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Assistant Editors J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S., A. SPALDING, F.R.ESS. & R.A. JONES, F.R.E.S. Vol. 107 1995 CONTENTS Acalles roboris Curt. (Col.: Curculionidae) in Cumbria and VC70. R.W.J. Read, 157 Acherontia atropos L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) breeding in Oxfordshire in 1994. D.F. Owen, 156 Acontia lucida Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Kent and Dorset. D.F. Owen, 81 Acontia lucida Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae), the Pale Shoulder new to the Isles of Scilly, and third record for British Isles. J. Hale & M. Hicks, 271 Aethes francillana Fab. (Lep.: Torricidae) bred from Conium maculatum. R.J. Heckford, 40 Agrilus sinuatus Ol. (Col.: Buprestidae) at Tunbridge Wells, Kent. /.C. Beavis, 203 American moth in Aberdeen. M. Young, 198 Amphipoea fucosa paludis Tutt. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Oxfordshire. D.F. Owen & M. Townsend, 155 Ancylois oblitella Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Kent. P. Sokoloff, 292 Andricus nudus (Hym.: Cynipidae) and Taxomyia taxi (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae): Insects new to Ireland. J.P. O'Connor, P. Ashe, M.A. O'Connor and S. Wistow, 105 Apion laevicolle Kirby (Col.: Apionidae) in the New Forest. A.A. Allen, 41 Apion sedi Germar (Col.: Apionidae) in Dorset. A.A. Allen, 46 Aplota palpella Haw. (Lep.: Oecophoridae) new to the Midland Plateau. M.G. Bloxham, 46 Autumnal Broad-bordered Bee Hawk, Hemaris fuciformis L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) in an Essex garden. A.A. Allen, 247 Bankesia douglasii Staint. (Lep.: Psychidae) in Hampshire. R. Dickson, 202 Beetles recorded from Kimbers, Maidenhead, Berkshire 1964-1994. B. Verdcourt, 299 Book reviews, 50-56, 102-104, 203, 311 Breeding experiment with Pararge aegeria ab. schmidti Dioz. (Lep.: Satyridae). R. Barrington, 179 Broad-bordered Bee hawks in October (Hemaris fuciformis L., Lep.: Sphingidae). G.M. Haggett, 24 Brown Argus butterfly in North-west Europe. B. Smyllie, 15 Butterflies in Jordon, Syria and Lebanon, 28.v.94 to 7.v1.94. P.B. Hardy, 107 Butterflies in North-east Greece (28th July - 4th August 1994). A. Wakeham-Dawson, 267 Butterflies of Lanzerote — April 1995. An update — two further species recorded. G.G. Baldwin, 261 Camberwell Beauty, Nymphalis antiopa L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Hertfordshire and beyond. S. Pittman, 310 Changes in nomenclature of British Lepidoptera. D. Agassiz, 142 Clambus pallidulus’ Reitter (Col.: Clambidae) in South Hampshire and East Sussex. J.A. Owen, 197 Clouded Yellow, Colias croceus Geoff. (Lep.: Pieridae) in Devon during 1994. R. Bristow, 152 Coboldia fuscipes Meigen (Nematocera: Scotopsidae) feeding on slug eggs. K. Ayre, 175 Coleophora’ deviella” Zelle (“ep:: Coleophoridae) — a correction, 131 Collecting notes 1994. M.D. Bryan, 199 Comments on a recent record of Sedina buettneri Her. (Lep.: Noctuidae). B. Skinner, 68 Cydia lunulana (D. & S.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) new to Shropshire (VC40). A.M. Davis, 240 Cypha tarsalis Luze (Col.: Staphylinidae) new to Britain. R.C. Welch, 185 Dasychira mendosa Hbn. (Lep.: Lyman- triidae); notes on larval foodplants in India. G. King, 126 Data Protection Act, 160 Devon moth records. R. McCormick, 14 Drepana binaria Hufn. (Lep.: Drepanidae) a third generation. B.K. West, 141 Drunken Goat-moth larvae. M.R. Young, 253 Drunken Goats. J. Clarke, 82 Early emergence of Spring moths. A. Aston, 4 Early emergences of butterflies and moths in the Isle of Wight during 1995. S.A. Knill-Jones, 251 Early migrant moths in Scotland, 1995. M.R. Young, 251 Ectoedemia amani Svensson (Lep.: Nepticulidae) new to Britain. B. Dickerson, 163 Electrophaes corylata Thunb. (Lep.:: Geometridae), ratio of forms in north- west Kent. B.K. West, 153 Epirrita autumnata Borkh. (Lep.:: Geometridae): a new variety. R. Leverton, 152 Eric Bradford, 259 Euchmichtis lichenea lichenea Hb., Feathered Ranunculus (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-east Hampshire. A. Aston, 32 Eucosma metzneriana Treits. (Lep.: Tortricidae) in north Essex. C.W. Plant, 154 Eupithecia abietaria Goetz (Lep.: Geometridae) in Devon. R. McCormick, 275 Eutheia linearis Muls. (Col.: Scymaenidae) recaptured at Windsor. A.A. Allen, 147 Evergestis limbata L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to mainland Britain. S.R. Colenutt, 197 Evidence of White Admiral butterfly (Limenitis camilla L.) larvae feeding on Aspen (Populus tremula). K.J. Willmott, 266 Exceptional dates for British Orthoptera. J. Paul, 162 Extreme f. pan-albisignata Kaaber & Hgegh- Guldberg in the Durham Argus butterfly, Aricia artaxerxes salmacis, Stephens, and related observations. H.A. Ellis, 133 Fall of the Painted Lady. J.W. Hale & M.E. Hicks, 189 Field observations of the “Hilltopping” phenomenon in North-west Africa — and an introduction to “Ravining” (Lep.: Rhopalocera). W.J. Tennent, 57 First Kent record of Coleophora deviella Zell. (Lep.: Coleophoridae). N.F. Heal, 43 First Kent record of Cosmopterix lienigiella L. & Z. (Lep.: Cosmopterigidae). N.F. Heal, 44 ill First Kent record of Cosmopterix orichalcea Staint. (Lep.: Cosmopterigidae). N.F. Heal, 193 First Kentish record of Bankesia douglasii Staint. (Lep.: Psychidae). N.F. Heal, 98 First Kentish record of Phyllonorycter insignitella Zell. (Lep.: Gracillariidae). N.F. Heal, 101 First light trap, Ist Century AD. /.C. Beavis, 155 Flurry of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in Kent. P.A. Sokoloff, 14 Flying times of Laothoe populi L. (Lep.: Sphingidae). R.W. Bogue, 256 Foodplants of Coleophora lusciniaepennella Treits. (Lep.: Coleophoridae) in Lancashire (VC60). S.M. Palmer, 202 Furcula bifida Brahm (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Pembrokeshire. A.P. Foster, 157 Further early emergences of moths. A. Aston, 191 Further notes relating to an Indian Arctiid, Bombay, 1994. G. King, 44 Further observations on Epermenia insecurella Staint. (Lep.: Epermeniidae) in Wiltshire. S.V. Palmer, 174 Further observations on the Erebia ligea Linn. and other controversies. M.A. Salmon, 117 Further records of Gelechiidae senticetella Staudinger (Lep.: Gelechiidae). M.S. Parsons, 38 Further records of Malacosoma castrensis L. (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) from Devon. R.M. McCormick, 307 Gertrude Kate Haggett, 158 Hazards of butterfly collecting — A biogeographical anomaly, London 1994. T.B. Larsen, 95 Hazards of butterfly collecting — a first brush with science — Copenhagen, 1958. T.B. Larsen, 177 Hazards of butterfly collecting — butterflies witness for Jehova — Nigeria, March 1995. T.B. Larsen, 249 Hazards of butterfly collecting — from Rat Trap to Barbecue Bottom, Jamaica, February 1994. T.B. Larsen, 150 Hazards of butterfly collecting — getting the shakes — United Kingdom, April 1993. T.B. Larsen, 41 Hazards of butterfly collecting — political undercurrents. R.C. Dening, 244 Hazards of butterfly collecting — Stardom at last, India, Christmas 1985. 7.B. Larsen, 305 Heart Moth, Dicycla oo L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) from north-west Kent. P. Jupp & P.A. Sokoloff, 40 Hypena obsitalis Hb., the Bloxworth Snout (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to mainland Hampshire. A. Aston, 47 Influx of the Silver Y, Autographa gamma L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in South Devon. H.L. O'Heffernan, 100 It was migration — the exceptional abundance of the Large White butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. in 1992. H. Mendel, 293 Kent record for the Spanish Carpet, Scotopteryx peribolata Hbn. (Lep.: Geometridae). $.P. Clancy, 164 Ladybirds at light. P.A. Sokoloff, 311 Large Tortoiseshell butterfly, Nymphalis polychloros L. in Kent. P. Burness, 255 Large Tortoiseshell, Nymphalis polychloros L. in West Sussex. D. Sheldon, 156 Large-scale migration of the African skipper Andronymus gander Evans near Calabar, Nigeria (Lep.: Hesperiidae). 7.B. Larsen, 263 Larval habits of Leiodes rufipennis Paykull (=clavicornis Rye) (Col.: Leiodidae): some preliminary observations. R.M. Lyszkowski, 39 Late and partial third broods of butterflies and moths in the Isle of Wight during 1994. S.A. Knill-Jones, 171 Leg teratology in Galerucella sagittariae Gyllenhal (Col.: Chrysomelidae). R.A. Jones, 33 Lepidoptera in Fuerteventura (Canary Isle) 1994. R.G. Ainley, 3 Liptena priscilla a new Liptenid butterfly from Nigeria (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). T.B. Larsen, 29 List of the Chrysomelidae and Curculiodoidea (Coleoptera) from Saint Bees Head, West Cumbria. R.W.J. Read, 77 Little-known entomological literature. B.O.C. Gardiner, 49 Little-known entomological literature. B.O.C. Gardiner, 195 Luperina dumerilii Dup. (Lep.: Noctuidae) from Cornwall. B. Skinner, 99 Malacosoma castrensis L. (Lep.: Lasio- campidae) recorded from Devon. G. King, 306 Meganola albula D. & S. (Lep.: Nolidae) from Oxfordshire. C.M. Raper, 74 Microlepidoptera review of 1993 D.J.L. Agassiz, R.J. Heckford & J.R. Langmaid, 207 Migrant insects in 1995. P. Sokoloff, 304 Minor infestation of Atropos (Lep.: Sphingidae) in Hertfordshire, 1994. D. Wilson, 47 Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in West Sussex. D. Dey, 99 Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Somerset. B.E. Slade, 99 More observations on Eublemma ostrina (Hbn.) the Purple Marbled. B. Elliott & B. Skinner, 161 Mothathons in Cornwall. A. Spalding, 223 Moths as a food resource for hospitalised bats. A. Spalding, 193 National Pyralid Recording scheme. 104 New species of lepidoptera to the Isle of Wight. S.A. Kniil-Jones, 76 New species of Mordellistena (Col.: Mordellidae) in Britain. A.A. Allen, 25 New subspecies of Luperina nickerlii Freyer, 1845 from south-east England, with notes on the other sub-species found in Britain, Ireland and mainland Europe. B. Goater and B. Skinner, 127 Note on the authorship of the North African satyrid butterfly, Berberia abdelkader ab. serrata. (Lep.: Satyridae) as an example of nomenclatoric confusion. R.H. Anken, 75 Notes on finding the larva of Coleophora aestuariella Bradley (Lep.: Coleophoridae) N.F. Heal, 184 Nothris congressariella Braund (Lep.: Gelechiidae) reared from Lundy. R.S. Key, 273 Nymphalis antiopa L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Kent. R.W. Bogue, 298 Observations on the behaviour of the Panoptes Blue, Pseudophilotes panoptes Hbn. (Lep.: Lycaenidae). R.J. Morris, 245 Of all the cars, in all the world. J. Tennent, 27 Olethreutes mygindiana D. & S. (Lep.: Tortricidae) new to Shropshire (VC40). D.J. Poynton, 73 Olethreutes mygindiana D. & S. (Lep.: Tortricidae) in South Shropshire (VC40) and its suspected parasitoid Glypta gracilis Hee. — new to Britain. D. Poynton, 307 On the British Mordellistena humeralis L. (Col.: Mordellidae) and its allies. A. Aston, 181 One and a half years of Kenyan Orthoptera 1. Introduction and Tettigoniidae. J. Paul, Pa Orthoptera in the London archipelago. John Paul, 89 Outbreak of the Lackey Moth, Malacosoma neustria L. (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) in Beckton, east London, May 1995. G.E. King, 254 Overwintering Orthoptera and other insects in Crete. J. Paul, 221 Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Lep.: Noctuidae)- in September. B.K. West, 100 Pedasia fascilinella Hb. (Lep.: Pyralidae): two more Kentish examples. S. Clancy, 255 Phalacrus spp. (Col.: Phalacridae): a correction, and remarks on certain names in the genus. A.A. Allen, 192 Pitfall trap for repetitive sampling of Hypogean arthropod faunas. J.A. Owen, 225 Probable second brood of the Orange-tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines L. in the South of France. M.S. Harvey, 100 Psychoides filicivora Meyr. (Lep.: Tineidae) and Caloptilia azaleela Brants. (Lep.: Gracillariidae) in West Kent. J.C. Beavis, 156 Pyralid moths in profile: Part 1 — Sciota adelphella Fischer von RO6slerstam. B. Skinner, 147 Pyralid moths in profile: Part 2 — Acrobasis tumidana D. & S. B. Skinner, 241 Rear Admiral David Torlesse, 258 Record of Hermeuptychia cucullina (Weymer) from Brazil including some remarks on other Hermeuptychian taxa (Lep.: Satyridae). R.H. Anken, 237 Records of Scottish microlepidoptera from south-western Scotland, July, 1994. A.M. Emmet, 5 Records of the genus Pedasia (Pyralidae) in Devon. A.H. Dobson, 310 Reproductive cycle of Acerentomon nemorale Wom. (Hexapoda: Protura) from soil in decidous woodland. P.E. King & K.V. Aazem, 83 Rhinoncus albicinctus Gyll. (Col.: Curcu- lionidae) in south-east London, a third British locality. R.A. Jones, 297 Scarce Large Blue butterfly, Maculinea telejus Bergstr. (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in Slovenia. D. Withrington, 88 Scarcity of Vanessid butterflies. P.B. Hardy, 257 Scarcity of Vanessid butterflies. C.J. Smith, 146 Scrobipalpa artemesiella Treitschke (Lep.: Gelechiidae), a larval description . R.J. Heckford, 38 Scythris picaepennis Haw. (Lep.: Scyth- rididae): extended emergence or possible bivoltinism in South Wiltshire. S.M. Palmer, 243 Second British record of Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot. (Lep.: Pyralidae). S.P. Clancy, 146 Second British record of Peribatodes manuelaria H.-S. (Lep.: Geometridae). S. Clancy, 98 Second Kent record of Coleophora frischella L. (Lep.: Coleophoridae). N.F. Heal, 187 Sedina buettneri Hering (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Essex, 1994. J. Firmin, 43 Serious pests of Urtica divica Linn. at 5500’ altitude in Kumaon Hills in India. M. Arif & N. Kumar, 13 Sitochroa palealis D. & S. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Oxfordshire. M.A. Easterbrook, 100 Small Rufous, Coenobia rufa, Haw. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Buckinghamshire. G.E. Higgs, 38 Some entomological jargon exposed. R.A. Jones, 205 Some preliminary notes on Odontognophus dumetata Treitschke ssp. hibernica Forder. (Lep.: Geometridae). B. Elliott & B. Skinner, 1 Some winter insects. A. Aston, 158 Southern Chestnut moth, Agrochola haematidea Dup. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Britain — an update. P. Waring, 248 Sphinx ligustri L. f. albescens Tutt (Lep.: Sphingidae) in Hampshire. R. Cook, 292 Status of Strangalia attenuata L. (Col.: Cerambycidae) in Britain. R.R. Uhthoff- Kaufmann, 69 Stigmella continuella Stt. (Lep.: Nepticulidae) in Scotland. K.P. Bland, jae) Stolen — cabinet drawers and antique books, 259 Strangalia maculata Poda var. gibberdi nov., (Col.: Cerambycidae). R.R. Uhthoff- Kaufmann, 262 Subcortical fungus beetle basking in sunlight. R.A. Jones, 220 Supplement: The larger moths of Dawlish Warren, Devon pp 1-16. R. McCormick, 229-236, 283-290 Synanthedon formicaeformis Esp., Red- tipped Clearwing (Lep.: Sesiidae), further evidence of a two-year life cycle. J.H. Clarke, 11 Synchita humeralis F. (Col.: Colydiidae): a second record for west Kent. A.A. Allen, 201 Taphropeltus contractus H.-S. (Het.: Lygaeidae) in west Cumbria. R.W.J. Read, 156 The Common Blue Damselfly, Enallagma cyathigerum and other Odonata records from Shetland. M.G. Pennington, 165 The genus Abantis (Lep.: Hesperiidae): some additional central African records. R.C. Dening, 143 The Large Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris brassicae extends its range to South Africa. B.O.C. Gardiner, 174 Thera juniperata L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in west Gloucester in Autumn 1994. M.N. McCrea, 50 Third British record of Etiella zinckenella Triets. (Lep.: Pyralidae) and other migrants from VC11. M. Jeffes, 291 Two highly notable beetles in West Kent in the 1960s. A.A. Allen, 101 Two new foodplants for Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) noted in east London, March/April, 1995. G. King, 276 Two records of Tipula sp. (Diptera: Tipulidae) from Andalucia, Spain. E.G. Hancock, 3 Two species of Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) new to Fiji. J. Clayton, 295 Unseasonal Lepidoptera records from Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps. A.M. Riley, 255 Unusual foodplant for Hedya pruniana Hb. (Lep.: Tortricidae). /. Ferguson, 131 Unusual form of Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from Devon. R.W. Bogue, 292 Unusual variation in the Light Emerald, Campaea margaritata L. (Lep.: Geometridae). A.A. Allen, 282 Up in the clouds. G.G. Baldwin, 296 Very first light trap, 1505? =B.0.C. Gardiner, 45 Waved Black, Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Lancashire. J.G. Whiteside, 282 When small white equals a large, or American confusion. B.O.C. Gardiner, 67 White Admiral, Limenitis camilla L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) still present near Bexley, north-west Kent. A.A. Allen, 282 CONTRIBUTORS Aazem, K.V., 83 Hancock, E.G., 3 Agassiz, D., 142, 207 Hardy, P.B., 107, 257 Ainley, R.G., 3 Harvey, M.S, 100 Allen, A.A., 25, 41, 46, 101, 147, 192, 201, Heal, N.F., 43, 44, 98, 101, 184, 187, 193 247, 282 Heckford, R.J., 38, 40, 207 AM Keng. E75, 237 Heffernan, H.L., 100 Arif, M., 13 Hicks, M.E., 189, 271 Ashe, P., 105 Higgs, G.E., 38 Aston, A., 4, 32, 47, 158, 181, 191 Jeffes, M., 291 Ayre, Key 175 Jones#RA] 33. 205, 2209297 Baldwin, G.G., 261, 296 Jupp, P., 40 Barrington, R., 179 Key, R.S., 273 Beavis, I.C., 155, 156, 203 King, G., 44, 126, 254, 276, 306 Bland, K.P., 253 King, P.E., 83 Bloxham, M.G., 46 Knill-Jones, S.A., 76, 171, 251 Bogue, R.W., 256, 292, 298 Kumar, N., 13 Bristow, R., 152 Langmaid, J.R., 207 Bryan, M.D., 199 Larsen, T.B., 29, 41, 95, 150, 177, 244, 249, Bumess,-P.; 255 263, 305 Clancy, S.P., 98, 146, 164, 255 Leverton, R., 152 Clarke, J., 11, 82 Lyszkowski, R.M., 39 Clayton, J., 295 McCormick, R., 14, 229, 275, 283, 307 Colenutt, S.R., 197 McCrea, M.N., 50 Cook, R., 292 Mendel, H., 293 Davis, A.M., 240 Morris, R.J., 245 Dening, R.C., 143 : ~O'Connor, M.A., 105 Dey, D., 99 O'Connor, J.P., 105 Dickerson, B., 163 Owen, D.F., 81, 155, 156 Dickson, R., 202 Owen, J.A., 197, 225 Dobson, A.H., 310 Palmer, S.M., 174, 202, 243 Easterbrook, M.A., 100 Parsons, MLS., 38 Elliott, B., 1, 161 Pauledt89s 162221277 Ellis, H.A., 133 Pennington, M.G., 165 Emmet, A.M., 5 Pittman, S., 310 Ferguson, I., 131 Plant, C.W., 154 Firmin, J., 43 Poynton, D.J., 73, 307 Foster, A.P., 157 Raper, C.M., 74 Gardiner, B.O.C., 45, 49, 67, 174, 195 Read, R.W.J., 77, 156, 157 Goater, B., 127 Riley, A.M., 255 Haggett, G.M.,24 Salmon, M.A., 117 Hale, J.W., 189, 271 Sheldon, D., 156 Continued overleaf Skinner, B., 1, 68, 99, 127, 147, 161, 241 Slade, B.E., 99 Smith, C.J., 146 Smyllie, B., 15 Sokoloff, P., 14, 40, 292, 304, 311 Spalding, A., 193, 223 Tennent, Wl 27, ST Townsend, M., 155 Uhthoff-Kaufmann, R.R., 69, 262 Verdsoucrt, B., 299 Wakeham-Dawson, A., 267 Waring, P., 248 Welch, R.C., 185 West, B.K., 100, 141, 153 Whiteside, J.G., 282 Willmott, K.J., 266 Wilson, D., 47 Wistow, S., 105 Withrington, D., 88 Young, M.R., 198, 251, 253 Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Ltd. 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 01277-224610 2@s8 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY Vol. 107, ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by P.A. SOKOLOFY, F.k.£.s. Assistant Editors J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S. January/February 1995 ISSN 0013-3916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Editor P.A. SOKOLOFF, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.LBiol., F.R.E.S. 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. Assistant Editors J.A. OWEN, MLD., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.-E.S. Editorial Panel A.A. Allen, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R-E.S. N. Birkett, M.A., MB. C.A. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. E.S. Bradford A.M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., F.R-ES. J.D. Bradley, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens, M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G. J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S. B. Skinner Registrar GC: Penney, F.R.E.S. 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex CMI 5QA Hon. Treasurer P.J. Johnson, B.A., A.C.A. 31 Oakdene Road, Brockham, Betchworth, Surrey RH3 7JV WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material for publication and books for review. REGISTRAR: Subscription changes of address and non-arrival of the Journal. HON. TREASURER: Advertisements and subscribers’ notices. Notes for Contributors It would greatly help the Editor if material submitted for publication were typed and double spaced. Two copies are preferred. Please DO NOT use block capitals and DO NOT underline anything except scientific names. Word-processed text should not use italic, bold or compressed typeface. References quoted within the text can be abbreviated (eg Ent. Rec.), but those collected at the end of a paper should follow the standard World List abbreviations (eg Entomologist's Rec. J. Var.). When in doubt try to follow the style and format of material found in a current issue of the Record. Illustrations must be the original (not a photocopy) without legend which should be typed on a separate copy. Photographs should be glossy, positive prints. Authors of long papers, or submitting valuable originals are advised to contact the Editor first. Contributors are requested not to send us notes or articles which they are sending to other magazines. Whilst all reasonable care is taken of manuscripts, illustrations etc, the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Editorial Board or the publisher. NOTES AND ODONTOGNOPHOS DUMETATA ] SOME PRELIMINARY NOTES ON ODONTOGNOPHOS DUMETATA TREITSCHKE SSP. HIBERNICA FORDER (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) BRIAN ELLIoTT' & BERNARD SKINNER® '24 Deerlands Road, Ashgate, Chesterfield, Derbyshire-S40-4DF; 5 Rawlins Close, Addington, Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS. AFTER THE SUCCESSFUL identification of the unusual dubitata-like geometers found by Peter Forder and his wife in Co. Clare in August 1991 (Forder, 1991), the authors decided that an investigation was merited to determine if this attractive moth with its velvety deep slate grey ground colour, so perfectly matching the Burren rocks, was indeed a resident species and not a migrant. A study of the nearest continental subspecies, of which there are a number, showed that it was closest to ssp. margaritatus Zerny from Aragon, Spain. Going eastwards, the resident form in France is ssp. daubearia Boisduval, which is brownish and more lightly marked. Going further east, the species tends to become browner and more heavily marked as is the case with specimens from the type locality in Dalmatia. In considering its likely origin, it presumably is yet another interglacial relict from the late pleistocene and is more evidence of a lingering mediterranean fauna on the west coast of Ireland. In this respect it is similar to Calamia tridens occidentalis Cockayne whose closest affinities appear to be with specimens from the Iberian peninsular according to Dr Cockayne (1954) and not to closer mainland Europe. Culot (1919-1920) gave its foodplant as Phillyrea latifolia L., and the larva fully grown in June, but Forster and Wohlfahrt (1981) gave Rhamnus sp. as a foodplant as did Seitz (1912). Forster and Wohlfahrt also gave a somewhat misleading description of the larva as striped, smooth and flesh red, but more accurately, with a dorsal blackish line obliquely flecked with yellow. During a visit to the Burren in June, 1992, B.E. spent three days searching for areas of likely foodplant and both Rhamnus catharticus L., and a prostrate form of Frangula alnus Mill. were discovered. Several days spent beating these potential foodplants producing a variety of larvae including Philereme transversata britannica Lempke, Triphosia dubitata L., in great abundance and Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn. One possible larva of Odontognophos dumetata Trietschke which was fully grown was also obtained. This was confirmed when a male, the third Irish specimen, emerged on 24.7.92. We now had an idea of where to look. We both returned in early August 1992, and spent a total of six nights running m.v. in likely areas in very poor weather conditions. Over a period of a week, we were able to record a total of eight dumetata males at light. 2 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 el OOS One female was discovered resting near one trap site. As this may have been a virgin female it was exposed in a makeshift cage in its habitat for possible pairing. No males were attracted and it was presumed that it had already paired. During the day, hours were spent unsuccessfully searching rocks and peering down nooks and crannies in the Burren locality where it was resident, but in this respect, none were seen or disturbed, so we had only the one female to rely on for a study of its life cycle. About ten days later, the captive female produced many ova which were small for the size of the moth and a pale bluish-green in colour. They were laid loosely and not attached to any substrate; this was a surprise, since the area of the Burren where both moths and larva were found was low-lying and subject to winter flooding, judging by the detritus lying around. It would have been expected that the ova would overwinter on the twigs of its foodplant and hatch in the spring. A local farmer confirmed that in winter, the area would be under water for many days. By the spring of 1993, it was obvious that the ova were infertile so we returned again, this time a little earlier, on the 20th May. Prolonged beating of the Rhamnus and Frangula bushes over several days produced only five dumetata larvae, which were half to threequarters grown, until realisation that larvae only seemed to occur in number where the Rhamnus was subject to winter inundation. Subsequently another locality was discovered which did not match the original situation, but was heavily sheltered by scrub. The larva is somewhat rough looking, similar in texture to Gnophos obscuratus D.&S. At full growth it is 25-30mm in length, tapering to head. When young it is blackish-blue flecked with yellow dorsally. When fully grown, the ground colour is light to dark fleshy-grey with vague longitudinal striations running along the length of body. The dorsal line is prominent and blackish on segments 1, 2 and 3 and even more marked on 9, 10 and 11. On the middle segments, there is a yellowish dorsal mark with skin colour blackish anterior to it. The head is blackish and speckled dark grey. The larva perfectly matches its resting background, a Rhamnus twig, and if disturbed immediately drops without a silk thread and forms a characteristic U shape. The pupa is stout and reddish-brown and, if given a suitable peaty medium, pupates in a silk lined chamber. The first imagines in captivity emerged at dusk on 15.7.93 and continued until 4.9.93. Pairings were again attempted, but not observed and only infertile ova were produced. In conclusion, it is to be wondered what other relict species are as yet undiscovered on the west coast of Ireland. It is remarkable that such a large moth, widely, if probably thinly spread, can survive undetected despite many visits by lepidopterists to the Burren. Professor E.B. Ford (Ford, 1955) prophetically stressed the need for entomological exploration in Ireland and this shows how right he was. NOTES AND ODONTOGNOPHOS DUMETATA 3 Finally, we would like to thank Anne and Tom Martin of “Villa Maria”, now becoming well known as a base for lepidopterists, for their essential “back-up service” during our visits. References Cockayne, Dr E.A., 1954. Ent. Gaz. 5: 155. Culot, J., 1919-1920. Noctuelles et Geometres d'Europe 4: 107. Ford, Prof. E.B., 1955. Moths p.166. Forder, P., 1993. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 201. Forster, W. & Wohlfahrt, T., 1981. Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas. 5: 263. Seitz, A., 1912. Macrolepidoptera of the World. 4: 385. Lepidoptera in Fuerteventura (Canary Isle) 1994 I spent a week on this very arid, very barren Island, from 14th to 21st September 1994. It was not surprising, given the nature of the terrain, that lepidoptera (and many other forms of wildlife) were extremely scarce. On 19th and 20th September, I positively identified about six specimens of the well-known migrant Catopsilia florella. 1 record this because Higgins and Riley (1983, p.34) state “recorded only from Gran Canary and Tenerife for the first time in 1964, and Gomera in 1974”. There may, of course, be records for Fuerteventura of which I am unaware. The only other Lepidoptera found were three specimens of the Lycaenid Zizeeria knysna Trimen, and a few Macroglossum stellatarum L. Reference: Higgins and Riley. Field guide to Butterflies of Great Britain and Europe 5th Ed. 1983, Collins. — Dr R.G. AINLEY, “Burford” Briardale Road, Willaston, Wirral L64 1TB. Two records of Tipula spp. (Diptera: Tipulidae) from Andalucia, Spain A brief visit to Andalucia in mid-October, 1989, produced just two tipulids. They remained unidentified until recently when I received two reprints which solved the apparent problems. The two insects were collected while the weather was still seasonally dry. Only as we were leaving did a thunderstorm and associated rain suddenly fill the dry water courses and produce dramatic flash floods. Firstly, a small male Tipula with long antennae had eluded any attempt even to be put into an appropriate subgenus. I now find that by coincidence the same species was collected by Dr Christophe Dufour in the previous week and has since been described by him as a new subspecies, Tipula (Vestiplex) vaillanti andalucia (Dufour, C. & Oosterbroek, P., 1990, Mitt. schweiz.ent.Ges., 63: 233-236). The finding of females allows the correct placement of this species within this large genus. The species was described from north Africa. My specimen, found on 14th October, 1989, near Mijas, was from a stony slope within an old olive grove, which habitat accords with the findings of this species to date. The other is Tipula (Acutipula) triangulifera Loew, from the maxima species group which have been recently treated (de Jong, H., 1993, Ent. Scand., 24(4): 433-457). A male was caught at light near Fuengirola, near 4 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1.11.1995 Malaga, on the same date, within the geographical range of existing records. Its distribution appears to be restricted to southern Spain, predominantly Andalucia.— E.G. HANCOCK, Glasgow Museums, Kelvingrove, Glasgow G3 8AG. Early emergence of Spring moths I can now add details of further early first appearances of non-hibernatory spring moths at Selborne:- MBGBI 1994 1993 1992 imago Orthosia cruda 27 Feb 17 Feb 20 Mar Mar, Apr Anticlea badiata Ziakeb 6 Mar 4 Mar Mar, Apr Orthosia populeti 1 Mar 16 Mar 22 Mar Mar, Apr Orthosia munda 4 Mar 21 Mar None Mar, Apr Trichopteryx carpinata 7 Mar 17 Mar None Apr, May Selenia dentaria 24 Mar 18 Mar 28 Mar Apr, May Anticlea derivata 29 Mar 12 Apr 30 Mar Apr, May Lampropteryx suffumata 11 Apr 10 Apr 19 Apr Apr, May Pheosia tremula 19 Apr 8 May 24 Jun May, Jun Menophra abruptaria 22 Apr 30 Apr 3 May Apr-Jun Diaphora mendica 24 Apr 22 May None May, Jun Xanthorhoe spadicearia 26 Apr 17 Apr 12 May May, Jun Lomographa bimaculata 29 Apr 25 May 22 May May, Jun Ecliptopera silaceata 29 Apr 17 May 7 May May-Jul Pheosia gnoma 29 Apr 29 Apr None May, Jun Eupithecia vulgata vulgata 29 Apr 30 Apr 24 May May, Jun Thera obeliscata 2 May 26 May 26 May May-Jul Hada nana 5 May 12 Jun 26 Jun May-Jul Eligmodonta ziczac 5 May 7 May 26 Jun May, Jun Laothoe populi 5 May 22 May 21 May May, Jun Apamea crenata 6 May 24 May 24 Jun May-Jul Chloroclystis v-ata 7 May 26 May 30 Jun May, Jun Spilosoma lubricipeda 8 May 9 May 16 May May-Jul Lomographa temerata 10 May 22 May 25 May May, Jun Drymonia dodonaea 10 May 22 May None May, Jun Stauropus fagi 10 May 22 May 23 May May-Jul Aphomia sociella 13 May 10 May 15 May Jun-Aug Axylia putris 25 May 22 May 15 Jun Jun, Jul Horisme tersata 25 May 28 May 9 Jun Jun-Aug Lomaspilis marginata 1 Jun 13 May 14 May Jun, Jul All observations were made at home. There is a tendency for the dates to be progressively early for this locality. Perhaps these data may assist any investigation of the causes. Reference: Emmet, A.M., 1991. Chapter 3, Volume 7(2), The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Harley Books, Colchester. — ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage, Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH. SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA 5 RECORDS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA FROM SOUTH-WESTERN SCOTLAND, JULY, 1994 A.M. EMMET Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex CBI] 3AF. WHEN My SISTER proposed that we should spend a week's holiday, touring with bed and breakfast accommodation, in the counties of Dumfriesshire (VC72), Kirkcudbrightshire (VC73), and Wigtownshire (VC74), I welcomed the suggestion, not least because south-western Scotland is one of the parts of the British Isles with fewest records for microlepidoptera. However, the holiday was not planned as an entomological expedition. The object was to visit some of the notable gardens and antiquities of the region and to enjoy the coastal and mountain scenery. Nevertheless, I took my light-trap and was able to do periodic roadside recordings for spells ranging from a few minutes to an hour or more. The gardens were mainly stocked with alien and often subtropical vegetation, unwelcome to British Lepidoptera, and my sister and I sometimes parted company so that I could search the peripheral native trees and plants. I wished to ascertain whether the paucity of records was due to to an impoverished fauna or lack of recording, and found that both were responsible. Leaf-mining species were particularly scarce. I failed to find a single mine on hawthorn, hazel, sloe, bramble, rose, poplar or lime. Oak, apart from numerous vacated mines of Eriocrania subpurpurella (Haworth), yielded one vacated mine of Stigmella ruficapitella (Haworth) and not a single Phyllonorycter species. Sallow gave just one Phyllonorycter mine, identified as P. salicicolella (Sircom) when the adult emerged, and one larval feeding of Caloptilia stigmatella (Fabricius). Birch produced an occasional vacated mine of Stigmella lapponica (Wocke) and one or two Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella (Hiibner); alder only a few widely dispersed mines of P. rajella (Linnaeus). Beech and rowan were more productive, most of their quota of leaf-miners being present; Caloptilia syringella (Fabricius) was abundant, mainly on ash. I formed the impression that some species were more selective in their foodplant than elsewhere in Britain. For instance, holm-oak abounds in Castle Kennedy Gardens and the trees were almost disfigured by the innumerable mines of Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zeller), yet there was no trace of its feeding on deciduous oak or beech either there or elsewhere. In the Isles of Scilly holm-oak and beech are attacked by this species with impartiality. In the same gardens Lyonetia clerkella (Linnaeus) was mining cultivated apple in plenty, but I could not find a single mine on other rosaceous trees at any locality. The scarcity of leaf-mines is not due to seasonal discrepancy between north and south, since this part of Scotland has a very mild climate as is testified by the lush green vegetation. Such leaf-mines as are present 6 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 ea O95 conform in their timing with those in the south. My only other visit to this part of Scotland was in July 1975, when my wife and I concentrated almost exclusively on nepticulid records, finding them as hard to make then as in 1994. The late E.C. Pelham-Clinton and Dr J.R. Langmaid were in the area in 1988, and the latter tells me that they, too, were struck by the dearth of species. Is there an explanation? I was able to run my trap on five nights and at four sites, two in VC74 and one each in VCs 72 and 73. Three of the cottages where we stayed were in rather bleak country, where big catches were not to be expected, but we had an excellent site at Holywood (VC72), where I recorded 114 species, 38 of them microlepidoptera. Yet from trap and fieldwork, in the whole week from all three counties, I encountered only 84 microlepidoptera, fewer than | recorded with the help of Dr Langmaid in my garden at Saffron Walden on the night of 3rd August 1990. These few species produced no fewer than 48 new county records. When Pandemis heparana ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) is new from two counties and Cnephasia incertana (Treitschke) from one, it is obvious that microlepidopterists have either avoided the region or failed to publish their records.The only “good” records I made were Stigmella spinossisimae (Waters) and Apotomis semifasciana (Haworth), both from VC 74. If the list that follows shames microlepidopterists who have operated in this part of Scotland to disgorge their records, a useful purpose will have been served. The authenticity of my new records up to the end of of the Tortricidae should be 100%, since they have been checked against a draft species/vice- county table for Scotland prepared last winter by Dr K.P. Bland and others. The Pyralidae and Pterophoridae are not yet covered and I have relied on my maps for those families. I am giving the list of microlepidoptera in full since coverage of the region is so poor. I also recorded 83 species of macrolepidoptera, but now that the recording scheme operated by the Biological Records Centre has been discontinued, I do not know where to send them. The list may be had on application. There follows a list of the localities from which I recorded. Since I was working from a '/s inch map, I give only four-figure map references. They are arranged in chronological order. 13.vii. VC73. Twynholm (3 miles west of village), NX6354. Trap (16 species, including 3 microlepidoptera). 14.vii. VC73. Threave Gardens, NX7660, and footpath to Threave Castle, NX7562 (11 species, including 9 microlepidoptera). 14.vii. VC73. Roadside between Parton and Drumrush, NX6870. A potentially good area but rain intervened (11 microlepidoptera). 14.vii. VC73. Lay-by 1 mile west of New Galloway, NX6277. More rain (1 microlepidopteron). SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA 7 15.vii. VC74. Monreith (2 miles east of village), NX3741. Trap for two nights (50 species, including 15 microlepidoptera). 16.vii. VC74. Unnamed tarn north of Mochrum Loch, NX3055. (7 species, including 6 microlepidoptera). 16.vii. VC74. Kirkcowan area, NX3360. (3 microlepidoptera). 17.vii. VC74. Glenwhan Gardens, Dunragit, NX1757. (7 microlepidoptera). 17.vii. VC74. Castle Kennedy Gardens, NX1260. (10 microlepidoptera). 18.vii. VC74. Car park adjoining beach, | mile south of Ardwell, NX1045 (1 microlepidopteron). 18.vii. VC74. Logan Botanic Gardens, NX0843. (1 microlepidopteron). 18.vii. VC74. Wood north of Aird, NX0961. (2 microlepidoptera). 18.vii. VC74. Rough ground by sea, 2 miles north of Innermessan, NX0866. (2 microlepidoptera). 18.vii. VC73. Loch Trool, NX4079. (11 species, including 10 micro- lepidoptera). 18.vii. VC74. Bargrennan, NX3576, on the county boundary, but our hostess assured us her cottage was in Wigtownshire. Trap (30 species, including 6 microlepidoptera). 19.vii. VC73. Clatteringshaws Loch, NX5474. (8 species, including 7 microlepidoptera). 19.vii. VC72. Maxwelton House Gardens, NX8389. (9 microlepidoptera). 19.viil. VC72. Holywood, NX9480. (114 species, including 38 micro- lepidoptera). 20.vil. VWC72. Lockerbie, NY 1482. (1 microlepidopteron). Systematic list An *asterisk indicates a new county record. ERIOCRANIIDAE Eriocrania subpurpurella (Haworth) — Vacated mines locally common on Quercus. VC72, Maxwelton House. VC73, Threave; Parton; Loch Trool. *VC74, Dunragit. NEPTICULIDAE Stigmella sorbi (Stainton) — Vacated mines on Sorbus aucuparia. VC72, Maxwelton House. VC73, Loch Trool. VC74, Dunragit. S. tityrella (Stainton) — Tenanted and vacated mines fairly common on Fagus. VC73, Threave. VC74, Castle Kennedy. 8 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1 SS S. hemargyrella (Kollar) — Tenanted and vacated mines on Fagus. VC73, Threave. VC74, Castle Kennedy. S. ruficapitella (Haworth) — One vacated mine on Quercus. *VC73, Parton. S. spinosissimae (Waters) — Vacated mines and cocoons on Rosa pimpinellifolia. *VC74, Ardwell, the third record from Scotland, the others being from VCs 82 and 104. The Wigtownshire locality is in sight of the Isle of Man, 30 miles across the sea, where there is a strong colony at the Point of Ayr, its most northern extremity. S. nylandriella (Tengstr6m) — Tenanted and vacated mines on Sorbus aucuparia. VC72, Maxwelton House. VC73, Loch Trool. VC74, Dunragit. S. magdalenae (Klimesch) — A vacated mine on Sorbus aucuparia. *VC73, Loch Trool. S. lapponica (Wocke) — A few vacated mines on Betula. VC72, Maxwelton House. OPOSTEGIDAE Opostega salaciella (Treitschke) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. LYONETIIDAE : Leucoptera spartifoliella (Hiibner) — Flying round Cytisus. VC73, Parton. Lyonetia clerkella (Linnaeus) — VC73, Twynholm, at m.v. light. VC74, Castle Kennedy, tenanted and vacated mines common on Malus. GRACILLARIIDAE Caloptilia rufipennella (Hiibner) — M.J. Sterling has recorded it from VC73. Although I searched assiduously for it in VC74, where sycamore is abundant, I did not observe it. VC72, Maxwelton House; Lockerbie, larval feeding abundant on Acer pseudoplatanus. C. stigmatella (Fabricius) — A single larval cone on Salix. VC72 Maxwelton House. C. syringella (Fabricius) — Mines on Fraxinus: the commonest leaf-miner. VC73, Threave. VC74, Dunragit. Callisto denticulella (Thunberg) — Mines on Malus. *VC74, Castle Kennedy. Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zeller) — Mines abundant on Quercus ilex. *VC74, Castle Kennedy. P. sorbi (Frey) — Mines on Sorbus aucuparia. VC72, Maxwelton House, Holywood, at m.v. light. VC73, Loch Trool. *VC74, Dunragit. P. corylifoliella (Hiibner) — A single mine on Malus. *VC73, Footpath to Threave Castle. P. salicicolella (Sircom) — A single mine on Salix cinerea; adult reared. *VC73, New Galloway. P. maestingella (Miiller) — Mines scarce on Fagus. VC73, Threave. P. rajella (Linnaeus) — Mines scarce on Alnus. VC73, Parton. *VC74, Kirkcowan; Castle Kennedy. P. ulmifoliella (Hiibner) — Mines scarce on Betula. *VC73, Parton; Loch Trool. SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA 9 P. geniculella (Ragonot) — Mines local on Acer pseudoplatanus. VC74, Dunragit. CHOREUTIDAE Anthophila fabriciana (Linnaeus) — Adults. VC73, Parton. YPONOMEUTIDAE Argyresthia pygmaeella ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — One adult. VC74, Kirkcowan. A. conjugella Zeller — Adults. *VC72, at m.v. light. VC73, at rest on Sorbus aucuparia. Paraswammerdamia lutarea (Haworth) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood, *VC74 Bargrennan. Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. EPERMENIIDAE Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze) — Larvae on Heracleum. *VC73, Threave, *VC74 Dunragit. COLEOPHORIDAE Coleophora serratella (Linnaeus) — Larval feeding on Betula. VC73, Parton. C. laricella (Hiibner) — Larval feeding on Larix. *VC73, Loch Trool; Clatteringshaw Loch. C. peribenanderi (Toll) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. ELACHISTIDAE Elachista albifrontella (Hiibner) — Swept from mixed grasses. VC72, Maxwelton House. E. humilis Zeller — Swept commonly from Deschampsia cespitosa. *VC7A, Aird. Biselachista eleochariella (Stainton) — Swept from damp heathland. *VC74, Tarn north of Mochrum Loch. OECOPHORIDAE Borkhausenia fuscescens (Haworth) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Stainton) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. Depressaria daucella ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — Larvae on Oenanthe. VC74, Kirkcowan; Castle Kennedy. D. pastinacella (Duponchel) — Larvae on Heracleum. VC74. Dunragit. Agonopterix alstromeriana (Clerck) — Adults reared from larvae on Conium. =V'C7 3, Parton: A. assimilella (Treitschke) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. *VC74, Bargrennan. GELECHIIDAE Scrobipalpa clintoni Povolny — Larvae in stems of Rumex crispus growing on shingle. VC74, Innermessan. 10 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1.11.1995 MOMPHIDAE Mompha raschkiella (Zeller) — Larval mines on Epilobium angustifolium. VC73, Clatteringshaws Loch, VC74, Innermessan. M. conturbatella (Hiibner) — Adult amongst Epilobium angustifolium. oN C7/3), RETO COSMOPTERIGIDAE Blastodacna hellerella (Duponchel) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. TORTRICIDAE Agapeta hamana (Linnaeus) — At m.v. light. VC74, Monreith. Pandemis heparana ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. *VC74, Monreith; Bargrennan. Aphelia paleana (Hubner) — Adult. VC73, Glavenneshawe Loch. Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabricius) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. *VC74, Monreith. Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (Fabricius) — Adult. VC74, Logan Botanic Gardens. Cnephasia stephensiana f. octomaculana Curtis — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. C. asseclana ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. C. incertana (Treitschke) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. Acleris bergmanniana (Linnaeus) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. Olethreutes lacunana ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. VC73, Parton, adult beaten from herbage. Hedya pruniana (Hiibner) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. VC74, Monreith. H. dimidioalba (Retzius) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. VC74, Monreith. H. atropunctana (Zetterstedt) — Adult. VC73, Clatteringshaw Loch. Apotomis semifasciana (Haworth) — At m.v. light. The second record from Scotland, the first from VC101. *VC74, Monreith. Bactra lancealana (Hiibner) — At m.v. light. VC73, Twynholm. VC74, Tarn north of Mochrum Loch, adults common. Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (Ratzeburg) — Old larval feeding. *VC73, Threave, on an unidentified alien Picea species; Loch Trool, on Picea abies. Epiblema uddmanniana (Linnaeus) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. E. trimaculana (Haworth) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood, VC74, Monreith. Eucosma hohenwartiana ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. VC74, Monreith; Castle Kennedy, adult. E. cana (Haworth) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. *VC73, Twynholm, VC74, Monreith. Cydia succedana ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — At m.v. light. *VC74, Monreith. SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA 11 Ee ee RO Re PYRALIDAE Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linnaeus) — At m.y. light. VC74, Monreith. Crambus pascuella (Linnaeus) — At m.y. light. VC72, Holywood. VC74, Monreith; Castle Kennedy, adult. C. perlella (Scopoli) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. *VC74, Monreith. Agriphila straminella ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — Abundant in grassland. VC72, Maxwelton House; Holywood, at mv. light. VC73, Parton: Loch Trool. VC74, Tarn north of Mochrum Loch; Castle Kennedy. A. tristella ({[Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — VC72, Holywood, at mv. light. *VC74, Tarn north of Mochrum Loch, adults. Catoptria falsella ({[Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — At m.v. hiehta* VC72, Holywood. Scoparia ambigualis (Treitschke) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. VC74, Monreith. Dipleurina lacustrata (Panzer) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. Eudonia delunella (Stainton) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. E. mercurella (Linnaeus) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. *VC74, Monreith. Elophila nymphaeata (Linnaeus) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. VC74, Monreith. Nymphula stagnata (Donovan) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. Evergestis pallidata (Hufnagel) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. Udea lutealis (Hiibner) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. U. prunalis ({Denis & Schiffermiiller]) — At m.v. light. *VC72, Holywood. Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli) — At m.v. light. VC72, Holywood. PTEROPHORIDAE Platyptilia pallidactyla (Haworth) — *VC72, Holywood, at m.v. light. *VC73, Clatteringshaws Loch, adults common round Achillea. VC74, Monreith, at m.v. light. Synanthedon formicaeformis (Esp.), Red-tipped Clearwing (Lep.: Sesiidae), further evidence of a two year life-cycle Most of the current literature concerning the life-cycle of Synanthedon formicaeformis (Esp.) the Red-tipped Clearwing indicates that the species has a one year life-cycle. An observation by Dr Barry Henwood of a larva producing frass from June (when the gall was collected) until August and then overwintering to a prepupal larva in June of the following year suggests that this may not be the case. Fibiger and Kristensen discuss the species and refer to “presumably a single hibernation”. The life-cycle charts in MBGBI volume 7 part 2 describe a one year life-cycle and the description in volume 2 includes the comment “life-cycle said to be one year”. 12 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 Lg 25 In an attempt to breed this species osier stems with beetle damage were obtained from the environs of a gravel pit near to Chichester, Sussex, in March 1993. Over the next two months a few imagos emerged and in July the mines were dissected to demonstrate the anatomy of the larval mine and the position of the cocoon. Whilst splitting the stems a small sesiid larva (8mm in length) was encountered in the central portion of one of the thicker stems. This was placed in a hole drilled in a small branch (1.5mm in diameter) of a sallow in my garden. Some frass was extruded during the summer months but there was no sign of the larva the following spring until in May a small protuberant mass of frass (projecting only 2mm) held together with silk appeared from the place where the stem had been drilled. This was the end of the cocoon and the moth emerged in due course. It was fascinating how little outward presence of the larva there was; even in the spring before emergence there was nothing in the way of gall formation although the area drilled had developed some callus in response to the injury. This represents further evidence that S. formicaeformis has a two year life- cycle and not the one year as suggested by most of the current literature. As the woody material was gathered very early in the year (mid-March) well before any potential flight period of the imagos, it is not possible to explain this observation in terms of there being a fertile ovum already laid on the stem when collected which then hatched, neither were imagos left in the cage to mate and oviposit. After making an observation contrary to received opinion it is tempting to suggest that current literature is incorrect. This may indeed be so but alternatively the species may have a variable life-cycle with some larvae taking one and some two years before reaching maturity. This is a feature of some lepidoptera particularly encountered in the pupal stage with pupae lying over sometimes several winters before emerging. I have observed that in the case of Bembecia chrysidiformis (Esp.) most of the larvae will mature (from ovum to adult) in just one year given an adequate food supply but one larva took two years to complete the life-cycle. This would seem a sensible strategy in survival terms in that it provides a buffer against adverse circumstances (climate, predation or parasitism for instance) which might operate more during some years than in others. To take an extreme example; if a species was wiped out in a locality in a season two larvae or pupae overwintering an extra year could in effect reintroduce the species. References: Fibiger, M. and Kristensen, N.P. (1974). The Sesiidae (Lepidoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press Ltd; Henwood, Dr P.B. (1993). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 139-140; Heath, J. and Maitland Emmett, J. (1985). The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 2. Harley Books, Colchester; Heath, J. and Maitland Emmett, A. (1991). /bid. 7, part 2, Harley Books, Colchester. — Dr JULIAN H. CLARKE, Oaklea, Felcourt Road, Lingfield, Surrey RH7 6NF. PESTS OF URTICA DIVICA 13 eee at SERIOUS PESTS OF URTICA DIVICA LINN. AT 5500' ALTITUDE IN KUMAON HILLS IN INDIA MOHAMMAD ARIF AND NARENDRA KUMAR (DIRECTOR ) Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, P.B. No. 40, Haldwani (Nainital), India — 263139 URTICA DIVICA Linn. belongs to the family urticaceae and is commonly called “Bichhu” grass in the Kumaon hills. This plant is a perennial shrub and grows in fallen lands or in the crevices of retaining walls in the northern hills at an altitude of 1000-2500 metres. During August and September it blooms and young plants are eaten as vegetable and are also fed to cattle and goats as fodder grass. Aswal et al. (1987) has reported the biological activity of this plant as “Antiviral”. Chopra et al. (1984) reported that through contact with the skin, stings of this plant result in minor or temporary irritation of the skin or painful irritation and inflammation with vesicles or blisters depending on the severity of the contact and the susceptibility of the individual. Also, this plant occasionally causes dermatitis, more so in individuals who are especially susceptible. During the survey of insect pests of flora of district Pithoragarh situated at 5500' altitude in the Kumaon hills of central Himalaya in 1992, large numbers of caterpillars of two lepidopterous insects, Aglais kaschmirensis Kollar (Nymphalidae) and Arcte coerula Guenée (Noctuidae) were observed feeding on the leaves and tender shoots of Urtica divica Linn. in the months of July to September. The caterpillars were collected and reared on the host plant in the laboratory. The detail biology of these insects is given in table 1. Average Average Average Average Insects larval period pupal period adult period total life span (days) (days) A. kaschmirensis A. coerula Table 1. Biology of Aglais kaschmirensis Linn. and Arcte coerula Decne. Average total larvae population of A. kaschmirensis was recorded at 132 with minimum and maximum variation of 80-210 and 108 with minimum and maximum variation 55-138 of A. coerula per plant. These caterpillars voraciously feed on plants. In natural conditions A. kaschmirensis pupates on stems and underneath the leaves whereas A. coerula pupates under the soil, fallen leaves on the ground or in the root zone of the plants. From the available literature it reveals that the reported insects of the present study seem to be the first record of pests on Urtica divica Linn. in the Kumaon hills of Central Himalaya. 14 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 111 1995 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Dr J.D. Holloway and the Director of the Institute of Entomology, C.A.B., London, for the identification of insects. References Aswal, B.S., Goel, A.K. and Mehrotra, B.N., 1987. Survey and biological activity of the plants of the Garhwal-Kumaon Himalaya. In Western Himalaya vol. 1, Edited by Y.P.S. Pangety and S.C. Joshi, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital (U.P.), India, P.B. 184- AT. Chopra, R.N., Bhadawar, R-L. and Ghos, S., 1984. Poisonous plants of India. Academic Publishers, Jaipur, India. P.B. 762. A flurry of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in Kent Whilst browsing round a large garden centre at Badgers Mount, north-west Kent, on 10th December 1994 I saw a small child collide with a table containing dried flower arrangements. Although the child appeared undisturbed by this event, the same could not be said for a number of moths lurking in the arrangements who rose as one and dashed in all directions. Embarrassingly net-less and tube-less I could only watch the exodus, but the two or three moths that settled on the low ceiling began running around with a characteristically gelechiid gait. On closer inspection they turned out to be Sitotroga cerealella, a cosmopolitan but not often seen pest species. Although no larval feedings could be found (not unexpected, as the larva can develop within a single grain of, for example, wheat), but it seems probable that the moths emerged from dried cereals used in the arrangements. Sprays of “corn”, often dyed with unnatural colours, abounded. Another example of the adaptability of moths!— PAUL SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. Devon moth records I would like to record three new and unpublished records for Devon: Pedasia contaminella Hbn. (Pyralidae) found commonly on Dawlish Warren on 6th, 8th and 23rd August 1994; Mythimna obsoleta Hbn. (Noctuidae) previously recorded by B. Henwood at Colyton and A. Spalding at Slapton (both Devon localities) — recorded in numbers by myself at Exminster Marshes on 26.v and 19.vi.1994, where it appears to be breeding; Arenostola phragmitidis Hbn. (Noctuidae) previously recorded in the 1980s and several noted at Dawlish Warren 16.vi1.1994, presumably a breeding colony. This species has been seen at Berryhead by B. Henwood and R.J. Heckford, 27.vii.1990; Colyton 1.viii.1982; Abbotskerswell 4.vii1.1994. A species recorded and reported before, although not confirmed as a breeding species, is the noctuid Earias clorana. This moth is very common on Dawlish Warren, being noted on 15.vi and 17.vii.1994— R. McCorMIcK, 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR. BROWN ARGUS IN NW EUROPE 15 THE BROWN ARGUS BUTTERFLY IN NORTH-WEST EUROPE BILL SMYLLIE 164 Dobcroft Road, Sheffield S11 9LH. Introduction A SUBSTANTIAL paper by Hgegh-Guidberg, 1966 (OH-G) on the Brown Argus in Denmark, Norway and Sweden contains details on many aspects of the Ariciae. Among these are results of cross-breeding experiments between parents from southern England (A. agestis), Durham (A. salmacis), north Denmark, southern Norway and Sweden, the three latter all forms of A. allous according to OH-G. This work was carried out in collaboration with F.V.L. Jarvis in Britain. In addition to this a great deal of data is presented by OH-G on selected colonies from the above three Scandinavian countries, including lunulation and the occurrence of several varieties. Lunulation refers here to the series of orange spots near the margins of the upper forewing and hindwing with a maximum of six on each. It is generally accepted that agestis is well lunulated while allous is poorly lunulated: in previous papers the author (Smyllie, 1992a and 1992b) has shown that by quantifying upper forewing lunulation it is possible to classify British colonies according to the degree of lunulation shown by the whole colony rather than by any one individual in it. The main objective in this paper is the comparison of OH-Gs lunulation data for Scandinavia with my data for Britain, after the figures have been manipulated to allow this. Reasons for any modifications are given followed by the resulting Tables A and B. A discussion section follows involving the data generated, and including descriptions of and comments on four varieties. Broad similarities are shown to exist in both varieties and lunulation patterns between Britain and Scandinavia. Finally the main conclusions are summarised. Lunulation Tables In the following tables data is taken or modified from Hgegh-Guldberg (1966) and Smyllie (/oc. cit.). When any English or Scottish counties are mentioned, these have the former boundaries. All the 23 museum collections examined were completed before the present names and boundaries were introduced. The data for the OH-G tables has been originally supplied by Helge Rambring, a Swedish lepidopterist, who recorded the total number of orange lunules on the upper side of each specimen. Initially I did the same but soon dropped the hindwing count as I found that forewing lunulation (upfl) was more varied. Both forewing and hindwing lunulation (uphl) can vary between 0 and 6. Only occasionally do 6 occur on the uph. The norm for 5 and 6 upfl males is 5 uphl. Prints of 22 males with 5 upfl from English agestis and salmacis colonies were examined and all had 5 uphl. Females are better lunulated than males, and for a 6 upfl female I have not seen less than 5 uphl. In order to compare lunulation figures, males and females had first to 16 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 i 1995 be classified as well lunulated (C) or poorly lunulated (P) from the Jarvis terms crassilunulata and parvilunulata respectively (Jarvis, 1966). C males were required to have 5 or 6 upfl while C females (which are better lunuated) needed 6, traces or more counting as a full lunule. It follows that P males have 0-4, females 0—5 upfl. In converting the OH-G Tables I have counted males with 10, 11 or 12 lunules as C, 0-9 as P, while females with 11 or 12 are C and 0-10 are P. The resulting Table A summarises males (M) from any colony/area as MC or MP where MC+MP=MT (T=total). Similarly for females FC+FP=FT. These figures are combined on a 50/50 basis by reducing the larger proportionally so that MT=FT, and adding up to give combined figures CC and CP where CC+CP=CT=2MT or 2FT. All figures for any site are amalgamated to compare with my data, and the right-hand column gives the CC:CP ratio, a numerical figure which expresses the degree of lunulation — the higher the figure the better the lunulation and vice-versa. A much more complete Table of British sites is given in Smyllie (/oc. cit.). OH-G has split upfl and uphl into four categories: I combinations of 4-6 upfl and 4-6 uphl Ii—IV_ 0-3 upfl with combinations of uphl. Because of the complication of uphl the comparison has to be restricted to 6, 5 and 4 upfl (category I). This can be matched by selected data from Smyllie (Joc. cit.) which gives complete numerical details for male upfl for several British sites, plus similar information on females from the general data bank. Over a wide range of variation it is felt that a combination of both sexes gives a more complete picture. Table B gives 4-6 upfl expressed as a percentage of the total number checked. The numbers from which percentages have been derived are included. The higher the numbers the more stable the figures. Although more tentative, low figures (say <15) are better than nothing and do give some indication, so have been included. Discussion Lunulation Conclusions from the Smyllie papers have to be stated as a necessary preliminary to any comparison of data. The three relevant sub-species of Ariciae involved are set out and described. I call them sub-species because they are capable of interbreeding — no other reason. They are referred to by their specific names for simplicity, and as far as | am aware there are no other species in Europe capable of interbreeding :— 1. agestis. Well lunulated with a dark upf discal spot. 2. artaxerxes. Poorly lunulated with a white upf discal spot. 3. allous. Poorly lunulated with a dark upf discal spot. 1. In England agestis occurs from the south coast up to and including three univoltine areas, Eyarth Rocks, the Peak District and the Yorkshire Wolds. BROWN ARGUS IN NW EUROPE 17 All these populations have CC:CP ratios >5.0 (Table A), and this figure gives a rugged and stable quantified measure of agestis lunulation. 2. North of this and up to the Scottish border there is a zone with its main axis between Durham and north Lancashire where both lunulation and CC:CP ratios are very variable (2.41—0.15) even for some colonies close together, and much below the 5.0 min. agestis figure. (This is generally known as salmacis.) 3. Further north artaxerxes in south Scotland still shows a moderate degree of lunulation, CC:CP approximately 0.5 which reduces going north until at Inverness lunulation is low, CC:CP approximately 0.15. 4. North of Inverness lunulation is lower still and is considered equal to allous, even though white discal spots persist, and we are still dealing with artaxerxes. 5. Since agestis is the only well-lunulated sub-species, the above indicates penetration as far north as Inverness. This comment is backed up by the presence of dark scales to varying degrees in artaxerxes discal spots. 6. On the other hand discal dots, white scales in the discal spots, are found down to the south coast of England (Smyllie /oc. cit.). They increase somewhat up to the midlands and then significantly in sa/macis territory. 7. Since artaxerxes is the only provider of white discal scales, this indicates some artaxerxes penetration right through England. 8. In addition to the interpenetration mentioned in 5—7, an addition of allous is also considered necessary to explain some aspects of the data in north England. 9. From all of the above points, we are dealing with a range of hybrids, not distinct species or sub-species. Lunulation variation during the flight period. The discovery of univoltine forms at Royston has been noted (Jarvis, 1966) well inside the agestis zone. Also, although in cross-breeding experiments the larvae were normally reared in continuous light, details of larval growth under normal conditions were given (Jarvis, 1969) in an experiment where Reading (agestis) females were back-crossed with second generation hybrid males via Sherburn (salmacis) males and Reading females. The resulting larvae showed variation from agestis colouring at one end of the spectrum leading to pupation before the winter, to diapause in more than one instar where the larvae showed increasing allous features. There was a variable rate of growth in the brood as a whole, and this would lead to a flight period where individuals with agestis characteristics would emerge first to be followed by an increasing trend towards salmacis. I had already noted signs of this in the field at Watlington Hill, Oxon (agestis), and in 1992 verified that a downward drift in lunulation occurred at Coombs Dale in the Peak District through the flight period. This is a univoltine colony with agestis 18 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1.11.1995 lunulation. Since all colonies show lunulation variation, it seems reasonable to state that they will all show a decrease in lunulation during the flight period, whether in Britain or in Europe. This decrease will be more marked in colonies containing significant percentages of agestis, artaxerxes or allous. Mendelism is a theory of heredity tending to reduce to numerical law the recurrence of inherited tendencies. In aspects of the Brown Argus, the possible application of Mendelism has not been overlooked (eg Heslop Harrison and Carter, 1924). I consider that when two Brown Argus adults mate, their resulting progeny will display variation depending on their forebears going back to the time or times when different races were changing their ranges due to climatic or other influences. This can have happened over many years resulting in a complex application of Mendelism, the practical effect being to give a variation in several characteristics, among them upf lunulation. In the case of a typical agestis colony the following spectrum will apply for males:— 5 or 6 upf lunules: approximately 4 in 5 (80%). Because of reducing lunulation through the flight period which will have a bearing on what specimens are available to a collector on any particular date, it is not possible to give any meaningful separate figures for 6 and 5. The 04 figures are averages, and individuals will be less likely early on and more likely towards the end of any emergence. 4 upfl: approx. | in 6 17% 3 upfl: approx. | in 50 2% 2 upfl: approx. | in 200 0.5% 0 upfl: approx. | in 700 0.15% These figures are not intended to add up precisely to 100%, and arise from an analysis of some 800 males from agestis colonies. The position in north England is much more varied and cannot be expressed so easily. 4-6 upfl will be a maximum of c.90% at the southern end of the zone, eg at Perthichwareu, north Wales, reducing to 25% in parts of Durham. The 4—6 upfl requirement is not stringent, and: for females this is 100% for agestis colonies and also at Pickering and Perthichwareu where reduction in male lunulation starts. Further north it reduces much more slowly than with males and in a similar “dappled” manner, ie the reduction is not smooth or even. Table A When the figures in Table A are compared there is a considerable surprise — the CC:CP ratios for the Swedish sites are below 2.0. It looks as if OH-G's agestis equates broadly with salmacis in north England. As a preliminary to any comments the differences in generating the data should be understood. Ove Hgegh-Guldberg and his co-workers recorded all their dates. The BROWN ARGUS IN NE EUROPE 19 TABLE A: LUNULATION COMPARISON BETWEEN SWEDEN (S) AND BRITAIN Male Male Male Locality Cc P totals Sandhammaren (S) Ratio of Combined | combined total totals 19.5 10.5 a E 345.0 | 45.0 390 3 EZ 4.4 2 6.27 [2 TE Ta 3 17 i 84 l 991 - 8 8.2 28 2.41 | 26 48 32.9 63.1 96 0.52 23 62 46.3 7 ia 0.60 36.8 21.2 58 «| 174 mi 1B 15 3.8 26.2 20) all wont 5 E 30 E 10. «| (0.14 100 83 Female Female Combined | Combined total (e P Skane less (S) S. England Peak District Perthichwareu N. Lancs. OSSD47 Durham: OSNZ43 Sherburn Hill Hart Warren S.W. Scotland Perthshire olrniry oo —i—|Olo;n MIR] wir =| So nN ae) -|N ne) Cul pas t nn Ww als iS vo Ww ey | aD} =X w Europe: agestis i) — in Europe: allous BE KEY: C= crassilunulata P= parvilunulata Smyllie data was generated largely from museum collections and no dates were recorded, only localities. Both methods will give quite satisfactory figures, but OH-G was able to split the Sandhammaren dates into three to provide a first generation agestis followed by univoltine allous followed by second generation agestis. Because the English data is for any one site or area regardless of dates, the Sandhammaren figures have been aggregated for the whole of one year. If they are split up, the best figure, ie the highest CC:CP ratio, works out at 1.38 for the first generation from 24.5 to 18.6. This is of course still very much below the 5.0 minimum. OH-G makes the point that bivoltine agestis flies at the same site as univoltine al/ous, and the latter has a larger wing-span than the agestis. I suggest that this is similar to Royston, but whereas at Royston the univoltine emergence is a small percentage of the whole, at Sandhammaren it is much larger and comes within the salmacis description. In the data for Britain only four agestis figures are included, numbers 3-5 and 13 while the salmacis sites are numbers 6 to 10. Both south Swedish figures seem to be salmacis, but another check can be made from Table B. Table B The paragraph on Mendelism above gave the 4—6 upfl percentage for English agestis colonies as approximately 97% from data covering 800 or so males. This does not take into account any allowance for chance encounters. Without going into statistics, there is little likelihood of agestis colonies having a 4-6 upfl percentage of less than 90%. Surrey (15) at 92% has been included as the lowest agestis area for which I have data. Perthichwareu, north Wales also is 92%, but its CC:CP ratio is well below 5.0. This overlap does illustrate the relative lack of focus of the 4—6 upfl percentage which does least well at either end of the lunule spectrum and best in the middle. 20 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 lume 995 TABLE B: COMPARISON OF UPF4-6L% IN BRITAIN, DENMARK, SWEDEN AND NORWAY LAT MALE FEMALE oe LOCALITY 'N 4-6 L/T 4-6 L/T CLASS'N — — 9 ies) NG Witherslack ENG OSNZ44 Durham HE ii FF NOTES: 1. Sources: 1-11 OH-G, Tables 18 & 19; 12-26 WJS 2. T=total; S=south; N=north; DN=Denmark; NR=Norway; SW=Sweden; EUR=Europe; ENG=England; WA=Wales: SC=Scotland 3. Latitudes are to nearest 0.1' at the localities centre 4. 4-6L/T%s are to nearest whole number, 0.5 rounded down 5. * indicates south of Thames Estuary and the Bristol Channel 6. CLASS'N = classification: 1 agestis >95% combined; 2 intermediates 30-95% combined: 3 allous <30% combined. Perthichwareu is >95%, but its CC:CP ratio (Table A) is <5, and therefore fails the test for agestis The border between allous and intermediates has been selected at 30% combined. This is an arbitrary figure, but seems reasonably sensible. However, we have to use the data compiled by OH-G to construct Table B. With male agestis figures at over 90%, the combined figures will be 95% minimum. The highest Sandhammaren figure (4 SSW) is for a second generation at 91% combined, and this is equalled by a second generation figure for Denmark. Even these selected figures do not equal the 95% required for agestis. There is a genuine difference between English agestis and the bivoltine Swedish colonies via two different cross-checks, and the Danish bivoltine colonies show a similar difference in Table B. BROWN ARGUS IN NW EUROPE pd | a ee end Before leaving Table B it is worth commenting on the ssp. vandalica colony at Hirsthals. Numbers are high and the values will be stable, well within the a/lous range, and surrounded by colonies with higher lunulation. In Durham significant differences occur between colonies quite close to one another, and in discussing this previously I suggested that towards the end of the climatic optimum after the last ice-age, scrub and woodland had formed. This would restrict the movement of open country non-roaming species like the Brown Argus so that certain areas might be missed from one approach direction and not from another, thus enabling significantly different populations to exist relatively near one another. Varieties Var albiannulata (snelleni) In this variety a white ring surrounds the upf discal spot, and examination under a microscope shows clearly that the ring is made up of individual white scales. In England the variety occurs more in females than males, although it can be seen in both. The thickness of the ring can increase with a correspondingly smaller dark central area. On the south coast only one female in ten or so shows the effect and this increases northwards until in Durham/north Lancashire one in three or four is likely. The variety is a stage in the progression from a few white dots (scales) associated with the discal spot to a point where the whole area is covered with scales as far as the naked eye is concerned and the specimen is a ““whitespot”. This occurs very rarely in agestis colonies, and when it does and is noticed it is regarded as quite an event. OH-G mentions albiannulata as occurring fairly frequently in the Jomfruland, south Norway population (in 13 of 71 specimens). The other locality mentioned is Hirsthals, north Denmark where (ssp vandalica) it is found “fairly frequently”. There is no mention of the form with Danish “agestis’ or in Sweden. However, in A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe (Higgins and Riley, 1970) there is a comment “Rare individuals with white discoidal spot have been recorded from various localities in central and southern England and southern Sweden”. In view of this comment I believe examples of var albiannulata should occur at least in southern Sweden. Var albisignata This form occurs regularly in several Scandinavian localities, so is included. It refers to white lines on the uph between the fringe and the dark outer area of the orange lunules, and occurs in most of the populations looked at by OH-G up to Uppland, a little north of Stockholm in Sweden. Further north in Sweden there is not enough data to draw any firm conclusions. A check on 151 British specimens shows that the variety is present in similar levels throughout England and also in Scotland. Again there is a higher percentage DD ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1.11.1995 in females than in males. The similarities between British and Scandinavian specimens leads to the conclusion that they are part of similar overlaps between sub-species. Vars luxurians and unicolor There may be alternative words for these forms; /uxurians refers to specimens with 12 well developed lunules and unicolor to those with no lunules on either upper wing. Again both forms are found in Britain and Scandinavia. There does seem to be one significant aspect relating to these varieties: I find it difficult to envisage examples at the opposite ends of the lunulation spectrum without postulating that one of the contributing ancestors must have had no lunules, the other 12. Today the one with no lunules does not seem to be extant. Even at Lyngenfjord there is some lunulation in both males and females. As for 12 lunules A. cramera appears to have these but I do not know the species, and the illustrations indicate a different venation. So it may be that again the second ancestor is no longer with us. Put in a different way, subsequent inter-penetration has been great enough to modify the original parents somewhat. Summary The main conclusions arise from the comparison of quantified upper forewing lunulation, and the extra focus which this approach has provided has allowed these to be made without taking climate into account. The belief that agestis would be bivoltine, and sa/macis or allous univoltine has proved a significant stumbling block to earlier workers. 1. In western Europe, Ariciae are represented by agestis in the south and allous in the north. 2. The boundary between these two sub-species is not clear-cut and is formed by a significant buffer zone (c450km in Scandinavia and 600km in Britain) of intermediate hybrids. For convenience I have used the term salmacis in the text to describe the variable race in northern England. I would prefer the term “intermediates” since this is less likely to conjure up any picture of a distinct sub-species. 3. From British data, the boundary between agestis and the hybrids is clear- cut, and runs from Perthichwareu in north Wales to Pickering in north Yorkshire. 4. The boundary between allous and the hybrids is not clear-cut and has been defined in the present work in a somewhat arbitrary way which roughly coincides with latitude 59°N. In these circumstances Britain only contains agestis and the hybrid zone. 5. In this simplified situation artaxerxes is considered to be a modification of allous. 6. Since the OH-G work stopped at Denmark it is not possible to determine where the change from agestis to the hybrids takes place in mainland Europe. This could be in northern Germany. BROWN ARGUS IN NW EUROPE 23 3 %; ev (aed th ties _ % eR reas a x x } ibaiset eh pul tat : HIRSTHALE TD ATE aS ay ° Gorcand | | GE x x helt S Gcamd et x OX x ) sey — oy - ae Gi x ‘ NeA0 \ ; : \ Fal LZ i SEAS SES SEK SAND Hanan Ex ==) N WAP 1 H@EGH-GULDBERG 1966 \\\\ agestis [» | allous V WAP 2 SMYLLIE 1994 agestis YY, intermediates [* =| allous 24 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1.11.1995 One question likely to be asked relates to the possibility of different species being able to retain their individual characteristics after mixing at any one site. Take the case of females which are well lunulated, a “southern” characteristic, and yet are also more likely to have vars albiannulata or albisignata, both involving extra white scales, a “northern” trend. In aggregate, particularly with lunulation which is easier to count, the figures do give sensible results, but the above variables are jumbled up as far as individuals are concerned. A well lunulated female is perfectly capable of exhibiting albiannulata and there is no trend relating these two aspects which are quite random. So there is a tension present which does not equate with the preservation of individual sub-species in their original form. Maps | and 2 compare the conclusions reached by OH-G and Smyllie respectively. OH-G involves agestis and allous, while Smyllie adds the intermediate zone. Without the very adequate data collected by OH-G and his colleagues this comparison would not have been possible. My hope is that these conclusions represent a few steps forward rather than backward in the road to understanding more about our butterfly fauna. This understanding should help us to be more aware of, and therefore more caring for, our present heritage. References Heslop Harrison, J.W. and Carter, W., 1924. The British Races of Aricia medon (Esper) with Special Reference to the Areas in which they overlap. Transactions Natural History Society of Northumberland: 89-107. Higgins, L.G. and Riley, N.D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, 282. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 1966. North European Groups of Aricia allous G.Hb. Their Variability and Relation to A. agestis Schiff. Natura Jutlandica. 13. Jarvis, F.V.L., 1966. The Genus Aricia (Lep.: Rhopalocera) in Britain. Proceedings South London Entomological & Natural History Society: 37-60. — , 1969. A Biological Study of Aricia artaxerxes ssp. salmacis (Stephens) Proceedings British Entomological & Natural History Society: 107-117. Smyllie, 1992. The Brown Argus Butterfly in Britain — a Range of Aricia Hybrids. The Entomologist 111: 27-37. — , 1992. The Brown Argus Butterfly in Britain with Particular Reference to the Peak District. The Sorby Record No. 29: 2-17 + plates. Broad-bordered Bee hawks in October (Hemaris fuciformis L.; Lep.: Sphingidae) Mr Ron Hoblyn witnessed two of these moths feeding at Nicotiana flowers in his garden at Santon Dowham, Suffolk, on 4th October 1994. The species has long been known to frequent the rides and open spaces of Thetford Forest and adjoining breckland, where in June and July it could be seen at Viper's Bugloss blossom. In recent years moths have appeared at garden flowers in locations well away from the forest, and larvae and eggs in the forest on honeysuckle in sunny situations as well as in shady woodland. Whatever its national status may be, this species continues to do well here and has enjoyed some very good seasons.- G.M. HAGGETT, Meadows End, Northacre, Caston, Norfolk. A NEW MORDELLISTINA SPECIES 25 AN APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES OF MORDELLISTENA (COL.: MORDELLIDAE) IN BRITAIN A.A. ALLEN 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 &QG. Mordellistena (Pseudomordellina) imitatrix sp.n. VERY CLOSELY allied to and greatly resembling M. (P.) acuticollis Schilsky, from which it differs in the form and disposition of the hind-tibial ridges — a character of recognised importance in the genus. The foodplant is also different. A small black species with yellowish or greyish-yellow pubescence; male with clypeus, mouthparts, front coxae and more or less of the femora reddish or yellowish, mid-femora often darker reddish or pitchy; female with these parts darker to pitchy-black. Antennae with base rather obscurely lighter, they and the palpi longer and stouter in male. Hind tibiae with only one pair of apical spurs. This will serve equally as a rough description of M. acuticollis (cf. also Allen, 1986: 49-50; Batten, 1986: 232-3). Male parameres not or scarcely different in the two species, which may be separated as follows:- 1/2 The two upper ridges on outer face of hind tibia thick, straight and ending abruptly, the foremost plainly ceasing further from base of tibia (about as fig. 1). On Artemisia vulgaris L.. . . Picts. 0 UNMOTIG Sp 2/1 The two upper ridges thinner and longer, not ending abruptly but appearing to curve into, or towards, the longitudinal axis of tibia, the foremost approaching obviously nearer to the base (about as fig. 2). On ELPSLUM (QIVENSE SCOPs = 8 4 a hes 2 in eon BACKIICollis Schl: South-east England: in various localities mostly in west Kent from 1992 onwards. Holotype male (eventually) in coll. Natural History Museum, London: Woolwich Common, west Kent (south-east London), 15.vii.1992, A.A. Allen. Paratypes (same locality and captor, 4.vii.1993) in the collections of the following persons and institutions: J. Horak (Prague), the Natural History Museum (London), Manchester Museum, P.F. Whitehead (Pershore), J. Cooter (Hereford), and the author. I first encountered this species on 15.vii.92, when two males were shaken off different plants of the Artemisia a short distance apart on Woolwich Common: no more were found that year. Though appearing to be A. acuticollis, the differing host-association raised serious doubts. Only later, when the hind-tibial ridges were seen to differ appreciably, was it clear that we had here yet another addition to the British Mordellistena spp. — and moreover, one not yet identifiable from the available literature. The following year, a search on 20th June resulted in two further specimens at each of the above sites; from which, on the 23rd, my friend Professor J.A. Owen obtained a few. On the warm evening of 4th July, one of the two sites yielded numerous examples, the smallest among them scarcely larger than M. nanuloides Ermisch. An attempt was made to 26 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 Liles, ascertain the beetle's status on the common, where the foodplant is very patchily distributed. It showed M. imitatrix to be, at the time at least, very local and almost confined to the two mugwort plants on which it was first found. A few specimens occurred in another area well separated from the original one; but the species seemed absent from the rest of the common, though several scattered but vigorous stands of the Artemisia were well worked. A less thorough search in other parts of the general area also gave a negative result. Last year, 1994, M. imitatrix was not seen. The very hot and extremely drying weather of July may have affected its life-cycle; but in any case, it was not actively sought. Early in August 1993 Mr P.J. Hodge met with the same insect on the same plant along a field edge near Staines, Middlesex, where it was abundant. In August 1994 he found it at Addington, near Maidstone, and Professor Owen at Darenth in mid-July and early August; at these two places in west Kent it was again on the mugwort. It will be seen that all finds of M. imitatrix to date (and there may have been others unknown to me) have taken place within the remarkably short space of three years — a phenomenon pointing to very recent invasion and the still active colonisation of new ground. No doubt the beetle is already present in many other places in the home counties, and new finds may confidently be predicted over the ensuing years. Clearly therefore it is necessary to have a name by which to refer to the species, even if it should later prove to have been described. Mr Jan Horak, in Prague, is engaged on a thorough revision of the genus, but it may be some time before he reaches the group to which the present species belongs. It can safely be asserted that any Mordellistena with only one pair of hind- tibial spurs, occurring inland on Artemisia vulgaris in south-east England, will almost certainly be M. imitatrix. Doubt may, however, arise with casual specimens taken by general sweeping, and any such will need careful inspection as it might prove to be M. acuticollis. This latter, of which only three British specimens are yet known, appears to affect Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle) — cf. Ermisch, p. 187; Batten, p. 233 — an association not so far proved for Britain, however. It must also be remembered that other species of the genus may possibly live on A. vulgaris, notably M. parvula (Gyll.) — quite apart from M. nanuloides Erm. on the coastal A. maritima. In practice, the difference in the hind-tibial ridges may not always be as clear-cut and satisfactory as one could wish. Not only is there some variation, but the ridges can be hard to see at first, and their appearance may change with the angle of incident light and the position of its source. It may require a fine adjustment of the lighting to bring them fully into view. They often show up best in a specimen mounted on its side; or when a hind leg is removed and mounted flat, outer face up. Discrimination may occasionally be difficult without a knowledge of the foodplant. A NEW MORDELLISTINA SPECIES Dai, i 2 3 4 Figs. 1-4: Mordellistena spp. M. imitatrix sp.n.: 1. outer face of hind tibia; 3. left paramere; 4. right paramere. M. acuticollis Schils.: 2. outer face of hind tibia. References Allen, A.A., 1986. On the British species of Mordellistena Costa (Col.: Mordellidae) resembling parvula Gyll. Entomologist's Rec. J. Var. 98: 47-50. Batten, R., 1986. A review of the British Mordellidae (Coleoptera). Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 225-235. Ermisch, K., 1969. Mordellidae. In Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, ed. H. Freude, K.W. Harde & G.A. Lohse, vol. 8. Krefeld. ‘“‘Of all the cars, in all the world...” Some years ago someone gave me a 7Jimes newspaper cutting which related how a South African Lycaenid, Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898, had arrived in Belgium with, it was thought, a pot of geraniums. I confess it wasn't particularly interesting at the time and I gave it no further thought. Mid-day in the southern Spanish city of Granada was sweltering on the 12th of July 1994. The temperature was well into the 40s and I was sat in my camper-van at the head of a long queue of traffic, waiting for the traffic lights to change. They appeared to have been red for an age and I was idly watching the passers-by, when suddenly a tiny grey moth fluttered weakly on the inside of the quarterlight next to the driver's open window; it took a full second to register that the moth had tails and that it was actually a very “foreign” lycaenid butterfly. Sod's Law immediately came into play and several things happened at once. I made a move to close the window; the butterfly flopped from the quarterlight to become lodged behind the altimeter attached to the dashboard by a velcro strip and — of course — the lights changed to green. Somewhere in my van is a male Plebicula sagratrox Aistleitner 1986, which had disappeared down the side of a seat a couple of weeks previously, never to be seen again. Having learned that lesson the hard way, there was 28 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 iE tO8s no way I was going to let it happen again. The busy junction was blocked whilst I blundered around in the front of the van, trying to box the butterfly and sweating profusely in the sweltering heat which was made worse by my having closed all the windows. It didn't take long for the traffic behind to become impatient and in seconds the horns were blaring and a small crowd had gathered on the pavement to watch. Successful at last, I smiled weakly at them — and crossed the junction as the lights changed to amber, leaving behind some pretty angry motorists. The butterfly turned out to be a freshly emerged female C. marshalli which I subsequently learned from Michael Tarrier ({[F] E — Mijas), is now quite common in parts of southern Spain. Judging from the literature, the species has gained a strong foothold in the Balearics and is considered a potentially serious pest of geranium on the Spanish mainland. Anyone wishing to know more about the discovery and subsequent spread of the species in Europe should consult the reference at the end of this note. Of course I may be wrong; there may have been dozens of marshalli stationed at traffic lights throughout Granada, waiting to fight their way into passing cars, but at face value, the words made immortal by Humprey Bogart (or Max Bygraves or whoever it was) in the film Casablanca, seem appropriate — “Of all the cars, in all the world, you had to walk into mine .. .!!” References: Eitschberger, U. & Stamer, P., 1990. Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898, eine neue Tagfalterart fiir sie europaische Fauna? (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), Atalanta, Miinnerstadt, 21(1/2): 101-108; Grey, P.R., 1992. The occurrence of Cacyreus marshalli (Lycaenidae) in Menorca. Butterfly Conservation News, 52: 8-9; Grey, P.R., 1993. The Geranium Bronze, Cacyreus marshalli, (Lycaenidae): a new species in Europe. Bull. amat. Ent. Soc. 53: 179; Honey, M.R., 1993. Cacyreus marshalli Butler. A recent addition to the European fauna and details of its spread. Butterfly Conservation News, 53: 19-19; Maso, A. & Sarto i Monteys, V., 1991. Una mariposas amenaza los geranios europeos, La Vangerdia, Supl. de Cienca y Tecnologia, 9; Mincke, G., 1991. Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898, on Mallorca (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), Phegea, 19: 131; Raynor, E.M., 1990. The occurrence of a Cacyreus species (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in Majorca, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 102: 250; Sarto 1 Monteys, V., 1992. El taladro de los geranios. Cacyreus marshalli, grave plaga de los geranios europeos: su biologia, sintomas y dafios. Horticultura, 83: 13-19; Sarto i Monteys, V., 1993a. Primer hallazgo en el continente europeo de puestas del licenido sudafricano Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898 (Lep.: Lycaenidae)., SHILAP Revta. lepid., 21(83): 191-197; Sarto i Monteys, V., 1993b (1992). Spread of the Southern African Lycaenid butterfly, Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898, (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in the Balearic Archipeligo (Spain) and considerations on its likely introduction to continental Europe. J. Res. lepid. 31(1/2): 24-34; Sarto 1 Monteys, V. & Maso, A., 1991. Confirmacién de Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898 (Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae) como nueva especie para la fauna europea. bol. San. Veg. Plagus, 17: 173-183; Troukens, w., 1991. Cacyreus marshalli Butler, 1898 angetroffen in Belgia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), Phegea, 19: 129-131; Waring, P. & Thomas, R.C., 1994. Butterflies and moths of South-east Majorca, 5-11th April 1991, Bull. amat. Ent. Soc., 53(394): 121-125. — W.J. TENNENT, 1 Middlewood Close, Fylingthorpe, Whitby, North Yorkshire YO22 4UD. LIPTENA PRISCILLA 29 LIPTENA PRISCILLA A NEW LIPTENID BUTTERFLY FROM NIGERIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) TORBEN B. LARSEN 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL. Introduction A MOST CHARACTERISTIC new species of Liptena has been in the collection of Mr R.G.T. St. Leger for more than thirty years. During a recent visit to discuss preparatory work on my book on the butterflies of West Africa, he asked me to describe it and entrusted me with one of his two specimens to be dissected and placed in The Natural History Museum, London. The species in question belongs to the undularis-subgroup of the very large genus Liptena (70 species or so), characterised by being white or cream and by having more or less developed parallel black bands on the hindwing underside. The group, together with the other white, cream, or ochreous members of the genus was comprehensively revised by Stempffer, Bennett & May (1974). They recognised three species: L. undularis Hewitson, 1860; L. ferrymani Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1891 (with ssp. bigoti Stempffer, 1964); and L. septistrigata Bethune-Baker, 1903. I have never seen L. ferrymani bigoti, but from the genitalia drawings in the revision paper, it may well be a distinct species. There are also ochreous species with similar underside patterns. The genitalia of the new species come closest to those of L. ferrymani bigoti, but they are quite distinctive. The species is recognisable at a glance by the much wider dark bands on the hindwing underside and by the colour of the dark markings which are light chocolate rather than blackish-brown. The purpose of this paper is to describe this interesting new species and to place it in context with closely related species. Liptena priscilla sp. nov. Male upperside: (Fig. 1) Forewing 18.5mm. The ground-colour is off-white and the dark markings are light chocolate-brown. Other similar species are purer white with darker brown markings. The forewing has slight chocolate basal shading. The costa is narrowly chocolate to the end of the cell, where there are traces of dark markings, not a prominent tooth as in L. ferrymani. The relatively large chocolate apical patch has an inner edge that consists of a series of steps, forming an angle of 90° along the veins as follows: the width is 6mm from the costa to vein 6; in spaces 4 and 5 the width is 4mm; in space 3 the width is 2mm; in space 2 it is also 2mm, but incomplete. Spaces la and 1b have no black margins. The hindwing has a linear dark margin, lighter brown than the markings of the forewing. The underside pattern is just visible due to transparency. Male underside: (Fig. 1) The dark markings on the underside are lighter chocolate than on the upperside. The light areas of the forewing apex and of 30 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 LES Fig. 1. Male upperside (left) and underside (right) of the Liptena priscilla holotype (slightly larger than life). Fig. 2. The male genitalia of the Liptena priscilla holotype. LIPTENA PRISCILLA 3] the entire hindwing are cream, the basal and discal area of the forewing being off-white. The basal third of the forewing costa is brown, with hardly any tooth at the end of the cell. Just after the cell the costa is almost white for 2mm, till the apical patch begins. This patch is much smaller than on the upperside. There is a row of cream apical spots as well as an additional fine cream submarginal line. The hindwing has seven almost parallel chocolate lines, distinctly wider than in the other members of the group. The fifth of these lines is broken just before a wider dark spot on the costa. There is also a fine chocolate marginal border. Male genitalia: The male genitalia (fig. 2) have the typical configuration of the genus, and valves that are allied to those of many members of the group revised by Stempffer, Bennett and May (1974). They may, however, be recognised at a glance by the deeply bifid saccus. The uncus is broad, with a small central depression. The outer lobes of the uncus are drawn out to a point, a feature occurring in few other members of the genus. The recurved subunci are small and frail, with a slight swelling before the tip. The tegumen is very narrowly and loosely attached to the vinculum. The inner lobe of the valve is much more massive than in L. ferrymani bigoti and the outer, more heavily chitinized lobe is almost straight. The broad saccus is almost as long as the valves. Its distal end is deeply bifid, more so than I have seen in any other Liptena (only in L. batesana Bethune-Baker, 1926 is there a slight tendency to being bifid). Male holotype: Obudu Plateau, 7.i11.1962 (R.G.T. St. Leger leg., coll. Natural History Museum, London) (genitalia no. 29358 — ex Larsen no. BBD). Paratype: one male, same data (coll. R.G.T. St. Leger). The species is dedicated to Mrs Priscilla St. Leger in appreciation of her hospitality to the many entomologists who have come to benefit from her husband's unrivalled knowledge of the butterflies from the area of Nigeria from which she hails. Discussion Liptena priscilla was caught in forest on the Obudu Plateau, one of the few areas of Nigeria which can be described as montane. Many interesting butterflies have been found there. The larger species were reviewed in a special paper (St. Leger 1965), and additional information on the montane zone in Nigeria on the Mambilla Plateau is given by Dowsett er al. (1989). The Nigerian montane zones are outliers of the much larger Cameroun Mountains. Their specifically montane butterfly fauna (some 40 species) has been discussed by Libert (1991); the species number is relatively low and very few are endemic to the Cameroun Mountains even at subspecific level. Though collected at montane levels on the Obudu Plateau, it is unlikely that L. priscilla is limited to montane levels. No members of the Lipteninae elsewhere in Africa seem to be strictly montane. There are, however, many 32 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1.11.1995 species with limited distributions, and the Cameroun-Nigeria border region and western Cameroun contain numerous endemic species. It is therefore likely that L. priscilla will be found also in Cameroun. It must be very local and scarce. The closest relative of the new species, L. ferrymani, has quite different ecological preferences. It is one of the few West African Lipteninae found in the Guinea savannah zone; most of the material in The Natural History Museum, London is from as far north as Kaduna. L. septistrigata, however, is much more of a forest species. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Mr R.G.T. St. Leger for allowing me to describe the new species in this paper, which is no. 12 resulting from preparatory work for the book Butterflies of West Africa — origins, natural history, diversity, and conservation. The Carlsberg Foundation in Denmark supports my own field work, for which I am most grateful. I also wish to thank The Natural History Museum, London, and especially Messrs P. Ackery and C.R. Smith for their help and co-operation. The library of the Royal Entomological Society, London, and the assistance of the librarian, Ms Jacqueline Ruffle is also invaluable. References Dowsett, R.J., Hecg, J. & Knoop, D.P., 1989. Ecological notes on two collections of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from eastern Nigeria. Jn A preliminary natural history survey of Mambilla Plateau and some lowland forests of eastern Nigeria. Tauraco research Report, no. 1. Libert, M., 1991. Insularité continentale: le cas des Lépidoptéres Rhopalocéres de la Dorsale camérounaise. Bulletin de la Societé entomologique de France, 96: 375-398. St. Leger, R.G.T., 1965. The larger butterflies of the Obudu Plateau. Nigerian Field 30: 69-81. Stempffer, H., Bennett, N.H. & May, S.J., 1974. A revision of some groups of Liptena Westwood (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Bulletin of the British Museum, Natural History (Entomology), 30: 109-181 (+plates). Euchmichtis lichenea lichenea (Hb.) Feathered Ranunculus (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-east Hampshire At about 10pm on 8th October 1994 a male specimen of Euchmichtis lichenea lichenea flew to light at the cottage here in Selborne. This occurrence in north-east Hampshire would seem to represent an extension of lichenea's previously published range in the south and north-west of the county. References: Bernard Skinner & David Wilson, 1984. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles Viking, Harmondsworth; Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. (eds.), 1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 10 Harley Books, Colchester; Goater, B., 1974. The Butterflies & Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, E.W. Classey, Faringdon; Goater, B., 1992. The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight: additions and corrections, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. — ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage, Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH. LEG TERATOLOGY 33 LEG TERATOLOGY IN GALERUCELLA SAGITTARIAE (GYLLENHAL) (COL.: CHRYSOMELIDAE) RICHARD A. JONES 13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SE15 3DE. BILATERAL SYMMETRY is one of the most basic rules governing the structure, growth and development of insects. Departures from it, as in the case of bilateral gynandromorphs and chimeras in the Lepidoptera, are highly prized by collectors and valued as perhaps giving some insights into developmental and embryological processes. Teratological specimens in orders other than the Lepidoptera are not common, but do occur; their apparent rarity is probably due to the fact that they are difficult to spot in the field and are usually only noticed when specimens are mounted or later examined for identification. Usually a single specimen shows a unique malformation. However, I recently came across two almost identical terratological specimens of the leaf beetle Galerucella sagittariae (Gyllenhal) together in the same locality. Occurrence On a visit to Powdermill Reservoir near Brede, East Sussex, on 23rd August 1994, I discovered that what was once open water in the north-westerly third of the lake was now standing high and moderately dry. The reservoir is owned and managed by South-East Water and the reduction of water levels by about six feet had left mud flats exposed for some weeks or months. These flats were now covered in a sea of amphibious bistort, Polygonum amphibium L. The bistort stood knee-high and was being devoured by countiess millions of the larvae of Galerucella sagittariae. The adults too were present in uncountable numbers and I took a sample of eight specimens from a single sweep of the net. It was not until these were set later that evening that the unusual teratology was noticed. Description Two of the eight specimens had severely stunted right middle legs (Figs 1. 2b & 2c). The remaining five legs and the antennae of each specimen appeared to be normal. Detailed examination showed that in both aberrant specimens the stunted legs were shorter and slighter. In the two specimens the right femora were reduced to, respectively, 77 and 60% of the left, the right tibiae to (both) 60% of the left and the right tarsi to 40 and 48% of the left. The deformed tarsi were severely shortened and misshapen (Figs. 2b & 2c). Table 1 gives body and limb measurements of the two aberrant specimens compared to the six “normal” specimens. Only the affected middle right legs showed a significant size discrepancy being well outside 34 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 In 1995 Fig. 1. Aberrant specimen (1) of Galerucella sagittariae, showing gross reduction in right leg size. the “normal” range. Aberrant specimen | was slightly shorter than all the other specimens. My father, Mr A.W. Jones was also present with me at Powdermill Reservoir that day and had also taken a number of specimens of the Galerucella. Examination of 11 of these showed that they all appeared normal. Detailed leg measurements of these specimens are not given, but they all fell within or close to the same “normal” range. Discussion Bilateral gynandromorphs and sexual mosaics or chimeras are uncommon, but because they are so distinctive in some Lepidoptera, they are moderately frequently captured and identified. Their occurrence is thought to be due to loss of the male Y chromosome early on in embyological cell division and development leaving some cells of the growing insect with XY genotype, hence male phenotype,and others with XO genotype which by default exhibits the female phenotype (Ford, 1945). Teratological specimens of other orders are also not common, but they do occur. They are usually only noticed upon detailed examination long after capture and so their apparent rarity is compounded (Jones, 1989, Hancock, 1922): LEG TERATOLOGY 35 b Imm Fig. 2. Middle right legs of Galerucella sagittariae: a. normal specimen; b. aberrant specimen 1; c. aberrant specimen 2. All legs are in dorsal view and drawn to same scale. A delightful and curious book by Mocquerys (1880) gives brief descriptions and small woodblock figures of numerous beetle “monsters” Many of these are malformations of the legs. Each is a unique specimen and apart from vague comments on interrupted development or embryological breakdown, no detailed explanation is offered for their appearance. A model of leg development was propounded by French, Bryant & Bryant (1976) to explain supernumerary and other forms of growth produced during regeneration after surgery to amphibian limbs. Many of the “monsters” illustrated by Mocquerys (1880) show similar supernumerary digitation and it is tempting to suggest that the development of such aberrant limbs was brought about because of damage during ecdysis or metamorphosis. In the case of two almost identical deformations in the leaf beetles discussed here it would seem unlikely that two insects could suffer identical injuries to identical middle right legs. In insects, adult structures such as wings and legs, are represented in the larval stage as groups of cells called imaginal discs (eg Gullan & Cranston, 1994, and other textbooks). These discs are analogous to buds. During metamorphosis they are pushed through to the outside of the body and change shape by cell reproduction, differentiation and movement. The underlying causes of these changes are not precisely known (Bard, 1990), but the development of Drosphila fruit fly leg discs from buds to limbs has been visualised using scanning electron microscopy (Fristrom, 1976, 1988). 36 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 en os) Table 1. Body and limb measurements (in millimetres) of six normal and two aberrant specimens of Galerucella sagittariae collected together from Powdermill Reservoir, 23rd August 1994. Measure Aberrant Aberrant Measures of six (ventral) specimen | specimen 2 “normal” specimens (n = 12) Left Right | Left Right mean (range) Front femora 1.10 (1.02—1.19) tibiae 1.06 (0.95—1.19) tarsi 0.79 (0.68—0.89) Middle femora 1.26 (1.19-1.36) tibiae 1.26 (1.13-1.36) tarsi 0.87 (0.78—0.95) Hind femora 1.38 (1.23—1.43) tibiae PAI G26 1747) tarsi 0.87 (0.78-0.99) Antennae : : : : 2.82 (2.73—2.90) Body length : 6.21 (5.88-6.55) (dorsal) (n =6) Measurements were made using a Meiji SKC-1 microscope and an eye-piece graticule (line divided into 100). Limb lengths were ventral, at x 30 magnification (29.333 units/mm). Body lengths were dorsal, at x 10 magnification (8.85 units/mm). *Measurement outside of the “normal” range. The imaginal disc forms a series of folds representing the various limb segments; it then extents telescopically, transforming into a leg. Morphological changes during growth and any underlying genetic controls have traditionally been studied apart, since it is still not known how the subcellular and biochemical changes wrought by the genes bring about the gross structural alterations during development. Nevertheless, it is well known that shape, size and form are inherited characteristics. Drosophila also provides the best studied genetic model for limb development in insects, and during many years of genetic and mutational experimentation various bizarre genes have been discovered or engineered. Several control the embryological development of the various body LEG TERATOLOGY 37 appendages — antennae, wings and legs. Mutants have often been created and genetically verified in which the two antennae are replaced with seventh and eight legs or the wings multiplied from two to four! I do not know whether left or right-legged characters have been identified in the Drosophila genome. Galerucella sagittariae is gregarious as a larva. After hatching from the batch of five to ten eggs, the larvae move in concert up the leaf, nibbling away the upper surface until as later instars they feed individually, skeletonising the leaves they attack. Since the two aberrant specimens were taken in the same sweep of the net, it is tempting to suggest that they were siblings and that the stunted legs were the result of a naturally occurring mutant gene in the population. However, though one abnormal specimen was of normal size, the other was slightly shorter than normal (Table 1), hence perhaps nutritional factors are also somehow involved. Butterfly and moth aberrations are usually obvious enough to be spotted while the insects are alive, offering at least some possibility of studying their genetics. Unfortunately, as is too often the case, the oddity of these two beetles was not spotted until it was too late to consider such a course of action. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to my father, Mr A.W. Jones for supplying further specimens of Galerucella sagittariae from Powdermill Reservoir, to Ms C.B. Ure for statistical advice and Mr P.J. Hodge for identifying the Galerucella. References Bard, J., 1990. Morphogenesis. The cellular and molecular processes of developmental anatomy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-xii, 1-314. Ford, E.B., 1945. Butterflies. the New Naturalist. Collins, London. pp. 193-195. French, V. , Bryant, P.J. & Bryant, S.V., 1976. Pattern formation in epimorphic fields. Science 193: 969. Fristrom, D., 1976. The mechanism of evagination of imaginal discs of Drosphila melanogaster. II. Evidence for cell rearrangement. Dev. Biol. 54: 163-171. —, 1988. The cellular basis of epithelial morphogenesis. Tissue and Cell 20: 265-290. Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S., 1994. The insects: an outline of entomology. London, Chapman & Hall, pp. i-xiv, 1-492. Hancock, E.G., 1992. Assymetrical antennae in the hawthorn shieldbug Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale (L.). Br. J. ent. Nat. Hist. 5: 93-94. Jones, R.A., 1989. [Deviations in the elytral striae of carabids Agonum dorsale (Pont.), Harpalus rufibarbis (F.) and Dromius linearis (Ol.). Exhibit at BENHS Annual Exhibition 19 November 1988.] Br. J. ent. Nat. Hist. 2: 49. Mocauerys, S., 1880. Recueil de Coléoptéres anormaux. Tératologie entomologique. Léon Deshays, Rouen. pp. i-xvi, 1-144. 38 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 L995 Scrobipalpa artemisiella (Treitschke) (Lep.: Gelechiidae), a larval description Stainton (1865, The natural history of the Tineina 1X: p214 and plate VII) describes the larva of Scrobipalpa artemisiella (Treitschke) (then Gelechia artemisiella) as “Greenish, with a dark greyish-green dorsal line, and similar subdorsal lines; ordinary spots minute black, in pale rings; the head pale- brown, darker behind, with the mouth and sides black; second segment yellowish-green, rather marbled with brown.” There is no mention of the colour of the legs; the thoracic legs appear transparent in the illustration, which otherwise follows the description, but the prolegs are not shown. Meyrick ([1928], A revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera) follows Stainton, in a condensed form. I have bred S. artemisiella from west Cornwall on several occasions. Each time I have noticed that the larva has not agreed with Stainton's description but has been as follows: head and prothoracic plate black; body dull brownish-green, dorsal, subdorsal and lateral lines purplish-brown, second thoracic segment dark purplish-brown; pinacula small, black; anal plate blackish; thoracic legs black; prolegs concolorous with body. —R.J. HECKFORD, 67 Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth, Devon PL7 4AW. Further records of Gelechia senticetella (Staudinger) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) Langmaid (1994) reviews the first three records of this species in Great Britain. On 13th July 1994 and 3rd August 1994 further single examples of this species came to actinic light in my back garden at Raynes Park, Surrey (VC17). This identification was confirmed by examination of the genitalia of the July specimen (a male). These captures constitute a new vice-county record for the species. A few other examples of what were probably this species were seen at the trap at around the same time, but these were not retained or noted as their significance (and indeed identity) was not realised at the time. Reference: Langmaid J.R., 1994. A third British record of Gelechia senticetella (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Entomologist’s Gazette, 45: 36. — M.S. Parsons, 3 Stanton Road, Raynes Park, London SW20 8RL. The Small Rufous, Coenobia rufa, Haw. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Buckinghamshire On 29th July 1994 I took at light a specimen of Coenobia rufa at Stoke Hammond, North Buckinghamshire. As far as can be ascertained this appears to be a new county record for this species. G.E. Hiccs, The Cottage, Willen, Milton Keynes MK15 9AD. LARVAL HABIT OF LEIODES RUFIPENNIS 39 THE LARVAL HABITAT OF LEIODES RUFIPENNIS (PAYKULL) (= CLAVICORNIS (RYE)) (COL.: LEIODIDAE): SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS R.M. LYSZKOWSKI “Glenwood” , 57 Henderson Street, Bridge of Allan, Stirlingshire FK9 4HG. THE WRITER, on 26.vi.1986, was looking for Bledius larvae along the Allt Cuaich at NN6786 at a site 5km from Dalwhinnie, Inverness-shire. At one spot near the edge of the stream, some 2cm below the surface of sparsely vegetated sand, three small whitish unfamiliar larvae were found. The larvae, along with a sample of the surrounding sand, were collected for further study. Close examination revealed that the larvae were living in small hollowed out cells surrounded by a matrix of sand and microscopic, sand-coloured spheres. It was a fair guess that what I had found was some sort of subterranean fungus together with the larvae of a Leiodid beetle. Very few published observations existed on the relationship between the Leiodinae and their larval food (Crowson, 1981), so it was decided to try and rear the larvae. The mature larvae were roughly 3mm long with well developed head and mandibles and spent much of their time with their abdomen arched up and over their heads. On being disturbed, a larva would rub the dorsal tip of its abdomen to and fro quite rapidly over the anterior part of its head, as if it were stridulating in some sort of way. Small tranverse ridges of chitin are present on the surface of the last tergite and undoubtedly form a stridulatory file, the shape of which, together with the placement of associated bristles, could be useful characters for identification. Competing larvae probably use stridulation as a warning, thus avoiding injury from the relatively powerful mandibles. Of the three original larvae, one succumbed to a bite inflicted by one of the others, whilst two successfully pupated. One of the pupae collapsed a couple of days later, but the other produced a male Leiodes rufipennis (Paykull) which was kept alive until mature. Two problems arose during the rearing. Firstly, the small samples of sand and fungus were often covered by the hyphae of Mucor-like moulds but regular brushing of the surface of the sand with a small paint-brush managed to keep the mould under control. Secondly, hundreds, if not thousands of nematode worms were present in the sand around the fungus samples and at times the worms could be seen in numbers at the extremities of grains of sand, waving their bodies around in the air. Because of the possibility that the nematodes were responsible for the death of the first pupa, the worms were regularly removed from the liquid film on the surface of the surviving pupa. Paint-brushing proved to be the most effective means of removal. A dried sample of the fungus in which the larvae had been feeding was eventually sent to Dr C. Walker at the Forestry Commission's Northern 40 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1995 Research Station at Roslin, Midlothian via Dr N. Dix (University of Stirling) and Dr R. Watling (Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh). Dr Walker identified the fungus, and added, “It is a typical sporocarp of the species Glomus macrocarpum Tulasne & Tulasne, and consists of many hundreds of individual chlamydospores bound together (relatively tightly) by a matrix of sterile hyphae.” Fresh sporocarps are globose, subglobose, elongate or irregular, up to 10x10x8mm, and have debris adherent to the surface (Berch & Fortin, 1983). A mature specimen recently found by the author also had a very pungent smell, somewhat reminiscent of some decomposing fish. Acknowledgements Dr N. Dix and Dr R. Watling are thanked for the part they played in having my fungus sample identified, and I especially thank Dr C. Walker for carrying out the identification and also for much useful information concerning the fungus together with a copy of the paper by Berch & Fortin. | would also like to thank Dr Graham Rotheray (Royal Museum of Scotland) for looking over my paper. References Crowson, R.A., 1981. The Biology of the Coleoptera. Academic Press. Berch, S.M. & Fortin, J.A., 1983. Lectotypification of Glomus macrocarpum and proposal of new combinations: Glomus australe, Glomus versiforme, and Glomus tenebrosum (Endogonaceae). Can. J. Bot. 61: 2608-2617. Aethes francillana (Fabricius) (Lep.: Tortricidae) bred from Conium maculatum On 29th April 1990 Dr John Langmaid and I were recording micro- lepidoptera at Chesil, Dorset. John observed some small round holes in old stems of Conium maculatum which we assumed were made by Aethes beatricella (Walsingham). As this was a species I had not seen I collected a few stems. Moths emerged between May and June and I noticed how similar they looked to specimens of A. francillana (Fabricius) which I had bred from Daucus carota in Devon. In January 1994 I dissected a male from Chesil and to my surprise found that it was not beatricella but francillana, which | believe has not been recorded from Conium maculatum either in the British Isles or on the continent.— R.J. HECKFORD, 67 Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth, Devon PL7 4AW. A record of the Heart Moth, Dicycla oo L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) from north- west Kent On the night of 12th July 1994 a female Dicycla oo, in excellent condition, came to a garden m.v. trap in West Wickham, north-west Kent. Its identity was confirmed by Graham Collins. This is an interesting record as there has been no confirmed record of its occurrence in Kent since 1919. Chalmers- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 4] Hunt (Butterflies and moths of Kent 2: 244-245) gives West Wickham as a historic locality, with records from 1896 and 1897. The moth also occurred widely in the adjacent localities of Hayes and Bromley at the end of the last century. The moth is not known to wander far from its known habitats and it is interesting to speculate upon its origin. In the adjacent county of Surrey the Heart Moth is quite widely distributed, with Ashtead as the most well-known locality (where it is sometimes common, and produces ab. renago from time to time). Those who have run traps at this site know the moth's disinclination to wander, as it is normally found at the top of a hill (a stiff walk with a generator). Those who run their light at the bottom of the hill invariably come home empty handed! Other localities in Surrey include Thorpe, Virginia Water, Leigh, Dorking, Betchworth, Buckland and East Horsley, although at none of these localities can it be described as either regular or common. We are most grateful to Graham Collins for his helpful comments, and for supplying data from the Surrey insect recording scheme.— PETER Jupp, 125 Birch Tree Avenue, West Wickham, Kent and PAUL SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent. Apion laevicolle Kirby (Col. : Apionidae) in the New Forest Among a number of beetles taken on 29.vi.1952 at Brockenhurst in the New Forest, south Hampshire, but not critically examined until now, I was much surprised to find a specimen of the very local and usually scarce Apion laevicolle Kb. On that occasion I collected only in the vicinity of Butts Lawn and the nearby part of Balmer Lawn, obtaining among other things a good series of the uncommon ladybird Hyperaspis pseudopustulata Muls. The Apion was probably taken by sweeping, but the type, or types, of situation explored were quite unusual for the species, which is chiefly coastal or maritime. There are, it seems, no records for the Hampshire mainland; Fowler (1891, Col.Brit.Isl. 5: 147) gives three for the Isle of Wight, and one as far inland as Windsor. However, it appears to be more especially a Kent and Sussex species — I once found several at Deal on a sandy waste slightly inland, at roots of herbage, besides one at the Lizard. As the host is thought to be white clover, Trifolium repens, the weevil's range is obviously limited by factors other than the range of that ubiquitous plant— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. Hazards of butterfly collecting — getting the shakes — United Kingdom, April 1993 Nine days after returning from six weeks of butterfly collecting in Ghana I was not really feeling my best, but then who does when exchanging the tropics for the vagaries of the English weather in early spring. A couple of aspirin generally kept the discomfort at bay. On the tenth morning it was clear that I had a fever and that more radical action was called for. While trying to book a doctor's appointment, | 4? ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 e995 suddenly got the shakes — and I mean the shakes. A piping hot bath was no help. I shook so seriously that the water splashed all over the floor. There could be no doubt. This was malaria. It took a couple of hours to get to the St. Pancras Hospital for Tropical Diseases. By then the fever had shot up to 42° and I could feel my ability to reason and act rationally abandoning me. Within fifteen minutes of arrival at the hospital I was in bed with an intravenous infusion of quinine in my arm and a mild sedative in my stomach: “We'll deal with the formalities later”. I have little recollection of the following day, but two days later I was basically fine, while starting a course of Mefloquine, a fancy new anti-malarial. 7 The consultant arrived to fill me in. It was falciparum malaria, the most dangerous and drug-resistant of malaria strains, cerebral malaria apart. When I arrived at the hospital I had 5.5% of my blood cells affected, rising to 9.5% by the time the quinine took effect. “So it was a good thing I came in straight away”, I said brightly. “Yes”, said the consultant drily, “because you'd have been dead in 24 hours”. Normally, 1.5% infection is enough to lay you low, and at any point above 3.0%, death is a distinct possibility. Possibly because I have been exposed to malaria for nearly fifty years, I had extraordinary resistance, which made the whole episode so much more dangerous. The speed at Which the illness developed was frightening; from having mild discomfort to death's door in less than 24 hours. Imagine it happening 14 days earlier. I was then camping in a national park, without transport and without radio. I might not have made it in time as my decision-making facilities deteriorated. In several of these essays I have stressed that butterfly collecting in the tropics 1s not a macho activity. On the whole, wild animals do not lurk, hordes of insects do not engulf you, tropical diseases do not strike you down, and the local people are not hostile. In general, transport is the only real danger, with poor roads, bad drivers, and cars in frightful mechanical condition conspiring to create mayhem — at least fifteen times the number of people killed per 100,000 cars than in my native Denmark. Malaria, too, is not a great danger if you take your anti-malarial tablets correctly. I have regularly lived in or travelled to malarial areas for 45 years and never had malaria before. What had happened in this case is that I On a steep recovery curve... NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 43 packed my anti-malarials in my checked luggage, despite an overnight stay in Cairo, and forgot to take them on the first day in London. Two days of letting down the defences, combined with the bad luck of being bitten by a very nasty mosquito, was sufficient window of opportunity for the parasites. Three days after hospitalisation I felt fine (my wife was deeply relieved when I asked her to bring some Indian take-away instead of the awful hospital fare), but it took a few more days to get the parasite count down to zero. After a total of five days I was back behind my computer as if nothing had happened. It had been my first time in a hospital, my first brush with serious illness, and the whole episode rapidly began to seem unreal. But I now carry a full kit for malaria treatment — quinine and Mefloquine —which I still have not needed to use. I have also acquired the nasty habit of persistently nagging those of my friends and colleagues who do not maintain anti-malarial discipline. At least, they cannot say: “But nobody ever gets malaria, anyway.”!— T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SE9 8PL. Sedina buettneri (Hering) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Essex, 1994 On the night of 16th October 1994 a male Sedina buettneri (Blair's Wainscot) was found in the Heath light trap operated by Ms Barbara Lock in her garden at Frinton-on-Sea, Essex. She took the specimen to Reg Arthur, a member of the Essex Lepidoptera Panel who also runs a light trap at St. Osyth on the north Essex coast and he was able to confirm the identity. The moth was later photographed by another north-east lepidopterist, Ian Rose, before Ms Lock released it at Frinton as she did not wish the specimen to be retained. Colour prints of the moth were shown to Essex Lepidoptera Panel's animal records meeting on 19th November 1994, for further confirmation of identity. This is believed to be the first UK record of §. buettneri since 1966. J. FIRMIN, Chairman, Essex Lepidoptera Panel, 55 Chapel Road, West Bergholt, Colchester, Essex CO6 3HZ. First Kent record of Coleophora deviella Zell. (Lep.: Coleophoridae) During a visit to the Swale National Nature Reserve at Shellness on 21st August 1983, I noticed three larval cases on the seeds of Sweda maritima and did not recognise them as being one of the common salt marsh species, but looking similar to C. deviella, the cases of which I had collected the previous October at Peldon, Essex. I returned on the 2nd October 1983 and was able to establish that they were indeed C. deviella and a concentrated search produced a good number of full grown cases, albeit very sporadically distributed. They are very conspicuous on the foodplant and as I had not searched this same area for several consecutive autumns I can only surmise that at the time it was a recent arrival. Further cases were found on 7th October 1984, in the company of Michael Chalmers-Hunt. The cases are larger than many species, being between 9 and 19mm long when full fed, very clean with no sand particles attached; pale whitish- ochreous in colour, often with between two and four orange longitudinal 44 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 LenetO95 “gussets”. This description agrees fairly well with an unidentified case collected by R.W.J. Uffen at Shellness, Kent on 24th May 1980 but which was subsequently misplaced. I personally found this to be a most difficult species to bring through the winter, and even overwintering suspended on a garden fence in linen bags in the time-honoured fashion, a very large proportion of the cases had become affected with mould by the spring. I believe this to be the first time the species was recorded in Kent. —N. HEAL, 44 Blenheim Avenue, Faversham, Kent ME13 8NW. First Kent record of Cosmopterix lienigiella L.&Z. (Lep.: Cosmopterigidae) A single specimen of this species was attracted to m.v. light at Stodmarsh National Nature Reserve on 8th July 1984, the first record for Kent. The foodplant, Phragmites is abundant, but rather inaccessible at this locality. — N. HEAL, 44 Blenheim Avenue, Faversham, Kent ME13 8NW. Further notes relating to an Indian Arctiid, Bombay, 1994 Following on from my observations on the Indian Arctiid, Estigmene nigricans (More, 1872) (Ent. Rec. 106: 193). The moth was re-identified by the BM(NH) in September. It is now known as Estigmene perotteti Guerin. As two generations have now been reared through it seems to be of importance to detail what foodplants have been accepted by the larvae. These are: Buddleja davidii, Mentha, Geranium, Polygonum aviculare, white dead nettle, nettle, hawkweed, dandelion and Rorippa aylvestris. Plants not accepted have included Jasmine and bramble. Professor Michael Boppré has reported successful results with the insect on his own artificial diet. The most interesting aspect of the moth must be the amount of variation. Four basic “forms” have been noted, these are: a form with a “cream-stripe” on the forewings; a “sooty-black” form where the whole wing area of the moth is “sooty-black” except the body; the latter form but with “tufts” of white as the base of the forewings and a form where there is no trace of “pink” either on the abdomen or the wing area and can only be described as being “melanic”. The normal “pink” being replaced with “grey”. A couple of examples have in addition been in possession of a broken “cream stripe” and in one case only where the “cream” colour has been reduced to a single spot on the forewing. The most frequent variety is the “cream-stripe’’, in the F2, 88 examples emerged of this type; the second most frequent 1s the “sooty-black” form, 59 in the F2. 51 examples emerged of the third-named. Of the “melanic” form a mere four examples have eclosed. Presently, the larvae of the F3 are in first instar on nettle and Rorippa sylvestris. References: Bergomaz. R. & Boppré, M. A simple instant diet for rearing Arctiidae and other moths. Journal of the Lepidopterist’s Society No. 3, 40: 1986; Clumo, G. Estigmene nigricans More (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Bombay, 1994 Ent. Rec. 106: 193; Hutchinson, John. British Wild Flowers. Vol. 1. 1955. — G. KING, 2 Cooper Court, Clays Lane, London E15 2HL. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 45 The very first light-trap, 1565? In 1856 Townend Glover described a lantern type light trap for helping to control insect pests of cotton (Glover 1856). This trap was so designed that the insects attracted were either burnt or deposited through the open bottom into a barrel of molasses or other adhesive substance. Glover then re- designed his trap so as to catch the insects alive and so be suitable for collectors. He did not publish this but on a visit to London described it to H.G. Knaggs who then published an illustrated account (Knaggs 1886). According to Wilkinson (1969), this was the first account of a light trap to be used for catching insects, but he had not then come across Glover's 1856 paper (Wilkinson 1974). Light, in the form of lanterns of various sorts, either carried or placed in windows had been known and used to attract insects for very many years, the first traceable account being that of Petiver (1695). That the origin of the independent light trap, as well as the knowledge that light attracts moths, goes back even further I came across recently by chance. Amongst an assortment of books I acquired at a recent auction was a copy of The Countrie Farme. “Compleyed in the French tongue by Charles Stevens, and John Liebault, and translated into English by Richard Surfleet. Now newly reviewed, corrected and augmented by Gervase Markham. Adam Islip, London 1616”. This book is the English translation of La Maison Rustique by Charles Estienne and John Liebault first published in France in 1565. It is a textbook on husbandry, gardening, beekeeping, viticulture, forestry, etc and cannot resist giving medical instructions! Browsing through the index I came across the intriguing entry Butterflies eating Bees. Finally locating the reference (which occurs on page 326, not 226 as stated in the index), I found the following, which is in Chapter LX VI “Of the remedies of the diseases that Bees are subject unto”. The spelling is modernised. : “The butterflies, which use sometimes to hide themselves in the hives, and do kill the bees, will themselves be killed, if when mallows are in flower, and they abounding in great quantity, there be set amongst the hives, in the night season, a high and narrow mouthed tin-pot, with a burning light in the bottom of it, for presently all the butterflies will hasten and fly thither unto the light, and flying about it, will burn themselves: for they cannot easily, from a narrow bottom, fly right up, neither yet shun and avoid the light, in getting themselves far off from it, seeing they are forcibly kept within a narrow scantling, the pot itself being not wide, but narrow”. This is not only an account of a light trap but also an early example of pest control, pre-dating Glover by three centuries! From the context it seems certain that the “butterflies” concerned are one of the wax moths, most likely 46 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 | Veuialite/3)5) Galleria mellonella. The fact that they are called butterflies is easily explained by this being a work translated from the French where “Papillon” translates as “butterfly”, moth being “Papillon de nuit” and all French books in my library with “Papillons” in the title deal with both moths and butterflies. References: Knaggs, H.G., 1866. The new American moth trap. The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 2: 199-202; Glover, Townend, 1856. /nsects frequenting the cotton plant. In: Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the year 1855, Washington, DC; Petiver, James, 1695. Letter to John Scampton, March 17th, Sloane MS 3332.f.128v; Wilkinson, R.S., 1969. Townend Glover (1813-83) and the first entomological light trap. The Michigan Entomologist, 2: 55-62; Wilkinson, R.S., 1974. The sources of Townend Glover's “American moth trap.” The Great Lakes Entomologist, 7: 127-128. — BRIAN O.C. GARDINER, 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL. Aplota palpella (Haw.), (Lep.: Oecophoridae) new to the Midland Plateau During warm summer evenings when working in my study, it is occasionally my habit to leave a window slightly open whilst at the same time switching on the 22-watt ring light on my drawing table. It is not improbable that a number of readers have done a similar thing when for some reason conventional moth trapping is off the agenda: it gives one the feeling of at least being partially in touch with what is going on. For much of the time the consequences are that the room is invaded by a horde of common insects which eventually cause far more trouble than anticipated as they vanish behind books and under tables! There are occasional surprises, however, and one came my way on the evening of 25th July 1994 when Aplota palpella (Haw.) appeared. It was about to be returned to the wilderness of my garden as a Depressaria when I realised that something about it was not quite right. Being only an occasional lepidopterist, I sent it to Mr R. Warren (Stafford- shire County Recorder) and he revealed its identity and significance. My garden is in no way unusual. It is bordered by 1700 acres of open country in the shape of the Sandwell Valley and our moth list has a number of unexpected components, some possibly introduced via garden plantings. It would be interesting to know if there 1s any evidence of an increase in numbers or northwards movement of this scarce moth during recent times. Maybe it does get overlooked, being mistaken for a Depressaria. My thanks go to Mr Warren for his help in this matter— M.G. BLOXHAM, | St. John's Close, Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich. Apion sedi Germar (Col.: Apionidae) in Dorset Several years ago I discovered that a small Apion which I had long supposed (though with no great confidence) must be an undersized and peculiar example of the common and variable A. curtirostre Germ., was in fact a definite A. sedi Germ. It was taken by grubbing on the Chesil Bank, near the Weymouth end, on one of three visits in August 1937. Curiously, this seemed to be the first known capture of the species in Dorset, though by now probably not the only one. Professor M.G. Morris had not met with A. sedi in NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 47 the county when I informed him of my find. Elsewhere I have taken it, again singly, at the Lizard, Deal, and in the Suffolk Breck.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. Hypena obsitalis (Hb.) the Bloxworth Snout (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to mainland Hampshire At 6.50pm on 12th November 1994, as I went into our conservatory I saw an unfamiliar moth at rest on the outside of the window. It appeared to be a medium-sized snout, with pointed wings and strong lines on its underside. I hurried out but had only the briefest glimpse of its upperside before it flew off in the breeze towards my m.v. lamp. It was not until 8.15pm that I rediscovered it in a patch of shadowed wall and boxed it, recognising it from the illustrations as a female Hypena obsitalis Hb., the Bloxworth Snout. I was later able to obtain several photographs. This Mediterranean species was first noted in Britain on 21st September 1884 by the Reverend Octavius Pickard Cambridge at Bloxworth in Dorset. By 1983, seven further records had been published: Cambridgeshire (1895), Dorset (1917 and 1965), Cork (1936), Cornwall (1943), Scilly (1962) and Sussex (1983). Bernard Skinner has kindly this week sent me details of four more occurrences: Shanklin, [-O.W. A.H. Greenham 27th January 1968 Dover, Kent G.H. Youden 18th August 1985 Perranporth, Cornwall F.H. Smith 8th November 1987 Brixham, South Devon B. Henwood 29th July 1989 The Selborne insect is therefore probably the thirteenth British record as a primary immigrant. I am grateful to Barry Goater for confirming the identification and for ratifying the new to mainland Hampshire status. It is not clear whether this specimen arrived from abroad on the southerly airstreams of the preceding week or whether it had been disturbed from hibernation by the chopping down of next-door's ivy tods on 11th November. As there is plenty of the foodplant (Parietaria judaica, Pellitory- of-the-wall) in this village, the discovery of a local resident or temporarily resident colony, in addition to those found since 1990 in Devon and Cornwall, might be a possibility. A thorough search is intended, since absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. References: Bernard Skinner & David Wilson, 1984. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles Viking, Harmondsworth; A.M. Emmet, 1991. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 7(2), Ch.3, Harley Books, Colchester; R.F. Bretherton, B. Goater & R.I. Lorimer, 1983. /bid. 10 Harley Books, Colchester. — ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage, Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH. A minor infestation of Atropos (Lep.: Sphingidae) in Hertfordshire, 1994 I received a call for advice in the village on 27th August this summer, from a gardener who had encountered a very large caterpillar devouring his potato plants. The description certainly fitted that of Acherontia atropos Linn. so I 48 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 fa '995 set off, suitably equipped for great things. A healthy, full grown larva of the green form confirmed my telephone diagnosis and I immediately set about searching for signs of others, ie stripped potato stems. There were signs on several clamps of recent feeding but no trace of the cause. Assuming that these larvae were also full fed, I presumed that they had gone down. I was assured that I would be informed if more were found and in due course a larva and pupa were dug up. In the meantime I had begun scouring the area for potato fields and signs of larval activity. I was unaware of reports of other atropos in the country at this time so was particularly keen to see how strong a local presence the moth had established (I suspect most entomologists enjoy a brush with such a spectacular insect) in the area. Any creature that beats the “Best kept Village” tidy up operation and the tendency of farmers to spray everything that moves or might do, is of interest here. Anyway, alert to the old tales of great areas of stripped potato plants, I spent several days walking up and down furrows of potato fields looking for signs. Two fields looked promising, with tops of stems stripped and Mills-bomb like frass (but smaller) below in evidence. No sign of larvae made me wonder if sprays had beaten them, but the farmer assured me that only fungicides had been used in recent weeks. (How I wonder does fungicide affect atropos?) A short while later a defoliant spray was used to kill off the plant tops prior to lifting the crop. I therefore made plans to be in at the harvesting. This farm still uses an old tractor mounted machine that uses a wheel with tines, that spins and throws the potatoes sideways out of the soil clamp. A rather violent action only limited by the need to avoid cutting the potato in half or bruising it. The exposed potatoes are then lifted by hand into crates and taken off the field by tractors. A talk to the team of workers and their children, together with a small financial incentive created sufficient interest to get pupae put to one side rather than destroyed or discarded. Lifting the crop began on a 27-acre field on the 3rd October. On the first day only three pupae appeared and it was necessary to assure some of the workers that these could not sting. Over the next two weeks about 54 pupae were found or reported. Bearing in mind the fragility of the pupae and the violent disinterment, it was surprising how few were damaged, about 15%. This figure was aggravated by the hands of several of the smaller workers, one of whom approached me barefoot, wielding a sock which in due course yielded a live but dying, mashed pupa. It was interesting to speculate how many pupae were being passed over that had remained buried. Certainly there were signs that a very substantial proportion of the potato crop remained covered and so lost, crushed and ploughed back in. The chances of pupae surviving this treatment or the moths being able to reach the surface through impacted mud seems small. The declining ground temperature as winter approaches must add to the odds against successful emergence. Having studied the excavated soil after the NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 49 passing of the tractor, I would not be surprised if less than half the pupae in the field come to light. In captivity and artificial warmth, moths are now emerging in the latter half of October. It was interesting to note how the pupae were scattered throughout the field, but in definite groups. Not particularly more plentiful round the outer rows of plants, but of the three varieties of potato grown; Cala, Maris Piper and King Edward, the small area put down to the latter produced a notable increase in finds. It had not occurred to me that a Death's-head Hawkmoth might show a preference for such a good old fashioned spud. Next year this farmer will be switching from manual potato lifting to contracted mechanised potato harvesters. It will be interesting when the next “atropos year” occurs to see if it is still possible to salvage any pupae. DAvID WILSON, Joyce House, Green Tye, Much Hadham, Hertfordshire. Little-known entomological literature 3 I believe that The Theater of Insects by Thomas Moffett is well-known, if not consulted, by many entomologists. It was first published in 1634 as Insectorum sive minimorum animalium Theatrum and subsequently translated into English by John Rowland when it was then issued in 1658 as the third book of Edward Topsell's 2nd edition of his History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents: Whereunto is now Added The Theater of Insects, or lesser living creatures: As Bees, Flies, Caterpillars, Spiders, Worms & c. A most Elaborate Work: By T. Muffet, Dr of Physick. Although originally published as one volume, the three separate “books” have frequently been split over the centuries and The Theater of Insects in particular is often to be found individually. What, however, is not so well known is that Topsell's History of Serpents contains a considerable amount of entomology and although some of this repeats (with embellishment by Topsell!) some of the matter in the Theater, it can be argued that to be entomologically complete, Serpents and Theater should be kept together. The Serpents contains the following entomological matter:- Bee, 14 pages; Wasp, 7 pages; Hornet, 4 pages; Cantharides, 4 pages; Caterpillars, 7 pages: Scorpion, 7 pages; Spiders, 21 pages: a total of 64 pages or 20% of the book and while we can perhaps understand “caterpillars” as being “serpent-like,” the other insects take a great deal of imagination to fit in with snakes, chameleons, crocodiles, dragons and basilisks! It is not easy to tie down just how “Moffet’ spelt his name or indeed how it should be spelt. On the title page of Four-footed Beasts it is as above, but on the title page of the Theater it is “Mouffet, Doctor in Physick”. Freeman, in his British Natural History Books: A Handlist gives “Muffett see Moffett”. To further confuse us, it is Edward Topsel in Four-footed Beasts but Edward Topsell in Serpents! Although the Theater is generally reported to be the first British entomological book, this is not so. That honour belongs to The Silkeworms, and their flies by T.M. (almost certainly Thomas Moffett) which was 50 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1.11.1995 published in 1599. It could well have been this book that aroused the interest of King James I, who made a determined, but not entirely successful attempt to establish a silk industry in Great Britain. The failure of this venture was perhaps more due to our weather than to any other cause, but its legacy still exists in the presence of ancient mulberry trees, usually in the grounds of, or on the former site of, large country houses and estates. If the honour of being the first entomological book belongs to Si/keworms, then surely the second — in spite of its title Serpents — must belong to that book in view of its extensive entomological content and the date of the first edition which was 1608.— BRIAN O.C. GARDINER, 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL. Thera juniperata Linn. (Lep.: Geometridae) in west Gloucester in Autumn 1994 Between 29th October and 5th November 1994, I recorded 12 specimens of T. juniperata Linn. at light whilst carrying out landscaping work for a customer at Whiteshill, near Stroud, Gloucestershire. These were noted alongside six Lithophane leautieri Boisd. and numerous Colotois pennaria Linn. The Juniper Carpet is extremely local in Gloucestershire. Newton, J. (Macrolepidoptera of Gloucestershire, Proceedings Cotswolds naturalists’ field club. 1982) states that “The species has not been recorded in the county since Richardson, Nailsworth 25.1x.69.” The occurrence of this species originated from an introduced juniper bush brought from Oxford during March 1994. According to its owner the bush was planted in his garden at Whiteshill but failed to establish itself, died, and was thrown out. It appears evident that the bush contained ova or more probable larvae, which produced the imagines I recorded. Juniper is very scarce in this part of Gloucestershire, being restricted to a few upland areas of the county. There is no presence of the plant around the Stroud area which will undoubtedly lead to this brood being short lived. In conclusion J will add that the recent mild weather has produced very large numbers of Autographa gamma L. and on 28th October two Nomophila noctuella D.&S.—~ M.N. McCREA, 223 Mathews Way, Paganhill, Stroud, Gloucestershire GLS 4DP. Invertebrates of Wales by Adrian Fowles. 157pp. Numerous colour and monochrome illustrations. A4 Boards. Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the Countryside Commission for Wales. 1994. Price £24.50. Although dealing with invertebrates in general, much of the coverage relates to insects. Wales is divided into three regions: North, Dyfed and mid-Wales and the south. This strange division is adopted because it corresponds with the former administrative regions of the now defunct NCC! Within each region there is a general introduction followed by a habitat-by-habitat coverage, typically coastlands, woodlands, lowland grasslands, lowland heathlands, open water and its margins, lowland peatlands and uplands. BOOK REVIEWS 5 The main thrust is to look at the rarer and more unusual invertebrates found in each habitat, their ecology and general significance. There are descriptions of nature reserves and other important sites, a list of invertebrates in Wales protected by British and/or European legislation (19 species!) and a range of indices. The text is narrative in nature and very easy to read. There is much useful information and comment woven into the text, and it is pleasing to read a sensible and balanced view of conservation problems today. Wales contains many very interesting species, particularly from the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and these are given full coverage. The book is well illustrated with habitat and insect photographs which complement the text. Overall a highly recommended book for anyone interested in the fauna of Wales, but with much of general interest as well. Surprisingly, the normal bibliographic information is absent from the front of the book with the ISBN number and publication date only appearing on the back cover. The attractive layout is spoiled by the ragged right-hand margins of the double columns of text, which should have been right-justified in this type of publication. Paul Sokoloff Practical hints for the field lepidopterist by J.W. Tutt. A facsimile reprint with foreword by Paul Waring and introduction by Brian O.C. Gardiner. 170pp. 7 plates. AS Boards. Supplement 8pp. The Amateur Entomologist volume 23. Amateur Entomologists' Society, 1994. Price £21.00. J.W. Tutt, the founder of The Entomologist’s Record, originally published this work in three parts between 1901 and 1905. Most extant copies contain the 1908 reprint of volume 1 but this facsimile uses the original edition. In recent years this work has been increasingly hard to find on the second-hand market and as a consequence very expensive when found. So why should anyone take the trouble to reprint a practical handbook that is now 90 years old? ; Tutt himself was a master field worker and prolific author. As editor of a leading entomological journal he had access to all the tips, hints and secrets of his readers and he collated these into the Practical hints volumes which are still the most comprehensive practical manual on Lepidoptera available today. Not only is the book packed with hints and information, but it also includes a number of essays by Tutt including collectors, collecting and collections; Lepidoptera eggs (from a highly practical point of view), larvae and larval stages, and the pupae. Each part deals with finding both micro and macrolepidoptera family by family, and month by month. Hints include where and how to find early stages and adults and often tips on how to successfully breed through. Two things have changed dramatically since Tutt first wrote this book. Firstly the habitats and abundance of individual species have in many cases declined, a sad reflection on the advance of civilisation. Secondly, the activities of taxonomists have contrived to make many of the scientific So ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 | nS) names used in Tutt's day unrecognisable to the modern lepidopterist (can you recognise the Noctuid Xylophasia rurea?). This makes using the book a trial, but the AES has published a supplement which cross-references the names used by Tutt with the modern scientific name and the vernacular name (although these were not used by Tutt). The supplement can be used alongside the main work, saving the irritation of constantly flicking backwards and forwards to the index. For anyone interested in finding the early stages of Lepidoptera, or any other aspect of field work this is an enormously useful book to have. The Amateur Entomologists' Society have done a great service in making available again this classic work at an affordable price. Paul Sokoloff The butterflies and moths of Berkshire by Brian Baker. 368 pp., 3 mono- chrome illustrations; 2 maps. A5 Boards. Hedera Press, 1994. Price £25.00 This welcome local list covers all the Lepidoptera recorded from Berkshire (VC22), and adds some 410 species to the 1260 recorded in The Victoria County History of Berkshire, 1906. After a brief foreword and introduction, there is an interesting chapter on the early collectors of Lepidoptera in the county followed by a synopsis of the county, notes on the records and bibliography. The bulk of the work comprises the list of species and records with an index of place, English and scientific names. The layout follows that of The butterflies and moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight published in 1974, except that species are listed and referenced by their Log-book number. The records themselves are meticulously presented with a comment on distribution followed by locality, date and source of record. In this respect, and as might be expected from such a well known author, it is a “model” local list. So often a reader will consult a local list, find the desired species and be confronted with a pithy statement “uncommon” — with no other information. In this work you have the locality, date last recorded and recorder. More than enough to make a judgement on authenticity or, as is often the case, weigh up one's own chances of encountering the insect. An essential work of reference. Paul Sokoloff UK Nature Conservation No. 3. A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain by P.S. Hyman, revised and updated by M.S. Parsons. Part 1 1992, 484pp, £18.00; part 2 1994, 248pp, £8.00. The Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. These two volumes summarise available information on the scarce and threatened Coleoptera inhabiting England, Scotland and Wales — their distribution, ecology and national status. In addition, there is for each species an account of the perceived threats to its continued existence in these areas and proposals for management and protection of their habitats. The information contained in the volumes was obtained from whatever source BOOK REVIEWS 53 was available to the authors but particularly from data supplied by a large number of recreational entomologists, duly acknowledged, based on their Own experience in the field. The two volumes provide the first compre- hensive account of many species since the publication more than a century ago of The Coleoptera of the British Islands by Fowler over the years 1878 to 1891 and, of course, cover many species not known in Fowler's time to be British beetles. Somewhat selective references to relevant publications are included in the accounts of individual species. Conservation matters concerning rare beetles in Northern Ireland are not covered, in spite of the fact that these volumes are produced by a body purporting from its title - UK.J.N.C.C. — to represent Northern Ireland as well as Great Britain. The review does not provide accounts of scarce and threatened “water beetles” for which a separate list of status gradings is provided. This is an ill conceived omission apparently derived from the view that conservation of “water beetles” requires different principles to the conservation of other beetles, some of which, eg Macroplea spp. have an almost totally aquatic existence. At the very least, the two sets of authors should have got together sufficiently to ensure that one beetle species (Cercyon atricapillus) is not given different status gradings in the two lists. Both volumes have twin indexes dealing with beetles and plants respectively with entries for both genus and species. The plant index, however, contains only scientific names. It would have been better if it coped also with ordinary names. Thus, when the Duke of Edinburgh recently approved the felling of a number of old lime trees in Windsor, it might have been useful in putting forward alternative proposals to have had ready reference to those rare and threatened beetle species associated with this tree. The plant index, however, gives only one page reference to lime (under the entry Tilia) whereas “lime” is not indexed though it is mentioned under many species. In order to quantitate the need for conservation of individual species, nine different grades have been used to express their status. To some, this would appear excessive. No doubt it has given satisfaction to those involved in defining and assigning the grades but it seems very doubtful to the reviewer that the use of this number of grades will contribute any more to the welfare of the relevant species than the use of half this number of grades or less. Apart from this, the choice of the code RDBI for rare species of currently indeterminate status is particular unfortunate because of the potential confusion of RDBI with RDB1. The very assignment of grades tends to obscure the fact that the many are likely to require continual revision over the years as the fortunes of species wax and wane. The suggestions offered for management and conservation are for the most part repetitive, already known to most conservators and are unlikely to be of much practical help. Thus if a species inhabits dead wood in old trees 54 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 Jie W335) in broad-leaved woodland, it is quite obvious that felling old trees and removing the dead wood will have a deleterious effect and it can only be an irritation to conservators reading these volumes to have it spelt out repeatedly. There is a great deal of repetition in the section headed “Threats” and “Management and conservation”. For example, these sections are repeated word for word for the first three species covered. The publishers of the review seem to have forgotten that unnecessary use of paper causes unnecessary felling of trees and unnecessary pollution by paper mills and printing-ink factories. To the reviewer, the most serious worry in using these volumes is the reliability of the information, especially that on distribution. Thus it is stated (p401) that there are post-1970 records for the scolytid Pityophthorus lichtensteini from south-east Yorkshire and south Aberdeenshire but when the reviewer looked into these records both turned out to be spurious. This has understandably made him reluctant to accept other distribution data without checking it, which rather detracts from the value of the production. Such faults lie not with the compilers of the information but on those who designed the system to allow information to be collected and reproduced in an uncritical fashion. It would no doubt have required extra funding to have had all the information checked by experts but these are important volumes produced by the British national conservation body and the reliability of the information presented warrants rather better treatment than it has been given. J.A. Owen The butterflies' fly-past by Clive Simson. 127pp. 8 colour illustrations painted by Mandy Shepherd. A5 Boards. Peregrine Press, 1994. Price £19.00. The pages of the Record have seen many reviews of books on butterflies, and although the majority of new publications are technically excellent and packed with information and advice on life histories and conservation, there is a tendency to draw a deep breath before reviewing another butterfly book. But this book looked different — the dust jacket said “*. . . a remarkable book describing the trials and thrills of studying butterflies in the field... .” reminding the reviewer of the many pleasant hours spent reading the various “moth hunting” books by P.B.M. Allan. Where better to start than the Foreword, here by Wilson Stephens, former editor of The Field. Instead of the normal plaudits and platitudes, the foreword launches into a bitter criticism of the “nature establishment” and the “nature professionals” as agents for the restrictive practices and erosions of civil liberties that progressively beset the field naturalist. This not very thinly disguised swipe at the conservation lobby is balanced by reminding us of the contributions made by the amateur — exemplified by Gilbert White of Selborne — whose enthusiasm for their subject has done so much to advance our knowledge of the natural world. If that was the foreword — what would the book itself be like? BOOK REVIEWS 55 The author describes his experiences with some 55 species of British butterfly under a number of chapters with titles such as “Birth of the Blues” and “Skip for Joy” which convey the essentially light-hearted nature of the coverage. These experiences are very much personal ones, and into each is woven a story, some humour and more often than not, observations on behaviour and life history. For many species the author describes his own first encounters — the planning, the trip, the pint in the friendly local, the excitement, the disappointments, the chase and the capture. Clearly aware of the hazards of describing in print how one obtained cabinet specimens of such as the Swallowtail and Large Blue, the author tackles the issue of collecting head-on in his introduction. As with all other topics, he takes a somewhat robust view, quoting Auberon Waugh (writing in 1992) the most oppressive piece of legislation since children were hung for stealing apples, is the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act. Town dwellers are also singled out for their tendency to interfere with the pastimes of country folk. That being said, the author is no advocate of collecting long series of butterflies, and his views are quite reasonable. It would not be fair for the reviewer to judge the merits of this book as any reaction is likely to be personal to the reader. Some have commented that it is not at all to their taste, totally out of tune with the times and typical of the thankfully diminishing “old school” (whatever that means) of collectors. The reviewer is happy to admit that he found the book an enjoyable read with many interesting observations on behaviour and breeding, and tastefully illustrated with paintings of butterflies. The author is refreshingly open and honest about his entomological pleasures, and writes with a charmingly informal style. Paul Sokoloff Die Tagfalter Nordwestasiens (Butterflies of North-west Asia) by Vladimir Lukhtanov and Alexander Lukhtanov. 440 pages, 56 colour plates, coloured frontispiece, compact bound, size A4 (21x30cm), Herbipoliana Buchrethe zur Lepidopterologie Band 3, price DM 248. In this book, for the first time, the butterflies of one of the most interesting areas of the Palaearctic are comprehensively reviewed. Dr V. Lukhtanov writes in great detail about 400 species and numerous subspecies, which have been shown to exist in north-west Asia. Beginning with the original descriptions (including synonyms and disputed taxa), the places of discovery, ecology and distribution (with a distribution map of each species) to the differential diagnosis between similar species are covered. The book is a marvellous publication, and an almost unlimited source of previously unpublished information. Some new descriptions (partim with Dr A. Dantchenko) also found their way into the book, and they are almost revisionist in character (for example Oeneis). The 561 pictures 56 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 Ln 1995 (enlarged 1.33 to 1.5 times) on the 51 plates are from watercolour originals by A. Lukhtanov, and are supported by a further five plates. To show distinction between difficult species, a further 51 pictures of genitalia preparations are presented. What is extremely interesting is the information about the geography and climate of this heterogenous area. The bibliography and detailed species index also make this publication a “must”. It is a unique work. The text in general is written in German, but the main parts of the systematic part are also translated into English. Ulf Eitschberger Scottish Diurnal Lepidoptera Project The SDLP is a new initiative, funded by Scottish Natural Heritage, to identify sites of scarce butterflies and day-flying moths and to set up a framework for monitoring both populations and habitats. The project is being managed by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, and we would like to involve interested individuals or groups in identifying sites, habitat recording and subsequent monitoring. The main target species are: Butterflies: Carterocephalus palaemon, Erynnis tages, Cupido minimus, Aricia artaxerxes, Boloria euphrosyne, Eurodryas aurinia, Erebia epiphron. Moths: Zygaena species (except Z. filipendulae), Procris statices, Endromis versicolora, Coenocalpe lapidata, Epione paralellaria, Semiothisa carbonaria, Psodos coracina, Anarta melanopa, A. cordigera. Anyone possessing records of any of the above species which have not already been submitted to national recording schemes is invited to send details to the project co-ordinator at the address below. Entomologists in Scotland, or planning to visit Scotland in 1995, who would like to spend some time assessing populations of target species, would also be most welcome to participate. Further details, including Newsletter and sample recording forms, are available from:— Geraldine McGowan, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Hill of Brathens, Banchory, Kincardineshire AB31 4BY. Contents and Special Index The Contents and Special Index for volume 106 (1994) will be distributed with the March edition of the Record. Contents — continued from back cover Further notes relating to an Indian Arctiid, Bombay, 1994. G. King ..0..0.....0.000.ccceee 44 Pemeaanest Woht trap, L5G? BOC. GardimeF occ. licic-ewincenenensiaancetennseauniensronnsedcncacsayTe cone 45 Aplota palpella Haw. (Lep. Oecophoridae) new to the Midland Plateau. Oi GL, PGT AGT we See Ear ea ey Rt a 46 Apion sedi Germar (Col.: Apionidae) in Dorset. A.A. Allen 20.000... cceccceccceesecceseeesesecennteenees 46 Hypena obsitalis Hb. the Bloxworth Snout (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to mainland Fame AM EU AREAIE 25 55 te Ae a ccsu te Reset Gaga ras Go maida es me OO owas te gas ade Wak oensov Ose voeaen 47 A minor infestation of Atropos (Lep.: Sphingidae) in Hertfordshire, 1994. D. Wilson ....... 47 mine-kHown entomological literature. B.O.C.. Gardiner ....02...:.2-.-scecearccrenserccnerevensccesscesnnee 49 Thera juniperata L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in west Gloucester in Autumn 1994. LOL IST GI CERF ee Pe He be A RT nig a ooh IN av Mremtns Ser ny eS aM BRAUER Ody em 50 “ELEG LZ [PRESWTEN IS eerie Been ec renareh er Mae i Ine eee aL Te EE As. Ores ek Mem, OAM my Conte) os Ope 0) 50-56 THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS' SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 30p towards costs) to AES Registrar, 5 Oakfield, Plaistow, Billinghurst, West Sussex RH14 OQD. LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS FOR DEVON Could any Lepidopterists who have spent time doing field work in the County of Devon please send a list of their records for compilation into the county list. Legible field notes, not necessarily in any order, with indications of numbers seen and at least a 4-figure map reference with any other relevant information would be appreciated. All records will be acknowledged, and material returned if requested. With thanks, in anticipation, Roy McCormick, 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NR. FOR SALE Butterfly cabinet with 10 drawers. Glass fronted. Contains butterflies, in good condition, collected in the early 1950s in Southern England and France. Telephone: Mrs Pirie 01962 853844 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J.W.TUTT on I5th April 1890) Contents Some preliminary notes on Odontognophos dumetata Treitschke ssp. hibernica Forder. (ep Geometn dae) xs 1Otb (ha Bs SIMILCM ace cncsancerte sey. ees eceeeea sede nee: meee ee cee Records of Scottish microlepidoptera from South-western Scotland, July 1994. Yael fhe BFS (ATL MO , Ae Maal A Eg eR ee RA are ie Oe eee CAME rpc Scere nda ee MS Ka tht bh Serious pests of Urtica divica Linn. at 5500' altitude in Kumaon Hills in India. M. Arif et OOUEFIEAT esc eS nd Le ns, Joy tite Sac sae Soy pROl A SR lo ASSO Nt ee a The Brown Argus butterfly in North-west Europe. B. Smiyllieé................000cc.ececcceettteeeee An apparently new species of Mordellistena (Col.: Mordellidae) in Britain. A.A. Allen ..... Liptena priscilla a new Liptenid butterfly from Nigeria (Lep. Lycaenidae). 7.B. Larsen... Leg teratology in Galerucella sagittariae Gullenhal (Col.: Chrysomelidae). R.A. Jones..... The larval habits of Leiodes rufipennis Paykull (=clavicornis Rye) (Col.: Leiodidae) Some preliminaryobSservattons. RAM JEySZKOWSID 2. )sncec. 2. cles saree ede ence needen. ae nateee Notes and observations Kepideptera in/Fuerteventura (Canary Isle) 1994 KiG. Ainley Ve ree se. -BERNARD SKINNER '24 Deerlands Road, Ashgate, Chesterfield, Derbyshire S40 4DF. °5 Rawlins Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS. | 4 A EY V A R Y) MENTION WAS MADE in a previous paper of the |digebVefy_of a! | Y temporary colony of Eublemma ostrina Hiibner in the Burren District of Western Ireland (Elliott & Skinner, 1993) and the purpose of these notes is to expand our knowledge of this species in the field and give a more detailed description of the larva and pupa. All the larvae found were in the flower heads of Carlina vulgaris L.; Cirsium vulgare Ten. was also present, but not tenanted. Only fully grown larvae or pupae were located. The initial search for larvae was instigated by the capture of a fresh specimen to paraffin light on the 15th August combined with the knowledge of a small immigration of adults to the English mainland which had occurred earlier in mid-May. The locality supported scattered stands of Carlina vulgaris and almost the first mature flower head opened contained a small noctuid pupa of the correct size to be our quarry. Continued search over the next few days yielded over twenty more larvae or pupae. It soon became obvious that those seeding flower heads that were distorted with raised florets with darkly discoloured bases were those most worthy of dissection. A closer inspection occasionally revealed the presence of a small amount of frass issuing from between the base of the flower and stem. No more than one larva was ever found per flower head although several heads of a multi-headed plant could be tenanted. All the larvae pupated within the heads with one exception and this constructed a papery boat- shaped cocoon, reminiscent of the Chloephorinae, on the side of a plastic container. f The full-grown larva measures 15mm, is sparsely setose and greyish-green with a broad pale green dorsal stripe.The narrower sub-dorsal and sub- spiracular lines are of the same colour. The head is dark brown and the thoracic plate freckled dark-green and brown. The pupa measures 10.5mm long and is glossy light-brown with distinctly darker wing cases. Apart from the original capture at light our only other encounter with an adult was coming across a specimen at rest on the top of a large rock in the full glare of the sun. Despite a very cautious approach it took off backwards and upwards and it was impossible to follow the rapid flight. The resulting adults displayed the full range of colour variation known in this species from the dark purplish-pink type to the yellow ab. carthami Herrich-Schaffer which included the extreme aberration shown on plate III, figure 10, Br. J. ent. nat. Hist. 6: 1993. Reference Elliott, B. & Skinner, B., 1993. Migrant Lepidoptera in the west of Ireland in 1992. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 179-181. 162 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 1S-vii, 1995 Exceptional dates for British Orthoptera Exceptionally late dates for British Orthoptera were reviewed by Haes (1974; 1980) who recorded many of our native species as late as November and some as late as early December. All of these extremely late records relate to the survival of small numbers of insects in unusually mild areas in the south and west. In inland areas, Orthoptera seldom survive far into November. In 1993, for example, autumn in Oxfordshire was typical with a significant number of frosty nights in October. Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer) was heard in good numbers at Headington on 19.x.1993 but searches at the same site in early November were fruitless. In cool autumn weather, Orthoptera are barely active and difficult to find. On 2.xi.1993, in the company of Mr E.C.M. Haes, careful searching revealed two female Gomphocerippus rufus (L.) on downland near Goring, Oxfordshire and three female Omocestus rufipes Zetterstadt and two male Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) among leaf litter in Bagley Wood near Oxford. These are late dates for an inland county. The very mild, humid autumn of 1994 was not particularly suitable for the prolonged survival of grasshoppers but was ideal for the bush-cricket Pholidoptera griseoaptera. About six males were heard on a sheltered bank in Headington on 19.xi and a single male was heard on 21.xi.1994, which is exceptionally late for Oxfordshire. A single male was heard in a nettle-bed in Glamorgan on 23.xi.1994 and this insect probably survived even later in coastal counties in 1994. Apart from species that overwinter as adults or nymphs it is unusual to find mature Orthoptera before the middle of June. Omocestus viridulus (L.) is the first species to mature and the most likely grasshopper to be heard in early June. After a very mild winter and warm spring, adult male and female O. viridulus were found in the New Forest on 26.v.1990. However, a visit to the Somerset Levels on 28.v.1990 was truly exceptional. Both O. viridulus and Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstadt) were adult and calling in large numbers at Street Heath. A few male C. brunneus were adult and stridulating also. The scene was somewhat unreal for an English May; a heat-haze rising off the peat moors, the loud chorus of scores of grasshoppers, one Marsh Fritillary, Eurodryas aurinia (Rottemburg) already well-worn and pairs of Meadow Browns, Maniola jurtina (L.) performing courtship rituals in woodland shade. Insects and in particular the relatively long-lived Orthoptera are sensitive indicators of climatic variation. There may be more than just curiosity value in the recording of exceptional dates for Orthoptera. More systematic monitoring of their dates of maturation and survival may provide valuable data for studying the effects of climate on insect populations and such data collected long-term may provide evidence of climatic change. References: Haes, E.C.M., 1974. Late records of native Orthoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette. 25: 200- 203; Haes, E.C.M., 1980. Late Orthoptera records in West Sussex 1979. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. S2aoile — JOHN PAUL, 25 Newport Mews, Brighton Road, Worthing BN11 2HN. ECTOEDEMIA AMANI — NEW TO BRITAIN 163 ECTOEDEMIA AMANI SVENSSON, 1966 (LEP.: NEPTICULIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN BARRY DICKERSON 27 Andrew Road, Eynesbury, St. Neots, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE19 2QE. ON 12th JULY 1994, a warm evening with a minimum temperature of 17°C, I decided to run a moth-trap in Waresley Wood. Waresley Wood lies in the south-eastern corner of the vice-county of Huntingdonshire, VC31, and is owned by the local Wildlife Trust. Some work had been done on the moth fauna of this wood during the years 1983 to 1989 when 293 species had been recorded. I was sure that this total could be increased considerably, so I considered carrying out a full recording programme in1995. As the 12th July 1994 was an ideal night for moth trapping and my other sites had all been trapped recently, I decided to sample the moths in Waresley Wood to see if it would be worthwhile running the proposed year's recording programme during 1995. In recent years the local Trust has started to manage the wood, rides have been widened and areas coppiced. The increased light levels have led to an increase in the number and diversity of both flowering and non-flowering plants. Insects have become more abundant and the rides are being used by an increasing number of butterflies and other insects. I arrived at the wood with a friend at 22.00hrs. We set up the equipment, a 125 watt mercury vapour lamp on a pole standing two feet six inches above a white sheet, on the main ride close to an area that had been coppiced about three years previously. We switched on the light at 22.15hrs and made a note of each species as it flew to the light. Those not readily identified were caught for inspection the following morning. The light was switched off at 00.45hrs and we returned home. After a few hours sleep I checked those brought home and identified all but six. These were put aside for dissection at a later date while the others were released that evening. One of those dissected could not be identified and was placed to one side until the New Year. I then recognised it as a member of the Nepticulidae, a group of moths that rarely comes to light. I looked through my copy of Johansson ef al. (1989) and found an illustration which matched the dissection before me. Looking at the name Ectoedemia amani and finding it not to be on the British list I at first discounted it, but several further checks through the book failed to find any other genitalia that matched the one I had here and besides it states in the text that the genitalia of the male, which mine is, is very characteristic. I photographed the genitalia and showed the print to David Manning, the Bedfordshire Microlepidoptera recorder, and he agreed with my identification, so I contacted A. Maitland Emmet. Copies of the photograph were then sent to Maitland and on his advice to Dr Erik J. van Nieukerken in the Netherlands; both agreed with my identification. 164 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 Ectoedemia amani feeds under the bark of Ulmus spp. making a relatively straight gallery in smooth thin branches, probably with a two-year cycle. A search for mines at Waresley Wood on 11th February 1995 proved fruitless apart from the finding of a thin branch of English Elm with two possible old mines. The bark had split with growth, preventing positive identification, but there appeared to be grains of old frass here and there under flakes of bark in the supposed galleries. The larva also mines Wych Elm which has smoother bark and might offer a better chance of success. The moth is found during July and August. It has now been recorded very sparingly in all northern European countries and Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Macedonia, eastern Siberia and France (Dr E.J. van Nieukerken pers. comm.). The species belongs to the subgenus Zimmermannia Hering, 1940, which comprises the nepticulids which mine the bark of trees. The following description of the adult is based on Johansson et al. (loc. cit.). Wingspan 7.5—10mm, the largest European nepticulid. Head and collar orange to ochreous, therein differing from the other members of the subgenus, which have the head dark brown or black. Forewing uniform brown irrorate white, lacking the white markings present in other Zimmermannia species. Hindwing pale grey; male with a snow-white hair pencil at the base of the costa. The species should follow Ectoedemia atrifrontella (Stainton) with the Log Book number 4la, though these numbers are now of limited value because of the systematic revision of the family (see Bradley & Fletcher, 1986). Acknowledgements My thanks are due to David Manning for checking my dissection, to Dr E.J. van Nieukerken for confirming my identification and supplying me with additional information and to A. Maitland Emmet for his help and advice and for reading through the draft of this report. References Bradley, J.D. & Fletcher, D.S., 1986. An indexed list of British butterflies and moths, 119pp. Kedleston Press, Orpington. Johansson, R., Nielson, E.S., Nieukerken E.J. van, and Gustafsson, B., 1989. The Nepticulidae and Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) of North West Europe. Fauna ent. scand. 23: 1-739. A first Kent record for the Spanish Carpet, Scotopteryx peribolata Hbn. (Lep.: Geometridae) On 6th September 1994, a specimen of S. peribolata was taken by Mr B. Banson in his garden trap at Greatstone, Kent. This is the first Kent record for this immigrant species which is resident in the Channel Isles. —§.P. CLANcy, Delhi Cottage, Dungeness, Romney Marsh, Kent TN29 9NE. ODONATA IN SHETLAND 165 THE COMMON BLUE DAMSELFLY ENALLAGMA CYATHIGERUM AND OTHER ODONATA RECORDS IN SHETLAND M.G. PENNINGTON 9 Daisy Park, Baltasound, Unst, Shetland ZE2 9EA. THE ONLY member of the order Odonata resident in Shetland is one of the damselflies, Zygoptera, the Common Blue Damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum (Charpentier). This is one of the most commonest and most widespread of the damselflies, especially in Scotland, where it is often the only species present at some sites (Hammond, 1983). The first published reference to its occurrence in Shetland is by Godfrey (1899) who said the species was “observed in some abundance at the lochs of North Delting and the peat-holes of Gluss Isle” in 1896 and 1897. Unfortunately, the exact sites involved were not recorded. Since then nothing further has been published about the occurrence of the Common Blue Damselfly in Shetland. Shetland records are usually lacking in published distribution maps (e.g. those in Hammond, 1983), although some recent records are held by the Biological Records Centre, who are responsible for the compilation of dot distribution maps. Three species of dragonfly have also been recorded in Shetland and their occurrence illustrates the vagrancy potential of certain species of Odonata. The stronger-flying and more highly migratory dragonflies are more likely to occur as vagrants than the damselflies, and they are unlikely to be confused with Shetland's resident damselfly. However, it is important that observers are aware of the potential for other species to be recorded in Shetland. Damselfly sites The following sites are all those which are currently known for the Common Blue Damselfly in Shetland. Records from areas within 1km of each other have been included as one site and any proof of breeding and indication of numbers involved are also included. Many of the sites are also breeding sites for Red-throated Divers Gavia stellata (L.) which are particularly susceptible to human disturbance. Loch of Houlland, Eshaness (10-km square HU 27) Most records come from one or more of the small un-named lochans to the south-east of the Loch of Houlland, although it is not always clear exactly which body of water is referred to. Six, including a mating pair, were recorded here on 24.vii.1983 (C. Gomersall). In 1986 there were “dozens” recorded on 13.vii (M. Henry), and seven, including a mating pair, recorded on 21.vii. (D. Carstairs). Dave Carstairs also recorded three blue individuals at the Loch of Houlland itself on the last date. Hamnavoe Hills, Eshaness (10-km square HU 28) A blue individual was recorded at a lochan here on 23.vii.1983 (R. Wynde). 166 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vu1.1995 Tingon (10-km square HU 28) There are several sightings at one regularly visited site with records dating back to at least the 1970s and the most recent record in 1994 (P.M. Ellis, J.D. Okill). In July 1992 damselflies were also recorded at three adjacent sites about 1km to the north-east (H. Harrop). Gluss Isle (10-km square HU 37) This is one of the original sites mentioned by Godfrey (1899). Local residents have also reported more recent sightings from within the last 30 years (per J. Swale). Most recently, several damselflies were seen here on one day in the warm weather of June 1992 (W. Scott). Distribution of Common Blue Damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum in Shetland by 10km squares. ODONATA IN SHETLAND 167 Scatsta (10-km square HU 37) There are occasional sightings, most recently in 1988 (J.D. Okill). It was presumably this site that was referred to by a correspondent of Bobby Tulloch's in the 1960s, and it is also presumably one of the sites referred to by Godfrey (1899). Many Crooks, North Roe (10-km square HU 38) In early June 1992 damselflies were seen at four small lochans all within 0.5km of each other (J. Swale). At one lochan there were over 100 individuals, including many copulating pairs and newly emerged (teneral) adults. At the two sites nearest to this one there were also copulating pairs and teneral individuals, but only seven and ten individuals respectively were present. At the most remote site of the four there were only two blue individuals. Beorgs of Skelberry, North Roe (10-km square HU 38) There are occasional sightings, most recently in 1989 (J.D. Okill). Mill Burn, Laxo (10-km square HU 46) One blue individual was seen flying along the burn in June 1992 (F. Spence). The sighting is unusual in that it is about 10 km from any other site, whereas all other sites of sightings are in small clusters. Hill of Garth (10-km square HU 47) There are occasional sightings at this site, which is now on the edge of the Sullom Voe Terminal (P.M. Ellis, J.D. Okill). In July 1986 there were only about four individuals present, but this did not include a copulating pair. The most recent sighting was in 1987. This is presumably one of the sites referred to by Godfrey (1899) last century. In addition, the Scottish Natural Heritage office in Lerwick holds a file note which states that locals could recall seeing large numbers of damselflies around peat pools “near the American coastguard station” (now demolished) in the 1960s and 1970s. This presumably refers to the same site. Cro Water and Lunga Skolla, Yell (10-km square HU 48) Damselflies have been recorded at some of the small lochans to the south of Cro Water but not in recent years (R. Tulloch). There are also records from two adjacent sites about 1km away, in the vicinity of the burn of Lunga Skolla (J. Ballantyne). This burn flows out of Cro Water and damselflies have been seen here on 29.vi.1978, 10.viii.1984 (four individuals), 17.vi.1985 and 14.vili.1993 (two). 168 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 Burn of Arisdale, Yell and Burn of the Kame, Yell (10-km square HU 48) Singles seen along the mid-reaches of the Arisdale valley in 1988 (P.M. Ellis) and along the Burn of the Kame in June 1992 (S. Smith) were most likely wanderers from other Yell sites. Kame of Sandwick, Yell (10-km square HU 48) Damselflies were recorded at a small lochan at the south end of this ridge on 5.vil. 1982 (C. Gomersall) and in July 1994 (RSPB). Una Stacka Houlla, Yell (10-km square HU 48) There are two records from this area, on 4.v1i.1977 (J. Ballantyne) and further sightings of single damselflies at two lochans about 0.5 km apart on 3.vil.1983 (C. Gomersall). The grid references imply three different pools were involved in the sightings. Upper reaches of Burn of Setter and Shinniwersdale, Yell (both 10-km square HU 48) Singles seen flying along the appropriate burns in June 1992 (S. Smith) were probably wanderers from other sites. Graveland, Yell (10-km square HU 49) Two blue individuals were recorded at a small lochan near Birka Lees on 8.vii.1989 (G. Bundy). There are other sightings by the Leicester Polytechnic expeditions to the south of this area at Raga, but without any details. Laxa Burn at Mid Yell (10-km square HU 59) One seen flying along the stream at the small dam in June 1992 (S. Smith). The known sites so far fall into three main areas. There are a series of records from the north-west coastal areas of Northmavine (the sites at Eshaness, Tingon and North Roe), a few sites around the inlet of Sullom Voe (the sites at Gluss Isle, Scatsta and Hill of Garth) and a number of sites in the southern half of the island of Yell. One site, at Laxo, does not fall into any of these broad categories. What is perhaps most surprising is the relatively restricted area the sightings fall in. Although limited research and increased awareness over the last few years have increased the number of known sites, they still fall in a small area of north Mainland and south Yell. There is no obvious reason why the damselflies are restricted to this area of Shetland. Indeed, the richer more eutrophic waters of south Mainland, or the more heavily vegetated lochs of west Mainland would appear to be more likely for Odonata. The discovery of populations of damselflies outside the known areas 1s not impossible, but is highly unlikely that they will be discovered in relatively populous south Mainland. ODONATA IN SHETLAND 169 Proof of Breeding Proof of breeding can be obtained in a number of ways. Most obviously the aquatic, immature stages can be located. However, locating nymphs would require netting and would probably cause an unwarranted degree of disturbance to the breeding site. One way of proving the presence of nymphs without netting is by locating exuviae, the final shed skin of a nymph which is usually left on vegetation close to the water's edge. However, although searching for exuviae has an advantage over searching for adults as it need not be restricted to fine weather, finding exuviae in Shetland before they are blown away may be difficult! Adult sightings may also provide proof of breeding in two ways: sightings of newly emerged, teneral adults or of copulating pairs can be taken as proof of breeding as neither are likely to travel any distance from the true breeding site. Of the approximately 20 sites where damselflies have been recorded in Shetland, the documented evidence available only proves breeding at three: Loch of Houlland, Many Crooks and the Hill of Garth. However, regular sightings at Tingon, Scatsta, Beorgs of Skelberry and the various areas on Yell suggest that these sites may be safely considered as breeding sites. The situation on Yell is particularly uncertain as there is no actual confirmation of breeding on the island, and sightings are extremely erratic in both their location and their timing. Habitat Habitat requirements have not been examined in any detail, but most of the sites are very similar in appearance. Typically, sites consist of small, deep, permanent lochans, less than 0.2 ha in extent and set amongst deep peat moorland. The edges of the loch are well vegetated with a growth of emergent vegetation such as rushes Juncaceae and sedges Cyperaceae, and they are not grazed to the water's edge. There is usually an extensive growth of floating vegetation such as pondweeds Potamogeton, bur-reeds Sparganium or Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata (L.). The presence of floating vegetation is probably one of the most important factors as it is used by the female as a platform for egg-laying. Occasional sighting over larger areas of water may just refer to wanderers from adjacent, smaller pools. Sites such as those described above are not unusual in Shetland. Indeed, every island and parish in Shetland has habitat such as that described. This makes one wonder why damselflies are found in such a restricted area of Shetland. Flight Period Little information is available on the flight period in Shetland. In southern Britain the Common Blue damselfly flies from May to October (Hammond, 1983), but it is likely that they have a shorter flight period in Shetland. Indeed, the erratic nature of sightings even at frequently visited sites suggests that the relatively poor Shetland summer severely restricts the activity of the imagines. 170 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 Most sightings in Shetland are in June to August during the course of other fieldwork. The large numbers seen at Many Crooks in North Roe in early June 1992 suggest that this may be the main emergence period in Shetland. There were a number of other sightings elsewhere in the same month, which was unusually warm and sunny. Very few visits will ever have been made to damselfly sites before June or after August. Adult activity probably ceases early in the autumn, most likely following the first autumn gale. Dragonfly Records Three species of dragonfly (sub-order Ansioptera) have occurred as vagrants in Shetland on single occasions. A Common Hawker Aeshna juncea (L.) was collected from Fair Isle on 24.vii.1955 and sent for identification to Cynthia Longfield. Although not a renowned migrant, other members of this genus are, and the Common Hawker does occur as close as Orkney (Berry, 1985). Another dragonfly was obtained on Fair Isle just three years later when a Four-spotted Chaser Libellula quadrimaculata (L.) was recorded in July 1958. This species is a well known migrant from the continent into southern Britain in many years (Hammond, 1983), so its occasional appearance as a vagrant elsewhere is expected. Finally, a specimen of the African and Asian dragonfly, the Migrant Emperor Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister), another member of the family Aeshnidae, was obtained on Fetlar in about 1970. The specimen is now in The Natural History Museum. Although it is an essentially tropical and sub- tropical species, this dragonfly is a famous migrant and vagrants occur in variable numbers in Europe every year, although it remains a great rarity anywhere in Britain. It is, in fact, the only species of dragonfly to have occurred in Iceland (Wolff, 1971). Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following for providing information: J, Ballantyne; Biological Records Centre (Monks Wood); G. Bundy; D.N. Carstairs; P.M. Ellis; J. Fowler; H. Harrop, M. Henry; C. Gomersall; N.J. Riddiford; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; W, Scott, E. M. Smith (Scottish Recorder for the Odonata Recording Scheme); S. Smith; Scottish Natural Heritage; Shetland Entomological Group; G. & F. Spence; J. Swale; M. Telfer; R.J. Tulloch and R.M. Wynde. D.R.A. Rushton provided the details of the obscurest reference. References Berry, R.J., 1985. The natural history of Orkney. Collins, London. Godfrey R., 1899. Enallagma cyathigerum in Shetland. Ann. Scot. nat. Hist. 1899: 115. Hammond, C.O., 1983. The dragonflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Harley Books, Colchester. Wolff, N.L., 1971. The Zoology of Iceland, volume 3, part 45, Lepidoptera. Munksgaard, Copenhagen. ISLE OF WIGHT 171 LATE AND PARTIAL THIRD BROODS OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT DURING 1994 S.A. KNILL-JONES Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight PO40 9AL. THE YEAR 1994 will be remembered for having a prolonged summer comparable to those in 1983, 1989 and 1990 and for having nearly the sunniest October on record and the warmest November since records began in 1918. As in 1983 the fruit trees flowered again in October and the first frost did not occur at Freshwater until the night of 14th December, although a local frost was recorded much earlier at Binstead on 4th and 5th October. This warm autumn and early winter caused many late appearances of butterflies and some out of season records of moths. Eighteen species of butterflies were recorded after 1st October and I shall now describe the more interesting sightings. Just over an hour denied October from being the sunniest on record with 170 hours of sunshine at Ryde. This did not quite beat the record year of 1921 which had 171.1 hours of sunshine. However during the latter part of the month there was 4.05 inches of rain which was nearly a third more than the average rainfall of 3.19 inches for the whole month. The warmest day was 12th October with a maximum of 64.9°F and the coldest was 4th October with 52.3°F. There were three species of butterfly out during October which I had not observed before in that month. On 4th October I saw a freshly emerged Brown Argus (Aricia agestis D.&S.) on Compton Down which could have been an example of a partial third brood and on the same day I observed a female Adonis Blue (Lysandra bellargus Rott.), which must have been a late second brood example. The third butterfly was the Small Heath which had an excellent year with abundant numbers of both broods. I saw this butterfly as late as 18th October on Compton Down. The Chalk Hill Blue (Lysandra coridon Poda) was seen as late as 15th October although this species is known to occur into the third week of this month in favourable years. The last third brood Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas L.) was seen on 28th October on Knighton and Compton Downs and this may be compared with the very late date of one recorded at Freshwater on 6th November 1983. November was by far the warmest month since records began on the island and it was also the dullest with only 41.4 hours of sunshine compared with the average of 71.9 hours. The mean maximum temperature was 56.8°F which was 5.8°F above the 51°F average, and the mean minimum temperature of 51°F was 9°F above the long-term average and 2.4°F above the previous highest in 1938. The highest maximum temperature of 62.2°F occurred on 2nd November just below the record 63°F recorded on Ist November 1960 and 2nd November 1969. The total rainfall of 3.06 inches was less than the long-term average of 3.67 inches. 172 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vu.1995 The Clouded Yellow (Colias croceus Geoff.) had a very good year with the first being seen at Rockenend, Chale on 6th June. Brian Warne witnessed over one hundred of the first brood between 26th July and 2nd September near his home at Binstead, and I saw thirty-four of the second brood including two helice between 4th October and Ist November on Compton Down. This was the best year on the island for this butterfly since the record year of 1983 when there was also a second brood during October. The last one was seen at the Cliff Tops Hotel at Shanklin on 10th November. The Comma (Polygonia c-album L.) had a good year and the last was seen as late as 15th November at Freshwater and Firestone Copse. This compares to 6th November in 1983. The Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria L.) had an excellent year with the first being seen as early as 26th March and the last on 17th November in the garden at Freshwater. This last date is the latest that this butterfly has been observed in mainland Britain although it was seen on 3rd December in Northern Ireland during 1983. December was warmer, wetter and sunnier than average. Like November, it had well above average temperatures and both the mean maximum for the month of 52.1°F and the mean minimum of 43.1°F were 5°F warmer than average. The mean maximum was close to the 75-year old high of 52.7°F in December 1934, with the highest day temperature of 57.4°F on 11th December. The air temperature fell below freezing on two nights, with a low of 29.8 “F on Christmas night. With 5.3 inches of rain falling in 20 days at Ryde the month's rainfall was one-third more than the long-term average of 3.48 inches. The total sunshine of 66.1 hours was above the average of 54.6 hours for December. There were sightings of only two butterflies during this month. The Peacock (Inachis io L.) was seen in early December at Ryde (actual date not known) and the last butterfly to be recorded was the Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L.) at Puckpool, Ryde on 16th December. Table 1 shows a list of the latest dates of the eighteen species of butterflies observed from Ist October 1994 in chronological order. There were several instances of out-of-season appearances of moths during this period, and on 19th October an example of Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.) and the Mouse Moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis Cl.) were taken at my light trap at Freshwater. An example of a third brood Garden Carpet (Xanthorhoe fluctuata L.) was seen on the kitchen window on 25th October at Freshwater. I also took the first ever recorded specimen of the Swallow- tailed Moth (Ourapteryx sambucaria L.) in November on the 2nd at my light trap. This was an example of a second brood which occurs occasionally in favourable years, and was much smaller than normal with a wing expanse of 33mm, nearly half the average size. Lt Cdr J.M. Cheverton noticed a second brood specimen of the Bright-line Brown-eye (Laconobia oleracea L.) in his house at Shanklin on 27th November. I recorded the Double-striped Pug ISLE OF WIGHT 173 Table 1. Latest butterfly sightings on the Isle of Wight in 1994. Date Species Locality October 4th Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni L.) Locks Green, Porchfield Adonis Blue (Lysandra bellargus Rott.) Compton Down Brown Argus (Aricia agestis D.&S.) Compton Down 12th Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus Rott.) West High Down 15th Chalkhill Blue (Lysandra coridon Poda) Compton Down Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina L.) Compton Down 16th Large White (Pieris brassicae L.) Totland Bay 18th Small Heath (Coenonympha pamphilus L.) Compton Down 23rd Small White (Pieris rapae L.) Binstead 24th Wall (Lasiommata megera L.) Binstead 28th Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas L.) Knighton & Compton Down Painted Lady (Cynthia cardui L.) Knighton Down November 10th Clouded Yellow (Colias croceus Geoff.) Shanklin 15th Comma (Polygonia c-album L.) Freshwater & Firestone Copse 17th Small Tortoiseshell (Ag/ais urticae L.) Knighton Down Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria L.) Freshwater December Early Dec. Peacock Unachis io L.) Ryde 16th Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L.) Puckpool, Ryde (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Haw.) in my trap on 28th November which must have been an example of either a partial third or fourth brood. The first one of the year was taken on 18th March but in 1993 I took it as early as 6th February. An extremely out-of-season White Ermine (Spilosoma lubricipeda L.) came to Brian Warne's moth trap at Binstead on 29th November. Finally there were some December records of three of our commoner migrants taken at light at Freshwater with the Silver Y (Autographa gamma L.) on 2nd December; the Dark Sword Grass (Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.) on 12th December and a very late Udea ferrugalis (Hiibn.) on 16th December. So ends an extraordinary year for late appearances of butterflies and moths made even more unusual when Gladioli flowered in November, and wall- flowers and Celandines were out at Christmas in the garden at Freshwater. Acknowledgements I should like to thank my mother for reading and commenting on the manuscript and Mr B. Angell, Dr D.T. Biggs, Mr D.A. Britton, Lt Cdr J.M. Cheverton, Mr Fred Joiner, Mr I. Rippey, Dr J. Waring and Mr B.J. Warne for their useful records and information which has helped me in writing this paper. 174 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 The Large Cabbage White, Pieris brassicae, extends its range to South Africa Only recently, in an article in this volume (antea 107: 67-68) I remarked that our Large Cabbage White, Pieris brassicae, has been steadily extending its range. How true this statement has turned out to be, for, since I wrote the article, there appeared in the September last issue of the South African Journal Metamorphosis (Vol. 5 p.93) an item by Graham Henning recording that he and others have seen eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of this butterfly in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Seen in August the adults were of our spring form. In view of the fact that it has now invaded two continents, it seems to be following in the footsteps (wingbeats?) of the Small White, Pieris rapae which now has a pretty well world-wide distribution. Australia and New Zealand should start to keep a watchful eye out for it. — BRIAN O.C. GARDINER, 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL. Further observations on Epermenia insecurella Stainton (Lep.: Epermeniidae) in Wiltshire Back in 1982 I had my first introduction to this species when I netted a small moth (whose identification eluded me) near Therfield in Hertfordshire. As I lived in north-east Scotland at that time, I took it to Dr Mark Young who prepared a genitalia slide. He passed it on to the late E.C. Pelham-Clinton who kindly identified the species for me. In 1983 I moved to Wiltshire and it was not until 1990 that, following a prompt from Dr John Langmaid, I came across insecurella again, this time on Salisbury Plain (Ent. Rec. 102: 290-291). Due to fencing erected to exclude cattle from the tumuli, the area became very overgrown. Grazing was resumed in 1994 following representations made to the MOD by Phil Sterling and myself and some careful vegetation clearance was carried out by members of the Larkhill and Westdown Conservation Group. The foodplant of insecurella, Thesium humifusum, is still present, but it remains to be seen if insecurella is still there. A seven-year survey of Wiltshire's flora (Gillam, 1993) found Thesium to be locally widespread on unimproved chalk downland, particularly in the south of the county. To date, however, the moth has only been noted from three locations: near Greenlands Camp on Salisbury Plain (1990); Great Cheverill Hill (1991) (Godfrey and Michael Smith) and, most recently, Porton Down in 1994 (all VC8). (There was an old record from near Marlborough in 1889). Due to its retiring nature the moth is almost certainly under-recorded but this is also the case for Thesium as the plant had not been noted from that portion of Porton Down where the moth was attracted to m.v. light. Reference: Gillam, B., 1993. The Wiltshire Flora. Pisces Publications. — S.M. PALMER, Roselyn, 137 Lightfoot Lane, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire PR4 OAH. SLUG EGG PREDATOR 175 COBOLDIA FUSCIPES (MEIGEN) (NEMATOCERA: SCATOPSIDAE) FEEDING ON SLUG EGGS K. AYRE 10 Cumbrian Avenue, Seaburn Dene, Sunderland, Tyne & Wear SR6 8JZ. A NUMBER of Diptera are known to be parasites of slugs and slug eggs. As part of an investigation into the natural enemies of slugs, I collected a number of small Diptera to determine their role as parasites of slug eggs. The flies were collected in September 1992 from various sites around Close House Field Station, the University of Newcastle, Northumberland. The flies were gathered with a pooter and transferred to a large conical glass flask containing moist filter paper and a batch of freshly laid eggs of the slug Deroceras reticulatum (Miiller). A small beaker containing sweetened water was also placed in the flask. The mouth of the flask was covered with a piece of nylon net, held in place with a rubber band. The flies were removed from the culture after they had all died. A few days later a number of scatopsid larvae were observed feeding on the slug eggs. The larvae were bred through to adults and the flies identified as Coboldia fuscipes (Meigen). As the adults emerged, they were transferred to flasks containing moist filter paper with a fresh batch of slug eggs. The flasks were incubated at 20°C. Scatopsid eggs were laid in batches of between 30 and 60 under the moist filter paper, but never in proximity to the slug eggs. Emerging larvae crawled over the filter paper and attacked the slug eggs with side-to-side movements of the head capsule. Successful penetration of the slug eggs appeared to depend on the number of larvae attacking the egg. When individual first-stage larvae were isolated on slug eggs, they would die without penetrating the eggs. However, when the slug eggs were punctured (with a pair of forceps), the larvae entered the eggs to feed. Individual third and fourth-stage larva were able to penetrate the slug eggs themselves. First and second-stage larvae were often observed completely submerged in a slug egg. Third and fourth-stage larvae were often found submerged in a slug egg with just their posterior spiracular projections above the egg surface. Bovien (1935), thought that long posterior spiracles were an adaption to damp habitats, and that the length of the spiracles in individual specimens was determined by the experimental conditions — longer spiracles in wetter conditions. However, larvae of all stages were free ranging and moved over the egg surface. Third and fourth-stage larvae often left the slug egg mass and crawled over the filter paper. After several days the slug egg mass was liquified and eventually consumed. Larvae left the slug egg mass to pupate on the filter paper. At 20°C approximately ten days passed between the larvae hatching and pupating. 176 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 13.vi1.1995 Larvae developed and pupated at 8, 12, 16 and 20°C, development time being shortest at 20°C. At 20°C the pupation period from the first generation was between four and eight days. However this had increased to between 10 and 13 days by the second generation. The reason for this was unclear as the culture (which had arisen from a single gravid female) was still viable and a high emergence rate was evident even after several generations. Several subsequent generations of C. fuscipes were cultured on eggs of D. reticulatum and eggs of the slug Arion hortensis (Ferussac). When eggs of both slug species were presented to the larvae together, A. hortensis eggs were preferentially attacked and consumed before those of D. reticulatum. Unfortunately, A. hortensis eggs became increasingly hard to find as winter progressed. A Drosophila culture medium was successfully used to rear several more generations of C. fuscipes. The larvae ate the culture medium in preference to A. hortensis eggs. Larvae of C. fuscipes (= Scatopse fuscipes Meigen) have been found on a variety of decaying plant and animal materials (Cook, 1974), including green ginger (Lyall, 1929), wasp nests, bulbs and onions, excrement, wastes from fruit and wine canneries. Keilin (1921) gave an account of a number of Diptera larvae which fed on Mollusca. Trelka & Berg (1977) gave a detailed account of two Tetanocera species (Sciomyzidae) attacking slugs. Stephenson (1965) reported larvae of Tetanocera elata Loew infected 14% of D. reticulatum collected on an abandoned allotment at Rothamsted. Reidenbach et al. (1989) gave an account of Euthycera cribrata (Rondani) (Sciomyzidae) attacking D. reticulatum. Robinson & Foote (1968) detailed the mode of attack of the phorid Megaselia aequalis (Wood) on eggs of the slug Deroceras laeve (Miiller). Between one and three phorid eggs were laid on a slug egg. The larvae penetrated the slug egg using a small sclerotised spine. The first and second- Stage larvae were confined to feeding on the egg. Third-stage larvae left the egg to assume a more predatory role and broke into other eggs with repeated slashing movements of their mouthhooks. This slashing movement was observed in the present study with C. fuscipes larvae, however, the inability of first and second-stage larva to penetrate slug eggs individually rules out any degree of specialisation. I believe this is the first time that a scatopsid has been reported to feed on slug eggs. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mr Nigel Wyatt of the Natural History Museum for identifying the flies and Jan Woodward for her help in culturing the flies. This work was completed whilst I was supported by a MAFF studentship. SLUG EGG PREDATOR 177 References Bovien, P., 1935. The larval stages of Scatopse (Diptera: Nematocera). Vidensk. Meddr dansk. naturh. Foren. 99: 33-43. Cook, E.F., 1974. A synopsis of the Scatopsidae of the Palaearctic . Part III. The Scatopsini. J. nat. Hist. 8: 61-200. Keilin, D., 1921. Supplementary account of the dipterous larvae feeding upon Mollusca. Parasitology 13: 180-183. Lyall, E., 1929. The larva and pupa of Scatopse fuscipes Mg. and a comparison of the known species of scatopsid larvae. Ann. app. Biol. 16: 630-638. Reidenbach, J.M., Vala, J.C. & Ghamizi, M., 1989. The slug killing Sciomyzidae (Diptera): potential agents in the biological control of crop pest mollusc. 1989 BCPC Mono. No. 41. Slugs and snails in world agriculture. Robinson, W.H. & Foote, B.A., 1968. Biology and immature stages of Megaselia aequalis, a phorid predator of slug eggs. Ann. ent. Soc, Am. 61: 1587-1594. Stephenson, J.W., 1965. Rothamsted Report for 1964. page 188. Trelka, D.G. & Berg, C.O., 1977. Behavioural studies of the slug-killing larvae of two species of Tetanocera (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 79: 475-486. Hazards of butterfly collecting — a first brush with science — Copenhagen, 1958 It was summer, 1958. I was on holiday with my parents in Denmark, otherwise being at boarding school in an obscure village in the Nilgiri Mountains of southern India. I was fourteen. In those days there was not yet the present jetting around the world at the drop of a hat. A two-year tour was just that. For two years no visits to Denmark, and no visitors from Denmark. I had little opportunity for museum and library researches. Thirty years later, more than a dozen friends and relatives paid visits to Delhi during a two-year tour, and I was in Denmark for consultations twice. From the Nilgiris I had brought with me a Neptis butterfly that I was quite certain ought not to be found there. That genus has only two members in Europe, but even they have been known to cause confusion. Asia and Africa . has a plethora of Neptis which are very much worse. I had plucked up the courage to phone the Zoological Museum in Denmark to set up an appointment with the insect curator, Dr S.L. Tuxen, who will be familiar to many readers through his famous book on the genitalia of insects. He was a kind and patient man who was always willing to help budding entomological talent, and soon we were in his laboratory, surrounded by dozens of cases of Neptis. A little later, scores of butterfly books and obscure papers were dug out. Was it this one? That one? Well, yes, but no! After an hour or so, Dr Tuxen said “Look young man — I'm afraid that you have me stumped. I don't think I can tell you what it is”. - I was shattered by the enormity of this statement! Here was a scientist, and he could not identify a butterfly I had caught! Tuxen must have sensed my disquiet. He patiently explained to me some of the intricacies of taxonomy and identification, and for the first time I realised that even in the scientific world things are not as clear-cut as our school books would have us believe. Tuxen also enrolled me in the Danish Entomological Society and waived the membership fee for as long as I remained in India. 178 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 Because of my itinerant lifestyle we met only at year-long intervals, but Tuxen patiently encouraged my interest in butterflies, and steered it in a scientific direction. Around 1982, he suggested that I should submit my work for a doctorate at the University of Copenhagen, and helped me navigate through the complex, academic system — the Faculty of Biology had never before been approached by an economist for a doctorate in the butterflies of the Middle East. He died before the official defence of my thesis, which I dedicated to him. It was only in 1986, after a six-month investigation into the butterflies of the Nilgiri Mountains, that I nailed the culprit from 1958 as Neptis nata. It was already known from there. I caught a single male in exactly the same spot as I did thirty years ago. It is very rare in southern India, and usually stays well out of reach. Reading the tangled web of this butterfly's taxonomic history, as traced in Colonel Eliot's splendid monograph of the Oriental Neptini, fully absolves Tuxen from any responsibility for not being able to help me in 1958. I still have problems with the genus Neptis. My recent book on Kenyan butterflies (Oxford University Press) had to go to press with two Neptis remaining unidentified. | would love to pin a name on them, or to describe them if necessary. I fear that to do so would involve me in an exercise as ambitious as that of Colonel Eliot's, and I may never summon the necessary courage and stamina for that.— T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SEOSPIE These are supposedly one species from one locality. That is what Neptis throws at you! PARAGE AEGERIA AB. SCHMIDTI 179 A BREEDING EXPERIMENT WITH PARAGE AEGERIA L. AB. SCHMIDTI DIOZ. (LEP.: SATYRIDAE) RUPERT BARRINGTON 101 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, Avon BS7 8HR. P. AEGERIA AB. SCHMIDTI is characterised by having the eyespots on all wings enlarged to a significant degree. This is most noticeable in the band of ocelli on the upper surface of the hindwings. It would appear to be a rare, or at least a very local, aberration. There is a single, female, example in the RCK Collection of British Butterflies at the Natural History Museum (bred by G.B. Oliver, 1952, in an F3 generation from an original type parent captured in Hampshire) and A.D.A. Russwurm has a particularly extreme captured example (A.D.A. Russwurm, New Forest, August 1966) in his collection that is beautifully illustrated in two publications (Howarth, 1973 and Russwurm, 1978). I have seen no other specimens in collections. However it is unlikely to be quite as rare as this paucity suggests since this species is rarely worked consistently for aberrations. A worn female ab. schmidti was taken in a Wiltshire woodland on 5th September 1993. It was a well developed example and rather striking. She laid 14 eggs and the larvae were put out onto a pot of grass and left until mid-December when I returned from abroad. Thirteen larvae were still Surviving and these were brought indoors. They gave rise to an FI of 13 adults in late January. The spotting ranged from typical to slight enlargement in the nine females and entirely typical in the four males. Pairings between the males and best females were achieved easily under electric light and eggs were laid on cut grass. Approximately 60% were infertile and an F2 brood of about 50 adults resulted. This contained mainly typical examples and minor aberrations with just two significant aberrations, one of each sex. The male is not striking as the spots are invariably smaller in this sex. The female however (Figs. 1 and 2) is a fair development of the form although less extreme than the wild parent. A number of the minor aberrations were put in the breeding cage but their behaviour was quite unlike that of the Fl adults. They flew very little and tended to sit still in the most shaded part of the cage. No pairings were seen and no eggs were laid. Given the graded nature of the broods it would seem that ab. schmidti Dioz is a multifactorial form, probably combined with a weakening effect. Figs. 3 and 4 are added to show the opposite end of development of the spotting in this species. This form, ab. parviocellata Lempke, tends to have a greater effect on the hindwing spotting than on the apical spot of the forewing. A.M. Jones has bred this aberration on two occasions (Jones, 1990 and 1992) and found it to be controlled by a pure dominant gene. Two fine examples are illustrated on the plate for the 1989 Annual Exhibition of The British Entomological and Natural History Society (Vol. 3, part 2, plate ILI, April 1990). 180 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 a Fig. 1. Parage aegeria ab schmidti Dioz. Female upperside. Bred F2. Fig. 2. Parage aegeria ab schmidti Dioz. Female underside. Bred F2. __ Fig. 3. Parage aegeria ab parviocellata Lempke. Male upperside. Gloucester 1994. Fig. 4. Parage aegeria ab parviocellata Lempke. Male underside. Gloucester 1994. Acknowledgement I am most grateful to David Carter for allowing me full access to the RCK Collection of British Butterflies at the Natural History Museum, London. References Howarth, T.G., 1973. The Colour Identification Guide to Butterflies of the British Isles. Viking. Jones, A.M., 1990. (Parage aegeria L. ab. parviocellata Lempke, results of breeding. Exhibit at BENHS Annual Exhibition 1989). Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 3: 63-64 and Plate III, Figures 1 and 2. — , 1992. (Parage aegeria L. ab. parviocellata Lempke, results of breeding. Exhibit at BENHS Annual Exhibtion 1991). Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 5: 52. Russwurm, A.D.A., 1978. Aberrations of British Butterflies. Classey. MORDELLISTENA SPECIES 181 ON THE BRITISH MORDELLISTENA HUMERALIS (L.) (COL.: MORDELLIDAE) AND ITS ALLIES A.A. ALLEN 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 SQG. THE OBJECT of this paper is twofold: to draw attention to an apparently unrecognised colour-form of the above variable species, which has given rise to confusion; and to clarify the distinctions, in part unsatisfactory hitherto, between that species and M. variegata (F.). A third species also, M. neuwaldeggiana (Panz.) is involved to the extent that the aforesaid form of humeralis has been mistaken for it, the body-colour and general aspect being similar in the two. This overlooked form of humeralis has the upper surface, including the head, wholly testaceous or brownish yellow, apart from the usual darkening of the elytra towards the apex. It does not seem to be recognised by Continental authors, whose keys to this group (e.g. Ermisch, 1969) do not allow for it. Similarly Batten (1986: 231-2) places humeralis under the rubric “Colour variegated . . .”. By this key, for instance, these pale humeralis (as it is convenient to call them) are indeterminable, since they run to neuwaldeggiana but do not fit on antennal coloration. I sent Mr Batten an example of this form, and he replied that it could only be humeralis; I gathered that he had not previously seen such specimens. In the British literature, however, it has been briefly and somewhat incidentally mentioned by myself (1987), but is now accorded the more prominent notice it merits. My statement there that this is the usual British form (p. 39) may turn out to have been rather premature, but appears true for south-east England at least. A small series of this deceptive form, from Windsor Great Park, for many years stood as M. neuwaldeggiana in my collection; the beetles were obtained from Heracleum umbels in a small area unaccompanied by any of the typical, black-headed humeralis which would have given a clue to their identity. Not only that, but also the series standing over the former name in the British Coleoptera collection at the Natural History Museum was found to be mixed, about half of them (an entire row derived from the Champion collection, from various southern localities) being “pale” humeralis. It is evident, therefore, that this form may well be doing duty for neuwaldeggiana in other collections, and that records of both species ought as far as possible to be checked. The fact that where these pale humeralis occur, they seem thus far to exclude the recognised forms of the species, increases the chance of error. Partly (or largely?) because of confusion on the one hand with M. neuwaldeggiana as above, and on the other with M. variegata (see below) — as in Joy (1932: 311), who treats the two species as one, M. humeralis has up to now been regarded as rare in Britain. That does seem to have been the case until fairly recently. Batten (1986: 233) had seen it only from Monks Vey ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 Wood, Huntingdonshire (D. Tozer, coll. Allen) and added the caution “previously published records . . . are unreliable due to confusion with variegata’. I first took several at Windsor as above (vii.1945), followed by two at Effingham, Surrey (21.vii.47) which, like those from Monks Wood, are of the typical form with head black except in front and contrasting well with the clear rufous pronotum. Here in the south-east suburbs of London, at least in the last several years, the species — always in its yellow-headed form — can occur in profusion at times though only very locally. I have already noted it from Charlton, and it occurs chiefly in one area of Oxleas Wood (a strip bordering the main Shooters Hill road) on flowers of Umbelliferae, where also its two allies are to be found but less frequently. On Ist August 1992, in this site, an isolated umbel of Angelica (the first of this plant seen there by me) was found to be swarming with Mordellistena; even the air above it was abuzz with the beetles. The small sample taken for examination consisted of “pale” humeralis with a few variegata intermixed. Mr R.A. Jones, also, met with the former abundantly at Nunhead Cemetery, south- east London, at about the same time, but I have not seen any of these. It is noteworthy that the two colour forms of M. humeralis now known to occur with us appear so far to inhabit different localities. Mordellistena humeralis is such a perplexing species because it is decidedly more variable than its allies not just in coloration, but also in certain minor structural points — the latter insufficiently realised up to now. They include length and stoutness of antennal and palpal segments (possibly correlated with body-size, and apparently more pronounced in the typical form); and the basal curvature of the pronotal side-margins, i.e. whether slightly sinuate with acute hind angles, or not at all sinuate with the angles obtuse (the latter more common). This would normally constitute a specific character in the genus, but here, exceptionally, it is inconstant. M. variegata, on the other hand, though on the Continent very variable in colouring like its close relative (“sehr veranderlich gefarbte Art”, Ermisch p.185), appears less so in Britain. The well-marked humeral yellow patches and mostly dark pronotum distinguish at a glance all those I have seen. In contrast I have not seen British humeralis with mainly dark elytra or any dark colour on the pronotum, but it is too early to assert that they do not occur. In practice, therefore, if the above is borne in mind, the separation of these two species (I refer only to British material) should seldom pose any problem. Doubts may, however, arise if some of the key-characters given by authors are taken at face value. Thus, variegata may have antennae almost as dark as humeralis. Nor are pubescence characters always free from confusion: a purple iridescence on the hairs is attributed by Fowler (p.93, following Thomson) to humeralis, but by Buck (1954: 16) to variegata; Ermisch and Batten describe the pubescence as smooth in humeralis but rough (i.e. a little raised) in variegata. I would call it more shining and conspicuous and more obviously yellow in the latter species. Whilst the * See editorial postscript. MORDELLISTENA SPECIES 183 alleged antennal differences can be hard to appreciate, the palpal character is good but relates to males only. An excellent criterion (already known to the older authors but not referred to by Ermisch or Batten) is to be found in the arrangement and extension of the three black or fuscous ridges on the outer face of the hind tibia, viewed in the lateral or slightly ventro-lateral aspect. Because of their dark colour against the yellow background of the tibia, they normally stand out very clearly. There is, admittedly, some variation: the ridges can be poorly developed or defined, a little broken up or confused, or rather indistinct, e.g. if the tibia is abnormally dark. One or two of them may be abbreviated, or a rudiment of an extra ridge be present. But, in over 15 specimens of each species examined, no case of “overlapping” was found, so that separation should always be possible (and as a rule easy) on this character alone. The points to note are the position, relative length, and especially the obliqueness, of the ridges; and the area of the tibia occupied by them, which differs markedly in the two species. Only Buck (p.15, figs. 28, 29) illustrates this important character, but most unfortunately his figures are quite inadequate, too little different, apparently confused, and in any case unusable. New figures are therefore required, and are provided here. Below is a simplified key to the three species considered, designed to accommodate the neuwaldeggiana-like form of M. humeralis, and omitting characters that seem to be of doubtful utility:— 1/2. Head and whole of antennae rufotestaceous or brownish-yellow; antennal segments beyond the base strongly elongate, linear. (Male maxillary palpi as variegata, hind tibial ridges about as ACLS OT ee ee neuwaldeg giana 2/1 ‘If head rufotestaceous or brownish-yellow (many humeralis), then antennae dark beyond the base or at least darker towards apex, segments less elongate and less linear. Otherwise head dark except in front. 3/4 The dark ridges on outer face of hind tibiae about as in Fig. 1; male with segment 2 of maxillary palpi simple, or if noticeably broader, tham 3, noe circulanhy dilated 2c... humeralis 4/3 The dark ridges on outer face of hind tibiae about as in Fig. 2; male with segment 2 of maxillary palpi broadly, almost CENCE ES KP RTG TE = LR eaten NE, RR PES NS eR ee varlegata Ks ge Figs. 1 — 2. Outer face of right hind tibia of Mordellistena spp. 1. humeralis (L.); 2. variegata (F.). 184 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.v1.1995 References Allen, A.A., 1987. Anaspis costai Em. and Mordellistena humeralis L. (Col. Mordellidae) in S.E. London. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 99: 38-39. Batten, R., 1986. A review of the British Mordellidae (Coleoptera). Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 225-235. Buck, F.D., 1954. Coleoptera: Lagriidae to Meloidae. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 5(9). Ermisch, K., 1969. In Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, Vol. 8. ed. H. Freude, K.W. Harde & G.A. Lohse. Krefeld. Fowler, W.W., 1891. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, Vol. 5. London. Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles, Vol. 1. London. Editorial postscript Having had a chance to examine Mr Allen's very interesting paper in advance of publication, I took the opportunity of re-examining the series of Mordellistena that I took in Nunhead Cemetery in 1992, (Br. J. Ent. nat. Hist. 1992; 5: 189-190). Using Batten's key (Ent. Gaz. 1986; 37: 225-235) they still worked, more or less, to M. humeralis (L.), but examination of the dark ridges of the hind tibiae showed that, in fact, they were all specimens of M. variegata (F.). It is always galling and embarrassing to have to retract and correct an identification, especially a published one, but Mr Allen's paper should make such events less common in this particular species complex.— RICHARD A. JONES, 13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SE15 3 DEF Notes on finding the larva of Coleophora aestuariella Bradley (Lep.: Coleophoridae) On 3rd October 1981, I found five small and most peculiar-looking Coleophora cases feeding upon the ripening seeds of Suaeda maritima on the extreme tidal edge of the saltings at Harty, North Kent. They were about 5mm long, very flat-oval and undecorated with debris. A substantial proportion of the cases were strikingly coloured a bright magenta. Whether or not this was a result of hollowing out a purple bract of the foodplant remains to be determined, although it is to be noted that the cases are similarly coloured whether feeding on “red” or “green” plants. Possibly it is caused by a pigment change as the plant dies. The larvae overwintered in captivity by encasing their cases orth a rough silken cocoon between the layers of tissue provided. Further observation is needed under natural conditions to establish whether it buries itself in the mud, similar to Coleophora clypeiferella Hufn. and C. salicorniae Wocke which escape as adults with the aid of spines present on the underside of the abdomen. Two males and a single female were subsequently bred between 7th and 24th July 1982 and were described as a species new to science (Bradley, J.D., 1984. Entomologist’s Gazette 35: 137-140.— N.F. HEAL, 44 Blenheim Avenue, Faversham, Kent ME13 8NW. CYPHA TARSALIS — NEW TO BRITAIN 185 CYPHA TARSALIS LUZE (COL.: STAPHYLINIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN R. COLIN WELCH The Mathom House, Hemington, Peterborough PES 5QJ. THE ADDITION to the British List of three species of Cypha (Hypocyphtus) during the 1960s — C. imitator Luze (Kevan, 1962); C. nitida (Palm) (Johnson, 1967) and C. hanseni (Palm) (Johnson, 1968), prompted me to examine material from most of the major British collections over the next decade or so. In the course of this study I found many specimens to be misidentified, including two from the British collections in the Natural History Museum, collected by G.C. Champion on St. Mary's, Scilly Islands, and identified by him as C. /aeviuscula (Man.). Fortunately both were males. Dissection revealed them both to possess a heavily built aedeagus totally unlike the slim delicate organ of that species. They were clearly identifiable as C. tarsalis Luze (Palm, 1966). Later comparison with a Norwegian male from the Manchester University Museum, collected by Andreas Strand at Bronnoy, Asker, confirmed this determination. Apart from the locality, Champion's carded specimens carry no other data although, from his publications, it appears that his only visit to the Scilly Islands was from 6th to 15th July 1897 (Champion, 1897). However, he does not include C. /aeviusculus in the list of species recorded during that visit and Blair (1931), in summarising Scilly Island Coleoptera records, only credits Champion with C. longicornis (Payk.) from St. Mary's. The only published record of C. /aeviuscula from the Scilly Islands is that of Joy & Tomlin (1912) who recorded it from Tresco in June 1912. I have recently been able to examine all the specimens of C. /aeviuscula from the J.R. le B. Tomlin collection in the National Museum of Wales, amongst which I found a single specimen labelled Tresco. Upon dissection this also proved to be a male C. tarsalis, thus confirming this species from both main Scilly Islands. As a consequence, until such time as a specimen of C. laeviuscula from a Scilly locality is found in some other collection, this species should be deleted from the Scilly Island beetle fauna. A number of species of Cypha can only be identified with certainty by the use of male characters, principally the structure of the aedeagus. The aedeagus of one of Champion's C. tarsalis from the Scilly Islands is depicted in figure 1. Among the known British fauna only the smaller C. ovulum Heer has an aedeagus at all similar in shape, but it lacks the bifurcate ventral process projecting forward from the basal capsule. Care must be taken when dissecting out the aedeagus as the two arms of this process may become detached ‘during separation of the parameres. The very common C. Jongicornis, should be readily identifiable to most coleopterists by its long, narrow, antennae with poorly differentiated club. 186 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vu1.1995 Of the three remaining British species of Cypha with dark antennae and legs, C. ovulum can be separated on its small size, being consistently less than Imm in length. In C. imitator the elytra are shiny with the fine punctures widely spaced and any microsculpture present not forming meshes. C. laeviusculus and C. tarsalis should separate off together as having their elytra only weakly shining with fine close puncturation, between which there is a distinct microsculpture forming a reticulated network of meshes. These two species can be separated as follows (based on Lohse, 1974):- tarsalis Luze. | — 1.4mm, blackish-brown, often with sides of pronotum and hind body paler. Elytra slightly shorter than pronotum, with strong and moderately thick rasp-like puncturation and a ground sculpture of shagreened meshes. Segment | of hind tarsus as long as rest together and segment | of front tarsus strongly dilated in male. laeviusculus Mannh. 0.9 — 1|.lmm, black, elytra often brown, sides of pronotum and abdomen paler. Elytra not shorter than pronotum, with puncturation fine and moderately thick, but not rasp-like, and microsculpture of simple rhomboid meshes. Segment 1 of hind tarsus shorter than rest together. NB — The apex of the aedeagus of the three British specimens is less sharply pointed than in that figured by Palm (1966) and Lohse (1974). Fig. 1. Cypha tarsalis Luze (Col.: Staphylinidae): (a) aedeagus side view (b) paramere side view (c) aedeagus ventral view. CYPHA TARSALIS — NEW TO BRITAIN 187 Cypha tarsalis is widely distributed in middle and south Europe and southern Scandinavia, and Horion (1967) records it from forest and meadow soils under leaves, moss and decaying vegetable matter, and in humus (without Sphagnum) in birch moorland. He also notes that in the north it appears to be associated with coastal regions. Although the Scilly Island localities are clearly maritime I have never found further specimens in many years of intensive collecting around the coast of mainland Scotland, Orkney and the Hebrides. In contrast C. laeviusculus appears to be common in Scotland and northern England where it is distributed from the pine forests of Speyside to coastal dunes on Tiree. Acknowledgements I am grateful to past and present members of staff at the Natural History Museum, to Colin Johnson of Manchester University Museum, and John Deeming of the National Museum of Wales for readily making material from the collections in their care available to me over the years. References Blair, K.G., 1931. The beetles of the Scilly Islands. Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1211-1258. Champion, C.G., 1897. A preliminary list of Coleoptera and Hemiptera of the Scilly Islands. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 33: 217-220. Horion, A.D., 1967. Faunistik der Mitteleuropdischen Kafer, X\: Staphylinidae, 3. teil: Habrocerinae bis Aleocharinae (Ohne Sub-Tribus Athetae). Uberlingen — Bodensee. Johnson, C., 1967. Hypocyphtus nitidus Palm (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Oxfordshire: an addition to the British List. Entomologist 100: 193-195. — , 1968. Six species of Coleoptera new to the British List. ibid. 101: 28-34. Joy, N.H. & Tomlin, J.R. le B., 1912. Further additions to the list of Scilly Coleoptera. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 58: 257-258. Kevan, D.K., 1962. Cypha (Hypocyphtus) imitator Luze (Col.: Staphylinidae, Tachyporinae) new to the British List. ibid, 98: 51-52. Lohse, G.A., 1974. In Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, ed. H. Freude, K.W. Harde & G.A. Lohse, Vol. 5. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. Palm, T., 1966. Svensk Insektfauna 9 Skalbagger. Coleoptera Kortvingar: Fam. Staphlinidae. Hafte 4, Underfam. Habrocerinae, Trichophyinae, Tachyporinae. Almqvist & Wiksells, Uppsala. A second Kent record of Coleophora frischella L. (Lep.: Coleophoridae) General sweeping of clover situated adjacent to the sea near Herne Bay on 11th August 1984 produced several coleophorids which included a single, fresh Coleophora frischella as well as several C. deauratella L. & Z. and C. mayrella Hb. (=spissicornis Haw.). Mr J.M. Chalmers-Hunt informed me at the time that as far as he was aware there was only one other previous record from Kent based upon a single male in the J.F. Stephens and H.T. Stainton collection (In the Natural History Museum, London) from 20th June 1850, at Lewisham. I also collected seedheads of Trifolium repens on 15th September but only succeeded in breeding a single mayrella— N.F. HEAL, 44 Blenheim Avenue, Faversham, Kent ME13 8NW. 188 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vu.1995 Fall of the Painted Lady Life on St. Agnes, Isle of Scilly, is very much influenced by the seasons. In spring, the first visitors are awaited with the same anticipation as hearing the Cuckoo. At the end of October, as the last birdwatcher departs, we know that summer is over and hours of back aching flower picking are about to start. It is also time to start recording our last sighting of the various butterflies that have brightened our island during the spring and summer months. Thus it was as I wrote 5th November for our “last” Painted Lady Cynthia cardui L. Little did I realise at the time that by the end of the month, I would have seen more than the rest of the year combined. Diary of events: Thursday, 24th November. Wind SE 2, overcast 14 C. 09.30 A single insect feeding on ivy blossom. 13.00 - 14.00 A total of twelve insects were observed during a walk along the coast, with five at once in P. Killier (J.W. & P.J. Hale). Others were seen later in the day at a variety of locations. An estimated total of 50 on the island. I spoke to Will Wagstaff, a fellow naturalist on St. Mary's, who confirmed that is was not a local phenomenon as there were many there too. Dr Frank Smith, the Cornwall Recorder had not, so far, received any reports of sightings on the mainland. Friday, 25th November. Wind SE 2/3, clear-sunny 14/15 C. 07.30 When emptying the moth trap we found it contained a Painted Lady together with:- three Dark Sword-grass Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., four White Speck Mythimna unipuncta Haw., four Silver Y Autographa gamma L., and a Pearly Underwing Peridroma saucia Hbn. besides the usual resident species. 08.30 One found on long grass, dew covered and torpid, having presumably spent the night there. 10.00 A total of seven viewed from the tractor as I drove the half mile to meet the supply launch. 10.30 At least six were observed coming in off the sea at Horse Point, the most southerly part of the island (per M.E. Hicks). Saturday, 26th November. Wind SSW 3, clear-sunny 14/15 C. 10.00 A total of six were seen as I drove to launch. 11.00 A total of eleven seen as I drove to launch. 14.00 During a walk four were seen together, dancing among the Tamarix (Tamarix gallica) branches in the sunshine a real home from home! Reports from other islanders confirmed similar sights elsewhere on the island. 15.30 During a grocery delivery to various parts of the island (we run the island shop), singles were recorded from nearly every field and garden. I would estimate that at least 100 insects were present on St. Agnes alone. One of our farmers visiting St. Mary's reported 30/40 in one field of flowering narcissi (F.H.D. Hicks). Sunday, 27th November. Wind SW 3, overcast cooler 11 C. 07.30 One fluttering weakly in long grass, no other sightings. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 189 Monday, 28th November. Wind SW 3/4, cool 11°C. One (M.E. Hicks). Tuesday, 29th November. Wind SW 3, Sunny am, warmer 13/14 °C. Up to four recorded from various parts of the island. I also saw three during a visit to St. Mary's in the morning sunshine. Cooler windy weather prevailed until Saturday, 3rd December when at least two were seen in the weak sunshine. Silver Y moths were also flying in the evening. Storm force winds (SW force 10 gusting to 11) and cold driving rain prevented all but the essential outside work to be abandoned until the 9th December. Friday, 9th December. Wind SW 3/4, milder 13 C. At least four different individuals were seen, possibly six, at various parts of the island. I saw two on the way to launch at 10.15. Considering the weather we have experienced recently I did not expect any more sightings this year. “Resilient little devils” as one islander put it. Monday, 12th December. Wind SW 5, mild 14/15 C. Two on the way to launch, plus one from a different part of the island. Saturday, 24th December. Wind SE 2, sunny, mild 13/14 C. One on the south end of Gugh, by MEH. It could have been one from the “fall” but equally possible it could have just arrived. Behaviour Although some of the butterflies were observed feeding, the majority were resting in sheltered areas on concrete, granite or dark tree trunks sunning themselves and absorbing the reflected heat and warmth from the weak winter sun. They were easily put to flight which was fast and direct making it extremely difficult to photograph them other than at dawn when the light was poor (Some good video shots and photographs were eventually obtained). Feeding was observed on the following species:- Ivy (Hedera helix), Escallonia (Escallonia macrantha), Pittosporum (Pittosporum crassifolium) and various Narcissus sp. grown as a crop by the local farmers. Discussion During the spring we often experience falls of Willow Warblers Phylloscopus trochilus when the weather conditions are “right”, but none of the islanders have ever experienced anything like the above fall of Painted Ladies, particularly so late in the year. Although not active naturalists most of the islanders are aware of the life around them and soon notify me of anything unusual. Over the years many eminent specialists have visited the island so it is almost by osmosis that a wide range of knowledge has been acquired. An examination of the weather maps for the period showed a large anticyclone over the Bay of Biscay of 1040mb with isobars linking northern Spain to the Isles of Scilly. The light clockwise winds flowing from Iberia to 190 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vu.1995 the islands were probably responsible for the Painted Ladies and the migrant moth species mentioned earlier, drifting to the islands. Whether any insects returned from whence they came when the winds changed we may never know. It is clear that they can withstand the rigours of a good “Scilly blow” with the accompanying low, for us, temperatures. It is possible some may hibernate, as do some of our Red Admirals Vanessa Atlanta, under favourable conditions. We await the warm sunny days of January and February to see if we do have any early sighting of the Painted Lady as it 1s usually mid to late April before we have our first arrivals. Postscript Since writing the details of our Fall of the Painted Lady we are pleased to report that at least two and possibly four individuals have successfully overwintered on our island. On Sunday, 19th March, 1995 two were seen together, and a singleton at a different site. Singletons were also seen on 20th March, at different locations. We base our conclusions on the following facts: Weather conditions have not been suitable for migration since 6th February when we had a small influx, including our second ever specimen of the immigrant Pyralid, Euchromius ocellea (Haw.). The wind has been in the west-northerly quarter since then and mostly force four or more, mainly force six plus. The temperatures have been low but there have been occasional days of sun when insects have been flying. No Painted Ladies were observed although Speckled Woods were seen on 12th and 13th March. It was not until 19th and 20th March that any quantity of butterflies emerged when Small Tortoiseshell, Peacock, Speckled Wood and Painted Ladies were seen. If there had been an influx it would be reasonable to expect Red Admirals too as they are usually our first migrant butterfly species; none have been recorded. Our island is frequently used as a stopping and resting place for migrant birds. In spite of daily coverage, no migrants were seen until 21st March when at least seven Black Redstarts, a Wheatear, White Wagtails and a Fieldfare all appeared late in the day following a day of gentle south-easterly wind. If there had been any migration earlier then some if not all of these birds would have been seen on Sunday given the hours of observation at this time of year. More significant than what has so far been seen, is what has not yet arrived. One of the earliest of migrants is the Chiffchaff, but so far there has been no obvious increase in their numbers. We have had nine over- wintering on the island. The species of moth trapped on the night of 19th March 1995 were as we would expect at this time of year, including Orthosia gothica L. (Hebrew Character), Selenia dentaria Fab. (Early Thorn), Phlogophora meticulosa L. (Angle Shades) and Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (Dark Sword Grass). This latter species presumably arrived with the early February immigration. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 19] The winter as a whole has been wet, windy but without any frosts or snow. It is therefore feasible that some of the large influx of Painted Ladies which arrived in late November and stayed through into December could well have survived and emerged on the first spring-like day in March. — JOHN W. HALE AND MIKE E. Hicks, St. Agnes (1.0.S.) Study Group, St. Agnes Post Office Stores, St. Agnes, Isle of Scilly TR22 OPL. Further early emergences of moths I wrote recently on the early emergence of spring moths (Aston, 1995) in Selborne. As the 1992-94 seasons progressed, the tendency towards early emergence continued here as follows: MBGB&lI 1994 1993 1992 imago Caradrina clavipalpis 29th Mar 5th May = 26th Jun Apr-Oct Eupithecia subfuscata 28th Apr 23rd May 7th May May, Jun Xanthorhoe fluctuata Ist May 7th May 23rdMay Apr-Sep Aethalura punctulata 4th May None 18th May May, Jun Ochropleura plecta 9th May 23rd May 8th Jun Apr-Jun Dasychira pudibunda 10th May 8th May 24thMay May, Jun Spilosoma lutea 10th May 25th Apr 23rd May May-Jul Colostygia pectinataria 12th May 30th Apr 17th May May-Sept Semiothisa clathrata 13th May 26thMay None May, Jun Perizoma affinitata 13th May 23rdMay None May-Jul Petrophora chlorosata 13th May 30th Apr 14th Apr May, Jun Nola confusalis 14th May 27th Apr None May, Jun Cerura vinula 15th May 22ndMay None May-Jul Lacanobia oleracea 15th May 9th Jun 14th Jun May-Jul Ligdia adustata 15th May 27th Apr 19th May May, Jun Acronicta rumicis 15th May 27thMay None May-Jul Charanyca trigrammica 16th May 22nd May 5th Jun May-Jul Acasis viretata 19th May 23rdMay None May, Jun Epiblema cynosbatella 19th May 23rdMay 25thMay May-Jul Thera britannica 20th May 22nd May 24thMay May-Jul Diarsia rubi 21st May 24th May 30thMay May, Jun Caradrina morpheus 22nd May 27thMay 24th Jun Jun-Aug Apamea sordens 22nd May 3rd Jun 23rd Jun May, Jun Hepialus lupulinus 23rd May 25thMay 28thMay May-Jul Axylia putris 25th May 22nd May 15th Jun Jun, Jul Autographa pulchrina Ist Jun 8th Jun 5th Jun Jun, Jul Peribatodes rhomboidaria 6th Jun 9th Jun 18th Jun Jul-Sep Some of the early first appearances in 1994 would seem to have left sufficient time for several species uncharacteristically to produce second generations during the later months. All observations were made at home. The m.v. light is operative on most nights of the year. The emergences are regarded as early in so far as they are early for this locality. References: Aston, A., 1995. Early emergence of Spring moths. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 107: 4: Emmet, A.M., 1991. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 7(2). Harley Books, Colchester. — ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage, Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH. 192 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 Phalacrus spp. (Col.: Phalacridae): a correction, and remarks on certain names in the genus In 1952 I recorded as Phalacrus substriatus Gyll. a specimen taken at Blean, East Kent. However, since receiving from the late Philip Harwood a pair of that species, it became evident that the Blean insect was different, and was in fact P. championi Guill. (which I had previously taken on Otford Downs, West Kent). An additional reason for making this correction is the possibility that the inclusion of Kent in the distribution of P. substriatus by Thompson (1958: 9) was based on the above record. The nomenclature of one of our species is singularly troubled, so much so, as to invite a few critical comments amplifying those made in my note of 1952. The species in question was added to our list in 1872 as P. brisouti Rye, and later equated (correctly) with P. hybridus Flach (1888); although Newbury (1907), in introducing the latter as new to Britain, rejected Rye's species as merely a form of P. corruscus (Panz.), a mistaken idea, as I pointed out in my 1952 note. Joy (1932) must have overlooked Newbury's paper, since he ignores hybridus and, quite indefensibly, places corruscus as a synonym of fimetarius (F.), a name little used in British works up to then. However, Thompson (1958: 5), in his excellent revision of our Phalacridae, .shows the latter to be the earliest available name for brisouti Rye, which is placed as “syn. n.” of fimetarius (F.). Strangely, the name hybridus Flach is omitted from the synonymy, an evident oversight as it is included in the bibliography, and likewise from our later catalogues. As if all this were not enough, one finds (with a sense almost verging on despair) that Vogt (1967), who, incidentally, makes use of all Thompson's figures without published acknowledgement, reinstates the name brisouti, with “fimetarius Thompson” as a synonym. No authority is cited or reason given for the change-back, notwithstanding that Mr Thompson had obviously examined the Fabrician type of fimetarius in the Banks collection at the Natural History Museum, London; and until his identification is shown to have been incorrect, I think that we should continue to abide by it. Authors are divided over the correct spelling for Panzer's species above, with a distinct majority in favour of coruscus as against corruscus. Both Thompson and Vogt adopt the single “r’, though the former notes it as an emendation due to Paykull (1800). The Latin word does indeed have only one “r’. However, if the rules of nomenclature are to be followed, Panzer's original spelling must stand; especially as this choice involves no violent break with existing usage. Phalacrus fimetarius appears to show an interesting divergence in distribution and incidence between Britain and mid-Europe. With us, it is widely spread over most of southern England and in some parts commoner than P. corruscus; that is the case for instance, in this district and in at least a large area of north Kent. This contrasts curiously with the data given by Vogt for mid-Europe: known only from warm slopes of the Kyffhauser and in the Rhineland, very rare (my translation). NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 193 References: Allen, A.A., 1952. Phalacrus substriatus Gyll. (Col.: Phalacridae) in Kent; and a few discrepancies, etc., relating to other species. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 88:18; Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles, 1: 528, London; Newbury, E.A., 1907. Phalacrus hybridus, Flach, an addition to the list of British Coleoptera, with a revision of the British species of Phalacrus, Paykull. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 43: 223-5; Thompson, R.T., 1958. Coleoptera, Phalacridae. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 5 (5b): 5,9; Vogt, H., 1967. Jn Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A. (eds.) Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 7: 160, Krefeld. — A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. First Kent record of Cosmopterix orichalcea Staint. (Lep.: Cosmopterigidae) On 6th July 1985 sweeping the general foliage of a floating marsh at Gibbins Brook near Ashford in Kent, produced precious little until about 1600 hours when a single Cosmopterix glistened in the net and which thereafter proved to be fairly common. Later examination showed the species to be orichalcea, not previously recorded from Kent. Normally regarded as a May/June insect, the late date was an indication of the atypical season that year. Other entomologists directed to the site reported finding larvae aplenty on 13th September 1985 and I collected a number on 28th September. The foodplant was later identified by Eric Philp of the Maidstone Museum as Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernal grass), a previously unrecorded foodplant for this species.— N. HEAL, 44 Blenheim Avenue, Faversham, Kent ME13 8NW. Moths as a food resource for hospitalised bats I last wrote a brief note about the feeding habitats of bats and their preferences for particular kinds of moths in 1990 (Entomologist’s Record 102:19-20), following a field trial feeding a tame Noctule bat with moths caught at a m.v. lamp. This bat was kept under licence by Ginni Little who runs a bat hospital in Penzance. The bat hospital has expanded considerably in recent years; Ginni has to find what sources of food she can to assist the bats in their recovery and moths play an important part in their diet. Moths are so easily caught in the spring and summer that they provide a ready source of food. Ginni has furnished me with a list of moths eaten by the hospitalised bats as part of their diet between 1989 and 1991. Forty-seven different species were accepted by the five different bat species (Table 1). All the moths were killed and put in food bowls for the bats. Other insects such as lacewings were released, even though these are taken by bats in the wild. All the species chosen for feeding to the bats are common species in Cornwall except Euxoa obelisca. The different moths taken reflected the abundance of the various species in the Penzance area; what was given to the bats depended on what was found in the trap, but Geometers were generally released because experience showed that they were a less popular food- source. There is no way of telling if these feeding patterns are replicated in 194 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.vii.1995 Table 1. The moth diet of five species of bat in the Cornwall Bat Hospital. May 1989 to September 1991 Bats Moth species A B Acronicta rumicis Agrotis clavis ¥: Agrotis exclamationis y Agrotis puta Amphipyra pyramidea Apamea monoglypha Autographa gamma Autographa pulchrina Cabera pusaria Ceramica pisi Colostygia pectinataria Diachrysia chrysitis Diaphora mendica Diarsia brunnea Diarsia mendica Diarsia rubi Y! Y Eilema lurideola Y Euxoa obelisca NC Gortyna flavago Hadena bicruris Ye Hadena rivularis x Hepialus lupulinus ¥ Hoplodrina ambigua x Hydraecia micacea Lacanobia oleracea Lasiocampa quercus Macrolythacia rubi Mesapamea secalis Mythimna ferrago Mythimna impura Mythimna pallens Noctua comes Noctua fimbriata Noctua janthina Noctua pronuba Ochropleura plecta Omphaloscelis lunosa Orthosia cerasi Orthosia gothica Phalera bucephala Photedes pygmina Phlogophora meticulosa Scoliopteryx libatrix Spilosoma lubricipeda Xanthia togata Xanthorhoe montanata Xestia triangulum Ke em MO cK oF m< i rn RKKK K KK KX nn nd x ) Hands CHOOKE RIES) STEER ae ee 4 4: postdiscal band extremely wavy and pattern of ocelli alike:O2N/B24> Give ye AS Aa: LO AITIO OR Re te Oe WO: a H. fallax 4': postdiscal band more straight; pattern alike 0/3:..................... H. cucullina Key to similar subspecies: H. hermes: 1’: the ocellus on vein 7 on the forewing verso and the ocelli on veins 6, 2 and Ic on the hindwing verso Somewhat pronounced. 25 sy eres Or) VERS: Oe ee ens 2 2: verso surface light brown, ocelli on veins 5 and 4 on thetforewmeverso reduceda oe et I AOE H.h. hermesina 2': All ocelli clear, exhibiting a dark centre including a light nucleolus; overall verso surface dark brown................... H.h. hermes H. fallax: 1: Discal and postdiscal bands on the verso surface bowane towandSmmedta@e ck ce ee ee Hf. fallax HERMEUPTYCHIA CUCULLINA IN BRAZIL Fig. 1: A female specimen of Hermeuptychia cucullina (Weymer) from Foz do Iguacu, Parana, Brazil (26.x.1993), Upperside. Fig. 2: As Fig. 1, Underside. 240 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.1x.1995 Acknowledgements I should like to dedicate the content of the given note to Bernard D'Abrera and his masterpiece on Neotropical butterflies. My criticism on his work ought to be seen simply as a partial achievement of D'Abreras intention, which is to provide a foundation for others. References Anken, R., 1994. Neue Taxa des Genus Hermeuptychia Forster aus Brasilien (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Entomol. Z. 104: 283-291. D'Abrera, B., 1988: Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part V: Nymphalidae (cont.) & Satyridae. Victoria, Australia (Hill House Publishers). Felder, C. v., 1862. Specimen fauna lepidopterologicae riparium fluminis Negro superioris in Brasilia Septentrionali. Wien. ent. Monats. 6: 175-192. Forster, W., 1964. Beitraége zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veréff. Zool. Staatssammlg. Miinchen 8: 51-188. Hayward, K., 1957. Nuevas Euptychia de Bolivia. Revta. Chil. Ent. 5: 107-121. Weymer, G., 1911. In Seitz, GroBschmetterlinge der Erde 5: 173-277. Cydia lunulana (D.&S.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) new to Shropshire (VC40) On the afternoon of 24th May 1994 during the Dipterists's Summer Meeting, a small group visited Prees Heath Site of Special Scientific Interest, Shropshire (SJ5536). The weather was cool and overcast and there were few Diptera to be found so my attention was drawn to a small moth disturbed from some bushes; this was later identified as Cydia lunulana (D.&S.). Riley (1991) does not list this species for Shropshire and no records are given in Riley & Palmer (1994). The distribution of C. /unulana is given in Bradley et al (1979) as Herefordshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, Durham and Northumberland northwards to Sunderland as well as around the coast of North Wales. Emmet (1991) gives the recorded foodplants as Lathyrus spp. especially L. montanus (Bitter Vetch), Vicia cracca (Tufted Vetch) and Pisum sativum (Garden Pea). It was noted that vetches were common at Prees Heath especially on the more disturbed areas. I would like to thank Dr John Langmaid for identifying this specimen. References: Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G. & Smith, A., 1979. British Tortricoid Moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. Emmet, A.M., 1991. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 7 (2), Harley Books, Colchester. Riley, A.M., 1991. A Natural History of the Butterflies and Moths of Shropshire. Swan Hill Press. Riley, A.M. & Palmer, R.M., 1994. Recent Significant Additions and Corrigenda to the list of Lepidoptera recorded in Shropshire. Ent. Gaz. 45: 167-182. — A.M. DAvis, The Rangers House, Cricket Hill Lane, Yateley, Camberley, Surrey GU17 7BB. PYRALID MOTHS IN PROFILE 24] ne PYRALID MOTHS IN PROFILE: PART 2 — ACROBASIS TUMIDANA (DENNIS & SCHIFFERMULLER) BERNARD SKINNER 5 Rawlins Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS. ACROBASIS TUMIDANA D. & S. is readily separated from the similar A. repandana by the prominent ridge of raised reddish scales near the antemedian line and at the base of the forewing. Although the former may be partially flattened by setting these characters these are normally visible to the naked eye especially in live specimens. Nevertheless numerous specimens of repandana have been erroneously identified as the much rarer twnidana despite the obvious absence of these raised scale tufts. Accurate recording has been further confused by nomenclature name changes with repandana being known formerly as tumidella. Before detailing those records supported by a correctly identified voucher specimen it is best to eliminate those published records of tumidana which on investigation have proved to be erroneous. 15.vui.1901, Glanvilles Wootton, Dorset (Dale, 1901). 1920-1957, Aldershot district, Hampshire (Richards, 1957). 7-14.viii.1935, (three) Fritton Lake, Suffolk (Morley, 1937). 3.1x.1962, (two) Buckingham Palace, London (McClintock, 1964). 15.v11.1964, Westonbirt, Gloucestershire (Newton, 1972). 18.vili.1987, Dinton, Wiltshire (Agassiz, 1989). Authenticated specimens from the last century (Total 13) From September 1858 it was taken, sometimes commonly, for at least four years, probably longer, in the environs of south-east London near Forest Hill by Messrs Robert McLachlan and Howard Vaughan. (McLachlan, 1861 and Barrett, 1903). Five specimens in the BM(NH) Support this occurrence. It Should be mentioned here that in the latter reference Barrett gives details of an additional example from Portsmouth, Hampshire, but this was later found to be incorrect (Huggins, 1958). Other specimens in the collections of BM(NH) are: 17.viii.1873, Darenth (Kent), A.B. Farn. vill. 1875, (four), Darenth (Kent), A.B. Farn. No date, West Wickham (Kent), Bond, Purdey Coll. 17.vi1.1898, (two), Herne (Kent), Purdey Coll. Authenticated specimens post 1900 (Total 16) vii.1918, Malvern Link, A. Day, Ford Coll. BM(NH). 1934, Tile Hill Wood, Warwickshire, J.W. Saunt. Coventry Museum. 2.viii.1951, Orlestone Wood, Kent, E.G. Hare. 28.v1i.1989, Portland, Dorset, Portland Bird Observatory. 1.vili.1991, Dungeness, Kent, B. Skinner. 242 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 [Sax 95 27.vili.1991, Greatstone, Kent, R. Turley. 3.1x. 1991, Studland, Dorset, B. Skinner. 1.vili.1992, Greatstone, Kent, B. Banson. 10.vii1.1992, Portland, Dorset, Portland Bird Observatory. 10.viii. 1992, Greatstone, Kent, B. Banson. 17.vili.1992, Dungeness, Kent, D. Walker. 15.vii1.1992, (three), Pagham, Sussex, R. McCormick. 14.viii.1993, Pagham, Sussex, B. Skinner. 4.vili.1994, Christchurch, Hampshire, M. Jeffs. 11.vi1.1994, Pagham, Sussex, B. Skinner. An analysis of these records would suggest that tumidana was at some time during the last century established in south-east London and north-west Kent. One cannot rule out the possibility that these residents were the result of colonisation by immigrants, but the location makes it more likely that they were relict populations destined to be doomed by habitat destruction. At that time much of Forest Hill and surroundings were dominated by the oak woodland of the Great North Wood and Darenth from its past history must have been an entomological Shangri-la. The origin of both records from central England taken during the first half of this Century is not easily explained, perhaps they too were the last survivors of relict populations; certainly this Century has seen the demise of other resident species of Pyralid in the Midlands. On the remaining captures, all post 1950, there is enough evidence to accept most of them as immigrants; only the most recent from Sussex might indicate a possible colonisation. For the sake of completeness the final list details those published records which because of the absence of voucher specimens cannot be confirmed or disproved. 28.viii. 1895, Shoreham, Sussex, A.C. Vine (Goss & Fletcher, 1905). 31.vili.1895, Shoreham, Sussex, A.C. Vine (Goss & Fletcher, 1905). Pre 1905, Charmandean, Sussex, H.B. Fletcher (Goss & Fletcher, 1905). Pre 1908, Folkestone, Kent (Goss & Bower, 1908). 7.vili.1904, Studland, Dorset, F.H. Fisher (Richardson, 1913). 18.v1i.1936, Henswood, Wiltshire (Anon, 1939). 1952, Tile Hill Wood, Warwickshire, S.E.W. Carlier (Robbins, 1992). 1978, Claret Lodge, Leicestershire, H. Weston-Bird (McPhail, 1993). The records from Lancashire and Cheshire in (Ellis revised Mansbridge, 1940) are the result of muddled nomenclature, see (Ellis, 1890) and (Day, 1903). References Agassiz, D., 1989. Microlepidoptera — A Review of the Year 1987. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 151. Anon, 1939. Hand list of the microlepidoptera of the Marlborough district. Rep. Marlboro. Coll. nat. Hist. Soc. No. 87: 90. PYRALID MOTHS IN PROFILE 243 Barrett, C.G., 1903. Acrobasis verrucella Hb. & rubrotibiella Fr. as British Insects. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 39: 164. Dale, C.W., 1901. Additions to the Lepidoptera of Glanvilles Wootton since 1890. /bid. 37121, 0. Day, G.O., 1903. A list of lepidoptera found in the counties of Cheshire, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Caernarvonshire and Anglesea. Proc. Chester Soc. Sci. 5: 104. Ellis, J.W., 1890. The lepidopterous fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire. Reprint edition 1890: 77. Ellis, J.W. revised Mansbridge, W., 1940. The lepidopterous fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire. Lancs. & Cheshire Ent. Soc., reprint 1940: 160. Goss, H. & Bower, B.A., 1908. The Victoria history of the County of Kent. 1: 198. Goss, H. & Fletcher, W.H.B., 1905. The Victoria history of the County of Sussex. 1: 193. Huggins, H.C., 1958. Notes on Microlepidoptera. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 70: 136. McClintock, D. et al., 1861. Natural history of the garden of Buckingham Palace. Proc. Trans. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 (2): 67. McLachlen, R., 1861. Rhodophaea rubrotibiella Mann. Entomologist’s Wkly intell. 10: 164. McPhail, J., 1993. Provisional atlas of the Leicestershire microlepidoptera. Leicestershire ent. Soc. 1993 (7): 237. Morley, C., 1937. Final catalogue of the lepidoptera of Suffolk. Mem. Suffolk nat. Soc. LOS Ts 123: Newton, J., 1972. Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 84: 279: Richards, A.W., 1957. The lepidoptera of the Aldershot district of N.E. Hampshire. /bid. 69: 203. Richardson, N.M., 1913. Second supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck. Proc. Dorset nat. Hist. antig. Fld Club 34: 65. Robbins, J., 1992. Provisional Atlas of The Lepidoptera of Warwickshire Part 3. Warwickshire B.R.C. p. 142. Scythris picaepennis (Haw.) (Lep.: Scythrididae): extended emergence or possible bivoltinism in South Wiltshire Between 1986 and 1991 I recorded Scythris picaepennis from four separate locations in South Wiltshire (VC8). Records from three of these sites corresponded with the stated imago emergence period, /.e. July (Meyrick, 1927; Emmet, 1988 and Emmet, 1991) and mid-June to end of July (Bengtsson, 1984). However at the fourth site, Boscombe Down, the moth was occasionally found to be quite common well beyond the end of July (see list below). It should be borne in mind that these were casual observations and not exhaustive searches. 3rd July 1989 - 1 10th July 1990 - 1 3rd August 1989 — 6 17th July 1990 - 1 10th August 1989 — 30 29th August 1990 — 15 Sth September 1989 — 18 5th September 1990 — 1 13th September 1990 — 1 In northern Europe the Scythrididae are mostly univoltine but a few may be bivoltine; in any case they have a very extended flight period (Bengtsson, 244 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.ix.1995 1984). S. picaepennis may therefore take advantage of suitable weather and habitat to produce a second brood or, at least, considerably extend its flight period. The location where this phenomenon was noted 1s a sheltered south- facing disused railway bank where the moths could mostly be found in the flower-heads of Ranunculus repens or Helianthemum nummularium. References : Bengtsson, B.A., 1984. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 13; Emmet, A.M., 1988. A Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera; Emmet, A.M., 1991. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 7 (2); Meyrick, E.M., 1927. Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. —S.M. PALMER, 137 Lightfoot Lane, Fulwood, Preston, Lancs. PR4 OAH. Hazards of butterfly collecting — Political undercurrents Before I left Zambia in 1971, I took some local leave for a final visit to my old haunts in Mwinilunga District, in the far north-east. At that time the politics of the district were somewhat confused. The United National Independence Party (UNIP) governed the country, appointed district governors, and maintained a presence wherever possible. It was a one-party State. However, much of Mwinilunga District still staunchly supported the African National Congress (ANC). The latter had an armed wing, which based itself in neighbouring Angola, although at that time most of the arms seemed to consist of bows and arrows. I made a bee-line for the Isombo Stream, nor far from Kalene Hill Mission, the home of exotic rainforest fauna from Zaire to the north. I camped in my Peugeot 707 stationwagon not far from the village which controlled the area, and which of course supported UNIP. However, I then found I had camped right beside a track used by the armed wing of the ANC to infiltrate back into Zambia. They greeted me in a secretive manner and went on their way. During the course of the day's collecting I had acquired a thorn in my foot and I went to the nearby stream to wash and try to remove it. Two large gentlemen smartly dressed in green uniforms appeared and proudly announced themselves as members of the Angolan Army, on a friendly cross border visit. They volunteered, could they help me remove the thorn? Which all goes to show that Christian charity and even tolerance of political disagreement can survive in disturbed times, and that foreigners who maintain a neutral stance do not need to feel alarmed or even out of place. On another occasion, during a weekend on an official tour, I was, all by myself, collecting dragonflies for Elliot Pinhey at a roadside pond on the Zambia-Malawi border. A smart looking local politician on a bicycle appeared and wanted to know who I was? I said I was an economist from Lusaka. “A communist’, he said, “my word, I have never met one of them before”. I am still not sure I convinced him that the two words are not synonymous! —R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent Road, Selsey, West Sussex PO20 9DQ. BEHAVIOUR OF PANOPTES BLUE 245 OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE PANOPTES BLUE BUTTERFLY, PSEUDOPHILOTES PANOPTES (HUBNER) (LEP.: LYCAENIDAE) R.J. Morris Christ's College, Cambridge CB2 2BU. CONTINUOUS OBSERVATIONS on the behaviour of an individual Panoptes Blue butterfly, Pseudophilotes panoptes, were noted over a period of four hours, to see if this species showed thermoregulatory behaviour characteristic of small butterflies as described by Heinrich (1993). The time spent in various thermoregulatory activities was recorded, along with details of territorial and feeding behaviour. The fieldwork was carried out in March 1994 on a disturbed habitat near Malaga, in southern Spain. Butterflies need to elevate their thoracic temperature in order to fly. They do this by basking. Basking posture varies with family and in the Lycaenidae lateral basking, in which the wings are closed dorsally and tilted sideways to present the underside of the wings at right angles to the sun, is common. Blues of the genus Everes and Glaucopsyche bask with wings partially open to the sun (Heinrich 1993). It has been suggested that in this posture the wings act as reflectance panels that focus heat onto the body (Kingsolver 1985a,b), but Heinrich (1990) has shown that the wings in fact act as convection baffles to retard cooling. Small-bodied butterflies have only a limited flight range of a few seconds because they cool rapidly by convection. The range per flight is temperature dependent; individuals bask for longer and make shorter flights at low ambient temperatures (Ta) (Heinrich 1993). The Panoptes Blue spent 91.4% of its time basking on low plants about Scm above the ground, more frequently with fully opened wings, than with partially opened wings (Figure 1). The butterfly orientated itself with its thorax facing the sun, maximising the interception of solar radiation. Often a complete circle was turned after landing before the most favourable position was found. Some lateral basking behaviour was also observed. When the sun temporarily disappeared behind clouds, or there was a sudden gust of wind, the wings of the Panoptes Blue were closed to a greater degree which may have further decreased convective cooling. In strong gusts of wind the wings were completely closed, with the forewings drawn up between the hindwings, thus decreasing the surface area exposed and perhaps minimising heat loss. This posture may also have made the butterfly less susceptible to being blown away. Complete closure of the wings also occurred in extremely hot conditions and this may have prevented overheating. Taking to flight may achieve the same result by causing heat loss (dependent on Ta). The Panoptes Blue is a small butterfly and flies in a fluttering manner for only a short period of time (2.1% of total time observed) (Figure 1) before landing to bask. 246 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.1x.1995 Aggressive behaviour was observed in the Panoptes Blue (0.7% of total time observed) (Figure 1). The individual studied remained in the same area (approximately 1m’) of open ground for the duration of the four hour period. That area can be called a territory for the purpose of this study. When a second butterfly of the same species entered that territory a particular sequence of behaviour was observed. First the two butterflies flew straight upwards together in close proximity, appearing to be in physical contact at times. Then they separated before spiralling downwards and flying upwards together again. Each of these interactions lasted several seconds and was followed by a brief rest period of basking before the sequence started again. The intruder was eventually chased away every time; in one case it had to be chased several metres away before it gave up. Interspecific aggressive behaviour was also observed. The Panoptes Blue was seen to chase a Spanish Festoon, Zerynthia rumina L., much larger than itself, out of its territory. The Panoptes Blue was observed feeding several times, mainly on Euphorbia species within the territory (5.9% of total time observed) (Figure 1). The purpose of the aggressive behaviour may have been a defence of foodplants. No female Panoptes Blues were seen during the study, but the behaviour could have evolved in relation to courtship. When feeding the butterfly did not always adopt a basking posture orientated with respect to the sun; sometimes it did not adopt a basking posture at all. This is consistent with the results of Pivnick and McNeil (1987) who found that when thoracic Figure 1. Proportional allocation of time by the Panoptes Blue butterfly, Pseudophilotes panoptes, over a four hour period. basking feeding Mi fighting HE fiying Note: it was not always possible to distinguish between basking and resting. BEHAVIOUR OF PANOPTES BLUE 247 temperature (and thus Ta) was high enough, adult Essex Skippers, Thymelicus lineola Ochsenheimer, were able to feed with their wings closed. These observations on the behaviour of the Panoptes Blue butterfly, Pseudophilotes panoptes reveal thermoregulatory behaviour consistent with that proposed by Heinrich (1993) for small butterfly species. Since so little is known about the behaviour of this continental species, this may be the first documented record showing that the behaviour of the Panoptes Blue includes components characteristic of thermoregulation in many small- bodied butterflies. Acknowledgements I thank Dr S.A. Corbet and G.W. Danahar for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. References Heinrich, B., 1990. Is “reflectance” basking real? Journal of Experimental Biology, 154: 31-43. — , 1993. The Hot-Blooded Insects. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Kingsolver, J.G., 1985a. Thermal ecology of Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): a new mechanism of behavioural thermoregulation. Oecologia. 66: 540-545. — , 1985b. Thermoregulatory significance of wing melanisation in Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): physics, posture, and pattern. Oecologia. 66: 546-553. Pivnick, K.A. and McNeil, J.N., 1987. Diel patterns of activity of Thymelicus lineola adults (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in relation to weather. Ecological Entomology. 12: 197-207. An Autumnal Broad-bordered Bee Hawk, Hemaris fuciformis L. (Lep.: Sphingidae), in an Essex Garden _~ In the course of correspondence Dr R:R. Uhthoff-Kaufmann recently informed me of his sighting of a Bee hawk moth in his front garden in Old Harlow, Essex, on 29th September 1994. This may, perhaps, be of interest in connection with the note by G.M. Haggett (antea: 24) reporting the species in good numbers in recent years in the Norfolk/Suffolk breckland, including its appearance for about the first time in gardens and one, exceptionally, in October last. At about 10.30am in sunshine the moth arrived “from nowhere” and fed for at least a minute at flowers of variegated “busy lizzies” (Impatiens sp.) in a tub. The hindwings appeared to have large “eye-spots” — applicable to H. fuciformis only. Dr Kaufmann adds that there was at the time a local newspaper report of several other residents in the Harlow area having seen Hummingbird Hawkmoths in their gardens, and suggests with reason that some at least of these may have been Bee Hawks..A small (?) autumn brood would have been a likely product of the very hct weather of July 1994.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 248 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 Six 1995 An update on the Southern Chestnut moth Agrochola haematidea Dup. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Britain Further searches were made for the Southern Chestnut Agrochola haematidea in 1994 but it has still not been found away from the sites on which a strong colony was discovered, for the first time in Britain, in 1990, (British Wildlife 3: 112-114, 307-308, 5: 53; Ent. Gaz. 44: 183-203, 1993). Not a single individual has been reported amongst the migrant moths which turn up at our coasts and elsewhere. The moth was seen again in numbers in 1994 at its single site but there is some concern at the numbers of lepidopterists visiting simply to obtain specimens. Collectively, it appears that well over a hundred moths were removed from the site in 1994, probably more, and larvae were also collected. So far the moth has sustained the collecting which has taken place, but this is not through any planning or co-operation. The latter would enable the efforts of visiting lepidopterists to be directed at improving our knowledge of moth and its distribution on the site and enable a check on numbers seen and numbers removed. Visits could be spread over the season and over the years to ensure the population is monitored rather than over-collected. The population appears to be strong at present but a continuation of unco- ordinated visits and removal of specimens at recent levels, as more collectors learn of the confidential locality, could lead to a ban on collecting this species, which would be unfortunate for all concerned. This happened, for not dissimilar reasons, with the Sussex Emerald Thalera fimbrialis which was added in 1992 to the list of moths protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (Brit. Wild. 4: 322). The latter was seen in good numbers again in 1994 at its single site. Other species which may await discovery in Britain may prove less able to withstand similar bouts of collecting. Colin Pratt, county moth recorder for Sussex has offered to co-ordinate visits for the Southern Chestnut and to be a link with the local English Nature office who advise the landowners. His aim will be to maintain a record of the numbers seen and taken and to direct recording to maximise usefulness, to ensure that the moth becomes better understood and is not over-exploited. He can be contacted at 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, East Sussex, Tel: 01273 586780. He will not be giving away details of the site however. For those unfamiliar with moth collecting issues, it must be emphasised that it is the amateur collectors and recorders of moths that provide virtually all the information on the status of moths in Britain and who discover the new species such as the Southern Chestnut. The aim here is to develop a situation where the discoverers of exciting new species can feel confident about announcing their results without fear that, on the one hand, a swarm of collectors will descend on the site the following season, and on the other, that the moth will automatically end up on the protected list if it is only found on one site. — PAUL WARING, 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 6LS. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249 Hazards of butterfly collecting — Butterflies witness for Jehovah — Nigeria, March 1995. I was papering more than 130 different butterflies caught that day in the tiny village of Old Ekuri on the edge of the Oban Hills National Park in eastern Nigeria. It had been an amazing day, not so much in terms of the number of species — 130 in a day is commonplace in the Oban Hills — but in terms of quality. Dozens of skippers and blues that I had not previously seen, at least two new to science. There are probably few things more scruffy-looking than yours truly papering butterflies and making field notes after a whole day in the forest. But daylight ends at six, work has to be finished before then since electricity is not one of the luxuries with which Old Ekuri is endowed. There are, in fact, no luxuries at all in Old Ekuri. My scientific work apart, I also carry the brief for popularising the National Park with the communities living near the park, making them understand the importance of conservation. They generally respond well to my findings that of all areas of similar size anywhere in Africa, there are more butterflies in “their” park than anywhere else. Biodiversity writ large! . That afternoon a most amazing apparition bore down upon me. A dapper young gentleman in a black three-piece suit and matching tie. He might have been a London City gent from the 1950s, minus the bowler hat. He was, as it happened, a missionary of the Jehovah's Witnesses, having just walked in from the next village, 20km away. I gave him an overview of the Oban Hills’ butterfly situation (at least 950 species), the African one (3,700 species), and the world (18,000 species). He gave my butterflies a good look-over: “I beg to differ” he said, “There are 150,000 species of butterflies’. I mumbled something about that having to include moths as well, but he was adamant: “And from where do you have this statistic?”. From Awake, the Jehovah's Witnesses magazine (average printing 12,900,000, published in 73 languages!). We left it at that. I had another three splendid days at Old Ekuri. Driving back the next day, we were flagged down in the next village by the missionary. “I am terrible sorry” he said, “I was wrong... you are right”. Awake had actually stated that there were 15,000 butterfly species, not 150,000. He had inadvertently added a zero. He was deeply contrite. He gave me a copy of the relevant issue. The article in question gives a fair account of mimicry, a rather less fair account of scientific controversy concerning mimicry, ending — predictably — with a strong creationist message: “You created all things, and because of your will they existed and they were created”. — Revelations 4: 11. My Jehovah's Witness friend and I now roughly agree on the world butterfly community of 15-18,000, though I am not absolutely convinced that God created all of them, retaining a sneaking suspicion that evolution played a rather significant role. 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ISOLUJE SYOO] YOIYA\ ‘(aAoge ) AQJIOIA JY) PUB 'SIUIM UMOIG-aRuRJO pue yorR]Q od1ey spt yA “(QU ay] UO) YoLeuolW a4yjJ—sSaded asayt UO OM) AY) JL YOO] B 3yR) SN 197 (SNOUOSIOd dq 02 PaAdt[aq ae SoIN1PasD INJIYBI[ap asay) JO SWOS 1241 MOUY NOA PIp Ing ‘UMOP puke dn sum $71 Tuyo) SABAH SI 1 Pue—LWOO/G UO AUB UO YANOUA Zuo] dois 0} suid9s J9AdU 7! INQ ‘ydesBo} -Oyd B UIAI 9qABU *YOO] LaSO]3 & 19d 0) AO} P[|NOMW NOK “NOA 9SED) PUB OZI[/BJUR} OF SAAS 11 ‘JSMOL OF JAMOY WOOL) SPY 1 SY (SJO[OO SU puk ‘UTISAap sy ‘AyMeaq $1 AQ Possosdut NOK IWaAQ (AQ PeraINY Ayse1ing vB sv PIOURI]Ud PIyIIEM J9A9 NOA FAY Esnouosjog oly SOljjieR ng A}}Oidg OSOYUL VOLYAY HI NOS NI LNIGNOdSTNYOD (IVRAY AG he village. given int The centre-spread of the magazine I was NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 954 India at a Danish missionary school. Every year, all Danish missionaries in India summered there. When you went butterfly collecting after church on Sunday (having already lost valuable collecting time), you were subject to sudden ambushes from middle-aged gentlemen, clamping a hand )n your head and demanding with menaces “Well Torben, how is your relationship with the Lord this morning?”. The experience put me off religion, especially of proselytising variety, for life. But, like it or not, you really have to hand it to the Jehovah's Witnesses. The issue of Awake that I saw had a lot of genuine information — such as an accurate resumé of Balkan history since Grand Duke Ferdinand was murdered in Sarajevo. Their 12,900,000 copies end up in parts which no other printed matter reaches. And the gracious apology from my friend on the little matter of butterfly numbers will remain in my memory.— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL. Early migrant moths in Scotland in 1995 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), the Dark Sword Grass moth, is usually recorded as a casual immigrant in Scotland in mid-late summer but one came to light near Kincraig, Strathspey on 6th April 1995; three were present in an m.v. light trap at Sands of Forvie National Nature Reserve, Aberdeenshire on 13th April 1995 and four were present in a similar trap at Oldmeldrum, Aberdeenshire on 14th April 1995. No other known migrant moth species were recorded on the same occasions but some of the first Sand Martins and Wheatears were seen in Aberdeenshire on the 13th and 14th April after a period of unseasonally warm weather and light winds. Skinner (1984. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking, Middlesex) suggests that the species may occasionally survive mild winters in Britain. However, the 1994/95 winter has been of average seveiity in Scotland and Aberdeenshire is an unlikely location for overwintering migrants! It therefore seems probable that these specimens were primary migrants. M.R. YOUNG, Culterty Field Station, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Ellon, Aberdeenshire AB41 OAA. [Large numbers of A. ipsilon were also recorded at light and on sugar at Loch Rannoch on 8th April 1995, when the hills were still covered with snow. — A.S.] Early emergence of butterflies and moths in the Isle of Wight during 1995 The winter of 1994-5 was one of the wettest though warmest in recent years. The first half of April was influenced by a large area of high pressure which resulted in warm sunny days causing an early emergence of butter‘lies and moths in this very forward spring. The most exceptional record of the winter was that of Selenia dentaria (Fabr.) which was taken at Binstead by Brian Warne on 14th January. An 5/73 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 f71xgO95 example of Vanessea atalanta (L.) was seen at Firestone Copse, Havenstreet on 2nd February which supports further evidence that this species hibernates in this country during mild winters. A specimen of Cynthia cardui (L.) was observed at Luccombe Down on 4th February. Two of our commoner migrant moths also appeared during this month namely Agrotis Ipsilon (Hufn.) on 6th February at Freshwater and Nomophila noctuella (D.&S.) on 22nd February at Binstead. The warm and sunny April caused the exceptionally early emergence of Pieris napi (L.) at Whitefield Woods, Ryde and Callophrys rubi (L.) in the chalk-pit at Compton Down on 12th April, and Pyrgus malvae (L.) on 14th April also at the latter locality. Amongst the moths the most outstanding were Acronicta psi (L.) at Ryde, Aethalura punctulata (D.&S.) at Whitefield Woods, Aspitates ochrearia (Rossi.) on Compton Down on 14th April; Spilosoma luteum (Hufn.) at Binstead on 25th April and Xanthorhoe spadicearia (D.&S.) at Cranmore on 27th April. I now give below a list of early emergents taken on the island during o>: Date Species Locality January 14th Selenia dentaria (Fabr.) Binstead February 2nd Vanessa atalanta (L.) Firestone Copse 4th Cynthia cardui (L.) Luccombe Down 8th Xylocampa areola (Esp.) Cranmore 22nd Nomophila noctuella (D.&S.) Binstead April 8th Menophra abruptaria (Thunb.) — Binstead 12th Pheosia gnoma (Fabr.) Binstead Pieris napi (L.) Whitefield Woods Callophrys rubi (L.) Compton Down 13th Ochropleura plecta (L.) Binstead 14th Acronicta psi (L.) Ryde Aethalura punctulata (D.&S.) | Whitefield Woods Agrotis puta (Hb.) Freshwater Aspitates ochrearia (Rossi) Compton Down Pyrgus malvae (L.) Compton Down 15th Pterostoma palpina (C1.) Freshwater 23rd Lasiommata megera (L.) Compton Down 24th Eligmodonta ziczac (L.) Binstead 25th Spilosoma luteum (Hufn.) Binstead 26th Notodonta dromedarius (L.) Binstead 27th Xanthorhoe spadicearia (D.&S.) Cranmore 28th Alcis repandata (L.) Whitefield Woods 30th Tyria jacobaeae Arreton NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 253 May Ist Phalera bucephala (L.) Freshwater 3rd Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) Compton Down 6th Noctua pronuba (L.) Cranmore 8th Hadena perplexa (D.&S.) Freshwater I should like to mention the following observation that I witnessed on Compton Down on 14th April. This was a pair of Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.) in copula settled on the grass accompanied by five other males crawling over the unfortunate couple. This is the first time that I have seen this species assemble in this way. Finally I should like to record two very early sightings of the Large Red Damselfly (Pyrrhosoma nymphula). Andy Butler saw two at Alverstone on 9th April and my mother noticed one in the garden at Freshwater on the following day. S.A. KNILL-JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. Drunken goat moth larvae I have also had occasion to resuscitate “drunken” goat moth larvae, (vide Clerck, J., 1995. Drunken goats. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 106: 82). Mine were fed on wholemeal bread and apple, in the recommended fashion, but the container was rather tall and narrow and, on one occasion, the apple became somewhat decayed. Fumes of some sort overcame my larvae and one morning I found them insensible. They were apparently completely lifeless but not flaccid or misshapen, as may happen with disease. Suspecting that they were merely intoxicated, I placed them on some absorbent paper and gently massaged them, so as to cause air to be forced in and out of the spiracles. After about 30 minutes they began to wriggle slightly and after a further 30 minutes had made a full recovery. Since then they have again fed voraciously and are now (April 1995) just becoming active after the winter. I wondered how much the effect was due to alcohol fumes, of which the container certainly smelt, and how much to CO: anaesthesia.- M.R. YOUNG, Culterty Field Station, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Ellon, Aberdeenshire AB41 OAA. [Note: All three moths duly emerged in July 1995 — M.Y.] Stigmella continuella (Stt.) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) in Scotland In September 1988, Mark Young introduced Stigmella continuella (Stainton, 1856) to the Scottish list when he discovered mines of this species on the Glenfarrar NNR (VC96) and Ariundle NNR (VC97) (Agassiz, D. (1990) Ent. Rec. J. Var. 102: 131). Last year this species turned up in two further, widely separated localities. On 10.ix.1994 the author found two vacated leafmines of this species on Birch at Camghouran (Grid Ref. NN5455), Rannoch, Perthshire (VC88). On 21.ix.94 a survey for a Forestry 254 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.1x.1995 Authority/Scottish Natural Heritage research project, conducted by David Barbour, Allan Watt and Colin McBeath, yielded vacated mines of this species in Birch in two separate localities in Knapdale. The first was in a spruce plantation with 30% mix Birch near Loch Buic (Grid Ref. NR7988) and the other was in a birchwood besides Daill Loch (Grid Ref. NR8189), both in Knapdale Forest, Kintyre (VC101). These new records could possibly indicate a recent invasion of Scotland by this species, although my own opinion is that it is a low density species that is under-recorded. At the Perthshire site both mines were close together on the succulent leaves of small shoots arising directly from the main trunk. The location of the mines at the other sites was not recorded.— K.P. BLAND, 35 Charterhall Road, Edinburgh EH9 3HS. An outbreak of the Lackey moth, Malacosoma neustria L. 1758 (Lep. Lasiocampidae) in Beckton, east London, May 1995 Early in May 1995 whilst checking the infestation of Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L. 1758) in Beckton, east London, I was surprised to see so many active “nests” of the Lackey, Malacosoma neustria (L. 1758). I had already collected a batch of ova of this moth from Sloe in February in the same area, but did not expect to be greeted by such an apparent population explosion. Soon after the initial sightings I counted the number of larval “nests” to be found. As the larvae were already well advanced, a “nest” for our purposes was any clearly-defined group of larvae feeding separately from another. As some of the larval clusters were so close together it cannot be assumed that they were not originally from the same egg batch. Sixty-six were counted in all in a very small area alongside a busy main road, roughly running opposite the recently inaugurated Docklands Light Railway. The following foodplants were noted along with the numbers of larval “webs”: Sloe 43; Rose 11; Hawthorn 5; Hazel 2; Oak 1. E. chrysorrhoea and M. neustria did not seem to be in competition as larvae were seen to share facilities on more than one occasion i.e. the Brown-tails would sit on the Lackey's “web”. Outside the Beckton area, larvae were noted singly on Hawthorn and on Prunus en masse in Walthamstow, also in May 1995. Plant (1993) mentions M. neustria as an “...occasional pest species which can reach plague proportions in some years, although normally it causes little more than local defoliation of hedges”. Gémez de Aizptrua (1988) cites this species as being a pest in Spain on “numerous occasions”. Soria (1987) details “an enormous quantity of larvae found in Mazarambroz (Toledo) in 1981 on Oak and describes serious outbreaks on Oak, specifically, Quercus pyrenaica Willdenow, in the sixties. In 1987, more than 20,000 hectares of Oak were attacked north of Madrid in the Sierra de Guadarrama, leading to defoliation on a massive scale. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25D References: G6mez de Aizpurua, C., 1988. Biologia y Morfologia de las Orugas. Tomo VI. MAPA, Madrid; Plant, C., 1993. Larger Moths of the London Area. London Natural History Society; Soria, S., 1987. Lepidopteros Defoliadores de Quercus pyrenaica Will. 1805, MAPA, Madrid. — GARETH E. KING, 22 Stoney Meade, Slough SL1 2YL. Pediasia fascelinella (Lep.: Pyralidae): two more Kentish examples Following the first county record of this species that came to my light at Dungeness on 3rd August 1990 ( Ent. Rec. J. Var. 103: 51-52), I can report two more specimens recorded in Kent during 1994. The first was taken by John Owen at Dymchurch on 2nd July, and the second was taken by myself at Dungeness on 30th July. The nearest existing British colony of this pyralid is in Suffolk (Parsons, 1993. A review of the scarce and threatened pyralid moths of Great Britain), and as all three of the Kentish records have occurred out of habitat and with immigrant species, I would suggest the Continent as their most likely place of origin— SEAN CLANCY, “Delhi” Cottage, Dungeness, Romney Marsh, Kent TN29 ONE. Large Tortoiseshell butterfly, Nymphalis polychloros L. in Kent During the early afternoon of Sunday 9th April 1995 Pamela Stafford and myself were exploring the old church at Elmsted in Kent when my attention was drawn to a dead Peacock butterfly in the central aisle. Looking up at the windows we saw several more Peacocks and Small Tortoiseshells, presumably attracted to the warmth and light. We carefully removed them to a warm, horizontal gravestone in the churchyard and within a short time most had become active and flown away. Using a broom we gently coaxed the higher butterflies down from the window, and during this operation a large butterfly dropped to the floor, and slowly opened its wings. We were astonished to see the unmistakable wing pattern of a Large Tortoiseshell. After removal to the gravestone, it sunned itself for a little while, allowing us ample opportunity to examine it closely, and then, in good light, it strongly flew away. In all, 25 Peacocks and six Small Tortoiseshells and, of course, the Large Tortoiseshell, were “rescued”.— PETER BURNESS, | Hinton Close, West Park, Eltham, London SE9 4SE. Unseasonal Lepidoptera records from Rothamsted Insect Survey light- traps On 6.xii.1994 a single Orthosia cerasi Fabricius was caught in the RIS light- trap at Hamstreet, Kent (Site No. 472, O.S. grid ref. TROO4 334) and one Cerastis rubricosa Denis & Schiffermiiller was caught at Rhandirmwyn, Dyfed (Site No. 346, OS grid ref: SN782 441). Both species usually fly in March and April. These extraordinarily early records probably result from 256 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 [Sixali995 the very mild weather prior to the date of capture. At Rothamsted, the highest mean November temperature for over 100 years was recorded and at Rhandirmwyn, minimum temperatures rarely fell below 10°C. Waring, P. (1995, British Wildlife 6(4): 257-258) cites other early records including that of an Orthosia gothica on 12.xii.1994. This species also usually flies in March and April. It would be of value to read of further unusual records resulting from the mild early winter weather of 1994 as they may give some indication as to which species are affected by such conditions and to what extent. Thanks are extended to Mr David Davies and Mr Michael Tickner for operating the traps at Rhandirmwyn and Hamstreet, respectively. ADRIAN M. RILEY, Department of Entomology & Nematology, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire ALS 2JQ. A note on the flying times of Laothoe populi L. (Lep. Sphingidae) Following the recent discussion of the voltinism of L. populi in the pages of this Journal by West (106: 41-45) and Spalding (106: 126), I examined my m.v. trap records from west Devon to see whether they added anything to the debate. They do not, as I rarely operate the trap late enough in the year, but they nevertheless show a curious monthly distribution pattern which seems worth placing on record. The figure shows my 242 light trap records covering the period 1988- 1994, with each month being divided into halves. This illustrates a clear May May une June Juty July Trap catches of hawkmoths: Top: Laothoe populi; Left: Deilephila elpenor; Right: Sphinx ligustri. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ZT, peak in the second half of May in addition to that expected in July. I took this to be a reflection on my somewhat erratic trapping pattern but to check, | analysed my records of Sphinx ligustri L. (163 records) and Deilephila elpenor L. (320 records), two other locally common sphingids that appear frequently in the trap with populi. These are also shown and indicate the expected type of distribution. This, surely, eliminates any sampling effects. My curiosity aroused, I re-examined West's and Spalding's data. The former show a minor late May peak in four of the ten years where full data are available (1987, 1989, 1991 and 1992), whilst Spalding's figure shows a somewhat later, minor peak in the first week of June. These observations are obviously inconclusive but suggest that this moth, in some years and in some parts of the country at least, exhibits an unusual pattern of emergence. Perhaps other readers will examine their own records to see how widespread this phenomenon is, or suggest an explanation— R.W. BOGUE, Kingston House, Tuckermarsh, Bere Alston, Devon PL20 7HB. Scarcity of Vanessid butterflies I refer to the observation “The scarcity of Vanessid butterflies” by C.J. Smith (Ent. Rec. J. Var. 107: 146), who I note is another resident of Sale, and who in particular makes a point that in a local sports field hostplant-habitat of Aglais urticae (Linn.) and /nachis io (Linn.) has been destroyed. Close to my home is another sports field, Crossford, where I have done some studies on these species. It is owned by the local authority and is in the Mersey Valley. The eastern section of the field is on a slightly higher level than the western and the two sections are separated by a shallow north-south drain (SJ792930/1) in which, in spite of the grass either side being regularly mown, extensive beds of nettles are normally allowed to grow unhindered. Forming a west-facing bank, in early spring the drain receives the full rays of the afternoon sun, and forms a microclimate considerably warmer than the Surrounding area. As a result, every year one or both of these butterfly species congregate here post-hibernation, sometimes in considerable numbers. It is generally accepted that A. urticae and I. io are highly mobile and do not form permanent breeding populations restricted to a small area, therefore I suggest that each year individuals moving through the Mersey Valley, probably from some distance, are able to single out this small site from the surrounding environment because of its combination of suitable features (chemical/ olfactory cues from the nettles; aspect; insolation level). I find that this concentration of the butterflies occurs only in the spring — later in the year, when the ambient temperature in the Valley is higher, the need for the butterflies to seek out the warmest spots is less and they are more generally distributed. Normally the spring sighting of adults is followed by the appearance of larvae on the nettles, though this does not occur every year — sometimes when A. urticae imagines have been abundant no larvae have been seen, and 258 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 Saxe 95 sometimes only /. io. This year 1995, however, although in the whole of this area A. urticae numbers post-hibernation were very much down on previous years (I only had a couple of sightings in the sports field) and I was unable to locate any broods of larvae elsewhere in the neighbourhood, a very fine brood appeared and fed to pupation on these nettles. I would suggest that the “scarcity” of the Peacock and Small Tortoiseshell in this area, which Smith mentions as having occurred in recent years, is due more to cyclical fluctuations caused by climatic variations and/or parasite numbers than to habitat destruction; numerous suitable sites exist in the Mersey Valley. In my experience, /. io has considerably increased in the last decade, and although A. urticae has been quite scarce at times especially this last year, at other times, notably 1989-91, it has been very numerous and much more so than in, say, 1986-7. I would however agree with Smith that there is no room for complacency and that habitat destruction does pose a considerable threat to even the most familiar butterflies: there was a recent plan to remove Crossford sports field from the “green-belt” and offer it for private development, and along with many other sites in the Mersey Valley it stands to be considerably damaged if current proposals to widen the M63 motorway, which runs behind it, go ahead.— PETER B. Harpy, 10 Dudley Road, Sale, Cheshire. SQV ERIC BRADFORD We were saddened to hear, as we went to press, of the tragic death of Eric Bradford in a road accident, on 12th August 1995. Although best known as a microlepidopterist, Eric had a deep interest in all forms of wildlife and its conservation — his large garden was converted into a wildlife haven, and he purchased some woodland within the Blean complex in Kent as a reserve. A skilled artist, his paintings of lepidoptera were much admired, and more recently he published a series of papers jointly with the editor of the Record illustrating the British Gelechiidae. It gave him considerable pleasure to paint some of his illustrations with brushes acquired from the late Stanley Jacobs, also a well known illustrator. He was amongst the most knowledgeable microlepidopterists in the country, but never considered himself an “expert”, even though this was deserved in some areas. Eric was a generous man, freely giving his advice, time and friendship to those who shared his interests, and he will be sorely missed by those who knew him. Paul Sokoloff NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 259 STOLEN Cabinet Drawers and Antique Books At times we all experience minor crises with our collections (when the forceps fall into a drawer they invariably land on something worthwhile) but never did I envisage the ransacking of a large quantity of drawers from within the sanctity of ones own home. Antique books come into another category, although their loss will often be brought to mind for most of them were in the nature of gifts from old friends over many years. Whereas these books have been very carefully selected by the miscreants the same cannot be said of the cabinet drawers. Those containing my British hawkmoths could be deemed attractive to anybody, but why take five small drawers from a W & D six drawer deal cabinet with specimens going back to schooldays? The same might be said for two drawers of Nymphalids compared with fourteen drawers of micros containing predominantly Gelechiids which are of extreme interest to a small number of entomologists. Unless, and this is possible, a clean sweep had been intended for 24 drawers containing a mixture of families were still stacked up the centre of our sitting room and gratefully found there by ourselves upon return. This is not the kind of article I ever dreamt of putting in The Record, but I thank our editor for giving me space whereby we can draw the attention of all fellow entomologists to the dire things which can happen these days! Lock up your larvae and check your insurance policies! For subsequent sighting of any of the undermentioned items please contact your local police station referring them to WPC Roberts of Reading Police (01734 536000). Details of drawers of Lepidoptera and Antiquarian Books stolen between 29th July and 3rd July 1995. Type Contents Gurney 18" x 17" 6 drawers black lined __ British butterflies Gurney 18"x 17" 10 drawers black lined British Lasiocampids and Geometers Brady 183/,"x 17" 3 drawers black lined _ British Sphingids Hill 18" x 18" 13 drawers white/black Micros. BRB and Reading Museum labels Hill 18" x 16" 1 drawer white lined Micros. Phyllonorycters. J. Newton labels W&D = 123/," x 73/," 5 drawers white lined Beginners material W&D 18" x 18" Wallcase Far Eastern lepidoptera Large storebox with two large setting boards bearing five Far Eastern Sphingids Antiquarian Books Author Title Markings Distant, W.L. §Rhopalocera Malayana Inscribed L.M. Parlett Frohawk, F.W. Complete Book of British Butterflies 1934 Inscribed “To Bri from Dad Xmas 1936; 260 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 107 15.ix.1995 Frohawk, F.W. = Natural History of British Butterflies 2 vols. 1924 Inscribed with Reading Mus. Acc. Nos. Barrett, C.G. Lepidoptera of the British Islands 1893-1907 11 vols. Inscribed Craske and separately WLR Buckler, W. Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths 8 of the 9 vols No markings Lang, H.C. Butterflies of Europe 2 vols Inscribed L.M. Parlett Morris, F.O. A History of British Butterflies 1865 Inscribed L.M. Parlett Morris, F.O. A Natural History of British Moths 1872 4 vols Inscribed L.M. Parlett Tutt, J.W. Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist Inscribed C. Runge Bright, P.M. A Monograph of the Chatkhill Blue & Leeds,H.A. Butterfly 1938 No markings Brian Baker, 25 Matlock Road, Reading, Berkshire REAR-ADMIRAL DAVID TORLESSE, 1902-1995 We were sad to hear of the death of Rear-Admiral David Torlesse, CB, DSO on 19th July at the age of 93. A distinguished naval aviator, his career began with service in the Dreadnoughts during the First World War, subsequently serving both at sea and on land bases. After serving before the Second World War on the ill-fated Hood he was appointed second-in-command of the heavy cruiser Suffolk in 1939, seeing action in the Norwegian campaign. Then, after a spell at the naval air station at Lee-on-the-Solent and the Admiralty, he took command of the escort carrier Hunter initially in the Aegean and then the Far East towards the end of the war. Later he commanded the fleet aircraft carrier Triumph which joined the US Seventh Fleet during the Korean conflict. His final tour in the early 1950s saw him as Flag officer responsible for all Fleet Air Arm Training. Despite the intense demands of a naval career, he had a lifelong interest in entomology. He lived for many years in the Hampshire area, subscribing to the Record for over 40 years. He began contributing to the Journal in 1954, recording a capture of the Lunar Double-stripe, Minucia lunaris from his garden trap. He published a number of accounts of collecting trips in the Midlands, on Mull and in Western Ireland. Modern-day moth collectors would no doubt raise an eyebrow at his account (Ent. Rec. J. Var. 74: 19) of experiences operating an 80W m.v. trap from his car battery through a rotary convertor, and managing to achieve some three hours of collecting before the battery gave out. His last contribution to the Record was in 1980, when he captured the first authentic specimen this century of the plusiid Syngrapha circumflexa. Paul Sokoloff PEMBERLEY BOOKS NATURAL HISTORY BOOKSELLERS SPECIALISTS IN ENTOMOLOGY International Mail Order Book Service for Entomologists. e Wide range of books for sale — Antiquarian, Second-hand and New. ®@ Regular free catalogues and specialist lists issued. ® Booksearch service. Please send your “wants” lists. e@ Books Bought. We are always interested in buying books from individuals, libraries and institutions. lan A. Johnson B.Sc. F.R.E.S. Tel./Fax: 0181 561 5494 34 Melrose Close, Hayes, Middlesex UB4 0AZ, England. E-Mail: ij@pembooks.demon.co.uk THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J.W.TUTT on 15th April 1890) Contents Some entomolosical jarsonvexposed:, KA. SOMES or. seers cree noe csp Gon cneneonocsenaccsseneccestuesces=eee 205 Microlepidoptera review of 1993. DJ.L. Agassiz, R.J. Heckford & J.R. Langmaid ......... 207 Overwintenns Orthopicra and other msects im Crete Paws eee ee De A pitfall trap for repetitive sampling of Hypogean arthropod faunas. J. Owen. .............0.+. 225 A record of Hermeuptychia cucullina (Weymer) from Brazil including some remarks on other Hermeuptychian taxa (ep: = Satynidac) Ril. Avie) 222, 0:2... ..22 tsa nneeeessee eee whe | Pyralid moths in profile — Part 2 — Acrobasis tumidana D. & S. B. Skinner ........:c:c:00000++ 241 Oberservations on the behaviour of the Panoptes Blue, Pseudophilotes panoptes Hbn. (ep. eycaenidae): FOI MOGs ces. ses 5 os sates tea Oe ve Sec oee hc case eos sea wea ans socedonaees seen Pee 245 Notes and observations A subcortical funsus beetle basking mm sunlieht WA. Jones 20852 22 .secscs cc -eescacte eee 220 Mothathons in Comwalll )A> Spaldinie’\.2is.. 5s .o ian sete aces ser at oon-ceroe crac vosconcsceonssactkaoer seme 223 Cydia lunulana (D.&S.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) new to Shropshire (VC40). A.M. Davis ....... 240 Scythris picaepennis Haw. (Lep.: Scythrididae): extended emergence or possible bivolimism an South Waltshine SME Palmers) sors. 22235. sscseeens soeae rose ee sce rae se eter eee 243 Hazards of butterfly collecting — political undercurrents. R.C. Dening ..........ccccecceeeeees 244 An autumnal Broad-bordered Bee Hawk, Hemaris fuciformis L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) in ANE SSEK Sand SMA A VAC TI Seco ot ok ae aes cee aaa ae ss ee ee as ee Se er 247 An update on the Southern Chestnut moth, Agrochola haematidea Dup. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Britain. P. Waring .......... Seca rnra se AERA MIE SA noah era aee ne. UL unen cuenta ise et 248 Hazards of butterfly collecting — butterflies witness for Jehova — Nigeria, March 1995. IBS TSOT SCH see Seen ees eho ok ogee OeRy Se sate Oe eae Pas sesso age stncte su Secret bene ease eee a 249 Early migrant moths m Scotland, 1995. MiR2 Young: 202... oie ce ce Gey 4 ao 2 Se © aah os 15) == (C A ofa cig mo) = © ee SU aow Ave A xt of 4 =F =o a Sep Tc = cP Ss Ss v my el Hespemidae) Ub 2 Onsen esa. ils oe seoaee sooo se eteen es anes ong st soes eae ce see Butterflies in North-east Greece (28th July - 4th August 1994). A. Wakeham-Dawson .... Nothris congressariella Braund (Lep.: Gelechiidae) reared from Lundy. R.S. Key ........... One and a half years of Kenyan Orthoptera 1. Introduction and Tettigoniidae, J. Paul .... A third British record of Etiella zinckenella Triets. (Lep.: Pyralidae) and other migrants domme WCU VIE VICES eee esoteric ce Sete, Goes ee Sacer anon eee tnoea eee een oe ae It was migration — the exceptional abundance of the Large White butterfly, Pieris brassicae: Wm UOOD VIC OD foe casas ac es cat eects ae esses ae ads eae ee ees ese eee eee Two species of Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) new to Fiji. J. CIAyton ...........cccsscseessesseeesseeeees Rhinoncus albicinctus Gyll. (Col.: Curculionidae) in South-east London, a third British [OcalityenReA ONES: es 5 cc. aoc se cek oo eerste a toate ceil sowes od davatdeneaupebes vbmccesste ae anc easvcae suse cae aeee A list of beetles recorded from Kimbers, Maidenhead, Berkshire 1964-1994. B. Verdcowrt... Notes and observations FTA = ee eee ea aie coca epte a a ca neediness Cubana Sd uaateeaan.este tiene nts secssse Le IO Butterflies of Lanzerote — April 1995. An update — two further species recorded. (GEG OI AW UT od se oe AML car Soa Pee alee As cha cu Tide ligt ahs aaah eas obs wis Malaccan ea oe Strangalia maculata Poda var. gibberdi nov., (Col.: Cerambycidae). R.R. Uhthoff- | SCAT Hf ARGU (ae eae So ere Ne EUS ERE ERE Pet ROE. ne RB esr 8 eter Ya Evidence of White Admiral butterfly (Limenitis camilla L.) larvae fedding on Aspen (Populus: terial) ICIS WAU OUE soe 8 aes oe Boos rh snc ses vce eos na sonescesnsuaee es eecoteee ewe aaa Acontia lucida Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae), the Pale Shoulder new to the Isles of Scilly, and thindineconditor Britishssles: JG SoMIE EI CKS aes seer oes nos soeeesaaateessaesoteee eases ee Eupithecia abietaria Goetz (Lep.: Geometridae) in Devon. R. McCormick ........2....000000+ Two new foodplants for Euproctis chrysorrhoe L. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) noted in east Londons March Ayal G95 Gio ees neces 20, cet esee ween sone eae mere eben ae eames ean The White Admiral, Limenitis camilla L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) still present near Bexley, MOTH -WeStICE ME AVAL AU] epi eee ese tae ee cn creas cian ot naseseeot ac cncebanneaear serena seusuaee aaa eee The Waved Black, Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Lancashire. PGI CSUD Cs eR ca rs oes sear Sse La et Soc Sousa anes oe) vesalive ese Se ats Sence see SCAe Sones Unusual variation in the Light Emerald, Campaea margaritata L. (Lep.: Geometridae). UNA AN | (21 (Paes rec ee RNASE petty) 99 Atco aa es RN SURED ER ANA Hoe PE ORE CSE SAK Aerie An unusual form of Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from Devon. R.W. Bogue ..... Sphinx ligustri L. f. albescens Tutt (Lep.: Sphingidae) in Hampshire. R. Cook ...............- Ancylois oblitella Zell. (cep:: Pyralidae) m)Kent.-P. Sokolofy oie rc ee Wipinthe clouds3G Geb Gladwin ce cc oe ee Le sa eattuaseseatnh ao neh on na sae Saan een areceeeee A sighting of Nymphalis antipoa L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Kent. R.W. Bogue ............... Witerantiniscets inlOO SP aSOKOV Offa meses te me ea ee ana eee tise ee sree eee see neeee one Hazards of butterfly collecting — Stardom at last, India, Christmas 1985. T.B. Larsen ..... 296 298 304 305 (Continued on inside back cover) SPECIAL NOTICE. The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of back issues. Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Limited, | Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610 wwe THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION SPECIAL INDEX Compiled by Lieut. Colonel W.A.C. Carter Vol. 107 1995 Newly described taxa (species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold type. Taxa new to Britain or newly recognised as British are denoted by an asterisk. it ag if Ae Cay A. Bar od ities Sie Ph Kiefer, Maciesinees, Reh atin UT aoIGNOTHA~ at's a Th “wes Getiy aoe Y WEPCANES ~~). LBS a digius, : Ariens of Wi Ans mest NOLTAIG AY. 40: cintauiob: = a8 sin) Lies s: (iy ia bursa a ieee Ewe Wow dea pe ea 7 ; he a mga aS ma Bch 7a < s a. 5 int wet Rceteree! “fC Ame wirin' senate 2 4 Larg Re eg o< — J > oo ‘ 7. yy = a hu 2 : = 5 7 a i 3s ee £ Se Sot? Aj ‘= ; ae ; - — r 9 We Boe i ee) ee ee i. F «adh bis % 1-H. lsnoie) sunk (dagen 3 Any Uititisliat (mm «ft aged iw =. @ i ageeecae fever, jktege: boas eee Le } pieegn styuayte t..€ eealeag tT om >) teteeidin) ir Maraenire. 8 Cree ghee eerie hl le Nias @ a padiies pi PORE 2 parley lap i ie awed: i 7 rae : wea y F a slapuioy a & agye ein ‘iin § : Sh nlye ea - yaaa Sau, ; Merged daria 1s 14. ned ? Weekes of tine y BOOS - Rlies tines ve Alea tia Bic: A LEPIDOPTERA FEE oe ois corte masitosnnsasasagdadanantaes Se 143 CORT USA TI oo reste ccinneoociaaennnmcastesnco SCO 75 ABEMECMCACUIS, cin csienndassantacscnnmananietbisseeeteuuee 64 e\OLIS| uh bel 5 i i OS 52 275 G ICC TU) 21 171 ee ee 4, 252, 289 oS SUE (i ae ee eee me a 287 BES cco nce aac ee on 119 BLS ESET ee ee 2OTL2N3 SOU ho ee nee i 270 GRIN ES NA oo cst acadanenanenctnomanacanr erent 214 DeTAS IS | | eae nc 207, 219 Neb MNS NAA casein aad dp aapiawod MOE 147 GOL S 3..n les ee ee 2 ee 268 SIOASICSIS) re em res ee 213 LUE SEA AE och caervinnicsintinaSavoovenee SEE 19] SOREN EN ce cc csisncisconsbenisisomenced eee 234 BERET) 5 ae 62,12. 172. 17198 2288286 SINS ETE SH ic ccs ansisasmounsinasdesaansoiimaanee sth 216 SECU EY 5 3 Ae ese OMNES SOR Too = 283 FEST GEPIS) eae Sn ee a 1, 283 ZiES ETS) | ME ss Ose ree 184 TE ERM O NPR cose iisn scr oenaseinenacrions sees 122 MUR RPM ec css hans seeasedacinemeaseo®s 191 ASC SS Ea censaccinnnoe 155605113; 1c Sa268 EPA APM ee sb vnc dnenmnsidnsnsinsanccenee tenes 270 EVTESIIEY 5. See eee NER 212 ALDARA CTIEISS PAP ndannceseoncnsescenosenncoes SAGs 130 AUDA ALS AD.) .sesccecsscunnuenee MUeteLLAe DPiledlBs MNES Spc ecoereccansenocoenserremsconees ME 214 MU CUP societies etonenansanchsiaecann eee 147 21107 LINCO! | eee er ere 9,213 AUP MMACUN ACA ADs occnacSocwnwsnooonsnsosnnne oe 134 albimaculea. 3. 0)... US JS) ee 213 Al APU C A ce cee nancne out oewareuicaeyeeten es Did AIDISIOM ALA ADS sss ocaaceonnncsunoness ATI 21, 134 UC ATSO WM issn dss oncecuteinncencec SE 202 AIBOETSM At Ab AD rei cinnsinec nove SL 154 ADEA, 32 noasceesannensnannacnaces. SIRO 218 DUN ANS FAP Eo cnsicacciencccisnnnnicsn See ee 74 AMOUR U AE oc csasenncapmsncmpmessneniceus seen 214 El COLTS. eee en 114, 268 | (CSTE Ae RR 8 268 alehemimllatay cies. ten co 8h eee eeepee em 286 2I(CATUT7 1 | Fe nh NMR sc 210 LCG V0) 7 Ne eee PAE A AR oe 64, 268 BIE) TIS ak Bas 2 119 DUNG S ooo soso acaatesansaitnedsseresieniosesa tee 15 CRURTIAT IR NO x Sas es 288 eT eine Scns nenececacacnedananne< 219 AUSPHOMME TIAN co iccecsecacepooncce See ee 292 COTSITAN CTY oni is FEB EB 216 PROCESO Ac asoascinecinisaslecetwcsadiaiconsn ee BANS) COTS TLC! | SAO 1 a5 Se PEN ei Gontanumedlla ...................- 14. 218. 9232230 COT TTT | Se ee L DSS COMMUTE 2 es cee oe Og 205 CETTE TVET 99, 290 SC LEE Tso ee 10, 216 CCTBYET) OFS) (| Ee Rane ae ne Ue ee 46 212 COTTA COT oe 171A 34269 MORON A A oops ga aniisctccinsisenencaiascs eee 233 CORTEZ) Caen eR eR 153 eonyinioneial. Lh Be acc caccncnnsnncons LS 8 CORSIS .ceaSee ee a E220 CW 82 CORLISS —. \ Seen ee EP 234 Re AIM NUM a os cniavemencntinnsn tee 22 GIPTISSE) 3. 2 eae BEE x 200 SHASSuMUAtA AD..,.........s--sccrcecneneccnsaae eee 16 CREIZIE OT 13 eee SS) reer 199 CIRSITE GIS eee ene eee ee aes Se 2 4, 200 exeppscularia, .£22..198...08) 182 ..28e 289 ene MT Aa caidntccinasnsinsacccnccccinn MEO eS 234 CROCE IG" Re ee eee Ee 233 CROCCUS cicosi0-3: OOO! S22 NWisa222. 234, 262, 268 RR A ais ceiatserccciecnc Nsencis xemaanes cc Se 4 BUNGT ACA ssa tas ance SO 284 ANC LAREN oa oiccipenvce Ansteascaeindcn ee 237 TEATS GY” eB ie a ee PES eee 3 UPA ITTY ee a 200, 291 yr UTVONS OTe | Veer eee ere Dee = 191,217 D CRAPS NAS ao dasa ue a 269 daplidice. ..........<- 38, 59,109. ll 72625270 PAU SATA SS 2 coo 3s eRe carne cnn cineca 1 AUN NN a a acacia Sencar 9 RPABIC DISTSES S19 soso des aes ee 130 GIST ITT EG) LE OS eiaes eh ee LShPl? deaurate lla. On oc5.c 215 lantanellay 2.0 ee ee ee 210 LAG CU A: ~ rrscaycavaee ces eae beta 214 TAP OMA ARE og oo ep eee senecdcomonsorol ueotnnno Re 5 LAD PORIGCA, cc cnecsrenenntnsccwdeddeeeoainnn:c. Lee 8 VACA ooo oe veobccntuece eee a ee 218 LET oil Cl See: i See 9 VARIG S Bieter i ocicesncwaton ss scaccins: ee 269 TRS Ne i coe eee ee 207,242 EGET | nee n nay 215 PAthOnnAE ese ae 61, 117, 268 RAGS TID eh ade dees eee 2 bBn252 SAVES Gy is ac ccosecscnecte conse ee 50 IGECHIGSSD xeteiogeoncedececeecetbenset ed ee 128 legate lay. 5253 ono bee cic See 287 leneosraphella ..cpcecnttoos erat ee 207 lStico phae aia yA so. etc nepencaencae SOA 158 VSM COREA siete ccc eee a 218 WD R IR, osc scepter nono ee 194 WGR EM ATID: ooo e coctcnnceccocdcesccass tee a 289 CS tt nn 32 TiS OU oi ove cesancesenseeeaseess ne 44 VU SRI tart ed ie ee a ee LKRA22 ICAU ES oil) eee eee 2. 251292 ite l2: ae een 197 Iinaiatal abe 08 OO sca ccc ee 286 TTL Ss ne SNE 200 lnmeateliiag: 27) Set) chee ee 215 [Treo Ey A Nee ene Seen reer. 247, 270 Fe ipteni ah coh os. .cic.ncasnccon. ee 29 Inthansyirinel a... seennscaonsonct Soest With dae by ai ecco ccnseeccobentececcesececece ee ene VEGA ORAS oo octet cccocmccbeosnetcn een eee Digg CTC es ce ee Ee 288 WUT SPAN Aenea econ 216 JE RTH SIUM, 2s eons tactsonwononeecercacee ee 200 JOnGandbe: oc.-. cor 217 FOTN A ae naan eae ee ae iS La 1 VSN 3 ee ao Vetere hoe kd a 200 {IT ova T 0 2c Eee eee ne Come EE 4, 173, 194 CTC ST ca eens eee 81, 201, 271, 304 JGRC AS cee os otc oe 144 WemnBed acta, ooo cscntecaseeaenee-cnce ER TSA gS oe a ieee tee 194 Peta Reg ws ccss cena nshclawe ee wanecennce Se 240 LLU) 1 enna ps 76 ESOT ST Se eee en 191, 194, 231 ESTAS (00 rennin 45k 2 194 lusciniaépennella. .............<2--2:.-2--. 520222 POAC a os eee cence ene 9 DR rd 191 POSES gs ee ee id Denied eat ch nt cpt en 288 (ute iee eee eo eta ee sy EONS} a Drews eet ee eer eee DD, iy ect OM rome ese ee en re SE ot ae 268 M MAC MAOM eee eee eee ON DOM wee. TAD AC KEMTRED OIDs pe ey skh eR 281 Mac de Wald Oinacuee nee terrane AMER 62 TET Teleercnas Seen ty Fe eene rien areck anne ck 69125268 finde SUS Cll ay ees eee eeaseseaeeen EE 8 MN SALES ees sereetcieee i ceseceeeleaeseaee ele Ae 8 TUNA WE gece oe eee trrryeite ene cen aye ee eRe Dy ARYATUN UEDA See eee aires eee ee Ret ceee Hideo? UGTA TI |, Seaton manne Ronen En natn PPAR RRR eRe 268 {COVEN U LS) BV 1 eto te RR Re 98 IMAL SATU ALA Mee eee ees eae 282, 290 {MaRS AIL ALISES SP ake eetesescce ses seeacees. eee 1 MAT CAMA AN eece saaeas. coe eu ES 158 INCE CUM AL ecco oe ees ete LS 4, 288 eur Ml cay see see tears eae a TOY2NS AMAL OMNES POM CLAGA Maes -eaeeac see seecee es sccoe aes 283 IManiISCOlOKeta brs. e eee ace 122 IMAL Ae hess cera edi at 219 TNA AROC CAT Ake teenies cnr seals ont ahs SS 61 MRT AGS PTA ieee treater es nas rasenn naa d stem sal ice DIELS TIGAMINE PAMITCTIS Wishes sare ces own eects sa en 64 TUN Ae Ll peste tceenen oe ce ene tees ete 187, 212 fille © Chal eee ease 62519352238. 2368252, AIDS | AIN@ [) Sn wesereeeees te eee erates: Se eee 66 MANS LAST tee see ne arson Shoe ee ec NN 268 AAS WORM a sth ns ie adr s none n a 46 mendica(Diaphora) eee 4, 194, 195 mendicat(Diansia) ssa eee 194 MACOS AL, tu naedasuoa eins se Aenea ons cu TRE 126 BUNS HCI ILA sere se Nata Ase sinter oso lt 1519233 MANS SOT Leah, Serer crea echoes tained en «Nem 224 HITE S SATIN G1 Ainercitinnna sailescestalsc etal Ye ni SP SA210 FCS SUMO lA seversser ete assess coe eee DAG TUTE CELIO SA ee seas le ree Seated nang ereenins 190, 194 IRN BAM rd CAT eee sass ens el arene 15424 TARANC AC Elect So Aah pe td lin ot A i 194 PARIM TANT SCE Ine sh reer dyed pips tl lt RE 200 TEAM Ly Ap TURNS, Soe y lay ike: oN 2, BRAC ATH ACTA AUN AY Be Baty 00s sap nee cps nes 1a DAS ARTIS ULC) sarees sei al eaekwranrs a eon anaes Se 209 ATMA TIMING te 22 eS anor at ll oes sooo enter 268 HAM IES ai ask ae ea tacnen diaper ares adatom uN lM 218 If C(OUILEL UTE Th eee epee eee eae ee ene REE QOTA2ANG EROS HILT Sr (SERRE PRP OR REDS EERE REE SR 8 5 209 TOMO MAC LYN fess: ee eos eee 234 ‘HOOP Naren Leap ee 194 IMI OU AIAG SF sos 0 ees oe 2 252 eae 194, 284 AUTO EPILICLIG aes ease a ens, sn Sansa ts i 191 INDORE ESSE Ait aint te Secnairn waa tena nnn inde nteninn 214 RAMEIINGAC yersee nau ees nani lpeertianss ake 9ixY) F950) a 4 TUT UNT LS Poy rin so toommy ss eens or. 2 ln el a 130 Page TENCE ee cos. oes eteeenuite erent teint oan 201 MMU tATe AGA ew ncevaea eee 219 My OMG AN Aba: sponssseeccepen noe eeeene T3NB07) N Mana Me A ues. cere ANA PAG TAIN AA seststerrecetratictonnie dc ANETTA RAO 287 MAM LAM eck Fon eee eee 214 ILA oh eo acetate eee eee 10952355252 Taba etd 28 ts occu ait ene oclaceeee CR pee 178 HV AUISUUN OU Si iehenteentheodrd iene 88 MCANCET Se cncotecr ee eae 263 NeDUlata? .csxereleewe ete 287 ING UIST ect doesent POS 177 MESS Steck Cee ecorereeLntanee ee 295 MOUS HORS: cose coenteoscuctente nee EenRt 236254: TM aes, crascisclot teat eaeceeeteacanteaee eee 291 10T(G) Co) i I teers OR EREE REE a 127 MISTICANS Ee Ayss.08 een neeeeeoneee 44 mieni come lla wun 210 INGmVENellakereenceee eee 146 IIE MO PUM GLALA yaseceseceee coat eeeesee eee eee 76 TMT WEA’ esr oserscwrscessieodsocctttctesternense senses 207, 219 MO DUS n-siaestiecteeeetene weer MR 281 noctnellaHs wee S05 19723352 MOCAMAS LEY. cmsocedecactesvesuacondionsensen See DAG MUDITASixorsserrc anne Keene Ae 197 my landie lah. esses eee 8, 209 MYM PMACALAL L..5.4. 55M oecenoes eee 11 O Obductellattcnnctee el ce 219 ODES CAL Aer sek RCo oo cee 193, 194 ODElISCALA® -s2ccrsesessescttersostresssteens eee: 4,285 ODE Lae. cscsssecccececensdtindeceteenesooesees Oe 292 ODSCULAN Aerts eee eee 218 ODSCULAUS i sessereree nse 2 ODSICALISS estoos ons aerrecantonesseeee 47, 291 ObSOlEtAIME gesreccsceeteneer eee 14 ODStipata 2k cee 284 OW VAST Ai cher teees errerenioveranontars. Stes es 210 OCCitaniCar: hh hetcssedtosewdeee eee 64 ocellata’G: anne ees 285 Ocellatats: \.& secseteet eee ee eS 290 OCCLIEANE 223 tee 190 WCHL CAMI Aste ae aa caeeeeetag es ote ae 252, 290 ocnerostomella, eens siacieeeeee Dial OCW AMS eee Se eee a 236 (CG) TI KEY2 ak Ce eat Re Roe neerrrr re 155 BCITES Woes. cxsseneaete Seen 130 OULCISh ASE. yes ene eee 151 OlETACE Asc se eee 172, 191, 194, 224 OLIN ACA ee tne ssanseencuancaeeae 285 GMO OIG serzesenteres costes ces RAR 101 Page GRUMNCG tre tindventacnesss Moveseveeedecneceabss atessas 270 COS) | Ne A 22 PEGI AICE Accson wentecoorwewwsetoenstresteseebebes 193 RISER eee ee ecccthevewworuoorenwvevemevessvteonvseeosenvee 161] GIS EEAIR AMIS VSG. 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Ame eee, oo sn3 1 Ulmifolielial 5.22.0... eee Ses SARGEM GLASS P)yense28. «.. Ee 130 cL] 812) 0s eres eae od np ee 217 (ee a, ores 6 552. REIS oct sn SS Ph J uncella., ......... 2 2e. Sees ot 217 TeLO SR els eosin leery. orem 88 WANG, .genccasele eee ee see, te OO felephtassay. 2 as25....0.c- 2 Ree BAO 111 undulana..,.2.2.. 22a ees oe 217 ReMMES Stare or roe Sines... meats hese 112 Wed ularis. ....:.. 2S nti ee es 29 foIMmekatal exas.( eee ower eere, gard 4,289 tata ee ence SE eee 286 Be a icc ns EIA 214 UHICOION. 2A einen RE feaebrosatiay sash teetering... 218 wamaculella (ie ES. cccccceecs ENR ca 208 HOMUIN ATES. Saisie eresee 25: 5. eee ens, siete 286 tiitronalis, .. ae. eee oe 219, 271 fone biC lanier: cette... 9s bl lan 219 UREA. Se SUS 188 ee ten os ocewrasanceoseaueear eee 215 UiRCAT See. 216 femme larg 2etiene ere ots, errata rer 214 urticae A ........ 146. 173,,23592599267,.292 ferSatagecs eothecc eet reer lene, alle xt 4 BS SUNG Aes ea oso SOO 99 Ad fShkalum atta eer a estes... ee eet eee 288 Varidalicacssp) tsacsctt..1..-c...0. SSAA GSRECTSIS erat be cake. oie) sees 143 vanillac ..caedeks...... ee ee 151 IVAN IN al gas ets SastastaassiasaateessseSaaarr clan eee 58, 62 VGGITATS 2D eee eee em AS ER IEE ROME 2 134 WIIIC/CS ILE) Vain nome Se ON REE 404 214 SHELTIE FEY ea I Se CRS ree a ES 234, 270 SEM Ae Nea eee 2 Sa eaasdsag een uilga coos eee 143 WEIREUINTIS “BeBe gener Se per eee ss A nasee seaNEET Rap. 147 NISIPS TTS (aN eR aeons ese en eR tm em DAS ‘LOU OVER’ seseeeeenet is Gs © ee RMR er Atinie RENO 76 SAAN UT TS ARIE cs, coustasaouiscicciocoae assent eae: 202 AVAIL | RN Me asec cahecuetma MM Ome 191 \VIIRSUBIIEY aa set eee ar eRe 191, 288 WAITS AUIS AS ie sera selse seectssteineae sscempeneackeasauaestem 268 Wii SAUTMIAC (SIC) 45-ccexserscnouwoanageachdereeene rete I) STIS CTT I Vie em Re SER RS ORE 214 N/M OEY are Re neers on ee RS 0 Ee 286 7 SL NTT Se As ee xc 99, 291 NUM Aba seabae eeatsao Uae same oeistootLnaewacnomesanene 4, 287 RUT LT UT pease eee eae oasecas IO, 22k WwW WEAVE TC NA a 325 242 howsonseatajnasosionsac Meee eens 21 CAASTIRE NZ) ee eee OIE LEE 218 XxX SRWAIORSITEIIEY Soccecenneseannaecauohorecescconesererseec SZ Z ZAMS SIAC Aes acer tet secasecincnuesand enuecteaaa as 143 TEA OTLEY: «5, SRI Eee MOOR REO os RS 4, 252, 290 ZAMAN TA AMEN Asse ols cuiss sl shet woaaceemcene sas eee 164 ZAM KE NS MA screen sede AEs Se, | 291 COLEOPTERA NCATE S) TAISEN Se. 3 5 ccd sdecechaace ee Meee 79 [DISUIYONS IES eis auhc .ceaosodenauetaneeeesosoat fe W9 MOWOTS wares acdss.ssseves sc ee I5)7/ AMaliauoipunc balay ss -c.--casacrescc-ceste eee 301 GeceMmpunctataie eee 301 PRO AOLSHO TIL SUULADLS\s-sene--a coax seco eee 300 ME DULOSINS aocgde-ce-sue rises. 0s 299 FAeM TM Ss PANMAOULCU Spy sche seca tee aeeaceecesos- ee 300 SUUATIIS ES Boo eee ae 203 NOM OLE SHAC UMMM AL Sy. sec 02ce2ss se ee 300 WMG ATIS ee chs 300 POMS AGUAS, 252. cszsceesseszeescase eens 79 JeNTCVE NCE 210 | Crs eee ee OO 299 ONAL Ags ast cee oe cncen ts 299 PMA MSP EUIS AM STICUS .-scencaevaydaccese ene 303 PAVAPSHMOMEALIS 222 22. ccveh-ateacesatcsce ee 302 FAMINE iS gee eee oe eee se 302 PEMOUMLOV I Ro sa ee acc e 302 WMNACU AGA Aes. sb yet ee ee 302 PUlICATIA LS Ow. eee kee eee 302 PNM AVISIOCE Ata i occep ches oiseainse cess SOE Sul JANSATOL ONE IIOYY OU NATS) P21 81M easy neem Renan 302 Antherophagus nigricormis .............:0006 301 Page AMINO COMMS FASCIA --oeee---e-op eae 300 brunnipenniswe ee ee 79 OMIM RUIN eee ee 304 JAIN ATSMUSERUS CUS, saecnncecseaneecaacns eee 301 VEMDASCIicosccbecnsna See EE 301 XPHOGUISTCONPAMIIMNAL Spee aces 303 TMU IESycaSaceeseesae eens ee ee 303 APIOMRAPTICANS 2.53 es ates ee 304 ASSIMMS) jo. 5sannsserecnsssnnce eee ee 304 CarduOnimM, 3.5:2.4.2.0 See 304 CUIGEITOS te pesca eee 46, 303 laewacolle goers eae ee 4] S00 NWR ante Sens oe RR ERODE RE nb 46 SEMICULUS ca sreessooecceseneceoacen eee 303 Apteropedalonbicullata seees--s--- eee Wah PATI SAOUEAS CATS) axseneeseseseeeasea- ee 301 HNO GLE Ter cate tase sess ose em 301 Athous haemorrhoidalis ..................:02+++ 300 NTPAS EUS ype TO) Freee sec eeeea ese 300 ANT ForMTTUTAN (ier UIT eeeecescceeogsnocese ocaccscc3 301 Badistembipustulats)c.-c- sss see ee 299 Balanobius Salicivomis, .e-seneeese eee 304 BakyMOlUSiOMSCUMUS), --c<2.2-cecececeesee Seo 304 SGUAMOSUS pee 79 Banypeithes,pellncidis 2a 79 Bembidium biguttatum .................::000 299 Brachipterus,slaber, ...3e eae ee 301 Brachysomus echinatus .....2...-.... ee 79 Bradycellusyverbascil...c2--ss- eee 299 IS} O1UKS jOvUUNUI EW eaeeescersascesposeee ste ce eauhnoks 505 301 CaenopsisawaltOmt .22-s-c--s-e-e- cee ee 79 @alathuspiScipes.- css. -cesceeeecee--ae ee 299 melanocephialusyecess2-----2eeeees 299 @arabus wiOlaCeus) ce -se.-eeoet eee eee 299 Carpelimmus pusillusi-s-- eee eee 300 CassidamubioinOSsale--9 cee eee 303 Ceratapionieibbinostre <.:2:..--.. ee 78 Cenex onjatracapilllins yes esses eee eee 53 @eutonhynchus,comtacihiSs eee 79 polllimards ese ee 304 @haectocnemaconcinmal 2 ..----2e Ua NOKEEMSIS jyosiaccesase weseceeeee TY WhiloRapilom ame mS eee 78 Chrysolimajoncalciay 2. s-s-.-c-1 22-2 303 Staphylacae eee 78, 303 Cidnorhynus quadrimaculatus .............. 304 Cionusyscrophullaniae-e--e-ee 304 tbe RCULOSUS ecceetcee---eees- ee 304 (Caan OUI) OUIANDKNUS. capccesecencbececesesecessedscoacs 197 alll dul s eee eeeece eee eee OF Gly fiStanICttS, soos. ee ee assnsahceaesne ee 303 Gobosiothemmscutellane) 7. --2-.--:-.-.-8se 78 Coccinella septempunctata ................... 301 Coceinellnd gees. s: catese cer ects sees 310 ColyimbetessMiSCus j2.-7-cc- cee eee 300 COmiCeus DiC OlOL, «ce. sece.5secscensesneesssa ee 302 Crepidoderamienmsimea ye. .ssc-nosse eee 78 Page Cryptophagus scanicus A we, 301 vchmus Caraboides Fe... eiccess 299 ry PHayHANSENI ts -s.ctesdt a. SI 185 ITMMNtAatO rset Mii Be 185, 186 LAS VAUISCULA es ees. 185 LOPE OLDS esers, RE... 35855 185 HULL aeoies cs, Senne ent ROB... 33 3. 185 CONN ache thee eae tie epee eae 185 AUAMSCAING Wate rons detec eee center ee 185 ETO CLS PIS EUMPES eee. cerrccecetsecceter reece. 78 HSA AVOM COMMUCNS” 0.2 .cctee ces edse coe eneet ee 78 Worcs parallelipipedus 0.00... 303 I OMVROMMNIS AC |CAML .:.--c:e-gace seco 300 DIEVApenMISt tee en 300 TIMINGS; erste ee eee eee: 300 FHIStSR NEC aTIUS, ew eee eee le. 300 li OIUS HUT OTHOSUS: cacscecrecnsee tor ees 300 lycothassalelabral cr ...c50 02 .cccoccececeectecee 78 Weil AS Be STARE a ecencenccorece cece cctnaceeeetenecs cee 304 ALLSM UAT S WERE ee eRe: 304 PVLOWIUS ADICLIS<-..525.22.-< pastes wetteeee. eee 304 IPE rAMMICrIrOSITIS-.. -.0))s:ckeneeeel.c..etecce 79 MEMUSUA. osctaceclersnccssceeatnsee rece 79 Hyperaspis pseudopustulata ................ 4] ischnomera cyatiea ..2.00-22. eee se . 302 Ischnopterapion lot S2ee2e2 = 78 KQISSISCET TNNITITTTNUNS Ase es. oe 228 |LoPe WGA TT 7 td eS tae ee Se 302 Langelandia anophthalma ...................+- 228 Eathridis anthracmus S228 cn 301 Resaricapion dctiiops, 22s Baas 78 CTOUNG AC rene cena ret eee 220 FECIOIMES TUE MMIS Bee nee eceseee cece c recess 39 Eerosomia’ de ilextimy ys Mie cscccccccccsecscee 79 SISTUS HERMUISUMEWS ,-ccecccctc on cce RS OR 299 TULOMAreinaUs, Lee 299 Kema:cyanelia nko Rees eee 303 FEM Ceri SMe coc ee SE 303 Page Eiophioeus tessulatus: 12. Sos ee 79 Efosoma deflexum 37. eee 304 Lissodema quadripustulatum ................ 302 Eifargus COMMEKUS? -...1:. ROI IO. oes 301 Lonpitarsis pratensis 12.72 eee tse 78 Suturelins:., See ee. 78 LNCanus: COnvUs :ss2222<..) EE RO 303 Lycts branneus 208 sare 302 Macroplea: 2... 22a eee g3 Malachius bipustulatus ...........0ceeeeee 300 Mecmus:pyraster....<.. 20 22 00 Se fe, Mecatoma UNG ata nc eceseecvie, tie -nnteaoors 300 Melandrya caraboides .............ccc:eccceeee 302 Melanotus punctolineatus ...............0 103 Meligethes-acneusins. Sit ee tt on cncsenees 301 flavimanus: 320002 S28 301 Melolontha melolontha ...................26 303 Metabletus:foviatus.. 482120) See 299 MicrelisvenGae a2... 20a Tele See 80 Microplontus triangulum ..............eeee 80 Molorchus minoren.22.08 22s ee 303 Mordellistena acuticollis ................::::00 2S humienalis-..27aeY soe. o...2 282 imitatrix:...... 22212. 222 25 nanuloides 25 DUES DS neuwaldeggiana ............. 181 pumilay haus Aun yearn 302 Vaneeata niet See 181 panvula esl IeuPe 26 Mycetophagus quadripustulatus ............ 301 Myzia oblongoguttata ........... eee 311 Nedys quadnmaculatus’ 2.2 Son 80 Notiphilus biguttatus ............. eee 299 Ocypus-ater-vee. SEs Ae 300 THOFSItANS 22. A A es. 300 GLENS: ee.. AA Za 300 Orobitiscyaneus.. 22s eee 80 Orthochaetes Senger. 80 Otiorhynchus desertus:. 222398 2a eee) 80 ligneus*eeORtUee 22 cis: 80 PUSTITONS: w..-2 I RES 80 Tugosostriatus 1... 304 sineulans 2s Sees 80 sulcatus...20 215g 80, 304 @Oulemamelanopa-<<.. 2S ee 78 Oxytelus-sculpturatus: <2... 2822 300 Panagaeus bipunctulatus ...................6 101 CFURMAJOR «sce. LAER S 101 Parabathyscia wollastoni .....................-. 228 Pelenomus quadrituberculatus ................ 80 PEraplOn: CUPEROSEE sc -occcese= Freee oe nceenee 78 marchicum. S202 ae... 79 VIOlACSUM) sieeees EE 79 Phaedon cochleariae icc: PRS... 78 tumidulus...{220(Ch) Aes 78 PhalacruS-sacseee I 192 Rhalaenhs bMmSOUty -.-1). seat oeet ee OZ Champion... pees: ee 192 COPUSCUSyelucsscontetossns teh: 192 fiMetANIUS:....... veces eee 192 Ty TH GUS os: stots ees treeces: oat eee 192 SUBS HANNS, steepest: socc05025- 192 Philopedon plagiatum. .........0sss22.-s00c 80 Phloeonomus punctipennis ................. 300 Phloephthorus rhododactylus .................. 81 Pholidoptera sriseoaptetat-ca.-< 4c! deh BhiyIMObiMS, POMACEUS 3...---eetmereees eee 304 PYTL cecizeseonctesgebedomen eres 304 TODOS TANS he Peete eee 80 VITICCACTIS joes terme nies weal occas 304 ViTIGICONITS -evcweseeereveesl eeee! 80 Rhytoecia cy lamdnicavseecereceett ets: ---- 303 Pilati Cis $I UGS) <-:-- see rees feteceens eeeteeezt: 300 Pogonochenis hispidus -xceeseoe -se23 303 Roophagus sisymibpi <2...) -:-eeeee eee 297 Propylea quattuordecempunctata .......... 302 Protapion apricams = <22. 2): sess eee 79 EIISIIOI) (pennasaccceaisscesebcepannasaas5e1 79 HULVAP CS, > peteaeceeee ooo. oes ce. cses 79 Brotemus ovals... Settee. .2. cc. .2250052 300 Protopirapion atratulumyee seo... 79 Bselaphidac: esse tases h Serio. ens sees oceee- 220 Pseudotriphyllus suturalis 2.0.00... 301 Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata .............. 302 Brenig lacvie atuiilgessseeess---<--2-2---- 228 Bterostichus madigusyses =: 299 RitkMNS PECHMICOMMIS, -eeesss sce es 302 Pyrochroa Seratlc Onis payee en. os 302 Raymondionimus marqueti ...............--- 228 Rihimoncus albicin€ is, <2 .....---. sees ZF PERICANpIUS ......-ceeeee wees 80, 297 Rhinosimus planirostris «00... 302 Rhizophagus bipustulatus ........0........ 301 ny chacnus, alin 3.2022... sane eee 304 Ruhynchites aequatus cpjene ls sesso 303 SETMAN CUS perpen ..-.0.5.35 50504: 78 Rhyzobius lituia’ tc B pate so.5520ss003 301 Scaphidema metallicuimiy-...2...-.-.--...-- 302 Scaphidium quadrimaculatum .............. 220 Semplilus asperaws ..zereestss....-2.0c0000008 80 Scolyius SCOLIMS ........2....csssreteess- cee 304 Sevimacnidac- -........::.7.sateecte tee seek 220 SCVCMACNUS LALSAUIS yt tesco ees = 300 SeiMCal DIMNNC A, 33... sep peeeeaebents «000.05 303 SHOWA AMIDICUUS ...bescctec lio pio peel 80 DiS piG Ul St eee vara a- sah sass. 22 80, 304 lineelis):<:..:.2::5--seenereteenee paper 80 TESEUSISMICUSIS, pee eee. ec. 80 Sin ate lS) 222, 22s: ea eos. ict 80 SUCUGANIS 220.152. -cetenet ease, eeachaet 81 Sphactodernia wwIGUI 2.2 etree o-- 2 =: 78 fEStaCeUMje..::-...1...geet 78 Page Stapliylinusicaesarecn Sisters eee ee 101 dimidiaticormis ye. 2 101 Stenus similisyes 300 Siran@alia anata 2-92 .2.-.2- eee ae 69 attenuata ......:...be-eaeeees 69 maculatays sy... cereee te TAEZ2 Quaduilasciata ..-.. ree 69 Strophosoma melanogrammum .............. 81 Subcocinella vigintiquattuorpunctata .... 301 Synchitahumerdlis 22... 200, 220 SCMAananGa: ...:i-sta eee eee 201 achinuUsanWtpes 2.5.5 2h oo eee oes 300 Tachyporus chrysomelinus ..................- 300 Nene brmoOmMOlton =e ee ye 303 TMS HNO [PS PORAC US Le nthe se 303 Trachyphloeus angustisetulus ................. 81 EUS LACUS eee eee 81 laticollis eee ee 81 WMOX SCAB CE 26035 oo oie cacao eee 303 Tytthaspis sedecempunctata .................. 301 Xestobium rufovillosum ...............-:0 302 LACVAMES COTA eoas oats See neeee sees 81 DIPTERA Cobol dia TUSCIPES cece ncesre nee case e eee 175 |B YRGYSY0y 6) ke pageant ws rt 35 FE UthiyceraCmOratay tcc sen ees reset 176 Nie SaSelia ag Wali GS. vers cece see see scence sere eee 176 MAK OMIVTANAKT: csenc coesescwcvereearese cca cces sn eoce 105 Me tamOCenae ata tesa eee eee eee 176 Maputlakiram owl ra ccs cece seers ese 3 Wot vecctee cecccerasettceses.ces sunccetoses 3 HEMIPTERA Taphropeltus contracts” 22.:..-:2---tec--..e--- 156 HYMENOPTERA Andricussanthracina rete eer nts cee 105 neni ola eee tee eens 105 TNL US eee aee ene neeeeee anne Seria? 103 Glypta‘ceratites: a eae eee 308 HOTACIlIS* eke Be 308 Neuroterus numismalis ............::.:eeeee 105 quercusbaccarum ................ 105 ISOPODA Halophiloscia‘couchi: Sees Ae a ODONATA ACShmaUNCC AL. so.2522<22115- Ree 170 Céenacnontenellumn, ese ee... 22D, Euallagma cyathigerum. ........:....s::...002.- 165 Elemianaxcexphlippieen........-..28- ee: 170 Reena CLES ANS) J.-...c2.c.<04seveeneeeveuayevonees WP: Libellula quadrimaculata ..................00 170 Pyahbosoma nymphula ....................00+6 253 Sympetrum flaveolum ................... 304, 309 UT e010 ee 309 ORTHOPTERA NGANthAaCHS TUACOMMIS .......2..<..s5.-des-2000: 280 Eeunyphia STANULAWUS -..............000+-ver0sere0> 281 FAGRCASUIPNUCIPEMOIS ....2.2..:...-c-e000-0000- 280 FACEORIIUS MISUDEICUS. ........c.e0.cccessessecegee2 221 PARIMIC IES Osh. ss Svcs etter eet 280 SOMALlNEMSIS: ..5...-250-cse3eeeee sonst 281 ENOLOPUS LONPICOMNIS. .....5....0.ccseesceverccene 281 SEE PSIG ooe5 255 Mec cecedeeceeees se casenn 2) | GL AASSIMNUS 22. eeceectstSac cose ceeseinte 280 AMACTICIUIN ACLY PMWM. ..2.....0<...c0c-<08-c0--- 22A AAEESCENA VANSOMETENL ............0:c.00000020 281 CE PDIIO TST Pee ee ees etree em 280 WALANOPS CULVICETCUS ..2.....sc0ceedeaseecseees 280 CalapPMOPlEKyX AULA .....:..c0<.cessecce<2ece DS Chorthippus albomarginatus ................... 93 PT UNEEUULULS) Sco2e eoceeneccsonedecass DDD, LDAITTCV id sateen eet en rea eae DD bormbaliny’ .....0.5.2cegeco kis 222 DRUGRENS s22.0.ccc.e 93; 1625222 FATTO eee ec ener enero 2D, ParaUleluSe c.ccckes