector, and to preserve the traditions and
dignity of amateur collecting for scientific purposes as a worthy and
honourable pursuit.

The Executive Council of ISCA:

Council Chairman Rosser W. Garrison Azusa, CA
Vice Chairman J. Benjamin Ziegler Summit, NJ
Councilman Ulf Eitschberger Marktleuthen,
Germany
Councilman Jack L. Harry Salt Lake City, UT
Councilman William Mauffray Gainsville, FL
Councilman Todd L. Stout Bountiful, UT
Executive Director Carl Cook Centersky

Publications and Meetings

On matters od immediate importance and urgency direct mail memos will be
forwarded to the membership. The establishment of our own jounal is
planned as soon as possible. Seminars will be held annually beginning in
1994, preferably they can be held as a specialised working group in
connection with meetings of other organisations similarly oriented towards
ISCA's objectives.

Why you should be a member of ISCA?

Are you aware it is a violation of federal regulations to pick up a
migratory bird's moulted feather from US public land? To pick up certain
seashells from the public beaches in some countries? To collect insects in
some countries, or to import natural history specimens from these countries,
without first purchasing a permit that can cost as much as $700.00? Do you
know it is a violation of some countries’ laws for anyone except their own
citizens to publish scientific papers about their country's fauna and flora?
Did you know you cannot legally remove a dead insect from your car
radiator and add it to your collection in at least one country we know about?
As incredulous as it may seem, regulations such as these are being enforced
and people are receiving heavy fines and being sent to jail for violations!
ISCA intends to make the public aware of how taxpayer money is being
spent to enforce such frivolous laws, and begin initiating efforts for reform
of regulations deemed seriously counterproductive to scientific research. we
will to continue to act as a clearing-house to provide information on
domestic and international regulations as they apply to scientific usage of
natural history material.

154 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

Services that ISCA offers its members include: (1) Continuously updated
information on the rapidly expanding complexity of restrictions applied to
collecting by many countries, and information about permit requirements. As
the bureaucratic process encroaches more and more into the scientific
research field, it becomes evermore difficult to keep ahead in the “paper
chase”. ISCA memos are your single best source of information to keep
abreast of current regulations; (2) Notification of impending legislative
actions which may impact on collecting, or the use of natural history
specimens for scientific purposes; (3) Group representation by ISCA at the
legislative level, on the viewpoint of our membership regarding new actions
and reform proposals affecting our fields of interest; (4) An information
sheet providing free listing for wants and exchanges of material for scientific
purposes from both individuals and institutions; (5) Personalised guidance
on making donations of scientific material to institutions, procedures for
applying for IRS tax credits ( in USA) for donating scientific material, and
rosters of institutions interested in receiving donated natural history
collections.

Co-operative efforts

ISCA will seek co-operatively to address issues of common concern with all
other like-minded associations. In particular we look forward to working
toward common goals with the two already existing organisations devoted to
representing the interests of scientific collecting: The Association of
Systematics Collections and the Entomology Collections Network.

Information and Membership

Further information about ISCA may be obtained from the Executive
Director, Carl Cook, by writing to the address below.
ISCA solicits your support through membership of our association. Annual
dues are $15.00 for regular membership, or $25.00 or more for contributing
membership.

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COLLECTORS ASSOCIATION
469 Crailhope Road
Center, Kentucky 42214, USA

The Butterflies of the West Indies and South Florida by D. Spencer
Smith, Lee D. Miller and Jacqueline Y. Miller. Oxford University Press,
1984. 284pp, plus 33 colour plates from paintings by Richard Lewington. 28
x 22mm. (?). Price £85.

The first of several introductory chapters delineates the region; continental
islands such as Trinidad, the Netherlands Antilles and San Andrés are
excluded, and the reasons for including South Florida are expounded. The
remarkable degree of endemism, specific and subspecific, of some 350
species is considered. The second chapter deals with the geological history,

BOOK REVIEW 155

and the origins and dispersal of the butterfly fauna in detail. The remarkable
interest, shown by the numerous visits by entomologists in recent years, is
reflected in the comprehensive list of references. Extinction, colonisation
and habitat destruction are the subjects of the next chapter. The section
entitled Historical Notes is substantial; it gives a detailed account of the
activities of lepidopterists in the West Indies. The final chapter of the
Introduction defines the methods used in the main section of 204 pages, and
this is followed by a check list stating authors and year of publication. The
entire text is in double column. there is an excellent index of species and
subspecies; each species appears twice, under its specific name, and also
listed under its genus; subspecies also appear twice.

The main section comprises descriptions of each species under four or five
headings — Description, Natural History, Range, Subspecies and Discussion;
also each family and genus is described. Identification keys are not
employed, indeed are not necessary. Wing venation is based on an American
system, but both that and a British system are illustrated. The descriptions
contain frequent use of italics for distinguishing features, while each species
and many subspecies are illustrated in colour, depicting both upper and
undersides, almost all natural size on 33 plates of superb quality. For each
species the Natural History section provides information on distribution,
scarcity, habitats, larval foodplants and description of larva where known,
adult food sources, seasonal dimorphism, flight pattern and time of
appearance.

There is a detailed wealth of accurate information written in an interesting
style, much of it based upon the authors’ own experiences. Only one
apparent error is evident — Heliconius charitonia L. was, | believe, found on
New Providence Island, Bahamas, for the first time in 1946 (mihi, Ent.
Rec.78: 174-179; 206-210) as a rather small form characterised by extremely
narrow stripes, and was adjudged to be ssp. tuckeri Cmstl. & Brn., a resident
of Florida, from whence it presumably originally came. The authors do not
mention this (specimens in my collection and the British Museum (Natural
History), instead suggest that the relatively large, wide striped subspecies of
Cuba and Andros Island “perhaps” flies also on New Providence Island, i.e.
two quite distinct subspecies on this very small island, one derived from
Florida and the other from the South).

Siproeta stelenes L. is omitted as having occurred in the Bahamas; one
was captured on New Providence Island, 26.xi1. 1945, and two others
observed there in the same year (ibid). The following are listed for various
Bahamian Out Islands, but not for New Providence Island — Vanessa cardui
L., one taken 24.xi1. 1945; Epargyreus zestos Geyer, noted as a vagrant there
by Riley (Butterflies of the West Indies, 1975), and found commonly around
_ Nassau in 1945 and 1946; and Burca concolor atrata Rindge found on New
Providence Island in a quite different habitat to that noted by the authors for
the Out Islands, references for these, (ibid). The Hesperiids Ephyriades

156 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994

zephodes Hbn. and E. arcas Drury require genitalic examination for certain
identification; it would have been helpful to have provided diagrams,
although references for these are given.

This comprehensive work focuses especially on identification,
distribution, habits and habitat of each species and subspecies. There is a
considerable contribution of new knowledge, including that of some sixty
additional species and subspecies since Riley's work in 1975 (ibid). The
book is well printed on good paper; the whole presentation is excellent; the
considerable contribution of knowledge from the authors’ personal
experiences, and the perfect coloured plates make this a quite outstanding
work. Its place is alongside “Pennington” and Van Son (Southern Africa),
Common and Waterhouse (Australia), Corbet and Pendlebury 4th Ed.
(Malaya), Brown and Heineman (Jamaica) and Larsen (Kenya), and of these
only the last two named make a real contribution regarding the “life style” of
the butterflies. £85 — inevitable, and worth the price.

B.K.West

A Survey of Insurance Cover for Portable Generators

Like many people who will be reading this article, I own a portable
generator for the purpose of operating my moth traps. It cost me around
£600 — a lot of money for me, especially if it ever gets stolen. However, to
an insurance company, so it would seem, whilst £600 is a very small amount
the “assessed risk” of the insured person making a claim is so great that I
have been refused cover (whilst “in the field”) by three separate insurance
companies.

It occurs to me that this is a matter which may be of concern to other lepi-
dopterists. Therefore I have decided to do a pen-and-paper tour of Britain's
insurance companies to see who, if anyone, is prepared to offer insurance,
how much it might cost and what the conditions might be. I propose to make
the results of my survey available to others through the pages of this Journal
(subject to editorial approval!).

I am therefore, very keen to hear the experiences of others. Do you have
insurance for your generator? If so please write and let me know, whereupon
I will send you a simple questionnaire to complete and return to me. I am
also interested to hear from anyone who has been turned down for such
insurance, together with the reasons for refusal and the name of the
company/broker, or from anyone who was offered cover at a premium too
high to be worthwhile. All other comments on insurance as it may relate to
field equipment (generators, moth traps) would would be appreciated.—
COLIN W. PLANT, Newham Museum Service, The Visitor Centre, East Ham
Nature Reserve, Norman Road, London E6 4HN.

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by JW. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents
Vanessa atalanta L. eal eae some comments on overwintering.
PIG NWR ya Se 121
Hyposoter sp. of pace wasp Genneumouidae: iGampapleeinae) feet Sone wild
larva of Reddish Buff Moth, Acosmetia caliginosa ae Noctuidae) from the Isle of

Wight. P.Waring. . . . 125
Encrusted but not eneamiborcde - sien athe dpe not Secs Gais papedet a Beate s

ability to fly. R.A. Jones . . . 28, ol ee 127
Epiphyas postvittana Walk. (Lep.: Toric) in sana a Seabee a ae ee 129
Function of tails in flight by some African lycaenid butterflies. B.K.West . . . . 133
Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima Prout. (Lep.: Geomeanen in

Britain — an update February 1994. P.Waring . . . 135
On the larval foodplant of Pontia chloridice Hbn. in » Bulgaria (hep. Pieridae),

S.Abadjiev . . . EPR a oy 6. 139
The hazards of moth fant rn if Wi aha & P. a Sokoloff . We a Ge ee 141

Notes and observations
Eagira conspicillaris L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) — observations of the behaviour of newly

hatched larvae and records of alternative Sapa JGlarke 3.52.93 123
Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall. A. Spalding. . . . 126
Trichoplusia ni Hbn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) a species new to ‘the Isle BE Wight. S.A. Knill-

HOUR os ; 134
Two species of Otitidae (Diptera eireunasteniel ‘associated with Umbelliferse,

EiGlemons ats a eh ee 138
Orthosia cerasi (Fab.) (lec: Noctuidae) —an aovenal dae. J Ghanke ls AP eee 5 138
Amphipyra pyramidea L. Copper Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae) larvae on grape-vine.

(Vitis vinifer).M.C. Townsend .. . eer re 140
Bibio johannis L. (Dipt.: Bibionidae) in ince bondon Pp. Raper eae ott 140
Empis (Coptophlebia) melaena Bezzi. (Dip.: Empididae) in East Kent. L. \Clenome hoe 146
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Relics of Empire. India. 1985. 7.B. Larsen. . . . 146
Lonchoptera nitidifrons Strobl. (Dipt.: Lonchopteridae) in Greater London and Kent

ENGlemons. < . si oe 148
Athroloopha pennigeraria aa hice ‘Geomenicaeyn in Spain G. Ghene SOP d F 149
Blastobasis decolorella Woll. (Lep.: Blastobasidae) new to West Suffolk. A. Aeron oe 150
Abundance of the spring brood of Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.: tay as in S.E. London,

1994, with a few local observations. A.A. Allen... . 150
Spargania luctuata D, & S., White-banded Carpet (Lep.: Geometr (dae) new to ) Hertford.

shire. M.C.Townsend... . . sige Hentai Re na) a 151
Eucosma pupillana Clerck. (Lep.: Tortr tina) taken in Buckinghamshire. G.E. Higgs. . LS
Khigognostis incarnatella Staud. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in England. 7.C. Dunn. . . . 152
A new organisation, the International Scientific Collectors Association is founded . . . 152
BOOK Teviews:.. 3. Seek fe ben wen rk le cel hee Rice Soe a

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FRUIT FEEDING BUTTERFLIES ON FLOWERS 157

FRUIT-FEEDING BUTTERFLIES IN LARGE NUMBERS ON
FLOWERS

TORBEN B. LARSEN
358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 SPL.

Introduction

MANY SPECIES of tropical Nymphalidae normally feed on fallen fruit that
is fermenting on the forest floor. Whole genera are only ever seen at fruit,
especially the forest-floor dwellers which rarely or ever leave the forest
floor. In Africa this covers Euphaedra, Bebearia, Euriphene, Euryphura,
and the related smaller genera in the Limenitini. The genera Cymothoe,
Pseudacraea, Euptera and Pseudathyma are also strongly attracted to fruit
but are not forest floor butterflies. Most tropical Satyrinae are exclusively
fruit-feeders. Many other Nymphalinae occasionally come to fruit, but this is
possibly just as much for moisture as for nutrients. The only non-
Nymphalinae that consistently come to fruit seems to be Lycaenidae of the
genus Myrina. This fruit-feeding habit may have evolved because the forest
floor of closed tropical rainforest has hardly any nectar-rich flowers.

It is well known that the Charaxinae and the Apaturinae are attracted to
both fruit and rotting animal matter and excrement. Many nectar-feeding
butterflies also visit rotting animal matter: most Papilionidae, many Pierinae,
some Lycaenidae (mainly Polyommatinae such as Uranothauma, Phlyaria,
Azanus) some Satyrinae (Lethini) and Nymphalinae (especially Nymphalini
such as Junonia and Precis), Danainae, many Acraeinae, and a smattering of
Hesperiidae (many are fond of bird-droppings).

Very few African butterflies are consistently found on both flowers and
fruit. These are chiefly Nymphalinae in genera such as Hypolimnas, Salamis
and Antanartia; Precis, Junonia, and others are less consistent.

More information on the feeding habits of African butterflies can be found
in Owen (1971).

Observations in Kakum National Park

In May, 1994, at the Headquarters of Kakum National Park near Cape Coast
in Ghana, I was therefore most surprised to see large numbers of fruit-
feeding butterflies at the flowers of what I was informed was Cleistopholis
patens (Annonaceae). Among the species were hundreds of Cymothoe — C.
egesta, C. fumana, C. caenis, the rare C. althea, C. aubergeri, C. mabillei,
and C. (Harma) theobene — as well as dozens of Pseudacraea eurytis, P.
semire, P. lucretius, and P. warburgi. A few Pseudoneptis bugandensis also
joined, and I saw a single Pseudathyma, probably falcata. Both sexes of all
the species were involved. The most common other butterflies were Salamis
parrhassus, Hypolimnas salmacis, Lachnopetera anticlia, and Phalanta
eurytis. | also took several scarce Theclinae.

158 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.1x.1994

Observations in Bossématié Forest, Cote d'Ivoire

A few weeks later I was able to substantiate these observations in the
Bossématié Forest, near Abengourou in eastern Cote d'Ivoire. The main
difference was that here were large numbers of Acraeinae on the flowers,
largely absent from Kakum at the time, as well as several Neptis, which do
not seem to feed much under normal circumstances.

Discussion

The only explanation I can find for this behaviour is that somehow the nectar
of this particular plant must be similar to fermenting fruit, perhaps because
the nectar was fermenting. Why then, no forest-floor butterflies? This is
easily explained by the fact that the flowers were about five metres above the
ground in full sunshine along a road. For most forest floor butterflies even an
ordinary road is a near-absolute barrier on a sunny day. In my camp at the
Bia National Park in western Ghana a week later there was a fruiting mango
tree in the clearing, no more than six or seven metres from the forest edge.
All Cymothoe were present and several Pseudacraea were frequent visitors,
as was Euryphura chalcis, a forest-floor species which has its courtship
displays in clearings. I caught only two or three Euphaedra, a few Bebearia,
and no Euriphene. On the very same mangoes, placed inside the forest, I
took sixteen species of Euphaedra, sixteen Bebearia, and six Euriphene.

I have never before seen Cymothoe or Pseudacraea on flowers. I have
seen Charaxes on flowers only twice; a male of Charaxes hansali on
Ruttaya in Dhofar, Oman (Larsen 1983) and six males of Charaxes zoolina
on ornamental Lantana at Dire Dawa in Ethiopia (Larsen 1986). The large
and common pan-Palaeotropical Melanitis leda (Satyrinae) is an avid fruit-
feeder. Only once, in Haus-Kauz Park in New Dehli, have I seen large
numbers on flowers, also on ornamental Lantana.

It is, of course, inexcusable that I did not have the presence of mind to
pick a big bunch of the flowers and take them into the forest where the
forest-floor butterflies had been attracted by my mango bait to see whether
they would also accept flowers. I promise to do so next time.

Acknowledgements
This is paper number six to result from preparatory work on the book, The
butterflies of West Africa — origins, natural history, diversity and
conservation. | am deeply grateful to the Carlsberg Foundation in Denmark
for partial funding and to the Department of Wildlife in Ghana for their
encouragement and logistical support.

References
Larsen, T.B., 1986 (1983). Notes on Afrotropical butterflies with description of five new
taxa and records of extension of known ranges. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental
d'Afrique noire, 45 (ser. A): 151-172.
— , 1983. Insects of Saudi Arabia; Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera (a monograph of the
butterflies of Arabia). Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5: 333-478.
Owen, D.F., 1971. Tropical Butterflies. Oxford University Press.

THE GENUS APION 159

THE GENUS APION (COL.: APIONIDAE) ON WOOLWICH
COMMON, S.E. LONDON

A.A. ALLEN
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

I HAVE OFTEN REFERRED, in entomological contexts, to this not wholly
uninteresting piece of rough grassland with bushy areas close by Charlton,
lying between Woolwich and the western edge of Shooters Hill. Being
tolerably rich in leguminous plants it produces a good number of species of
the above genus of small weevils, which will at least give some idea of those
to be found in a very restricted site in the London suburbs. Records extend
over some 13-14 years. It is not to be supposed, however, that all or even
most of the 33 species here listed can be found at any one time; one or two
regarded as common (such as A. virens) have not been seen for a number of
years, while others have turned up only recently. Order and nomenclature
follow Morris (1990: 18-20), but sub-genera are omitted.

A. curtirostre Germ.: not very common, but swept in some quantity from
a small stand of sorrel, Rumex acetosa, in June 1990. A. hydrolapathi
(Marsh.): sparingly on dock, appearing to replace A. violaceum Kirby
(formerly common in the district but not found for many years). A. malvae
(F.) and A. radiolus (Marsh.): common and sometimes abundant on mallows.
A. aeneum (F.) and A. rufirostre (F.): a pair of each from a young and rather
isolated mallow, vi.90. A. urticarium (Hbst.): one off nettle, v.91. Probably a
recent colonist (cf. Allen, 1990). A. fuscirostre (F.): several off an isolated
plant of broom, v. & viii.92 — the first find in the district. A. ulicis (Forst.): a
pair from a sickly straggling gorse plant, iv.91. General in the district, but
gorse and broom do not thrive on the common and indeed seem now to have
died out. A. frumentarium (L.) (=miniatum Germ.): on docks and by general
sweeping, but never in any numbers. A. haematodes Kb.: has occurred in
past years, more or less casually. A. pubescens Kb.: one swept from white
clover, 11.viii.81. A. carduorum Kb.: general, but never plentiful. A.
onopordi Kb.: on thistles like the last, but scarcer. A. hookeri Kb.: sparingly
on Matricaria chamomilla by a path, first found vii.91; the plant appears
very restricted on the common. A. simile Kb.: sometimes abundant on birch,
at least in the last five to six years. The species has greatly increased in
recent times (cf. Allen, 1981), at least in this district. A. aethiops Hbst.:
infrequent and always singly, from vetches: first noted v.90. A. pisi (F.): as
the last, but if anything scarcer (strange for a reputedly abundant species),
first taken viii.81; one from Vicia tetrasperma, another apparently off
Medicago lupulina. A. ervi Kb.: general and common on Vicia spp.; perhaps
also on Lathyrus spp. A. loti Kb.: common and sometimes abundant on Lotus
corniculatus, less so on Lathyrus pratensis. A. tenue Kb.: very local on
lucerne, Medicago sativa, itself highly localised on the common; first in
vii.91, later in numbers in one little area. A. viciae Kb.: quite frequent on the

160 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

tufted vetch, Vicia cracca. A. virens Hbst.: far from abundant as would be
expected, and only in earlier years; e.g. v. & viii.81, a number swept from
white clover. A. vorax Hbst.: one by general sweeping, iv.82; a most erratic
species in my experience. A. cerdo Gerst.: first seen on 31.v.81 (1),
subsequently found in some numbers on Vicia cracca (vii.82) and met with
every year since; not uncommon. (See Allen, 1982.) A. craccae (L.): on the
same host and on V. tetrasperma; first on 13.v.90; not common, male very
scarce; chiefly spring and early summer. A. pomonae (F.): not found until
1991, and very erratic; several from Vicia sativa, 25.v, and a few more by
sweeping about a young larch, with no obvious foodplant near, 4.viii. A.
subulatum Kb.: not uncommon on V. cracca in the summer of 1990, but
never met with before or since, which is very curious. A. apricans Hbst.:
common and at times abundant on red clover (Trifolium pratense). A.
assimile Kb.: mostly with the last, and nearly as common. A. trifolii (L.): at
least as plentiful as assimile, or rather more so. A. dichroum Bed.: abundant
in earlier years but less so latterly, mostly on the white clover (T. repens). A.
nigritarse Kb.; decidedly rare, and occurring singly; this is understandable if
it is confined to small yellow-flowered clovers, as on the Continent but not
proved for Britain (Morris, 1990: 60). I have not noticed any of these on the
common, but T. campestre, at least, may well be present.

Other species of Apion could occur there, and indeed the true total is
probably nearer 40 species. Among the likeliest are marchicum Hbst.,
semivittatum Gyll., seniculus Kb., confluens Kb., and meliloti Kb., all of
which have been found in the district; while two or three further vetch-
feeding species may yet turn up.

REFERENCES
Allen, A.A., 1981. Apion simile Kby. (Col.: Apionidae) in S.E. London. Entomologist’s
Rec. J. Var., 93: 82.
— , 1982. The recent spread of Apion cerdo Gerst. (Col.) in S.E. England. Ibid., 94: 158-9.
— , 1990. Apion urticarium Hbst. (Col.: Apionidae) in a suburban garden. [bid., 102: 248.
Morris, M.G., 1990. Orthocerous weevils. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects, 5(16).

Caloptilia robustella Jackh. (Lep.: Gracillariidae) on Spanish Chestnut

While collecting at Cattering Wood, Wateringbury, Kent on 31st August
1993, Dennis O'Keeffe and I took a number of larval cones of a Caloptilia
on Spanish Chestnut which produced moths of C. robustella in April 1994.
So far as | am aware, Spanish Chestnut has not been recorded as a foodplant
of C. robustella.— J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt, 1 Hardcourts Close, West
Wickham, Kent.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 161

A CHECK LIST OF THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF
CARMARTHENSHIRE (VC44)

S.R. LUCAS
35 Maesquarre Road, Betws, Ammanford, Dyfed SAIS 2LF.

Summary

A TOTAL OF 423 species of microlepidoptera represented in 25 families
have been recorded from the vice-county 44 (Carmarthenshire). This number
excludes those species which have traditionally been considered with the
macrolepidoptera.

Review

This vice-county has for so many years been grossly neglected in its
recording of many of the major taxonomic groups but especially of its
invertebrates. Apart from a general lack of active recorders which still
persists today, one factor may have been that the neighbouring vice-county
of Ceredigion (Cardiganshire) has much more to offer both the amateur and
professional lepidopterist. Indeed, searching through some 68 publications of
Nature in Wales showed that from its inception in 1955, there were no
microlepidoptera records for Carmarthenshire whilst the other Dyfed vice-
counties of Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion at least had mention of species
such as the Diamond-back Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.), and the rush
veneer, Nomophila noctuella ({D. & S.]), indicating that observers were
certainly aware of “micro” species particularly if they were important
agricultural pests or were major migratory species.

None the less, the earliest records so far discovered come from T.W.
Barker (1856) who noted 16 species (Aglossa pinguinalis (Linn.),
Nomophila noctuella ({D. & S.]), Pyrausta purpuralis (Linn.), Eurrhypara
urticata (Linn.) (now E. hortulata (Linn.)), Botys (now Microstega) pandalis
(Hb.), Ebulea sambucalis ({D. & S.]) now Phlyctaenia coronata (Hufn.), E.
(now Phlyctaenia) stachydalis (Germ.), Pionea (now Evergestis) forficalis
(Linn.), Perinephela lancealis ({D. & S.]), Diasemia literata (Scop.),
Crambus pratellus (Linn.) (now C. lathoniellus) (Zinck.), C. tristellus (now
Agriphila tristella) ({D. & S.]), C. culmellus (Linn.) (now Agriphila
straminella ({D. & S.])), C. hortuellus (Hb.) (now Chrysoteuchia culmella
Linn.)), Acipitilia (now Pterophorous) pentadactyla (Linn.), Alucita
hexadactyla (Linn.). These particular recordings were made within the
vicinity of Carmarthen and the nearby village of Oaklands although six of
the species were not actually seen by him. Searches have yet to be made of
other publications.

The main source of records, 636 from a total of 2477, has come from the
Rothamsted light trap situated at Rhandirmwyn (22/782441) since 1978. The
trap is operated nightly with the operator emptying the trap and sending the
collections to the Experimental Station at Rothamsted for identification and

162 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

recording. Figure 1 shows the numbers of microlepidoptera species recorded
for each of the years 1978 to 1992 at Rhandirmwyn as identified from the
annual returns. A total of 242 species has been recorded at this site alone.
J.D. Bradley carried out the determinations up until 1980 (J.D. Bradley, pers.
comm.) and thereafter R.H. Palmer continued until 1989 (A. Riley, pers.
comm.).

Year Nos Year Nos Year Nos
1978 0 1983 69 1988 120
1979 142 1984 80 1989 136
1980 137 1985 102 1990 2
1981 45 1986 38 199] 0
1982 14 1987 120 1992 3

Fig. 1. Annual number of microlepidoptera species recorded
1978 — 1992

Apart from those reporting the more readily identifiable microlepidoptera
such as Mother of Pearl, Pleuroptera ruralis, a frequent capture during the
summer months, the number of active recorders noting the micro species
remains pitifully small. A.M. Emmet was able to provide details of 69
species which were not present in the county recorder's files. Some came
from his own observations whilst travelling through Carmarthenshire in
1974, whilst others originate from a holiday he shared with other eminent
entomologists notably the late E.C. Pelham-Clinton, J.D. Bradley and the
late D.W.H. Fennell in Carmarthenshire during July 1975, and from a visit
he made in September 1990 with J.R. Langmaid. Other earlier contributors
include the late John Heath, I.A. Watkinson, M.W. Harper, P.A. Sokoloff,
E.F. Hancock and L.W. Hardwick. Unfortunately some of these earlier
records lack sources.

More recently, from 1991 through to the late summer of 1993, the only
recorder taking an active interest in microlepidoptera was B. Stewart who at
that time was gradually becoming involved in the identification of this
difficult group. The casual identification of the more readily recognisable
species such as the Bee Moth, Aphomia sociella (Linn.), was confined to
general moth recorders such as I.K. Morgan, A. Lucas and the author. Map 1
shows the distribution of all the microlepidoptera records within
Carmarthenshire and are presented on a tetrad basis. The map was produced
using BIORECS.

From the available distribution maps/descriptions of the species recorded,
the status of these species is varied both within the Principality and
nationally and the majority of species are particularly common. There is one
which is the first record for Wales; Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.) (1986
22/782441) a grassland/wasteland inhabitant whose larvae feed on creeping
thistle (Cirsium arvense); Spatalistis bifasciana (Hb.) (17.vii.87 22/782441)

MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 163

Map. All records for VC44 (Carmarthenshire)
whose larval foodplants include the buckthorns (Rhamnus catharticus and
Frangulus alnus), is probably a second Welsh record as are Stigmella
prunetorum (Stt.) (18.vili.91 21/533984 and 22/434012) and /ncurvaria
praelatella ({D. & S.]) (viii.75 unknown) a species of heathlands associated
with sandy soils and downlands.

A few are locally common either throughout Britain or within Wales.
Stigmella spinosissimae (Waters) has been recorded from only six counties
throughout Great Britain of which two are from the Principality. The
following species have been previously recorded in four or fewer of the 13
Welsh counties: Caloptilia robustella (Jackh) (4) a species mainly confined
to the south-east of England but rare in the west of Britain; Eriocrania sangii
(Wood) (2), Stigmella svenssoni (Johan.) (3), Stigmella incognitella (H.-S.)
(pomella (Vaugh.)) (4), Stigmella glutinosae (Stt.) (4), Adela cuprella ({D. &
S.]) (3), Monopis weaverella (Scott) (3), Monopis crocicapitella (Clem.) (4),
and Eana penziana ssp. colquhounana (Barr.) (3). This latter species is a
particularly noteworthy find as it normally occurs from the Shetlands to
North Wales. If this is confirmed then it represents a major extension of its
range (A.M. Emmet, pers. comm. ).

The following species list follows that in The Moths and Butterflies of
Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 7 part 2 by Emmet and Heath and the
numbering system is that of Bradley and Fletcher.

164 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994
MICROPTERIGOIDEA INCURVARIOIDEA
MICROPTERIGIDAE INCURVARINAE

1 Micropterix tunbergella (Fabr.)
5. M. calthella (Linn.)

ERIOCRANIOIDEA
ERIOCRANIIDAE

6 Eriocrania subpurpurella (Haw.)
12 E. sangii (Wood)

NEPTICULOIDEA
NEPTICULIDAE

2S, Ectoedemia intimella (Zell.)
28 E. angulifasciella (Stt.)

29 E. atricollis (Stt.)

34 E. occultella (Linn.)

35 E. minimella (Zett.)

Sif) E. albifasciella (Hein.)

3 E. heringi (Toll)

40 Bohemannia pulverosella (Stt.)
42 Formoria septembrella (Stt.)

46 Trifurcula immundella (Zell.)
48 T. cryptella (Stt.)
50 Stigmella aurella (Fabr.)

. tityrella (Stt.)
incognitella (H.-S.)
(pomella (Vaugh.))

52 S. dulcella (Hein.)
53 S. splendidissimella (H.-S.)
63 S. marginicolella (Stt.)
66 S. sorbi (Stt.)
67 S. plagicolella (Stt.)
68 S. salicis (Stt.)
72 S. myrtillella (Stt.)
73 S. trimaculella (Haw.)
is S. floslactella (Haw.)
S
S:

719 S. perpygmaeella (Doubl.)
81 S. hemargyrella (Koll.)
82 S. paradoxa (Frey)

83 S. atricapitella (Haw.)
84 S. ruficapitella (Haw.)

87 S. svenssoni (Johan.)

92 S. anomalella (Goeze)

94 S. spinosissimae (Waters)
99 S. hybnerella (Hb.)

100 __‘S. oxycanthella (Stt.)

103 S. nylandriella (Tengst.)
104 S. magdalenae (Klim.)
108 S. crataegella (Klim.)
109 S. prunetorum (Stt.)

111 S. microtheriella (Stt.)
113. S. sakhalinella Pup\.

114 S. glutinosae (Stt.)

116 S. lapponica (Wocke)
117 S. confusella (Wood)
OPOSTEGIDAE

119 Opostega salaciella (Treit.)
TISCHERIOIDEA
TISCHERITDAE

123 Tischeria ekebladella (Bjerk.)
125 Emmetia marginea (Haw.)

128 Phylloporia bistrigella (Haw.)
130. Incurvaria masculella ((D. & S.})
131 T. oehlmanniella (Hb.)

132 I. praelatella ({D. & S.])

PRODOXINAE
135 Lampronia luzella (Hb.)

NEMATOPOGONINAE
140 Nematopogon swammerdamella (Linn.)
141 N. schwarziellus (Zell.)

ADELINAE

148 Nemophora degreerella (Linn.)
149 = Adela cuprella ((D. & S.})

150 = A. reaumurella (Linn.)

HELIOZELIDAE

154 Heliozela sericiella (Haw.)
156 H. resplendella (Stt.)

157 H. hammoniella (Sorh.)

158 Antispila metallella ({D. & S.])

TINEOIDEA

TINEIDAE

NEMAPOGONINAE

216 |= Nemapogon cloacella (Haw.)
220 N. clematella (Fabr.)

TINEINAE

2257 Monopis laevigella ({D. & S.])
228 M. weaverella (Scott)

230 M. crocicapitella (Clem.)

245 Tinea pallescentella (Stt.)

246 T. semifulvella (Haw.)

247 T. trinotella (Thunb.)

LYONETIIDAE
CEMIOSTOMINAE
254 ~— Leucoptera laburnella (Stt.)

LYONETIINAE
263 Lyonetia clerckella (Linn.)

BUCCULATRICIDAE

267 Bucculatrix maritima (Stt.)
272 B. cidarella (Zell.)

276 B. demaryella (Dup.)

GRACILLARIIDAE
GRACILLARIINAE

282 Caloptilia elongella (Linn.)

283 C. betulicola (Her.)

286 = C. alchimiella (Scop.)

287 C. robustella Jackh

288 C. stigmatella (Fabr.)

290, C. semifascia (Haw.)

293 -C. syringella (Fabr.)

294 Aspilapteryx tringipennella (Zell.)

MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 165

301 Parornix betulae (Stt.)

303 P. anglicella (Stt.)

304 P. devoniella (Stt.)

305 P. scoticella (Stt.)

308 P. finimitella (Stt.)

309 —s~P. torquillella (Zell.)

310 Callisto denticulella (Thunb.)

LITHOCOLLETINAE
315 Phyllonorycter harrisella (Linn.)

317 P. heegeriella (Zell.)
320 —~P.. quercifoliella (Zell.)
321 P. messaniella (Zell.)
323 P. oxyacanthae (Frey)
324 —s~P. sorbi (Frey)

326 P. blancardella (Fabr.)
329 P. spinicolella (Zell.)
332 ~——~P. corylifoliella (Hb.)
333 P. viminiella (Sirc.)

335 P. salicicolella (Sirc.)
338 P. cavella (Zell.)

341 P. maestingella (Mill.)
342 P. coryli (Nic.)

345 P. rajella (Linn.)

348 P. quinqueguttella (Stt.)
351 P. lautella (Zell.)

353 P. ulmifoliella (Hb.)
359 P. nicellii (Stt.)

360 P. kleemannella (Fabr.)
361 P. trifasciella (Haw.)
364 ~—s~P. geniculella (Rag.)
PHYLLOCNISTINAE

368 = Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Steph.)
SESIOIDEA
CHOREUTIDAE

385 = Anthophila fabriciana (Linn.)
YPONOMEUTOIDEA
GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE

39] Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.)
394 G. forsterella (Fabr.)

396 — G. fuscoviridella (Haw.)

397 _ G. thrasonella (Scop.)

YPONOMEUTIDAE
ARGYRESTHIINAE
410 = Argyresthia brockeella (Hb.)

411 A. goedartella (Linn.)
412 A. pygmaeella ({D. & S.])
414 A. arcella (Fabr.)

415 A. retinella (Zell.)

417 A. spinosella (Stt.)

418 A. conjugella (Zell.)

420 A. pruniella (Cl.)

421 A. bonnetella (Linn.)

422 A. albistria (Haw.)

YPONOMEUTINAE

424 Yponomeuta evonymella (Linn.)

425 Y. padella (Linn.)

427 Y. cagnagella (Hb.)

435 Zellaria hepariella (Stt.)

436 Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hb.)

437 Swammerdamia caesiella (Hb.)

438 S. pyrella (Vill.)

440 Paraswammerdamia
albicapitella (Scharf.)

441 P. lutarea (Haw.)

443 Cedestis subfasciella (Steph.)

449 Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.)

PLUTELLINAE

453 Ypsolopha dentella (Fabr.)

460 Y. parenthesella (Linn.)

461 Y. ustella (C1.)

464 Plutella xylostella (Linn.)

465 P. porrectella (Linn.)

469 Eidophasia messingiella (F. v. R.)

ORTHOTELIINAE
470, Orthotelia sparganella (Thunb.)
472 Digitivalva pulicariae (Klim.)

SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE
485 Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hb.)

GELECHIOIDEA
COLEOPHORIDAE
490 — Coleophora lutipennella ((Zell.)

49] C. gryphipennella (Hb.)

492 C. flavipennella (Dup.)

493 C. serratella (Linn.)

501 C. siccifolia Stt.

504 C. lusciniaepennella (Treit.)
(viminetella Zell.)

519 C. deauratella (Lien. & Zell.)

526 C. laricella (Hb.)

536 ~_C. betulella (Hein. & Wocke)
(ibipenella sensu auctt.)

544 C. albicosta (Haw.)

547 C. discordella (Zell.)

553. C. striatipennella (Nyl.)

555 C. follicularis (Vallot)

556 ~~ C. trochilella (Dup.)

560 — C. paripennella (Zell.)

582 C. glaucicolella Wood
584 C. alticolella Zell.

ELACHISTIDAE
594 Elachista gleichenella (Fabr.)

597 E. atricomella Stt.

600 E. luticmella Zell.

601 E. albifrontella (Hb.)

606 E. humilis Zell.

607 E. canapennella (Hb.)
608 E. rufocinerea (Haw.)
610 E. argentella (Cl.)

621 E. subalbidella Schlag.
633 Cosmiotes stabilella (Stt.)

166

OECOPHORIDAE

OECOPHORINAE

644 ~~ Borkhausenia fuscescens (Haw.)

647 Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Stt.)
648 Endrosis sarcitrella (Linn.)

649 Esperia sulphurella (Fabr.)

658 Carcina quercana (Fabr.)

660, Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll)

CHIMBACHINAE
663 Diurnea fagella ({D. &S.]})
664 D. phryganella (Hb.)

DEPRESSARIINAE

666 Semioscopis avellanella (Hb.)
670 Depressaria daucella ({D. & S.})
672 Dz. pastinacella (Dup.)

676 D. pulcherrimella (Stt.)

688 Agonopterix heracliana (Linn.)

689 A. ciliella (Stt.)

692 A. subpropinquella (Stt.)
696 A. propinquella (Treit.)
697 A. arenella ({D. & S.])
698 A. kaekeritziana (Linn.)
700 A. pallorella (Zell.)

701 A. ocellana (Fabr.)

702 A. assimilella (Treit.)
705 A. ulicetella (Stt.)

706 A. nervosa (Haw.)

710 A. conterminella (Zell.)
GELECHIIDAE
ARISTOTELIINAE

735 Monochroa tenebrella (Hb.)

GELECHIINAE

756 Parachronistis albiceps (Zell.)
767 Teleoides decorella (Haw.)

774 T. luculella (Hb.)

776 Teleopsis diffinis (Haw.)

782 Bryotropha senectella (Zell.)
787 B. terrella ({D. & S.])

792 Mirificarma mulinella (Zell.)
794 Lita sexpunctella (Fabr.)

797 — Neofaculta ericetella (Geyer)
Gelechia sororculella (Hb.)
819 — Scrobipalpa costella (Humph. & Westw.)
820 S. artemisiella (Treit.)

822 S. acuminatella (Sirc.)

834 Caryocolum tricolorella (Haw.)

ANACAMPSINAE
853 Anacampsis populella (C1.)
855 Acompsia cinerella (C1.)

CHELARIINAE

856 = Anarsia spartiella (Schr.)

858 Hypatima rhomboidella (Linn.)
859 Psoricoptera gibbosella (Zell.)

DICHOMERINAE
868 Brachmia rufescens (Haw.)

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106

15.1x.1994

BLASTOBASIDAE
873 Blastobasis lignea (Wals.)

MOMPHIDAE

MOMPHINAE

883 Mompha raschkiella (Zell.)
892 M. subbistrigella (Haw.)
893 M. epilobiella ({D. & S.]})

COSMOPTERIGIDAE
COSMOPTERIGINAE
905 Blastodacna hellerella (Dup.)

TORTRICOIDEA

TORTRICIDAE

COCHYLINAE

926 Phalonidia manniana (F.v.R.)
928 Piercea permixtana ((D. & S.]})
936 Cochylimorpha straminea (Haw.)
937 Agapeta hamana (Linn.)

938 A. zoegana (Linn.)

939 ~~ Aethes tesserana ({D. & S.]})
945 A. cnicana (Brahm)

946 ~~ A. rubigana (Treit.)

954 Eupoecilia angustana (Hb.)
959 Cochylidia rupicola (Cutt.)
966 ~~ Cochylis atricapitana (Steph.)

TORTRICINAE
969 Pandemis corylana (Fabr.)
970 P. cerasana (Hb.)
971 P. cinnamomeana (Treit.)
972 P. heparana ({D. & S.})
977 Archips podana (Scop.)
980 A. xylosteana (Linn.)
981 A. rosana (Linn.)
986 Syndemis musculana

spp. musculana (Hb.)
988 Aphelia viburnana ({D. & S.])
989 A. paleana (Hb.)
993 Clepsis spectrana (Treit.)
994 C. consimilana (Hb.)

1000. Ptycholoma lecheana (Linn.)
1002 Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.)
1006 Epagoge grotiana (Fabr.)
1007 Capua vulgana (Frol.)

1010 Ditula angustiorana (Haw.)

1011 Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (Fabr.)
1015 Eulia ministrana (Linn.)
1020 Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.)
1024 C. incertana (Treit.)
1025 Tortricodes alternella ({D. & S.])
1029 Eana osseana (Scop.)
1031 Eana penziana

spp. colquhounana (Barr.)
Aleimma loeflingiana (Linn.)
Tortrix viridana (Linn.)
Spatalistis bifasciana (Hb.)
Acleris bergmanniana (Linn.)
A. holmiana (Linn.)
A. laterana (Fabr.)

1032
1033
1034
1035
1037
1038

MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE

nn SEU EEE IEEE

1039 A. comariana (Lien. & Zell.)
1041 A. sparsana ({D. & S.})

1042. A. rhombana ({D. & S.]})

1043 A. aspersana (Hb.)

1044 A. ferrugana ({D. & S.])

1045. A. notana (Don.)

1048 A. variegana ({D. & S.])

1053 A. hastiana (Linn.)

1055 A. hyemana (Haw.)

1061 A. literana (Linn.)

1062 A. emargana (Fabr.)
OLETHREUTINAE

1063 Celypha striana ({D. & S.})
1064 C. rosaceana (Schlag.)

1065. C. rufana (Scop.)

1076 Olethreutes lacunana ({D. & S.})
1079 O. bifasciana (Haw.)

1082. Hedya pruniana (Hb.)

1083. H. dimidioalba (Retz.)

1084 H. ochroleucana (Frol.)

1085 H. atropunctana (Zett.)

1087 Orthotaenia undulana ({D. & S.})
1089 Apotomis semifasciana (Haw.)
1092 A. turbidana (Hb.)

1093 A. betuletana (Haw.)

1096 A. sauciana (Frol.)

1099 Endothenia marginana (Haw.)
1103 E. ericetana (Humph. & Westw.)
1104 E. quadrimaculana (Haw.)

1108 Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.)
1110 Bactra furfurana (Haw.)

1111 B. lancealana (Hb.)

1113. Eudemis profundana ({D. & S.})
1120. Ancylis mitterbacheriana ({D. & S.])
1126 A. badiana ({D. & S.])

1128 A. myrtillana (Treit.)

1132. Epinotia subocellana (Don.)
1134 E. ramella (Linn.)

1136 E. immundana ((F.v.R.)

1138 E. nisella (Cl.)

1139 E. tenerana ({D. & S.])

1142 E. tedella (Cl.)

1144 E. signatana (Dougl.)

1147 — E. cruciana (Linn.)

1150 E. abbreviana (Fabr.)

1151 E. trigonella (Linn.)

1152. E. maculana (Fabr.)

1154 E. caprana (Fabr.)

1155 E. brunnichana (Linn.)

1156 Spinotia solandriana (Linn.)
1159 Rhopobota naevana (Hb.)

1163 Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (Ratz.)
1165 = Z. isertana (Fabr.)

1166 = Z. diniana (Guen.)

1168 | Gypsonoma sociana (Haw.)

167

1169 G. dealbana (Frol.)

1174. Epiblema cynosbatella (Linn.)
1175. E. uddmanniana (Linn.)

1176 E. trimaculana (Haw.)

1177 E. rosaecolana (Doubl.)

1178 E. roborana ({D. & S.})

1179 E. incarnatana (Hb.)

1184 E. scutulana ({D. & S.])

1184a_ E. cirsiana (Zell.)

1187 E. costipunctana (Haw.)

1197 Eucosma campoliliana ({D. & S.})
1200 E. hohenwartiana ({D. & S.]})
1200a_E. fulvana (Steph.)

1201 &E. cana (Haw.)

1202 E. obumbratana (Lien. & Zell.)
1205 Spilonota ocellana ({D. & S.})
1207 Clavigesta purdeyi (Durr.)
1210 Rhyacionia buoliana ({D. & S.])
1219 Lathronympha strigana (Fabr.)
1236 Pammene fasciana (Linn.)
1241 Cydia compositella (Fabr.)
1251 C. jungiella (Cl.)

1255 C. succedana ({D. & S.])

1260 C. splendana (Hb.)

1261 C. pomonella (Linn.)

1276 = Dichrorampha plumbagana (Treit.)
1268 D. sedatana (Busck)
ALUCITIDEA

ALUCITIDAE

1288 Alucita hexadactyla (Linn.)
PYRALOIDEA

PYRALIDAE

CRAMBINAE

1290 Chilo phragmitella (Hb.)

1293 Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linn.)
1294. Crambus pascuella (Linn.)
1301 — C. lathoniellus (Zinck.)

1302 C. perlella (Scop.)

1303. Agriphila selasella (Hb.)

1304 A. straminella ({D. & S.])

1305 A. tristella ({D. & S.])

1306 A. inquinatella ({D. & S.]})
1307 A. /atistria (Treit.)

1309 A. geniculea (Haw.)

1313. Catoptria pinella (Linn.)

1314 CC. margaritella ({D. & S.})
SCOPARIINAE

1332 Scoparia subfusca (Haw.)
1333S. pyralella ({D. & S.])

1334 S. ambigualis (Treit.)

1336 =Eudonia pallida (Cutt.)

1338 Dipleurina lacustrata (Panz.)
1340 E. truncicolella (Stt.)

1342 E. angustea (Curt.)

1343 E. delunana (Stt.)

1344 E. mercurella (Linn.)

168 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

NYMPHULINAE GALLERIINAE
1345 Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.) 1428 Aphomia sociella (Linn.)
1348 = Parapoynx stratiotata (Linn.)
1350 Nymphula stagnata (Don.) PHYCITINAE
1354 Cataclysta lemnata (Linn.) 1432 = Anerastia lotella (Hb.)

1433 Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.)
EVERGESTINAE 1436 = Acrobasis repandana (Fabr.)
1356 Evergestis forficalis (Linn.) 1439 = Numonia advenella (Zinck.)
1358 _ E. pallidata (Hufn.) 1440 N. marmorea (Haw.)

1451 ~~ Pyla fusca (Haw.)
PYRAUSTINAE 1452 Phycita roborella ({D. & S.]})
1361 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) 1454 Dioryctria abietella ({D. & S.])
1362 P. purpuralis (Linn.) 1457 Hypochalcia ahenella ({D. & S.])
1363 P. ostrinalis (Hb.) 1458 Myelois cribrella (Hb.)

1365 P. cespitalis ({D. & S.])

1367 P. cingulata (Linn.)

1370 Sitochroa palealis ({D. & S.])
1371 — S. verticalis (Linn.)

1373 Microstega pandalis (Hb.)

1376 = Eurrhypara hortulata (Linn.)
1377 Perinephela lancealis ({D. & S.])
1378 Phlyctaenia coronata ({D. & S.])

1474 — Ephestia parasitella

spp. inicolorella (Stdgr.)
1481 Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabr.)
1483 Phycitodes binaevella (Hb.)
1484 P. saxicola (Vaugh.)
1485 P. maritima (Tengst.)

1385 Ebulea crocealis (Hb.) PTEROPHOROIDEA

1386 Opsibotys fuscalis ((D. & S.]) PTEROPHORIDAE

1388 Udea lutealis (Hb.) PLATYPTILHNAE

1390 -U. prunalis ({D. & S.]) 1495 = Marasmarcha lunaedactyla (Haw.)

1392 U. olivalis ({D. & S.}) 1497 Amblyptilia acanthadactyla (Hb.)

1395 U. ferrugalis (Hb.) 1498 A. punctidactyla (Haw.)

1398 = Nomophila noctuella ({D. & S.]) 1500 Platyptilia calodactyla ({D. & S.])

1402 Diasemia reticularis (Linn.) 1504 P. pallidactyla (Haw.)

1405 Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.) 1508 Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla (Scop.)

PYRALINAE PTEROPHORINAE

1413. Hypsopygia costalis (Fabr.) 1513. Pterophorus pentadactyla (Linn.)

1424 = Endotricha flammealis ({D. & S.]) 1524 = Emmelina monodactyla (Linn.)
Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all those for their assistance in the production of this
paper with gratitude to A.M. Emmet for the provision of additional records
and proof reading the type script of this paper and I.K. Morgan for allowing
me access to the county records.

References

BIORECS, A software package for the storage and analysis of biological records. Details
from Mr S. Coker, Mountain, Clarbeston Road, Haverfordwest, Dyfed SA63 4SG.

Barker, T.W., 1856. A Handbook to the Natural History of Carmarthenshire :34 W.
Spurrel and Son. Carmarthen.

Stewart, B., 1993. A Review of Microlepidoptera in Carmarthenshire. Dyfed
Invertebrate Group Newsletter No. 27, Autumn 1993.

Heath, J. (Ed.), 1976. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 1, 343pp.,
13 pls (4 col.), 152 maps, 85 text figs. Curwen Press, London.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 169

Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. (Eds.), 1985. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland 2, 460pp., 14 pls (12 col.), 223 maps, 123 text figs. Harley Books, Colchester.

— , 1985. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 7(2), 398pp., 4 pls (4
col.), 28 maps, 8 text figs. Harley Books, Colchester.

Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G. & Smith, A., 1973. British Tortricoid Moths, 1, 25\pp.,
47 pls (26 col.), 52 text figs. The Ray Society.

— , 1979. British Tortricoid Moths, 2, 336pp., 43 pls (22 col.), 54 text figs. The Ray
Society.

Bradley, J.D. & Fletcher, D.S., 1986. An indexed list of British butterflies and moths.
Kedleston Press.

Goater, B., 1986. British Pyralid Moths — a Guide to their Identification 175pp., 8 col.
pls 12 text figs. Harley Books, Colchester.

Hazards of butterfly collecting - Managing Hotel de France
Madagascar, 1982

I was lucky enough to have a weekend free for butterfly collecting in
Mahajunga in the northwestern coastal zone of Madagascar. The rest of my
party were down with some gastric disorder, and in those days Mahajunga
was so far afield that its illness did not even have a name — like Delhi Belly
or Moctezuma's Revenge. All my previous experience in Madagascar had
been in the highlands and in the wet forests of eastern Madagascar, including
that most famous locality, Perinet, and the contrast is quite remarkable.
Mahajunga is very dry, and strongly influenced by the Arab presence, which
dates back more than 700 years, being at its strongest when the Sultans of
Oman held sway over Zanzibar. Mostly the butterfly fauna resembles that of
the drier coastal areas of East Africa, but in wooded valleys, elements of the
true Malagasy fauna prevail. Nearly two thirds of all Malagasy butterflies
are endemic, a testimony to the fact that continental drift cut off Madagascar
a long time ago — probably about 60 million years, though rejoining in the
Oligocene — and this obviously makes collecting fascinating.

However, a few days in the field makes you wonder how endemic this
fauna really is. It does not feel very different, and in truth it is not. Most of
the few endemic genera are grass-eating Satyrinae and Hesperiinae, not very
different from other genera present in both Madagascar, Africa and Asia.
The bulk of Malagasy endemics are species in African genera, closely allied
to extant African species. Then there are the very few that have Oriental
affinities, not least that splendid red-bodied swallowtail, Atrophaneura
philenor. How does one interpret this pattern? There are clear examples of
recent contact between Africa and Madagascar. Not only is the common
Papilio demodocus present, but so are three closely allied species, which
show that this butterfly has reached the island several times, and managed to
speciate before the next invasion. The distance is not far, so this type of
contact almost certainly has kept butterfly speciation slower than it would
otherwise have been. I take most other Malagasy endemics as proof that

170 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

butterflies may evolve quite slowly, and have done so slowly in Madagascar.
Why it is that the most marked endemics at generic level are all grass-
feeders? I do not know. The evolutionary history of grasses must have
something to do with it, but so far this is virgin territory to me.

Among the things I did that weekend was to taste as many aposematic
butterflies a possible, till my research was terminated by a particularly nasty
Danaus chrysippus, which left my mouth and tongue with blisters, an
experience on which I have previously commented, in a more serious vein,
in this Journal (1983, Ent. Rec. J. Var., 95: 66-67).

The night was spent in Hotel de France, a pleasant little place in the style
of a provincial French Hotel de Gare. The remarkably comprehensive,
beautifully handwritten, menu promised oysters — at less than a pound
Sterling a dozen. They were excellent, and I had oysters for breakfast, lunch,
and dinner three days in a row. The rest of the food was fine as well, but
though my companions recovered, they did not touch the oysters. Not bad
for the boondocks of Madagascar — but, then, it was a French colony.

On the second evening the manager inquired whether he might offer a
drink on the house, and sat down to share coffee. We talked of our work in
family planning, of oysters, butterflies, the difficult economical situation, the
unreliability of Mad Air (yes, they did call it that!), and other important
matters. We finally, a few cognacs later, got on to the subject that was
making us increasingly curious, namely the nationality of our host. He was
not Malagasy, nor of a mixed race, nor European. His French was perfect,
but accented, though not in the North African or Levantine manner. Nothing
seemed to fit. We finally reached the point where a direct question did not
seem impolite: “Ah, moi, je suis Afghan”! Surely, there must be a story
behind that.

There was. He came from one of the traditional, monarchist families in
Afghanistan, which had Francophile instincts. He was sent to the Sorbonne,
where he met a nice Malagasy girl, and married. The Russians offered their
massive fraternal assistance to Afghanistan in 1979, and he could not go
back. So he got a job with Alitalia in Paris, having obtained refugee status.
Alitalia began services to Madagascar, his wife was homesick, so what could
be more natural than accepting promotion to become assistant station
manager in Antananarivo. It did not take Alitalia long to realise that its route
to Antananarivo was not commercially viable, so they closed down. In the
meantime his wife had decided she did not want to leave Madagascar — and,
in truth, the Malagasy generally do not thrive away from their natural habitat
— while he had nowhere to go. So here he was, the only Afghan within a
thousand miles of Mahajanga, doing a splendid job, doubtless to be rewarded
soon with a better job in the more cosmopolitan Antananarivo! “Sante!’,
Says our host for the last time. It was time to go to bed.

I had my last plate of oysters before the flight next morning. It was with
the compliments of the house.— T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane,
London SW9 8PL.

EUPLECTUS BRUNNEUS IN BRITAIN 171

EUPLECTUS BRUNNEUS GRIMM. (COL.: PSELAPHIDAE) AND
ITS STATUS IN BRITAIN

A.A. ALLEN
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8OG.

THIS, OUR LARGEST and most robust Euplectus, is also our rarest with
only a single authenticated specimen on record up to now (Cobham Park,
West Kent, 30.vii.1873, J.J. Walker, in coll. G.-C. Champion). One object of
these notes is to point out the existence of a second, from the same locality,
which has remained unrecorded, having been found in the late Dr A.M.
Massee's collection doing duty as E. “aubeanus” (ie. duponti Aubé). It bears
the data “Cobham Park/7.vii.43” and, like the first, is a male and was
probably taken under bark with ants. The identity of this example was
suggested by Mr Colin Johnson and later confirmed by myself; it agrees in
all respects with the earlier one. The statement that E. brunneus was “last
recorded in 1943” (Hyman & Parsons, 1994: 75) is at fault: it clearly refers
to the Massee specimen (from data supplied by me), but the beetle had not
even been identified as brunneus in 1943, let alone recorded!

Up to as late as 1974, it would seem — and in spite of Champion's correct
recognition of the species in 1909 — the name brunneus was constantly
misapplied to an allied but distinctly smaller and less rare species, E.
bescidicus Reitt. (=bohemicus Mach.). The error was eventually corrected by
Pearce (1974:16). The few published records of E. brunneus since
Champion's are therefore at best highly suspect and must generally be
referred to E. bescidicus. Such, for instance, is that by Osborne (1958) of a
specimen from Oxford, named by the Rev. Pearce who was at that time
using the name brunneus for what was later ascertained to be bescidicus (as
in the 1957 Pselaphid “handbook”, p.17). However, one or two earlier
putative brunneus specimens may prove to be correct, and certainly need
checking: notably that taken “under bark with Myrmica at Wytham” near
Oxford, by J. Collins (Fowler & Donisthorpe, 1913: 251), which I have not
seen. B.S. Williams (ref. not to hand) recorded both these species from
Hertfordshire, so here too the former (brunneus) may possibly be genuine.
(On the original besidicus records see Pearce, 1974: 16.) The Hope Depart-
ment's (Oxford) exponents of the rarer species, which through the kindness
of the Curator, Dr C. O'Toole, I have recently seen, are all E. bescidicus
from Arden Hall, Cheshire, where the late Wm. Potter met with it in plenty
on one occasion, in an old log.

Champion's male FE. brunneus in the Natural History Museum, London,
has been confirmed by Dr C. Besuchet, as also has a male FE. bescidicus from
Arden Hall placed alongside for comparison. Many years ago I was able to
examine them and noted the following points which may be useful: brunneus
is plainly larger and broader with the forehead finely punctured and
microsculptured right across, instead of impunctate on disc and very shining:
apical antennal segment longer and cylindrical instead of elliptic-ovate; the

172 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.1x.1994

minute subapial tooth on inner margin of front tibia (in male) situated further
from apex; first dorsal stria of the more ample elytra markedly longer,
reaching middle or nearly so; and the pair of fine raised lines on the basal
tergites strongly divergent, instead of (at most) only feebly.

Before leaving the subject of Euplectus, | think it advisable to notice an
extraordinary statement (Pearce, 1974: 17) to the effect that E. decipiens
Raf. and E. punctatus Muls. are doubtfully distinct — an opinion attributed to
Dr Besuchet in /itt. Yet it has always been accepted that decipens is one of
the larger species very close to bescidicus, but punctatus one of the smaller
and coming in the group with fawveli Guil. and its allies. In fact they contrast
in almost all respects. Thus (what is surely conclusive) Dr Besuchet himself,
in his key (1974), separates them widely, associating them respectively with
the two species just mentioned and in no way with each other, and giving
them quite different male ventral characters. Finally, his figures of the
aedeagi of the two species are utterly different! In Jeannel (1950), also, they
are in separate subgenera. In the light of these facts, what is one to make of
the above statement? Without some explanation, it is so contrary to received
knowledge that I consider it should be ignored. Furthermore, the revised
synonymic checklist at the end of the same paper, as far as Euplectus is
concerned, is in part muddled and should not be used. The version given in
the current checklist (Pope, 1977, 42), which differs considerably, is to the
best of my knowledge correct; although nanus sensu Fowler, Joy et al.
should be added as a synonym of kirbyi Denny.

REFERENCES

Besuchet, C., in Freude, Harde & Lohse, 1974. Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 5: 319-322.
Krefeld.

Champion, G.C., 1909. Some remarks on the Euplectus kunzei, Aubé, of British
collections. Entomologist’s mon, Mag. 45: 74-5.

Fowler, W.W. & Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1913. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 6:
London.

Hyman, P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1994. A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera
of Great Britain, 2: 75. Peterborough.

Jeannel, R., 1950. Coléoptéres Psélaphides. Faune de France 53. Paris.

Osborne, P.J., 1958. Euplectus brunneus Grimmer (Col: Pselaphidae) in Oxfordshire.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 94: 120.

Pearce, E.J., 1957. Coleoptera (Pselaphidae). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 4(9).

— ,1974. A revised annotated list of the British Pselaphidae (Coleoptera). Entomologist's
mon. Mag. 110: 13-26.

Pope, R.D., in Kloet & Hincks, 1977. A check list of British insects (2nd ed.):
Coleoptera & Strepsiptera. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 11(3).

PROTURANS IN WOODLAND 173

DISTRIBUTION OF PROTURANS (HEXAPODA) IN A DECIDUOUS
WOODLAND IN SOUTH WALES

P.E. KING and K.V. AAZEM

Marine, Environmental and Evolutionary Research Group,
School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP.

Introduction

THE PROTURA, first described by Silvestri (1907), were initially thought
to be apterygote insects, but are now considered to have class status
(Kristensen, 1981). Their taxonomy has been worked upon by Gisin (1960),
Tuxen (1964) and Nosek (1973) who divided them into three families, the
Eosentomidae, Protentomidae and Acerentomidae. Protura occur in
grassland and agricultural soils (Salt, Hollick, Raw & Brian, 1948; Lagerlof
& Andrén, 1991) where Raw (1956) considered them to be rare insects. It
has been shown however, that considerable numbers may occur in some
forest habitats (Nosek, 1975). Proturans favour moist, organic soils, which
are not too acid and many are restricted to the top 10cm (Kuhnelt, 1961).

Tuxen (1931) tentatively suggested that their distribution may be affected
by pH of the habitat. Eosentomon armatum Condé occurs in neutral or
slightly alkaline soils though it tolerates a range of acidity, whilst
Acerentomon doderi Silvestri prefers slightly acid soils (Raw, 1956). Little is
known regarding their feeding habits, though Sturm (1959) reported that
species of Acerentomon and Eosentomon feed on the contents of fungal
hyphae.

Nosek (1963) recorded several species from beech and oak forest soils,
Eosentomon transitorum, Acerella remyi, Acerentomon gallicum, Acerento-
mon carpaticum which contributed 57.2%, 31.2%, 25%, 14.3% and 10.7%
respectively of the proturan fauna.

Records of British species were published by Bagnall (1912, 1934, 1936),
Brown (1917) and Womersley (1924, 1927, 1928) but apart from Raw
(1956) working in grassland, no studies have been made on their habitat
distribution in relation to pH.

Materials and methods

Random soil cores, measuring 5.2cm diameter and 13.5cm long were taken
from mixed woodland (OD grid ref. 55612-91) after the surface litter layer
was removed at monthly intervals during 1983-86 and 1993. The
predominant vegetation consisted of beech (Fagus sylvaticus), oak (Quercus
robur) and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum). Franz, Haybach and
Nosek (1969) showed that the majority of proturans occur in the top 10cm of
the soil, so the cores were considered adequate. To extract the fauna the
cores were placed in a Berlese/Tulgren funnel for eight days and specimens
collected in tubes containing 70% alcohol. Soil moisture and pH were

174 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

recorded for each sample. After extraction, any proturans present were
removed, separated into their developmental stages (Larva I and II, maturus
junior, praeimago and adult), and cleared in Essig's aphid solution (Nosek,
1973) to facilitate species identification. They were identified using the key
produced by Nosek (1973).

Results and discussion

Several species of proturan were identified, Eosentomon sp., Acerentulus
confinis Berl., Acerentomon nemorale Wom., and Acerentomon affine
Bagnall in the proportions of 1.6%, 17.5%, 61.7% and 19.5% respectively.
The characters used in identification were: the structure of abdominal
appendages I, II and II; the chaetotaxy of terga VII and sterna VIII; and the
size, shape and arrangement of the sensillae on the fore tarsi. Discussing
patterns of European Proturan distribution, Nosek, (1975) suggested that
some species have a wide range with a wide variety of morphological
characteristics, are abundant in samples taken from dispersed areas and may
be regarded as ecologically tolerant species. Examples quoted were
Eosentomon transitorium Berl., Eosentomon germanicum Prell., and
Proturentomon minimum Berl. Others are morphologically well
characterised and homogeneous, and are restricted to luxuriant vegetation.
These can thus be considered ecologically intolerant species. Examples of
this group are Acerentulus gerezianus Da Cunha., Acerentomon
brevisetosum Colé and Acerentomon aceris Rus. Raw (1956) recorded
mostly Eosentomon armatum Condé and a few P. minimum from grassland
soils at Rothamsted, (Herts) which presumably belong to the ecologically
tolerant species.

fy larvae 1
16
larvae 2

maturus juniors

mean number ' adults
per core 10 —
84
6-4

Jan-Feb Mar-Apr May-Jun Jul-Aug Sep-Oct Nov-Dec

Fig. 1. Seasonal occurrence of the developmental stages of all recorded proturans in the
present study. Mean data derived from monthly collections during 1983-86 and 1993.

PROTURANS IN WOODLAND 175

In the present study in woodland, although different from those quoted by
Nosek (1975), the species recorded belong to the genus Acerentomon and
may be less tolerant than some other species and need soil with a higher
moisture content (Nosek, 1975). Proturan development is ametabolous and
anamorphosis occurs. Nosek (1973) divided proturan development into five
stages, the praelarva followed by the first and second larvae, the maturus
junior, the praeimago and the adult. Since identification of the immature
stages in all species is not possible the records of all species were pooled
(Fig. 1). Some individuals of all stages were present throughout the year but

6
4 (a)
2 kc
0 a | ee
2
ro)
oO
2 o
8 Q
= (b) 5
© 2
Q
: E
8 e
T
E 5
2 ®
= E
is]
®
E
145
125 an
1075 (c)
64 Lo
44 LS rs
=e ==
27 be =
aol oes FF

Fig. 2. (left) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from Quercus robur soil litter cores during peak
breeding months. (a) Acerentomon affine; (b) Acerentulus confinis; (c) Acerentomon
nemorale.

Fig. 3. (right) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from Fagus sylvaticus soil litter cores during peak
breeding months. (a) Acerentomon affine; (b) Acerentulus confinis; (c) Acerentomon
nemorale.

176 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

there was a peak of larvae one and two between May and August suggesting
that at least some species are summer breeders (Tuxen, 1949). This may
mean that either some species conform to the pattern exhibited by deeper
living species by breeding throughout the year (Tuxen, 1949), or that winter
conditions on the present study were milder than those in Denmark where
Tuxen's (1949) study was made and species living near the surface were able
to breed throughout the year.

The numbers of adults of Acerentomon affine, A. nemorale and
Acerentulus confinis occurring under Q. robur (Fig. 2), F. sylvaticus (Fig. 3)
and R. ponticum (Fig. 4) were recorded during the peak abundance between

8-
6
10 4 —
(a) = be
8 2
6 On
1
4 ‘
0 1 ——] ~ a a
8 (b)
© 6 n= 43
fe}
° (b) iui
© 2 ESS
OQ © t 3
E a
js 3 = pe 3
c =
S = ie (c) _
E anhie2 n= 45
c20
14 =a.
12 (c) — a
10 14
8 | 12
Be |
6 . L. 10
4 i | L 8
2 , oF |
a | | | | |
OT 1 item 4 a
Apr May Jun Jul Aug =
n= 9 3 15 5 5 25
0 Cd
1 2 3

Fig. 4. (left) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from Rhododendron ponticum soil litter cores
during peak breeding months. (a) Acerentomon affine; (b) Acerentulus confinis; (c)
Acerentomon nemorale.

Fig. 5. (right) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from different soil litter cores. (a) Rhododendron
ponticum; (b) Quercus robur; (c) Fagus sylvaticus.
| = Acerentomon affine; 2 = Acerentulus confinis; 3 = Acerentomon nemorale.

PROTURANS IN WOODLAND 177

May and August. F. sylvaticus litter contained the largest number of
specimens (Fig. 5) with A. nemorale, A. affine and Acerentulus confinis
(80.6%, 16.2% and 3.26%) followed by R. ponticum, (53.9%, 30.9% and
14%) and Q. robur (50.8%, 11.6% and 33.9%). Occasional specimens of
Eosentomon were recorded under Q. robur (3.7%) and R. ponticum (1.12%)
but not under F. sy/vaticus.

The most important factors determining which organisms live in leaf litter
are the nature of the soil and the species of tree above it. Many forest soils
provide good organic profiles. Two types have been distinguished, “mull”
and “mor” (Wallwork, 1970). Mull humus is neutral or slightly alkaline. Mixing
occurs so there is no real build-up of organic material on the surface. Conditions
favour the growth of nitrifying bacteria. Mor humus is characteristically rather
acid and supports fungal growth with organic material accumulating on the
surface and because of its greater thickness less susceptible to desiccation
(Wallwork, 1970). F. sylvaticus favours chalky soil and produces a rather acid
humus which is moist and well rotted. Q. robur produces a less acid
environment. The soil in the present habitat was a “mor” so that food and
moisture would favour proturans particularly those with a limited tolerance to
adverse conditions. The soil samples taken during the present study had pHs
ranging between 4.5 — 7.4 but the majority fell between 5.0 and 6.4 with a
moisture content of 80%. Considering a minimum number of five samples (Fig.
6) shows that most samples at pH 5.5 — 5.9 contained proturans and only a
slightly lower proportion at pH 6.00 — 6.4. This suggests that proturans can live
in slightly acid conditions and may even prefer them. Further work is needed to
verify this point.

100 5

90 5 % in pH range

805 % from total sample

70+

60 4

50-4
40-
30 +
20-5
10-5
|
0 T = T

4.5-4.9 5.0-5.4 5.5-5.9 6.0 - 6.4 6.5 -6.9 7.0-—7.4
pH

percent presence

Fig. 6. Percentage presence of proturans in soil cores of different pH ranges.

178 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Alison Smith who collected the original samples.

References

Bagnall, R.S., 1912. Some Primitive British Insects. I. The Protura. Knowledge
(London), NS 1: p.215.

— , 1934. On two species of Eosentomon Berl. (Protura) new to the British Fauna.
Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 70: p.190.

—, 1936. Notes on Protura. I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 17: 210-213.

Brown, J.M., 1917. The Apterygota of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. Naturalist, p. 63.

Franz, H., Haybach, G. & Nosek, J., 1969. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Proturenfauna der
Nordostaplen u. ihres Vorlandes. Verh. d. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 108/109: 5-18.

Gisin, H., 1960. Collembolen fauna europas. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve,
312pp.

Hennig, W., 1969. Die Stammersgeschichlte dep. lusekten. Frankfurt-am-Main. Drawer.

Kristensen, N.P., 1981. Phylogeny of Insect Orders. Ann. Rev. Ent., 26: 135-157.

Kiihnelt, W., 1961. Soil Biology with Special Reference to the Animal Kingdom, Faber,
397pp.
Lagerlof, J. & Andrén, O., 1991. Abundance and activity of Collembola, Protura and
Diplura (Insecta, Apterygota) in four cropping systems. Pedobiologia, 35: 337-350.
Nosek, J., 1963. Zur Kenntnis der Apterygoten der Kleinarpathischen Wald - und
Davergronlandbéden, Pedobiologia, 2: 108-131.

—, 1973. The European Protura, their taxonomy, ecology and distribution with keys for
determination. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genéve, 345pp.

—, 1975. Niches of Protura in Biogeocoendes. Pedobiologia, 15: 290-298.

Raw, F., 1956. The abundance and distribution of Protura in grassland. Journal of
Animal Ecology, 25: 15-21.

Salt, G., Hollick, F.S.J., Raw, F. & Brian, M.V., 1948. The arthropod population of
pasture soil. Journal of Animal Ecology, 17: 139-150.

Silvestri, F., 1907. Descrizione di un nuovo genere d'insetti apterygota rappresentante di
un nuovo archive. Bort. Labar. Zool. Pontici, 1.

Sturm, H., 1959. Die nahrung der Proturen, Beobachtungen an Acerentomon doderoi
Silv. und Eosentomon transitorium Berl. Die Naturwiss, Berlin, 46: 90-91.

Tuxen, S.L., 1931. Monographie der Proturen. I. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und
Okologie, 22: 671-720.

—, 1949. Uber den Lepenszyklus und die postembryonale Entwicklung zweier danischer
Proturengattungen. Biol. Skr., 6: 1-50.

— , 1964. The Protura. A Revision of the Species of the World with Keys for Deter-
mination, Ed. Hermann, Paris, 360pp.

Wallwork, J.A., 1970. Ecology of Soil Animals, McGraw-Hill, 283pp.

Womersley, H., 1924. The Apterygota of the south-west of England. Pt. 2. Proceedings
Bristol Naturalists Society, 6: 2.

— , 1927. Notes on the British species of Protura, with descriptions of new genera and
species. Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 63: 140-149.

— , 1928. Further notes on the British species of Protura. Entomologists’ Monthly
Magazine, 64: 113-115.

PONTIA DAPLIDICE AS A PEST 179

PONTIA DAPLIDICE L. (LEP.: PIERIDAE) — A SERIOUS PEST OF
CRUCIFEROUS CROPS AT HIGH ALTITUDE IN INDIA

Moub. ARIF, B. SINGH* & M.C. JOSHI

Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Panda, Pithoragarh, India — 265801.
*Field Research Laboratory, Leh (J&K).

LEH-LADAKH is situated in the Northwest Himalaya where the
temperature ranges from -30°C (winter) to 25°C (summer). Due to inclement
weather, a mono-cropping system of agriculture is practiced by farmers in
this region. Among cultivated vegetables, cruciferous crops such as cabbage,
cauliflower, mustard, knol-khol, turnip and radish dominate up to 3962
metres altitude. During the survey of insect pests of vegetables in 1992, the
caterpillars of a cabbage butterfly, Pontia daplidice Linn. were observed
severely infesting cruciferous vegetables from mid-June to mid-August. The
percentage of infested plant population was recorded in the field condition
(Table 1).

Percentage
infestation

Mustard (Brassica compestris var. mustard L.) 68.50%

Cabbage (Brassica capitata L.) 52.00

Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis L.) 56.00
Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) 34.00
Knol-khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) 40.00

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) 18.00

Table 1. Infestation percentage of different crops.

Highest infestation was recorded in mustard (68.50%). The larvae collected
from the field crops were fed host plants and reared to the adult stage under
laboratory conditions. Arif et al. (1991) reported the damage potential of P.
deota de niceville on cruciferous crops in Leh-Ladakh and cauliflower was
observed to be heavily infested. Mani (1986) has reported the occurrence of
60% of butterfly species (Papilio machaon, Baltia spp., and Apporia spp.) at
up to 3000 metres, of the remaining hypsodiont forms 50% occur up to
elevation of about 4200 metres and 5% species are found above 5500 metres
altitude. The Pierids Baltica bulteri (Moore) and Pontia daplidice Linn. have
been reported at 5485 and 2800 metres altitude respectively in northwest and
western Himalaya. The occurrence of Pontia daplidice Linn. of the present
observation seems to be the first report as a serious pest at 3352 to 3962
metres altitude in India.

180 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Dr J.D. Holloway and Director I.1.E., CAB
International, London for the identification of insects.

References
Arif, M., Shah, Pramila and Joshi, M.C., 1991. Biology and damage potential of cabbage
butterfly, Pieris deota de niceville in Leh-Ladakh. J. Appl. Zool. Res. 2(2): 136-137.
Mani, M.S., 1986. Butterflies of the Himalaya. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New
Dehli, India. pp. 181.

Notes on Uresiphita polygonalis (Denis & Schiffermiller, 1775) (Lep.:
Pyralidae) in Huelva, Spain

According to Goater (1986) this species, a rare immigrant to the UK, feeds on
Genista and Sarothamnus. | have found the larvae to be common on Retama
monosperma which grows in the coastal regions of this south-westerly Spanish
province.

The larvae feed gregariously in groups of about a dozen in thinly-spun
silken webs. I collected one batch in late March 1991 in Isla Canela, near to
the Spanish border town of Ayamonte. A second batch was seen in Ayamonte
itself the following day; my notes say that it was “very common”. Subsequent
larvae turned up in El Portil further east along the “onubense” coast.

Larvae were taken back to London in May 1991 and reared without incident
in plastic boxes. A male emerged on 25th May with a female two days later on
the 27th. The weather in May of that year was generally very poor but this did
not deter the moths from pairing. According to my personal notes a pair were
seen to be “in cop” at 2330 hours when the outside temperature was a mere
10°C. No special arrangements were made to achieve a pairing; a plain net
cage was suspended out of doors. Subsequent female imagines emerged on
29th and 30th May but no further pairings were secured. The fertilised female
began to oviposit the last day of May. Larvae began to hatch six days later and
were offered various woody leguminous plants. As I was in the process of
moving house the larvae were neglected and failed to survive.

As regards this moth's appearance in Britain, it is said by Goater (1986) to
be “A very scarce immigrant in the southern seaboard counties in late summer
and autumn”.

It is distributed from central and southern Europe through to the tropics and
Australia. I would imagine that given where I found this species in Spain; (in
the extreme south) and that when the larvae were found; (in March) this moth
is quite likely to be continuously brooded in that country. Reference: Goater, B.,
1986. British Pyralid Moths. Harley.

— G. CLuMo, 2 Long Bridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS14 9EL.

CERCYON ALPINUS 181

ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF CERCYON ALPINUS VOGT (CQL:
HYDROPHILIDAE) AND ON ITS OCCURRENCE IN SCOTLAND

J.A. OWEN
8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

C. ALPINUS, a species recently added to the British list, is a small, dark,
terrestrial Cercyon with blackish labial palps. It is similar in these and in
many other respects to C. haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius) to which it runs down
in the key given by Joy (1932). Examination of about 30 Scottish examples
of alpinus and about the same number of examples of haemorrhoidalis from
various parts of Britain has demonstrated only three consistent external
differences.

1. The base of the pronotum opposite the middle of the scutellum
has a very fine, short, longitudinal impression in a/pinus but not in
haemorrhoidalls.

2. The epipleura are blackish in alpinus but dull orange in
haemorroidalis.

3. The spindle-shaped raised portion of the mesosternum is
significantly narrower in alpinus than in haemorrhoidalis —
length/max. width ratio 4.0 or more in a/pinus and less than 4.0 in
haemorrhoidalis.

The first two of these differences were noted by Vogt (1968) but he
considered the shape of the mesosternum to be the same in the two species,
which conceivably may reflect a racial difference.

Apart from the external differences, in males, a clear distinction between
the species is provided by the shape of the central lobe of the aedeagus,
which tapers uniformly to a narrow point in alpinus (fig. 1) but which is
broad and apically constricted in haemorrhoidalis.

Other differences fail to provide a sure distinction in all cases. On average,
alpinus (length 2.5 — 2.9mm) is shorter than haemorrhoidalis (2.5 — 3.1mm)
but there is considerable overlap in length. In alpinus, the elytra are black at
the base, gradually becoming deep red towards the apex. Most examples of
haemorrhoidalis have similarly coloured elytra but, in some, the elytra are
reddish throughout. Vogt (1969, 1971) implies that a tooth at the sutural
angle of the elytra in haemorrhoidalis but not in alpinus serves to separate
the species. Fowler (1886), however, states that in haemorrhoidalis (=
flavipes F.) this tooth is not constant and certainly it was not obvious in most
of the British examples of this species examined by the author. The antennal
club is darker in haemorrhoidalis than in alpinus but this is very much a
comparative difference. In about one third of the examples of alpinus, the
raised portion of the mesosternum has a narrow, central longitudinal ridge
which is not present in haemorrhoidalis.

182 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

1mm

a b

Fig.1. Aedeagus of (a) C. alpinus Vogt (b) C. haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius).

Occurrence

C. alpinus was discovered in Britain by Owen & Mendel (1990) who found
two specimens in dung of red deer in the Forest of Mar, at the Linn of Dee
near Braemar. Following this, additional examples turned up at the original
site and in the RSPB Abernethy Estate, mostly as singletons. In May 1994,
however, the beetle was found to be quite plentiful at the original site and at
Braemar which is about 10km distant. Except for two examples caught in
pitfall traps set in pine woods, all the Scottish specimens known to the
author were obtained from the dung of red deer, particularly from fresh
dung. Detailed records, with collectors initials (see acknowledgements), are
as follows:-

Forest of Mar, near the Linn of Dee NFO9, open pine forest 22.8.90

JsAvO. & Me 2uexx-2:25.9:91 JuA-OnéeiMeS., 2 exx:3:22:6:.92..MEsal

ex.; 25.9.94 J.A.O. 10 ex.; Braemar NF19, open birch wood 30.5.94

J.A.O., 2lexx.; RSPB Abernethy Estate NJOI1, pine wood with

blaeberry carpet (pitfall traps) 6.92, R.P., 2 exx., open pine forest,

5.94 D.L. & S.T., 1 ex. (Abernethy specimens det. J.A.O.)

Examples of C. atomarius (Fabricius), C. haemorrhoidalis and C.
melanocephalus (Linnaeus), together with a number of Aphodius species,
occurred in the dung along with alpinus at the Forest of Mar and Braemar
sites. Thus, one collection of fresh dung from Braemar (30.5.94), amounting
to about 10 litres, held alpinus 21 exx., atomarius | ex., haemorrhoidalis |

CERCYON ALPINUS 183

ex. and melanocephalus 8 exx. A similar amount of dung from the Forest of
Mar (29.5.94) yielded alpinus 10 ex., atomarius 4 exx. and melanocephalus
10 exx. Considering the small amount of deer dung sampled compared with
the vast amounts lying at that time at the Linn of Dee, at Braemar and at
intervening points, the total population of C. alpinus in this area alone must
have numbered thousands.

Outside Scotland, C. alpinus is apparently only known from alpine regions
in southern Germany and Austria (Vogt, 1968; Lucht, 1987). The reason for
this curiously discontinuous distribution remains to be determined. The
availability of sufficient, suitable dung at the correct time of year could be
relevant. The author has only sought the beetle in red deer dung. The type
specimen, however, came from cow dung (Vogt, 1968).

Acknowledgements
I am grateful to David Lambie, Howard Mendel, Robert Proctor, Magnus
Sinclair and Stewart Taylor for help in collecting material and/or for
allowing me to quote their records. Mr P.M. Hammond kindly confirmed the
identification of the first two specimens.

References

Fowler, W.W., 1886. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. |.

Joy, N.H., 1932. A Practical Handbook of British Beetles H.F & G. Witherby, London.

Lucht, W.H., 1987. Die Kdfer Mitteleuropas — Katalogue, Goecke & Evers, Krefeld.

Owen, J.A. & Mendel, H., 1990. Cercyon alpinus Vogt at Braemar. Coleopterist's
Newsletter. 41: 1-2.

Vogt, H., 1968. Cercyon-Studien Entomol. Blatt. 64: 172-191.

—, 1971. in Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Vol. 3: ed. H. Freude, K.W. Harde & G.A. Lohse,
Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. For a translation of the key into English see Balfour-
Browne Club Newsletter 7: 4-12.

Aspilates gilvaria (Denis & Schiffermiuller, 1775) (Lep.: Geometridae) and
variation in the imago's flight period.

In the springs of both 1990 and 1991 I was intrigued to find Aspilates gilvaria
on the wing in both central Spain (1990) and in south-west Spain (1991). Such
appearances were at variance with the established literature on the moth.
Although Herbulot (1963) mentions May for the imago, three other authors —
Culot (1919-20), Skou (1986) and Skinner (1984) — all cite late summer as the
normal flight period.

Claude Herbulot provides the most detail, as in addition to the May flight
period, he also mentions August which presumably relates to a second brood.

My experience of this insect in Spain would certainly point to it being
bivoltine. Now, this might be expected for the extreme southerly Spanish
province of Huelva where the imago was first noted by myself on 18th March
at light with imagines being seen until 27th April. However, how does one
account for the central Spanish records from 1990 where examples were noted
on 21st April (Valdemoro, 500m) and 28th April (Las Navas del Marqués,

184 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

1318m)? One would assume that at such high altitudes the moth would follow
central European patterns. Culot, Skinner and Skou all give July/August. This
is especially surprising as Skinner gives almost exactly the same flight periods
which relate to south-east England as Skou details for Finland, where the moth
is rare and does not occur elsewhere in Scandinavia; this by my calculations
must be a distance of some 800km!

Of the stock I collected in March/April 1991 from Huelva, larvae hatched
out on 2nd May and fed very slowly on thyme. I have a single note referring to
a larva spinning a flimsy cocoon on 26th October that same year, but the moth
failed to survive to eclosion.

Certainly all the works I dealt with give the larval stage as the quiescent
stage with Herbulot mentioning the larvae emerging again in April after the
winter.

Obviously, the best manner of solving this discrepancy would be to
successfully rear gilvaria from southern Spanish stock collected in
March/April and noting subsequent emergences.

References: Culot, Jules. Noctuelles et Géométres d'Europe, 2nd part, Géométres. Vol.
IV 1919-29. Reprinted 1987; Herbulot, Claude. Lépidoptéres de France I Héteroceéres

1963; Skinner, Bernard. Moths of the British Isles, 1984; Skou, Peder, The Geometroid
Moths of North Europe, 1986.

— GARETH CLUMO, 2 Long Bridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS 14 9EL.

Notes on Glyphipteryx thrasonella (Scopoli) (Lep.: Glyphipterigidae)

The chief problem with understanding the ecology of moths is that most of
them are nocturnal and I have yet to find a way of observing moths at night
without using lights which disturb their behaviour. Day-flying moths such as
Glyphipteryx thrasonella are easier to observe. I spent a couple of hours on
20th May 1993 observing a small colony on a wet meadow at Redlake Nature
Reserve in east Cornwall. Attempts at marking them with small dots of nail
varnish (to see how long marked individuals lived in the wild) failed because
the wings were too small and too shiny.

I had already mapped the vegetation of this wet meadow, finding two mire
communities, M23 (Juncus — Galium palustre rush pasture, sub-community
Juncus effusus with Juncus effusus replaced with Juncus articulatus) and M25
(Molinia — Potentilla erecta mire, sub-community Angelica sylvestris). M25 is
widespread throughout Cornwall and I have often found Glyphipteryx
thrasonella where M25 occurs. In this wet meadow, Glyphipteryx thrasonella
appeared to be confined to these mire communities with a definite association
with rushes rather than Purple Moor-grass. Of 38 moths recorded, 28 were
observed resting on Juncus effusus, six on Juncus articulatus, two on Cirsium
palustre and one each on Juncus conglomeratus and Anthoxanthum odoratum.

The moths sit sideways on the stems of rushes, often raising and lowering
their wings without flying. Like squirrels, they often move away from anyone
watching them, keeping the rush stem between them and any possible predator.
They drop to the ground if disturbed. When flying from one stem to another,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 185

they generally land a few inches below the tip and then climb near to the top.
In the late evening when I was watching them, they were sunbathing in the
weak sunlight with wings at right angles to the sun to get maximum warmth.
As soon as the sun disappeared behind the trees (about 8 pm), they stopped
flying and settled near the tips of the rush stems.

I counted 33 separate individuals in an area roughly 80 square metres. I
estimate the total population to be about 150 in the field, much less than I
would have expected. There were few nectar sources available with only Carex
binervis and Carex flacca flowering. One moth taken home survived for five
days with only a light spray of water. Out of 38 moths recorded in total, five
had well marked forewings, 14 had reduced markings and 19 had no visible
markings (f. cladiella).— ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro,
Cornwall TR4 8RL.

Operation Stag Beetle

As a temporary worker for the county wildlife trust, I receive many
telephone calls asking for advice and help on almost every natural history
subject from birds to badgers and amphibians to insects.

One such call on 8th February 1994 was from a concerned gentleman in
Shoreham, West Sussex. He was working at a convent(!) and had found a
large colony of “stag beetles”, and wanted to know what to do with them.
Evidently, someone had noticed that a statue in the grounds, which was
mounted on an old elm stump, was leaning at an alarming angle. On invest-
igation, the stump was found to be infested with beetle larvae.

As the stump was scheduled to be strengthened with concrete, it was clear
that action was needed, and the trust agreed to try and rescue the larvae.
Easy to say, but more of a problem in practice, particularly at that stage
when we did not know the true identity of the beetles. The telephone
description could have been either Lucanus cervus, or the Lesser stag beetle,
Dorcus parallelipipedus. When we arrived on site — a cold, wet morning, we
were pleasantly surprised. A very large stump showing signs of massive
infestation. Around 50 larvae had been found, at all stages of development —
with a number almost fully grown at a magnificent 75mm+ in length.
Undoubtedly the true stag beetle. Two adult males were found, although they
were moribund on this cold day.

There was no real alternative to digging up the entire stump, loading it in
the van, and transporting it to the reserve, where the collection of larvae
excited much interest. Perhaps these are now the most photographed set of
Stag beetles anywhere?

After locating a suitable spot, the entire stump with resident larvae, were
half-buried in the ground. We hope our efforts were not in vain, and the
colony manages to survive in its new home.— D. Day, 26 Manor Avenue,
Hassocks, West Sussex BN6 8NG.

186 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

Notes on Lepidoptera in Shetland in 1993

Recent records of Lepidoptera for Shetland have been published by
Riddiford and Harvey (1992, Ent. Rec. J. Var. 104: 263-264) and Pennington
(1993, Ent. Rec. J. Var. 105: 173-174). This note adds further records for
Shetland in 1993, excluding Fair Isle records which are to be published
separately.

No less than nine species were added to the Shetland list in 1993. Five
species of microlepidoptera included the Gelechiid Scrobipalpa
acuminatella (Sircom), identified by the late lan Lorimer from four
specimens collected by Mike Pennington at Baltasound, Unst between 27th
June and 24th July. Three species of the Tortrid genus Ac/eris were found: A.
emargana (Fabricius) was bred by Terry Rogers from larvae found on
Willow (Salix) at Eswick, Mainland (an imago was also found on sugar there
on 23rd September); and Keith Bland identified single specimens of A.
hyemana (Haworth) collected by Neil Marks from Muckle Roe in April and
A. hastiana (Linnaeus) collected by Terry Rogers at Eswick in September.
Another tortrid, the Larch Tortrix Zeiraphera diniana (Gueneé) was
identified by Keith Bland from specimens collected flying around Lodgepole
Pines Pinus contorta at Baltasound on 6th-9th September. All the
microlepidoptera listed have had specimen genitalia preparations by Keith
Bland placed in the National Museums of Scotland.

Four species of macrolepidoptera included the Common Heath Ematurga
atomaria (Linnaeus) which was found by Terry Rogers to be common in
heathery areas of Central Mainland with records in bright sunshine at
Sandwater, East Hill of Voe and Catfirth between 8th May and 14th June
(specimens retained by Terry Rogers) and in South Mainland at Dalsetter on
27th May (C. Donald). The Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing
Noctua janthe (Dennis and Schiffermiiller) was attracted to Roger Tallack's
light trap at Lerwick on 25th-27th August, with one specimen retained by the
collector. At Eswick Terry Rogers collected a specimen of the Brindled
Green Dryobotodes eremita (Fabricius) from the side of a shed on 12th
September (determined by the late Ian Lorimer but specimen damaged in
transit) and a Pink-barred Sallow Xanthia togata (Esper) at Buddleia on 13th
September (confirmed by the late Ian Lorimer and specimen retained by
Terry Rogers).

Of these nine new species recorded most are likely to be resident,
especially as there were very few migrants recorded during the year.
However, the X. togata at Eswick may have wandered from elsewhere as,
although many specimens of the larval foodplant Salix grow at Eswick, few
produce viable catkins. The record of D. eremita is even more perplexing as
there are only two tiny Oaks (Quercus Sp.) at the site and no recent
importations.

Further interesting records included four species recorded north of Fair
Isle for the first time. Keith Bland determined records of a specimen of
Coleophora sp. from the Baltasound MV trap on 15th July, which could not

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 187

be identified to species as it was damaged in transit, and a Cacao Moth
Ephestia elutella (Hiibner) found indoors on 10th July. The Heart and Dart
Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus) was recorded by Jon and Ad Clifton at
Toab, South Mainland on 15th June and 17th July, and by Terry Rogers at
Eswick on 25th June. The Red-green Carpet Chloroclysta siterata
(Hufnagel) was positively identified at Baltasound on 12th September
(determined by Bernard Skinner) and Eswick on 15th September
(determined by the late Ian Lorimer). In addition a record of Autumn Green
Carpet C. miata (Linnaeus) collected from a lighted window on Foula by
Frances Ratter on 6th September and determined by Bernard Skinner must
be regarded as the first confirmed record for the islands given the past (and
current!) difficulties in separating the last two species.

One of Shetland's great specialities, the Exile Apamea zeta marmorata
(Zetterstedt) was recorded from a new locality with 29 at either light or sugar
at Eswick, the most southerly locality recorded so far. Further records of the
Brick Agrochola circellaris (Hufnagel) at Eswick and Lerwick and the Large
Wainscot Rhizedra lutosa (Hiibner) at Eswick following on from those in
1992 suggest that these species may be at least temporarily resident in the
islands. A single specimen of the Pyralid Scoparia subfusca (Haworth) in the
Baltasound MV trap on 17th July was determined by Keith Bland. This
species was not included in previous Shetland lists although reference is
made to Shetland specimens by Goater (1986 British Pyralid Moths,
Harley). Finally, the Tortrid Eupoecilia angustana (Hiibner) was found to be
common on Unst in June, flying mainly in the afternoon between 2 and 6pm.
Interestingly, five specimens sent to the late Ian Lorimer for determination
included a specimen resembling the nominate form. Previously only the
Shetland race thuleana had been recorded from the islands although field
observations suggest a gradation between the two forms.

While the assistance of Keith Bland, the late lan Lorimer and Bernard
Skinner has been noted in the text of this note we would like to further
acknowledge their assistance and encouragement. Thanks are also due to
Nick Riddiford for keeping us informed of Fair Isle records and members of
the Shetland Entomological Group for their records. Details of the Shetland
Entomological Group can be obtained from the following address.—

M.G. PENNINGTON AND T. ROGERS, 9 Daisy Park, Baltasound, Unst, Shetland
ZE2 9EA.

Meligethes rotundicollis Bris. (Col.: Nitidulidae) locally outnumbering
M. aeneus (F.)

M. rotundicollis is one of our less common Meligethes: Joy (1932. Pract.
Handb. Brit. Beetles 5: 537) notes it as rare, while Fowler (1989, Col. Brit.
Isl. 3: 253) lists a mere half-dozen localities in south-east England. My late
friend Dr A.M. Easton told me that it occurred sparingly in the flowers of
various Cruciferae, and that its presence was often masked by the great
numbers of M. aeneus breeding on the same plants. Up to this June I had
collected only two specimens, both by general sweeping, in the 1940s

188 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

(Oxford district, and Box Hill, Surrey); occasional and more purposeful
searches had yielded no more.

Recently at Kidbrooke near here, I rather casually tapped a flowering stem
or two of charlock (Sinapis arvensis) over an open hand and tubed three
smallish Meligethes, which to my satisfaction proved, as expected, to be the
long-sought M. rotundicollis. A return visit to the spot (17.vi.94) resulted in
hordes of the ubiquitous M. aeneus at the original place; but in contrast, an
isolated plant of charlock in a hedge bordering a field barely 20 yards away
produced the rarer species in some plenty, with only a sprinkling of the
common one — the former easily recognised by their smaller size, shorter
form, and duller aspect. This seems a remarkable reversal of the usual state
of affairs, which I believe is seldom observed.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm
Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Agathomyia falleni (Zett.) (Dipt.: Platypezidae): a further West Kent
record

The note on this rare or little-known fly by Laurence Clemons (antea 117)
prompts me to put on record another occurrence in West Kent, this time in
the north-west corner of the vice-county (S.E. London). My first
acquaintance with the species was on 14.x.80 when two females were found
on a dead elm stump here at Charlton, in Maryon-Wilson Park, situated at
the very edge of a rhododendron thicket. On the 24th there were four more.
The following autumn, A. fa/leni females were again present: a few on 5.x.,
one hovering and flying slowly amongst the rhododendron foliage above the
stump, but on the 21st they were replaced by a single female A. unicolor
Oldb. The next autumn I could not find even the stump(!), which I concluded
must have been removed.

Mr Clemons’ data suggest that previous records (in Kent at all events) relate
mostly to males, so it is noteworthy that not a single male was encountered
in the Charlton occurrence — unless a smaller and darker-looking Platypezid
on the foliage near the stump, which escaped capture, was a male A. falleni.
That is indeed possible; males may have been on the wing rather high up,
though none could be seen. The stump had few fungi on it but I noticed two
kinds, one of them presumably Bjerkandera adusta, the pabulum of this
Agathomyia— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Agelastica alni (L.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in the New Forest, 1941

While spending some days with my friend the late Philip Harwood in 1953, I
learnt that he had seen several specimens of the very rare Agelastica alni
taken by a Dr Basker (of Bournemouth) at Matley Bog in the New Forest, on
its foodplant, alder, about a decade earlier. Needless to say, he had himself
made repeated but vain attempts to find the beetle there. His failure to do so
is not surprising, for its reflects the pattern typical of British occurrences of
the species: in no case known to me has it been found to persist in the

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 189

original site for any appreciable time after its discovery (eg. for a year or
two), even though it may have been in some plenty when found — as for
example at Marazion Marshes, south-west Cornwall, in 1901. This fact fits
the theory that A. a/ni, though common in those parts of Europe nearest to
us, is highly adapted to a continental climate and thus unable to maintain
itself here for any length of time — perhaps not, or seldom, for more than a
generation or two when conditions are suitable.

Dr Chris O'Toole has kindly informed me that there are in the Hope
Department, Oxford, two specimens of A. alni from the Harwood collection
labelled “New Forest/vii.1941/Dr C.A. Basker/Bournemouth”, which fixes
the year of capture. The remaining specimens (assuming there were any)
were probably retained by the captor or placed in the Bournemouth
Entomological Society collection. Actually this is not the sole occurrence of
Agelastica in the county, since my specimen (purchased many years ago at
Janson's) bears the not over-informative data “Alders, Hants.”— A.A. ALLEN,
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Extension of range of Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. (Lep.: Geometridae) in
S.E. England

Two interesting references to this species have been made recently. D.
Young (Ent. Rec. 105: 250) states that is has spread northwards from
Hampshire into Berkshire recently, and P. Baker recorded it from Virginia
Water in north-west Surrey in October 1993, commenting that this was in
accord with an extension of range C. siferata was undergoing in Surrey.
(Brit. J. ent. & nat, Hist. 7. pt. 1.)

On 14th May 1994 a specimen attended my garden m.v. trap, and would
appear to confirm the continued advance north-eastwards. Chalmers-Hunt
(Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 1981) quotes the last record for the species in
north-west Kent as Greenhithe, 1904, although L.W. Newman stated that it
was present in the Bexley area in the first decade of the century (Woolwich
Survey, 1909).— B.K. WEsT, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

Herminia nemoralis Fab. (Lep.: Hypeninae) a second generation?

The time of appearance of this moth covers June to August; most textbooks
are in agreement, and C. Plant (Moths of the London Area, 1993) states the
period precisely as the first week of June to the third week of August.

On 17.ix.1992 a fresh specimen appeared at my garden m.v. trap, the last
of ten commencing with a specimen on 31st May; the penultimate one was
recorded on 23rd July in a year noted for its early spring. If this September
moth is a representative of a second generation, this must be an unusual
occurrence. However, H. tarsipennalis Treits., which here occurs along with
nemoralis, and whose larva feeds over the same period, not infrequently
produces September specimens which are regarded as representing a second
generation (Skinner, Moths of the British Isles, 1984), and confirmed by
Plant (tbid).— B.K. WEsT, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

190 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

Clambus gibbulus (LeConte) (Col.: Clambidae): two more West Kent
records

C. Johnson (1992, A bionomic review of the British Clambidae, Ent. Gaz.
43: 67-71) gives a single West Kent record of this species (previously known
as C. radula Endrédy-Younga), namely Westerham (P. Harwood). He notes
it (p.68) as sporadic and rare, mostly occurring singly in a variety of habitats
and very scattered in southern England to S. Yorks and S. Lancs. It is closest
to the rather common C. punctulum Beck (punctulus auctt., see below), from
which it is most readily separable by the head character figured by Johnson
(1966, Coleoptera: Clambidae, Handbk Ident. Br. Insects, 4(6a): 10), and
with which it is probably often confused.

I find that I have a specimen of gibbulus taken at mercury-vapour light
here at Charlton (15.viii.81), and another from my former garden at
Blackheath (14.iv.46) in cut grass. The latter probably occurred in company
with C. punctulum, which I have long known from my garden and is found
throughout the district.

Regarding the last named species: unless Beck in 1817 actually wrote
punctulus — which is most unlikely — the name should be punctulum as
always in Continental works, and should not have been changed. There is no
latin word punctulus; the neuter noun punctulum (a diminutive from
punctum “a point’) being clearly intended, and, as a noun-epithet, it is
invariant.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

The Large White, Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) apparently
univoltine in Banffshire

While the Large White is generally considered to be at least bivoltine in
Britain, the possibility of there being only one brood in parts of Scotland is
mentioned by Heath, Pollard and Thomas (1984), quoting Graham-Smith
and Graham-Smith (1929).

My own observations in Banffshire since 1990, mainly around Ordiquhill
at about 170 metres above sea level, confirm that P. brassicae is basically
univoltine here. General observations, and standardised counts under the
national Butterfly Census Scheme, both reveal a single, rather protracted
flight period. In 1991, this did not begin until mid-July, and lasted into
September. During the unusually warm summer of 1992, Large Whites were
seen from 10th June and throughout July, but with few in August. In 1993, a
cool year, the main flight period was again delayed until after mid-July.

Further evidence for a single brood came from observations of
overwintering pupae in the wild during 1991-1993. None of about 30 being
watched was seen to have hatched before the first imagines were noticed on
the wing. Likewise, egg batches or larvae did not appear on garden
nasturtiums and brassicas until after the observed flight period had begun, so
the possibility of a small but unnoticed earlier brood in each of the years

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 19]

seems remote. Dr M.R. Young (pers. comm.) states that in Aberdeenshire he
also sees only one brood of larvae a year.

It was only after making the foregoing observations that I was able to
obtain the Graham-Smith and Graham-Smith (1929) reference, and discover
that my independent findings merely duplicated their earlier ones. They too
noted that only one brood of larvae is seen annually in Aberdeenshire. They
also found that overwintering pupae emerged late, some not until July, even
though theirs had been transported as far south as Cambridgeshire. Their
Aberdeenshire stock continued to be univoltine, at least for another year,
when reared in Cambridge.

In some years, the situation is complicated by migration. Thus, in 1990,
occasional Large Whites were seen in Banff from 4th May onwards.
Thomson (1980) states that such early individuals are migrants, and
describes the usual peak flight period from mid-July until early August
(exactly as observed at Ordiquhill) but without suggesting that residents
might be univoltine. Migratory species such as this are sometimes thought
incapable of producing locally-adapted forms because of the degree of
mixing. However, with the short cool summers this far north, it is possible
that any double-brooded immigrants fail to fit in two generations and almost
immediately die out.

Of the other Pieris species, the Small White, P. rapae is a scarcer
immigrant than the Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta, and was not seen at all
at Ordiquhill in 1991 or 1993, and as just three singles in 1992. The Green-
veined White, P. napi, is the most abundant butterfly species in the area and
is clearly partly bivoltine, with the first brood usually out from early May
and a smaller second brood from late July through August. It may be
constrained from producing a fuller second brood because little of its main
foodplant here, Cardamine pratensis, is available by August to support
larvae resulting from that brood.

References Graham-Smith, G.S. and Graham-Smith, W., 1929. Pieris brassicae, L.,
with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 41:
157-161; Heath, J., Pollard, E. and Thomas, J.A., 1984. Atlas of Butterflies in Britain

and Ireland. Viking, Harmondsworth; Thomson, G., 1980. The butterflies of Scotland.
Croom Helm, London.

— Roy LEVERTON, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

Notes on rearing Acronicta leporina L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Banffshire

The Miller, Acronicta leporina, is widespread in north-east Scotland, but
mainly seen as occasional singles (Barbour 1976, Palmer 1974). A female
taken at m.v. light at Ordiquhill, Banffshire on 6.vii.91 was kept for several
days, and reluctantly laid about 26 eggs on alder before being released still
gravid. Several eggs were deformed and infertile. Of the 18 larvae which
hatched, three were lost in the first instar when they became cemented to the
leaf surface by traces of aphid honeydew — an unforeseen cause of death

192 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

which perhaps sometimes happens in the wild. The remaining larvae were
easily reared on silver birch.

The larva of this species provides a rare example of asymmetry. In all 15
of the last-instar larvae, the long, silky, yellowish hairs covering the left side
of the body were angled forwards towards the head, while those on the right
side were angled backwards towards the tail. This arrangement was the
opposite of that described in Heath & Emmet (1983), and illustrated in
Brooks (1991); it was confirmed by references to photographs taken of the
brood at the time.

When ready to pupate, both the hairs and the body of the larvae changed
colour to a brownish-grey. The larvae became very active, tunnelling in and
out of the rolls of corrugated paper provided, before finally constructing
small cocoons of chewed paper in a hollow excavated at the end of a burrow
often several centimetres in length. One larva died without pupating. The
remaining 14 pupae were left in situ in the corrugated rolls, and stored in an
unheated outbuilding. Moths emerged as follows:

June 1992-1 June 1993-11 28th May 1994 —2
Overwintering more than once by the pupa of this species is already known,
but the high proportion of this brood which did so is of interest. Ironically,
the early summer of 1992 was particularly fine and warm here, while that of
1993 was cooler than normal. Similar behaviour is common among pupae
from Scottish populations of many other species, as pointed out by Tutt; he
noted that it occurred even when Scottish stock was transported south to
England. He also found that unusually warm conditions, far from stimulating
emergence, seemed to increase the proportion which overwintered twice
(Tutt, 1905). Perhaps this is what happened at Ordiquhill in 1992.

Whatever the benefits of such behaviour, these must be great enough to
outweigh the costs: the extra 12 or 24 months during which the pupa is
exposed to the risk of disease, predation or misadventure. However, it may
be that if the pupation site is sufficiently well-chosen to enable the pupa to
survive the first winter, the risk of subsequent mortality is low. Finally, there
are implications for monitoring — annual counts of numbers seen may not
accurately reflect the fortunes of the population where a sizeable but variable
proportion of the pupae overwinters more than once.

The 14 moths bred showed continuous variation. Three had the ground

colour of the forewings pure white, without any admixture of darker scales,
so that the black markings showed up sharp and clear — the type form. The
others ranged from almost white through to several which were as dark as
the normal English form ab. grisea Cochrane.
References: Barbour, D.A., 1976. Macrolepidoptera of Banffshire. Entomologist’s Rec.
J. Var. 88: 1-11; Brooks, M., 1991. A Complete Guide to British Moths Jonathan Cape,
London; Heath, J. and Emmet, A.M. (eds.), 1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland 16. Harley Books, Colchester; Palmer, R.M., 1974. Lepidoptera of
Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 86: 273-284; Tutt, J.W.,
1905. Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist vol I: 36-37. Elliot Stock, London.

— Roy LEverRTON, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 198

Estigmene nigricans (More, 1872) (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Bombay, 1994

A female of this Arctiid was found on the trunk of a frangipani tree
(Plumeria) in Aarey Milk Colony, an area to the north of Bombay on 15th
June 1994. That the south-westerly monsoon had just began, not five days
earlier probably accounted for its appearance. The moth was put into a pill
box and soon began to lay batches of ova. The moth remained in this
receptacle until I returned to London two days later, by which time about
eight batches had been laid.

The larvae began to eclose en masse between 20th and 22nd June. At this
stage I did not know the identity of the moth and had to resort to guess work
in terms of what the larvae might feed on. I need not have worried. The
newly-hatched larvae were offered Buddleja davidii, Menthe and Geranium
(Sweet Robert). All three foodplants were accepted especially the first two
named. This perhaps was not so surprising given that B. davidii belongs to
the family, Loganiaceae, widely distributed in Asia, whilst Mentha belongs
to the labiates with worldwide distribution.

Initially the larvae fed in groups on the undersides of the leaves but after
the first ecdysis fed singly. The first moult took place on 22nd June and most
were in their second instar by 24th June. Feeding was rapid, and most larvae
had entered the final instar after 14 days. The larvae are morphologically
very variable. I noted two forms; one is “chestnut-red” with the dorsal
“hairs” tipped in black, the other form is “black” throughout. The larvae are
extremely mobile and move at great speed if disturbed. Although the larvae
were initially “started off’ in the airing cupboard, they have been kept at
outside temperatures, which recently have been in the region of 25°C (early
July).

Four examples of this species’ larvae, fourth instar are now in the Natural
Museum's collection where the moth was identified.

As regards the moth's natural history in India. The most useful book in
this respect was the 1986 work by M.R.G.K. Nair. He does not deal
specifically with E. nigricans but with a related species, E. lactinea (Cram.)
which is a pest in India. It is cited as feeding on rice crops in Bihar and
Madyha Pradesh (east & central India respectively). In south India it is a pest
of ragi (a kind of millet). It is also noted on the leguminous plants, red-gram
and horse-gram. Other plants include Sesamum indicum (sesame), cotton,
jute, sweet potato, cashew and coffee.

More in his 1882-3 tome, mentions E. irregularis, although he puts it in
the former genus, Rajendra.

Seitz (1933) lists 28 species in the genus Estigmene (Hiibner) of which ten
species are Indo-Australian.

References: Hampson, G.F., The Fauna of British India. Moths Vol. Il. 1894;
Heywood, V.H., Flowering Plants of the World. 1993; More, F., The Lepidoptera of
Ceylon. Vol. Ill. 1882-3; Nair, M.R.G.K., Insects & Mites of Crops in India. 1986; Seitz,
Dr A. The Macrolepidoptera of the World 10. Indo-Australian Bombyces & Sphinges.
19332

—G. Clumo, 2 Long Bridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS14 9EL.

194 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

Acritus homoeopathicus Wollaston (Col.: Histeridae) at Box Hill, Surrey

On 23rd April 1991, my friend Norman Heal and I visited the National Trust
Box Hill Estate where we came across an old bonfire site. We each took
some of the ashes home and were pleased to find in them numerous
examples of A. homeopathicus — a species not previously recorded from the
area. The site had been used for a bonfire only once, in January 1990, to
burn branches of various deciduous trees.

Further small samples of ashes were collected on 12.5, 14.7, 27.10,
20.12.91 and on 11.4.92 and all were found to contain the beetle. By 1.9.92,
however, the ashes had been almost completely obscured by growth of
brambles and other herbage and no examples of A. homeopathicus could be
found in a large sample of ash nor in other samples obtained over the next
few months. On the early visits, a few examples of the staphylinid,
Micropelus tesserula Curtis were also found among the ashes and, on the
visit of 14th July 1991, a single example of Pseudomicrodota jelineki Krasa
was sieved from the ashes, the first example of this beetle to be recorded
from the British Isles (Coleopterist’s Newsletter, 1991, 44: 7).

Practically all the reports of A. homeopathicus in Britain record its
occurrence at old bonfire sites but I have not come across any specifying
how soon after the fire the beetle colonises a site or for how long the colony
persists. We first investigated the ashes 14 months after the fire and the
number of examples of the beetle present indicated that there must have been
at least one generation at the site before we discovered it. This would
suggest that the site was colonised in the summer of 1990, approximately six
months after the fire. If this is correct, the colony persisted for a little short
of two years.

Why A. homeopathicus chooses to inhabit bonfire sites is not clear. The
first report of this beetle in Britain (Blair, 1938 Ent. mon. Mag. 74: 53)
mentioned the presence of the fungus Pyronema confluens on the burnt
ground where the beetle was found. For this reason, the ashes at the Box Hill
site were carefully inspected for fungal growth on each visit but no growth
of any fungus was evident to the eye and no mycelia could be seen in one
sample of ash examined microscopically. The nature of the association
between beetle and fungus noted by some but not all recorders has not been
determined. The absence of the fungus from the site on this occasion might
suggest that the fungus is not essential to the beetle. Indeed the association
may prove to be purely co-incidental. The association of M. tesserula with
fire sites is well known though likewise unexplained. There are not many
records of the P. jelineki anywhere in its range. As far as I am aware, none
mentions bonfire sites.

I thenk Mr R.M. Locock for permission to study beetles in the National
Trust Box Hill Estate and Mr P. Orton for examination of a sample of ashes
microscopically for signs of fungus.— J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road,
Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 195

Rhodometra sacraria (Linn.) (Lep.: Geometridae) — in Hampshire, 1994

On the morning of 4th July 1994 I was pleased to see a specimen of
Rhodometra sacraria settled on the foliage beside my light-trap at the
cottage here. I was quite surprised, because I had worked at the light until
lam and had seen no sign of the specimen. I remember that my experience in
Suffolk in 1947 led me to suppose that it was an early evening insect.
Perhaps it also has a dawn flight, but I am none too confident in making that
assumption in view of the fact that it is listed as “nocturnal” in The Moths
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 7: pt. 2, by A.M. Emmet,
Harley Books, 1991.— ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage, Selborne,
Hampshire GU34 3JH.

TWO EASTERN EUROPEAN JOURNALS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

Actias — the Russian journal of scientific lepidopterology: published
mostly in English, German and French with extended Russian abstracts. The
journal concentrates on morphology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution
and development of butterflies and moths, both recent and fossil. A single
volume was published in 1993 ($14.00 or DM23), and for 1994 two issues
per year are planned (subscription $24 or DM46). These are individual
subscriptions — institutional ones are a little higher.

Russian entomological Journal: published mostly in English with extended
Russian abstracts. Covers morphology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution
and development of insects, both recent and fossil. First published in 1992 in
two issues (price $18 or DM27). In 1993 it became bi-monthly (price $54 or
DM81), reverting to quarterly in 1994 (subscription $40 or DM64).

Subscriptions for both journals can be paid via Barclays Bank, and there
are payment facilities in most European countries. Further details can be
obtained from Dr K.G. Mikhailov, Zoological Museum of the Moscow
Lomonosov State University, Herzen Street 6, K-9 Moscow 103009.

OBITUARY
Ronald Ian Lorimer, 1919 - 1994

Ian Lorimer died suddenly at his home in Orkney on 31st May, 1994. Born
in Burton-on-Trent on 15th November, 1919, he was educated in Derby and
spent his working life in the family retail business, becoming Managing
Director. His father encouraged him and his brother Jim to study natural
history, especially moths and butterflies, from a very early age, and gave
them a book called Eyes and no Eyes before Ian was six years old. This
evidently started them off, and Ian, who specialised in the moths, never
looked back except for a brief period after the War: travelling alone to
Orkney on a mothing expedition, his friend having had to withdraw, Ian
found himself sitting next to a young lady, Daphne Freeth, on the aircraft.
Apparently he was bowled over and, according to Daphne, very little

196 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994

entomology was done during the whole of that expedition. Courtship took its
place, and Ian and Daphne were married in 1951! Subsequently, however,
entomology returned as Ian's major hobby and relaxation, in which he was
lovingly and supportively encouraged by his wife.

The Lorimers were living in Totteridge in 1955 when the writer first met
them. Already, Ian had a reputation as an enthusiastic, knowledgeable, but
above all extremely generous entomologist. He was a keen breeder of moths,
always distributing ova and sharing larvae among friends, eager to hear of
their desiderata and tireless in obtaining specimens and offering help and
advice. Perhaps his own special interest was the lepidopterous fauna of the
Orkney Islands: he and his family would go to “Scorradale”, in Orphir, at
every opportunity; meanwhile he combed the literature and numerous
collections for records, all of which were carefully checked. In 1970, he
published “Orkney Lepidoptera, 1868-1968” in the Entomologist’s Gazette,
to which Supplements were later added. In 1983, The Lepidoptera of the
Orkney Islands was published as a culmination of his studies. lan was also
closely involved with the Noctuidae volumes of the series, Moths and
Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, writing the sections on Hadeninae
in volume 9 and on Cuculliinae, Acronictinae, Plusiinae, Catocalinae and
some smaller subfamilies in volume 10.

In 1981, Ian retired and the family moved permanently to “Scorradale”.
Regrettably, lan was stricken with increasingly debilitating arthritis which
made it increasingly difficult for him to visit places he loved, such as
Berriedale on Hoy. Nevertheless, he continued to function as a potent
catalyst for the study of Lepidoptera in the northern Isles, ever ready to help
with identification of material sent him, and enthusiastic when new species
or rare migrants were turned up. Arthritis also made it difficult for him to
pursue his other hobby, gardening, but he remained an omnivorous reader,
and his general knowledge was encyclopaedic.

For those of us who had the privilege of staying at “Scorradale”, there are
wondrous memories of generous hospitality, witty and erudite conversation

. and the virtual certainty of interesting moths, whatever the Orkney
weather.

Barry Goater

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Could any Lepidopterists who have spent time doing field work in the
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WANTED
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

Fruit-feeding butterflies in large numbers on flowers. T.B. Larsen. : “he

The genus Apion (Col.: Apionidae) on Woolwich Common, S.E. London. AA Allen wea

A check list of the microlepidoptera of Carmarthenshire (VC44). S.R. Lucas

Euplectus brunneus Grimm. (Col.: Pselaphidae) and its status in Britain. A.A. Allen.

Distributions of Proturans ec ia in a deciduous woodland in South Wales.
P.E. King & K.V. Aazem .

Pontia daplidice L. (Lep.: Pieridae) a serious ws, a sates Ze. at oe alten in
India. M. Arif, B. Singh & M.C. Joshi . :

On the identification of Cercyon alpinus Vogt. (Col: Ey duophaiiae) ond on fe
occurrence in Scotland. J.A. Owen .

Notes and observations

Caloptilia robustella Jackh. (Lep.: Gracillariidae) on Spanish Chestnut. J.M. Chalmers-
Hunt . :

Hazards of pattertlyy colleen - eneeee ‘Hotel as Sones. Madagascar 1982.
T.B. Larsen .

Notes on Uresiphita Panyrarnes (D. & S. ) ee Pylon in Span: G. Charen

Aspilates gilvaria (D. & S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) and variation in the imago's flight
period. G. Clumo . :

Notes on Glyphipteryx aaiaaela Roe. nite Gipnpeae) A. Spalding :

Operation stag beetle. D. Dey. . .

Notes on Lepidoptera in Shetland in 1993. M. G. penne & T. ieee

Meligethes rotundicollis Bris. (Col. Nitidulidae) locally outnumbering M. aeneus. a a
Allen. : ‘

Agathomyia falleni Zett. (Dipt. iPiiypemineye a Atte West Kent call x ‘Ab Altea ;

Agelastica alni L. (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in the New Forest, 1941. A.A. Allen . :

Extension of range of Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. (Lep. Geometridae) in S.E. England.
B.K. West . :

Herminia nemoralis Feb. (lee Hypenmee) a pone penemaen Be K. ‘West : :

Clambus gibbulus LeConte (Col.: Clambidae): two more West Kent records. A.A. Anen

The Large White, Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) oe univoltine in
Banffshire. R. Leverton

Notes on rearing Acronicta iguertae ie (usr iNeconae) R. lees erton.

Estigmene nigricans More. (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Bombay, 1994. G. Clumo.

Acritus homoepathicus Woll. (Col.: Histeridae) at Box Hill, Surrey. J/.A. Owen.

Rhodometra sacraria L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in Hampshire. A. Aston .

Two new journals.

Obituary. R.I. Lorimer .

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159
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169
180

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184
185
186

187
188
188

189
189
190

190
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195

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IOLAUS NEWPORTI-— A NEW LYCAENID 197

IOLAUS NEWPORTI, A NEW SPECIES OF LYCAENIDAE FROM
NIGERIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

TORBEN B. LARSEN
358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 SPL.

THE AIM of this paper is to describe a most interesting and unexpected new
species of Jolaus collected by K. Stiff in the Guinea savannah zone of
Nigeria and brought to my attention by Mike Newport, after whom it is
named in appreciation of his assistance in my work on West African
butterflies.

The genus Jolaus is a large and complex one with more than 100
described species, all of which feed on mistletoes (Loranthaceae). Most are
rainforest butterflies, many with wide ranges covering much of Africa, while
some are montane with very limited distributions. However, some are
adapted to more arid conditions and are limited to the various savannah
zones, sometimes extending almost into true desert conditions.

Many of the species are very local and therefore rarely found by collectors
on flying visits. However, once a colony is found, small numbers may be
collected at intervals in the same spot.

The genus was comprehensively revised by Stempffer & Bennett
(1958/1959). Their meticulous study provided a foundation for further work
on the genus and not surprisingly many additional species were subsequently
published, since much unpublished material was present in collections.
Additionally, several new species are known only, or mostly, from bred
material.

Stempffer & Bennett (1958/1959) subdivided the genus into what
Stempffer (1967) calls “pragmatic” subgenera, while maintaining /olaus as a
“kind of super-genus”. There has been a tendency to elevate these subgenera
to generic level (eg D'Abrera (1980)), but this is doing violence to
Stempffer's carefully considered opinion.

Tolaus (Iolaphilus) newporti sp. nov.

The new species pertains to the subgenus /olaphilus in all essential
characters. It is most closely related to the Ugandan Jolaus (lolaphilus)
vansomereni Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 in both colour pattern and genitalia
but differs far too strongly to be considered a subspecies of that distinctive
butterfly. Both sexes of J. vansomereni are well-illustrated in D'Abrera
(1980) and the description of the new species will be made in relation to that
species.

Male upperside: The length of the forewing is 20mm. The ground-colour is a
light sky-blue of less intensity than is usual in the genus. The costa is
blackish-brown along the basal half of the cell, then widening gradually to
form a moderate apical patch, which tapers towards the tornus where it is
about Imm broad. There is a small tooth at the end of the cell, slightly
darker than the rest of the costa, which is usually sufficient to distinguish

198 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

it from all other similar /olaus. The dark markings of /. vansomereni are
slightly more extensive and the end-cell tooth is missing. The hindwing is
blue of the same tone as the forewing. The costa is whiteish and space 6
greyish. The black margin is narrow, widening to about Imm at the apex.
There are small black tornal spots in spaces 1b and 2, crowned by traces
of submarginal line and the surrounding blue area slightly suffused with
white. There is no trace of red. The androconial patch is silvery-grey with
a darker grey centre. In /. vansomereni the hindwing has clear red spots,
the dark margin is much wider, and the costa and space 6 blackish.

Male underside: The forewing is unmarked white. The androconial brushes
are beige. The hindwing is white with a poorly developed line of
submarginal/postdiscal spots that stops in space 3. There are modest red
tornal spots in spaces Ib and 2. The underside is very similar to that of /.
vansomereni.

Female upperside: The ground-colour is predominantly white. The forewing
has the same markings as the male, but the dark margin at the tornus is
broader (2mm). The characteristic tooth in the cell is present. There is blue
basal shading to the extent of about half the cell and slightly less in spaces
la and |b. The hindwing has only the faintest traces of blue shading. The
submarginal/postdiscal line of spots is better developed than in the male
and continues to space 5. The anal lobe is crowned with red. There is a
black tornal spot in space 1b and an orange spot in space 2. The margin is
broader than in the male, widening gradually to 2mm at the apex.

Female underside: The underside is like the male except for a slightly more
prominent submarginal/postdiscal line of spots that continues to space 5 or
6. It is very similar to the female of /. ismenias Klug. 1834 which usually
lacks the characteristic tooth in the forewing cell and has considerably less
basal blue shading on the upperside. The female of /. vansomereni has
very extensive orange tornal markings and a much wider dark margin on
the hindwing upperside. The female of /. menas Druce, 1890 is also white,
but never has the tooth at the end of the forewing cell and the postdiscal
black line on the hindwing is more regular, especially on the underside.

Male genitalia: The male genitalia are closest to those of J. vansomerent.
The subunci are slightly longer. The valve is considerably more squat and
the distal projection shorter and more toothed. Its inner edge is evenly
rounded and the whole valve broader. There is a distinct lobe on the outer
edge where the distal projection begins. The penis differs little in shape,
but both of the massive cornuti are of equal size; the distal one is much
shorter in /. vansomereni.

Male holotype: Zuru, Sokoto State, Nigeria, 2.v.1980 (K. Stiff leg. in coll.
M. Stewart). Genitalia preparation Larsen AYN. The holotype will be
placed in The Natural History Museum, London and the genitalia
renumbered (No. 29357).

199

IOLAUS NEWPORTI — A NEW LYCAENID

‘sopts.iopun ‘suoutoads awe

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‘adAyeaed ayewia,y ys doy ‘adAjopoy ayeyy soy doy,
“aou “ds 1./0dmau (snjiydpjoy) snvjoy “| “314

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200 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994

Fig. 2. The male genitalia of Jolaus (lolaphilus) newportii sp. nov.

Paratypes: Three males and one female from same locality between 24.1v
and 2.v.1980 in colls. M. Newport and J. Stewart.

I have not visited the type area, which is near Lake Kainji, but from the
latitude it should be in the transition zone between Guinea (long grass) and
Sudan savannah. This habitat remains somewhat unexplored for butterflies.
lolaus (Epamera) alienus bicaudatus Aurivillius, 1905 has been caught in
the same area by K. Stiff indicating a very dry habitat.

There are no specimens of /. newporti in The Natural History Museum,
London and Steve Collins (pers. comm.) assures me that he could not have
missed the species if specimens were present in the National Museum of
Kenya, Nairobi, Musée Royal d'Afrique Central, Tervuren, or in the Musée
National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. None is present in the Allyn Museum,
Florida which houses a vast collection of Ghana butterflies.

Acknowledgements

This is paper number seven in a series resulting from advance studies for the
book project Butterflies of West Africa — origins, natural history, diversity
and conservation (1993-1998). 1 am indebted to the Carlsberg Foundation of
Denmark for their support to the West African field activities and to The
Natural History Museum, London for assistance and access to their
collections.

References
D'Abrera, B., 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne.
Stempffer, H., 1967. The genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bulletin of
the British Museum, Natural History, (Entomology), supplement 10: 1-322.
Stempffer, H. & Bennett, N.H., 1958/1959. Révision des genres appartenant au groupe de Iolaus

(Lep.: Lycaenidae). Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental pour L’Afrique Noire, sér. A, 20: 1243-1347,
and 21: 227-325.

PALE YELLOW ATETHMIA CENTRAGO 201

THE PALE YELLOW FORMS OF ATETHMIA CENTRAGO HAW.
(LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) AND TWO OF RECORDS FROM N.W. KENT

BRIAN K. WEST

36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

ON 5th SEPTEMBER 1994 I noticed a very pale, seemingly unicolorous

specimen of A. centrago near where the garden m.v. light trap had stood the

previous night. It somewhat resembled a worn Xanthia icteritia Hufn. ab.

flavescens Esp. for which it could be readily overlooked; it was however a

fair specimen of the rare ab. /utea Brombacher, described as late as 1931,

perhaps reflecting its rarity on the Continent. On 3rd September 1982 my

garden m.v. light trap contained a somewhat similar specimen which was
determined as ab. flava Rebel, also exceedingly rare.

It would appear that these forms were not known to Tutt; they are not

mentioned in his British Noctuae and their Varieties, (1892). Four pale

forms have been described, one being the type form of the species named by

Hiibner in 1809 as xerampelina. These forms are:

(a) xerampelina Hiibn. (1809). Forewings pale yellow, the central area
between the two red cross lines and below the reniform shaded with
grey, fringe reddish.

(b) pallida Staud. (1891). Paler than the typical insect — unicolorous reddish-
yellow, or reddish-grey, or rarely greyish-yellow. It has the usual two
dark transverse lines which are light bordered; the dark reniform is
usually present.

(c) flava Rebel (1933). Citron yellow without any reddish coloration, the
two transverse lines indistinct and white edged on the convex side, the
reniform also indistinct.

(d) /utea Brombacher (1931). The central band is obsolete, the insect being
citron yellow and markingless as far as the narrow dark marginal field.

The centrago of Haworth (1809) is regarded as an aberration, and also the
prevailing form in Britain — the intermediate form between the pale
xerampelina and the dark, almost unicolorous ab. unicolor Staud., by Tutt.

The rarity of all these forms in Britain is confirmed by the paucity of
specimens in the National Collection and that of A.J. Wightman who bred
very large numbers of the species. Ab. flava is represented by three
specimens — an ancient, somewhat disintegrated specimen labelled “Knaggs

Collection” with no other data; one from Threllfield, Cumb. 23.1x.1963, Rev.

Vine Hall, and the third from Pulborough, Sussex, 4.1x.1956, A.J. Wightman

which is in the Wightman Collection of A. centrago incorporated into the

National Collection. The cabinet label suggests that it is a weather-worn

centrago of no particular interest! However, under the hand lens it is seen to

be a quite good specimen; it has not been recognised as ab. flava.

202 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994

Chalmers-Hunt (1961) mentions a specimen of ab. /utea from Darenth in
the National Collection; its label provides no other data. It resides in a series
of some half a dozen individuals, pale yellow, but additionally possessing
the central fascia as a very pale replica of that found normally. They all,
including the Darenth one, show a degree of darkening towards the termen,
which is the distinguishing feature from ab. flava. I presume that this series
has been assembled on the assumption that the specimens represent a
homozygote and heterozygotes of the same form. Perhaps the latter could
equally well be labelled ab. xerampelina.

The second illustration of the species in South's 1939 edition of his well-
known work is labelled ab. unicolor, which it in no way resembles; it would
appear to be ab. pallida. However, ab. unicolor is portrayed in the
completely revised 1961 edition.

Ab. flava appears to be a slightly more extreme form than ab. /utea, and I
notice that my specimen of the former at certain angles reflects an extremely
pale pinkish central area, and flava also retains the reddish forewing fringe
characteristic of the species. Nevertheless, the two forms are separable, and
to have them named is, I think, far better than regarding them as merely
extreme xerampelina. For Kent my specimen of flava appears to be the first,
and the /utea the second.

Acknowledgements
lam most grateful to Mr D.J. Carter of the British Museum (Natural History)
for giving me access to the National Collection and important unpublished
literature.

References
Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1961. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent. 2.
South, R., 1939. The Moths of the British Isles.
, 1961. Revised edition. The Moths of the British Isles.

Tutt, J.W., 1892. The British Noctuae and their Varieties.

Poplar Kitten Furcula bifida Brahm (Lep.: Notodontidae) in
Cardiganshire, Wales

A very local moth in Wales, the first record of it in Cardiganshire is of a
specimen that I took at light at Trawscoed, near Aberystwyth in July 1954.
After a lapse of forty years a specimen also came to the light trap at Cnwch
Coch on 29th June 1994, There are I believe, no other records of this species
in the county. According to Skinner (Colour Identification Guide to Moths of
the British Isles 1984), Viking, this moth is widely distributed in parts of
Wales, its scarcity in this county is possibly due to the lack of the larval
foodplant Poplar. It is therefore significant that a small Forestry Commission
plantation of some three hundred trees bordering the Nant Fruo at Trawscoed
is about two kilometres away from where the first specimen was taken and
one and a half kilometres from this latest recorded site.— Philip M. Miles,
Werndég, Cnwch Coch, Nr. Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales SY23 4LQ.

BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 203

BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE, APRIL 1994
P.B. HARDY
10 Dudley Road, Sale, Cheshire

THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNT is the result of two weeks' observation in
the west central area of Crete, based on Spili, a village on the main road
leading southwards from Rethymno, and making day excursions to sites of
entomological and botanical interest.

Weather conditions on arrival were unsettled, with high winds, heavy rain
and low temperatures at night; drier but cloudy weather succeeded, and after
the second day there was a steady improvement and for most of the
remainder of the fortnight, the days were increasingly hot and sunny.

The island's natural vegetation has been greatly modified as a result of
man's activities. Virtually no forest cover remains, and the rocky limestone
hills and mountains are subject to severe grazing pressure by goats, resulting
in degradation of the maquis or “garrigue” and dominance of a few hardy
plants resistant to this pressure, especially the Greek Spiny Spurge
Euphorbia acanthothamnus and the Jerusalem Sage Phlomis lanata, On
lower ground olive groves have largely taken the place of the original
woodland, and the impoverished ground flora is frequently dominated by an
invasive South African plant, Oxalis pres-caprae. Nevertheless, the island
still does contain a very great deal of botanical interest, and the visit had
been timed so that the spring flowers, especially the orchids, would be at
their peak.

Although the impression gained was that the optimum time for butterfly
numbers would have been a month or so later, and certain species mentioned
by other visitors to the island as having been abundant in May — eg
Coenonympha thyrsis, Hipparchia cretica, Maniola jurtina and Thymelicus
acteon, were not yet on the wing, the spring broods of most of the
mulitvoltine species were well developed. Population densities however
tended to be much lower than might have been expected and in very few
places were butterflies really abundant even in areas of apparently prime
habitat. This apparent scarcity and less than maximum utilisation of
available habitat has also been remarked on by Dennis (pers. comm.) who
has visited the island twice, in the months of March and April, 1989 and
1990,

Sites with more than average density of butterfly species and/or
individuals included the headland near Plakias (see species account for
Zerynthia cretica), and the following three locations which I have selected
for a more detailed account: (1) a lane leading down to a small river near
Frati, (2) the abandoned village at Mili, and (3) Rethymno Fort.

(1) At Frati on 10.iv.94, a transect approximately 800 metres long was
walked, downhill through olive groves to the river. The more sedentary
species were almost wholly concentrated in a small, sunlit glade at the
top of the slope beside the track, 700 metres along, and beside the river
immediately below this point. Here A. agestis, C. argiolus, P. icarus, L.

204 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

phlaeas and C. alceae were present as well as the more vagile P.
brassicae, P. rapae, C. croceus and a single P. machaon. During the
remainder of the walk, P. aegeria, P. brassicae and C. croceus were
generally distributed, though not in high numbers (total sightings of
these three species 14, 17 and 10, during approximately two hours of
observation), and there were odd sightings of Z. cretica (2), C. argiolus
(2), L. phlaeas, E. ausonia, I. podalirius, V. cardui and L. boeticus.

(2) At Mili, a narrow path led from the main road down the eastern side of a
narrow valley to cross a bridge over a stream; from here another path led
southwards along the western side of the valley through the abandoned
village. The total distance walked was approximately 800 metres of
which the path from the road down to the bridge comprised just over 200
metres and the valley-side path through the abandoned village the
remainder. Also, from the bridge in the other direction, a level path led
northwards by the stream through shady olive groves to an old church, a
distance of 230 metres. The distribution of butterflies seen during a total
of four hours (10am to 2pm) at Mili on 12.iv.94 was as follows:

(i) Path from road to bridge excluding area adjacent to bridge (slope with
west-facing aspect): Z. cretica (2), P. brassicae (6), P. rapae (1), G.
cleopatra (4), P. aegeria (1), P. icarus (3).

(ii) Area adjacent to bridge (small, sheltered glade with full insolation at
midday, south-westerly aspect): Z. cretica (2), P. brassicae (4), P. rapae
(3), C. croceus f. helice (1, ovipositing), G. cleopatra (2), L. sinapis (1),
P. egea (2), P. aegeria (2), C. argiolus (5), A. agestis (2), P. icarus (3).
This glade was a meeting-point for flyways up the stream and across the
hillside for the vagile Pierids and Z. cretica as well as providing
hostplant-habitat for the sedentary Lycaenids.

(iii) Path through abandoned village, and former gardens (east-facing
slope, becoming shady after midday): P. brassicae (11), P. rapae (4), G.
cleopatra (5), V. atalanta (3), P. aegeria (15), C. argiolus (18), L.
phlaeas (2).

(iv) Path upstream through olive groves to church: Z. cretica (2), P.
brassicae (3), P. rapae (1), G. cleopatra (2), C. argiolus (5), P. aegeria
(21), L. megera (1).

(3) Rethymno Fort is an area of unsprayed grassland which at the time of the
visit was almost wholly carpeted by wild flowers, especially Chrysan-
themum coronarium and various members of the Boraginaceae, on top of .
a high promontory north of the town of Rethymno on the island's north
coast. The terrain is undulating with several limestone hillocks. Most of
the area is completely open, though enough shade for a small colony of
P. aegeria is provided at the west side by a few trees (and the wall of the
fort), and there is also a clump of trees in the south-eastern corner. A

BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 205

small colony of P. icarus was close to the latter on an east-facing slope.
Otherwise, there was little if any hostplant-habitat for any of the
butterflies observed and it appeared that they had flown in to “hill-top”.
Where had they come from? To the north and west of the fort are steep
cliffs leading down to the sea. To the south and east, the fort is
completely isolated from any potential hostplant-habitat in all directions
for at least a mile by the town of Rethymno.

The following were recorded during two and half hours of observation
(11.30am to 2pm) on 14.iv.94: P. machaon (5, including a mating — see
species account), /. podalirius (1), P. brassicae (2), E. ausonia (6), P.
egea (1), V. atalanta (6), V. cardui (3), P. aegeria (2), L. megera (7), P.
icarus (4).

The total of 22 species recorded during the fortnight compares with the
observations of Rutherford (1980 and pers. comm.) who recorded 22 species
on his first visit in May 1979 and a total of 31 species in five visits. He adds
in a draft note dated April 1994 that a further seven species have recently
been reported by at least two other observers. Olivier (1993, pp.200-201) in
his authoritative list of butterflies for Crete lists 40 species. Higgins & Riley
(1970) show 36 species as occurring in Crete on their maps. Although
Coghlan (1993) suggests 60 species plus a possible further three, | suspect
that her list is more from guess-work than from factual observation. She does
not include E. ausonia or C. alceae.

Spelling of Cretan place-names varies greatly between maps and indeed
not all road-signs on the island spell names the same way (eg Rethymno,
Rethimno or Rethimnon). | have used what appeared to be the spelling most
regularly given on the road-signs.

Species accounts
In the following account the name, approximate number of sightings,
localities where species was recorded (see Table 1) are given.

Papilio machaon L. ( Swallowtail) (10) F, PL, PR, PS, RF

This species was wide-ranging and single individuals were seen in a wide
range of habitats, the majority clearly on passage flights, including one
flying rapidly up the hillside at Prases following the line of the track up the
hill. In the late afternoon of 11.1v.94 one was observed pausing briefly to
nectar on some flowers growing at the edge of a road bridge carrying an
overhead bypass over a small suburban road at Platanas, near the town of
Rethymno and described by Green (1994) as “in the middle of some of the
most touristy development in Crete”. The only site where more than one P.
machaon were seen was Rethymno fort, where at least five were watched
“hill-topping” on the flower-covered mound within the fort, and a mating
was witnessed. There was no hostplant-habitat for this species within the
fort, and as the fort is completely isolated from any other potential habitat by
the town of Rethymno the butterflies must clearly have travelled a
considerable distance, before and after mating.

206 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi. 1994

Iphiclides podalirius L. (Scarce Swallowtail) (6) A, F, PR, RF, TH, VM
Occasional individuals were seen in widely differing habitats, including one
“hill-topping” at Rethymno Fort; the butterfly had selected a group of trees
at the south-east side of the fort for its territory.

Zerynthia cretica Rebel (Cretan Festoon) (56) AI, F, GK1, GK2, KK, KL,
KR, MER, MI, PL, PR, SS1, VT

Although this endemic was seen in a wide variety of habitats it was clear that
most sightings were of individuals on passage or on long-range patrolling
flights. The exception was a rocky limestone headland near Plakias which
was clearly a “headquarters” of the species. Here the butterflies adopted a
quite different behaviour and were clearly remaining in established
territories within a small area. The total length of the available habitat was
approximately 450 metres. Dennis (in prep.) describes egg-laying of this
species at this site. When Dennis made his second visit, in 1990, attempts
were being made to terrace and cultivate the headland; however, these now
seem to have been abandoned and the habitat is not badly degraded. On my
first visit on 8.iv.94, only four Z. cretica were seen, the weather being
largely overcast that day; on a second visit on 13.iv.94 in full sunshine, 21
were observed.

Pieris brassicae (Large White) (184) AI, AL, F, GK1, GK2, KK, MES, MI,
S, RF, TH, VM

Interestingly, although during this visit this was one of the two most
abundant species, R.L.H. Dennis and C.I. Rutherford (pers. comm.) both
remark on its scarcity. Rutherford remarks that in five visits to the island he
has only seen two or three examples. The butterfly clearly has its main brood
very early in the season and it is to be conjectured what happens to it during
the summer. In the crop-growing land beside the lane at Spili, close to where
I was staying, fresh individuals were emerging daily and were frequently
observed nectaring on patches of flowering Brassica plants, on thistles, and
in the fields and olive groves. The butterflies appeared to roost among the
olive and orange trees, though two were observed one night roosting on
ornamental white lily-type flowers in an adjacent garden. Towards the end of
the fortnight, the farmers grubbed most of the Brassica plants out and the
butterfly would clearly be unable to continue breeding there.

Pieris rapae L. (Small White) (118) A, AI, AL, AT, F, G, GK1, GK2, KA,
KL, MER, MES, MI, PL, PM, PR, S, SS1, SS2, TH, VM

Widely distributed in the lowlands, frequently with P. brassicae though
normally less numerous.

Euchloe ausonia Hiibner (Dappled White) (33) DV, F, GK1, GK2, KA, KR,
MER, PL, PR, RE, SS1, TH, VM; VT

This species occurred in small numbers and the butterflies were always
extremely active. Hill-topping activity was observed at Meronas and
Rethymno Fort.

BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 207

(It is possible that some butterflies recorded as this species could have been
misidentifications of Pontia daplidice (or P. edusa); no definite sighting of a
Pontia species was made.)

Colias croceus Geoffroy (Clouded Yellow) (73) A, AI, AL, AT, F, FO, FT,
GkisGK2,; KA, KOT,MES, MI PL,.PR,.S,SS1; S82, TH; VT

This migrant was seen regularly in most types of habitat. Several females
were of the helice form, and one of these was watched ovipositing on a very
small patch of clover amidst dominant Oxalis in a small glade beside the
path where it crossed the stream at the bottom of the valley at the abandoned
village at Mili.

Gonepteryx cleopatra L. (Cleopatra) (36) A, Al, DV, GK2, KA, KOT, MER,
MI, PL, TH

Regularly seen in most habitats where there was some semi-natural
vegetation, including rocky hillsides where there were some trees and
bushes.

Leptidea sinapis L. (Wood White) (32) FT, GK2, MI, S, VM

This butterfly appeared to form small, discrete colonies. There was a small
population at Spili, along a lane leading gently downhill through olive and
orange groves and various terraced crops, with several observations during
the second week. The butterflies tended to patrol short distances along
shelter-belts created by the terrace edges. A further isolated colony was at
the site “GK2” on the Gious-Kambos plateau to the south-east of Spili,
where two very large plane trees and a small area of scrub provided some
shelter at the base of a rocky limestone hill. A female was watched
ovipositing here, in complete shade, on an unidentified legume. A third site
was the lake near Vamos where a discrete colony occupied a very restricted
area of lush waterside vegetation at the lake edge in the shelter of a road
embankment.

Nymphalis polychloros (Large Tortoiseshell) (1) Al

A single very worn example was seen at Agia Ioannis on 17.iv.94 when it
settled briefly on a woodland track. Other members of the tour group had
previously reported an unconfirmed sighting in an area of scrub near
Meronas.

Vanessa atalanta L. (Red Admiral) (22) AL, FT, G, GK2, KA, MI, PR, RF, S
This migrant was seen in a variety of habitats, particularly the more fertile,
cultivated areas, including orange orchards beside the lane near Arkadi and
the abandoned gardens at Mili. Several butterflies were apparently hill-
topping at Rethymno Fort 14.iv.94 as were smaller numbers of V. cardui.

Vanessa cardui L. (Painted Lady) (21) F, FO, GK1, GK2, KA, KOT, KR,
PE..PS, RE «Ss; TE

Another migrant species seen in a variety of habitats, usually singly, and
favouring more xeric biotopes and higher altitudes than V. atalanta. Only at
Rethymno Fort did the two species occur together. Hill-topping was

208 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

observed at Rethymno Fort and a small limestone hill amidst agricultural
land near Fourfouras.

Polygonia egea Cramer (Southern Comma) (8) GK2, KK, MI, MP, RF, SS
The few individuals seen were recently out of hibernation; two butterflies in
the village in Spili, in front of shops, appeared to have overwintered in
adjacent outbuildings or under overhangs. This species is thermophilic and
regularly basks on very warm surfaces. At a small gorge near Gerakari in the
late afternoon of 18.iv.94 two individuals were sharing a dry rocky stream-
bed with Zerynthia cretica. Water had carved a deep, circular bowl out of the
rock, and the P. egea were thermoregulating on the sides of this bowl which
at that time received the last’ rays of sunshine.

Hipparchia cretica Rebel (Cretan Grayling) (1) SS

The visit was too early in the season to see this species on the wing;
however, there was a dead specimen from the previous year, trapped inside a
window in a restaurant in Spili — clear evidence that the butterfly occurs
nearby.

Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) (191) AI, AL, AT, F, G, GK2, KL,
MES; MI) PL, PR, PS; RF) S, SA, SS1, TH, VM

This appears to be the most successful species currently resident on the
island and has been able to adapt very well to changes in habitat resulting
from man's activities. Olive groves provide its requirements for “woodland”
partly in sun and partly in shade, and the butterfly could be found in virtually
all such habitats, indeed anywhere where there were a few trees to provide
some shade and a shelter-belt. The lane through olive groves at Spili
provided a good habitat and after P. brassicae this was the most regularly
seen species there. Even in very marginal habitats, such as the mainly very
open fort at Rethymno, and the steep, open, desiccated hillside near Prases,
one or two P. aegeria had managed to obtain a footing where a few trees or
bushes offered some shelter.

Lasiommata megera L. (Wall) (77) AI, DV, FO, G, GK1, GK2, KA, KR,
MER, MI, PL, PR, PS, RF, RT; SS1, SS2, TH, VM

This thermophilic species was widely distributed, and to be seen on most
sun-baked hillsides, where it was frequently the only butterfly present, and
on hilltops, as well as occasional sightings at lower levels in marginal
habitats. In coloration this species is very similar to the local form of P.
aegeria; the habitat requirements of the two species are however so different
that although both were very widely distributed it was only in rare instances,
such as the hillside at Prases, that their habitats overlapped enough for the
two species to be seen close together.

Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper) (16) A, F, MES, MI, PL, PR, S, TH, VT
Very small colonies were found in small patches of suitable habitat — scraps
of semi-natural vegetation within lowland agricultural land and valleys. A
female was watched ovipositing at Mili 12.iv.94 on a small Rumex at the

BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 209

edge of an abandoned garden in the valley bottom, the site having been
chosen because it was sheltered — by the wall of the old building — but not
overgrown. Two other Lycaenids, A. agestis and P. icarus, had similar
habitat requirements to.L. phiaeas and in several places the three were seen
together.

Lampides boeticus L. (Long-tailed Blue) (7) F, FO, GK1, PL, PR, TH, VM
This migrant was recorded as singletons in widely different sites.

Celastrina argiolus L. (Holly Blue) (66) AL, F, FT, GK1, HR, MER, MI,
PR,.S, TH, VM

Although likely to be seen anywhere with suitable hedges or scrub, by far
the best site found for this species was the abandoned village at Mili, where
a total of 29 were sighted on 12.1v.94. The abandoned gardens in the valley
here formed ideal habitat. Interestingly, where the path into this village
crossed a bridge over a stream at the bottom of the valley, where a small
glade at the bottom of the slope received the full sun around mid-day, the
different habitats of C. argiolus, A. agestis and P. icarus overlapped and the
three species could be seen in adjacent territories, C. argiolus (three
individuals) utilising the ivy growing at low level adjacent to the bridge
parapet, and the other two nearby on the open grass. Another strong colony
was near Frati, the lane leading down to the river, where in a similar sunny
glade the three species again were seen together, in this case also with L.
phlaeas.

Aricia agestis Schiff. (Brown Argus) (14) F, GK1, KA, MI, S, SS1, TH, VT
Very small, isolated colonies could be found in small patches of habitat
amidst agricultural areas and valleys. The hostplant was a species of
Geranium, a few individuals were however seen in places where this plant
did not appear to occur. In several sites, notably Mili, the lane at Spili and
the lane leading down to the river near Frati, this species shared the habitat
with L. phlaeas and P. icarus.

Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue) (81) AT, F, FO, FT, GK1, GK2,
KAS MISPESPRIRE, So sSicoPh Vp

This was the most common Lycaenid; its habitats were similar to those of A.
agestis and L. phlaeas but appeared to be less restricted; the three species
were often found together but at some sites, notably Agia Triada, and the
small limestone hill near Fourfouras, P. icarus was seen in numbers but the
other two were absent. At the latter site on 16.iv.94, an extraordinary sex-
imbalance was noted; of ten butterflies seen on the hillside, all but one were
females; however, three males were observed below the hill, some distance
away, in a corner of a grass field.

Carcharodus alceae Esper. (Mallow skipper) (7) AT, F, MES, SS1, VM
Occasional sightings in sheltered sites in valleys, never more than one or two
individuals in any location. This butterfly was very territorial and would
keep returning to the same flower-head or similar perch.

210

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106

Table 1. Localities

Al

FO

FR

GK2

HR

KA

KK
KR
KOT

KL
MER

MES

MI

MP

PL

PE
PS

Agia Ioannis

Agia Triada
Arkadi
Arkadi, lane nr.

Pass above
Drimiscos/Vatos

Fourfouras

Nr. Fourfouras
Frati

Nr. Gerakar1

Gious-Kambos
Plateau
Gious-Kambos
Plateau

Hromonastiri
Kanebos

Kisu Kambos
Kortaliotis
Kotsifu

Kournas Lake
Meronas

Mesonesia
Mili

Mt. Psyloritis
(Foothills)
Plakias

Platanas
Prases

33°12'N
35°02'N
35°16'N
35°16'N
35°08'N

35)

35°09'N

35°20'N
35° 17'N

24°24'E
24°47'E
24°38'E
24°38'E
24°32'E
24°42'E

24°43'E
24°29'E

24°36'E
24°33 /E
24°34'E
24°30'E
24°24'E
24°33'E
24°28'E
24°24'E

24°16'E
24°38'E

24°27E
24°31'E

20.xi.1994

Track through woodlands;
terraced hillside.

Olives, hillside, valley track.
Area around monastery.
Orchards; olives; degraded
maquis.

Steep rocky hillside.

Flowery hillside, short turf.
Fields below.

Track up hill, farmland.
Track through olive groves
down to river.

Hillsides; maquis; fields on
plateau.

Roadside; lane; open hillside;
fields.

Limestone hill above terraces,
some large trees below
escarpment.

Hillside, fields.

Rocky slopes; streamside;
fields.

Small gorge.

Deep rocky gorge.
Degraded sloping meadow
above gorge.

Lakeside track; olive groves.
Roadside; scrub; small
limestone hill.

Roadside; river; terraces;
olives.

Path through abandoned
village on valley side; olive
groves.

Rough hillside, sparse
vegetation.

Rocky limestone headland;
sandy seashore.

Wasteland by river, near sea.
Wide, open, barren hillside
above gorge.

BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 211

PM _Preveli 35°07'N 24°27'E Monastery, lush flowery
hillside.
PR Nr. Preveli 35°08'N 24°28'E Riverside track; olive groves;

open hillside.

RF — Rethymno Fort 35°20'N 24°28'E Unsprayed hilltop inside fort,
many wild flowers.

RT Rethymno Town 35°20'N 24°28'E Town.

SA — San Antonio 35°13'N 24°34'E Small wooded gorge.
(Patsos)
S Spili 35°L1'N 24°32'E Short lane leading from main

road to river; olive groves;
oranges; walnuts; crops.

SS Spili (Shops) 35°11'N 24°32'E Shop fronts in village.

SS!i (S.E. of Spili) 35°10'N 24°32'E Fields; roadside; very polluted
stream.

SS2 (S.E. of Spili) 35°10'N 24°32'E Small rocky knoll.

TH Thronos 35°14'N 24°39'E Slopes; lane past farms; olive
groves; semi-natural patches.

VM _ Vamos 35°22'N 24°11'E Roadside; lakeside vegetation.

VT -Vatos 35°09N_ 24°33'E Meadow; arable; semi-natural;
olives.

Acknowledgements

I would like to express thanks to Ian A. Green of “Greentours”, who
organised and led the trip and made special arrangements for me to attend at
the last minute and went out of his way to take me to the best butterfly sites;
also to Roger L.H. Dennis for advice on sites worth visiting, particularly the
Z. cretica headquarters near Plakias, and encouragement to make the
observations and to write this paper.

References
Coghlan, S., 1993. Birdwatching in Crete. Privately published.
Cooper, M.W. & Rutherford, C.I., 1980. Crete, 1979. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92: 239-242.
Dennis, R.L.H., (in prep). Oviposition in Zerynthia cretica, (Rebel, 1904) (Lepidoptera,
Papilionidae); loading on leaves, shoots and plant patches. Nota Lepid.
Green, I.A., 1994. Crete: an Orchid Cornucopia. Greentours, Norwich — tour report.
Higgins, L.G, & Riley, N.D. 1970. A field guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins.
Olivier, A., 1993. The Butterflies of the Greek Island of Rodos (Rhodes). Antwerpen: Vlaamse
Vereiniging voor Entomologie.

212 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994

Pupation of the Lime Hawk, Mimas tiliae. L. (Lep.: Sphingidae)

On 7th August 1994 I dug up a few pupae of the Lime Hawk moth from the

peat in which I had placed larvae about eight days previously. All but one

had pupated. This last one was now much contracted and, as I looked at it, it

started to grow restless. The following timetable of events may be of

interest:

1. 1805. Larva restless and, during the next five minutes, threw three violent

spasms;

. By 1812 it was lying on its back. Ripples from the tail kept passing up the

body to the head. Skin had loosened in the tail region;

3. At 1818 a split at the back of the head occurred and the top of the pupa
appeared;

4.A regular pulsation then began at the place where the large top section
became a deep ring;

5. By 1824 the pupa was fully visible. The large head section was a bright

green colour. This was followed by three rings of fawn colour and, finally,

the pointed tail portion of a dirty white colour;

At 1826 the pupa gave a final wriggle and the larval skin was completely

discarded;

7. By 2000 the pupa had become a very dark brown colour, with a rough,
matt appearance.

The total time from beginning of spasm to discard of the larval skin was
21 minutes. This was the first time I have been able to observe closely the
changes from larva to pupa in a hawk moth.— Bric. E.C.L. Simson, 4
Plowden Park, Aston Rowant, Oxon OX9 5SX.

NO

6.

~

Anthophora (Hym.) and Boraginaceae

I was interested to read of J.A. Owen's (Ent. Rec. 106: 20) Anthophora
plumipes being particularly fond of Pulmonaria. This bee is very frequent in
my garden, where its odd sexual antics (well written up elsewhere I believe)
from March to May have often intrigued me. In my garden, too, it is
specially attracted to Pulmonaria. At first, I was uncertain whether it was the
blue colour, the hanging bell shape or some chemical(s) that proved the
attractant, but I am now convinced it is the last. Despite the abundance of a
wide range of available flowers at that time the only species that I have seen
visited are Pulmonaria ssp. (pink as well as blue flowers), Myosotis
sylvatica, Brunnera macrophylla and Pentaglottis sempervirens (all blue but
with flowers totally different in shape from Pulmonaria), and Symphytum
orientale (flowers similar in shape to those of Pulmonaria but pure white).
The plants mentioned constitute the whole range of spring-flowering
Boraginaceae in my garden.— CLivE A. STACE, Cringlee, Claybrooke Road,
Ullesthorpe, Lutterworth, Leicestershire LE17 5AB.

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 21

Oo

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1992

Davip J.L. AGASSIZ', ROBERT J. HECKFORD* AND JOHN R. LANGMAID’*
'23 St. James's Road, Gravesend, Kent DAI 1 OHF.
> 67 Newnham Road, Plympton, Devon PL7 4AW.
‘1 Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONY.

WE WROTE OF 1991 that it was the first year for a long time that no
species was added to the British list. The 1992 season was not an exciting
one and it came as less of a surprise that the lack of new species announced
seemed to continue, until the species first described as Mompha divisella
Herr.-Schaff. on a new foodplant was found to be the closely related species
M. bradleyi Reidl, which is new to Britain. It is good to learn of a new
British species named after a living British entomologist.

There were several species formerly seen only once or very rarely, for
which further records were made: /nfurcitinea albicomella (Herr.-Schaff.)
had not been seen for many years until 1990 when it was rediscovered in
Devon and in 1992 one specimen was found in west Cornwall. Callisto
coffeella (Zett.) was only recently added to our list and formerly known from
one locality. It was found in a second Scottish locality and the life history in
Britain has been described. Phyllocnistis xenia Hering was formerly known
from just two localities in Kent, its discovery in Devon makes a remarkable
extension of its known range and raise questions about the origin of the
species; is it a long overlooked resident, is it transported with its hostplant or
does it migrate? Elachista eskoi Kyrki & Karvonen and E. pomerana Frey
are further recently added species for which additional records are of
welcome interest. Pleurota aristella (Linn.) in Jersey was mentioned in the
Review for 1989, but published information of this species’ habits is
fascinating. A second record of Sclerocona acutellus (Eversm.) taken in
1989 by P.J. Baker adds further mystery to the occurrence of this pyralid
moth in the British Isles. Stenoptilia islandicus (Staud.) is part of the S.
bipunctidactyla complex of species whose specific status is not entirely
understood or agreed by specialist taxonomists (we are pleased to learn of
electrophoretic studies on this group at Cardiff University which may help
settle the issue). Its belated inclusion in the British list was on the strength of
specimens taken by Canon G.A.K. Hervey in 1957, at first provisionally
determined as S. pelidnodactyla (Stein). A successful search by
entomologists in the Ben Lawers area has confirmed the resident status of
the taxon in Scotland.

Adventive species always present a problem; sometimes one wishes they
were not included in the British list, and yet there is always the possibility of
capture or establishment in the wild, which makes it important for
entomologists to be aware of their existence in case a specimen is taken in
the field. Cydia injectiva (Heinrich) was found indoors in Peterhead in
December 1992 and this yielded information of previous specimens indoors
in the Sheffield area early in 1982. All had come from pine cones imported
from North America.

214 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994

Migration records are included in other articles in this Journal, but it is
worthy of mention that two species Etiella zinckenella (Treits.) and
Zophodia grossulariella (Hiibn.) had only once been previously recorded.
There was a further immigration of Tebenna micalis Mann and captures of
Sciota adelphella (F.v.R.) gave further evidence that most records of this
species are probably attributable to migration across the English Channel. A
second record of Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) is probably brought about by
importation of juniper bushes by the Garden Centre industry rather than
migration.

A few species are conspicuous by their continued spread, usually after
recent establishments in the British Isles. The most remarkable of these is
Caloptilia rufipennella (Hiibn.) and a map is provided showing the extension
of the known range of this species during 1991-92. Epiphyas postvittana
Walk., at first confined to the south-western peninsula of England has now
become established in the open in North Wales. This species has become a
pest of house plants grown under glass and so may extend its range to other
places where the winters are mild enough to permit its survival. Dioryctria
schuetzeella Fuchs was formerly confined to the eastern counties of southern
England, so its occurrence in Hampshire in 1992, together with a record
from the Isle of Wight in 1985, may have originated from these populations
or may be as a result of fresh immigration.

Acleris umbrana (Hiibn.) is a species seldom recorded in living memory
and knowledge of its breeding in south Devon is encouraging. Other records
of particular note to which we draw the reader's attention are Stigmella
prunetorum (Staint.) from Scotland, Coleophora vestianella (Linn.) from
Bedfordshire, Brachmia lutatella (Herr.-Schaff.) still resident at Portland and
Epiblema grandaevana (Lien. & Zell.) from Northamptonshire.

Since our last Review there have been some publications of particular
interest to microlepidopterists: the series of illustrated papers published by
the British Entomological and Natural History Society continues with the
British species of Monochroa, Chrysoesthia, Ptocheuusa and Sitotroga by
P.A. Sokoloff and E.S. Bradford (British Journal of Entomology & Natural
History 6: 37-44), the British Epermeniidae by H.C.J. Godfray & P.H.
Sterling (ibid. 6: 141-144) and the British species of Caryocolum by P.
Huemer (ibid. 6: 145-157). The Moths and Butterflies of Northumberland
and Durham, part 2, Microlepidoptera by T.C. Dunn and J.D. Parrack
contains records of microlepidoptera, as does Monmouthshire Lepidoptera:
the Butterflies and Moths of Gwent by Dr G.A. Neil Horton. A supplement
to the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire (VCs 91-93) was
published in this Journal 106: 85-86. Further records of species taken are
included in the report of the Annual Exhibition in the British Journal of
Entomology and Natural History: 6: 58-64. This also contains a coloured
illustration of Pempeliella ornatella ({D.&S.]). Changes of names may be
less welcome to amateur entomologists, but the intention is that eventual
stability will be reached; changes of specific names of Coleophora spp. are

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2S

cited by A.M. Emmet in the Entomologist’s Gazette 44: 31-35 and 45: 26,
although some of the former had already been published in Entomologist's
Gazette 38: 42.

The full systematic list includes records submitted by recorders and those
which have been published in entomological journals. Many thanks to those
whose records are included, as always these are identified by their initials:
D.J.L. Agassiz, B.R. Baker, H.E. Beaumont, K.P. Bland, K.G.M. Bond,
M.F.V. Corley, B. Dickerson, A.M. Emmet, A.P. Foster, B. Goodey, E.F.
Hancock, R.J. Heckford, M.W. Harper, J.R. Langmaid, D.V. Manning, N.H.
Michaelis, D.O'Keefe, S.M. Palmer, M.S. Parsons, A.N.B. Simpson, B.F.
Skinner, F.H.N. Smith, R.A. Softly, D.H. Sterling, M.J. Sterling, P.H.
Sterling and M.R. Young. Titles are abbreviated for economy of space: Ent.
Gaz. for Entomologist’s Gazette, Ent. Rec. for the Entomologist’s Record and
Journal of Variation, and BJENH for the British Journal of Entomology and
Natural History. Numbers in the left-hand column are those from A checklist
or label list of British Lepidoptera by J.D. Bradley and D.S. Fletcher, 1986.

Again an attempt has been made to identify new vice-county records;
which are underlined in bold type. The maps held by A.M. Emmet have
been used for this purpose and we are grateful to Maitland Emmet for
providing this information, and also for proof-reading.

Copies of the full list of records submitted are available from David
Agassiz.

SYSTEMATIC LIST

NEPTICULIDAE
19 Bohemannia quadrimaculella (Bohem.) — Meathop, Cumbria (69)
8.vii.92 —MJS

36 =Ectoedemia quinquella (Bedell) — Cockayne Hatley Wood (30)
10.x.92 — DVM: Worcestershire (37) - ANBS; Bowood Lake (7) mine
on Quercus robur 17.xi.91, Dinton (8) mine on Quercus robur 7.xi.92
— SMP

48 Trifurcula cryptella (Staint.) — Talisker (104) one mine on Lotus
corniculatus 10.vi.92, moth bred — MJS

49 T. eurema (Tutt) — Imber Ranges (8) mines 23.vili.92 — M.H. & E.G.

Smith per SMP

56 = Stigmella dryadella (Hofm.) — Aonach Beag, Ben Alder (97) 2.vii.92 —
MRY

68 _ S. salicis (Staint.) — Aioter, N. Uist (100) 18.vii.92 — KPB, BJENH 6:
59

88 — S. samiatella (Zell.) — Worcestershire (37) — ANBS; near Woolhope
(36) vacated mines 3.xi.92 — MRY; Southsea (11) one at m.v. light
25.v.92 — JRL, Winchester (11) vacated mines each autumn since 1988
—R.J.B. Hoare — Ent. Gaz. 44: 123

216 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994

93 S. centifoliella (Zell.) — Portsmouth (11) many mines & cocoons on
Rosa 16.viii.92 — JRL

109 S. prunetorum (Staint.) — near Lanark (77) mines 5.ix.92 — RPK-J &
KPB, BJENH 6: 59, New to Scotland

OPOSTEGIDAE

119 Opostega salaciella (Treits.) — Kincraig (96) 1.vii.92, Loch Eil area
(97) 2.vii.92, Talisker (104) 6.vii.92 —- MRY

121. O.crepusculella Zell. — Kincraig (96) 1.vii.92 -MRY

INCURVARIIDAE

138 Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.) — Blackmore Copse (8) 21.v.92 at m.v.
light - SMP

143. Nematopogon metaxella (Hiibn.) — Ballybrado House (H7) 1.vii.92 —
KGMB

143a N. magna (Zell.) — Glen Columbkill (H9) v.91 - MWH & ANBS, Ent.
Gaz. 44: 56

145 Nemophora minimella ({D.&S.]) — Broadmoor Common (36) 28.vii.92
—MRY

146 N. cupriacella (Hiibn.) — Pegsdon Hills (30) 15.vii.92 -DVM

147 N. metallica (Poda) — Daneway Banks (33) 1992 — MSP; Worces-
tershire (37) — ANBS

150 Adela reaumurella (Linn.) — West Wickham (16) 8.viii.92, possibly a
second generation — JMC-H, Ent. Rec. 104: 331

Caloptilia rufipennella 1992

o 1970-90
e 1991-92

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2A

HELIOZELIDAE
154 Heliozela sericiella (Haw.) — Resipole (97) one vacated mine on
Quercus 4.vi1.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY

TINEIDAE

200 Psychoides filicivora (Meyr.) — Freshwater (10) cases on Phyllitis
18.v.92 — DHS, PHS & JRL

203 Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Staint.) — Redlynch (8) larval tubes in
Lepraria 30.v.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL

204 I. albicomella (Herr.-Schaff.) — Kynance Cove (1) 6.vii.92 — R.J.B.
Hoare, BJENH 6: 60

205 Ischnoscia borreonella (Mill.) — Portland (9) three flying in evening
8.vi1.92 — RJH & JRL

218 Nemapogon variatella (Clemens) — Old Hills, Worcs. (37) 30.v.92 —
ANBS

219 N. ruricolella (Staint). - Cockayne Hatley Wood (30) 25.vi.92 -DVM

224 Triaxomera parasitella (Hiibn.) — Great Barr (39) 17.vi.92 — R.G.
Warren, BJENH 6: 64

228 Monopis weaverella (Scott) — Trench Wood, Worcs. (37) 18.v.92 —
ANBS

238 Niditinea piercella (Bentinck) — Trentham (39) 9.vii.92 — R.G.
Warren, BJENH 6: 64

LYONETIDAE

256 Leucoptera spartifoliella (Hiibn.) — Kinloch Laggan (97) several

2.vii.92 — JRL
257 L. orobi (Staint.) — Tulloch Moor (95) many tenanted mines on
Lathyrus montanus 28.vi1.92 — MWH, JRL, ANBS

BUCCULATRICIDAE
273 =Bucculatrix thoracella (Thunb.) — Reading (22) 4.viii.92 adults on
trunks of Tilia x vulgaris - BRB; Wimbledon (17) 25.v.92 — MSP

GRACILLARIIDAE

281 Caloptilia populetorum (Zell.) — Mitcham Common (17) larvae
15.vi1.92 — R.K. Morris

283 C. betulicola (Hering) — Tulloch Moor (95) a few larval spinnings on
Betula 28.vi.92 — MWH, JRL & ANBS

284 C. rufipennella (Hiibn.) — Tongue (108) abundant 30.vii.92; Grasmere
(69) vacated cones 6.viii.92, seemingly isolated — M.R. Shaw; Gight
(93) cones 11.vii.92, Bolam Lakes (67) cones 16.vii.92, Helensburgh
(99) cones 7.vii.92, Ayr Valley Woods (75) 13.viil.92, Fetteresso (91)
14.vili.92 — MRY; Mitcham Common (17) cones vii.92 — D.C. Lees;
Guernsey (113) 16.viii.92 cones, moth bred —RJH; Ascot (22) vi.92
—DJLA; Exeter (3) bred 10.vi.92, Winchester (11) three bred from

218

3324

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

Acer saccharinum — R.J.B. Hoare, BJENH 6:61; Torquay (3) cones
11.1x.92, moths bred — RJH

C. leucapennella (Steph.) — Guernsey (113) 16.viii.92, cones on
Castanea sativa, moths bred — RJH, Ent. Rec. 105: 93

Parornix fagivora (Frey) — Salisbury Plain (8) vacated mine on Fagus
11.x.92 —-SMP

P. carpinella (Frey) — Mitcham Common (17) mines 29.viii.91 — D.C.
Lees

P. finitimella (Zell.) — Freshwater (10) one, 18.v.92 — JRL, DHS &
PHS

Callisto coffeella (Zett.) — Corrie Fee, Glen Doll (90) cocoons 7.iv.92,
moths bred — KPB, Ent. Gaz. 44: 15-16, BJENH 6: 59, second British
locality and description of life history

Leucospilapteryx omissella (Staint.) — Imber Ranges (8) abundant in
many localities —- M.H. & E.G. Smith per SMP

Phyllonorycter heegeriella (Zell.) — Clunes (97) one 5.vii.92 — JRL,
RMP & MRY

P. platani (Staud.) — Harlow, Chelmsford & Maldon (19), Grays, East
Ham, Upminster, etc. (18) mines xi.92 — DJLA

—KGMB

P. cydoniella ({D.&S.]) — Curraghbinny (H4) mines on Malus
sylvestris 11.x.92 -KGMB

P. leucographella (Zell.) — By the winter of 1992-93 this species had
continued its spread as far as Margate (15), Bracknell (22). Milton
Keynes (24), Wootton (32), Fordham (29), Bures (26) and
Woodbridge (25). There was also a separate population at Oxford (23)
—DJLA

P. viminiella (Sirc.) — Havant Thicket (11) many mines on Populus
tremula 11.x.92, moths bred — JRL

P. salicicolella (Sirc.) — Curraghs (71) mine 29.vii.92 — KGMB

P. strigulatella (Zell.) — Mines on underside, a correction to MBGBI
Vol. 2—J. Robbins Ent. Rec. 105: 259-260 & AME ibid. 106: 55-56

P. rajella (Linn.) Hampstead (21) mine 1992 — R.A. Softly

P. emberizaepenella (Bouché) — Enniskerry (H20) mines on Sym-
Phoricarpus 17.x.92 - KGMB

P. froelichiella (Zell.) — Coom Wood (H3) mine 4.x.92 - KGMB

P. kleemannella (Fabr.) — Coom Wood (H3) mines 4.x.92 — KGMB;
Hampsted (21) mine, 1992, moth bred — R.A. Softly

P. trifasciella (Haw.) — A discussion of its voltinism — C.W. Plant,
Ent. Rec. 105: 138-139

P. geniculella (Rag.) — Winchester (11) mines on Acer saccharinum
5.x.92 moth bred — DHS & JRL

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW D9

365 P. comparella (Dup.) — Moor Copse NR (22) mines on Populus
canescens 10.ix.92, moths bred, confirms earlier record — BRB

369 Phyllocnistis xenia Hering — Budleigh Salterton (3) 3 & 17.x.92, mines
on Populus canescens — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 124

CHOREUTIDAE

386a Tebenna micalis (Mann) — Gower (41) larvae 19-20.vili.92, moths
bred — DJLA; Plympton (3) larvae in several localities 1,2 & 7.viii.92,
larvae & cocoons 26 & 30.ix.92, Wembury (3) larvae 2.viii.92,
Embankment, Plymouth (3) larvae and cocoons 6.viii.92, Heybrook
Bay (3) larvae 6.viii.92, Chelson Meadow, Plymouth (3) larvae and
one adult 8.viii.92, Thurlestone (3) 2 cocoons 31.vii.92, The Warren
near Noss Mayo (3) a few cocoons 5.ix.92, Plympton (3) 19.ix.92 one
male at light. All larvae on Pulicaria — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 170-180

387 Prochoreutis sehestediana (Fabr.) — Cooper's Hill (30) 14.vi.92 —
DVM

388 P. myllerana (Fabr.) — Kilcolman (H5) several vi. & vili.92 —- KGMB;
Resipole (97) many larvae on Scutellaria 4.viii.92, moths bred — JRL,
RMP & MRY

GLY PHIPTERIGIDAE
393 Glyphipterix equitella (Scop.) — Bradford-on-Avon (7) 30.vi.91 —
M.H. Smith, Ent. Rec. 105: 93-94

YPONOMEUTIDAE

413 Argyresthia sorbiella (Treits.) —- Newtonmore (96) one 1|.vii.92 — KPB,
MWH, JRL. ANBS, MRY; Resipole (97) one v.vili.92 — JRL, RMP &
MRY

424 Yponomeuta evonymella (Linn.) — Resipole (97) a few larval nests on
Prunus padus 4.vii.92 — JRL, RMP &MRY

436 Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hiibn.) — Bettyhill (108) 31.v.92 —
MRY

439 Swammerdamia compunctella Herr.-Schaff. — Wyre Forest NNR,
Worcs. (37) 27.v.92 — ANBS

443 Cedestis subfasciella (Steph.) — Kinlocheil (97) a few at m.v. light 3-
4.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY

444 Ocnerostoma piniariella (Zell.) — Redlynch (8) one at m.v. light
4.vi.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL

449 Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.) — Resipole, Arisaig, Clunes (97) a few 4-
5.vi1.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY

458 Ypsolopha alpella ({D.&S.]) — Richmond Park (17) 26.vi.92 — MSP

469 Eidophasia messingiella (F.v.R.) — Southsea (11) one at m.v. light
14.vi.92 — JRL

COLEOPHORIDAE
490 Coleophora lutipennella (Zell.) — Bentley (25) 17.x.92, Pickworth
(55) 18.x.92, case on Quercus — AME

220

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

492

494

494a

495

C. flavipennella (Dup.) — Resipole, Spean Bridge (97) several 4-
5.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY

C. coracipennella (Hiibn.) — Freshwater (10) case on Prunus spinosa
18.v.92, moth bred — DHS, PHS & JRL

C. prunifoliae Doets — Abbots Ripton (31) 15.v.92, cases on Prunus
spinosa, moths bred — AME

C. spinella (Schrank) — Bentley (25) 17.x.92, cases on Crataegus —
AME

C. adjectella Herr.-Schaff. - West Wood, Knotting (30) 27.i1x.92 small
cases on Prunus spinosa — JRL, AME & DVM

C. alnifoliae Barasch — Iver (24) 1.vi.92 — RWJU, BJENH 6: 64

C. siccifolia Staint. — Great Plantation (3) 26.vi, 3 & 5.vii.92, cases on
Sorbus aucuparia, moths bred — RJH

C. trigeminella Fuchs — Freckenham (26) 29.iv.92, case on Malus,
moth bred — AME

C. violacea (Strém.) — Redlynch (8) one 4.vi.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL
C. juncicolella Staint. — Creag Meagaidh NNR (97) a few 29.vi.92 —
MWH, JRL, RPK-J & ANBS

C. albitarsella Zell. — Bloody Oaks (55) 18.x.92, cases on Glechoma
hederacea — AME

C. frischella (Linn.) — Royston (20) 21.vii.92, Euston (26) 9.viii.92,
Horseheath (29) 17.vii.92, bred from Trifolium repens — AME

C. conyzae Zell. — Great Holland Pits (19) 12.1x.92, cases on Pulicaria
— AME

C. lixella Zell. — Talisker (104) 6.vii.92 — MRY

C. albidella ({D.&S.]) — Bentley Wood (8) 3.vi.92, case on Salix
aurita — AME, DJLA, JRL & SMP

C. bernoulliella (Goeze) (= anatipennella (Hiibn.)) — Sharnbrook (30)
27.i1x.92, two cases on Tilia, a new foodplant in Britain — AME & JRL
C. ibipennella Zell. (= ardeaepennella Scott) — Bentley (25) 17.x.92,
cases on Quercus — AME

C. kuehnella (Goeze) (= palliatella (Zinck.)) — Bedford Purlieus (32)
18.x.92, case on Quercus -AME

C. pyrrhulipennella Zell. — Landford (8) several 1.vi.92 — DJLA, AME
& JRL

C. niveicostella Zell. — Pegsdon Hills (30) 15.vii.92 - DVM

C. lassella Staud. — Yarmouth (10) 19.v.92 — DHS & PHS

C. follicularis (Vallot) — Discussion of races on different foodplants —
AME, Ent. Rec. 104: 303-304

C. trochilella (Dup.) — Larkhill (8) cases on Artemisia vulgaris 31.v.92
— DJLA, AME, JRL & SMP

C. paripennella Zell. — Larkhill (8) cases on Centaurea scabiosa and
Arctium 31.v.92 — DJLA, AME, JRL & SMP; Kincraig (96) one case
on Cirsium heterophyllum 1.vii.92 — KPB, MWH, JRL, ANBS &
MRY

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW DD

563 C. argentula (Steph.) — Guernsey (113) cases 20.vi11.92 — RJH; Larvae
on Plantago lanceolata — M.H. Smith, Ent. Rec. 105: 21-22

572. C. vestianella (Linn.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) vii-vii.92 — DVM, Ent.
Rec. 105: 181

577 C. artemisicolella Bruand — Wenham (25), Sawston (29) x.92, cases
on Artemisia vulgaris — AME

583 C. tamesis Waters — (= cratipennella sensu auctt.) — Arisaig (97) one
5.vii.92 — RMP; Bentley Wood (30) 8.1x.92, cases on Juncus
articulatus — AME

589 C. clypeiferella Hofm. — Dinton (8) 8.viii.92 — SMP; Early records
from Shoeburyness (18) — AME, Ent. Rec. 105: 140-141

ELACHISTIDAE

598a Elachista eskoi Kyrki & Karv. — Kincraig (96) one 28.vi.92 — ANBS

600 E. luticomella Zell. — Saffron Walden (19) 12.vi.92 — AME

605 E. pomerana Frey — Wicken Fen (29) tenanted mines on Calama-
grostis epigejos 11.iv.92, moths bred —- AME & JRL, Ent. Gaz. 44:
111-114

606 E. humilis Zell. — Potton Wood (30) 14.vi.92 —-DVM

610 E. argentella (Clerck) — Kincraig (96) several 28.vi.92 — MWH, JRL
& ANBS

611 E. triatomea (Haw.) — Talisker (104) 6.v11.92 — MRY

613 E. subocellea (Steph.) — Talisker (104) 6.vii.92 - MRY

626 Biselachista serricornis (Staint.) — Loch ladaidh, N. Uist (100)
17.vii.92 — KPB, BJENH 6: 59

628 B. eleochariella (Staint.) — Kincraig (96) 1.vii.92 — MRY; Malaclete,
N.Uist (100) 11.vii.92 —-KPB, BJENH 6: 59

630 B. albidella (Nyl.) — Landford (8) one 1.vi.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL:
West Melton (63) 16.vii.92 — HEB

631 Cosmiotes freyerella (Hiibn.) — Carrauntoohil (H1) two at 1800ft.
8.vili.92 -KGMB

632 C. consortella (Staint.) — Wath Wood (63) 10.viii.90 — HEB

OECOPHORIDAE

635 Schiffermuelleria subaquilea (Staint.) — Haytor (3) 3l.v. & 7.vi.92 —
RJH

640 Batia lunaris (Haw.) — Bubwith (61) 18.vii.92 — G.B. Summer, det.
HEB

654 Pleurota bicostella (Clerck) — Langass Burial Cairn, N. Uist (100)
16.v11.92 — KPB, BJENH 6: 59

655 P. aristella (Linn.) — Account of its occurrence in Jersey (113) —
MWH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 11-13

659 Amphisbatis incongruella (Staint.) — Haldon Hill (3) 16.iv.92 — RJH

660 Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll) — Clunes (97) two 5.vii.92 — JRL,

RMP & MRY

OY) ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994
698 Agonopterix kaekeritziana (Linn.) — Newtonmore (96) one larva on
- Centaurea nigra 1.viii.92 — KPB, MWH, JRL, ANBS & MRY
712 A. astrantiae (Hein.) — Glen Columbkill (H9) larvae v.91, moths bred
—MWH &ANBS, Ent. Gaz. 44: 56 (given last year without reference)
877 Stathmopoda pedella (Linn.) — Saffron Walden (19) 23.vii.92 — AME
GELECHIDAE
727a Metzneria aprilella (Herr.-Schaff.) — Barnack Hills & Holes NNR (32)
—C. Gardiner, Ent. Rec. 106: 95
733 Eulamprotes wilkella (Linn.) — Blue Point (71) several 26.vii.92 —
KGMB
736 Monochroa lucidella (Steph.) — Dungeness (15) 14.vii.92 — MSP;
Druridge (67) 15.vii.92 - MRY
737 M. palustrella (Doug.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) vi.92 — DVM; Lower
Test Marshes NR (11) — per DHS
747 Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunb.) — Spurn (61) larvae on Halimione
portulacoides 26.1x.92 — HEB, Ent. Rec. 105: 226
752 Aristotelia ericinella (Zell.) — Cooper's Hill (30) 26.vii.92 -DVM
758 Recurvaria leucatella (Clerck) — Lugwardine (36) 27.vii.92 - MRY
760 Exoteleia dodecella (Linn.) — Kinlocheil (97) a few 3-4.vii.92 — JRL,
RMP & MRY
764 Pseudotelphusa scalella (Scop.) — Richmond Park (17) 6.vi.92 — MSP;
Blackmore Copse (8) 21.v.92 — SMP
765 Teleiodes vulgella (Hiibn.) — Shrewsbury (40) 26.vi.92 — JRL
790 Chionodes fumatella (Doug.) — Sharnbrook (30) 27.vii.92 - DVM
796 Aroga velocella (Zell.) — Druridge (67) 15.vii.92 — MRY
80la Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) — Petts Wood (16) 23.vii.92 — D.O'K,
Ent. Rec. 105: 176, second British specimen.
809 Pexicopia malvella (Hiibn.) — Leckford (12) 19.vi.92 — DHS
820 Scrobipalpa artemisiella (Treits.) — Newton-ferry, N.Uist (100)
18.vii.92 — KPB, BJENH 6: 59
828 Caryocolum viscariella (Staint.) - Donhead St Mary (8) larvae 5.v.92
—JRL
834 C. tricolorella (Haw.) — Dinton (8) vacated spinnings 3.v.92 — JRL &
SMP
840 Reuttia subocellea (Steph.) — Streatley (22) larvae 12.i.92, moths bred
—BRB
843 Aproaerema anthyllidella (Hiibn.) — Old Head of Kinsdale (H3) larvae
11.92 -KGMB
844 Syncopacma larseniella (Gozm.) — Bentley Wood (8) larvae on Lotus
uliginosus 3.vi.92 — DJLA, AME, JRL & SMP
851 Acanthophila alacella (Zell.) — Lover (8) 4.viii.92 — D. Brotheridge,
Ent. Rec. 105: 290
853 Anacampsis populella (Clerck) — Kinloch Laggan (97) many spinnings

on Populus tremula 2.vii.92 — JRL

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 223

859 Psoricoptera gibbosella (Zell.) Collyweston Great Wood (32) 3.1x.92
— MSP; Hatfield Forest (19) 6.i1x.92 — DJLA

862 Dichomeris marginella (Fabr.) — Shrewsbury (40) 26.vi.92 — JRL

866 Brachmia blandella (Doug|.) — Easton Hornstocks (34) — C. Gardiner,
Ent. Rec. 106: 95

869 B. lutatella (Herr.-Schaff.) — Portland (9) 8.viii.92 at light — RJH &
JRL

BLASTOBASIDAE

873 Blastobasis lignea Wals. Worcestershire (37) — ANBS; Helensburgh
(99); abundant 7.viii. 92, Crathes (91) one 30.viii.92, Bettyhill (108)
several 1.vi.92, Druridge Bay (67) two 15.vii.92 — MRY; Lichfield
(39) 8.vil.92 —R.G. Warren, BJENH 6: 64

MOMPHIDAE

883 Mompha raschkiella (Zell.) — Kinlocheil, Spean Bridge (97) a few
mines on Epilobium angustifolium 3-5.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY:
Kilkenny (H11) vacated mine 30.viii.92 -KGMB

889a M. bradleyi Reidl — First published as larvae of M. divisella Herr.-
Schaff. on Epilobium hirsutum in Herefordshire (36) — MWH, Ent.
Gaz. 44: 14. Subsequently indentified as a species new to Britain Ent.
Gaz. 45: 151-156

COSMOPTERIGIDAE
907 Dystebenna stephensi (Staint.) — Richmond Park (17) 26.vi.92 — MSP;
Brockenhurst (11) 25.vii.92 — R.J.B. Hoare, BJENH 6: 62

SCYTHRIDIDAE
914 Scythris crassiuscula (Hiibn.) — Pegsdon Hills (30) 15.vii.92 -DVM

TORTRICIDAE

926 Phalonidia manniana (F.v.R.) — Morenish Meadows SSSI (88) larvae
in Mentha 27.vii.91, moth bred KPB, BJENH 6: 59

935 Cochylimorpha alternana (Steph.) — Dungeness (15) 10.vii.92 — MSP

936 C. straminea (Haw.) — Carbost (104) 7.vii.92 —MRY

946 Aethes rubigana (Treits.) — Moulin Huet (113) 4.vii.92 — R. Austin per
BFS ;

947 A. smeathmanniana (Fabr.) — Werrington (32) — P.A. Waring, Ent.
Rec. 106: 95

948 A. margaritana (Haw.) — Dungeness (15) 8.vii.92 — MSP

951 A. beatricella (Wals.) — Newstead Abbey Park (56) 23.vi.92 — K.
Cooper

955 Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hiibn.) — Holywell, Eastbourne (14) 27.ix.92 —
MSP

960 Falseuncaria ruficiliana Gregs. — Imber Ranges (8), larvae on
Rhinanthus minor, moths bred — M.H. Smith, Ent. Rec. 106: 26-28

965 Cochylis hybridella (Hiibn.) — Hampstead (21) 27.viii.91, 11 &
27.vi.92 — R.A. Softly

1136

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

C. atricapitana (Steph.) — Sutton (36) 27.v1i.92 — MRY

C. nana (Haw.) — Tulloch Moor (95) one 28.vi.92 — JRL, MWH,
ANBS & MRY

Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hiibn.) — Douglas (H4) several v.-viii.92
—KGMB,; a further foodplant — A.A. Allen, Ent. Rec. 104: 288
Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (Herr.-Schaff.) — Cottingham (61) 8.vii.92
—P.A. Crowther; Newstead Abbey Park (56) two 1992 — K. Cooper
Aphelia unitana (Hibn.) — Kilcolman (H5) common 11.vi.92 —
KGMB

Clepsis spectrana (Treits.) — Carbost (104) 7.vii.92 - MRY

Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) — Glan Conwy (50) 5 between 30.v &
5.vi.92 — HNM; Gresford (50) one — B. Formstone per HNM, Ent.
Rec. 105: 91

Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) — Saffron Walden (19) 7.viii.92 — AME
Lozotaeniodes formosanus (Gey.) — Bubwith (61) 2.vii.92 — G.B.
Summers; South Cave (61) — D.B. Cutts per HEB; Cottingham (61)
27.vi1.92 — P.A. Crowther

Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.) — Arisaig (97) one 4.vii.92 — JRL, RMP
& MRY

Cnephasia genitalana (P.&M.) — Winchester (11) 28.v11.90 — DHS
Acleris laterana (Fabr.) — Newstead Abbey Park (56) 21.iv.92 — K.
Cooper

A. boscana (Fabr.) — Ufton Park (22) pupa on U/mus glabra 1.x.91 —
BRB; Cockayne Hatley (30) v1.92 - DVM

A. logiana (Clerck) — Botley Wood (11) two bred from birch spinnings
collected 20.1x.92 — PHS; see also Ent. Gaz. 44: 154

A. umbrana (Hiibn.) — Heybrook Bay (3) 18.1x.92 larva on Prunus
spinosa, moth bred 25.x.92 — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 178

A. cristana ({D.&S.]) — Population decline and five new forms
described — R. Fairclough, Ent. Rec. 105: 183-185

Olethreutes arbutella (Linn.) — Inveraver NNR (108) 3.vi.92 —-MRY
Apotomis turbidana (Hiibn.) — Clunes (97) two 5.vii.92 — JRL, RMP &
MRY

A. betuletana (Haw.) — Kinlocheil (97) 3.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY
Endothenia marginana (Haw.) — Cornhill (94) 2.viii.92 — MRY

E. quadrimaculana (Haw.) — Kinlocheil, Resipole (97) 3-4.vii.92 —
JRL, RMP & MRY

Ancylis geminana (Don.) — Knockmichael Mt. (H2) 14.vi.92 —
KGMB

A. laetana (Fabr.) — Kinloch Laggan (97) a few 2.vii.92 — JRL

A. myrtillana (Treits.) — Worcestershire (37) — ANBS, first record
since 1888

Epinotia immundana (F.v.R.) — Wimbledon Common (17) 10.v.92 —
MSP

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 225

1162 Rhopobota myrtillana (H. & W.) — Knocknakilla (H4) 19.vi.92 —
KGMB

1170 Gypsonoma oppressana (Treits.) — Exeter (3) 26.vi.92 — R.J.B. Hoare,
BJENH 6: 61

1179 Epiblema incarnatana (Hiibn.) — Stockbridge (12) 12.viii.92 — R.J.B.
Hoare, BJENH 6: 61

1181 E. grandaevana (L. & Z.) — Northants (32) records — C. Gardiner &
M. Hillier — Ent. Rec. 105: 239-240

1185 E. cnicicolana (Zell.) — Hook Heath NR, Southwick (11) 9.vi.92, a few
by day —- JRL & DHS

1192 Eucosma conterminana (Herr.-Schaff.) — Winchester (11) 9.vii.92 —
DHS; Worcester & Evesham (37) larvae ix.91, moths bred - ANBS

1208 Blastesthia posticana (Zett.) — Bransford (37) 23.v.92 — ANBS

1215 Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.) — Freshwater (10) 29.1x.89 — S.A.
Knill-Jones, Ent. Rec. 106: 114

1219 Lathronympha strigana (Fabr.) — Tulloch Moor (95) one 28.v1.92 —
MWH, JRL & ANBS

1222 Strophedra nitidana (Fabr.) — Loch Ailort, Arisaig (97) 4.vii.92 — JRL,
RMP & MRY

1223 Pammene splendidulana (Guen.) — Dinton (8) 1992 — SMP

1241 Cydia compositella (Fabr.) — Strathy Bay (108) 2.vi.92 — MRY;
Askam in Furness (69) 14.vii.92 — N.L. Birkett, Ent. Rec. 105: 44

1242 C. internana (Guen.) — Freshwater (10) several 18.vii.92 — DHS, PHS
& JRL

1249 C. prunivorana (Rag.) — Plympton (3) 20, 21 & 27.vi.92 at light — RJH

1255aC. medicaginis Kuzn. — Winchester (11) 11 & 17.vi.92 — DHS

1261 C. pomonella (Linn.) — Use of pheromone traps — R.C. Dening, Ent.
Rec. 105: 196-197

1261aC. injectiva (Heinrich) — Peterhead (93) indoors x1i.92 — M. Innes;
Dronfield, Sheffield (63) in a conservatory early 1982 — per HEB, —
K.R. Tuck & MRY, BJENH 7: 1-2

1268 C. coniferana (Ratz.) — Sned Wood (36) 8.v.92 pupa in bark of
Pseudotsuga menziesii, moth bred — RJH, Ent. Rec. 105: 93

1283 Dichrorampha montanana (Dup.) — Glen of Aherlow (H7) 5.vii.92 —
KGMB

1287 D. aeratana (P. & M.) — Thurleigh Cutting (30) 7.vi.92 - DVM

PYRALIDAE

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) — Portland (9) 19 & 22.i1x.92 — R.F.
McCormick & Bird Observatory per BFS

1292 Calamotropha paludella (Hiibn.) — Alice Holt (12) 8.vii.92 — C.
Tilbury, Ent. Gaz. 44: 155

1297 Crambus uliginosellus Zell. — Kilcolman (H5) 20.vi.92 — KGMB,
Irish Nat. J. 24(4): 167-168; Bicton Common (3) 27.vi.92 — R.J.B.
Hoare

226 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

1307 Agriphila latistria (Haw.) — Takeley (19) 8.viii.92 — DJLA

1315 Catoptria furcatellus (Zett.) - Aonach Beag, Ben Alder (97) 2.vii.92 —
MRY

1321 Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Scop.) — Werrington (32) 29.v.92 — P.
Waring, Ent. Rec. 105: 195

1325 Platytes alpinella (Hiibn.) — Lakenheath (26) 8.vii.92 — BFS

1328 Schoenobius gigantella ({D.&S.]) — Werrington (32) 30.vi.92 — P.
Waring, Ent. Rec. 106: 95

1330 Donacaula mucronellus ({D.&S.]) — Newstead Abbey Park (56)
16.vi.92 — K. Cooper

1334 Scoparia ambigualis (Treits.) — Lavington (13) 4.x.92, a very late date
indicating a probable second generation — BFS

1334aS. basistrigalis Knaggs — Flitwick Moor (30) 11.vii.92 -DVM

1335 S. ancipitella (La Harpe) — Clunes, Spean Bridge (97) a few 5.vii.92 —
JRL, RMP & MRY

1336 Eudonia pallida (Curt.) — Knocknakilla (H4) 12.vii.92 -KGMB

1341 E. lineola (Curt.) — Greatstone (15) two 16.vii.92 — BFS

1357 Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) — L'Ancresse (113) 31.vii.92 — R. Austin
per BFS

1361 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) — Larva on Thymus — C. Stace, Ent. Rec. 104:
324

1363 P. ostrinalis (Hiibn.) — Bettyhill (108) 4.vi.92 -MRY

1364 P. sanguinalis (Linn.) — Port Stewart (H40) 1992 — A.P. Foster,
BJENH 6: 60

1368 Margaritia sticticalis (Linn.) — Seven records from VCs 1, 9, 15, 18.
Full details in list of migrants collated by BFS; Records from Suffolk
& Norfolk 1989-91 — MLR. Hall, Ent. Rec. 106: 32

1369 Uresiphita polygonalis ({D.&S.]) — Seven records from VCs 1, 9 & 10.
Full details in list of migrants collated by BFS

1370 Sitochroa palealis ({D.&S.]) — Durlston (9) 30.vii.92 — P. Davey,
BJENH 6: 60

1371 S. verticalis (Linn.) — Raynes Park (17) 25.vi.92 — MSP

1372 Paracorsia repandalis ({D.&S.]) — St. Alban's Head (9) 27.ix.92 — P.
Davey per BFS

1375 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibn.) — Durlston (9) 17.ix.92 — P. Davey;
Fernham (23) 15.viii. & 18.ix.92 — S. Nash, BJENH 6: 62

1380 Phlyctaenia perlucidalis (Hiibn.) Belham Wood (32) 30.vi.92 — MSP

1382 Anania verbascalis ({[D.&S.]) — Dungeness (15) 10.vii.92 — MSP

1389 Udea fulvalis (Hiibn.) — Highcliffe (11) five, 10-19.ix.92 — E.H. Wild,
Ent. Rec. 10: 310; further records in list of migrants collated by BFS

1396 Mecyna flavalis ({D.&S.]) — Leckford (12) two at light — DHS,
Sparsholt (12) one — A.H. Dobson per DHS; Homefield Wood (24)
1992 — M. Albertini per BFS; Wimborne (9) 30.vii.92 — P. Davey per
BFS

1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW Dsl

1408 Palpita unionalis (Hiibn.) — Newstead Abbey Park (56) — K. Cooper
det. HEB, and 21 southern records from VCs 1, 9, 10, 15 & 18. Full
details in migrant records collated by BFS

1425 Galleria mellonella (Linn.) — Forest (113) 26.viii.92 — T.N.D. Peet

1426 Achroia grisella (Fabr.) — Sharnbrook (30) 14.vii.92 -DVM

1433 Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.) — Hatfield Forest (19) 30.vi.92 — DJLA

1435 Acrobasis tumidana ({D.&S.]) — Six recorded from VCs 9, 13, 15, 113.
Full details in list of migrants collated by BFS

1436 A. repandana (Fabr.) — Cottingham (61) 5.vi.92 — P.A. Crowther, det.
HEB; Newstead Abbey Park (56) 7.vii.92 —K. Cooper -

1438 Numonia suavella (Zinck.) — Spurn (61) 29.vii.92 — B.R. Spence per
HEB

1447aSciota adelphella (F.v.R.) — Greatstone (15) 8 & 15.vii.92 — B. Banson
per BFS, larvae on Salix alba 23.viii.92 — BFS; Dungeness (15)
8.vii.92 — S. Clancy; Lydd (15) 10.vii.92 New Romey (15) 18.vii.92 —
K. Redshaw per BFS

1449 Microthrix similella (Zinck.) — Richmond Park (17) 6.vi.92 — MSP:
Hatfield Forest (19) 6.vi.92 Churchill (6) 6.vii.92 — DJLA; Bucks (24)
1992 — D. Wedd, BJENH 6: 64

145 1aEtiella zinckenella (Treits.) — Note on second British specimen and its
biology — P.M. Potts, Ent. Rec. 105: 140-141; but see also P.E.S.
Whalley A Revision of the genus Etiella Zeller, B.M. Bulletin 28: |
C973)

1454aDioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs — New Forest (11) 25.vii.92 — A.J. &
C.T. Pickles, BJENH 6: 63; Freshwater (10) 14.vii.85 — S.A. Knill-
Jones, Ent. Rec. 106: 114

1456 Epischnia bankesiella Rich. — Hilsea Point (3) 19.ix.92 larvae — RJH

1464 Gymnancyla canella ({D.&S.]) — Walton-on-the-Naze (19) 10.vii.92 —
B. Goodey

1464aZophodia grossulariella (Hiibn.) — Rockland (28) 26.v292)— E:G:
Cardy, 2nd British specimen

1465 Nephopterix angustella (Hiibn.) — Dinton Pastures (22) spinnings on
Euonymus europaeas 29.i1x.92 — R.W. Parfitt per BRB; Hamptead (21)
29.vill.92 — R.A. Softly

1467 Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) 1976 — I. Woiwod
per DVM; Leckford (12) 21.vii.92 — DHS; Dungeness (15) 7-8.vii.92
— MSP; Swanage (9) 22.v.92 — BFS; Chale Green, I.0.W. (10) 23.vi.92
—§. Colenutt, BJENH 6: 59

1470 Euzophera pinguis (Haw.) — Belham Wood (32) 30.vi.92 — MSP

1474 Ephestia parasitella (Staud.) — Hatfield Forest (19) 30.vi.92 — DJLA

1477 E. figulilella Gregs. — Dungeness (15) 9.x.91 — S.P. Clancy, BJENH 6:
59 & Ent. Rec. 106: 19

1479 Plodia interpunctella (Hiibn.) — Corby (32) 1992, indoors — D.H.
Howton

1481 Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabr.) — Moor Copse NR (22) 18.vi.92
specimen with suffused forewings — BRB

228 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

1485 Phycitodes maritima (Tengst.) — Kinlocheil (97) 3.vii.92 — JRL

PTEROPHORIDAE

1490 Oxyptilus parvidactylus (Haw.) — South Cave (61) 18.vi.92 — D.B.
Cutts, det. HEB, confirms nineteenth century, the only previous county
record

1491 O. distans (Zell.) — Spurn (61) 23.viii.92 — B.R. Spence per HEB

1494 Capperia britanniodactyla (Gregs.) — Newtonmore (96) one |.vi1.92 —
KPB,MWH, JRL, ANBS & MRY

1504 Platyptilia pallidactyla (Haw.) — Creag Meagaidh NNR (97) many
29.v1.92 — MWH, RPK-J, JRL & ANBS

1508 Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla (Scop.) — Tulloch Moor (95) many 28.vi.92
—KPB, MWH, JRL, ANBS & MRY

1508dS. islandicus (Staud.) — Ben Lawers (88) 29.vi.92 — B. Elliott & BFS;
Meall nan Tarmachan (88) two 1992 — C. Hart, BJENH 6: 60

1509 S. pterodactyla (Linn.) — Tulloch Moor, Grantown-on-Spey (95) a few
28.vi.92 — MWH, JRL & ANBS

1510 Prterophorus tridactyla (Linn.) — Pegsdon Hills (30) 22.vi.92 - DVM

Correction to 1991 list. Data should read:
626 Biselachista serricornis (Staint.) - Ormsary, Knapdale, Kintyre (101)
4.vi.92 — MRY

A note on two Vanessid butterflies, 1993-4

I should like to report that, after some six to seven years without a sighting
of Cynthia cardui L. (Painted Lady) in this district, I at last came upon a fine
specimen on a buddleia (3.viii.94) — one of very many planted along the
Thames from Charlton Reach towards Greenwich. Passing this bush on my
return 20-30 minutes later I found the butterfly still there; it was lively but
seemed disinclined to move far. A few days earlier my friend Dudley Collins
had seen one in his garden at Carshalton Beeches, Surrey, so these sighting
together after several blank years for the species may herald a small invasion
—I say “small” because otherwise more would surely have shown up by now
(21st August). High summer temperatures over western Europe might be
expected to stimulate population growth and migratory activity in a number
of Lepidoptera.

I wouid mention further that last year, 1993, the only three examples of
Vanessa atalanta (Red Admiral) that presented themselves to me were all
seen in the first half of summer — a highly unusual phenomenon in this area.
They were in good order, the first two at least; the dates were 1.vi, 5.vi and
5.vii. Of the last, little can be said, being seen only momentarily through a
window. My hope that these early sightings might augur a good showing of
the species in the autumn was, alas, not fulfilled. The previous year I had
noted one atalanta, in Charlton Park. This year has produced none up to
now.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

THE CONTINUED DECLINE OF MELANISM IN BISTON
BETULARIA L. (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) IN N.W. KENT

DECLINE IN MELANISM

BRIAN K. WEST

36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

THIS SUBJECT was first considered in Ent. Rec. 100: 39 and up-dated in
Ent. Rec. 102: 175, and a further five years have now elapsed. Table | shows
the average percentages of the three main forms of B. betularia for the years
1970 to 1993 inclusive, in four year periods. Figure | illustrates the decline

of carbonaria.

Table 1
% % % Average
typica insularia carbonaria sample
1970-73 14.5 Te 78 119
1974-77 10.5 13 76.5 107
1978-8 | 17 1] 72 99
1982-85 19 16.5 64.5 102
1986-89 25 21 54 164
1990-93 36.5 3] 32.5 HIS)
80
60
%
40
20

Fig. 1. Percentage carbonaria over four-year periods, 1970-1993

1970-73 1974-77 1978-81 1982-85 1986-89 1990-93

The main features of Table | indicate:
(a) f. carbonaria has decreased from 78% in the 1970-73 period to 32.5%

for 1990-93.

(b) f. typica has not shown a corresponding increase due to a substantial rise
in the numbers of f. insularia, this being almost equivalent to that of
typical betularia. However, subjectivity in determining well-marked
typica and lightly-marked insularia is a complication to be kept in mind.

230 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

(c) The decline in f. carbonaria during the last four year period has shown

further increased acceleration. The percentage increase in the decline of
f. carbonaria from one four year period to the next is 1.5%, 4.5%, 7.5%,
10.5% (erroneously given as 11.5% in Ent. Rec. 102) and 21.5%.

(d) Over the last period f. typica has on average been the commonest form

here. Chalmers-Hunt (1981) gives as the first record for Kent of f.
carbonaria a specimen noted at Lee in 1901, yet in 1907 a series of
assembled betularia over a period of four nights at Bexley comprised 14
typica, 15 carbonaria, 3 light intermediates and 4 dark intermediates,
Bexley being six miles due east of Lee. This suggests an extremely rapid
increase in f. carbonaria, and if these figures are representative of the
true picture of the incidence of the main forms of the species at that time,
it would appear that f. carbonaria has been the principal form for over
eighty years. The apparent state of parity between f. typica and f.
carbonaria will be seen to be ephemeral when the statistics for the
individual years of the 1990-93 period shown in Table 2 are examined.
Figure 2 illustrates the changes in carbonaria.

Table 2
% % % Yearly
typica insularia carbonaria sample
1990 34.6 23.1 42.3 104
199] PHS) 41.2 30.9 165
1992 373 PIS) 7) 335 236
1993 46 31 23 74
Average 36.5 31 325 145
1994 42.5 3385/5 DBT 80
50 |
40
30
20
10
ol

1990 1991 1992 1993 1904

Fig. 2. Percentage carbonaria annually, 1990-1994

DECLINE IN MELANISM D

ies)
—

Table 2 shows the figures for the individual years for the most recent four
year period, and also those for 1994. Several features of these are
noteworthy:

(a) The irregular pattern present in other four year periods is apparent in the
averages for this period also.

(b) For the first ttme more than 40% of the sample is f. typica and less than
25% is f. carbonaria, these figures being maintained in 1994,

(c) The aberrant figure for f. jnsularia in 1991 is undoubtedly due to the
subjective determination of the lighter forms of f. insularia and darker
examples of f. typica.

(d) The low sample figures for 1993 and 1994 are due to my absence while
abroad during the flight period.

(e) The difficulty of differentiating between some specimens of f. typica and
f. insularia rarely arose in 1993 and 1994.

In Ent. Rec. 105: 15 a misprint renders the second sentence of the second
paragraph on B. betularia nonsensical, the word “carbonaria” should read
“insularia’. This is related to the regular occurrence of f. insularia, some-
times quite lightly marked, possessing black thorax and body; usually the
pigmentation of these conforms with that of the wings. I had understood that
such specimens were hybrid carbonaria X insularia. However, Kettlewell
(The Evolution of Melanism, 1973) states that “though in 1955 I stated that f.
carbonaria was epistatic to f. insularia we can now say that it is dominant”
(p.107), this is later confirmed by the statement that “the true frequency of
insularia forms is masked by f. carbonaria in whose presence it cannot be
recognised” (p.134). However, this is followed immediately by the
contradictory statement that “The form carbonaria is dominant to the
majority of insularia forms; in one instance it may be epistatic”. Plate 9.1
has photographic illustrations of his range of five expressions of insularia,
and a f. typica of which I have never seen the like in north-west Kent, it
being so lightly marked. All the specimens have the body and thorax
speckled to about the same degree as the wings, and indeed this is usually
the case. However, I have seven specimens of f. insularia in which the
thorax and body are either black, or extremely dark, compared with paler
wings; one specimen possesses black thorax and body, yet its wings are
lightly speckled. The question — is such nonconformity due to:

(a) the pigmentation of the thorax and abdomen being controlled by
different gene(s) to that of the wings? or

(b) such specimens are hybrid carbonaria X insularia in which carbonaria
is not completely dominant to insularia?

Circumstantial evidence favouring the latter hypothesis is the absence of
such individuals in recent years which have been characterised by fewer f.
carbonaria.

232 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

References
Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1981. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent. 3.
Kettlewell, B., 1973. The Evolution of Melanism.
West, B.K., 1988. Biston betularia L. Melanism in decline. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
100: 39.
—, 1990. Melanism in Biston betularia L. in Kent. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 102: 175.
— , 1993. The incidence of melanism in the macrolepidoptera at Dartford, Kent.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 11.

Athrips rancidella (Herrich-Schaffer) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in south-west
London

On the 23rd August 1993 I recorded a single example of Athrips rancidella
at Richmond Park, Surrey. The specimen was determined by Dr K. Sattler
(BM(NH)). It transpired that this was only the second reported locality for
the species in Great Britain, the first being West Wickham, West Kent
(VC16) (Chalmers-Hunt, 1985, who illustrates the moth and the genitalia).

During 1994, I have been fortunate to be able to run an m.v. (125 watt)
trap in Richmond Park, Surrey (VC17), on a fairly regular basis. On the 15th
and 21st July this year I noted a number of small grey gelechiid moths which
I should have recognised sooner. It was not until some time later that I
realised what they probably were; Athrips rancidella, a provisional deter-
mination confirmed by Mr K. Tuck (BM(NH)). This is not the end of the
story, as I had also noted the same small grey gelechiid in small numbers to
an actinic light run at my home address (Raynes Park, also in Surrey) on 7th,
12th and 15th July 1994, about two miles from the Richmond site.

Sokoloff & Chalmers-Hunt (1987) record the foodplant as Cotoneaster
horizontalis. However, although there is Cotoneaster near to the Richmond
Park trap site, there does not (rather surprisingly) appear to be any near to
the more suburban Raynes Park site. Chalmer-Hunt (1985) reported that
Prunus spinosa and Crataegus monogyna are stated to be foodplants in
central and southern Europe. At both the Raynes Park site and the Richmond
Park site there are old C. monogyna bushes in the near vicinity and it could
be possible that these are the sources of the moths at these localities.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr K. Sattler and Mr K.
Tuck for help with the identification of this species. I would also like to
thank Mr W. Cathcart (Assistant Superintendent, Richmond Park) for
organising permission to record insects in the park and to Mr and Mrs W.
Cathcart for allowing me to operate a moth trap from their home.

References: Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1985. Monochroa niphognatha Gozmany, 1953, and
Athrips rancidella Herrich-Schaffer, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), new to the British
fauna. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 97: 20-24; Sokoloff, P.A. & Chalmer-Hunt, J.M.,
1987. Notes on the biology of Athrips rancidella H.-S. (Lep.: Gelechiidae).
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 99: 253-254.

— Mark Parsons, 3 Stanton Road, Raynes Park, London SW20 8RL.

THE GENUS EARIAS

i)
Go
oS)

THE GENUS EARIAS HUBNER, (1825) (LEPIDOPTERA:
NOCTUIDAE) IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE
B. GOATER
The Ridge, 27 Hiltingbury Road, Chandlers Ford, Hampshire SOS3 SSR.

THERE HAS RECENTLY been some confusion over the identity of
members of this genus in Britain, and this paper is an attempt to sort out the
problems of recognition of vagrant Earias species which may appear in
Britain from time to time.

Fibiger & Hacker (1991) list five European species of Earias: E. clorana
(Linnaeus, 1761), E. albovenosana Oberthiir, 1917, E. syriacana Bartel,
1903, E. vernana (Fabricius, 1787) and E. insulana (Boisduval, 1833),
while omitting E. biplaga Walker, 1866, which has certainly turned up in
Britain as a vagrant.

Lorimer, in Heath & Emmet (1983) also mentions E. vittella (Fabricius,
1794), the larvae of which have been found from time to time in okra pods
(Abelmoschus esculentus) imported to Heathrow Airport. The imago has not
been seen at large in this country, or indeed in Europe.

Earias albovenosana is a native of Algeria and in Europe has only been
reported from Sicily; E. syriacana was described from Syria; in Europe there
is a single record from Albania (Heinicke, 1965). Neither need concern us
here. The only native British species is E. clorana, the Cream-bordered
Green Pea, which is local but sometimes common in southern and eastern
England, and is also found in one locality in Co. Cork, Ireland (Skinner,
1984). Abroad, it extends from southern Scandinavia and Finland through
central and western Europe to Italy, and eastwards to Asia Minor and
western Siberia. E. vernana occurs in Denmark and the southern tip of
Sweden, and extends locally through the Netherlands and western Germany
to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and to southern France and
eastwards to Uralsk, Russia (Skou, 1991). The writer has recently discovered
it in Prov. Huesca, Spain, thus confirming its presence in that country. It is
associated with white poplar (Populus alba) and just possibly could be found
in Britain. E. insulana and E. biplaga are chiefly African species, pests of
cotton (Gossypium), but E. insulana is fairly widespread and apparently
native in Spain, as well as the Canary Isles (Calle, 1983), and presumably
has some other foodplant. Both have been recorded as vagrants in England.
E. vittella is a widespread tropical species: there are specimens in the British
Museum (Natural History) from Africa, India, Formosa, Australia and some
of the Pacific islands.

Mr S.A. Knill-Jones (1993) reported a specimen of EF. insulana taken at
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, on 25th June 1992, and referred to another taken
at St Austell, Cornwall, twelve days earlier on 12th June, stating that these
were the third and fourth British records. When I saw Mr Knill-Jones'
specimen in his cabinet, I was immediately suspicious that it was but a faded

244 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL, 106 20.x1.1994
and perhaps discoloured /, clorana, He very kindly allowed me to take it
away and dissect it, and it proved to be a male /. clorana, The St Austell
specimen was exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the British Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society in 1992 and its photograph was
subsequently published in the Society's Journal (1993). It appears to be
practically identical to the Freshwater specimen, Both specimens have
brown fringes, and this appears to be the source of confusion,

Lorimer, in Heath & Emmet (1983) got the deseriptions of Larias species
about right, although the illustrations are crude; Skinner (1984) ts
understandably dismissive of both , biplaga and Fb. insulana, He says
nothing about wing-shape, distinguishing /. clorana trom the others on the
presence of the white-edged costa of the forewing, and stating that /,
hiplaga has a narrower forewing than /. insulana (it should be the other
way round), and that /, insu/ana has a dark brown fringe, whereas that of F,
biplaga is pale (this, too, is the wrong way round). He illustrates /. insulana
correctly from foreign material, but omits /. biplaga. Seitz (1914) refers to
E. clorana ab, flavimargo de Joannis trom Britany (s/c.) in which the fringe
is yellowish at the base, brown in the middle and white at the tips. The
existence of this form appears to have been overlooked by British
entomologists, and the presence of a brown fringe in recent specimens
recorded as /. insulana seems to have been the single cause of mistaken
identity,

In reality, the four species under discussion are easily identified without
recourse to examination of genitalia, but figures of male and female genital
structures are piven here for the sake of completeness, and because these
have been utilised in preparing this paper,

Warias clorana, Wingspan 18-24mm, Frons white, palpi and antennae
purplish-brown, collar preen-sealed,

Thorax rich pea-green in fresh specimens, with some white scaling on
pataprum,

Forewing rather broad, costa strongly arched, apex pointed; termen
rounded; dorsum straight, narrowing sharply towards base of wing, with a
weak and inconspicuous flat bulge about one third distance from base,
Colour rich pea-green, very finely irrorate darker green, without any trace of
cross-lines, Pure white costal stripe broader in basal half, tapering to wing:
Hip; costal margin brownish-green in basal one fifth. Termen slightly darker
green, fringe whitish with some green cilia, Hindwing silky white with very
line green terminal line and slight greenish tinge to cilia in anterior third of
wing, Underside of forewing greenish-white, central area smoky, that of
hindwing white,

Abdomen greenish white,

Although the green pigment appears to be stable, worn specimens do not
always show the details described above from bred specimens, The sexes are
hot casy to distinguish ata glance, but the female is often a little larger and

THE GENUS EARIAS 235

the abdomen slightly more robust and more rounded at the tip. British
populations are apparently invariable apart from size. The two specimens
recently reported as F. insu/ana agree with the description and illustration of
E. clorana ab. flavimargo de Joannis, 1908, and are very likely to have been
immigrants from mainland Europe.

Y. vernana is of similar size to £. clorana but the wings are even broader,
and the bulge on dorsum of forewing is extremely weak and inconspicuous.
Head, collar and patagium pure white, rest of thorax white with scattering of
green scales.

Forewing silvery white, with irroration of slightly yellowish-green scales,
the termen darker green and with distinct green discal dot and two narrow
cross-lines, the inner zig-zagged, the outer curved. Edge of costa and fringe
white. Hindwing less pure white than in &. clorana, often with darker veins.
Fringe white, with admixture of green cilia in anterior third. Underside
similar to that of F. clorana. The intensity of the crosslines varies, and in ab.
obliterata Warren, 1913, all the markings are absent.

7. insulana Wingspan 24-28mm. The body is more robust than in either
of the two species mentioned above, and the wings are longer and narrower,
giving the species a completely different look. Head greenish or brownish-
white. Palpi more slender than in the other species, light brown with whitish
tips; antennae light brown. Thorax apple green or yellowish-bulf.

Forewing costa straight except for weak curve at base and towards apex,
diverging only slightly from dorsum. Apex blunt, termen weakly curved.
Dorsum straight with distinct bulge near base, into which it narrows.
Forewing colour yellowish apple-green or yellowish-buff, in green
specimens with broad cream-coloured dorsal streak. All colour forms show
three narrow crosslines and often a dark discal dot. Antemedian line placed
well out towards the middle of wing, all three extending obliquely to
dorsum. In some specimens, there is a dark-coloured patch between
antemedian and postmedian lines, which extends from discal spot to dorsum.
Fringe yellowish or brownish. Hindwing silky white with very narrow brown
terminal line more strongly developed anteriorly. Fringe white, tinged brown
anteriorly. Underside of forewing whitish or wholly smoky, fringe pale
greenish or yellowish, never brown as in E. biplaga.

FE. insulana is evidently a variable species. The writer has taken
yellowish-buff specimens, in apparently mint condition, in southern Spain,
and green ones taken in the same region have shown no sign of fading in the
cabinet.

E. biplaga has similar wingspan to F. clorana, but the wings are a little
less broad, costa variably curved, termen less oblique so that apex is nearly a
right angle; tornus rounded; dorsum straight with weak prominence,
consisting of a tuft of enlarged scales, just over one third distance from base,
where dorsum ts distinctly angled, not curved, into base of wing.

Head and thorax bright golden-yellow or greenish-yellow; palpi adorned
with purplish-brown scales.

236 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994

Forewing pale, bright apple-green, yellowish to bright golden-yellow, or
orange, with scattering of white scales, often with strong golden-yellow
suffusion in basal half only. There are very faint traces of strongly crenate
cross-lines, apparently more strongly developed in the yellow forms, which
may also show a small, dark discal spot; the cross-lines, when present, are
less oblique than in FE. insulana; one common form has a dark blotch like a
thumb-print extending obliquely from dorsum to the cell. Through a lens,
this mark is seen to consist of a mixture of dark purplish-brown scales and
white ones. It is quite a different structure from the similarly-positioned
patch in some forms of E. insulana, in which the patch consists of an even
irroration of dark scales over the ground colour, and is always edged by
darker antemedian and postmedian lines. Fringe basally yellow, distally
whitish, with strong admixture of dark purplish-brown cilia, evenly spread
from apex to tornus, making the whole fringe appear dark brown. Hindwing
silky white, with very fine, dark terminal line. Fringe tinted purplish-brown
in anterior half. Underside of forewing glossy yellowish-white, with
contrasting dark fringe. That of hindwing whiter.

E. biplaga is a very variable species, but the dark-coloured fringe on the
forewing, present on both upper and underside, appears to be a constant
feature. One specimen in the British Museum Collection, British Museum
Slide Noctuidae No. 15236, has a strong resemblance to E. clorana, having
the forewing green with whitish costa; both costa and fringe are, however,
tinted with brown, and it is indeed a female E. biplaga (det. M. Honey).

Should the imago of E. vittella ever appear in Britain, it would be instantly
recognisable. It is about the same size as E. clorana, with slightly narrower
wings. In the forewing, the costal and dorsal thirds are cream coloured, and
the median third green from termen, gradually tapering to the base of the
wing; fringe yellowish-brown. Hindwings white, termen often tinged brown;
fringe white. There is also a form in which green is replaced by light brown.

Genitalia

Male. Uncus divided, with two spine-like points; costa produced to a point;
cucullus in the form of a bristly pad bearing an articulated spine; aedeagus
slender. Interspecific differences are found in the degree of development of
the uncus points, in the width of the harpes and especially in the shape of the
margin, and in the size and spininess of the cucullus.

E. clorana Harpes relatively broad, margin rounded; cucullus moderately
bristly, articulated spine weakly curved. (Fig. 1)

E. vernana Harpes with distinct angle at margin; cucullus weakly bristly,
articulated spine weakly curved. (Fig. 2)

E. insulana Harpes strongly excavate at margin; cucullus heavily bristled,
articulated spine nearly straight. (Fig. 3)

E. biplaga Harpes sharply right-angled at margin; cucullus moderately
bristly, articulated spine sickle-shaped. (Fig. 4)

THE GENUS EARIAS 233]

Female. Corpus bursae ovoid, with strong longitudinal striae; ductus bursae
very slender, ostium a mere pore with weak sclerotisation posteriorly.
Interspecific differences mainly in ratio of length to width of corpus bursae
(1/w) and length of corpus to length of ductus (b/d).
E. clorana Corpus bursae rugby-ball shaped: I/w = 2.7; b/d = 1.35 (Fig. 5).
E. vernana Corpus bursae lemon-shaped: I/w = 2.3; b/d = 1.50 (Fig. 6).
E. insulana Corpus bursae broadly ovoid: I/w = 1.75; b/d = 0.76 (Fig. 7).
E. biplaga Corpus bursae narrowly ovoid: I/w = 3.08; b/d = 1.14 (Fig. 8).

Genitalia of male Earias species:
1.clorana 2. vernana 3. insulana 4. biplaga

Genitalia of female Earias species:
5.clorana 6.vernana 7. insulana 8. biplaga

238 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

Genitalia figures

Earias clorana male. ENGLAND: Walberswick, Suffolk, 12.v.1969. BG.
Slide No. 292 (Fig. 1).

Earias clorana female. SWITZERLAND: Pfynwald, Valais, 27.v.1987. BG.
Slide No. 397 (Fig. 5).

Earias vernana male. SPAIN: 2km W. Ontinenfa, Huesca, 24.v.1991. BG.
Slide No. 394 (Fig. 2).

Earias vernana female. DENMARK: ex larva Asserbo, NEZ. UC1I1.
3.vill.1973. M. Fibiger. Slide No. 395 (Fig. 6).

Earias insulana male. SPAIN: 9km S. Fortuna, Murcia, 16.x.1993. BG.
Slide No. 398 (Fig. 3).

Earias insulana female. BOTSWANA: (815) R. Ihamalakane, 7mls N.E.
Maun, 20.iv.1972. South African Exp. B.M. 1972 — Slide No. 399 (Fig. 7).

Earias biplaga male. NIGERIA: N.W. State, Mokwa, Nr. Cattle Ranch,
9-10.vili. 1970. P.H. Ward. B.M. 1970 — 604. Slide No. 400 (Fig. 4).

Earias biplaga female. NIGERIA: Samaru, 8-15.ix.1970. P.H. Ward. B.M.
1970 — 604. Slide No. 401 (Fig. 8).

Reported occurrences of Earias insulana and E. biplaga in Britain

E. insulana

1.“Southern England”, 1962, by B. Wurzell. Correctly identified.

2. Brockenhurst, Hampshire, 8.x.1967 (Gardner, 1968). RCK Collection, BM
1976— 688. Correctly identified.

3. St. Austell, Cornwall, 12.vi.1992, by W. Kittle (West, 1993). Mis-
identified.

4. Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 25.vi.1992 (Knill-Jones, 1993). Misidentified.

E. biplaga

1. Buckingham Palace Gardens, London, 16.vii.1964 (Bradley & Mere,
1964). RCK Collection, BM 1987-58 det. W.H.T. Tams. Correctly
identified.

2. Lymington, Hampshire, 23.vii.1982 (Pickles, 1983). Correctly identified.

Acknowledgements
The author is grateful for the co-operation of Messrs Kittle, Knill-Jones,
Pickles, Spalding and Wurzell in sorting out the correct identities of the
specimens in question. The Trustees of the National History Museum
(BMNH) are thanked for their kindness in allowing access to material in
their Collections, and the particular assistance received from Mr D. Carter
and Mr M. Honey is warmly welcomed.
References

Bradley, J.D. & Mere, R.M., 1964. Natural history of the garden of Buckingham Palace: Lepidoptera.
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 Part Il; 55-74.
Calle, J.A., 1983. Noctuidos Espanoles. Madrid.

THE GENUS EARIAS 239

Fibiger, M. & Hacker, H., 1991. Systematic List of the Noctuidae of Europe, Esperiana Band 2.
Staffelstein & Schwanfeld.

Gardner, F.W., 1968. Earias insulana Boisduval (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to the British Isles.
Entomologist’'s Gazette 19: 90.

Hacker, H., 1989. Die Noctuidae Griechenlands (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Herbipoliana Band 2.
Eitchberger, Marktleuthen.

Heinicke, W., 1965. Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen
Institutes. 31 Beitrag: Noctuidae. Beitrdge zur Entomologie 15: 503-632.

Joannis, J. de, 1908. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1908, Pl. 15, fig. 7. (E. clorana ab. flavimargo).

Knill-Jones, S.A., 1993. Three species of macro-moths new to the Isle of Wight list taken in 1992.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 43-44.

Lorimer, R.I. in Heath & Emmet, 1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 10:
314-316. Harley Books, Colchester.

Pickles, A.J., 1983. A second British record of Earias biplaga (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Entomologist's Gazette. 34: 2.

Seitz, A. 1914. The Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. 3: Palaearctic Noctuidae. Kernen, Stuttgart.

—, 1938. Ibid., Vol. 3 (Supplement): The Palaearctic Noctuid Moths. Kernen, Stuttgart.

Skinner, B., 1984. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking, London.

Skou, P. 1991. Nordens Ugler. Danmarks Dyreliv Bind 5: Apollo Books. Stenstrup.

West, B.K., 1993. 1992 Annual Exhibition Report (British Macrolepidoptera) Br. J. ent. nat. Hist. 6:
57, Pl. Ill fig. 9.

A note on A.J. Wightman

The essay on the Hazards of Moth Collecting by the late A.J. Wightman and
the splendid introduction by the Editor in the last issue brought memories
flooding back of the enjoyable times spent with A.J. Wightman on collecting
trips over several years.

Two trips stand out in my mind, the first to Freshwater in the Isle of Wight
to collect larvae of the pale form of Eumichtis lichenea which Archie knew
occurred on the cliffs at this locality. I collected him from his house in
Pulborough and drove to Portsmouth where we left the car in a garage and
took the ferry to Ryde. Here we boarded a Vectis Bus to travel the length of
the island to Freshwater. We carried our collecting gear on the top deck of
the bus. Archie's loud and penetrating voice seemed to reverberate
throughout both decks and several passengers came up the steps to get a
close look at the peculiar old man.

Archie had previously booked our overnight beds with a lady in the
village where he had obviously stayed before.

At dusk we proceeded to the cliffs and quickly found plenty of larvae
sitting around and each of us bagged a number of full grown caterpillars. I
have a block of 18 perfect moths in drawer number 22 in my 48 drawer
Noctuid cabinet. They are almost white and so distinct from specimens from
other localities.

The second trip was more local, sugaring on the South Downs near the
Opera House at Glyndbourne. A footpath climbs the Downs with a row of
posts nearly all the way to the summit where there were many more posts. It
was a fairly steep climb which I would not wish to tackle today. We were
sugaring for the southern form of Aporophyla lutulenta the Deep-brown

240 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi. 1994

Dart. Archie had specialised in the Scottish forms, /wnebergensis and had a
wonderful range in his collection.

Paul Sokoloff mentions in his introduction that Wightman was a
physically large man. That is being modest, he was several inches taller than
me, I was 6'l'/)" and he must have weighed almost twice my weight of 14
stone plus.

When collecting in these out of the way places with him, I constantly had
an awful feeling that if he fell while climbing difficult ascents and broke a
limb what should I do?

1 could not possibly lift him or help him to a civilised area. There would
be no other way than to go for help miles away. Fortunately nothing
untoward occurred on our many collecting trips.

Several collectors were staying in a Hotel near Wicken Fen, some years
ago. The floor in the entrance hall was highly polished and when A.J.W.
entered and placed his foot on the door mat it slid away and Archie banged
the back of his head on the sill. A large lump developed on the back of his
head and when I said he would develop a bad headache, he replied “Not me,
I’ve never had a headache in my life”.

During 1969-70 IT helped to form a new Rotary Club in Midhurst and
Petworth which involved weekly meetings at Midhurst. As I passed
Wightman’s house en route | called to see him for a chat fairly regularly. He
told me about the number of cases that had been selected for the
Rothschild—Cockayne—Kettlewell Collection and that the rest of his
collection would go to Gerry Haggett. He gave me the travelling setting case
that he had constructed for his trips to Cork to search for the almost black
specimens of the Marbled Green on the walls around the city.

Archie was a wonderful character, so knowledgeable on so many subjects.
I wish I could have taped our conversation on those pleasant evenings spent
together.

He was also an avid writer of letters. | have a large number received from
him over the years. I must read them again, perhaps some could be
published.— RON Dyson, 3 Overhill Gardens, Brighton BN1 8ND.

Chestnut-coloured Carpets (Thera cognata (Thunb.)) (Lep.:
Geometridae) in Yorkshire

P. Corkhill recorded an example from Austwick on 7/8th July 1992 (Ent.
Rec. 105: 74).

In 1992, G.B. Summers recognised a moth he had previously taken at
Levisham from my series of cognata. We confirmed this identification. This
capture was reported by S.M. Jackson (Ent. Rec. 105: 176), but the date of
capture was 28th July 1990, not 1992, the year it was identified.

Therefore, the Levisham record pre-dates the Austwick record as the first
Yorkshire record. M.R. BRrirTon, 38 Meadlands, York YO3 OPB.

ISCHNOGLOSSA TURCICA 241

ISCHNOGLOSSA TURCICA WUNDERLE (COL.: STAPHYLINIDAE)
IN BRITAIN

J.A. OWEN
& Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU
1, TURCICA is close to I, prolixa (Gravenhorst) from which it was only
recently separated (Wunderle, 1992). Following the discovery of a few
examples of this species among specimens of /. prolixa in the author's
collection (Owen, 1994), material from a number of collections has been
examined and further British examples identified. This has allowed an
assessment Of means of separating the two species and provided a
provisional picture of their distributions in Britain.

In appearance, /. turcica closely resembles /. prolixa to which it runs
down in the keys of Fowler (1887), Joy (1932) and Lohse (1974). The most
easily used distinguishing features appear to be:

1. the punctures on the upper surface of the head, which are very fine and
six or more diameters apart in furcica but larger and four or less
diameters apart in prolixa;

S

the punctures on the elytra, which are moderately fine on a more or less

smooth surface in furcica but coarse and asperate in prolixa, and

3, the punctures on the rear portions of abdominal tergites, which are
moderate and diffuse in furcica but close and strong in prolixa.,

There are also clear cut differences in the genitalia (see fig. 1). The basic
shape of the aedeagus is similar in the two species but that of furcica is
consistently shorter than that of pro/ixa, Thus the distance from the base to
the tip of the central lobe measured 0.43 — 0.45mm in turcica and 0.50
0.53mm in prolixa. Wunderle (1990, 1992) gives values of 0.42mm and
0.50mm respectively. The spermatheca in furcica has a similar contorted
shape to that of prolixa but is more slender and shorter. The lengths in
specimens examined by the author were 0.25 — 0.2%mm in turcica and 0.30
0.35mm in prolixa, Wunderle gives corresponding values of 0.24 and 0,28 —
0,33mm respectively,

Wunderle (1992) gives the smaller body length in furcica as a dis-
tinguishing feature, giving values of 2.5 — 2.6mm and 2.7 — 3.2mm
respectively. Certainly, most specimens of furcica are smaller than speci-
mens of prolixa but the problem of determining accurately the lengths of
small Staphylinids, so often with retracted abdomens, makes length
unreliable as a means of separating the two species. Wunderle also gives the
structure of the antennae as a means of separating the two species but the
differences are only likely to be discernible in specimens in which the
antennae have been very carefully displayed.

Records from material examined by the author (37 specimens) or by Mr
A.A. Allen (14 specimens) indicate that, in Britain, furcica (33 specimens) is
a southern insect (fig. 2). Vice-county records, with collectors’ initials in

242. ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 __20.xi.1994

166
v8

0-2mm

Fig. 1. Genitalia: lateral view of ele
a. furcica and b. prolixia; spermathaca — ¢. turcica and d. prolixa.

parentheses (see acknowledgements) were from South Devon (G.A.), South
Hants (H.L.), North Hants (P.H.), East Sussex (P.J.H.), West Kent (A.A.,
N.H., P.J.H., A.W.), Surrey (A.A., H.L., J-O., A.W.), Berkshire (A.A., J.O.,
P.H.) and Worcester (P.W.). Most of these records are for the period 1940 to
1990 but two of Harwood's specimens (in coll. A.A.A.) were collected in
1905. Outside Britain, turcica is known from the Mediterranean area as far
east as Turkey (Wunderle, in Jitt.). The occurrence of a beetle species in
Britain and in the Mediterranean area but not apparently in central Europe is
unusual but by no means unknown.

In contrast, prolixa in Britain appears to be more a northerly insect (fig.
2). Mr Allen has taken a single specimen at Blackheath, West Kent but
otherwise all specimens examined were from vice-counties north of the
Thames, viz. Herts (P.H.), West Suffolk (A.W.), East Norfolk (H.L.), East
Gloucester (P.W.), Cardigan (J.O.), Roxburgh (M.S.), Mid Perth (J.O., P.H.),
Elgin (J.O., G.A.), Westerness (J.O.), North Ebudes (J.O.) and West
Sutherland (I.W.). Outside Britain, prolixa ranges across most of the rest of
Europe (Wunderle, 1990).

As far as ecology goes, turcica in Britain has been recorded in and
association usually with broad-leaved trees such as beech, birch and oak but
sometimes with pine, occurring, as a rule, singly under the bark of dead

ISCHNOGLOSSA TURCICA 243

ClP RR
aes ia a A

Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of specimens examined in terms of 10km squares.

trunks and branches or in rotten wood. One of the author's specimens was
taken in a flight interception trap in a deciduous wood. Dates of records
ranged from March to October. /. prolixa occurs in similar habitats. Records
for specimens examined had dates ranging from January to November.

It is of some interest that /. turcica should turn up in Britian for Lott
(1993) has shown that another recently described species — /. obscura
(Wunderle, 1990) — also occurs here. The two appear to be difficult to
separate on external characters but differ in the size and shape of the
genitalia. None of the specimens examined by the author could be referred to
obscura. There is, however, no doubt that both species have a place on the
British list for British specimens of both species have been confirmed by
Herr Wunderle.

244 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

Acknowledgements

I am much indebted to Herr Wunderle for the initial identification of my
specimens as /. turcica and for providing information on the species, to Mr
A.A. Allen who very kindly checked /schnoglossa specimens in his
possession, collected by himself, by the late G.H. Ashe or by the late P.
Harwood and to Mr Derck Lott for information on his obscura specimens. |
thank also the following colleagues for giving me material or for letting me
examine material in their possession: Mr J. Cooter (specimens from the H.R.
Last collection now in his care), Mr Norman Heal, Mr Peter J. Hodge, Mr
Magnus Sinclair, Dr lan White, Mr Paul Whitehead, Mr Alex Williams. I
thank also Mr A.R. Wiseman for authorising access to Windsor Forest and
English Nature for arranging this.

References

Fowler, W.W., 1887. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. 2, L. Reeve & Co.
London.

Joy, N.H., 1932. A Practical Handbook of British Beetles. H.F. & G. Witherby, London.

Lohse, G.A., 1974. in Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Vol. 5: ed. H. Freude, K.W. Harde, &
G.A. Lohse, Goecke & Evers, Krefeld.

Lott, D.A., 1993. Ischnoglossa obscura Wunderle, new to Britain. Coleopterist, 2: 20.

Owen, J.A., 1994. Ischnoglossa turcica Wunderle (Staphylinidae) new to Britain.
Coleopterist 3: 65.

Wunderle, P., 1990. Revision der mitteleuropaischen Arten der Gattung /schnoglossa
Kraatz 1856. Entomol. Blatter, 86: 51-68.

—, 1992. Eine neue Art der Gattung /schnoglossa Kraatz 1856 aus Tirkie (Coleoptera,
Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Entomol. Bldtter, 88: 49-52.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — “‘Les Papillons de Zaire’’.
October, 1989

In 1981 was published the first ever book on the 1,600 of so butterflies of
Zaire, one of the best ever published on any part of Africa — unfortunately
lacking the Skippers, though the author is a specialist in these. It was written
by Lucien Berger, one of the leading authorities on African butterflies, and is
copiously illustrated in colour. It is a must for the library of anyone who
might even expect to become mildly interested in Africa's fascinating
butterflies. | obviously have a copy in my library — but precious few of my
colleagues do. Why not?

As far as I know all copies now available, bar my own, stem from the
limited stock of review and author's copies that Berger received directly
from the printers before the bulk was sent to Zaire. The rest are still with the
publisher, the “Présidence de la République”, in Kinshasa. This is, of course,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245

“
a Lees

—“~

Looking for Papillons de Zaire. Somewhere in Zaire.

shorthand for His Excellency, Field-Marshal, Mobuto Sese Seko etc. — he of
the “Mouvement populaire pour la République” (one country, one people,
one party, and — wags add — one bank-account). There is no libel here — a
World Bank official once called Zaire the world's only fully institutionalised
“kleptocracy”.

During my first visit to Kinshasa in 1987, I tried all the tricks in my book
to coax a copy out of the Presidency, or to find one that had “accidentally”
reached a book-shop. No luck. No book-shops had it, even ex-ministers
could not lay hands on a copy (there are lots of ex-ministers in Kinshasa,
since the appointment and sacking of ministers is one of Mobuto's main
ways of staying in power). My final port of call was the book-shop in the
Kinshasa Intercontinental Hotel. I left my calling-card with promises of gold
were a copy to be procured before my next visit.

My need of the book increased, but a visit to Kinshasa in 1988 gave the
same result: No book for love or money — even though money often goes a
long way in Zaire. I went down to the Intercontinental to renew my promise
of a reward — it was unnecessary, I was immediately recognised — “ah, c'est
vouz avec les papillons!”

In 1989 I had almost given up, but during a brief visit I once again went to
the Intercontinental. No book . . . but another customer overheard our
conversation. “Oh” he said, “I just saw a copy at the International Fair — it's
closing today, by the way”.

I commandeered a car from my hosts and rushed to fairgrounds, where
signs of packing were evident. and sure enough, in the section on our

246 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994

“olorious heritage” was a copy of THE book. A seedy-looking gentleman
from the Ministry of National Heritage was in charge: “Could I buy the
Book?”.

“Unfortunately not’, it was the Ministry's only copy.

“Where could I buy it?”

“Pas possible”.

Then I did it! | had sworn I never would! During thirty years of travel in
the most difficult parts of the world, I never have! I still feel ambivalent
about having done it!

I unrolled a hundred dollar bill and dangled it in front of the heritage
gentleman. It was promptly seized, and the book was mine. It being
Kinshasa, the proverbial brown paper bag was not available, so I carried off
my loot in broad daylight. | promise I will never do it again. But, honestly,
the book is now in nearly daily use with me, and the Ministry of National
Heritage has even less business than they did then. Was I really morally
wrong in what I did? I think there is a UK television programme dealing
with this kind of ethical dilemma; I have not been brave enough to apply for
a slot.

This ridiculous situation is almost the complete opposite of the usual one.
Normally, researchers and consultants descend on an unsuspecting
developing country and write their books, papers, and reports. These are then
widely circulated to academics in the rich countries and to aid agencies, but
not to those who really need them — local people batting against all odds
with research and development problems with very little of this information
available, and for whom a few dollars-worth of photocopies would break
their budgets.— T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Road, London SW9 8PL.

The voltinism of Acleris schalleriana (Linnaeus) (Lep.: Tortricidae)

The 19th century authors (Wilkinson, 1859; Stainton. 1859; Morris, 1872),
who called this moth Peronea tristana (Hiibner), described it as single-
brooded, flying from August or September until November. Tutt (1902), to
whom it was P. logiana (Clerck), gave the larval period as June to August,
but later (Tutt, 1905) added that larvae could still be found up to the end of
September. He did not suggest the possibility of more than one generation.
Meyrick ([1928]) gave the same dates for the emergence of the adults as the
Victorian writers, but added that they overwintered until May. Ford (1949),
Bradley, Tremewan & Smith (1973) and Fairclough in Emmet ({1979])
repeated Meyrick's figures. Hancock in Emmet (1988) seems to have been
the first to suggest that the species was bivoltine, giving the dates for the
imago as August to September, and October to May.

On 28th June 1994 | took a specimen at m.v. light in Saffron Walden,
Essex. Because of the early date, I consulted the specimens, all reared, in my
collection; their high number is because the species is polymorphic. I found
that | had five from Trottiscliffe, Kent, that emerged between 22nd and 26th

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247

June, 1969, and three from the Burren, Co. Clare, that emerged on 17th and
18th July, 1971. The date of emergence of 25 others ranged from Ist
September to 4th November.

A possible explanation is that this is one of the species that is essentially
univoltine, but has a proportion of larvae that feed up quickly and produce
adults from late June until August. The remainder develop slowly and the
moths emerge from September onwards. A similar habit causes conflicting
opinions over the voltinism of certain leaf-miners. The best-known example
of this adapation is afforded by the Comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album

(Linnaeus)).

References: Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G. & Smith, A., 1973. British tortricoid moths,
Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae, vii, 25\pp., 47 pls (26 col.) 52 text figs.
London; Fairclough, R., [1979]. Tortricinae, pp. 147-160. /n Emmet, A.M. (Ed.), A field
guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 27\pp. London; Ford, L.T., 1949. A guide to
the smaller British Lepidoptera, 230pp. London; Hancock, E.F., 1988. Tortricinae, pp.
155-169. Jn Emmet, A.M. (Ed.), A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera (Edn 2),
288pp. London; Meyrick, E., [1928]. A revised handbook of British Lepidoptera, vi,
914pp., text figs. London; Morris, F.O., 1872. A natural history of British moths 3,
223pp., 35 col. pls. London; Stainton, H.T., 1859. A manual of British butterflies and
moths 2, xi, 475pp., text figs, London; Tutt, J.W., 1902; 1905. Practical hints for the
field lepidopterist 2, 3. London; Wilkinson, S.J. 1859. The British tortrices, viii, 328pp.,
4 pls. London.

— A.M. EMMET, 14 Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex CB11 3AF.

Phyllodrepoidea crenata (Grav.) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in
South Northumberland

Among the duplicates and unsorted material that came to me (indirectly)
from the late G.H. Ashe I found a series of five examples of this scarce
northern beetle, taken not by him but apparently by a correspondent of the
late Joseph Cribb. The locality is given as Dipton Fort, near Riding Mill on
the river Tyne a few miles south-east of Hexham, south Northumberland; the
date, 30.1.1930. This is well within the distribution of the species as now
known, but, as the records are probably somewhat few, one more may
perhaps not be superfluous. There is no indication of habitat, which, like that
of the allied Deliphrum tectum (Payk.), appears remarkably diverse.

— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Some recent sightings of Argynnis adippe (Denis & Schiffermiuller)
(Lep.: Nymphalidae) from West Devon
Argynnis adippe (High Brown Fritillary) has declined dramatically in recent
years, although some quite strong colonies still persist here in Devon. |
would like to record a number of recent sightings from my home at
Tuckermarsh, in the parish of Bere Ferrers, Devon (VC3).

My main reason for this note is that, although these sightings were
conveyed to the County butterfly recorder, they do not appear in the recently
published text Devon Butterflies (Bristow, Mitchell and Bolton, 1993). The

248 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

first, a worn male, was observed nectaring on Corncockle (Agrostemma
githago) on 4.vill.91. In the following year a fresh female was seen on
10.vi.92, sunning itself on our Leylandii hedge at 7.05pm. Two further
examples were noted on 12.vii.92 and 19.vii.92, flying in the company of
numerous other species on drifts of Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense).
None were seen in 1993, although this was a very poor year here and many
of the more common species failed to appear.

It is unlikely that this insect breeds on our property (although around
twenty butterfly species do or have) but much of the surrounding countryside
affords an ideal habitat: small, warm sunny meadows and banks, fringed
with bracken and with abundant violets (Viola spp.). There are records of A.
adippe dating back to the late 1960s from Bere Ferrers parish and it seems
probable that a small population survives in this area. ROBERT BOGUE,
Kingston House, Tuckermarsh, Bere Alston, Devon PL20 7HB.

A sighting of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Kent

A fine specimen of the Monarch butterfly was observed by Mike Keen on
the afternoon of 25th July 1994 at Beckenham, Kent. The insect was
observed for several minutes during which time it fed briefly on a spray of
Buddleia. The origin of the butterfly is unknown, but there are no butterfly
farms in the vicinity from which it could have escaped PAUL SOKOLOFF, 4
Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BT6 6DR.

Thaumetopoea herculeana (Rambur, 1837), an unusual member of the
Thaumetopoeidae (Lepidoptera)

Of the four species present in Spain belonging to the Thaumetopoeidae, T.
herculeana is the only member whose larvae feed on low plants. In addition
and more importantly in terms of the nuisance value of the family the larvae
of this species are not at all urticating.

In February 1990 whilst passing through San Fernando (Cadiz) on my
slow journey back to Madrid I was intrigued to see so many larvae of this
moth crawling over the Erodium plants, which along with Malva, cover
wasteground, The latter plants play host to the Arctiid, Ocnogyna baetica
(Rambur, 1836). The larvae looking so much like Automeris assume the
“habit” so curious of this family's larvae that they crawl from one plant to
the next end-to-end procession-like.

I made the mistake of collecting a few larvae as I was confident they
would accept Cistus back in London. As it was they were very fussy and
although attempts were made at feeding they did not take to the change. This
is even more surprising given that Cistum salviaefolius is listed as a
foodplant along with the Erodiums; E. moschatum and arborescens plus
Helianthemum vulgare and H. croceum (Gomez Bustillo, 1978).

Fortunately, on returning to Madrid at the end of February 1990 the
surviving larvae happily reverted back to Erodium. One larva in fact pupated
on 17th March in peat.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249

The next time I came across the larvae was in Valdemoro, south of Madrid
in April of the same year, this time feeding on Helianthemum, especially on
those plants growing on slopes exposed to the sun so vital to the larvae's
development. Larvae were taken and did much better than the first batch
probably because they were reared in a light airy cage on potted plant. They
began to go under on 23rd April. A check on these larvae revealed that they
were sull “pre-pupae” on 9th May.

The imagines emerge at different times of the year in Spain depending on
the area (Gomez Bustillo, 1978). They emerge in June in the north (Castilla-
Leén) and centre (Madrid, Guadalajara, Cuenca), whilst in Andalusia the
moths come out in September and October. One assumes that this is so due
to the intense summer heat of the south and that the moths only emerge once
the autumn rains encourage the growth once again of the larval foodplant.

Of the fifteen cocoons in my possession, moths began to eclose in late
August, with the first pair emerging together on 23rd August. The imagines
do not live long at all, so it seemed that for any copulation to take place it is
imperative that emergences are simultaneous, Although no moths were noted
in cop a large batch of ova covered in anal hairs was found on 25th August.
There were other emergences until 21st September but no pairings occurred.

Larvae hatching out on 25th September were transferred to potted
Helianthemum and kept in a sunny window, The larvae spun a web amongst
the lower part of the plant on 7th October, the usual procedure during the
earlier instars; this protection is dispensed with once the larvae are more
advanced, the larvae then feeding en masse with no cover whatsoever. In the
wild they feed throughout the winter months principally in sunny weather,
pupating in April,

The moth is distributed in the central, north-central and southern
provinces of Spain; the southern-most parts of Galicia (north-west Spain)
and northern Portugal. Outside Iberia it is found in Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, Libya and eastwards towards Palestine.

References: Gomez de Aizptrua, Carlos, 1986. Biologia y Morfologia de las Orugas.
Vol. Il; Gomez Bustillo, Miguel R., 1981. Catdlogo Sistematico de Lepidépteros
Ibéricos; Gomez Bustillo, Miguel R., 1978. Mariposas de la Peninsula Ibérica,
Heteréceros \\; Rougeot, P.C. & Viette, P., 1980. Guia de Campo de las Mariposas
Nocturnas de Europa y Norte de Africa.

G. KING, 20 Turnstone Close, London E13 OHN.

Dyschirius angustatus (Ahr.) (Col.: Carabidae): earlier Scottish finds

R.M. Lyszkowski, J.A. Owen and M. Sinclair (1994, Coleopterist 3(1): 22)
give a full account of the more recent finds of this rare Dyschirius in
Scotland and northern England. When at Aviemore in 1938 I took, on 18.vii,
a single specimen in that district running on damp sand by the river Druie, an
offshoot of the Spey, in which Bledius subterraneus Er. and B, arcticus
Sahlb. were burrowing. (This productive little spot yielded also at different
times two Thinobius major, two T, newberyi and one Hydrosmecta

250 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

delicatula — the first and last in fine shingle beside the river.) The late P.
Harwood, who (if memory serves) was with me on the former occasion, also
found D. angustatus there in subsequent years; I have a specimen from him
marked “Aviemore vi.44”. These captures appear to have been the first in
Scotland since T.E. Bishop and D. Sharp discovered it at Nethy Bridge in or
about the first decade of the century, but up to now have remained, as far as I
know, unpublished.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London
SE7 8QG.

Agdistis bennetii (Curtis) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) recorded inland

The night 30—31st July 1994 was warm and humid (minimum temperature
here 65°F) and there was a light east wind. My trap contained 126 species of
Lepidoptera and probably well over 1000 moths. Amongst them was
Agdistis bennetii, a species whose larva feeds on sea-lavender and which is
entirely restricted to salt-marshes. The nearest source, which could have
been Tollesbury, the type locality, is about 35 miles distant on the Essex
coast.— A.M. EMMetT, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden,
Essex CB11 3AF.

Specific flower associations in Empididae (Dipt.)

Platypalpus incertus Collin: not a particularly common species in general
situations, and I had met with only odd specimens until I found it to be very
frequent, year after year, between the petals of garden roses in this district;
while no other species of Platypalpus occurred in that special habitat. Collin
(1961, Brit. Flies 6 (Empididae), 1: 206) found P. incertus “common in June
on the flowers of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum” in a paddock behind his
house at Newmarket, Suffolk. The floricolous habit is evidently exceptional
in this genus.

Rhamphomyia variabilis (Fall.): regarded as a common species, it was
tolerably so in my former garden at Blackheath (near here) but only on the
flowers of the cultivated golden-rod (Solidago canadensis), and compar-
atively seldom to be seen away from them. After moving to Charlton only
some two miles distant, late in 1973, I seem never to have met with it again
until September 1983 on a return visit to Blackheath, when one was noted on
a clump of the above plant in full flower, in a sidewalk off a road not far
from my previous residence. This suggests that R. variabilis may be more
local, if not also more restricted in its tastes, than usually considered.

Hilara longivittata Zett.: once (late May 1981) observed in large numbers
flying over, though not often settling on, the umbels of Anthriscus sylvestris
(cow parsley) where it grew abundantly along a wayside near here; both
sexes appeared to be thus engaged. At other times and in other years not a
single specimen was to be seen, either there or elsewhere in the district
where the plant is very common. I had, however, in earlier years found a few
examples on trees and shrubs near the first-mentioned spot. Collin (op. cit.
3:637) notes that females are often found “upon flower-heads of Umbel-
liferae”, and I once took two or three on those of Heracleum sphondylium in

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 251

Norfolk wood. In at least the former case there was no water anywhere near;
if, therefore, the association of the large genus Hilara with running or
standing water admits exceptions, then /ongivittata would certainly seem to
be one of them.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7
8QG.

Parascotia fuliginaria (Linnaeus) Waved Black (Lep.: Noctuidae) a note
of its occurrence in VC8 South Wiltshire

On 18th September 1985 the Waved Black was attracted to my garden m.v.
light at Dinton in Wiltshire. This is believed to be the first record for this
species in Wiltshire. Subsequent sightings indicated that a resident breeding
population existed in the area although occasional searches of fallen
branches and tree trunks in nearby woodland (with Daldinia and Coriolus
fungus on them) have failed to reveal any larva. The Waved Black is
predominately a July to September species in Dinton, the earliest date of
capture being 3rd July 1989 and the latest 18th September 1985. It occurs in
most years and usually as a singleton on two or three dates, but on the 3rd
July 1988 the m.v. trap contained five specimens. The 1994 season to date
has been slightly better than usual (considering I am only able to trap at
weekends) with the moth being present on 9th, 15th and 31st July and a very
small specimen on 20th August with a wingspan of only 20mm (the usual
size is about 28mm).— STEPHEN PALMER, The Warren, Hindon Road, Dinton,
Salisbury, Wiltshire SP3 SEG.

Two species of macromoths new to the Isle of Wight

On 14th July 1994 Simon Colenutt took an example of Rhyacia simulans
(Hufn.) at m.v. light at Chale Green and on 18th July I took a further perfect
female of this species in my light trap at Freshwater. According to Goater it
did appear on More's list but these are the first recent authentic records of
this species for the Isle of Wight.

I should also like to report the capture of Heliothis maritima subsp.
warneckei (Boursin) at m.v. light at Freshwater on 27th July 1985 which was
incorrectly identified as Heliothis viriplaca (Hufn.) in the first instance. This
species which ts still to be found in the New Forest has not been taken on the
Isle of Wight before.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road,
Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

A note on the distribution of Chazara prieuri Pierret 1837 in Spain
(Lepidoptera: Satyridae)

Until relatively recently, Spanish populations of Chazara prieuri Pierret,
were known only from a fairly well-defined geographical area in the
mountains of Central Spain, with Albarracin (Teruel) a well-known locality.
However, Tarrier (1993) recently recorded a single female of the distinctive
form uhagonis Oberthiir, in which the white upperside markings are replaced

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

by orange-buff, from the Sierra de La Sagra (Granada) in south- east Spain,
many kilometres from it's previously known localities.

On 29th June 1994, I took a fresh female prieuri, also of f. uhagonis, on
the road bordering the “La Losa” property on the north-west perimeter of La
Sagra; apparently (Michael Tarrier, [F] E-Mijas pers. comm.) this is only the
second record of prieuri from that area.

It is worth noting that Chazara briseis and Brintesia circe, both large
black and white Satyrid butterflies with a superficial resemblance to typical
prieuri, are abundant in the area (also for that matter in many other parts of
Spain) and may well mask the presence of prieuri; in this context it is
interesting that both specimens observed at La Sagra have been of the
distinctive uhagonis form.

References: Higgins, L.G. & Riley, N.D., [1970] 1983. A Field Guide to the
Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Sth (revised) edition, Collins; Tarrier, M., 1993. La
Sierra de La Sagra: un écosysteme-modele du refuge méditerranéen. Alexanor, 18(1):
13-42.

— W.J. TENNENT, | Middlewood Close, Fylingthorpe, Whitby, North
Yorkshire YO22 4UD.

Early butterfly dates in the Canary Isles

Between 27th and 31st March 1993 I saw the following butterflies in
Tenerife that are said by Higgins & Riley, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of
Britain and Europe, ed. 4(1980), not to occur as early as March: Large
White, P. brassicae; Clouded Yellow, C. croceus; Monarch, D. plexippus;
Indian Red Admiral, V. indica calliroe; and Canary Speckled Wood, P.
xiphioides. The Field Guide's “May to September” for the last must be well
wide of the mark, for Canary Speckled Woods were seen almost everywhere,
often in great abundance. On 31st March they, together with Red Admirals
and Indian Red Admirals (also “May onwards”), were feeding on a
cultivated (but probably native endemic) species of Limonium in the
Bananera at La Guancha. A thriving colony of Long-tailed Blues, L.
boeticus, was seen on 28th March at Buenavista, dozens of them swarming
around a range of procumbent herbaceous legumes in an exposed rocky
area.— CLIVE A. STACE, Cringlee, Claybrooke Road, Ullesthorpe,
Lutterworth, Leicestershire LE17 5AB.

Red Admiral overwintering sites; the continental café

Brian West's article on the overwintering habits of Red Admirals reminds me
of unexpected winter sightings in the south of France (Ent. Rec. 106: 121-
123),

In 1985, we spent the second half of the winter on the Céte D'Azur, for tax
limitation reasons. Unfortunately, that was the year when the whole coast
froze solid during January, killing mimosa and palm trees indiscriminately,
and freezing the oranges on the trees.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS DS

Nonetheless, on 25th January, seated at a café in Grasse, we were joined
by a Red Admiral, anxious to share our beverage. The experience was
repeated, on 29th January, at a café on the top of the fort at Nice, where a
Red Admiral was busy drinking from the empty cups. With the snow lying
around, it was encouraging to see these spectacular butterflies behaving as
though it were midsummer!

At such sites, normal daily activity can presumably continue throughout
the winter. But by 24th February, specimens at Menton were showing clear
signs of wear and tear— R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent Road, Selsey, West Sussex
PO20 9DQ.

Notes on some Pyralids found in Bombay, India. June 1994

Shortly before the monsoons broke out in western India in early June I came
across a few species of Pyralid in Aarey Milk Colony on the outskirts of
Bombay city.

The most interesting find was that of six fully-fed larvae of Orthaga
exvinacea (Hampson) on the lower branches of Mangifera indica, Mango.
The larvae fed within loosely constructed “tents” of the leaves which would
curl and dry up. It was noted that empty “tents” would become home to tiny
red ants which would swarm out to attack any intruder. | was caught out on
many occasions. According to Nair (1986) the moth is a pest of mangoes. At
least two larvae successfully pupated in peat on my return to London which
was just as well considering their foodplant requirements. An imago, (a
male) emerged on 12th June just as I was leaving for another trip, a second
emerged whilst I was away and was battered beyond hope in the confines of
its cylinder cage. The identity of the moth was confirmed thanks to the
efforts of Michael Schaffer at the Natural History Museum who also dealt
with the identification of other species collected from India.

A very common species seen was Spolanea recurvalis (Fabricius) which
would fly up from the undergrowth in and around Mango trees as well as on
the fringes of the grassy areas of a park in the aforementioned area near to
cultivated lilies. Its larval foodplant is said to be Amaranthus. Two other
Pyralids collected were Herpetogramma licarcisalis (Walker) and
Chaphalocrocis paeyalis (Boisduval).

Collecting in India cannot be a solo activity as one's endeavours will
invariably attract the attentions of the local people. It has to be said that
whatever one has collected and placed into killing jars or pill boxes must be
shown to any “spectators” that gather. Not to do this would be considered
the height of rudeness and being rude is not something that the Indians
deserve, they are an incredibly hospitable and friendly people.

References: Heywood, V.H., 1993. Flowering Plants of the World; Nair, M.R.G.K.,
1986. Insects and Mites of Crops in India; Robinson, G.S., Tuck, K.R. & Schaffer, M.,
1994. A Field Guide to the Smaller Moths of South-east Asia.

— G. KING, 20 Turnstone Close, London E13 OHN.

254 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

Tyta luctuosa (Denis & Schiffermiller), The Four Spotted (Lep.:
Noctuidae), new to Co. Durham (VC66)

On 17th June 1994 I received a letter and two photographs from Dr Hazel
Johnson, a lecturer in the Department of Geology in the University of
Durham. The photographs had been taken in Durham City on the 12th June
1994. She had searched through Bernard Skinner's Guide and thought that
the illustration of Tyta luctuosa was the only one resembling the moth at rest
on the flower vegetation of the field she was walking in. In my view her
identification of a species I myself had never before seen was absolutely
correct.

I happened to mention this unusual capture to Adrian Riley during a
telephone conversation about moth trapping business. He expressed a wish
to see the photographs, which were duly mailed to him. He quickly
telephoned to agree with our thoughts and suggested that although
identification from photographs were often insufficiently clear to make a
certain determination, in this case there was no doubt. Subsequently the
Editor of this journal had no hesitation in accepting the record, after he and
Bernard Skinner had also seen the pictures.

Dr Johnson took the photographs at about 10.30am on a warm sunny
morning in a field near St Mary's College, University of Durham, ref. O.S.
NZ 272415. This record is at present the most northerly in the British Isles,
very interesting because of its Red Data status and of some rarity even where
it is seen more regularly. At present I understand that the existing northerly
records are of a single one for Lincolnshire and several known colonies in
Nottinghamshire (Sokoloff, pers. comm.).

Thanks are due to Adrian Riley, Paul Sokoloff and Bernard Skinner for
providing confirmation of the identification and most of all to Dr Johnson
for having enlisted my help— T.C. DUNN, The Poplars, Chester-le-Street, Co.
Durham.

Anthribus fasciatus (Forster) (Col.: Anthribidae) in Somerset

On the wet and dull morning of 6th June 1994 my dejected stoop
immediately straightened when a single specimen of this very local beetle
fell onto the small dirty white umbrella which valiantly passes for a beating
tray amongst my entomological paraphernalia. I had been examining the
ancient oaks of Ashton Court, just outside Bristol, but the intermittent rain
allowed only a brief attack on the low dripping branches and further
thrashing brought down only damp individuals of the weevil Curculio
glandium Marsham and the click beetle Athous haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius).

Ashton Court now finds itself in the centre of the modern administrative
area of Avon, but in the Watsonian scheme of things it is just inside the
extreme north-east corner of vice-county 6, North Somerset, to which the
record of the Anthribus appears new.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 255

The recent list of Somerset beetles (Duff, 1993), like many local
catalogues, provides an excellent yard-stick against which entomologists can
compare and report their findings. Although A. fasciatus is absent from the
list, there are a few records for A. nebulosus (Forster), including two from
Ashton Court in the first quarter of this century.

The occurrence of A. fasciatus near Bristol is not altogether surprising.
Accorded “notable A” status in the recent Coleoptera “review” (Hyman &
Parsons, 1992) and recently recorded from only a few counties, earlier
records imply a range across parts of Wales and most of England, excepting
the extreme south-west; the beetle is recorded from the neighbouring vice-
counties of Dorset (VC9), West Gloucestershire (VC34) and Glamorgan
(VC41) (Morris , 1990; Hyman & Parsons, 1992).

References: Duff, A., 1993. Beetles of Somerset. p.205. Taunton, Somerset
Archeological and Natural History Society; Hyman P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1992. A
review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain. Part 1. p.69. UK
Nature Conservation No. 3. Peterborough, JNCC; Morris, M.G., 1990. Orthocerous
weevils. Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
5(16): 24.

— RICHARD A. JONES, 13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SE15 3DE.

Chloroclystis rectangulata L. ( Lep.: Geometridae) The return of the
green form to north-west Kent, and a comment on larval foodplants

Over fifty years have elapsed since I last came across the green form in this
area, despite it being a very common species at my garden m.yv. light. In the
1930s green forms were noticed frequently settled upon apple and pear trees
and trellis in my former garden near Dartford Heath. For north-west Kent I
can find only one reference to this form for the post-war period, this in
Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 3 1981), a specimen seen by
D. O'Keeffe at Bexley in May 1967.

On 31st May 1993 one was noted at my garden m.v. trap, and another on
17th June, but none were seen in 1994. As the local rectangulata have an
ancestry of melanistic forms for many generations it is not surprising that
neither specimen displayed the bright green colour to be found, for example,
in the population in western Ireland.

That green forms were not uncommon at Dartford in the 1930s is itself
noteworthy in view of the evidence that only a few miles to the west they
had been supplanted by melanistic ones by the turn of the century; thus
Barnett (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1906/7) exhibited a series from
Welling all of which were melanic, and Doncaster (Ent. Rec. 18:223) in
1906 quoted Fenn as saying that light forms had more or less completely
disappeared from the Catford and Lee areas (in Chalmers-Hunt, oc. lit.).

Chalmers-Hunt mentions two larval foodplants for C. rectangulata in
Kent — apple and cherry, and C. Plant (Larger Moths of the London Area,
1993) gives Malus domestica, M. sylvestris and Pyrus pyraster. Around
Dartford while apple is undoubtedly the main larval foodplant, I have found

256 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

it on pear in the 1930s and 1960s on numerous occasions, while on the estate
where I live the numerous ornamental Prunus which are a common feature
of front gardens play a considerable réle in maintaining C. rectangulata as a
very common species. In June 1972 I counted over a dozen specimens
resting on the trunk and branches of a small ornamental Prunus, and the
adjacent fence and house walls on each of several occasions; larvae were
readily found on the blossom the following year. Other similar trees have
been found to support rectangulata, although not in such prodigious
numbers. On Dartford Heath and in hedgerows in the area I have
encountered the larvae on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), but less commonly
than those of C. chloerata on bushes upon which both are present.— B.K.
WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN.

Acronicta tridens (Schiff.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in South Cumbria

I had the good fortune to capture a male A. tridens in my trap in Grange-
over-Sands on 22nd July 1994. Over many years of collecting and trapping
in this district | have examined the “tails” of many Daggers only to find that
they all were the common Acronicta psi (L.). I have in the past taken A.
tridens in the south of England and in my opinion now the two species,
tridens and psi, are abundantly distinct without recourse to genitalia
examination. So much so that the presently recorded specimen was
immediately identified when first observed in the trap. Examination of the
genitalia, in situ, quickly confirmed the identity.

The late Dr R.C. Lowther, of Grange, whose records of moths over more
than 30 years are well known, never saw the adult moth while collecting at
light. However, in 1936 he found two larvae of tridens in his garden and
succeeded in rearing the moths. In this connection it may be relevant to
observe that Dr Lowther was a keen gardener so that there is a possibility
that the two larvae he found could have been imported on bought plants. I
have quite often found larvae of psi in this area, but never tridens.

—DR NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Beardwood, Carter Road, Grange-over-Sands.

BOOK REVIEWS

British butterfly vernacular names including Forms, Subspecies and
Aberrations by W.A. McCall. 62pp. Word processed text in printed card
cover. A5. 1994. Privately published and available from Flat 46, The
Rowans, Montgomery Road, Woking, Surrey GU22 7SS. £1.25.

For each of the British butterfly species this publication lists historic
names, the vernacular name in a variable number of European and North
American languages and then the forms, subspecies and named aberrations.
These are mixed and listed alphabetically, distinguished by the suffix “ab” or
“ssp” etc. Geographical locations are given where appropriate. Authors’
names are not given. There is a brief bibliography at the end.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS D5]

A useful checklist, but it is a shame that Emmet's chapter on Vernacular
names and early history of British butterflies in Moths and butterflies of
Great Britain and Ireland 7(1) had not been consulted, as a number of
interesting historic names have been omitted. PAS

Butterflies and moths of Hutchinsons and Chapel Bank by Martin Wills
and Antony Wren. Volume 1. 60pp. Volume 2. 60pp. Each volume with 8
pages of colour photographs. A5. Limp. MLP Publications, 1993. Price not
stated.

Hutchinsons and Chapel Banks are two London Wildlife Trust reserves
near New Addington in Surrey, and are particularly good general sites for
Lepidoptera. These booklets describe the sites, and deal in turn with each of
the butterfly species that occur there. The information is well presented —
sightings, life histories etc. and each has a line drawing of the butterfly, early
stages and foodplant. Most are illustrated with a colour photograph of a
living insect.

A very limited selection of moths is included, with similar treatment.
Unfortunately, many of the moth species described are either uncommon on
the site or rarely encountered by the general naturalist, whilst some of the
more common species that are easily spotted have been omitted. It is not, nor
does it make any pretence of being, a local list of moths.

A number of butterfly records are of interest including the Small Blue
(several isolated colonies were known on this site by the reviewer in the
1960s, and it is pleasing to note they are still flourishing). The Marbled
White was reintroduced in 1983, and continues to flourish. There is a single
recorded sighting of the Brown hairstreak.

The booklets are economically produced and intended for the general
observer, and have been well used by local schools for which purpose they
seem well suited. PAS

Macro-moths in Cheshire 1961-1993 by C.I. Rutherford. 89pp. 1 Map.
A5 limp. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. 1994. Price £8.00.
Available from the Society at “Longridge”, Macclesfield Road, Alderley
Edge, Cheshire SK9 7BL.

The list complements the publication in 1983 of Butterflies in Cheshire
1961-1982 and provides Cheshire with a comprehensive treatment of its
larger Lepidoptera. After a brief introduction, there is a synoptic history of
recording in the county, followed by a brief description of each of the 10km
squares that make up the county of Cheshire. The systematic part of the
work lists all of the 506 species recorded in Cheshire since 1960 with, for the
majority of species, only the briefest of comments. A little extra detail is
given for those species designated “Nationally scarce” — defined as being
recorded in not more than 100 10km squares.

The detailed distribution is given in tabular form, which shows only
whether or not a species has been recorded in a particular square. There are
no other details such as date or recorder. Although not particularly easy to

258 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994

follow, the one advantage of such a presentation is that it is economical on
space, and does allow the productive squares to be easily identified.

The next section deals with the 62 species not recorded since 1960,
followed by those added to the Cheshire list since 1960. These are critically
and sensibly analysed according to their probable true status. A number of
tables set out the “commonest” moths in Cheshire, although in fact these
refer to species with the widest distribution rather than, for example,
numerical supremacy. The book concludes with some notes on conservation,
including comments on vulnerable species, and a number of suggestions for
the future. A useful addition to the local lists available, well laid out and
produced. PAS

De Kleine Vlinders — Handboek voor de Faunistiek van de Nederlandse
Microlepidoptera by J.H. Kuchlein. 715pp. 8 colour plates; numerous
maps and figures; A4 boards. Pudoc Wageningen, 1993. Price not stated.
ISBN 90-220-1038-4.

This book provides a detailed account of the Dutch Microlepidoptera.
Introductory chapters cover the Microlepidoptera in the context of other
Lepidoptera; their morphology and characteristics including treatments of
the genitalia and larvae. There is a particularly interesting section on leaf
mines and cases. The book then considers in detail ecological and
biogeographical aspects, particularly in respect of the development of the
Dutch landscape, and the various factors that have influenced it since the last
glaciation.

The next section deals with various aspects of faunistics, starting with a
historical account, including thumbnail sketches of a number of famous
entomological figures such as Snellen, Doets, Bentinick, Diakonoff, Vari
and others. Details of the various methods of study and recording, and their
limitations are then considered. Identification is tackled with an extensive
illustrated key to the main groups of Lepidoptera, augmented by excellent
colour photographs of representatives of each major family of the
Microlepidoptera. Each species is then considered in terms of its known
distribution, abundance and biology. The distribution of 1370 species is
shown in map form. The concluding chapter describes current and future
research work on the Microlepidoptera, and several appendices detail
foodplants and other data. A very brief summary in English is given.

This is a large and comprehensive work on the Microlepidoptera by a well
known author. The Dutch language used throughout is a severe trial to those
with the degree of linguistic skill normally associated with English speakers.
The summary pages in English serve only to frustrate as it is clear that this
book is packed with interesting information on the Microlepidoptera. Whilst
the keys and synoptic information can be followed with the aid of a
dictionary, the narrative text that comprises most of the work is very difficult
to follow. The colour photographs are generally very good, with the subjects
set against a black background. Even those moths with metallic scales, such

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Us \s)

as Adela reamurella and Olethreutes arcuella reproduce well, although the
attractive green sheen on Coleophora trifolii comes over as speckled black.
One colour plate illustrates 21 leaf mines (actually 20, as Ectoedemia
atrifrontella mines bark) — and these are excellent, so much better that the
normal line drawings of mines used for identification. As with the moths, all
but one are very effectively set against a black background, the exception
being the mine of Ectoedemia argyropeza, which illustrates a “green island”.

There are two errata sheets designed to be pasted over the offending
errors. However, 14 replacement figures appeared identical in every respect
to those they were designed to replace! Despite the problems of language,
this is a valuable resource for those with the patience to extract the
information they require. Paul Sokoloff

The butterflies of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire by Jim
Asher. 136pp fully illustrated in colour 195x252mm. Boards. Pisces
Publications (for Butterfly Conservation), 1994. £18.95.

Long gone are the days when the results of local surveys could be
published cheaply in a form accessible to all who were interested. Nowa-
days, especially when the surveys involve butterflies, it is expected that a
highly professional and full colour book be produced. This book actually
replaces another of the same title published in 1985 by Caroline and David
Steel, and draws upon the considerable amount of recording work
undertaken since the original publication.

The format follows the now traditional pattern for this type of publication,
dealing briefly with the life cycle of a butterfly, a description of the counties
under consideration, the work of Butterfly Conservation and the details of
the “Atlas” project. There follows details of each of the species found within
the area — flight times, distribution map, colour photographs and a brief
narrative. Unusual vagrant species are considered, as are predators and
parasites. There is a useful chapter on managing habitats to conserve
butterflies and concluding text on when and where to see butterflies, a
glossary, species, foodplant check lists and brief bibliography.

The three counties contain a variety of diverse habitats from heathland and
downland to the Chilterns and Bernwood Forest — a notable locality for
butterflies. Although rich in species, it is sad to see the continuing decline
recorded of butterflies such as the Pearl and Small Pearl-bordered
Fritillaries, and the conclusion that little can be done to arrest this decline to
local extinction. Most people will associate Bernwood Forest with the Black
Hairstreak, and the book records the varied fortunes of the butterfly — of
interest is the saga of the destruction of some Black Hairstreak colonies
during the extension of the M40 in the late 1980s and the subsequent
establishment of a Compensation Area on the edge of Shabbingdon Wood to

260 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi. 1994

be managed for butterflies. Although the book does not add materially to our
knowledge of butterflies, it is attractively produced and laid out, and
copiously illustrated with fine photographs taken by the author. The only
aspect of the book that is not attractive is the price — high, but probably
inevitable for a book produced to such a high standard. Collecting and
reading books on butterflies is now a very expensive hobby.

Paul Sokoloff

EDITORIAL

During the past year, the number of contributions submitted for publication
in the Record fell alarmingly, and as a consequence the number of published
pages has been fewer than we would have liked. Thanks to the response of
readers to our appeal for contributions, the situation has improved a little,
and by way of compensation we offer an extra large edition this month. We
have a number of very interesting papers in hand now, but please keep the
contributions flowing!

Enclosed with this issue is the 1995 subscription invoice. The subscription
rate remains unchanged. We urge you not to “overlook” the invoice, as this
causes a lot of extra work for our volunteers who act as Treasurer and
Registrar. We naturally hope you will renew your subscription for 1995,

The Times of 4th November 1994 devoted nearly 14 column inches to
reporting the successful prosecution of two “butterfly collectors” under the
Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981, The prosecution was for possessing
wild-caught specimens of the Chequered Skipper, Carterocephalus
palaemon for sale. The item was accompanied by a large colour photograph
of the butterfly (which looked remarkably like the Large Chequered Skipper,
Heteropterus morpheus Pall. — but never mind!). The dealers were
apprehended at an entomological fair in Leicester. Although the law allows
for a fine of £5000 per specimen, Magistrates only imposed one of £35 per
specimen.

Whatever ones views about collecting (and the Editor has no intention of
starting a debate on that issue), there can be little support for those who
collect wild examples of endangered species for commercial gain. We hope
that this successful prosecution will act as a deterrent for other dealers.

Contents — continued from back cover

Tytia luctosa D.&S., the Four el (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to Co, Durham (VC66).

US ONO Apher rere 254
Anthribus dinar Borie (Col: Mathdbidae) i in Isamenen R.A. Jones 254
Chloroclystis rectangulata L. The return of the green form to north-west Kent, and 2 a

coment on larval foodplants. B.K. West.......... Phays)
Acronicta tridens Schiff. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in South Cumbria. N.L. Birkett 256
BOOKREVIEW Steen rea a Cretan iekctes fits ecomenas e ‘i 256-260
| Sha DPOF les i PRR wale Urs rte ens ves oon ary Rood Oe pee ore : 260

THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS' SOCIETY

The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the
younger or less experienced Entomologist.

For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing
30p towards costs) to AES Registrar, 5 Oakfield, Plaistow,
Billinghurst, West Sussex RH14 OQD.

Immigration records for 1994

Due to circumstances beyond our control, it has not yet been
possible to publish the well known series The Immigration of
Lepidoptera to the British Isles for 1992 and 1993, although it is
hoped to remedy this in due course.

We would like to ensure that the 1994 records are published as
soon as possible, and to make them as comprehensive as we can it
is essential that your records are included for all migrant species,
including the common species.

We need the species, numbers if unusual, the vice-county, the
locality and the date. For convenience, please give the date of
sighting or, for insects taken at light, the date of the evening on
which light trapping began. Any comments on unusual
circumstances can also be included.

Please send all records to the Editor, at the address at the front of
the Journal. |f you have already sent your records to Bernard
Skinner, there is no need to send them again.

We hope to begin the compilation at the end of January, so
please make this an early winter task.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by JW. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents
lolaus newporti, a new species of Lycaenidae from Nigeria (Lep.: Lycaenidae).
TBR EGY SOVU a5 csiays Ceike Cece sbNGo vs sa ee LOPES ROOM Ta SeeN EET ORTON TASS Tc OYTO Ct eee
The pale yellow forms of Atethmia centrago Haw. (Lep.: Noctuidae) and two records
FromiRents Bike WW eb ties. ciacstes vaxvsveien nurs reeset vouseevnk Pasvakongell pau theuyy COL fs she re ee
Buttertliesiin Crete; April 1994. PB Ardy ccc. seyse cave esortaresncnverstecane ios srs inente en eee aan
Microlepidoptera review of 1992, DJL. Agassiz, RW. Heckford & JLR. Langmaid ...........
The continued decline of melanism in Biston betularia L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in N.W.
Kent. B.K, West wsusladvunkhas utirehosto ea fueald CVS Axa Maha Drea HE DIBA ene Okan evn ea Olt ea ea
The genus Earias Hubner, (1825) (Lep:: Noatattiie) i: in Britain and Europe. B. Goater.......
Ischnoglossa turcica Wunderle (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Britain. JA. Owen .......ccccces

Notes and observations
Poplar Kitten, Furcula bifida Brahn (Lep.: Notodontidae) in Cardiganshire, Wales.
PN MOS ria vcksexehtecoxicesen tigers ck resi is UAE ee ease CRC eC Sets PCAC OR ee
Pupation of the Lime Hi wk, Minas tiliae L. (Lep.: Sphingidae). E.C.L. Simson...
Anthophora'(Hym.) and Boraginacese. (CAs Stace. os... <.ssccs seks aescesensaosss eae eon
A noteohtwo Vanessid buttertlies: AA: Allen... o.)iicccs.ts.s se Siegnenrroawr scree eee
Athrips rancidella (H.-S.)(Lep.: Gelechiidae) in south-west London. M. Parsons..............
A note.on-Asds Wightman: Ro Dyson. sc suas dernevsen cee cteses os aan ses asec cor aed ee ae
Hazards of butterfly collecting — “Les Papillons de Zaire” October, 1989. 7.B. Larsen......
The voltinism of Acleris schalleriana L, (Lep.: Tortricidae). AM. Emmet ......0....000.060005
ieee crenata Grav. (Col.: Staphylinidae) in South Northumberland.
SATOH x, ic acco aPeetee ca ures Posehn vices aes IapBbRT sea kee veg my covedsn odie ER
ce recent sightings of Areynnis adippe D.&S. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from West
Rpts at 51) -17 | Sean RO eA OPTRA, rE hr NEV ENR ORATOR MUER EMER IRE THEE Eo bos Coc
sighting of the Monarch butter fly, ‘Danaus plex NIPPUs sL. in Kent: P: SokOlosf «nce
Thame topoea herculeana Ramb., an unusual member of the Thaumetopoeidae.
TANGER ccc ai3a coun xan Gand aber vy tau chv acct ed aee erat toacy sl ccTan ene eater Re ot ee
Bie hirius angustatus Ahr, (C ol. Carabidae): earlier Scottish finds. Ms A. Allen
\edists bennerii Curtis (Lep.: Pterophoridae) recorded inland. A.M. Emmet
Specific flower associations in Empididae (Dipt.) AA. Allen .oo.o.ooccccccccccceseteseneces
Parascotia fuliginaria L. Waved Black, (Lep.: Noctuidae) a note of its occurrence in
VCS, South, Waltshire ns Palen: civccsss aes ance cisctty Ucn ace
Two species of macromoths new to the Isle of Wight. Su 4, Knill- Jona Diss a eerie acs
A note on the distribution of Chazara prieuri Pierret in Spain (Lep.: Satyridae) .
WJ. Tennent ea
Early butterfly dates in the Canary Isles. C. A. Stace
Red Admiral overwintering sites: the continental café. R.C. De PID Tape eR er CO AB e eee
Notes on some Pyralids found in Bombay, India, June 1994, G. King

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(Continued on inside back cover)

SPECIAL NOTICE, The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number

of back issues.

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Cravitz Printing Company Limited, | Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA, Tel: 0277 224610

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ENT

The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation

SPECIAL INDEX

Compiled by Lieut. Colonel W.A.C. Carter

Newly described taxa (species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold type. Taxa new to Britain
or newly recognised as British are denoted by an asterix.

Vol. 106, 1994

Page
LEPIDOPTERA

DATES Rh eessetese eos tots soe eae 1
PADDLE VLAN Alec Seacoast 167
AbIcte lla eee ee 168
ADSCIS ATi ceerenenst cine kites in eae 162, 167
ELD SST LH OV ae aeoicnasaaaaed pcPRCerRE ER OS reo Aeeer eRe a 98
AAT ACAC ly qeee serene eee 168
ACTORATLASeweee ete Ee 35
AC LACOT eerste ee eee EO ene 203
ACUMMIMAte lames tee eet tee ee 166, 186
ACULCIITIS pase eee eee ee ne eee 213
BUdendarab wees see eee ee ee ee 13
AGE PME aeer.cssssccerereteceeeeceeceecesscrees 214, 227
AUP De mercnetresceccrstecesecsesertorrcerete ss caecresarire 247
AMIECTeMAresecnccn cent ccceit ence esti sc ses ere 220
adyvenellapeeccsstsmetetrcteccarcct scsi mecser es 168
AC DEM Aecitsrs. sc sereiasscesseseeesese 12, 150, 204, 208
CLEC cle -ssecescssvs sos estat eeven ctsevse see svossasvensiaere: 90
CTO LAN Ararcesecces evar eesccs oostevo enasted ests caguinence 225
ACRILALAMUStesceueconsae essere Ore ences curveseses 224
ACSCUMAN Ateess tests tests. scstatecessséesecaczi sec acms 116
ALUMS teem es ot orces nt Sens ened ee DOO
AG CSIIS oes ccssceenssieseseeiestesiteei ia ccisceetsens 203, 209
BP MAN AY earn eetes csscnse sc ceca soseccrec dus seustsississ0stes 58
ANEMIC aise ve, sos Sov vas sees os costae ners Pae vat ee: 168
PEEVE ge a at SS a ee, fa ee ee 222
al bicapitell abe csecce-cceeess eee aoe ncn saa 165
culos (OS 1S ae ee ee 166
albicomell aes ee eee. 21S 2A,
Al bicOStalne-+ ace ee 165
al bi Gellalesser ts ere ree ee ee 220, 221
albifasciellapen-.--s eee ee 164
albitrontellan sr. ee 165
alllpumacull ar ates. ocre-css5s sovscersussceescessaasseece TM
al bis tial oe conc eee er le 165
EN Loy VGC) |e ee eee ee 220
ALDOVEMOS ANA ee 0's soscese ces cap.c; SE 223,
al Dieta a ncs saoseecbonespsivancsns tees 96
Al CAG Re Ses Sse sapcesectesazes ss 204, 205, 209
alchimiell ame ece cece tt snt ees 164
ASM S Hee eee oe eeacseecatcerescassctvnn teen 200
alii aie ae rec sc. core ee ivasec et ented aviee pz

alnifolide ee ee 220
alpe lant eeieee ZA9
EO 10 aR ape eA aero erect eee 6, 101
alpine ae sissies eeceeeeee 86, 226
altemmeanialercsercscssteacssestectscosssccesezeese eee ceaeee 223
alte ate ee a Seana eee cticeiere kc cetttecere iIBy/
alticolell aver rece ee 165
AMIDISUALIS sree teteetcrer etic teccerseeees 167, 226
ambi pUellasecestiseccce sores cctecceeeccestesseeeeeeceeee 223
ANAS U] ae eccsetecscececcwerouevebesecestvsteatesescansseusees 134
anatipennellaisersccrcesteeceetees-coseere eee 220
ancipitellareccescct csp cere cerseesseccteceeceuecstecre 226
anplicell ati itcicsscccszetesecssoeeveceeeree 86, 165
an pUlitasciell ates cecscsceecescccesssssteeee teers 164
ANNO USEATIA se retee cease cv accnsceseostercreee seis 166, 187
ANBUS TCAs. Seren tendon cecesseestesnere ties sacewes 167
AN SUSE] AE eee Melt aeees cortee te ceccoreses 227
ANGUISH OTA Asoc. ovs.cesce.sectteseeoeces cop seee coos 166
anomallelllascyercenccetec onset ae sersecstecesceeies 164
ANTICATIAIU Avot aves veretesvs casvectessevicssocrstertceceres 157
INTUTE CBee Pass cccceseticestestceueesscsveves cule seers 134
mel Ae ater cres cee scececresereneseeeeecerseeeees 222
ANG Cae satessee sre stece ce secnitecre eee SV)
ATUULATUIUS Wiss se cess enee sxeesuceattateas cree receroseostece 133
ATLELOPaleveese cece neces cccssectececuccaceevel ce soe eee 60
APULOUMMS Be scc cess soce ewes eeecoseceseessveeee oe eee 95
NOU ere ccsecceccesacceone cee. eee 179
FY 0 cl tol Fae ey an G ome 955222
ATU TS aw Mer cacertesscaucrsostestaecssoceemteeceteeres 224
ALC lla sacar tccn ct tetes c<secdasiectes scazecesssoneereese 165
ALCLOMIALSIMALAses-reek-<cacesscecsveescestrecsteraseesserss 1
ardeaepenmell avereetesrt:scneteeseeeceeee eee 220
arene lates 22 setiesiecssnteri eter ee. 166
ALOCMCM Al eas soec. tes czectestvcesceesceseotwetes 165, 221
ALP CM tMACULEM Gs 5..25-.ccs-nresscneseeecesseee 217
ALDEN UU) Alier.. 2 ss.5cceaksesoszessescstusessssbeeseseseeese 221
AULLOMES ESA ooo. coo. cus \oseses sevsscusncoseeceeree 203, 209
AU PY TAS PS tonwssncssesssazsd.ssusevecdsa cosesestontoreesenee 24
athopal at & 22 ssecsscsey Sex chocesscess osvsteeseneeetes 134
AISLE ao osce Bees casaceccsoonsscaeesevescste 2135221
ANISLOLOCHIAG oes ee cce ence eszcnececoteteseeeeeerore 146
AMCMIISIC Ole areceesteeeessteetceseteesccsterere 221
antemisitella: sccscictct ices 166, 222

ASPCLSANA tecedeesttessccensssaucventessseandeszsessseeese 167

aSSimilataysA se. Ss eee ee: Se: 87
assimilellavAcc. sese ee 166
ASIHANUIAC Ses cecseeonscoseces: Met ee 2D
atalantalee:ssssss-sse 78, 121, 191, 204, 207, 208
ALOMATIA css ..ocssetececdecs atten ee ee 186
Alm CApItAN ars -cnes-cencceesee cess eet 166, 224
atricapitellas.tecey..cen.t. cesar eet ies 164
AlLIC Olli Seco Ses cocaes acest cee 164
athicomellla:so-3 2 sereetceee 86, 165
AMOPOS vavcisceccesessavstcchvccsenccesesageoucsseee ree ees 34
AITO PUNCTAM alse. ac. scx sce ences -cezsnce-aeseeees toe 167
AU DELO CL srecheccccsseces tee soes ca aaseer eee ere 157
AUITAT LATA teseceeee cevadesseeccets seesnacs este eee Ti
AULA arcesstocscotetecveanes see ctee eter eeeeeee 168, 226
GUNES seh eer eaes ee 164
PLN TOE: Noe eect ere eer eER nc RCE een os 88
AU SONIA csseveccsecsees oe eee eee 204
ALULS EMAL S aA ere ceeee ceeee are ae ene eee 143
JNO TOA ops son space cere cos ao cee SEE cen aaoEncaS 248
aviellaneliaecessc eo eee ee 100, 166
DNZIATIUS se ese ese oe eae eces es aaah sta chet ish eaenes 157
B
ach an ale seenaec sccssceseerone store osc ese aeae 167
Dalam CUS feaseecceereceeeeeee ron ce en ee m8}
1B Eee oe oe ee ee ee eee ees 179
DAMM PEON rece scce coarse os cece eee te oes ee eee 3
bankesiellavccseccssae cree eee 22
DaSiS OH PANS ie.sc.ccec cs etoeeseceeseeeaeectoeseoweeee DOO
LoxeerYrRor StU Sop es oe ee eee 223
| Be) oYeYE a ee es eee ee ey, 157
DE MIDESTTORIM Seeceecsosecesseeeesests ceseers aes 86, 93
Demme tttiieererrere cere ee tere acne aman Lean 250
DEG SUI AMNIAN aleecees-ecgnncs-cseccesaeesoaneeceseeeoence 166
bemoulltell apecceeeersteceeeecers ese eeceeeees 220
[xsi it sph] Ce a te A ria eS oe 165
Lee Ee Eee eee eee Ee oe eee 229
be tuilell amtterescsereetrsserc oe eee ir enna aes 165
bene taniaerss secon cee 167, 224
betulicolameeeccc toe ee ee 164, 217
Los CeCe YSt SIN ER el ae ee ee 221
Le (6 (EVRY Py Be ete eR Ha ee a St 72
[Dy AE SYSSTGT GEN Jin 5 ee a 167
bifaScianal Sarees ees eee 162, 166
LOSI TYG F2) eaai nen reer a OER Cy eree nt eaeen 202
DIAGN Cll aerecesceeest ee eee ee ee 168
DUpla SAR ee isc <.ctzstacvencaveesseotes dst SRO 235
bipunctidactyla................c000 168, 213, 228
DINED eestescdeseseseeisthecset se het 87
ISIN C Kile tose tte seeteas eee center 1
DISLOTEATA Res trees ert ee eee ee ee 87
DIS LUD Aeecceceensvovtentvsccsoccserosteieeeeee: 168, 227
1S til ell aes =. cada sc wc. caseeszeresteteectoe eee 164
blan@arde lal. ccc. css-ccsssssenesc- coer 165
Dain ape sco, sock ste cos ohscoccdececn ee 87

landless 25 ese <sesscersestcose teres 955223

Page
DOCHICAR. «os. Aonmraasderc wun tae cena 248
DOCH CUS ieee ee eee 22, 204, 209, 252
bomb YC ae, cn. nee. ces ccosscesstersetees 94, 96
bonmetell awe s.sees. tees eet oneccesede ree 165
borreonellapec2-2.--s creer 217
DOSCAM Ais Mecsecesssettterstecc meee ee 224
Hbradleyinnenk. oes Hee ee 213, 223
brassicae P.............90, 69, 73; 190; 2045252
DEISCIS Ga tte rec teen ee 252
Dbintammiodacty] aicc.cccmccceascctenceterarseteesere 228
brockee lla: :.52:2.cscccticcsseds ccceeee see 165
[osm Pavone NEAT YEE sco seoccncecrannosocnaccbecenasaccscabacc 167
DUG ANGEMSIS Wc. <cceveacescenssdscussccensetoeseomere ey)
bulteni((sic)) 5 eee eee 179
UO MAN as .so.00he..ssaccessecnsct sseeseesseeeee eo 167

C

CAGMIS So 2oec koh eest ease Bia Woacvsorscus eso 157
CACSIC Mae ie osics.cetesczcccceseasew tees sceerewere ee 165
Capmag ella s..2.sccesecsecteccssscvescceseetoreeeeen 165
G2alUitare voc kere se eee 79, 122, 247
Cali Pi OSA x com soe ccdunedeescevscosecet oes eee eee 125
Calodactylaleccscsc-sscseccessssecco sere 168
Calthell aim. cc.sccecsoheevessessorstone ee ee 164
Camipolalian ats o2c.sccccocexesncteecscetsree sere 167
CANAL oo, cas sctevcswostetusccnaxconssesstoues eee eee 167
CAMACA CH canes cacy sod ceonetoanstecevee sein scat e cee 122
Camapenne late tescceccr- seco eee oe cee 165
Camel airs nc: asacstecssessasdecowice sec ooe Reon ee 227
CAPNAN A). so. tecccckecessceccusenaueccvucvacconsees oeeeee 167
Carbonanialh.,<-c.vsc.cccessscessesscscseasn eee 229
Candie cnc c.tassstettessst cree esoeee 204, 207, 228
Canpime lar secsccessecsecenscesereneree cereeeeeen 218
Cary oco lim eee ee ee 214
Castalin see ecto 134
GCASTAME AS Sea etic one eee 87
Cavill sree cee tener eens 85, 165
ceéntifolicllavie nee eee 216
Centrago Nee ee oe 80, 87, 201
cephalonica: ncneee ee eee 61
COLASATI AEE a trsee ae eee 166
GELaSIM ne ae tee eee 116, 138
COTALONTAS 225. cecsest eee eae eee 61
COSPitall Stceecessccessecsccssccesucesceecessecoeseeeeeenes 168
Chaleisanacn heen eee eee 158
Chalcitess Stic nchiicnnneeeeeee eee 90
CATAKE Steticecscesticentirce te eee 158
Chlocrataticnsteerace ee 35, 256
CHIOTIMICE each scocceeneter een ieee 139
ChHIOKOSAt ale. cssernccecemaoreieosieeseesRocrert ees 87
GHEY SIPPUS co scccveves ceectecceedceeuctvescssces 23570
GCINGYSOCS UMA src vc cote ences scence acenaenseeeenets 214
CHT SONOME & csc. ssceeeccestccevecscoceseeseosssortoree 22
ChiyySomuchelll alee. <c.co-seeseesresceeeee cee toe 226
Cid OTe aherecchss. scesstuestccuesaesonse eneereesc- eres 164
CUAL AS 22.8 ss nhep socesoisaeseteasandteesoscscsseomesesceeees 28
cilicllae 35 oe ee ee 166

CIMENEN Also cecccsesssesevewsccwevusweereeavesteeoeeeeereee 166
CIN OM alec ess cne-ceccecres-ateeseowsorssvvtessoneeees 168
GINMATMOMEAMNAle.vssnesscsesoecessworseosassetteceee ees 166
CINCO secerserens veseessiessodecowsvuvntueuwencetesteees 252
Gin Ce lla Sieve cent ccstemnboesbesdneoreesecut ete 187
Gini Cen ell avn. corsowsvocrvoreserronstoruvostontteess 62
CIDSTANA concoct wocscoesvecavecsvevermusemcnereumioese 167
Clade ll aiiie cose cecawencrectwsos ios 185
GleMAte ll Aineesccocsceseooct cw co sewevearernceewsreeeooee 164
CLC OPA Mace vesar.anescvseceesoteveneoceesserevodes 204, 207
ClETK el ater sacece coer ssoseweet vee cvevessenesciet 86, 164
Cloace lake oeees eve 164
GIOTAR AGA & chore teceseweseserevevewervavetoeweeeet: 96, 234
Oly peilene ll aii. accac.cteussvere severe deveevves ses 221
CMM CAN AtoncasissseosOeseswwmwn Reaveveevetoseotescdee tee 166
IMGT COLAM A cea te bu sSceswnioseceewasesvevtetreeree 225
BOLCCN Asie sercceueNecoveeoteseweiea deer eecd 213, 218
COGN ALA ese os eects vost evsscveterecssiende es 240
(EGC OP ON Aree see cres cnc so to soites sect sosces soane sess 187
(COTES ae ee ee Ear 69
Colquhoun ana vac ccenccscseseeexeucasseesndeveseeeees 163
COMA AN Ais. Foo crcevsteaseresoccaseresvsdaseeseee eee 167
COMO UME lI At cecety sessonecosecsecssseesaee 165, 219
Comlpatelll isco: csocccccctevccsvesoweescevessrerecntres 219
COMPOSITE I Abas. create ars. sesesesescowteewace 167, 225
COMpUMe te las sesesessas-c-eseesstacssseessces eee 219
CONGO] OWMAD Navasesaccecencenecsenee ensaaceee ere 72
SOMINIS Aero saz-csseseane seme miescsscacse terete 90
COMMISE | alessecarwosssncreasavescassosseseene 164
COMMON AN Ds scnnassssoxsressuteesdcevesssentos ene 225
COMMON Aivcicersercwuscosesctvses. ese ee 165
CONSID ANA x4 soncsessevecusaderstevsersecers eo 166
RBOMSOULC Als mstcovsasyn no eeter tetsaves tsesdasedec mes 221
CONS PICU ATS 2s5t seseecesnevsre sso wostewstersewes ees 123:
COMLEMNNIM AM ase seneeoescececeseassoessscuccsoee 225
(Goa ngnviiel VAS eee cc secosecerer oso econ toaceone 166
COmtummate la wees ems cere ceve- sce eesec ee 100
CONVO Willie sess secracssseee coors seocasase cect Re 32
COMWARAN Aiercieccisvecteri SBszecsessdesw Rosen 166
COUN ZAC ie teases svucos.sarosescoreresesucsstesataus en 220
CONACIPEIMEM Aenceesa-eseeeeceesce-oeee eee 220
CONONALAL cis sedteesceetesaeeeencree ee 161, 168
CODY MAA 25; ccencitnectevesessMtvservesseseesnsseseeetss73 166
CONALAS coeciencstecscescedsovestaceueevssedeicaxsccteeel 87
COG ia ae cavdevecesseserecesdavivecestvaeette aeereeen 165
conylitoliell a). s.cd.cevecawersestaeavacsroevssazscvosess 165
COSSISiecen seccsu aces Joss oars ceceeestssaeae cose) Op OO
COSTACS Il SANIS so s.s.essesssexse-o-envscevsstooe ee 31
COSCALLS WES x escoaesecet o-cavssaadessnsaecsseessaeneoto 168
COStel abe ences. cecesetea oxi rervasenscbavicadsstseteitom 166
COSMPUNCtANAM. 2.c<0cc3s0se.cersscostezresensnes 86, 167
CHASSINSCU Ales, oscensccessseavecssacecaestnweeeee 223
Ctatac cell ay essccxeesscsescacenueesvesessesavendeot 86, 164
CT AVAC SM te son isda vsuavecsoceussservesisunve Sess eae 87
(Crain OVSTAUTY ell ono cneconsoacnscoonancesoterororeeobasadacs 221

GO PUSCWEllaNe cecece--eeseceesceeteecacees-se tea 216

Page
CLeti Call ncecosseceecevsccemesereeeee ee eee 203, 208
CLC COIL. wsscveccnsee eet e NOR IER 203
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embentzaepenellaessstcesnes rates neat 218
BPOnMOn UG ae esr ceccesnccasscsssonsxsesonateacaene 214
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C@QUITCLL Al: cactcstnonensenccanes snacivacvasesnceazceieeee 219
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CMICOLAN Ae. since deen -stes bawanscn spancencur sense 167
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CMCC A. eran a sonata i aoeneas eas 166
CSO Mores cos estas, ots acne eee 213, 221
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WET 19112 pl Ieee ere EERE RREERERP EERE: Botner re ary 90
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1 L'6.: Re Reyer ee er en ae 99
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MCHC AL Sees nc tek ane conser occ ee, 161, 168
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BENLALAN AN es cssiscsseccaccanesnsensvonennaasceoeeeeee 224
PIDDOSCU ALA sc ssccseacnscxsdeceacanmnancasennters 166, 223
GUAM CCM a as ea satecath socascapssanccansaanceeee 95, 226
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POS MAT a5. -kc.scconccenaceennsncnsncnsnaaeteeeeeeeen 165
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BUACIIS coin occas cncsseeseacdeasnnecachatenssaas Geter 86
QTAMINIS: 5. ccccescscncaccencenacsaceseacenettaeeetee eens 80
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QTISC AAD! ea. scnnccnaccn cecnnncnsccnscense<neeee eee 192
GTSC Ml aiee =o cacenscecnceaccascscincea cance eee 227
prossulanielllas snc scnsccqecsanreenee 214, 227
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QW ALIS PANE, ca c0cs debasesanecccdancdiascassacennsanseantenee 61
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FANT AGe oeasssacessiancaneccnseisscexeeamsenc snes 157
WANTS CL as osc ccsecnnccsacennndnceagncanncteeeneees 165
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NE GLO Tree ovis cacentncnansetandSestaceeokenns eee 146
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NOMAD Aeteee 166
MOITCALIS ees.eeeca eee 61
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BUMS wecceere eS 165, 221
MY Ale eee vwessieeceeteee ea een 59
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byemanatesn ee 167, 186
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ILSENIUIG ccc CECE OEE ERE eT EERE er ERC EREE Eee 203, 209
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IRA TAULT GAN Aeon ete cere 86, 167, 224
MTGE llalweeeet et ee ee 164
INGATIN ALAN Aesesessnieises enc oeee eee 167, 225
MCAMate las sees 152
PIC ELLA Aas tes soc ec) een eee 166
incognitella (pomella) ............seseseeeesees 163
MCOMPTUC lasneeve-ceveueeetseeeresoesoes 85, 221
MINI C aes oo eons octet eee 252
rmicolorellaissp ese 168
UN COU Ase crtuscustereresuetieveverneteers 8552193225
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JUbatals akties otc ere 87
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JUN eiellar el Maken 167
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lanicell awe. Bik ses a ee ee 165
lansemiell ay: =: scsesshesssesees toe 222
RaASSe Mas Fe secs oessctesseeectnsczeesctet. pete ee 220
lateraM abe. ares sssses scotia se wees oe eres 166, 224
latnOniellUsseeseseeseese ee eee 161, 167
Lats tir ales ces estexe ew oomesoacs zee noeassecore 167, 226
late Wares. ccseeec scoot ess teesccticnsse see 165
Jebomaee ao so vasiseccteccesenietisee 133
JECHEAN Bieta in nccceess Seer se ose coe a ee 166
P50 Ecce proR RED PO ACES DERE eee ER Epo Eno e0a805 158
legatell ate 5 ese ccsccvenetectncsccuccs-nstiee eee 99
lemma tae eten. cs eccecccceesusos ste eee 88, 168
JS POTIN Aisi sse ss casssuss snosssersscsinsesccarseseeteeseee 19]
leucapenne llaties scccsccsscsccstssccessssaeeaeeeene 218
lene ate ll are cc sccre sete isc occeeerccetcs aves ee 222.
TEUCO SAS LET oa: <s5..ncesctscesnsevssenes<ste sees 90
WEUCO STAD Ale. cc-- ve .ccneeadosacteeseseeiesncxenau tins 93
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leucophacatiarr<....c.....c.-ss0c.n--sedeereeeoes 116
NEWCO Metal ere cs .assssesstecencPee eco eae 114, 225
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WG ANCISAlIS ies s-<3e-ss00ste acceso 253
[SCS] RSIS een ee ee eee ce 239
VOM CAE ees cvcteccccceancves coszcs sucssuess sues 86, 166, 223
MI SUSI sevvzus-osesccaccoseecvescescssacssctuortese 47,99
VN ACOUES orecstoecncse ces cscscreseasohiwseees eee 97
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lunaedacty lari crecccst-seccssccestecstescortetiees 168
luinaris (Bee eer ee aes 22

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NWO TIA! TE rosconcencononcncondancccnancedocoos 165, 221
Tuitipemmell ares eecensescencanes-ce-eeerereress 165, 219
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moatllandisexulish ere ececeer sores eeeeeeeeeeree 87
mialvell aoe eee eco 222
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MCLG A OUINS ie mrcceeees case severcserceetret atest ee cecee 225
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TN aes be ee Ed 187
TMNCaliS pes. Sere eareeees Se OR 214, 219
MHCTOMERIC Ay cesecct ce eee ee ee 164
TIMMS CMe svet cs ossocs ose eeeec ee oe ee 90
MoM la eee ees te ee 85, 164, 216
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Myint aso vont svcteevereeevenceveee sev ncesscesee eee 157
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myrwllanarRe ecvsceserevssedhectsversseescesteneoecene 225
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truncata. s.. 35 see ee obtener 80
truncicolelians sei ie. ste 5, tes ees 86, 167
PURER SS SP cae Seen c criss ces casas sussdeacceisecsaneeaaeens 90
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tuner gel ae escent saaeetcant nea 164
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ULCE LE Tae 2ccs Seeesei ccc cee eee eee 166

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ulimifolielllal....c2--.<.-ssscescesssecesesseceeeeseen 86, 165
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VG] OGE ai eee. <cccticsesnocsseteree eee het eveceeres 222
WELDASCALIS «occ ceca: +. sasnucoh ccouetsessacsosseseeeenees 226
VET AI Deets: soc tcsccnasssccsnceosdssevenscceteees eases 235
NGI CA LS ei scsces a. ossevnssenessatessteeetenens 168, 226
VESUAMe] laliccccs:sc2savacceussovssssscseesas soseee 214, 221
WSUS Laece osoasaceectn ac cvecsues csexcusss net eeeboaseens 87, 93
VALU AN Asse cccceset sosses nec cessssessconsevesvesesseecee 166
WATT Aves acess. eosesseakosesescssceeseacstss 165, 218
VATIOMIILE Als. -..2.cesesosssoossesssaness sxeevenoeesmaees 165
SOITD TI aN eee et ean Senne ae eee ee REO)
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VALI PLACA ce ccesccsscvasecuccczesvcessceestssassveless 635251
WISGADICIL Als... .csseressees0s cece vosnceesoetncecsaczetneas 222.
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(HPLC SI EY a carrer aan anaerenraa saat ena SHES 251
GLICIAY Leaeeceenceanptersreceerrcecce eerie acter 87
WEAVELCLL A ete te nan ee 163, 217
SUI E heeeeenrrreces Rercaeaaa eeLrae ao ESRC eoOCONS 86
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RETA see eo a tercesmaneer teens 213,219
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KEram pelinar eases. seewswesvescesvesrsee ee 201
RIP DIOS wesc cereeeseacs sa coene ean ev ens LOE
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Kylostellas sce cwinwavewet 161, 165
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ZEvAMAnIN OnAtanissy-cesctoonen eee eee 187
ATIC REMC ose ccneseeeee eases ee 214, 227
ZOE LRM essa n oe seve Teautcencs «Seen eceseesscss eeeeeee 166
ZOMEMUS siete sce hice ee 109
ZOOM AS eo ede ceaceetnceie sas dc 158

Page
ACARINA

BakerGaniale..:.....csscccscecessse--0tetensesreeterees 102
Miacrocheles) claben ccccscce-ceon-estereneenoneseee 102
TILENGATAUIS!! epceeceeessaccesessseeeee 102
Ormithodorus SaVigNyl............ssscceeceeseeees 26
Parasitus CONSaNQUINEUG.............:eeeeeeeees 102
Pediculaster mesembrinae.............:.:000+ 102

x COLEPTERA
Acritus homeopathicus..................:2.c0s 194
Age last calal mils vsv-csc.c:sovasssoceneesneneeseeee 189
IANS OMMUMON CHIC E tens seneceserc-ce-cssecoraveeecceenetees 103
Aloconota STearia.............:..sscssseeseeeseeees 54
Atnvatalall Pin lec -eseennceseoeeceescaveacessersmeereeeees 54
Amphimallon ochraceum............:.:00+ 114
SOlSfittial@necesscessceeeeeseesesente 114
Anthous haemorroidalis.................----+--- 254
AmthmemusV.enWASGls.ccv.occcceseocereeesceter settee 63
Amnthribus faSciatus....sc0cceees-ccessee-oeeeees eee 254
NE HULOSUSicsscscvsveoveveesseseerer tree 255
Atal sina sees -<c--.=cseceesseseavesseoeceteeeeas 20
IA DIOGIUSireteasies ne-cenreoneoncoucesceeceteeeeese 17, 182
ANNO GIU SALE ees ceecserocccesssecereseceseesacees seers 18
CONS PULLS ierecneneeneseeceoneseeeeeeeeeaes 18
COMPANIMATUS c.2-.c.cceesoseeen eee 18
CLEA CUS wsccancscsscsevssvncsosecesssoeeeeee 197
fimMetaniUSs<;..:<ccccseveseoasacecuevesteeee 17
FOCTEMS cic.cavsscoccesevsesesssonteneeeees 17
POST GUS v.0cdssccccsevseeien noc 17
Aphodius £OSS 01) -..-<0-ccnscn-0eesccusreonenere 17, 102
QU ANAULUS ease cesecee-e ose cesoeeeeee eee 18
haemorchoidalis: -...2..--ccceeceeeneeee 17/
TMENGATIUS: <2sscsesconeccceeoeenmseeeeeee 11
PEOGTOMIUS)scecccescceeneneceemeneeeeeeee 19
J DWAIN Sepereresecessconceccconcenoncsscnocc: 18
IUD DYES Sen geenconseceoseoencdonccuccsocosacces 18
TUPUS oc ceccneconcavsnaccaacses meee teeeteres 18
SplaCel ats. -ce-ceec-eesscosncemeeseeeees 18
AM IOMPAC IC WON acenene<ncenceeseeesencensnoeseeeneetes 159
AVS (OKO) OFS seccogosceceuessner soeonecnsocnoccnos3 S59
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AS SUMING re elecnesecere see cacaaaeceoneeeeatere 160
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(615) 00 (0 SRR eR een SSOP OS scaCobCY 160
GOMMLUCIS \o-ccseess saseeeeecccense-teeeroe nee 160
GLAC CAC swe acnscensseneeeee anh ccasree oe 160
GULVITO SINE os ceeeen coc cacanceanscnacereommnces 159
GUGHTOUMI Sa.necceasceceacseecssesvocncccceeeee 160
CV gecccastoonctacecaseanecececeeses testers 159
GUIS MEAT Mee see-ssseseecacceseeseeseeesn 159
MUS CINOSINC ss <ae.cccexcczevs-ceccccctee terres 159
IMACTIRATOM ES yee sesenee en eeeceaeeeemeeetetseces 159
HOOK E Millis. consescexsansccdsesoneadtecoeoeee es 159

[Kot tesaeeeeeemerc eros eerpereecoc enact 159
TINALViAC Naw sansosncssecsasessetereceee Hate 159

ATL AHC HN GUI concecnecesenaactec a: co ace-eee ee 160.

TMNE UL OU ee reco aces cesses cusss so See 160
jHSVIgUEE| ALO 8 eppronceerbocoseecasonea ss easeceCecs 159

MU SRILANS Cb 0c .acceesscenstnestat-resce+ses 160
OHOPONG Ue sevec. 52.25 <ne<sacseesesesecsqces0ros 159
PUSMoeecsceccatcsscoaccanvessesseescsssesceoseees 159
POUMONAC)- «2.500020 00s5cesasss.ncveesestevee 160
PUDESCEMS xsi. cseccssecsuensssecestes 59
PACIOLUS: ccd. SERS P SANE ons sscces ones 159
MUUHKOS (he scecssceecc cose eee ee 159
SADULAtUM cssvsosecoscecessevoesoeetesnenes 160
SCMMVAULATIMSsec-caeecctessssossescececeee es 160,
GEMICIINNS eewereesenee ee seeseeseeae nace ccsee 160,

Sill Cece coteree ceteerc eens 159

(TUS Gena oAnonaeceeenbe moat ceococeLbeceacoc eat 159
(HET Wa ee oa OOo 160

[EU YS ei ee ecco ce 159
UIUC AI Were os cessicesuccecostecccresssceeces 159

WITCHES Seen eee aes xa 159

WO LACCUMachcsere st socesecccesccovensvesaseres 159

ATOM Stare. cecuineceeecereetescteccccsseoseuonnc- 159

NOMA RG este eect asco en coon coos eeteasssuseeeeees 160
PNTOMTANI OSC al Alecren -ccesccssoxessecccceesssseseeses 58
Arpedium brachypterum....................s000+ 54
Axtine tabtt bialismeetsce setts crecceceetese ceeecereers 54
BE CHU SARC IIC IIS enrenent teen aente te ncnecaeeaaee 249
SUD LEAD EUS eseseceeecetcececereeste cee 249

GY OPOLUS LU SIPEMMIStsc.t-sccc--e--+-----<-n-+20---
IB YRS AS CIAL Ser eseeceeseeesstseesacess-aneeeseenees- Dt
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Calathus melanocephalus....................0005 54
Carabus problematicus..................:cceseeee 54
WAOIAG CIES Hteae ee roeen eee te sacs dsessees 103
Carpelimus)bilimeatusise-c-sesteces-- -=---<s--e- 116
SUMS ceeceseseee eet eee saeese 115

CALOPS bicer cecessevvecevacis setesdeedand forcteges ess 103, 114
(CeTey Oneal PINUS): .cceccasseesseteesottiosssasssotsos 181
ALOMAIUSeeseseneee etter eee 182
haemorrhoidalis.....................++ 181
melanocephaluswecssecti-.sesseee 182
Wetoniaialia tar. cessec eee career oac te coca 127
(LSC y a oN AAC) BLES eesg song ccocco sodosaconehooacee EEG 75
Centorhynchus assumllisteseescctess-e-es- VD
GhalybaeuSteresersecee-ee ee is
Cochleaniderscescctsesoneeoe 16

CLY SUM ees een eece sans seseceen 75

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WAP AC secessseetsucccvssatevseceescecs 75
SUICICONIiSMeet eee 75

SWMLCS ic vesccesseceseasesecescescees 75

HUNAN Siete cee 75

@holerale aca tee ccccccssescea estes sacessecescss i
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Page
@lambus}evbbulusy-.-:-c-.-eceeseeeeeeeeeerese 190
jo)UEA Ve) EU EEN Nope iee seco seos coos eReaaR ae 190

TAGUIA. «oo. sccsescessecasercteserestes 190
Cocinella hieroglyphical-Merc-ccsceesee-=-=--- 103
Septempumctatalec.-<<-<-ces-eoeeeree 103
ColObOptenuS\ids.czs.cczescns comer eee 17
(G60) 0 eis centre are eee cease ee cease conSocancoga 12
(Copriswlum ants ese cee caeseecesaesaceseteesteaseecenre Ig)
Copropliluseicc2e x2.sceesecssacessessasceane onceseees 12;
Conticamtalimeant Stes css-sscssscssessaaseeseseete se 54
Cryptocephallis iconylitc:stescescss-csensesasestsees 10
Gurculioyelamgiumny: .222-se--e+-2-s--e eter ee 254
Cymindis vaporariorum ................:cesceeeees 54
(Ch17[0) 10) NecendscncconoecnoceeceecececoRccostocdbeceraasA00% 103
Deliphrumltectunmyes....<.cesesesees-sneesscoeee ss 247
Dorcas parallelipipidus .................:.0s0088 185
DySchinius an Sustatus\.:.25-........c-ssseossecoets 249
BUG CHS WiRLtelieesa.-.<se.cest-csencenesoaeeeeecens 54
Buplectisiaubeanustasscs.cccssccsnseseceseceares 7H
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DIUM US Soeeeeceecensceescreseecsereses= 171

GECIPLEMS iret sesetotte-<seee<steosees 172

PAV Clie. sec cectetcesnecsesessseseessees 172

KAD Yuovssecccsasceseesttesmeesee seereeeees W2

IMAINUS| *s5-accsases Sheree se eteete cect sa seess 172

PUI LAU 22-cc-tesaeseaeecoSetresresee™s 172
Gallerucella calmariensis..................::c0s00000 7
lane olay:.;.2:..:.2. Sesiecsceeeretes eee 7

Rene layer ..8sc..c-se-doers eee ee 7

Geodromils On gipes,.-cc-c.:--:..scesnse teers 54
GeOmmupesispinl Petje .2.2--.<ceeceecesseences ease 18
SLENCOLATUS -2.---<-c-tseeseeees-tes 1S,
SLERCOTOSUS tice-seacsosesseseeceseetsesean 11

FATS LETAMIEKO ATI Seestesteseescraces-ecaccosteceeceezen=o= 11
Hydrosmecta delicatula................:.e:ee 250
FIV POCACCUS as ctecskesss-cane-cuc2teteeereeeese teens: 12
Ischnoglossai prolixal cic. .c.c.cc--+.seeesseessees- 241
LUTCICAS.<.« -ctacccac--obeoe eee 241
MeSstevialiMOntiCOlalie.s.cssccsteteneeetee eee 54
ealWOCemsMilit 2...) sesvacecoses-steeee eee ee 10
EMME SONA se ceouc. ss -ceencacessecevs- tee een emereeeeee 10
Lioglntalomeiuscular.scsee-cesscerce--occonsesss- 54
BUG ANU SICETVUSieceeescee-seeessneeessnenseteceentoeaee 185
MelipethestaCmel Sicsesscvssescceescenscessacareress 187
TOtUNGICOMlIS\..eeeeeeevseaseeccnes 187
IMicropelusiteSSCmUlalesncranccscrsnecssceesecesccees 194
INebriavev len allieacs.-cccsucescsssecsssecssersacevers 54
TMU ALIS ose sececsecssectaces cas reteeaaicenees 54

GAIT a ets Js scSescssvasvecexecsesessecosttsteces D4
Nicrophorus investigator............::c:eeeee 103
WES PILOLUESiessecceceasensseceonceant 103

Oiceoptoma thoracica ............csccseeseeeee 103
@mnalliimsn gates. snceccsess-snceansoandosaseseaes 30
Omialopliaimuricolal-.-------c-e.:e0c-ssorsacssacesas 127
mth ophagis cers. esccreeceecces-cosccesnsccosesos 125 17)

Onthop ltl ise eeee eeeweesiee te cceeencceescceoeseees 12

OtiorkynchusarctiCus -....-e-creseeeeeereseteeee 54
MOGCOSUS x, <-eccss-neeressceeee steers 54
PathobusaSsimilistrs.ccsscesres-coscreseeee teers 54
SEPlEMUnlOMIS eeseseeees ee eee 54
PhilOnthu \..:..sscc0s2. 824 sseteeeesteeee tees 12
Phil onthusicOnvinSteccesceeeneee see 30
Phyllodrepoidea crenata................:.::00+ 247
Rl aby isp tuSieceseseeee ences eee 114
*Pseudomicrodota jelineki..................0. 194
PtenOS tt CHU Spececcocc-cevececsecsseve- eet 103
Pterostichusyadsiichst-.--es sess 54
@UEGIUSIDOOPS eres ceereere ee 54
mMOlOchiNUS =e 54
ScarabactiSicrista talessesescseeserescerereeseesee 102
Mhanatophilusiugosus\c-ccs-coeesteee eee 103
AU AVITOLO UGS TW ERY (0) eo ceesecececacccoeccascaccasacccosoacc 249
trachyphlocuses--- ee ee 128
dinmchocelluscopmatustercsceseseeeee tet 54
WYPHACUS Rs terscottestscces ER Se 17
Ty phacusityphOcuss.s-:.-1ssceeee eee eee 18
DIPTERA
Agathomyia falleni.....................0.6. 117, 188
UnICOlOL ese 188
Bibtopjonanniseerest. se eee 140
Copromyza A ee es Sense 12
Doreyrayeraminumrsss-se- eee 138
Bimpididacrsisccs-ncerost ee 250
Bmnipisiialdenia-ecs-o ee ee 146
Buphrantaitox@neutales.:c- eee ee eee 84
EMrophoraicardiin....2.+- eee eee 84
Hanmiayanmatae..scsc-<-cc-see teen ING
COMI Rercsvsccccoacsess sees oer 117
COLACING .seseves-s. ee Be 117
(8X0) KX) oF: Y=) es ere eer 117
LOMGANI <5 <csssivesses eee 117
(UU 0) ost: Meee est; WY)
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Fal arallom piwitta taeecesseeseerce es eee 250
Eonchopterailuteae- sss ee 148
Mitid ions: ee 148
Olitesheittata ce ec ssscccn csc. conse ee a 138
OMA rss. essen he 138
Ebnyxemnacmiconiisis seer eee eee 6

Page
Phiyxemmaneme ates: ceceess-secee ne eee 6
PlatypalpusMmCentuisissse--esseeceesse sees 250
Rhamphomyia variabilis ...............:c00000 250
Scathopha gal cc! tesvcccsccssssscenntee eee 12
Scathophaga merdaria...............:.cccsseeeeeee 11
SlETCORAD As eere-s--eee-cee eters 11
SCaUN A BASH ease 12
SCaLOPSO si eiiaie ei ceslissrscsnnecaleee 12
Tipulathely Okavetescxs ee eteeeete eee 89
HEMIPTERA
Euny demaroleraccumipeseses este ect 30
Poly sliyptatdispabeeccccesescocesscsteteesteeree 105
HYMENOPTERA
Amthophorayieisrrcc.scsccscceescteccernceecctmeeteres 2
Anthophora plumipes..............:::+ 20, 212
@ampole gimacrtsscsccescecescsteeereececetresoeee 125
ROMMIC ASA PUIMC Ae ceeceee- nee ereeceseece sree US
FAY POSOUED: sor cccecececcevscercescnectectvaceonsceewerwe 125
Melectiatal btions irc c.ccesec-cneerneeeeerse ee eee 20
Miyata lOD1C OMI Si eseeseee eee cesar ae eseeeeee 76
SAbUleti <2o2:--cc2:cs2csee cnezsceuscee eee 76
OSMMa TY Pace cotaccensscvzsecpnczacsezet -cctceesseeeees 20
ROMAIN As J sc. cscerecercacnscct scestie sieve 84
Pontantasvimin al secern---cceecos-ceeeet tere eae 84
PROTURA
AXGere AaMOMY A cese-ceecceceeeeetes-ceat-csee eae 173
ANGETENtOMONACELIS) eee ae eee 174
ALAING: 25.20 eevee 174
Dre VAISEtOSUIN! -eeeeeeeetereoee eee 174
Carpaticum\ee eee 173
dodetl..........:tftasetsccceers 7/3)
gallicumn:.<..0.2. eee 173
Memorale/-.:.---.-ssesseseeetaes 174
Acerentulusicomfinisi-..-e- see seeeseeeeeeees 174
PETE ZAM USeeessesersaceeeeneseteeeeeee 174
Bosentomoniarmatump see ee 173
SEMAN I CUM rere eee 174
thAN SILOM ee veseee ee eee 173
Proturentomon MinimMuUM............0:eee 174

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