harvard university Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology MC? FEB 2 7 200S •ttSSfe, Edited by C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. CONTENTS AND SPECIAL INDEX Vol. 115 2003 MCZ library MAY 1 8 2004 RVARD IVERSITY THE Entomologist's Record AND Journal or Variation ISSN 0013-8916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. http://www.entrecord.com Editor C.W. PLANT, B.Sc.. F.R.E.S. 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. Telephone/Facsimile: 01279 507697 E-mail: colinwplant@ntlworld.com Registrar Hon. Treasurer R.F. McCormick, f.r.e.s. C.C. Penney, f.r.e.s. 36 Paradise Road, 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield, Teignmouth, Devon TQI4 8NR Chelmsford. Essex CM I 7QA WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material tor publication, including books for review and advertisements REGISTRAR: Changes of address TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal BACK ISSUE PURCHASE — Paul Sokoloff, F.R.E.S., 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, PR 6 6DS Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee or any party other than the named author or authors. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription, containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work. The annual subscription for year 2003 is £28 for individual subscribers or £40 for institutions. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS • This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed. • The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (mo'ths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on British Coleoptera (beetles), British Diptera (flies) and other groups at the Editor’s discretion. 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Papers must cover their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert papers into Notes. • Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting. We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made. • We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on floppy diskette. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word 2000. Originals are required for all photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct. CONTENTS 1: PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS B [A] Behavioural Study of Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda and Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola Ochs. Butterflies (Lep: Hesperiidae). M. Pye, T. Gardiner & R. Field, 1 [The] butterfly fauna of Central Ariege, Pyrenees, France in the 1920s and 2002. David Corke, 77-94 c [The] changing moth and butterfly fauna of Britain during the twentieth century. Mark Parsons, 49-66 [A] collection of invertebrates assembled by the late Norman E. Hickin. K. McGee and P. F. Whitehead, 201-211 E Ecirias vittella (Fabricius) (Lep.: Noctuidae) the first occurrence of wild-caught moths in Europe. Steven Nash, 187-188 [The] Emperor Swallowtails ( Papilio hesperus Westwood and P. horribilis Butler) in West Africa (Lep.: Papilionidae). Torben B. Larsen, 189-192 [The] Engrailed, Ectropis bistortata (Goeze) (Lep.: Geometridae), has become partially double- brooded in north-east Scotland. Robert Palmer and Philip Gould , 153-154 Epichoristodes acerbella (Walker) (Lep.: Tortricidae). The first occurrence of a wild-caught moth in Great Britain. Steven Nash & Martin Corley, Plate A 1 19-121 Eupithecia massiliata Dardoin & Milliere (Lep.: Geometridae) - a pug moth new to the British fauna from Epping Forest. B. Goodey, 167-170 I Interpreting a species list: An analysis of the macro-moths recorded at a Banffshire site, 1990- 2002. R. Leverton, 97-104 L Lithophane consocia (Borkhausen, 1792) (Lep.: Noctuidae): Softly’s shoulder-knot - a noctuid moth new to Britain. M. R. Honey and C. W. Plant, 159-165 M Microdon myrmicae Schonrogge et al 2002 (Dipt.: Microdontidae): presence in Ireland confirmed. Martin Speight, 155-157 Microlepidoptera Review of 2002, 249-272 o Orchesella quinquefasciata (Bourlet, 1 843) (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from chalk grassland in the South Downs. P. ./. A. Shaw, M. P. Berg & J. Higgins, 45 P Prionus coriarius (L.. 1758) (Col.: Cerambycidae) reared from Monterey Cypress Cupressus macrocarpa Hartweg ex Gordon (Cupressaceae), and some observations on the beetle's biology, status and UK distribution. M. V. L. Barclay and J. A. Marshall, 33 R [A] record of Uloma culinaris (Linnaeus) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) from the British Isles, with a discussion of its European biology. M. V L. Barclay, 181-186 iii Records of gall midges (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae) from the Isle of Man. K. M. Harris & F. D. Bennett, 109-1 15 s Sturmia bella (Meigen) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) and the strand that is not silk. Eligiusz Baumgart, Donald L .J. Quicke & Mark R. Shaw, Plate F 127-129 V [The] validity and synonymy of the names Bicyclus martins Fabricius, 1793 and B. sanaos hewitson, 1866 (Nymphalidae; Satyrinae). Torben B. Larsen, 95-96 X Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Dip.: Syrphidae) new to the isle of man and with new prey records. Fred D. Bennett & Steven M. Crellin, 105-108 w [A] week’s mothing in Bulgaria, with six species of Lepidoptera new to the Bulgarian fauna. Colin W. Plant, Duncan Fraser & Lance Gorman, 131-143 2: NOTES A Acleris hyemana (Haw.) (Lep.: Tortricidae): the first confirmed record in Buckinghamshire (VC 24). L. J. Hill, 178-179 Acleris logiana (Clerk) (Lep.: Tortricidae) - the first North Hampshire, VC 12, records. R. Edmunds and M. Wall, 221-228 Acrolepiopsis marcidella (Curtis) (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on Guernsey and Sark. P. D. M. Costen, 224-225 Arboreal substrate for an egg-laying Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae). R. L. H. Dennis, 241-242 Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) - new for Wales. M. J. White , 225-226 Astiosoma rufifrons Duda (Dipt.: Asteiidae) in East Kent. Laurence Clemons, 71-72 B Biston betularia L.(Lep. Geometridae): continued decline in Industrial Melanism in north-west Kent. B. K. West, 13-16 [A] brief note on Cambridge butterflies January to 1 5 August 2002. B. O. C. Gardiner, 26-27 Buff Arches Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufn.) (Lep.: Thyatiridae) in Dumfries and Galloway. Richard and Barbara Mearns, 294 c Chorosoma schillingi (Hem.: Rhopalidae), new to Middlesex? R. A. Jones, 229 Early butterfly dates in the Scottish Highlands in 2003. D. C. Hulme, 228-229 Clouded Buff Diacrisia sannio (L.) (Arctiidae), Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) (Yponomeutidae) and Adela rufimitrella (Incurvariidae) three moths (Lepidoptera) new to Middlesex. Rachel Terry, 195 Coleophora adspersella (Benander) (Lep.: Coleophoridae) new to Wiltshire. M. H. Smith. 39 Coleopliora gardesanella (Toll) (Lep.: Coleophoridae) new to Wiltshire. M. H. Smith, 39 IV [The] continuing spread of Phyllonorycter platani (Staudinger) (Lep: Gracillariidae) — a lirsl record for VC 12. Rob Edmunds , 130 Crambus silvella (Hb.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to South Wiltshire (VC 8). M. H. Smith , 41 Crambus silvella (Hb.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to Devon. R. McCormick , 288-289 Crambus uliginosellus Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae), a further larval foodplant and correction ol an earlier misidentification. R. J. Heckford, 289-290 Crescent Dart Agrotis trux lunigera Stephens (Lep.: Noctuidae): well established on Galloway coast, south west Scotland. Richard and Barbara Mearns, 291-292 Criomorphus williamsi China (Hem.: Delphacidae) apparently new to Kent. Laurence Clemons , 67 D Danish lepidopterist receives honorary doctorate from Russia. John Bradley, 195 [A] December record of Wesmaelius subnebulosus (Stephens) (Neur.: Hemerobiidae) in Hertfordshire. Tom & Janet Gladwin , 1 18 Dingy Footman Eilema griseola (Lep: Arctiidae) - not new, but only re-discovered in Cheshire. B. O. C. Gardiner, 3 1 Discovery of a new site for the White-mantled Wainscot Archanara neurica (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Suffolk. Tony Prichard, 1 16 Dorycera graminum (Fabricius) (Dipt.: Ulidiidae) in Kent -an update. Laurence Clemons, 145-146 Dorytomus salicinus (Gyllenhal) (Col.: Curcilionidae) in Dorset. D. R. Nash, 289 Dotted Chestnut Conistra rubiginea (D.&S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Warwickshire. David Brown, 176 Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzburg) (Col.: Scolytidae) in East Suffolk. D. R. Nash, 42 Dryophthorus corticalis (Payk.) (Col.: Curculionidae) found continuously at Windsor. A. A. Allen, 149 [The] Dusky Hook-tip Drepana curvatula (Borkh.) (Lep.: Drepanidae) new to the Isle of Wight. Sam Knill-Jones, 148 E Clearwing pheromones - useful for recording Tortricidae! C. W. Plant, 42 Epichoristodes acerbella Walker (Lep.: Tortricidae) not new to Britain in the wild. A. A. Aden, 157 F Five micro-moth species new to Glamorgan. Martin J. White, 129 [The] flight period of Tachystola acroxantha (Meyrick) (Lep.: Oecophoridae). Rob Edmunds, 166 Further records of Tepliritis matricariae (Loew) (Dip.: Tephritidae) in Kent. Laurence Clemons, 71 G Garden entomology. B. O. C. Gardiner, 24-25 [ The] generic names of the British Elateridae (Coleoptera) explained. A. A. Allen. 273 [The] generic names of the British Hydradephaga (Coleoptera) explained. A. A. Allen, 149 |The] generic names of the British longicorn Coleoptera explained. A. A. Allen, 230 Gnophomyia viridipennis (Gimmerthal) (Dip.: Limoniidae) in Kent - rare or simply under- recorded? Laurence Clemons, 14 Gymnancyla canella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) confirmed breeding in Devon. R. F. McCormick. 40 H Hazards of butterfly collecting. Butterflies and noodle soup - Bangkok, Thailand. August 2002. Torben B. Larsen, 274-275 Hazards ot butterfly collecting. Butterflies at boarding school in Denmark, 1958-1962. Torben B. Larsen, 74-76 Hazards of butterfly collecting. Getting back was the realproblem - Andaman Islands, 1988. Torben B. Larsen, 144-145 Hazards ot butterfly collecting. "Hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo ... and you too!” - Bangladesh, March 2002. Torben B. Larsen, 175-176 Hazards of butterfly collecting. Of caterpillars, snakes, and monkeys - India, Nilgiri Mountains, 1986. Torben B. Larsen, 43-44 Hazards of butterfly collecting. "What is in the pot?” - Ghana, 1993. Torben B. Larsen, 243-246 Hydriomena fnrcata Thun. (Lep. Geometridae): Melanism in north-west Kent and elsewhere. B. K. West, 72-73 [The] Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lep.: Gracillariidae) in North Oxford in 2003. C. Tyler-Smith, 220 I [An] inland colony of Udea fulvalis (Hb.) (Lep: Pyralidae) in suburban Hampshire. R. Fox, 30 L Lepidoptera new to Somerset. M. Ellis, 40 Little-known entomological literature - 9. Brian Gardiner, 171-174 Lonchaea iona MacGowan, not L. hirticeps Zett. (Dipt.: Lonchaeidae) at Blackheath, south-east London. A. A. Allen, 18 [The] Lepidoptera Collection of Scarborough Museum - background and some specimens of note. K. P. Bland, 239-241 Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. (Lep. Noctuidae): crypsis and resting sites. B. K. West, 31-32 Little-known entomological literature — 10. The Morris’s Naturalist. B.O.C. Gardiner, 231-238 M Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae): and early and a late record in Staffordshire. Jan Koryszko, 178 Mompha langiella (Hb.) (Lep.: Momphidae) - the first records for North Hampshire. VC 12. R. Edmunds and /. Kimber, 226 More on woodlice and spiders L. Clemons, 48 More on Cacyreus marshalli (Butler) (Lep.: Lycaenidae). M. Marney, 67 Mythimna albipuncta D.&S. (Lep.: Noctuidae): an unusual migrant to north-west Kent, and a comment on Cryphia algae Fabr. B. K. West, 292-293 N [The] names of Engrailed moths (Geometridae). D. Agassiz, 223 New moths for the Isle of Wight (VC 10) taken in 2002. S. Knill-Jones, 40-41 New records of Vanessa cardui (L.) and V. virginiensis (Drury) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from the island of Corvo. P. J. C. Russell, 290-291 News on the conservation of some UK Biodiversity Action Plan moths in 2002. P. Waring, 213-219 Non-coastal Tetramorium caespitum (L.) in Scotland. Jonathan Hughes, 179-180 Northern Rustic Standfussiana lucernea (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Dumfries and Galloway, south- west Scotland. Richard and Barbara Mearns, 276 [A1 note on the apparent rarity of Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli) (Dipt.: Dolichopodidae) in Kent. Laurence Clemons, 70-71 VI Note on the name eutyphron, a subspecies of Maculinea avion (L.) (Lep.: Lycaenidae). A. A. Allen , 70 Notes of interest on Butterflies in the Isle of Wight during 2002. S. Knill-Jones, 41 P Paralister obscurus (Kugelann) (Col.: Histeridae) in Devon - a recent record. Alex Williams, 68 [The] Population Crash of the Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae). S. Knill-Jones, 25-26 Psylliodes luteola (Muller, O. F.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in Wiltshire D. R. Nash, 44 o On the doubtful Moray record of Lepyrus capucinus (Schaller) (Col.: Curculionidae). A A. Allen, 1 26 On the present scarcity of certain insects always regarded as common. A. A. Allen, 27-28 Otiorhynchus porcatus (Herbst) (Col.: Curculionidae) in Northamptonshire. R. Colin Welch, 193-194 P Parasitoids Homolobus annulicornis (Nees) (Hym.: Braconidae) and Eumea linearicornis (Zetterstedt) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) reared from larvae of the white-spotted pinion moth Cosmia diffinis (1) (Lep.: Noctuidae), with notes on habitat. Paul Waring, Plates B - E 123-126 Parasitoid wasp Hyposoter dolosus (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) reared from post- hibernation larva of Garden Tiger moth Arctia caja (L.) (Lep.: Arctiidae). Paul Waring, 277 [A] partly successful attempt at rearing Dahlica inconspicuella (Stt.) (Lep.: Psychidae). /. Sims, 221-222 Peyerimhoffina gracilis (Schneider) (Neur.: Chrysopidae) in Hampshire and Surrey. J. A. Marshall and G. A. Collins, 285-286 [A] population of Dahlica triquetreila (Hb.) (Lep.: Psychidae) persisting in the Reading area. I. Sims, 227 Playing possum as an alternative to mate-refusal posture in Pararge aegeria (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae). R. L. H. Dennis, 293 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Staffordshire. J. Koryszko, 222 Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) breeding on Viburnum tinus. P F. Whitehead, 117-118 Q Queen of Spain Fritillary Issoria lathonia (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Staffordshire. J. Koryszko , 284 R Rannoch Sprawler Brachionycha nubeculosa (Esper) (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to north-east Scotland. N. A. Littlewood , 37-38 [A] recent record of Monochroa arundinetella (Stt.) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in Wiltshire. M. H. Smith, 29-30 [A] record of Strangalia aurulenta Fabricius (Col.: Cerambycidae) from Co. Kerry. Michael O'Sullivan, 194-195 [A | record of the Buff Footman Eilema depressa Esper (Lep.: Arctiidae) from Killarney. Co. Kerry. Michael O’Sullivan, 146-147 Reminiscences of Mont Ventoux. L. McLeod, 278-284 Rivula sericealis (Scop.) (Lep.: Noctuidae): Apparent substantial third generation in north-west Kent. B. K. West, 286-287 VII s Scarce Merveille du Jour Moma alpium (Osbeck) (Lep.: Noctuidae): an association with Sweet Chestnut Castanea saliva'! M. Parsons, 38 Some recent Suffolk (VC 25 & 26) records of the Pauper Pug Eupithecia egenaria H.-S. (Lep: Geometridae). Tony Prichard , 69 Spurge Hawk-moth Hyles euphorbiae (L.) (Lep.: Sphingidae) breeding in northern France. P. J. Oliver, 37 Stratiomys longicornis (Scopoli) (Dipt.: Stratiomyidae) in East Sussex, VC 14. Laurence Clemons, 108 Sugaring through a Scottish night. R. Leverton, 17-18 Saddleback Moth caterpillar Sibine ?stimulea (Clemons) (Lep.: Limacodidae): - a possible new record for the UK discovered in Somerset. Samantha Trebilcock, 177 Stomorhina lunata (Fabr.) (Dipt.: Calliphoridae) in north-west Kent. Laurence Clemons, 147-148 Some interesting moths recently confirmed for or new to the Devon fauna. Roy McCormick, 192-193 T [The] Tree Lichen Beauty Cryphia algae Fabr. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent - a remarkable coincidence? B. K. West, 39 Two new butterfly records from the Greek island of Corfu in May 2003. D. Hall, P. J. C. Russell and R. Mandziejewiscz, 287-288 Two new Irish moths. J. B. Higgott and C. A. Mackie, 130 Two uncommon ants (Formicidae) in urban London. R. A. Jones, 28 u [An] unlikely Sutherland crambid was an Oecophorid! D. C. Hulme, 16 Unusual abundance of flies (Diptera) at a moth trap on a cold winter's evening. C. W. Plant, 242-243 [An] unusually late date for a Garden Tiger Arctia caja L. (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Devon. R. McCormick, 293 V Vanessa carclui (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) reared from Borago officinalis. K. Alexander, 223 Vanessids in 2003. L. McLeod , 288 w What value will individual field naturalists have in insect distribution recording in the future? Keith P. Bland, 68-69 Y Yponomeuta rorrella (Hb.) (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and Syncopacma larseniella (Gozmany) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) recorded new to Monmouthshire. Martin White, 186 3: SUBSCRIBERS’ NOTICES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS Announcement: Planning a national macro-moth recording scheme, 212 British leaf mining fauna - a new web site describing the leaf miners found in Britain. Barry Dickerson, Rob Edmunds, Martin Ellis, Ian Kimber, David Manning & Paul Talbot, 122 England Supplement to the Guidelines for the Selection of SSSls: Invertebrates, 272 viii List of Middlesex microlepidoptera now available. Colin W. Plant, 76 New edition of the Directory for Entomologists, 246 Possible collecting of the Fiery Clearwing Pyropteron chrysidiformis (Esper). Mark Parsons, Brian Banks and David Sheppard, 158 Request for British examples of allegedly Japanese species. Hideo Ogai, 96 Request for specimens of Scalloped Hazel moth Odontopera hidentata (Cl.) (Geomelridae). Colin W. Plant , 152 4: BOOK REVIEWS Atlas fotogrdfico de los escaraheidos floricolas l bero-haleares by Estefama Mico and Eduardo Galante, 197 British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants and fungi by Margaret Redfern and Peter Shirley, illustrated by Michael Bloxham, 246-247 The butterflies of Colchester and north-east Essex by Ted Benton, Joe Firmin and Ian Rose, 151-152 Butterflies of Cyprus by Christodoulos Makris, 295-296 Catdleg de Biodiversitat del Parc Natural de S 'Albufera de Mallorca edited by Nick Riddiford, 1 96 Checklist of the fauna of Hungary. Volume 2: Microlepidoptera by Cs. Saboky, A. Kun and F. Buschmann, 247 European Fauna of Oederneridae by X. A. Vazquez, 197 The Geometric! Moths of Europe. Volume 4: Larentiidae II by Vladimir Mironov, 199-200 Living with urban wildlife by John Bryant, 196 Noctuidae Europaeae, Volume 5, Hadeninae by Laszlo Ronkay, Jose Luis Yela and Marton Hreblay, 198-199 North west Wales moth report 2001 (Adrododdiad Gwyfynod Gogledd Orllewin Cymru ) compiled by John Harold, 294-295 Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) by PR. Harvey, D.R. Nellist and M.G. Telfer, 248 Provisional atlas of the Cantharoidae and Buprestoidea (Coleoptera) of Britain and Ireland by Keith N. Alexander, 248 Revision del genero Phylan Stephens , 1857 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Dendarini) by A. Viholas and M. C. Cartagena, 296 The smaller moths of Herefordshire and Worcestershire, part I : Micropterigidae to Scythrididae by Michael Harper and Tony Simpson, 150-151 What good are bugs by Gilbert Waldbauer, 248 5: OBITUARIES Erzin^lioglu, Zakaria, 19-20 O'Keeffe, Dennis, 20-22 Sacco, Albert, 22-23 6: CORRIGENDA Corrections to volume 1 15, 296 ix CONTRIBUTORS Page number entries in bold type refer to peer-reviewed papers; entries in ordinary type refer to Notes and shorter communications that have been refereed internally by the editor and his colleagues. Where an author is not the first named of multiple authors, the page number entry is printed in italics. Agassiz, D. J. L. 223 Alexander, K. 223 Allen. A. A. 18, 27-28, 70, 126, 149, 157, 230, 273 r -Banks, Brian 753 Barclay, M. V. L. 33, 181-186 Baumgart, Eligiusz Plate F 127-129 Bennett, Fred D 105-108, 109-115 Berg, M. P. 43 Bland, Keith P. 68-69, 239-241 Bradley; John 195 Bfowt^ David 176 Clefnops, Laurence 48, 67, 70-71, 71, 71-72, 74, 108, 145-146,147-148 Collins, G. A. 285-286 Corice, David 77-94 Corley, Martin 119-121 & Plate A Costen, P. D. M. 224-225 Crellin, Steven M. 105-108 Dennis, R. L. H. 241-242, 293 Dickerson. Barry 122 Edmunds, Rob 122 , 130, 166, 226, 227-228 Ellis, Martin 40, 722 Field, R. 1 Fox, R. 30 Fraser, Duncan 131-143 Gardiner, Brian O. C. 24-25, 26-27, 31, 171-174, 231-238 Gardiner, T. 1 Gladwin, Janet 118 Gladwin, Tom 1 18 Goodey, B. 167-170 Gorman, Lance 131-143 Gould, Philip 153-154 , Hall, D. 287-288 ' Hams, K. M. 109-115 Heckford, R. J. 289-290 Higgins, J. 45 Higgott, J. B. 130 Hill, L. J. 178-179 Honey, M. R. 159-165 Hughes, Jonathan 179-180 Hulme, D. C. 16, 228-229 Jones, R. A. 28, 229 Kimber, I. 722, 226 Knill-Jones, Sam A. 25-26, 40-41, 41, 148 Koryszko, Jan 178, 222, 284 Langmaid, J. R. 249-272 Larsen, Torben B. 43-44, 74-76, 95-96, 144-145, 175-176, 189-192, 243-246, 274-275 Leverton, R. 17-18, 97-104 Littlewood, N. A. 37-38 Mackie, C. A. 7 30 Mandziejewiscz, R. 287-288 Manning, D. 122 Marney, M. 67 Marshall, J. A. 33. 285-286 McCormick, R. 40, 192-193, 288-289, 293 McGee, K. 201-211 McLeod, L. 278-284, 288 Mearns, Barbara 276, 291-292, 294 Mearns, Richard 276, 291-292, 294 Nash, D. R. 42, 44, 289 Nash, Steven 119-121 & Plate A, 187-188 O'Sullivan, Michael 146-147, 194-195 Ogai, Hideo 96 Oliver, P. J. 37 Palmer, Robert 153-154 Parsons, M. 38, 49-66, 158 Plant, Colin W. 42, 76, 131-143, 152, 159-165, 242-243 Prichard, Tony 69, 116 Pye, M. 1 Quicke, Donald L .J. 127-129 & Plate F Russell, P. J. C. 287-288, 290-291 Shaw, Mark R. 127-129 & Plate F Shaw, P. J. A. 45 Sheppard, David 158 Sims, I. 221-222, 227 Smith, M. H. 29-30, 39, 41 Speight, Martin 155-157 Talbot, P. 722 Terry, Rachel 1 95 Trebilcock. Samantha 177 Tyler-Smith, C. 220 Wall, M. 227-228 Waring, P. 123-126 & Plates B - E. 213-219, 277 Welch, R. Colin 193-194 West, B. K. 13-16, 31-32, 39, 72-73, 286-287, 292-293 White, M. J. 225-226 Whit.e Martin J. 129, 186 Whitehead, P. F. 117-118, 201-211 Williams, Alex 68 Young, M. R. 249-272 SPECIAL INDEX Compiled by Graham Irving Newly described taxa are indexed in bold type. Taxa new to, or newly recognised in, the British Isles are denoted by an asterisk. LEPIDOPTERA abbreviana Epinotia abbreviata Eupithecia abietana Acleris abietana Acleris acaciae Satydum acaciae Satyrus acerbella Epichoristodes aceris Acronicta acetosae Enteucha achine Lopinga Achroia grisella acroxantha Tachystola acteon Thymelicus acuminatana Dichrorampha. acuminatella Scrobipalpa adelphella Sciota adelphella Sciota adippe Argynnis adspersella Coleophora adusta Mniotype adustata Ligdia aegeria Pararge aenealis Evergestis aeratella Augasma aeriferanus Ptycholomoides aestuariella Coleophora aethiops Erebia affinitata Perizoma agama Caprona agathina Xestia agestis Aricia aglaja Argynnis agnorista Abrostola agnotana Pammene alacella Dichomeris albedinella Bucculatrix albella Coleophora albicillata Mesoleuca albicosta Coleophora albidella Biselachista albifasciella Ectoedemia albifrontella Elachista albimacula Hadena albimaculea Denisia albipuncta Mythimna albistria Argyresthia albula Meganola albulata Perizoma alburnella Carpatolechia alceae Carcharodus alcetas Everes alchimiella Caloptilia alchymista Catephia alciphron Lycaena alcyonipennella Coleophora alexis Glaucopsyche alfacariensis Colias algae Cryphia Page 268 101, 167-170 62 62 91, 287 83 119, 157, 266 142 254 293 271 .40, 60, 166, 262 89 269 264 131-143 63, 140 84, 93 39, 261 143 141 ...27, 76, 92, 293 141 65 61 62 281 101 275 100 92, 279 4, 93 135 21 264 256 66 203, 207 261 262 252 262 135, 143 262 143, 292 259 136, 143 142 60 89 91 140 142 91 261 91 83, 90 39. 57 Page algira Dysgonia 142 allous Aricia 279 alnifoliae Coleophora 21 alpina Rhegmatophila 1 35, 1 42 alpinella Elachista 261 alpium Moma 38 alsinella Caryocolum 264 alternata Epirrhoe 142 alticolana Cnephasia 1 40 alticolella Coleophora 261 alveus Pyrgus 81 ambigua Hoplodrina 50, 143 ambigualis Scoparia 270 amplana Cydia 50 anachoreta Clostera 62 anatolica Hypenodes 142 anceps Peridea 142 andalusica ssp. barrettii Hadena 134 andereggii Mythimna pseudocomma 133, 138 angelicella Agonopterix 263 angelicella Parornix 257 angulifasciella Ectoedemia 252 angustana Eupoecilia 266 angustea Eudonia 270 angustiorana Ditula 106, 267 annulatella Rhigognostis 260 anomalella Stigmella 254 antennalis Synaphe 140 antennariella Coleophora 65 antiopa Nymphalis 41, 94 antiqua Orgyia : 208 antiqualis Rhynchodontodes 142 apfelbecki Pseudoxestia 134, 143 apicella Ancylis '. 107 apicipunctella Elachista ...2.. :..262 apollo Pamassius ......... 89 appendiculata Brachodes 136. 140 aprilella Metzneria 140 arcania Coenonympha <„92, 279 arceuthina Argyresthia ,[....259 arcuella Olethreutes 140 argentina Spatalia 142 argiades Everes 91 argiolus Celastrina 27, 91 argus Plebejus 92 argyronomon Aricia 83 argyropeza Ectoedemia 252 arion eutyphron Maculinea 70, 91 annigera Helicoverpa 102 armoricanus Pyrgus 81 artaxerxes Aricia 279 artemisicolella Coleophora 26 1 artha Lebadea 275 aruncella Micropterix 252 arundinetella Monochroa 29 arvemensis carmenta Erebia 83 asiatica Cilix ] 36, 141 asiatica Nycteola 143 asiaticalis Evergestis frumentalis 141 xi asinalis Mecyna aspersana Acleris assectella Acrolepiopsis assimilella Stiginella atalanta Vanessa 26, 75, athalia celadusa Melitaea 271 267 61, 195, 260 253 82, 94, 178, 229, 288 80 84 athalia Melitaea 27, 94 atomaria Ematurga 98 atra Acanthopsyche 255 atra Blastodacna 266 atrella Eulamprotes 263 atriplicis Coleophora ?61 atriplicis Trachea 64 atropos Acheron tia 231 atticolana Cnephasia 131, 140 aurana Pammene 269 aurata Pyrausta 141, 222 aureatella Micropterix 25? aurella Stiginella 253 auricoma Acronicta 64 aurinia Eurodryas 86, 94 aurinia Euphydryas ?06 aurinia Eurodryas 203 aurita Pammene 61, 269 auroguttella Eucalybites 257 avellanella Semioscopis 263 azaleella Caloptilia 60, 130 badiata Anticlea 142 badiella Depressaria 263 balteolella Tinagma 62 basiguttella Stigmella 254 batis Thyatira 207 baton Pseudophilotes 91 bechsteinella Bucculatrix.... 256 beimei Trifurcula 5 1 bellargus Lysandra 92 bembeciformis Sesia 102 bereberata Pareulype 213 betulae Theda 75 betulana Archips 64 betularia Biston 32, 141 betulicola Caloptilia 257 betulicola Stigmella 254 biatomella Elachista 261 bicolorata Hecatera 143 bicostella Pleurota 16 bidentata Odontopera 138, 141, 151, 207 bifasciana Spatalistis 267 bifida Furcula 142 bifractella Apodia 263 bilineata Camptogramma ... 142 binaria Watsonalla 141 bipunctaria Scotopteryx 134 bipunctella Ethmia 140 bipunctidactyla Stenoptilia. 272 biriviata Xanthorhoe 61 bistortata Ectropis 153,223 bistrigella Phylloporia 255 bisulcella Elachista 129, 262 biviella Vitula 63, 271 blanda Hoplodrina 143 blandella Brachmia 265 blandelloides Caryocolum .. 264 blattariella Anacampsis 264 boeticus Lampides 91 boleti Morophaga 255 bombycina Polia 58 bondii morrisii Chortodes 66 bonnetella Argyresthia 259 bractea Autographa 100 bradleyi Mompha 265 brassicae azorensis Pieris 289 brassicae Mamestra 101 brassicae Pieris 27, 90 breviculata Eupithecia 142 britannica sagittigera Pachetra 66 brockeella Argyresthia 259 brumata Operophtera 118 brunnea Diarsia 17-18 bucephala Phalera 142 bucephala Phalera 207 buettneri Sedina 61, 63, 65 buoliana Rhyacionia 206 caesiella Swammerdamia 259 caespititiella Coleophora 261 caestrum Parahypopta 140 cagnagella Yponomeuta 259 cailino Drasteria 142 caja Arctia 27, 28, 293 c-album Polygonia 26, 94, 288 caledoniana Acleris 267 caliginosa Acosmetia 21, 57, 217 callunaria Eupithecia satyrata 98 calvaria Idia 142 campoliliana Eucosma 269 cana Eucosma 269 canapennella Elachista 262 canella Gymnancyla 40 caniola Eilema 143 cappa Hecatera 143 captans Infurcitinea 256 capucina Ptilodon 142, 208 caradjai Oegoconia 265 carbonaria Biston betularia 13, 14, 15, 16 cardamines Anthocharis 27, 90, 228 cardui Cynthia 26 cardui Vanessa 75, 94, 223, 288, 290 earphodactyla Euleioptilus 272 caipinata Trichopteryx 142 carthami Pyrgus 81 cassiodes Erebia 83, 93 casta Watsonarctia 133, 143 castalis Pyrausta 141 castaneae Phragmataecia 132 celeusi Capperia 134, 140 centifoliae Athalia 170 cerambyciformis Pachytodes 211 cerusella Platytes 135, 141 chaerophylli Depressaria 263 chalybella Lymphia 131-143, 140 charopus Papilio 190 chi Antitype 32 chlamitulalis Nola 143 chloerata Rhinoprora 142 chlorosata Petrophora 101 chlorosata Petrophora 141, 207 chrvsoprasaria Hemistola 141 chrysidiformis Pyropteron 158 chrysitis Diachrysia 209 chrysoneuchella Thisanotia 141 xn eicadella Scythris 51 cicatricella Haiinbachia 63 cidarella Bucculatrix 256 cilialis Nascia 271 cinctaria Cleora 141 cinctella Syncopacma 264 cinerea Agrotis 143 cinerella Acompsia 264 cinerosella Euzophera 271 cingulata Pyrausta 141 cinnamomeana Pandemis 266 cinnamomella Ancylosis 140 cinxia Melitaea 94, 203 cinxia Melitaea 207 circe Brintesia 93 circellaris Agrochola 208 cirrigerella Eurhodope 65 cirsiana Epiblema 268 cirsii Pyrgus 81 citrago Xanthia 101 citrinalis Hypercallia 66 clathrata Chiasmia 141 clavipalpis Paradrina 134, 143 cleanthe russiae Melanargia 281 Cleopatra Gonepteryx 90, 282 clerkella Lyonetia 260 cloacella Nemapogon 256 clorana Earias 135, 143 cnicana Aethes 266 c-nigrum Xestia 102, 143 cognata Thera 102 columbariella Tinea 256 columbina confusalis Nola 167 comes Noctua 143 comma Hesperia 89 comma Mythimna 133 complana Eilema 143 compta Hadena 61 compunctella Swammerdamia 130, 259 confinaria Glossotrophia 135, 141 confinis Cosmia 143 confusa Hadena 143 confusalis Nola 143, 167 confusella Stigmella 254 conicolana Cydia 60, 269 conjugella Argyresthia 259 consimilana Clepsis 106 consocia Lithophane 159 - 165* consociella Acrobasis 27 1 conspersana Cnephasia 267 conspersaria Dyscia 131. 136, 141 conspicillaris Egira 143 conspurcatella Bankesia 224 conterminana Eucosma 269 continuella Stigmella 253 convolvuli Agrius 25, 102. 141,292 conyzae Coleophora 261 coracipennella Coleophora 260 cordiaria Eilicrinia 141 coriarius Prionus 33-36 coridon Lysandra 92 corticata Horisme 142 corylata Electrophaes 101 coryli Colocasia 1 (X), 143 coryli Phyllonorycter 258 costalis Hypsopygia 140 costella Scrobipalpa 264 craccae Lygephila 142 crassiuscula Scythris 266 crataegana Archips 266 crataegi Aporia 65, 90 craterella Chrysocrambus 141 crenata Apamea 1 7 crepuscularia Eclropis 153, 223 crepusculella Pseudopostega 255 cristana Acleris 267 cristatella Bucculatrix 256 cristella Trachonitis 140 croceago Jodia 51 croceus f. helice Colias 41 croceus Colias 41, 90 cruentaria Lythria 142 cuculata Catarhoe 142 culmella Chrysoteuchia 270 cultraria Watsonalla 141 cuprella Adela 255 cupressata Thera 63 cupressella Argyresthia 63, 259 curtula Clostera 142 curvatula Drepana 147 cyaneimarmorella Stenoptinea 5 1 , 65 cynosbatella Notocelia 140 cytisella Monochroa 263 dalmatina Nychiodes 136, 141 daniea Ephemera 206 daphnis Polyommattus 281 daplidice Pontia 90 darwiniana Coenonympha 279 dealbana Gypsonoma 268 deauratella Coleophora 261 decentella Ectoedemia 60, 252 decolorella Blastobasis 61,265 decorata Scopula 141 degeerella Nemophora 255 degeneraria Idaea 141 deione Melitaea 80, 94 Delias 176 deliblatica Laxostege 141 delphis Polyura 274 demarniana Epinotia 268 demaryella Bucculatrix 256 dentalis Cynaeda 270 dentaria Selenia 207 dentella Ypsolopha 260 deplana Eilema 146. 147 derasella Dichomeris 65 deserta Watsonarctia 133, 143 designata Xanthorhoe 142 desperatella Stigmella 51 devoniella Parornix 257 dia Clossiana 94 diamina Melitaea 75, 80, 94 didyma Mesapamea 50. 94, 198 diffinis Teleiopsis 264 diffinis Cosmia 123,218 diffluella Scrobipalpula 5 1 , 65 dilectaria Stegania 141 dilutella Pempeliella 140. 271 dimidioalba Hedya 267 discipunctella Depressaria 64 xiii discordella Coleophora 261 dispar Lymantria 64 divisella Mompha 265 dodecella Exoteleia 264 dodonaea Drymonia 142 dodonaea Tischeria 255 dodoneata Eupithecia 142, 167-170 dolabraria Plagodis 141 domestica Bryotropha 264 domestica Cryphia 209 dorylas Polyommatus 86, 92, 279, 283 doubledayana Celypha 5 1 douglasii Bankesia 224 drilon Rethera komarovi 141 dysodea Hecatera 63, 65 effractella Eccopsia 50 egenaria Eupithecia 69 eleochariella Biselachista 225 elongella Caloptilia 257 emargana Acleris 267 emberizaepenella Phyllonorycter 258 epiphron Erebia 86, 93 ergane Pieris 83-4, 90 ericella Crambus 270 ericetella Neofaculta 264 erxlebella Roeslerstammia 256 erythrocephala Conistra 65 erythrogenella Ectoedemia 62 escheri Polyommatus 92 etruscaria Chlorissa 141 eumolphus Arhopala 176 euphenoides Anthocharis 90 euphorbiae Acronicta 142 euphorbiae Hyles 21, 37, 135, 141 euphrosyne Boloria 41, 203, 206 euphrosyne Clossiana 94 euryale Erebia 86, 93 eurypilus Kretania 279 eutyphron arion Maculinea 66 exanthemata Cabera 141 exclamationis Agrotis 101, 143,208 exulans Zygaena 240 fagana Pseudoips 209 fagella Diurnea 263 fagi Hipparchia 84, 93 fagi Stauropus 142 fagivora Parornix 257 falciformis Epermenia 270 famula Dysauxes 143 farinalis Pyralis 140 farinata Lithostege 138, 142 fascelina Dicallomera 203, 208 fasciana Pammene 140 fasciella Nemophora 255 fasciuncula Oligia 17 fennahi Graphocephala 206 ferchaultella Luffia 255 ferrago Mythimna 292 ferrugalis Udea 141 ferrugana Aphelia 140, 267 filicata Idaea 141 filicivora Psychoides 60, 256 filipendulae Zygaena 98 fimbrialis Thalera 55 fimbriata Noctua 143 flammea Trigonophora 64 flavicaput Spuleria 266 flavifronlella Pseudatemelia 263 flavimitrella Lampronia 62 flavirena Paradrina 143 flaviventris Synanthedon 40 flexula Laspeyresia 3 1 tloccifems Carcharodus 89 florida Diarsia 153 floslactata Scopula 207 floslactella Stigmella 253 fluctuata Xanthorhoe 142, 207 forcipula Yigoga 143 forficalis Evergestis 270 forficella Donacaula 16 formicaeformis Synanthedon 42 formosana Enarmonia 269 formosanus Lozotaeniodes 61 forsskaleana Acleris 267 forsterana Lozotaenia 1 05-7, 267 foulquieri Pyrgus 81 fovealis Duponchelia 271 franci liana Aethes 266 frangulella Bucculatrix 256 fraternella Caryocolum 264 fraxinella Prays 260 fraxini Catocala 56, 60, 66, 1 00 freyerella Cosmiotes 262 friesei Ocnerostoma 260 frischella Coleophora 261 fritillum Pyrgus 81 froelichiella Phyllonorycter 258 fuliginaria Parascotia 50 fuliginosa Phragmatobia 100, 143, 208 fulvalis Udea 30, 60 fulviguttella Phaulernis 129, 269 funebris Anania 270 furcata Hydriomena 72-73 furcata ab. constricta Hydriomena 73 furcifera Lithophane 159-164 furcula Furcula 142 furva Apamea 143 fhrvella Agonopterix 140 fusca Pyla 140 fuscella Niditinea 256 fuscescens Borkhausenia 262 fuscicornis Coleophora 62 fuscoaenea Scythris 5 1 , 65 galathea Melanargia 93 galbanella Bryotropha 263 galii Hyles 100 gamma Autographa 100. 209. 292 gardesanella Coleophora 39, 261 geniculella Phyllonorycter 60, 258 genistella Pempelia 271 genitalana Cnephasia 267 geoffrella Alabonia 262 germmana Pammene 269 gerningana Philedone 267 gibbosella Psoricoptera 264 gigantula Meganola 136, 143 gilveolella Bradyrnhoa 135, 140 glarearia Heliomata 141 glaucata Cilix 141 glaucinalis Orthopygia 271 xiv glaucippe Hebomoia 44 glutinosae Stigmella 254 glyphica Euclidia 142.209 gnoma Pheosia 142, 208 goodsoni ab. furcata Hydriomena 73 goya Erebia rondoui 83 graecarius Odontopera 138, 139, 141, 151 grisealis Herminia 98 griseana Zeiraphera 268 griseata Lithostege 138, 142 griseola Edema 31 grossulariata Abraxas 207 gryphipennella Coleophora 260 gueneeana Dichrorampha 269 haematidea Agrochola 50 hamana Agapeta 140, 266 hammoniella Heliozela 255 hastata Rheumaptera 201, 203 haworthiata Eupithecia 142 hecate Brenlhis 282 heinemanni Emmetia 62 helena Troides 176 heparana Pandemis 266 hepariella Zelleria 259 herbaria Microloxia 141 heringella Ectoedemia 252 heringi Ectoedemia 252 hesperus Papilio 1 89-92 hilarella Phyllonorycter 258 hippothoe Lycaena 75, 86, 91 hispania Erebia 83 hohenwartiana Eucosma 269 homigi Monochroa 62 horribilis Papilio 1 89-92 hortulata Eurrhypara 270 humiliata Idaea 65 humilis Elachista 262 hyale Colias 82 hyalinalis Paratalanta 141 hybnerella Stigmella 254 hyemana Acleris 178 hyperantus Aphantopus 92 hyperici Chloantha 143 icarus Polyommatus 27, 41, 84, 92, 228 icteritia Xanthia 209 idas Aricia 83 idas Lycaeides 75 idas Plebejus 92 idigenata Eucrostes 141 ilia Apatura 93 ilicifolia Phyllodesma 66, 134, 141 ilicis Satyrium 91, 288 dlunaris Clyde 135 illutana Cydia 62 immorata Scopula 66 immundana Epinotia 268 immundella Trifurcula 253 implicitana Cochylidia 266 incanata Scopula 134, 141 inconspicuella Dahlica 221 ingratella Scoparia 140 ino Brenthis 84, 93 inquinatella Agriphila 270 insectella Haplotinea 256 insularia Biston belularia 13, 14, 15, 16 insularis Zethes 142 internana Grapholita 269 intimella Ectoedemia 252 intricata Eupithecia 142 iolnachis 26,75,94, 118, 288, 293 io Nymphalis 229 ipsilon Agrotis 100, 292 iris Apatura 231 irregularis Hadena 66 isodactylus Platyptilia 271 ivella Argyresthia 259 jacobaeae Callimorpha 232 jacobaeae Tyria 102, 208 janiszewskae Sorhagenia 50 janthe Noctua 137 janthina Noctua 1 37 janthinana Grapholita 269 josephinae Pseudatemelia 262 jota Autographa 100 juniperata Thera 142 junoniella Phyllonorycter 257 jurtina Maniola 26, 93, 178, 241, 293 kadenii Platyperigea 143 kilmunella Elachista 261 kleemannella Phyllonorycter 258 komarovi Rethera 135 kruegeri Amata 136, 143 kuehnella Coleophora 261 kuehniella Ephestia 271 lacteana Bactra 50 lacustrata Dipleurina 270 laetana Ancylis 193 laetus Oxyptilus 40, 271 lafauryana Choristoneura 66 1-album Mythimna 60, 143 lambda Lithophane 159 lampra Sideridis 143 langiella Mompha 226 lapidata Coenocalpe 37 lapidella Luffia 225 lappella Metzneria 263 lapponica Stigmella 254 larseniella Syncopacma 186,264 laterana Acleris 267 lathonia Issoria 93, 284 lathoniana Eugnosta 140 lathyrana Grapholita 269 latistria Agriphila 270 latruncula Oligia 143 lautella Phyllonorycter 258 lavatherae Carcharodus 85, 89 leautieri Lithophane 61 leguntinana Cydia 66 lemnata Cataclysta 270 lemniscella Stigmella 253 leucapennella Caloptilia 257 leucatella Recurvaria 40, 264 leucographella Phyllonorycter 63, 258 leucontelas Aedia 142 leucostigma Celaena 98 leuwenhoekella Pancalia 266 levana Araschnia 75. 85, 94 libatrix Scoliopleryx |(X). 142 lichenaria Cleorodes 1(X) lienigianus Ovendenia 40 xv ligea Erebia 241.282 lignea Blastobasis 60. 106. 265 ligustri Craniophora 142 ligustri Sphinx 135, 141 limbaria Isturgia 64 limbata Evergestis 63 linariata Eupithecia 142 linearia Cyclophora 141 lineata Siona 134, 141,214 lineola Thymelicus 1-12, 89 linosyridella Coleophora 62 literana Acleris 267 litura Agrochola 101 livomica Hyles 21, 187 1-nigrum Arctornis 6 1 , 65 lobarzewskii Grapholita 60 locupletella Mompha 226 loganella Parornix 257 logiana Acleris 227, 267 longana Cnephasia 267 lophyrella Sorhagenia 266 lorquiniana Acleris 267 lubricipeda Spilosoma 143 lucemea Standfussiana 276 lucidella Monochroa 29, 263 lucina Hamearis 90 lucipara Euplexia 17 luctuata Spargania 55, 6 1 luctuosa Tyta 142, 215 lueneburgensis Aporophyla 101 lunalis Zanclognatha 135, 142 lunaris Minucia 56, 60, 65, 133. 142 lunula Calophasia 61 lunulana Grapholita 269 luridata Scotopteryx 142 lusciniaepennella Coleophora 260 lutarea Paraswammerdamia 260 lutea Spilosoma 143, 208 luteago Hadena 134, 143 luteella Stigmella 254 luteolata Opisthograptis 141, 207 lutipennella Coleophora 260 lychnidis Agrochola 208 machaon Papilio 22, 90 maera Lasiommata 92, 293 magnolii Hadena 143 malvae Pyrgus 41,203 malvoides Pyrgus 81 manniana Phalonidia 266 mannii Pieris 83, 90 manto Erebia 93 marcidella Acrolepiopsis 224 margaritella Catoptria 270 margarotana Aethes 65 marginata Lomaspilis 101. 141 marginepunctata Scopula 141 maritima Phycitodes 27 1 maritima Thetidia smaragdaria 21, 66 marshalli Cacyreus 67, 283 martius Bicyclus martius 95 masculella Incurvaria 255 massiliata Eupithecia 167-1 70* maura Mormo 98 maurorum Hyloicus 134 mayrella Coleophora 261 medicaginis Cydia 62 megacephala Acronicta 209 megera Lasiommata 26, 92, 293 meges Lamproptera 275 melinus Strymon 240 menyanthidis Acronicta 101 meolans Erebia 93 merckii Lithophane 135, 143 mercurella Eudonia 270 messingiella Eidophasia ... 260 metallicana Olethreutes .... 267 metaxella Nematopogon ... 255 meticulosa Phlogophora 102 metzneriana Eucosma 21, 63 metzneriella Metzneria 263 miantodactylus Platyptilia 140 miata Chloroclysta 137. 142 micalis Tebenna 259 micella Argolamprotes 62 microdactyla Adaina 272 microtheriella Stigmella ... 254 milhauseri Harpyia 134. 142 millefoliata Eupithecia 60 milleniana Cydia 61 millieridactyla Stenoptilia 62, 271 milvipennis Coleophora 260 minimella Ectoedemia 252 minimus Cupido 41,91 minutana Gypsonoma 268 minutella Borkhausenia 66. 262 mixtus Biston betularia 16 mnemosyne Pamassius 76. 89 molliculana Cochylis 63 monilifera Narycia 255 Monochamus 36 monodactyla Emmelina 272 monoglypha Apamea 143 montana Erebia 281 montanana Dichrorampha.. 269 montanata Xanthorhoe 142. 207 morio Penthophera 143 morpheus Hetcrcpterus 77, 86, 89 morrisii morrisii Chortodes.. 192 mouffetella Athrips 264 moyses Monochroa 29. 62 mucidaria Euchrognophos 141 mucronata Scotopteryx 142 mucronellus Donacaula 270 mulinella Mirificarma 264 murinaria Tephrina 141 murinella Scrobipalpa 264 musculana Syndemis 140 myllerana Prochoreutis 259 myrti 1 lella Stigmella 253 naevana Rhopobota 268 nanana Epinotia 268 napi Pieris .27. 82-3. 90, 190. 228 nemorella Ypsolopha 260 nervosa Agonopterix 263 nervosa Simyra 142 neurica Archanara 116 ni Trichoplusia 21 nicellii Phyllonorycter 258 nickerlii Luperina 147 nigra Hydriomena furcata .... 72 XVI nigra Stenurella 210 nigricans Euxoa 208 nigripunctella Tenaga 65 niobe Argynnfs 84, 93 niphognatha Monochroa 63 niphognatha Monochroa 263 nisella Epinotia 268 nitidulana Gypsonoma 64 noctuella Nomophila 271 notana Acleris 267 nubeculosa Brachionycha 37 nubigera Heliothis 187 nubilalis Ostrinia 60, 141 nubilana Neosphaleroptera 42 nylandriella Stigmella 254 nymphaeata Nymphula 270 obesalis Hypena 137, 142 obliquella Stigmella 253 oblitella Ancylosis 61 obscura Hydriomena furcata 72 obscurana Pammene 269 obsitalis Hypena 63 occidentalis Cucullia gnaphalii 66 occultella Ectoedemia 252 ocellana Spilonota 269 ocellata Cosmorhoe 142,207 ocellata Smerinthus 135, 141 ocellea Euchromius 140, 187 ochraceata Scopula 141 ochrata Idaea 214 ochrearia Semiaspilates 141 ochreola Eilema depressa 147 ochsenheimeriana Pammene 269 octocula tanna Hypolimnas 23 octopunctatus Trichodes 210 ocularis Tethea 141 ohridella Cameraria 220, 258 oleracea Lacanobia 143 olivine Copiphana 134 ononaria Aplasta 60 onopordi Pyrgus 81 oo Dicycla 143 oporana Archips 266 optilete Vacciniina 75 or Tethea 193 orana Adoxophyes 61,266 orbitella Coleophora 260 orientalis Acronicta 135, 142 orion Scolitantides 281 ornata Scopula 141 omatrix Utetheisa 202 ornitopus Lithophane 31-32 osiris Cupido 86, 91 osmana Rhcgmatophila alpina 135, 142 osmanica Dyscia 136 osmanica sicanaria Dyscia 141 osseella Psamathocrita 65 osseola Hydraecia 61 ostrinaria Idaea 141 oxyacanthae Phyllonorycter 257 oxyacanthella Stigmella 254 oxybiata Xanthorhoe 134, 142 oxycedrata Eupithecia 200 pabulatricula Eremobina 64 pactolana Cydia 62 palaemon Carterocephalus 77, 85, 89 paleana Aphelia 266 pales Boloria 80, 93 pallens Mythimna 101 pallida Eudonia 270 pallidana Clepsis 140 pallifrons pygmaeola Eilema 143 pallustris Athetis 21, 134, 143,216 palpina Pterostoma 142 palumbella Pempelia 140 pamphilus Coenonympha 92, 229 pandalis Paratalanta 270 paphia Argynnis 75, 93 papilionaria Geometra 207 paralellaria Epione 215 parasitella Ephestia 271 parentheselia Ypsolopha 206, 260 parthenoides Mellicta 94 passerella Swammerdamia 259 pauperana Eucosma 269 pectinea Incurvaria 255 pelodorus Papilio 189, 191 peltigera Heliothis 100 pentadactyla Pterophorus 134, 140 penthinana Pristerognatha 64 perlella Crambus 270 perlucidalis Phlyctaenia 61, 270 pennixtaria Catarhoe 135, 142 perplexa Hadena 143 perpygmaeella Stigmella 253 petiverella Dichrorampha 269 petropolitana Lasiommata 293 phegeaArnata 136, 143 phlaeas Lycaena 91 phoebe Melitaea 94 phoeniceata Eupithecia 62, 170 phragmitella Limnaecia 265 piceaella Coleotechnites 61 Pieridae 24 pilosaria Apocheima 1 1 8 pilosellae Oxyptilus 66 pinastri Hyloicus 134, 141 pinella Catoptria 270 piniaria Bupalus 141 piniariella Ocnerostoma 260 plagiata Aplocera 142 plagicolella Stigmella 253 plantaginis Parasemia 98, 204 platani Phyllonorycter 63, 130, 257 platanoidella Phyllonorycter 62, 258 plebejana Crocidosema 60, 268 plecta Ochropleura 17, 18. 143. 208 plumbella Yponomeuta 259 plumigeralis Pechipogo 135, 142 pneumonanthes Stenoptilia 66 podalirius Iphicilides 90 podana Archips 266 politella Bryotropha 264 polychloros Nymphalis 65, 94 polygrammata Costaconvexa 142 pontificella Epermenia 140 populeti Orthosia 123. 192 populetorum Caloptilia 256 populi Laothoe 135, 141 porata Cyclophora 141 XVII porcellus Deilephila 141 porphyrea Lycophotia 208 postvittana Epiphyas 60. 105-7,266 potentillae Coleophora 260 poterii Stigmella 253 praeangusta Batrachedra 265 prasinana Bena 201, 204, 209 prenanthis Shargacucullia 138 procerella Bisigna 62 prodromella Epischnia 140 pronuba Noctua 17-18, 100, 143, 208 pronubana Cacoecimorpha 60, 1 05, 266 propinquella Mompha 265 pruni Odonestis 141 prunifoliae Coleophora 260 prunifoliella Lyonetia 64 pseudathalia Melitaea 80-94 pseudoeomma andereggii Mythimna ..133, 138, 143 pseudospretella Hofmannophila 262 psi Acronicta 142, 209 pudibunda Calliteara 143 pulchrimella Cosmopterix 225, 265 pulla Scotochrosta 50 pulverosella Bohemannia 252 punctalis Dolicharthria 141 punctaria Cyclophora 141 punctella Protasis 131. 140, 143 punctidactyla Amblyptilia 27 1 puppillaria Cyclophora 141 purdeyi Clavigesta 60 purpuralis Pyrausta 141 pusaria Cabera 141 pusillata Eupithecia 102 pygarga Protodeltote 134 pyralella Scoparia 140 pyrella Swammerdamia 259 Pyrgus 81 pyri Satumia 134, 141 pyrina Zeuzera 140 pyritoides Habrosyne 207, 294 quadrimaculana Endothenia 268 quercana Carcina 150 quercifolia Gastropacha 203, 207 quercimontaria Cyclophora 141 quercus Marumba 134, 141 quercus Neozephyrus 85, 90 querna Drymonia 142 qninnata Phyllonorycter 258 quinqueguttella Phyllonorycter 258 radiosa Actinotia 143 ragazzii Arnata 137 rajella Phyllonorycter 258 ramburialis Diasemiopsis 271 ramella Epinotia 268 rancidella Athrips 62 rapae Pieris 27, 90 raschkiella Mompha 265 ratzeburgiana Zeiraphera 268 reali Leptidea 82 rectangulata Rhinoprora 142 reducta Limenitis 94 regiana Pammene 269 regiella Stigmella 254 regificella Elachista 26 1 reliquana Lobesia 1 29, 268 remissa Apamea 17 repandana Conobathra 27 1 repentina Eupithecia 199 resplendella Heliozela 255 reticulata Heliophobus 58 retinella Argyresthia 259 rhamni Gonepteryx 25, 27, 90, 293 Rheumaptera hastata 207 rhodinella Caloptilia 257 rhododactyla Cnaemidophorus 131-143, 140 rhombana Acleris 267 rhomboidaria Peribatodes 141 rhomboidea Xestia 217 riguata Cataclysme 142 rippertella Megasis 140 rivulana Celypha 267 rivularis Hadena 143 roborella Phycita 271 robustana Bactra 268 rondoui goya Erebia 83 rondoui rondoui Erebia 83 rorrella Yponomeuta 186, 259 roscida Setina 143 rosmarinata Eupithecia 200 rubi Callophrys 91, 228 rubi Diarsia 17, 153 rubi Macrothylacia 132, 141 rubiginalis Ecpyrrhorrhoe 141 rubiginata Scopula 141 rubiginea Conistra 176 rubiginosa Cassida 210 rubiginosana Epinotia 268 rubivora Ectoedemia 40. 252 rubricosa Cerastis 143 rufana Acleris 1 1 9 rufella Pterothrixidia 140 rufescens Helcystogramma 265 rufifasciata Gymnoscelis 98, 142 mfimitrella Adela 195 rufipennella Caloptilia 62, 257 rufocinerea Elachista 262 rumicis Acronicta 73, 142 rupicola Apaustis 143 rupicola Cochylidia 266 ruralis Pleuroptya 271 ruricolella Nemapogon 256 rurinana Clepsis 266 sacco Polyura 22 saccoi Gnathothlibus 22 sacraria Rhodometra 100 sagittigera Pachetra 133, 143 salaciella Opostega 255 salicalis Colobochyla 66 salicicola Dyspessa 136. 140 salicicolel la Phyllonorycter 258 salicis Acronicta rumicis 73 salicis Leucoma 203, 208 salicis Stigmella 253 salictella Phyllonorycter 258 salopiella Eriocrania 252 samadensis Scrobipalpa 224 sanaos Bicyclus martius 95 sangii Eriocrania 252 sanguinalis Pyrausta 65, 141 sannio Diacrisia 1 95 xviii santoensis Polyura sacco 22 sarcitrella Endrosis 262 sartata Dichrognophos 141 satyrata Eupithecia 98 Satyridae 24 saucia Peridroma 102, 142 saxicola Phycitodes 27 1 saxonellus Xanthocrambus 140 scabriuscula Dypterygia 143 scalella Pseudotelphusa 264 schmidiella Cosmopterix 64 schreibersiana Phtheochroa 64 schuetzeella Dioryctria 62, 271 schulziana Olethreutes 267 schumacherana Olindia 267 scipio Erebia 283 scirpi Mythimna sicula 143 Scopula 138 scotica Lycia lapponaria 37 scoticella Parornix 257 scutulana Epiblema 268 secundaria Peribatodes 62 segetum Agrotis 98 segontii Zygaena purpuralis 66 sehestediana Prochoreutis 259 selasella Agriphila 270 selenaria Ascotis 141 selini Paradrina 134, 143 semele Elipparchia 86, 93 semiargus Cyanaris 91, 288 semiargus Polyommatus 64 semifascia Caloptilia 257 semifasciana Apotomis 268 semifusca Argyresthia 259 semitestacella Argyresthia 259 senectella Bryotropha 263 senticetella Gelechia 63, 264 septembrella Ectoedemia 253 serella Stigmella poterii 253 sericiella Heliozela 255 sericopeza Ectoedemia 62 serratulae Pyrgus 81 serricomis Biselachista 262 sertorius Spialia 89 sicanaria osmanica Dyscia 136, 141 siceliota Stangeia 134, 140 sicula Mythimna 135, 143 signatana Epinotia 268 silacella Mesophleps 64 silvella Crambus 41, 270, 288 similis Bryotropha 263 simplana Gibberifera 65 simplex Anatrachyntis 265 simpliciana Dichrorampha 269 simulans Rhyacia 58 sinapis Leplidea 82, 90, 203 sinuella Homoeosoma 140 sinuella Leucoptera 65 smaragdaria Anlonechloris 141 sobrina Protolampra 37 sociana Gypsonoma 268 sociaria Synopsia 1 34, 1 4 1 sociella Aphomia 27 1 sodaliana Phtheochroa 266 solandriana Epinotia 268 sorbi Phyllonorycter 257 sorbi Stigmella 253 sordidana Epinotia 268 sordidata Hydriomena furcata 72 sororcula Eilema 143 sororiata Carsia 102 sparrmannella Eriocrania 252 spartiella Anarsia 264 speciosa Stigmella 61 stimulea Sibene 1 77* sturnipennella Mompha 265 subalbidella Elachisla 129, 262 subbistrigel la Mompha 265 suberivora Stigmella 60 subfusca Scoparia 140 subocellea Elachista 262 subocellea Thiotricha 265 subpropinquella Agonopterix 263 subpurpurella Eriocrania 252 subsericeata Idaea 141 suffumata Lampropteryx 142 suffusa Lithophane furcifera 65. 160 suffusella Monochroa 263 suspecta Parastichtis 143 sutiliata Eupithecia 199 sylvata Hydrelia 38 sylvella Ypsolopha 260 sylvestrana Clavigesta 269 sylvestrella Dioryctria 63 sylvestris Thymelicus 1-12, 89 sylvia Parthenos 176, 275 syriaca Clytie 1 35. 1 42 syriaca Hadena 143 syringella Caloptilia 107, 114 tabaniformis Parathrene 64 taeniipennella Coleophora 261 taeniolella Syncopacma 264 tages Erynnis 41, 89 tamesis Coleophora 26 1 tanaceti Cucullia 134 tantillaria Eupithecia 137. 142 tarsicrinalis Herminia 62 taurella Ochsenheimeria 260 tedella Epinotia 268 tenebrata Panemeria 209 tephradactyla Euleioptilus 272 terebinthi Parocneria 137, 143 terebrella Assara 27 1 terminella Ethmia 60 tersata Horisme 142 tertia Noctua 137. 143 tetralunaria Selenia 207 thalassina Lacanobia 17. 143 thersites Polymmatus 84. 92 thoracella Bucculatrix 256 thoracica Anaspis 210 thrasonella Glyphipterix 259 tiliae Mimas 135. 141, 207 tiliae Stigmella 254 lithonus Pyronia 84. 91. 92. 241 tityrella Stigmella 253 togata Xanthia 208 torminalis Stigmella 64 torquillella Deltaornix 257 trabealis Emmclia 66. 135 ixx Trachycera advenella 271 Tragopogonis Amphipyra 101 transversa Eupsilia 118 trapezina Cosmia 143 trauniana Pammene 269 tremula Pheosia 142 tremulifolia Phyllodesma 141 triangulum Xestia 123 triangulum Xestia 208 triaria Erebia 93 triatomea Elachista 262 tricolorella Caryocolum 264 trifasciata Argyresthia 63, 164,225, 259 trifolii Discestra 143 trigrammica Charanycha 143 trinotata Eilicrinia 141 triplasia Abrostola 135 triquetra Gonospileia 134, 142 triquetrella Dahlica 227 tristella Agriphila 270 trochilella Coleophora 261 truncicolella Eudonia 270 trux lunigera Aarotis ">91 tunbergella Micropterix 151 turbidella Ectoedemia 61. 252 tyndarus Erebia 81.83 uddmanniana Epiblema 206 Udea prunalis 271 uliginosellus Crambus 289 ulmariae Stigmella 253 ulmella Bucculatrix 256 ulmifoliella Phyllonorycter.... 258 ultimaria Eupithecia 63. 170 ultimella Depressaria 263 ulula Dyspessa 136. 140 umbraria Peribatodes 134. 141 umbrosella Bryotropha 263 uncella Ancylis 129 undulana Orthotaenia 268 unicata Protorhoe 135. 142 unicolor Edema depressa 147 unifasciella Elachista 262 urella Ochsenheimeria 260 urticae Aglais 25, 27. 75. 94. 127. 288 urticae Spilosoma 132, 135. 143 usbeca Eupithecia 199 ustella Ypsolopha 260 vaccinii Conistra 143 valesianella Coleophora 131-143, 140 variegana Acleris 267 velocella Aroga 264 venata Och lodes 41. 89 verbascalis Anania 141 verbascella Nothris 66 verhuella Psychoides 256 vernana Earias 135. 143 vernetensis Melitaea 78 versicolora Endromis 202. 203 versurella Coleophora 261 verticalis Sitochroa 141 vespertaria Epione 215 vespertilio Hyles 135. 141 v-f!ava Oinophila 256 vibicigerella Coleophora 66 viburnana Aphelia 266 vibumi Pyrrhalta 1 1 7 vicinaria Scotopteryx 134, 142 viginliduopunctata Thea 210 villica Arctia 28, 143 vinella Syncopacma 66 virescalis Loxostege 141 virgaureae Coleophora 261 virgaureae Lycaena 91 virginiensis Vanessa 290 viridaria Phytometra 204 viridata Chlorissa 1 34, 1 4 1 vitalbata Horisme 142 vitellina Mythimna 143 vitellinae Phratora 21 1 vittella Ypsolopha 260 vittella Earias 187* w-album Satyrium 85,91.206 weaverella Monopis 256 weaveri Ectoedemia 253 weirana Strophedra 269 w-latinum Lacanobia 143 xenia Phyllocnistis 40. 62, 258 xeranipelina Atetbmia 147 xiphia Pararge 293 xiphioides Pararge 293 xylostella Plutella ..140 yeatiana Agonopterix 263 ypsillon Parastichtis 1 23, 1 43 ytenensis Zygaena viciae 65 zelleri Melissoblaptes 135. 140 zelleriella Stigmella 61 ziczac Notodonta 142, 208 zinckenella Etiella 140 zophodactylus Stenoptilia 134, 140 ARACHNIDA cornutus Araneus 48 comuta Epeira 48 crocata Dysdera 48 flavipes Heliophanus 21 1 inuseorum Cheiridium 21 1 phalangoides Pholcus 21 1 COLEOPTERA 1 3-punctata Hippodamia 155 abieties Hylobius 21 1 Alphitobius 184 armata Strangalia 194 aurulenta Strangalia 194 autographus Dryocoetes 42 bipunctata Adalia 2 1 0 capucinus Lepyrus 126 caraboides Cychrus 209 cervus Lucanus 33 coeruleus Korynetes 202 coriarius Prionus 33 corticalis Dryophthorus 149 culinaris Uloma 181-185 decempunctata Adalia 210 dermestoides Hylecoetus 204 Dryocoetes 42 fraxini Corticeus 183, 184 fuscus Anthrenus 210 hortensis Glischrochilis 210 lignosa Rhagonycha 210 xx livida Cantharis 209 luteola Psylliodes 44 melolontha Melolontha 209 nigra Stenurella 204 nodifer Aridius 210 nobilis Aleurostictus 202, 204, 209 obscurus Paralister 68 octopunctatus Trichodes ..204 oricalcia Chrysolina 210 pallidu lus Agriotes 209 pectinicornis Ctenicera 202, 204, 209 pellucida Cantharis 210 pini Pissodes 21 1 porcatus Otiorhynchus 193 quadrifasciata Strangalia 194 quattuordecimguttata Calvia 210 quattuordecimpunctata Propylea 210 rufa Uloma 182 ruficorne Aulonium 183, 184 salicinus Dorytomus 289 scolytus Scolytus 21 1 septempunctata Coccinella 210 Silpha sp 209 stercorarius Geotrupes 209 subfuscus Athous 155 suturalis Chitona 202 tabacicolor Alosterna 210 urticae Brachypterus 210 vespilloides Nicrophorus 209 COLLEMBOLA alba Pseudosinella 46, 47 albinus Cyphoderus 46 aureus Sminthurinus 46 boedvarssoni Protaphorura 47 caecus Arrhopalites 47 Candida Folsomia 46 cyaneus Lepidocyrtus 46, 47 dermestoides Hylecoetus 210 elegan Sminthurinus 47 ellipsoides Anurida 47 flavescens Orchesella 45 lanuginoxux Lepidocyrtus 46 lignorum Lepidocyrtus 47 macrochaeta Mesophorura 47 maltngreni Sminthurides 47 minimus Megalothorax 47 minor Isotomiella 47 muscorum Neanura 47 nivalis Entomobrya 47 notabilis Pamolomu 46 notabilis Parisotoma 47 palustris Isotomurus 47 parvula Brachystomella 46 Protaphorura sp 46 quadrioculata Folsomia 46, 47 quinquefasciaia Orchesella 45, 46 Snrinthurides spp 46 Sphaeriiliupumilis 47 truncata Friesea 47 villosa Orchesella 45 viridis Isoloma 46. 47 viridis Sminthurus 47 CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA scaber Porcellio 48 spinicornis Porcellio 48 DERMAPTERA auricularia Forficula 277 DIPTERA acericola Periphyllus angustigena Pollenia.... aphidimyza Aphidoletes . bella Sturmia bicolor Pegonrya bufonivota Lucilia caecutiens Chrysops campestris Rhingia carnea Sarcophaga Cecidomyiidi Cecidomyiinae chalybata Beris cilicrus Clinodiplosis cinerea Lestremia comtus Xanthandrus crataegi Dasineura cyrtoneurina Hydrotaea Dasineura defecta Anaretella fera Tachina finretaria Crumomyia.... flavipes Campylomyza... fraxini Dasineura glechomae Dasineura graminum Dorycera hirticeps Lonchaea Hydrophoms hypermnestra Elymnias.. insignis Aprionus iona Lonchaea jacobaeae Contarinia lacustre Orthoceratium ... lardarius Phaonia Lasiopteridi latipes Catocha lepida Fannia Lestodiplosis Liancalus linearicomis Eumea lobata Coquillettomyia.... longicomis Stratiomys lunata Stomorhina malaris Campiglossa matricariae Tephritis monilis Fannia mutabilis Microdon myrmicae Microdon niger Lasius vulgaris Phryxe pendulus Helophilus pini Lestodiplosis pipiens Syritta Porricondylinae pucciniae Mycodiplosis .. puparum Pteromalus pustulans Dasineura pyrivora Contarinia 112 243 Ill ..26, 127 211 211 21 1 211 243 Ill 110 211 112 no 105-8 110 243 Ill 110 147 243 110 110 Ill 145 18 70-7 1 44 .109-110 18 112 70 243 110 110 243 113 70 123. 126 109, 113 108 147 71 71 243 155 155* 156 26 147 113 147 110 109. 115 26 XXI 113 HYMENOPTERA: ACULEATA 156 brunneus Lasius 28,149 48 caespitum Tetramorium 1 79 7 1 cunicularia Formica 156 147 flavus Lasius 28, 180 243 fuliginosus Lasius 28 243 lemani Formica 156 243 niger Lasius 28 109, 115 rufa Formica 34 243 rybyensis Cerceris 1 47 1 1 1 umratus Lasius 28 243 243 HYMENOPTERA: PARASITICA 109, 112, 113 annulicornis Homolobus 123 1 1 3 dolosus Hyposoter 277 1 1 1 gyrator Meteorus 1 23 Ill puparum Pteromalus 26 114 scabrinodis Myrmica 155 112 subcompletus Microgaster 26 Ill 211 NEUROPTERA 70 albolineata Cunctochrysa 285 quercana Contarinia rhenanus Microdon roralis Melanophora rufifrons Astiosoma scripta Sphaerophoria silvatica Limosina similis Hydrotaea simplex Morellia sphaerothecae Mycodiplosis stercoraria Scathophaga strobilina Rabdophaga subventa Phaonia tenax Eristalis thompsoni Aphidoletes tiliarum Contarinia ulmariae Dasineura urticae Dasineura urticae Lestodiplosis urticaria Aphidoletes veronicae Jaapiella viarum Phaonia virens Liancalus viridipennis Gnophomyia 74 vulgaris Phryxe 26 vysineki Mamevia 109, 114 EPHEMEROPTERA danica Ephemera 277 HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA grossipes Gastrodes 206 striatus Miris 206 HEMIPTERA: HOMOPTERA fennahi Graphocephala 204 pilosus Tachycixius 206 schillingi Chorosoma 229 vulnerata Cercopis 206 williamsi Criomorphus 67 carnea Chrysoperla 285 flava Nineta 285 flavifrons Dichochrysa 285 l'ulvicephalus Osmylus 206 gracilis Peyerimhoffina 285 subnebulosus Wesmaelius 285 ventralis Dichochrysa 285 vittata Nineta 285 ODONATA virgo Calopteryx 206 ORTHOPTERA grossum Stethophyma 277 XXII ■'T \ PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY Vol. 115 THE Entomologist's Record AND Journal of Variation Edited by C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. J ci n u ci ry/i Fe b ru a ry 2003 Part 1 qRAR^ j\o % \ :~\r\ M 0 2003 ISSN 0013-8916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. http://wwH.hnhs.org/mothgroup/erjv/ Editor C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 14 West Roatl , Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. Telephone/Facsimile: 01279 507697 E-mail: colinwplant@nllworld.com Registrar Hon. Treasurer R.F. McCormick, f.r.e.s. C.C. Penney, f.r.e.s. 36 Paradise Road, 109 Waveney Drive. Springfield, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 SNR Chelmsford, Essex CM I 7QA WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements REGISTRAR: Changes of address TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal BACK ISSUE PURCHASE — Paul Sokolotf, F.R.E.S., 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, BR6 6DS Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee or any party other than the named author or authors. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription, containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work. The annual subscription for year 2003 is £28 for individual subscribers or £40 for institutions. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS • This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed. • The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on British Coleoptera (beetles), British Diptera (flies) and other groups at the Editor’s discretion. We also print Subscriber Notices at no cost on behalf of current subscribers; non-subscribers pay a fee for this service. We also publish Reviews of entomological books and other publications relating to all aspects of world entomology if these are sent to the Editor at no cost to him. It is our policy not to accept unsolicited book reviews from third parties. • We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers, such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or photographs), or accounts of entomological trips to places that may be of interest to other readers. • Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert papers into Notes. • Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting. We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made. • We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on floppy diskette. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word 2000. Originals are required for all photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct. BEHAVIOUR OF SKIPPERS A BEHAVIOURAL STUDY OF SMALL SKIPPER THYMELICUS SYLVESTRIS PODA AND ESSEX SKIPPER IHYMELICUS LINEOLA OCHS. BUTTERFLIES (LEP: HESPERIIDAE) Michelle Pye, Tim Gardiner & Robin Field Writtle College, Lordship Rood, Writtle, Chelmsford, Essex CM I JRR. Abstract Most butterfly studies and monitoring programmes do not differentiate between Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda and Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola Ochs. Therefore, combined information is predominantly presented and understanding of their behavioural activity is limited. This paper examines the behavioural patterns exhibited by the two species. Both primarily spent their time basking, resting and nectaring. Plant species used for nectaring purposes by T. sylvestris and T. lineola are listed. Introduction The primary cause of butterfly population declines has been the destruction and alteration of their habitats (Prendergast & Eversham, 1995), particularly in south- eastern England, where agriculture is most intensive and development pressure on semi-natural areas greatest (Pollard & Yates, 1993). However, agricultural areas can provide sufficient semi-natural habitats to support some butterflies (Sparks & Parish, 1995) and the more successful species are those which can breed within the farming landscape (Feber et al., 1996). Larval foodplants used by Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda and Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola Ochs, consist of various species of grasses (Graminea), thus adults breed in areas of tall grassland such as meadows (Warren, 1996), which can be found within agricultural environments. Other grassland habitats including woodland rides, embankments and roadside verges are also exploited by these species (Thomas & Lewington, 1991) and both T. sylvestris and T. lineola are consequently experiencing periods of expansion in range due to the extensive availability of suitable grassland habitats (Asher et al., 2001). However, T. lineola is difficult to distinguish from T. sylvestris when in flight and has thus been included in combined data with the latter species (Pollard et al., 1995), and potentially remains under-recorded. Despite being classified as widespread species (Pollard & Yates, 1993), limited quantitative research has been completed on T. sylvestris and T. lineola behavioural activity. Therefore, a study of these species, which distinguishes between T. sylvestris and T. lineola, was conducted on the Writtle College Estate focusing on behavioural patterns. Observations of T. sylvestris and T. lineola behavioural activity were recorded at three sites: Spinney Verge, Tip Meadow and Lordships Pond. These sites were selected because they provide refuges of semi-natural grassland within the predominantly agricultural environment of the Estate. 2 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. i. 2003 Site Descriptions Writtle College is located in south-eastern England, near Chelmsford in Essex. The College Estate extends to over 210 hectares and is a mixed unit comprising horticultural enterprises, arable land and improved grassland for livestock; offering restricted value as wildlife habitats (Woiwod & Stewart, 1990). The creation of conservation areas throughout the Estate since the mid 1970s, however, has resulted in a landscape which has a number of valuable sites for wildlife within the agricultural environment (Sellers & Field, 1997). The conservation areas include broadleaf plantations, wildflower meadows and re-instated hedgerows. The sites selected for this study are designated by the College as areas of conservation interest and are known to be utilised by populations of both skipper species. Figure 1 displays the location of the three study sites on the Estate. Spinney Verge (O.S. grid reference TL 665070) comprises an area of approximately 500 square metres. The verge is bordered by a Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Jacq. dominated hedgerow on its western side and the road to the east. The hedgerow provides some shelter from the prevailing south-westerly winds. This rural verge was created by the removal of calcareous clay loam topsoil to enhance visibility, where high roadside banks had previously been obscuring vision. The exposed chalky subsoil is well drained with a pH around 8 (Anon, 1998). A wide range of flowering plants has established on the low nutrient subsoil, including some interesting species such as Bee Orchid Ophrys apifera. The verge is mechanically cut, on an annual basis, at the beginning of October and the cuttings are immediately removed. BEHAVIOUR OF SKIPPERS 3 Tip Meadow (TL 672069) is approximately 1 1,250 square metres in size. The soil is a well drained flinty clay loam with a pH just over 8 (Anon, 1998). The tip was formally a gravel pit (Neate, 1979), which has since been filled with refuse and soil to create a conservation area. The area comprises a wildflower meadow which is managed under a traditional hay regime, a large beetle bank, a section of long rough grassland, and planted broadleaved trees and shrubs with the occasional Scot’s Pine Pinus sylvestris L. Land uses surrounding the Tip Meadow area include commercial orchards, permanent pasture, arable trial plots with a section of game cover and set- aside grassland. The behavioural study was conducted in the long rough grassland which undergoes little management other than irregular mowing. Lordships Pond (TL 676066) has been a drinking source for cattle since at least 1840. The pond abuts a recently created wildflower meadow. The behavioural study was conducted on a south facing bank which is approximately 350 square metres in size. The soil is a non-calcareous clay loam which is moderately well drained with a pH around 6.5 (Anon, 1998). Mature P. sylvestris surrounding the pond provide the bank with some shelter. Management of the bank consists of irregular mowing and the manual removal of P. sylvestris and Bramble Rubus fruticosus L. Behavioural Study A survey area of 25 square metres was established at each of the three study sites. All plant species within the survey areas were identified and recorded. The abundance of each plant species was determined using the DAFOR scale, which is a subjective assessment based on occurrence with the code: D = Dominant, A = Abundant, F = Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare (Goldsmith, 1991). The duration of all of the different activities completed by T. sylvestris and T. lineola individuals entering the survey areas during observation sessions were timed over a period of 12 days between 15 July and 6 August 1999. The activities observed for individuals of both species during the study period were basking (alighted with wings open), resting (alighted with wings folded), nectaring, territorial behaviour between males, courtship, copulation, oviposition, interaction with other butterfly species, and flight. Flight was timed for individuals which passed through the survey areas without alighting, and from take-off to the next landing between other activities for individuals which demonstrated multiple activities. Individuals which were observed utilising the survey areas were netted to differentiate between T. sylvestris and T. lineola by antennal colour, and to distinguish gender. Where any doubt arose with regard to identification, the specimen was released and behavioural activities were not recorded. The procedure of capture and release was undertaken as quickly as possible to minimise its effects. The first activity observed following release was disregarded to accommodate recovery time following the netting process (Warrington & Brayford, 1995) and to avoid bias resulting from different handling periods and varying release localities within the survey areas. One hour was spent observing T. sylvestris and T. lineola individuals at each site on every recording day. The devised behavioural study procedures were validated by 4 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. i. 2003 utilising recording criteria from the National Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (NBMS). The NBMS is organised by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at Monks Wood and was established in 1976 with the aim of providing information on trends in the abundance of butterfly species (Asher et al., 2001). Surveys were only conducted between 1045 and 1545 hours, on days where air temperature exceeded 17°C and wind speed was equal to or less than force 5 on the Beaufort scale (Pollard et al., 1986). Wind speed was estimated using the description provided by the Beaufort scale to obtain a force rating (File, 1991). Results Both T. sylvestris and T. lineola individuals were observed exhibiting patterns of daily behavioural activity on each of the 12 recording days which represent the duration of the four-week study period (Fig. 2). Initially, T. sylvestris were more abundant than T. lineola, however, this trend reversed towards the end of the study period. The number of T. sylvestris individuals that were observed peaked at 31 sightings on 23 July, before gradually declining throughout the remainder of the study period. Observations of T. lineola individuals were limited at the study commencement, but progressively increased to reach a peak of 26 sightings on 30 July, one week later than the maximum number of T. sylvestris individuals that were observed occurred. Overall, T. lineola was slightly more abundant than T. sylvestris, with total sightings for the study period of 201 and 183 respectively. Date Fig. 2. Number of T. sylvestris and T. lineola individuals observed on each recording day. BEHAVIOUR OF SKIPPERS 5 Figure 3 demonstrates that T. sylvestris individuals spent longer resting and flying than T. lineola individuals completing these activities. However, T. lineola individuals exceeded their T. sylvestris counterpart for time spent basking, nectaring and completing the other combined behavioural activities. The behavioural activity of both T. sylvestris and T. lineola individuals was dominated by nectaring, although the preferred species varied. The proportional duration of time spent nectaring by both T. sylvestris and T. lineola varied on each different plant species (Table 1). For their time spent nectaring, T. sylvestris individuals used Black Knapweed Centaurea nigra L. for the longest duration, followed by Black Horehound Ballota nigra L. Conversely, T. lineola individuals spent more time nectaring on B. nigra than on C. nigra , but these two plant species consumed the majority of the total nectaring time for both skipper species. Lesser Burdock Arctium minus Hill and Red Clover Trifolium pratense L. were also important nectar sources for T. sylvestris and T. lineola respectively. Table 1. Proportional duration of nectaring on each plant species used by T. sylvestris (Ts) and T. lineola (Tl) Plant species Ts nectaring duration (%) Tl nectaring duration (%) Arctium minus 13.65 5.73 Ballota nigra 26.40 49.01 Centaurea nigra 47.17 20.61 Centaurium erythraea 1.71 - Cirsium arvense 0.90 0.77 Convolvulus arvensis 0.69 - Knautia arvensis 0.94 2.70 Medicago sativa 5.34 7.72 Prunella vulgaris 0.86 0.70 Trifolium pratense 2.36 12.77 Some of the plant species used for nectaring purposes were only utilised by one of the skipper species or by one individual. For comparative purposes. Figs. 4 and 5 illustrate the mean duration in seconds of visits recorded to those plant species which were utilised by more than one individual of both skipper species. At Spinney Verge (Fig. 4), visits for nectaring purposes completed by T. sylvestris individuals were longest on C. nigra, subsequently followed by Field Scabious Knautia arvensis L., whereas T. lineola individuals made longer visits to T. pratense and Lucerne Medicago sativa L. at this site. 6 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25. i. 2003 n 1 1 1 1 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Activity duration ■ Basking □ Resting III Nectaring Flying Other Fig. 3. Proportional duration of T. sylvestris and T. lineola total observation time spent completing selected behavioural activities. C entail re a nigra Knautia ifl *3 cirvensis 200) of Collembola community datasets and apply a Monte-Carlo analysis (Manly 1991). Species Density m-2 Number of records (from 35) Orchesella quinquefasciata (Bourlet, 1843) 25 13 Anurida ellipsoides Stach, 1849 75 9 Arrhopalites caecus (Tullberg, 1871) 6 4 Entomobrya nivalis (Linn., 1758) 6 3 Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg, 1871) 230 8 Eriesea truncata Cassagnau,, 1958 26 8 Isotoma viridis Bourlet, 1839 59 12 Isotomiella minor (Schaffer, 1896) 329 23 Isotomurus palustris (Muller, 1776) 232 22 Lepidocyrtus cyaneus Tullberg, 1871 4929 35 Lepiclocyrtus lignorurn (Fabricius, ) 1662 34 Me galothor ax minimus (Willem. 1900) 2 1 Mesophorura macrochaeta Rusek, 1976 21 10 Neanura muscorum (Templeton, 1835) 1 1 Parisotoma notabilis Schaffer, 1 896 1838 23 Protaphorura boedvarssoni Pomorski, 1993 184 15 Pseudosinella alba (Packard, 1873) 14 1 Sminthurides malmgreni (Tullberg, 1876) 61 18 Sminthurinus elegans (Fitch, 1 863) 52 4 Sminthurus viridis (Linn., 1758) 43 14 Sphaeridia pumilis (Krausbauer, 1902) 215 27 Table 2. Collembola from Dutch grasslands containing O. quinquefasciata. References Benito J. C. S. & Sanchez M. J. L., 2000. Ecology of soil springtails (Collembola: Insecta) from the pine woods and rhododendron shrublands in the central and eastern Pyrenees. Pedobiologia 44: 430-441. Cortet, J. & Poinsot-Balaguer N., 1998. Collembola populations under sclerophyllous coppice in Provence (France): Comparison between two forest types of vegetation, Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera. Acta Oecologia 19: 413-424. Fjellberg, A., 1982. Identification Keys to Norwegian Collembola. Norsk Entomologisk Forening, As NLH, Norway. Gisin, H., 1943. Okologie und Lebensgemeinschaften der Collembolan in Schweizerischen Exkursionsgebiet Basels. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 50: 131-224. Gisin. H.. 1960. Collembolenfauna Europas. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. Hopkin, S. P, 2000. Key to UK Springtails. Field Studies Council - AIDGAP series. 48 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. i. 2003 Kopeszki, H., Meyer E., 1996. Artenzusammensetzung und abunanz von Collembolen in Waldboden der Provinzen Bozen und Trient (Italen). Ber. Nat-Med. Verein Innsbruck 83: 22 1 - 237. Lucianez, M. J., & Simon, J. C., 1991. Estudio de la variacon estacional de la colembofauna en suelos de alta montana en la sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid). Misc. Zool. 15: 103-1 13. Manly, B. J. F., 1991. Randomization and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. London: Chapman & Hall. Nosek, J., 1969. The Investigation of the apterygotan fauna of the low Tatras. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Biologica 1967, 379-528. More on woodlice and spiders Whilst the association between woodlice and spiders is nothing new - Dysdera crocata Koch (Araneae, Dysderidae) is widely known as the “woodlouse spider” on account of its preferred diet, the observation by Richard Jones of a specimen of Porcellio scaber Latreille (Isopoda, Porcellionidae) in a spider’s web ( Ent . Rec. 114: 181) is possibly of more significance than the author intended. In the British Isles, Porcellio scaber is the main host of Melanophora roralis L. (Dipt.: Rhinophoridae) although Irwin, 1985 {Ent. Mon. Mag. 121: 38) discovered an association with Porcellio spinicornis Say. However, in 1927 W. Lundbeck, when dealing with the “Tachinidae” of Denmark ( Diptera Danica 7: 239-264) stated the following in relation to the fly. “Mr. E. Hoffmeyer bred it from egg-masses of [the spider] Epeira cornuta, and he communicated to me that the larva was not uncommon in this way; the imago appeared on 1/7”. This alleged association entered the wider British literature in 1942 when Audcent published “ A preliminary list of the hosts of some British Tachinidae” (Dipt.). Trans. Soc. Br. Ent. 8: 1-42) and was repeated by van Emden (1954. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 10: part 4(a) and also Herting (1961. Rhinophoridae in Lindner (ed) Die Fliegen der Paldarktischen Region 216). In 1956, A. E. Le Gros {Ent. Rec. 68: 111) challenged this on the grounds that the Rhinophoridae are parasites of woodlice. He stated that he had often reared ichneumonids from the egg masses of Araneus cornutus Clerck (Araneidae), and had sometimes found beetles, earwigs and woodlice within the retreats of the spider where they had probably crawled for shelter. He concluded “I would suggest that Lundbeck’s record had its origin in a parasitised woodlouse crawling into a cornutus retreat and dying; and that the larvae Hoffmeyer found “not uncommon” were probably those of ichneumons which heavily infest cornutus egg sacs”.- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME 10 4NE. Continued from bock cover New moths for the Isle of Wight (VC 10) taken in 2002. S. Knill- Jones 40-41 Crambus silvella (Hb.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to South Wiltshire (VC 8). M. H. Smith . 41 Notes of interest on Butterflies in the Isle of Wight during 2002. S. Knill-Jones 41 Clearwing pheromones - useful for recording Tortricidae! C. W. Plant 42 Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzburg) (Col.: Scolytidae) in East Suffolk. I). R. Nash ... 42 Hazards of butterfly collecting. Of caterpillars, snakes, and monkeys - India, Nilgiri Mountains, 1986. Torben B. Larsen 43-44 Psylliodes luteola (Muller, O. F.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in Wiltshire I). R. Nash 44 More on woodlice and spiders L. Clemons 48 Obituaries Zakaria Erzinglioglu 19-20 Dennis O’Keeffe 20-22 Albert Sacco 22-23 Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods from any part of the world, specialising in groups other than lepidoptera. Annual subscription £36 Entomologist’s Gazette An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology, with a bias towards lepidoptera. Annual subscription £32 Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands by R. L. H. Dennis and T. G. Shreeve. A synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain's and Ireland’s offshore islands. 144pp, softback. £16 + p&p £1 The Moths and Butterflies of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly by F. H. N. Smith. Systematic list of localities, dates and provenance for over 1500 species. 480pp including 152 colour illustrations, hardback £44 + p&p £3 H P M Volume 1 Sesiidae - Clearwing Moths The first volume of a new series, which covers all 309 species of this family. 592pp with 487 colour illustrations, hardback with jacket. Price £120 + p&p £5 NEW Stratford-upon-Avon - A FLORA AND FAUNA A book demonstrating the amazing richness of species thriving in a small town. Over 3400 species listed with distribution notes and frequency. Price £13 + p&p £1.50 Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912, Visa or MasterCard. GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY Brightwood, Brightwell, Wallingford, Oxon 0X10 0QD E-mail: info@gempublishing.co.uk Website: www.gempublishing.co.uk SUBSCRIBER NOTICE As part of my PhD research on the ecology and conservation of Netted Carpet Eustroma reticulation (Denis & Schiffermiiller) (Lep.: Geometridae) I will be starting a captive breeding programme from next year. I would be extremely grateful if any lepidoptcrists that may have reared this species in the past could provide me with their accounts, regardless of whether breeding was successful or otherwise. All information received will be invaluable and will be acknowledged.- Graham Jones, Department of Natural, Geographical and Applied Sciences, Edge Hill. St Helens Road, Ormskirk L39 4QP (e-mail: geometrid@msn.com). THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION http://www.hnhs.org/mothgroup/erjv/ Papers A Behavioural Study of Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda and Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola Ochs. Butterflies (Lep: Hesperiidae). M. Pye, T. Gardiner & R. Field Prionus coriarius (L., 1758) (Col.: Cerambycidae) reared from Monterey Cypress Cupressus macrocarpa Hartweg ex Gordon (Cupressaceae), and some observations on the beetle’s biology, status and UK distribution. M. V. L. Barclay and J. A. Marshall 33 Orchesella quinquefasciata (Bourlet, 1843) (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from chalk grassland in the South Downs. P. ./. A. Shaw, M. P Berg & J. Higgins 45 Notes Biston betularia L.(Lep. Geometridae): continued decline in Industrial Melanism in north-west Kent. B. K. West 13-16 An unlikely Sutherland crambid was an Oecophorid! D. C. Hulme 16 Sugaring through a Scottish night. R. Levertan 17-18 Lonchaea iona MacGowan, not L. hirticeps Zett. (Dipt.: Lonchaeidae) at Blackheath, south-east London. A. A. Allen 18 Garden entomology. B. O. C. Gardiner 24-25 The Population Crash of the Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae). S. Knill-Jones 25-26 A brief note on Cambridge butterflies January to 15 August 2002. B. O. C. Gardiner . . 26-27 On the present scarcity of certain insects always regarded as common. A. A. Allen .... 27-28 Two uncommon ants (Formicidae) in urban London. R. A. Jones 28 A recent record of Monochroa arundinetella (Stt.) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in Wiltshire. M. H. Smith 29-30 An inland colony of Udea fulvalis (Hb.) (Lep: Pyralidae) in suburban Hampshire. R. Fox 30 Dingy Footman Edema griseola (Lep: Arctiidae) - not new, but only re-discovered in Cheshire. B. O. C. Gardiner 31 Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. (Lep. Noctuidae): crypsis and resting sites. B. K. West . . . 31-32 Spurge Hawk-moth Hyles euphorhiae (L.) (Lep.: Sphingidae) breeding in northern France. P. ./. Oliver 37 Rannoch Sprawler Brachionycha nubeculosa (Esper) (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to north- east Scotland. N. A. Littlewood 37-38 Scarce Merveille du Jour Mama alpium (Osbeck) (Lep.: Noctuidae): an association with Sweet Chestnut Castanea saliva? M. Parsons 38 The Tree Lichen Beauty Cryphia algae Fabr. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent - a remarkable coincidence? B. K. West 39 Coleophora gardesanella (Toll) (Lep.: Coleophoridae) new to Wiltshire. M. H. Smith . 39 Coleophora adspersella (Benander) (Lep.: Coleophoridae) new to Wiltshire. M. H. Smith 39 Lepidoptera new to Somerset. M. Ellis 40 Gymnancyla canella (D.& S.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) confirmed breeding in Devon. R. F McCormick 40 Continued on inside hock cover Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill. Brentwood, Essex CM 14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY J \ \ Vo!. 115 Part 2 Entomologist’s Record Journal of Variation Edited by C. W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. tE3RAR> MAY 1 4 2003 ARVARD IVERolfV March/April 2003 ISSN 0013-8916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. ./. Var. http://www.entrecord.com Editor C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. Telephone/Facsimile: 01279 507697 E-mail: colinwplant@ntlworld.com Registrar R.F. McCormick, F.R.E.S. Hon. Treasurer C.C. Penney, F.R.E.S. 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQI4 SNR 109 Waveney Drive. Springfield, Chelmsford. Essex CM / 7QA WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements REGISTRAR: Changes of address TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal BACK ISSUE PURCHASE - Paul Sokoloff, F.R.E.S., 4 Steep Close. Green Street Green. Orpington. BR6 6DS Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee or any party other than the named author or authors. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription, containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work. The annual subscription for year 2003 is £28 for individual subscribers or £40 for institutions. • This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed. • The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on British Coleoptera (beetles), British Diptera (flies) and other groups at the Editor's discretion. We also print Subscriber Notices at no cost on behalf of current subscribers: non-subscribers pay a fee for this service. We also publish Reviews of entomological books and other publications relating to all aspects of world entomology if these are sent to the Editor at no cost to him. It is our policy not to accept unsolicited book reviews from third parties. • We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers, such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or photographs), or accounts of entomological trips to places that may be of interest to other readers. • Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert papers into Notes. • Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting. We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made. • We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on floppy diskette. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word 2000. Originals are required for all photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS THE CHANGING FAUNA 49 THE CHANGING MOTH AND BUTTERFLY FAUNA OF BRITAIN DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Mark Parsons Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20 5QP. Abstract This paper attempts to identity those species of Lepidoptera that have colonised Britain and those that have may have become extinct during the twentieth century. Reasons for these changes are discussed and changes in the Lepidoptera fauna in relation to native and non-native plants, along with regional changes, are briefly examined. Introduction Over time it would be expected that the number of species recorded from any given area would change either through the processes of colonisation and extinction, or as new species are discovered. This is the case with Britain. By comparing the number of species covered in books on the British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) fauna over the last 100 years or so (see Table 1) it is apparent that over 540 species have been added to the British list. To put this another way, on average about five species have been added each year. This total includes many species that have been added through taxonomic changes or occurred on one or just a few occasions, or species that have not become established. This review, however, describes the changing fauna of Britain in the twentieth century by considering adventive and immigrant species that have become established in the wild (the colonisers) and those species that have become extinct or for which there is no recent record. Source No. of Species Meyrick (1895) 2061 Meyrick (1928) 2143 Heslop (1964) 2404 Bradley & Fletcher (1979) 2501 Bradley (2000) 2604 Iable 1. Number of species on the Biitish list by publication Note: Some of these publications include the few species found in Ireland that are not found in Britain. Methods In this review, species have been divided into broad classes according to information (or lack of) on previous history and nature of arrival in Britain. There is a degree of guesswork about the species considered and it may be argued that some could be attributed to different categories and others added. The colonisers This category includes species that have become established as breeding species in the wild in this country either through the assistance of man (the adventives), for 50 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 example through accidental introduction, or through immigration. It must be borne in mind when considering some of the tables, that some species could have become established in the country before they were discovered. Transitory residents Species have also been included in this review if they were established for at least a ten year period and subsequently died out (the exception to this being any species since 1990 as not enough time has elapsed). Overlooked species, additions through taxonomic considerations, species with no confirmed records and species that have not become established Species that were (or probably were) overlooked residents in this country are not covered by this review. The Southern Chestnut Agrocholci haematidea (see Haggett & Smith, 1993) and Bactra lacteana (see Heckford, 1998) are examples of species that could fall into this category. Another group of additions not included are those species that have been added through taxonomic considerations. Examples include Sorhagenia janiszewskae (see Bradley, 1963) and Lesser Common Rustic Mesapamea clidyma (see Jordan, 1986). There are also, perhaps rather surprisingly, a few species on the British list for which there is no confirmed British record, e.g. the Ash Shoulder Knot Scotochrosta pullci (see Bradley, 2000). Two further categories of species are the adventive and immigrant moths that have not become established, e.g. Eccopsia effractella (see Agassiz, 1996a) and Cydia amplana (see Heckford, 1993) respectively are examples of these. Neither of these groups are considered here. Species considered extinct (or no recent record) This category covers those species thought to be extinct or for which there is no recent record (and may well be extinct) in the period from 1900 onwards. Changes in the Lepidoptera fauna from 1900 to 1999 The colonisers Of the approximately 540 additions to the British list, 89 species are considered to have become established colonisers through immigration or established adventives between 1900 and 1999, although three of these species have subsequently become extinct (see Table 2 and Appendix 1). A number of species could be added to this list of 89. For example, it is uncertain when the Vine’s Rustic Hoplodrina ambigua became established. This moth is not included as it was first recorded in 1 879 and was later found along the south coast. It was long regarded as an immigrant, at most temporarily established. After about 1940 it spread rapidly inland (Bretherton, Goater & Lorimer, 1983). The Waved Black Parascotia fuliginaria is similarly not included. This moth was considered a great rarity usually found near docks or in cellars, although it is now more widely recorded. It was not until 1931 that this moth's true habitat and principal foodplant were discovered (Bretherton, Goater & Lorimer, loc. c/7.). THE CHANGING FAUNA 51 Date class Total no. of new colonisers Thirty year combined total 1900-1909 3 1910-1919 2 1920-1929 6 1 1 1930-1939 10 18 1940-1949 11 27 1950-1959 14 35 1960-1969 7 32 1970-1979 14 (-1) 35 (-1) 1980-1989 8 (-2) 29 (-3) 1990-1999 14 36 (-3) Total 89 (-3) Table 2: Summary of Lepidoptera colonisers from 1900 to 1999. Figures in parentheses represent the number of colonising species that have subsequently become extinct. Extinctions (or no recent record) From 1900 onwards, the present review identifies 62 species of Lepidoptera have either become extinct or for which there is no recent record and may well be extinct (see Table 3 and Appendix 2). An additional four species could be added to this total. These four ( Stenoptinea cyaneimarmorellcc, Scwbipalpula diffluella\ Gnorimoschema streliciella ; Scythris fuscoaenea) are little known in this country, but were probably resident and may now be extinct. Fewer species are included as extinct in recent years as it is very difficult to determine whether or not a species has been lost in such a comparatively short time. For example, the Orange Upperwing Jodia croceago , which is not included in the tables, has not been seen in recent years, despite considerable survey effort. The last confirmed sighting was in 1994 (A. Spalding, pers. comm.). It is still hoped that this species will be refound in this country. This total compares with that of Leverton (2001) who suggests that about 65 species of moths are thought to have become extinct since reliable records began around 150 years ago. It is possible that some of the species listed may be overlooked and may yet be refound in this country. This is illustrated by the rediscovery of the micro-moth Trifurcula beirnei which had not been seen since 1935 when it was recorded at Southampton (Emmet, 1986). In 2000, a single adult was found at Southsea (J.R. Langmaid, pers. comm.). A few species have not been included as their status since 1900 is uncertain, e.g. Stigmella desperatella (Frey). Vacated mines, possibly of this species, were found by S.C.S. Brown at Dover in the 1960s (reported to M. Chalmers-Hunt in a letter dated 17th January 1971), but recent searches of the area have failed to find the species (D. O'Keeffe, pers. comm.). The status of Celypha doubledayana and Scythris cicadella since 1900 are similarly open to question as no confirmed records could be researched during the period since that date. 52 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 Date class Total no. of species considered to be extinct or possibly extinct Thirty year combined total 1900-1909 8 1910-1919 7 1920-1929 6 (+2) 21 (+2) 1930-1939 9 (+1) 22 (+3) 1940-1949 (1) 15 (+4) 1950-1959 6 15 (+2) 1960-1969 13 19 (+1) 1970-1979 9 28 1980-1989 2 24 1990-1999 2 13 Total 62 (+4) Table 3: Summary of extinctions or species not recorded from 1900 to 1999. Figures in parentheses represent the number of species that are little known in this country, but may now be extinct. It is apparent from Tables 2 and 3 that there are a number of peaks (when data are treated on a decade by decade basis) in both numbers of colonisers and possible extinctions, though these peaks do not seem to coincide. Interestingly there is almost an inverse correlation, i.e. when there are more apparent extinctions there are less species colonizing and vice versa. Regional changes When examining the broad distribution of change of the colonisers and extinctions in this review, a pattern of change becomes apparent. In both cases south-eastern England and southern England have by far the highest totals of gains and apparent losses (Tables 4 and 5). This suggests that it is these areas were there is greatest turnover in the fauna. Part of this change is undoubtedly due to proximity to the continent (i.e. it is comparatively easy for a species to establish itself from abroad), but the figures imply that changes in these regions dominate overall change in the country, be it through the effects of climate or/and habitat loss or change. This change is likely to be even greater as it has been beyond the scope of this review to examine the colonisers and extinctions within the faunas of individual regions, but these regional distribution changes are undoubtedly happening. This is probably most easily demonstrated at a county level, for example McCormick (2001) lists a number of species that have not been seen in Devon for many years, along with many recent additions to the county. Further examples are given in Asher et al (2001), who discuss distribution changes and trends in butterfly species, and by Agassiz (1996b) who discusses invading Lepidoptera, giving examples of the geographical patterns of spread in the British Isles of various species. THE CHANGING FAUNA 53 Region Total no. of species South-east (includes Kent, Surrey, Sussex, South Essex and Middlesex) 53 South (includes Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Dorset and Berkshire) 17 South-west (includes Cornwall and Devon) 7 East Anglia (includes Norfolk, Suffolk and North Essex) 4 East Midlands (includes Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire) 3 West Midlands (includes Derbyshire, Cheshire) 2 North-west (Cumbria) 1 North-east (Yorkshire) 1 Mid Scotland (Perthshire) 1 Table 4: Colonising Lepidoptera on a regional basis (1900 to 1999) Region Total no. of species South-east (includes Sussex, Kent, Surrey and South Essex) 23 (+1) South (includes Somerset, Dorset. Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Wiltshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire and Oxfordshire) 12 (+1) East Anglia (includes Norfolk and Suffolk) 9 (+1) East Midlands (includes Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire) 8 West Midlands (includes Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire, Staffordshire and Cheshire) 7 North-east Scotland (includes Moray) 2 (+1) South-west (Devon) 1 North-west (Cumbria) 1 South Wales (Glamorgan) 1 North Wales (Caernarvonshire) 1 Table 5: Summary of extinctions or species not recorded from 1900 to 1999 on a regional basis. Reasons for change The colonisers Discussing additions to the British list of Lepidoptera has long been a popular topic and one that has been covered by a number of authors over the years, e.g. Ford ( 1 949), Ellerton (1970) and Agassiz (1992) discuss additions to the British list of microlepidoptera (smaller moths), and de Worms (1951 &1963) and Mere (1961) discuss macrolepidoptera (larger moths) additions, the latter considering England only. Leverton (2001) also lists the presumed gains (and losses) of resident British microlepidoptera, giving 58 apparent gains (and 30 apparent extinctions). Mere (1961) suggested many of the “new” species were associated with introduced foodplants. Table 6 shows that this is a trend that has clearly continued, many of the species that have become established over the last century are associated with non- native plants. Moreover, there is also a hint from the data collated that this trend may be on the increase. 54 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 Date class Polvphagous Tree/shrubs Low-growing plants and grasses Other, including ferns, leaf litter etc. Native Non-native Native Non-native 1900-1909 1 1 1 1910-1919 1 1 1920-1929 2 3 1 1930-1939 1 1 3 5 1940-1949 2 4 1 2 2 1950-1959 1 1 4 1 1960-1969 2 4 1 1970-1979 3 5 5 1 1980-1989 1 5 2 1990-1999 1 6 6 1 Total 3 13 32 25 4 5 Table 6: Number of colonising Lepidoptera by foodplant type (1900 to 1999). It is interesting to note that conifers and evergreens were popular in Victorian times but went out of fashion during the first half of the 20th century. These came back into vogue again particularly during the 1960s with the development of garden centres. With the development of the single market in the European Union (EU) countries, an extensive trade in plants between Britain and other EU countries has developed, with the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Denmark, France and Germany being significant sources of nursery stock. British nurseries also obtain plants from outside Europe (A. Halstead pers. comm.). Twelve species that have become established since 1959 are associated with conifers (including cypresses and junipers). Although 36 species have probably colonised following the introduction of a non- native host plant (either with the foodplant or because the foodplant has been widely planted, and this could be aided by planting of the foodplant on the continent enabling colonisation through immigration), over 40 species have arrived that feed on long established native foodplants. One of the most likely explanations for this is climate change. As early as 1961, Mere speculated that the most likely cause of colonisations around that time was an increase in spring, summer and autumn temperatures. Climate change has been considered as influencing changes in Lepidoptera distribution by a number of authors, de Worms (1963) discusses climate change, noting that there had been an apparent northward movement of certain species which had only then recently been recorded in the British Isles on the continent and that this had been correlated with a small but significant warming-up of the average temperature in Northern Europe over the previous 30 years. Burton (1998 & 2001) also discusses apparent responses of European insects to climate change and has THE CHANGING FAUNA 55 evidence of 245 species of macrolepidoptera and Pyralidae whose breeding distributions have altered. Some of these species have spread irrespective of habitat loss. Burton (2001) concludes that “alterations in geographical ranges of various insects do not in themselves prove without doubt that such distributional changes are due to the effects of climate change, but their broad correlation with known climatic oscillations over the past two centuries.... is highly suggestive that climate has been a primary influence in many cases”. Parmesan et al ( 1999) analysed distributional changes over the past century of non- migratory species of butterfly whose northern boundaries were in northern Europe and whose southern boundaries were in southern Europe or northern Africa and suggested that many butterfly species in the northern hemisphere are shifting northwards in response to a common environmental change and that this is increased temperature. They point out that Europe has warmed by about 0.8°C during the last century and that predicted increases for this century are considerably higher and consequently could be a major influence in shifting species’ distributions. Fifteen species of resident British butterflies have shown substantial expansions in range recently. Fox et al (2001) suggest that climate appears to be the main factor causing butterflies to spread and note that average spring and summer temperatures in Britain have increased by 1.5 and 1°C respectively in the past 25 years. These climatic influences are likely to have a similar effect on many moth distributions. Habitat change is also likely to have provided opportunities for some colonising species, de Worms (1963) suggested that the White-banded Carpet Spargania luctuata had probably been able to gain a foothold in this country due to the growth of its foodplant wherever large tracts of woodland had been cut-down in southern England. The species is still resident and is found particularly in conifer plantations. Habitat change may also explain why the Sussex Emerald Thalera fimbrialis continues to maintain a foothold in Britain. The building of the nuclear power stations on Dungeness has altered the shingle habitat and provided suitable conditions for this species, conditions that do not appear to be present elsewhere in the country. Extinctions (or no recent record) A wide range of causes has been suggested as resulting in the extinction (or possible extinction) of individual species. These broadly include development, drainage, woodland clearance, coniferisation, agricultural change and intensification, management changes or a lack of management, fire, parasite load (combined with another influence), habitat fragmentation and climate change. Fox (2001 ) summarised the changing fortunes for butterflies, and to a lesser extent moths, in recent decades and identified four main causes of these changes. These are habitat loss; management changes; fragmentation and isolation; and climate. Habitat loss through the intensification of agriculture, large-scale commercial forestry using non-native trees and urban development has resulted in the wholesale loss of semi-natural habitats and their associated faunas. Many habitats are now reduced to isolated remnants. For example, as long ago as 1951, large scale afforestation had been recognised as the greatest danger to Breck district species (Bretherton, 1951). Bretherton also stated that conifer planting “is of course a 56 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 menace to local species in other places too”, citing two species, the Clifden Nonpareil Catocala fraxini and the Lunar Double Stripe Minucia lunaris, both of which subsequently died out (although it is uncertain whether these species would have survived even if the conifers had not been planted in these areas). Many moths and butterflies have specific microclimate requirements. Changes in management can disrupt these conditions with a resultant loss of suitable habitat for individual species. This loss of habitat, either through destruction or change in management leads to fragmentation and isolation. Small isolated populations of individual species are more likely to become extinct as a result of chance events, e.g. fire, disease, unfavourable weather etc. Further to this, the chance of recolonisation in a fragmented landscape is greatly reduced which in turn could be compounded by climate change. Fox ( loc . cit .) suggests that most of the evidence for the effects of climate change is “circumstantial, relying on comparison of periods of large-scale distribution change with the concurrent climatic characteristics” and also that the relationships between climate and Lepidoptera are complex and remain unclear. Table 7 gives extinctions by foodplant type. Unlike recently colonised species, most extinct species are associated with native plants. Many of these plants are widespread, though some have a localised distribution. This association is, perhaps, what would be expected given the habitat loss, and fragmentation and isolation, and management changes suffered in the British countryside. Date class Polyphagous Tree/shrubs Low-growing plants and grasses Other, including ferns, leaf litter etc. Native Non-native Native Non-native 1900-1909 1 3 4 1910-1919 3 4 1920-1929 2 (1) 3 (+1) 1 1930-1939 4 5 1 1940-1949 1 1950-1959 4 2 1960-1969 4 8 1 1970-1979 2 7 1980-1989 2 1990-1999 1 1 Total 1 23 (1) 36 4 Table 7: Number of extinctions (or species with no recent record) by foodplant type (1900 to 1999). Finally, Fox (loc. cit.) rightly remarks that the effects of collecting, atmospheric pollution and the use of insecticides are likely to be insignificant in the vast majority of cases. Flowever, it is interesting to note that the total weight of pesticides sold for use in gardens grew by 70% between 1992 and 1997 and herbicides are now used THE CHANGING FAUNA 57 more intensively in gardens than in arable crops or in orchards, although insecticide use does appear to be decreasing (Ansell, Baker & Harris, 2001). It is not known what the effect of this is, if any, on Lepidoptera populations at the local and at a wider level. Conclusions Change to the Lepidoptera fauna of this country has been a source of fascination for many years and there have been a number of recurring themes. For those species that have become established, the most regularly suggested factors are climate change and association with non-native plants. There is little doubt that the climate is changing and that insect populations and distributions will change in relation to these. Also, it is beyond question that gardening, tidying up of marginal habitats and amenity planting has increased in the latter half of the twentieth century and that this has created substantial areas of habitat for many species associated with non-native plants. Indeed, within urban conurbations there are areas where some plant species are now so widely planted that these could be described as either large areas of suitable habitat or fragmented habitat patches (such as parks, supermarket car parks etc.) with corridors (suburban gardens) for some of these species to utilise. Some species have established themselves naturally from the continent, and hence must have good powers of dispersal, enabling them to reach other suitable breeding situations in this country. Other species may not be so good at dispersal within their natural distribution, but have been introduced to a niche that was not previously occupied and hence have spread rapidly to occupy this. Some of these may eventually be restricted by climate requirements. Additions to the British fauna will continue. Some species are becoming more regularly recorded than formerly, for example the Tree-lichen Beauty Cryphia algae (which was probably only recorded on three occasions during the 19th century then not seen until 1991, Skinner (1998) reporting 22 others to 1998). Others such as the Humming-bird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum have shown signs of surviving recent British winters. If climate change accelerates and the movement of non-native plants continues in its current fashion then the rate of colonisation of species to this country is very likely to increase. Whilst these colonisers may be seen as enriching our fauna, it is more worrying that a substantial number of our native species, part of our natural heritage, associated with native foodplants and native habitats, are under threat or have become extinct during the last century. The specific reasons for these extinctions are often difficult to identify. Frequently mentioned culprits are development, agricultural change and intensification, woodland clearance and afforestation, management change (including inappropriate “conservation” management) or lack of management, habitat fragmentation and climate change or a combination of these. These threats seem likely to continue and, as our countryside evolves and changes, further extinctions it seems are sadly inevitable. It is difficult to predict which species are most at risk. However, there must be concern over severely localized species, for example the Reddish Buff Acosmetia caliginosa, species that appear to have declined 58 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 dramatically in recent years, for example Pale Shining Brown Polia bombycina and Bordered Gothic Heliophobus reticulata , and species susceptible to climate change, for example mountain top species. Other species are known to have extreme population and distribution fluctuations over a number of years, e.g. the Dotted Rustic Rhyacia simulans and, whilst it is assumed that these species will come back as before (though this cannot be guaranteed), the general trend for many of these is unknown. It is apparent that all these influences are having most effect on the fauna of the southern half of England, particularly south-east and southern England, where change has been most rapid and dramatic. However, change is clearly happening throughout the country. Paradoxically some of the comparatively recent colonisers could be at risk in the not too distant future. For example there is a trend towards re-establishing “native" woodland or habitat at the expense of conifer plantations. Whilst this is generally to be commended, there are many conifer associates which have been resident in this country for decades (or longer) and could now be considered part of the natural heritage. This is surely a question of balance of land use and management. The British countryside is the result of man's management of the land over hundreds of years, though it is perhaps the rate of change in recent decades which has been most damaging. A landscape approach is needed for the management of our countryside, aimed at ensuring that there is appropriately managed habitat to support our biodiversity and that this habitat is not fragmented but linked up. Climate change is still likely to play its part, but with a linked-up landscape it is possible that the effects will be reduced. Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank David Agassiz, Keith Bland, Brian Elliott, Colin Hart, Bob Heckford, Martin Honey, John Langmaid, Dennis O'Keeffe, Stephen Palmer, Cohn Pratt, Tony Prichard, Ken Saul and Adrian Spalding for providing, checking or clarifying details of selected species and to John Chainey, David Green and Martin Honey for assistance with some of the references used. I am grateful to Andrew Halstead (Royal Horticultural Society) for information on trends in gardening practices. I also thank Martin Warren for his comments on early drafts of this paper. References Agassiz, D. J. L., 1992. Additions to the British microlepidoptera. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History' 5: 1-13. — , 1996a. Eccopsia effractella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) new to the British Isles. Entomologist’s Gazette 47: 181-183. — , 1996b. Invasions of Lepidoptera into the British Isles, pp.9-36 , in Emmet, A.M. ed. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 3. Harley Books. Ansell, R.. Baker, P. & Harris, S., 2001 . The value of gardens for wildlife - lessons from mammals and herpetofauna. British Wildlife 13(2): 77-84. Asher, J., Warren, M., Fox, R., Harding, P, Jeffcoate, G. & Jeffcoate, S., 2001. The millennium atlas of butterflies in Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press. THE CHANGING FAUNA 59 Bradley, J.D., 1963. Sorhagenia rhamniella (Zeller) (Lep., Momphidae) - a composite species. Entomologist's Gazette 14: 41-44. Bradley, J.D. 2000. Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles. Second endition (Revised). Bradley & Bradley, Fordingbridge. Bradley, J.D. & Fletcher, D.S., 1979. A recorder's log book or label list of British butterflies and moths. Curwen Press. Bretherton, R. F., 1951. Our lost butterflies and moths. Entomologist's Gazette 2: 21 1-241. Bretherton, R. F., Goater, B. & Lorimer, R.I., 1983. Noctuidae (continued), pp. 36-41 3, in Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. (eds). The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 10. Harley Books. Burton, J. F., 1998. The apparent responses of European Lepidoptera to the climate changes of the past hundred years. Atropos 5: 24-30. Burton, J. F., 2001 . The responses of European insect to climate change. British Wildlife 12(3): 1 88- 198. de Worms, C. G. M. 1951. New additions to British Macrolepidoptera during the past half century. Entomologist’s Gazette 2: 153-168. de Worms, C. G. M., 1963. Recent additions to the British Macrolepidoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette, 14: 101-119. Ellerton, J., 1970. Presidential address 1969. Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Societ y 3: 33-41. Emmet, A.M., 1986. Trifurcula beirnei Puplesis, 1984 (pallidella sensu auctt.) (Lep., Nepticulidae) in South Hampshire, Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 98: 134. Ford, L. T., 1949. Presidential address. Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1947-48: 48-58. Fox, R. 2001., Butterflies and moths, pp. 300-327, in Hawksworth, D.J.L. ed. The Changing Wildlife of Great Britain and Ireland. Taylor & Francis. Fox, R., Warren, M.S., Harding, P. T., McLean, 1. F. G., Asher, J., Roy, D. & Brereton, T., 2001. The State of Britain’s Butterflies. Butterfly Conservation. CEH & JNCC, Wareham. Haggett, G. M. & Smith, C., 1993. Agrochola haematidea Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Cuculliinae) new to Britain. Entomologist’s Gazette 44: 183-203. Heckford, R.J. 1993. Cydia amplana (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): the first confirmed British record. Entomologist’s Gazette 44: 107-110. — , 1998. Bactra lacteana Caradja, 1916 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a newly recognised British species. Entomologist’s Gazette 49: 219-228. Heslop, I. R. P., 1964. Revised indexed check-list of the British Lepidoptera with the English Name of each of the 2,404 species. Classey. Jordan, M. J. R., 1986. The genitalia of the species pair Mesapamea secalis (L.) and Mesapamea seccdella Remm, (Lep.: Noctuidae). Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation 98: 41-44. Leverton, R., 2001. Enjoying moths. Poyser Books. McCormick, R. 2001. The moths of Devon. Privately published. Mere, R. M., 1961. The recent colonisation of England by new species of macrolepidoptera. Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological and Natural Histon' Society. 1960: 63-74. Meyrick, E. 1895. A handbook of British Lepidoptera. Macmillan. — , [1928]. Revised handbook of British Lepidoptera. Watkins & Doncaster. Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J.K., Thomas, C.D., Descimon. H., Huntley, B., Kaila, L., Kullberg, J., Tammaru, T., Tennant, J., Thomas, J.A., and Warren, M.S., 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399: 579-583. Shirt. D. B., 1987. (Ed.) British Red Data Books: 2. Insects. Nature Conservancy Council. Skinner. B. 1998. Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Second edition. Viking. Appendix 1: Adventive or immigrant Lepidoptera species that have become established in Britain from 1900 to 1999 Note: Appendices 1 and 2 do not consider species in the Channel Islands or Ireland. 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 THE CHANGING FAUNA 61 62 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 THE CHANGING FAUNA 63 This species has been noted as the occasional singleton prior to this date, but is not thought to have become established in Britain until 1998. This species may not be established, but it was also noted in the general area in 2000 and 2001. Appendix 2: Lepidoptera species considered extinct (or with no recent record) from 1900 to 1999 64 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 THE CHANGING FAUNA 65 66 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 A possible example of this species was found in 2002 in Kent. Confirmation is awaited (D.J.L. Agassiz pers. comm.) NOTES 67 More on Cacyreus marshalli (Butler) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) Following my earlier note “Colonisation by Cacyreus marshalli (Butler) (Ent. Rec. 114:91), I am pleased to note the return of this species into our garden in south-west France. The winter 2001/2002 was very dry, but quite severe, with temperatures descending to -12°C. Spring arrived, still dry, with few wild flowers and numbers of butterflies and moths much reduced. However, with a little Spring rain, flowers started to grow and insects to appear. We therefore waited impatiently for the first signs of C. marshalli - They did not appear. August came and went and it was the 19th September before we saw the first C. marshalli. Two females and one male were seen on Field Scabious Knautia arvensis at the side of the lane in front of the garden. The temperatures at this time had stabilized to 28°- 30°C during the daytime. As in previous years, we did not see any more appearances until 15 October, when there were two females resting on the potted Pelargonium plants on the balcony. Apart from seeing them the following day, 16 October, no others were observed during 2002. So, our fears, that C. marshalli might not survive the severe winter temperatures were unfounded, although numbers were drastically reduced. This winter, 2002/2003, temperatures have, as yet, been more spring-like, with 1 to 3 January giving record levels of 17°C, and dry. After three consecutive years of sightings, we hope that C. marshalli has become a resident, surviving all types of adverse weather conditions.- M. Marney, Gradde, 81140 Campagnac, France. Criomorphus williamsi China (Hem.: Delphacidae) apparently new to Kent This small hopper was listed as Notable/Nb by Kirby, 1992 (A review of the scarce and threatened Hemiptera of Great Britain. UK Nature Conservation, number 2: JNCC) who named eleven English counties, excluding Kent, from which it had been recorded. He stated “There are no records from coastal areas”. On 19.V.2002, I swept a single male of this species (confirmed by Dr M. Wilson) from the pitch and putt area at Barton’s Point Coastal Park TQ 938746 (VC 15), Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey. It is not possible to describe the nature of the exact spot where the specimen was found although the small area contains some brackish ditches and a small tree line planted with hawthorn, sycamore, ash and white poplar. Two other delphacids Euryusa lineata (Perris) and Javesella pellucida (Fabricius) were present in the same place. When he heard of this discovery Mr John Badmin contacted Dr Herbert Nickel of the Institut fur Zoologie und Anthropologie, Goetingen on my behalf. Dr Nickel stated that elsewhere in Europe the species was known only from Moravia, Hungary, middle Russia and northern Germany. In some areas there is an association with the grasses Poa palustris and P. trivialis and the species has occurred at one site in northern Germany “along a ditch between meadows, close to the water”.- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME 10 4NE. 68 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 Paralister obscuriis (Kugelann) (Col.: Histeridae) in Devon - a recent record In his interesting note concerning the capture of the rare histerid beetle Paralister obscurus (Kugelann), Hance (2002. Coleopterist 11(2): 71) gives the most recent confirmed record for the beetle as 1947 from Colyton, Devon, and states that it has not been known consistently from any given area. With this in mind, my own single experience of the beetle may be worth recording. In 1993, I detected a specimen in a mass of pitfall trap material which had been collected in Devon, during an ecological assessment of a farm, by my colleague Colin Plant; no further specimens were found despite five consecutive years of trapping by him along the same pitfall transect. The trap concerned was in position from 30 April to 5 June 1993 at Loynton Farm, near Shillingford, Devon only 40 kilometres north-west of Colyton, suggesting that the beetle is still in this part of Devon despite a gap of fifty years . The specimen was exhibited at the annual exhibition of The British Entomological and Natural History Society for 1994.- Alex Williams, 40 Preston Park, Faversham, Kent ME 13 8LN. What value will individual field naturalists have in insect distribution recording in the future? The mapping of insect distributions is entirely dependent on the willingness and diligence of field naturalists collecting and passing on data. How the records are transcribed on to maps is rather irrelevant to the objective as long as safeguards are present to minimise the introduction of errors. There is nothing contentious in these statements - or is there? I sense that a change is taking place in the status ascribed to field recorders. That flagship of atlases The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland (2001, by J. Asher et al ) restricted acknowledgements for the records on which it was based, to organisations and regional coordinators, even though the technology used throughout could easily have generated the names of individual recorders. I presume economics were the justification. When cost and other considerations take precedence over the nurture of the army, the outcome of the next battle becomes less predictable, as many past military commanders have found to their cost. Recorders are human and appreciate being credited for their work. Another item of a similar nature deserves note: a short piece in this journal ( Ent . Rec. 114(5): 191) from the four members of the Cheshire Moth Panel reporting two macrolepidopteran species new to Cheshire collected by Ian Landucci. Should not Mr Landucci have been a co-author? He did do most of the work. Maybe these are just lapsa memoria and I’m being too cynical - or are they? The National Biodiversity Network (NBN) will be a linked network of recording centres that will allow the Biological Records Centre to access all distribution records and so fulfil the legal obligation the government signed up to at the Rio Conference and elsewhere. Throughout the consultations leading up to its establishment, we campaigned for, and were assured that, the recorders’ moral rights of ownership of their records would be observed and they would be acknowledged whenever records NOTES 69 were used. So much for assurances! The latest issue of N BN News (Issue 16, Winter 2002, p4) now informs us that the NBN Trust has developed a framework of legal licences that waivers the intellectual property rights of the original recorder and previous data handlers! Oh dear, will we never learn from history? Are recorders such magnanimous slaves that they can be ridden over roughshod? We will have to wail and see, but if the NBN fails do not blame the recorders whose work is its building blocks. They may not like being taken for granted and their contributory role unacknowledged- Keith P. Bland, 35 Charterhall Road, Edinburgh EH9 3HS. Some recent Suffolk (VC 25 & 26) records of the Pauper Pug Eupithecia egenaria H.-S. (Lep: Geometridae) There has been some recent interest in the entomological literature regarding records of Eupithecia egenaria and its possible expansion in range. Steve Nash’s article (Ent. Rec. 114: 210-21 1) covered the first confirmed recording of the species for Oxfordshire and mentions that some new sites in Norfolk, Suffolk and Surrey have been discovered. I thought it might be of interest to briefly detail the recent records of this species in Suffolk that may not have previously appeared in literature. Site Vice-county Grid reference Recorder(s) Date Lackford VC26 TL9742 J Chainey & J Spence 15.5.1996 Groton Wood VC26 TL9742 Suffolk Moth Group 15.5.1998 Norton VC26 TL9566 M Armitage, gen. det. G Martin 13.6.1998 Nowton VC26 TL8661 S Dumican, R Eley & M Hall 29.5.1999 Nowton VC26 TL866 1 S Dumican. R Eley & M Hall 17.7.1999 Sicklesmere VC26 TL8869 S Dumican 23.5.2000 Minsmere RSPB Reserve VC25 TM4567 Suffolk Moth Group 2.6.2002 Small-leaved lime occurs sporadically throughout most of Suffolk, but tends to be more prevalent in the south of the county. Groton Wood is well known locally for its stands of small-leaved lime so it may not be surprising that the species was recorded at this site. In the areas of the Minsmere, Nowton and Sicklesmere records of E. egenaria there do not appear to be any stands of small-leaved lime but there are of the common hybrid lime. The Suffolk Moth Group meeting at Minsmere RSPB Reserve meeting on 2 June 2002 was targeted at recording this species. Two m.v. traps were operated in close vicinity to the common hybrid lime trees making up one of the avenues approaching the reserve and several E. egenaria were recorded in the two traps. This would appear to lend some small weight to the idea that the species may be utilising common hybrid lime as a foodplant.- Tony Prichard, 3 Powling Road, Ipswich, Suffolk 1P3 9JR (E-mail: tony.prichard@btinternet.com). 70 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 Note on the name eutyphron , a subspecies of Maculinea arion (L.) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) This name, as it stands, is unexplained, as pointed out by the late Maitland Emmet (1991. The Scientific Names of the British Lepicloptera : 151). However, if one letter (h), be inserted, making it euthyphron , it at once becomes intelligible even though, like so many such names, of no entomological bearing. Euthyphron, “right-minded”, is the title of one of Plato’s dialogues, where it is a personal name.- A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. A note on the apparent rarity of Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli) (Dipt.: Dolichopodidae) in Kent Within the Dolichopodidae, and especially the subfamily Hydrophorinae, may be found some of the most magnificent of British Diptera, one of these being Orthoceratium lacustre. This species has been on the British list since at least the first half of the nineteenth century. Walker (1851. Insecta Britannica volume 1) described it under the genus Hydrophorus and stated “On waters, both fresh and brackish”. Verrall (1905. List of British Dolichopodidae with tables and notes. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 16) included it in the genus Liancalus and stated “much rarer than the other species and I only know it from Hampshire, Sussex and Suffolk”. Verrall’s “other species” was Eiancalus virens (Scopoli). Fonseca (1978. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 9(5)), stated that it had been recorded from “Merioneths., Norfolk, Suffolk, Glamorgan, Kent, Dorset, Hants & Sussex. Ireland: Kerry”. Falk (1991. A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain. Part I . Research and Survey in nature conservation, 31) listed its status as Notable, that is, estimated to occur within the range of 16 to 100 modern. 10km grid squares. The proposed supplements to Falk’s review were never published although a draft manuscript detailing the scarce and threatened Empidoidea, and written by Mr Roy Crossley in the early 1990s, was made available to interested parties. In this, Orthoceratium lacustre was removed from even Notable/Nb status. Having casually amassed some 3000 records of Dolichopodidae, covering 340 one- kilometre O.S. grid squares and 46 ten-kilometre squares, from most habitat types in Kent during the past two decades, my personal view is that Orthoceratium lacustre is highly localised, as exemplified by the following data. 1 7. vii. 1 98 1 , Murston, TQ 922646, dry grassland and scrub which had developed on the sites of former gardens and allotments; 8,vi. 1982, Murston, TQ 929651, small area of chestnut woodland adjacent to the “Three Lakes” fishing ground; 5 .ix. 1 982, Murston, TQ 925661, adjacent to brackish ditches; 18. vii. 1983, Tonge Mill, TQ 932635, in alder carr; 21. vii. 1983, Oare Gravel Pits, TR 003623, amongst damp scrub with alders; 1 4. viii . 1 983 and 6.vii.l994, Berengrave Lane LNR, TQ 8267, in damp former chalk pit; 1 6.ix. 1 983, Murston, TQ 928648, along marshy strip colonised by rushes and alders; 23.x. 1983, Swalecliffe,TR 139677, coastal grassland NOTES 71 with saline influence; 27. vi. 1984, Darland Banks, TQ 793655, open chalk downland; 5.vii. 1 987 and 1 3 . vi . 1 992, Kingsnorth-on-Hoo, TQ 812736, dry coastal grassland and brackish ditches on fly ash from the nearby coal-fired power station; 30.viii. 1 993, Maiden Lane allotment site Crayford, TQ 526749, damp marshland and scrub beside River Cray; 23.viii.2001, Conyer old brickworks, TQ 962652, swept from poplar beside coastal grassland and scrub; l.vi.200, 2, Great Chattenden Wood, TQ 747734, damp woodland. All these localities save for Darland Banks and Great Chattenden Wood may loosely be described as coastal and most contained some standing water at the time of investigation. However, I have never seen the species “on waters” as stated by Walker, in contrast to members of the genus Hydrophorus, as currently defined, which are always to be found there. The specimens from dry grassland at Darland Banks and Murston could represent strays, but in the absence of further data on the biology of the species this must remain conjectural.- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME 10 4NE. Further records of Tephritis matricariae (Loew) (Dip.: Tephritidae) in Kent Since this species was described as new to Britain (Clemons, 2000. Ent. Rec. 112: 225-230) it has been found in three additional sites in East Kent (VC 15) and in one site in West Kent (VC 16). The records are: Grain sand and gravel works TQ 88787705 (VC16), 7.vii.2001, L. Clemons; Richborough Fort near Ramsgate TR 334614 (VC 15), 12.vi.2002, N. F. Heal; Barton’s Point Coastal Park, Sheerness TQ 934747, 30. vi. 2002 and TQ 94077470, l.viii.2002 (VC 15), L. Clemons; and Whinless Down, Dover TR2941 (VC15), 14.vii.2002, L. Clemons. A possible reference to T. matricariae in the British Literature was unfortunately overlooked when preparing the original paper. In 1889, E. Brunetti (Notes on Diptera, in 1889. Entomologist 23: 122-126) stated the following: “ Tephritis matricariae , Lw. One specimen taken by Mr. Hall at Dover, in June, appears to be this species, though the wing-markings do not exactly correspond with Loew’s photographic illustrations. It is not in our British list, though it is fairly common on the Continent, and I should not like to introduce it on the evidence of one rather doubtful specimen”. It is of interest that T. matricariae has now been found on the Isle of Sheppey and the Isle of Grain in north Kent since the previous recent addition to the British tephritid fauna, Campiglossa malaris Seguy, was discovered there in 1999 and 2000 respectively, having previously been recorded only from sites in the east of the county.- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. Astiosoma rufifrons Duda (Dipt.: Asteiidae) in East Kent Astiosoma rufifrons was added to the British list by Chandler (1978. A revision of the British Asteiidae (Diptera) including two additions to the British list. Proc. Trans. British Entomological and Natural History Society 1978: 23-34), from specimens taken in Windsor Forest and Old Windsor Wood, Berkshire in 1977. Since then it has 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 been found in Cambridgeshire, Essex, Somerset and from an additional site in Berkshire (J. W. Ismay, pers. comm.). Much has been made of the association with wood ash. During the early evening of 1 8. viii.2002 I swept a single female of this species from around a patch of burnt wood ash at Tyler Hill Meadow near Canterbury, O.S. grid reference TR 137611. As the ash was still warm the fire was assumed to have been started the previous day, but it was not possible to discern the material from which it had been made. The site consists of 2.1 acres of unimproved/semi improved neutral grassland, bramble and mixed willow/hawthorn scrub and oak woodland.- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME 10 4NE. Hydriomena furcata Thun.(Lep. Geometridae): Melanism in north-west Kent and elsewhere Kettlewell (1973. The Evolution of Melanism), mentions two melanic forms of Hydriomena furcata, the July Highflier - the black ab. nigra Hackray for Yorkshire and the London area and ab. obscura Peyer, a non-industrial melanic occurring in the Highlands of Scotland and south-west Ireland but an industrial melanic in Lancashire and Yorkshire, described as unicolorous fuscous, or nearly so. It is this form, presumably as an industrial melanic, that has dominated the furcata population here at Dartford. Although Kettlewell mentions ab. nigra in the context of London, and not obscura, and even though some, furcata here have appeared blackish when freshly emerged, they have not possessed the dark hind wings of nigra. The H. furcata that have been regular visitors to my garden MV light have been of the sallow feeding race, and although from 1969 until 1978 they occurred only in single figures annually, subsequently they increased to between twenty and thirty. For twenty years from 1969, all examples were ab. obscura. Then, in 1988, the sequence was broken with the arrival of an example of an ab. goodsoni Cockayne, a greenish form with prominent, wide dark bands It is a form figured in Barrett (1902. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, VIII, fig. If.), which appears to have a wide distribution as I have almost identical specimens from Rinnamona, Co. Clare. The next non-melanic example was noted in 1996, an ab. sordidata Fabr., greenish with dark, narrow bands, resembling the type form but with green replacing the cinereous ground colour. This form appears to be slowly replacing a proportion of the melanic obscura in an irregular pattern, doubtless due to the small samples each year; in 2002 melanics remain dominant at over 75%, and all non-melanics since 1996 have been ab. sordidata. Thus there has not been the spectacular decline in melanism as seen with H. impluviata D. & S. ( coerulata Fabr.) here (West, 1992. Ent. Rec. 104: 329). North-west Kent is fortunate in being a region covered by two very good comprehensive works on the Lepidoptera. Chalmers-Hunt (1971. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, suppt. to Ent. Rec.), mentions neither ab. obscura nor ab. nigra, and these forms are not included in his list of aberrations from Kent in the National Collection. Plant (1993. The Larger Moths of the London Area. LNHS) also makes no mention of melanism in this species. The aberration obscura is not confined as a melanic in north-west Kent; my series of furcata from Orlestone Forest in rural East Kent contains one specimen of this form NOTES 73 dated 1 7.vii. 1 963, suggesting that it might be much more widespread than Kettlewell supposed. It' this be so, jurcata may retain a residue of ab. obscura in northwest Kent as appears to be happening with Acronicta rumicis L. and its melanic form salicis Curtis. Chalmers-Hunt (op. c/7.) notes that ab. sordidata from extreme north-west Kent is very well represented in the National Collection with specimens caught in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so it is not surprising that it should be this form to replace the melanic obscura, partially or completely, in the future. That the National Collection should possess many specimens of sordidata from north-west Kent, taken as late as the early 20th century, suggests, particularly in the absence of any melanics, that melanism was a comparatively late event. In the 1960s and 1970s, ab sordidata was the prevalent form in Orlestone Woods. According to Kettlewell (op. cit.), ab. obscura occurs as a non-industrial melanic in south-west Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland. However, was this reference to the sallow Salix- feeding race or to the smaller heather Cal tuna- feeding or bilberry Vbccm/7/m-feeding race, or to both? I cannot comment on th e furcata of south-west Ireland, but Co. Clare to the north has a coast which one might expect to have the climatic features associated with Kettlewell’s Western Coastline Melanism. However, my series of fare at a from the coast at Panore and further inland at Rinnamona show no indication of its presence; the larvae would have probably fed on sallow or hazel Corylus. Contrary to expectation, quite bright and well marked specimens seem to dominate the populations, with sordidata and typical specimens being the most frequent, but most surprising is the high incidence of such striking forms as ab. goodsoni. Another of these is ab. constrlcta Strand which has a prominent, broad, pale median band divided into anterior and posterior halves; my specimens of this form have in addition a white sub-basal fascia. In the Highlands of Scotland, ab. obscura is presumably of the high latitude/high altitude type of melanism, but my experience of it has been largely restricted to the smaller heather or bilberry race. In early August 1976, I found H. furcata abundant on the mountains of Arran, and obtained a long series off the heather at Gnoc a Chapuill. About 90% were melanics, ab. obscura, darker (blacker or very dark brown) than Kentish specimens. However, the population contains a sprinkling of typical specimens and ab. sordidata, but more commonly what might be termed sub-varieties of the melanic obscura. These include ab. fasciata Nitsche, having a narrow, but distinct whitish median fascia, and the more familiar ab. albipunctata Nitsche, with a pale submarginal spot at the midpoint of the termen, a feature which seems to occur to some degree in most furcata populations. Regarding the mainland of Scotland I can only comment that bilberry /heather feeding race specimens at Dunblane, Perthshire, a lowland situation, give a large proportion of typical specimens and ab. sordidata, and few melanics. The north-west Kent populations of H. furcata, and those of several other localities I have visited, have revealed some interesting information, but as is usual questions are left open. Thus, is the heather/bilberry race in the central Highlands of Scotland and the Southern Uplands mainly of f. obscura, and allied forms, and to what extent do melanics prevail in the sallow-feeding race there?- B. K. West, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN. 74 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 Gnophomyia viridipennis (Gimmerthal) (Dip.: Limoniidae) in Kent - rare or simply under-recorded? For some years I have, with the assistance of Mr A. Stubbs, been collating data on the craneflies (Tipuloidea) of Kent and at the time of writing over 6000 records of 195 species have been ascertained. Until this year just two records of Gnophomyia viridipennis were known - 27. vi. 1966 Pond Wood, Petts Wood TQ 4369 (VC 16), P. J. Chandler and 24.viii.1988 Ashenbank Wood TQ 6769 (VC 16), A. Godfrey. Falk (1991. A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain, Part 1. Research and Survey in nature conservation number 39. NCC), listed the species as Notable, that is, estimated to occur within the range of 16 to 100 modern 10km grid squares, although as only 15 post- 1960 sites were known to him prior to the publication of this work it must have deserved at least Notable A status until the late 1980s. All that was said of its distribution was “Records scattered widely in England as far north as Durham, with a strong southerly bias” and “not infrequent around the outskirts of London”. On 8.vi.2002, Mr Norman Heal presented me with a single male obtained by beating the lower branches of a Lombardy Poplar Populus nigra “Italica” as we were recording together at No Man’s Orchard, Chartham Hatch, VC 15, TR 108573) and a few minutes later I swept another male from the same line of trees. A month later, on 8.vii.2002, I observed a female in the sweep net of one of my students as we were conducting a ladybird survey in the grounds of St. Anselm’s Catholic School, Canterbury (VC 15, TR 162561) and the following day yet another female was swept from the same locality. The school grounds are bordered by a range of trees and shrubs including, again, Lombardy Poplar. Larvae of Gnophomyia viridipennis largely develop beneath the bark of trees with those of the Salicaceae seemingly being preferred and Lalk ( op.cit .) stated that they occur in recently fallen trees. How an insect can distinguish a recently fallen tree from a fallen branch or even from a standing specimen which has in some way been damaged is somewhat philosophical, but the poplars at both latter sites were all standing with those at No Man’s Orchard having been “topped”. There is, of course, no shortage of Lombardy Poplar in the Kent countryside and as the tree is often a productive source of Diptera in otherwise barren agricultural land it usually receives my attention. It is possible, or even probable, that the apparent difficulty in finding adults of Gnophomyia viridipennis is, again, simply due to the recorder not being in the right place and at the right time.- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME 10 4NE. Hazards of butterfly collecting. Butterflies at boarding school in Denmark, 1958-1962 In 1958, at the age of 14, 1 was exported to boarding school in Denmark. School started in mid-August and I knew there was not much time to find my “butterfly feet” before the season closed down. But there were a number of quite varied localities within biking distance from Haslev, the town in south-central Zealand where my school was located. NOTES 75 After seven years in India, most of what I had read about the Danish butterflies made the fauna look rather tame in comparison. However, the autumn of 1958 was a superb year for Vanessini and every Buddleia in town was plastered with Small Tortoiseshells Aglais urticae , the Peacock Inachis io , Red Admirals Vanessa atalanta and even a few Painted Ladies Vanessa cardui. I still think the Peacock is one of the most beautiful butterflies anywhere. I also found some lovely meadows bordering untidy woods where large numbers of Fritillaries Argynnis sp., patrolled or disported themselves on the flowers; in some places the Silver- Washed Fritillary A. paphia was common, with a good sprinkling of the dark female form. I visited several sites, especially small open bogs, which looked very promising for spring. I also found the autumn morph of the Map Butterfly Araschnia levana, a species I had never seen before. My final capture of that year was the Brown Hairstreak Thecla betulae , hiding in a hedgerow and which I was not destined to see again in Denmark - probably my fault and not that of the butterfly. Come spring, several of the localities surveyed last year turned out to be interesting. One was Munke Mose, a small bog complete with sundew and other bog plants; here 1 found my only Danish colony of the False Heath Fritillary Melitaea diamina Lang and my only Cranberry Blue Vacciniina optilete Knoch. M. diamina was quite common and evidently associated with luxurious stands of a Melampyrum, growing along a hedge of irregularly coppiced hazels; it is an extremely localized and generally scarce butterfly in Denmark. I saw more than 50 every year and took a few for my collection. V. optilete I saw just that once, trying three summers in a row to find it on the plentiful cranberries in the bog. The second notable locality was called Stoksbjerg, a sandy hill suddenly plumped down on the lush landscape of Central Zealand. Plumped down is literally true; it had been the bottom of a lake in the Pleistocene ice that covered Denmark several times in the not so distant past. It was heather-clad with some newly planted firs, but part of the hill was subject to small-scale quarrying of sand and gravel. This was the only place in the area where I found the following three interesting butterflies: Purple- Edged Copper Lycaena hippothoe L., Idas Blue Lycaeides idas L. and Little Blue Cupido minimus Fuessly. There were many other more common species. The first two are both very local, though quite widely distributed, while the Little Blue is found in most places with sand and gravel, which support their host plants. I left school in summer 1961, but in 1971 I married a girl from Haslev and we had annual holidays there. So after ten years I came back to Munke Mose and Stoksbjerg. Both had been protected as sites of scientific interest around the time of my departure from Haslev. M. diamina had gone extinct, the reason almost certainly being that the thinning of shade trees for the hazels had stopped; the Melampyrum now grew lushly in dense shade and the caterpillars would not get enough direct sunlight for their development, nor the hazels for developing fresh nuts. The species went extinct throughout Denmark during the 1980s. V. optilete remained absent, for no obvious reason since the bog still had open areas with plenty of cranberry. Since being nominated as a protected area, quarrying had stopped at Stoksbjerg and the host plants of C. hippothoe, L. idas and C. minimus had been choked by knee-height grass, so all three were missing. 76 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 Many butterflies, not least at the edges of their main ranges, live in transitional habitats which are maintained by human intervention. In the cases mentioned the butterflies almost certainly disappeared because such intervention ceased. However, the main example of extinction in Denmark was that of the Clouded Apollo Parnassius mnemosyne L., a case that is not well known outside of Denmark. It is here at the edge of its ecological range, with warm, damp winters but it was locally common during the 19th century. In the 1920s, there was an increasing loss of colonies, which was accelerated during the 1940s. From 1941, it was only found in Jaegerspris Nordskov, where it died out in 1961. The reason again was misconceived conservation measures - cutting of beech forest and grazing by cows were stopped, but the host plants grew in the clearings and were aided in their growth by grazing of competing vegetation. There have been about twelve extinctions of established butterflies in Denmark this century, most of them between 1940 and 1980, And many others are in precipitous decline, including most of the Argynnini and Melitaeini. Just two have fully established themselves: The Speckled Wood Pararge ciegeria L. expanded into all of eastern Denmark between the first record in 1891 and now. Since first recorded in 1881, the Map Butterfly Araschnia levana has colonized all of Zealand, southern Funen, and is beginning to establish itself in eastern Jutland. The extinction process must consist of hundreds or thousands episodes like those I witnessed. My observations are very poorly documented, but unfortunately very few local extinctions are documented apart from a terse note: “Not seen in the locality since 1985.”- Torben B. Larsen, Bangladesh, World Bank, 1818 H. Street N. W., Washington D.C., 20433, USA (E-mail: torbenlarsen@compuserve.com). SUBSCRIBER NOTICE List of Middlesex microlepidoptera now available I have a limited number of spare reprints of my list of Middlesex (VC 21) microlepidoptera, which was published in the November 2002 volume of The London Naturalist. I am prepared to supply copies free of charge to anyone who may find it useful. The paper is unbound on A5 pages. If you want a copy, please send me a self-addressed envelope of appropriate dimensions, pre-stamped to cover the weight range 100-150 grams (currently 57p first class and 44p second class) and marked clearly with the words “Middx List”. I will place one copy in the envelope and post it back to you. I will not add extra stamps or enter into correspondence - if you wish to communicate with me on other matters please feel free to do so separately - Colin W. Plant, 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. BUTTERFLIES OF ARIEGE 77 THE BUTTERFLY FAUNA OF CENTRAL ARIEGE, PYRENEES, FRANCE IN THE 1920s AND 2002 David Corke Tye Green House, Wimhish, Saffron Walden, GB-Essex, CBI0 2XE. E-mail: David @ Corke. biz Abstract The butterfly fauna of two Ariege (French Pyrenees) communes was studied during 2002 and data compared with similar surveys carried out in the 1920s. With the exception of the genus Pyrgus (where identification problems are severe) 95 species were found in the 1920s. Recent surveys have refound all these, either in the two communes or close by, and added a further 12 species. Carterocephalus palaemon, Heteropterus morpheus and Araschnia levana have colonised the area since the 1920s: an extension of range that appears to be due to an increase in open woodland habitats following partial abandonment of farming. Pyrononia tithonus has reached higher altitudes, presumably a consequence of climatic changes. Over recent decades, abandonment of some farmland, and continuation of traditional farming elsewhere (combined with more intensive searching for localised species), has resulted in a very diverse known butterfly fauna in Ariege. In the last few years, farming methods have started to intensify (despite the local economy being mainly reliant on green tourism). This diverse fauna is now in danger. Introduction The Pyrenees have a diverse butterfly fauna: in France, second only to the Alps in number of resident species. Rondou (1902) produced the first catalogue for the French half of the Pyrenees and at the time the department of Ariege was by far the least well recorded. Rondou could locate only a few casual records from studies centred in other departments. By the late 1920s the species list for Ariege had grown substantially, due almost entirely to the studies of Fassnidge (1926) who spent the month of August 1925 collecting butterflies and moths in the commune of Auzat and Nabokoff [as Nabokov then spelt his name] (1931) who stayed in the commune of Saurat, (a few kilometres to the north of Auzat) from late April to late June 1929. In the second edition of his catalogue (1932) Rondou included the results from Fassnidge and commented on how much they contributed to filling the “Ariege Gap”: “The explorations of Ph. Henriot in Ariege in 1919 ... and of Mr Fassnidge in 1925 ... have filled the gap that we deplored in the first edition” [my translation from Rondou’s preface written 15 February 1932], Henriot seems never to have published his Ariege studies and I know of them only from the very limited amount of information given by Rondou. Although Nabokov’s work was published by the time Rondou was completing his second edition, he seems not to have been aware of the study: he includes no records from Nabokov even in the supplement to the catalogue published in 1935. In 1990, Willien and Essayen, published 10-kilometre distribution maps for the whole of France for the Satyridae. These added a number of (mainly high altitude) species to the Ariege list, but Willien still commented that his study shows “once 78 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 again, the gap, already pointed out several times, in the central Pyrenees (principally Ariege) where one can be certain that the Pyrenean Erebia exist” [my translation]. In recent years Graham Hart and I have been studying the butterfly fauna of Ariege with a view to publishing an up to date fauna for the department. In this paper I am concerned solely with comparing the butterfly fauna of Auzat and Saurat in the 1920s with that of today. These are the only two regions where such a comparison is possible. Since the 1920s studies were both published in English journals (one of them in this journal) and the Ariege is becoming an increasingly popular destination for visits by butterfly enthusiasts from the Rhopaloceran desert of Britain, it seems appropriate to publish in a British journal. The Nabokov study Vladimir Nabokov was a lepidopterist throughout his life. As a boy in a privileged family in Russia he collected butterflies in the St Petersburg area (Nabokov, 1951). After the 1918 revolution he became part of the Russian refugee community in Berlin making a precarious living as a writer and teacher. The sale of the German translation and serialisation rights of his second published novel [later published in English as King, Queen, Knave ] produced enough to repay his debts and encourage him to quit his job to take a four-month collecting trip to the Pyrenees with his wife (Boyd, 1990). The first six weeks were spent in the Pyrenees Orientales where the cold spring winds eventually persuaded him to leave for Saurat in Ariege. His stay in Saurat began, on 24 April 1929 [the day after his 30th birthday] at a hotel that he found inadequate mainly because of its low-quality toilet arrangements. This was presumably the Hotel du Commerce which still stands in the main street, but it no longer functions as a hotel. The main part of his stay was in rented rooms above a shop. He was young and fit enough to spend most fine days exploring the valley on foot, collecting in the “luscious meadows near the village” as well as climbing to the Col du Port and Carlong. He spent evenings moth hunting and still found time to write most of a novel [later translated into English as The Defense ] which is widely recognised today as his first literary masterpiece (Boyd, 1990). Nabokov’s only publication on his studies in Ariege was published in the Entomologist. Although his stay in Pyrenees Orientales features in his autobiography there is scarely a mention of Ariege. The Entomologist paper lists the species found, in date order of first sightings, giving brief indications of locality or relative abundance in some cases. The paper contains no reference list, the only mention of a publication is Oberthtir’s description of Melitaea vernetensis (Oberthiir, 1909) to which Nabokov did not have access and so had some difficulty with the certain identification of some specimens. He had only some “later - and very short - descriptions, with which my specimens seem to agree”. These short descriptions may have been those in the then current French checklist (Lhomme, 1923) although the nomenclature Nabokov used in his paper does not agree consistently with that in Lhomme nor with that in any other standard text available at the time that I have found. BUTTERFLIES OF ARIEGE 79 Nabokov returned to Berlin at the end of June 1929 with “a splendid collection of butterflies” (Boyd, 1990). These specimens he was able to compare with those in the entomological collections in the Entomological Institute, Dahlem and the Natural Science Museum, Berlin. His collection later travelled with him when he escaped Germany for Paris in 1938, but was lost during the upheavals of the Second World War (Nabokov, 1951). The Fassnidge 1925 study William Fassnidge was a francophile teacher of modern languages who spent many of his summer vacations in Europe studying Lepidoptera. He appears to have chosen Auzat deliberately as an unexplored region that might produce exciting finds “our high hopes were not fulfilled, yet we spent a very pleasant holiday among a kindly people” (Fassnidge, 1926). He had read Rondou’s first catalogue and knew of the gap in the Ariege records. He arrived, with his collecting companion Mr A. E. Burras, by electric tramway from Tarascon station. It is still possible to travel by train from England to Tarascon but the electric tramway to Auzat has long since disappeared. The two friends stayed mostly at the Hotel Denjean, expressing pleasant surprise at the up-to-date bathroom. This hotel is still the main Auzat hotel and restaurant, I have enjoyed meals there but have not put its bathrooms to the test. Fassnidge was 37 years old in 1925. During his stay in Auzat all his entomological work was done on foot: “only rough tracks lead further up the valleys and any long excursion is a toilsome business”. None the less, he reached a range of habitats including up to 5500ft [1650m] in altitude. It seems that he did not explore the very high altitude habitats at the limits of the commune, near its borders with Andorra and Spain. Fassnidge’s paper is a model of what such a collecting report should be. The checklist is taxonomically arranged, using the nomenclature standardised to that in “the catalogue of Staudinger and Rebel, 1 90 1 , so that reference to Monsieur Rondou’s catalogue is facilitated”. The body of the paper gives some descriptions of the valley and its habitats, specifies the map used for place names, and includes information on the places where localised and interesting species were found. All this woven into an interesting holiday narrative. Fassnidge’s collection (many moths as well as the butterflies) was taken back to London where H. J. Turner, A. F. Hemming and the entomological staff at the British Museum helped with identifications. The Fassnidge collection On his death, the Fassnidge collection of macrolepidoptera passed to the British Museum (Natural History). Most of his butterflies remain in the drawers to which they were transferred when bought by the museum from his widow. These 1 have examined (but not dissected to examine the genitalia of difficult species). All the lycaenids and maybe some other specimens have been incorporated in the main collection and I have yet to locate these. 80 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 The specimens I have seen agree with those reported in his paper. 1 was, however, surprised to discover that many specimens from Auzat were dated August 1927 and these included a fritillary labelled (on the pin) “A/. pseudathalial AFH” [i.e. Melitaea athalia celcidusa - a determination that appears correct to me]. Fassnidge had originally reported some of his 1925 specimens as M. athalia and then corrected this in the light of examination of the specimens by Capt A.F. Hemming who assigned them to “A/. dictynna , Esp., race vernetensis , Obthr., and to M. deione , Hb.”. These specimens are in the collection and it is evident that Hemming made genitalia examinations although his preparations are not part of the extant collection. The collection also includes four Boloria pales from Auzat dated 4 August 1927. This is also a species not reported from his 1925 visit. Thus it seems that Fassnidge made a second visit to Auzat two years after the 1925 study. I can find no trace of any publication resulting from this visit. His diaries/log books in the possession of the Natural History Museum (London) cover only his entomological work in England. “Left for France” and “Returned from France” mark the start and end of the long vacations in both 1925 and 1927. Such a methodical man would surely have kept special diaries during his work in France. There is a large collection of his papers at the museum which I have yet to examine. Meanwhile, from his specimens, it is clear that he spent the summer of 1926 in the high Pyrenees, well to the west of Ariege and in the area where Rondou lived. They probably met. Rondou certainly had a copy of the 1926 paper when he prepared his 1932 edition of the catalogue. But Rondou did not indicate that he knew of Fassnidge’s second visit! Some detective work still remains to be done on the history of Fassnidge's work in the Pyrenees. The present study Since 1985 I have made frequent visits to Ariege and made butterfly surveys in most parts of the Department. These included several single-day visits to Saurat and Auzat in the 1990s. In addition, Graham Hart, now resident in Ariege, made several visits to these communes from the late 1990s onwards. During 2002, we focused our attention on these two communes, endeavouring to make visits to a wide range of habitats within each commune at the same seasons in which they were surveyed by Fassnidge and Nabokov. We visited all the habitats specifically mentioned in the Fassnidge and Nabokov studies plus a range of others which we believe they are likely to have visited. In the case of “Roc des Yregges” mentioned by Nabokov, we have been unable to locate the place name on either old or current maps but from Nabokov’s description it is assumed to be the 908m high peak half a kilometre due north of Saurat village. The total number of man-days spent collecting in the two communes was much less than the time available to Fassnidge and Nabokov during their stays. We were also a little older than the 1920s collectors, but the availability of motor transport enabled us to visit a wide- range of habitats more quickly. Our survey objective was to establish which species found in the 1920s could be confirmed as still present in the valleys. For this purpose, we included records made BUTTERFLIES OF ARIEGE 81 at any season, not just during the months when the 1920s surveys were made. In addition we wished to establish which species could be added to the lists from the 1920s: for this purpose we included only species found during the same time of year as the 1920s surveys (very late July to end of August in Auzat, late April to late June in Saurat. In the results table we have used the nomenclature given in the current standard French field-guide (Lafranchis, 2000). In general we did not collect voucher specimens (except for a few Pyrgus species: see below). We were satisfied that we can identify most other species alive when netted and examined closely (but see the comments on Erebia “tyndarus” group and Leptidea spp below). For Hipparchia and Melitaea/Mellicta fritillaries genitalia examination of the males was used in the field (with live butterflies) by gentle pressure on the sides of the abdomen, which enables examination of the key features with a hand-lens. Leptidia read and L. sinapis (sensu stricto) are both now known to occur in Ariege (Mazel & Leestmans, 1996 & 1999): these can only be separated by examination of dead specimens and this was not done for this study. Only one Lepitidea specimen from Auzat survives in the Fassnidge collection. The genitalia have yet to be examined. In the present paper, both the records from the early and recent studies are Leptidea sinapis (sensu lato). The Pyrgus problem The genus Pyrgus is the only taxon of Ariege butterflies where both I and my colleague Graham Hart frequently have great difficulty in arriving at an identification of which we are confident. This despite using the keys in Lafranchis, supplemented by the more detailed (genitalia-based) keys in Guillaumin (1964 & 1966). Also, many specimens have evaded the net or not been consigned to the killing bottle. Although both Fassnidge and Nabokov explained the difficulties they had identifying the Mellicta/Melitaea fritillaries, they made no comment about doubts relating to the Pyrgus species they found. I find this surprising. Nabokov reported malvoides, armoricanus, serratulae and onopordi. There are no extant specimens and the record of onopordi is the only one from Ariege (and there is, according to Lafranchis (2000), no confirmed recent record from anywhere in the Pyrenees). On the other hand, there are several records of P. onopordi in the Pyrenees early in the 20th century and few people have looked seriously for it since. Rondou (1932) records onopordi for Ariege on the authority of Fassnidge, but Fassnidge does not report the species in his paper and, as yet, I have found no specimen in his collection. The Fassnidge paper reported alveus, serratulae, cirsii and carthami. His collection reveals that he had doubts and difficulties not expressed in his paper. There are two specimens labelled foulquieri (one 1925, one 1927), a species he did not include in his published list. Two other specimens carry a label reading: “? Alveus teste WF, fritillum teste WPL some carlinae characters. They are intermediates”. 1 know just how he felt! 82 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 Until such time as the ecology and taxonomy of the Pyrenean Pyrgus populations have had some study (and the Fassnidge specimens examined closely) it seems that the safest course is to exclude the genus Pyrgus from further discussion. Survival of the 1920s’ fauna to the present time Almost all the species found in the 1920s have been confirmed as still existing in the habitats or valley regions where they were originally found (see Appendix). Of the species not refound in the present survey all are known to be present in nearby Ariege communes and are much more likely to be absent from the present survey list because of insufficient surveying than through real absence. The current situation for all species not confirmed as still present is discussed below. While it is reasonable to predict that all the species known to Fassnidge and Nabokov still inhabit the same communes, we have no way of knowing whether the species are as abundant now as was once the case. The general abundance of butterflies in the two valleys seems very high: not just compared to northern Europe but also compared with the northern part of (lowland) Ariege where farming is more intensive. On the other hand, older residents of the two valleys all state that butterflies are rarer now than in their youth (Graham Hart, pers. comm.). This may be evidence of a genuine reduction in abundance or of the selective memories of the best butterfly days of years gone by. Surprising absences from the 1920s’ records Fassnidge and Nabokov each failed to report a species that it is almost impossible to believe would not have been seen commonly at the time of their studies. Fassnidge’s list does not include Pieris napi : today a common butterfly everywhere in Ariege and one which all other reports from the 1920s suggest was common throughout the Pyrenees. That part of his collection so far examined contains a few P. napi but none from Auzat. Nabokov found Vanessa atalanta in the Pyrenees Orientales but does not mention it in his list of sightings in Ariege. Again this is today a very widespread species, easily found as adult or larva in any part of the Pyrenees below the tree line and all early reports suggest that this was also the case in the 1920s. The least improbable explanation is that these species were actually seen in the 1920s in both valleys and that the omissions from one list in each case were clerical errors. Changes in the faunal lists due to taxonomic changes since the 1920s The original names used by Nabokov and Fassnidge are given in the Appendix, together with the current nomenclature used for each species. The current names are those in Lafranchis (2000): the best present guide to the French butterfly fauna. The standard French checklist (Leraut, 1997) was used to relate the names used by Nabokov and Fassnidge to the current taxonomy. In the following cases, splitting of species since the 1920s has occurred and some interpretation of the old records is required: Leptidea sinapis is now divided into L. reali Reissinger and L.sinapis (sensu stricto). As explained above, all records in the Appendix are for L. sinapis sensu lato. BUTTERFLIES OEARIEGE 83 Colias hyale is now divided into C. hyale (sensu stricto) and C. alfacariensis. There are no known confirmed records of C. hyale (sensu stricto) from Ariege, so the old records have all been assigned to C. alfacariensis. Erebia tyndarus This name is now reserved for brassy ringlets from the Alps. There are two Pyrenean species accepted today E. cassiodes and E. hispania. Rondou regarded these as subspecies or forms of E. tyndarus and Fassnidge did not state which forms he found. According to Willien ( 1990) only E. cassiodes is known from the relevant area of Ariege. The Fassnidge specimens from Auzat appear all to be E. cassiodes. This needs confirmation by someone with more experience of this group of Erebia species. The Erebia tyndarus group taxonomy has been complicated by Leraut (1997) who has designated the Pyrenean taxa as E. arvemensis carmenta and E. rondoui ssp rondoui & ssp goya. This is said to be “in accordance with the remarkable work of Lattes, Mensi. Cassulo & Balleto (1994)” although these authors use neither arvemensis nor carmenta as a name for any Pyrenean taxon. Aricia argyronomon. In the 1920s this taxon included A. idas and A. argyrognomon (sensu stricto). There are no confirmed records for A. argyrognomon (sensu stricto) in the Pyrenees, so the 1920s records are assigned to A. idas. Species now known in Saurat and/or Auzat, probably present but undetected in the 1920s The following species were detected neither by Fassnidge nor Nabokov yet there seems no good reason to postulate that they have colonised the area since the 1920s. They were all found in one or both of the valleys during the current survey and at the time of year when one or both of the 1920s surveys were carried out. I consider that the following species were present but not detected in Ariege during the 1920s: Pieris mannii. Nabokov mentions finding this species in the Pyrenees Orientales but did not record it from Saurat. Today it is fairly widespread, flying with P. napi. Since this species is today mainly restricted to the warmer, eastern, half of Ariege it may have colonised the region from the Pyrenees Orientales since the 1920s but I consider it more likely that it was already present at that time. Pieris ergane. This species was unknown from France at the time of the early surveys, not being discovered in the Pyrenees until the 1960s (Dufay & Mazel, 1981). The report in the present paper is the first publication of any record from Ariege although there are now unpublished records from several localities in the eastern half of the department (Hart, pers. comm.). The species is extremely local and was found in just one part of the Saurat valley: a hot. dry calcareous slope near Bedheillae in grid square UTM-WGS34 0343 4747. This is the base of Mount Calames: Nabokov specifically mentioned exploring the scree slopes. Satyrus acaciae. A fairly widespread species in dry habitats in the centre and eastern part of Ariege, although we have found no specific Ariege pre-1990 records but Rondou (1932) knew it from “Toute la chaine”. 84 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 Polyommatus thersites. Nabokov specifically states that he looked for this species amongst the P. icarus but found none. The recent record is from the same hot, dry habitat where P. ergane was found. This is the same type of habitat that has P. thersites elsewhere in Ariege today. Hipparchia fagi. This species was known from several parts of the Pyrenees by Rondou (1932) but was described as “fairly rare” or “rare”. We found it much rarer than B. circe and restricted to calcareous sites. Its peak flight-time in the recent Ariege surveys is July (i.e. between the Nabokov and Fassnidge visits). The records in the present study in Saurat and Auzat are from the very end of June and the first couple of days of August. Argynnis niobe. All the A. niobe in the Pyrenees are form eris (Rondou, 1932), which resembles form cleodoxa of A. adippe. Fassnidge found cleodoxa as did I in the present survey. There were also a small number of A. niobe eris at fairly high altitude in Saurat, flying with A. adippe (both typical and cleodoxa). All the cleodoxa in the Fassnidge collection from Auzat are correctly identified. Brenthis ino. Nabokov was too early in the year to find this species and Fassnidge may have been just too late or unlucky. It is a widespread species today as it was in Rondou’s time. Mellicta athalia. Both Nabokov and Fassnidge admitted difficulties in identifying some of the Melitaea/Mellicta fritillaries. Neither reported M. athalia although see above regarding specimens collected by Fassnidge (Auzat, August 1927). Based on the examination of male genitalia in the field Graham fJart and I are satisfied that M. athalia celadusa occurs in both valleys. Erebia sthennyo. This is a high altitude species, which was found around the Lac de Soulcem (a reservoir created since the 1920s) in an area which probably was not reached by Fassnidge. It is widespread at altitude in Ariege. Evidence of colonisations since the 1920s Pyronia tithonus. Rondou (1932) states “Very Common. The whole chain [of the Pyrenees], Scarcely ever lives above 700m and it is only by chance that it can be found at a higher altitude.” [my translation]. Since the whole Auzat valley is above 750m, it is not surprising that it was absent during Fassnidge’s survey. It would certainly have been present in Saurat but not flying by the end of June when Nabokov left. In 1985, when I acquired a house at 800m in the Riverenert Valley (western Ariege), this species never reached the environs of the house but was common at 700m and below. It is now common around the house and found up to 900m. In view of the above, the fact that P tithonus was common at 800- 1000m in Auzat (in habitats warmer than in the Riverenert valley) is easily explained as the result of a fairly recent expansion in altitudinal range. This could easily be related to environmental warming in the same way that the recent northwards extension of its range in Britain has been interpreted. BUTTERFLIES OF ARIEGE 85 Carterocephalus palaemon. This species is now easy to find in Saurat and it is very unlikely that Nabokov could have missed it if it were established in the valley in 1929. It was known as a rarity in the more central/western regions of the Pyrenees (e.g. near Lourdes) by Rondou (1932). The first record for Ariege of which 1 am aware is a specimen collected in 1976 by J-P. Mary in the extreme west of the department. It has now been found in wooded valleys from west to extreme east. It has yet to be confirmed for the Pyrenees Orientales but this must happen soon since it occurs so close to the border in Ariege. Neither Fassnidge nor I surveyed Auzat at a season appropriate for this species. The evidence that the species has colonised and spread through the department in recent decades is convincing. The reason is less easy to deduce. A move into warmer, more Mediterranean climates is unlikely to be a direct result of global warming, but if associated changes in the quantity or seasonality of rainfall have occurred then this may be important. The evidence against this is that the species is now found in communes where the average annual precipitation is under 1000mm and others where it exceeds 1500mm per year. This variation from place to place greatly exceeds any possible change in rainfall levels over a few decades. A more probable explanation is the increase in shady, moist, wooded valleys at the right altitude associated with the decline in the human resident population and the abandonment of intensive cultivation on marginal lands (see discussion below). Heteropterus morpheus. The situation for this species is almost identical with that for C. palaemon. The first records for Ariege are from the 1980s (R. Essayen, pers. comm.) and it is now widespread and easy to find in wooded valleys at low or medium altitudes. This species was unknown to Rondou (1932) anywhere in the Pyrenees. Whatever the explanation for its spread into the area, it is likely to be the same as that for C. palaemon. Araschnia levana. This is yet a third species with a similar history and habitat requirements. It requires light shade, normally open woodland, habitats. The first record for Ariege is 1975 (R. Essayen, pers. comm.) and it is now widespread throughout the department at altitudes below 1000m. Its spread into the Department has happened as the species has also colonised Spain and spread further north at the northern edge of its range. As with the two hesperids, increases in suitable woodland habitats seems the most plausible explanation. Species not refound in Saurat or Auzat - probably still present but undetected Carcharodus lavatherae. This is the least common of the three Ariege Carcharodus species, but it is widespread at higher altitudes with scattered records from localities close to Saurat and Auzat. Neozephyrus quercus. Its habit of staying mainly in the oak canopy is the main reason for limited numbers of records in Ariege. It is widespread at low to medium altitudes and certain to be present in both Saurat and Auzat. Satyrium w-album. There is a recent record (Ted Benton, pers. comm.) from Ax-les- Thermes. Like N. quercus, its canopy-dwelling habits have probably led to serious under- recording. 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 Lycaena hippothoe. There are many records in recent years, including from Miglos, very close to Auzat. Cupido osiris. Although not yet refound in Saurat itself, the species has been found in the south-east of the Saurat valley (Col de Marmar) in 2001. Polyommatus dorylas. There are scattered records from the 1970s (Roland Essayen pers. comm.) and recently (G. Hart, pers. comm.), including one from Niaux, just a few kilometres from Auzat and Saurat. Erebia euryale. This is a widespread species between 1000 and2000m. Hipparchia semele. There are only a few recent records: all from very dry, low altitude habitats, some not far from Auzat. Eurodryas aurinia. This is a declining but still widespread species which can usually be found easily as adults or larvae. Suitable habitats were found in Saurat and Auzat but we were not able to check them at an appropriate time of year. Habitats in the 1920s It is clear, both from the comments in the Fassnidge and Nabokov papers and from the detailed statistics available from INSEE (web-site of the French government statistical service) that both Saurat and Auzat had large populations of peasant farmers who extracted a living from the valleys by mixed farming. This involved terracing to create fields on valley sides, transhumance of stock (and stockmen) to high summer pastures and fairly severe pressure on woodland habitats. The human population had declined from its peak in the late 19th century but was still well over double the resident population of today. Habitat changes - present The most noticeable change has been a considerable increase in high woodland, resulting from secondary regeneration on abandoned farmland and from re-growth of coppices previously cut on very short coppice cycles. The lowland farmland that has remained in use has tended to be farmed in traditional low/input low/output methods by an ageing and dwindling population of small farmers. Some farms have increased in size and are now farmed in more specialist ways concentrating on rearing beef cattle (and even an ostrich farm). Stock is still grazed at high altitude but without constant care by resident shepherds or herdsman. This has tended to increase grazing pressure on areas easily accessible by motor vehicles and lessen it in others. One habitat change that is presumably related to the changing pattern of high altitude grazing is the loss of Rhododendron from Col du Port (Saurat). Nabokov specifically comments that Erebia epiphron was “very common among the rhododendrons” at 5000 feet of altitude. The butterfly is still common, but the rhododendrons have gone, replaced by bracken Pteridium and broom Ulex. BUTTERFLIES OF ARIEGE 87 Possible future developments An encouraging trend is the arrival of new small farmers, seeking to escape the rat- race by small scale, fairly traditional, farming. Some regard these “neo-ruraux” as undesirable marginal members of society but they may well increase the chances of the survival of small scale farming and the biodiversity that goes with it. Official support for farming still seems to favour the creation of larger units and increase in fertiliser inputs leading to low diversity pasture replacing the “luscious meadows near the village” of Nabokov’s time. A more enlightened approach, supporting traditional (organic) farming would produce products for which there is high demand in the local shops and food markets and maintain the countryside which is what the tourists (the mainstay of the economy) come to see. Wonderful opportunities exist to ensure the survival of one of the most diverse butterfly faunas of western Europe. But it is difficult to believe that the Common Agricultural Policy, combined with the attitudes of the local chamber of agriculture, will not ensure that Ariege soon has a countryside much like the rest of France. Just with more mountains. Acknowledgements This study would not have been possible without the help of Graham Hart who assisted with much of the field work and made visits to the sites on dates when I was unable to be in France. I am extremely grateful to PR Ackery for allowing me access to the Fassnidge collection and papers at the Natural History Museum, London and to Berit Pedersen, Librarian at the Royal Entomological Society, for much help in obtaining copies of papers and unpublished biographical information on Fassnidge. Many people, from France and Britain, have kindly supplied unpublished records for the Ariege butterfly survey. Those used in this paper are acknowledged in the text. The early part of the current Ariege butterfly survey, was encouraged by the Association des Naturalistes de l’Ariege who made grants to both Graham Hart and myself. My gratitude to the ANA for their early help is tempered by the fact that they have been unable to pay the final instalments of the promised grants and that they submitted our unpublished reports for publication in the distribution maps in Delmas & Maechler (1999) and Lafranchis (2000) in the name of one of their employees and with no acknowledgment of the actual source of the records. Dedication This paper is dedicated to the memory of William Fassnidge (born 7 January 1888, died 19 April 1949) and Vladimir Nabokov (born 23 April 1899, died 2 July 1977). Their enthusiasm for Ariege and its butterflies, has made possible this comparison with the fauna of today. References Boyd, B.. 1990. Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian Years. London, Chatto & Windus. Boyd, B. & Pyle, R. M., 2000. Nabokov’s Butterflies. USA, Beacon Press & London. Alan Lane. UK edition Delmas, S. & Maechler, J„ 1999. Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera (Hesperidea et Papilionoidea). Catalogue permanent de i’entomofaune frangaise, 2: 1-97. 88 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.iii.2003 Dutay, C. & Mazel, R. 1981. Les Lepidopteres des Pyrenees-orientales: supplement a la faune de 1961. Vie et Milieu 31: 183-191 ; 329-337. Essayen, R., 1990. Contribution lepidopterique frangaise a la cartographic des invertebres Europeens (C.I.E.) XVII. La cartography des Satyrines de France ( Erebia non compris). Alexanor 16: 291-398. Fassnidge, W., 1926. A month’s collecting in the Pyrenees. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Van, 38: 49-52, 77-78, 107-108. Guillaumin, M., 1964. Les especes frangaises du genre Pyrgus Hiibner, avec cle de determination des males (Lep. Hesperidae). Alexanor 3: 293-305. -, 1966. Determination des femelles du genre Pyrgus (especes franfaises) d’apres les characteristiques de leurs genitalia (Lep. Hesperidae). Alexanor 4: 293-302. Lafranchis, T., 2000. Les Pupil Ions cle jour de France, Belgique et Luxembourg et leurs chenilles. Meze: Biotope. Lattes, A., Mensi, P., Cassulo, L. & Balleto, E., 1994. Genotypic variability in western European members of the Erebia tyndarus species group (Lepidoptera, Satyridae) Nota Lepidopterologica, Supplement 5: 93-104. Leraut, P.J.A., 1997. Liste systematique et synonymique des lepidopteres de France, Belgique et Corse (cleuxieme edition). Supplement a Alexanor, Paris. Lhomme, L., 1923. Catalogue des Lepidopteres de France et de Belgique (volume 1: section Rhopaolcera). France, Le Carrol: Douelle. Mazel, R. & Leestmans, R., 1996. Relations biogeographique, ecologiques et taxinomiques entre Leptidea sinapis Linne et L. reali Reissinger en France, Belgique et regions limititrophes (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Linneana belgica 15: 317-331. -, 1999. Seconde contribution a l’etude des relations entre Relations biogeographique, ecologiques et taxinomiques entre Leptidea sinapis Linne et L. reali Reissinger en France, Belgique et quelques autres contrees europeennes (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Linneana belgica 17: 155-168 Nabokoff, V., 1931. Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Pyrenees Orientales and the Ariege. Entomologist , 64: 255-257, 268-27 1 . -, 1951. Speak, Memory > [subsequently extensively revised and republished many times, 1 used the Everyman’s Library edition (1999), London: David Campbell Publishers. ISBN 1857151887.] Oberthiir, C., 1909. Catalogue des Lepidopteres des Pyrenees. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee. 3: 24; 4: figs. 348-351. Rondou, J.-P, 1902. Catalogue des Lepidopteres des Pyrenees (lere edition). Actes de la Societe linneene de Bordeaux, 57: 177-355. -, 1932. Catalogue des Lepidopteres des Pyrenees (2eme edition, lere partie). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 101: 165-244. -, 1935. Catalogue des Lepidopteres des Pyrenees (addenda et corrigenda, lere partie). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 104: 253-255. Seitz, A., 1909 [approx.] The Macrolepidoptera of the World: Palaearctic, Volume 1: Diurnals Text & Plates. Germany, Stuttgart: Kernen. Staudinger, O, & Rebel, H., 1901. Catalog der Lepidopteren des Palaearctishen Faunengebeit. Willien, P, 1990. Contribution lepidopterique fran^aise a la cartographic des invertebres Europeens (C.I.E.) XVI. Le genre Erebia. Alexanor, 16: 259-290. APPENDIX This table lists all the butterflies, except those in the genus Pyrgus, found by Fassnidge (Auzat) and Nabokov (Saurat) plus those found in the present survey at the same localities at the same seasons as the 1920s survey. Species not refound in the present survey have the first column (page number) in italics. Those found in the present survey but not in the 1920s have the first column in bold. 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O © g •2 •2 © § © -3 cl © «o to to tL 0 00 -c: to © '3 3 © 1 "5 Q. 2 5 1 CL S3 j ON m CN rt ON Os m m CN © rr BICYCLUS MARTIUS AND B. SANAOS 95 THE VALIDITY AND SYNONYMY OF THE NAMES BICYCLUS MARTIUS FABRICIUS, 1793 AND B. SANAOS HEWITSON, 1866 (NYMPHALIDAE; SATYRINAE) Torben B. Larsen 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL. Abstract The taxon Papilio martins Fabricius, 1793 has erroneously been considered a nomen dubium since 1965. It is here resurrected as the valid name for B. sanaos Hewitson, 1866 in the combination B. martins through the designation of a neotype and the designation of Sierra Leone as the Type Locality. The name melas Condamin, 1965 becomes a junior synonym of B. martins syn. nov. Bicyclus butterflies Just as I was beginning to take a scientific interest in African butterflies, Condamin (1965) replaced the name Bicyclus martins Fabricius, 1793 with M. sanaos Hewitson, 1866. Though this decision was based on an erroneous interpretation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, it has been treated as thus since then, even in the most authoritative works (Ackery et al. 1995, Williams 2002). The purpose of this note is to reinstate the Fabrician name of this common and widespread African forest butterfly, the Black Bush Brown. Condamin based his decision on two facts: first, the holotype of Papilio martins Fabricius did not exist, and second it was therefore impossible to decide to which of two subspecies the name martins belonged, especially as it had no locality. Both these premises are true, but the problem cannot be solved as he did simply by relegating the Fabrician name to oblivion as a nomen nudum without referring the matter to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. Though the type is lost, B. martius was well illustrated in “ Jones’ leones", an illustrated catalogue of many Fabricius types; indeed Condamin was not in doubt that Papilio martius illustrated one of the two subspecies of what he considered as B. sanaos. When the holotype is missing, the only valid route to solve such an issue seems to be the selection of a neotype. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature has a number of recommendations, one of which is that the neotype should be from as close to the original locality as possible. Most of Fabricius' African material was from Sierra Leone, South Africa, or Mauritius. Bicyclus martius is common in Sierra Leone and a specimen from here is selected as neotype. The correct nomenclature of M. martius thus becomes: Bicyclus martius Fabricius, 1793 Papilio martius, Entom. Syst. 3, 1:219 Type locality: Sierra Leone (male neotype here designated, in Natural History Museum, London). Bicyclus martius martius Fabricius, 1 793 Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone (TL), Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana including Volta Region, Togo, western Nigeria. 96 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.iii.2003 Bicyclus martins sanaos Hewitson, 1 866 Mycalesis sanaos , Exotic butterflies, 111:94 Type locality: Nigeria, Old Calabar (male holotype in Natural History Museum, London) = Bicyclus sanaos melas Condamin, 1965 syn. nov. Bull. I.F.A.N., XXVII: 1439- 1448. Type locality: Cote d'Ivoire, Abidjan Distribution: eastern Nigeria (Cross River loop) to most of the equatorial forest zone. The differences between the two subspecies are mainly these: The male of ssp. martins has the inner androconial hair pencil beige; it is black in ssp. sanaos. The female of ssp. martius is uniformly dark brown above; in ssp. sanaos there is a prominent white subapical band. Specimens between the Niger and the Cross River loop in eastern Nigeria may be somewhat intermediate. References Ackery, R R., Smith, C. R. & Vane- Wright, R. I., 1995. Carcasson's African Butterflies. CS1RO Australia. Condamin, M., 1965. Mises au point de synonymie et descriptions de nouveaux Bicyclus (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Bulletin de /’/MV XXVII, Ser. A: 1439-1448. Williams, M. C., 2002. Butterflies and skippers of the Afrotropical Region. CD-ROM. South Africa. SUBSCRIBER NOTICE Request for British examples of allegedly Japanese species During the late 18th century, Carl Peter Thunberg stayed in Japan and published two booklets, Fauna Japonica and Fauna Japonica Continuata , in which over a hundred insect species were reported from Japan. One of the problems I have is that most species described by those earlier scientists are in fact not actually found in Japan. I am, therefore, looking for examples of these non-Japanese species in an attempt to establish what species Thunberg had really observed during his stay in Japan. The list of desiderata is as follows: Coleoptera: Paederus riparius, Staphylinus erythropterus, Potosia aeruginosa, Blister unicolor, Epuraea aestiva, Ptinusfur, Buprestis rustica, Palorus depressus, Corticeus bicolor, Corticeus fraxini, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Mordella aculeata, Phyllotreta nemorum, Lochmaea capreae, Cassida nobilis. Lepidoptera: Sphinx atropos, Antitype chi, Elophila nymphaeata, Eulithis prunata, Scopula immutata, Tortrix viridana. Diptera: Sarcophaga carnaria, Psila fimetaria, Seioptera vibrans, Sepsis cynipsea, Haematopota pluvialis, Melanostoma mellinum, Psychola phalaenoides. Hymenoptera: Ancistrocerus parietum, Liris niger, Sirex cyaneus. Odonata: Calopteryx virgo, Coenagrion puella. Orthopteroidea: Macroscytus brunneus, Blatta orientalis, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa. If you have specimens of these insects and are able to provide to me one or two examples of each, I will be most grateful - Hideo Ogai, Nariki-build. No. 301, 2-7- 27, Tabata, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 1 14-0014 JAPAN. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods from any part of the world, specialising in groups other than lepidoptera. Annual subscription £36 Entomologist’s Gazette An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology, with a bias towards lepidoptera. Annual subscription £32 Buttertlies on British and Irish Offshore Islands by R. L. H. Dennis and T. G. Shreeve. A synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain's and Ireland’s offshore islands. 144pp, softback. £16 + p&p £1 The Moths and Butterflies of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly by F. H. N. Smith. Systematic list of localities, dates and provenance for over 1500 species. 480pp including 152 colour illustrations, hardback £44 + p&p £3 H P M Volume 1 Sesiidae - Clearwing Moths The first volume of a new series, which covers all 309 species of this family. 592pp with 487 colour illustrations, hardback with jacket. Price £120 + p&p £5 NEW Stratford-upon-Avon - A FLORA AND FAUNA A book demonstrating the amazing richness of species thriving in a small town. Over 3400 species listed with distribution notes and frequency. Price £13 + p&p £1.50 Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912, Visa or MasterCard. GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY Brightwood, Brightwell, Wallingford, Oxon 0X10 0QD E-mail: info@gempublishing. co.uk Website: www.gempublishing.co.uk THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION http://www.entrecord.com Papers The changing moth and butterfly fauna of Britain during the twentieth century. Mark Parsons 49-66 The butterfly fauna of Central Ariege, Pyrenees, France in the 1920s and 2002. David Corke 77-94 The validity and synonymy of the names Bicyclus martins Fabricius, 1793 and B. sanaos hewitson, 1866 (Nymphalidae; Satyrinae). Torben B. Larsen 95-96 Notes More on Cacyreus marshalli (Butler) (Lep.: Lycaenidae). M. Marney 67 Criomorphus williamsi China (Hem.: Delphacidae) apparently new to Kent. Laurence Clemons 67 Paralister obscurus (Kugelann) (Col.: Histeridae) in Devon - a recent record. Alex Williams 68 What value will individual field naturalists have in insect distribution recording in the future? Keith P. Bland 68-69 Some recent Suffolk (VC 25 & 26) records of the Pauper Pug Eupithecia egenaria H.- S. (Lep: Geometridae). Tony Prichard 69 Note on the name eutyphron , a subspecies of Maculinea arion (L.) (Lep.: Lycaenidae). A. A. Allen 70 A note on the apparent rarity of Orthoceratium lacustre (Scopoli) (Dipt.: Dolichopodidae) in Kent. Laurence Clemons 70-71 Further records of Tephritis matricariae (Loew) (Dip.: Tephritidae) in Kent. Laurence Clemons 71 Astiosoma rufifrons Duda (Dipt.: Asteiidae) in East Kent. Laurence Clemons 71-72 Hydriomena furcata Thun. (Lep. Geometridae): Melanism in north-west Kent and elsewhere. B. K. West 72-73 Gnophomyia viridipennis (Gimmerthal) (Dip.: Limoniidae) in Kent - rare or simply under-recorded? Laurence Clemons 74 Hazards of butterfly collecting. Butterflies at boarding school in Denmark. 1958-1962. Torben B. Larsen 74-76 Subscriber Notice List of Middlesex microlepidoptera now available. Colin W. Plant 76 Request for British examples of allegedly Japanese species. Hideo Ogai 96 Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Limited, I Tower Hill. Brentwood. Essex CM 14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610 b S $T PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY Vol. 115 Part 3 Edited by C.W. PLANT, Ii.Sc., F.R.E.S. .1 ICZ. BRAR> JUL 1 6 2003 May/June 2003 HARVARD ' university THE Entomologist’s Record AND Journal of Variation ISSN 0013-8916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. http://www.entrecord.com Editor C.W. PLANT. B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 14 West Road, Bishops Stanford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. Telephone/Facsimile: 01279 507697 E-mail: colinwplcmt@ntlworld.com Registrar Hon. Treasurer R.F. McCormick, f.r.e.s. C.C. Penney, f.r.e.s. 36 Paradise Road. 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield, Teignmouth, Devon TQI4 SNR Chelmsford, Essex CM I 7QA WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements REGISTRAR: Changes of address TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal BACK ISSUE PURCHASE — Paul Sokoloft, F.R.E.S., 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green. Orpington, BR6 6DS Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee or any party other than the named author or authors. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription, containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work. The annual subscription for year 2003 is £28 for individual subscribers or £40 for institutions. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS • This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed. • The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on British Coleoptera (beetles), British Diptera (flies) and other groups at the Editor’s discretion. We also print Subscriber Notices at no cost on behalf of current subscribers; non-subscribers pay a fee for this service. We also publish Reviews of entomological books and other publications relating to all aspects of world entomology if these are sent to the Editor at no cost to him. It is our policy not to accept unsolicited book reviews from third parties. • We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers, such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or photographs), or accounts of entomological trips to places that may be of interest to other readers. • Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert papers into Notes. • Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting. We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made. • We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on floppy diskette. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word 2000. Originals are required for all photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct. INTERPRETING A SPECIES LIST 97 INTERPRETING A SPECIES LIST: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO- MOTHS RECORDED AT A BANFFSHIRE SITE, 1990-2002 R. Leverton Whitewalls, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS. Abstract Macro-moths were surveyed at a site in north-east Scotland from 1990 to 2002; 274 species were found. Only 66% of these species are considered resident on the site throughout the period of the survey, the remainder being temporary residents (14%), strays (15%), or migrants and adventives (5%). Other sites may show a similar pattern. Introduction After moving to Banffshire, I began recording macro-moths at my new home site in 1990. Previously I had done the same in Lancashire and then Sussex, but here was the opportunity for a fresh start. Although Barbour (1974) had produced the first list of the vice-county’s macrolepidoptera, this mainly covered the western parts, and the eastern side of Banffshire was almost unknown. Virtually every species would be a new record for my 10km square, if not for me. However, there is recording and there is recording. I wanted something more than just a site list. Or rather, I wanted a site list that I could interpret, quantify and qualify, with hard data to back up (or confound) my assumptions and hunches. That meant the recording needed to be reasonably systematic and consistent, without going to tedious extremes. After all, this was recreation, not work. Site and methods Whitewells is a croft with 14.5 hectares (35 acres) of land. The garden and steading cover about one acre, permanent pasture comprises 12 acres, but the rest is excellent semi-natural habitat, part of a very varied, unimproved wet hillside dominated by rushes and sedges that rises to drier heather moorland with belts of gorse. For my recording area, 1 decided to use the whole of one-kilometre O.S. grid square NJ 5755, in which the croft is roughly central. The characteristic deciduous trees are sallows ( Salix caprea, S. cinerea and S. aurita ), alder Alnus glutinosa, birch Betula spp. and rowan Sorbus aucuparia , while there are scattered clumps of larch Lari: c decidua and Scots pine Pinus sylvestris on drier parts of the hillside itself. However, this is relatively open country, with little actual woodland as such. In altitude, the recording site ranges from 140 metres (430 feet) to 260 metres (800 feet) above sea level, on a north-facing slope that then drops more gently towards the coast 1 1 kilometres away. The wider area of the 10km square is given over to mixed arable and pastoral farmland, again very open except for a few small spruce plantations. Fields are bounded by drystane dykes, ditches and barbed wire rather than hedges. Moths were recorded by a wide variety of methods. A Robinson light trap with a 125 watt bulb was run on suitable nights from spring to late autumn, always in the 98 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 garden. The catch, however disappointing or mundane, was faithfully recorded by numbers of individuals as well as species. At this latitude the weather is often wholly unsuitable, or at least marginal, so if no more moths were arriving the trap would often be taken in at midnight. Nor is there any proper darkness either side of the summer solstice, again affecting catches. However, the trapping regime was roughly consistent throughout the study period. Lighted windows backed up the Robinson trap; surprisingly, they often attracted a different mix of species. Secondly, “sugar” was used on virtually every possible night, even in December and January if mild enough. The same 25 fenceposts (just across the road from the house) were used throughout, nor was the sugar recipe altered. Again, consistency was the aim. At night, natural attractions including sallow catkins, heather and ripe blackberries were regularly worked in their seasons, likewise garden flowers such as honeysuckle and buddleia. Moths were also found by torchlight sitting around on bushes and other vegetation. Daytime fieldwork was regularly employed, both for diurnal moths and others such as geometrids that can easily be disturbed by day or found at rest. In general, less effort went into searching for the early stages, though the caterpillars of numerous species were found casually or sometimes deliberately. The basic site list I do not propose to list in this paper every moth ever recorded from my site - that would bore most readers - but would be happy to send the full list to anyone requesting it. Instead, my aim is to analyse and interpret the records. Although in detail this analysis can apply only to my particular site, the underlying principles will be relevant to most sites and most types of moth recording. Over the thirteen-year period from 1990 - 2002, no less than 274 species of macro- moth (defined as the families covered by Skinner, 1998) were recorded from the one- kilometre square NJ 5755. This is a surprising total, perhaps, from such a northerly location. Of these, 33 species were first records for VC 94 when found. However, the average annual total was only 197 species, ranging from 181 in 1993 to 220 in 1996 (Fig. 1). In fact, only 135 (under half) of the species were seen in all thirteen years. Surprisingly, the second-highest category comprised moths seen, usually as singletons, in one year only (Fig. 2). The list also emphasises the value of using different methods of finding moths rather than relying solely on the mercury vapour light trap. Of the 274 species, 23 (8%) were never recorded at the light trap. Of these, 12 were found only by daytime fieldwork. Naturally these included purely diurnal species like Six-spot Burnet Zygaena filipendulae, Common Heath Ematurga atomaria and Wood Tiger Parasemia plantaginis , plus others that seem to be largely diurnal here, such as Satyr Pug Eupithecia satyrata callunaria and Double-striped Pug Gymnoscelis rufifasciata . Sugar, though very productive, only added four species that otherwise would not have been seen: Turnip Moth Agrotis segetum. Old Lady Mormo maura. Crescent Celaenaleucostigma and Small Fan-foot Herminia grisealis. However, sugar proved invaluable for assessing the numbers and status of moths that come less frequently to INTERPRETING A SPECIES LIST 99 D Overall Total O Annual Total Figure 1. Annual totals and overall totals of macro-moths recorded at Ordiquhill, Banffshire during 1990-2002. Number of years seen Figure 2. Species of macro-moths recorded at Ordiquhill, Banffshire during the thirteen years 1990-2002 against the number of years in which they were seen. 100 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. v. 2003 light. A further five species were recorded only at flowers, but these included some memorable finds: Vestal Rhodometra sacraria, Bedstraw Hawk-moth Hyles gallii and Bordered Straw Heliothis peltigera. On the other hand, 41 ( 15%) of the 274 species were recorded only at the Robinson trap. Most of these were migrants or strays, but they included at least four species believed to be low-density residents on the site: Brussels Lace Cleorodes lichenaria, Heath Rustic Xestia agathina , Nut-tree Tussock Coloccisici coryli and Plain Golden Y Autographa jota. A further ten or so of the 41 species were probably temporary residents during part of the recording period. It is too simple to say that all these species would have been missed without the use of mercury vapour light. Such an effective means of attracting moths engenders laziness; without it I would have been forced to do more traditional fieldwork, and may well have found at least some of the missing residents. It is a measure of the difference between macrolepidoptera and microlepidoptera recording that not one of the species was found only in its early stages (apart from an adventive). However, a few were most frequently seen as caterpillars, particularly Ruby Tiger Phragmatobia fuliginosa borealis. Its larvae were often numerous from February onwards in spring, with cocoons in the heather later, but most years I never saw the adult moth either in the daytime or at light. Defining and assessing status Like any site list, mine consisted of resident species augmented by obvious migrants and probable strays. Would it be possible to allocate every species to its appropriate category, using the amassed data purely objectively? Unsurprisingly, the answer was no. For instance, that indisputable migrant the Silver Y Autographa gamma was far more abundant and regular than its resident congeners Plain Golden Y and Gold Spangle A. bractea. Overall, the Dark Sword-grass Agrotis ipsilon far outnumbered the Gothic Naenia typica, a low-density resident not seen at all in some years. Frequency alone could not distinguish between my single Clifden Nonpareil Catocala fraxini from across the North Sea and the single Old Lady presumably from the valley of the River Deveron only 15km away. Clearly, a subjective element was also required. All factors had to be considered; often the best that could be achieved was an educated guess based on the most likely (or least unlikely) scenario. Doubtless further work will prove that some of my assessments were wrong. Even so, I feel that the exercise was worth doing. The species seemed to fall into six categories, as follows: Permanent residents (181 species, 66%) Definition', species breeding continuously on the site throughout the survey period. This verdict was based on a combination of numbers recorded plus annual regularity. Of course, some species are very abundant, like the Large Yellow Underwing Noctua pronuba , while others such as the Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix persist at much lower densities. Species were not disqualified from this category just because only one or INTERPRETING A SPECIES LIST 101 two specimens were seen annually or with only the occasional missed year. Even relatively numerous residents like Brown-spot Pinion Agrochola litura, Mouse Moth Amphipyra tragopoginis and Marbled Minor Oligia strigilis had the odd poor year when none was seen. Many, but not all, of the species in this category were also found in their larval stage, giving added confirmation. Temporary residents (39 species, 14%) Definition : species considered to have bred on the site for only part of the survey period. This category was more debatable. Species placed in it tended to show a pattern of occurrence in several consecutive years, interspersed with a gap or gaps of three or more years of apparent absence. However, species recorded even less frequently were automatically placed in this category if larvae were found (with the exception of Silver Y). Thus only two adults of the Brindled Pug Eupithecia abbreviate i were trapped during the survey, in 1997 and 2001, and were thought to be strays until its caterpillar was found on one of the few oaks in 2002. Broken-barred Carpet Electrophaes corylata would also have been considered a stray, with only four singles to light over 13 years, if a pupa had not been dug from beneath a hillside rowan in 1999. Other examples were Cabbage Moth Mamestra brassicae and Heart and Dart Agrotis exclamationis , caught annually in small numbers during the early years of the study but not seen lately, whereas Common Wainscot Mythimna pollens and Clouded Border Lomaspilis marginata were initially absent but now breed. The latter has recently colonised north-east Scotland as a whole (Palmer & Young, 1994). Then there were a few species that seemed to come and go, as if the site were not quite large enough or good enough to maintain a permanent population. They included Northern Deep-brown Dart Aporophyla lueneburgensis and Light Knot Grass Acronicta menyanthidis. Local strays (29 species, 11%) Definition', species originating from elsewhere within the same 10km square or an adjacent one. Infrequency was one criterion: species were considered to be strays if they were recorded so rarely and at such long intervals that they were unlikely to be even temporary residents. A second and perhaps more compelling qualification was absence of the foodplant or of the required habitat, but these were both known to be present elsewhere within the same or an adjoining 10km square. Often the moth concerned was known to occur there too. Many such strays were recorded on one occasion only. Some were apparently from the coast, 1 1km away to the north, others most likely came from mature woodland or less acid soils. Those lacking foodplant at the site included Rivulet Perizoma affinitata (no red campion), Brown Silver-line Petrophora chlorosata (no bracken), Marbled Coronet Hadena confusa (no sea or bladder campion) and Orange Sallow Xanthia citrago (no lime). 102 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. v. 2003 Regional strays (11 species, 4%) Definition : species originating from beyond an adjacent 10km square, but within north-east Scotland. Here, foodplant and habitat again provided the clues. If there was no habitat or foodplant within the same or an adjoining square, the moth was presumed to have come from further afield. This applied to the occasional specimens of Chestnut- coloured Carpet Thera cognata, Juniper Pug Eupithecia pusillata and one Manchester Treble-bar Carsia sorohata , the nearest suitable habitat being 30km or more away. Also placed in this category was the single Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae, its nearest known colony being 90km away in Kincardineshire. Migrants (13 species, 5%) Definition: species known to migrate, originating outside NE Scotland and probably from overseas. The site did surprisingly well for migrants considering its latitude, nor is it even on the coast. Well-known migrants recorded, besides those already mentioned, included Convolvulus Hawk-moth Agrius convolvuli. Hummingbird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum, Pearly Underwing Peridroma saucia and Great Brocade Eurois occulta of the pale grey immigrant form. Also considered to be migrants, since they are not known to be resident in north-east Scotland, were the single Turnip Moth (in September) and two Crescent, the latter apparently of the nominate subspecies rather than the Highland race scotica. A further two species resident on the site also occurred as migrants, but are not counted as such in this analysis. Setaceous Hebrew Character Xestici c-nigrum is univoltine here, flying in July, but one was recorded in May and several in autumn associated with influxes of known migrants like Dark Sword-grass. Similarly, unusual numbers of Angle Shades Phlogophora meticulosa often appeared during these influxes. None of the migrant Mythimna species was seen; curiously they have never been reported from north-east Scotland. Adventive (1 species) Definition : a species accidentally transported to the site in goods or produce. A small caterpillar of the Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera was found in a packet of mange-tout peas from Zambia, and the moth reared. Discussion During the 13-year survey period, 80% of the species found were believed to have been resident on the site in some years at least. All the permanent residents had been found by the end of the fourth year (the last of these being Lunar Hornet Sesici bembeciformis, a species not attracted to light, sugar or flowers). The remaining 20% were considered to be casuals: purely strays, migrants or adventives (Fig. 3). However, if their foodplant is present and the climate becomes suitable, such species INTERPRETING A SPECIES LIST 103 are potential colonists. In spite of the length and intensity of recording, a few new casuals are still being added nearly every year. Most of the further 48 species on the Banffshire list, plus others in neighbouring vice-counties, are within straying distance and may turn up sooner or later. Temporary resident Migrant or adventive Regional stray Local stray Figure 3. A breakdown, by most likely status, of 274 species list of macro-moths recorded at Ordiquhill, Banffshire during 1990-2002. So how typical is my site? Will other well-worked sites show a similar pattern? Almost certainly, the answer is a qualified yes. Moths are relatively mobile insects: they do move around. However, a stray from further afield will only be recognised as such if it does not normally occur in that area. We notice the Redwings Turdus iliacus and Fieldfares T. pilarus that visit us in winter from Scandinavia, but not the Blackbirds T. merula that come with them. Therefore, the percentage of strays in any site list will depend on the local circumstances. A list from an area of varied, prime habitat surrounded by much less interesting countryside will have very few such species, since most of the moths arriving as strays will already breed there. By contrast, an impoverished site surrounded by far better and more diverse habitat will have a much higher percentage of species that only occur as short distance strays or migrants. An extreme example would be an offshore oil rig, with no resident species. Finally, the length of the recording period will have an effect: with every passing year the proportion of ‘casuals’ on a site list will gradually increase (Fig. 4). Conclusion A simple species list can be misleading, however accurately it has been compiled. It sets the ‘once in a lifetime’ strays on the same level as the abundant residents. This is hardly a new observation, of course. I have tried to show that it is possible to make sense of a site list, to break it down into different categories, by methodically 104 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. v. 2003 recording numbers and frequency of the species seen. The use of many different lieldwork techniques to supplement light trap records leads to a far more accurate picture of status: many of my species were scarce or absent in the trap but easily found by other methods. Finally, analysing thirteen years of field notebooks from scratch would be a formidable task. Fortunately I summarised the data at the end of every year to produce an annual list, so merely needed to combine these accounts. Figure 4. The rising percentages of casuals (strays, migrants and adventives) in a species list of macro-moths recorded at Ordiquhill, Banffshire during 1990-2002. Acknowledgements I thank my neighbours, Ron and Sheila Runcie and Jimmy and Phemie Addison, for allowing me to wander at will over their land at all hours of day and night. My son David expertly prepared the graph and histograms for me. References Barbour, D. A., 1974. Macrolepidoptera of Banffshire. Entomologist’s Record J. Var. 88: 1-11. Palmer, R. M. and Young, M. R., 1994. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire, 7th Appendix. Entomologist's Record J. Var. 106: 85 - 89. Skinner, B., 1998. Moths of the British Isles. Viking. XANTHANDRUS COMTUS NEW TO THE ISLE OF MAN 105 XANTHANDRUS COMTUS (HARRIS) (DIP.: SYRPHIDAE) NEW TO THE ISLE OE MAN AND WITH NEW PREY RECORDS 1 Fred D. Bennett and 2Steven M. Crellin ' Crofton, Baldhoon Road , Lcucey, Isle of Man IM4 7NA. : Shearwater, The Dhoor, Andreas Road , Lezayre, Ramsey, Isle of Man IM7 4EB. ( E-mail: smcrellin @ hotmail. com ) Abstract Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Dipt.: Syrphidae) is reported from the Isle of Man for the first time. The fly’s larvae were found to be predating the larvae of the Carnation Tortrix moth Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hb.) (Lep.: Tortricidae), also reported for the first time from the Isle of Man. and possibly another tortricid - Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.) feeding on ivy Hedera growing on a garden wall. During the course of this study, a third tortricid, the Light Brown Apple-rnoth Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.), was reared on the island for the first time. Introduction Xanthandrus comtus (Harris), whose larvae are predators of certain lepidopterous larvae, is not recorded in the most recent published list of the Syrphidae of the Isle of Man, (Crellin, 1985 — note that in Stubbs & Falk, 2000, Second Supplement, and in Stubbs et al, 2002, authorship of this paper was erroneously credited to A. Moore the author of the following paper on an unrelated topic in the journal cited). Since then, SMC has collected adults on several occasions, some of which appear in Ball & Moms (2000), and FDB has found larvae preying on the larvae of an unreported tortricid host and reared them to the adult stage. Collection Records The occurrence of X. comtus appears to be sporadic and unpredictable; on the Isle of Man, over the past 15 years, adults have been observed or captured only occasionally, (Table 1). These records are all from the Ramsey area, where observations have been concentrated; given the same effort it is probable that this syrphid would prove to be widespread on the Island. Table 1. Collection and sighting records of Xanthandrus comtus. Locality Grid Reference Date Sex Plant Association Ash Grove. Ramsey SC 445952 06. viii. 1 986 female - Ash Grove, Ramsey SC 445952 20. ix. 1987 female - Abbeville, Sulby SC 403947 17.x. 1987 female - Ash Grove, Ramsey SC 445952 27.vii.l998 female - Wildlife Park SC 364944 28.viii.l999 female On Heracleum spondylium umbel Mayhill, Ramsey SC 45 1 939 13.x. 2002 female On Hedera leaf 106 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 Prey and rearing records On 15 January 2002, a collection of webbed leaves from an ivy Hedera covered garden wall on the Minorca Hill Road, Laxey (OS grid reference SC 441839) contained more than 60 leaf-webbing larvae and two syrphid larvae which matched the photographs of X. comtus in Rotheray (1993). One of the syrphid larvae, placed in a container with three large larvae of the tortricid Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.) between webbed ivy leaves, collected earlier at Victoria Road, Douglas, consumed them within a forty-eight hour period, another three in the following 48 hours and two more before forming a puparium on 3 February. The other larva which had been left in a large rearing container with the foliage and tortricid larvae from Minorca Hill (initially thought to be L. forsterana, but see below) also pupated on 3 February. A male emerged from the latter on 9 February and a female from the former on 10 February. A collection of webbed ivy leaves from Minorca Hill on January 26 yielded approximately 80 leaf-webbing larvae and one small, one medium and one large larva of X. comtus. A further collection of webbed ivy leaves on 7 February contained approximately 75 tortricid larvae and one medium syrphid larva. No syrphid larvae were found in collections of 50 or more tortricid larvae from the same site on 24 February, 14 March and 14 April or from a collection on 30 April that yielded 20 larvae and 30 pupae of the leaf-webber. Most of the moths emerging from collections of webbed ivy leaves from several sites in Laxey (including Minorca Hill) and Douglas during 2000 and 2001 were L. forsterana with an occasional specimen of three other Microlepidoptera; the tortricids Ditula angustiorana (Haw.) and Clepsis consimilana (Hiibn.) and Blastobasis lignea Wals. (Lep.: Blastobasidae). However most adults emerging from collections from Minorca Hill made in 2002 were the Carnation tortrix, Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hb.), a tortricid only reported from the Isle of Man in 2001 and not reared from any of the 2000 - 2001 ivy collections. Only an occasional adult of L. forsterana emerged from the January and February 2002 Minorca Hill collections. Additionally a few specimens of Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.), a tortricid not previously reared in the Isle of Man, were present in the collections of 24 February and subsequent collections from Minorca Hill. During 2002, C. pronubana , as well as L. forsterana, was reared from collections of ivy leaves from Finch Road, Douglas whereas only L. forsterana emerged from several collections from the Victoria Road, Douglas site during 2002. The three species of tortricids are polyphagous and are known to attack a wide range of herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees (Emmet, 1988). On ivy on garden walls both L. forsterana and C. pronubana lay eggs in batches often of 50 or more on the leaves and the hatching larvae feed usually in solitary fashion between overlapping leaves webbed tightly together and move from leaf to leaf. Feeding results in large unsightly patches of damaged leaves; the damage by one species is indistinguishable from that of the other. XANTHANDRUS COMTUS NEW TO THE ISLE OF MAN 107 SMC’s most recent adult X. comtus capture was from ivy growing on a garden wall in Ramsey. The specimen, a female, was tubed from an ivy leaf in rather cool and damp weather. A subsequent visit by SMC found signs of webbed leaves, but no X. comtus larvae; the identity of the larvae causing the webbing was not ascertained. Adults of X. comtus survive for extended periods in cages. The male emerging on 9 February and the female emerging on 10 February were held in a 20 x 20 X 30cm clear plastic vented container containing a “bouquet” of ivy foliage infested with laboratory hatched small larvae of L. forsterana and with honey droplets streaked on the sides of the container; water was sprinkled daily onto the foliage through a mesh panel in the cage top. The cage, held in the house in subdued light for most of the time, was placed near a bright light for an hour or longer each morning and evening. During these periods of exposure the adults took flight several times and hovered near the top of the cage for several seconds at a time. Neither courtship behaviour nor attempts to mate were observed which is not surprising considering the small size of cage and holding conditions. A male emerging on 24 February survived for 34 days in a similar cage. Discussion Xanthandrus comtus is reported for the first time from the Isle of Man, but it is well known in the British Isles (Shaw and Rotheray, 1990) and occurs as far north as Scotland (Rotheray and Bland, 1992). Although initially considered to migrate north annually during the summer evidence of the occurrence of a resident population over several years in Perthshire, Scotland has been documented (Bland and Rotheray, 1998). Our discovery of active larvae in January and February is substantial evidence that it is a year-round resident in the Isle of Man. C. pronubana has overlapping generations (Emmet, 1988); its apparent recent arrival in the Isle of Man, where larvae are present throughout the year, may enhance the year round breeding of X. comtus. The only published records of prey for X. comtus for the British Isles that we are aware of are Ancylis apicella (D.& S.) (Tortricidae) on alder buckthorn Frangula alnus (Shaw and Rotherway, 1990) and Caloptilia syringella (L.) (Gracillariidae) on young ash Fraxinus trees (Rotherway and Bland, 1992 and Bland and Rotherway, 1998). These are from rural areas and from shrubs and trees. Our rearing from C. pronubana and possibly from L. forsterana on a vine Hedera on the wall of a village garden in the Isle of Man adds to the known host, type of host plant and habitat ranges of this syrphid. Epiphyas postvittana has been extending its range nationally in recent years. Porter (2001), Pratt (2002) and Litllewood (2002) all show that the range of this Australian import, which was first recorded breeding in Britain at Newquay, West Cornwall, in 1936, has spread northwards and eastwards since 1980. Our records are further evidence of this trend. 108 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.V.2003 Acknowledgements K. P. Bland, National Museums of Scotland kindly identified the moths and G. D. Craine provided information on their distribution in the Isle of Man. Several members of the Hoverfly Discussion Group, ( syrphidae@nottingham.ac.uk ), offered helpful comments; these are appreciated. References Ball S. G. & Morris R. K. A., 2000. Provisional atlas of British Hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. Bland, K. P. and Rotheray, G. E., 1998. Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Diptera, Syrphidae) apparently resident in Scotland. Dipterists Digest 5: 17. Crellin, S., 1985. Hoverflies in the Isle of Man. Peregrine. 6: 45-47 Emmet, A. M., (Ed.). 1988. A Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. Second Edition. British Entomological & Natural Society. London. Littlewood, N., 2002. Further extralimital records of Light Brown Apple-moth Epiphyas postvittana. Atropos 15: 75. Porter, J., 2001. Range expansion in the Light Brown Apple-moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.). Atropos 14: 42 - 46. Pratt. C.R., 2002. The Light Brown Apple-moth Epiphyas postvittana in Sussex. Atropos 15: 75. Rotheray, G. E., 1993. Colour Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, Syrphidae). Dipterists Digest 9: 1 - 156. Rotheray, G. E. and Bland, K. P, 1992. Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Dipt., Syrphidae) breeding in Scotland. Entomologist’s monthly Magazine 128: 57 - 58. Shaw, M. R. and Rotheray, G. E., 1990. Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Dipt., Syrphidae) reared. Entomologist's monthly Magazine 126: 258. Stubbs, E. A. and Falk, S. J., 2000 British Hoverflies. British Entomological and Natural History Society. Stubbs, E. A. and Falk, S. J., 2002. British Hoverflies. British Entomological and Natural History Society. Stratiomys longicornis (Scopoli) Dipt.: Stratiomyidae) in East Sussex, VC 14 The Thames Marshes in northern Kent and South Essex are, perhaps, the current national stronghold for this conspicuous species and other locations were mapped by Drake (1991. Provisonal atlas of the Larger Brachycera ( Diptera ) of Britain and Ireland). It may, therefore, be worth mentioning here that on 1 0. vii . 1 999 I observed three specimens of S. longicornis on the flowers of wild carrot Daucus carota along the main roadway at Rye Harbour National Nature Reserve, at O.S. grid reference TQ 9418. These were accompanied by larger numbers of the much more widespread Stratiomys singularior (Harris).- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. GALL MIDGES FROM THE ISLE OF MAN 109 RECORDS OF GALL MIDGES (DIPT.: CECIDOMYIIDAE) FROM THE ISLE OF MAN K. M. Harris' and F. D. Bennett2 1 81 Linden Way, Ripley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6LP (e-mail: hnharris@lineone.net ) 2 Croft on, Baldhoon Road, Laxey, Isle of Man, IM4 7NA (e-mail: fdh@thecrofton.freeserve.co.uk) Abstract Records of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) known to occur in the Isle of Man are listed, with notes on biology, when known, and on geographic ranges. Six species are new additions to the British fauna: Aprionus insignis Mamaev, Aphidoletes thompsoni Mohn, Coquillettomyia lobata (Felt), Mcimevia vysineki Skuhrava, Mycodiplosis sphaerothecae (Riibsaamen) and M. pucciniae (Riibsaamen). Isle of Man Cecidomyiidae The most recent checklist of the Diptera of the British Isles (Chandler, 1998) contains 620 species of Cecidomyiidae, indicating that, in number of species, this is the largest family of British Diptera. Despite this, the family has been little studied in the British Isles. This is especially true of the Isle of Man where few cecidomyiids have been recorded, other than some gall-inducing species (Allen, 1952; Garrad, 1976; O’Connor, 1996; O’Connor & O’Connor, 1999). Since 1997 one of us (FDB) has collected cecidomyiids in the Isle of Man and has sent specimens to the other (KMH) for identification. As a result new records have been made, including six species not previously recorded in the British Isles. The following annotated checklist, which includes records from the publications listed above, summarises the information currently available, which could be substantially extended by further studies. Voucher specimens (microscope slides) for our records will be deposited in the Manx Museum, except those for the new British records (indicated by *), which will be deposited in the Natural History Museum, London [NHM], Grid references for the main locations cited are: Laxey, Baldhoon Road and Glen Gardens, SC 42 84; Mountain Railway and Valley gardens, SC 43 84; Douglas, Harris Terrace, SC 37 76, Villa Marina, SC 38 76; Ramsey, Grove Museum, SC 44 95; Lezayre, Tea Rooms, SC 40 94. LESTREMIINAE This is the most primitive of the three subfamilies of Cecidomyiidae. Larvae feed on fungi in decaying organic matter, especially leaf litter, soil and decaying wood. Adults are often abundant and are easily caught in traps. Jaschhof (1998) published a thorough revision, based on adult morphology, of the 318 species known in the Holarctic Region and the identifications made here are based on his work, which should be consulted for additional information. All specimens were collected from yellow pan water traps and all identifications are based on examination of males. In most cases associated females could not be identified to species. 110 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 Anaretella defecta (Winnertz). A widespread Holarctic species. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, in water trap, 13-14.03.1999, [FDB 00-252], 1 male. * Aprionus insignis Mamaev. First British record of this Holarctic species which was first described from Russia and later recorded from Sweden, Germany and Canada (Jaschhof, 1998). Laxey, Baldhoon Road, in water trap, 01-05.05.2000, [FDB 00- 303], 1 male, M. Jaschhof det., to be deposited in the NHM. Campylomyza flavipes Meigen. A widespread and locally abundant Holarctic species. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, in water trap, 10-11.01.1998, [FDB 00-248]; 15- 16.03.1998, [FDB 00-250]; 28-29.08.1999, [FDB 00-254]; 21.02.2000, [FDB 00- 300], 2 males; 26.02.2000, [FDB 00-301 ], 4 males; 27-29.03.2000, [FDB 00-302], 1 male; 1-5.05.2000, [FDB 00-303], 3 males; 15.05.2000, [FDB 00-305], 1 male. Catocha latipes Haliday. A widespread and locally abundant Holarctic species. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, in water trap, 13-14.03.1999, [FDB 00-252], 1 male; 27- 29.03.2000, [FDB 00-302], 1 male, 1 female. Lestremia cinerea Macquart. A widespread and locally abundant cosmopolitan species, sometimes a pest of cultivated mushrooms. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, in water trap, 04-05.10.1997, [FDB 00-249], 1 male; 24-26.08.1998, [FDB 00-251], 1 male; 26.09.1999, |FDB 00-255], 1 male PORRICONDYLINAE This subfamily was represented by two adults in pan trap catches. Identification of the species was not attempted. CECIDOMYI1NAE This is the most diverse and species rich of the three subfamilies. It contains species that are primarily phytophagous (including those that induce plant galls) as well as species that are mycophagous, and some that are zoophagous, preying on aphids and other small invertebrates. Due to lack of taxonomic study, the higher classification of the subfamily has not been clearly defined. For the purposes of this checklist species are listed under the two Supertribes that are currently recognised. LASIOPTERIDI Dasineura crataegi (Winnertz). This species is widespread in western Europe and occurs throughout most of the British Isles. The terminal rosette galls on young shoots are conspicuous and are often abundant in hedgerow re-growths after cutting. Laxey, 07.08.2000, larvae in shoot-tip gall of hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., [FDB], 5 larvae. Dasineura fraxini) (Bremi). A widespread and locally common Palaearctic species. Galls develop on leaf mid-ribs (and occasionally on petioles) of ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ), as thickened pouches with slit-shaped openings above. Douglas, Manx Museum grounds, larvae in mid-rib galls on leaves of ash, 01 .09. 1999, 07.08.2000, 17.09.2000, | FDB], 19 larvae. Recorded earlier by O'Connor (1996). GALL MIDGES FROM THE ISLE OF MAN Dasineura glechomae (Kieffer). Recorded by Garrad (1976). A common and widespread species throughout Europe inducing distinctive tubular (‘lighthouse’) galls on upper leaf surfaces of ground ivy, Glechoma hederacea L. Dasineura pustulans (Rubsaamen). Recorded by O'Connor (1996) and O’Connor & O’Connor (1999). A common and widespread species throughout Europe inducing galls on leaves of meadowsweet, Filipendula ulmaria(L.) Maxim. Larvae live exposed in shallow depressions on the undersides of leaves briefly in early summer. After the larvae have fallen to the soil distinctive yellow to white leaf spots, about 5 mm across, remain through the summer and autumn. Dasineura ulmaria (Bremi). Recorded by Allen (1952) and Garrad (1976). Also a widespread and common gall on F. ulmaria throughout Europe. Galls appear as rashes of small yellow to red swellings, 1-2 mm across, on upper leaf surfaces with corresponding conical projections on undersides. Dasineura urticae (Perris). Larvae induce conspicuous galls of varied shape and size on leaves, flowers and stems of stinging nettle, Urtica dioica L. The species is widespread throughout Europe and often locally very abundant, especially in autumn. Laxey, Baldhoon Rd., 04.10.2001, adults emerged 28-30.10.2001, [FDB IOM-144], 3 males, 4 females. Recorded earlier by Allen (1952) and Garrad (1976). Dasineura sp. on Acer flowers. This is probably an undescribed species that merits further study. Professor Edvard Sylven (in litt.) informed us that he had found an undescribed species of Dasineura in flowers of Norway maple, Acer platanoides, in Sweden but knew of no records from A. pseudoplatanus. Laxey, Glen Gardens, larvae in flowers of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), 18-24.05.2000, [FDB]; 25- 28.06.2001, [FDB IOM-0106], 3 larvae; 05.2002, [FDB], 4 larvae. Jaapiella veronicae Vallot). Recorded by Allen (1952) and Garrad (1976). This is a very common and widespread species in Europe inducing conspicuous and remarkably uniform terminal hairy galls, about 5-10 mm across, on shoot tips of germander speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys L. Rabdophaga strobilina Bremi. Recorded by Garrad (1976) [as R. rosaria ]. This widespread Palaearctic species induces conspicuous terminal rosette galls on shoots of willows. CECIDOMYIIDI Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani). This is a widespread and common cosmopolitan species, first described from Italy in 1847. Larvae are well-known specialised predators on aphids (with occasional records from whiteflies) and the species is used as a commercial biocontrol agent against aphid pests, especially on glasshouse crops but also on outdoor crops. Laxey, larvae preying on Hyalopterus pruni on plum, 30.08.2000, [ FDB ] . Laxey, Glen Garden, preying on Myzus cerasi on ornamental cherry, 11.06.2001, [FDB, IOM-0104|. Laxey, predator on 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 Periphyllus acericola (Walker) on sycamore, 12.10.2000, [FDB]. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, with aphids on plum, 26-30.09.2001, [FDB IOM-0128] Laxey, Baldhoon Road, preying on Cryptomyzus ribis on red currants, 19.08.2002, [FDB IOM-149]. Jurby Water Gardens, feeding on glasshouse whitefly, 18.08.2002, [FDB IOM- 151], 2 larvae. Laxey River Gardens, with aphids on Cotoneaster, 27.09.2002, [FDB IOM-154], 3 larvae. Aphidoletes urticaria (Kieffer). This is also a predator on aphids but generally less widespread and abundant than the preceding species. It may have a more northern distribution than A. aphidimyza. Laxey, Glen Gardens, larvae preying on Myzus cerasi on ornamental cherry, 15.06.2000, [FDB]; 11.06.2001, [FDB, IOM-0104], Laxey, predator on Periphyllus acericola (Walker) on sycamore, 12.10.2000, [FDB], Laxey, Baldhoon Road, with aphids on plum, 26-30.09.2001, [FDB IOM- 0128] Laxey, Baldhoon Road, preying on Cryptomyzus ribis on red currants, 19.08.2002, [FDB IOM-149], * Aphidoletes thompsoni Mohn. This is one of two European species that prey on adelgids. Mohn (1954) described larvae, males and females from Germany preying on two species of Adelges on a species of Abies and indicated morphological characters that distinguish this species from A. abietis (Kieffer), which also preys on species of Adelges. It has been suggested that the two species may be synonymous (Gagne, in prep.) but larvae collected in the Isle of Man agree well with Mohn’s description, in which case this is the first British record of this species and the first record of the species from Pineus pini (Macquart). Adults have yet to be reared to confirm this identification. Laxey, Valley Gardens, larvae with Pineus pini on Pinus sylvestris, 10.07.2000, [FDB]; 07.06.2001, [FDB, IOM-0103]. Laxey River Gardens, with Pineus pini on pine, 22.06.2001, [FDB IOM-143], 3 larvae. Laxey Mountain Railway, from collection of Pineus pini on pine, 22.06.20,01 [FDB IOM-0119]; 23.06.2001, [FDB, IOM-01 12], Clinodiplosis cilicrus (Kieffer). This is a very common Palaearctic species. Larvae are mycophagous and are often abundant in decaying plant tissues. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, from raspberry fruits infested by raspberry beetle, Byturus tomentosus (DeGeer), 01.09.1997, [FDB 00-239 / 00-240 / 00-244 / 00-245], 2 males, 2 larvae; on gooseberry leaf, 22.08.2001, [FDB IOM-0122], 2 larvae; larvae under scales of rotting onion in store, 30.12.2000, [FDB], 5 larvae. Contarinia jacobaeae (Loew). Recorded by O’Connor (1996). Larvae live in flower buds of Senecio jacobciea L. which become slightly swollen and pear-shaped. Common and widespread in Europe. Contarinia pyrivora (Riley). This is the pear midge which is sometimes a serious pest of cultivated pears, especially in gardens. Females lay eggs in pear blossom and the larvae feed in the young fruitlets, which fail to develop. Ramsey, from pear fruitlets, 04.06.2001, [FDB IOM-0105], 2 larvae. GALL MIDGES FROM THE ISLE OF MAN 113 Contarinia quercinci (Rubsaamen). Larvae of this widespread Palaearctic species feed in buds and expanding shoots of various species of Quercus, sometimes causing appreciable distortion and stunting of young growths. Douglas, Villa Marina, larvae in distorted oak shoots, 31.05.2000, |FDB], 2 larvae. Contarinia tiliarum (Kieffer). This is a common and widespread Palaearctic species that induces hard globular swellings on petioles, flower stalks and young stems of various species of Tilia. Peel Road, Douglas, 02.07.2001, [FDB 1OM-01 19], Also recorded by O’Connor & O'Connor (1999). * Coquillettomyia lobata (Felt). This is a Holarctic species, easily identified by the structure of the male genitalia. It was first described from Lake Clear, New York State, USA and has since been recorded in the Netherlands, Germany and the former USSR. Most records are of caught specimens and the biology of the species is unknown. This is the first published British record of the genus and species but the species has been taken in a light trap at Ripley, Surrey in recent years (Harris, unpublished). Laxey, Baldhoon Rd., in water trap, 17-18.07.2002, [FDB IOM- 148], 1 male (cecid 200134) to be deposited in the NHM. Lestodiplosis spp. Larvae of Lestodiplosis are predators on various small invertebrates, including larvae of other gall midges, beetle larvae, caterpillars, mites and even millipedes. The genus occurs worldwide and many species have been named. Thirty-seven names are included in the British checklist but some of these are likely to be synonyms as they were erected on the unproved assumption that each different plant or invertebrate host supports a distinct species of Lestodiplosis. It seems much more likely that many species are generalist and opportunistic predators, as indicated by recent observations in Wytham Wood, Oxford (Cole & Harris, 2002). The Isle of Man records are summarised below and specimens that may be of value in future revisionary taxonomic studies will be deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Lestodiplosis pini Barnes. The species of Lestodiplosis that was encountered most frequently occurred as larvae in colonies of the adelgid, Pineus pini (Gmelin) on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. These larvae may have been feeding directly on the adelgids but could also have been preying on Aphidoletes thompsoni larvae, which are specialised predators on adelgids (see above). The species is tentatively identified as Lestodiplosis pini Barnes, which was originally described (Barnes, 1928) on adults reared from larvae found in aphid colonies living on the bark of Weymouth pine, Pinus strobus L. in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, during August and September, 1925. Aphidoletes larvae were also present and Barnes considered it most likely that they were the prey of L. pini rather than the aphids, as there were at that time no authenticated cases of Lestodiplosis larvae feeding on aphids. Future revisionary studies will probably show that L. pini is a junior synonym of one of the many other Lestodiplosis species described from western Europe. Laxey, Valley Gardens, 10.07.2000, 1 larva; 06.08.2000, 2 male, 1 female; OI- OS.09. 2000, 1 larva, 1 female pupa; 22.06.2001 [FDB IOM-143), 1 female; 114 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 28.06.2002, adults emerged 10-20.07.2002, [FDB IOM-140], 3 males, 2 females; 12.07.2002, emerged 21.07.2002 [FDB IOM-139], 1 female, emerged 29.07.2002 [FDB 10M-141], 1 male. Laxey, Mountain Railway, 23.06.2001, adults emerged 26.06-05.07.2001, [FDB IOM-112], 2 males, 4 females; 27.07.2001, [FDB IOM- 0120] , pupal exuvium . All from colonies of Pineus pini on Pinus sylvestris. Laxey, Mountain Railway, from Pineus pini colony on Pinus nigra var. maritima, 22.07.2002, adult emerged 06.08.2002, [FDB IOM-152], 1 female. Lestodiplosis urticae Nijveldt. Larvae of this species prey on larvae of Dasineura urticae (Perris), which is a widespread and common species inducing galls on stinging nettles, Urtica dioica , (see above). As with the previous species of Lestodiplosis , it may be synonymous with an earlier described species. One larva was observed feeding on a larva of D. urticae , which confirms this association. Laxey, Baldhoon Rd., feeding on Dasineura urticae larva, 03.09.2001, [FDB IOM-0124], 1 larva, plus prey larva; on nettle foliage, [FDB IOM-0126], 1 larva; 26.08.2001, [FDB IOM-0125], 2 larvae; on nettle leaf, 18.08.2001, [FDB IOM- 0121] , 2 pupae. Lestodiplosis spp. ( raphani gp.). Laxey, Baldhoon Rd., yellow pan water trap, 10- 11.01.1 998, [FDB 00-248], one male. This is an unusually early date for an adult Lestodiplosis. So far as is known, most species overwinter as larvae and adults emerge in the following spring. Laxey, Baldhoon Rd., caught on laboratory bench, 02.07.2002, [FDB IOM-142], one female. This is probably sp. A ( raphani gp.) recorded by Cole & Harris (2002) from oak in Wytham Wood, Oxford. Douglas, Harris Terrace, on Tilia leaf, 27.06.2001, [FDB IOM-01 15], one larva. A number of other specimens of Lestodiplosis were collected, mostly belonging to the Lestodiplosis trifolii species group, and have been retained for further study. These include: Douglas, from cocoons on twigs of sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus L., 31.03.1999, [FDB 00-242], 3 females; under bark of dead rowan, Sorbus aucuparia L., with aphid mummies, 31.05.2000, [FDB], one larva; preying on caterpillar of Caloptilia syringella (Fabricius) in leaf mine on ash, Fraxinus excelsior L., 13.09.2000, [FDB], one larva. Ramsey, from colony of Eulecanium tiliae on elm, 4.03.2001, [FDB IOM-0101], 1 female; with Eulecanium and Pulvinaria on Ribes, 24.05.2002, adult emerged 04.06.2002, [FDB IOM-146J, 1 female; Grove Museum, with Aulacaspis rosae on rose, 21.04.2001, [FDB IOM-145], 1 male. Lezayre, from colony of Chionaspis sal ids on willow, 11.03.2001, adult emerged 23.03.2001, [FDB IOM 0102], 1 male. Laxey, larva on hawthorn leaf, 12.06.2001, [FDB IOM-0113], 1 female. * Mamaevici vysineki Skuhrava. This is a new British record of a European species first described from Czechoslovakia and later recorded from Poland, Germany and the USSR (Skuhrava, 1986). All records are of caught specimens and the biology of the species is unknown. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, in water trap, 16-17.05.1999, [FDB 00-253], male 20048, to be deposited in the NHM. GALL MIDGES FROM THE ISLE OF MAN 115 * Mycodiplosis sphaerothecae (Riibsaamen). This mycophagous species has been recorded on many occasions on powdery mildews (Sphaerotheca, Erysiphe, Microsphaera etc.) in Germany (Holz, 1970) and has also been recorded from the Netherlands. It is probably widespread and abundant throughout the British Isles but this is the first published record. Laxey, Baldhoon Road, larvae with mildew on black currant leaves, 05.07.2000, and 19.08.2002, [FDB IOM-150J. Slide no. 20123 (3 larvae) to be deposited in the NHM. * Mycodiplosis pucciniae (Riibsaamen). This is a second mycophagous species for which there is no previous published record in the British Isles. In Germany it has been recorded frequently on rust fungi ( Melampsora and Puccinia) (Holz, 1970) and it has also been recorded from Latvia and Russia. Groudle Glen, larvae on Almis leaves infected by fungus, 29.09.2002, [FDB IOM-155]. Slide 20122 (4 larvae) to be deposited in NHM. Adults of one or more additional species of Mycodiplosis were caught at Laxey in a yellow pan water trap on two occasions, 9-10.09. 1997, [FDB 00-247]; 28-29.08. 1999, [FDB 00-254] but the species have not been identified. References Allen, D.E., 1952. A contribution towards a list of Manx plant galls. Peregrine 2(1): 3-4. Barnes, H.F., 1928. British gall midges. II. Lestodiplosis Kieffer. The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 64: 68-75 and 142-148. Chandler, P., 1998. Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series), Part I: Diptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 12: xix + 1-234. Cole, L.R. & Harris, K.M., 2002. Lestodiplosis spp. (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) predaceous on larvae of Lepidoptera and other insects on oaks ( Quercus robur L.) in southern England. The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 138: 1-10. Garrad, L.S., 1976. Recent research on Manx Wildlife, 1964-74. Proceedings of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 8: 71-80. Holz, B., 1970. Revision in Mitteleuropa vorkommender mycophager Gallmucken der Mycodiplosis-Gmppe (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) unter Beriicksichtigung ihrer Wirtsspezifitat., Universitat Stuttgart, 238 pp. Jaschhof, M., 1998. Revision der “Lestremiinae” (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) dere Holarktis. Studio Dipterologica, Supplement 4: 1 -552. Skuhrava, M.. 1986. Family Cecidomyiidae. Pages 72-297 in Soos, A & Papp, L., Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera: Sciaridae -Cecidomyiidae. Vol. 4, Akademiai Kiado. Budapest. O’Connor, J.P, 1996. New gall (Insecta & Acari) records from the Isle of Man. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 108: 203-205. O'Connor, J.P. & O'Connor, M.A., 1999. Further gall (Insecta & Acari) records from the Isle of Man. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 111: 149-150. 116 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. VOL. 115 25. v. 2003 Discovery of a new site for the White-mantled Wainscot Archanara neurica (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Suffolk The Suffolk Moth Group (SMG) and Suffolk Branch of Butterfly Conservation (SBBC) in recent years have been carrying out surveys to bring up to date records the records of White-mantled Wainscot Archanara neurica at known sites. In addition to monitoring work carried out at known locations, the SMG held a meeting at Benacre Broad in 2002 to determine if the species was present at this site. The site seemed a likely place for the species to occur as the preferred habitat of dry reed-beds was present in this area of extensive reed-beds. Lights were operated at the inland end of the broad covering the drier areas of the reed-bed; two examples of A. neurica were recorded during the evening. This would appear to be a new location for the species, extending its known northerly range within the county. The following is a summary of recent records for A. neurica that are held in the Suffolk county moth record database. Site Date Reeorder(s) OS Grid reference Benacre Broad 2nd Aug 2002 SMG TM5 1 82 Walberswick 3rd Aug 2001 SMG TM4873 Westwood Marshes 27th Jul 2001 SMG TM4772 Dunwich 1996 Rafe Eley TM4770 Dunwich Heath 1 1 th Aug 2000 SMG TM4767 Minsmere 1 1 th Aug 2001 SBBC TM4767 Minsmere 29th Jul 2000 SMG TM4666 Minsmere 25th Jul 1997 John Chainey TM4667 Darsham Marshes 3rd Aug 1990 Arthur Watchman TM4268 North Warren. Thorpeness 26th Jul 2002 SMG TM4659 The known range of the moth in the county runs from Thorpeness in the south to Benacre Broad in the north and it has been recorded from all the major coastal reed- beds between Thorpeness and Walberswick. Between Walberswick and Benacre Broad lie further reed-beds, but these have not yet been surveyed by the SMG or SBBC. If anyone has any records for these areas I would be grateful to receive them. The record for Darsham Marshes is interesting as it is more than six kilometres inland from the nearest known site on the coast and is not in an area containing extensive reed-beds. This is the only inland record that we have for the species despite this being a relatively well-recorded area of the county- Tony Prichard, 3 Powling Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP3 9JR (E-mail : tony.prichard@btinternet.com). NOTES 117 Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) breeding on Viburnum tinus On 16 September 2000, I observed some foliar damage to a Viburnum tinus, an evergreen shrub often known as Laurustinus, growing in a town garden at Pershore, Worcestershire (OS grid reference SO 94), and noted six static examples of Pyrrhalta viburni on it. The evidence strongly suggested that the shrub was a host-plant of P. viburni. This was confirmed on 3 June 2001, when 42 mature larvae of P. viburni were counted on the leaves. I had assumed during 2000 that this instance of utilisation of V. tinus by P. viburni was novel, but this may not have been so; a reference in The Garden (127(6):483) during 2002 implies that this may have been part of a wider trend in English gardens. The damage caused by the larvae was noticeable, and consisted of extensive series of “shot-holes” and some larger perforations, with skeletonisation of the leaf apparent for some distance around the actual perforations. The damage is persistent and would be regarded by most people as unsightly, the damaged areas becoming discoloured during the growing season. Damage also occurred to leaves prior to their unfolding, so that the visible effects were later compounded. The larvae generally remain concealed on the leaf undersides, and damage to the plant, measuring 2m x lm, during 2002 was such that its vigour was rather reduced. This observation raises a number of interesting questions. Host plants of P. viburni are usually given exclusively as either Guelder Rose Viburnum opulus or Wayfaring Tree Viburnum lantana. It may also occur on the Snowball Tree Viburnum opulus “Roseum,” a sterile plant of cultivation, since Warchalowski (1994, Chrysomelidae 4, Fauna Polski 16) refers to this as a host plant. There is no difficulty in explaining the arrival of P. viburni on the V. tinus, since examples have been observed in flight over Pershore town (Whitehead, pers. obs.) and V. opulus is a characteristic plant of local ancient woodlands. Viburnum tinus is a sclerophyllous shrub of up to 3.5m in height, but often no more than 1.5m in its native woodlands around the fringes of the Mediterranean Sea-basin. Warchalowski (op. cit.) mapped the European range of P. viburni, which overlaps with that of V. tinus in the French Maritime Alps; the beetle-plant association seems not to have been recorded there. According to Loudon (1844, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 2, Longman Brown Green & Longmans, 1256 pp.) Viburnum tinus was introduced into Britain as an ornamental plant in 1596, so there has been plenty of time for the association to develop here. At the present time, I have not been able to find other examples of this beetle-plant association in the immediate area, although when the original host-plant was dug out during January 2003, an example of the cultivated Viburnum tinus “Gwenllian” planted during 2001 and some 4m distant, also revealed evidence of leaf damage caused by larval P. viburni. Viburnum tinus is increasingly seen as a naturalised plant in England (Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (eds.) 2002, New atlas of the British and Irish flora. Oxford, 910 pp.), which may also bulk up rapidly by layering, so that the opportunity exists for this association to develop yet more widely. 118 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. VOL. 115 25.V.2003 The difference in leaf texture and structure between V. opulus and V. tin us is substantial and one wonders whether the ability of the larvae to succeed in this way will result in particular structural adaptations to them. Finally, a matter which may perhaps have been overlooked. Pyrrhalta Joannis, 1866 is closely related to Galerucella Crotch, 1873, some of which are Salix- associated; in most checklists they are placed consecutively. In terms of molecular phylogeny Caprifoliaceae is apparently far removed from Salicaceae, yet Viburnum may contain Salicin (Trease, G.E. & Evans, W.C., 1972. Pharmacognosy. Balliere Tindall, London, viii, 794 pp.), which may have some bearing on the utilisation of Viburnum by P. viburni - P. F. Whitehead, Moor Leys, Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcestershire WR10 3EH (E-mail: paul@moorleys.freeserve.co.uk). A December record of Wesmaelius subnebiilosus (Stephens) (Neur.: Hemerobiidae) in Hertfordshire It was unseasonably mild on 22 December, 2002, with temperatures exceeding 15°C (59°F). In the morning we observed a Peacock butterfly Inachis io flying in Tewin churchyard, in central Hertfordshire. The mild weather was further evidenced by our moth catch that evening which included in excess of 100 Winter Moths Operophtera brumata, two Satellites Eupsilia transversa, and a Pale Brindled Beauty Apocheima pilosaria, a species not normally seen here before February. Most unusual, however, was an active specimen of the brown lacewing Wesmaelius subnebiilosus. Our records for Digswell show that adults appear in early spring, peak in late July through August, and occur continually into late autumn. The previous latest record we have is 16 October. Plant (1994. Provisional atlas of the lacewings and allied insects (Nenroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera and Mecoptera ) of Britain and Ireland), notes that ‘This species has a long season occurring from late March to early November, but with a definite peak in July and August” and there are no literature references of this species overwintering as an adult. However, at a later date Plant (2001. London Naturalist 80 ( Suppl .): 159-167) records a single (live) adult female inside a curled plane tree leaf caught up in a shrubbery in Buckingham Palace Garden, central London, on 2 1 February 2000 and notes that this appeared to be the first record of this species over-wintering as an adult in Britain. Our own December record fuels the debate as to whether or not small numbers of this species hibernate in the adult phase. Large, curled leaves, caught up in bushes, where they are relatively protected from the frost and certainly protected from waterlogging, are the “natural” hibernation sites of the common green lacewing Chrysoperla earned and its segregate siblings (Colin Plant, pers. comm.) and so it is no surprise that this is where the first example of an overwintering Wesmaelius subnebiilosus was found by Colin. Perhaps careful searching of this micro-habitat may reveal more over-wintering insects?- Tom and Janet Gladwin, 99 Warren Way, Digswell, Welwyn, Hertfordshire AL6 0DL. EPICHORISTODES ACERBELLA IN GREAT BRITAIN I 19 EPICHORISTODES ACERBELLA (WALKER) (LEE: TORTRICIDAE). THE FIRST OCCURRENCE OF A WILD-CAUGHT MOTH IN GREAT BRITAIN 1 Steven Nash and : Martin Corley ‘23 Henley Drive, Highworth, Wiltshire SN6 7JU. Puckett y Farm Cottage, Faringdon, Oxfordshire SN7 8JP. Abstract The first capture of a wild-caught adult of Epichoristodes acerbella (Walker) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Britain is reported. The occurrence is discussed and some hints for recognising the species are given. Introduction On the morning of 26 July 2002, whilst sorting through the contents of the Robinson m.v. trap in his parents’ garden in Fernham, Oxfordshire (within that part of the county which falls into Vice-county 22: Berkshire), the first author found a male of an unfamiliar looking tortricid resting on the wall near the trap. The moth was later photographed, and a copy of the image loaded to the files area of the UK Moths e-group forum for comment. The only suggestion forthcoming was that it could be an ochreous form of Acleris rufana D. & S., however its normal foodplant ( Myrica gale) is not found in the north-west part of VC 22, and the moth itself had not been recorded in the vice-county for over 100 years. With this in mind the specimen was set, and eventually passed to the second author for dissection. It was at once apparent that the moth was not an Acleris. It was evidently a member of the Archipini, but did not match any of the native or established alien species of the tribe. This led to consideration of the possibility that it might be either Homona menciana (Walker) or Epichoristodes acerbella (Walker). A drawing of the genitalia was sent to Kevin Tuck at the Natural History Museum, London. Kevin was quick to confirm that the moth was indeed Epichoristodes acerbella - the first occurrence of a wild-caught moth in the UK. The moth is illustrated in Plate A. However, the description that follows is based on 51 specimens in the Natural History Museum, London. Wingspan 16-26 mm. Male with head and anterior part of thorax ochreous to dark brown Forewing narrow, without costal fold, apex slightly falcate; ground colour yellowish or ochreous; base of costa sometimes dark brown, fasciate markings absent or reduced to an irregularly shaped dark brown tornal blotch, occasionally with a second spot, most specimens with scattered blackish scales on the forewing. Hindwing whitish grey. The adult moth is illustrated by Razowski (2002). Male genitalia are figured by Chambon (1999) and Razowski (2002). The aedeagus has a patch of small carinae externally, which readily distinguishes it from other Archipini found in the UK. Wc found no significant differences in markings between males and females except that a few females had scattered blackish scales on the forewing. The female genitalia are figured by Razowski (2002). 120 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 E. acerbella is a variable species. Specimens with yellow forewings usually have light coloured head and thorax; those with ochreous forewings have dark head and front of thorax, this colour extending to a variable extent along costa. The dark brown tornal blotch is frequently extended as a narrow streak along the dorsum, and in heavily marked specimens it can form an oblique partial fascia extending to nearly half way across the wing. Occasionally this is broken into two spots. A few specimens had a small spot in mid-wing at 5/6 wing length. Three specimens from Madagascar were only 13-17 mm wingspan, and were heavily marked, one specimen having a spot on the costa representing the costal end of the fascia. The Fernham specimen was unique among the material examined in having scattered blackish scales with no other dark markings. E. acerbella has been recorded previously from Britain as larvae intercepted at airports on flowers imported from Africa, particularly Dianthus from East Africa (Bradley et. al., 1973). Also reported on chincherinchees (Ornithogalum thyrsoides ) from South Africa (Pelham-Clinton, 1969). Razowski (2002) gives other plant genera as food plants: Chrysanthemum , Erigeron, Sonchus (Asteraceae), Medicago, Lupinus (Fabaceae), Capparis (Capparidaceae), Lycopersicon (Solanaceae), Rosa, Malus, Pyrus, Primus (Rosaceae) and Carex (Cyperaceae). In Africa it is recorded from South Africa, Angola, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Reunion and Madagascar. It occurs as an introduction in Southern Europe (Mediterranean parts of France, Spain and Italy), where it can become a pest of cultivated Dianthus and Chrysanthemum. Razowski (2002) also mentions that it occurs in greenhouses in Britain, Germany and Denmark. At present it is only possible to speculate on the origin of the Fernham moth. It is unlikely that it is breeding outdoors in Fernham. It could have come from discarded imported flowers obtained from a florist or as an escape from a greenhouse in which it is breeding. The British climate is probably not sufficiently warm for it to become established in the wild, but in view of the continued spread of other introduced tortricids, particularly Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), this possibility cannot be excluded. Acknowledgements We are most grateful to Kevin Tuck for confirming the identity of the Fernham moth, for assistance at the Natural History Museum and for valuable comments on the manuscript. References Bradley. J. D. Tremewan, W. G. & Smith, A., 1973. British tortricoid moths Volume 7. Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. Ray Society, London. Chambon, J.-R, 1999. Atlas des genitalia males des Lepidopteres Tortricidae de France et Belgique. INRA, Paris. Pelham-Clinton, E.C., 1969. Epichoristodes acerbella (Walker) (Lep., Tortricidae) imported alive into Britain. Entomologist's Gaz., 20: 72. Razowski, J., 2002. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) of Europe. Volume 1. Tortricinae and Chlidanotinae . Frantisek Slamka, Bratislava. EPICHORISTODES ACERBELLA IN GREAT BRITAIN 121 Plate A. Epichoristod.es cicerbella (Walker) (Lep.: Tortricidae) male, 26.vii.2002, Fernham, Berkshire (VC 22). Photograph: ©Steven Nash, 2003 Figure 1. Male genitalia of Epichoristodes ocerbella (Walker) (Lep.: Tortricidae), 26.vii.2002, Fernham. Berkshire (VC 22). Illustration: ©Martin Corley, 2003 122 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. v. 2003 SUBSCRIBER NOTICE “British leaf mining fauna” - a new web site describing the leaf miners found in Britain We are pleased to announce a new website which has the ultimate aim of picturing all the leaf mining species in Great Britain - Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. The site may be found at http:// www.leafmines.co.uk. The site has been assembled and funded by us and now contains images of over 200 leaf mining species. The Lepidoptera illustrated have up-to-date distribution maps - generated by Mapmate software, which utilises the data from the National Leaf Mining Lepidoptera Scheme (around 76,000 records). We realise that gaps in some areas of the country remain and we would encourage recorders to send their data in. We would also like to incorporate maps from other orders into the website and again would, encourage recorders to help us with this aim. The website is also available in CD form for a donation to cover costs (but please bear in mind we are not a professional organisation). Regular updates will be available either from the site or as a CD. For the future, we want you to help us now to further improve the site, by increasing the range and quality of images available. We particularly need photographs of fresh mines and larval stages of the miners. We would also like to replace the pictures of the preserved mines, which we have used in the construction of the site. We invite coleopterists, dipterists and hymenopterists to join this project, as we are predominantly lepidopterists and would welcome expertise in other orders. We look forward to hearing from you and we hope that our experience in assembling this site will encourage other to set up their own web sites as we can visibly demonstrate what six enthusiastic amateurs can achieve in a relatively short time span, with limited funding.- Barry Dickerson, 27 Andrew Road, Eynesbury, St Neots, Huntingdon, Cambs PE19 2QE (E-mail: BARRY@eynesbury27.freeserve.co.uk), Rob Edmunds, 32 Woodcote Green, Fleet, Hants GU51 4EY (E-mail: r.edmunds@ntlworld.com), Martin Ellis, 14 Great Ostry, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, BA4 5TT (E-mail: mjellis@tesco.net), Ian Kimber, 6 Bank Close, Littleborough, Lancashire OL15 ODP (E-mail: ian@ukmoths.force9.co.uk), David Manning, 27 Glebe Rise, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK.44 1JB (E-mail: dvmanning36@hotmail.com) and Paul Talbot, 133 Park Road, Elland, West Yorkshire HX5 9H7 (E-mail: paulinvc63@ blueyonder.co.uk). NOTES 123 Parasitoids Homolobus annulicornis (Nees) (Hym.: Braconidae) and Eumea linearicomis (Zetterstedt) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) reared from larvae of the White- spotted Pinion moth Cosmia diffinis (L) (Lep.: Noctuidae), with notes on habitat of the host Three larvae of the White-spotted Pinion moth Cosmia diffinis (L.) were found during searches in 2002 as part of Butterfly Conservation's Action for Threatened Moths project. All three were collected for rearing. Two out of the three produced parasitoids. The details are as follows: One larva of the White-spotted Pinion, in its black-headed penultimate instar, was found by the author at Overhall Grove, Cambridgeshire (OS grid reference TL 332627) on 26 May 2002. Plate B shows the habitat in which the larva was found. The arrow marks the exact spot of the larval spinning, which was just above head height and several trees into a stand of tall but relatively immature Small-leaved Elms Ulmus minor minor. The larva was collected for rearing and kept in a large plastic box in an unheated garage. During the rearing attempt it was noted that the larva emerged from its original leaf shelter to feed at night and returned to it to moult, entering its final instar on 30/31 May. In the final instar the head is reddish brown. By 3 June, the larva was becoming translucent with its dorsal heart visible and it had spun a light cocoon between an elm leaf and the paper lining the floor of the box by 7 June. On 25 June, a single red parasitoid wasp emerged and was active in the box. The wasp remained alive in the box until natural death on 28 June. The cocoon of the moth was then opened and inside was found the single, white, ovoid cocoon of dense silk spun by the wasp larva beside the head capsule and dried skin of the host (Plate C). The wasp was subsequently identified by Dr Mark Shaw, of the National Museums of Scotland, as a male Homolobus annulicornis (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Homolobinae). Dr Shaw reports that this wasp, which has been misidentified as H. testaceator in British literature, is widespread but rather rare in Britain. It has been recorded from the larvae of various noctuid moths including the Lead-coloured Drab Orthosia populeti (Fabr.), the Dingy Shears Parastichtis ypsillon (D. & S.) and the Double Square-spot Xestia triangulum (Hufn.), which are not particularly closely related taxonomically, nor in behaviour. Homolobus annulicornis is the second species of parasitic wasp recorded from larvae of the White-spotted Pinion during the present study, the first being Meteorus gyrator (Thunberg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Meteorinae) (see Waring 2001). Two White-spotted pinion larvae were found at Duck End Farm, Park Lane, Dry Drayton, Cambridgeshire (TL 383619) on 3 June 2002, during one hour of searching for spun leaves, by Ruth Edwards, the owner of the site, and by the author. We each found one spinning, the first after 23 minutes of search and the second within three metres of the first, five minutes later. Both larvae were in the final instar, about 25mm in length with reddish heads. Plate D shows Ruth with her right hand on the exact position in the foliage in which she found her spinning. Both larvae were found in similar positions, at shoulder-height on the outer foliage of a shelter-belt of tall Small-leaved Elms. This is confirmation that breeding occurs 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 Plate B. Cosmia diffinis breeding site. Overhall Grove, Cambridgeshire, 26 May 2002. Arrow shows position of larval spinning. Plate C. Homolobus annulicornis with cocoon and remains of host Cosmia diffinis larva. NOTES 125 Plate D. Cosmia diffinis breeding site. Duck End Farm, Dry Drayton, Cambridgeshire, 3 June 2002. The position of the larval spinning is by Ruth Edwards' right hand. Plate E. Eumea linearicornis. Two with puparia, and remains of host C. diffinis larva. 126 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. v. 2003 on the outside, as well as within, shelterbelts (as in Waring, Ent. Rec. 113: 135-138) and deep in woodland (see Waring, Ent. Rec. 114: 115-117). Both of these references include photographs of the habitat for comparison. One of the larvae collected at Duck End Farm in 2002 pupated successfully and produced a male White-spotted Pinion. The other produced two fly larvae which emerged from the moth caterpillar just before it was about to pupate, on 7 or 8 June 2002 (Plate E). The adult flies emerged from the puparia on 23 and 25 June and remained alive in the rearing box until natural death on 28 June. The box was kept in an unheated room throughout. The flies were identified by John Chainey of the Natural History Museum, London, as Eumea linearicornis (Zett.) (Tachinidae), the same species as previously identified by Nigel Wyatt, from a White-spotted Pinion larva collected at Boxworth, Cambridgeshire, 4km away, in May 2000 (Waring, Ent. Rec. 113: 135- 138). This fly is a widespread species in southern Britain north to the Midlands and Wales. It has also been recorded from the Lunar-spotted Pinion Cosmia pyralina (D. & S.) as well as a number of other noctuid moths and from some tortricoids and pyralids. Of the seven larvae of the White-spotted Pinion found between 2000 and 2002, from three sites, four have proved to be parasitised and three species of parasites are involved. The author wishes to thank all the above named for their help with these observations, which took place as part of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan project on this moth, administered by Butterfly Conservation as part of the Action for Threatened Moths project , part-funded by English Nature.- Paul Waring, 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 6LS. On the doubtful Moray record of Lepyrus capucinus (Schaller) (Col.: Curculionidae) Prof. M. G. Morris (2002. True Weevils 1 : 72) mentions a putative record from Moray given by Hyman & Parsons ( 1992. A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain Part I. UK Nature Conservation, number 3. JNCC), of this species - one of our very rarest weevils. As the record was due to me, some explanation is called for. Its basis is a letter from the late Philip Harwood in 1947, mentioning the locality as “Boat of Garten” (pine woods beside Loch Garten, Morayshire). I was unable to locate the insect in Harwood’s collection in later years; if not still there, it is probably in the Oxford University Museum General Collection of British Coleoptera. The Berkshire specimen was found “floating in an open tank” at Wellington College, near Bracknell, 3 1 .iii . 1 897 (L. M. Bucknill, 1897, Ent. mon. Mag. 33: 141).- A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, London SE7 8QG. STURMIA BELLA 127 STURMIA BELLA (MEIGEN) (DIPT.: TACHINIDAE) AND THE STRAND THAT IS NOT SIEK 'Eligiusz Baumgart, 1 2 Donald L J. Quicke, and 'Mark R. Shaw 1 Department of Biological Sciences. Imperial College of Science, Technology aiul Medicine. Silwood Park. Ascot. Berkshire SL5 7PY. ' Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD. ‘ Department of Geology N Zoology, National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH / IJF. Abstract Tests conducted on strands left hanging from Lepidoptera pupae from which larvae of the parasitoid tachinid fly Sturmia bellci have egressed show that this substance is best regarded as mucous containing glycoproteins, and that it should not be referred to as silk. Introduction The tachinid fly Sturmia bella (Meigen), which is an internal parasitoid especially of vanessine nyphalid butterflies, is widespread and often common in continental Europe. Since it was first recorded as British (Ford et al., 2000) it has been found in a wide span of counties in the southern half of England and has been reared several times (Rowell, 2001; Raper - Tachinid Recording Scheme website at http:// tachinidae.org.uk). It parasitises the larval stage of its host, but the usually solitary parasitoid larva does not kill the host until the latter has pupated, whereupon the fully fed S. bella larva vacates the host pupa to pupariate elsewhere. Pupae of vanessines are usually formed hanging above ground, and as the S. bella larva drops from its host pupa it leaves a strand, apparently an “escape line”, attached to the host pupa (Rowell, 2001 and Plate F). It seems likely that the parasitoid larva lets itself down gently by this means, though we are not aware of precise observations having been made and nor is it clear whether the strand is of host or parasitoid origin. However, several people (in litt.) who have reared S. bella have remarked on it, sometimes referring to it as a silk-like thread or even as silk. Silk is a fairly general term for particular forms of large structural proteins that include a number of chemically different types (fibroins, collagen-type and alpha- helical: Rudall & Kenchington, 1971). However, they all have in common that they are large molecules with molecular weights of ca. 50 kda but often polymerised further to 200-300kda (1 da is approximately the mass of a hydrogen atom) composed largely of repeated motifs of short side-chain amino acids, and are durable and very difficult to dissolve (as might be expected, given their biological functions). Indeed, dissolution of silks requires special chaotrophic solvents (which prevent reaggregation of incompletely denatured proteins) such as calcium chloride in ethanol at low temperature (Ayub et al., 1993), calcium nitrate in methanol (Mathur, 1997) or N-methyl morpholine N-oxidc (Freddi et al., 1999). In order to clarify the nature of the material concerned, and to provide an appropriate descriptive term for it, we have conducted limited investigations on the strand from one of the parasitised pupae of Aglais urticae (L.) kindly provided by John Rowell (see Rowell, 2001 and Plate F). 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25. v. 2003 Plate F. Artificially suspended Aglais urticae pupae, two of which have produced larvae of Sturmia bella leaving characteristic proteinaceous strands. Results and discussion In the present study samples of the strand dissolved completely in a 5% aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at 40°C overnight (ca 12 hours). This demonstrated clearly that the strand certainly does not contain silk. The strand stained permanently and intensely with Coomassie Blue R-250, demonstrating that it is protinaceous, and absorbtion of the solution in 5% SDS onto Hybond P, followed by standard periodic acid-Schiff staining, gave a very weak positive reaction, suggesting that at least some glycoprotein was present, but perhaps as a low proportion of the total protein. We conclude that the material is probably mostly composed of low molecular weight proteins containing some glycoprotein, and that high molecular weight proteins such as silks are certainly absent. As silk formation by Tachinidae has not (as far as we know) been found to occur elsewhere, and it would be wrong to furnish literature statements erroneously implying its presence, it is to be hoped that people will now refrain from referring to the structure associated with S. bella as “silk” (or even as a “thread”, as this might be taken to imply silk) and instead refer to it as a proteinaceous strand. STURMIA BELLA 129 Acknowledgements We are grateful to John Rowell for providing the material we studied, and also for permission to publish his photograph as Plate F. References Ayub, Z. H., Arai, M. & Hirabayashi, K., 1993. Mechanism of the gelation of fibroin solution. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 57: 1910-1912. Ford, T. H., Shaw, M. R., & Robertson, D. M., 2000. Further host records of some West Palaearctic Tachinidae (Diptera). Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 112: 25-36. Freddi, G., Pessina, G. & Tsukada, M., 1999. Swelling and dissolution of silk fibroin (. Bombyx mori ) in N-methyl morpholine N-oxide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 24: 251-263. Mathur, A. B., 19 v/. The dissolution and characterisation of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in calcium nitrate methanol solution and regeneration of films. Biopolymers 42: 61-74. Rowell, J., 2001. Small tortoiseshells attacked by parasites. Hampshire and Isle of Wight Butte/fly and Moth Report 2001: 16-19. Rudall, K. M. & Kenchington, W., 1971. Arthropod silks: the problem of fibrous proteins in animal tissues. Annual Review of Entomology 16: 73-96. Five micro-moth species new to Glamorgan During 2002, a number of moth species were recorded new to Glamorgan (VC 41). The author was responsible for the capture and identification of five of these. On 4 May, I netted a number of micro-moths flying in strong sunshine in an abandoned quarry fringed with oaks within Clyne Wood, between Swansea and Gower. Amongst them were several fresh, strikingly-marked examples of Lobesia reliquana (Hb.). A second tortricid species, Ancylis uncella (D. & S.), was disturbed in numbers from birch trees growing amongst heather on Kilvey Hill, on the eastern side of Swansea, a week later on 12 May. On 31 May, while awaiting the arrival of other members of the Glamorgan Moth Recording Group for a field event, VC 41 recorder Barry Stewart and myself swept several moths from rough grassland on Hirwaun Common, between Hirwaun and Treherbert in the north of the county. Among these were the distinctive yellow females of Elachistci subalbidella Schlager, a species that will probably prove to be common and widespread in upland areas of the county. On 20. August, I visited Cwmllwyd Woods, a nature reserve between Swansea and Gower, to assist my girlfriend in collecting moss samples for her degree dissertation project. Purely out of habit, I took a net with me and as we left the site at dusk, had the luck to net a moth that proved to be Elachista bisulcella (Duponchel). A week later, on 26 August at Afan Argoed Country Park north of Port Talbot, 1 swept a specimen of Phaulernis fulviguttella (Zeller) from an urnbellifer flower-head. According to the burgeoning data-set held by Barry Stewart and the GMRG, none of these apparently widely- distributed species had previously been recorded from Glamorgan - Martin J. White, 58 Victoria Quay, Maritime Quarter, Swansea, SA1 3XG. 130 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25. v. 2003“ The continuing spread of Phyllonorycter platani (Staudinger) (Lep: Gracillariidae) — a first record for VC12 Ever since Maitland Emmet discovered the first British example of this distinctive leaf-mining species in central London in October 1990 ( Ent . Rec, 103: 1), it has continued to spread though the Home Counties and into the West Country and East Anglia. The annual Microlepidoptera Reviews in this journal record the course of its invasion. It had been found in 1991 in the neighbouring vice-counties of Surrey (VC 17) and Berkshire (VC 22). In South Hampshire (VC 11) it was discovered in Southampton in 1998. It was only a matter of time before it was located in VC 12 and 1 am pleased to report its discovery here on 22 September 2002 at Farnborough (OS grid reference SU 866553), which I assume is the first record for this Vice-County. Parking under some plane trees at the local DIY superstore I happened to glance up and see examples of these large and distinctive mines. I then searched the plane trees along the main high street in Fleet and was pleased to find found further examples on 22 September. These had not been there the previous year. I have since found further mines in plane trees around the centre of Farnborough and on a plane tree in a park in Fleet. The most unusual location for this miner was on an isolated tree in the middle of a spiral ramp leading to a multi-storey car park in Fleet. In fact car parks, such as this, may be a good starting point for locating this species. On 29 September, I was parked on level five in such a car park in the centre of Southampton and saw a plane tree outside - closer examination proved it to hold mines of Phyllonorycter platani\ - Rob Edmunds, 32 Woodcote Green, Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hampshire GU51 4EY (E-mail: r.edmunds@ntlworld.com). Two new Irish moths During a brief visit to stay with relatives in south Belfast, Co. Antrim (VC 39, O.S. grid reference J 334370), we were able to run our “Skinner” moth trap in their back garden on each of the three nights. Apart from the more expected species the first of these nights, 1 June 2002, produced an Azalea Leaf Miner Caloptilio azaleella (Brants). This was followed the next night by a male Swammerdamia compunctella (Herrich-Schaffer), confirmed by genital analysis (Dr John Langmaid). In each case the record constitutes the first for the species in Ireland (Ken Bond pers. comm.). - J. B. Higgott and C. A. Mackie, 42 Valleyview Drive, Rushmere St. Andrew, Suffolk IP4 5UW. SIX MOTHS NEW TO BULGARIA 131 A WEEK S MOTHING IN BULGARIA, WITH SIX SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA NEW TO THE BULGARIAN FAUNA 'Colin W. Plant, :Duncan Fraser and 'Lance Gorman '14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. ( E-mail: coHmvplant@ntlworld.com) ' 123 The Street, Capel, Dorking, Surrey RH5 5JX. '2 School House, Alston, near Longridge, Preston PR3 3BJ. Abstract Moths (Lepidoptera) were surveyed at six sites in south-wesl Bulgaria during the period 22 - 27 May 2002. A total of 265 species was identified and a further six are recorded but as yet un- named. Six of the total - Protasis punctella (Costa) (Oecophoridae), Coleophora valesianella Zeller (Coleophoridae), Cnephasia atticolana (H.-S.), Sciota adelphella (F. v. R.) and Lymphia chalybella (Eversmann) (both Pyralidae) and Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (D.&S.) appear to be new to the Bulgarian fauna. One further species, the geometrid Dyscia conspersaria (D.& S.) may be new to the Bulgarian fauna if it is shown to be distinct from Dyscia sicanaria (Oberthiir), which was also taken. Details of all species recorded are presented and an anecdotal account of the survey and associated activities is given. Why Bulgaria? Back in the mists of time, before Winston Churchill's “Iron Curtain” came crashing down, CWP had sent a copy of his London butterfly book (Plant, 1987) to Bulgarian entomologist Stanislav Abadjiev, in Sofia. Later, and with some occasional interchange in the intervening years, this was reciprocated with a copy of Stanislav’s Bulgarian butterfly atlas (Abadjiev, 2001) being received by CWP. Then, towards the end of 2001, Dr Abadjiev found himself visiting London for a short while to carry out research on the collections at the Natural History Museum and, predictably, spent a weekend as a guest of CWP. The inevitable question - “why don't you come and visit Bulgaria?” was raised and. never being one to miss an opportunity, the invitation was accepted. After all, Torben Larsen had referred to the place as “... something of an entomological paradise” after his visit in 1976 (Larsen, 1992), whilst Barry Goater's account of two weeks mothing in Bulgaria with Stoyan Beshkov during mid- September 1995 (Goater, 1996 - to say nothing of the verbal report) was tantalizing to say the least, although it was not expected that there would be anywhere near as many moths in the spring as there was in the early autumn. How wrong we were! Getting there We knew from experience that Budapest is a mere 19 hours drive away from Bishops Stortford (assuming no more than 15 minutes delay at the Channel Tunnel). It is also motorway all the way, barring the three miles from CWP’s house to the M. 1 1 (and the occasional wrong turning that takes one into Frankfurt city centre during morning rush hour!). From Budapest, there is first motorway and then dual carriageway all the way to the Romanian border at Naglac. However, we also knew from experience that the roads in Romania were of a quality some way below motorway standard ... those in Bulgaria, we were promised, were even worse. Nevertheless, we calculated that 132 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 with three drivers we ought to be able to reach the Bulgarian capital Sofia after 36 hours of continuous driving, subject to any delays that might be experienced at the ferry across the Danube, which forms the border between Romania and Bulgaria at Calafat/Vidin. This was not as bad as it at first sounds. We did go in a camper van, and so even with all the generators and traps at least one person was able to sleep whilst one drove and the third acted as navigator. Thus, we were theoretically able to drive there non-stop, pausing only for the odd meal and to carry out essential natural functions. There was a delay, a very long one, at the Calafat-Vidin ferry, and we did get somewhat lost as we tried to find our way off the orbital motorway and into the outskirts of Sofia, but when all this was taken into account the journey actually took just 39 hours of driving. For those intending to follow in our footsteps, there are a few pointers to consider. First, try to get through the Rhine Valley area of Germany at a time the does not involve the morning or evening rush hour or your progress will be reduced from a possible 120mph to around 20mph. We were also careful, on the basis of experience, to ensure that the journey across Romania was entirely accomplished during the hours of darkness. There are no ring roads, and the route passes through some busy town centres. Road signs are poor, opportunities for turning around are few and nobody speaks English. Western tourists are a rarity, a target for thieves and hold curiosity value for others. Travel by night allows one to actually stop in the town centre, read the road sign, reverse at major junctions and take the correct turning! It also avoids the countless beggars that are a feature of this very poor country and the policemen (both genuine and bogus) who issue on-the-spot fines for alleged speeding - even if you weren’t. Indeed, one of the most useful things we took with us was a radar detector - so we knew that we were not speeding. CWP will be pleased to give more detailed advice to anyone who intends to travel this route. The moths It had not been an intention to collect moths en route. However, midnight found us on the Hungarian - Romanian border and with the prospect of no overnight garages for the next 300 miles we decided to fill up the van and the Jerry cans in Hungary. However, our attention was soon distracted. Almost immediately, whilst CWP pumped the fuel DF boxed half a dozen species attracted to the forecourt lights. A huge, freshly emerged female Reed Leopard Phragmataecia castanea (Hb.), its abdomen distended with eggs, fluttered around the digital display on the petrol pump, a male Fox Moth Macrothylacia rubi investigated the lead-free petrol vapour at the pump nozzle whilst Water Ermines Spilosoma urticae (Esper) formed a reasonable proportion of the “splats” on the forecourt itself. Clearly it was going to be a good trip. Our next moth stop was at the Bulgarian Customs and Immigration kiosk. There are some 2,860 species of Lepidoptera in Bulgaria (Hubenov, et al, 1998); trapped between the glass window of the kiosk and a paper notice taped to it was number one ...a dead, but good condition, Prodotis stolida. We cannot profess to know exactly what it was that the Bulgarian Customs official said - but he did get the moth for us! SIX MOTHS NEW TO BULGARIA 133 Our time proper in Bulgaria occupied six nights, during which we were guided, and accompanied, by Bulgaria’s primary expert on butterflies, Stanislav Abadjiev and, forpart of the time, by Bulgarian Noctuidae expert Stoyan Beshkov and his dog Lisa! Night one, 22 May 2002, saw us at the edge of a beech Forest on upland calcareous grassland near Studen Kladenets, in the Osogovo Mountains, (42°. 13’. 6” N: 22°. 39'. 36” E), at around 1338 metres above sea level. We set up a vertical sheet at the edge of the woodland, and two skinner traps, one to each side at 100 metres distant. Almost immediately, the sheet started to attract a green moth that we took to be one of the European species of forester ( Adscita sp.). Realising that our chances of performing an accurate field identification were slim, we boxed half a dozen for later examination. It was not until much later that it dawned upon us that these were not foresters at all, but were in fact a species of phycitine pyralid. The bright green colour caused much confusion (most books illustrate faded museum specimens) and it was eventually identified by CWP as Lymphia chalybella, using the genitalia drawings in Slamka (1997). The identity was confirmed for us by Mike Shaffer at the Natural History Museum and the species is new to the Bulgarian fauna. The most numerous species, both in the traps and at the sheet was Pachetra sagittigera , the Feathered Ear, a species now almost certainly extinct in Britain and last positively identified here on the North Downs in 1963. It is interesting to discover just how many of Britain’s extreme rarities are actually still very common in suitable habitat across much of eastern Europe in particular, where the habitat destruction so characteristic of “the west” has not yet really kicked in. The large female of Minucia lunaris (Lunar Double-stripe) also put in an appearance at the sheet, as did several examples of the tiger moth Watsonarctia ccista ( = deserta)\ this is not a common species in Bulgaria. Finally, an example of Mythimna andereggii ssp. pseudocomma - something of a look-alike for Mythimna comma but not quite right - put in an appearance. Night two, on 23 May 2002, took us to what was, to the eye, the most interesting of all the sites that we visited; the moths were pretty good too, and the total of only 80 species noted reflects the early date of our visit. The village of Polska Skakavitsa is a totally isolated and somewhat dispersed settlement on the slopes of Mount Zemen at 42°. 24’. 36” N: 22°.40’.50”E, some 690 metres above sea level. Getting there was something of a challenge; fortunately, the camper van had evidently been a four- wheel drive in an earlier incarnation, though much of the time spent on site was spent wondering if we would ever get out again. Bee-eaters were the commonest bird on the way across the hillsides - or were there more Red-backed Shrikes? Zemen itself is a xerophilic, montane habitat and the vegetation is sparse and reminiscent of the garrigue. However, it is surrounded by broad-leaved, deciduous forests, which combine with the sparser areas to create a phenomenally varied biotope. We mounted a vertical sheet and ran four more lights up to 500 metres away - two standard aluminium Skinner traps and two wooden ALS Skinner-pattern traps; there was no discernible difference in the catches of the two types. Amongst the micros were two species - Protasis punctella and Coleophora valesianella - that are apparently new to the Bulgarian fauna. For this reason the identities were confirmed from slides of the 134 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 genitalia. This was the best site of the trip for plume moths (Pterophoridae) and the bag included Stenoptilia zophoclactylus , Capperia celeusi, Stangeia siceliota as well as our own Pterophorus pentadactyla. We are indebted to Cees Gielis for most kindly naming the Stenoptilia and the Capperia from CWP’s rather poor slides of the genitalia. Amongst the larger species there was also much interest. The lasiocampid Phyllodesma ilicifolia was fairly common as was the large Saturnia pyri , also known as the Southern Emperor. The Oak Hawk-moth Marumba quercus put in an appearance and this was the only site where we caught Pine Hawk Hyloicus pinastri. We later checked the genitalia of a male to make certain that it was not the morphologically identical H. maurorum, which replaces pinastri in much of southern Europe. Geometridae were numerous, and this was the only site where we found Synopsia sociaria, Peribatodes umbraria, the delicate green Chlorissa viridata , the wave Scopula incanata and Scotopteryx vicinaria, which looks a little like S. bipunctaria. A relative of our common Garden Carpet was Xanthorhoe oxybiata - though this is an altogether more attractive insect. I believe there has been a recent record of the notodontid Harpy ia milhauseri in Britain; it is common in Eastern Europe and we caught several here. Noctuids included Gonospileia triquetra , Cucullia tanaceti and Pseudoxestia apfelbecki (not closely related to Xestia in spite of its generic name). A good series of both Paradrina selini and P. clavipalpis was collected; although differences are evident in a well-mounted series in a cabinet it is unwise to name either species over there by any means other than male genitalia. Our third site, on the night of 24 May, was a damp grassland with plantations of poplar trees alongside the Skrino River at 42°. 12’. 18” N: 22°.5’5.56” E, approximately 430 metres above sea level. Here we were joined, at last, by Stoyan Beshkov and his dog Lisa - never a trip is made without her! After Lisa had given us a physical demonstration of the frailty of guy ropes and tent pegs, causing us to wonder if in fact the English method of a sheet on the ground might not after all be better than the vertically mounted European version, we settled down to catch moths. Two very freshly emerged Athetis pallustris were amongst the first to arrive, another species that seems to be in serious decline in Britain but which is doing quite nicely thank you elsewhere. Similar remarks apply to the Black-veined Siona lineata , a very common moth in calcareous grassland habitats in Hungary, parts of Romania and, now, here at Skrino; it is somewhat closer than a gnat’s whisker to extinction in England. Without wishing in any way to appear critical of the dedicated and extremely thorough efforts of our friend Paul Waring, one is tempted to question the usefulness of pouring money into conservation of species that may simply be at the edge of their geographical range in Britain. Such dynamism in relation to the application and use of conservation status has been discussed by, for example, Kuchlein & Ellis (1997), who also give other references. The arrival of Hadena luteago was of especial interest. Recent taxonomic revision (Hacker et al, 2002) has shown that H. luteago does not occur in Britain, and that what we know colloquially as Barrett's Marbled Coronet is in fact subspecies barrettii (Doubleday) of H. andalusica (Stdgr.). The opportunity to examine the eastern race of luteago was, therefore, particularly welcomed. Protodeltote pygarga, Copiphana olivina, SIX MOTHS NEW TO BULGARIA 135 Mythimna sicula and Spilosoma urticae were amongst other species recorded here but not seen at the other Bulgarian sites. The small green-coloured Earias vernana is similar to our own E. clorana, the Cream-bordered Green Pea, but has vague brown stripes across the forewings; we caught three examples. The much advertised Struma Valley (410.45\3r’ N: 23°.09’.29” E; 236 metres above sea level), within the larger entity of the Kresna Gorge, getting down towards the border with Macedonia, occupied our fourth night. The gorge is something to be seen, though in most places it is not really safe to stop and get the camera out. Inevitably, the picturesque, winding road through this internationally important limestone gorge is threatened by the desire of politicians to put a motorway through it - in a straight line; it is, they argue, the main route from Sofia to Greece. Struma is the moth “hot spot” of Bulgaria. There are more moths here than anywhere else in the country, with a list of 822 “macros” [yes, that is just the “macros”] (Beshkov, 2001) - which rather makes even the best of British sites pale into absolute and total insignificance. The list includes eight taxa that are endemic! The highest percentage of rare insect species in Bulgaria are found within the Neuroptera (27.4%) and the Trichoptera (18.0%) and most of these (20.3%) are found in the Kresna Gorge (Hubenov, et al, 1998). We were not disappointed. The highlight must surely have been the dozens of the Madder Hawk-moth Rethera komarovi , which presented themselves throughout the evening at the sheet. This is a striking green and yellow beast with silver stripes, about the size of a large Macroglossum stellatarum , that has only fairly recently become established in Europe - originating in the Iran/Iraq and Asian Turkey region. It was accompanied by Hyles vespertilio , H. euphorbiae, Sphinx ligustri, Laothoe populi, Smerinthus ocellata and Mimas tiliae , giving a site total of seven hawk-moth species on the one night. Indeed, we didn’t do too badly for sphingids overall, with a total of 1 1 species for the trip. The pyralid Sciota adelphella presented itself as a single, badly worn female. Fortunately, the female genitalia of this species are distinctive and so correct identification was possible; this is another species apparently new to the Bulgarian fauna. Other pyralids here included Melissoblaptes zelleri, Bradyrrhoa gilveolella and Platytes cerussella. The geometrid Glossotrophia confinaria took some tracking down as far as naming is concerned. Others were more readily recognised, and included Protorhoe unicata and Catarhoe permixtaria , amongst others. One member of the Notodontidae of especial note was Rhegmatophila alpina ssp. osmanci , of which we caught two. Acronicta orientalis was a new noctuid for all of us and both Pechipogo plumigeralis and Zanclognatha lunalis came in numbers for comparison. Clyde syriaca - the eastern European counterpart of C. illunaris , if in fact one believes they are different species - were also available for inspection. Several Emmelia trabealis, now extinct in Britain, were attracted, as were two Abrostola agnorista , a male and a female, confirmed from the aedeagus of the male. These are perhaps more easily confused with Abrostola triplasia (L.) - what we refer to as the Dark Spectacle - than with the other two species in Europe. Two over- wintered adults of the large grey noctuid Lithophane merckii were a pleasant addition to the list, though both were rather worn. The attractive Hadena albimacula was 136 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. VOL. 115 25.V.2003 common (another rarity in Britain). The Nolidae were represented by two species, Meganola gigantula and M. albula. The day-flying Amata phegea was frequent and larvae of Simyra nervosa were equally numerous. We also caught the geometrid Dyscia conspersaria , and this may be new to the Bulgarian fauna. Both this and Dyscia sicanaria (which we recorded as subspecies osmanica at Kozhuh Hill, below) are listed as separate species in the 1996 European Checklist (Karsholt & Razowski, 1993), but in the Geometridae volume of Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricde (Nestorova, 1998), which is not in any way a taxonomic review, the former is treated as a synonym of latter. Karsholt & Razowski {op. cit.) list only sicanaria for Bulgaria, so if conspersaria is indeed a validly separate species it may be new to this country. Sadly, our time in Struma was somewhat marred by the theft of LG’s bag from inside the tent, whilst he lay asleep next to it. A camera, a couple of hundred quid and several specimens of Syrphidae were amongst the lost items. There was also some ethyl acetate in a small whisky bottle; we regret to report that unkind thoughts involving the thief drinking from the bottle did indeed cross our minds! We wasted almost an entire day reporting the incident to the police, making statements and showing them the scene of the crime. However, we were assured that whoever it was would certainly be caught. This on the basis that £200 to a Bulgarian rural peasant is rather like winning the jackpot of the National Lottery to an Englishman and, in view of the fact that the populace is, essentially, less than educated in this rural area, he or she would probably start spending it later the same day! Our penultimate session led us into new territory - away from the calcareous influence and into the volcanic geology at Kozhuh Hill, where we set up base camp in a disused marble quarry on top at 41°.27’.36”N: 23°.15’.38”N, 240 metres above sea level, on 26 May. Brachodes appendiculata was not only a new moth for us but also a new family; the Brachodidae share, in Europe, the superfamily Sesioidea with the Sesiidae, neatly positioned between the Zygaenoidea and the Cossoidea - which technically makes them macros, I suppose.. Both the widespread and common Dyspessci ulula , and the much rarer D. salicicola were taken at the sheet in low numbers and so we were able to compare the two. Most interesting of all was perhaps Cilix asiatica , a Turkish species that is a relative newcomer to Europe and is not included in the 1996 European Checklist (Karsholt & Razowski, op. cit.). Without the keen eye of Stoyan Beshkov this would doubtless have been overlooked; it has very much restricted brownish markings in the termen of the forewing upper side. Interesting geometrids included Neognopharmia stevenaria , Nychiodes dalmatina and Dyscia sicanaria ssp. osmanica ; comments on the latter species were made under the discussion on the moths at Kresna. Eupithecia spissilineata proved that we really were doing things properly. I ask you! The pugs here in Blighty are bad enough without having to go off doing foreigners! At this point we ought to thank Barry Goater for recognizing that the specimen was probably this species, thus leading to CWP checking its genitalia for confirmation. Another interesting capture here was Amata kruegeri - to all intents and purposes identical to A. phegea. Although there are differences in the hindwing pattern it seems that these may not be constant and so genitalia of the male is the only reliable tool for correct separation. The third SIX MOTHS NEW TO BULGARIA 137 European species, A. ragazzii (Turati) is not known outside Italy and so does not confuse the issue in Bulgaria. Finally, the arrival of Noctua tertia at the sheet was of interest. A momentary lapse led to a proclamation of “ jantheY ’ but that species, of course, does not occur this far east. It is much larger than our N. janthe, and of course nothing like the much smaller and darker N. janthina. For the final evening we had intended to set up lamps in the grassy meadows of the Rilska valley, above the famous Rilska Monastery in the village of Kirizova Polyana. Unfortunately, however, we were late arriving - for a variety of reasons that are really not worth going into. We arrived at the entrance to the grassy meadows at dusk, and drove along a sort of track to the furthest point from the village, primarily to avoid attracting the attention of the hundreds of tourists and religious pilgrims that visit the monastery on a daily basis. Van suitably parked on a level spot for the benefit of the kettle, LG and DF set about putting up a tent whilst CWP went to investigate a track that led into the trees. Not to put too fine a point on it, nature called. Standing minding his own business, against the corner of a disused cottage, in near total darkness under the trees, he heard a noise. He looked round. The noise suddenly materialised as two red glowing objects. Slowly, and still with only one usable hand to hold the torch, the red glows resolved into the eyes of a somewhat unhappy and rather large bull! Estimated distance to target ... two metres!!! Years of anti-panic training were instantly forgotten; the idea of not running suddenly seemed ludicrous! TWO METRES!!! He ran, closely pursued by the decidedly unhappy bull. For the first time since leaving behind compulsory athletics at school, some 35 years earlier, he hurdled the pine log that formed a barrier between the track and the safety of the field; 1.37 metres - probably a “personal best”. Gathering his “cool”, he walked casually up to the van and reported the incident. That was the point at which DF, a retired vet so he knows about these things, asked somewhat tentatively “is that the one just there?” and pointed to a large, dark object, with two red eyes and two rather large horns that was trotting directly at us, snorting angrily as it came. How it got over the barrier we do not know - it probably went through it! The rest we leave to the reader’s imagination, but we are just thankful that nobody had a camera handy to record the sight of four grown men cowering inside a camper van in the middle of nowhere! Eventually, beastie wandered off, calling to his cows. We reached a fairly rapid decision that it was unwise to set up lights here and so, taking it in turns to act as lookout, we took down the tent and started to look for an alternative site. Driving on up the track, for several kilometres, eventually we reached a point where the road simply vanished. That is to say most of it appeared to be several hundred feet below us at the base of the cliff. We back-tracked slightly, reversing the van in the near total darkness along the narrow, partly absent mountain track, until we reached a point where we felt relatively safe to execute a 23-point turn. A single vertical sheet was set up in the middle of the track at 42°. 09’. 07” N: 23°. 25’. 17” E, at 1,592 metres above sea level (you could say that it was the highpoint of the trip), surrounded by mixed woodland. Hypena obesalis (Paignton Snout) was amongst the first moths in, but had to more or less fight its way through the hordes of Eupithecia tantillaria (Dwarf Pug) and Chloroclysta miata (Autumn Green Carpet). The scarce lymantriid Parocneria 138 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25. v. 2003 terebinthi also showed up, as did examples of Shargacucullia prenanthis and Mythimna andereggii ssp. pseudocomma. Three examples of what we at first took to be particularly well-marked examples of Odontoperci bidentata (Scalloped Hazel) continue to cause us minor problems. According to Stoyan, this species is very rare in Bulgaria (and absent from Greece). The common species is O. graecarius, and that is what he expected our examples to be. However, we remain not necessarily convinced of the taxonomic validity of the Balkan species - primarily because the type specimen in the Humboldt Museum (not seen by us) is a female and there are no descriptions of a male in the literature as far as we can tell. There are differences in the everted aedeagus between the two males in our sample and selected males of O. bidentata from Britain. However, there is a degree of variation in this feature amongst British examples and there is a need to establish whether the Bulgarian variation is sufficiently extreme for it to be a distinct species or if it is just part of an intra-specific dine across Europe. If any reader can spare a male of O. bidentata from Scotland, the north of England, Ireland or continental Europe CWP would be keen to borrow them for dissection as his own material is all from the south-east. Material from Greece is especially needed. We are unable to find any differences in genital structure between our Bulgarian female and British females. We assumed that the trip home would be uneventful, yet it distinguished itself in two ways. One was the phenomenally good overnight session at Csakvar in western Hungary, though that will have to be a separate report. The other was the unexpected mobile phone text message received by CWP from his daughter in England whilst we were about half way across Romania. Memory fails, but it said something like “thief caught - please return to Struma to identify recovered items”. It seems that the police were right - twenty-four hours after nicking the bag the thief went on a spending spree and was duly “grassed up” by someone. After all, if you earn less than a pound a month and then suddenly start driving around in a flashy motor someone is bound to notice! The police had contacted Stoyan; Stoyan contacted Stanislav; CWP’s phone was in a poor reception area so Stanislav sent text to England and England sent text to Romania! Simple really! Anyway, full marks to a thoroughly efficient and surprisingly friendly Eastern European police force. To date we have identified 265 species from Bulgaria. We have narrowed one more down to one of two species ( Lithostege griseata/farinata), but we are unable to find reliable characters to separate the two and are not aware of any published genitalia drawings. There are also just a few in the unidentified box - a female pug ( Eupithecia sp.) from Studen Kladenets, a different pug from Mount Zemen, an Idaea from Kozhuh Hill, a Scopula from both Kozhuh and Kresna and a Gnophos from Zemen. These may take a while, but when they are named we will have recorded 271 species in the six nights at the end of May 2002. Without the micros (but with the pyralids) our list falls to 247 species and, for seasonal comparison, Barry Goater's report of his two-week trip in September 1995 recorded 210 macro and pyrale species. Our full list of recorded species is presented in Table I . Further trips to record moths in Bulgaria are planned and CWP is always keen to hear from anyone who may care to join the team. SIX MOTHS NEW TO BULGARIA 139 Acknowledgements Stanislav Abadjiev’s invitation to CWPto visit Bulgaria started the whole show on the road; without the incentive of “knowing somebody there” we might never have gone. We are extremely grateful to him, to his wife and to his daughter for their generous hospitality during our stay in their much under-rated country. Stanislav also took time off work to act as our guide and companion for the entire duration of our stay and for this we are especially grateful; as this was our first visit to Bulgaria we could not possibly have discovered such interesting places in the time available without his very considerable assistance. For much of the period of our stay we were also accompanied by Stoyan Beshkov (and Lisa the dog!), whose knowledge of Balkan Noctuidae, and where to find them, is second to none. Back in England, Martin Honey kindly allowed CWP access to the National Collection at the Natural History Museum (NHM) in London in order to identify difficult specimens. Barry Goater (Chandlers Ford), Norman Hall (Reading), Martin Honey (NHM), Mike Shaffer (NHM) and Gerry Tremewan (Truro) also gave valuable assistance with naming some difficult material. CWP also wishes to thank Peder Skou (Kopenhagen) for useful discussion on European Odontopera species and Stoyan Beshkov for the loan of specimens of Odontopera graecarius. Finally, Andrew Hardacre (Bishops Stortford) very kindly made digital images of unidentified moths so that they could be sent by e-mail to some of those mentioned above. References Abadjiev, S., 2001. An atlas of the distribution of the butterflies in Bulgaria. Pensoft. Beshkov, S., 2001. Nocturnal and day-flying moths (Macrolepidoptera excluding Hesperioidea & Papilionoidea) of Kresna Gorge, SW Bulgaria. In Beron, P. (Ed.) Biodiversity of Kresna Gorge. National Museum of Natural History, Sofia, [note that the text is in Cyrillic Bulgarian, though species lists are in Roman type). Goater, B., 1996. Two weeks entomologising in Bulgaria, 12-26 September 1995. Entomologist's Rec. J. Vat : 108: 269-284. Hacker, H., Ronkay, L. & Hreblay. M., 2002. Noctuidae Europaeae volume 4. Hadeninae 1. Entomological Press, Denmark. Hubenov, Z., Beshkovski, V.. Beshkow, S., Kolarov, J., Kumaanski, K., Popov, A. & Vassileva, E., 1998. In Meine, C. (Ed.) Bulgaria’s Biological Diversity: Conservation status and needs assessment. Biodiversity Support Programme/Pensoft. Karsholt, O. & Razowski, J., 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe: A distributional checklist. Apollo Books. Kuchlein, J. H., & Ellis, W. N.,1997. Climate-induced changes in the microlepidoptera fauna of the Netherlands and the implications for nature conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 1: 73-80. Larsen, T. B., 1992. Hazards of butterfly collecting. Bulgaria, 1976 - the pig is at the door. Entomologist's Rec. J. Vat: 104: 319-321. Nestorova, E., 1998. Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae, 2. Lepidoptera: Geometridae. Pensoft. Plant, C. W., 1987. Butterflies of the London Area. LNHS. Slamka. F.. 1997. Die Ziinslerartigen ( Pyraloidea ) Mitteleuropas. Privately published. Bratislava. 140 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 Table 1. Moths (Lepidoptera) recorded in south-west Bulgaria, 22 May to 27 May 2002. For ease of interpretation, the serial numbers, sequence and nomenclature follow Karsholt & Razowski (1996); this differs in several respects from the British checklist normally used in this journal as well as from a number of more recent publications concerned with the European fauna. Sites are coded as follows: 1 = Osogovo Mountains, Studen Kladenets, 42°.13’.6”N: 22°.39’.36”E, 1338 metres, 22. V.2002. 2 = Mount Zemen, Polska Skakavitsa village, 42°.24’.36”N: 22°.40’.50”E; 690 metres, 23. V.2002. 3 = Skrino River: riverside area, 42°.12’.18”N: 22°.55’.56”E; 430 metres, 24.V.2002. 4 = Struma Valley, Kresna Gorge, 410.45’.31”N: 23°.09’.29”E; 236 metres, 25.V.2002. 5 = The disused Marble Quarry at Kozhuh Hill, 41°.27\36”N: 23°.15’.38”N; 240 metres, 26.V.2002. 6 = Rilska valley above Kirizova Polyana, 42°.09’.07”N: 23°.25’.17”E; 1592 metres, 27.V.2002. Species recorded Gracillariidae Site Species recorded Epermeniidae Site 1110: Caloptilia alchimiella (Scop.) Plutellidae 2 5307: Epermenia pontificella (Hb.) Pterophoridae 2 1525 Plutella xylostella (L.) 1,2 5379 Platyptilia miantodactylus (Zell.) 3 Ethmiidae 5426 Stenoptilia zophodactylus (Duponchel) 2 1655 Ethmia bipunctella (Fabr.) 2 5434 Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (D.& S.) 5 Depressariidae 5460 Capperia celeusi (Frey) 2, 3 1754 Agonopterix furvella (Tr.) 3 5480 Stangeia siceliota (Zell.) 2 Oecophoridae 5485 Pterophorus pentadactyla (L.) 2 2378 Protasis punctella (Costa) 2 Pyralidae Coleophoridae 5574 Melissoblaptes zelleri Joannis 4 2644 Coleophora valesianella Zeller 2 5614 Synaphe antennalis (Fabr.) 2 Gelechiidae 5627 Pyralis farinalis (L.) 4 3261 Isophrictis striatella (D.& S.) 2 5684 Pyla fusca (Haw.) 2 3285 Metzneria aprilella (H.- S.) 2 5742 Etiella zinckenella (Tr.) 3,4 Brachodidae 5652 Hypsopygia costalis (Fabr.) 4 4004 Brachodes appendiculata (Esper) 5 5673 Trachonitis cristella (D.& S) 3 Cossidae 5690 Pempeliella dilutella (D. & S.) 2 4156 Parahypopta caestrum (Hb.) 4 5727 Sciota adelphella (F. v. R.) 4 4163 Dyspessa salicicola (Eversmann) 5 5767 Pempelia palumbella (D.& S.) 2 4166 Dyspessa ulula (Borkh.) 2, 5 5827 Epischnia prodromella (Hb.) 2 4176 Zeuzera pyrina (L.) 4 5846 Lymphia chalybella (Eversmann) 1 Tortricidae 5904 Pterothrixidia rufella (Dup.) 3 4268 Agape ta hamana (L.) 3 5910 Bradyrrhoa gilveolella (Tr.) 4 4279 Eugnosta lathoniana (Hb.) 4 5930 Megasis rippertella (Zell.) 2 Aphelia ferrugana (D.& S.) 2 6027 Ancylosis cinnamomella (Dup.) 3 4475 Cnephasia alticolana (H.- S.) 1 6072 Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabr.) 3,5 4584 Syndemis musculana (Hb.) 1 6165 Scop aria subfusca Haw. 3, 6 4624 Clepsis pallidana (Fabr.) 2 6172 Scoparia pyralella (D.& S.) 3 4776 Olethreutes arcuella (Cl.) 2 6174 Scoparia ingratella (Zell.) 3, 6 5019 Notocelia cynosbatella (L.) 2, 3 6207 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) 2,4 5173 Pammene fasciana (L.) 1 6340 Xanthocrambus saxonellus (Zinck.) 4,5 SIX MOTHS NEW TO BULGARIA 141 Species recorded Site Species recorded Site 6348: Chrysocrambus craterella (Scop.) 1 7537 Heliomata glarearia (D.& S.) 2, 5 6350: Thisanotia chrysoneuchella (Scop.) 1, 2 7547 Chiasmia clathrata (L.) 1 , 2, 3 6376: Platytes cerussella (D.& S.) 2,4 7570 Tephrina murinaria (D.& S.) 2, 3 6488: Evergestis frumentalis (L.) 7581 Neognopharmia stevenaria (Boisd.) 5 ssp. asiaticalis (Ragonot) 5 7596 Petrophora chlorosata (Scop.) 1 6507: Evergestis aenealis (D.& S.) 4 7607 Plagodis dolabraria (L.) 1 6531: Ucleci ferrugalis (Hb.) 2 7613 Opisthograptis luteolata (L.) 1 6567: Loxostege virescalis (Guenee) 5 7622 Eilicrinia cordiaria (Hb.) 3 6568: Loxostege deliblatica Sz.l. & U-M. 7624 Eilicrinia trinotata (Metzner) 3 (= huebneri Kocak) 3 7647 Odontopera bidentata (Cl.) [but see text [ ?6 6576: Margaritia sticticalis (L.) 5 7648 O. graecarius A. Bang-Haas, 1910 ?6 6588: Ecpyrrhorrhoe rubiginalis (Hb.) 5 7686 Bistort betularia (L.) 6 6595: Pyrausta cingulata (L.) 5 7720 Nychiodes dalmatina Wagner 5 6599: Pyrausta sanguinalis (L.) 2, 3 7733 Synopsia sociaria (D.& S.) 2 6600: Pyrausta castalis (Tr.) 3 7754 Peribatodes rhomboidaria (D.& S.) 3, 4 6604: Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) 4 7761 Peribatodes umbraria (Hb.) 2 6605: Pyrausta purpuralis (L.) 5 7773 Cleora cinctaria (D.& S.) 1 6624: Sitochroa verticals (L.) 3 7794 Ascotis selenaria (D.& S.) 4 6649: Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) 5 7822 Bupalus piniaria (L.) 3 6655: Anania verbascalis (D.& S.) 5 7824 Cabera pusaria (L.) 6 6661 : Paratalanta hyalinalis (Hb.) 3 7826 Cabera exanthemata (Scop.) 3 6700: Dolicharthria punctalis (D.& S.) 3 7850 Dichrognopltos sartata (Tr.) 4, 5 Lasiocampidae 7882 Euchrognophos mucidaria (Hb.) 4 6755: Macrothylacia rubi (L.) 1, 2.4 7916 Siona lineata (Scop.) 3 6771: Phyllodesma ilicifolia (L.) 2 7926 Semiaspilates ochrearia (Rossi) 5 6773: Phyllodesma tremulifolia (Hb.) 3 7928 Dvscia conspersaria (D.& S.) 4 6780: Odoneiitis pruni (L.) 4 7933 Dvscia sicanaria (Oberthur) Saturniidae ssp. osmanica Wagner 5 6793: Satumia pyri (D.& S.) 2 7939 Perconia strigillaria (Hb.) 3,4 Sphingidae 7975 Antonechloris smaragdaria (Fabr.) 3, 4 6816: Marumba quercus (D.& S.) 2, 3, 5 7982 Chlorissa viridata (Hb.) 2 6819: Mimas tiliae (L.) 2, 3, 4 7984 Chlorissa etruscaria (Zell.) 4 6822: Smerinthus ocellata (L.) 3,4 7987 Microloxia herbaria (Hb.) 5 6824: Laothoe populi (L.) 3.4 8000 Hemistola chrysoprasaria (Esper) 4 6828: Agrius convolvuli (L.) 5 8005 Eucrostes idigenata (Villers) 4, 5 6832: Sphinx ligustri (L.) 4 8017 Cyclophora puppillaria (Hb.) 4. 5. 6 6834: Hyloicus pinastri (L.) 2 8019 Cyclophora porata (L.) 4. 5 685 1 : Rethera komarovi (Christoph) 8020 Cyclophora quercimontaria ssp. drilon Rbl. & Zy. 4 (Bastelberger) 3 6853: Hyles euphorbiae (L.) 2, 3, 4, 5 8022 Cyclophora punctaria (L.) 5 6858: Hyles vespertilio (Esper) 4 8024 Cyclophora linearia (Hb.) 1. 2 6863: Deilephila porcellus (L.) 1,2 8045 Scapula ornata (Scop.) 3 Thyatiridae 8051 Scopula decorata (D.& S.) 2 7485: Tethea ocularis (L.) 3, 4 8054 Scapula rubiginata (Hul'n.) 2. 3. 4 Drepanidae 8055 Scopula ochraceata (Stdgr.) 3 7503: Watsonalla binaria (Hufn.) 4 8059 Scopula marginepunctata (Goeze) 2. 3,4 7505: Watsonalla cultraria (Fabr.) 1 8060 Scopula incanata (L.) 2 7512: Cilix glaucata (Scop.) 2, 3 8079 Glossotrophia confinaria (H.- S.) 4 : Cilix asiatica Bang-Haas, 1907 5 8110 Idaea fdicata (Hb.) 1, 2. 3. 4, 5 Geometridae 8180 Idaea ostrinaria (Hb.) 3. 4. 5 7527: Lomaspilis marginata (L.) 6 8167 Idaea subsericeata (Haw.) 2 7530: Ligdia adustata (D.& S.) 2, 3 8186 Idaea degeneraria (Hb.) 2, 3. 4. 5 7534: Stegania dilectaria (Hb.) 3 8187 Idaea straminata (Borkh.) 2. 3 142 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.V.2003 Species recorded Site Species recorded Site 8222 Lythria cruentaria (Hufn.) ( = rotaria) 4 8758 Stauropus fagi (L.) 1,4 8223 Cataclysme riguata (Hb.) 1 8760 Harpyia milhauseri (Fabr.) 2 8233 Scotopteryx vicinaria (Dup.) 2 8762 Spatalia argentina (D.& S.) 2, 3,5 8240 Scotopteryx mucronata (Scop.) 1 Noctuidae 8241 Scotopteryx luridata (Hufn.) 1,6 8777 Acronicta psi (L.) 2, 4,5 8249 Xanthorhoe designata (Hufn.) 6 8778 Acronicta aceris (L.) 2, 3 8255 Xanthorhoe montanata (D.& S.) 1, 2 8784 Acronicta euphorbiae (D.& S.) 2,4 8256 Xanthorhoe fluctuata (L.) 1,2,6 8786: Acronicta orientalis Mann 4 8258 Xanthorhoe oxybiata (Milliere) 2 8787 Acronicta rumicis (L.) 2 8267 Catarhoe permixtaria (H.- S.) 4, 5 8789 Craniophora ligustri (D.& S.) 4 8269 Catarhoe cuculata (Hufn.) 1 8792 Simyra nervosa (D.& S.) 4 8275 Epirrhoe alternata (Mull.) 2, 3 8835 ldia calvaria (D.& S.) 2 8284 Protorhoe unicata (Guenee) 4 8853 Pechipogo plumigeralis (Hb.) 4 8287 Costaconvexa polygrammata (Borkh) 4, 5 8856 Zanclognatha lunalis (Scop.) 4 8289 Camptogramma bilineata (L.) 4 8861 Hypenodes anatolica Schwing. 4 8309 Anticlea badiata (D.& S.) 6 8897 Minucia lunaris (Bartel) 1 8316 Lampropteryx suffumata (D.& S.) 1 8900 Clyde syriaca (Bugnion) 4 8319 Cosmo rhoe ocellata (L.) 2 8904 Dysgonia algira (L.) 4 8342 Chloroclysta miata (L.) 6 8909 Prodotis stolida (Fabr.) 5 8362 Thera juniperata (L.) 2 8918 Drasteria cailino (Lefebvre) 2 8400 Horisme vitalbata (D.& S.) 2, 3, 4 8934 Lygephila craccae (D.& S.) 2,5 8401 Horisme corticata (Tr.) 3,4 8956 Catephia alchymista (D.& S.) 4, 5 8402 Horisme tersata (D.& S.) 3 8959 Aedia leucomelas (L.) 5 8463 Perizoma albulata (D.& S.) 1,6 8965 Tyta luctuosa (D.& S.) 5 8477 Eupithecia haworthiata Doubleday 3 8969 Euclidia glyphica (L.) 5 8483 Eupithecia linariata (D.& S.) 2 8973 Gonospileia triquetra (D.& S) 2 8513 Eupithecia breviculata (Donzel) 3, 5 8979 Zethes insularis Rambur 4 8519 Eupithecia intricata (Zett.) 1 8984 Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) 4 8564 Eupithecia spissilineata (Metzner) 5 8992 Rhynchodontodes antiqualis (Hb.) 2,3,4 8579 Eupithecia dodoneata (Guen.) 2 8996 Hypena obesalis (Tr.) 3,6 8596 Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd. 1,6 9023 Eutelia adulatrix (Hb.) 4, 5 8599 Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haw.) 4,5 9045 Diachrysia chrysitis (L.) 2, 3 8603 Rhinoprora rectangulata (L.) 4 9056 Autographa gamma (L.) 2, 3 8604 Rhinoprora chloerata (Mabille) 2, 3 9081 Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) 5 8620 Aplocera plagiata (L.) 1,6 9094 Abrostola agnorista (Dufay) 4 8638/9: Lithostege griseata (D.& S.) 9097 Emmelia trabealis (Scop.) 4 /farinata (Hufn.) 3 9100 Acontia lucida (Hufn.) 4 8668: Trichopteryx carpinata (Borkh.) 6 9111: Phyllophila obliterata (Rambur) 5 Notodontidae 9114 Protodeltote pygarga (Hufn.) 3 8698 Clostera curtula (L.) 2, 4,5 9146 Eublemma amoena (Hb.) 8708 Furcula furcula (Cl.) 1 (= respersa auctt.) 4 8710 Furcula bifida (Brahm) 3,4 9147 Eublemma purpurina (D.& S.) 4, 5 8719 Notodonta ziczac (L.) 1,6 9217 Cucullia tanaceti (D. & S.) 2 8721 Drymonia dodonaea (D.& S.) 1,2 9230 Shargacucullia thapsiphaga (Tr.) 5 8724 Drymonia querna (D.& S.) 1 9234 Shargacucullia prenanthis (Boisd.) 6 8727 Pheosia tremula (Clerck) 3,4 9240 Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) 2 8728 Pheosia gnoma (Fabr.) 6 9245 Calophasia opalina (Esper) 2, 3 8732 Pterostoma palpina (Clerck) 3, 6 9251 Omphalophana andrrhinii (Hb.) 2, 5 8738 Ptilodon capucina (L.) 1, 6 9275 Copiphana olivina (H.- S.) 3 8744 Rhegmatophila alpina (Bellier) 9358 Schinia scutosa (D.& S.) 5 ssp. osmana Friedel 4 9364 Heliothis viriplaca (Hufn.) 2,4 8750 Phalera bucephala (L.) 3 9367 Heliothis peldgera (D.& S.) 5 8754 Peridea anceps (Goeze) 3 9370 Heliothis armigera (Hb.) 5 SIX MOTHS NEW TO BULGARIA 143 Species recorded Site Species recorded Site 9391: Apaustis rupicola (D.& S.) 5 10054 Egira conspicillaris (L.) 1 , 2, 6 9424: Platyperigea kadenii (Freyer) 4 10068 Pachetra sagittigera (Hufn.) 1 , 2, 3, 6 9430: Paradrina selini (Boisd.) 2, 3 10086 Ochropleura plecta (L.) 2 9433: Paradrina clavipalpis (Scop.) 2, 3, 4 10096 Noctua pronuba L. 5 9436: Paradrina flavirena (Guenee) 4 10099 Noctua comes Hb. 5 9450: Hoplodrina blanda (D.& S.) 4, 5 10100 Noctua fimbriata (Schreb.) 5 9454: Hoplodrina ambigua (D.& S.) 2, 4, 5 10104 Noctua tertia Ment., Mob. & Fib. 5 9456: Charanycha trigrammica 2, 3, 4 10199 Xestia c-nigrum (L.) 2, 4 9467: Pseudoxestia apfelbecki (Rebel) 2, 4 10224 Cerastis rubricosa (D.& S.) 6 9476: Athetis pallustris (Hb.) 3 10238 Peridroma saucia (Hb.) <"% 9481: Dypterygia scabriuscula (L.) 3, 4 10314 Yigoga forcipula (D.& S.) 5 9516: Actinotia radiosa (Esper) 5 10348 Agrotis exclamationis (L.) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 9518: Chloantha hyperici (D.& S.) 4, 5, 6 10360 Agrotis cinerea (D.& S.) 2, 3 9536: Parastichtis suspecta (Hb.) 5 Pantheidae 9537: Parastichtis ypsillon (D.& S.) 4 10372 Colocasia coryli (L.) 1 9544: Dicycla oo (L.) 4. 5 Lymantriidae 9547: Cosmia confinis H.- S. 5 10385 Parocneria terebinthi (Freyer) 6 9550: Cosmia trapezina (L.) 5 10387 Calliteara pudibunda (L.) 2 9600: Conistra vaccinii (L.) 6 10407 Penthophera morio (L.) 2 9666: Lithophane merckii (Rambur) 4 Nolidae 9741: Mniotype adusta (Esper) 6 10424 Meganola gigantula (Stdgr.) 4 9748: Apamea monoglypha (Hufn.) 5 10425 Meganola albula (D.& S.) 4 9759: Apamea furva (D.& S.) 4 10429 Nola confusalis (H.- S.) 1 9782: Oligia latruncula (D.& S.) 3, 4 10437 Nola chlamitulalis (Hb.) 3 9895: Discestra trifolii (Hufn.) 2, 4, 5 10444 Nycteola asiatica (Krul.) 5 9912: Lacanobia w-latinum (Hufn.) 1, 2, 3 10456 Earias clorana (L.) 3, 4 9917: Lacanobia oleracea (L.) 3, 4 10459 Earias vernana (Fabr.) 3 9918: Lacanobia thalassina (Hufn.) 1 Arctiidae 9928: Hecatera bicolorata (Hufn.) 3, 5 10490 Eilema complana (L.) 3 9930: Hecatera cappa (Hb.) 5 10493 Eilema caniola (Hb.) 2, 4, 5 9935: Hadena luteago (D.& S.) 3 10495 Eilema pygmaeola (Doubleday) 9940: Hadena confusa (Hufn.) 3, 6 ssp. pallifrons (Zell.) 4 9944: Hadena albimacula (Borkh.) 4 10499 Eilema sororcula (Hufn.) 3, 4 9945: Hadena magnolii (Boisd.) 2, 3 10514 Setina roscida (D.& S.) 2 9955: Hadena rivularis (Fabr.) 3 10517 Amata phegea (L.) 4 9957: Hadena perplexa (D.& S.) 2, 4 10519 Amata kruegeri (Ragusa) 5 9962: Hadena syriaca (Osthelder) 4 10522 Dysauxes famula (Freyer) 4 9968: Sideridis lampra (Schawerda) 2 10548 Watsonarctia casta (Esper 10002: Mythimna albipuncta (D.& S.) 1, 2, 3, 4 = desert a Bartel 1 10003: Mythimna vitellina (Hb.) 2, 3. 4, 5 10550 Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.) 5 10022: Mythimna l-album (L.) 4, 6 10566 Spilosoma lutea (Hufn,) 2 10027: Mythimna andereggii Boisd. 10567 Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) 3, 4 ssp. pseudocomma 1, 6 10568 Spilosoma urticae (Esper) 3 10028: Mythimna sicula ssp. sicula (Tr.) 2 10600 Arctia villica (L.) 2, 3, 4 10029: Mythimna sicula ssp. scirpi (Duponchel) 3 144 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. v. 2003 Hazards of butterfly collecting. Getting back was the real problem - Andaman Islands, 1988 I was in the lucky situation of getting to India some days early on a business trip with the aim of having a look at the very interesting endemic butterfly fauna of the Andaman Islands. It is quite possible that some readers might not even know where the Andamans are; well they are sort of in between India, Thailand, and Indonesia; the next group of islands, the Nicobars, make India a very close neighbour of Indonesia. It used to be very difficult to get permission to visit the Andamans, and even in 1988 visiting the Nicobars was impossible, except on official business. But I had a nice few days of collecting around Port Blair, known for the famous Cellular Jail where the British Raj used to put political prisoners; several ministers in Nehru’s first cabinet graduated from there. I was sorry not to be able to visit the Nicobars. Though the two island groups are very close to each other, their fauna is very different. The Andaman affinities are with India and Thailand, those of the Nicobars are with Sundaland (Indonesia and Malaysia). I have related some of my experiences during this very interesting visit in this Journal (1989: 101: 183-184; 1992: 104: 31-32), but is was the job of getting back to the mainland that was the real issue. I was going back to Bombay to brief with other members of my team and the executive committee and staff of the excellent Family Planning Association of India. But a huge cyclonic system was moving slowly across the Bay of Bengal. And the airport in Port Blair has one runway, barely sufficient for a Boeing 737, and ending with a large, almost vertical hill. I was picked up by Indian Airlines at 07.00 and taken to the airport, a most unusual service as far as that airline at the time was concerned. So off to what was to become a routine. Approach check-in counter. Luggage labeled and sent to loading cart. Then: sorry, I cannot issue boarding pass before you have security clearance (India has a massive security paranoia). I go to security: Sorry, no clearance without boarding pass. Catch 22, but soon overcome by the boarding pass and security clearance being exchanged at neutral territory - I volunteered a round of soft drinks. And there are, after all, very few foreign visitors to the Andamans. We went into the departure lounge, designed for the DC-3 rather than the Boeing 737. It was uncertain whether the flights from Calcutta or Madras would be able to land. At 10.00 the in-flight breakfasts were served - cold omelet is not actually that bad. At 12.00 an announcement: “Madras flight definitely stands cancelled". At 14.00: “Calcutta flight definitely stands cancelled”. Security rushed out to cancel our permits to leave the Andamans, boarding passes were retrieved, luggage was unloaded, and by 17.00 we were back in our hotel. Dinner was delicious and paid for by Indian Airlines, rather strange considering that this is the only airline in the world where a flight could be “preponed”, i.e., it left two hours earlier than indicated on your confirmed ticket, and on top of that they would insist you pay for a new ticket since you “missed” the flight. NOTES 145 The next morning, same thing. And the next. On the fourth day the security people gave us clearance before boarding pass was obtained; we had all got to know each other. But still no airoplane. On the fifth day a 737 did arrive. We piled into it - it was a Calcutta flight. The captain came across on the intercom. To make a safe take-off he would leave the luggage behind. There was a roar of protest. By now about half the flight were the accumulated tourists who had already missed their flight back to Europe or the USA; their expectations of getting luggage back that had been left in the Andamans were realistically low. A “people power” committee was formed and went to remonstrate with the captain. He took the point and decided to lighten the load by expelling local passengers: “Bannerji J., Chauderi, C., Singh, J. S., etc will please leave the aircraft and claim their baggage”. Then: “Ladies and gentlemen. Our crew flying time has elapsed. We will fly tomorrow morning”. This message was deeply disbelieved by our “people power’ team; they suspected that the crew would fly the plane back to Calcutta without us. So 25 Europeans and North Americans blocked the wheels of the aircraft till we saw the crew safely removed by an Indian Airlines van. And we went back to our hotel. Gandhi protesys in reverse. The next morning we did leave. Things had become so friendly that I left without a formal security clearance (but then there were six cancelled ones in my passport). We arrived in Calcutta. Wisely, the ground staff had left; 50 or 60 people wanting bookings AND rebooking of international flights? The cyclone had brought down all means of communication, and they were still down in Calcutta. I had missed my Bombay briefing. But my notes from a planning meeting three months ago suggested I ought to be in Lucknow tomorrow. So I decided to go to Lucknow. At check-in I was given “chance-list 186”. I went looking for “higher-ups” and was eventually upgraded to “priority before chance- list”. In the event the Lucknow flight left with 18 passengers. There was a consensus that I must have been booked into the one luxury hotel in town, as indeed I was, and a colleague arrived the following day. All is well that ends well.- Torben B. Larsen, Bangladesh, World Bank, 1818 H. Street N.W., Washhington D.C., 20433, USA. Dorycera graminum (Fabricius) (Dipt.: Ulidiidae) in Kent - an update Dorycera graminum was recently the subject of a special study (Ismay, J. W., 2000. The status, distribution and biology of Dorycera graminum (Labricius) (Diptera, Ulidiidae). English Nature Research Reports 395: 1-19). As fieldwork by the author was undertaken in 1999 it is, perhaps, pertinent to place on record some further records which have come to my attention. On 20.V.2000, further specimens were found widely along the Grain foreshore area of North Kent where it had been recorded previously by Donisthorpe in 1932, myself in 1993 (Ent. Rec. 106: 138) and Ismay in 1999. The latter regarded this area to be the best site for the species amongst those investigated although its future is uncertain in view of substantial developments proposed for the Hoo Peninsula. I swept two 146 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 graminum from a hawthorn tree growing beside the B.260 road at LaneEnd, Darent on 18.vi.2000. On 9.vi.2001, the species was swept in abundance from the lower branches of Lombardy Poplar growing in the grounds and nearby grassland of Leigh Technology College, Dartford. Recently, among some insect photographs passed to me for identification by Mrs Pat Allen, was a further example photographed on 27. v. 1999 in her garden at Lympne. Finally on 20. vi. 2002 a single specimen was found squashed on one of the picnic seats at Grain. A summary of the known Kent records is presented below. 1840 Harrietsham TQ85 (VC 15) J. F. Stephens; 19.vi. 1896 Bearsted TQ75 (VC 15) E. E. Green; 1936 Wye & Crundale Downs TR0949 (VC 15) C. G. Lamb; 1961 Hook Farm, Bromley, TQ4 13676 (VC 16) P. J. Chandler; 1963 Oakley Farm Bromley TQ4166 (VC 16) P. J. Chandler; 1 1 .vi. 1 904 Huntingfield TQ95 (not TR05 as stated by Ismay) (VC 15) A.J. Chitty; 8.vi. 1 909 Dartford TQ57 (VC 16) J. W. Yerbury; 1 3. vi. 1909 Dartford TQ57 (VC 16) J.W. Yerbury; 14.vi.1912 Dartford TQ57 (VC 16) J. W. Yerbury; vii.1932 Port Victoria, Grain TQ87 (VC 16) H.St. John K. Donisthorpe; 30. vi. 1941 Ashford TR0044 (VC 15) G. Waller; l.vi.1942 Ashford TR0044 (VC 15) G. Waller; 6.vi. 1946 Eltham TQ47 (VC 16) H.W. Andrews; 1 1 .vi. 1 946 Eltham TQ47 (VC 16) H. W. Andrews; 30.v. 1949 Boughton Aluph TR04 (VC 15) H.W. Miles; 4.vi.l956 Sittingbourne TQ96 (VC 15) J.C. Felton; 1 3.vi. 1 992 Kingsnorth TQ8173 (VC 16) L. Clemons; 6.vi.l993 Grain TQ8877 (VC 16) L. Clemons; 5.vii. 1 995 Northfleet TQ6173 (VC 16) C.W. Plant; 6.vi.l996 Hither Green TQ3974 (VC 16 not 17 as stated by Ismay ) R. A. Jones; 7.vii. 1 996 Church Marshes, Milton TQ9165 (In the Appendix Ismay gave the grid reference as TQ9 13655, presumably because he had visited the site. However the grid reference given on page 13 was TQ9 13654) (VC 15) L. Clemons (Recorder not recorded by Ismay); 15.v. 1999 Preston Court TR242605 (VC 15) L. Clemons; 14. vi. 1999 Grain TQ883772 (VC 16) J.W. Ismay; 12.vi.1999 Horton Kirby TQ558684 (VC 1 6) L. Clemons; 20.V.2000 Grain TQ88877 1 (VC 1 6) L. Clemons; 20.V.2000 Grain TQ892763 (VC 16) L. Clemons; 18.vi.2000 Lane End, Darenth TQ571711 (VC 16) L. Clemons; 27. v. 1999 Walnut Tree Cottage, Lympne TR 12253540 (VC 15) P. Allen; 9.vi. 2001 Dartford; Leigh Technology College. TQ55 157331 (VC 16) L. Clemons; 9.vi.2001 Dartford; scrub and grassland west of Leigh Technology College. TQ54937328 (VC 16) L. Clemons; 20. vi. 2002 Grain TQ891767 (VC 1 6) L. Clemons- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John's Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME 10 4NE. A record of the Buff Footman Eilema depressci Esper (Lep.: Arctiidae) from Killarney, Co. Kerry John Lavery and I visited Derrycunnihy Wood, Killarney, on 17.v. 1999, to beat the oaks for Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and it was while engaged in this activity that a single larva of Eilema depressa (= deplana (Esper)), was dislodged from a lichen- covered oak bough. Possible identification was possible by reference to Porter’s Colour Identification of Caterpillars of the British Isles (1997). Unfortunately, the larva did not survive more than a few days, even though frass was noted in the container in which it was retained. NOTES 147 This species’ limited occurrence in Ireland may be gauged from the distribution cited by Heath et al. (1983. Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain & Ireland, 9) and by E. S. A. Baynes who, in his Revised Catalogue of Irish Macrolepidoptera (1964), stated that it is “ ... extremely rare and, so far, only recorded from the Killarney area of Co. Kerry”. Records are apparently quite scarce and Baynes noted the following: “Donovan mentions a specimen taken by Allen and identified by Prout, and records a total of five ab. oclireola Hb. taken by himself, two of which were obtained on 27.vii.1936. The latest record is of nine moths taken at light in the Tore area of Killarney between 8 and 9.vii.l939 and eight more in 1944 (B. P. Beirne and A. A. Lisney). These insects were of the orange buff form, ab. unicolour Bankes.” The late Raymond F. Haynes, who collected Lepidoptera extensively in the Killarney district for many years, left an unpublished manuscript Lepidoptera of the Killarney District which contains a wealth of information on the area, has repeated the above records but also noted “... my own specimens were bred from larvae which I beat from lichens growing on trees in the Muckross Demesne near the Abbey ruins”. However, no dates are given. Quite recently, I came across a further reference to this species in an article by R. Fairclough (Ent. Rec., 80), entitled “ Luperina nickerlii in the Dingle Peninsula, August 1967”. Fairclough stated that on 29 August 1967 “... we pitched our sheets in Tore Woods where a cold clear night did not give us much idea of the local Fepidoptera. We had seventeen species the only two of interest being one Atethmia xerampelina Esp. and a number of large yellow Eilema deplana Esp”.- Michael O'Sullivan, 20 St James Gardens, Killorglin, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Stomorhina lunata (Fabr.) (Dipt.: Calliphoridae) in north-west Kent The locust parasitoid Stomorhina lunata is regarded as an occasional vagrant into north-west Europe. Rognes (1991. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 24), summarised its distribution as “widely distributed in southern Palaearctic (also northern parts of France, and occasionally Great Britain, but not breeding there) and all of Afrotropical Region; in Oriental Region only northern parts; in the Nearctic common on the island of Bermuda, but not elsewhere”. He stated that in Fennoscandia the only known record was of a single male captured on a flower-head of Tagetes in the Helsinki Botanical garden on 29.ix.1844. The species was apparently first recorded in Britain at Christchurch on 3.viii. 1 896 by R. C. Bradley (Wainwright, C. J. 1949. J. Soc. Bn Entomology 3: 97-98), and Jenkinson ( 1901 . Ent. Mon. Mag. 37: 299-300) stated “1 have secured five specimens this year. 1 took one female at Hindon, near Salisbury, on August 30th. Males occurred at Fyndhurst, June 26th; Paul, July 26th (Miss Allard); Cambridge, September 15th; Cambridge, September 25th (Miss Haynes). Nearly all were on flowers of Compositae; they sit with the wings overlapping, and so have a pointed look behind. It is an odd looking insect”. As Miss Allard was Jenkinson’s housekeeper it is assumed that the July 26th specimen was taken in his garden at 148 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 10 Brookside, Cambridge and the September 25th specimen per Miss Haynes from the Cambridge Botanical Garden (Wainwright, C. J. 1928. The British Tachinidae (Diptera) Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 76: 139-254). d' Assis-Fonseca (1947. Ent. Rec. 59: 137) recorded the species as abundant in his garden at Westerleigh, Cote Drive, Westbury-on-Trym between 20 and 26 September of that year. In total, 19 males and 12 females were taken from a clump of Golden Rod Solidago canadensis. He also stated “It is of interest to note that the species may be a regular visitor to this part of the country as I took a single male in Blaize Woods, near Bristol, on 8th July 1945, and a single female at Edington, near Bridgwater, on 21st June 1947”. Also in 1947, C. N. Colyer (Ent. Rec. 59: 155) referred to his capture of a male “on a dahlia” in a park at Cockfosters, Hertfordshire on 19 October 1947. In 1949, the ailing C. J Wainwright ( op.cit .) stated that he had personally taken lunata that year from Mudeford, near Christchurch ,and published these additional records - 1934 Bembridge, Isle of Wight, H. W. Andrews; 3 August 1944, Southwell on Portland Bill, C. J. Wainwright and late 1949, Coombe Dingle, near Bristol E. E. Lowe. Nothing was said by J.P. Dear (1981. Blowfly recording scheme - an interim report. Ent. Mon. Mag. 117: 75-76) of further occurrences of Stomorhina lunata in Britain and hence this observation may be of some interest. On l.ix.2001, I was demonstrating insects to the then eight years old enthusiast Thomas Venner at Swanscombe NNR (VC 16). At one spot (O.S. Grid reference TQ 594742) a small patch of Golden Rod Solidago canadensis was encountered and here a number of showy insects, including Cerceris rybyensis (L.) (Hym.: Sphecidae), Helophilus pendulus (L.), Sphaerophoria scripta (L.) and Syritta pipiens (L.) (Dipt.: Syrphidae) and Tachina fera (L.) (Dipt.: Tachinidae), were found feeding on the flowers. Whilst going for a Conops , which proved to be quadrifasciatus De Geer (Conopidae), I thought that I had accidentally sucked a specimen of Musca autumnalis De Geer into the pooter and no more thought was given. When the contents of the pooter were examined under the microscope the next day I found that this specimen had a pronounced epistoma, ruling out M. autumnalis and that there was a row of hypopleural bristles, ruling out the Muscidae. It did not take long before its identity was determined to be Stomorhina lunata. To quote Jenkinson, it is, indeed, “an odd looking insect” and another which the dry, un-illustrated, descriptions in the literature cannot prepare one for- Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingboume, Kent ME 10 4NE. The Dusky Hook-tip Drepana curvatula (Borkh.) (Lep.: Drepanidae) new to the Isle of Wight On 8 August 2002, Dave Wooldridge caught an example of the Dusky Hook-tip Drepana curvatula in his trap at The Causeway, Freshwater. When he returned from fetching a box it had gone, but he was positive of its identification. Two other examples of this species were taken in Kent two weeks previously, suggesting strongly that all of these records of this rare species relate to primary immigrants. Less than twenty have been recorded in the British Isles - Sam Knill-Jones, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight P040 9AL. NOTES 149 Dryophthorus corticalis (Payk.) (Col.: Curculionidae) found continuously at Windsor Prof. M. G. Morris (2002. True Weevils 1: 33) states that the above species, known here only from the Windsor Forest area, was lost sight of between 1936 and 1980. However, in the course of many visits during that period, I met with it from time to time but, believing it to be sufficiently known from the area, did not trouble to publish the occurrences. Its association with the ant Lasius brunneus (Latr.) was supposed by Donisthorpe - who added it to our list - to be a definite host-guest relationship. However, my own experience suggests the association is simply a consequence of the sharing of the same habitat by the two insects. — A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, London SE7 8QG. The generic names of the British Hydradephaga (Coleoptera) explained For the origins of Agabus and Acilius I am wholly indebted to Mr David Atty. Brychius Haliplus Pel tody tes Hygrobia Noterus Laccophilus Hydrovatus Hyphydrus Hydro glyphus Bidessus Hygrotus Coelambus Hydroporus Stictonectes Grciptodytes Porhydrus Deronectes Potamonecles Stictotarsus Oreodytes Scarodytes Laccomis Copelatus Platambus Agabus Ilybius Rhantus Colymbetes Hydaticus Graphoderus Acilius Dytiscus Gyrinus Orectochilus “from the depths of the sea" - an unfortunate name for a running-water insect, a sailor or seaman, a shield-bearing diver. living in moisture (syn. pelobius = living in mud.), wet. damp. lover of water-hollows as ponds, tanks; cf. Laccobius (Hydrophilidae). oval inhabitant of water. (A Greek-Latin hybrid). (living) under water. best translated “sculptured water-beetle”, should refer to some paired feature, but what? represents Greek hygrotes “wetness, moisture”, with hollowed edges or rims (epipleurae of elytra), passing through or travelling in water, spotted swimmer. inscribed diver (from its markings). same as Hydroporus with the two elements awkwardly transposed, literally “neck swimmer” (whatever Sharp meant by that), river swimmer, with spotted tarsi, mountain diver. leaping, skipping diver* (All who have taken small Dytiscids by hand will be well aware of this tendency), pond or lake bird. oar-driven (an apt name for a Dytiscid). with broad rims (i.e., elytral epipleurae). name of a prophet of Judea mentioned in the Bible (Acts 1 1 . 28 and 21 . 10). living in mud (like Pelobius. • not an apt name). sprinkled, bedewed, splashed. diver or plunger. connected with water. “with neck written on”, from the pronotal markings, name of a Roman Tribune; also of an historian, little diver. from their gyrations on the surface of water, with jutting lip, i.e., the labrum. A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 150 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.V.2003 BOOK REVIEWS The smaller moths of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Part 1: Micropterigidae to Scythrididae by Michael Harper and Tony Simpson, viii + 196pp, plus 5 pages of colour plates. A4, wire-bound between acetate covers. ISBN 0-9519749-2-0. Butterfly Conservation (West Midlands Branch), 2003. £12 (£9.50 to members of Butterfly Conservation, Herefordshire Nature Trust or Worcestershire Wildlife Trust), plus £2.50 UK postage and packing, from Butterfly Conservation (West Midlands Branch), 65 Wentworth Road, Birmingham B17 9SS. The work on Larger moths and butterflies in the same two county areas, and written by the same two authors, was published in 2001 and reviewed in this journal in May of that year (Ent. Rec. 114: 143 - 144). Most of the praise that was heaped upon that work can be repeated here, for its companion, with equal justification. The work on larger moths showed three maps for each species - depicting records received for the date bands pre-1914, 1914 to 1969 and 1970 onwards. In the micro work now under review, the maps are reduced to two (pre- 1970 and 1970 onwards) with the specific aim of creating more space for additional text. Even so, the intention to produce a single volume covering the micros was not achieved and the families from Tortricidae to Pterophoridae will be included in a third volume. This is not a criticism - indeed, it must have been enormously pleasing to the authors to discover that they had so much data that a second micro volume would be necessary. Of course, the coverage is inevitably uneven across the species list. Thus, the oecophorid Carcina quercana is indicated as currently present in almost every ten-kilometre square of the two counties (and is clearly likely to be recorded in the blank squares if looked for) whilst some of the Coleophoridae, by way of example, that probably ought to be all over the area are shown from rather fewer squares. In spite of this it is clear that there are rather fewer poorly-recorded species than might be expected from casual recording and the huge field recording effort that has been input by the authors is evident. This means that even some of the maps with the fewest dots on them can be interpreted confidently as “complete” and as a result can be used to identify those species that are potentially under threat; this in turn will hopefully lead to identification by the wildlife trusts of key habitat types for preservation and. if required, management. I have only limited criticism of the work. Although numbers of recorded species are given for each family at the start of each family section, I am not able to spot an overall total, so making gross comparison with other counties laborious. Perhaps this will appear in summary form in volume 3? Neither the Entomologist's Record nor any other journal likely to be keen and willing to publish, free of charge, the observations of amateur entomologists is listed in the useful THE SMALLER MOTHS OF HEREFORDSHIRE & WORCESTERSHIRE PART 1: MICROPTERIGIDAE TO SCYTHRIDIDAE AN ATLAS and Tony Simpson BOOK REVIEWS 151 addresses section - surely a missed opportunity to encourage amateurs to contribute. The few colour plates at the start are excellent, but may have limited value other than to perhaps make the book sell better; one wonders how many Micropterix species will be reported as M. tunbergella by well-meaning amateurs simply because that is the only Micropterix illustrated? These people want to contribute - why make a problem for yourself in now having to reject their records? Perhaps I am being unkind? For a long time, the “micros” have remained the province of “the specialist”, “the expert” or “professionals” and how pleasing it is to see this artificial group popularised at last. Many of these smaller moths are actually larger than some of the “larger” moths. Many are very easy to identify, some a darn sight easier than a few of the macros (pugs spring to immediately mind!) and many can be identified readily in the field, as adults, by those who choose not to form scientific collections (though these people do need to be aware of the limitations and recognise which groups require critical examination). A great many more can be identified from their outward signs, such as leaf mines. This present title represents an important contribution to knowledge, understanding, popularization and, consequently, conservation. I look forward eagerly to micros part 2 (tortricoids, pyrales and plumes) which is due in January 2004. I hope other county recorders will follow this important lead. The butterflies of Colchester and north-east Essex by Ted Benton, Joe Firmin and Ian Rose, vi + 120 pp., 148 x 210 mm., paperback. ISBN 0-9516312-1-7. Colchester Natural History Society, 2002. £9.99 plus £1.50 UK postage and packing, available from the society at 41 Oaks Drive, Colchester C03 3PS. THE BUTTERFLIES OF COLCHESTER AND NORTH EAST ESSEX Published by the Colchester Natural History Society This pocket-sized book provides us with a thorough and fascinating summary of available information on butterflies in the north-east corner of Essex, in south-eastern Britain, and is dedicated to the memory of Donald Blaxill and Geoffrey Pyman, who were stalwarts in the study of butterflies in the county and of their conservation. Whilst Colchester is not the richest part of either Britain or Essex for butterflies, it has a long history of study and some famous names amongst entomology, such as John Ray (of Ray Society fame) and the Harwoods, are associated with the region. It is evident from the book, however, that the region was once blessed with rather more butterflies than it is today and the reasons for this are explored - no surprise that the reduction and degradation of habitat is the culprit and not the butterfly collectors. The book is primarily written for residents of, and visitors to, north-east Essex and serves both as an identification guide (by virtue of the 72 glossy, colour photographs taken by Ted Benton and Ian Rose) and as a summary of available information. Indeed, the whole subject of butterflies is covered along with such topics as where to go in the region to find the various species. The target audience will surely be well pleased with the end result. 152 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25. v. 2003 There are a few minor criticisms. Though there is a Contents page, there is no Index, so that the beginner needs to leaf through the entire book in order to find the species in which he or she is interested. The paper has either been cropped too close to the text on the spine edge or else the printed text extends too far in this direction. As a result that the book springs closed and cannot be easily opened out and read in one hand unless it is “snapped” open breaking the spine. This is perhaps a consequence of the increasingly popular tendency to provide printers with “camera-ready copy” - something I would caution against in most instances. However, in spite of these criticisms this work is a splendid example of what can be achieved by a relatively small and voluntary society with the right motivation. SUBSCRIBER NOTICE Request for specimens of Scalloped Hazel Moth Odontopera bidentata (Cl.) (Geometridae) I am researching the relationship between the Scalloped Hazel Odontopera bidentata (Cl.) and the related Balkan species Odontopera graecarius (Bang-Haas). O. graecarius replaces O. bidentata in Greece and is the prevalent species in Bulgaria, where O. bidentata is apparently rare. In Britain, we have only O. bidentata and adults are on the wing now. The two can be separated by small differences in the ornamentation of the male aedeagus, but I have discovered that there is also a variation in this same feature amongst British examples of O. bidentata. The validity of O. graecarius has thus been called into question; the type specimen, which is in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, is a female and no description of the male appears to have been published in the literature. It is possible that British bidentata and Greek graecarius represent two geographical extremes within a single species. To investigate this possibility, I need to dissect British and European bidentata to see if there is variation with latitude and to see if any examples are identical to graecarius. I therefore welcome O. bidentata males from Scotland (especially Hebrides and Orkney), Ireland, Wales, England north of the Midlands and the West Country. I have plenty of material from the south-east already. If anyone has material from anywhere in Europe this would also be enormously useful. I especially welcome any specimen in which the discal spot on the hind wing is confluent with the dark cross-line (in “normal” specimens this spot is basal to the line). The condition of the specimen is irrelevant and moths do not need to be set, though unpinned material should be packed so that scales do not rub off in transit. This is an excellent opportunity to get rid of those really badly set specimens that embarrass you each time you open the drawer! As long as it has an abdomen it is useful to this study. All material will be returned unless otherwise directed, but genitalia will be returned on separate glass microscope slides. Please ensure that there is locality data with the specimens and a date (even if only a year). Remember also to include your return address. All persons, museums or other institutions donating or loaning material will be fully acknowledged in any publication arising from this study - Colin W. Plant, 14 West Road. Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. Continued from back cover Subscriber Notice British leaf mining fauna - a new web site describing the leaf miners found in Britain. Barry Dickerson, Rob Edmunds, Martin Ellis, Ian Kimber, David Manning & Raul Talbot 122 Request for specimens of scalloped hazel moth Odontopera bidentata (Cl.) (Geometridae). Colin W. Plant 152 Book Reviews The smaller moths of Herefordshire and Worcestershire, part 1 : Micropterigidae to Scythrididae by Michael Harper and Tony Simpson 150-151 The butterflies of Colchester and north-east Essex by Ted Benton, Joe Firmin and Ian Rose 151-152 Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods from any part of the world, specialising in groups other than lepidoptera. Annual subscription £36 Entomologist’s Gazette An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology, with a bias towards lepidoptera. Annual subscription £32 Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands by R. L. H. Dennis and T. G. Shreeve. A synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain's and Ireland’s offshore islands. I44pp, softback. £16 + p&p £1 The Moths and Butterflies of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly by F. H. N. Smith. Systematic list of localities, dates and provenance for over 1500 species. 480pp including 152 colour illustrations, hardback £44 + p&p £3 H P M Volume 1 Sesiidae - Clearwing Moths The first volume of a new series, which covers all 309 species of this family. 592pp with 487 colour illustrations, hardback with jacket. Price £120 + p&p £5 NEW Stratford-upon-Avon - A FLORA AND FAUNA A book demonstrating the amazing richness of species thriving in a small town. Over 3400 species listed with distribution notes and frequency. Price £13 + p&p £1.50 Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912, Visa or MasterCard. GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY Brightwood, Brightwell, Wallingford, Oxon 0X10 0QD E-mail: info@gempublishing.co.uk Website: www.gempublishing.co.uk THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION hUp://www.entrecord.com Papers Interpreting a species list: An analysis of the macro-moths recorded at a Banffshire site, 1990-2002. R. Leverton 97-104 Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Dip.: Syrphidae) new to the isle of man and with new prey records. Fred D. Bennett & Steven M. Crellin 105-108 Records of gall midges (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae) from the Isle of Man. K. M. Harris & F. D. Bennett 109-115 Epichoristodes acerbella (walker) (Lep.: Tortricidae). the first occurrence of a wild- caught moth in Great Britain. Steven Nash & Martin Corley Plate A 119-121 Stunnia hella (Meigen) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) and the strand that is not silk. Eligiusz Baumgart, Donald L .J. Quicke & Mark R. Shaw Plate F 127-129 A week's mothing in Bulgaria, with six species of Lepidoptera new to the Bulgarian fauna. Colin W. Plant, Duncan Eraser & Lance Gorman 131-143 Notes Stratiomys longicornis (Scopoli) (Dipt.: Stratiomyidae) in East Sussex, VC 14. Laurence Clemons 108 Discovery of a new site for the White-mantled Wainscot Archanara neurica (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Suffolk. Tony Prichard 116 Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) breeding on Viburnum tinus. P. F. Whitehead 117-118 A December record of Wesmaelius subnebulosus (Stephens) (Neur.: Hemerobiidae) in Hertfordshire. Tom & Janet Gladwin 118 Parasitoids Homolobus annulicornis (Nees) (Hym.: Braconidae) and Eumea linearicornis (Zetterstedt) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) reared from larvae of the white- spotted pinion moth Cosmia dijfinis (1) (Lep.: Noctuidae), with notes on habitat. Paul Waring Plates B - E 123-126 On the doubtful Moray record of Lepyrus capucinus (Schaller) (Col.: Curculionidae). A. A. Allen 126 Five micro-moth species new to Glamorgan. Martin ./. White 129 The continuing spread of Phyllonorycter platani (Staudinger) (Lep: Gracillariidae) — a first record for VC 12. Rob Edmunds 130 Two new Irish moths. ./. B. Higgott and C. A\ Mackie 130 Hazards of butterfly collecting. Getting back was the realproblem - Andaman Islands. 1988. Torben B. Larsen 144-145 Dorycera graminum (Fabricius) (Dipt.: Ulidiidae) in Kent - an update. Laurence Clemons 145-146 A record of the Buff Footman Edema depressa Esper (Lep.: Arctiidae) from Killarney, Co. Kerry. Michael O'Sullivan 146-147 Stomorhina lunata (Fabr.) (Dipt.: Calliphoridae) in north-west Kent. Laurence Clemons 147-148 The Dusky Hook-tip Drepana curvatula (Borkh.) (Lep.: Drepanidae) new to the Isle of Wight. Sam Knill-Jones 148 Dryoplithorus corticalis (Payk.) (Col.: Curculionidae) found continuously at Windsor. A. A. Allen 149 The generic names of the British Hydradephaga (Coleoptera) explained. A. A. Allen . . 149 Continued on inside bock cover Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM 14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY Vol. 115 Part 4 THE Entomologist's Record AND Journal of Variation Edited by C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. July/August 2003 ' U , r 0 2 2003 H& ■'VARD >ITX ISSN 0013-8916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION World List abbreviation: Entomologist's Rec. J. Var. http://www.entrecord.com Editor C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QR Telephone/Facsimile: 01279 507697 E-mail: colinwplant@ntlworld.com Registrar Hon. Treasurer R.F. McCormick, f.r.e.s. C.C. Penney, f.r.e.s. 36 Paradise Road. 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield. Teignmouth, Devon TQI4 SNR Chelmsford, Essex CM I 7QA WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements REGISTRAR: Changes of address TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal BACK ISSUE PURCHASE — Paul Sokoloft, F.R.E.S., 4 Sleep Close. Green Street Green, Orpington, BR6 6DS Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee or any party other than the named author or authors. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription, containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work. The annual subscription for year 2003 is £28 for individual subscribers or £40 for institutions. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS • This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed. • The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on British Coleoptera (beetles), British Diptera (flies) and other groups at the Editor’s discretion. We also print Subscriber Notices at no cost on behalf of current subscribers; non-subscribers pay a fee for this service. We also publish Reviews of entomological books and other publications relating to all aspects of world entomology if these are sent to the Editor at no cost to him. It is our policy not to accept unsolicited book reviews from third parties. • We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers, such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or photographs), or accounts of entomological trips to places that may be of interest to other readers. • Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert papers into Notes. • Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting. We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made. • We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on floppy diskette. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word 2000. Originals are required for all photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct. ENGRAILED IS DOUBLE-BROODED 153 THE ENGRAILED, ECTROPIS BISTORTATA (GOEZE) (LER: GEOMETRIDAE), HAS BECOME PARTIALLY DOUBLE-BROODED IN NORTH-EAST SCOTLAND 'Robert M. Palmer and jPhilip J. L. Gould 'Greenbum Cottage , Bucksbum, Aberdeen AB21 9UA. e-mail: bob@bobpalmer.freeserve.co.uk : Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ. e-mail: phil.gould@bbsrc.ac.uk Abstract Records from a light trap in north-east Scotland suggest that Ectropis bistortata (Goeze) produced two generations of adults in the years 1999, 2000 and 2002. This interesting information supports the identification, which is disputed by some, of this northern Ectropis species as bistortata (Goeze). Introduction Many species which are double-brooded in the south are single-brooded in the north of Scotland. In a few cases voltinism is one character used to differentiate pairs of species. For example Diarsia rubi (Viewig), the Small Square-spot, is double- brooded in the south, whilst D. florida (Schmidt), the Fen Square-spot, is single- brooded. In parts of England where both species occur, the single brooded D. florida flies between the two broods of D. rubi and flies later at night (Skinner, 1984) (thus maintaining genetic separation). In northern Scotland, the identity of the single- brooded Diarsia is not known with certainty and its identity is disputed. It has a prolonged flight time, from mid-June to early September, but is not clearly bivoltine. Many years ago the late Teddy Pelham-Clinton told RMP that in his opinion, if the species is single-brooded it must be called D. florida. Some Scottish lepidopterists adhere to this view, others call it D. rubi. Ectropis bistortata (Goeze), the Engrailed, and E. crepuscularia (D. & S.). the Small Engrailed, are similar in that the Engrailed is double-brooded in the south whilst the Small Engrailed is single-brooded. However, Skinner ( 1984) follows previous authors, and the widely held current view, in stating that the single-brooded species in northern Britain is E. bistortata. This seems to be undisputed, which is strange in view of the difference of opinion over the Diarsia spp. The situation is different on Continental Europe where E. bistortata is not considered to be a separate species, a view briefly adopted in the British literature (Bradley, 1998) but subsequently reversed (Bradley. 2000). The data presented below suggest that if indeed there are two species, then the view that the Scottish species is E. bistortata is probably correct. The Engrailed moth is local in Kincardineshire and Aberdeenshire, but can be common where it occurs. Casual trapping since 1968 has shown that the moth is found quite frequently in areas of deciduous woodland on middle Deeside (from Crathes and Banchory to Bal later). It occurs more sparingly nearer the coast in the Dyce and Bucksbum area. Until 1998 the flight time was from late March to mid June. From limited experience of the larvae, the foodplants here are oak and birch. 154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.vii.2003 On Donside the species is common around Kemnay and Monymusk. Since 1994 Jon and Marion Bailey have operated a Rothamsted light trap (Woiwod & Harrington, 1994) near Monymusk, in one of the best and oldest oak woods in north-east Scotland (where old oak woods are a rare commodity). This has enabled the flight periods of the Engrailed to be studied in detail over a nine year period (Table 1). Year First brood total Dates of first and last record Second brood total Dates of first and last record 1994 49 1 1 Apr - 1 June 0 - 1995 79 30 Mar - !7June 0 - 1996 57 9 Apr - 29 May 0 - 1997 48 18 Mar - 2 May 0 - 1998 13 17 Feb - 19 May 0 - 1999 31 4 Apr - 28 May 1 22 Sep 2000 48 6 Mar - 20 May 2 2 Aug - 15 Aug 2001 119 1 Apr - 26 June 0 - 2002 107 27 Mar - 10 June 5 24 Aug - 9 Sep Table 1. Dates and numbers of Ectropis bistortata in RIS trap near Monymusk, 1994 - 2002. Some interesting facts are apparent. Numbers of the moth per annum range from 13 to 119, and it has been particularly common in the last two seasons. The flight period until 1998 was from late March until early June; with one very early appearance on 17 February 1998 and one late straggler on 17 June 1995. There were no records after this date. First evidence of a second generation occurred in 1999 when one moth was caught on 22 September. Since then a small second brood has occurred in 2000 and in 2002. If British lepidopterists are correct in assuming that we have two species of Ectropis , the data presented here suggest that the Scottish population is indeed E. bistortata. References Bradley, J. D., 1998. Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isle s. Anthony Rowe Ltd. - , 2000. Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles. Anthony Rowe Ltd. Skinner, B., 1984. Colour Identification Guide to the Moths of the British Isles. Viking. Woiwod I. R & Harrington R., 1994. Flying in the face of change: the Rothamsted Insect Survey. In Leigh R. & Johnston A (Eds.) Long-term experiments in agricultural and ecological sciences , 321-342. CAB International, Wallingford. MICRODON MYRMICAE IN IRELAND 155 MICRODON MYRMICAE SCHONROGGE E T AL 2002 (DIPT.: MICRODONTIDAE): PRESENCE IN IRELAND CONFIRMED Martin C. D. Speight Research Branch, National Parks & Wildlife, 7 Ely Place, Dublin 2. Ireland. Abstract Collection of mature larvae and puparia of Microdon myrmicae Schonrogge et al, 2002 (Dipl.: Microdontidae) from a Co. Offaly locality confirms the presence of this species in Ireland. Introduction The cryptic hoverfly species Microdon myrmicae was described recently (Schonrogge et al, 2002a, 2002b), from various localities in England. It can only at present be determined from examination of features of the larvae or puparia (Schonrogge et al, 2002a; Speight, 2002a). Speight (2002b) recorded the species from Ireland, on the basis of the ecology of certain sites from which adult material of “ Microdon mutabilis ” had been collected, but pointed out that only when developmental stages of M. myrmicae had been found in Ireland could the presence of the species be confirmed there. Developmental stages of this Microdon are most conveniently available in the spring, when the mature larvae ascend to just beneath the surface of the nest of the host ant, and there form their puparia. A visit to one of the Irish localities mentioned in Speight (2002b), expressly to search for puparia of M. myrmicae , has proved successful, confirming the presence of this species in Ireland. A raised bog locality for M. myrmicae in Ireland In a nest of Myrmica scabrinodis on All Saints Bog (Co. Offaly), 19 freshly-formed puparia and six larvae of M. myrmicae were found (together with remains of five empty puparia in poor condition - presumably from a previous year) on 24 April, 2003. A single fresh puparium of the fly was found in another nest of M. scabrinodis at the same location. The record of Microdon mutabilis (L.) from All Saints Bog (Speight, 1990) should now be regarded as a mis-determination. Until and unless any developmental stages of M. mutabilis sensu Schonrogge et al (2002a) are found at the site - an occurrence which would seem highly unlikely - all adults of the M. mutabilis aggregate found at All Saints Bog can be presumed to refer to M. myrmicae. All Saints Bog (Ir grid NOOIO; UTM NU3) is an unusual site, where a number of insects exhibiting relict distribution patterns in Ireland have been found. These include the grasshopper Stethophyma grossum , which has a few isolated populations in the Irish Midlands (Foss and Speight, 1989) but is otherwise known only in the south-west; the ladybird Hippodamia 13-punctata and the elaterid Athous subfuscus (see Speight, 1990 and 1989, respectively). For the latter two species All Saints Bog represents the only known Irish locality. It is essentially an ancient fen now largely evolved into a raised bog, but study of the peat profile has 156 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 revealed that the extensive Betulo woodland sprawling across much of the central area of the bog has been in situ for hundreds of years, and is not a product of recent invasion triggered by partial drainage, as in many other localities. Indigenous bog woodland is rare in Ireland. According to Schonrogge et al (2002a) M. myrmicae is found in England in nests of M. scabrinodis in tussocks of grasses. On All Saints Bog the M. myrmicae puparia found were in ants’ nests in large tussocks of moss, in the one instance a Sphagnum hummock with Vaccinium oxycoccus twined through its crown, in the other a tussock of Pleurozium. Moss tussock nests of both Lasius niger and Myrmica ruginodis were also searched for M myrmicae at All Saints, but the fly was found only with Myrmica scabrinodis. M. scabrinodis is extremely abundant on All Saints Bog, developing very large and populous nests, at least within and around the edges of the birch woods. Approximately ten of these nests were investigated for M. myrmicae, which was found in two of them. It was noticeable that the nests with M .myrmicae were outside the canopy of the woodland and in direct sunlight, in open but sheltered situations. Lasius niger is frequent in and around the birch woods on this bog. It uses both moss tussocks and rotted, fallen birch branches etc as nesting sites there. It might be expected that, in these circumstances, Microdon analis would occur in Lasius niger nests in rotten wood on this site. However, that does not seem to be the case. The only adults of Microdon found on All Saints Bog belong to the M. mutabilis aggregate and no larvae of M. analis have been found in Lasius nests there. In Ireland, M. analis appears to be confined to a few localities in the south-west (Speight, 2000). What is Microdon mutabilis (L.) sensu auctt? While there can be little doubt that M. myrmicae represents a discrete taxon, validly segregated from the M .mutabilis of previous authors by Schonrogge et al (2002a), there is no such clarity in respect of the status of the latter taxon. Schonrogge et al (l.c.) confine use of the name mutabilis (L.) to the Microdon using Formica lemani as larval host in well drained grassland but, as recognised by previous authors, M. mutabilis occurs with a wider range of ants than just F. lemani and M. scabrinodis, and in a range of habitat situations wider than that embraced by M. myrmicae and M. mutabilis sensu Schonrogge et al (2002a) put together. For instance, M. rhenanus Andries, synonymised with M. mutabilis by Doczkal and Schmid (1999), was described from the larva and supposedly found (though not exclusively) with the ant now known as Formica cunicularia. The larval mouthparts of the type material of M. rhenanus , clearly figured by Doczkal and Schmid (1999), show a remarkable resemblance to the larval mouthparts of M. myrmicae as figured by Speight (2002a), and demonstrate that M. rhenanus is most unlikely to be the M. mutabilis of Schonrogge et al (2002a). However, re-examination of the type material of M. rhenanus, kindly carried out by Ulrich Schmid, demonstrates (Ulrich Schmid, pers.comm.) that the anterior spiracular processes of the puparium of M. rhenanus are not longer than wide, as in M. myrmicae. Unless the form of either the larval MICRODON MYRMICAE IN IRELAND 157 mouthparts or the puparial anterior respiratory processes is more variable than at present recognised it would seem that M. rhenanus is neither M. mutabilis sensu Schonrogge et al nor M. myrmicae. At localities where Microdon is known to occur its puparia are by no means difficult to find in nests of the host ant species. Searching for them would seem to have suddenly become more interesting! Acknowledgements I'm most grateful to Ulrich Schmid for information about the type material of Microdon rhenanus and to Neil Lockhart for determination of the moss Pleurozium. References Doczkal, D. & Schmid, U. (1999) Revision der mitteleuropaischen Arten der Gattung Microdon Meigen (Diptera, Syrphidae). Volucella 4: 45-68. Foss, RJ. & Speight, M.C.D. (1989) Stethophyma grossum (L.): a further midland record with comment on the status of this grasshopper in Ireland (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Bull. Ir. hiogeog. Soc ., 12: 90-93. Schonrogge, K.. Barr, B., Wardlaw, J.C., Napper, E., Gardner, M. G., Breen, J., Elmes, G. W. & Thomas, J. A. (2002a) When rare species become endangered: cryptic speciation in myrmecophilous hoverflies. Biological J. Linn. Soc.. 75: 291-300. Schonrogge, K., Barr, B., Wardlaw, J.C., Napper, E., Gardner, M.G., Breen, J., Elmes, G.W. & Thomas, J.A. (2002b) Addendum. When rare species become endangered: cryptic speciation in myrmecophilous hoverflies. Biological J. Linn. Soc.. 76: 315. Speight, M. C. D. (1989) The Irish elaterid and buprestid fauna (Coleoptera: Elateridae and Buprestidae). Bull. Ir. hiogeog. Soc.. 12: 31-62. - , (1990) Hippodamia 1 3-punctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and other insects from All Saints Bog, Co. Offaly, Ireland. Bull. Ir. hiogeog. Soc., 13: 200-212. - , (2000) Irish Syrphidae (Diptera), Pt. 1: species accounts and distribution maps. In: Speight, M. C. D., Castella, E., Obrdlik, P. and Ball, S. (eds.) Syrph the Net, the database of European Syrphidae, vol. 18, 215 pp., Syrph the Net publications, Dublin. - , (2002a) The last instar larval mouthparts of Microdon mutabilis and M. myrmicae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Ent.Rec.J.Var. 114: 203-205. - , (2002b) Two controversial additions to the Irish insect list: Microdon myrmicae Schonrogge et al and Pipiza festive Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) Bull. Ir. Biogeog. Soc., 26: 143-153. Epichoristodes acerbella Walker (Lep.: Tortricidae) not new to Britain in the wild Steven Nash and Martin Corley ( antea : 119), in recording the above tortricid as new to Britain in the wild, have overlooked the actual first record which was given by me in this journal in 1980 (Ent. Rec. 92: 33). As reported there, the moth was found at a wall-lamp in a by-road in this district, but no other has occurred since. It seems likely that the species is now fully naturalized with us, but remains a rarity.— A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 158 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 SUBSCRIBER NOTICE Possible collecting of the Fiery Clearwing Pyropteron chrysidiformis (Esper) Over the last three years we have received reports that potential host plants of the Fiery Clearwing Pyropteron chrysidiformis have apparently been dug up and removed on at least one of the few sites where the moth exists. This appears to have happened again in 2003. The Fiery Clearwing was added to Schedule 5 of the Countryside and Wildlife Act, 1981 in 1998 and, as a consequence, it is illegal to kill, injure or take the Fiery Clearwing moth in any of its life stages or to damage, destroy or obstruct access to any structure or place while it is being occupied by Fiery Clearwing in any of its life stages, without a licence. The site involved is part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for which the moth is one of the features of interest. It is an offence for any person to recklessly destroy or damage the special interest of an SSSI or disturb any of the fauna making up the special interest, with a maximum penalty for conviction in a Magistrates Court of £20,000. Obviously there are several possible explanations for this apparent removal of host plants, just one of these being collecting. However, in view of last year’s high profile incident relating to the collecting of burnets in Scotland (see Atropos , No. 17: 68) we feel it is appropriate to raise this issue here. It is also worth highlighting that it is illegal to dig up a plant without the landowner’s permission and, on SSSIs and National Nature Reserves, the permission of the relevant statutory nature conservation agency. We do not wish to discourage responsible study of this, or other species of moths on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, but this activity does require a licence. An application for a licence can be made to the relevant statutory agency e.g., English Nature, Licensing Service, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI 1UA (www.english-nature.org.uk) or, in the case, of the New Forest Burnet, Scottish Natural Heritage, Licensing Service, 2 Anderson Place, Edinburgh EH6 5NP (www.snh.org.uk). In Wales, the appropriate body is the Countryside Council for Wales (www.ccw.gov.uk). If you are working on a Site of Special Scientific Interest you should seek consent from the relevant nature conservation agency (English Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage or the Countryside Council for Wales).- Mark Parsons, Head of Moth Conservation, Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP. Brian Banks, Conservation Officer, English Nature, The Countryside Management Centre, Coldharbour Farm, Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5DB and David Sheppard, Invertebrate Ecologist, English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborugh PEI 1UA. LITHOPHANE CONSOCIA - NEW TO BRITAIN 159 LITHOPHANE CONSOCIA (BORKHAUSEN, 1792) (LEE: NOCTUIDAE): SOFTLY’S SHOULDER-KNOT - A NOCTUID MOTH NEW TO BRITAIN 'M. R. Honey and 2C. W. Plant 'Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD. 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. Abstract The moth Lithophane consocia (Borkhausen) (Noctuidae) is recorded for the first time from the British Isles at Hampstead. London. The vernacular name Softly’s Shoulder-knot is suggested for common usage. Details of the record are given along with a description of the adult moth and hints for identifying the species. The adult moth is illustrated in colour and the genitalia of both sexes are figured. Earlier records of Lithophane furcifera (Hufn.) away from the former area of residency in South Wales should be re-examined. Introduction An example of a Lithophane Hb. species was taken by Raymond Softly at an actinic light on his third floor balcony in Hampstead, North London, on 20 September 2001. The insect was tentatively identified by Ray as Lithophane furcifera (Hufn.) - the Conformist - and a photographic slide of the live moth was exhibited as such at the Annual Exhibition of the British Entomological and Natural History Society without receipt of any adverse comment from the many entomologists present. Subsequently, Ray’s photograph of the live moth was published during 2002 ( Atropos 16, figure 16) and captioned as this species. A visit to The Natural History Museum in April 2003 enabled Michael Fibiger, author and originator of the series Noctuidae Europaecie , to read some back issues of Atropos. His comment upon seeing plate 4, figure 16 of volume 16 was “1 have discovered a mistake”. In his opinion, the habitus did not conform to that species, but rather to Lithophane consocia , a close relative that had not previously been reported from Britain. Comparison of the Atropos figure by MRH with the illustrations given in Ronkay et al. (2001), convinced him that this identification was probably correct. The moth was also mentioned by Waring (2002), who noted that it was the pale, immigrant form of L. furcifera and not like examples of the resident form or, indeed, L. lambda (Fabr.). Interestingly, Ray Softly records the fact that on the night the moth was captured there had been a light north wind (Beaufort Force 1-2). This would fit in well with the European distribution of consocia , it being a more north-eastern species than furcifera. The moth, which is a female, was preserved in Raymond Softly’s freezer and was eventually given to CWP, who set it and in whose collection it now resides. A careful re-examination by CWP alongside the excellent colour plates in Noctuidae Europaecie (Ronkay et al., op. cit.) confirmed MRH’s suspicions. The moth is undoubtedly the first confirmed British example of Lithophane consocia. A digital image of the moth was made and this was e-mailed to MRH. Michael Fibiger and Barry Goater; the latter two both confirmed that the moth is indeed consocia. 160 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 However, in order to confirm absolutely the identification, a slide was made of the genitalia (slide number CP/410/03 in CWP’s collection). Though the differences between L. consocia and L. furcifera are slight in the female, those differences can be seen and confirm the identification. A discussion of the genitalia is given below. Earlier records We consider it to be highly desirable that voucher specimens of some of the earlier records of the Conformist L. furcifera should be found and re-examined. Whilst subspecies suffusa Tutt was undoubtedly resident in Wales and western England a century ago, records made away from these foci probably referred to the immigrant typical form furcifera , and it is possible that some of these might in fact be L. consocia. We are aware of the following records: Halifax, Yorkshire circa 1870 One from Westmorland - no date Brighton, 13 September 1898 Two near Lancaster, on 22 September 1902 Margate, East Kent, 12 October 1904 East Anglia, in October 1904 East Sussex, 18 September 1932 by Pearman (this is presumably the Vert Wood record given by Bretherton in Heath and Emmet, 1983?). Ham Street Woods 28 September 1935 on the wrong side of a sugared tree East Kent, 12 September 1936 by Embry (given in South, 1939), presumably the same as Dungeness, 12 September 1936, on a post (Bretherton in Heath and Emmet, 1983). Dungeness 4 April 1946 flying near Sallow We have not yet seen any of the above specimens with the exception of the Embry specimen in 1936, which is now in the R.C.K. collection at The Natural History Museum (via the Youden collection) and it appears to be correctly identified as L. furcifera. The specimen was cited by South in an Appendix (1939: 365) as East Kent, September 12, 1936 (Embry) but as Dungeness by both Chalmers Hunt (1966: 277) and Bretherton (1983: 71). The specimen, however, is labelled Lydd. If any reader is aware of the existence of any of the above specimens the authors would be pleased to hear from them. European distribution The species has a mainly northern distribution in Europe, having been recorded from France, Switzerland, northern Italy, Austria, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland. Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and European Russia. LITHOPHANE CONSOCIA - NEW TO BRITAIN 161 Description of the adult moth Good colour illustrations are available in Ronkay et al. (2001) and in Skou (1991 ). The moth is a generally darker grey than the otherwise rather similar Lithophane furcifera, with which it shares several elements of its wing markings. The following description by CWP is based on the Hampstead female, Plates H and 1. Head: Vertex with white and grey banded scales, which are produced upwards to form a double crest. Frons with black scales forming a narrow horizontal band, originating at the upper edge of the eye and easily visible. Labial palpi with basal segments bearing long scales, banded pale brown and white, on the ventral, inner and dorsal surfaces, those on the ventral surface including many that are at least as long as the second segment of the palpus. Terminal segment with these scales much shorter and more or less adpressed and directed distad. Outer face of all segments of labial palpi with a line of black scales. Antenna with basal four segments white scaled, the next two with some white scales and the remainder entirely grey scaled. Thorax: Dominated on the dorsal surface by narrow brown scales tipped with blackish grey and a lesser number of grey scales tipped with white, the central area raised into a narrow crest which is defined in front by a thin white transverse line of scales, itself bordered in front by a thin black line. Sides of thorax with most scales grey tipped with white and scarcely any brown scales; a longitudinal thin black line of scales along the side of the thorax above the wing base, easily visible from the side. Tegulae white scaled, with a very few rufous scales admixed in the posterior third. Abdomen: Grey with admixture of whitish, notably on the first two segments. Legs: Predominantly grey-scaled, with some white scales and a few brown ones. Hind tibia with a longitudinal streak of black scales on the outer (antero-ventral) face and with two unequal ventral spurs at the distal end, each white with a black central band. Ventral surface of all segments of hind tarsus with four rows of orange spines evident, though the rows become confused in places and are hard to discern. Wings: Wingspan 44 mm (range in Europe 43-48mm). Forewing upper-side overall a blackish grey, darker and less bluish-grey than the immigrant race of L. furcifera. Some veins defined by scattered black scales. Basal one-tenth of the wing in the anterior half white, bounded posteriorly by a well-defined, short black basal streak, so that to the unaided eye the moth has distinctive white “shoulders”. Wing terminology now used follows Heath (1976). Basal spot white. Sub-basal fascia obscure. Ante-median fascia taking the form of a thin looped line of black scales, inwardly edged with greyish white scales. Median fascia grey, more or less obscure. 162 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 Post-median fascia a thin black line, running from the costa posteriorly to join the disto-dorsal corner of the reniform stigma then re-emerging from the rear edge of the reniform stigma and continuing to the dorsum. Sub-terminal fascia whitish, interrupted and inwardly edged with rufous-orange scales. A small and indistinct patch of black scales in the tornal area. Cilia grey with white tips, a short upper row overlapping a longer lower row so that there appears to be a broad grey basal band. Orbicular and reniform stigmata large, separated from each other by a distance equivalent to about half the length of the orbicular sigma. Orbicular stigma large and very weakly outlined in whitish, this line scarcely visible (but obvious and well defined in some European specimens so perhaps worn in this example). Fill colour a paler grey than the ground colour, and this pale grey extending anteriorly to become confluent with the costa. Reniform stigma large and squarish with rufous- orange scales clearly filling the dorso-proximal corner and extending at lesser density to fill most of the proximal half of the stigma. The extent of orange fill seems to vary in European specimens, but it always seems to leave the antero-distal corner grey. Claviform stigma the same pale grey as the orbicular stigma, very narrowly, but clearly defined by a black outline. A short, narrow, black streak originating from the apex of the claviform stigma and terminating at the post- median fascia. Hind wing upper-side more or less pale whitish grey, with a grey suffusion in the outer area not affecting the cilia, which are distinctly paler, brownish white, with pale brownish scales evident along the veins (note that the left hind wing is slightly greasy in the Hampstead specimen in Plate H). Discal spot vague, suffused. Post- median fascia scarcely visible. The pale brownish white basal area is concolourous with the scales on the basal two segments of the abdomen. Underside pale brownish grey, the hind wings paler than the forewings. The costal area of all four wings more heavily scaled, the scales broader and vaguely pinkish. Reniform stigma of forewing evident as a diffuse group of dark grey scales. Hind wing with obvious discal spot and post-median fascia, the latter wider and stronger at the costal end, thinning and not reaching the dorsum. Recognition and similar species Based on this specimen and on the photographs and text in Ronkay et al. (2001), the white, interrupted sub-terminal line (vaguely lined inside with rufous-orange) should serve to separate this species from L. furcifera , which has a characteristic reddish sub-terminal line. Also the general appearance of L. consocia is more contrasting with darker speckling than that of L. furcifera, which has a lighter, “cleaner” blue-grey ground colour. The build is also slightly different; L. consocia has shorter, broader wings than L. furcifera (most evident in set specimens). Lithophane lamda has an absent or indistinct claviform stigma and darker hind wings. Ronkay et al (op. cit.) state that L. lamda never orange-reddish scales in the reniform stigma, but their illustrations on Plate 10 (Figures 24 and 26) seem to contradict this statement. LITHOPH ANE CONSOC1A - NEW TO BRITAIN 163 Genitalia We are indebted to Laszlo Ronkay for permission to use the male and female genitalia photographs reproduced in Plate G. These first appeared in Ronkay et al. (2001) from which the following text is also taken. The male genitalia differ from those of L. furcifera in that the fultura inferior has a narrower basal plate, the extensions of the costal plate are longer, pointed, wedge- shaped or digitiform, the harpe is short, but longer than in L. furcifera, and the subterminal diverticula are considerably larger. In the female the ostium bursa is somewhat broader and shorter than in L. furcifera , and the sclerotisation of the ductus bursae is less intense, whilst the sclerotised posterior plate is more ring-like. Plate G. Genitalia of Lithophane consocia. 1 . Male genitalia; 2. Aegeagus with everted vesica; 3. Female genitalia. Photographs © Laszlo Ronkay and Entomological Press. Reproduced with permission. Ecology All the available literature sources give the main larval foodplants as species of Alnus - A. incana and A. glutinosa , but larvae have also been recorded on Betula species and on hazel Corylus avellana. The adult moths emerge at the beginning of 164 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.vii.2003 September and are on the wing until the end of November, after overwintering the flight period resumes in March and lasts until May. Vernacular name We congratulate our friend Raymond Softly for his stalwart efforts with an actinic light trap on his third floor balcony in north London. That trap produced a new micro to Britain during 1982 in the form of Argyresthia trifasciata Stdgr. (Yponomeutidae) {vide Emmet, 1982); now it has produced a macro. We would like to suggest that Softly’s Shoulder-knot might be an appropriate vernacular name. In their taxonomic revision of the European Noctuidae, Ronkay et al. (2002) position Lithophane consocia after L.furcifera (Hufn.) and before L. lamda (Fabr.) In the latest British checklist (Bradley, 2000) L. consocia should, therefore, be given the sequence number 2238a. Acknowledgements We are most grateful to Michael Fibiger whose unrivalled experience and attention to detail led to the initial suggestion that the Hampstead specimen may have been incorrectly identified. We are also grateful to Michael and to Barry Goater who confirmed the identification from the digital image sent via e-mail. For that digital image we are grateful to Herts Moth Group member Andrew Hardacre, who also took the images in Plate H & I. For the genitalia photographs, reproduced from Noctuidae Europaeae, we are indebted to Laszlo Ronkay (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest), and for permission to use them we again thank Michael Fibiger. Finally, we should record the fact that had it not been for the keen eyes of Raymond Softly, and his wisdom in retaining the moth for examination, this species would not now be on the British list. Dr John Langmaid most kindly acted as the independent referee of this paper and, since one of the authors of this paper is also the editor of the journal in which it appears, we have accepted all of his recommendations and comments without question or dissent. References Bradley. J. D., 2000 Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles (second edition). Privately published. Bretherton, R. F., 1983 Migrant records in Heath. J. & Emmet. A. M. (Eds.) The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 10: 70-73. Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 1966 The butterflies and moths of Kent Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 78: (274)-(279). Emmet, A. M., 1982 Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger, 1871 (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Britain. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 94: 180-182. Heath, J., 1976 (Ed.) The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 1. Ronkay. L., Yela , J. L.. & Hreblay, M., 2001 Noctuidae Europaeae Vol. 5. Entomological Press. Skou, P, 1991 Nordens Ugler. Apollo Books. South, R. 1939. The moths of the British Isles (2nd series). Warne, London. Waring, P, 2002 Moths pp. 438-440 in Branson, A. (Ed.) Wildlife reports. British Wildlife 13: 427-444. L1TH0PHANE CONSOCIA - NEW TO BRITAIN 165 Plate H. Lithophane consocia (Borkh.), Hampstead, Middlesex, 20. ix. 2001. Upperside. The colour of the insect’s left wing is distorted by “grease” on the specimen. Plate I. Lithophane consocia (Borkh.), Hampstead, Middlesex. 20.ix.2001. Underside. 166 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.vii.2003 The flight period of Tachystola acroxantha (Meyrick) (Lep: Oecophoridae) Since discovering Tachystola acroxantha in my garden in 1997 (Ent. Rec. 110: 83) I have continued to trap this oecophorid regularly each year. Initially, my trap was a Heath trap - but in 2001 I built a skinner type trap with a 15W actinic light and the numbers of T. acroxantha trapped have increased as shown by the graph below. In examining these data it is clear that my findings are in agreement with the newly published Volume 4 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland (Harley Books), where it is stated that moths have been found from late April to November. My earliest date is 23 April (in 2002), with a latest date of 24 November (in 2001 ). Plotting the numbers caught each week of the year using my accumulated data is interesting, as it seems to show two peaks for this moth - with a small peak at week 19 and a larger peak at week 39. Although the distribution seems to be bimodal I think that more data needs to be accumulated before one can conclude whether this moth occurs in two generations or is continuously brooded. More moths are trapped towards the autumn and the highest total in one night was seven on 29 October 2002. Numbers of Tachystola acroxantha trapped - 1997 to 2002 Tachystola acroxantha - Number trapped by week - 1997 to 2002 Weeks — Rob Edmunds, 32 Woodcote Green, Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hants, GU51 4EY (E-mail: r.edmunds@ntlworld.com). SUBSCRIBER NOTICE Some of you will have noticed that our web site is out of date! The Editor would be very keen to hear from anyone who might be able to spare a few moments every two months updating the website from material that will be provided to you. Mostly, this will involve uploading the Contents of the latest issue and the Abstracts of papers every other month; these will be e-mailed to you as pdf files. Once a year we also upload the Contents and Special Index for the previous year. It is not a lot - but every job I can pass to someone else is time saved for editing! If you want to improve the web site that would be a bonus! Volunteers please take a look at www.entrecord.com and then e-mail me at colinwplant@ntlworld.com. EUP1THECIA MASSILIATA - NEW TO BRITAIN 167 EUPITHECIA MASSILIATA DARDOIN & MILLIERE (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) - A PUG MOTH NEW TO THE BRITISH FAUNA FROM EPPING FOREST B. Goodey 29cS’ Ipswich Road, Colchester, Essex C04 OET. Abstract The occurrence of Eupithecia massiliata Dardoin & Miliere (Geometridae) in Britain is reported for the first time. The record is discussed and pointers are given for recognition of the species. The vernacular name of Epping Pug is proposed. Introduction In April 2002, Mr Tim Green informed me of two unusual pugs, both apparently of the same species, which he had trapped at his business premise, which borders the eastern part of Epping Forest, Essex. Mr Green was kind enough to send me both digital images of the living moths and subsequently the specimens for further examination. The pair consist of a male and female and are both small, at 18mm wingspan for the female and 19mm for the male. The forewing colour is essentially a mid brownish-grey with conspicuous black or dark grey cross lines, consisting of small wedges and streaks, making the wings appear darker than they actually are. There is a pale subterminal line, which ends with a pair of pale spots in the tornus, the upper being large and fairly prominent. The discal spot is black and elongated, but obscured by a dark crossline, which runs through it. Each forewing appears rather short and ample, with a rounded tip and arched costa. At Epping two other Eupithecia species fly at this time of year - the Brindled Pug E. abbreviate and early examples of the Oak-tree Pug E. dodoneata. I dissected the genitalia of both specimens and found a number of differences from the two above species (Plate J). Various people were subsequently contacted for opinions. One suggestion was that the female could be unmated and the genitalia not fully formed, and so the pair could possible be a strange variety of E. abbreviate (Epping does produce some oddities, such as the columbine aberration of Nola confusalis H.-S.). However, this did not feel a particularly comfortable explanation. Here the matter rested until the publication of volume 4 of The Geometrid moths of Europe (Mironov, 2003), when it became clear that the genitalia resembled those of the Mediterranean species E. massiliata. I contacted Colin Plant for his opinion, and he kindly forwarded a series of digital images of the adult insect, and of the genitalia, to Peder Skou (Apollo Books, Copenhagen) and Axel Hausmann (General Editor of the series The Geometrid Moths of Europe), who both felt that the identification as E. massiliata was probably correct. Because, however, of the less than expected occurrence of that species in Britain, the images were forwarded to Dr. Vladimir Mironov - the authority on the genus Eupithecia - at the Insect Systematic^ Laboratory, St. Petersburg; he almost immediately confirmed, via e-mail to Colin Plant, that the tentative identification was indeed correct. 168 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 Plate J. Eupithecia massiliata Dardoin & Milliere, 9 . Epping Forest, Essex, 2.iv.2002. Upperside. Plate K. Eupithecia massiliata, Genitalia of 6 , with aedeagus in situ. Epping Forest, Essex, 13.iv.2002. Plate L. Eupithecia massiliata. Sclerotised portion of eighth sternite of 3 in Plate K (the “anal plate”). Plate M. Eupithecia massiliata. Genitalia of the 9 in Plate J. Epping Forest, Essex, 2.iv.2002. EUPITHECIA MASSILIATA - NEW TO BRITAIN 169 Identification The female adult is illustrated in Plate J. Given the flight time, the only species likely to be confused with E. massiliata would be small, dark examples of E. abbreviata. The forewings of E. abbreviata are longer and the costa straighter, giving the insect at rest a distinctive angular outline. The ground colour is a warm brown, overlaid by extensive dark grey patches forming clouds rather than the well-defined crosslines in E. massiliata. Two or three dark streaks distad of the discal spot are usually an obvious feature in E. abbreviata ; in E. massiliata these are represented by three shallow wedges. Finally the discal spot in E. abbreviata is longer and narrower, and not partially obscured by a crossline. Male genitalia: Plate K & L. A prominent feature of the male genitalia is an extension to the sacculus, blunter than in E. abbreviata and not present at all in E. dodoneata. The sclerotised, ventral plate on the eighth sternite (the “anal plate”) is narrower than in E. abbreviata and E. dodoneata and bears at its tip two pincer-like claws. This should serve to distinguish the males from all other British pugs of the same sex. Female genitalia: Plate M. This bears no resemblance to either E. abbreviata or E. dodoneata. The bursa copulatrix is very small, singularly folded or twisted, containing a number of noticeable spines along one side. There is a membranous pouch, or diverticulum and the ductus bursa is extremely short. There are minor differences between the female genitalia illustrated by Mironov (2003) and the Epping Forest female (a digital image of the genitalia of which has been examined by Mironov). Dr Mironov has informed me, via Colin Plant, that he may have cut short the diverticulum in preparing the illustrated slide. Accordingly, he has kindly allowed us to reproduce his own genitalia drawings here to avoid all possible confusion. Ecology Eupithecia massiliata is a species of the western Mediterranean region and adjacent Atlantic areas, affecting Portugal and the seaboard areas of southern and eastern Spain, of southern France east to, but not entering, Italy, and of north African from Tunisia westwards. The larvae feed on flowers and leaves of various species of oak, Quercus coccifera, Q. suber (Cork Oak) and Q. ilex (Mironov, 2003). Cork could presumably be used as a pupation site and so provide a method of transportation into this country. British status The female was found on the side of a mercury vapour trap on 2 April 2002. The male was boxed on 1 3 April 2002 inside an outbuilding, on the wall of a cold store used to house worms of various types. These worms are originally imported from the USA, Canada and Hungary, which are areas of the world not affected by this species and so are most unlikely to be the source. However, Mr Green also occasionally imports cork from Portugal, an area where the moth does in fact occur; this cork is not fumigated 170 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 Fig. 1. Genitalia of Eupithecia massiliata. A: male, B: female. Both drawings were executed by Dr. V. Mironov. Copyright ©Apollo Books, and reproduced with permission. before it reaches our shores and frequently hosts ants and other insects. It seems likely, therefore, that the origin of the Epping pair is Portugal and their presence in Britain is purely one of a fortuitous nature. The female was trapped in the open, and the male is likely to have flown into the outbuilding from outside, attracted perhaps by its lights. Whether the species could colonise Britain remains to be seen; a survey in April 2003 and constant monitoring by Mr Green during the flight period has revealed no further specimens. That having been said, two other species - E. phoeniceata and E. ultimaria - both of which have a Mediterranean distribution, have recently appeared in Britain under their own steam; the possibility that the Epping Forest moths are of natural occurrence is remote but should not be completely ignored. Quercus ilex, at least, grows in Epping Forest, whilst both Quercus coccifera and Q. suber exist in the wider landscape as planted specimen trees. Eupithecia massiliata should follow E. dodoneata in the British Checklist and can be given the log-book number of 1853a. I suggest that the vernacular name Epping Pug be applied to this species. Acknowledgements I am especially grateful to Dr Vladimir Mironov for confirming the identification of this species from electronic images sent by Colin Plant and also for his permission to reproduce, here, his own excellent male and female genitalia drawings. I am most grateful to Colin Plant (Bishops Stortford), Peder Skou (Apollo Books, Copenhagen) and Axel Hausmann (Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich) for facilitating the confirmation of my tentative identification by Dr. Mironov. Reference Mironov. V., 2003. The Geometrid moths of Europe A. Larentiinae II (Perizomini and Eupitheciini). Apollo Books, Stenstrup. NOTES 171 Little-known entomological literature - 9 In 1980, R. B. Freeman published his British natural history hooks 1495-1900; a handlist. Since then I, and others, have come across many books which, for one reason or another, had escaped his notice, quite a few of which have been entirely or substantially of entomological content. It is perhaps not surprising that a title such as A sister's stories should have been omitted as the title gives no intimation of the theme of the contents, which in this case (see below) is entirely entomological and it is only by examining the book that one can tell. Searching the older catalogues in the major libraries is not only no easy task, as I well know, but will only turn up natural history items with obvious titles to the subject matter and even then it is easy to overlook some. It is the assiduous visiting and browsing the shelves of bookshops, and pouring over dealers’ catalogues that turns up the gems. The list below is not comprehensive by any means; as it is only of books omitted by Freeman, which over the years have come into my library. It does not, therefore, include any mention of later or earlier editions of the work. It does include some that he may have deliberately excluded according to his criteria for inclusion. There are, however, inconsistencies about some of his choices. Those he excluded are, amongst others, stated to be any “of direct practical application to man’s life”. A browse through some such titles reveals that while they do indeed include, say, “pest control” they also include, which may be the major content, “natural history” often detailing life-histories and foodplants. One such, for instance is George Newport’s account of Athalia centifoliae (see below). Be that as it may, I feel that readers would like some of them at least, recorded here. In the list below, while following the convention of quoting the size of the book in the old imperial form (e.g. 8vo.) I have added the actual size in millimetres as this is far more accurate for in various catalogues and descriptions I have seen the same book being described as sm. 8vo.; 16mo., and 12mo. the actual size being 135 X 105mm. While many of the books below are first editions this is not always clear, nor have I tracked down the date of publication of some undated (nd) items, but give an approximate date from other evidence. Where the title leaves the theme of the contents unclear I have briefly given my honest opinion of them; for others the contents are obvious. ADAMSON. C. H. E., Catalogs of butterflies collected in Burmah by Major C. H. E. Adamson, Madras Staff Corps. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Printed by John Bell and Co. 1889. 8vo. 1 220 X 140] pp 43. A. LADY, Caroline and her mother: or, familiar conversations for children. Principally upon entomological subjects. London. J. Hatchard and Son 1827. sm. 8vo. [180 X 110] pp 245. A typical “conversational” type moralistic novel about a good little girl converting a selfish one to her god-fearing ways with the habits, behaviour and differences between them of various insects being brought into the narrative. A. L. O. E. (MRS TUCKER), Fairy frisket; or peeps at insect life. London. Thomas Nelson & Sons 1893 8vo. [180 X 125] pp 198, Illustrated. +10 pp adverts. A series of fairy tales involving children and insects of various sorts. Could the butterflies and moths being assembled at “Violet Dell” presage the use of UV light? 172 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 A.L.O.E. (MRS TUCKER), Wings & stings: a tale for the young. London. Thomas Nelson & Sons 1870 sm. 8vo. 1 1 70 X 118] pp 108 + 4 pp adverts. 6 Engraved Plates. A tale about children and their inter-actions with animals, mainly honeybees. Moralistic about being kind to all animals. ANON [SELINA MARTIN], A sister's stories. Kirkby Lonsdale. Arthur Foster & L. B. Seely & Sons. 1833 sm. 8vo. [Ill X 177] pp 207, 29 Engraved Plates, not numbered. This is an elementary treatise on insects with some brief descriptions and habits told in a question and answer style and interspersed, as usual for the period, with poetry. The Plates are all of insects. ANON., The butterfly birthday book. London. Marcus Ward nd (1886) sq. 16mo. [110 X 85]. Five days per page on the left with poetic excerpts while the right has the vacant space to write in birthday dates. The whole exquisitely illustrated with colourful butterflies and honeysuckle; the endpapers with gold butterflies on a blue background. ANON., An exchange list of British Lepidoptera. London. Abraham Kingdom & Co. nd (1880’s?) sm. 8vo. [180 X 125] pp 14. ANON., The four little wise ones. London. James Nisbet & Co. 1853 sq. sm. 8vo. [150 X 120] pp 427, 4 Plates. This is a children's book written by a Lady and deals with the ant, the locust, the spider and the coney in an informative, but largely anecdotal way, quoting from other authors, including Charles Darwin. ANON., Who were the first weavers. London, T. Nelson & Sons 1876 16mo. [160 X 100] pp 72. cold Frontispiece. Illustrations, Describes the first weavers who were, of course, spiders and silkworms. ANON.. Who was the first paper maker? London, T. Nelson & Sons 1881 16mo. [160 X 100] pp 72. 1 cold frontispiece. Illustrations. Describes the lifehistory and habits of the first paper makers, otherwise wasps. ANON., Tiny workers; or, man’s little rivals in the animal world. London. Thomas Nelson and Sons, nd (1880’s) 12mo [155 X 105] pp 137 + 6 pp adverts. 11 Plates, mainly of insects. Describes various insects that make nests, wasps, termites; that spin, spiders; weave, such as caterpillar spinning its cocoon; masquerade as something else, mantids. ANON., Our ponds and our fields and what may be seen there. London. Frederick Warne & Sons nd (1850?) 12mo. [155 X 1 11] pp 140, illustrated, cold, frontispiece. Mother takes her children rambling and on the way they ask about the mainly insect life they come across and she explains their life-history and habits. BADCOCK, JOSES, Poems , by Joses Badcock. Vol I Annats, or, first fruits of reflection. London. James Paul nd ( 1 84??) 8vo. [212 X 1 32] pp xvi + [ 1 ] + 2 1 2. Poems on various natural history disciplines, pages 85-1 18 are on entomology. (“Twas early in the rural month of May / 1 viewed the fly that scarcely lives a day / so near the margin of a rippling stream / a ray of light elanced its transient beam / brought into animation seemed to fly / as if twas revelling in extacy / now as the eve emerged her glimmering ray / and your ephemera roved out to play.” BARRETT, CHARLES G., Labelling list of British Macrolepidoptera as arranged in “Lepidoptera of the British isles. ” London. Lovell Reeve & Co. Ltd. 1900 8vo.[215 X 140] pp 16 single-sided. BATES, H. W. & CLARKE, REV H., Descriptions of new species of Phytophaga, being the appendix to the catalogue of Phytophaga by the Rev. Hamlet Clarke. Williams and Norgate 1865. 8vo. [225 X 140] pp 88. NOTES 173 B1RKS, J., British Lepidoptera, omitting Tineae except Epigraphiidae and Psychidae. York. J. Birks 1863 8vo. (220 X 140]. single double-sided folded sheet pp 4 Clearly intended as an “exchange” list. BUTLER. E. A., Silkworms (Young collector series) London. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1929 ( 1887) 8vo. j 180 X 125 1 pp 100, 36 Eigs. Deals mainly with the history, anatomy, rearing and diseases of Bombyx mori, with a few notes on other silkworm species. CLARKE. REV HAMLET, A catalogue of the Phytophaga. [Coleoptera, Pseudotetramera], Part I. London. Williams and Norgate 1866. 8vo. [225 X 140] pp 50. CROTCH, G. B., List of all the Coleoptera described A. D. 1756-1821 referred to their modern genera. Cambridge (no publisher or printer stated) 1871 8vo. [220 X 140] pp 24. CROWTHER, HENRY, Label list of British Lepidoptera Truro. Lake & Lake nd (1880’s) 8vo. [210 X 135] pp (10); iv-xviii. 1 plate. Pages iv-xviii printed one side only ot paper. Deals only with the butterflies. DAWSON, J. F. & CLARK, HAMLET. A rearrangement of the nomenclature and synonomy of those species of British Coleoptera which are comprised under the sections Geodephaga, Hydradephaga and part of Philhydrida. London. Printed by Taylor & Francis 1856 8vo. [215 X 135] pp 12 single-sided. DOUGLAS, J. W. & SCOTT, JOHN, A list of British Hemiptera, (Heteroptera) with allied species found in northern and central Europe which may be expected to occur in Britain. London. Printed by E. Newman 1862. 8vo. [210 X 135] pp 16 single-sided. G. L. M., Spider spinnings or, adventures in insect-land. A tale for the young. London. George Routledge & Sons nd (188?)16mo. [100 X 160] pp 178, 2 Plates + 2 pp adverts. A curious mix of natural history, mainly entomological, but also including witnessing ferreting for rabbits, as told by a spider describing his adventures. HUMPHREYS, JENNET, Insect ways on summer days: in garden, forest, field, and stream. London. Blackie & Son, Ltd. 1887 8vo. [185 X 125] pp 192, frontispiece & illustrations, + 32 pp adverts. A book for children describing various life-histories and habits of a number of insects interspersed with a little poetry. JOHNS, BENNET GEORGE, Among the butterflies. A book for young collectors. London, Isbister & Co. 1891 8vo. [185 X 125] pp 198 + 2 pp advert frontispiece + 12 Plates. An elementary account and descriptions of our butterflies. The figures on the Plates uncoloured and of poor quality. KOLLAR. VINCENT, (translated by J. & M. LOUDON). A treatise on insects injurious to gardeners, foresters, & farmer With notes by J. O. Westwood. London. William Smith 1840 16mo [175 X 1 15] pp 377, illustrated + 2 pp adverts. LEMON. F. C., The butterflies of Switzerland (Translated from Prof. Frey's Die Lepidopteren der Schweiz). Plymouth, James H Keys 1896 (Privately printed) imp. 8vo. [240 X 156] pp 44. LOVELL. KATE R., Nature’s wonder-workers: being some short life-histories in the insect world. London: Cassell & Co. Ltd. 1890 8vo. 1 1 85 X 125]. pp viii; 9-285, 18pp adverts. Text illustrations, some full page. The text explains the life-history of many Orders of insects, their usefulness, habits, the friendly and beautiful, the nasty and annoying and their interactions with each other. Delightfully illustrated with typical Victorian engravings. How would anyone today come across Surrey lanes “quite illuminated with myriads of liny sparks emitted by insects” (i.e. glow-worms). Sad this, but thankfully we do not also see cattle and horses panicked by myriads of bot- or gad-flies! 174 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 MAJOR, JOSHUA, A treatise on the insects most prevalent on fruit trees and garden produce. London. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green 1829. 8vo. [215 X 135] pp 302 Gives an account of pest insects, as far as was known two hundred years ago and primitive and sometimes amusing (to us today that is) methods of combating them. NEWPORT, GEORGE, Obsenxitions on the anatomy, habits and economy of Athalia centifoliae, the sawfly of the turnip. London. Printed for the Entomological Society 1838. 8vo. [215 X 140] pp 32 1 Plate. The Prize-winning essay of the Society for 1837. ORMEROD , ELEANOR A., Guide to methods of insect life; and prevention & remedy of insect ravage. London. Simpkin Marshall & Co. 1884 8vo. [189 X 120] pp 168, illustrated. Describes the various insects and some of their habits that in the 19th century were considered pests. These include Deaths-head and Eyed Hawk-moths, Buff-tip and Lobster moth. Musk and Sexton beetles. ORMEROD, ELEANOR A., A textbook of agricultural entomology. London: Simkin Marshal, Hamilton, Kent & Co. 1892. 8vo. [180 X 120] pp viii, 168, Illustrated. Describes the life- histories and habits and damage caused by many actual and potential pest species. PARRY, MAJOR F. J. SYDNEY, Catalogus Coleopterorum Lucanoidum. London. E W Janson. editio tertia 1875 8vo. [220 X 140] pp 29. SAUNDERS, EDWARD, Species of the genus Buprestis ofLinneus described previous to 1830. London. John van Voorst. 1870 8vo. [220 X 140] pp37. SHARP, W. E., The classification of Coleoptera: historically considered. Neither publisher or printer stated (Privately printed?), nd (189?) 8vo. [200 X 130] pp 21. SIMPSON, EDWARD, Insect lives as told by themselves. London. RTS nd (189?) 8vo. [185 X 125] pp 128 with 123 illustrations, some full page. Fairly extensive account of the life histories of various insects such as wasps. Goat Moth, Earwig, Ladybirds, Water boatmen. Gnats, Stylops. SOMERVILLE, WILLIAM, Farm and garden insects. London, Macmillan & Co. 1897 sm. 8vo. pp 126, 46 Figs WALKER, FRANCIS, A list of the Hymenoptera collected by J K Lord Esq. in Egypt, in the neighbourhood of the red sea and in Arabia with descriptions of the new species. London. E W Jansen 1871 8vo. [210 X 135] pp 59. WALKER, FRANCIS., Catalogue of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the British Museum - Supplement. London. E W Jansen 1873 8vo. [210 X 135] pp 63. WALKER. FRANCIS, Characters of undescribed Lepidoptera Heterocera. London. E W Jansen 1869 8vo. [210 X 135] pp 1 12. WALKER, FRANCIS, Catalogue of Hemiptera Heteroptera in the British Museum. Supplement. London. E W Jansen 1873 8vo. [210 X 135] pp 63. WALKER, FRANCIS, Notes on Diptera and list of species. First series. London. E W Jansen 1874 8vo. [210 X 135] pp 37. WATERHOUSE, G. R., A list of the British species of Aleocharidae [London. Van Voorst 1857]. 8vo. [220 X 140] pp 6. printed one side of paper only. - Brian O. C. Gardiner, 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL. NOTES 175 Hazards of butterfly collecting. ‘Hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo ... and you too!’ - Bangladesh, March 2002 We moved - sorry relocated - to Dhaka, Bangladesh a year ago, and though my priority is continuing work on the butterflies of West Africa, it seemed that something should also be done about those in Bangladesh. Virtually nothing is known about the butterflies of Bangladesh since, during colonial times, this was simply part of Indian Bengal. There is not even the glimmerings of a poor checklist. The bulk of Bangladesh is a densely populated floodplain where elevations of more than 50 metres almost attain the status of mountains. During the height of the monsoon, some 80% of the country is under water. To the east are the Bengal plains and Calcutta; to the north are the Khasi and Jaintea Hills (with Cherrapunji, the world’s wettest place); to the east are the hills of Tripura; and to the south are the Sundarban mangroves. The Khasi Hills and Tripura were extensively collected a hundred years ago, but only in areas not currently within Bangladesh. The Sundarban forests are not very diverse and have few butterflies, though one or two seem to be special to the mangroves. South of the main parts of Bangladesh are the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which are ecologically, geographically, topographically (many hills are 1,000 metres plus), ethnically, and politically anomalous, and are effectively only part of Bangladesh due to colonial pen-strokes. This area IS rich in butterflies and quite a few records found their way into the books on Indian butterflies that were published 100 years ago or more. But no more than just to whet the appetite and to show a certain Burma affinity, rather than one with Assam. The political conditions and the security situation in the area are not good, and even if you manage all the difficult paperwork, moving to the interesting places with intact forest is difficult. The last Dane to go there went just a year ago. He happened to share my first name, Torben. He was promptly kidnapped and only released three months later! We did not have our own car for some time so the first local butterfly activities were collecting in and around Dhaka City itself; garden suburbs, parks, the golf course, old university campuses, the Botanical Gardens, cemeteries, and so on. So far the list comes to some 70 species and it will grow slowly. This is a bit less than for New Delhi which has about 90; the main reason is that Delhi has a lot of dry zone species such as Colotis for whom Dhaka is much too humid. When back in Dhaka in February after a long stint abroad I decided to have a look at some forests in the Sylhet Division, in the northeast of the country, on which I had received very different feedback: “Oh, it’s nothing but a commercial plantation gone a little wild”. “It’s tiny - won’t find much there”. “In the absence of anything better to do, might be worth a visit”. “Considering that it was a monoculture plantation just 80 years ago, it is pretty good”. This seemed enough to go on, and it was clear that the area was one that had originally been tropical semi-deciduous, rather than the few “sal” forests around Dhaka which were mostly composed of the single tree, Shorea robusta. So off we went, spending the night in the delightful guest house at Srimangal run by DFID, the British aid programme (permanent electricity, air-conditioning, good food, fine service, swimming pool all on a well-forested hill). 176 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 The next morning we were in the Lowacherra Forest by 08.00, it being just two kilometres from the guest house. It looked like it was at the better end of the scale of expectations, and this was brought home by a sudden cacophony of: ‘Hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo' from the forest canopy. The vocalisation was not exactly what I knew from Thailand, Malaysia, and Sumatra, but it was quite clear that we had met a troupe of gibbons, in this case the Hoolock Hylobates hoolock. Five minutes later we had a fine view of a Hoolock family feeding on a nearly naked fig at the top of the canopy, thin creatures with long limbs looking as if they might have been fashioned from pipe- cleaners. For someone having spent much of past ten years in West Africa, seeing gibbons like this was truly amazing, since they would long since have been shot dead. But here, neither the Muslim Bangla nor the animist Khasi tribals eat monkeys, so they are safe. If there are gibbons, there must be butterflies, and indeed there were. We collected some 160 species on the first trip and another 50 on two subsequent visits. They range from huge birdwings like Troides helena to the amazing Clipper Parthenos sylvia, the Green Oakblue Arhopala eumolphus , which is so pretty in fresh specimens that you want to cry, to four species of Jezebel, Delias , and lots of interesting skippers. I also netted my first Popinjay Stibochiona nicea , which I had wanted to catch since I was a kid in India; it sent me straight to the Oxford dictionary - do you know what it means? We now have about 230 Bangladesh butterflies of our own, as well as definite older records of another 80 (mainly from Chittagong). There are some 140 that must be (or at least must have been) in the country judging by distribution, ecology, and biogeography. So it looks as if 500 species is quite possible, and this despite the fact that there are no high mountains. I’ll make a report by the time we leave Dhaka (sorry relocate) with comparisons with Indian lists from Assam and Tripura from the 1890s. So watch this space. I also now have that wonderful instrument of mental health, an easily accessible ABD (Anything But Dhaka), much nicer, easier, and cheaper than shopping trips to Thailand which is the usual alternative and goes to show how dire the situation is judged to be. So: '‘Hoo, hoo, hoo - see you next month!” - Torben B. Larsen, Bangladesh, World Bank, 1818 H. Street N. W., Washington D. C., 20433, USA. Dotted Chestnut Conistra rubiginea (D.& S.) (Lep.: Noetuidae) in Warwickshire The recent well-documented expansion in the range of this species (e.g., Ent. Rec. 114: 130; 114: 180; 114: 209-210), suggests that it is worth noting that a gravid female was taken at mv light in my garden at Charlecote, Warwickshire, on 28 March 2003. This is the first report from VC 38 since the moth was taken at Rugby on 6 October 1886 and is further evidence of a general expansion of the species from its “base” in central southern England - David C. G. Brown, Jackson's Lawn, Charlecote, near Warwick CV35 9EW. NOTES 177 Saddleback Moth caterpillar Sibine Istimulea (Clemens) (Lep.: Limacodidae): - a possible new record for the UK discovered in Somerset On 29 January 2003, Bristol Museum & Art Gallery received an enquiry from someone working in a garden centre in Somerset (Vice-County 6, OS grid reference ST 35) requesting help in identifying a caterpillar which had “bitten” her. A digital image of larva in question was then received and after briefly consulting members of the Bristol & District Moth Group, who could not name it, the image was sent on to Warren Spencer, Head of Invertebrates, Bristol Zoological Gardens. He identified it as a Saddleback Moth caterpillar - Sibine Istimulea. If the identification is correct, this species is well known in America as a pest of many plant species and notorious for its urticating hairs which can produce a reaction similar to a bee sting. Assistance in searching the web for further identification clues by members of the Somerset Moth Group has suggested that there are other very similar species in the Americas and that identification can only be ascertained for certain by examination of the adult moth. One larva has been preserved as a voucher within the Bristol Museum & Art Gallery natural history collections and the remaining eight live caterpillars are being reared at Bristol Zoo. The larvae were feeding on Areca Palm in the garden centre but have readily adapted to a new diet of bramble in captivity. The source of the palms has been traced to a nursery in Holland so far. I am not aware of any previous existing British records of this genus. My thanks to Warren Spencer and to David Carter of the Natural History Museum for their help thus far - Samantha Trebilcock, Biology Section, Bristol Museum & Art Gallery, Queens Rd, Bristol, BS8 IRL (E-mail: sam_trebileoek@bristol- city.gov.uk). 178 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.vii.2003 Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae): and early and a late record in Staffordshire On 10 May 2002, my friend R. H. Heath observed a male Meadow Brown on the wing in a meadow at Blythe Bridge, Staffordshire - a most early date for this species. Then, at the other end of the year, a very worn male came to feed on my yellow-flowering buddleia at Meir, on 22 September 2002. The latter was a warm sunny day, and there were a few Red Admirals Vanessa atalanta also present. The last time that I saw Meadow Brown on the wing at such a late date was in the year of the very hot summer - 1976 - when I noted one in late September on Barlaston Rough Close, also in Staffordshire - Jan Koryszko, 3 Dudley Place, Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST3 7 AY. Acleris hyemana (Haw.) (Lep.: Tortricidae): the first confirmed record in Buckinghamshire (VC 24) Taken at light on the night of 27. ii. 2003 in my garden in Fenny Stratford, Milton Keynes, was a single Acleris sp. which, at first glance, I could not identify. Having at my disposal a copy of Die Tortriciden Mitteleuropas (Razowski, 2001), I attempted an initial identification, but it soon became obvious my limited experience hampered any exact determination. I posted an image of the specimen to the UKMoths Yahoo! eGroup forum at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ukmoths, asking for more experienced lepidopterists to assist with identification. Amongst the replies I received was one from John Langmaid, asking if I lived near any “heathy” area, as his tentative identification was Acleris hyemana (Haw.) I replied that indeed I did, living only a couple of miles away from the edge of the Greensand Ridge around the Brickhi 11 area. I subsequently retained the specimen, at the request of Martin Albertini, the Buckinghamshire County Moth recorder, as it could be a new vice-county record. Martin also asked me to take it to the Hertfordshire Moth Group Annual Indoor Meeting, which he was attending. A number of eminent people in attendance looked over the specimen, however, as reasonably expected, no one would commit to a positive determination without further reference. I informed John of the situation with the specimen, and we arranged for me to visit him soon after. John referenced his specimens and very quickly determined A. hyemana, a new VC24 record, to my obvious relief after travelling to the south coast from Milton Keynes, a round trip of about 220 miles! It is interesting to note that A. hyemana is not recorded in the neighbouring counties of Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex and Northamptonshire. On further investigation, only one record is known in Oxfordshire and a single recent reliable record in Berkshire (although other historical records are noted), courtesy of Martin Corley and Martin Harvey, the respective county moth recorders. Martin Corley informs me that “The only Oxfordshire record known to me is that in a manuscript list of Lepidoptera by W. Holland and A. H. Hamm, compiled around m NOTES 179 1905 for a proposed Victoria County History (which did not appear until many years afterwards). This was simply given as ‘Bin field’ . This locality is in Berkshire, east of Reading. I doubt if they got this wrong: the record probably refers to Binfield Heath, which is just north of Reading. It is not clear who found it, although it might have been Holland or Hamm themselves, nor is there any date. I would guess that it was collected by Holland (a remarkably talented and dedicated lepidopterist) before 1893 when he moved to Oxford.” Martin Harvey notes that, “David White recorded it on 8.ii.2002 from Wildmoor Heath, a Berks, Bucks and Oxon Wildlife Trust nature reserve near Bracknell, VC22, a single adult found by day among heather. Brian Baker (1994. The Butterflies And Moths Of Berkshire. Hedera Press), lists several other records, all from the central/west Berkshire heaths (all VC22): Wokingham, Mortimer, Burghfield, Padworth and Newbury from the Victoria County History (published 1906), and then from Aldermaston in 1978, 1985 and 1986. Brian did not include Holland’s ‘Binfield’ record - Binfield is in VC22 and modern Berkshire, but as Martin (Corley) says this may well refer to Binfield Heath, which is in VC23 and modern Oxfordshire” My sincere thanks go to Martin Corley and Martin Harvey for their accounts of local records in Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and to John Langmaid for inviting me to visit him at home to determine the record.- L. J. Hill, 75 Eaton Avenue, Bletchley, Milton Keynes MK2 2HN. Non-coastal Tetramorium caespitum (L.) in Scotland Tetramorium caespitum (L.) Hym: Formicidae has recently been recorded on or near the coast in three east coast localities in Scotland: North Berwick Law, East Lothian in 1997, Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh in 1998 ( Edinburgh Biodiversity Action Plan, 2000) and St Abb’s Head (Collingwood & Hughes pers. obs. 1988). There are also pre-1961 records from Bass Rock, East Lothian (1913) and for the islands of Ailsa Craig, Arran and Canna on the west coast of Scotland ( Edinburgh Biodiversity’ Action Plan, 2000\ Barrett, 1979: Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles: Part 5 Hymenoptera: Formicidae ITE, Monks Wood.) On 30 May 2002, a small colony of T. caespitum was discovered on the south facing slopes of Moncreiffe Hill Wood (O.S. grid reference NO 152192), a Woodland Trust Scotland owned and managed property on the outskirts of Perth, Perth and Kinross. This record is notable as the first inland record for T. caespitum in Scotland. The site is 45 miles from the east coast and more than 15 miles from open estuary in the Firth of Tay. Moncreiffe Hill is an igneous escarpment, largely composed of andesite lava, containing many rocky outcrops with patches of neutral to basic, thin, stony soils. This habitat is physically similar to the other localities for T. caespitum in Scotland which at this northern limit in the UK, appears to demand relatively warm, well drained ground on which to found colonies. 180 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 Moncreiffe Hill also has numerous colonies of Lasius flavus (Fabr.), with some mounds positioned under ash woodland planted in 1955. It is possible that on south facing slopes with high levels of isolation, L. flavus can be a persistent component of open woodland. Longer-term observations will be required to support this hypothesis- Jonathan Hughes, Woodland Trust Scotland, 6 (4F3) Buccleuch Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9ND. (E-mail: jonathanhughes@woodland-trust.org.uk). The generic names of the British Hydradephaga (Coleoptera) explained For the origins of Agabus and Acilius I am wholly indebted to Mr David Atty. Brychius Haliplus Peltodytes Hygrobici Noterus Laccophilus Hydrovatus Hyphydrus Hydroglyphus Bidessus Hygrotus Coelambus Hydroporus Stictonectes Graptodytes Porhydrus Deronectes Potamonectes Stictolarsus Oreodytes Scarodytes Laccornis Copelatus Platambus Agabus Ilybius Rhantus Colymbetes Hydaticus Graphoderus Acilius Dytiscus Gyrinus Orectochilus “from the depths of the sea” - an unfortunate name for a running-water insect, a sailor or seaman, a shield-bearing diver. living in moisture (syn. pelobius = living in mud.), wet. damp. lover of water-hollows as ponds, tanks; cf. Laccobius (Hydrophilidae). oval inhabitant of water. (A Greek-Latin hybrid). (living) under water. best translated “sculptured water-beetle”, should refer to some paired feature, but what? represents Greek hygrotes “wetness, moisture”, with hollowed edges or rims (epipleurae of elytra), passing through or travelling in water, spotted swimmer. inscribed diver (from its markings). same as Hydroporus with the two elements awkwardly transposed, literally “neck swimmer” (whatever Sharp meant by that), river swimmer, with spotted tarsi, mountain diver. leaping, skipping diver (all who have taken small Dytiscids by hand will be well aware of this tendency), pond or lake bird. oar-driven (an apt name for a Dytiscid). with broad rims (i.e., elytral epipleurae). name of a prophet of Judea mentioned in the Bible (Acts 1 1, 28 and 21, 10). living in mud (like Pelobius, not an apt name). sprinkled, bedewed, splashed. diver or plunger. connected with water. “with neck written on”, from the pronotal markings, name of a Roman Tribune; also of an historian, little diver. from their gyrations on the surface of water, with jutting lip, i.e., the labrum. - A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. ULOMA CULINARIS IN BRITAIN 181 A RECORD OF ULOMA CULINARIS (LINNAEUS) (COL.: TENEBRIONIDAE) FROM THE BRITISH ISLES, WITH A DISCUSSION OF ITS EUROPEAN BIOLOGY M. V. L. Barclay Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD. Abstract A second British record of the saproxylic darkling beetle Utloma culinaris (L.) is reported, from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. Its status and possible origins in Britain are discussed and a summary of published information on the biology, behaviour and distribution of the species in continental Europe is provided. Introduction Uloma culinaris (L.) (Tenebrionidae: Ulominae) was brought forward as British by Hodge (1985) based on a series of specimens, now in the Booth Museum, Brighton, taken at ‘Bushey Hall’ in 1950 by G. B. Alexander. Two of these specimens, on a single card, were kindly presented by P. J. Hodge and G. Legg to the British Isles collection of the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH). These bear the following data (four labels): ‘ Bushey Hall, 20/7/[\9]50' ‘ From G. Legg, Booth Museum, Brighton, i/1982 ' ’Uloma culinaris (L.) M.J.D. Brendell det. 1982' , 'BMNH(E) 2001-237, P J Hodge'. Other specimens from this series, still in Brighton, carry the additional data “in rotten wood” (Hodge & Jones, 1995). The locality appears to refer to Bushey Hall in Hertfordshire (TQ19, VC20), a large house later converted into a hydropathic spa (Bartholemew, 1904) close to the town of Bushey near Watford. This locality is alternatively spelt ‘Bushy’ (e.g in Hodge loc.cit., Hodge & Jones loc.cit.) but on the label on the BMNH specimen it is spelt ‘Bushey’. Hodge urges caution in regarding the species as British, very reasonably due to the scant material. Hodge and Jones (loc.cit.) echo this caution (‘ status requires confirmation'). Alexander (2002) describes it as ‘ extinct or vagrant?' . Apart from the three references above, all referring to the same specimens, the species is not mentioned in the British literature. No other specimens are known from Britain. It is absent from all 18th, 19th and 20th century collections, and all collections of imported and vagrant coleoptera held at the BMNH, London and the Hope Entomological Collections, Oxford. In September 2002, the collection of the late D. M. Womersley, of Manchester, was presented to the Natural History Museum, London, by his daughter Sue. When unpacking this interesting collection of 835 British Coleoptera, Darren J. Mann and myself were astonished to find a further two English examples of Uloma culinaris standing among undetermined material collected in the 1970s. The specimens, 1<3, 1 9, have the following data: 6 ; “674, The6, Aylford [sic], Forest of Dean, 30/5/73", $;“675, Tbe6, Ayleford, F. of Dean, 30/5/73", hand-written on a card label under the specimen using ballpoint pen. ‘ 674 ' and '675' are apparently registration numbers; unfortunately the collector’s notebooks have not been found. The meaning of lThe6' 182 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 is also unknown, though it may refer to a Tube number 6’ in which the specimens from the day’s collecting were stored prior to setting. The labels are apparently temporary, hand-written in ballpoint on low quality card, which is characteristic of all Womersley’s unnamed material; his named material is remounted and neatly re- labelled on card, using permanent ink, with determination labels attached, and stood above the name in his storeboxes. His collection is entirely of British origin, so confusion with continental material prior to labelling can effectively be ruled out. The data on the Uloma specimens is interpreted as referring to the village of Ayleford, Forest of Dean, West Gloucestershire (SO6608, VC34). These examples double the number of known British records of the species. The specimens now stand in the British Isles Collection, The Natural History Museum (BMNH), London. Biology and European Distribution The genus Uloma is large, with more than 100 described species worldwide. Of these, two reach northern Europe, the other being U. rufa (Pill, et Mitt.). U. culinaris is widespread across the Western Palearctic, including Iran, Sweden, Daghestan, the Caucasus, France, Italy, Germany, Corsica and Sicily (data from the collections of The Natural History Museum, London). A brief scan of the literature adds Greece (Scupola, 1998), Latvia (Telnov, 1997), Slovakia (Jaszay, 2001), European Russia (Nikitsky et al., 1996) and the Ukraine (Nadvornaya & Nadvornyy, 1991), and it has recently been discovered new for Norway (Ottesen & Hansen, 1984). In spite of its specific name, ‘ culinaris ’ (of kitchens), there appears to be no record of it occurring in synanthropic situations (although many of its relatives do). It is a species of woodland. Nikitsky et al ( loc.cit .) give an account of its biology in the Moscow district, Russia, translated as follows:- "[in moist brownish or brownish-white rotten wood of fallen trunks or boles, usually of pine, more rarely birch, usually lying in the open. Adults usually active May/June- August. Life cycle at least 2 years, overwintering as adult or larva. Pupates in wood]". A detailed study of its biology in the Ukraine was made by Nadvornaya & Nadvornyy ( loc . cit.). They examined over 600 dead trunks in mixed and broadleaved forests, and noted that the beetle was generally found in wood of birch Betula, lime Tilia, maple Acer, poplar Populus and ‘false acacia’, that it was rare in oak Quercus , and that it was ‘not found’ in hornbeam Carpinus and ‘forest pear’ (? Pvrus sp.). They do not appear to have investigated coniferous wood, although both Kaszab (1969) and Nikitsky et al. {loc. cit.) note an association with conifers. It seems likely that the wood utilised reflects availability rather than strong taxonomic preferences, especially as wood in later stages of decay is believed to be quite similar in nature irrespective of species. Nadvornaya & Nadvornyy (loc. cit) observe that adult Uloma first colonise trunks that have been dead five to six years, where "the bark is coming off the phloem and cambium have decomposed, and the sapwood and heartwood are starting to decompose" . Wetter trunks are favoured for colonisation, and the beetles are absent in standing trunks, or occur only in the moister basal 30-50cm. They also occupy subterranean root systems, to ULOMA CULINARIS IN BRITAIN 183 a depth of 50cm below ground. Nadvornaya & Nadvornyy (loc. c/7.) found that the incidence of Uloma in the Ukraine varies from 2%-23% of trunks examined, based on region. Nadvornaya & Nadvornyy {loc. cit. ) observe that adults are strongly lucifugous, but fly well at night; flight was observed (in the lab.) between 22.00hrs-04.00hrs. During the day, beetles that have not found suitable habitat shelter under bark. Adults live up to two years. Larvae occupy the same trunks as adults, and development takes 10-11 months, mature larvae reaching 18mm. Larvae migrate up and down seasonal moisture and temperature gradients within the trunk, occurring in the warm upper area in spring, in the moist lower area in summer, and overwintering in the centre. Because adults are long-lived, and have a low rate of reproduction, adults and larvae of various sizes are present continuously. Larvae and adults apparently feed on fungal mycelia within the decaying wood. British Status At present Uloma culinaris is known from only two series of British specimens, both taken in forested areas of central England in the second half of the 20th century. Although Britain falls within the likely geographical range of the beetle, it seems unlikely that such an unmistakable species, more than 10mm long, could have been overlooked by British coleopterists for so long. The possibility that specimens are descended from vagrants or imports should be considered. In the early 20th Century large quantities of wood, especially coniferous softwoods, were imported from continental Europe into Britain, especially for use as pit props in mining areas. Hallett (1923) records the collection of numerous non-British beetles in pine ‘pit wood’ imported from France to Cardiff, and discusses the importation of such wood to other ‘colliery districts’ including the Forest of Dean, which was a major mining area. Much of this wood would have still have had the bark attached, and some was apparently too far decayed to be used for propping shafts, and was thus sold off for firewood (Hallett, loc. cit.). Such wood has been implicated in the introduction to the British Isles of a number of Coleoptera of central European origin, including Corticeus fraxini (Kugel.) (Tenebrionidae) and Aulonium ruficorne (Oliv.) (Colydiidae), both of which were first recorded in pine wood in the Forest of Dean (Beare & Donisthorpe, 1922), and in both cases their introduction with pit props has subsequently been suggested (Hallett, loc. cit., Marshall, 1978). As well as France, pit wood was imported from Germany and Poland (P.M. Hammond pers. comm.), from the Baltic States (Balfour-Browne et al, 1954) and doubtless from elsewhere. Later in the 20th Century, home-grown softwoods replaced imported wood, partly as a result of disruption of supply during the two world wars (J. Cooter pers. comm.). However, it remains quite possible that English examples of Uloma are descended from populations imported to colliery districts with continental softwood timber. Whether Uloma culinaris still persists in the Forest of Dean or elsewhere in Britain requires confirmation. Of the two other beetles mentioned above, one, 184 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.vii.2003 Corticeus fraxini has become widespread, but the other, Aulonium ruficorne appears to have much declined or disappeared. Uloma is a difficult species to find over much of its range, and the combination of elusive habits, rarity and its presence in comparatively under-worked parts of the country may have contributed to a lack of records. Nadvornaya & Nadvornyy’s ( loc.cit .) observation that, in some regions of the Ukraine, it occurred in only 2% of tree trunks examined, and its recent addition to the Norway list (Ottesen & Hansen loc.cit.), especially considering that it has long been known from Sweden (BMNH Collection), also suggests a species that is not likely to be encountered casually. Furthermore, the breaking up of moist, white-rotten trunks is not an especially productive collecting technique, usually revealing only lucanid larvae, Scaphidiinae and, in winter, hibernating Carabidae and Silphidae; many collectors abandon this destructive, laborious and unproductive method of searching early on in their careers. Flight interception trapping may catch night-flying adults, but the beetles may not frequently leave the substrate in which they are breeding, possibly only to disperse to new habitat when a log becomes unsuitable. The record from Bushey Hall is perhaps even more surprising, though there are pockets of old woodland in the area that may repay renewed investigation. Identification Uloma culinaris (Plate N) is unmistakable in the context of the British Fauna, (although it is close to several non-British species, notably the palaearctic U. rufa). The beetles are 10- 11. 5mm, strongly cylindrical, shining ferrugineous brown. Hodge and Jones ( l.c .) compare U. culinaris to a large, pale-coloured Alphitobius, and indeed it will key to Alphitobius in the key to genera in Brendell (1975). The following couplets replace couplet 19 (p. 1 2) of Brendell ( loc . cit.). Supplement to the Generic key to British Tenebrionidae 19 Pronotum transverse, about one and a half times as wide as long and measuring more than 2mm across 19a Pronotum sub-quadrate to slightly transverse and measuring distinctly less than 2mm across (leading to Tribolium Macl. and Gnatocerus Thunb.). 19a 9- 12mm. Shining ferrugineous orange-brown Uloma Latreille 4. 5-6. 75mm. Shining piceous brown to black Alphitobius Stephens ULOMA CULINARIS IN BRITAIN 185 Plate N. Adults of Uloma culinaris (L.) (Tenebrionidae) from the UK. 1, 6, Bushey Hall, 20.vii. 1 950, G. B. Alexander. 2, $, Ayleford, Forest of Dean, 30.V.1973, D. M. Womersley. Actual lengths 1 0mm (V PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY Vol. 115 Part 5 THE Entomologist's Record AND Journal of Variation Edited by C. W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. September/October 2003 6RAR ISSN 0013-8916 'MM - 3 2003 harvard iNivERsnn / THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION World List abbreviation: Entomologist's Rec. J. Var. http://www.entrecord.com Editor C.W. PLANT, B.Sc.. F.R.E.S. 14 West Road, Bishops Stortfonl, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP. Telephone/Fcicsitnile: 01279 507697 E-mail: coliiiwplant@nthvorld.coin Registrar R.F. McCormick, f.r.e.s. 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon TQI4 SNR Hon. Treasurer C.C. Penney, f.r.e.s. 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield, Chelmsford. Essex CM I 7QA WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements REGISTRAR: Changes of address TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal BACK ISSUE PURCHASE - Paul Sokoloff, F.R.E.S.. 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green. Orpington. BR6 6DS Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee or any party other than the named author or authors. Entomologist’s Record ttntl Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription, containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work. The annual subscription for year 2003 is £28 for individual subscribers or £40 for institutions. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS • This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. 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Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting. We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made. • We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on (loppy diskette. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word 2000. Originals are required for all photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct. N. E. HICK1N COLLECTION 201 A COLLECTION OF INVERTEBRATES ASSEMBLED BY THE LATE NORMAN E. HICKIN 1 K. McGee and 2P. F. Whitehead '5 Woodleigh, Drakes Broughton, Pershore, Worcestershire WR1U2AN. paul@moorleys.freeserve.co.uk ’ Moor Leys, Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcestershire WR 10 3 EH. Abstract , During 2000 a collection of insect specimens accumulated by the late Dr Norman E. Hickin was found in a building in the Wyre Forest, Worcestershire. The identifiable material is catalogued. This material includes a number of significant Wyre Forest records and provides a microcosmic glimpse of the distinctive invertebrate life of that area. Introduction During the evening of 23 September 2000, KM attended a moth-trapping session at Lodge-Hill Farm in the Worcestershire Wyre Forest, where he observed an assortment of cardboard boxes under a table in an annexe; on investigation, these proved to contain a collection of dried invertebrates. Many of the specimens were contained in small rectangular airtight plastic containers, whilst others were pinned in small corked boxes. The condition of the specimens ranged from very good to entirely disintegrated, and many lacked accompanying data. Two things were of immediate interest; the name of N. Hickin was written in ink on many of the data labels, evidently in his own hand (those which conform to his calligraphy but are unsigned are marked “N. E. Hickin?” in Table 1 ), and some significant invertebrates were included. Discussion It was established that the building in which the collection was found is owned by English Nature, and permission was granted to KM to remove the collection by Mr Simon Walker, who is a Reserves Manager employed by English Nature, and whose duties cover this area. KM then approached PFW to see how work on the collection might be advanced. It was agreed that KM would deal with the bulk of the Lepidoptera, and that PFW would attend to everything else; results overall were not expected to be in any sense complete, due to the variable condition of the material. A store-box of caddis flies was almost wholly destroyed, and has had to be disregarded in this account. There were many instances of damage by anthrenid beetles and by mites (none of which were active), and one live example of the psocid Liposcelis patula Broadhead was discovered. There seems little doubt to us that the whole collection relates to Dr Hickin. Remarkably for such a limited amount of unaccessioned material, the dated specimens cover a period of 61 years up to 1981, so that both a terminus post quern and terminus anti quern are available for its formation. The early material dates from 1920 - 1925, is associated with G. V. Snelson, and includes Lepidoptera from Southport in Lancashire. Even in those early years, however, an association with Wyre Forest is apparent, and specimens of Bena prasinana (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) and Rheumpatera hastata (L.) (Lep.: Geometridae) 202 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 survive from that time. Snelson also evidently collected at Sutton Park near Birmingham. Much of the material in the small plastic containers, especially that in box 9, originates from light-trapping. Many of these boxes contain moth-scales but no moths; some of them appear to have incarcerated live invertebrates, some of which in turn metamorphosed and produced parasitoids, all of which died in vitro. Others contain hatched moth ova and their larvae. The specimens in container 3:20, none of which have data, include two examples referable to the west Mediterranean Sea-basin Chitona suturalis (01.) (Col.: Oedemeridae), as well as an Ornate Utetheisa ornatrix (L.), (Lep.: Arctiidae), a moth native of the americas, and a tropical hesperiid. The origin of these, and Hickin’s sources for them, remain unknown, although most labelled material in box three dates from 1972. Neither have we sought to clarify the significance of Hickin’s personal contacts. This collection is important for a variety of reasons. It throws further light on the activities of Dr Hickin, whose connections with Wyre Forest (Hickin. 1971) are well-known, and it throws significant light on the biota of Wyre Forest in the past. In some cases the specimens represent the more recent examples of their kind known from Wyre Forest environs. The material also throws some light on Hickin’s methodology as a collector, in the sense that his natural curiosity and artistic appreciation clearly drew him to the great variety of colour and form exhibited by the larger invertebrates. Many of the more spectacular species in this collection are figured in his published works. One can envisage Hickin perambulating amongst the wide variety of ecotones and anthropohabitats of Wyre, as well as at his various homes including The Newalls, collecting selectively (staphylinid beetles are scarcely represented in the collection, apart from one or two of the larger staphylinines) from the wide variety of invertebrates that he came across. One can envisage him perusing the trunk of the tree, which in box 9:44 provided, without data, both Korynetes coeruleus (Col.: Cleridae) and samples of lead shot. Another box contained a macrolabic nymph of the earwig Forficula auricularia L. (Forficulidae); others the mayfly Ephemera danica (Muller) (Ephemeridae) which has an arresting flight; yet others desiccated larvae of syrphine Diptera which aroused his curiosity, but which he evidently was unable to identify. Hickin was, however, aware of the case for biological conservation, writing over 30 years ago (Hickin, 1971) with regard to the Kentish Glory Endromis versicolora (L.) (Endromidae) “that all collecting of it should cease forthwith.” A database of the collection has now been created, and it is from this that Table 1, listing only those species with the better data, has been generated. Each individual container has been numbered, and replaced in its original box; our objective being that the collection should be lodged with a provincial museum. Of the 328 specimens (excluding the destroyed Trichoptera) represented in the collection, 212 (65%) have no data, and 21 (6%) cannot be determined readily to species level by us. We contend that many of the species without data also originate from the Wyre Forest, particularly, as is the case with certain scarce and rare species e.g., Aleurostictus nobilis (L.) (Col.: Scarabaeidae) and Ctenicera pectinicornis (L.) (Col.: Elateridae), N. E. HICKIN COLLECTION 203 when they are closely associated with specimens that do have accompanying data. It is inconceivable that the single Kentish Glory E. versicolora (L.) did not originate from Wyre, and it may even be the one used to illustrate Hickin ( 1971 ). Significant species Pyrgus malvae (L.) (Lep.: Hesperiidae) Grizzled Skipper. Two specimens without data. A rare and declining resident in Worcestershire and elsewhere (Asher et al., 2001), threatened by loss of habitat. A small colony persists in Wyre Lorest (Riley, 1991; A. N. B. Simpson, pers. comm.). Leptidea sinapis (L.) (Lep.: Pieridae) Wood White. One specimen with no data attached. An uncommon, declining and localised resident in Worcestershire (Harper & Simpson, 2002), which despite the statement in Hickin (1971), still occurs in Wyre Lorest in small numbers, where Blatch (1886) had found it to be abundant. Boloria euphrosyne (L.) (Lep.; Nymphalidae) Pearl-bordered Fritillary. Nationally Scarce (Nb). BAP species. One specimen of the rare ab. pallida , labelled “Wyre Forest, 1967.” A rare and declining species (Asher et al., 2001) now confined to Wyre Forest in Worcestershire (Riley, 1991 ; Harper & Simpson, 2002). Melitaea cin.xia (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) Glanville Fritillary. Red Data Book (RDB3), BAP species. One specimen labelled “bred from larva. Isle of Wight, 1953.” In Britain this species is virtually confined to cliffs on the Isle of Wight (Lewington, 1999). Eurodryas aurinia (Rott.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) Marsh Fritillary. Two specimens labelled "Daglingworth, lO.v. 1949,” Daglingworth being not far distant from Cirencester in Gloucestershire. Extinct in Worcestershire, other than in Trench Wood, where it is maintained by introductions (Harper & Simpson, 2002), the most recent Wyre Forest record apparently dating from 1948 (Riley, 1991 ). Gastropacha quercifolia (L.) (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) Lappet. One specimen “reared from larva, Gloucester, 1931”. This is now a rare and declining species in Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. Endromis versicolora (L.) (Lep.: Endromidae) Kentish Glory. One specimen without data. Apparently now extinct in Worcestershire where last recorded from Wyre Forest in 1972 (Harper & Simpson, 2002), since confined to the Highlands of Scotland. Young (1991) provides a detailed account of this species. Mesoleuca albicillata (L.) (Lep.: Geometridae) Beautiful Carpet. One specimen labelled “Sutton Park, 1921, G. V. Snelson.” This is an uncommon resident of ancient woodland in Worcestershire. A specimen from Sutton Park in the suburbs of Birmingham confirms the interest of this former royal hunting forest, which remains relatively undisturbed. Rheumaptera hastata (L.) (Lep.: Geometridae) Argent & Sable. Nationally Scarce (Nb), BAP species. One specimen labelled “Wyre Forest, 6. vi . 1 922, G. V. Snelson.” A rare and declining resident in Worcestershire, where it is now confined to Wyre Forest (Harper & Simpson, 2002). Dicallomera fascelina (L.) (Lep.: Lymantriidae). Dark Tussock. One labelled "bred from larva. Southport, 1920. G. V. Snelson.” This is a localised species in Britain including the coastal sandhills of Cheshire and Lancashire (Skinner, 1998). An 1870 record from Malvern, Worcestershire, requires confirmation (Harper & Simpson, 2002). Leucoma scdicis (L.) (Lep.: Lymantriidae) White Satin Moth. One labelled as “bred from a larva, Southport, 1920, G. V. Snelson.” An uncommon transient resident in Worcestershire with records as recently as 2000 (Harper & Simpson, 2002). Widely distributed throughout Britain, but rarely abundant. 204 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 Parasemia plantaginis (L.) (Lep.: Arctiidae) Wood Tiger. One specimen without data, last recorded in Worcestershire on Bredon Hill on 3. vi. 1 897 (Harper & Simpson, 2002). Benci prasinana (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) Scarce Silver-lines. One specimen labelled “Wyre Lorest, 2.vii. 1 925, G. V. Snelson.” An uncommon resident in Worcestershire oak woods and parklands (Harper & Simpson, 2002). Phytometra viridaria (Clerck) (Lep.: Noctuidae) Small Purple Barred. One specimen without data. A local and rare resident in Worcestershire, last recorded in the Worcestershire Wyre Lorest in 1991, however there are records in the Shropshire Wyre Lorest in 1999 and 2002 (K. McGee, pers. obs.). Graphocephala fennahi Young (Hem.: Cicadellidae). North American Rhododendron Leaf- hopper. Nine examples of this rhododendron-associated auchenorrhynchan are represented in the collection (boxes 3:13, 9:16, 9:42) of which two (box 9:16) have the data “Bewdley, Kateshill, 3.ix. 1 973” in Hickin’s hand. This is exactly 40 years after this Nearctic species was first recorded in England (China, 1935); although it has been found at least as far north as South Lancashire (Judd & Rotherham, 1992) it remains scarce in Worcestershire. Aleurostictus nobilis (L.) (Col., Scarabaeidae) Noble Chafer. Red Data Book (RDB2). Two examples, one (box 9:11) without data, the other (box 9:40) bearing the data “in house, Newalls, Wyre Lorest, 1 2.vi. 1 970.” This is an increasingly rare old forest species (which undoubtedly warrants Ancient Woodland Indicator status in Britain) which breeds in decaying trees, and which in comparatively recent times has benefited from orchard practice (Whitehead. 1997; 1999). A. nobilis has been observed in houses, which it may perceive as structures bearing apertures and potential larval niches, in Worcestershire, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. It has been observed in Wyre Lorest since at least 1930 (Smith, 1948; Eraser, 1949) where it is a relict of Coed Mawr (Whitehead, 1996). Although, it still persists in Wyre Lorest, its future there is by no means assured. Ctenicera pectinicornis (L.) (Col.: Elateridae). Nationally scarce status Na. Examples of C. pectinicornis were found in box 9:38 without data and in box 9.34 (two) bearing the data “Newalls, Wyre, Worcs, N. E. H., 5 . vi . 1 968 .” This is an increasingly scarce species (Mendel & Clarke, 1996), apparently nearing extinction in Worcestershire, often associated with small-scale woodland clearances or patchy woodland land use mosaics, which is still extant at Wyre Lorest (K. McGee, pers. obs., 2. v. 1999). It prefers well- aerated sediments. Trichodes octopunctatus ( F. ) (Col.: Cleridae). Box 9:25 contains an example of this species bearing the data “live, Kateshill, Bewdley, Spain? vi. 1979, Trichodes reichei The distribution of T. octopunctatus, which has been mapped by Gerstmeier (1998). accords well with Hickin’s suggestion that this specimen has a Spanish origin. Hylecoetus dermestoides (L.) (Col.: Lymexelidae). Ancient Woodland Indicator (AW3). Box 2:3 contains a female, extensively consumed by larval Anthrenus sp., bearing the data, in Hickin’s hand, "Wyre Lorest, 23. v. 1970." Stenurella nigra (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae). Red Data Book (RDB3 - sensu Lowles et al., 1999). This is an increasingly rare longhorn beetle, which was known to have highly localised populations at Wyre Lorest. where it favoured the flowers of Wood Spurge Euphorbia amygdaloides. Lour examples are represented in the collection, of which those in boxes 9:28 and 9:42 are without data, but contain, in the case of box 9:28, a sprinkling of dried bracts and flowers of Wood Spurge, which Hickin placed in with the beetle. Box 9:22 contains two specimens bearing the data “Wyre Lorest, Worcs. N. E. H., 1 .viii.1962.” N. E. HICK1N COLLECTION 205 Location of sites Sites mentioned in the collection data include, in Lancashire (VC59): Southport ( S D3 1 ) ; in the West Midlands (VC38): Sutton Park (SP19); in Worcestershire (VC37): The Newalls, Wyre (S077, cl 20m O.D.), Buckridge, Wyre (S077, cl 50m O.D.), Kateshill, Bewdley (S077, c35m O.D.), Ribbesford, Bewdley (S077); in Gloucestershire (VC33): Daglingworth (S091), Gloucester (S081); in Norfolk (VC28): Thetford (TL88) and the Isle of Wight (VC 10). Acknowledgements We are grateful to Mrs Rosemary Winnall and Mr Simon Walker (English Nature) for their assistance in procuring the collection for study. Mr John Bingham (English Nature) kindly provided some additional data. References Asher, J., Warren, M., Pox, R., Harding, P., Jeffcoate, G & Jeffcoate, S., 2001. The millennium atlas of butterflies in Britain and Ireland, pp. i-xx, 1-433. Oxford University Press. Blatch. W. G., 1886. Lepidoptera In: Hughes, W.H. et ai, (eds.) Handbook to Birmingham, pp30 1-304. British Association. Birmingham. China, W. E., 1935. A North American Jassid (Homoptera) in Surrey. Entomologist's monthly Magazine 71:277-279. Fowles, A. R, Alexander, K. N. A., & Key, R. S., 1999. The Saproxylic Quality Index: evaluating wooded habitat for the conservation of dead-wood Coleoptera. Coleopterist 8(3): 121-141. Fraser, M. G., 1949. Gnorimus nobilis L. in Worcestershire, Pliyllopertha hordeola L.. Saperda scalaris L.. and .S', populnea L. in Staffordshire. Entomologist's monthly Magazine 85: 184. Gerstmeier, R., 1998. Checkered Beetles: illustrated key to the Cleridae and Thanerocleridae of the Western Palaearctic. pp. 1-241. Margraf Verlag. Harper, M. W. & Simpson. A. N. B., 2002. Larger moths and butterflies of Herefordshire and Worcestershire, an atlas. The West Midlands Branch of Butterfly Conservation, pp. 1-194. Hickin. N.E., 1971. The natural history > of an English forest. Westmid supplies, pp. I -282. Judd, S. & Rotherham, I.D., 1992. The phytophagous insect fauna of Rhododendron ponticum L. in Britain. Entomologist 111(3): 134-150. Lewington. R., 1999. How to identify Butterflies. Collins, pp. 1-160. Mendel, H. & Clarke, R. E., 1996. Provisional atlas of the Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) of Britain and Ireland , Ipswich Borough Council, pp. i-ix, 1-73. Riley, A. M..I99I . A natural history of the butterflies and moths of Shropshire. Swan Hill Press, pp. 1-205. Skinner. B., 1998. The colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking, pp. 1-276. Smith. K. G. V., 1948. Notes on Gnorimus nobilis L. (Col. Scarabaeidae) in Worcestershire. Entomologist’s monthly Magazine 84: 288. Whitehead. P F., 1996. The notable arboreal Coleoptera fauna of Bredon Hill. Worcestershire. England. Coleopterist. 5:2: 45-53. — , 1997. Invertebrates of pome and stone fruit orchards in the English Wyre Forest , July 1997, with particular regard to Gnorimus nobilis (L.,1758) (Col., Scarabaeidae). pp.l-8. Unpublished report for English Nature. — , 1999. The 1999 Worcestershire survey for Gnorimus nobilis (L.,1758) (Col., Scarabaeidae). Unpublished report for the People’s Trust for Endangered Species. Young, M. R.. 1991. Endromidae In: Emmet, A.M., & Heath, J. (Eds.) The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 7(2):327-330. Harley Books. 206 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.ix.2003 JD 3) 3 > > > > > > > > > > 3 mi r-' (N oi ON OO > O d — CN (N CO •— < CN 1— 1 — ON »— 1 - — 1 r- oo ON ON P ON > o 3 CJ o nJ 3 £ > £ CD CQ (H » •— >s D QQ OX) 3 H Q v — c 3 C -c G 3 D £U C/3 p uj’ X o oo r. 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S -5: ~5; ?K CQ U X X X CJ cd QJ X o to 7*3 £ s s CJ o J u to a **=, 05 s -c I ”S 4: C/5 C/5 QJ ZJ X to 72 5 Go to s _Cj -c a. c OJ 0 cd 15 OJ cd 72 OJ cd 72 OJ cd 70 OJ C3 15 OJ cd 72 OJ cd 15 OJ cd 15 ‘x u O OJ cd *G c r-« _o .2 cd Vi ‘C 0 JZ 5 OJ cd 15 OJ cd 15 OJ cd 15 CJ C/5 O 15 15 OJ 03 OJ cd 72 OJ cd 15 C/5 >, V- zz U 0 •— U CJ Vi Z3 u 0 CJ tJO 0/ X 5 0 Vi £n '5 _o X Id U 0 x: 5 < G C/5 2 15 X V- >-> c n 15 & 00 -O 3 OJ C/5 X ’C 'G JZ U OJ C cd u < ’G Id 00 'jj 0 zz X fN r- CN (N rn — * cn CN cn ON 00 00 00 '~f CN rn 212 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.ix.2003 Announcement: Planning a national macro-moth recording scheme There is more interest in moths now than at any other time and this interest increases with every year. A vast amount of recording effort takes place across Britain and Ireland, and new discoveries continue to be made. Some once widespread species seem to have almost disappeared, other familiar species show worrying declines in abundance, whilst immigration seems to bring ever-increasing numbers of vagrant and potential colonist species from the Continent. The present network of county recorders do an admirable job in collating data at county level, but it is ironic that at a time when interest in moths has never been greater there is no national recording scheme to harness and present these data on a wider scale. Butterfly Conservation is now conducting a planning, consultation and development project that will hopefully lead to the eventual establishment of a new national recording scheme for all macro-moth species. Adrian Spalding and Mark Tunmore are undertaking the bulk of this planning phase, in close association with BC staff. The planning phase is supported financially by the Heritage Lottery Fund, English Nature, the British Entomological and Natural History Society, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Biodiversity Challenge with the backing of many other partners. The potential benefits from a co-ordinated national recording scheme are almost limitless. It would provide data to identify and promote conservation priorities, influence planning decisions, inform government policy and contribute to scientific research. It could also, in time, lead to the publication of a national distribution atlas. In order for us to develop the type of scheme to which today’s moth recorders would like to contribute, and to increase the chances of obtaining the necessary funding, it is vital that those interested in moth recording let us know their views before March 2004. The easiest way to do this is by completing the online questionnaire, viewable at www.mothrecording.org.uk. Alternatively, the same questionnaire is available on a colour leaflet, copies of which are obtainable from the address below upon receipt of an A5-sized stamped, self-addressed envelope. In the coming months we will be contacting local moth groups and attending events to canvas opinion. The following regional conferences will also take place, at which we look forward to meeting moth recorders, talking more about the scheme and hearing your views. There will also be guest speakers. ENGLAND: Warwick University. Saturday 10 January 2004 (10.00-16.30 hours). SCOTLAND: Scottish Natural Heritage, Battleby Centre, Perth. Saturday 13 December 2004 (10.00-16.30 hours). WALES: To be announced. Details available on the website. Booking is essential for these events as numbers are limited. There will be free lunch and refreshments. E-mail hookings@mothrecording.org.uk or write to NMRS (planning), Norfolk House, 16-17 Lemon Street, Truro, TR1 2LS. NOTES 213 News on the conservation of some UK Biodiversity Action Plan moths in 2002 The following is an update to previous annual reports on some of the moth projects in the English Nature Species Recovery Programme (Ent. Rec. 113: 12-129; 114: 149-153). This year the report is expanded to include some of the additional UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species with which the author was involved during 2002 through Butterfly Conservation’s Action for Threatened Moths project. Barberry Carpet Pareulype bereberata (D.& S.) First the native sites. At the single known Gloucestershire site the density of larvae in 2002 was the highest since the late 1980s when breeding was first confirmed and monitoring of larvae began ( Ent . Rec. 103: 287-292). In addition, a larva was found on one of several small bushes recently planted to increase the amount of foodplant available. At the single site in Dorset plans are underway for planting of additional home-grown wild Barberry Berberis vulgaris bushes, to link existing bushes and increase the effective size of the site. The single traditional site in Suffolk produced a negative result during surveys for larvae. The rest of the currently known native sites for this moth are in Wiltshire where plans for large-scale planting of wild Barberry alongside occupied bushes are being negotiated and where new stands of the plant have already been established. There are between six and nine known sites in Wiltshire, depending on whether a site is defined as a group of bushes or a larger locality. Results of larval monitoring at these sites were mixed. Some produced good densities of larvae, others produced blank results. On bushes which had been flailed in early September when larvae were feeding, the density was only one fortieth of that on nearby unflailed hedges and of that found on the same bushes in previous years prior to flailing. However, trimmed bushes generally have higher densities of larvae than untrimmed, provided they are trimmed late in the year, after the larvae have pupated beneath them. It appears that for many years the hedgerows in the Wiltshire sites, which predominantly surround fields of cattle or sheep, have been cut in November or later, which suits the moth. In this region in recent years there has been a change to arable farming, which has affected some of the sites with Barberry bushes. At these, the hedges are being trimmed after the harvest and just before the new crop is sown, which tends to be in late August or early September when the second generation of larvae are feeding. Next, the establishment sites. The population at the main establishment site in Wiltshire is still doing well several generations after the releases of larvae and adults in 1998 and 1999. In addition, about one hundred captive-bred larvae of a different Wiltshire strain were released into the site in 2002 with the aim of widening the gene pool to offset potential inbreeding effects in the future. However, unlike in 2001 no larvae were seen in 2002 at another Wiltshire site into which occupied bushes had been translocated in February 2001, prior to the destruction of most of the donor site by mineral extraction. A population released into an unoccupied site in Suffolk has survived for two generations, as has one in Northamptonshire, where additional bushes have been planted. A release site in Lincolnshire produced negative results in 2002, but it would be premature to 214 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 conclude that this population had been lost. Hopefully all native and establishment sites will continue to be monitored in 2003. Black-veined Moth Siona lineata (Scopoli) Four sites currently support breeding populations of the Black-veined Moth. All are rough chalk grassland in Kent. The best news is that the population of one has definitely survived an instance of winter Hailing which took place in February 2001 ( British Wildlife 13: 439-440). Three adults, including two females laying eggs, were seen there on 17 June 2002 by Sean Clancy. In 2000. up to eleven individuals had been seen on a single visit, but in June 2001 none was seen in any of the five weekly searches. There are concerns related to less than ideal management on two of the other three sites. The third is suffering from the effects of a fire in February 2001, which has promoted rapid domination of the larval foodplants by Tor Grass Brachypodium pinnatum. Light grazing and cutting of part of the site is planned to reverse this, with other parts of the site protected by fencing until the outcome has been assessed. No adults were seen on two additional sites in Kent where small numbers of the moth have been recorded occasionally in the last five years, one of which is an establishment site. However, only single visits were made during the appropriate flight period in 2002. Bright Wave Idaea ochrata (Scopoli) Numbers of Bright Wave seen on the various parts of the stretch of coastal grassland and shingle at Sandwich were down again, as in 2001. The condition of rough areas where the moth breeds has deteriorated, with a thatch of dry grasses dominating areas that were rich in herbs only three years ago. Management is required to restore these areas. Population densities remain higher where this habitat meets the sparsely vegetated shingle in which proliferation of grasses and other coarse vegetation has not taken place. The continued existence of a population of the Bright Wave at Kingsdown, some four kilometres south of the Sandwich population, was confirmed by the author and Sean Clancy, with the sighting of at least six of individuals on 26 June 2002. A local recorder, Nigel Jarman, noted the moth there in 2000 and 2001 and it was reported previously in the same area by Andrew Foster. The habitat is very different from the occupied ground at Sandwich, containing many tall ruderal plants on shingle, such as Ox-eye Daisies Leucanthemum vulgare, Red Valerian Centranthus ruberand Great Mullein Verbascum thapsus amongst Hop Trefoil Trefolium campestre , Bird’s-foot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus , Kidney-vetch Anthyllis vulneraria and bedstraws Galium spp. with many small patches of bare ground within the vegetation. On 9 July 1998 the author searched the nearby vegetated shingle and cliffs to the Kingsdown Golf Course without seeing the moth. The golf course appears too intensively managed to support the moth, but around the edges there were a few very small amounts of habitat like that occupied at Sandwich. A population of the Bright Wave was also confirmed on the north shore of Pegwell Bay in 2002 with the sighting of six by Sean Clancy on 4 July. Over a dozen were NOTES 215 seen there by Francis Solly on 27 June 2000. A search by Ian Ferguson and the author on 4 July 2001 had proved negative despite very hot sunny weather, but parts of the habitat looked suitable and further searches on slightly earlier dates were recommended. Although the Bright Wave may be seen as late as the third week in July, the first individuals emerge from the third week of June. It is best to have searches underway by the last week in June because in some years numbers build to a peak quickly and may fall off as quickly in early July. No adult moths were seen in 2002 on the site further south on the Kent coast into which seven gravid wild females were released by the author on 3 July 2001, by special arrangement with the landowners and English Nature. This was despite inspection of the site by the author and Sean Clancy on 26 June 2002 and by Sean again on 29 June, 2, 10, 1 1 and 15 July. The site will be inspected again in 2003. Dark Bordered Beauty Epione vespertaria (L) (= parallelaria (D.& S.) A minimum of thirteen adults, including four females, were seen at Strensall Common, Yorkshire, on 27 July 2002, during a joint field meeting between Butterfly Conservation, the British Entomological and Natural History Society and the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union ( British Wildlife 14: 133-134). The moths were on both the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust reserve and the Ministry of Defence land, but were only seen in some parts of the latter. Further areas remain to be searched. Notes were made and photographs taken of the habitat, for comparison with the condition of the three known sites for this moth in Scotland. No Dark Bordered Beauty were seen at Newham Bog, Northumberland, in several visits including three by the author, on 28 and 29 July and 8 August. Newham Bog is the second of only two sites currently known to support the moth in England. It now appears that none was seen at Newham Bog in 2001, but precautions against the spread of Foot & Mouth Disease largely prevented access to the site that year. In the last couple of years Newham Bog has become a much wetter site, with standing water in the breeding areas for longer (Phil Davey, Site Manager, pers. comm.). This may be implicated in the apparent rarity of the moth on the site. Previously several adults could be seen on a single day-time visit. It is now a matter of urgency that the moth is refound on the site and its egg-laying, larval habits and major causes of mortality studied in this situation. A search of a quarry site in Upper Teesdale, Co. Durham was made on 29 July by the author, Alan and Jeri Coates and others, with negative results. This is now believed to be the site in which a singleton was collected by Ian Findlay on 13 August 1976. Butterfly Conservation, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Scottish Natural Heritage have continued to support work on the Dark Bordered Beauty in its sites Scotland. This is being reported elsewhere. Four-spotted Tyta luctuosa (D.& S.) The major news of 2002 was the sighting of a minimum of sixty-four moths at a site in Lincolnshire on 8 June ( British Wildlife 14: 58). The moth has been known from 216 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25. ix. 2003 this site since the 1980s, but has never been recorded in such numbers here previously. This may be only because visits may not have coincided with peak season and a systematic survey has not been attempted previously. Until this result, only Portland, Dorset, and a site near Peterborough, Northamptonshire, were known to support populations of comparable size in recent years. The moth appears to have dwindled at the other British sites which supported good numbers in the 1980s, but still turns up in small numbers, or more frequently as singletons, in several counties each year, suggesting that there are populations awaiting discovery. At the Peterborough site the numbers seen were higher in 2002 than in 2001, coincident with an adjustment to the timing of an annual cut and scrape of the vegetation on an important part of the breeding area to maintain a water-course. In 2000, the management took place between 9 and 14 July, when the wild larvae were partly grown. In 2001, the scraping was less severe and took place between 1 and 7 August, by which time many larvae should have pupated below ground. The moth started to emerge at the Peterborough site earlier in May 2002 than in May 2001 and the peak numbers were seen earlier, but the flight season still continued into early July as in 2001. Four individuals of a partial second generation were seen in 2002 compared to two in 2001, and they were in late July rather than early August. Two training sessions were held on site for Robin Field and Butterfly Conservation’s Cambridgeshire and Essex Branch to show members the habits of the moth in the adult and larval stages to assist survey work at other sites. On Portland, the moth was not seen in May and only in numbers in mid-late July (Martin Cade). On the basis of the dates and the southerly location, it is assumed that the first generation was very poor, but that there was a larger, second generation, which seems to be the usual pattern at this site. However, it is possible that the emergence of some adults may be delayed at this site, for reasons as yet unknown. A site in Essex where an adult was seen on 21 July 2000 was explored on a single visit on 1 July 2002, without success, but nearby habitat looked promising and the locality merits further visits. Occupied sites were also visited in Oxfordshire and Bedfordshire to examine the habitat and management requirements. A larva was found during a nocturnal search at the Bedfordshire site on 12 July. A single Four- spotted moth was seen by day at a second site in Northamptonshire on 14 June. Other records for 2002 are currently being gathered together for a report and all information will be gratefully received. Marsh Moth Athetis pallustris (Hb.) In 2002, the Marsh Moth emerged very early at its single known current British site, on the Lincolnshire coast. It was virtually over on 7 June when James McGill and the author operated nine m.v. light-traps and recorded just two worn males. This contrasts with 12 June 2001, when nine individuals, some in good condition, were captured in just two mv traps. The early emergence was unfortunate, because a BENHS field meeting had been carefully arranged for 8 June to search for the moth at Red Farm Flash, slightly further north along the coast, in similar habitat. Sixteen light-traps were operated, each catching 70-100 macro-moths, and 53 species were NOTES 217 seen, but no Marsh Moths. Seacroft Golf Course adjacent to Gibraltar Point Nature Reserve was explored with light-traps by Adrian Russel and Ron Follows on 6 June with negative results the night before the two worn males were seen at the known site. Both sites merit further survey. No Marsh Moth larvae were seen in 2002 during surveys using the litter-pile technique at the known site and at Gibraltar Point. The complete lack of success in finding the moth at Gibraltar Point, despite searches for adults and larvae in 2001 and 2002, is now a cause for concern. In the 1970s, Rick Pilcher was able to find the moth easily and in numbers on various parts of the site using a single actinic light-trap. Reddish Buff Ac 'osmetia caliginosa (Hb.) The breeding grounds of the only surviving native British population, on the Isle of Wight, involve a number of owners. During 2002, the Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust completed protracted negotiations and became the new owners of the largest portion. Also during 2002, virtually the entire breeding area was notified by English Nature as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. These measures are intended to secure the future of the last remaining British site for the moth for posterity. Until the Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust secured ownership, there was a real possibility of that portion of the site falling into unsympathetic hands. The SSSI notification was considered necessary for various reasons, including the bull-dozing of a small part of the site by one of the owners who has since planted it with grass, removing any chance of it supporting the moth. The Reddish Buff was seen in good numbers in 2002. The moths were well on the wing on 3 June at the start of the author’s first visit and on 4 June six were seen by day (a personal best) and the same night there were eight in one Robinson trap (the best over the last fifteen years is 14 in one trap). Individuals were still on the wing and in good condition when the site was light-trapped again on 18 June. Heavy rain marred a light-trapping session on 5 June to see if any adults had been produced from larvae released in 200 las part of an English Nature authorised establishment attempt on a site in the New Forest, Hampshire. It is likely that an establishment attempt at a second site on the mainland has failed, following several years of negative monitoring results. If so, the reason is almost certainly poor weather and less than ideal management during the years the moth was released. A few moths succeeded in breeding because larvae were found subsequently. Management knowledge and capability on site has now been improved and the site merits further establishment attempts. Square-spotted Clay Xestia rhomboidea (Esper) More work was done on the Square-spotted Clay in 2002 than in the previous hundred years. Apart from one individual swept by chance 30 years ago. the larva of this moth has probably never been found in the wild in Britain, and certainly not studied. Independent nocturnal searches were made in spring 2002 in Norfolk by Gerry Haggett (Atropos 17: 41-44) and in Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire by the author, Robin Field et al. (British Wildlife 13: 361-362, Atropos 17: 37-41) 218 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 resulting in the finding of post-winter larvae feeding on leaves of Nettle Urtica dioica and Oxlip Primula elatior and the documenting of breeding situations to inform management. Studies began on the behaviour of the adults in the summer (see British Wildlife 14: 134). Although the adults visit flowers for nectar from dusk, it was found that they only come to light-traps in numbers late at night. Consequently all-night trapping is advised. Two females were seen on the wing deep in woodland, flying slowly as if interested in egg-laying. One was flying around the leaves of Small-leaved Elm Ulmus minor , the other beneath them nearer to nettles. Subsequently, Ruth Edwards and Jenny Joy found five eggs on Small-leaved Elm leaves at another site. One egg was collected and sent to the author. It was an exact match to eggs laid in captivity, but it did not hatch. Further work is necessary to confirm that females lay at least some of their eggs on elms and to find out if other tree species are used. Newly hatched and older captive larvae accepted leaves of Small-leaved Elm and grew as quickly on these as on Nettle, but selected the latter when given the choice both in batches reared by Ruth Edwards and by the author. During 2002, the moth was found on a number of sites from which it had not previously been recorded and as in 2001 it was the target for a BENHS field meeting. It is clear from both the fieldwork and examination of sites with older records that this moth is not dependent on coppicing and its decline and loss from Hampshire is probably due to some other cause. If the cause is climate change, it is likely that the moth is declining in other western parts of its distribution, such as in Oxfordshire, where it was distinctly local in the late 1970s ( Atropos 17: 44-45). This should be investigated by reviewing recent records and, if necessary, revisiting former sites with light-traps. The moth appears to be holding its own and even increasing its range in parts of eastern England, based on recent data. Its status in the north and far west of its range, including parts of Scotland and Wales, appears much less well known and needs investigation. Some of the records are in doubt. The moth has been rediscovered in Derbyshire after many years ( Ent . Rec. 114: 161 ). White-spotted Pinion Cosmia diffinis (L.) Larval searches during 2002 produced further information on breeding habits, and the first records of larvae from several sites in Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire. Rates of parasitism in penultimate instar larvae were found to be high (two out of three larvae, or 67%), as in 2000. The tachinid fly Eumea linearicornis (Zett.) (det. John Chainey) was reared again, as in 2000 (Ent. Rec. 113: 135-138) as was a wasp Homolobus annulicornis (Nees) (Braconidae - Homolobinae) (det. Mark Shaw). The latter (misidentified as El. testaceator in British literature) is widespread in Britain, but rather rare. It has been recorded from various noctuid larvae including the Lead- coloured Drab Orthosia populeti , Dingy Shears Parastichtis ypsillon and Double Square-spot Xestia triangulum. The wasp reared previously (in 2000) was Meteorus gyrator (Thunb.) (Braconidae - Meteorinae) (Ent. Rec. 113: 135-138). Larvae were found in a shelterbelt as well as deep in woodland. So far they have been found on English Elm Ulmus procera and Small-leaved Elm U. minor but not on Wych Elm U. glabra , though this is a reported foodplant in the literature. NOTES 219 The various known sites in Huntingdonshire were monitored for adults by Barry Dickerson and members of the Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group and numbers seen per trap-night were up on recent years. Ruth Edwards also had good numbers at her home site in Cambridgeshire. However, neither were fortunate enough to trap a gravid female so no eggs were available for planned rearing experiments using various elm species in different situations. Overhall Grove, Cambridgeshire, was light-trapped on 13 August 2002 by David Green, Will Kirby, James McGill and Bill Urwin, using ten light-traps and recording 42 White-spotted Pinion, all males. The distribution of males in the various traps showed that the moths were flying near most of the elm, on the edges of the wood and within and around young trees about five metres tall as well as taller, more mature examples. Searches were also made in the woodlands immediately to the west and north of the known sites. An adult moth was light-trapped in a Bedfordshire garden by John Day. However light-trapping by the author, Charles Baker, John Comont, David Manning and Tony Smith on 13 August in Great Early Grove, Renhold, produced none. Great Early Grove has a large amount of elm and was considered one of the most promising sites in Bedfordshire. The author stayed all night with two Robinson traps. The Lesser-spotted Pinion Cosmia affinis was frequent, with a total of nine in the two traps. Other promising sites in Bedfordshire have been identified for future exploration. A further search and trap-night at Oxey Wood on the Milton Estate, Northamptonshire, in a wood full of Wych Elm, produced no White-spotted Pinion but the first Square-spotted Clay ever to be recorded on the site. The White-spotted Pinion is at last being found again in Essex (Brian Goodey, pers. comm.). It was reported from two Essex sites in 2002, Chalkney Wood, Earls Colne, on 17 August 2002 (Dave Warner, Joe Firmin, Ian Rose) and Langenhoe, 19 August (Hugh Owen, Ian Rose, Joe Firmin). Other recent Essex records include singles from Saffron Walden in 1997 (Maitland Emmet). Reg Fry reports that many of the elms at the fenced gravel-pit in which he recorded the moth at Brightlingsea, Essex, in the early 1980s, have been felled. In addition to all the individuals and organisations named above, I would like to thank all the private land-owners of the many sites involved and the following organisations for their help: Bedfordshire County Council*, British Entomological and Natural History Society, Butterfly Conservation (National* and Cambridgeshire and Essex Branch*), Cambridgeshire County Council*, the Environment Agency*, English Nature*, Forestry Commission, Kent Wildlife Trust, Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust, Ministry of Defence, Peterborough City Council*, Sandwich Bay Bird Observatory, Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and Writtle College. An asterisk (*) indicates that the help included financial support. Most of the work was conducted as part of the English Nature Species Recovery Programme, with David Sheppard as nominated officer, or the Butterfly Conservation “Action for Threatened Moths Project” with Mark Parsons and David Green as the Moth Officers, to whom the author is most grateful for their continued support.- Paul Waring, 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough, PE4 6LS (E-mail: paul_waring@btinternet.com). 220 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 The Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lep.: Gracillariidae) in North Oxford in 2003 The Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Cameraria ohridella was first reported in 1984 from near Lake Ohrid in Macedonia, and was described as a species new to science in 1986. Since that time, it has become a significant pest of horse chestnut trees Aesculus hippocastanum and has spread through much of Europe, with reports claiming that “in some countries such as Austria or the Czech Republic, the moth has infested virtually every single horse-chestnut tree” (un-refereed web site comment). There can be up to four or five generations per year in hot climates and numbers can increase ten-fold in each generation under natural conditions, so highly-visible browning of the leaves soon appears, leading to complete defoliation in extreme cases. As a result, the moth has attracted considerable attention from the public as well as from entomologists, and an internet search reveals hundreds of web sites devoted to it; at the time of writing, there is an European Community-funded programme aimed at its control to be found at www.cameraria.de/index_e.php. The moth was first detected in Britain in July 2002 by Marian Comfort in her Wimbledon garden, and the Forestry Commission “Exotic Pest Alert” devoted to it confirms that it was present in the same area in May 2003, so it appears to have established itself in the country. Its spread has been discussed by Parliament and. according to their records ( Hansard , 15 October 2002), pheromone traps placed at selected ports and towns in the south of England have failed to detect it ouside the Wimbledon area, but “further spread is considered inevitable”. Towards the end of July 2003, I noticed a few leaf mines on horse chestnut trees in Oxford (OS grid reference SP5108), and sent examples to the Forestry Commission where they were confirmed by Nigel Straw as being caused by C. ohridella. I therefore surveyed trees in the vicinity of the initial observation in early August, Of one hundred nearby horse chestnut trees, mines were detected on ten. The most heavily affected tree contained one or more mines in most leaves, although the density was not sufficient to make it look brown from a distance. Another five trees showed many mines, and on the remaining four trees only one or two mines were seen. The infected trees show a striking geographical pattern, forming a cluster around the most heavily affected one, suggesting spread from a single source. Examination of another 66 horse chestnut trees outside the area of the map at distances of up to eight miles ( 13 km) away did not reveal any additional mines. It therefore seems likely that the moth has arrived recently in this area, and has just begun to spread. Its favoured host is the white-flowered horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum and all the mined trees were of this type. There appear to be many suitable trees in the neighbourhood, so these early observations provide an opportunity to monitor the likely spread of the species in this locality. The origin of the Oxford moths is unclear, but the occurrence of the moth so far inland, away from obvious sources, suggests that it may be worth searching it for throughout the country.- Chris Tyler-Smith, Northview, North Lane, Weston-on-the-Green, Bicester, Oxon 0X25 3RG. NOTES 221 A partly successful attempt at rearing Dahlica inconspicuella (Stt.) (Lep.: Psych idae) Following an unsuccessful attempt at rearing the bagworm moth Dahlicha inconspicuella during 2001/2 ( Ent . Rec. 114: 141-143), during which all larvae were lost either during their third instar due to starvation, or while overwintering due to desiccation or mould, a second attempt at rearing this species was undertaken in 2002/3. As reported previously, the late Dennis O'Keeffe sent me some pupal cases from the Dungeness site in February 2002. By 7 March, 20 adults (seven males and fourteen females) had hatched, and these produced larvae later that month. This second batch of larvae were initially reared as before, i.e. indoors in boxes containing a layer of John limes Potting Compost. They were fed the same sort of diet as before, i.e. fresh dead insects to instar three, but this time the lichen Xanthoria parietina was provided at this point and most went on to feed on this successfully. As previously, they were also given periodic light sprays with water to prevent desiccation. This time, larval survival was good, with about 300 (75%) making it through their third instar and the dietary transition that occurs at this point in their life cycle. This was one point where high losses occurred during my original rearing of this species in 2001. Unfortunately, then it took some time to appreciate this change in dietary requirement had occurred and many larvae starved in the meantime. Having made this transition successfully about 260 (65%) survived to their final (fifth) instar. They began to ascend the walls of their culture vessels at the end of August and I was hopeful that significant numbers could be successfully reared the following spring as I had an alternative plan for overwintering them. Perhaps the most critical period for losses during the original rearing was the overwintering of full-grown larvae. Last time this was attempted by keeping the larvae indoors in an unheated room. For this, they were left in their culture vessels where they had loosely fixed their cases to the lids, and sprayed periodically. Using this method, losses were total, with desiccation and mould being the chief problems encountered. For this reason, and following advice from Uwe Widowski, who had had some success rearing larvae from the original batch I sent him in November 2001, I adopted a different approach to overwintering these larvae. In the past I have had some success overwintering single-brooded Nepticulidae by placing autumnal mines in earthenware flower-pots containing a layer of John limes Potting Compost and sphagnum moss. These pots are then covered with a sheet of polythene and sunk to their shoulders in the garden {Ent. Rec. 110, 251-252). If these are left undisturbed over the winter and bought indoors at various times during the spring/early summer, adults emerge with variable success rates. This was the method I adopted for overwintering my second batch of D. inconspicuella larvae. On 25 October I placed two large flower-pots, each containing about 130 larvae, in a recently dug border under an east facing fence. The pots were covered with clear polythene sheet lightly tied with string. Clear polythene was used as it enables periodic inspection of the pot contents during the winter months without disturbance. The pots also contained bark 222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 with growths of X. parietina as food for the larvae, and some old roofing felt to provide them with cover and a substrate to fix their cases under. On 14 February 2003 the flower-pots were lifted and about 150 (80 and 71) live (mobile) larvae removed, placed in culture vessels and bought indoors for pupation and emergence. Success I thought. However, from these only three males and two females emerged, the males between 4 and 6 March and the females between 9 and 13 March. The remaining cases were opened on 22 March and their contents found to have died before or after pupation. This was apparently due to desiccation, despite periodic water spraying during this period. I suspect that they were bought indoors too early, as they were still perambulating and had not fixed their cases for pupation. It appears that that this species, and I suspect D. lichenella, is very sensitive to humidity. Uwe has also come to the same conclusion and says that members of this genus are notoriously hard to culture. Consequently, if attempting to rear this psychid I would suggest using large flower-pots for overwintering larvae, in an attempt to provide a range of micro-climates. Also, avoid excessive moisture by ensuring the ground used for sinking the flower-pots is well drained and leave the pots in-situ until at least the end of February or the middle of March. Just goes to show that you shouldn’t count your bagmoths before their hatched.- Ian Sims, 2 The Delph, Lower Earley, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 3 AN. (E-mail: Sims@wrcplc.co.uk) Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Staffordshire The pyralid Pyrausta aurata has always been a locally uncommon moth in Staffordshire, and is patchily distributed in the rest of England, Wales, southern Scotland to the Inner Hebrides and in the Channel Islands (Goater, 1986. British Pyralid Moths). The larvae are associated with Mentha , Calamintha , Salvia and Origanum vulgare. There are very few Staffordshire records of the moth. The earliest are from Dovedale (H. W. Daltry, given in the Victoria County History) and then later there are records from the Manifold Valley by the late Richard Warren who noted it (1988. The smaller moths of Staffordshire) as more common on the limestone than elsewhere in the county. Subsequent records are from gardens, at light traps - one at Springfields in 1977 (R. G. Warren and D. W. Emley), one at Stone in 2000 (D. W. Emley) and one at Acton Trussel in 2000 (S. Phipps). Subsequently, one landed on the head of my friend R. H. Heath in his garden at Meir, at around midnight on the warm, humid night of 14 August 2002. I quickly boxed it for examination. Mr Heath grows cultivated mint in his garden, but there is also some Water Mint Mentha aquatica, which originated at the River Blythe, and may be the source? This small pyralid moth is possibly rather more widespread in Staffordshire than the records suggest. I thank Keith Bloor and Don Steward, Keepers of Natural History at the Potteries Museum, who saw the living specimen and also David Emley (Staffordshire Lepidoptera Recorder) and Craig Slawson for distribution records - Jan Koryszko, 3 Dudley Place, Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST3 7AY. NOTES 223 The names of Engrailed moths (Geometridae) In the last issue Bob Palmer and Philip Gould ( ante a p. 153) refer briefly to a difference of opinion about the status of the Engrailed moth and the Small Engrailed moth. When I have discussed this with Geometridae specialists they have acknowledged that in Britain and some other parts of northern Europe the taxon which is described in British literature as Ectropis crepuscularia (Denis & Schiffermuller), the Small Engrailed moth is different from the double brooded taxon known in British literature as E. bistortata (Goeze). Elowever, in most of Continental Europe, only the one taxon occurs which is the commoner Engrailed moth. The name crepuscularia was described from the Vienna district so this must be the same species which we in Britain have called bistortata. Denis & Schiffermiiller’s collection was destroyed by fire so there is no type specimen available. Goeze was mostly giving names to species described by others, so again there is no type specimen of bistortata, but since this was also from Continental Europe it is certain to be the same species. Continental authors are therefore correct in stating that bistortata (Goeze, 1783) is a junior synonym of crepuscularia (Denis & Schiffermuller, 1775). If the taxon known in Britain as the Small Engrailed is a distinct species, then it needs a different scientific name. Mark Parsons and I went through all the names used in this species group, especially those described from Britain: strigularia Stephens, 1831 and laricaria Doubleday, 1847. It was clear that all refer to the same taxon, crepuscularia, the Engrailed moth, and should be listed in the synonymy of that species. What is needed is a geometrid specialist to explore the case for specific status, using molecular methods if possible, and if the Small Engrailed moth is proven to be a good species a new scientific name should be used. Neither crepuscularia nor bistortata will be available.- David J. L. Agassiz, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD. Vanessa cardui (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) reared from Borago officinalis I had the opportunity of exploring the insects of some arable weed fields at West Pentire, Crantock (O.S. grid reference SW 7760) on 1 1 . vi i .2003 . Sweep-netting amongst borage Borago officinalis and bugloss Anchusa arvensis produced a single caterpillar of Vanessa cardui. I kept it in a container with some Borago leaves and it ate its way through them fairly quickly, and did not feed on any of a wide range of alternative plant foliage provided. It pupated a few days later and the butterfly emerged by 1 . vi i i .2003. Butterfly books often mention vipers bugloss Echiuni vulgare as an occasional foodplant, but 1 have found no mention of any other Boraginaceae.- Keith N. A. Alexander, 59 Sweetbrier Lane, Heavitree, Exeter EX1 3AQ. 224 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 Acrolepiopsis mcircidella (Curtis) (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on Guernsey and Sark Phil Sterling's short stay on Guernsey from 30 May to 1 June 2003 yielded much of entomological interest on both Guernsey and Sark. Several species new to Guernsey were identified (either in the field or from previously set specimens and genitalia preparations) and a day on Sark produced a list of 40 species, 27 of which had not previously been recorded from that island. The first of these, Scrobipalpa samadensis, was found within minutes of landing on the island in the toilets next to the harbour. In a telephone conversation planning what we might do during his visit, I had suggested to Phil that we could perhaps look for cases of Bankesia douglasii. This he was more than willing to do but felt that in light of a recent paper (Sattler, K., Shaffer, M., 2002. Notes on British Psychidae (Lepidoptera). Entomologist's Gaz ., 53:239-242), which discusses the confusion between Bankesia douglasii and Bankesia conspurcatella, we should first establish which of the two species was present on Guernsey as it is conspurcatella , rather than douglasii , that is now known to be present on Jersey. I therefore sent Phil the abdomen from each of the four specimens in my collection for dissection and he was quickly able to establish that they were in fact all conspurcatella. My interest in this species arose because although (what I now know to be) conspurcatella is locally not uncommon early in the year, when adults can be seen flying in the early morning sun as well as in light traps and even at the light of my kitchen window, the cases, as far as I know, had never been found on Guernsey. Nevertheless, they were soon discovered in three places: Petit Bot, a wooded valley on the south coast of Guernsey; Harbour Hill on Sark; and at the top of our garden behind the greenhouse! In each case the location was similar: a dark and virtually sunless position which was damp but which appeared to dry out occasionally. At Petit Bot and in our garden, the cases were found on an old dry stone wall where the soil between the large irregular stones had been washed away to leave a cavity. They were attached to the underside of the overhanging stone and immediately above that stone there were dead leaves, loose soil and general detritus. On Sark the cases were found in a similar situation but on an unrendered breezeblock wall. At this time of year the cases were empty. The most interesting species, and one that Phil suspected might be present on the island, was Acrolepiopsis marciclella which was found at Petit Bot when a single adult moth was beaten from a clump of Butcher’s Broom ( Ruscus aculeatus), a plant frequently encountered on the south of the island. This moth has a curious life history with the newly hatched larva first mining the cladode on which the egg was laid, then feeding on the growing tip of a shoot, before completing its feeding in a berry (Sterling, P.H., Langmaid, J.R., 1998. The life history of Acrolepiopsis marciclella (Curtis) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Entomologist's Gaz., 49: 151-154.) On our return from Petit Bot my wife Pat presented Phil with a moth she had found sitting on Pel 1 i tory (Parietaria judaica) in our garden. Phil was able to confirm her provisional identification of Cosmopterix pulchrimella and on being NOTES 225 shown the plant on which it had been discovered, immediately found some early mines. Adult moths of this species had been reared from mines found in our garden, and elsewhere in Guernsey, last year (Sterling, P.H., Costen, P.D.M., Austin, R.A., in press. Cosmopterix pulchrimella Chambers, 1875 [Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae] resident in the Channel Islands. Entomologist's Gaz ■) and it was a particular pleasure to see that this beautiful but tiny moth had survived a winter here in which temperatures had on occasions been unusually low. It would appear that moths hatch during the late autumn and winter and remain as adults until May when egg-laying begins. Larvae are then found during the summer months with a generation of adults in late summer and early autumn, followed by another generation of larvae in the middle of autumn. The night temperatures during Phil’s visit were favourable for moths and on the morning of 31 May he took two specimens of a Biselachista species, one at each of the mercury vapour and actinic traps we ran in the garden, and these he subsequently identified as Biselachista eleochariella. On visiting the wetland near to me at La Claire Mare on the evening of 1 June he found a further specimen, suggesting that the species may be breeding there. Biselachista eleochariella is a local species in the British Isles, especially in the south, and this appears to be a new record for the Channel Islands. No note about Guernsey moths is complete without the mention of W.A. Luff who in late Victorian times recorded over 450 species on Guernsey and Sark. And no Guernsey entomological expedition is complete without a search for the cases of Luffia lapiclella the eponymous generic name of which was given in his honour by the founder of this journal. In contrast to those of conspurccitella, the habitat requirements of lapiclella seemed far less specific and cases were found on many lichen-covered granite walls on Guernsey and Sark, both inland and on the coast, and in far greater numbers than those of conspurccitella. A list of new records for the Channel Islands (VC 1 13) will appear subsequently in this journal in the annual Microlepidoptera Review, and fuller lists of all the species found in the Report and Transactions of La Societe Guernesiaise. I am grateful to Phil Sterling for the interest he shows in the moths of Guernsey and for the help and encouragement he continues to give me personally, not least in my attempts to understand the life cycle of pulchrimella .- P. D. M. Costen, La Broderie, La Claire Mare, St Peters, Guernsey, GY7 9QA. (E-mail: pcosten@guernsey.net) Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger (Lep: Yponomeutidae) - new for Wales On 31 May 2003, I was in North Wales, at the home of John Smith, a member of Butterfly Conservation who lives at Marford, near Wrexham, in Denbighshire (VC 50). John identifies the macro-moths that come to his garden trap, but has little enthusiasm for the “micros”. Hence after emptying the trap I returned home with several live moths, including two of a tiny, unfamiliar, but highly distinctive 226 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. VOL. 115 25.ix.2003 Argyresthia species. This proved to be Argyresthia trifasciata. I forwarded a specimen to David Slade at the National Museum of Wales with the view that as this appeared to be a first for Wales, he might like to lodge a specimen in the Museum collection. Dave contacted John Langmaid, who was able to confirm that there were no previous records for Wales. The foodplants of A. trifasciata are Junipers Juniperus spp., Cedars Thuja spp., Cypresses Chamaecyparis spp. and Cupressocyparis leylandii. John Smith confirmed on the telephone that both cultivated Junipers and Cypresses are present in his own and adjacent gardens, but was unable to say whether any are recently planted examples that might have come from nurseries at some distance in Britain or indeed, from abroad. He also told me that only days after informing county recorder Bryan Formstone about the capture of trifasciata, Bryan contacted him to say that he too had captured a specimen of trifasciata in his garden, approximately half a mile from the site of the first captures - Martin J. White, 58 Victoria Quay, Maritime Quarter, Swansea SA1 3XG. Mompha langiella (Hb.) (Lep:Momphidae) - the first records for North Hampshire, VC12 In July 2003, John Robbins (Porlock) had been helping RE to identify Mompha mines on willow-herbs, which had been found locally in Fleet. Leaves of Broad- leaved Willow-herb Epilohium montanum had been mined by Mompha locupletella, but also, John suspected, by M. langiella. He advised finding occupied mines or cocoons and breeding through for confirmation. This was a small problem, as some of the leaves had been taken from plants growing on the utility room roof of RE’s house! They had been watered by a faulty overflow, which had been repaired and the plants had withered. He collected some cocoons on 18 July 2003 from these shrivelled plants and labelled them “ locupletellaV Another few cocoons were taken on 19 July 2003, from another local Epilohium montanum plant, where langiella was also a suspected miner and labelled “ langiellaT A few of each of these cocoons were then posted to IK, for breeding through. A specimen of M. langiella emerged from the “ locupletellaT ’ batch in the post and IK had subsequent emergences on 25 and 31 July. RE had M. langiella emerge from this batch on 28 July, with two emergences from the “ langiellaT batch on 5 August. From the leaves examined locally it seems that M. langiella was more numerous than M. locupletella and that they possibly occurred in mixed colonies but it will need careful examination of the willow-herbs during the coming season to establish this. We very grateful to John Langmaid for confirming the identity of these moths, which we believe are the first examples for VC 12 - Rob Edmunds, 32 Woodcote Green, Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hants, GU51 4EY (E-mail: r.edmunds@ntlworld.com) & Ian Kimber, 6 Bank Close, Littleborough, Lancs, OL15 0DP (E-mail: ian@ukmoths.force9.co.uk). NOTES 227 A population of Dahlica triquetrella (Hb.) (Lep.: Psychidae) persisting in the Reading area Last year I reported the presence of a colony of the bagworm moth Dahlica triquetrella at Lower Earley near Reading in Berkshire (Ent. Rec. 114: 1 12-113). It was possible that the 17 larvae of this species found crawling on some local brick walls during the autumn of 2001 may have resulted from my rearing this species during 1997 and 1998. I had not seen it here during the previous decade, and speculated as to its persistence in subsequent years. I can now report that greater numbers of larvae (24) were found on the same three lengths of walling during 2002, the first appearing on 23 August and the last on 4 November. Once again, larvae were found during periods of warm, dry and often sunny weather, between 09.00 and 20.30hrs. Other walls in the area were searched to ascertain the extent of this population, but so far it appears to be localised to these three walls alone. However, unlike 2001, larvae were found during the following winter and spring. Two were seen on 24 January and two on 31 January 2003. It was apparent that these individuals were no longer perambulating, as they had fixed their cases firmly to the brick surface ready for pupation. Adult moths (15), emerged between the hours of 05.30 to 08.00 from 11 to 28 February 2003, and commenced ovipositing in their pupal cases in the manner described for this species (Br. J. Ent. & Nat. Hist. 12:29-30). It is therefor apparent that a colony of this parthenogenetic moth now exists in the environs of Lower Early. No parasites were reared from these larvae, or from the larvae found during 2001. Further early instar larvae started to occur on the same walls during early August 2003. I am unable to say for certain if this population is native to the Reading area or is an introduction. However, the absence of any parasites from reared examples tends to support the latter possibility, despite the extreme precautions taken to prevent this during the original 1997 and 98 rearings. Nevertheless, it is nice to think that the late Dennis O'Keeffe, who had an interest in this family of Lepidoptera, had a hand in the establishment this scarce species here by giving me the original material from his Orpington site that the moths were reared from in 1997 and 1998.- Ian Sims, 2 The Delph, Lower Earley, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 3AN. (E-mail: Sims@wrcplc.co.uk) Acleris logiana (Clerk) (Lep: Tortricidae) - the first North Hampshire, VC12, records On the evening of 26 January 2003, RE noticed a small, off-white moth about 10mm in length at one of the bedroom windows of his house. Not recognising it he took a photograph, by the light of a table lamp and posted it onto the Internet discussion group “UKMoths”. John Langmaid suggested, subsequently, that it should be set and kept, as it could be an interesting moth. Ben Smart suggested that it was Acleris logiana (from looking at European moth websites). 228 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 This posed a problem as RE had no equipment for setting the moth, but help was at hand from Paul Boswell, who collected the moth and Tony Dobson, who not only set the moth, but also took it to John Langmaid for confirmation. John kindly confirmed its identity and this was the first time it had been recorded in VC 12. Until John discovered this species in South Hampshire (VC 11) in 1992 (Ent. Gaz 44: 154), it was a moth known only from the Highlands of Scotland. On 26 April 2003 a group of lepidopterists, including MW, were trapping in a wood at the edge of Hook Common. The evening started with a torrential downpour, just as the traps were set, but then cleared up to allow trapping. MW was searching the trunks of some oak trees when he found what proved to be another example of A. logiana - the second for VC 12. The identification was rapidly confirmed as Rob, Tony and Paul were by coincidence at the same event. Tony Dobson set this second specimen. Thanks are due to all those involved in the identification of these moths - Rob Edmunds, 32 Woodcote Green, Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hants, GU51 4EY (E-mail: r.edmunds@ntlworld.com) & Mike Wall, 11 Waterloo Avenue, Basingstoke, Hants, RG23 8DL (E-mail: mike@bike2nature.co.uk). Early butterfly dates in the Scottish Highlands in 2003 The April 2003 heat wave produced a number of early butterfly records in the Highlands. On 4 April a single Green-veined White Pieris napi (L.) visited Primula dentata flowers in our Muir of Ord garden. My previous earliest date was 9 April in 1974 at Torrin (O.S. grid reference NG 52) on the island of Skye. The next day, 5 April, my wife and I visited Clash Wood (NH 507516), a local Scots pine and birch forest, as it seemed a likely habitat for the Kentish Glory. No Endromis versicolorci (L.) were seen but, surprisingly, a female Common Blue Polyommatus icarus icarus (Rottemburg) was spotted sunning itself on the wide stony track at 12.50 GMT when the temperature was 18°C. After examining closely, it rose from the path and flew into the Scots pines. Quarter of an hour later and a couple of a hundred yards along the track, almost certainly another female was flying over the ling. I gave chase and had an excellent view of its upper-side as it came to rest on a young birch twig. This was an exceptionally early date for this species, my previous earliest being of a female on 30 May in 1968 at Ardmore (NC 1 5), NW Sutherland. We visited the wood again on 7 and 10 April and later dates but did not see icarus here again until 25 June when a pair were visiting bird’s-foot trefoil flowers in hot sunshine (temp. 23°C). However, we were rewarded on both the April dates with early male Green Hairstreaks Callophrys rubi (L.). My previous earliest date for this species was 23 April in 1 974 at Elgol (NG 5 1 ) on Skye. Also on 10 April at least three male and a female Orange-tip Anthocharis cardamines (L.) were found at Rosemarkie cliffs (NH 75) on the Black Isle, seventeen days before the previous earliest on 27 April in 1993 at Muir of Ord. The next occurences were in our garden on 14 and 18 April, also early dates. NOTES 229 Single Red Admirals Vanessa atalanta (L.) were recorded on 14 and 17 April at Muir of Ord (NH 55) and Allt Grisean (NG 78) respectively, these being a month earlier than the previous earliest on 16 May in 1992 at Loch Broom, Ullapool (NH 18). The Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) made an appearance on 21 May at Kingussie (NH 70), Inverness-shire, three days earlier than the four noted in 1990 at Eathie (NH 76) on the Black Isle. I think it is remarkable that, in forty years of recording in the Highlands, six species of butterfly should put in their earliest appearance in the year 2003. In addition, a naturalist friend, Sheila Mackay, had a Peacock Nymphalis io (L.) visiting primroses in her garden at Dingwall (NH 55) on 13 and 14 April. This was undoubtedly an overwintering specimen. This species is very rarely recorded in the north of Scotland, usually between June and October, but was noted at several localities around the Moray Firth in 2002.- Derek C. Hulme, Ord House Drive, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire IV6 7UQ. Chorosoma schillingi (Hem.: Rhopalidae), new to Middlesex? On 8.viii.2000, I swept a specimen of this distinctive bug from a derelict and overgrown wharf on the River Thames at the outflow of 'Chelsea Creek’ where it is overshadowed by the Lotts Road Power Station (O. S. grid reference TQ 265769). This is apparently the first record for Middlesex, vice-county 21. Until the 1960s, Chorosoma schillingi was always regarded as a local coastal insect (apart from sites in the Breck) and was recorded from vice-counties Norfolk to Pembroke and Anglesey. It has recently been found increasingly at inland sites and since first being noted from Peterborough (Russell, W. E., 1967, Ent. Gaz ■ 19:8), numerous notes have charted its apparent spread: e.g. Kirby, P, 1984, Ent. Mon. Mag. 120: 177; Kirby, P, 1991, Ent. Mon. Mag. 127: 250; Lane, S. A., 1988, Ent. Mon. Mag. 124: 80; Nau, B.S., 1997, Ent. Mon. Mag. 133: 261-262. Many of these new localities are brownfield sites, including clay pits, gravel pits, sand quarries, railway cuttings, disused railway lines, chalk grassland, roads verges and grassy heathland (P. Kirby and D. Budworth, pers. comm.). Indeed, the last time 1 found this insect was on a scrappy railway embankment of the District Line at East Ham (TQ 425844, VC 1 8, South Essex) on 8.vii. 1 999. Recently, finding Chorosoma may have lost some of its novelty among hemipterists, and further inland records have perhaps not been published. However, there is very good evidence that the bug has not yet been found in land-locked Surrey (VC 17) or Middlesex (VC21). There is an active recording scheme for Pentatomoidea and Coreoidea (including Rhopalidae), in Surrey, for the forthcoming Surrey Wildlife Trust atlas, and no record is yet listed (R.D. Hawkins, pers. comm.). The Chelsea Creek locality is only the width of the Thames (about 200 metres) from Surrey, so it quite likely that it will eventually be found south of the Thames too, probably on a similar brownfield site - Richard A. Jones, 135 Friern Road, East Dulwich, London SE22 0AZ (email: bugmanjones@hotmail.com). 230 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 The generic names of the British longicorn Coleoptera explained Prionus Arhopalus Asemum Tetropiiim Rhagium Stenocorus Acmaeops Grammoptera Alosterna Leptura Judolia Anoplodera Strcmgalia Cerambyx Trinophyllum Gracilia Obrium Nathrius Molorchus Aromia Hylotrupes Callidium Pyrrhidium Poecilium Phymatodes Clytus Plagionotus Anaglyptus Lamia Mesosa Pogonocherus Leiopus Acanthocinus Agapanthia Saperda Oberea Stenostola Phytoecia Tetrops From prion = a saw or sawyer, from the antennal formation Without a club, with reference to the femora Unmarked Having four eyes, from their appearing divided (Same as Tetrops) A kind of venomous spider ( rhagion ) mentioned by an old Greek author Apparently a slender youth (formerly Toxotus an archer) Perhaps appearing at the height {acme) of summer Written or marked wing, though there are no elytral markings With wing-like breast (Latin plus Greek) Slender tail, from the more or less tapering form No meaning can be assigned - an invention Unarmed neck, with reference to hind pronotal angles Compressed, squeezed, from the generally narrow tapering form Some unidentified horned beetle feeding on dead wood ( keras = horn) Not clear ( phyllum = leaf) Latin gracilis slender (no connection with “graceful") Apparently an invention Apparently an invention Name of a poor vine-dresser who hospitably entertained Hercules From the pleasant aroma given off by A. moschata, the Musk Beetle Wood-borer (cf. Hylobius, Geotrupes) A diminutive formed on hallos = beauty From the preceding with the first element altered to “fiery” From poikilos = variegated Resembling a growth; obscure Famed, renowned, suggested by the bright clear markings With back sloping or slanting (the fasciae are straight) Carved up, suggested by the markings A fabulous monster, bogey, hobgoblin Formed from mesos middle, but intended meaning not clear Beard(ed) horn, from the long hairs on antennae; the second element should have been cerus with no ‘h’ Smooth foot, with apparent reference to hairless tarsi From the spine (Greek akanthos = thorn) at each side of pronotum, but second element (- cinus ) unclear. The common synonym Astynomus was the title of a magistrate in ancient Athens (astu 'city', nomos ‘law’) Love (agape) of flowers A name applied to one or more kinds of fish An invented name or possibly an eponym Literally, a narrow robe Inhabiting plants (oikos = house) Four eyes - the eyes being completely divided (Cf. Tetropiiim) -A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. Editorial comment: Previous contributions on the subject of the generic names of British beetles may be read in this journal at volume 114: 139-141, 169 and 268 and in the present volume on page 149. NOTES 231 Little-known entomological literature — 10. The Morris’s Naturalist During the nineteenth century, numerous natural history journals commenced publication; some lasted only a year, others for several years while yet others are still being published. One such title, The Naturalist, ran to three volumes in 1837-39; eight volumes 1851-58, then commenced again in 1864 and ran until 1913. Many such “nature” magazines contained, sometimes substantial, amounts on entomology, including some early county or locality lists. It is the second such title that concerns me here. The first five volumes of this 1850s Naturalist journal was conducted by Beverley R. Morris (a medical man) and the last three volumes by Rev. F. O. Morris, his brother and a more familiar name I am sure to my readers, which may be why the Natural History Museum Library catalogue lists it as The Naturalist (F. O. Morris) rather than under the name of his brother the first and major editor. After F. O. took over, the entomological content, as can be seen in the listings below, increased substantially, and the eighth and final volume had a running head labelled “entomology” under which all the items on this subject were gathered. Sad as it may seem, could it have been this sudden concentration on entomology that caused the failure of the journal? After taking over the editorship, F. O. suggested to subscribers that the price be increased and the journal enlarged. This suggestion was, however, emphatically turned down by the readership but under the new editorship the entomology content increased substantially, resulting, of course, in a diminution of other natural history articles which could well have caused the non-entomologists to abandon the journal as at this period of time they were being well catered for by other journals, such as The Zoologist. Nevertheless, after ceasing publication, for which F. O. received a number of letters of complaints, he then commenced another journal under the title of Magazine of Natural History and Naturalist, the first number of which appeared in January 1860. It is perhaps significant that the entomological content of this is minimal and some of the entomological items which ended in Volume 8 of The Naturalist “To be continued” did not carry over into the new title, although in style and content of natural history it started out being similar, as perhaps should be expected, being under the same editor, but then, after issue No 8, had clearly run into trouble for the ninth and final issue consisted (apart from three short items), solely of F. O.’s address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science given at Oxford in 1869. As explained on the cover this had been printed in advance for future issues and the pagination does not therefore run in sequence. The intermediate pages were never published. Volume I of The Naturalist, in 1851, has the first reference, as far as 1 know, to Lepidoptera on Wicken Fen (... saw great quantities of Swallowtail butterflies). The journal also contains some very substantial lists, not only of insects, from over 150 years ago. To us today the sheer abundance of some, and the frequency with which now scarce and endangered species were encountered, often from some new locality where they have not been found since, may come as a revelation. For instance, both the Death's head Hawk-moth (Ache rout ia atropos L.) and the Purple Emperor ( Apatura iris L.) were, if not quite common, worthy of a note about being found, often in some new locality and are frequently quoted in the journal. Others, which today 232 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.ix.2003 we regard as common, were often cited as scarce, the Cinnabar, Callimorpha jacobaeae for instance. Many of the articles had a very generalist title such as A botanical ramble; An ornithological ramble; An Entomologist’s excursion; A stroll by the seaside; A day at Clova. Sometimes imprecise as to localities although these could often be inferred from the address, nearly always given, of the author. In the list of titles given below I have therefore, for clarity, added the locality in parentheses after the entry where I think it might be helpful. While the majority of such titles concerned themselves with ornithology, botany, shells or marine life, they sometimes included stray entomological remarks and observations and It is only by chance that I may have noticed such, so the list below only contains items with an obvious entomological title or is contained within an “entomological” section of the pages. Controversy over a number of subjects also raged. Are Channel Island insects British or not? Is it not time to have uniformity of names and should they be scientific or vernacular? A discussion I think which is still raging! There was considerable discussion of the Cuckoo and its behaviour and choice of host. Like many other journals of the day brief reports of the meetings of various natural history societies was given and amongst these there are certainly items of entomological interest; these I have not extracted. Also of interest are the reviews of the books, now known to us as antiquarian but still desired by many an entomologist,- such as Stainton’s Manual and the first volumes of his Natural History of the Tineina and Entomologists Annual. One factor that comes through strongly and shows the ethos of the times is “If it moves shoot it.” Imagine the outcry today if a party of Cambridge Undergraduates went to Wicken Fen and shot two pairs of Short-eared owls (Strix brachyotos). One can but admire, however, their marksmanship as well as their energy, having started at 7.00 am and rowed up the river from Cambridge and even carried their boat overland for some half a mile! In spite of their ornithological mayhem, however, they also had time to observe “...very numerous (moth) caterpillars and great quantities of Swallow- tail butterflies.” It is also interesting to note that already there was beginning to be a reaction to this killing ethos as several articles also deplore both the shoot to kill policy and the amassing of hundreds of similar insects. Volume 1, 1851 An entomological sketch. The Scotch argus (Polyommatus artaxerxes ) by R. F. Logan, pp 49- SI (with illustrations of P. artaxerxes and P. agestis ) Notes on the Lepidoptera of the West of Scotland and Fifeshire by John Gray. 82-86; 133-136; 180-183; Vol 2 10-15; 259-262 (concluded). Instinct of the house spider by A. S. Moffat. 136-137. Delayed appearance of the Emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia-minor ) by W. Ferguson. 143. A trip to Wicken fen, Cambridgshire, in pursuit of natural history by R. A. Julian. 170-171; The leaf-cutting bee by J. A. Robinson. 190. Capture of Leptinus testaceus near Paisley by Morris Young. 190. Capture of Rhinomacer attelaboid.es, near Paisley by Idem. 190. Capture of Acidota rufa near Paisley by Idem 190. The Ilea (from a dog) by J. A. Robinson 190. NOTES 233 Notes on the appearance and capture of Lepidoptera in the Lake District, in 1851 by W Green ip. 204-205. Notes on the Entomological fauna of Perthshire by J. Gray. 217-220. On the common Dung beetle (Bolboceras mobilicornis) by Michael Westcott. 227-229. Sphinx atropos by D. Ferguson. 237. (Caterpillars near Redcar) Volume 2, 1852 Notes on Cheimatobia borearia and Trochilium sphegiformis by R. S. Edleston 15-16. Peacock butterfly ( Vanessa io ) by R. A. Julian 20. Clouded yellow butterfly( Colias eclusa) by Idem 20. Scolopendra electrica by F. M. Burton 22. A microscopic examination of the ova of Penthalus capidarius by Spencer Cobbold 55-58. remarks on the attacking of pupae by ichneumon flies by John Gray 58-59. Remarks on certain species on Microlepidoptera by R. F. Logan 64. The Lepidopterous insects of Midlothian by Dr W. H. Lowe & R. F. Logan 121-128; 141-149. Occurrence of Vanessa antiopa, etc., in Berwickshire by John K. Wilson 133. Vanessa antiopa taken near Lincoln by Frederick M. Burton 133. Mildness of the season: the Peacock butterfly (February 2nd) by John Garland 133. Note on Abraxas grossulariata by Bornbyx Atlas 133-134. Do Ichneumons pierce insects in the pupa state? by R. Maysmor 154- 157. An enquiry as to a species of fly by J. C. Dale 177-178. On the differences between Pieris (Pontia) brassicae and P. chariclea - the Large cabbage white butterflies by Bornbyx Atlas 178-180. Entomological hints by W. Balfour Blaikie 207. Hints to Entomologists by R. B. P. 208. The Brimstone butterfly (Goneptery’x rhamni ) by C. Stubbs. (Recorded February 16th) Some account of the diurnal Lepidoptera of Sussex by Maria E Catlow 226-229. Occurrence of Oleander hawkmoth (Metopsilus nerii ) by E. S. L. Smith. (At Brighton). 230. The Querist: A correspondent has inquired of me whether insects captured in Gurnsey and Jersey, are to be regarded as British ones or not? It is an interesting question and I shall feel much obliged to any correspondents who can answer it “on authority.” F. O. Morris. 232. Notes on the natural history of Southampton by William D. Balshaw 234-237. An Entomologist’s excursion to Warminster Down by Michael Westcott 245-248. A few notes on some insects taken during a short tour in Switzerland by S. Arthur Sewell 248-250. Occurrence of Vanessa antiopa by Bornbyx Atlas (At Stoke Newington) 252. On Vanessa antiopa by Bornbyx Atlas 252-253. Captures of lepidoptera by Robert S. Edleston 263. On a new insect; a parasite of the sycamore by Thomas P. Fernie (Phyllophora testudinacea ) 265. Curious varieties of the Drinker moth (Odenestis potatoria) by Bornbyx Atlas 280. Volume 3, 1853 The locust (Locusta migratoria) by T. S. Rudd, (at Redcar) 21 Capture of Death's head moth {Acherontia atropos) by William Bond (At Redcar) 2 I Acherontia atropos at Redcar by W. Ferguson 2 1 . Obituary - Mr. J. F. Stephens by J. Mc'Intosh 40. A few additions to Miss Catlow's account of the diurnal Lepidoptera of Sussex by W. C. Unwin 48-50. Additions to the Lepidoptera of Midlothian by R. F. Logan 69-71. 234 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.ix.2003 Libellulinae observed in Sussex, chiefly in ihe neighbourhood of Lewes by W. C. Unwin 71-73. The Puss moth (Cerura vinula) By W. Macduff 85 The Scotch Argus butterfly (Hipparchia blandina) by G. Donaldson 85. Agrotis pascuea by W. C. Unwin 85 Chaerocampa celerio by Idem 85. Chaerocampa celerio near Bristol by J. N. Duck. Carabus nitens by James Taylor (Near Aberdeen) 85. The disease of the Housefly ( Musca domestica) by A. Ingpen 87-88. Colias edusa in Scotland by R. L. Logan 87-88. The common Vapourer moth ( Orgyia antiqua) by L. O. Morris 109. Our zoological ancestors, and their labours in the field of science. No. I. -Joannes Godartius by S.de V. 113-116. Some account of the Lepidoptera round Exeter by Edward Parfitt 126-128; 154-155; 250-253; 264-265; Vol 4: 59-61. Vanessa antiopa near Whitby by John Braim 134. The Swallow-tail butterfly (Papilio machaon) by John Garland (In Dorset) 137. Capture of insects by W. B. Clarke (Sugaring for moths) 184. Occurrence of the Sharp-winged hawk-moth ( Metopsilus celerio ) by G. Stubbs (At Henley-on- Thames) 206. Curious fact by W. Thomson Crewe (Hybrid Taeniocampa species ) 207 The Death’s head ( Acherontia atropos ) by D. Lerguson (At Marske) 207. Vanessa urticae by James Taylor (In early March) 207. The Death’s head moth ( Acherontia atropos ) at Louth by John Brown 228. Note on a wild bee ( Bombyx terrestris). by G. R. Twinn 255. Colias hyale in Sussex by J. Cafavy 256. Captures of Lepidoptera by Robert S. Edleston (Round Manchester) 256. Volume 4, 1854 Protracted continuations of insects in the chrysalis state by Stephen Stone 10-12. Notes on the Lepidoptera of Banff by T. Edward 12-14. Second note on a wild bee (Bombyx terrestris) by G. E. Twinn 19. Capture of Sphinx convolvuli 3 mile out to sea by D. Ferguson 19. Acherontia atropos by Idem (at Redcar) 19. Capture of Vanessa antiopa by Larret Shields (At Lewisham) 19. Colias hyale by Rev Henry Hilton (near Dover) 19. Lepidoptera round Exeter by W. S. M. D’Urban 21-22. An Entomologist’s excursion to Ebbor Rocks by Michael Wescott 34-39. Note on the caterpillar of the Goat moth ( Cossus ligniperda ) by T. P. Fernie 45. Rare animals, etc. occurring in Aberdeenshire. Includes Death’s head moth ( Acherontia atropos) by J. Longmuir 755-76. Some account of the Coleoptera round Exeter by E. Parfitt 83-85. Injurious insects-The Earwig, ( Forficula auricularia)- No 1. by J. Mc’Intoshl36-137. On Leucophasia sinapis and Vanessa hampstediensis by F. O. Morris 138-140. Injurious insects No. 2. Sirex gigas by J. Mc’Intosh 156-158. Description of a new Coleopterous insect belonging to the genus Prionus by John Gray 158- 159. (P westwoodianus ) Ornithological and entomological notes by Charles & William Fothergill 167-168. Occasional notes by Michael Wescott 172-173. (Mentions various butterflies). Notes on the ant of Scripture by J. Longmuir 181-186. NOTES 235 Vanessa antiopa at Blackheath by El. D. Drury 190. Early entomological captures by T. F. Whitney 210. Notice of some insect occurring in Hainault forest by George Stockby 227-228. Entomological captures near Cartmel by Thomas King Atkinson 236 (Mazarine blue). The small white butterfly (Pontia rapae) by Sydney Hile 236. Note on honeydew by T. J. Tottenham 237-238. Local jottings No. 14. Dorchester, Dorsetshire by John Garland 252-253. (Wasps) Volume 5, 1855 Injurious insects No. 3. The common wasp ( Vespa vulgaris, L.) by J. Mc’Intosh 312-34; 139- ' 141. Vol 5: 30-31. Vanessa antiopa at Blackheath by L. Shields 41. Notice of the Red spider (Dysdera erythrina, Walk.) with remarks on a few others by George Stockley 66-67. Si rex gigas at Oxford J. F. Whiteaves 166. Late appearance of the Peacock butterfly by Uncas 166 (seen Xmas day) Small eggar by J. Thorne 166 (Up to 7 years in pupa) Papilio machaon by J. Thorne 166 (also lying over) Note on the treatment which bees render to their wounded by J. P. 166-167. On grease in insects by F. O. Morris 168. On grease in insects by John Fothergill 168. Deformity of a chrysalis of Pontia brassicae by George King. Notice of the species of Carabus occuring around London by G. Stockley253-254. The diurnal Lepidoptera found in the neighbourhood of Luton. Bedfordshire by Alfred Lucas 276-277. Variety of the Pink-underwing-moth ( Callimorpha jacobaeae ) by B. R. M. 281. Callimorpha hera by F. O. Morris 28 1 . Volume 6, 1856 Red Admirals by T. Cane 20 (Plentiful at Luton). Moth mixture by R. P. Allington 23-24. Occurrence of Ache rontia atropos at Southport by C. Fryer 45. Vanessa atalanta by Idem 45. Relaxing of insects by F. O. Morris. Moth hunting; or an evening in a wood, being two leaves from the life of a naturalist by Thomas Edward 84-88; 104-107. (Banff) English names for butterflies & moths by J. J. R. 93-94. Callimorpho hera by Idem 94. Flints to insect collectors by Taxus 1 07- 1 1 1 ; 1 28- 1 33. Design for a new larva box by R. G. Scholefield 135. Ants by G. R. Twinn 166-167. Injurious insects-No. VI. Aphis , aphids or plant-lice by J. Mc’Intosh 1 78- 181: Vol. 7: 54-57. Callimorpho hera a British insect by F. O. Morris 215-216. A few words on commencing a collection of lepidoptera by Re. R. P. Alington 250-252; 275-279. Another capture of Carabus intricatus in Devonshire by John Gatcombe 260. On the present condition of the classification of British Lepidoptera by Aurelius 279-28. Volume 7, 1857 A curious incident in entomology by C. Walfore 65-66. 236 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 List of butterflies and sphinges observed at Lausanne, Switzerland by Thomas George Bonney 80-82. Entomological captures in 1856 by Rev. R. P. Allington 82-85. Notice of the diurnal Lepidoptera in my neighbourhood by George Stockley 85-87. (Old Lord). Contributions to an entomology of Banffshire by W. 87-89. Hibernating Papilionidae etc. by J. McTntosh 92. The vegetable caterpillar from New Zealand by W. V. Guise 106-108 (Hepialis virescens) An entomological dream by Outis 108-109; 134-136. Vegetable caterpillar from New Zealand by William Falconer 1 15. Vegetable caterpillar by William Wells 115-117. The vegetable caterpillar by Sidney Style 1 16. Vegetable caterpillar from New Zealand by F. M. Burton 1 16. Carabus intricatus by John Gatcombe 163 (Plymouth) Sphinx euphorbiae at Box hill by James Gardner 186. Butterflies by George R Twinn 203-204. (Birmingham) Liparis monarcha in Lincolnshire by W. Waldo Cooper 212. Purple Emperor in Lincolnshire by Idem 212. Erebia blandinci etc. by W. Sutherland 212. (Braemar). Notice by C. R. Bree 230-232. (On Entomology) Clouded yellow butterfly by W. G. Gibson 236. (Dumfries) Xanthia silvago by F. O. Morris 236 (Nunburnholme) Four days collecting in the neighbourhood of Dorking by James Gardner 236. (Moths). T. allantiforme (White-belted clear wing) by Idem. 236 (5th record) Butterflies, from the Dumphries Herald 236. Water insects etc. by O. S. Round 247-248. Notes on the natural history of East Cumberland by Thomas Armstrong 250-253. (Many moths) List of the Lepidoptera occurring in the county of Suffolk by Rev. Joseph Green. Rev. H. Harpur Crew and C. R. Bree 253-258; 273-277; Vol 8: 11-14; 35-39; 57-60; 81-87; 108-111; 131- 135; 182-186; 205-208; 226-230; 253-255; (Was to be continued but publication ceased) Ichneumon and Tortrix larva by C. R. Bree 259. The wasp and the spider by Idem 259. Exchanging insect by C. R. Bree 271-273. Abstracts from the “Species General des Lepidopteres” par M. Boiduval et Guenee by C. R. Bree 277-281. Sphinx convolvuli by Arthur Havers 284. The spider by Idem 284. Volume 8, 1858 The study of Nature; an entomological Pro’em for 1858 by the editor 9-11. How to set lepidoptera by rev Joseph Green 14-16. A list of the rarer species of Coleoptera, which occur, or have been taken in the neighbourhood of Harleston, Norfolk, by J. Leedes Fox and in the neighbourhood of Bungay by W. Garness 16-18; 87-89; 160-161 ; Was to be continued , but Journal ceased publication. A list of the insects observed in the southern part of the county of Sussex by W. C. Unwin 18- 20; 39-41 ; 91-93; 158-160; 208-210; 255-257; 276. Was to be continued , but Journal ceased publication. The cockchafer ( Melolontha vulgaris) by F. O. Morris 21 . The foodplant of Gonepteryx rhamni by H. Doubleday 41 . P.fuliginosa by J. Greene NOTES 237 Chrysophana dispar by H. Harpur Crewe 41-42. Argynnis dia by Editor 42. Are the Lithosiae attracted by sugar by John Porter 42-43. Honesty and dishonest by George King 61 . C. hipppothoe by George King 62. T. fimbria by H. Harpur Crewe 62. Bostrichus bispinus by W. C. Unwin 62. Lithosiae at sugar by E. G. Baldwin 62-63. Do the Bombyces feed at sugar? by (quoted from letter) H. Doubleday 63. Bombyces at sugar by Murray A. Mathews 63. On the classification of insects by The Northern Entomological Society 89-91. (Re Setting) by Rev Joseph Greene 93-94. C. dispar by H. Harpur Crewe 94. Are the Notodontidae double-brooded? by Rev. J. Greene 1 1 1-’ 1 13. Ceroplacha flavicornis by C. G. Cox 1 13. Larvae of Aegeria bembeciformis by Idem. Larvae of Sphinx ligustri by Idem 113-114. Camptogramma fluviata Hubn. a Geometra new to Britain by Murry A Mathews 1 14. Guenee’s note of the above insect is as follows:- by Ed. 114-115. Lasiocampa quercus var callunae by A. Chapman 1 15. Half-broodiness v. double-broodiness by Idem 1 15. M. Guenne’s change of names of the Geometrae by Ed. 115-116. The best mode of setting Lepidopterous insects by F. O. Morris 120-123. Notodontidae double-brooded by Arthur Naish 136-137. Early appearance of Sphinx ligustri by A. H. 136. Uncertainty in the appearance of insects by C. T. Cox 136. Notodonta ziczac double-brooded by G. F. Mathews 136. The Notodontae are double-brooded by H. Harpur Crewe 136-137. Nomenclature by Ed. 137. Lasiocampa callunae by H. J. Harding 138. Capture of Deiliphila livornica near Exeter by H. Dorville 138. The first fly of the season by R. P. Allington 138 (Brimstone in snow at Louth). The Psychidae by M. Th. Bruand 162-164. Notodonta cucullina by H. Harpur Crewe 164, Liparis monarcha by Idem 164. O. gonostigma by Idem 164-165. Notodonta trepida by Idem 165. Asthenia luteata by Idem 165. Ceropacha ocularis by Idem 165. Rapidity of growth of the larvae of the Notodontae by Idem 165. Capture of Micro ostrina by Ed. 165 (At Torquay). Clouded yellow butterfly by W. Wesley 166 (At Winchester). Rare lepidoptera by Ed. 186. Double-broodiness of the Notodontidae by G. Gascoyne 1 86- 1 87. Nomenclature of insects by F. O. Morris 187-188. Arctia ccija by F. O. Morris 188. A curious fact in entomology by Arthur L. Simpson 188. ( T. c-album at sugar). Acidalia blomeraria by Arthur L. Simpson 188. 238 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 Cucullia chamomillae by Ed. 188-189. Odynerus parietina by W. Baker 1 89. Colias edusa by Idem 189. A. atropos by Idem. 189 (At Battisford) S. convolvuli by H. H. Harpur Crewe 189 (At Batisford) Bee taming by Isaac Hartas 1 89- 1 90. Extracts from Smith’s catalogue of British Hymenoptera by (Editor) 210-212; 257-259; 276-280. On the diseases of silkworms by C. R. Bree 215-216. Nomenclature by F. O. Morris 216-217. Hardish jaws by (Editor) 217-218. Insect new to the Suffolk list by H. Harpur Crewe 230 Stay at Home by Rev. H. Harpur Crewe 230-234 ( 162 species in Derbyshire garden) On the variation of species by Ed. 234-235. The so-called showers of insects by Ed. 235-236. Synia musculosa by T. Thorncroft 236 (At Brighton) N. senex by H. H. Crewe 236. P palpina by Idem 237. E. denotata by Idem 237. C. spartiaria by Idem 237 . S. convolvuli by Idem 237 . Tenacity of life in S. rhamnaria and vetularia by Idem 237. Colias edusa by W. H. Tuck, R. P. Allington, F. O. Morris, Arthur E. Biggs, W. G. Gibson, Charles Williamson 237-238 (1858 a good year). A. aim by Robert Anderson 238 (In York). Apatura iris by Arthur L. Simpson 238-239. Captures on the Suffolk coast by C. R. Bree 239. Suffolk Lepidoptera by R. P. B. 260261 . Double-broodiness of Notodontidae by H. Harpur Crewe 260-26 1 . Killing insects by H. Harpur Crewe 261-262. Notodonta dictaeoides by Idem 262. Catocals nupta by Idem 262. A. atropos and S. ligustri by Idem 262. Are grasshoppers carniverous? by W. F. Hunter 262. Colias edusa and hyale by Idem 262. Colias edusa by Arthur L. Simpson 263. S. convolvuli by Idem 263. Vanessa antiopa by F. O. Morris 263 (Several recorded) Acherontia atropos by F. O. Morris 263 (Plentiful in 1858) Acherontia atropos by F. R. Elliot 263-264 (In April). Deilephila galii by Idem 264. Clouded yellow By Stephen Clogg 264. P. arion in duplicate by R. Elliot 264 (For exchange). The best mode of killing Lepidoptera by Rev. F. O. Morris 283-285. Methods of killing Lepidoptera by T. Chapman 285. I am a humble member of creation by Cetonia aurata 286. Ravages of the Halticae by F. E. Guerin-Meneville 286-287 - Brian O. C. Gardiner, 2 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AL NOTES 239 The Lepidoptera Collection of Scarborough Museum - background and some specimens of note The recent curation and consolidation of the British Lepidoptera collections at the Scarborough Museum revealed them to be a substantial repository of specimens and information. The bulk of the material was contained in five collections originating from G. B. Walsh. H. W. Dobson, A. N. Hickton, S.R. Pollard and the Girls" High School. These collections have been amalgamated into a single collection within which the origin of each specimen can be traced. The final collection consists of 1,058 butterflies, 3,137 macromoths and a few (316) micromoths, all with data of some sort. Much of the material is of local origin and so forms an invaluable source of Yorkshire records. In all, 701 British species are represented by specimens possessing data. The A. N. Hickton, S.R. Pollard and the Girls’ High School collections were substantially the work of single individuals. The H. W. Dobson collection contains much material collected by E. Richards while the G. B. Walsh collection contains many specimens bearing the labels of A. Smith, A. S. Tetley and J. Thwaytes. The latter collection also contains material of diverse periods and collectors, presumably the result of purchase or exchange. The whole museum collection contains specimens originating from over 250 collectors. List of Collectors represented by specimens in the Scarborough Collection. P.W. Abbott, B.W. Adkin, Allis, Arley, J. Armitage, C. Ash, J.H. Ashby, Atmore, H.A. Auld, C.J.B., W.P.B.-Maye, J.W. Bagett, H.W. Baker, W.S. Baker, E.R. Bankes, R.H. Barker, T.L. Barnett, P. Barraud, C. Barrett, W.H. Barrow, H. Bartlett, R.T. Baumann, T. Baxter, Mrs. Bazett, Rev. J. Bell, W.Bell, M.S. Blaker, T. Blest, W. Bloomfield, R.T. Bowman, C.A. Briggs, PM. Bright, Brights, G. Brooks, H.B. Browne, G.V. Bull, Rev. H. Burney, A.R. Burrows, C.R.N. Burrows, A.E. Bursor (?), G. Burt, W.B. Butler, J.C., Cannon, PA. Cardew, Mr. Carratt, J.A. Clark, A. Clark, W. Claxton, W.S. Clutton, G.B. Coney, B.H. Crabtree, W.Craigs, E.S. Craske, W.J. Cross, W.P. Curtis, A. A. Dalglish, Rev. A. Day, F.A. Day, G.O. Day, M.C. Dixon, H. W. Dobson, Iris M. Dobson, S. Dobson, H. Doidge, M. Dolby, F. Dresser, G.C. Dresser, J. Dunsmore, R. Dutton, Eastwood, A.D. Edwards, J. Elisha, S. Ellison, W.M. Ellison, W. Fabian, Farren, C. Fenn, G. Fleming, W.B. Fletcher, A. Ford, A. Fords, E.C. Dobree-Fox, R.E.E. Frampton, P.T.G., Miss Gamble, J.E. Gardner, G.R. Garland, E.F. Gilmour, Girls' High School, W.G. Glutton, Goodson, E. Goodwin, S. Goodwin, P.P. Graves, Rev.J. Green, F.J.H., W.L.H., J.C. Haggart, F.H. Hamling, Hancock, J. Harrison, G.E. Hartley, Hartley-Wintney, W.H. Harwood, H.W. Head, Hearter, G.H. Heath, J.A. Helps, Herd, A.N. Hickton, S.G. Hills, A.J. Hodges, A. Hodgson, A. Holmes, C. Holmes, A. Horne, W. Howgate, Huggins, W.H. Jackson, W. Jarvis, C.F. Johnson, H. Johnston, A.H. James, R.D. Pany Jones, R. Junkermann, J.J.F.X. King, W.W. Kinsey, A.J.L., B.R. Last, H.A. Leeds, F.H. Lees, C. Levett, Lines, J.A. Lofthouse, A.M. Longhurst, H. Lowden, C.I.M., J.N.M., G. Machin, Major, N. Maney, W. Mansbridge, M.J. Mansfield, Major S. Maples. G.F. Matthew. Mattley, G.L. McDearmid, H. McNaught, P.P. Milman, J.C. Mohenley(7), 240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. ix. 2003 M. Moody, E.D. Morgan, Morton, S.L. Mosley, Murray, Mutch, G.D.N., Newberry, L.W. Newman, C.E. Newnham, R.A. Nicols, J. Nobbs(?), F.A. Oldaber, G.B. Oliver, R.W. Parfitt, F. Pennington, C.P. Pickett, F.N.P., W.M. Pierce, A. Pike, R. Pitman, S.R. Pollard, A. Ponchaud, S. Proudfoot, L.B. Prout, W. Quibell, R.B.R., W.J.R., H.R.-B., G.H. Raynor, P.C. Reid, W. Reid, Renton, E. Richards, N.M. Richardson, G. Ridley, P.W. Ridley, J.P. Robson, E.F.S., E.R.S., E.W.S., Capt. Salonp (?), T. Salvage, W. Salvage, M. Samis (?), Seymour, E. P.Sharpe, V.E. Shaw, A. Simmons, F.A. Small, Smallpiece, H.D. Smart, A. Smith, Rev. B. Smith, B.H. Smith, J. Smith, T. Smith, A.H. Sperring, Spiller, C.L. Stein, A.T. Stiff, G.H.T. Stovin, Boswell Syme, F.T.-A., Tait, L. Tatchell, E.H. Taylor, A.S. Tetley, A.H. Thompson, J.A. Thompson, S.T. Thorne, Rev. C.F. Thornewell, J.E. Thwaytes, A.E. Tong, W. Torsdy, D. Tozer, Mr. Tugwell, T. Tunstall, J.W. Tutt, W.F. Urwick, V. Valezina, Capt. Vipan, G.C.W., J. Waddington, S. Wakely, J. Walker, S. Walker, A. A. Wallington, S.A. Wallis, G.B. Walsh, J. Warrington, H. White, A.J. Wightman, B.S. Williams, Williamson, Willman, A.C. Winford, P. Winter, F. Womersley, H. Wood, H. Worsley Wood, F. C. Woodforde, G.M. Woosnam, W. Wylie, G.W. Wynn, C.C. Young, C.E. Young, C.S. Young, H. Yums. There are several specimens in the collection that deserve individual mention: Zygaena exulans (Hohenwarth, 1792). Zygaenidae. Scotch Burnet There is a short series of this species from the G. B. Walsh collection but only one bears data, namely “Braemar (S.L. Mosley, 8.v.[ 19]02)”. This data indicates that it is from the well-known locality in Deeside. However a single specimen from the S.R. Pollard collection with broader wings and a more matt coloration (identity confirmed from a preparation of the male genitalia) bears the hand- written label “Rannoch/ [18J92”. No other specimens of this species are known to have been taken at Rannoch which is over 50 miles away from the known locations in Deeside. This single specimen of this elusive uplands species is tantalising. Did (or does) an isolated colony occur at Rannoch or is the label spurious? Certainly hearsay information suggests that the species may be more widely distributed than the present known colonies indicate. Strymon melinus Hiibner [1818] Lycaenidae. A single specimen of this Central American species labelled “POCKLINGTON 15.7.1894” was in the A. N. Hickton collection masquerading as Quercusia quercus (Purple Hairstreak). A genuine Q. quercus was also present bearing a label “CHESTERFILDfsic] 2.8.1878” [Several labels indicate that A. N. Hickton suffered from mild dyslexia]. As, at the period of capture of the S. melinus , a central American species would have been a better prize than a second specimen of the indigenous species, the Purple Hairstreak, it seems probable that the misidentified melinus had been accidentally imported into Yorkshire and when captured was assumed to be a local specimen of the similar British species. NOTES 241 Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758). Nymphalidae. Arran Brown Amongst the S.R. Pollard material was a store box of mixed British butterflies and moths, only some of which bore data. A single specimen of Erebia ligea in good condition but without data was also present. However, as a single specimen of another non-British European satyrid without data was also present, there are only tenuous grounds for assuming that this E. ligea was of British origin. Spiris striata (Linnaeus, 1758). Arctiidae. Feathered Footman A few store-boxes from the H. W. Dobson collection contained specimens that had not been labelled up individually but had written in pencil “All at Cloughton” and pencil lines demarking different date groups. One such box but just labelled “All [caught] at Cloughton” without any indication of dates contained a single specimen of Spiris striata. It is mounted on the same style of black pin as the rest of the material in the box and set in the same rather casual way. There is no reason to believe this is not of local origin. Cloughton is about five miles north of Scarborough and appears to be where H. W. Dobson lived. I feel sure there are other items of interest awaiting discovery in this diverse collection if persons with a better grasp of the local distribution of macrolepidoptera than myself are willing to spend the time. I am grateful to David Barbour, Gerry Tremewan and Mark Young for useful discussions about the Zygaena exulans specimen. My thanks also go to Scarborough Museum and to my colleague Graham Rotheray for giving me the opportunity to curate this interesting collection.- K. P. Bland, National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF. Arboreal substrate for an egg-laying Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) During a survey on Alderley Edge, Cheshire, of biotope exploitation by Maniola jurtina L. and Pyronia tithonus L. (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) in the sweltering conditions of 14 July 2003 with temperatures rising to 30°C, a female meadow brown was observed laying three eggs at 13.43 hours on an oak tree trunk 20cms above short grass at the base of the tree and whilst in shade of the tree. The eggs were all deposited on lichens growing on the tree trunk (aspect c. 250°), two in rapid succession in slightly different locations and the third ten seconds after the second at a nearby position. The tree is one of 11 located in a line at the base of hill slope meadow where the butterfly is abundant. During the survey a number of meadow browns, both sexes, have been recorded within woodland. On 14 July, two were observed accessing open spots in the woodland by flying in complete shade under the dense pine and oak canopy. One male was engaged in intense patrolling mate location of last year’s leaf litter in one small area under oak trees. During the long period of research on wing margin 242 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 ocellation in the butterfly by Ford and his colleagues (Ford, E. B. 1972 Ecological genetics. Methuen), the butterfly was considered incapable of penetrating vegetation barriers lacking suitable host plant biotope. However, occurrence in woodland is not atypical for the butterfly on Alderley Edge. In the detailed MRR study on Brereton Heath in 1987 meadow browns were frequently recorded flying over a woodland barrier and observed in the light birch woodland (Shreeve, T. G. et al. 1996, Uniformity of wing spotting of Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep., Satyrinae) in relation to environmental heterogeneity. Nota Lepidopterologica 18: 77-92) and were also regularly observed in the woodland away from host plant locations in an earlier study on Alderley Edge (Cook, L. M. et al. 2001. Butterfly-host plant fidelity, vagrancy and a measurement of mobility from distribution maps. Ecography, 24: 497-504). In the nearby urban areas of Wilmslow and Sale, they are often seen outside their typical biotopes flying over cut grass, car parks and buildings. In hot sunny weather, it would appear that they are able to behave more like the butterfly in Mediterranean olive groves and Cypress woodland.- R. L. H. Dennis, 4 Fairfax Drive, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 6EY. Unusual abundance of flies (Diptera) at a moth trap on a cold winter’s evening On a recording trip to the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust’s nature reserve at Ashwell Chalk Quarry, in northern Hertfordshire, on the night of 2 November 2002, four moth traps were set up at various positions and the lights turned on at 16.30 hours. The temperature soon fell rapidly from the initial 15°C and light rain fell throughout the session; it was decidedly cold by 18.00 hours. A grand total of nine moths, comprising six species, was less than exciting and by 20.00 we were packed up and on the way home. However, whilst three of the lights produced just about nothing other than their share of the moths, one lamp, set in a small wooded area and adjacent to the entrance to a badger sett, was swarming with flies within half an hour of lighting up - and was still swarming at home time. Two things led us to the conclusion that this was unusual. First, there was an exceptionally large number of flies - many more than normally expected at a light trap set in a chalk landscape and miles away from any wetland habitat. Second, although many Diptera hibernate as adults, the late date and the somewhat cold evening air were not really conditions under which large swarms of flies were expected. And I do mean swarms! There were dozens of them - to the extent that putting one’s head inside the trap to look for moths on the egg trays was unpleasant, with flies getting behind spectacles and inside ears! A sample of the offending insects was collected using a large pooter, pinned and eventually dispatched to Laurence Clemons - who tells me that he actually likes these beasts! The list follows (the Syrphidae identified by myself, the rest by Laurence, to whom I am most grateful): NOTES 243 Syrphidae: Fanniidae: Eristalis tenax (L.) Fannia lepida (Wiedemann); Fannia monilis (Haliday) Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina (Zett.),' H. similis Meade; Morellia simplex (Loew); Phaonia subventa (Harris); P. lardarius (Fabr.) Crumomyia fimetaria (Mg.); Limosina silvatica (Mg.) Pollenia angustigena Wain wright Scathophaga stercoraria (F.) Sarcophaga carnea agg. (the example collected had damaged genitalia and could not be named further) Muscidae: Sphaeroceridae: Calliphoridae: Scathophagidae: Sarcophagidae: Whilst the proximity of a badger sett may have in some way influenced the number and presence of the flies, it is nevertheless to be borne in mind that badgers are very clean animals and that they have their fixed-position latrines; the nearest latrine that could be found by day was not all that nearby and, again, the weather was cold. I have no explanation for this phenomenon, but it seems unusual and that alone is justification for placing it on record.- Colin W. Plant, 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP (E-mail: colinwplant@ntlworld.com). Hazards of butterfly collecting. “What is in the pot?” - Ghana, 1993 I came to Bia National Park in Ghana for the first time in 1993, staying in a small ranger camp just at the edge of a small bit of virgin forest. It was the first of Ghana’s national parks and was set up in thirty years by Claude Martin, later to become director of the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF); he had even compiled a modest list of butterflies during his three years in almost complete isolation. It was in his old house that I was to stay - a fine room, running water, a real toilet, and electricity were promised. Evidently my briefers at the Ghana Wildlife Department had not been quite up-to- date. The room was in a frightful state, the toilet blocked by rubble and a collapsed septic-tank, and electricity had never been connected. But there was a raised veranda with a lovely view in front of which I could park my Fada Niva (“Schevy”) and run a cable from the cigarette lighter to my computer. My camp chair, table, and camp- bed fitted snugly under a serviceable part of the awning. That’s not bad for accommodation in the sticks. Next on the agenda in a new place is fixing up some cooking. You don’t want to drag too much stuff of your own around, and when daylight lasts only from 06.00 to 18.00 you do not want to waste time cooking. Four or five women, wives of the forest guards, asked; “Do you like snails?’’ The Bia area is the snail capital of Ghana - African Giant Snails, growing to the size of a clenched fist. I had been keen to try them, so the answer was an emphatic “Yes!” There were the usual worries about whether someone like me could stomach “spicy African food” - actually quite tame for someone who grew up in India. “You must cook it just as you do for your husband” I said. “Smoked fish would also be fine”, I added. The concept of a purely vegetarian meal is almost inconceivable, even among the poor. 244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 Learning to cook snails at the house of a friend in Ghana some years later. She loved snails, her husband would not touch them! NOTES 245 During the next week I had snails in palm nut soup, snails in spinach, grilled snails with pepper sauce, and snails in groundnut stew. All were quite delicious. When well cooked the snails as juicy and as tender as you might wish - not like the poor little French escargots cooked to cinders in oil and garlic. For staples I had variously pounded yam, boiled yam, pounded cassava, or my own rice. 1 use the awful Uncle Ben's rice on these occasions; the concept of perfectly cooked basmati rice has not reached rural Africa and Uncle Ben’s is a very robust rice. Praise was lavished on each of the cooks, and ... no they had not been too spicy for a foreign stomach. One morning 1 was out at a junction of two small tracks, lying flat on my stomach photographing the Euphaedra and Bebearia coming to the fermenting mangoes I had laid out as bait. I heard a small group of people coming my way fast, which was unusual inside the forest, and rose to greet them just as they turned a corner six metres away. Before I could say akwaba , they turned and fled screaming, head over heels ... strange reaction? Someone had dropped a cloth, which turned out to contain five or six giant snails. Back at camp I related my experience. There was a consensus ... it had been snail-poachers, already nervous of discovery, who had just seen a ghost rising straight out of the forest floor! Snail-poachers! ... well why not? ... It was certainly powerful testimony to the popularity of snails in the area. On my last day I decided to cook a really good curry for the whole camp, some twenty people in all. I told them that I would cook a chicken in Indian style and that they might find Indian food a bit too spicy for their taste, but that this was my childhood food. The thought of a man cooking dinner took a bit of getting used to. Three chickens were procured - the ultimate in luxury; chickens are for eggs, not usually for eating. Tomatoes, onions, and sundry greens were gathered in the camp gardens. 1 had brought curry powder from Accra and I had gathered red chillies of fearsome strength on the sly. Pretty soon a big pot was bubbling on the fire - the chickens were truly free-range and would need a lot of stewing. Rice was prepared, with a back-up of pounded yam, since many rural folk are not comfortable with rice. An hour later we sat down to eat. I am not used to cooking for twenty people at a time and fine-tuning of the spice inputs was not possible, but the curry was good - and very, very hot. 1 was pleased to see the occasional tear in the eyes of the diners! After the pot had been wiped clean with balls of pounded yam, we sat down for an evaluation session. There was general agreement that: 1) it had been a very fine meal, and 2) they were not going to fuss over my stomach during my next visit. Some people would never dream of touching a stew of giant snails. My own approach is simply that if the local people eat something and offer it to me, then I am willing try. I do not promise that I will like it, but I see no reason not to give it the benefit of doubt. Beetle grubs, moth caterpillars, termites, sea cucumbers, grasshoppers, crocodile eggs, lizards, cane rats, squirrels, and porcupines have all been on my menu in different parts of the world. In Zaire I once had an excellent “bush-meat” stew. I tried to find out what I had eaten. My hosts French was poor and my lingala non-existent. “Moment, si’l vous plait”, someone said, only to return with the severed hand of a chimpanzee. That I would obviously never have touched, had I known in advance! 246 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 I was back in Bia in 2000 for two months, doing an analysis of the butterfly fauna for a conservation project financed by the European Union. The camp had been renovated. There was running water and solar electricity, rooms with beds and crisp linen, a kitchen with bottled gas, a kerosene fridge for cold beer, and much else. But the memories of chicken curry had become part of local folklore; I was asked even by people who 1 did not know: “Will we have a chicken curry?”- Torben B. Larsen, UNDP Vietnam, c/o Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. (E-mail: torbenlarsen@compuserve.com). SUBSCRIBER NOTICE New edition of the Directory for Entomologists The Amateur Entomologists’ Society is at present collating the necessary information to produce a new edition of the Directory’ for Entomologists. Entries for non-profit organisations such as museums, societies, groups, county recorders, periodicals etc are entered for free upon request, and traders’ entries start from £5. Anyone wishing to place an entry in the new edition should write for full details to The General Editor, 31 Wilmer Road, Eastleigh, Hants SO50 5EW. BOOK REVIEWS British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants and fungi by Margaret Redfern and Peter Shirley, illustrated by Michael Bloxham. 326 pp., softback, 176 x 246 mm.. ISBN I 85153 214 5. Field Studies Council, 2002. £18 (plus £3 UK postage and packaging), from Field Studies Council, Preston Montford, Shrewsbury, SY4 1HW. FSC tKOt r* *11 British Plant Galls Identification of galls on plants and fungi Margaret Redfern and Peter Shirley Illustrated by Michael Bloxham This paperback tome is the latest in the AIDGAP series of keys from the Field Studies Council. The letters stand for “Aids to Identification of Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants” and the works appear, initially, in draft form. They are then extensively field-tested by a large number of both professional and amateur naturalists before a corrected version appears as a formal paper in the journal Field Studies (this one appeared in Field Studies 10 (2002): 207-531). Thereafter, the works are usually published in book form, though retaining the original journal page numbers. As a result of this lengthy process, there is rarely any problem with the keys as all the glitches should have been edited out before the final version appears; try as I might, there is little that I can find to criticise with regard to the technical content. After a brief but helpful introduction, there are sections on galls caused by bacteria, galls caused by fungi, galls caused by plants, galls caused by BOOK REVIEWS 247 nematodes and galls caused by insects and mites. Each section is arranged alphabetically by host plant and the galls on each are keyed out using easy yet reliable characters which are, in almost all cases, illustrated by excellent line drawings alongside the key couplet. This is one of the most useful technical books on general natural history to appear in recent years and will appeal to entomologists and naturalists of all disciplines. I have tested the keys extensively over the past couple of months using fresh material from just about all corners of England and southern Scotland, and have not yet managed to find a gall that does not feature in the book - believe me. I have tried! Of course, there are some galls that are not in here, but these are most unlikely to be encountered by anyone other than the sort of specialist who doesn't need the keys anyway and, if an amateur like me does find a gall that is not in this key, then at least they will know now that it is likely to be worth showing to a specialist. 1 have only one area of criticism and that is in the division of the keys into five sections according to the higher taxonomy of the causer. Frankly, when confronted with a gall I am not necessarily aware of whether it is caused by an insect, a mite, a nematode, a fungus or whatever. There is no apparent means of making such a distinction and no key at this level is presented in the book. Thus, 1 need to work through five separate keys in order to name the gall causer. This is not as bad as it sounds, since although the keys to causers other than arthropods occupy 50 pages of the work, one only needs to look at the key for that particular host plant. It is, however, extremely annoying to discover that a book designed to make life easier has retained this particularly annoying Haw in spite of several of the field testers complaining that it should be eliminated. Nevertheless this book represents an immensely important contribution to the study of entomology. Plant galls are caused by a huge range of the moths and other insects that will interest readers of this journal and there can be few of us who do not encounter them at least occasionally. Now. at last, we can learn what they are! The price is reasonable for what you get and, as we race towards the year’s end, if you are looking for a Christmas present for an entomologist or for some other breed of naturalist, this book is highly recommended as a candidate. of the F tuna Volume 2 Hungarian Natural History Museum Checklist of the fauna of Hungary. Volume 2: Microlepidoptera by Cs. Saboky, A, Kun & F. Buschmann. 184 pp., softback, 165 x 240 mm, ISBN 963 7093 SOX. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross u. 13, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary, 2002. Price unknown. .Microlepidoptera The first volume of the Checklist of the Fauna of Hungary was that by Papp, concerning the Diptera and published in 2001. This is the second volume to be published under the general editorship of I. Matskasi. The term “microlepidoptera” here includes all those up to and including the Pterophoridae in the British Checklist, and so includes the Hepialidae, Cossidae, Zygaenidae and Sesiidae, which we currently regard as macros. This list is long overdue and a welcome addition to the literature, although British lepidopterists may not altogether agree with the priority given to some of the names used. I look forward to the "macros” in due course. 248 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.ix.2003 Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) by P. R. Harvey, D. R. Nellist & M. G. Telfer. Two volumes, vi + pp. 1 - 2 1 4 (volume 1 : ISBN 1 870393 63 5) and vi + pp. 2 1 5 - 406 (volume 2: ISBN 1 870393 64 3), A4. Natural Environment Research Council. 2002. £20 including post and packaging from Biological Records Centre, CEH Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire PE28 2LS. This two volume provisional atlas is, surprisingly, the first ever set of dot distribution maps for spiders in Britain. It represents the results of the intensive field surveys by members of the Spider Recording Scheme and others since 1987 and is, I must say, a marvelously splendid effort. I am particularly keen to see that the first map presented is of the distribution of Spider Recording Scheme members (solid dots) and past members (open circles). The origin of this map is amusing (you will have to read it yourself) but I fully agree with the authors that comparing this map with the coverage maps shows ‘the enormous amount of work that relatively few people have freely put in to ensuring that these provisional maps go as far as possible in providing up-to-date and comprehensive maps for all British species of spider . Distribution maps are accompanied by phenology histograms in which males and females are presented separately (it would be interesting to do this for moths!). Spiders do not appeal to everyone, but all ecologists will surely find this work invaluable. Provisional atlas of the Cantharoidae and Buprestoidea (Coleoptera) of Britain and Ireland by Keith N. Alexander. 82 pp., A5 Paperback, ISBN 1 87039369 4. Natural Environment Research Council, 2002. £6 inclusive of UK postage and packaging from Biological Records Centre, CEH Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire PE28 2LS. This is latest set of distribution maps to be produced by the Biological Records Centre - this time authored by Keith Alexander, whose Coleopterological credentials are well-established. A useful innovation is the setting in grey of those map squares from which records have been received, then overlaying this grey and white base with the usual black dots and open (white- filled) circles. As a result, the maps are far more meaningful than simple dots on a plain background, and areas where a species apparently does not occur can be seen as easily as those where it does. Cantharids include the familiar soldier beetles that surely everyone has seen at some stage and it is a bit of a surprise to learn that until now we had no distribution maps. This will be another invaluable contribution to our understanding of biodiversity and related issues in the British Isles. I am pleased to see that Ireland is included on the maps. What good are bugs by Gilbert Waldbauer. 366 pp., hardbound, 162 x 243 mm., ISBN 0 674 01027 2. Harvard University Press, 2003. £19.95 From the pen of the prolific author who gave us The birder's bug book (1998) and Millions of Monarchs, bunches of beetles (2000), both of which have been reviewed in earlier issues of this journal, comes this latest offering via Harvard University Press. Sub-titled Insects in the web of life the work covers a range of topics under the four main topics “Helping plants”, “Helping animals”, “Limiting population growth” and “Cleaning up”. Dr Waldbauer’s inimitable style is applied throughout and if you liked the two earlier titles then you will like this one too. Continued from back cover Subscriber Notice New edition of the Directory for Entomologists 246 Book Reviews British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants and Jitngi by Margaret Redfern and Peter Shirley, illustrated by Michael Bloxham 246-247 Checklist of the fauna of Hungary. Volume 2: Microlepidoptera by Cs. Saboky. A. Run and F. Buschmann 247 Provisioned atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) by PR. Harvey, D.R. Nel list and M.G. Telfer 248 Provisional atlas of the Cantharoidae and Buprestoidea (Coleoptera) of Britain and Ireland by Keith N. Alexander 248 What good are hugs by Gilbert Waldbauer 248 Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods from any part of the world, specialising in groups other than lepidoptera. Annual subscription £36 Entomologist’s Gazette An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology, with a bias towards lepidoptera. Annual subscription £32 Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands by R. L. H. Dennis and T. G. Shreeve. A synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain's and Ireland's offshore islands. 144pp. softback. £16 + p&p £1 The Moths and Butterflies of Cornwall and the Isles of Seilly bv F. H. N. Smith. Systematic list of localities, dates and provenance for over 1500 species. 480pp including 152 colour illustrations, hardback £44 + p&p £3 H P M Volume 1 Sesiidae - Clearw ing Moths The first volume of a new series, which covers all 309 species of this family. 592pp with 487 colour illustrations, hardback with jacket. Price £120 + p&p £5 NEW Stratford-upon-Avon - A FLORA AND FAUNA A book demonstrating the amazing richness of species thriving in a small town. Over 3400 species listed with distribution notes and frequency. Price £13 + p&p £1.50 Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 69 1 2, Visa or MasterCard. GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY Brightwood, Brightwell, Wallingford, Oxon 0X10 OQI) E-mail: info@gempublishing.co.uk Website: www.gempubIishing.co.uk THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION http://www.entrecord.com Papers A collection of invertebrates assembled by the late Norman E. Hickin. K. McGee and P. F. Whitehead 201-211 Notes Announcement: Planning a national macro-moth recording scheme 212 News on the conservation of some UK Biodiversity Action Plan moths in 2002. P. Waring 213-219 The Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lep.: Gracillariidae) in North Oxford in 2003. C. Tyler-Smith 220 A partly successful attempt at rearing Dahlica inconspicuella (Stt.) (Lep.: Psychidae). I. Sims 221-222 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Staffordshire. J. Koryszko 222 The names of Engrailed moths (Geometridae). D. Agassiz 223 Vanessa cardui (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) reared from Borago officinalis. K. Alexander 223 Acrolepiopsis marcidella (Curtis) (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and other microlepidoptera on Guernsey and Sark. P D. M. Costen 224-225 Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) - new for Wales. M. ./. White 225-226 Mompha langiella (Hb.) (Lep.: Momphidae) - the first records for North Hampshire, VC 12. R. Edmunds and /. Kimber 226 A population of Dahlica triquetrella (Hb.) (Lep.: Psychidae) persisting in the Reading area. /. Sims 227 Acleris logiana (Clerk) (Lep.: Tortricidae) - the first North Hampshire, VC12, records. R. Edmunds and M. Wall 227-228 Early butterfly dates in the Scottish Highlands in 2003. D. C. Hulme 228-229 Chorosoma schillingi (Hem.: Rhopalidae), new to Middlesex? R. A. Jones 229 The generic names of the British longicorn Coleoptera explained. A. A. Allen 230 Little-known entomological literature — 10. The Morris’s Naturalist. B.O.C. Gardiner 231-238 The Lepidoptera Collection of Scarborough Museum - background and some specimens of note. K. P Bland 239-241 Arboreal substrate for an egg-laying Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae). R. E H. Dennis 241-242 Unusual abundance of flies (Diptera) at a moth trap on a cold winter’s evening. C. W. Plant 242-243 Hazards of butterfly collecting. "What is in the pot?’’ - Ghana, 1993. Torben B. Larsen 243-246 Continued on inside bock cover Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Limited, I Tower Hill. Brentwood, Essex CM 14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY Vol. 115 Part 6 Entomologist’s Record Journal of Variation 7 Edited by C. W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. JAN 0 h v APn November/December 2003 'VtRorfv ISSN 0013-8916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION World List abbreviation: Entomologist's Rec. J. Vcir. http://www.entrecord.com Editor C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM2 3 3QP. Telephone/Facsimile: 01279 507697 E-mail: colinwplant@ntlworld.com Registrar Hon. Treasurer R.F. McCormick, f.r.e.s. C.C. Penney, f.r.e.s. 36 Paradise Road, 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield, Teignmouth, Devon TQI4 8NR Chelmsford, Essex CMI 7QA WHERE TO WRITE EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements REGISTRAR: Changes of address TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal BACK ISSUE PURCHASE — Paul Sokoloff, F.R.E.S., 4 Sleep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington. BR6 6DS Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee or any party other than the named author or authors. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription, containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work. The annual subscription for year 2003 is £28 for individual subscribers or £40 for institutions. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS • This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed. • The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on British Coleoptera (beetles), British Diptera (flies) and other groups at the Editor’s discretion. We also print Subscriber Notices at no cost on behalf of current subscribers; non-subscribers pay a fee for this service. We also publish Reviews of entomological books and other publications relating to all aspects of world entomology if these are sent to the Editor at no cost to him. It is our policy not to accept unsolicited book reviews from third parties. • We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers, such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or photographs), or accounts of entomological trips to places that may be of interest to other readers. • Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert papers into Notes. • Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting. We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made. • We accept all formats from hand- written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on floppy diskette. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word 2000. Originals are required for all photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct. MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 249 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OE 2002 J. R. Langmaid' and M. R. Young2 Wilverley, i Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hampshire P04 UNY. (john@langmciidj.freeserve.co.uk) Culterty Field Station, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB4 1 6AA. ( nhi220@ahdn.ac.uk ) Abstract Noteworthy records of microlepidoptera, including new vice-county records made in the British Isles during 2002 are listed and discussed. Introduction As for the year 2001, over 50 people have provided noteworthy and new records of microlepidoptera for 2002 and this is contributing to an improving picture of the distribution and status of these small moths in the British Isles. We are most grateful to all these recorders, listed later, and do hope that they and others will continue to study micros and to submit records. We judge new vice-county records against a set of maps, originating with Maitland Emmet but now held by JRL. The onerous task of updating these is assisted by Ian Thirlwell, to whom we offer special thanks. In 2002 the weather was generally mild and frequently wet, with only October showing below normal temperatures. In particular the January to May period was especially mild, and there were also some markedly dry spells in March and April, before a wetter than usual June and July. August and September were unusually warm and mostly dry, but October was noticeably cool and wet. The wet conditions then continued throughout November and December, but temperatures were unseasonably high in November, before an average December. Of special interest to lepidopterists was the general lack of bright sunshine, with only April, August and September achieving average values. Of course, the difficulty with brief summaries like this is that our climate is so variable that it is impossible to do justice to each region. Perhaps the inhabitants of Leuchars will remember most the wettest July since 1922, the folk of Northolt a day of 33°C in September and Belfast lepidopterists half an inch of lying hail in late May. Five species new to Britain were first recognised in 2002. Of these, Anatrachyntis simplex (Walsingham) was adventive on pomegranates from India. Another remarkable discovery, by R. J. Heckford, is the occurrence in Cornwall of Infurcitinea captans Gozmany, a species very similar to /. albicomella (Stainton). The true Coleophora frischella (Linnaeus) was recorded from Batheaston in North Somerset after years of confusion with C. alcyonipennella (Kollar), and it seems likely that more will be found now that distinguishing characters have been clarified. Ectoedemia heringiella (Mariani), whose larvae mine leaves of Quercus ilex , has been recorded in London and may be a recent colonist, and this certainly applies to Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, which has been racing north-westwards across Europe since its first discovery in 1985 in Macedonia. It was confidently predicted to reach us very soon. This species mines the leaves of horse chestnut, often in huge numbers, so that the leaves become brown and autumnal in appearance 250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 by July or August. It was found on Wimbledon Common and it will be most interesting, but rather horrifying, if it now spreads across Britain as rapidly as it has done elsewhere. The 2002 records show the spread of several other recent colonists, some of which have reached new countries. These include Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zeller) and Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), both new to Scotland; P. platani (Staudinger) and Tachystola acroxantha (Meyrick), new to Wales; and Caloptilia azcileella (Brants) and Blastobasis decolorella (Wollaston) new to Ireland, as well as the general spread of Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger and A. cupressata Walsingham. In many of these cases, the key to invasion and spread is presumably the widespread abundance of their equally non-native foodplants. However, other "new" species have probably been previously overlooked and may actually be more widespread and well established than is currently known. This may apply to Ocnerostoma friesei Svensson, new to Wales and Epinotia sordidana (Hiibner) in Ireland. Although some of these species are inconspicuous, it is inexplicable why such a noticeable species as Paratalanta pandalis (Hiibner) should be found well established in just one wood in highland Scotland. It just shows that many more discoveries await us. Whilst more populated areas may now be largely explored entomologically, it is obvious that more remote places have not, and we urge recorders to be adventurous in their exploration. Duncan Williams lives in East Sutherland, with ready access to Caithness, and his numerous new records of leaf-miners not only fill the northern gap for widespread species, but have also demonstrated the unexpected occurrence of sparse, “southern” species, such as Ectoedemia cingulifasciella (Stainton) and E. intimella (Zeller). We might guess that remote western areas of Wales and Ireland would also yield similarly unexpected species. This annual review of records was the inspiration of David Agassiz, who began it 25 years ago, at a time when there were very few reliable records of the distribution of microlepidoptera. On the anniversary we have been reminding ourselves of its purpose. It seems to us that there are many reasons why it is important to record accurately the distribution of organisms in the British Isles. First of all. the selection of species requiring conservation depends on proper knowledge of their status. One has only to review the current lists of “protected" species of invertebrates to see how ill-informed their original selection was. Secondly, there is great interest in the biogeography of species. Why do they occur where they do? Research in this field provides fascinating insights into the lives of our moths. Next, in the context of climate change, it is important to map the changing distribution of existing residents and the arrival and spread of new species. We already have many examples of species that are showing a northward trend, possibly linked to our noticeably milder recent climate. Imagine how disappointing it would be to our successors in 50 years time, if they looked back and found that we had not recorded the distribution of species now. Any opportunities for comparison would have been lost. A further interest is the way that new knowledge of the habits of difficult species then allows us to record them more effectively. Many examples exist of species for which we now know sufficient of the larvae to record them reliably, even if the adults are virtually never seen. MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 251 We would also hope that the existence of this annual review gives purpose to the collection of locality lists by microlepidopterists. Without an obvious collection point for records, it seems aimless to hoard notebooks or disks full of data. We have been sadly lacking in co-ordinated distribution schemes for moths in Britain; imagine, there has never been a set of maps published for the Geometridae. When David Agassiz started his review, the only maps for micros were those in Volume 1 in Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland , and it was already clear that even these were incomplete. It was in this context that Maitland Emmet began to prepare his distribution maps for all micros. Now we have the maps in MBGBI for most of the smaller micros, and text comments in reliable books on the Tortricidae and Pyralidae, as well as distribution schemes in various degrees of completion for several families. As we write this, the provisional maps for Pyralidae are imminent. Even so. most of these published maps rapidly become out of date, as each new yearly review is published. We wonder how readers use the records in the review. 25 years of text is very cumbersome. Perhaps our own experience is a guide. MRY scans each review for new Scottish records and enters these onto rather scruffy but fascinating maps for VCs 72-112; JRL updates all the maps but pays special attention to his "home’ area on the south coast. We know of others who either extract data on their favourite group, such as leaf-miners, or for their distribution scheme, such as for pyralids. The standard format is designed to help this process. We hope it works. We hope to continue to improve this review by encouraging more precision, especially in two ways. Please can we ask for four figure grid references for localities whenever possible (eg NJ8233) and please can records based on feeding signs (e.g. leaf-mines) be quoted as either “vacated”, “tenanted” or “moths bred”. Following recent advice from Erik van Nieukerken, we have decided that records for the following oak-feeding nepticulids will only be accepted if mines are tenanted and specimens bred (and dissected if necessary): Stigmella atricapitella (Haworth), S. ruficapitella (Haworth), S. roborella (Johansson), S. svenssoni (Johansson) and S. samiatella (Zeller). Please send records in the usual format, if possible, and we especially welcome WORD files sent to “john@langmaidj.freeserve.co.uk”. Finally we are most grateful to the many recorders listed below, who are listed by their initials in the systematic text. We do hope that they will contribute more records for the 2003 review and we would also encourage others to send their records as well. D.J.L. Agassiz, J. Baker, H.E. Beaumont, D.T. Biggs, K.P Bland. K.G.M. Bond. J. Clifton, G.A. Collins, M.F.V. Corley, A.M. Davis, B. Dickerson, R.D. Edmunds, C.H. Fletcher. R.G. Gaunt, D.J. Gibbs, B. Goodey, A.N. & J.E. Graham, D.G. Green, N.M. Hall, M.W. Harper, C. Hart, R.J. Heckford, B.P. Henwood, J.B. Higgott, S.H. Hind, D. Hipperson, S.A. Knill-Jones, J.R. Langmaid, N.A. Littlewood, J.A. McGill, A.J. Mackay, D.V. Manning, A. Musgrove, S. Nash, R.M. Palmer, S.M. Palmer. M.S. Parsons, S.J. Patton, C.W. Plant, J. Porter, S. Preddy, A.W. Prichard, A.P. Russell, K. Saul, M.P. Skevington, D.J. Slade, E.G. Smith, I.F. Smith, M.H. Smith, PH. Sterling, S. Thomas. R.W.J. Uffen, M.R. Young. 252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. xi. 2003 In the following systematic list SEM stands for the Scottish Entomologists’ Field Meeting which was attended by some of the above-named. As in previous Reviews, the following journals are abbreviated: Ent. Gaz. for the Entomologist's Gazette , Ent. Rec. for the Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation and BJENH for the British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. New vice-county records are shown underlined and in bold type. SYSTEMATIC LIST MICROPTERIGIDAE 3 Micropterix aureatella (Scop.) — Nantgwyn SN3623 (44) 1 8.vi.2002 — JB 4 M. aruncella (Scop.) — Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB; Bundoran Dunes (H34) 1 4. vii .2002 — MRY ERIOCRANIIDAE 6 Eriocrania subpurpurella (Haw.) — Scolty Hill (91) vacated mines on oak 27. vii. 2002 — RMP 9 E. sparrmannella (Bose) — Pembrey Forest (44) l.v.2002 — JB; Hamilton NS75 (77) tenanted mine on Betula 6. vii. 2002 — SHH; Dunbeath (109) tenanted mines on Betula 1 3 . vi i i .2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Ballinahistle M677178 (H15) tenanted mine on Betula ll.ix.2001 — KGMB 10 E. salopiella (Staint.) — Coedd Wenallt SH8431 (48) — tenanted mine on Betula 9.vi.2002 — AN&JEG, New to Wales 12 E. sangii (Wood) — Loch Ussie (106) tenanted mines on Betula v.2002 — D. Williams per MRY NEPTICULIDAE 40 Bohemannia pulverosella (Staint.) — Contin ( 106) vacated mines on Malus sp. 29. ix. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 20 Ectoedemia decentella (H. -S.) — Rushmere St Andrew (25) 27. vi. 2001 — JBH 23 E. argyropeza (Zell.) — Ipswich TM2043 (25) mines 15.x. 2002 — N. Sherman per AWP; Hellhoughton Common (28) mines on Populus tremula 3 1.x. 2002 — JC; Torroy. Kyle of Sutherland (106) tenanted mines on Populus tremula 9.x. 2002 - D. Williams per MRY 24 E. turbidella (Zell.) — Ipswich TM2043 (25) mines 1.x. 2002 — N. Sherman per AWP; Mildenhall TL7276 (26) mines on Populus canescens 25. ix. 2002 — JC & AWP 25 E. intimella (Zell.) — Ashill (5) mine on Salix sp. 19.x. 2002 — JAMcG; Inveran (107) tenanted mines on Salix caprea 20.x. 2002, moths bred — D. Williams per MRY 28 E. angulifasciella (Staint.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) tenanted mine on Rosa 4.x. 2002 — AN&JEG; Learnie (106) tenanted mines on Rosa pimpinellifolia 22. ix. 2002, moths bred — D. Williams per MRY 3 1 E. rubivora (Wocke) — Bradfield Woods NNR nr Gedding TL9357 (26) tenanted mines on Rubus caesius 20.x. 2002 — AWP; High Batts NR. Ripon (65) vacated mines on Rubus sp. 29.xi.2001, det. HEB — CHF 34 E. occultella (Linn.) - Balmacara ( 105) vacated mines on Betula sp. 19.ix.2002; Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Betula sp. 22.viii.2002 - D. Williams per MRY 35 E. minimella (Zett.) — Sudbourne TM4053 (25) tenanted mines on Betula 12.x. 2002 — AWP; Loch an Abhair (105) vacated mines on Betula 1 5.viii.2002; Dunbeath (109) vacated mines on Betula 1 3.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY MICR0LEP1D0PTERA REVIEW OF 2002 253 36a E. heringella (Mariani) — South Kensington (21) 1996, det. E.J. van Nieukerken in 2001 — MRH, New to the British Isles 37 E. albifasciella (Hein.) — Sharow (64) 1 9. vi .2002, det. HEB — J.C. Warwick per CHF; Plockton (105) tenanted mines on Quercus sp. 19. ix. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 39 E. heringi (Toll) — Bould Wood (23) 1 .vi.2002 — MFVC 42 E. septembrella (Staint.) — West Happas (90) mines on Hypericum sp. 1 2.ii i .2002 — KPB; Petit Bot and La Garenne, Guernsey (113) mines on Hypericum tetrapterum and H. pulchrum 6.x. 2002 — PHS, R. Austin & P.D.M. Costen 43 E. weaveri (Staint.) — Black Fell (60) mine on Vaccinium vitis-idaea 5.V.2002 — SMP 46 Trifurcula immundella (Zell.) — Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii-23.viii 2001 — KGMB 50 Stigmella aurella (Fabr.) — Glen Leraig (108) tenanted mine on Rubus fruticosus agg. 14. ix. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 58 S. ulmariae (Wocke) — Ashill (5) vacated mines on Filipendula ulmaria 26.x. 2002 — JAMcG; Balls Wood (20) tenanted mine on Filipendula ulmaria 26.x. 2002 — CWP 61 S. poterii (Staint.) f. serella Staint. — Loch an Arbhair (105) vacated mines on Potentilla erecta 5.x. 2002; The Ord, Lairg (107) vacated mines on Potentilla erecta 30. ix. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Inchnadamph (108) vacated mines on Potentilla erecta 1 7. viii .2002 — SEM; Rumster (109) vacated mines on Potentilla erecta 7.x. 2002 - — D. Williams per MRY 63 S. lemniscella (Zell.) — North Kessock (106) vacated mines on Ulmus glabra 2.ix.2002; Inveran ( 107) vacated mines on Ulmus glabra 2.ix.2002; Berriedale ( 109) vacated mines on Ulmus glabra 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 64 S. continuella (Staint.) — Clare Island L704866 (H27 ) vacated mines on Betula 28.ix.2002 — KGMB 66 5. sorbi (Staint.) — Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Sorbus aucuparia 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (H15) vacated mines on Sorbus aucuparia 27. vi.2002 — KGMB 68 S. salicis (Staint.) — Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Salix sp. 22. viii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 69 S. plagicolella (Staint.) — Contin (106) vacated mines on Prunus spinosa 12. viii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 70 S. obliquella (Hein.) — L’Ancresse, Guernsey (113) mines on Salix x sepulchralis 6.x. 2002 — PHS & R. Austin 72 S. myrtillella (Staint.) — Loch Achilty (106) vacated mines on Vaccinium myrtillus 12. viii. 2002; Strath Vasgatie (108) vacated mines on Vaccinium myrtillus 7.ix.2002; Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Vaccinium myrtillus 22. viii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 74 S. assimilella (Zell.) — Loch Arkaig (105) vacated mines on Populus tremula 5.x. 2002; Torroy, Kyle of Sutherland (106) vacated mines on Populus tremula 1.x. 2002; Ardroe (108) vacated mines on Populus tremula 14.ix.2002; Ballachly, Dunbeath ( 109) vacated mines on Populus tremula 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 75 S. floslactella (Haw.) — Dunbeath (109) vacated mines on Corylus avellana 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 77 S. tityrella (Staint.) — Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Eagus sylvatica 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 79 5. perpygmaeella (Doubled.) — Balmacara (105) vacated mines on Crataegus monogyna 19.ix.2002; North Kessock (106) vacated mines on Crataegus monogyna 254 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 22.vii.2002 ; Morvich (107) vacated mines on Crataegus monogyna 22.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Ardvreck ( 108) vacated mines on Crataegus monogyna 18.viii.2002 - SEM; Halkirk and Watten (109) vacated mines on Crataegus monogyna 2 1 . viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 89 S. basiguttella (Hein.) — Compton Dundon (6) vacated mine on Quercus robur 27.x. 2002 — JAMcG 90 S. tiliae (Frey) — Orchard Portman ST2520 (5) vacated mines on Tilia cordata 10. ix. 2002 — JAMcG; Much Hadham (20) vacated mines on Tilia x vulgaris 10.x. 2002, det. CWP — C. Watson per CWP; Elton Hall TL0993 (31) vacated mines on Tilia cordata 27. ix. 2002, det. BD — D. Evans per BD; Kingsley (58) vacated mines on Tilia cordata 14. ix. 2002 — SHH, K. McCabe & A. Wander 92 S. anomalella (Goeze) — Garbh Ling ( 105) vacated mines on Rosa sp. 19.ix.2002; Glen Leraig (108) vacated mines on Rosa sp. 14.ix.2002; Dunbeath (109) vacated mines on Rosa sp. 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 94 S. spinosissimae (Waters) — Learnie (106) tenanted mines on Rosa pimpinellifolia 22. ix. 2002, moths bred — D. Williams per MRY 99 S. hybnerella (Hiibn.) — Lower Gledfield (106) vacated mines on Crataegus monogyna 22.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Linsidemore (107) vacated mines on Crataegus 16. viii.2002 — RMP & JRL 100 S. oxyacanthella (Staint.) - Contin (106) tenanted mines on Mains sp. 29. ix. 2002 - D. Williams per MRY 103 5. nylandriella (Tengstr.) — North Kessock (106) vacated mines on Sorbus aucuparia 22.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 107 S. regiella (H.-S.) — Trawscoed SH8432 (48) vacated mine on Crataegus 10. ix. 2002 — AN&JEG 110 S. betulicola (Staint.) — Pembrey Forest SN4001 (44) 3.V.2002 — JB f. nanivorci Peterson — The Crask (107) tenanted mines on Betula nana 1 1.x. 2002; Dyke (108) tenanted mines on Betula nana 28. viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 111 S. microtheriella (Staint.) — - Loch a’Mhuilinn ( 108) vacated mines on Con’lus avellana 17. viii.2002 — SEM; Dunbeath Water (109) tenanted mines on Corylus avellana 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 112 S. luteella (Staint.) — Learnie (106) tenanted mines on Betula 16.ix.2002; Altass ( 107) tenanted mines on Betula 8.ix.2002; Glen Leraig (108) tenanted mines on Betula 14.ix.2002; Dunbeath Water (109) tenanted mines on Betula 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 114 5. glutinosae (Staint.) — Dowdeswell Wood S09919 (33) mine on Alnus glutinosa 29.x. 2002 — G. Meredith per RGG; Eilean Donan ( 105) tenanted mines on Alnus glutinosa 18.x. 2002; Strathconan (106) tenanted mines on Alnus glutinosa 29. ix. 2002; Strath Vagastie (108) tenanted mines on Alnus glutinosa 7.ix.2002; Berriedale (109) tenanted mines on Alnus glutinosa 17.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 116 S. lapponica (Wocke) — Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Betula 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 117 S. confusella (Wood) — Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Betula 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 1 18 Enteucha acetosae (Staint.) — Bolt Tail (3) tenanted and vacated mines on Rumex acetosella and R. acetosa 5.x. 2002 — RJH; Ipswich TM2043 (25) mines 8.vii.2002 — N. Sherman per AWP MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 255 OPOSTEGIDAE 119 Opostega salaciella (Treits.) — Ballinger (24) 27.vii.2001, del DVM — P.R. Hall per DVM 121 Pseuclopostega crepusculella (Zell.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 6. vi i i .2002 - AN&JEG TISCHERIIDAE 124 Tischeria dodonaea Staint. — Brandon TL7986 (26) mines on oak 1 9.x. 2002 — AWP; Litcham TF88 1 7 (28) mines on Quercus robur 1 9.x. 2002 — Norfolk Moth Group per JRL INCURVARIIDAE 128 Phylloporici bistrigella (Haw.) — Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Betula 23.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 129 Incurvaria pectinea Haw. — Bradfield Woods NNR nr Gedding TL9357 (26) larval cut- outs on Corylus 20.x. 2002 — AWP; Berriedale ( 109) larval cut-outs on Betula 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 130 I. rnasculella ([D. & S.]) — Cornhill (94) 17.V.2002 — R. Leverton per MRY ADELIDAE 143 Nematopogon metaxella (Hiibn.) — Ballyseedy Wood Q862126 (H2) l.vi.2002 — KGMB 144 Nemophora fasciella (Fabr.) — Quickswood (20) vii.2002, det. CWP — D. Heath & E. May per CWP 148 N. degeerella (Linn.) — Glenmalure T1 04904 (H20) 22. vi. 2002 — KGMB 149 Adela cuprella ([D. & S.]) — Drumcroy Hill (88) 31.V.2002 — KPB; Strathavon (94) 16.V.2002 — D. Barbour per KPB; Findhom Valley (96) 10.V.2001 — D. Barbour per KPB HELIOZELIDAE 154 Heliozela sericiella (Haw.) — Inchmarlo (91) vacated mines and cut-outs on Quercus robur 15.viii.2002 — JRL; Logie Woods (92) cut-outs on Quercus 6.x. 2002 — MRY; Loch Achilty (106) mines on Quercus 1 2. viii.2002; Ledmore Woods (107) cut-out mine on Quercus 1 5.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 156 H. resplendella (Staint.) — Berriedale (109) mines on Alnus glutinosa 13. viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 157 H. hammoniella (Sorhagen) — Torroy, Kyle of Sutherland (106) cut-out mines on Betula 1.x. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Clare Island L704866 (H27) vacated mines 28.ix.2002 — KGMB PSYCHIDAE 175 Narycici monilifera (Geoff.) — Bedford Moss (59) case 1 .vi.2002 — SMP 1 85 Luffia ferchaultella (Steph.) — Chorlton (59) cases v.2002 — B. Smart per SMP 1 9 1 Acanthopsyche atra (Linn.) — Dalrachie (94) one old case v.2002 — D. Barbour per MRY TINEIDAE 196 Morophaga choragella (|D. & S.J) — Clipsham SK98I5 (55) 31. vii.2002, det. APR — R. Follows & J. Hervey per MPS 256 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 199 Psychoides verhuella Bru. — Streatley (22) case on Asplenium 6.V.2002, moth bred — NMH; Plas yn Rhiw SH2328 (49) pupae on Phyllitis 30.V.2002, moths bred — IFS; Inchnadamph (108) larvae on Asplenium ruta-muraria 19.viii.2002 — SEM 200 P. filicivora (Meyr.) — Marymount S2693 (H14) 23.vii.2001; Union Wood G6827 (H28) 1 6. vii.200 1 — KG MB ’ 203a Infurcitinea captans Gozm. — near Chapel Porth (i) 19 & 26.vii.2002, genitalia det. — RJH, New to the British Isles 212 Haplotinea insectella (Fabr.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 4.ix.2002, genitalia det. — AN&JEG 216 Nemapogon cloacella (Haw.) — Monasop S2299 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 219 N. ruricolella (Staint.) — Rushmere St Andrew (25) 19.vi.2000 — JBH; Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 228 Monopis weaverella (Scott) — Clare Island L715858 (H27) 10.vii.2002, second Irish locality — S. McCormack per KGMB 237 Niditinea fuscella (Linn.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 17.xii.2002, genitalia det. HEB — CHF 238 N. striolella (Matsummura) — Leigh Woods ST5573 (6) 30. vi. 2002, genitalia det. — M. Ellis, Ent. Rec. 115: 40 239 Tinea columbariella Wocke — Oxford (22) in swift nest-box 29. vi. 2002, genitalia det. MFVC — G. Candelin; Newent S07329 (34) 19.V.2002 — J.D. Bradley per RGG 277 Oinophila v-flava (Haw.) — Emsworth (11) indoors 2 1 .iii.2002 — C. de T. Millard per JRL BUCCULATRICIDAE 266 Bucculatrix nigricomella Zell. — Morfa Farm SN3919 (44) 16.V.2002 — JB; Invercauld (92) larvae on Leucanthemum 16.V.2002, moths bred — RJH 270 B. franguteUa (Goeze) — Howlett Hills TL7276 (25) mines 25. ix. 2002 — AWP 271 B. albedinella Zell. — Odiham Common (12) vacated mine on Ulmus procera 12 x.2002 — RDE 272 B. cidarella Zell. — Loch Shiel (105) mines on Alnus glutinosa 19.ix.2002; Strathconon (106) mines on Alnus glutinosa 12.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Loch a’Mhuilinn ( 108) mines on Myrica gale 1 7.viii.2002 — SEM 273 B. thoracella (Thunb.) — Staplegrove (5) many mines on Tilia sp. 27. x.2002 — JAMcG; Rushmere St Andrew (25) 26.vii.2002 — JBH 274 B. ulmella Zell. — Plockton (105) mines on Quercus 19. ix. 2002; Ledmore Woods (107) mines on Quercus 15.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 275 B. bechsteinella (Bech. & Scharf.) — Tattenhall (58) vacated mine on Crataegus 29. ix. 2002 — SHH, I. Kimber & A. Wander; Hutton Conyers (65) vacated mines on Crataegus 3.xi.2002. det. HEB — CHF 276 B. deinaryella (Dup.) — Dunbeath (109) mines and moulting cocoons on Betula 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY ROESLERSTAMMIIDAE 447 Roeslerstammia erxlebella (Fabr.) — Macclesfied (58) 24. iv. 2002 — R. Brereton; Achany (107) 1 7. vi. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY GRACILLARIIDAE 281 Caloptilia populetorum (Zell.) — Boreham (19) 12. iii.2002 — G. Ekins per BG; Elveden Forest (26) 1 3 . vi ii .2002 — HEB MICROFEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 257 282 C. elongella (Linn.) — Berriedale ( 109) vacated rolls on Alnus glutinosa 1 3 . vi i i .2002 - D. Williams per MRY; Rosroe Lough R442697 (H9)19.x.2002; Bull Island 0250382 (H21) mine on Alnus glutinosa 25. vi. 2002 — KGMB 283 C. betulicola Her. — Inchmarlo (91) 23.V.2002 — C.W.N. Holmes per RMP; Berriedale (109) tenanted spinnings on Betula 23.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 284 C. rufipennella (Hiibn.) — Berriedale ( 109) vacated spinnings on Acer pseudoplatanus 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 285 C. azaleella (Brants) — Woodbridge TM2648 (25) 3 1 .xii .2002 — N. Sherman per AWP; Hest Bank (60) 16.vii.2002, det. SMP — A. Kirkham per SMP; Belfast (H39) 1 .vi.2002 — JBH, Ent. Rec. 115: 1 30, New to Ireland 290 C. semifascia (Haw.) — Stoke Holy Cross TG2301 (27) vacated spinnings on Acer campestre 4.ix.2002 — AM; Flixton (59) 7. vi i i .2002 — K. McCabe per SMP 292 C. leucapennella (Stephens) - Achany (107) spinnings on Quercus 17. vi.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 297 Eucalybites auroguttella (Steph.) — Monasop S2299 (H 14) 23.vii.2001; Tullaghanstown Bog N785662 (H22) 18.vii.2002 — KGMB 300 Paromix loganella (Staint.) — Berriedale ( 109) spinnings on Betula 6.ix.2002, moths bred — D. Williams per MRY 302 P. fagivora (Frey) — Lound TG5000 (25) vacated spinning on Fagus 16.x. 2002 — AWP 303 P. anglicella (Staint.) — Lower Gledfield (106) cones on Crataegus monogyna 25.viii.2002; Morvich ( 107) cones on Crataegus monogyna 22.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 304 P. devoniella (Staint.) — Dunbeath (109) vacated mines and spinnings on Corylus 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 305 P. scoticella (Staint.) — Loch a'Mhuilinn ( 108) 1 7. viii.2002 — SEM; Ballachy ( 109) vacated fold on Sorbus aucuparia 13. viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 309 Deltaornix torquillella (Zell.) — Contin ( 106) mines and spinnings on Prunus spinosa 12. viii.2002; Altass (107) mines and spinnings on Prunus spinosa 11. viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 321a Phyllonorycter platani Staud. — Taunton (5) mines on Platanus 7.x. 2002 — JAMcG; Farnborough (12) mines on Platanus 14. ix. 2002 — RDE, Ent. Rec. 115: 130; Stoke Holy Cross TG2301 (27) mine 4.ix.2002 — AM; Bangor SH5872 (49) mines on Platanus 1 5 .xi .2002 — ST, New to Wales 323 P. oxyacanthae (Frey) — Watten (109) mines on Crataegus monogyna 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 324 P. sorbi (Frey) — Berriedale (109) mines on Sorbus aucuparia 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Garaffin S2996 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 328 P. junoniella (Zell.) — Llyn y fan Fach SN8021 (44) mine on Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.vii.2002, moth bred — S.D.S. Bosanquet per JB; Greendams (91) mines on Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1 l.v.2002, moths bred — C.W.N. Holmes per RMP; Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Vaccinium vitis-idaea 23.vii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 329 P. spinicolella (Zell.) — Contin (106) mines on Prunus spinosa 12. viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Ballyseedy Wood Q865125 (H2) mines on Prunus spinosa 12.X.2002 — KGMB 258 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 332a P. leucographella (Zell.) — Cardiff (41) mines on Pyracantha 253.2002 — BPH; Macclesfield (58) mine on Feigns sylvatica 1 8. vii i .2002, previously unrecorded toodplant — SHH; Hexham (67) mines on Pyracantha 16. vii. 2002 — HEB; Edinburgh (83) mines on Pyracantha coccinea 1 8 . i .2002, moths bred — KPB, Ent. Rec. 114: 164, New to Scotland; La Garenne, Guernsey (113) very many mines on Pyracantha coccinea 6.x. 2002 — PHS, R. Austin & P.D.M. Costen 333 P. salictella (Zell.) — Hutton Conyers (65) mines on Salix sp. 29.ix.2001, moths bred, det. HEB — CHF 335 P. salicicolella (Sire.) — Loch a’Mhuilinn (108) mines on Salix sp. 27. ix. 2002, moths bred — D. Williams per MRY; Drominboy Bog R6659 (H8 ) mine on Salix aurita 1 l.ix.2001; Cooneen Hill R9168 (H10) 22.vii.2001; Clare Island, L704866 (H27) mines 28.ix.2002 — KGMB 337 P hilareUa (Zett.) — Crwbin Quarry SN4713 (44) ll.v.2002 — JB & S.D.S. Bosanquet; Ballinagrosse Lake (H10) 16. vii. 2002 — MRY 342 P. coryli (Nic.) — Dunbeath ( 109) mines on Corylus avellana 23. vii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 343 P. quinnata (Geoff.) — Colesbourne S09913 (33) mine on Carpinus 19.x. 2002 — G. Meredith per RGG 344 P strigulatella (L. & Z.) — Ashill (5) mines on Alnus incana 19.x. 2002 — JAMcG; Burpham TQ0052 (17) mines on Alnus incana 19.x. 2002, moths bred — JP; Pembrey Forest SN3803 (44) 1 .v.2002 — JB 345 P. rajella (Linn.) — Berriedale (109) vacated mines on Alnus glutinosci 13.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 348 P. quinqueguttella (Staint.) — Coul Links (107) mines on Salix repens 12.x. 2002; Dunnet Links (109) mines on Salix repens 17.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 351 P lautella (Zell.) — Braade (H33) 1 4. vii. 2002 — MRY 353 P. ulmifoliella (Hiibn.) — Berriedale (109) mines on Betula 23. vii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 354 P emberizaepenella (Bouche) — Loch Kirkaig (105) mines on Lonicera 5.x. 2002; Loch Achilty (106) mines on Lonicera 12.viii.2002; Loch a’Mhuilinn (108) mines on Lonicera 27. ix. 2002; Berriedale (109) mines on Lonicera 8.x. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 358 P. froelichiella (Zell.) — Strathconon (106) mines on Alnus 12.viii.2002; Berriedale (109) mines on Alnus glutinosci 1 7.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 359 P. nicellii (Staint.) — Dunbeath (109) mines on Corylus avellana 17.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 360 P kleemannella (Fabr.) — Dowdeswell Wood S09919 (33) mine on Alnus glutinosa 26.x. 2002 — G. Meredith per RGG; Berriedale (109) mines on Alnus glutinosa 1 7.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 363 P. platanoiclella (Joann.) — Taunton (5) mines on Acer platanoides 6.x. 2002 — JAMcG; Lightfoot Green (60) 18.ix.2002 — SMP 364 P. geniculella (Rag.) — North Kessock (106) mines on Acer pseudoplatanus 22. vii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 366a Cameraria ohridella Deschk. & Dim. — Wimbledon (L7) imagines and mines on Aescidus hippoccistanum 14. vii. 2002 — MSP, New to the British Isles 369 Phyllocnistis xenia Hering — St Helen’s (10) mines on Populus alba 1 7.viii .2002 — B. Shepard & S. Blackwells per DTB, Ent. Rec. 115: 40-41 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 259 CHOREUTIDAE 386 Tebenna micalis (Mann) — West Park SU1215 (8) 2.x. 2002 — DGG 387 Prochoreutis sehestediana (Fabr.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 1 4. vi i i .2002, genitalia det. — AN&JEG 388 P. myllerana (Fabr.) — Icklesham (14) 30. vi ii.2002, genitalia det. MSP, first confirmed VC record — I. Hunter per MSP; Linsidemore ( 107) 1 6. vi i i .2002 — RMP & JRL GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE 397 G. thrcisonella (Scop.) — Portumna (H15) 1 6. vi i .2002 — MRY YPONOMEUTIDAE 405 Argyresthia arceuthina Zell. — Hutton Conyers (65) 16.V.2002, det. HEB — CHF 409 A. ivella (Haw.) — Stainton Little Wood (63) 10.vi.2002, first VC record since 1915 — HEB 409a A. trifasciata Staud. — Highworth SU2093 (7) 23.V.2002 — SN: Earley (22) 16.V.2002 — NMH & M. Calway; Gloucester (33) 29.V.2002 — R. Pearce per RGG; Whetstone (55) 16.V.2002 — MPS; Edinburgh (85) 8.vi.2002 — KPB 409b A. cupressella Wals. — Southsea SZ6598 (H) 19.vi.2002 — JRL; Thurston TL9165 (26) 16.vi.2002 — P. Bryant per AWP; Oadby (55) 25.vi.2000 — AJM & R.P. Fray 410 A. brockeella (Hiibn.) — Dunbeath ( 109) 12.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Crit Island Bog M766368 (HT7) 28.vi.2002 — KGMB 415 A. retinella Zell. — Braade (H33) 12.vii.2002 — MRY 418 A. conjugellci Zell. — Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (HL5) 29.vi.2002 — KGMB 419 A. semifusca (Haw.) — Achany (107) ix. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 421 A. bonnetella (Linn.) — Morvich (107) 22.vin.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Braade (H33) 1 2. vii.2002 — MRY 422 A. ulbistria (Haw.) — Ballyoughter Bridge M872866 (H25) 1 3 . vii i .2002 — KGMB 423 A. semitestacella (Curt.) — Hainford (27) 27.viii.2002 — DH 427 Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hiibn.) — High Batts NR, Ripon (65) larval webs on Euonymus europaeus 15.vi.2002 — HEB, CHF & J.C. Warwick 428 Y. rorrella (Hiibn.) — Hendre Woods (35) 15. vii. 2002, det. DJS — M.J. White, Ent. Rec. 115: 186, New to Wales 430 Y. plumbella ( [D. & S. J) — Bishops Stortford (20) vii.2002, first county record since 1901 — A. Palmer per CWP 435 Zellerici hepariella Staint. — Epping Forest (18) 1 9.iii .2002 - — T. Green & D. Perry per BG 437 Swammerdamia caesiella (Hiibn.) — Berriedale (109) larvae on Betulo 22.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 437a S. passerella (Zett.) — Loch Droma (106) larvae on Betula nana 1 8. viii .2002, moths bred — KPB; North Dalchork (107) larvae on Betula nana 26. viii. 2002 moths bred — D. Williams per MRY 438 S. pyrella (Vill.) — Learnie (106) larvae on Crataegus monogyna 1 6. ix. 2002; Achany (107) larvae and cocoon on Malus 1 2.x. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22. viii. 2002 — KGMB 439 S. compunctella H.-S. — Belfast (H39) 2.vi.2002. genitalia det. — JBH. Ent. Rec. 115: 130, New to Ireland 260 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 441 Paraswammerdamia lutarea (Haw.) — Ballycrissane, Portumna (H15) 1 5. vii.2002 — MRY 444 Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. — Bishops Stortford (20) 29. vi. 2001, first county record since 1890 — CWP; Skelmersdale (59) 25. vi. 2002, genitalia det. SMP — C.A. Darbyshire per SMP 445 O. friesei Svens. — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 16.V.2002 — J. Clark. R. Searle & AN&JEG, New to Wales 449 Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.) — Inchmarlo (91) 6. vii.2002 — C.W.N. Holmes per RMP 452 Ypsolopha nemorella (Linn.) — Achany ( 107) 2.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 453 Y. dentella (Fabr.) — Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 459 Y. sylvella (Linn.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 30. ix. 2002, det. HEB — CHF 460 Y. parenthesella (Linn.) — Dunbeath (109) 13.viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 461 Y ustella (Clerck) — Nedd (108) vii.2002 — I. Evans per MRY 463 Y. vittella (Linn.) — St Anne’s (60) 17.viii.2002 — J. Steeden per SMP; North Kessock (106) 2.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY 251 Ochsenheimeria taurella ([D. & S.]) — Clare Island L690844 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 252 O. urella F. v. R. — Braemore Forest (105) 1 6. viii.2002 — AMD 468 Rhigognostis incarnatella (Steudel) — Achany (107) 2.iv.2001 — D. Williams per MRY; Braade (H33) 15.vii.2002— MRY 469 Eidophasia messingiella (F. v. R.) — Raydon Great Wood TM0540 (26) 22. vi. 2002 — AWP 473 Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) — Kingsham (13) 14. viii.2002 — SJP LYONETIDAE 263 Lyonetia clerkella (Linn.) — Ullapool (105) mines on Crataegus monogyna 27. vii.2002; Morvich ( 107) mines on Crataegus monogyna 24. vii.2002; Berriedale (109) mines on Prunus avium 6.ix.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Drominboy Bog R6659 ( H8 ) tenanted mine on Betula pubescens 1 1 .ix.2001 — KGMB COLEOPHORIDAE 490 Coleophora lutipennella (Zell.) — Walditch (9) 2 1 .vii.2002, genitalia det. — MSP 491 C. gryphipennella (Hiibn.) - Coul Links ( 107) cases on Rosa pimpinellifolia 12.x. 2002; Berriedale ( 109) cases on Rosa pimpinellifolia 7.x. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 494 C. coracipennella (Hiibn.) — Ipswich TM2043 (25) 23. vi. 2002, genitalia det. JC — N. Sherman per JC; Fat Moor, Orrell (59) case on Crataegus monogyna 29. vi. 2002, moth bred, genitalia det. SMP — C.A. Darbyshire per SMP 494a C. prunifoliae Doets — Bookham Common TQ1255 (17) case on Prunus spinosa 18.V.2001, moth bred, genitalia det. PHS — GAC 496 C. milvipennis Zell. — Sraduff Bog N00607I (H10) cases 19. ix. 2002; Ballydoogan Bog M676179 (H15) mines on Betula pubescens 28. vi. 2002 — KGMB. 504 C. lusciniaepennella (Treits.) — Loch Droma (106) cases on Myrica gale 18. viii.2002 — KPB; Loch Shin (107) cases on Myrica gale 26. ix. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 511 C. orbitella Zell. — Dunwich Heath TM4767 (25) 28. vi. 2002, genitalia det. — JC 513 C. potentillae Elisha — Inchnadamph (108) cases on Rubus saxatilis and Potentilla erecta 1 7. viii.2002 — SEM MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 261 517 C. alcyonipennella (Koll.) — Edith Weston, Rutland (55) 2. v i i i .2002, genitalia del. DVM — V. Arnold per DVM; Hutton Conyers (65) 1 6.V.2002, det. HEB — CHF 517a C. frischella (Linn.) — Batheaston (6) 18. vi. 2002, genitalia det. — DJG, New to the British Isles 518 C. mayrella (Hiibn.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 8. vii.2002, det. HEB — CHF; Bundoran Dunes (H34) 14.vii.2002 — MRY 519 C. deauratella L. & Z. — Fat Moor, Orrell (59) 7. vii.2002, genitalia det. SMP — C.A. Darbyshire per SMP; Clare Island L7 12863 (H27) 23. vii.2002 — S. McCormack per KGMB 52 1 C. conyzae Zell. - — Croxley Common Moor (20) cases on Pulicaria 1 7.vi.2002 — RWJU 532 C. albidella ([D. & S.]) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 25.vii.2001, genitalia det. - AN&JEG; Castlegregory Q621165 (HI) cases on Salix repens l.vi.2002; Ballydoogan Bog M6717 (H15) 28.vii.2001, genitalia det.; Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 537 C. kuehnella (Goeze) — Caston (28) case on oak v.2002, det. KS — G.M. Haggett per KS 544 C. albicosta (Haw.) — Whetstone (55) 1. v.2002, genitalia det. JC — MPS, Ent. Rec. 114: 162 547 C. discordella Zell. — Muie ( 107) cases on Lotus corniculatus 28. ix. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Clare Island L720862 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 553 C. striatipennella (Tengst.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 8.vi.2002, det. HEB — CHF; Inchnadamph (108) cases on Stellaria sp. 1 7 . vi i i .2002 — SEM 556 C. trochilella (Dup.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 14.viii.2002, genitalia det. — AN&JEG 557 C. gardesanella Toll — Lavington Down (8) 5. vii.2002, genitalia det. — EGS & MHS, Ent. Rec. 115: 39 564 C. virgaureae Staint. — Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 566 C. sternipennella (Zett.) — Markfield SK4910 (55) 6. vii i .2002, genitalia det. — AJM 567 C. adspersella Ben. — Bullen Hill (8) 13. vi. 2001, genitalia det. — EGS & MHS, Ent. Rec. 115: 39 568 C. versurella Zell. — Markfield SK4910 (55) 27. vii. 2002, genitalia det. — AJM 573 C. atriplicis Meyr. — The Breaches 0315063 (H20) 16. vii. 2002 — KGMB 577 C. artemisicolella Bru. — Lightfoot Green (60) 29. vii. 2002, genitalia det. — SMP 581 C. taeniipennella (H.-S.) — Coed-y-Brenin SH7426 ( 48) cases 26. vi. 2001 — AN&JEG; Sharow (64) 15. vii. 2002, det. HEB — J.C. Warwick per CHF; Hutton Conyers ( 65) 28. vii. 2002, det. HEB — CHF; Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (H15) 29.vi.2002 — KGMB 583 C. tamesis Waters — Ballydoogan Bog M676180 (H15) 21. vii. 2002 — KGMB 584 C. alticolella Zell. — Crit Island Bog M766368 (H17) 28. vi. 2002 — KGMB 587 C. caespititiella Zell. — Hutton Conyers (65) 4.vi.2002, genitalia det. HEB — CHF ELACHISTIDAE 593 Elachista regificella Sire. — Cooneen Hill R9168 (H10) 22. vii. 2001 — KGMB 595 E. biatomella (Staint.) — Pembrey Forest SN3902 (44) 22. vii. 2002 — JB 598 E. kilmunella Staint. — The Argory H8758 (H37) 3.vi.200l — K. Murphy per KGMB 599 E. alpinella Staint. — Crit Island Bog M766368 (H17) 28. vi. 2002 — KGMB 262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 601 E. albifruntella (Hiibn.) — Fuhiry Ride W1573 (H3) 3-21.vii.2001; Ballinvally T2581 (H20) 24.vii.2001; Union Wood G6827 (H28) 26.vi-16.vii.2001 — KGMB 602 E. apicipunctella Staint. — Marshall’s Heath (20) 21.iv.2002, genitalia det. CWP — J. Murray per CWP; Gamblingay Wood TL2453 (31) 21.iv.2002 — I. Dawson per BD; Garaffin S2996 (H14) 23.vii.2001— KGMB 606 E. humilis Zell. — Beeston Common (27) vii.2002, det. K. Durrant — F. Farrow per KS; Dooglaun R5391 (H9) 20.vii.2001 ; Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 607 E. canapennella (Hiibn.) — Cooneen Hill R9168 (H10) 22.vii.2001; Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23. vii. 2001 — KGMB 608 E. rufocinerea (Haw.) — Little Paxton TL1962 (31) 4.V.2002, first record since VCH — I. Dawson per BD; Glendine Quarry S5058 (Hll) 27.V.2001 — KGMB 611 E. triatomea (Haw.) — Bundoran Dunes (H34) 14. vii. 2002 — MRY 613 E. subocellea (Steph.) — Bloody Oaks SK9710 (55) 8.vi.2002 — AJM & MPS 619 E. unifasciella (Haw.) — Debdene Banks SP1430 (33) 17. vi. 2000, genitalia det. DJG — J. Harper per RGG 621 E. subalbidella Schliiger — Hirwaun Common (41) 31.V.2002 — M.J. White, Ent. Rec. 115: 129 623 E. bisulcella (Dup.) — Cwmllwyd Woods (41) 20.viii.2002 — M.J. White. Ent. Rec. 115: 129, Barnadown T1454 (H12) 14-30.vii.2001; Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001; Donadea Demesne N8332 (H19) 16-30. vii. 2001 — KGMB 626 Biselachista serricornis (Staint.) — Folly Bog, Lightwater SU9261 (17) 21. vii. 2001, genitalia det. — GAC 630 B. albidella (Nyl.) — Crit Island Bog M766368 (H17) 28.vi.2002 — KGMB 631 Cosmiotes freyerella (Hiibn.) — Donadea Demesne N8332 (H19) 16-30. vii. 2001 — KGMB 633 C. stabilella (Staint.) — Marshall’s Heath (20) 26. vii. 2002, genitalia det. CWP — J. Murray per CWP OECOPHORIDAE 638a Denisia albimaculea (Haw.) — Bould Wood (23) 25. vi. 2002, genitalia det. — MFVC; Chorlton-cum-Hardy (59) 28.V.2002 — B. Smart per SMP 644 Borkhausenia fuscescens ([D.& S.]) — Trumra S2995 (H14) 23. vii. 2001 — KGMB 645 B. minutella (Linn.) — Northfleet ( 16) 1 7. vi. 2002, genitalia det. — DJLA 647 Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Staint.) — Kindrogan NO0562 (89) 10. vii. 2002 — SHH 648 Endrosis sarcitrella (Linn.) — Kindrogan NO0562 (89) 11. vii. 2002 — SHH; Achany (107) 22. vi. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 652 Alabonia geoffrella (Linn.) — West Bexington (9) one larva in dead twig of Primus spinosa 1 5. ii. 2002; Puddletown (9) a few larvae in dead stems of Rubus fruticosus agg. 19.1 1.2002 — PHS 656 Tachystola acroxantha (Meyr.) — Cowes (10) 1 1 .viii.2002 — DTB, Ent. Rec. 115: 40- 41; Swansea (41) 28. viii.2002 — M.J. White, New to Wales; Sparkbrook SP0888 (37) 25. vi. 2002, det. ANBS — D. Grundy; Erdington, Birmingham SP0992 (38) 4. viii.2002 — NMH; Harborne (30) 29. vii. 2002, det. MWH — J. & C. Chance 660 Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll) — Achany ( 107) 22. vi. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 263 661 P. flavifrontella ([D. & S.]) — Walditch (9) 20.V.2002 — MSP; Ipswich (25) 29.V.2002 — JBH; Ketton Quarry (55) 1 .vi.2002 — AJM & APR 663 Diurnea fagella (|D.& S.|) — Loch a’Mhuilinn ( 108) larva on Salix aurita 1 7. vii i .2002 — SEM 666 Semioscopis avellanella (Hiibn.) — West Park SU 1016 (8) 8. i i i .2002 — DGG; Hackfall Woods (64) 6.iv.2002, det. HEB — CHF & J.C. Warwick 667 S. steinkellneriana ([D. & S.]) — Carmarthen (44) 20.iv.2002 — JB 671 Depressaria ultimella Staint. — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 1.x. 2002, genitalia det. - AN&JEG 674 D. badiella (Hiibn.) — Ketton Quarry SK9705 (55)7. vii. 2001 , genitalia det. AJM APR; Clare Island L661844 (H27) 28.ix.2002 — KGMB 682 D. chaerophylli Zell. — Stony Stratford (24) 23.iv.2002, det DVM — M. Killeby per DVM 692 Agonopterix subpropinquella (Staint.) — Wardley Wood SP8399 (55) 10.viii.2002 — MPS & AJM 706 A. nervosa (Haw.) — Monasop S2299 (H14) 23. vii. 2001 — KGMB 713 A. angelicella (Hiibn.) — Pembrey Forest SN3604 (44) larva on Angelica sylvestris ll.v.2002 — JB & S.D.S. Bosanquet; Adderstonlee Moss (8Q) 10.viii.2002 — KPB; Ballyseedy Wood Q866124 (H2) 2.viii.2002 — KGMB 714 A. yeatiana (Fabr.) — Morfa Harlech SH5733 (48) 28.viii.2002 — AN&JEG GELECHIIDAE 724 Metzneria lappella — St Peter’s, Guernsey (113) 1. vi.2002, det. PHS — P.D.M. Costen per PHS 726 M. metzneriella (Staint.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 6. vi.2002, det. HEB — CHF; Hamilton NS75 (77) 6.vii.2002 — SHH 729 Isophrictis striatella ([D. & S.]) — Cheltenham S09424 (33) 5.viii.2002 — R. Homan per RGG; Whetstone SP5595 (55) 28.vii.2002 — MPS 730 Apodia bifractella (Dup.) — Ketton Quarry SK9705 (55) 17.viii.2002 — AJM & MPS 731 Eulamprotes atrella ( [ D. & S.]) — Cloud Wood SK4121 (55) 28. vii. 2002 — AJM, APR, MPS & G. Finch; Foxglove Covert, Catterick (65) 1 9. vii. 2002, det. HEB — CHF; Tooreenmore V520767 (HI) 3.viii.2002 — KGMB 728 Monochroa cytisella (Curt.) — Woodstown Strand S6905 (H6) 1 . vi i i .200 1 — KGMB 736 M. lucidella (Steph.) — Rushmere St Andrew (25) 5. vii. 2001 — JBH; Yaxley TL1791 (31 ) 5. vii. 2001 , det. BD — A. Frost per BD 740a M. niphognatha (Gozm.) — Jetty Marsh, Newton Abbot (3) 5. vii. 2002, genitalia del. RJH — BPH, S.H. Mitchell & W. Deakins, Ent.Gaz. 54: 104 741 M. suffusella (Dougl.) — Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (H15) 29. vi.2002, second Irish locality — KGMB 778 Bryotropha umbrosella (Zell.) — Pembrey Dunes SS9941 (44) I .vi.2002 — JB 780 B. similis (Staint.) — Scolt Head TF8046 (28) 7.viii.2002, genitalia det. — JC & G. Hibberd 782 B. senectella (Zell.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 29. vii. 2002, del. HEB — CHF 784 B. galbanella (Zell.) — Invercauld (92) larva in silken tube on the moss Dicranum scoparium 3.ix.200l, moth bred, possibly the first larval record in Britain — RJH 264 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 788 B. politella (Staint.) — Devil’s Elbow (89) larva amongst the moss Schistidium sp. 15.V.2002, moth bred, larva previously unknown — RJH; Corraweelis N722962 (H30) 18.vii.2002 — KGMB 789 B. domestica (Haw.) — Johnstown SN3919 (44) 22. vi. 2002 — JB 758 Recurvaria leucatella (Cl.) — - Cranmore (10) 26.vii.2002, det. RJH — SAK-J, Ent. Rec. 115: 40-41 760 Exoteleia dodecella (Linn.) — Bloody Oaks SK9710 (55) 26.vii.2002 — AJM & MPS; Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (H15) 29. vi. 2002 — KGMB 762 Athrips mouffetella (Linn.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 2.vii.2002, det. HEB — CHF; Cronykeery (H20) 7.vii.2002 - — A. Tyner per JRL 764 Pseudotelphusa scalella (Scop.) — Ipswich TM 1 842 (25) 1 3. vi. 2002 — AWP 776 Teleiopsis dijfinis (Haw.) — Clare Island L661844 (H27) 28. ix. 2002 — KGMB 792 Mirificarma mulinella (Zell.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 6.viii.2002, det. HEB — CHF; Donaghmore S270797 (H14) 8.vii.2002; Cornamagh N740990 (H30) 12.viii.2002 — KGMB 796 Aroga velocella (Zell.) — Croxley Common Moor TQ09 (20) vi.2002 — RWJU 801a Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) — Reading (22) 15.viii.2002 — NMH 859 Psoricoptera gibbosellci (Zell.) — Maulden Wood (30) 7.viii.2002, genitalia det. DVM — CWP; Charnwood Lodge NNR SK461 5 (55) 16.viii.2002 — AJM, APR & MPS 819 Scrobipalpa costella (H. & W.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 5. vi.2002 — AN&JEG & J. Clark 821 S. murinella (Dup.) — Inchnadamph (108) larval mines on Antennaria 1 7.viii .2002 — SEM 822 S. acuminatella (Sire.) — Misson Carr (56) 1 7. viii.2002 — HEB 827 Caryocolum alsinella (Zell.) — Morfa Harlech SH5632 (48) 14. viii.2002 — AN&JEG 830 C. f rate me l la (Dougl.) — Shaggs (9) 6. viii.2002. genitalia det. — MSP; Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 6. viii.2002 — AN&JEG; Charnwood Lodge NNR SK4715 (55) 1 7. vii.2002, first record since VCH — AJM & MPS 832a C. blandelloides Karsholt — Findhorn NJ0464 (95) 3.ix.2002. det. MRY — NAL 834 C. tricolorella (Haw.) — Sinnott’s Bog T066.6 (H12) 24.vii.2001, second Irish locality — KGMB 844 Syncopacma larseniella (Gozm.) — Hendre Woods (35) 15. vii.2002 — M.J. White, Ent. Rec. 115: 186 847 S. taeniolella (Zell.) — Scratch Wood (21) 5.vii.2001 — CWP 849 S. cinctella (Cl.) — West Park SUM 16 (11) eight swept from Lotus corniculatus 13. vii.2002, genitalia det. — DGG 854 Anacampsis blattariella (Hiibn.) — Yardley Chase (32) larva on birch 30.V.2002, moth bred — DVM 797 Neofaculta ericetella (Geyer) — Slieve & Corbally M746685 (H25) 20. vii.2002 — KGMB 856 Anarsia spartiella (Schr.) — South Luffenham Heath SK9502 (55) 28. vi.2002, det. AJM — APR 855 Acompsia cinerella (Cl.) — Bloody Oaks SK9710 (55) 26. vii.2002 — AJM & MPS 85 1 Dichomeris alacella (Zell.) — Great Doward (36) 25. vii.2002, first county record since VCH — MWH & MRY MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 265 866 Brachmia blandella (Fabr.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 30.vi i .2002 — ANG & J. Clark 868 Helcystogramma rufescens (Haw.) — Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 840 Thiotricha subocellea (Steph.) — Pembrey Forest SN3902 (44) 22.vii.2002, det. S.D.S. Bosanquet — JB AUTOST1CHIDAE 871a Oegoconia caradjai Pop. & Cap. — Potton (30) 27.vii.2002, genitalia det. DVM — J. Childs per DVM BLASTOBASIDAE 873 Blastobasis lignea Wals. — Cooneen Hill R9168 (H10) 22.vii.2001; Cornamagh N7499 (H30) 1 9 .viii .200 1 - KGMB 874 B. decolorella (Woll.) — Cronykeery (H20) 4.x. 2002 — A. Tyner per JRL; Tyrella J4536 (H38) 1 3 .viii .2002, det. KGMB - K. Murphy per KGMB, New to Ireland BATRACHEDRIDAE 878 Batrachedra praeangusta (Haw.) — Araghty Grange M8155 (H25) 18. viii. 2001 — KGMB MOMPHIDAE 883 Mompha raschkiella (Zell.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 22. viii. 2002, det. HEB — CHF; Ross N3108 (H14) mines on Chamerion angustifolium 28. viii. 2001 — KGMB 888 M. propinquella (Staint.) — Icklesham (14) 1 8 ,vi i i .2002 , det. MSP — I. Hunter per MSP; Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 6.viii.2002 - AN&JEG; Monasop S2299 (H14) 23.vii.2001 - KGMB; Braade (H33) 14.vii.2002 - MRY 889 M. divisella H.-S. — Newport (35) iv.2002, genitalia det DJS — R. James per DJS 889a M. bradleyi Riedl — Yelden (30) 19. ii. 2002, genitalia det DVM — A. Paynter per DVM 89 1 M. sturnipennella (Treits.) — Ipswich TM2043 (25) 12. xi. 2002 — N. Sherman per AWP; Northwich (58) gall on Chamerion 28.vii.2002 — A. Wander; Flixton (59) 20. iv.2002, genitalia det. SMP — K. McCabe per SMP 892 M. subbistrigella (Haw.) — Nosterfield NR (65) 30.iv.2002, genitalia det. HEB — S.P. Warwick per CHF; Dooglaun R539I (H9)20.vii.2001 - KGMB 893 M. epilobiella ([D. & S.|) — Hutton Conyers (65) 16. v. 2002, det. HEB — CHF; Beamish (67) larvae in shoots of Epilobium hirsutum 1 0 .vi i .2002 — RMP COSMOPTERIGIDAE 896 Cosmopterix orichalcea Staint. — Crit Island Bog M766368 (H17) 28. vi. 2002; Cornamagh N7499 (H30) 1 9,viii .200 1 — KGMB 896b C. pulchrimella Chambers — Petit Bot and La Claire Mare, Guernsey ( 113) mines on Parietaria judaica 6.x. 2002 — PHS, R. Austin & P.D.M Costen 897b Anatrachyntis simplex (Wals.) — Saltash (2) pupa 2.i.2()02, moth failed to emerge but fully formed, and Lee Mill (3) larva 22.xii.2001, moth bred, both these in calyces of pomegranates, origin India — RJH, Adventive species new to the British Isles 898 Limnaecia phragmitella (Staint.) — Machynys SS5198 (44) larvae in heads of Typha I .iv.2002 — I. Morgan & S.D.S. Bosanquet per .IB; High Batts NR. Ripon (65) pupae in heads of Typha 1 5 .vi .2002 — HEB, CHF & J.C. Warwick 266 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 899 Pancalia leuwenhoekella (Linn.) — Chedworth SP05 12 (33) 19.iv.2002 — DJG 904 Spuleria flavicaput (Haw.) — Be vill’s Wood TL2079 (31)1 l.v.2002, first record since VCH — J.N. Greatorex-Davies per BD 906 Blastodacna atra (Haw.) — Stony Stratford (24) 1 5. vii.2002, genitalia det. DVM — M. Killeby per DVM 909 Sorhagenia lophyrella (Dougl.) — South Luffenham (55) 6. vii.2002, genitalia det. — AJM & APR SCYTHR1DIDAE 914 Scythris crassiuscula (H.-S.) — Gomshall TQ0848 (17) 21. vi. 2002 — RMP, AMD. JRL, GAC, JP TORTRICIDAE 923 Phtheochroa sodaliana (Haw.) — Ashwell Quarry TL2539 (20) 8.vi.2002 — CWP; Upton Fen (27) 15.vi.2002 — Norfolk Moth Group per KS 926 Phalonidia manniana (F. v. R.) — Rutland Water (55) 15. vi. 2002, genitalia det. AJM — APR 937 Agapeta hamana (Linn.) — Cornamagh N740990 (H30) 19. vii.2002 — KGMB 945 Aethes cnicana (Westw.) — Nedd (108) vii.2002 — I. Evans per MRY 950 A. fraud liana (Fabr.) — Elveden TL8378 (26) 22. vi. 2002 — S. Dumican per AWP 954 Eupoecilia angustana (Hiibn.) — Abbeyleix S4383 (H14) 28.viii.2001; Crit Island Bog M766368 (H17) 28.vi.2002 — KGMB 956 Cochylidia implicitana (Wocke) — Stoke Holy Cross (27) 26. vii.2002 — AM 959 C. rupicola (Curt.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 17. vii.2002 — AN&JEG, J. Clark & S.E. Stille 971 Pandemis cinnamomeana (Treits.) — Kindrogan (89) 1 5 . vi i i .2002 — G. Irving per MRY 972 P heparana ([D. & S.]) — Cornamagh N740990 (H30) 19.vii.2002 — KGMB 976 Archips oporana (Linn.) — Kings Forest TL8274 (26) 21.vi.2002 — AWP 977 A. podana (Scop.) — Kilnaboy (H9) 19. vii.2002; Glenmore (Hll) 23. vii.2002 — MRY 979 A. crataegana (Hiibn.) — Tooreenmore V520767 (HD 3.viii.2002 — KGMB 985 Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hiibn.) — Kendal SD5290 (69) 5.x. 2002 — NAL; Cronykeery T292989 (H20) 4.x. 2002 — A. Tyner per KGMB 988 Aphelia viburnana ([D. & S.]) — Cloonbony Bog M915719 ( H25) 20. vii.2002; Corraweelis N721960 (H30) 18. vii.2002 — KGMB 989 A. paleana (Hiibn.) — Cornamagh N740990 (H3Q) 1 9.vii.2002 — KGMB 992 Clepsis rurinana (Linn.) — Ballycrissane, Portumna (H15) 15. vii.2002 — MRY 998 Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) — Rushmere St Andrew (25) 26.iv.1999 — JBH; Barmouth SH6016 (48) 1 3 . vii i .2002 — S. Farrell per ANG; Hutton Conyers (65) 25.x. 2002, det HEB — CHF; Port Erin, Isle of Man (71) larvae on Centranthus and Hedera 12.iv.2002 — MRY; Edinburgh (83) l.vi.2002 — KPB, New to Scotland 997 Epichoristodes acerbella (Walk.) — Fernham SU2991 (22) 26. vii. 2002 at MV light, det. MFVC & K.E. Tuck — SN, Ent. Rec. 115: 119-121 999 Adoxophyes orana (F. v. R.) — Ramsey TL2885 (31) ii.2002, det. BD — D. Evans per BD MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 267 1002 Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.) — Greendams (91) 2.vi.2002 — C.W.N. Elolmes per RMP; Glenmore (Hll) 23.vii.2002 — MRY; Ballycrissane, Portumna (H15) I5.vii.2002 — MRY 1008 Philedone gerningana ([D. & S.|) — Beeston Common (27) vi i i .2002, det. K. Durrant — F. Farrow per KS; Charnwood Lodge NNR SK47I4 (55) 1 2. vi i .2002 — AJM 1010 Ditula angustiorana (Haw.) — Ballycrissane, Portumna ( H 1 5 ) 1 5.vii .2002 — MRY 1016 Cnephasia longana (Haw.) — Markfield SK4910 (55) 30.vii.2002, genitalia det. - AJM 1019 C. conspersana Dougl. — Donaghmore S270797 (H14) 8.vii.2002; Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.vin.2002 — KGMB 1020 C. stephensiana (Doubled.) — Ballycrissane, Portumna (H15) 1 5 . vi i .2002 — MRY 1023 C. genitalana P.& M. — Ipswich TM2043 (25) 14.vii.2002, genitalia det. JC — N. Sherman per AWP; Owston Wood SK7706 (55) 6. viii.2002, genitalia det. — AJM, APR & MPS 1034 Spatalistis bifasciana (Htibn.) — Bentley Long Wood, Ipswich TM1039 (25) 30.V.2002 — AWP & G. Bull 1 036 Acleris forsskalecinci (Linn.) — Longniddry Bents (82) pupa 6.vii.2002, moth bred — KPB 1038 A. laterana (Fabr.) — Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 1040 A. caledoniana (Steph.) — Haytor SX7577 (3) larva on Vaccinium myrtillus 27. vi. 2001, moth bred — BPH 1042 A. rhombana ([D. & S.]) — Nedd (108) viii.2002 — I. Evans per MRY 1043 A. aspersana (Hiibn.) — Donaghmore S270797 (H14) 8.vii.2002; Cornamagh N7499 (H30) 19.viii.2001 — KGMB 1044 A, ferrugana ([D. & S.]) — Inchmarlo (91) 6.V.2002, genitalia det. RMP — C.W.N. Holmes per RMP 1045 A. notana (Don.) — Llandrillo SJ0336 (48) 25. viii.2002, genitalia det. ANG — S.E. Stille per ANG; Ballydoogan Bog M677 1 79 (H15) 1 8.ix.2002 — KGMB 1048 A. variegana ([D. & S.]) — Thurso (109) 20. viii.2002 — D. Williams per MRY; Clare Island L705864 (H27) 22. viii.2002; Cornamagh N7499 (H30) 19. viii. 2001s — KGMB 1051 A. logiana (Cl.) — Rushmere St Andrew TM2043 (25) 23. ii. 2000, genitalia det. — JBH 1054 A. cristana ([D. & S . J ) — Markfield SK4910 (55) 4.iv.2002 — AJM 1058 A. lorquiniana (Dup.) — Weymouth (9) 2. viii. 2002 — D. Foot per PHS 1061 A. literana (Linn.) — Cronykeery T292989 (H20) 28.x. 2002 — A. Tyner per KGMB 1062 A. emargana (Fabr.) — Drominboy Bog R6659 (H8) 12. ix. 2001; Ross N3108 (H14) 28. viii. 2001 ; Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (H15) 18.ix.2002; Clare Island L704866 (H27) 28.ix.2002 — KGMB 1013 Olindia schumacherana (Fabr.) — Monasop S2299 (H14) 23.vii.2001; Union Wood G6827 (H28) 26.vi-16.vii.2001 — KGMB 1068 Celypha rivulana (Scop.) — Coolsnaghtig W2 12560 (H3) 4. viii. 2002; Cloonbony M9 13732 (H25) 20.vii.2002 — KGMB 1 072 Olethreutes metallicana (Hiibn.) — Glen Saugh (91) vi.2002 — N.A. Littlewood per RMP 1073 O. schulziana (Fabr.) — Halsary (109) 2.vii.2001 — D. Williams per MRY; Annaholty Bog R6863 (H10) 27. viii. 2001 ; Ballydoogan Bog M6717 (H15) 18. viii. 2001 — KGMB 1083 Hedya nubiferana (Haw.) — Derryquay, Dingle (HI) 20.vii.2002 — MRY; Cornamagh N740990 (H30) 1 9.vii.2002 — KGMB 268 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. xi. 2003 1087 Orthotaenia undulana ([D. & S.]) — Tooreenmore V520767 (HI ) 3 . vi i i .2002 — KGMB 1089 Apotomis semifasciana (Haw.) — Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001; Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.viii.2002 - KGMB 1104 Endothenia quadrimaculana (Haw.) — Bloody Oaks SK9710 (55) 26.vii.2002, first record since VCH — AJM & MPS 1 106 Lobesia reliquana (Hiibn.) — Clyne Wood (41) 4.V.2002 — M.J. White, Ent. Rec. 115: 129, Moulin Huet, Guernsey (113) 2.vi.2002 — PHS, R. Austin & P.D.M. Costen 1112 Bactra robustana (Christ.) — The Breaches 0315063 (H20) 16.vii.2002, second Irish locality — KGMB 1118 Ancylis uncella ([D. & S.]) — Swansea (41) 12.V.2002 — M.J. White, Ent. Rec. 115: 129; Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (H15) 29.vi.2002 - KGMB 1134 Epinotia ramella (Linn.) — Annaholty Bog R6863 (H10) 27.viii.200 1 ; Ballydoogan Bog M67 1 7 (Hl_5) 1 1 .ix.200 1 - KGMB 1135 E. demarniana (L. v. R.) — Rushmere St Andrew (25) 14.vi.2002 — JBH 1136 E. immundana (L. v. R.) — Morfa Harlech (48) 16.V.2002 — AN&JEG 1138 E. nisella (Cl.) — Banchory-Devenick (91) 1 7 .vi i .2002 — B.J. Stewart per RMP; Annaholty Bog R688633 (H10) 27.viii.2001 - KGMB f. cinereana Haw. — Achany ( 107) 1 3.viii .2002; Dunbeath ( 109) 1 3 .vi i i .2002 — D. Williams per MRY 1 142 E. tedella (Cl.) — Marymount S2693 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 1 144 E. signatana (Dough) — Upton Len (27) I5.vi.2002 — Norfolk Moth Group per KS 1145 E. nanana (Treits.) — Shabbington Wood (24) 21.vi.2002, genitalia det. DVM — P.R. Hall per DVM; Monasop S2299 (H14) 23.vii.2001 - KGMB 1146 E. rubiginosana (H.-S.) — Gight (93) 16.vi.2002 — MRY 1150 E. abbreviana (Labr.) — Ballycrissane, Portumna (H15) 1 5 .vii .2002 — MRY 1151 E. trigonella (Linn.) — Ballydoogan Bog M6717 (H15) 1 1 .ix.200 1 — KGMB 1153 E. sordidana (Hiibn.) — Clare Island L705864 ( H27) 27.ix.2002 — KGMB, Ent.Gaz. 54: 142, New to Ireland 1 156 E. solandriana (Linn.) — Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 1 157 Crocidosema plebejana Zell. — Hampstead (21) 7.xi.2000, genitalia det. CWP — R.A. Softly per CWP 1159 Rhopobota naevana (Hiibn.) — Achilty ( 106) 1 6 .vi i i .2002 — MRY; Ballyoughter Bridge M872866 (H25) 13.viii.2002 - KGMB 1163 Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (Ratz.) — Lochinver (108) 1 8 .viii .2002 — SEM; Luhiry W1573 (H3) 3-21.vii.2001: Buffanoky R8156 (H8) 30.vii.2001; Corracloon R5891 (H9) 30. vii. 200 1 ; Cooneen Hill R9168 (HH)) 29.vii.2001; Monasop S2299 (H14) 23.vii.200 1 - KGMB 1 166 Z. griseana (Hiibn.) — Achairn (109) 21 .viii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 1 168 Gypsonoma sociana (Haw.) — High Batts NR, Ripon (65) 7.vi.2002, det. HEB — CHL, J.C. Warwick & S. Worwood 1169 G. dealbana (Frol.) — Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 1 171 G. minutana (Hiibn.) — Oxhey (20) viii .200 1 . genitalia det. CWP — J. Thompson per CWP 1 184 Epiblema scutulana (|D. & S.|) — Cornamagh N740990 (H30) 1 9.vii .2002 — KGMB 1 184a E. cirsiana (Zell.) — Bundoran Dunes (H34) 14. vii. 2002 — MRY MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2002 269 1186 E. sticticana (Fabr.) — Crwblin Quarry SN4713 (44) I l.v.2002 — JB & S.D.S. Bosanquet 1 192 Eucosma conterminana (Guen.) — Rushmere Si Andrew (25) 2 1 . vi i .2002, genitalia det. — JBH; West Melton (63) I .viii.2002 — HEB 1197 E. campoliliana (ID. & S.J) — Tooreemnore V520767 (Hi) 3. viii.2002; Corraweelis N722962 (H30) 18.vii.2002 — KGMB 1198 E. pauperana Dup. — Maldon (18) iv. 2002 — S. Wood & BG 1200 E. hohenwartiana ([D. & S.]) — Laragh Bog M570285 (Hi!) 2 1 . vii.2002; Tullaghanstown Bog N785662 (H22) 18. vii.2002 — KGMB 1201 E. cana (Haw.) — Cornamagh N740990 (H30) 19. vii.2002 — KGMB 1205 Spilonota ocellana ([D. & S.]) — Ball intemple W70371 1 (H4) 16. viii.2002 — KGMB 1 206 Clavigesta sylvestrana (Curt.) — Dovercourt (19) 23. vii.2002 — C. Gibson & BG 1216 Enannonia formosana (Scop.) — Ballycrissane, Portumna (H15) 1 5. vii.2002 — MRY 1221 Strophedrci weirana (Dougl.) — Kings Forest (26) 17.V.2002 — JC & AWP, Ent. Rec. 114: 160 1225 Pammene obscurana (Steph.) — Mere (58) v.2001, genitalia det. R.I. Heppenstall — S. Blamire per SHH 1233 P. aurita Ratz. — Stony Stratford (24) 25. vii.2002, det DVM — M. Killeby per DVM 1234 P. regiana (Zell.) — Garaffin S2995 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 1235 P. trauniana ( [ D. & S.]) — Ryme Intrinseca (9) 26. vii.2002, genitalia det. PHS, first county record for c. 100 years — J. Astley per PHS 1237 P. germmana (Hiibn.) — Milborne Wood (9) 6.vi.2002, first county record for c. 100 years — H. Wood Homer per PHS; Rutland Water SK9006 (55) 15.vi.2002, det MPS — H. Orridge per MPS 1238 P. ochsenheimeriana (L. & Z.) — Cefn Hill (36) 24. vi. 2002 — MWH 1272 P. aurana (Fabr.) — High Batts NR, Ripon (65) 15. vi. 2002 — HEB, CHF & J.C. Warwick 1 242 Grapholita intemana (Guen.) — Charnwood Lodge NNR SK46 1 5 (55) 1 1 .v.2002 — AJM 1 245 G. janthinana (Dup.) — Longniddry Bents (82) 1 5.vi.2002, second Scottish record — KPB 1250 G. lathyrana (Hiibn.) — Burton Bradstock (9) two flying in sunshine at about midday 29.iii.2002 — PHS 1252 G. lunulana ([D. & S.]) — Red Scar, Preston (60) 5.vi.2002 — SMP 1269 Cydia conicolana (Heyl.) — Cheshunt TL30 (20) 10. v.2002, genitalia det. CWP — M. & H. Cooper per CWP; Northampton (32) bred from cones of Pinus nigra ssp. laricio 21 .v.2002, genitalia det. DVM — J. Smeathers per DVM 1273 Dichrorampha petiverella (Linn.) — Heathlawn Bog M829108 (H15) 28. vi. 2002 - KGMB 1 279 D. acuminatana (L. & Z.) • — - Glendine Quarry S5058 (Hll) 27. v.2001 — KGMB 1281 D. simpliciana (Haw.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 6. viii.2002, genitalia det. — SMP 1283 D. montanana (Dup.) — Heathlawn Bog M829108 (H15) 28. vi. 2002 — KGMB 1284 D. gueneeana Obraz. — Whetstone SP5595 (55) 24. vii.2002 — MPS EPERMENIIDAE 478 Phaulemis fulviguttella (Zell.) — Afan Argoed CP (41) 26. viii.2002 — M.J. White, Ent. Rec. 115: 129 270 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 481 Epermenia falciformis (Haw.) — Ammerdown ST7152 (6) 7.vi.2002, det. M. Bailey — Cam Valley Wildlife Group per SP; Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 12.ix.2002 AN&JEG; Misson Carr (56) 17.viii.2002 — HEB PYRALIDAE 1293 Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linn.) — Cornamagh N740990 (H30) 1 9. vii.2002 — KGMB; Bundoran Dunes (H34) 14. vii.2002 — MRY 1296 Crambus silvella (Hiibn.) — Plaitford (8) 2. viii.2002 — EGS & MHS, Ent. Rec. 115: 41 1298 C. ericella (Hiibn.) — Braade (H33) 13. vii.2002 — MRY, New to Ireland 1 302 C. perlella (Scop.) — Achnahaird Dunes (105) 1 7. viii.2002 — AMD 1303 Agriphila selcisella (Hiibn.) — Derrybrien Commonage R578997 (H15) 10. vii.2002 — KGMB 1305 A. tristella ([D. & S.]) — Annaholty Bog R6863 (H10) 27.viii.200 1 ; Rathkenny N893786 (H22) 1 2. viii.2002 — KGMB 1306 A. inquinatella ([D. & S.]) — Glenrevagh M353415 (H17) 21. vii.2002; Clare Island L705867 (H27) 22.viii.2002 — KGMB 1307 A. latistria (Haw.) — Barnstaple (4) 2001 — P. Butter, BJENH 15: 162 1313 Catoptria pinella (Linn.) — Nedd (108) vii.2002 — I. Evans per MRY 1314 C. mcirgaritella ([D. & S.]) — Coolsnaghtig V212560 (H3) 4.viii.2002 — KGMB 1330 Donacaula mucronellus ( f D. & S.|) — Strensall Common (62) 27. vii.2002 — HEB; Scolty Hill (91) 27. vii.2002 — RMP 1334 Scoparia ambigualis (Treits.) — Cooneen Hill R9168 (H10) 29.vii.2001; Monasop S2299 (H14) 23.vii.2001 — KGMB 1338 Dipleurina lacustrata (Panz.) — Donaghmore S270797 (H14) 8. vii.2002 — KGMB 1 336 Eudonia pallida (Curt.) — Ballydoogan Bog M677179 (HT5) 29.vi.2002 — KGMB 1340 E. truncicolella (Staint.) — Annaholty Bog R6863 (H10) 27.viii.2001; Ross N3108 (H14) 28.viii.2001 ; Barberstown 01444 (H21) 28.viii.200 1 . genitalia det.; Corraweelis N720960 (H30) 1 8. vii.2002 — KGMB 1342 E. angustea (Curt.) — Struan NN7763 (88) 10.vii.2002 — SHH 1344 E. mercurella (Linn.) — Cooneen Hill R9168 (H10) 29.vii.2001; Monasop S2299 (H14) 23.vii.200l — KGMB 1345 Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.) — Abbeyleix S433833 (H14) 25. viii.2002; Laragh Bog M570285 (H17) 2 1 .vii.2002 — KGMB 1354 Cataclysta lemnata (Linn.) — Portumna (H15) 16. vii.2002 — MRY 1356 Evergestis forficalis (Linn.) — Ballydoogan Bog M6717 (H15) 28.vii.2001 — KGMB 1359 Cynaeda dentalis ([D. & S.|) — Shingle Street TM3743 (25) 27. vii.2002, first confirmed VC record — AWP et al. 1368 Loxostege sticticalis (Linn.) — Rutland Water SK8808 (55) 7. viii.2002 — R. & G. Follows per MPS 1373 Paratalanta pandalis (Hiibn.) — Coille Levishie, Glen Moriston (96) 26.V.2002 — D. Barbour MRY, New to Scotland 1 376 Eurrhypara hortulata (Linn.) — Ballycrissane, Portumna (H15) 1 5. vii.2002 — MRY 1380 Phlyctaenia perlucidalis (Hiibn.) — Woolston Eyes, Warrington (59) 13. vii.2002 — D. Taylor & K. McCabe per SMP; Hutton Conyers (65) 14. vii.2002, det. HEB — CHF 1381 Anania funebris (Strom.) — Fountainstown (H4) larvae on Solidago virgaurea 22.ix.2002 — KGMB MICR0LEP1D0PTERA REVIEW OF 2002 271 1387 Nascia cilialis (Hiibn.) — Wood Walton Fen (31) 15.vi.2002, first record since VCH - BD, JAMcG & J.N. Greatorex-Davies 1390 Udea prunalis (|D. & S.]) — Glenmore (97) 1 3. vi i i .2002 — AMD 1397 Mecyna asinalis (Hiibn.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 6. vi i i .2002 — AN&JEG 1398 Nomophila noctuella ([D. & S.|) — Sanna, Ardnamurchan, (97) 6.vi.2002 — JBH; Dary Bog M938013 (H10) 19.ix.2002 — KGMB 1403 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) — Muswell Hill (21) 1 6. vi i i .2002 — B. Price per AMD; Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 6 & 20.viii.2002 —AN&JEG, New to Wales 1403a Duponchelia fovealis Zell. — Canterbury (15) 3.x. 2001 — S. Clancy. BJENH 15: 162; North Chingford (18) 24. ii. 2002, det. B. Goodey — B. Pateman per AMD; Earley (22) 14.viii.2002 — NMH; Rendham TM3464 (25) 16.viii.2002 — M. Deans per AWP 1405 Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.) — Glenmore (97) 1 2. viii .02 — AMD; Mountain Lodge H582039 (H30) 12.viii.2002 — KGMB 1415 Orthopygia glaucinalis (Linn.) — Warton Crag (60) 3. viii. 2002 — JC & G. Powell per SMP 1426 Achroia grisella (Fabr.) — Barmouth SH6016 (48) 16. viii. 2002 — S. Farrell per ANG 1428 Aphomia sociella (Linn.) — Glenmore (Hll ) 23.vii.2002 — MRY 1436 Conobathra repandana (Fabr.) — Gait Barrows NNR (60) 6.vii.2002 — SMP et al. 1437 Acrobasis consociella (Hiibn.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 3 1 .vii.2002, det. HEB — CHF 1439 Trachycera advenella (Zinck.) — Glenmore (97) 13. viii. 2002 — AMD; Donaghmore S270797 (H14) 8. vii.2002 — KGMB 1443 Pempelia genistella (Dup.) — Overton Cliff, Gower SS4584 (41) larvae on Ulex 3.vii.2001. moth bred — MSP & B. Stewart, New to Wales 1452 Phycita roborella ([D. & S.]) — Hutton Conyers (65) 7. vii.2002, det. HEB — CHF 1454b Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratz.) — Elveden Forest (26) 12-14. viii. 2002 — HEB 1461 Assam terebrella (Zinck.) — Dymchurch (15) 3. viii. 2002 — D. O'Keeffe per DJLA 1462 Pempeliella dilutella ([D. & S.]) — Northfleet (16) 16. vi. 2002 — DJLA 1469 Euzophera cinerosella (Zell.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 16.V.2002, det HEB — CHF 1474 Ephestia parasitella Staud. — Great Torrington SS51 16 (4) 6. vii.2002 — R.F. McCormick per RJH; Bould Wood (23) 25. vi. 2002, genitalia det. — MFVC 1475 E. kuehniella (Zell.) — Hutton Conyers (65) 30. ix. 2002, genitalia det. HEB — CHF 1478b Vitula biviella (Zell.) — Northfleet (16) 16. vii.2002 — DJLA 1484 Phycitodes saxicola (Vaughan) — Hempsted S08218 (33) 2. vii .200 1 , genitalia det. DJG — G. Avery per RGG 1485 P. maritima (Tengst.) — Brown’s Hill Quarry, Holwell (55) 15.V.2002, genitalia det. — H. Orridge & AJM; Bruar (89) larvae amongst spun flowers of Senecio jacobaea I ix.200l , moth bred, genitalia det. — RJH PTEROPHORIDAE 1492 Oxyptilus laetus (Zell.) — Freshwater (10) 15.vi.2002, det. CH — SAK-J ! 498 Amblyptilia punctidactyla (Haw.) — Dunbeath (109) 1 3. viii. 2002 — D. Williams per MRY 1502 Platyptilia isodactylus (Zell.) — The Argory H8858 (H37) I .vi.2002, det. KGMB — K. Murphy per KGMB; Braade (H33) 1 2. vii.2002 — MRY 1506 Stenoptilia millieridactyla (Bru.) — Lightfoot Green (60) 29. vii. 2002 — SMP 272 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 1 508 S. bipunctidactyla (Scop.) — Carrig East V8774 (HI) 9.ix.200 1 — KGMB 1515 Pterophorus spilodactylus (Curt.) — Wall Common ST2545 (5) larvae and pupae on Marrubium 18.V.2002 — B. & J. Goater 1517 Adaitia microdactyla (Hiibn.) — Morfa Harlech SH5732 (48) 17.vii.2002 — AN&JEG, J. Clark & S.E. Stille; Ballydoogan Bog M677178 (H15) larva & galls on Eupatorium cannabinum 7.iv.2002; Casana Rock 03038 (H21 ) larval galls on Eupatorium cannabinum 274.2001 — KGMB 1519 Euleioptilus carphodactyla (Hiibn.) — Groby SK5207 (55) 3 1 .viii.2002 — AJM 1522 E. tephradactyla Hiibn. — Killarney National Park V98 (H2) det. KGMB — K. Murphy per KGMB; Clare Island L704866 (H27) 1 arvae on Solidago virgaurea 28.ix.2002 — KGMB 1524 Emmelina monodactyla (Linn.) — Inchmarlo (91) I7.iv.2002 — C.W.N. Holmes per RMP; Loughrea M636 1 7 1 (H15) 15.ii.2002 — KGMB SUBSCRIBER NOTICE England Supplement to the Guidelines for the Selection of SSSIs: Invertebrates English Nature has initiated the process of drafting a number of English supplements to the guidelines for the selection of SSSI. One of these will detail invertebrates. Such a supplement will aim to introduce further clarity to the original guidelines by updating information and providing further explanation. The Guidelines for the selection of biological SSSIs were published in 1989. In the invertebrate section of these guidelines there was a strong focus on butterflies and dragonflies, the best-known groups. The guidelines did however conclude that "The process of analysing species assemblages, combined with assessing the presence of rare species at localities within a major habitat type, is likely to provide a sound basis for selecting important invertebrate sites in the future". It is expected that the new supplement will be split into two main sections: (1) invertebrate assemblages and (2) species. A large proportion of the English supplement will deal with invertebrate assemblages. Such assemblages will be linked to specific habitats and processes (e.g. exposed riverine sediment, early successional habitats). Initially, broad assemblage classifications will be named. Further work will provide detail to each assemblage, including species lists, a scoring / ranking system and monitoring information. The initial framework for this supplement will be drafted by English Nature within a 12-month period. Various organisations and individuals will then be invited to comment with the expectation that the framework for the supplement will be finalised within 18 months. If you require any further information then please contact Jon Webb, Invertebrate Ecologist, English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI 1UA (E-mail: jon.webb@english-nature.org.uk). NOTES 273 The generic names of the British Elateridae (Coleoptera) explained Agrypnus: Lacon: Hypnoidus : Actenicerus : Anostirus: Ctenicera : Calambus : Aplotarsus: Paraphotistus : Prosternon: Selatosomus : Cidnopus : Kibunea : Limoniscus: Denticollis: Athous: Diacanthous: Hemicrepidius'. Stenagostus : Adrastus: Synaptus : Agriotes: Dalopius: Ampedus: Brachygonus: Ischnodes: Megapenthes : Procraerus : Elater. Sericus: Panspaeus (Pcmspoeus auct.): Melanotus : Fleutiauxellus : Negastrius: Oedostethus: Zorochros: Cardiophorus : Dicronychus: wakeful, alert, from the lack of furrows for the reception of the antennae in repose. a Laconian or Spartan (perhaps Laporte’s type was from Sparta?) sleep-like, apparently a reference to sluggish habits. having antennae (horns) without pectinations (cf. Ctenicera). having a keel, or keels, above (but not readily seen). with comb-like antennae (“comb-homed”). “beautiful rim”; must refer to the red patch at the base of the elytra, for Haplotarsus, “with simple tarsi”. "brought to light alongside”, with implied reference to some other species or genus. must refer to the prosternal leaping mechanism, which however is common to the whole family. bright body. first element “spread over”, second “foot”; not clear. from some proper name, or an arbitrary formation. This and the preceding were formerly in Limonius, which can be rendered “of meadows”. a diminutive of Limonius. though not warranted by its size. "toothed neck”, i.e. the pronotum. An example of that rare thing, a Latin generic name; our species was formerly in a genus Campylus,” a bent staff. harmless (presumably to crops) in contrast to Agriotes. “with two thorns, i.e. the sharp produced hind pronotal angles. A misspelling of Diacanthus, influenced by Athous. half a little shoe, from some fancied resemblance, narrow palm (of hand); application obscure, not running away or escaping. fitted together (doubtless of the prosternal structure, normal for an elaterid). a worker in, or inhabitant of, the fields. For Dolopius, “of deceptive appearance”. Greek ana + pedon, “up from the ground”, from their leaping powers. with short (little produced) hind pronotal angles. of lean appearance or form; not specially apt. much mourning, from being wholly dull black. with prominent or porrected head (not an obvious feature). a driver; from the leaping mechanism peculiar to the whole family. silky (cf. Serica in the Scarabaeidae). first element “all”, second obscure, blackened, made black. from the name of a French entomologist, plus a diminutive suffix, hardly clear (ne = not, gaster = abdomen), with swollen breast, i.e. thoracic sternum, of pure colour. bearing a heart (from shape of scutellum). with split claws. — A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 274 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 Hazards of butterfly collecting. Butterflies and noodle soup - Bangkok, Thailand, August 2002 I was in Bangkok for ten days in August 2002, almost twenty years since my last visit to Thailand. The building boom of the “good years” really left most of the city unrecognisable, but the Sky Train was a transport boon (if not a boon for its investors). 1 had the chance for some tourism in town, though not for butterfly collecting; I saw only three or four species in what seems to be quite a green city. I was reminded, though, that Bangkok is snack city of the world. From formal restaurants, less formal restaurants, to assemblages of food stalls in approved areas, to individual food stalls lining most streets, and to little grills directly on the pavement, food is simply everywhere. And even in the humblest food stall, most serving just one dish, the food is remarkably good; if your food was no good, you just would not survive. On top of that, the food is also very cheap - a nourishing noodle soup will set you back some $0.30 - 0.40. Some people will tell you that Manila, Mexico, Hanoi or elsewhere has more food outlets, but don’t you believe them. Thailand is tops! Butterfly collecting in most of Thailand is more difficult, at least in the Bangkok area. On my first visit to Thailand I hired a car with driver and headed in the direction of Kanchanaburi, the site of the “Bridge over the River Kwai” in the hope of finding some useful butterfly collecting. It was not to be. Areas of any type of natural habitat were as rare as in Bangladesh and a whole day’s driving resulted in the capture of some 35 species, most common and widespread species - scoring very low on the cost-efficiency index. However, I was going to be back in Thailand shortly with another free day, so on the advice of a colleague I went to see a friend of his in the forest department. Being a friend of a friend goes a long way in Thailand and pretty soon I had been pointed in the direction of Sam Lan Forest Park, apparently the only good forest within easy one-day reach of Bangkok. A few months later I was back, a day before my official programme. I hired a self- drive car and matched what the forestry department had said with my own map. It looked like an easy run, well before the notorious morning rush-hour. My departure was somewhat slowed down by being crowded by three doddering Austrians in Lederhosen asking me for a lowdown on and a lift to Pat Pong, the notorious red light district. They had arrived the night before, spoke no English, and their German was a rural Austrian dialect that was hard to understand. I had to disengage in less than a polite manner. Septuagenarian Austrians looking for commercial sex at 06.30 in the morning ... I ask you! Sam Lan was easily found and all around the small parking lot food and drinks stalls were being erected. So I plunged straight into the forest. After two minutes I spotted a large, white triangle on a piece of monkey dung. It soon revealed itself as one of my prime objectives, a perfect Jewelled Nawab Polyura delphis Doubleday, with its silvery-white underside ornamented with yellow, blue, and red ... one of the most elegant butterflies of the region. I took about ten pictures, gradually moving so close that the entire frame was filled. A little later, while following a small stream. NOTES 275 another of my prime objectives came into sight: The Clipper Parthenos sylvia Cramer - possibly possessed of the most elegant flight of any butterfly. In his volume on Oriental butterflies D’Abrera writes: “In flight, the species is a grand sight. It can truly be described as aristocratic or noble Its effortless sailing with the wings held dead flat, movement being afforded by imperceptible little flicks and unpredictably sharp deviations and turns, makes one gasp in awe. I have seen experienced collectors, especially those that have seen everything but never before a Parthenos, merely stand and stare, hypnotised - before they realise they have a net in their hands.” The lovely Knight Lebadea martha Fabricius was another first. A bit further up the stream there was a huge mud-puddling patch with hundreds of white, yellows, and swallowtails, mostly uninteresting. Dotted among them were a number of small blues and some interesting skippers, including the wet season form of the Spotted Angle Caprona agama Moore, looking like a giant Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus. However, before turning my attention to the smaller fry, something else needed checking; four or five dragonfly-sized insects were flying at great speed and quite erratically just an inch above the wet sand. They did not really have the flight of a dragonfly but then looked like no butterfly that I knew; and they did not settle. Finally, I decided to catch one in flight and had a very lucky sweep from behind. It was only when I flattened the net that I realized what it was, namely one of the two dragontails, in this case Lamproptera meges Zinken. The dragontails are among the most curious of butterflies. The wings are small compared to the thorax, the forewing especially so; in addition the outer third of the wing is transparent, making it look even smaller when on the wing. The hind wing is dominated by the huge tail, many time larger than any other tail among the butterflies. However, when closely studied it is obviously close to Graphium, as are the early stages. Eventually they did settle with wings quivering as usual, but they would not allow me to approach with the camera. All told I caught some seventy butterfly species that day, pretty good by oriental standards, and after getting mildly lost for an hour or so, I approached the parking lot for a well-deserved drink and a bit to eat. A cold Singha beer was easily obtainable, but the food stalls were closed or taken away - Thailand without food? I asked the drinks vendor; he let out a yell, and an old lady down the road turned and came towards us. She took the little bundle off her shoulders and retrieved some foodstuffs, a one-portion wok, and a primitive kerosene cooker. Soon I was having an absolutely delicious dish of fried noodles with pork and vegetables, but the place was essentially lunch only. Thai conditions were restored. I tipped her generously - not onerous when the bill comes to $0.50!- Torben B. Larsen, UNDP Vietnam, c/o Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. (E-mail: torbenlarsen@compuserve.com). 276 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 Northern Rustic Standfussiana lucernea (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Dumfries and Galloway, south-west Scotland Although the Northern Rustic is not shown as occurring in Dumfries and Galloway in Heath and Emmet (1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 9: 154-155) there are a significant number of records for the area. In Wigtownshire, we have recorded it as follows: Float Bay, on the coast at O. S. grid reference NX 061472, three on 16 July 1999; Mull of Galloway NX157306, two on 17 July 1999; Burrow Head NX 445343, one on 23 July 1999); Monreith NX 372393, one on 24 July 1999; Dally Bay NW 967687, one on 25 July 1999; Dunskey Castle NX 005533, five on 27 July 1999, seven on 21 July 2000; Garheugh Rocks NX264504, one on 22 July 2000; Port Kale, Portpatrick NW 991553, twelve on 1 1 July 2003 and Barsalloch Point NX 3464 1 1 one on 23 August 2003. Two of these sites are also mentioned in the early literature. Northern Rustic was found at Monreith in 1899 (Morton, K. J. 1900. Notes on Wigtownshire Lepidoptera. Annals of Scottish Natural History , pp. 156-159) and elsewhere on the shores of Luce Bay where the species was reported as “local, not uncommon below rocky cliffs; plentiful on rough boulder-clad slopes below Garheugh Rocks, Luce Bay, 1 3/7/[ 1 9]05, 14/7/[ 19J05, 1 8/4/[ 1 9]06.” (Gordon, R.S. 1913. A List of the Macro- Lepidoptera of Wigtownshire. Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 1912-14 , pp. 168-188, see p. 181). There is a also a record only 1.5km north of Port Kale, at Killantringan, NW 982564 (Evans, W. 1916. Lepidoptera and other insects at Scottish lighthouses in 1915. Scottish Naturalist, pp. 129-133, see p. 132). In Dumfriesshire we have recorded it inland on a rocky slope on Corserig Hill, Kelloholm (one on 26 July 2003 and one on 19 September 2003). The only other recent county records are all from the National Trust for Scotland nature reserve at the Grey Mare's Tail, near Moffat (in the vicinity of NT 184148), one on 6 August 1993 and in 1995 (numbers and date not available). There is an old report for lowland Dumfriesshire, from the Crichton Institution, Dumfries, with the general comment that it was “not common” (Lenonn [= Lennon]. W. 1864. List of Lepidoptera taken near Dumfries. Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 1862-1869, pp. 53-61, see p. 57.). Although it is likely to occur on both coastal and inland cliffs in Kirkcudbrightshire it has not so far been recorded in that county. We would like to thank Keith Bland for comments on an earlier draft of this note and Peter Norman for supplying the additional Dumfries and Galloway records.- Richard and Barbara Mearns, Connansknowe, Kirkton, Dumfries DG1 1SX. NOTES 277 Parasitoid wasp Hyposoter dolosus (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) reared from post-hibernation larva of Garden Tiger moth Arctia caja (L.) (Lep.: Arctiidae) A small post-hibernation larva of the Garden Tiger moth Arctia caja (L.) was collected on 6 April 2002 basking on a fragment of open coastal grassland by a fence on the strandline near Sunderland Point, Lancashire. The larva fed on Dandelion Taraxacum officinale agg. during the next few days and grew visibly larger, then ceased all movement. On 29 April 2002, an adult wasp emerged from the corpse of the larva, which had been kept in a plastic box indoors and had remained attached to the newspaper lining. There was no separate cocoon formed outside the host. Both wasp and host were photographed and sent via Mark Shaw to Dr Klaus Horstmann of the University of Wurzburg, Germany. He identified it as a male of the parasitoid Hyposoter dolosus (Campopleginae). Dr Shaw reports that he has at least two specimens of this species which, like me, he has reared from Garden Tiger on the Lancashire coast. Plate K. Hyposoter dolosus ex Arctia caja. I thank Klaus Horstmann and Mark Shaw for the determination of the parasitoid. The larva was collected during a joint field meeting of the Lancashire Moth Group, Butterfly Conservation and the British Entomological & Natural History, for which the author received financial support as part of Butterfly Conservation's “Action for Threatened Moths” project.- Paul Waring, 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 6LS. 278 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 Reminiscences of Mont Ventoux From the late sixties until the mid-eighties I was extremely fortunate to live with my family in the Department of the Vaucluse, Upper Provence, France. I must admit that I was drawn to the region, not only by my work in agricultural research, but also for the sunshine, food and wine, the possibility of being able to raise a family in a rural village, and last but not least, because of Fabre’s Mountain, Mont Ventoux. Here were insects in abundance, and I was at the spot where the great French entomologist had lived observed the insects, and written about them in such a perfect literary style (Fabre, 1879. Souvenirs Entomologiques) . For the majority of the sixteen years spent in the Vaucluse we lived in a large, provencale farmhouse, three stories high, the top floor having been constructed for the purpose of breeding silkworms. It was soon converted into bedrooms and as well as having a bedroom each for my four daughters, there was plenty of accommodation for visitors. Entomologists, particularly British lepidopterists, were frequent visitors, and many well-known individuals came to stay. In the summer months we were always very active on and around Mont Ventoux. Even on workdays I often went up the south-facing slope at the end of the day when butterflies could be examined and photographed at rest, clinging to stems of grasses. I also regularly sampled seed pods of Colutea arborescens the False Senna, as part of my studies of the associated insect fauna. Many an evening was spent sorting through the day’s catch, setting butterflies and examining the contents of seed pods, while liberally imbibing the local wines and consuming bowls of freshly-picked cherries with friends such as Alan Bond (of Ely Cambs.) and Roger Charman (of Villes sur Auzon). Some of my collecting experiences were recorded in a few short papers (Ent. Rec. 84: 156 - 163; 85: 211 - 214; 90: 69 - 74) and also by others (e.g., de Worms, Ent. Rec. 88 : 12-13; 89:108-112; 90 : 4-6). During this time I became acquainted with Prof. Mike Claridge, who came annually to the area with members of the Entomology Department, of University College Cardiff. I later registered at Cardiff for a PhD for my work on insects associated with the False Senna. Mike. Claridge has recently been President of the Royal Entomological Society of London and Mike Wilson, who came out to Provence with other entomologists from Cardiff was recently editor of the British Journal of Entomology & Natural History and works in the National Museum of Wales. Another acquaintance who visited us at St. Pierre de Vassols was Gerard Luquet, editor of Alexanor. He worked at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris and came annually to Mont Ventoux, publishing many papers about its insects between 1974 and the present time. His work culminated in the publication “Biocoenotique des Lepidopteres du Mont Ventoux (Vaucluse) (Luquet, 2000. Biocoenotique des Lepidopteres du Mont Ventoux (Vaucluse). Alexanor - supplement). This book is of major importance and of superb quality and will undoubtedly remain the definitive work on the Lepidoptera of Mont Ventoux. Apart from the exhaustive information on butterflies and moths, the flora vegetation is given extensive cover and localities on the mountain are described and numbered, with several pages of maps enabling the reader to locate precisely the given localities. I can only praise this monumental work. NOTES 279 Despite the praise which this book merits. I have one very small criticism. Luquet has a tendency to refute or ignore those records of butterflies which he and his friends have not personally seen in the field. This is unusual and requires some elaboration. I will give one or two examples to illustrate my point, and at the same time enlarge upon the appropriate site locations. He also criticises one or two details of classification. My own translations of parts of his text are given below together with a brief reply. Coenonympha darwiniana Stdgr. “Curiously cited as a subspecies of C. arcania ” It is certainly curious that Luquet does not remember that in Higgins & Riley (1970. A Field guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins) darwiniana was given as a subspecies of C. arcania. The classification may have changed since then, but at that time the Field Guide by Higgins & Riley was the only book available to me. This subject matter has been dealt with extremely well by Heres (2000. Alexanor 21 : 499-508) who confirms that identification of this species is still a major problem for French entomologists. Following extensive study he concludes that it is preferable to consider that the taxon darwiniana is a good species. Aricia artaxerxes allous Geyer Again there is some confusion with classification here. Higgins & Riley listed artaxerxes as a subspecies of A. agestis with a distribution limited to Scotland and Scandinavia and A. cdlous is given as a separate species “in spite of the fact that it has not been possible to find satisfactory specific characters by which to distinguish them” (Higgins & Riley, op. cit.). If I recall correctly, there was certainly some confusion in my mind concerning the specimens which I had collected at high and low altitudes on Mont Ventoux and elsewhere in France, but this was also the case with other workers in this field. Some specimens do not readily fit into either category. “Unfortunately there is no fully reliable specific character by which to distinguish A. allous from A. agestis and Kretania eurypilus ” (Higgins & Riley, op. cit.). Polyommatus dolus Hb. “This indication was probably inspired from those published by Dufay (1966) [Contribution a la Connaissance du Peuplement en Lepidopteres de la Haute- Provence. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon ] who cited dolus at Gigondas, on the southern side of the Dentelles de Montmirail”. Following our wedding in 1969 my wife Susan and I went to live in Gigondas, in a house called “ Le Rouvis” situated just below the church and ruined chateau. We collected extensively in the hills behind the village and around the Dentelles de Montmirail. It was here in 1971 that we found a few individuals of P. dolus feeding on wild lavender. The title of my 1972 paper did include the Dentelles de Montmirail and considered these to be foothills of Mont Ventoux. Whether or not they should be considered part of Mont Ventoux is a personal decision (as is the inclusion by Luquet 280 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25 .xi. 2003 Plate L. Gonepteryx cleopatrci gynandromorph. St. Pierre de Vassols, Vaucluse, June 1984. (L. McLeod). Plate M. Gonepteryx cleopatra gynandromorph. Charleval, Bouches-du-Rhone 5 July 1966 (B. Agius). NOTES 281 of the village Brantes). This area has changed dramatically since then, mostly as a result of land clearance for the planting of grape vines. However, large areas remain unaltered and 1 imagine that P. dolus might still be found there. Polyommatus damon D.& S. “... its presence on Mont Ventoux seems to be doubtful, in any case currently.” “... it is perhaps in referring to this last reference (Dufay, 1966) that McLeod includes this species in his inventory of Lepidoptera of Mont Ventoux”. The presence of this species on Mont Ventoux was reported to me by Alan Bond in July 1973. He collected P. damon feeding on lavender adjacent to the D153 at Les Alazards, at the bottom of the north face of Mont Ventoux. I visited the site one week later and also collected this species at the same location. The cul-de-sac valley at the end of the D153 became a favourite spot and was also found to be frequented by Polyommatus daphnis D.& S. Alan Bond was also the first to collect Scolitantides orion Pall, in the Gorges of the Nesque in 1974. Melanargia russiae cleanthe Bsdv. “Perhaps they were limited to merely recopying the records of De Lesse. Despite abundant searches on the massif of the mountain by numerous entomologists during the last forty years, Melanargia russiae has apparently been taken only once, by H. Marker, on 28th July 1957”. White driving with my wife and children on the D164 road from Sault to Chalet Reynard on 30 June 1974. I stopped the car on the roadside at both meadows of La Ferme Pascal, Sites 134 and 135. M. russiae were freshly emerged and in fair numbers. I captured several examples, both male and female, the latter being surprisingly large. Since that year, I have not managed to be at this location at the correct time for this species and I have not seen it anywhere else on the mountain. Erebia montana de Prunn. “In fact, it is very unlikely that Erebia montana exists on Mont Ventoux”. “The reduction of the fauna of Mont Serein during the last fifty years has been caused by the cessation of sheep grazing and the development of a winter sports station”. This species was collected in the early seventies, albeit only one or two individuals. Certain boxes of my specimens were lost or destroyed during my later travels to and from Africa, thus I am unable to quote exact dates. E. montana was almost certainly taken on Mont Serein while collecting Erebia spp. perhaps with the Bartholomew family in 1973. In the early seventies a favourite spot for collecting Erebia spp. was on the grassy slopes just above the houses and chalets of Mont Serein. Since then, this location has changed enormously and is the main area for tobogganing. When under snow it is trampled by large numbers of people. It is surprising and perhaps illogical that Luquet includes Erebia aethiops Esper in his list of species recorded on Mont Ventoux but does not include E. montana. Only 282 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25. xi. 2003 one specimen has ever been taken of E. aethiops and that was by P. Acheray in 1911, yet E. montana was recorded by Testout, Mouterde in 1946 and later by myself. Are there any other collectors who have taken E. montana on Mont Ventoux? I would be pleased to hear from them. There has been other confusing information concerning the Erebia spp., eg., E. ligea was not recorded on Mont Ventoux before 1966. Five authors. Chobaut, Riel, Testout, Bigot, and Gauthier failed to record this species (Luquet, op. cit.). The first record of E. ligea was by Dufay {op. cit.) and it is now perhaps the commonest member of the genus on the mountain. Surely this indicates that perhaps some species can exist on the mountain from time to time and then disappear for long periods. Apart from some species becoming extinct on the mountain (c.f., Brenthis hecate D.& S.) there is also the possibility of small populations existing in isolated, restricted areas. Whatever the causes of the appearance, disappearance and reappearance of certain species, it is surely not scientific to reject observations however unlikely they may seem. Unfortunately Luquet’s text includes many insinuations and pointed remarks concerning the records of several authors. Perhaps an occasional query is necessary, for example for Gegenes pumilio Hfmsg. (page. 330) and Minois diyas Scop, (page 335); I cannot remember where on Mont Ventoux I captured these species, because at the time of capture I did not record exact sites on the mountain. The same applies to some other species, but I definitely captured them on Mont Ventoux. They were certainly not at high altitude, as reported by Luquet, but at low altitude. To say that because Luquet and friends have never seen an example it could not exist there, is to my mind rather arrogant and non-scientific. It should be obvious from the numerous examples of species listed by myself, which were never previously recorded on Mont Ventoux, that my investigations were extensive and all records were actual captures and witnessed by others. Two of these lepidopterists are illustrated in the accompanying photograph (Plate N) which was taken on Mont Ventoux. Hopefully, I will soon once again be spending a lot of time on Fabre’s Mountain during my retirement, and several of the queries will be confirmed. There have been many highlights in my collecting experiences in this area. One of them which comes to mind occurred when driving with my family in the village of St.Pierre de Vassols in June 1984. We unfortunately struck a Gonepteryx cleopatra which was flying across the road. I stopped the car briefly in order to retrieve the specimen, to find that it was a fine example of a gvnandromorph, which now has pride of place in my collection. It is predominantly female with partial male characters on both forewings. This was the second example of a gynandromorph of G. cleopatra which I know of from Provence. The other was taken by Beatrice Agius in Charleval, Bouches du Rhone in 1966 (Agius, 1968. Alexanor 5: 330). Her specimen was bilateral with the right side being entirely male and the left side almost entirely female. Across the left forewing was a narrow streak of male colouration. It was briefly mentioned in Alexanor but unfortunately has since been destroyed by museum beetles. NOTES 283 The accompanying photograph of this specimen, which I took in 1969, may be ot interest. Miss Agius and I collected together in the area around Gigondas in the late 1960s. 1 believe that she also collected P. dolus in the Dentelles de Montmirail. Three other French examples of G. cleopatra gynandromorphs are illustrated in Dujardin (1976. Entomops 40: 259-262). Plate N. Alan Bond and Charles de Worms collecting Erebia scipio near to the summit of Mont Ventoux, August 1975. I have continued to visit Mont Ventoux for short periods, mainly because my eldest daughter returned there to live and raise a family. There have been many changes around the villages particularly those of Bedoin and Flassan, where residential properties have spread into areas below 500m where I used to collect and carry out studies. Luquet also records some changes to the butterfly fauna. It is quite likely that in the future there will be further alterations to the fauna resulting from the changes in global climate. I have, in recent vears, witnessed sub-zero temperatures at and below the summit during July, the normal flight period of E. scipio. These extremely low temperatures may be the cause of the reduction in population of E. scipio recorded by Luquet. It was with some surprise that in late October 2001 I first recorded the Geranium Bronze Cacyreus marshalli Butler in the back garden of my daughter’s house in Mormoiron, and then during the same week at Bedoin in the region of Belezy and also not far along the road to Flassan. Thus, this species can be added to the list for Mont Ventoux, at site 100 Bedoin-Belezy and site 85 Chapelle Becaras de Bedoin. 1 had seen reports of this incomer occurring along the Mediterranean coastal strip, but 284 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 I did not know that it had spread so far inland. Its presence on the Carpentras Plain is not really surprising if one considers the strong focus on horticulture in this area. Both Geranium and Pelargonium are cultivated extensively in the region for commercial purposes. In past years the mayor and town council of Bedoin had refused to sign the necessary documents for Mont Ventoux to become a Regional Natural Park. Of the villages concerned, Bedoin was the only one which had refused to sign, thus preventing any progress of the project. However, a recently elected mayor has eventually “given in” to outside pressures and Fabre’s Mountain is soon to become one of a chain of Regional Natural Parks. The current committee of the “Parc Naturel Regional du Ventoux” consists of the mayor of Sault as president, aided by the mayors of Bedoin, Beaumont du Ventoux, Malaucene, and Villes sur Auzon. What effect this will have on the commercial utilisation of the forests and on winter sports is not known. There is quite a lot of opposition to the project from local people, mainly because of the probable entry charges. Already one has to pay to enter the Luberon Natural Park. Hunters of wild boar, deer, hares, rabbits and wild birds, also those who collect wild fungi, are particularly enraged by the decision, but apparently they will be able to continue these activities. It is unlikely that the entomological fauna will be affected by such a change and it may possibly be beneficial in preventing any further development. Only time will tell.- Leonard McLeod, 22 Maris Green, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB2 5EE. Queen of Spain Fritillary Issoria lathonia (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Staffordshire During the afternoon of 30 August 2003 I noticed a butterfly land on the outside of my lounge window, here at my home address, at around 3.30pm. Looking rather more closely I was astonished to observe the distinctive under-wing “mirror” pattern of a Queen of Spain Fritillary butterfly. I immediately went out to the garden and was able to obtain sufficient views to confirm that it was in fact this species. According to David Emley, the Staffordshire Recorder for Butterflies and Moths, there have not, as yet, been any other reports of this species in Staffordshire during the year 2003. Of course, this could be a released or escaped example, since this species is sometimes popular with amateur butterfly breeders. However, the weather during July and August 2003 has been exceptionally fine and hot, and immigrant activity has been high in both months, albeit in the main affecting the southern half of the country. Clearly, this observation is worthy of placing on record and it will be interesting to see if any other sightings are reported.- Jan Koryszko, 3 Dudley Place, Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST3 7AY. NOTES 285 Peyerimhoffina gracilis (Schneider) (Neur.: Chrysopidae) in Hampshire and Surrey Peyerimhoffina gracilis is a green lacewing with a circum-Mediterranean and eastern European distribution, but was reported as well established at Silwood Park, near Ascot, Berkshire from collections made 1999-2001 (Donato et al., 2001. Peyerimhoffina gracilis (Schneider, 1851) (Neur.: Chrysopidae): a green lacewing new to Britain. Ent. Rec. 113: 131-135). A total of 39 specimens had been collected during 1999 in water-traps releasing aphid sex-pheromone compounds, and trapping in 2000 and 2001 produced further specimens, although it was not recorded from Malaise traps in the area then (or in earlier studies). This year two specimens have been recorded from Farnborough, Hampshire. On 12 January 2003, JAM found a hibernating female inside a hollow metal pole (part of a squirrel-proof peanut holder), the specimen was clearly smaller than the usual Chrysoperla species and a bluish-green colour, whereas hibernating green lacewings usually assume a pinkish or buff tinge. Steve Brooks identified the specimen as Peyerimhoffina gracilis. Although no specimens of this species were seen during the summer, a male of the same distinctive appearance came to a lighted window on the evening of 20 September 2003, and the identification was confirmed by Steve Brooks. One, or more likely two, examples were also taken in a moth trap run by GAC at South Croydon, Surrey. The night of the 4 August 2003 was remarkable for the number of green lacewings attracted to a mercury-vapour trap. This first became apparent during the night when an examination of the trap revealed several dozen lacewings sitting on the transparent cone. When going through the trap the following morning one of the lacewings on the funnel was immediately and obviously different from the others, but was carelessly lost. Fortunately, a second example was found inside the trap and proved to be P. gracilis. Tike the Farnborough specimen it was slightly smaller than most other chrysopids and, with its darker than usual body and faintly patterned wings resembled a chrysopid that had been scorched by the bulb. In addition to the P. gracilis, approximately 200 specimens of other chrysopids were present. The following night this had increased to nearer 500 examples, comprising mainly Chrysoperla earned agg, with smaller numbers of Ninetci vittata, N. flava, Dichochrysa ventralis, D. prasina, D. flavifrons, and Cunctochrysa albolineata, but with no further examples of P. gracilis. The species is clearly resident, or at least temporarily resident at Silwood Park, and the Farnborough records also suggest residency. The sudden appearance of large numbers of chrysopid in South Croydon might suggest a mass immigration, although the phenomenon was not observed by fellow lepidopterists running traps in other parts of Surrey. No further specimens were observed either before or after, despite regular trapping, nor were any reported by moth trappers who had been advised to keep an eye out for it. The photograph in Donato el al. (op. cit.) should assist identification. The green stigma of the forewing and milky-white membrane towards the wing base immediately distinguish it from other British chrysopids, as does the 286 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 darkish-green abdomen with a pale lateral stripe. Further specimens are likely to be discovered by lepidopterists who have the foresight to realise that there are insects other than moths. Peyerimhoffina gracilis is apparently typically associated with pine forests with fir Abies spp., spruce Picea abies, Scots pine Pinas sylvestris and also holly Ilex aquifolium ; at Silwood, specimens were collected in sheltered but open areas close to mature deciduous woodland of mainly oak Quercus robur , but including hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, field maple Acer campestre and spindle Euonymus europaeus as well as Scots pine and Cupressocyparis leylandii. The Farnborough site comprises largish gardens and many trees: western red cedar Thuja plicata, Lawson’s cypress Chamaecyperis lawsonianci and holly, with laurel Prunus laurocerasus, privet Ligustrum vulgare , rowan Sorbus aucuparia, walnut Juglans regia and yew Tax us baccata with oak Quercus spp. in adjacent gardens. There are also Japanese maples Acer palmatum imported from Italy - a possible importation area for P. gracilis. The South Croydon site is similarly suburban, consisting of fairly large gardens containing more traditional conifers such as Scots pine and Lawson’s cypress as well as oaks, ash Fraxinus excelsior, and sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus. Within a few hundred metres of the garden is a row of limes Tilia corclata x platyphyllos and a mature wood with a range of deciduous and coniferous trees. A suburban evergreen and deciduous tree mixture is clearly acceptable to P. gracilis, and perhaps this pretty and distinctively coloured little lacewing is on the way to becoming widely established in the south-east.- Judith A. Marshall, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD and Graham A. Collins, 15 Hurst Way, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 7AR Rivula sericealis (Scop.) (Lep.: Noctuidae): Apparent substantial third generation in north-west Kent It seems that until quite recently it was not recognised that Rivula sericealis was bivoltine in parts of southern England, textbooks echoing Barrett, 1900 (The Lepidoptera of the British Islands), “from the end of June till August”. My garden m.v. light records since 1969 at Dartford firmly indicate that the moth here is bivoltine, the two broods of moth being readily recognized by a substantial gap of three to four weeks every year except 1988 and 1989, years of abundance of sericealis here with more than one hundred specimens being noted at the trap in each year. However, in 1988, there was a gap of five days from 31 July to 4 August, with records from 14 June to 10 September, to be followed by two probable third generation specimens on 26 September and 4 October. In 1989, records were from 24 May until 24 August, with the largest break occurring for the four days from 30 July until 2 August. During 2003, the weather in north-west Kent from the second half of May until about 20 September was generally warm and sunny by day and warm by night. Rivula sericealis first appeared at my garden light on 30 May continuing until 27 June. The light was operated virtually every night from before mid-May until late NOTES 287 September. In June, R. sericealis was recorded every night except the 22nd, 24th and 26th. After 27 June, the next example was recorded on 18 July and, with a slight faltering at the start and end of the sequence, appeared nightly until 24 August. Then, after a gap of 25 days, on 17 September a further specimen was noted, followed by others on the next four nights and 26 September producing a total of 14 moths, a figure that may not accurately reflect the true strength of this probable third brood. After 11 September, only one m.v. light was operated, instead of two, while 19 September initiated a long period of cold, clear nights on which species numbers fell from 20 by 25% to 40% with a corresponding fall in numbers of individuals. Also, after 11 September, the light was operated only from 17 to 21 September inclusive, 26 and 30 September, 1 October and then 8 October to the end of that month. The year 2003, like 1988 and 1989, was a year of comparative abundance for R. sericealis , while over the 34 years since 1969 this species has, in general, been erratic in appearance; 2003 is the fifth year in succession with recordings being well above average. Probable third generation moths have occurred as singletons well after the second brood appeared to have ended, previous appearance in that year. These are listed below together with their last Date in year Year last preceding record in that year 10 October 1971 29 August 13 September 1984 21 August 12 September 1987 23 August 26 September 1988 10 September* 4 October 1988 26 September* 10 October 1997 27 August 1 1 October 2001 27 August 1 October * = same year 2002 29 August A number of moths appear to produce occasional specimens to be recorded long after the second broad seems over. Examples includes Ectropis bistortata , (Goeze), Selenia dentaria (Fabr.) and Idaea seriata Schrank. In 2003., R. sericealis may have improved on this at Dartford.- B. K. West, 36 Briar Road. Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN. Two new butterfly records from the Greek island of Corfu in May 2003 During our stay on Corfu from 25 to 31 May 2003, we recorded 51 species of butterfly. Based on the checklist in Parker (1996, Bull. Amat. Ent. Soc. 55: 175-183, 254-255), in which he listed the 78 species recorded from Corfu, it would appear that two of our species are new for the island. The first of these was Satyrium acaciae (Fabr.), of which we found two fresh males - one at Episkepsi at 275 metres above 288 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 115 25.xi.2003 sea level on 26 May and another at Lafki, at 400 metres on 28 May. These were both taken flying among many S. ilicis (Esper) and the fact that two were acaciae was not realised until they were set on returning home. The second species Cyanaris semiargus Rott., of which a single worn female was taken 480 metres above sea level at Santa on 27 May. These localities are in the Pantokrator Massif, where another 49 species were also recorded - D. Hall, 5 Curborough Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS13 TNG, P. J. C. Russell, Oakmeadow, Wessex Avenue, East Wittering, West Sussex PO20 8NP and R. Mandziejewicz, 12 Charlemont Road, Walsall, West Midlands WS5 3NG. Vanessids in 2003 What a season it has been for Vanessids. I do not recall anything like it since the end of the 2nd World War, when I began observing butterflies. Five vanessid species have been regular visitors to my garden over the summer and four of them were in large numbers, namely Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta, Painted Lady V cardui, Peacock Inachis io and Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae. Only the Comma Polygonia c-album occurred in low numbers, one or two each day. Previous worries about the population decline of the Small Tortoiseshell have been “knocked on the head”. There have been thousands of adult butterflies and uncountable numbers of larvae of this species throughout Cambridgeshire. The Painted Lady was possibly the commonest butterfly of the year. They were everywhere. On most sunny days one could find approximately 20 in my small back garden and about 10 in my front garden. Apart from feeding on Buddleia flowers, they were often sunning themselves on the concrete paths. The large Buddleia bushes growing in the sidings of Cambridge Railway Station were shimmering with thousands of butterflies, mainly Painted Ladies, as were bushes in the centre of the city. The season was made memorable for me by the capture, on 14 July, in my front garden of a fine example of V. cardui ab. rogeri Meilhan. The weather had been excessively hot and one must assume that this individual had been positioned as a chrysalis in direct sunlight, thus causing it to overheat. It will be interesting to learn if other unusual forms have been taken by readers during this exceptionally hot summer- L. McLeod, 22 Maris Green, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB2 5EE. Crambus silvella (Hb.) (Lep. Pyralidae) new to Devon During a visit by the Devon Moth Group to Offwell Woodland and Wildlife Trust site on 5 August 2003, a single example of the pyralid moth Crambus silvella came to the light-trap that was being operated by Brian Bewsher. The following day he brought the moth to me and it was soon identified it as C. silvella after pinning and spreading the wings. Bernard Skinner, who was visiting me at the time, verified mv identification. NOTES 289 Several subsequent visits both to the Offwell Woodland and Wildlife Trust site and to other likely sites around the immediate area proved negative for this species. This appears to be the first time the species has been seen in Devon - Roy McCormick, 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon. Dorytomus salicinus (Gyllenhal) (Col.:Curculionidae) in Dorset On 30 May 1990, I tapped a teneral example of a small Dorytomus species from a mature sallow bush at the base of the land-slipped cliffs at Great Ebb, Eype’s Mouth, Dorset (O. S. grid reference SY 4491). Subsequent examination indicated that the beetle was either D. salicinus (Gyll.) or D. salicis Walton. Distributional data made me suspect that it was probably salicis as salicinus is only securely known from central and northern England and Scotland. As I did not have access to any salicinus for comparison, I sent the specimen to Dr. M. G. Morris who kindly identified the beetle as that species. This record extends the known range of salicinus considerably and makes the unconfirmed record for North Wilts cited in Morris (Morris, M. G., 2002. True Weevils (Part 1). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 5, part 17b. Royal Entomological Society/Field Studies Council) appear more credible. 1 thank Dr. Morris for naming the beetle for me- David R. Nash, 3 Church Lane, Brantham, Suffolk COll 1PU. Crambus uliginosellus Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae), a further larval foodplant and correction of an earlier misidentification In late May and early June 1999, and in late May 2000, at Colaton Raleigh Common, Devon (VC 3) I found larvae of Crambus uliginosellus in silken tubes amongst Sphagnum capillifolium and Campylium stellatum var. stellatum , feeding on an unidentified grass and two species of sedge, one of which I determined as Care) c flacca (Heckford, 1999. Entomologist’s Gaz ■ 50: 223-237; Heckford, 2000. Entomologist’s Gaz. 51: 80-81). In captivity all the larvae ate what I had identified as Carex flacca. Prior to this, the larva was unknown in the British Isles. On 23 May 2003, at the same locality, I found several larvae of this species (moths were reared to confirm identification), in silken tubes at the base of Eriophorum angustifolium growing amongst Sphagnum spp. Each plant had only one larva and the mouth of each tube was slightly below the surface of the Sphagnum, the remainder of the tube descending into it. There were signs of feeding at the base of the Eriophorum and in captivity the larvae ate only parts of the stem and lower parts of the leaves of this plant. As a result of revisiting this locality I had an opportunity to reconsider my identification of the sedge as Carex flacca. As a result of closer examination of the 290 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 plants growing where the larvae occurred I have now found that in fact they are the very similar Ccirex panicea - R. J. Heckford, 67 Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth, Devon PL7 4AW. New records of Vanessa cardui (L.) and V. virginiensis (Drury) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from the island of Corvo Corvo consists of one large extinct volcanic crater just over 700m in height and forms part of the Azores archipelago, which is situated almost in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, some 1500 km due west of Lisbon (Portugal). Vanessa cardui is a well-known migrant and has been recorded from many of the islands in the Azores archipelago (Vieira, V., 1997. Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal , 49: 5- 76). However, the sightings of several individuals on 13 and 14 August 2003 between 100 and 400m on the southern slopes of the crater would appear to be the first records for the island of Corvo. Vanessa virginiensis is also a migrant but has in general been reported with far less frequency, due possibly to its resemblance to the former species, but more probably because it is a less frequent visitor to the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean (Leestmans, R., 1975. Linn. Belg., VI (4): 88-96). It was recorded for the first time from the Azores archipelago by Marc Meyer in July 1990 on the slopes of Barossa in the Serra de Agua de Pau, Sao Miguel between 850 and 900m (Meyer, M., 1991. Linn. Belg., XII (3): 99-116). One further record, also from Sao Miguel, was that of a specimen seen by V. Sbordoni in August 1996 in the University garden at Ponta Delgada (Vieira, 1997. op. cit.). It is odd that the only two previous sightings of this species should be from the most easterly island in the archipelago, since their origins were probably from the USA. The sighting of this species on Corvo, which with its near neighbour Flores forms the western group of the Azores archipelago, was at 460m on the south western slope of the crater on 13 August 2003. Although the larval foodplant known to be used by this species on the Canary Islands, Jersey Cudweed Gnaphalium luteoalbum (Hall, D. and P. J. C. Russell, 2000. Ent. Rec., 112: 210) was seen growing in gravel between the cobblestones of the main road leading out of Vila Nova up to the crater, the plants were very small and trampled and it would seem very unlikely that this individual was of resident stock. However, the weather for at least the previous four days had been characterised by strong NW winds, so strong that it delayed landings on Corvo until the 13 August. Although the specimen did not appear markedly worn, it was considered that this individual had probably been carried on the wind from America. The only other species of butterfly recorded during the two day visit to Corvo were: Pieris brassicae azorensis (Rebel), the endemic subspecies of the Large White confined to the Azores, was extremely common, with both ova and larvae on cabbages growing in the Vila Nova residents’ gardens, and seen up to 600m around the crater rim. Vanessa atalanta (L.), two individuals were seen on 14 August, NOTES 291 nectaring in gardens in Vila Nova. Hipparchia occidentalis minima (De Sousa), the subspecies of the Western Azores Grayling endemic to Corvo, was abundant on part of the south western slope of the crater at 450-480m but sparse on the eastern side of the crater rim, where in 1999 1 had found it to be quite common. This could be the result of “improvement” to the impoverished native grassland by grazing cattle, of which there are many around the slopes of the crater; there certainly appeared to be less fine leaved grasses, such as Festuca jubata (the-larval foodplant) and more of the coarser varieties.- P. J. C. Russell, Oakmeadow, Wessex Avenue, East Wittering, West Sussex PO20 8NP Crescent Dart Agrotis trux lunigera Stephens (Lep.: Noctuidae): well established on Galloway coast, south west Scotland Light trapping on the coasts of Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire between 1999 and 2003 has shown that the Crescent Dart is widely distributed and sometimes abundant. Indeed, the moth was present at the majority of rocky coastal sites where trapping was attempted during the July-August flight period: In Wigtownshire we have found it as follows: Float Bay, O. S. grid reference NX 061472, one on 16 July 1999; Mull of Galloway, 75 on 17 July 1999; Burrow Head, NX 445343, one on 23 July 1999; Barsalloch Point, NX 346412, 7 on 24 July 1999; Monreith, NX 372393, six on 24 July 1999; Dunskey Castle, NX 005533, three on 27 July 1999, four on 21 July 2000 and Port Kale, Portpatrick, NW 991553, one on 1 1 July 2003. In Kirkcudbrightshire we have found it at Torrs Heughs, Sandyhills, NX 886543, one on 30 July 1999; Meikle Ross, NX 653434, six on 3 August 2002. According to Heath and Emmet (1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 9: 142-143) the Crescent Dart has a westerly distribution, being chiefly confined to coastal areas of southwest England, Wales and the Isle of Man. No records are shown for Scotland apart from an isolated 10km square (NJ 06) on the Moray coast, north of Forres. The Scottish Insects Record Index at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, contains records only from the Moray coast, dated between 1853 and 1979, and a few additional 19th century records from the south east coast. Now that the Crescent Dart appears to be firmly established on the Galloway coast it is interesting to consider whether it has simply been overlooked in the past or whether or not it might be a case of recent northward expansion. The earliest comprehensive moth records for the area are by R. S. and J. G. M. Gordon but they make no mention of Crescent Dart (R. S. Gordon. 1913. A List of the Macro- Lepidoptera of Wigtownshire. Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian and Society, 1912- 1 3, pp. 168-188; J.G.M. Gordon. 1919. The Lepidoptera of Wigtownshire, Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 1918-19, pp. 156-167). It would be surprising if the Gordons and their correspondents overlooked the 292 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 presence of this species because it readily comes to sugar and light, as well as being attracted to nectar sources such as the flower heads of ragwort. Unfortunately, the absence of any regular monitoring on the Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire coasts means that it is impossible to say when northward expansion occurred. It could have happened at any time during the 20th century and cannot therefore be linked to any recent climatic changes. However, if the moth is looked for further northwards, for example along the coast of Ayrshire, on Ailsa Craig, Arran and the Mull of Kintyre, it may be possible to track its range expansion, if it is happening. With thanks to Keith Bland for details from the Scottish Insects Record Index and for comments on an earlier draft of this short note.- Richard and Barbara Mearns, Connansknowe, Kirkton, Dumfries DG1 1SX. Mythimna cilbipuncta D. & S. (Lep.; Noctuidae); an unusual migrant to north- west Kent, and a comment on Cryphia algae Fabr. There appear to be no more than three records of Mythimna albipuncta in north-west Kent in more than a century and a half. Chalmers-Hunt (1964. Butterflies and Moths of Kent), notes only three examples, for West Wickham in 1875, at Finden in 1959 and at Lee in 1969, and I can find no reference to more recent specimens. Records for the rest of the London Area (Plant, 1993. Larger Moths of the London Area ) are similarly meagre. On 12 August 2003, what I thought might be M. albipuncta was attracted to my garden m.v. light but M. ferrago (Fabr.). had been noted only two nights previously; Bernard Skinner kindly confirmed the identity as albipuncta , two more of which arrived on 13 August and another on 22 August. These occurred during a spell of considerable migratory activity, and on 11 August a male and female Agrius convolvuli L. were seen in my garden, one flying at dusk in my lean-to greenhouse and the other at rest on the door. Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and Autographa gamma (L.) appeared in ones or twos nightly. However, the two Cryphia algae Pab., noted on 28 July and 10 August were probably local residents - this being the fourth consecutive year the species has been noted in my garden in a locality far removed and isolated from the coastal and near coastal locations where algae has been observed.- B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent. DA5 2HN. Editorial Comment: It may be of relevance to the comments contained in the last paragraph of Brian West’s note, above, that the Tree Lichen Beauty Cryphia algae was also noted during 2003 at Regent’s Park in central London (Middlesex) by Tim Freed, with examples on 8 July (one), 20 July (one) and on 12 August (two). Mr Freed comments in his telephone message to me that the first example appeared before the main wave of immigrants to Britain this year and he wonders if the species is breeding in Regent’s Park. This journal would welcome notes for NOTES 293 publication and incidental comments on this species in Britain and in Europe at the editorial address given inside the front cover. Playing possum as an alternative to mate-refusal posture in Pararge aegeria (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) Playing possum is a behaviour previously recognised among nymphalids (e.g., Inachis io L.) and pierids (e.g., Gonepteryx rhamni L.) as a predator escape mechanism (Dennis, R. L. H. 1984 Entomologist’s Gazette 35: 6-7; 1998 Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 110: 115-116). This behaviour can be extended to Pararge aegeria but in response to a prolonged attempted courtship. The behaviour was recorded during observations along a transect on Alderley Edge (Cheshire) during September 17, 2003 13.40pm. The female lay flat on a nettle leaf, inert, as if completely dead. The male harassed it for a minimum of two sessions - lasting two and three minutes - separated by a short basking period 10cm away, the initial contact and attempted courtship having been missed. This involved much wing flapping and shaking and running about over the female and nettle leaves. During the second period, the female fell off the leaf landed on another low down in shade of the plant, in the process hanging briefly from a third by a single tarsal claw, all the time apparently limp and dead. Even so, the male followed it to this lower level and continued to molest it. Eventually, the male broke off and moved 25cm away to bask. On inspecting the female to determine its condition, it burst into flight and moved away strongly through the shade of the wood. Dr Tim Shreeve informs me that he has described this behaviour - commonly observed by him during his research on the behaviour and ecology of the speckled wood - in his thesis (Shreeve, T.G. 1985 The population biology of the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.) Satyrinae. Ph.D. Thesis (CNAA), Oxford Polytechnic), that it is part of normal female mate refusal behaviour in this species if harassed by a male. He has also observed it in all three Pararge species (P. xiphia (Fabricius), P. xiphioides (Staudinger)), as well as in other Satyrines including Lasiommata megera (L.), L. maera (L.), L. petropolitana (Fabricius), Lopinga achine (Scopoli) and even Maniola jurtina (L.).- R. L. H. Dennis, 4 Fairfax Drive, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 6EY. An unusually late date for a Garden Tiger Arctia caja L. (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Devon On 25 October 2003, Brian Bewsher found a fresh specimen of a Garden Tiger moth outside his trap at Hennock, near Bovey Tracey, Devon. We can only assume that this was a second brood specimen or a migrant - Roy McCormick, 36 Paradise Road, Teignmouth, Devon. 294 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 115 25. xi. 2003 Buff Arches Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufn.) (Lep.: Thyatiridae) in Dumfries and Galloway The Buff Arches was rediscovered in Dumfries and Galloway on 9 July 1999 after an interval of sixty-four years. Three were trapped at light at Kirkdale Bank (O. S. grid reference NX 514529), near Gatehouse of Fleet, Kirkcudbrightshire, by members of the Dumfries and Galloway Group of Entomological Recorders (Grey Daggers); the same or different individuals were seen on nearby wine ropes. On the same night another Buff Arches was trapped at light 1.3 kilometres to the east at Ravenshall, NX 523523. Both sites are on the coast with much low bramble and it may be significant that these sites are directly north of the Isle of Man where Buff Arches is known to be present. Despite frequent light trapping at similar sites along the Galloway coast these remain the only recent records. The only 20th century records for this species in Dumfries and Galloway are a series collected by the late Sir Arthur Duncan in July 1935, some 30 miles inland at Gilchristland, near Closeburn, Dumfriesshire (D. Cunningham. 1951. Butterflies and Moths of the Solway Area. Further additions and notes. Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 1949-50 , pp. 150-156, see p. 153). It is very scarce elsewhere in Scotland with most of the records based on singletons that are probably vagrants. With thanks to Keith Bland and Peter Norman for examining the databases for previous records of Buff Arches in Scotland.- Richard and Barbara Mearns, Connansknowe, Kirkton, Dumfries DG1 1SX. BOOK REVIEWS [Worth West WaCes [Moth (Report | 2001 CjogCecfd OrCCewin Cymru North west Wales moth report 2001 (Adroddiad Gwyfynod Gogledd Orllewin Cymru) compiled by John Harold. 114 pp., A4 - comb bound. No ISBN. Privately distributed by the compiler, from Hen Ardd, Carreg yGarth, Rhiwlas, Bangor LL57 4HD. Price not stated. As a whole, the north-west of Wales is a relatively poorly recorded area and so this latest in a series of regional moth reports is a welcome addition to the list. It has been produced as a result of financial support from the European Union, Gwynedd Council, the British Entomological and Natural History Society, Snowdonia National Park, Conwy County Bough Council and Biota/Bioquip. The area covered includes all of Merionethshire (VC 48) Caernarvonshire (VC 49) and Anglesey (VC 52). There are no maps - this is an annual summary. Sadly, only 39 recorders are acknowledged ... surely NOTES 295 more than that many of us went to Wales that year? Did we leave the traps at home? The compiler will, 1 am sure, look forward to all presently un-submitted records from the three vice-counties. It is hoped that a report on 2002 will be ready by early 2004 so that, thereafter, reports can be produced the year after that to which they relate. Butterflies of Cyprus by Christodoulos Makris. Translated by Roger White; distribution maps and editing by Eddie John. 332 pp., hardbound, 242 x 291 mm., ISBN 9963-42-815-0 (softbound version also available, ISBN 9963-42-817-7). Bank of Cyprus cultural Foundation, 2003. Harbound £29.50 (€42.85); softbound £25.80 (€37.72). Available in the UK from NHBS Mail Order Bookstore, 2-3 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Given the number and lavish quality of the photographic plates in this work one could almost be forgiven for regarding it, at least on first glance, as a coffee-table publication. Elowever, there is also a scientific content - and one that is of equally high quality. The one occasion when I visited Cyprus myself was so early in the year (March) that I saw only one butterfly species, but those other invertebrates that I did encounter awakened me to the reality of the hugely important contribution that the island of Cyprus makes to biodiversity, supporting species characteristic of Europe, others more typical of the Middle East and, in addition, a host of endemic taxa. The butterfly fauna in particular is strikingly large and important, given the relatively small size of the island (it is only 226 kilometres long and 97 kilometres wide at its widest point). Within its 9,251 square kilometres are to be found 53 taxa, of which nine are endemic. Cyprus is a popular holiday venue and so it is pleasing to see that this book is aimed at a slightly wider audience than the seasoned butterfly enthusiast. Introductory material includes sections of text (all fully illustrated in colour) concerning geology, morphology, climate, flora and vegetation types. There is then a section which introduces butterflies as a group, explaining their position in the animal kingdom before embarking upon a full-colour photographic tour of . butterfly life-cycles - a bit like the obligatory chapter in British butterfly books except that this is done thoroughly, with the layman in mind and illustrated with photographs of different kinds of eggs, caterpillars chrysalides and adults - all from living material. There are further heavily illustrated chapters on butterfly external morphology, variation, behaviour, enemies and defence tactics. Not until page 79 do we come to the treatment of individual species. Most species are dealt with over four pages of the book, some occupying rather more. There are colour photos of living adults and, in most cases, of larvae and pupae. A distribution map of the species on Cyprus accompanies a bar indicating the time of year when adults are on the wing. Text covers 296 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 15 25.xi.2003 Identification, Range, Phenology, Larval host-plant and Geographical distribution and habitat. After the treatment of the individual species, a concluding chapter discusses the fauna as a whole. Amazingly after this bonanza of colour plates, we now encounter something called “Section B: Plates”. This is in fact a series of superbly reproduced colour plates of set specimens, depicting upper and under surfaces of males and females, covering each brood where there is more than one. This latter section forms, in itself, an identification guide to Cyprus butterflies. I have no idea how many colour pictures there actually are - but suffice to say that it would truly be faster to count the pages that do not have any. Any entomologist visiting Cyprus will surely want this book; it is essential reading. At the incredibly low price (British publishers please take note), it surely becomes worth buying this book just on the off chance that perhaps, one day, maybe, one might go there! Revision del genero Phylan Stephens, 1857 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Dendarini) by A. Vinolas and M. C. Cartagena. Number 1 in the series Entomological monographs of Argania Editio, ISSN 1696-100X. 94pp., paperback, 170 x 240 mm. Published by Argania Editio, Balmes 63, Pral. 3, 08007 Barcelona, Spain at €36 plus postage (£24.75 at 1 1 November 2003 exchange rate). This important monograph presents a complete revision of the tenebrionid genus Phylan which is divided in eight subgenera and contains 63 western Mediterranean species or subspecies (Maghreb, Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy and Great Britain) and a unique Atlantic species. Only one species Phylan gibbus (Fabricius) is present in the British Isles. Identification keys are presented for of all the taxa, synonymies are given and there are also species descriptions. Geographical distribution is illustrated rather innovatively by lines drawn around black and white (satellite?) photographs of the countries affected. Though the lines are necessarily vague, the detail on the map allows for useful interpretation. All species affecting the western part of Europe are included and are illustrated by black and white photographs of 57 (four per page). There is also a bibliography in which 56 literature references are included. Gntomological PHonographs of 0rgania editio Revision del genero Phylan Stephens. 1857 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Dendarini) A. Vinolas & M. C. Cartagena TT CORRIGENDA The following correction to volume 115 has been communicated to the editor: Page 16: In the Note concerning “An unlikely Sutherland crambid” the grid references NO 2622 and NO 2621, given on line 2, should read NC 2622 and NC 2621 . Continued from bock cover Subscriber Notice England Supplement to the Guidelines for the Selection of SSSIs: Invertebrates 272 Book Reviews North west Wales moth report 2001 (Adrododdiad Gwyfynod Gogledd Orllewin Cymru) compiled by John Harold 294-295 Butterflies of Cyprus by Christodoulos Makris 295-296 Revision del genero Phylan Stephens, 1857 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Dendarini) by A. Vinolas and M. C. Cartagena 296 Correction to volume 1 55 Corrigenda 296 Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine Caters for articles on all orders of insects and terrestrial arthropods from any part of the world, specialising in groups other than lepidoptera. Annual subscription £36 Entomologist’s Gazette An illustrated quarterly, devoted to Palaearctic entomology, with a bias towards lepidoptera. Annual subscription £32 Butterflies on British and Irish Offshore Islands by R. L. H. Dennis and T. G. Shreeve. A synthesis of butterfly records for 219 of Britain’s and Ireland’s offshore islands. 144pp, softback. £16 + p&p £1 The Moths and Butterflies of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly by F. H. N. Smith. Systematic list of localities, dates and provenance for over 1500 species. 480pp including 152 colour illustrations, hardback £44 + p&p £3 H P M Volume 1 Sesiidae - Clearwing Moths The first volume of a new series, which covers all 309 species of this family. 592pp with 487 colour illustrations, hardback with jacket. Price £120 + p&p £5 NEW Stratford-upon-Avon - A FLORA AND FAUNA A book demonstrating the amazing richness of species thriving in a small town. Over 3400 species listed with distribution notes and frequency. Price £13 + p&p £1.50 Payments by cheque or Giro Transfer to account no. 467 6912. Visa or MasterCard. GEM PUBLISHING COMPANY Brightwood, Brightwell, Wallingford, Oxon 0X10 OQD E-mail: info@gempublishing.co.uk Website: www.gempublishing.co.uk THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION http://www.entrecord.com Microlepidoptera Review of 2002 Papers 249-272 Notes The generic names of the British Elateridae (Coleoptera) explained. A. A. Allen ...... Hazards of butterfly collecting. Butterflies and noodle soup - Bangkok, Thailand, August 2002. Torben B. Larsen ' “ Northern Rustic Standfussiana lucernea (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Dumfries and Galloway, south-west Scotland. Richard and Barbara Mearns Parasitoid wasp Hyposoter dolosus (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) reared from post-hibernation larva of Garden Tiger moth Arctia caja (L.) (Lep.. Arctiidae). Paul Waring 978.284 Reminiscences of Mont Ventoux. L. McLeod ] Queen of Spain Fritillary Issoria lathonia (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Staffordshire. J. Koryszko Peyerimhojfina gracilis (Schneider) (Neur.: Chrysopidae) in Hampshire and Surrey. J. A. Marshall and G. A. Collins Rivula sericealis (Scop.) (Lep.: Noctuidae): Apparent substantial third generation in north-west Kent. B. K. West “ 1 Two new butterfly records from the Greek island of Corfu in May 2003. D. Hall. P. J. C. ^ Vanessids in 2003. L. McLeod “ Crambus sUvella (Hb.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to Devon. R. McCormick ~ Dorytomus salicinus (Gyllenhal) (Col.: Curcilionidae) in Dorset. D. R. Nash 289 Crambus uliginosellus Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae), a further larval foodplant and correction of an earlier misidentification. R. J. Heckford -89--90 New records of Vanessa cardui (L.) and V. virginiensis (Drury) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from the island of Corvo. P J. C. Russell 290- ~9 Crescent Dart Agrotis trux lunigera Stephens (Lep.: Noctuidae): well established on ^ ^ ^ Galloway coast, south west Scotland. Richard and Barbara Mearns 291-292 Mythimna albipuncta D.&S. (Lep.: Noctuidae): an unusual migrant to north-west Kent, and a comment on Cryphia algae Fabr. B. K. West - Playinc possum as an alternative to mate-refusal posture in Pararge aegetia (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae). R. L. H. Dennis An unusually late date for a Garden Tiger Arctia caja L. (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Devon. ^ R. McCormick Buff Arches Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufn.) (Lep.: Thyatiridae) in Dumfries and ^ Galloway. Richard and Barbara Mearns Continued on inside back cover Printed in England by Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill. Brentwood. Essex CM 14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610 Entomologist’s Record Journal of Variation Edited by C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. CONTENTS Vol. 116 ISSN (1013-8916 3 2044 1