'J? \-2fex ^^^ .^.' l\ THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.k.s., i.h.s.ic. M. BURH, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., f.z.s., f.s.h. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J.K.DONISTHORPF. f.z.s. f.S.8. VOL. XVII. JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1905. ^0G35 PRICE 10s. 6d. Special Index (with every refereuce) Is. 6d. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK. 62, Paternoster Row, EC BERLIN ; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN. 11, Carlstrasse. N.W. NEW YORK: Ph. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenue. New York, U.S. A PREFACE. I On the completion of Volume XVII, we have again to thank our large circle of subscribers and contributors for their kind and generous help. We have always been more than provided with interesting and useful material for publication, and our illustrations have increased beyond those of any previous year. For help in this latter direction we are particularly indebted to the generosity of Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. M. Burr and W. G. Sheldon. For their editorial duties in connection with the section relating to " Coleoptera " we thank most heartily Mr. Donisthorpe and Professor T, Hudson Beare. As this branch is placed entirely in their hands, the success of it is entirely due to them. Amongst others whose help is specially to be mentioned are the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, who has compiled our General Index, and Messrs. M. Burr, H. J. Turner, and Professor T. H. Beare, who have practically completed the " Special Index," which should appear with the January number. It has long been a matter of doubt whether or not we should publish the Reports of Societies. Our reasons for excluding them Avere twofold : (1) The small scientific value of many of the records, thus occupying room that can ill be spared. (2) The uselessness of repeating what is already printed elsewhere (sometimes five or six times over). The reasons for including them are less clear. We are informed that many lepidopterists only see the Ent. Record of the entomological magazines (which is unfortunate and, in our opinion, to be regretted), and yet wish to know Avhat is going on at the societies ; also that exhibitors like to see their exhibits noted in the magazine. These may be cogent reasons for including reports that oust original scientific observations and articles, but we confess to a doubt in the matter. At any rate, as these are evidently the views of a section of those who were amongst the earliest and are still the most strenuous supporters of the magazine, we have been constrained to go back on our practice of the last eight years. Our friend the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has promised to make the most he can of the reports, which should be sent direct to him. There has recently been quite a large increase in the quantity of notes on British insects submitted for publication, which have tempo- rarily ousted longer faunal papers on extra-British species. These latter of course will be printed in turn, but, if this continues, writers of long papers will have to resort to judicious condensation to give their papers a chance against the numerous short notes of more general interest to British collectors. We suspect, however, that the matter is quite temporary, and simply state the fact in apology to those whose articles have not yet been printed, but which will be put in hand at the first opportunity. There seems to be no need to propose any alteration in the style or arrangement of the magazine, although- we are always glad to receive hints that may tend to make it more successful, and will give fair consideration thereto. IA^-i.€.C•^S Vol. XVII. Plate I. ^loNT (JoLl^oN FltOM THE KuRHAUS, AltOLLA. The Auolla Valley fkom below the Kousette. The Entom, Record, eic, 1905. JOURNAL OF VARIATION Vol. XVII. No. 1. Januaky 15th, 1905. Lepidoptera of the Val d'Herens — Arolla {with photographs). By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Arolla ! To how many readers of this magazine does not the name conjure up one of the loveliest vignettes to be found throughout the length and breadth of the Alps ? The long vista up the Arolla glacier, closed by the delightful snow-clad Mont Collon, the glorious snow-peak, the Pigno d'Arolla, and then the unprounceable Zigiorenove glacier, with its huge moraine sweeping away from the foot of the Pas de Chevres. To the left (looking towards the snow-peaks), the sharp Aiguille de la Za, a long and difKcult ascent, and to the right again La Rousette and the Aiguilles Rouges, the slopes from the foot of which to the hotel make a marvellous collecting-ground, whilst now, right behind, at the foot of the Combe d'Arolla are the Dents de Veisivi, on the slopes of which, Mr. Lloyd informs me, (Eneis aello flies in the greatest abundance. The knoll itself, on which the Kurhaus Hotel is situated, is a delightful flower-garden in the midst of the last and, highest big remnant of the forest of Arolla pines, whose delicate fragrance adds such a charm to this delightful valley. And who can describe the flowers ? Acres upon acres of yellow and orange hieracii, and billowy waves of the pale blue alpine forget-me- nots, with occasional masses of white and yellow alone breaking the continuous sheets of beauty they spread everywhere. A few hundred feet above the hotel, edelweiss is in the greatest abundance, and the comfort of the hotel itself marks Arolla, when reached, an ideal resting-place. I say, when reached, advisedly, for the journey to Arolla is not to be undertaken by cripples without considerable fore- thought, for the Kurhaus Hotel is situated as nearly as possible at 7000 feet elevation, and there is no means of reaching it except by walking, or on mule-back. Arolla is exposed from early morning till late evening to the sun, a fact that, no doubt, goes far towards producing its wealth of vegetation and its abundant insect life. It is, indeed, a place of beauty, an ideal spot for a nature-lover, be he botanist or zoologist. I have paid two visits to Arolla, the first consisted of four or five splendid days in the third week of August, IHDO, whilst the second was a longer stay, from July 29th to August 11th, 1903. The lirst ended in a perfect holocaust. Following on four or five days' hard work, in which Dr. Chapman and I had amassed a splendid lot of specimens by day, and in setting which every spare moment had been utilised January 15th, 1905. THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. in the early morning and late afternoon, an intelligent mule-driver, in spite of repeated warnings that my large collecting-hox and setting-case were insecurely packed, managed to let the setting-case fall down a steep and rocky mule-path, smashing it entirely, and then, to mend matters, carefully put the boards loosely into the box Avith the set insects. Practically every specimen taken at Arolla was mangled into dust, and not until the man had disappeared, and we were anxious, at Evolene, to know how the specimens had travelled, did we learn the hopeless ruin that had befallen our labour. To attempt to describe the condition of my mind on that never-to-be-forgotten midnight ride down to Sion (for a hurried and peremptory return was necessary so far as the doctor Avas concerned) were futile. Thoughts of scraps of the wings of burnets, blues, whites, Erebias, Setinas, fritillaries, broken and bent pins, in huddled confusion under the heel of loose setting-boards, created such demoniacal desires in my heart as I have rarely been possessed of, and till this present the mere mention of that night has been taboo with everyone cognisant of it ; some 1200 perfect alpine lepidoptera, besides several long series of bred and captured insects that were on the boards when we journeyed up, these went down in one fell moment to endless ruin and perdition. That our other box, containing our captures of the preceding fortnight at Evolene and on the Simplon Pass, was left behind at Evolene, and that its contents had not shared in the general ruin was the only redeeming feature of that in some way unsatisfactory summer holiday of 1899. I may add here how remarkably different was the propor- tion of the various species observed in 1899 compared with 1903. In 1899, several species, more or less rare in this late season of 1903, were in the greatest profusion. A magnificent form of Arj/ytuiis jiidhr, A. cujlaia, Erebia f/oante, K. eyryale, K. riorge, Melmiipias epi- jiltron, ddlias pJdcoDwne, Anthrocera exulaiiH, Setina aiirita, were in the utmost profusion. In 1908, without being actually rare, none of these species were common, whilst other species, hardly seen in 1899, were in great numbers, particularly Erebia inncstra, CoenonijiDpha satyrion, Neiiieophila jilantat/iiiis, Miinacficoptilwi ruprodactylits, &c., the first named being particularly abundant, and occurring almost everywhere. It was remarkable that I picked up on this last visit several species that I did not see on the first, e.g., (Eneis a'ello, Parnassim delim, Folyoiii- iiiatm plieretea, Colias palaano, &c. For actual number of specimens, however, there is no doubt 1903 was much inferior to 1899. I suspect the best collecting-ground is the edge of the pinewood in which the Kurhaus Hotel is actually situated, a fine morning spent in idling right round the edge of the pines, from the Kurhaus down to the Hotel du Mont Collon and back again, gives many things, in fact, all the species obtainable, except the really high alpine insects — Knhia ijlavialU, E. (/oi'iie, Polyoui Hiatus pherctes, and one or two others — whilst some are to be taken here that occur nowhere beyond, holding the warm sheltered sides of the wood as their last outposts up the valley, extending neither up the slopes towards the Aiguilles Rouges, nor along the bed of the valley towards the Arolla glacier, whilst, on the other hand, the small mountain stream that rushes down here brings many of the highest alpine plants to this level, and so encourages many species to extend downwards at this point, that are only to be found at a much higher elevation on the more exposed slopes around. The whole of the somewhat flat ground, rather to the right than LEPIDOPtERA OF THE VAL d'hERENS AROLLA. 3 opposite the Hotel du Mont Collon, provides plenty of sport with PaDiassiits (hiiiis, which, however, is not verj- common, whilst among the pines themselves, specimens often wander, and it is remarkable that, with two successive strokes of the net, I captured here P. delins and one of the two examples of P. apollo that I saw. At the corner, near the hotel, too, Ant/iocaris siinplonia occasionally flew up rapidly, and gave one a chance, as it kept to the edge of the trees, but all I netted were exceedingly worn. Picris calUdicf was abundant on all the high knolls around, but, on one dull day, during a few short breaks of sunshine, I captured no fewer than four examples within 100 yards of the Kurhaus itself. It is most abundant, however, on the steep slopes to the left of the AroUa glacier, at a considerable elevation. Cdlias pliiroiiKiiie was everywhere, some in magnificent condition, many, however, worn, but, on the whole, iiiuch smaller than the speci- mens captured at Larche, the only other place where I have ever seen it in absolute profusion on ground where it could be taken, yet, strange to say, in spite of their average small size, I took one female larger than any I have from any other locality. C. lu/ale, represented by two examples in 1H99, and one in 1903, are quite pigmies, and the elevation is evidently too great for the species. ( '. palaeno loves most the slopes towards the Aiguilles Rouges, but is rather rare and often difticult to catch. I took one pair in coj)., and was much disappointed to find that the female, otherwise perfectly fresh and evidently newly-emerged, had the apex of the left forewing gnawed off, as it were, possibly, one supposed, by a lizard. Only one pale-tinted female occurred. The specimens captured, too, are much smaller than those I have from Davos, Guarda, Pontresina, Saeterstoen and Bossekop, and are nearest the size of those from Mont de la Saxe. C. edusa was not observed m the Combe d'Arolla at all. It is marvellous at what a height Picris rapac occurs abundantly, well above 8000ft., and the specimens are of large size, though I only saw one example of P. napi, a worn S , with somewhat dark nervures, but not one of P. brasaicae. I have already stated that certain species appear not to extend their range beyond the corner of the wood at the Hotel du Mont Collon. This was certainly my impression with regard to Chn/adji/nDnts vinianrcai', the $ s of which gave two forms, one very clear and brassy- looking, the other much sull'used and with little coppery-brown in the colour at all. At the same place, C yav.siihaljiiiia was rare; I did not see more than half-a-dozen examples, and these not particularly good ; a single 9 (-'• /n'pjiotlior, Poli/ouniiotns dainon, & single $ Mclitaca jdi(H'h(',& solitary J yoniiadi'sseinianiiis: whilst Poli/ounnatiis corijdDn, P. hi/las, and P. astrairJit' were much more abundant here than elsewhere, although, extending some way up the slopes towards the Aiguilles Rouges, where Ciiin'ilii iiiiniiiia also was not uncommon, a few fresh, but mostly worn. Panifdtila nnintia and St/rir/it/iiis (dreiis, abundant here, seemed to go up all the slopes for at least another 1000ft. ; whilst Pdh/oiiiinatiis nrbititlii.s, somewhat smaller in size than the large Himplon examples, appeared to reach almost as high as the highest ground on which I found myself, at any rate, up to the level of I'lrcbia Icijijiona, K. i/onie, and ?!. fflarialis. On the flat ground, which /'. d('liii>^ haunts, countless thousands of Pltbeins ari/ns {anii/nKiiiniiioii) were to be found, and they were almost equally abundant on the slopes, in suitaijle spots, but Pnlj/diiiinatiis djitilrtr was very much restricted to the neighbourhood of 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. its foodplant, only a few examples, but these in good condition, being captured, at a few hundred feet above the upper hotel. Half-a-dozen specimens of Jlrcnthis fup/irosyiic were taken, and a single example, strangely enough, higher up on the exposed slopes, but all were the worse for wear. ]'anessa io was common here, too, At/lais urticae also ; whilst the nests of the larvje of the latter, were in profusion wherever nettles grew, and often well above 8000 ft. elevation, whilst Erebia (joante and E. eunjale, fairly common in and about the pinewood, were rarely seen elsewhere. Here, too, I captured four or five specimens of a small race of Melitaea dictynna, in exquisite condition, as well as Issoria lathonia, which also reaches a great elevation. ilelcwipias epiphron, rare on the outskirts of the pines, was abundant in one or two places, high up, but Erehia tyndarns and Melaiiipias melaiujms appeared to care neither for time nor place, being found everywhere. I have already said that Erehia ninestra was one of the abundant species of 1903 in this district. I must have overhauled several scores of specimens, and set a good many very fine examples. Although found on the open ground, the males invariably made for the numerous scattered bushes of juniper on the slopes, hovering over, settling on, leaving and returning to, them, again and again. I could not make out what the habit meant, unless, indeed, the females of this species lay their eggs among the grass at the roots of these bushes, where certainly the larvse would find most shelter during the winter in such an exposed habitat, and that the ? s consequently were being sought there by the S s ; such J s as we got, however, were out on the exposed slopes, and, at any rate, I was pleased to take a good series. There appear to be two forms : (1) without apical spots on forewings, very common in were fullfed about 8 THE entomologist's RECORD. September 12th, and the moths emerged about October 20th. A short description of the larva is given. I will now proceed to give descriptions of the larva at two stages of its life : — 1. Taken on Deconber 12th n-hen about half-i/rown. — Head dark brown and shining, smaller than second segment ; whole of the upper- surface olive-green, thickly irrorated Avith paler dots ; spiracular stripe pale yellow ; spiracles yellow and seated in a pinkish blotch ; central surface paler ; legs brownish-green. 2. Description of fallfiroini larvae taken Jannanj 4th. — Length a little over an inch, plump and cylindrical ; head rather shining and smaller than the second segment, dark olive-brown, reticulated with darker spots, with a pale v-shaped mark above, and a small whitish blotch on each side of the mouth ; the larvse vary in colour on the upper surface from olive-green, some being almost black, and in others the olive- green is tinted with red ; the whole of the upper surface delicately reticulated with minute golden-brown atoms, more conspicuous in some than in others ; a very narrow pale dorsal line, almost obsolete in some cases ; on each side of the dorsal line on each segment, a minute white dot ; spiracular stripe distinct, pale yellow above tinged with pink along its lower edge ; spiracles pale yellow with a pinkish blotch below them ; in some varieties there is a rather broad darker stripe above, including the spiracles ; under surface greenish-pink, irrorated with paler dots ; legs greenish-brown ; claspers paler. The larva has a very soft velvety appearance. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. A. Bacot for the following notes and descriptions of the young larva and pupa : — Larva. — First instar: When first hatched they were inclined to feed in small batches of four or five, but some six or seven days later they were all feeding separately, eating out the cuticle (either upper or under, indifterently) of the dock-leaf. Shape : Cylindrical, short and stout, with plump or swollen segments, anus rounded. Head : Small and rounded, very highly polished surface, black with black hairs. Juxli/ : The meso- and metathorax and first four abdominal segments show a subsegmental division dividing the segment into two subsegments, but the remaining segments are full and plump, showing no signs of subdivision. The skin is smooth and shining, of a very pale green, with a coat of minute spicules. The prothoracic plate or scutellum is large and all but black, and one would call it highly polished were it not for the fact that it is put somewhat in the shade by contrast with the excessively polished head. A small and similarly coloured anal plate is present. True legs dark. There is little or no difterence in the development of the prolegs, perhaps the first pair are very slightly smaller than the following ones, but there is practically no loop in crawling, only an undulation. The hairs (setfe) are rather short and stifi', dark-coloured, and slightly clubbed or thickened at the tip, the tubercles — at their bases- — are dark brown and chitinous in character. The dorsal tubercles on meso- and metathorax are i small inner, ii large outer, in transverse line, and on abdominal segments they are of about equal size ( = ii of thoracic), and set as at the corners of a trapezoid. Of the lateral tubercles on meso- and metathorax, iii is in transverse line below ii, iv below lii, v anterior and below iv ; the subprimary below, NOTES ON LAPHYGMA EXIGUA. S and posterior to iv, is present, and well-developed in this skin, as is the case with some Noctuid larvte, and vi, the other subprimary, as a minute hair, is in evidence beneath v. Owing to damage done to the larva in mounting, I can only make out the base of vii, and its exact location cannot be determined, as the leg has been torn off. On the abdominal segments, iii is situated close above the spiracle, iv close beneath, and v still further below on the raised area that forms the lateral flange ; vi below v is well-developed, and a marginal group (vii) consisting of either one or two hairs. [Tubercle vii has two hairs on the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments of adult larva.] The spiracles are distinct with slightly raised black rims. The small tubercular point, slightly above and anterior to spiracle, is very distinct for so small a larva, as also is the marginal one in front of ii. Note. — The tubercles of the adult larva are the same as in the larva in its first skin, and their positions are practically unaltered. [1 sent some of the dead fullgrown larvj^ to Mr. Bacot in spirit. — G. F. M.] Pupa. — Described from a dead and somewhat shrivelled specimen. Length 10-50mm. It is very much shrunken dorso-ventrally ; the greatest thickness is at the metathorax (B-50mm.), where the strong dorsal plates have withstood the forces that have elsewhere caused it to collapse. In shape it was probal^ly tolerably cylindrical, short and full, being relatively long to end of wang-cases at 4th abdominal segment. The abdomen beyond this has suffered greatly from shrink- age, and it is not possible to say with any chance of accuracy what its shape may have been. The head is l)lunt and rounded ; head, eyes, &c., being rather prominent ventrally. Colour bright brown, and surface as a whole smooth and shining. Anus smooth and somewhat blunt, its armature, which possibly may have received some damage, consists of two low conical processes with blunt points, these are situated a short distance apart, and point slightly away from each other. In addition to these, and situated near one of them, is a single slender spine, without hook, taller than the conical process. Probably it had a fellow near the other process, but if so it was broken off. The spiracles are large and distinct, oval, with raised rims. The upper portions of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th abdominal segments are coarsely and deeply pitted, the pits being very deep and rather closely set ; on the anterior abdominal segments this pitting is only faintly marked. There are no traces of setae on the abdominal segments under 1" objective, but there are two or three short and fine hairs on head- piece. Ventral head-pieces are prominent and glazed, eyes large. There are two small centrally situated covers beneath labrum and between the maxilla' representing the labial palpi. The maxilhe are very broad at base, and extend to very near the end of the wing-cases. The antenna-cases are raised, but narrow, and extend about the same distance. The covers of the first pair of legs do not extend more than half way. The second leg-covers to end of wings, and tips of third legs just protruding beyond them. The wing-cases are somewhat darker than the ventral shield and the other parts of the pupa, excepting the anterior margins of the lower abdominal segments. 10 THE entomologist's RECORD. Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe. By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. {Continued from vol. xvi., p. 323). Genus VI : Chrysochraon, Fischer. Characterised by the pointed head, absence of foveola?, xevy slant- ing frons, shining- colour, and long pointed horizontal subgenital plate of the (? ; the elytra are short in the J , lobiform in the 2 , and the wings abortive in both sexes, but examples with fully developed organs of flight occur occasionally. Table of Species. 1. Larger ; pronotum rough ; hinder knees dark ; elytra of ? lobiform, greyish, pointed ; upper valves of ovipositor short, inflated at base, curved 1. dispar, Heyer. 1.1. Smaller; pronotum smooth; hinder knees same colour as femora ; elytra ? lobiform, rosy, rounded ; valves of ovipositor long, straight, compressed . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. brachyptekus, Ocsk. 1. Chrysochraon dispar, Heyer. Grey, shining. Length of body, 18mm. ^ , 25mm. $ ; of prono- tum, 8mm. J , 6mm. ? ; of elytra, 10mm. -15mm. S , 7mm. -9mm. J ; of wings, 3-5mm.-14mm. 3" , 3mm. -16mm. 5 . The 2 is easy to distinguish from the following species, but the , Er., new to the county, but only a single specimen; also Be»ibi(liu)ii scJtiippeli, Dej., Hnmalota insecta, Th., Chilopora loni/itarsi.s, Er., Ancj/rDphonta omalinus, Er., Clcuuhua arinadillo, Dej., and many commoner species. A fine Aiiiara actoiimata, Pk., always rare here, was picked up on a road. Beneath stones, in May, L'l/ehnis rostratiis, L., and I'terostichits lepidus, F., were noteworthy. A cold day on Wan Fell yielded a fair series of Brcuhjcellus collaris, Pk., by working fairly dry moss sheltered by overhanging clumps of ling. * There ought to be no doubt as to this. The eggs of a Noctuid moth ought to be pretty readily distinguishable from the eggs of earwigs. The statement referred to is to be found (inted, vol. xv., p. ]02. — Ed. COLEOPTERA. 17 < 'orifpfiiion awiusticolli', Steph., was found in dry fungi on a path, and by beating furze bloom Philoriniini .wrtliilinn, Steph., and Cruthor- /il/iK'Iiiilins nrsicolor, Bris., were obtained. Beating sallow, from which the catkins were beginning to fall, produced Klli'sr/tits hijninrtatiis, L., in abundance with several Epunpas, kc, of no particular interest, but bushes without catkins were quite unproductive. At Silloth, Hiinialinni hicriiiandiiin, (lyll., new to Cumberland, was lV)und under shore refuse with //. nuiuHitrnnc, Rye, //. riparimn, Th., several species of .-i/corAfj/Y/, P/ii/tusKs halticKs, Kr., P/iilnnt/iiis pnuuniiK, Kr., /^rir/tiiiKs hiiiianilatiis, F., i^c, while Saiin'niis iiiaritiiinis, Steph., was common under carrion, burrowing to some depth in the loose sand. On Cumrew Foil, J>,'liii/iniiii tcrtiiin, Pk., occurred in numbers on the carcase of a sheep, Arprdimn braclti/pU'nnii, Gr., and Hiijirraspix rt'/ipeusis, Hbst., in moss, and Acidota rrenata, F., and ( Hinr/n/nc/in.i iiiannis, GvlL, under stones, as well as many species previously recorded from this prolific hunting-ground. Sweeping, at the end of May and in early June, produced hlnrcphalua roinplicaiia, West., (Ti/iinu'trfDi labilis, Hbst., lUii/iir/iiti's niiniitns, Hbst., and II. aeneoriirns, Marsh., while /('. rupirns, Ij., was beaten from crab-flowers in quite a new locality. Crossfell. in -lune, gave little of interest but Miscodcra airtica, Pk., A>iahns runiit'iin-, Pk., Hi/droporKs niario, l)j., and (>tinrlii/)i(/nis iiiaiirns, Gyll. In the Eden valley, the usual riparian Geodephaga were noticed, the fine blue form of Jh'uibidiini/ imnctidatKiii, Drap., being captured several times. I do not know whether this form is familiar to many coleopterists, but it has not been recorded from Cumberland before. (Tipiintisa rarictiata, Kies., was taken in a muddy place, and Miomilossa pulLa, Gyll., in plenty, in a sandmartin's nest. Sweeping in June was unsatisfactory, but I got Ant/terop/uiipis pollens, Ob., llrarln/tarsHs rariits, V., Apinii iij/llenliali, Kirb., Balaniniin rilliisiiH, ¥., }}. pi/rr/Kircras, Marsh., i^-c. In July, I took nothing- worthy of record. August was better, and additions to the county list were made in L'/dli/drns cuarctattOijGved,, Stoiiis an/as, Gr., Orijum iitatoa, Va:,( 'I'lithdrlii/nclndius ni;iriiu(s, Marsh., and ^'. pi/rr/Kirliiinrhiis, Marsh. On the banks of the Black Lyne, in October, 1 took some fine IJiinbidiitin bni.nllfnKr, Wevm., a^nd (Ti'odroiiiirits ni'irita, ]\Iiill.. and, in various localities, swept Sitoncs sutiircdis, Steph., in some numbers, a species not recorded before from Cumberland, but probably over- looked, as I find I have specimens taken in 1898. — F. H. Day, F.E.S., 27, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. Dcceinbrr loth, 1904. A RAHK QuEDics IN SussEx. — I had the pleasure in April of this year (1904), to take the fourth recorded specimen of (Jia'dins ndirtxorridi'UH, Rey. The specimen was captured about a foot down a large rabbit-burrow in a sand-pit, near the village of TMtchling, Sussex. The species is easily differentiated from its allies by the cold blue-black reflection of the elytra, and the difference in sculpture, ike. The three previous records are: — (1) At Tostock, Suffolk, captured by ^Ir. \V. H. Tuck, ip nest of r,iindnis liortdriim (see F.nt. Mo. Mo;/., 1890, p. TjO). (2) The second specimen was also captured by ^U: Tuck, in Suffolk (see Hnt. M,>. Man., 1^9'^- P- '^^>V' (='^) '^'^e third specimen was captured by Mr. ]>edwell, at Kessingland, near a rabbit-warren (see Knt. Mo. Man., l^O*^. P- 2^^)- ^^ will be noticed that this species evidently has some affinity for rabbit-warrens, as both Mr. Bedwell's specimen and mine are from such places. I 18 THE entomologist's eecord, wish to express my thanks to Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe for naming the specimen, and supplying me with its previous records of capture. Many other of my problems also owe their solution to Mr. Donisthorpe's kind help. — Hekeward Dollman, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W. December 20r/^ 1904. Re-occurkence of Quedius kraatzii in 1904. — It is as well, perhaps, to record that (ifiiedius hraatzii still occurs in its original habitat. I went down to Chiddingfold on June 8th this year, as I wanted some more specimens (for friends and for myself, as I had only three left of my former captures), and found the insect on the exact spot where I took it last. — Horace Donisthorpe. Symbtotes I.ATUS AT Palmer's Green. — On September 29th last, 1 went to Enfield to join Mr. Pool tor a few days' collecting in this district. At Palmer's Green, under the bark of a felled elm, we took eight specimens of the rare Si/)iihiuti's latiis. The beetles were only found where a white powdery fungus occurred under the bark, looking much as if flour had been spilt on the tree. — Ibu). Coleoptera at Market Bosworth. — In July, I went to Market Bosworth to pay a visit to my friend, Mr. Bouskell, and to try and take Tetropiiiiii rastaueuni, the new British longicoine, discovered by him last year. The object of the trip was successfully carried out, the Tctrnpiinii being taken as soon as the tree, a tall spruce, was reached. Several specimens were secured (my share being a nice . fniniratuin, Sturm., is also considered a variety of amlrear, F. llifbiuK subaciu'HK, Er., has been considered rather a doubtful British insect. I have seen a series taken by ]Mr. Thouless, in Norfolk, which are no doubt subaeucus, the abdominal male characters are quite different from those of fencstratiis, F. XaiitfioliiiKs ilistcms, Kr. The specimens in British collections, under this name, are most probably cribriin'iinis, Fauv. Tr<);i(>/>/di)ri(s sahtilis, Er., is extremely doubtful as British. There appears to be no trustworthy record. lilciliua feworalis, Gyll., has recently been reinstated as British by Dr. Norman H. Joy {Knt. Mo. Mai/., vol. xl., p. 287). The determina- tion has since been confirmed by M. Fauvel. Sc!/iiniuN liviihis, Bold, is a very doubtful species, and should be placed in the separate list. MeU(ietlu's bideutatiis, Bris., appears to have no British representa- tive, and should be placed in the doubtful list. (nitiraria nbsnira, Bris., is another doubtful British species. It is extremely rare on the continent. Silraiiiis biih'iitatiis, F. — It is very desirable to have further confirmation of this insect as Ik-itish. It is easily confused with its allies. At/iiri(}sa, Hbst. This mistake is not uncommon in foreign collections. Prof. Beare has recently recorded the capture of a specimen near Edinburgh {h'nt. Mo. yialit(s [lulvinatiis, Ci-yll. — The characters usually given to separate this from jii/rr/ioyln/nchus, Marsh., i.e., the colour of the legs and rostrum, are quite useless. The differences between the two species want clearly defining, if, indeed, they are really distinct. Pohjliraphux pitbeareiis, Bach. I have reason to think there is some error about Lawson's record. Cri/ptohypnus jitilc/iellits, L. If correctly determined, this appears to be one of our rarest species. There is but one record, in 1868 {Ent. Mu. Ma;/., vol. v., p. 189). Trii/unoiienius (/lobuliini, Sol. — If this species is admitted in the list, as I think it ought to be, J 't inns tectum, Boield, which is much more common and widely distributed, must also find a place. Both are apparently naturalised and have come to stay. Krunbiua ahictis, F. — The specimen in the Power collection I refer to /v. iiiollia, L. The insect should be placed among the " doubtfuls." Cli/tiis orcKutiis, L., should be placed in the introduced list. It does not appear to breed in this country, all the specimens found have come from foreign timber in which they were imported in the larval or pupal state. In a former paper [Knt. lice, vol. xvi., p. 80), I called attention to the alterations in synonymy, proposed by M. Bedel {Fainw iSeine, vol. v.), and also — of more consequence to British coleopterists — the species which should be added or deleted from our lists, as far as my study of M. Bedel's valuable work has enabled me to form an opinion. The whole group, especially the genus T/u/diiiis, requires a careful study with a view to the revision of the JJritish species, I have, there- fore, omitted the r/n/topJutt/a altogether in this paper. Sal jii IK/US (Iter, Pk. — No satisfactory records. Those that exist probably refer to aeratus, Muls. Ajiion rijei, Blkn., is probably a variety of one of the other red- legged species. It differs very little from aj>ricaits, Hbst. Sito)U's brevicullis, Sch., is represented in the Power collection by small tibialis, Hbst., a very variable species both in form and colour. I'obidnima aericriis, Hchal. — This insect was recently taken in Harewood Forest, Hants, in some numbers, by Dr. Norman H. Joy {Knt. Mo. May., vol. xL, p. 182). It had not been recorded for many years previously. I shall be much indebted to any one who can give me details of capture or other information concerning any of the numerous species mentioned in this paper, and will wilhngly examine any specimens sent to me for that purpose. Remarks on Mr. Newbery's final Article on some Doubtful or very Rare British Coleoptera. By (Piof.) T. HUDSON IJEAliE, B.Sc, F.E.S., and H. DONISTHOKPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. It seemed to us desirable to publish some reply to Mr. Newbery's remarks in his concluding article on doubtful or very rare British coleoptera simultaneously with Mr. Newbery's article, and we have, REMARKS ON MR. NEWBERy's nXAL ARTICLE. 21 therefore, prepared the following- remarks in reference to the species with which 'Sir. Newbery deals. Anchoincmis jiKt'llits, Dj. — Canon Fowler certainly says that /;/(r/^(.s is probably only a var. of tliorci/i, ])j., but Dawson in his (irdile/iluii/a Jhitannira treats them as distinct, and we are by no means convinced that iineUns is merely a variety ; one does not take the two together as a rule, and they appear to have structural differences as marked as many other insects which are readily admitted to be specific in their differences. Inniibiiliinii valloinitn, Kiist. — The reason why we adopted callnsKiii, Kust., 1847, in place of latemle, Dj,, 1H31, was that calldstini was the name adopted by Dawson when recording the species, and we considered it best to adhere to that name in the catalogue when reintroducing it. Ileiiihidiiiiii ri/xiritiiii, 01. — It was pointed out by Canon Fowler {l':iit. Mil. Mitij.. vol. iv., 1H98, p. 2ol), when Mr. Newbery's original note was published, that the introduction of the specific name, litnidatidii, Four., would probably lead to confusion with liiiiatiiin, Duft., and tor this reason we preferred to retain the name of lijiariiiiu, 01. Uelocliares />iiitctati(s, Sharp. — As regards the two species of Helochares, Dr. Sharp, who introduced /nmrtatiis (see }\nt. Mo. Ma;/., vol. iv., p. 241), gives very clearly the specific differences, and, undoubtedly, he is the authority in this country on water-beetles, and, therefore, we did not feel justified in reducing jiKitrtatiia to a mere variety of licidits, Forst. ; further, we are by no means convinced that it is a variety. LaccobiKs siiniatiis, Mots. — According to ih^ l-'.iniqii'an ( 'atalni/Kc, p. 08, Mr. Newbery appears to be correct in his synonymy with regard to the two species, l.arrdhiiis siimiitiis, and L. ni'iirirrjis, Th., but as the matter appeared to l)e uncertain, we decided to follow Canon Fowler in his Jjriti.s/i Ldlcoidi'ia. Hoiiialota rieiiiita, Rye. — The same remarks apply to the (juestion of the priority of Jliniudota ocniita, Kye, and islaiulica, Kr. Dr. Sharp, in his " Monograph on the genus Honudnta,'" retains the name i'lriiiita, Rye. MeUi/et/ii's iiitiiaiintis. Er. — In reference to Miliiiit/ux i/onatiiiiis, Kr., we do not understand Mr. Newbery's remark that this sliould be raised to a species ; it is a species in our catalogue. Ii/ii/nc/iiti's sirici'iis, lirit. tat. — The fact that Jl/iiiiu/iitfx .■icriceiis, lirit. (.'at., is Jllii/ucliitcs Ditlit/ialiniciis, Steph., was pointed out Ijy Mr. Champion {Knt. Ma. Mat/., 1904, p. 79), after the appearance of our catalogue ; we were, therefore, not able to make tlie alteration ; it will have to l)e made, of course, in any further edition. Jicnihidiitiii atidreae, F. — Before deciding that Jlnnliiiliion aiii/li- tuninii, Sharp, was synonymous with //. aiitlrrac, F., we consulted the original description, and came to the conclusion that it was, and though, in this particular instance, Mr. Newbery wishes to follow the Hiiropfan ('atabniuc, he does not give any reason for doing so, and in other cases he is quite ready to depart from it. lli/biii.f xKhai'iti'iiK, Kr. — As regards lli/hiim snhaciirns, we fail to see the point of Mr. Newbery's coiuments : the insect was insei-ted in our catalogue because we liad undoubted evidence of Mr. Thouless' captures. 22 THE entomologist's record. Xant/idiiniis tli^taiix, Kr. — It is obviously quite impossible for the authors of a catalo.i^Mie to insert or remove insects from the list on such evidence, or want of evidence rather, as shown by Mr, Newbery's notes on this species. Mr. Newbery merely says " are most probably." Has Mr. Newbery seen all the specimens of fli.stans, and if not, what is the value of " most probably " "? It is neither scientific, nor does it lead to accuracy, to make statements of that nature when all the specimens in collections have not been examined. {To be concluded.) :iglOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc. OviPosiTioN OF Heliophobus HispiDA. — I am now rearing some of these larvae from bred parents. I found no difficulty in getting a pairing, but the ? s refused to oviposit unless provided with fiower- heads of grass, on which they laid freely, placing the ovm anywhere along the small branches. I placed the o\a on a potted plant of '/'liticiini rcpenti, and thelarvne are now about three-quarters of an inch in length, and come up to feed every night unless very cold. — Percy C. Reid, F.E.S., Feering Bury, Kelvedon. Deci'iiiher I'dth, 1904. Ptilophora PLUMiGERA AT LIGHT. — On December 2nd I captured a 5 specimen of Ptilopliora plainifjera at light. Is not this a very unusual date for this species ? — AV. K. Lister, Great ^Yalton, Eastry, Kent. Decc'Dibio- it/i, 1904. Manduca atropos in Ireland. — I have to record that a specimen of Mandiua atrajios was talsen in a house at Bangor, co. Down, on the morning of September yth. — J. E. R. Allen, Enniskillen. Drconbcr Vlth, 1904. Foodplant of Thestor hallus. — Mr. Raine sends me a correction as to my notes on the foodplant of T. hallux [Knt. ilec, vol. xvi., p. 284). Mr, Raine says the mistake is his, but if it is not entirely mine, I must at least share it. My note was to displace Lotus /lispidus from the first place on the list of foodplants of T. hallux, and give that eminence to Antlnjllis tctrapJiyllux, which is, at Carqueiranne, the food- plant. The correction now to be made, further displaces Lotus hisjjulus, to the position, probably, of a foodplant, possibly the food- plant at some other habitat of the species. Mr. Raine says that the plant which I took to be Lotua hispid ux, Desf. (and on which he has seen 'J'hc-.stur ballus, Colias edusa and var. helice frequently deposit eggs), is iMtuHornithopodioidea, L. " Lotus ornitJiopodioides is," Mr. Raine writes, "very common here and at Carqueiranne, and only on it have I seen T. biillus, ('. edusa, and its var. helice, deposit eggs; I will look out for L. hisjiidus in the spring, and see if it occurs where T. ballus is found, and if it has any attraction for the butterfly." I am not sure that I have seen Lotus hispid us, it is certainly not common, at Carqueiranne, There can be little doubt that T. ballus would eat L. hispidus and many other herbaceous leguminous plants, but this further elucidation makes me still more suspicious that the original statement that T. ballus feeds on L. hispidus, may have been founded on an erroneous determination of A. tetraphijllus, precisely such as has recently occurred, and which I corrected. — T. A. Chapman, j\1 .])., Betula, Reigate, December 1904. LePIDOPTEKOLOGICAL notes I'KOM BURNLEV, ETC., 1904. At NOTES ON COLT^ECTINO. 23 Burnley, on April 10th and 2;{r(l, Lanntia )iinltistn)ian'a wei'e plentiful, some of them bein.tf much darker than usual, one 2 in particular being nearly as dark as the Huddersfield form. Daring the early spring, common larvfe were abundant at night, Noctiia .rantltoi/rapha and Xi/loii/tasia rurea being especially plentiful, from the latter, in early July, I bred a nice variable series, the dark and light forms being about equally divided. On May 14th, a fine P/iarctra nnnicis ab. salifis emerged, the larva being from Halifax. On June 12th, two Md(ini/ipr iinnitanaUi emerged from Whitby larvM\ one (piite ordinary, l)ut the other, although the markings were normal, had the band filled in with light brown, thus, in some degree, resembling the Shetland forms. A very large Plitsia into, emerging on July 10th, was light- pinkish in colour, and had the spots united as in /-•. nannna. From July IGth to 19th 1 was in Dumfries, and took, among other things, 1 'idi/niiimatits var. arta.irr.ces, on the moors, and, at dusk, Jloaniiia ijenimaria var. perfuinaria, and Plati/ptilia nr/iroilactiila (? pallidacti/la, Ed.). On the 30th, at Burnley, I took my first plume here, n'z., I'latiiptilia noniHlartijla, also three (.'rainhim tiistdlua. On August 8rd, two ( 'ali/iiinia trapezina appeared in the breeding-cage, one the very light form, while the other is dark, having the appearance of Iteing mottled with purple; both larvji? were taken at Doncaster. l"'.arly in May, I took larvse at Lytham which were quite new to me, but on their emerging on August 25th-26th they proved to be Kpnwhi lirlii'nca of a very tine dark green form, quitt* different from my other specimens which were from Portland. ( 'cloeiia hairorthii. were very plentiful and fine on September 17th, but I did not get a single < )p(,rabia filiiiiaiiniiaria. From a few larvi^ taken here in September, several I'lp-aineis atalanta emerged, the last one on October 18th, being abnormal in only having one of the antennre developed. — W. O. Clutten, 132, Coal C'lough Lane, Burnley. Insects on the Fife coast. — This year I spent the month of August upon the coast of Fife. Although I did not get anything very extraordinary, yet my ''take" was not uninteresting. I had, before that time, collected a little during July in Scotland, and had given up the idea of getting anything worthy of preservation. All I had got previously were one Abra.ras iironsnlariata, half-a-dozen I'iciis hrassii-ar, and a number of Laiciitia iliili/iiiata. One insect I got I must not forget to mention. I came to Scotland by steamer, and when about three miles from the ]>erwickcoast, I took a fine female Mi'lonip/u' jbirtuata. I arrived in Fife amid a downpour of rain, which, as evening approached, moderated, and allowed me to get out. I went for a walk to spy out likely localities, and was soon amid rest-harrow looking for Hfliot/iis innltra {iiiariiiiioti(s). A few larvje of the green form were soon turned up, but, being so miserably small, .were left. Next day was another useless day, for the wind blew a hurricane. However, as I was resting upon a hillside, a small butterfly Hew past, which, resting for a while on a dandelion flower, allowed me to get close enough to see that it was a specimen of ( 'npida niiiiinia. l^ncouraged by this, 1 examined all likely and unlikely plants, to see whether or not others were at rest. I had almost given up searching in disgust, when I took hold of a head of < 'ain/KuiKla i/lDinciata, upon which I found, to my delight, a male specimen of I'lilydinwatns var. arta.rfr.irs. As the species was over almost a fortnight before, in Durbanj, 1 never expected to find it. 24 THE entomologist's record. A look round showed me that a short plant, which was almost invisible, and which I had concluded was the common daisy, was Heliantliemuni nilfiare. I saw no others on that day, but on the next I saw about half-a-dozen but took none. The day after was very favourable, and I took some 32 specimens, and liberated as many more useless ones. Flying along with them, and occasionally battling with them, were PolyommatKn icariis (alexia), CoenonyiniiJia pamphilnH, and Kpinephele janira. While the last two were typical, the first species was not. The females had a white or light blue blotch in the apical angle of the forewings upon the upperside, while upon the underside the black spots nearest the basal angle coalesced to form a black crescent. Judging from the abundance of both P. var. artaxerxes and P. icarii^ (ale.rU), that ova would not be difficult to find I commenced to search. I soon found ova of P. artaxer.n's placed upon the uppersides of the young leaves near the growing point of the plants of rockrose. Some were hatched, but others were still as laid. I collected a fair number, and we now have the larvae hybernating upon rockrose. The larvfP, from the eggs which were hatched, had not remained upon the leaf upon which the egg was, but had proceeded to the leaf lower down, and were resting on the underside, eating the tissue of the lowerside of the leaf. The larvfR are now from 2mm. -4mm. long, and rest upon the plant. Similarly, I readily found ova of P. icarus (alexia), but was astonished at the various plants from which I obtained ova. The greater number were found upon Lotus rornirulatns and Trifolitiin prateme, but I got six from plantain (Plantaijo lancrolata), four or five from yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and one from burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifrai/a). The larva from these are also safely hybernating. I saw all three species of whites, but Pieris napi was the only common one, and the specimens are very strongly marked. I got ova from a female, and we have a fair number of pup* from these ova. The only other species of butterfly noted was a single specimen of Sati/riisseviele, a female, which I netted, together with two Kpinephele janira, from a knapweed head. I saw very few Geometrids, but those I did see were some which I had rarely seen before. Of course Larentia dixhjmata was present in great abundance, as was also 21elanippe jiactiiata. Eubolia tnensnt-aria was also to be seen in fair numbers. In gardens. Abraxas i/rossidariata, and ])ieti/opteri/x berf/manniana were in evidence. When I visited the campion flowers, however, I was amply repaid for my labour in climbing the cliffs. In Durham, members of the genus Kmrnelesia are very rare, and I have only met with one in the larval state — Kmmelesia decolorata. Here, however, nearly every campion plant had on it from one to half-a-dozen larvte of E. decolorata or P. af/initata. I collected some hundreds, but all proved stung, and I observed the common yellow and black ichneumon engaged in ovipositing. Along with the larviB of P. decolorata and P. affinitata were a fair number of Knpithecia venosata larvae. Of course, larvae of Dianthoecia capsincola and J), carjiophai/a were also plentiful. When I examined the heads of PJdnantlnis cristi-t/alli, larvte of Kmmelesia alhidata were also common. The only other Geometers captured were ( 'idaria fulvata, and a single female Acidalia dimiiiiata, and I also, when I beat Senecio jacobaea, obtained larv.'e of /*,'. centaiireata. I obtained ova from the specimen of A. dim id lata, but, unfortunately, they proved infertile. Large numbers of Anthrocerajilipendtdae were to be obtained at rest CURRENT NOTES. ZO upon flowers in the railway cutting. I searched Ualium immi for larvae of Sesia stellatarani or Theretm porcellns, and, although I was not successful, nevertheless the latter were present, for I found frass indicative of that species in quantity. I did very little amongst the Noctuids, still, I tool\ a fair number. The first I took was what I set down as a worn 'J'ajiiucstola di/nii, Hying along the seashore. In addition to the two Dianthoccias mentioned above, I took small larvae of D. cticubali upon Silenc injiata, upon the railway-side. Common enough also were small larva' of lladota pisi, upon rest-harrow, accompanied by a few more lleliotliis mnbra, amongst which I got one of the purple-brown form. At rest, upon a wall, I took one AjiUcta inridta and a few Xoctna .ranthoiiraji/ia. As I knelt down to pick up a larva of 1>. cucubali, I found a dark female of yvcttia uinbnjsa, which obligingly laid a batch of ova. Upon all the walls wherever one went were quantities of nice variable Bryophila peiia. Upon rag- wort, at night, I boxed Leiicania palleim, Miana litemsa, Tripiltaena cornea (orbona), Xoctua xanthixjrapha, Apawea ociilea, and Af/rotis corticea [Very late. Ed.] . These species were all I saw, but still 1 felt amply repaid for my holiday, as I had met with larva- of several species I had never seen in their early stages before,- — -J. \V. H. Hakrison, IkSc, The Avenue, Birtley, R.S.O., Durham. Xoron- h,r 21 tl,, 1904. Autumnal lepidoptera in the New Forest and I3romley. — A few days in the New Forest in October last, gave me the impression that the results of autumnal sugar there were inferior. Most of the usual insects occurred, bnt not in numbers, and the most noticeable point was the large number of Geometrids, chiefly Thera cariata, but with many T. finnata and (idaria psittacata that were attracted on one particular evening. Towards the end of August, sugar appeared to be particularly attractive here, but the quality was, as usual, poor, the best insect captured being Lirr/idcilia .irrawpelina. — B. W. Adkin, F.E.S., Trenoweth, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent. Octobn- 2Ht/i, 1904. AuTiMXAE i.EPmoPTERA AT BoscoJiBE. — It may be worth while noting that 1 captured an example of Ai/lina scniibritnnea at sugar here, recently, the first I have ever seen in the district. It is odd that a comparative rarity like A', scniibrunnea should occur at sugar, whilst most of the usual common species — Ort/tosia uuu-ilenta, Anc/iorilis liinasa, Sec, were absent. Ivy is only attracting Orthasia nmcilcnta and Onhociia upadirea. — (Major) R. B. Rohertson, Forest View, South- borne Road, Boscombe. Xovembn- ]st, 1904. CURRENT NOTES. We should esteem it a great favour if any lepidopterist — (1) who has bred any species by crossing a typical form with its variety or aberration, e.;/., npandata and vnnicrsai ia, jirunaiia and sordiata, aitrsata and rciimtata, lifia and lutescois, liibriciju'da and radiata, wiinaclia and crctnita, bvtidaria and doiiblcdayaria, u»iicri'innstes iiinrinuN, L. The experiments were made at the Zoological Gardens ; the former insect was rejected bj' all the animals tried, while the latter was greedily devoured. On p. 301, Mr. Donisthorpe gives a note on the Myrmecophilous habits of I'vtania aiirata, L. ; he was able to rear larvje of this insect, taken originally in the New Forest by Prof. Poulton, in his experimental nest of Formica nifa. Mr. E. J. 13. Sopp con- tributes {Knt. Record, vol. xvi., p. 151) a note on " An immigration flight of Aplioiliiis inijitinatns, Fab.," on the Lancashire coast on April l(5th, 1904. Li the Kttt. Mo. Ma;/., Mr. J. J. Walker contiinied his valuable and important paper on " A Year's Insect-Huuling in New Zealand," a paper valuable not only on account of the number of 32 THE entomologist's record. species, the capture of which is recorded, but on account of the copious notes as to habits and manner of life of many of the species. Mr. G. J. Arrow contributes {Ent. Mo. Ma;/., vol. xl., p. 35) a note on two species of coleoptera introduced into Europe from the East, Minthea ri(iiicnllis, Walk., and Laeniotntetim rhizophacioides, Walk., the synonymy of which has been terribly confused. In a note to this contribution, Mr. Champion refers to another of these peculiar species, Phara.ninotha kirschi, Reitt., the synonymy of which has also been very much confused. Small beetles like these, which are transported by commerce to all parts of the world, and which, apparently, readily establish themselves in the districts into which they are introduced, are almost invariably described two or three times over, with consequent confusion in synonymy. Mr. A. J. Chitty describes [Ent. Mo. Mat/., p. 100) an interesting method of collecting, chiefly coleoptera, m old hedges, near Faversham, Kent. He points out that he obtained no fewer than 78 species out of a 38-foot length of old hedge, including such rarities, in fair numbers, as, Anthribiis albinita, L., and Tropideres niveiiostris, F. Having had the pleasure of a day's collecting with Mr. Chitty at these old hedges, I can testify to the interesting character of their fauna, and the striking lessons given of adaptation, for protective purposes, to their surroundings of many of the beetles which occur in these old lichen-covered hedges. In the Ent. Mo. JSIckj., p. 133, Mr. E. A. Newbery points out that certain of the species in the Power collection at the British Museum appear to be erroneously named. Attention, however, had been previously drawn to one of these, and Mr. Newbery does not appear to be correct in regard to, at least, one of the species which he states to be erroneously named. The coleopterous fauna of the Isle of Man has received a consider- able amount of attention during the past year. I have already referred to the new species, Lu)i(/Uarsiis cartas, Al., taken there by Mr. Tomlin, and, in the article already referred to {I. c p. 177), Mr. Tomlin gives a long list of his other captures in the island during the month of September, 1903. Dr. Bailey, who is resident on the island, makes an appeal (p. 137) for notes in reference to the coleoptera of the island, as he is busy preparing a local list, and he gives (p. 180) complete details of local captures of the genus Otioi/upichas. Dr. Cameron describes two new species of Dii/lossa [Ent. Mo. Ma(-'>ciis)" and " hi/mnctidacti/la " groups. The type never having been fixed, is now named a.s pterodartifla {=/itil:. : OlD/^JIATOl'IIORIN.E. OlB.EMATOPHORIDI. Oidsematopliorus, Wallgrn. lithodactyla, Tr. Emmelina, Tutt monodactyla, Linn. : L?:iopTiLiN.5-;. POKKITTIIDI. Porrittia, Tutt galactodactyla.Schilif. Leioptilidi. Leioptilus, Wallgrn. tephradactyla, Hb. Ovendenia, Tutt septodactyla, Tr. (lieiiigiautix, Zell.). AllAIMDI. Hellinsia, Tutt osteodactylus, Zell. Adaina, Tutt microdactyla, Hb. : Alucitin.e. Allxitihi. Pselnophorus, Wallgrn. bracliydactyla, Tr. Alucita, Linn. pcntadactyla, Linn. : Meriukiki.diin*:. Merhikikldiidi. Wheeleria, Tutt spilodactyla, Curt, niveidactyla, ^t.{bnlio- dartyla, Zell.). Merrifieldia. Tutt tridactyla. Linn. (tetradactijlH, Auct.). Superfam . Agdistides. Tribe : Family : A(iI«ISTID.U. Subfam. AODISTIN.E. Tribe : Agdistidi. Adactylus, Curt, bennetii, Curt. Superfam. Alccitides. Family : Family : Platyptiliid.e. Subfam. Subfam. : OXYPTILIN.E. Tribe : Tribe : Capperiidi. Capperia, Tutt heterodactyla, de Vill. Tribe : OXYPTILIDI. Oxyptilus, Zell. pilosellffi, Zell. Subfam. distans, Zell. Tribe : parvidactyla, Haw. Tribe : Blckleriidi. Buckleria, Tutt Tribe : paludum, Zell. Subfam. Platyptiliin-e. Tribe : Pl.ATYPTILIim. Fredericina, Tutt calodactyla, Scbiff. (zcttcrstcdtu, Zell.). Tribe : tesseradactyla, Linn. Platyptilia. Hb. isodactylus, Zell. gonodactyla, Schiff. Gillmeria. Tutt Subfam. oehrodactyla, Scbiff. Tribe : pallidactyla. Haw. Subfam. : AMnLVPTiLiiNM:. Tribe : El-CN.EMIDOPHORIDI. Eucna-midophorus, Wallgrn. Subfam. rhododactyla, SchilT. Tribe : Tribe : AMni.YPTILIII'I. Amblyptilia, Hb. cosmodactyla, Hb. {acinitliod'irti/lii. Tr.). punctiilactyla, Haw. Tribe : Marasmarchidi. Marasmarcha, Meyi'. lunaedactyla. Haw. {p]inei>d(icti/l'. flavofanciata is distinguished from K. nu'lampiiK, and from all other species, by a well-defined yellowish band on the underside of the hindwing, in which five dark spots appear. On the forewing below there are four similar spots, placed in a narrower darker band which, towards the hindwing, becoiiics incnicil in till (iroinitl-coloiir of t/ii' irhu/. On the uppcrside the bawls are iworb/, or ijuitr, obsolete, well marked onb/ tonards the apex of the forewing. The sfiots above are, in smne specimens, inure or less obsolete, especially on the hindwing." The italics are mine. Wheeler's observation "this sp., the smallest Krchia,'' does not harmonise with my limited experi- ence, for of my three males the measurements are 32mni,, 8-lnnn. and 35mm. respectively. 40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. Work done among the plume moths in 1904 — with indications of observations required in 1905. By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. The first important step towards getting an useful knowledge of any group of insects is to know what you want to know. With this step overcome, the rest of the work is comparatively easy. It was our idea some twelve months ago to get a good general knowledge of the British plume moths, and, with the aid of a few keen workers in the field (of whom we must specially mention Mr. Bankes and Mr. Oven- den), and Dr. Chapman and Mr. Bacot working on the material after its collection, a tremendous amount of advance has been made, and the actual details of importance, of which we have to confess absolute ignorance, have been reduced to comparatively small limits. If, how- ever, British lepidopterists do not know these details, we are in a position to assert that continental lepidopterists appear to be in an equally unsatisfactory position. To complete one or two particulars, however, we shall have to beg the aid of continental lepidopterists, since these details have to be obtained from species we either do not get in Britain {e.. Iiieracii in any of its early stages. In fact, we could do with any species except Cappcria lu'terodartijla {tencrii). (7) Sti'Hoptilia zoph(ir/n/nc/iidii(s jnilriuatnx and ( '. in/rr/ior/iijncliiis, there is a specimen of the former in the Bates' collection, taken by Blatch, which is the true jiulrinatiis : we agree with Mr. Newbery that the characters usually given for the separation of the two species are not trust- worthy, but a catalogue was not the place in which to discuss a point of this character. Pidyiira/diua piihesccns, Bach. — If ]\lr. Newbery has any definite and accurate information with reference to Mr. Lawson's record of the capture of I'nli/nrapltiis jiKbescenn, then he ought to give it; a mere statement that he has reason to think that there is some error is rjuite vahieless in such a matter ; Mr. Newbery must have some grounds for his thinking that there is an error, and these grounds should be given or else such a renuirk should not be made. ('r!iiit(dii/p)iiis pidrlirlliis, Ij. — This was determined by Dr. Sharp; it has not to our knowledge been retaken since, mainly, we believe, 44 THE entomologist's record, because the district has not been worked, but a short time ago one of us, when working in that particular district of Scotland, saw a specimen captured, which appears to agree very closely with the description of 'pulcJiellu!^, and the specimen has been submitted to continental authorities, and we have no doubt that it will turn out to be pulcJwlliis. Ftintis h'ctas, Boield.— Wedid not include Ptiniis tectua in the general body of the catalogue, because it was such a recent introduction into this country, or appeared to be, at any rate, at the time at which the catalogue was printed. Undoubtedly, this species will, like many other introduced species which become naturalised, have to be transferred to the main body of the catalogue. The introduced-species' list, in fact, exists as such under a time limit; if any species standing in this list is re- peatedly and constantly taken in this country under circumstances which prove it to be breeding, then it is evident that the species has become naturalised, and it must be transferred to the general list. Eniobiaa abu'tis, F. — Mr. Newbery seems to be unaware of the fact that a specimen of this species was taken by C. Gulliver, in the New Forest, in June, 1B99, and was sent alive to the late Mr. F. Bates. This capture was recorded by one of us in the Knt. Record, vol. xi., p. 360, and, therefore, Mr. Newbery's suggestion that it should be placed in the doubtful list is entirely beside the mark. Cli/tiis arcimttis, L. — One of us, in a paper dealing with the British longicorns, published in the Ent. Record, vol. x,, p. 264, discussed fully this question as to whether or not all the captures of Clytus arcuatus were to be referred to foreign timber, and it was shown that the species had been taken by the late Dr. Power at Epping Forest, and also by Messrs. C. 0. and E. A. Waterhouse, in an old cherry-tree in Epping Forest, and in neither of these cases could there be any suggestion as to the species having been introduced in the pupal or larval stage in foreign timber ; the original specimens from which these Epping Forest specimens descended, may have been introduced, but there is no doubt that the insect was living and breeding freely in this country, and therefore it was entitled to a place in the general list. Furthermore J. W. Bond recorded the occurence of Clytus arcuatus in Hainhault Forest in the Entomolo(/ical Magazine, vol. i, p. 212, and in vol. iv, p. 222 he describes the economy of this beetle, points out that he has taken over 200 specimens this year (1836) and numbers of larvae and pupte. He describes the egg-laying of the ? s, lights of the (? s for the $ s, etc. Surely such a record as this is trustworthy and entitles any species to a place in our lists. Salpini/us ater, Pk. — There appear to be quite clear records as to the capture of Salpini/us ater. We do not agree with Mr. Newbery that all the records must be referred to aeratus. Apion rijei, Blkn. — As to whether Apion ryei is a distinct species or a variety, must depend entirely upon the opinion one holds as to what constitutes a species and what constitutes a variety ; it is a form no doubt characteristic of the Shetland Islands, and as such is entitled to specific rank if the views of most authorities on this question are adhered to. SiPmes hrevicollis, Sch. — One of us has carefully examined the specimens of Sitones brevicollU in the Power collection, and they are very like tibialis, but are shorter and have a broader thorax ; it is VAKIATION. 45 possible they are only a variety, but at any rate they are what are called bn'i'icdllix, and in view of Dr. Sharp's remarks on this species, we were bound to retain it in the cataloc:ue. I'dli/di-Ksiis scriccKs, Schal. — There are eit^ht specimens of Pnli/- ilnisiis st'ricriis in the Tnites' collection all labelled Lymington Salterns, and taken since the original record, and, therefore, again there was no necessity of waiting until Dr. Joy had recaptured the species before deciding to retain it in the catalogue. On/u'strs sparaiis, Fahr. — In our answer to I\Ir. Newbery's former paper {Kiit. Record, 1904, p. 290), we pointed out that though he considered the specimen in the Power collection to be small ilirU, M. Drisout named it uparstis, and, therefore, we could not reject it on a difference of opinion. Since we wrote that paper, one of us has recorded it from the New Forest {Knt. Ih-cord, 1901, p. 826), more- over, we consider the formerly unique British specimen in the Power collection to be the true .s7»«yN(/.s-, for differences, i'(;c., see Knf.Mn. Mni/., 1905, p. 20. Of course we fully recognise Mr. Newbery's desire to make the Uritia/i Catahunic as accurate and reliable as possible, and we share equally in this desire, but we must protest against species being rejected or placed in doubtful lists simply because one coleopterist has doubts as to the authenticity of records, especially when he has not had an opportunity of personally examining the captures upon which the records are based. When a record, or several records as in most of the above cases, existed-— records also by men who hold a high position in the ranks of British coleopterists — it would have been presumptuous on the part of any author publishing a catalogue to reject and refuse to acknowledge such records, unless he had undoul)ted evidence that the specimens upon which the records were based had all been examined and definitely proved to l)elong to another species. W" AR I A T I 0 N. Black i.arv.t: of Abkaxas orossulakiata. — Concerning ]\Ir. Walker's note (fl»^'01) referring to Abra.ras (jmssulaiiata, my experience in breeding from black larv;e has been most disappointing. One of the most unsatisfactory lots of black larva' I ever bred came from an f)ld bush growing in a densely smoky district, close to the Thames, in London, where bushes were scarce, and the race no doubt localised, and from which, this year, many hundreds of larvtc did not yield a single decent aberration. — B. W. Adkin, F.E.S., Trenoweth, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent. (htoheilHth, VdOi. Macauia i.itukata ah. NKiHoFiLVATA, CoLLi.NS. — At the meeting of th(^ Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, held October 4th, 1901, I exhibited and read a description of a melanic form of Maraiia litinata. The ollicial report reads: "Mr. J. Collins exhibited and described a line melanic form of Maioria litinata from Delamcre, for which he proposed the varietal name iiiiim/iilrata.'' The description of the form ajjpears not to have been sent out by the secretary, in his report, to the entomological magazines, with the result that no de.scrip- tion of the form has been published. It may be well, therefore, to publish such description, so that no doubt may occur in the future as 46 THE ENTOMOLOCilSTS RECORD. to what the form really was that I exhibited. My description was as follows : — Anterior wings fuscous-black ; beyond the middle of the forewing a bright fulvous fascia or band, which extends also across the hindwings, the latter being of the same coloration as the torewings. Scales around thorax greyish. The under- surface of fore- and hindwings fulvous to the fascia. This form occurs not uncommonly in Delamere Forest, and is disturbed by beating firs. It has also been taken at Rudheath, in Cheshire ; also in North Staffordshire, in July, 1903, in a large fir- wood. — J. Collins, 10, Pierpoint Street, Warrington. Non'inbcr 21st, 1904. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Proportion of the sexes in broods of Lepidoptera reared from OVA. — (1) 1865, Caynptixjrawma Jiuriato — 31 bred — 14 COSMODACTYLA, llu., IN S. Devon, in 1904.— Since Dr. W. S. Riding tells us (Knt.lUr., xvi., p. 295) that he failed to find any larvtu of I'latijjitilia arant/iodarti/la in liis district of East Devon last year, it may be of interest to mention that larva' of the second brood of this species were particularly abundant in the parts of South Devon which 1 worked in the autumn. Having already, during the summer, secured ovipositing females, as well as the larva', of this species in South Dorset, I was most anxious to obtain material for a closer study of the life-history of /'. cosnioflacti/la before the publication of Mr. Tutt's forthcoming volume on the Plumes, and devoted much time, in South Devon, to searching for, and examining, Alucitid larvie and pupte on flower- and seed-spikes of starln/s si/liatira and N. paliistris, and collected about 1500 of them, the great majority being found on the former plant, which was by far the commoner in the hedgerows. \ sadly large proportion, prol)ably not less than one-half of the larvie, were ichneumoned, l)nt the Itrceding- jars poduced 758 imagines of P. acant/iudavti/la, which appeared 48 THE entomologist's KECOKD. September 5th-October 22nd ; these varied to a limited extent in colour, but none of them approached cosiiiodactijla in general facies. Although J have not known accoitJiuikicti/la larvae attempt to prey upon one another (doubtless not appreciating a hairy diet), they proved on this, as on all other occasions in my experience, fearful cannibals as regards the naked pupa? of their own species, which they greedily devoured at every opportunity, in spite of having an abundant supply of fresh food. To minimise the loss from this cause, it was found necessary to remove, each day, all the newly-formed pupae from the jars in which the larvse were kept. The variation in the colour of the larvffi (including that of the head afti'r the final moult), and of the pupffi, of acanthodactjjla, is most remarkable. To my great disa.ppoint- ment, no larva; of P. cnsmudactijla were found, but one spot, where acanthi)dact)/la larvffi were common, yielded me, on September 3rd, a female cos)iiodact!/la, and some pupa? on Stachys sylvatica, from which, among various acanthodacti/la, three coaiiiodacti/la, apparently all J s, emerged September 7th-llfch. The captured c()S}iiudactylu, which firmly declined to oviposit, and so to give me the chance of rearing a brood before the winter, was kept alive, and although, before hibernation, she occasionally regaled herself upon the ivy bloom in her cage, she succumbed, alas ! on the very last day of the old year, by which date all the aranthodactyla, that I had hoped would successfully hibernate, were already dead. The moths were kept in a fireless room, facing north, and supplied with fresh ivy-bloom in the autumn. In answer to the Rev. C. D. Ash's inquiry {Ent. Bee, xvi., 240) as to the probable foodplant of P. acanthodactyla on the moors, it seems to me quite likely that the larvs feed there on the flowers of PWica cinerea and K. tetrali.r : these would, I have little doubt, be available, at any rate on our southern moors (" heaths," as they are called here), for the larva^ of both broods, though Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher thinks it* possible that those of the earlier one may feed on gorse {Jjle.r enropaeus) bloom. P. acanthodactyla is well-known to be polyphagous, but, to the best of my belief, none of the many foodplants, that I have seen recorded by British and Continental authors, grow in some of the heathy spots it frequents. Perhaps Mr. Ash will search for the larva? on the Skipwith moor in the coming season, and I will endeavour to do so here, having found last year, for the first time, a locality for it on our heath, and being anxious to place the question of the foodplant in such a spot beyond the region of mere guess-work. — Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle. January 21.si, 1905. [Roessler found larvsB in August on the bloom of Callnna ndyaris, Hering on Vacciniuvi o.rycocciis and Erica tetralix, — Ed.] Macrothylacia kubi, L., feedin(; on Myrica gale. — To the already lengthy list of foodplants of Macrothylacia ndu, recorded in Mr. Tutt's Nat. Hint. J>rit. Lcji., iii, 144, I can add Myrica yalc, having found, last October, on the heath near here, a well-grown larva clinging to this plant, and busily engaged in devouring the leaves.— Eustace R. Bankes, Norden, Corfe Castle. January 23r(7, 1906. Syrichthus malv^ in April. — On April 25th, 1904, I was surprised to notice, flying in the sunshine on a strip of warm underclili' on the Isle of Purbeckcoast,a precocious specimen of SyricJtthus malvac, which, on being duly netted, proved to be a female in grand condition. This early appearance was rendered the more remarkable by the fact that NOTES ON COLLECTINO. 49 no other intlividual of this species was observed by me until May 25th. — Ibid. Pakasite enteking a ureeding-house. — -From time to time one sees theories put forward to account for the scarcity of some species of butterfly, where, perhaps it has been plentiful in former years. An experiment I made last year has shown one possible cause of temporary scarcity. I made a breeding-house 70ft. by 20ft., covered with a netting large enough for very small insects to pass through. Among other things I introduced five nests of Ai/lais niticae, in the spring, with a very good result in imagines. From this first lot larvie were obtained in great numbers, so that the pup;e were all over the place. Only a few imagines appeared in the autunm of which I am doubtful whether any are hybernating. The great majority of the pupie contain a number of small grubs each. By the way, I might mention that the intention of the house is to breed species which are not found in this neighbourhood and introduce them. I should be glad to hear the experiences of anyone making similar attempts, whether they be failures or successes. — E. E. Bentall, The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. Januarij 28/'/, 1905. Bkeeding Hybernia defoliaria. — I should like to know what treatment has proved successful in breeding Hybernia defoliaria. I ask because I am always unsuccessful with it ; I do not get 5 per cent, of moths from my larvse, and I collect every year a good many. I give plenty of depth of soil, have varied it by keeping it moist, and sometimes dry, but always with the same result. 1 do not appear to get ichneumons, so conclude I never get the larvte to pupate, although 1 have seen fullfed larvie entering the soil. The moth was in great variety early in November, where I collect most of my larv.e. — 8. Walker, 15, Queen Anne's Road, York. Jaiuiari/ dtli, 1905. Winter brood of Cidaria russata. — During November and Decem- ber (1901) 1 reared a small brood (about a dozen examples) of Cidaria russata, the larvie of which I induced to feed up by giving them young strawberry leaves. For the three or four preceding years I have tried them on whitethorn, sleeving them out all the winter ; but they have all disappeared by spring, so I suppose the earwigs have got them. Those bred are all very black, but not much darker than the mother. — H. B. Robertson. Januari/ 'drd, 1905. Lh;iaDOPTEROLO(iICAL NOTES FROM CaNNOCK ChASE FOR 1901. A thoroughly bad season has been that of 1901. Early spring insects such as As/dialia jlarinirnis and JUeii/ios /lart/ioiias wvi'c scarcer than usual, and, although < 'allnphri/s riibi and I ladnia //Z(m/(7(, being commoner than I have seen them for some time, gave promise of better things, cold nights in June made sugar a total failure. On one night 1 got a few Ihnliua i/laaca, II. cimtitiiia, II. adasta and Acnnu/cta iiieiu/aiitliidis, but for the rest of the season on no one night did I get more than three takeable insects. The long drought and abundance of honeydew in July and cold east winds in August being no doubt answerable. I got a few Stilhia awnnala during the first fortnight in August, but only three Xartna rastanra. Of this latter insect the red form invarial)ly occurs. They are the most vinous-red forms I have seen. I have only oljserved one in any way ai)|)roaching ab. ncylerta, and that was taken l)y Mr. Wooilforde when sugaring witii me about live years ago. It was olive-ochreous iu colour and had red fringes. It was sold with 50 THE entomologist's record. his collection. I got also two (Jirrhoedia xcrampeUna and had a much battered Ai/rins convolvnU brought to me in September. We are so far inland here that we are not much favoured by immigrants and there are very few records of its capture in this county. Autumnal larva- beating was a complete failure. — Richard Freer, M.D., Rugeley, Staffs. January 15th, 1905. Lepidopterological note from the Esterel and Draguignan. — On May 1st, 1904, I went over some old ground in the Esterel, from Agay to the Mai Infernet, &c. In this corner of the Esterel, Eiichlo'e eujihennldca occurs freely, and its foodplant, Bhcatella, is seen to be fairly common. I suppose there must be some limestone about, though to appearance all is metamorphic or igneous rock. It contrasted with the absence of limestone species at St. Maxime. On May 2nd, I spent a day at St. Raphael; Melitaca athalia iiud M. aurinia were seen, AI. cinxia were abundant, and M. phoebe and M. diibjina not uncommon. The most interesting species seen were one Syrichthns sidae and one Kuri-anthis pcnnii/eraria, rather worn. Not a trace could be found of E. pluimstran'a, so common here on a former visit ; it was probably quite over. Going on to Draguignan, a pair of Driliis finwu-em were picked up on the evening of arrival, and a Phytophagous beetle (AdhiKinia), like a Meloe, with a yellow line down the short elytra, was very common. Draguignan is evidently an excellent entomological centre. Larvre of Libythea celtis were found here. Several Leptidia daponcluil were met with ; Melitaea cinxia, M. phoebe, and M. didyina were abundant, as well as .1/. aurinia var. provincialis. Colias hyale was common, as were also Leptidia sinapit<, Syrichthus sao and Brenthis dia, whilst Ihais iiiedesicaste was frequent but local. Anthrocera lavan- didae was frequent, and A. rliadanianthus and other species were locally abundant. — T. A. Chapman. January 15th, 1905. Lepidopterological notes from Dereham, Norfolk. — During the last few days in June of last year, I paid a visit to the above locality. The weather proved very fine, but the evenings were cool and rather windy, and the only method of taking insects was by dusking. The best places were the lanes with high banks, those between woods, and some low swampy ground covered with Iris and rushes, and a few sallow and other bushes. Arriving on June 25th, I soon found that a fair number of things were about. Metroca)irpa waryaritaria was found on the hedge-banks drying its wings, and was afterwards common at dusk. A worn Ihisychira padibunda $ was sitting on some palings, while Spilosoiiia lubricepeda and .S. iiicnt/uiKtri were just going over. Triaena (Acronycta) psi was common on tree-trunks ; also a specimen of Mainentra mrdida in the same position. From June 27th to July 1st, dusking in the lanes produced Melanippe iiiuntanata, which was probably the most abundant insect out, and very variable, a fine dark banded form resembling Melanthia vcrllata very closely ; also M. xnan- i/idata (1), M. sociata, Boarmia repandata (a grey form) plentiful, AstJiena luteata (a few), lodis lactearia, Acidalia scutulata, A. bisetata, Cidaria pyraliata, Melanthia albiciUata, and, during the last tw^o nights, Coremia quadrifasciaria (3). On the marshy ground, Leucania iiiipudens and L. iinpura were common, also Phibalaptery.r vittata (worn), and Cabera pusaria and C. exantheinaria. On the garden rail- ings, Thera variata, and Kupithecia rectanyulata were found. Butter- flies were very scarce, only the three common whites and i'amphila NOTES ON COLLKCTINfi. 51 ayl rail IIS being seen. Larva> were not plentiful, those of I'ancssa ia and Aijlais inticac, Dianthoetia rapainrida, and < 'ucullia vcrbasri being almost the only ones seen. Of the plumes, Alncita pi'iitailarti/la and Stciid/itilia jitrnidarti/la were found in a sandy lane. — -W. .J. Clutten, 182, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley. Janiianj 5t/i, 1905. Lepii)optkrolo(;ical notes of the season 1904, in nortii-east Ireland {aDiclmUil from vol. xvi., p. 209). — -On .June 10th, I paid another visit to the gully on Slieve Gallion, but lladcna i/lauca was evidently over, and 1 only saw two worn specimens, but I took several Larcntia salicata and one Hi/psipi'tcs riibcrata flying over dwarf sallow. On .June 11th, one fine male Lciocainpa dictaea emerged, the larva was taken at Ijoch I^'en. On the 18th, IJadcna psi and )/. thalasshio were common at sugar in the same locality. Dianthoeda comjwrm appeared at flowers on June 20th, and one Pliisia Iractca on the 27th. t^rom July Gth to July 9th I was in co. Roscommon, and at Mote Park took larvii' of Asphalia /laricornis on birch plentifully. At home, on July 12th, two Mi'hoiippi' iinanijidata were netted at dusk, also Cleora lirlicnaria and ( 'uremia miinitata, in fine condition. A fine female Ahipliidasi/s bctidariaeinerged on July 14th, and by 'sembling I took three males, which did not appear till 1.30 a.m. I'lusia intcrroi/atiiDiis was first seen on the IGth, at thistles, also several Larcntia cae.siata ab. ip'lata, and one ( \iaena liaworthii. Between July 25th and 30fch were taken a large number of Cidaria prunata, which insect I was glad to get, and is an addition to the local list. On August 4th, I took a Gi'ometra papiliiniaria, and saw several more. From August 5th to 81st I was at Portstewart, co. Antrim, and, on the Gth, on the sand- hills, Afirotis rcstii/ialis and A. tritici were common on ragweed, but nothing else of note. On the 15th, I took a trip by cycle to the basalt clifls, near Dowshill. On ragweed, growing on ledges at the base of the clifl's, Ai/riitis Inrcrnea occurred sparingly, also a few Actcbia praeco.c and I'olia rhi. On the IGth, I cycled to a locality near Fair Head for Larcntia jiaricinctata. The insect occurs on a steep slope of limestone, where Saxifraija /ii/p)inidrs grows abundantly, and I got a very fair series, but the nature of the ground makes it difficult to work properly ; this is at night. I searched several plants that were in reach for ova, but was unsuccessful. On the 19th, I paid a visit to the clifis above Bellarena station. These cliffs have been worked previously, I believe, by Messrs. Curzon and Salvage, with good results. The ragweed was going over, but a fair number of Ai/rotis Inrcrnea and Actcbia praenu- occurred, as well as a few Stilbia annmala. On the 23rd, cycling home, I paid a visit to a large bog for larva' of Lciocampa dirtaioidcs, of which I did not see a sign, although an hour's search produced the following larvic : six Smcrint/nis orcUata, four Xotodania ::irzar, three X. driimcdarinn, Loplmjitcrij.r rainrlina abundantly, one Dicrannra fiircula, lladcna pisi, common, three J'cniax cori/li. At sugar, in the late autumn, insects were abundant, the following occurring — I'cri- drimia saiicia, /'. i/psilon, yartiia riibi, Tripliacna pmbria, Anc/idcclis pixtacina, Orrlmdia larcinii, Scopclosoma satcllitia, Xijlina socia, Mdlinia circcllaris, < alucampa rctiista, ('. c.ndcta and one At/rinpis aprilina, an insect I have never taken here before. A few Foecilocawpa jinpidi were noticed on the lamps in December. — T. Greer, Lissan. ./aniian/ ti')t/i, 1905. 52 THE entomologist's record. Ji^EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. [Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist, Part III. By J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. Price 6s. net (interleaved). Published by Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster-row, E.G.] . — The issue of the third part of this notable work completes what at its inception the author called a " little brochure," but which has now assumed the proportions of a respectable volume. Originally intended as a reprint, and orderly condensation, of the " Practical Hints" accumulated in the Kntnmolo- ;/ist's Record and Journal of Variation, it has been enriched by notes and suggestions from practical entomologists in all parts of the United Kingdom, until, in its complete condition, it contains a mass of precise information on the habits of lepidoptera and kindred subjects, such as has never before been presented to British or world-wide lepidopterists. From the commencement the work has taken the form of an extended Merrin's Calendar, blended with a reflection of those charming fore- words which have for so many years been a comfort and encouragement to readers of Stainton's Manual. But in these Prartical Hints we have more than this. Beyond the quotation of standard works, such as Buckler, Hellins, and, of course, Greene, hearsay and tradition have no, or at the most the very minimum of, place. These "Hints" are written by practical collectors, who are themselves adepts as concerns the species about which they write. This would appear to us one of the strongest points about the book. The information is reliable. As the information is spread over the whole of the year, it will be seen that the work serves the double purpose of telling one the characteristics of the species and also irlicrr and trhen to seek it, generally in its different stages. But the author is nothing if not up-to-date, and, in Part iii, he supplies mental food not only for the simple collector, but also for the would-be scientist. It is divided into two sections, and the first of these calls for special notice and commendation as supplying a want which has been long felt among entomologists. It deals practically with " Collectors," "Collections," " The egg and egg-stage," " Larva and larval stage," " Pupa and pupal stage." The collector is usually a man of limited means and leisure, keen on his collection, and careful in his observa- tions, but without the training which permits him to record his observations in the manner demanded by modern science (the terminology of which is often foreign to him), yet not unwilling to make his work scientific if he can. He often sees, no doubt, descrip- tions of eggs, larvae, or pupfe, which he has hard work to understand. He turns up his Newman and finds that Newman's butterflies and moths were generally without eggs or pupae, and that the larva) are described without any note of the essential structural features, which point out its close relationship with other species, and he possibly cannot afford Buckler's Lanae, an expensive work so far as the letterpress is concerned, but cheap enough when the beautiful figures are taken into consideration ; but even this is not modern or up-to- date, and is only, after all, a stepping-stone to modern work. The fact of the matter is, that there are men hard at work, who are, at the present time, making modern scientific entomology. Bacot and Dyar have, as it were, constructed the scheme upon which larval work is done, and Chapman and Poulton have done the same for pupal RB VIEWS. 53 work. They and their co-workers have had to create a terminology with which to explain and record their facts. The older Icpidoptorists, who have worked side by side with them, have been able to keep up, if so they wished. But for those who have not kept up, have fallen l)ehind, or wish to begin the study, there is an urgent need for information which may translate what has become, or is, an unknown language to them. Both the old collector and the beginner ask for a guide-book, which shall be simple enough to put them on the right track, and yet precise enough to explain to them, if they be of a mind to learn, what present-day workers have to tell them about the inner secrets of their study. It is just this which Part iii supplies. The seven plates accompanying the text will enable the student to compare the real objects with the descriptions, to understand the modern descriptions of ovum, larva, and pupa, and enable him to describe these stages in language which will he definite and under- standable. If any defence of this point be necessary, one has only to turn for support to the memorable words of H. T. Stainton in his Manual, vol. i., p. 70, where, after urging the careful study of all the stages of the butterflies which he has been describing, and putting 18 questions as to their life-history, he concludes : " When these questions can be answered with reference to each species ot our butterflies, we may then admit that their natural history is known, and it would then be practicable to write a good monograph of the whole." The second section is of the same nature as Parts i and ii, consisting of some 1200 hints, arranged in their proper superfamilies, and placed under the month during which the species occur. It is noticeable that certani superfamilies, which uere not so fully noted in the former parts, are here dealt with at length. Amongst others are noticed the Eriocraniides, Crambides, Pyralides, Geometrides, Anthrocerides, iEgeriides, Deltoides, Notodontides, Noctuides, Lithosiides, Hesperiides, and Papilionides. These are all verj' fully treated, and comprise pos- sibly two-thirds of the hints in this final part, those on the Geometrids, Noctuids and butterflies being particularly extensive. A word of praise is especially due to the beautiful photographs of eggs, illustrating those of the various superfamilies, while the explanatory details of Mr. Bacot's and Dr. Chapman's diagrams of larvae and pupffi form a little text-book in themselves, the pupal details being especially clear and easy to follow. Finally we come to the indexes, thanks for which are due to Mr. Turner, which will make the contents of all these parts get-at-able, as they could not be without their aid. They comprise a "general" and a "specific" index. From the latter we find that some 1000 of the 2100 P>ritish species of lepidoptera are dealt with in the work in some stage or other. The number of hints devoted to individual species varies, we find, from one to twenty-six, the latter in the case of ]>im(irj)/ia n'lsindora. We heartily congratulate the author upon the completion of his very useful volume, and feel sure that his original wish, that the book would help many collectors to make scientific use of their study, will be amply fulfilled. We must not neglect to say that the author has erred on the right side, if at all, in persuading Mr. Tonge to contribute so luminous, yet simple, a chapter on the ways and methods of photographing eggs for reproduction. This will, no doubt, bring many recruits into the field. Two of the plates are reproduced for this number to illustrate some of the points to which reference has been nuide. — C. R. N. B. 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. ^^URRENT NOTES. In vol. XV., p. 246, we noted some remarkable statements made by Mr. F. LittUn- in the Etitowoloi/ut, concerning the economy of a Tasma- nian Psychid, Entometa {(innhilh. In the current number of the Ento- mologist, p. 310, Mr. Littler extends his observations to another Psychid, Clania lewinii, and some of his notes on this are as remarkable in their way as were the previous ones on the other species. Mr. Littler's general remarks on the ignorance of lepidopterists as to the Psychid economy remind us much of the tale of the ostrich that hid its head in the sand and fancied \i^ pursuers could not see it. Mr. Littler evidently knows nothing of the literature of the Psychids, and hence thinks there is none. The editor of the Entnmoloffiat has been wise in sub- mitting this paper to Dr. Chapman, so that some of the doubtful points may be raised with their publication. A note that wants the attention of British lepidopterists is pub- lished by Herr Slevogt {Soc. Ent., p. 124). It relates to a supposed new European species allied to Arsilnnche olbovenosa. Herr Slevogt also uses a note relating to Dr. Chapman's paper on the variation of Chrysophanus phlaeas {antea, xvi., p. 167), that appeared in a recent copy of the Insekten Borse, as a hook on which to hang a further interesting note on the subject from his own particular point of view in Bathen {Ins. Borse, p. 179). Dr. J, H. Wood adds {Ent. Mo. Mag.) two Diptera to the British list ; one, if not Callimyia elegantula, Fall., is new to science, the other is Agat/ioini/ia hureella, Zett. The first-named were taken at Cold- borough Park, May 23rd, 1904, and at the foot of the Black Mountains, opposite Longtown, on June 24th, 1904 ; the last-named at Shobdon marsh near Pembridge, in the valley of the Arrow, between July 9th and August 18th, 1904. Herefordshire seems remarkably well off for the Platypezids. At the last meeting of the Entomological Club, held on January 17th, 1905, at the Holborn Restaurant, Mr. G. H. Verrall being the host, supper was served at 8.30 p.m., in the Entomological Salon. Almost a hundred members and friends were present, and, as usual, a most enjoyable evening was spent. The members present were Messrs. Adkin, Chitty, Donisthorpe, Hall, Porritt, Verrall, and Professor Poulton ; whilst the friends included, amongst others, Messrs. Arrow, Austen, Andrews, Adams, Borrer, Bryden, Burr, Boyd, Bouskell, H. Rowland Brown, Cameron, Cant, Carrington, F. Noad Clark, Champion, Carpenter, Collin, Distant, H. Druce, S. Edwards, H. W. Ellis, Fro- hawk, Fenn, Goss, Gahan, Geldart, Hanbury, Heron, A. Harrison, Jacoby, Janson, Jenner, Jennings, Kirby, Kaye, Lucas, Lewis, Lloyd, Morley, Martineau, Merrifield, Main, South, W. Sharp, Sich, Skinner, E. A. Smith, Tutt, Tatham, Turner, Vice, E. A. Waterhouse, C. Waterhouse, Wainwright, Commander Walker, Lieut. Col. Bingham, Col. Yerbury, Col. Swinhoe, Drs. Chapman, Dixey, Joy, Professors T. H. Beare, Meldola, Revs. E. A. Eaton, H. C. Lang, F. Morice, C. Thornewill, &c. The " Entomological Club " was proposed by Mr. Verrall, " The Host" by Professor E. B. Poulton, whilst Mr. Jacoby on the violin and Mr. H. Rowland Brown with a song, contributed much to the enjoyment of the evening. An exceedingly happy and enjoyable evening when many old friendships were renewed and new ones cemented. REVIEWS. 53 work. They and their co-workors have had to create a terminology with which to explain and record their facts. The older lepidopterists, who have worked side by side with them, have been able to keep up, if so they wished. I>ut for those who have not kept up, have fallen behind, or wish to begin the study, there is an urgent need for information which may translate what has become, or is, an unknown language to them. Both the old collector and the beginner ask for a guide-book, which shall be simple enough to put them on the right track, and yet precise enough to explain to them, if they be of a mind to learn, what present-day workers have to tell them about the inner secrets of their study. It is just this which Part iii supplies. The seven plates accompanying the text will enable the student to compare the real objects with the descriptions, to understand the modern descriptions of ovum, larva, and pupa, and enable him to describe these stages in language which will be definite and under- standable. If any defence of this point be necessary, one has only to turn for support to the memorable words of H. T. Stainton in his Manual, vol. i., p. 70, where, after urging the careful study of all the stages of the butterflies which he has been describing, and putting 18 questions as to their life-history, he concludes : " When these questions can be answered with reference to each species of our butterflies, we may then admit that their natural history is known, and it would then be practicable to write a good monograph of the whole." The second section is of the same nature as Parts i and ii, consisting of some 1200 hints, arranged in their proper superfamilies, and placed under the month during which the species occur. It is noticeable that certain superfamilies, which were not so fully noted in the former parts, are here dealt with at length. Amongst others are noticed the Eriocraniides, Crambides, Pyralides, Geometrides, Anthrocerides, iEgeriides, Deltoides, Notodontides, Noctuides, Lithosiides, Ilesperiides, and Papilionides. These are all very fully treated, and comprise pos- sibly two-thirds of the hints in this final part, those on the Geometrids, Noctuids and butterflies being particularly extensive. A word of praise is especially due to the beautiful photographs of eggs, illustrating those of the various superfamilies, while the explanatory details of Mr. Bacot's and Dr. Chapman's diagrams of larvae and pupa^ form a little text-book in themselves, the pupal details being especially clear and easy to follow. Finally we come to the indexes, thanks for which are due to Mr. Turner, which will make the contents of all these parts get-at-al)le, as they could not be without their aid. They comprise a "general" and a "specific" index. From the latter we find that some 1000 of the 2100 liritish species of lepidoptera are dealt with in the work in some stage or other. The number of hints devoted to individual species varies, we find, from one to twenty-six, the latter in the cast of IfiniDiplia rcrsinjlara. We heartily congratulate the author upon the completion of his very useful volume, and feel sure that his original wish, that the book would help many collectors to make scientific use of their study, will be amply fulfilled. We must not neglect to say that the author has erred on the right side, if at all, in persuading Mr. Tonge to contribute so luminous, yet simple, a chapter on the ways and methods of photographing eggs for reproduction. This will, no doubt, bring many recruits into the field. Two of the plates are reproduced for this number to illustrate some of the points to which reference has been made. — C. R. N. B. 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. drUR RENT NOTES. In vol. XV., p. 246, we noted some remarkable statements made by Mr. F. LittlpL- in the Entomoloiiht, concerning the economy of a Tasma- nian Psychid, Kntomcta ir/nobilis. In the current number of the Ento- mologist, p. 310, Mr. Littler extends his observations to another Psychid, Clania leirinii, and some of his notes on this are as remarkable in their way as were the previous ones on the other species. Mr. Littler's general remarks on the ignorance of lepidopterists as to the Psychid economy remind us much of the tale of the ostrich that hid its head in the sand and fancied its pursuers could not see it. Mr. Littler evidently knows nothing of the literature of the Psychids, and hence thinks there is none. The editor of the Entowolof/ist has been wise in sub- mitting this paper to Dr. Chapman, so that some of the doubtful points may be raised with their publication. A note that wants the attention of British lepidopterists is pub- lished by Herr Slevogt {Soc. Ent., p. 124). It relates to a supposed new European species allied to Arsilonche albovenosa. Herr Slevogt also uses a note relating to Dr. Chapman's paper on the variation of (JhrysophauKs phlaeas [antea, xvi., p. 167), that appeared in a recent copy of the Imekten Borse, as a hook on which to hang a further interesting note on the subject from his own particular point of view in Bathen {Ins. Borse, p. 179). Dr. J. H. Wood adds {Ent. Mo. May.) two Diptera to the British list ; one, if not Callmyia elef/antnla, Fall., is new to science, the other is Agathowi/ia boreella, Zett. The first-named were taken at Cold- borough Park, May 23rd, 1904, and at the foot of the Black Mountains, opposite Longtown, on June 24th, 1904 ; the last-named at Shobdon marsh near Pembridge, in the valley of the Arrow, between July 9th and August 18th, 1904. Herefordshire seems remarkably Avell off for the Platypezids. At the last meeting of the Entomological Club, held on January 17th, 1905, at the Holborn Restaurant, Mr. G. H. Verrall being the host, supper was served at 8.30 p.m., in the Entomological Salon. Almost a hundred members and friends were present, and, as usual, a most enjoyable evening was spent. The members present were Messrs. Adkin, Chitty, Donisthorpe, Hall, Porritt, Verrall, and Professor Poulton ; whilst the friends included, amongst others, Messrs. Arrow, Austen, Andrews, Adams, Borrer, Bryden, Burr, Boyd, Bouskell, H. Rowland Brown, Cameron, Cant, Carrington, F. Noad Clark, Champion, Carpenter, Collin, Distant, H. Druce, S. Edwards, H. W. Ellis, Fro- hawk, Fenn, Goss, Gahan, Geldart, Hanbury, Heron, A. Harrison, Jacoby, Janson, Jenner, Jennings, Kirby, Kaye, Lucas, Lewis, Lloyd, Morley, Martineau, Merrifield, Main, South, W. Sharp, Sich, Skinner, E. A. Smith, Tutt, Tatham, Turner, Vice, E. A. Waterhouse, C. Waterhouse, Wainwright, Commander Walker, Lieut. Col. Bingham, Col. Yerbury, Col. Swinhoe, Drs. Chapman, Dixey, Joy, Professors T. H. Beare, Meldola, Revs. E. A. Eaton, H. C. Lang, F. Morice, C. Thornewill, &c. The "Entomological Club" was proposed by Mr. Verrall, " The Host " by Professor E. B. Poulton, whilst Mr. Jacoby on the violin and Mr. H. Rowland Brown with a song, contributed much to the enjoyment of the evening. An exceedingly happy and enjoyable evening when many old friendships were renewed and new ones cemented. -'1 ^5/ '5 I > , ,* RETROSPECT OF A DIPTERIST FOR I'.IOl. 55 Retrospect of a Dipterist for 1904. By JAS. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. The most noteworthy addition to the recorded species of British diptera during the past year is that of L'allkera yerbun/i, Verr., a species new to science found by Col. Yerbury at Nethy Bridge in Invernessshire, the discovery of such a large and handsome Syrphid is the more remarkable when it is considered that the Sijrjihidac, by reason of their size and showy appearance, have been more widely collected, and are consequently better known, than any other family of the diptera. Mr. C. G. Lamb is responsible for another addition of special interest, c/c, that of iloplnis teniatiis, Lw., and Tanypiza lonyiiiHina, Fin., as occurring in this country, and Mr. F. Jenkinson the capture of the third known species of Asteia, vis., A. elet/antida, Ztt. {Knt. Mn. Mail.). The Rev. A. E. Eaton, in commencing a " Revision of the genera of the Psychodidae" {Ent. Mo. May.), has indicated five genera and two species new to science and Britain. The present writer has contributed (Ent. Mo. May.) a "Revised list of the British Cecidoinyidac," adding fifteen new specific names, and bringing their arrangement in line with that of European lists, and, at a meeting of the Entomological Society of London, on May -ith, exhibited specimens of Corethra obscurijies, V. d. Wulp, a Calicid new to Britain, while at the same meeting Mr. Verrall exhibited specimens of Xeoitaniiis fot/inrnatiis, Mg., an addi- tion to the ]iritish A^iilidar taken near Oxford. Mr. P. H. Grimshaw has recorded Sriara nifivcntris, Mcq., from Saline, Fife ; Oncomyia aundewalli, Ztt., from near Oban, and Hydmtaea pilipes. Stein, from Aberfoyle (^/(». Scot. Nat. Hist.); while Mr. Evans published the capture of a specimen of Sajmniiyza a/iiniK, Ztt., from Newpark, Midlothian (Ann. Scot. Xat. Hint.). On the Continent, Becker's " Monograph of the Pahearctic species of Liapa'' {Zcitacltr. /. Ent.) and Czerny's " Monograph of the Helo- myzidae'' {Wien. Ent. Zcit.), probably form the two most important descriptive works. In addition, Czerny has published papers on the genus Ayat/iiiiiiyia and on the Oc/it/iiphilinac {U'icn. Ent. Xeit.), and Becker an article on the genus I'chtliop/tila {Zcitschr. Jlym. ii. Dipt.), which latter genus has also been dealt with by Bezzi {Att. Soc. Ital. Sc. Xat.). AVahlgrcn has given some interesting notes upon the types of Zetterstedt's Xonoccra {Arla'r f. Ztxd.). Yilleneuve contributes towards a *' Catalogue of the Diptera of France " {La EcuilU). An March Ioth, 1905. 56 THE entomologist's record. miportant work upon "Amber diptera" of the families CecidtnnyiJae — Cliirononiidae — has been issued by Meunier, a well-known authority upon the subject {Bru.relles, 264 pp., 16 pis.), and a minor article upon the Syrphidae in amber, by the same author [Jalirb. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst.). The Aphaniptera or Fleas have been dealt with at considerable length by such writers as Wahlgren [ArJdvf. ZooL, Ent. Tidskr.) \ Wagner (BeiK Riifise d' Ent.) \ and Rothschild [Nocit. Zool., etc.), and contributions towards our knowledge of the Hippohoscidae are given by Speiser {Zeitsc/ir. Hi/)ii. ii. iJipt.). American dipterologists have been largely interested in the (Jidicidae, and many minor publications upon that family have appeared. The chief descriptive works upon other groups have been Baker's " Revision of the Siphonaptera or fleas" [Proc. U. S. Nat. Mks.), and Brues' " Monograph of the Plmridae " (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Dec. 1903). It is to be regretted that several American students are content to publish short articles containing miserably inadequate descriptions of species in difficult groups, thereby raising stumbling- blocks in the way, rather than assisting the progress, of the science in which they are supposed to be interested. Austen has published a Fiei'iscd Synopsis of the Tsetse Flies, and Miss Ricardo " Notes on the smaller genera of the Tabatiinae" [Ann. May. Nat. Hist.). Theobald has published the descriptions of several new Cidicidae {Entoinoloyist), and was the author of the article on Cidicidae in Wytsman's Genera Insectorntn. The third part of Baron Osten- Sacken's Record of tny life work in Entomoloyy, containing a list of his entomological publications from 1854-1904, has also appeared during the past year. Bishof has described new species of the Miiscaria scldzoiiietopa [Verli. (res. Wien), and Bezzi has published an important paper on Indo- Australasian Einpididae (Ann. Mas. Nat. Hnnyarici). Holmgren's " Zur Morphologic des Insektenkopfes," I. (Zeitschr. Wiss. ZooL), and Meijere's " Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Biologic und der systematisehen Verwandtschaft der Conopiden " are among the more important contributions upon this branch of the subject. In conclusion it cannot be said that dipterologists have been idle during the past year, though probably the amount of work published is rather below than above the average. Lepidopterological notes from the Beyrout district. By PHILIP P. GRAVES. In July, 1904, being anxious for a short change from the damp heat of Alexandria, I paid a visit to the Lebanon, and was able to do a fair amount of collecting between July 7th and August 3rd. Of course I was rather late, much of the country had been burnt yellow and the grassland was eaten bare by goats, but, none the less, I took or saw some 60 species, and acquired some useful knowledge of where to look for butterflies, which will, I hope, be of value to myself, and, perhaps, to other collectors in the coming years. My first collecting trips, on July 7th and 8th, were directed to the mouth of the Dog River (Nahr el Kelb), about 70 minutes by train from Beyrout. Arrived there before 9 a.m. on the 7th, I began by exploring the rocks at the entrance. A few Syrichthiis orhifer and Carc/iarodus alceae, approaching var. anstralis, with worn Polyonnnatns icarus and ragged ( lirysophanns SWISS FIELD-WORK IX l'J04. 57 t/iersaniun were the first butterflies I saw, but, on crossing the old stone bridge, a path hedged in by willows and brambles and overhung by cliffs and steep slopes covered with bushes and dripping with water, gave me good sport. One of the first of my captures was Sijrichthu.i tessellitm var. nomas, a very fine " skipper " indeed ; a worn Pamara uiathias did not dift'er from Egyptian specimens ; Pu'ris rapae, Pontia ilapliilice and Colias ediisa, were the common Pierids, and a few $ s of Leptidia unapis g.a. diniends were taken. A little further on, a path zigzagging up a hillside covered with aromatic plants, mint, thyme, basil, etc., and dotted with little clumps of scrub oak and buckthorn, gave me (T(»H'i>terij.c var. taiirica, more ('. alceae and Syrichthus orbifcr, and numerous Cldladcs. tror/iilns and Yjihthima asterupc. Most in- dividuals of the last two species were worn. On the wing, Y. asteropc looks like our h'nodio hypeiantltHa, but its flight is weak, low and sinuous, and I have seen it indulge in the jurtina trick of turning on its side when settling on the ground. On returning from the exploration of the slopes I took a worn Cj/aniris arijiolm g near the river, and saw several Pohji/onia eyea, one of which I took. It was apparently one of the early summer brood with a very light underside, and I may say that all others taken up to oOOOft. showed this form. A single battered ? of Liiiwnitu canUlla showed that the species occurred in the valley. Parartje inaera var. (irientalix and some battered P. )neiiaera were the only Satyrids with Y. aatcrope. One Chri/wphauKs var. deus and some battered ( '. tliersainon var. oxiphale were the onty other insects I took on the 7th, but, on the 8th, I worked the roadside and quarries between Dbaych and the river mouth. Everything was burnt and withered there, prickly plants abounded, and, in consequence, the ( '. tliersainon, Y. asteropc, and Pontia daplidice I took were mostly tattered. Melitaea triria was, however, in good condition, and I got a short series, and, on steep banks covered with Cappjaris, Idinais (Teracoliis) faiista flew at a wild speed. The heat was very trying, but I took several specimens of this lovely butterfly and noted solitary and uncatchable Papilin machaon and Danais chnjsippiis. The latter was flying in some numbers in the cultivated delta of the Nahr el Beyrout. On the 9th I went up to some promising looking plantations at Daqueni some soOft. up and about S miles north of Beyrout. Here I drew blank, but, below these disappointing woods, I took, on a bit of common, sparsely wooded, two specimens of a small form of Melitaea jilmebe and a worn J of <,'ii, very common, beating oaks; PkromeniH bidens, bred from larvie ; beating oak produced Phi/tocoriH dimidiatHs ; the three species of Miris were obtained by sweeping ; Aradiis depiefisus, under bark of oak stumps ; MonantJda diiinetorinn, beating old blackthorns ; ^[. huiindi, by sweeping Myosntis; Mijrrojihysa dcr/antida 2, by beating lichen-covered trees. I also took the following Homoptera — Olianis leporintis, my best capture ; the larv;i? of Ledra aiirita were common on oaks. I also captured many others which I am unable to work through at present. — W. West, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham. Fehnianj 1st, 1905. ^OLEOPTERA. Oxypoda sericea, Heer — a Species of Coleoptera New to Britain. By HORACE St. J. K. DONISTHOliPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. On June 17th last I swept a small (hypoda in Dulwich Wood, which I was unable to name, and which I sent eventually to Monsieur Fauvel. He has now returned it to me labelled serici-a. It agrees with Heer's description {Faun. Hdr., i., p. 321), and also with what Ganglbauer has to say about it, so that so far all seemed plain sailing; but Ganglbauer, and Fauvel also, according to Fowler, consider Oxyjinda niijrina, Wat., to be synonymous with this species. To make matters worse, the European Catalogue gives niyrina, Wat., as a synonym of cxiyna, Er., which is, of course, not the case. On com- paring my insect with the specimens of niijiina in the Bates and Power collections, I found that it was quite distinct; also Mr. E. A. Waterhouse has kindly lent me his father's type of niffrina. We thus see that iiii/rina is a distinct and good species, and, therefore, my beetle is an addition to the British list. It comes nearest to innbrata, the tarsi being a little shorter and thicker. It is also smaller, and the first joint of the posterior tarsi is not, or hardly, longer than the two following taken together. From nii/rina it may be known by its more fuscous colour, longer antenna*, and more strongly notched elytra. 68 THE entomologist's record. Waterhouse, in his description (ZoohxiUt, 1858, p. 6037), distinctly states that the elytra of nvjrina are not so strongly notched as in others ; he also says, " usually of an uniform sooty-black colour," and this is the case with all the specimens I have seen ; whereas Heer describes his insect as " fusca, abdoniine nigro." It seeius as if Ganglbauer came to the conclusion that uii/rina was sericea because both are described as having a very indistinct dorsal furrow to the thoi'ax ! He gives the distribution of sericea as "central Europe, rare." CoLEOPTERA IN THE New Forest IN 1904. — During my visit, in July, 1904, to the New Forest, I captured several coleoptera not men- tioned in Mr. H. Donisthorpe's list of December last. In the first place, the very rare Tro2)iileres sejncola, F., fell to my lot by beating. At the time I thought it was Gronops liinatns, but, on examination at home, I soon found out the importance of my capture. I can only find two previous records, one specimen taken in Leicestershire, l)y Mr. F. Plant, and the other, Mr. Donisthorpe informs me, is in the Bates' collection, taken by C. Gulliver, also in the New Forest. I also took five specimens of Lciopas nebnlo^ms beating oaks in New Park; StnuKjalia armata, S. qua drifaac lata and 6'. }d(ira sweeping flowers ; Phi/llobrntica qnadriinaculata (2), beating alders in Matley Bog ; Telep/ioriis tt'staceus also occurred by sweeping. At Holmsley, six species of Donacia — simple.i; sericea, hidens, tijphae, liiiibata, and cvviari, also NcDiop/n/es Ij/tJiri, Hypera pollux, Scirteii Jieniisphacricus, Pliytobiiis canaliculatim, and Cri/nnu'tron beccabunnc were captured. Sweeping flowers in and near Stubby copse, I obtained Modcllestena hnmeralis, L(nii/itar>,as holsatinis, L. ochroleiicas, (Jhaetocneiiia ariditla, Aphtliona reuKKtida, Apteropeda orbiciilata and CnjptocepliaUis inoraei. By beating sallows a fine and variable series of Phi/todecta riniinalis was taken. A series of Orobitix ei/anena, by sweeping on the railway bank, was also captured. — W. West, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham. Febrxanj Isf, 1905. Coleoptera in the Isle of Wight. — The following notes tleal with some of the better species of coleoptera I have taken in the island during my various visits there, and comprise new localities for the beetles recorded, or new records for the island altogether. In the latter case they are marked with an'". Bembidiimi pallid ipennc''', 111. — I took a nice series of this pretty little beetle by " sluicing " at the edges of a small stream, which runs into the sea at Brook. Beiiibidium aiujli- canuttr% Shp., I took at Blackgang Chine at the foot of the cliff, where (Hcindela (jcrmanica occurs; Mr. E. A. Waterhouse tells me that he has taken it at Swanage also with i'icindela (/crwanica. iJroiiiiiis cectennh, Rye, has occurred at roots of grass on the sides of the cliffs at Blackgang. < 'iiemiduttts im pressm''- , F., was fished out of the Hildnn-attii^ chjiicalis pond at Sandown ; Professor Beare tells me he has also taken it there. OrhtlwlnKs auricidatm-'., Rey., was taken in the salt-marsh at Yarmouth, where I took Scynuius limonii ; Mr. Champion has taken it at Sheppey, where he also took the Scymnus. Cercyon littoralis var. binotatuw'-'- , Steph., was taken under seaweed on the shore at Ventnor, and AleucJiara lata'-'-, Gr., in and under carrion at Chale, Brook and Parkhurst Forest. Phyt<>tiit>i balticiis, Kr., Professor Beare and I took in some numbers under seaweed at Yentnor. Tachyjjoras foriiidsiis, Mat., occurs at roots of grass, etc., at Chale and Blackgang. Ocyjxis j)."ilatnr, Gr., I took COLEOPTERA. (59 at roots of plants on the cliti's near Sandown ; Mi-. Cham- pion has recorded it from Freshwater and Bembridge. (hijims fuscatn.s'-'-, Gr., one specimen was taken under a stone in a field near Freshwater. Quedius centralis-'-, Ahr., was taken in the damp wood mould of a hollow^ tree at Freshwater. Ct/rtum pan.cilla, Schm., and Anisotoina duhia, Kug., by evening sweeping in the Chale Chine. Aniwtoma xiniilata'-'-, Rye, two specimens were obtained, one at Blackgang and one at Chale, by evening sweeping. NccrDjihoi-Ks interruiitus"'-, Steph., occurred at lilackgang and more commonly at Chale under dead rabbits. Xitulula tjKadrijiiisttdata, F., and X. rufipes, L., not uncommon in old bones at lUackgang. Of lUpliylluH limatus, F., Beare and I took specimens in hard black fungus {(.'(vuTutriciis) on an old ash at Ryde. Of Cri/jitophai/n.s rti/iconiin'--', Steph., I took a specimen in company with the above species at Kyde. Hetcmcenis fusciilus, Kies., occurs on the mud at the foot of the cliff's at Blackgang and Chale. Aphodiua nitidiiliis"'-, F., and A. rufi'scenn--, F., were taken at Blackgang in stercore. Tru.r scaben'-, L., was found at the foot of the cliffs in Chale Chine. Athaits lonf/icollia, 01., I swept two $ s, which sex is always rare, at Blackgang. Telephorna lateralis'''-, L., was swept at Brook. Scirtcs lieinisp/iaericus-'-, L., was common on reeds m a swamp near Freshwater station. Hedohia imperiaiis'-'-, L., a specimen was found in a waterfall at Freshwater. Uc/tina Iwderae'-''-, Miill., was swept oft" old ivy at Blackgang. Leptura lirida, F., was swept in plenty off herbage at the back of the bazaar at Blackgang. Bruchus visti'-'-, F., occurred in plenty ni the flowers of the rockrose [Htlian- t/teiniiiii vuhjare) on the downs near Freshwater. ( 'ryiitoceplialns hilineatici, L., was not uncommon in company with Leptura livida at Blackgang, and was swept sparingly in the salt-marsh at Yarmouth. L'ryptucephalitH jiusilliis'-''-, F., a series was swept in Parkhurst Forest. Luperus ni(jr(>fasciatiis, Goez., several specimens were sw'ept in Chale Chine, evidently having been blow-n over the clifi" from the gorse above. Psylliodes chalcomera. 111., w'as swept off thistles in the unclercliff near Blackgang. Of ^ialjnnijus ater-'-, Pk., several specimens were beaten out of dead hedges at Blackgang; of Anisv.nja juscuUr , 111., a specimen was found in a puddle in a gateway at Freshwater ; and of Mui-dellistoia par- nda var. inacipialis, Muls., several specimens were swept in Chale Chine. Of Apian sorhi, F., I took a 3 sweeping near the redoubt at Freshwater in August, 1903 ; this species, which is very rare, and the 3 extremely so, is said to be found on Matricaria r/iamoiiiilla, M. inodurata, Ant/uinis arrrnsis, I'rnnn.s spinusa, and also wild cherry. Of Apiun iiimmii'-'-, Kirby, I took a nice series in August, 190;-3, at the roots of, and by sweeping, sea-lavender in the salt-marsh at Yarmouth, whilst of I'hyllobiusponionae var. cinereipcnnis'-'-, Gyll., a specimen was swept off nettles on the top of the downs at the back of Blackgang in August, 1H94. StrojJiosouius faber'-, Hbst., was not uncommon at roots of grass and in sand-pockets on the cliff's at Blackgang and Chale. 6itcylliis latiiostris, Lat., was swept very sparingly off the big Scotch thistle in the under- clili' at Blackgang in August, 1908 ; Mr. W. K. Sharp took it much more freely in the same locality in 1902. Mniinis ,<>lln2)hidasi/s betiilaria, year (?), 118 j s, 114 ? s. . Sijntomix phetjea, 1900, 19 . Proit, F.JvS., 21(5. Richmond Rond. N.E. Fehniani l.s<, 1905. AoRius coNVOLVLLi AT SriiHURV. SuFFor.K.— Duriui,' last August and Se))tember Aarins rminilnili was fnirly plentiful in this distrift ; my own captures took place on August 21st and 25th. — Edward Ransom, 10, Eriars Street, Sudbury, Suffolk. Frhraanj 21n/, 1905. ('onus KDusA AT SuDBURv, SuFFOLK. Several specimens of ' ulius ediisa were caught here towards the end of July and beginning ol 74 THE entomologist's record. August last year ; but they were extremely local, being entirely confined to one clover field. — Ibid. Lepidoptera observed at Basle. — Many lepidopterists who visit Switzerland go through Basle, few appear to stop there, and one suspects there is little enough entoniologically for which to stay. However, inability to hurry kept me there for a day or so, and having spent one day looking about the town, I took, on July 23rd (1904), my net and zinc collecting-box, and set out to see what the country near the city was like. Ignorance of where to find the waste places around, led me to take the road leading from the Central Railway station, past the Margarethen Park, and so towards Fliihen. The country was, however, highly cultivated, and there was little to note entoniologically, the only point, perhaps, being the great abundance of Pieiis rapae, P. napi and ('alias hi/aP in all the lucerne fields in the neighbourhood. I believe I have before recorded a remarkable habit of the last-named species. When a male has succeeded in really attractmg the attention of a 2 , he flies directly into the air, the $ following him, circling closely round and beating with her wings, often ascending high into the air and descending again, only to con- tinue the chase by going up agam, and, usually, finally separating and flying in difterent directions. I still think, somehow, it is a courting habit, yet I have never seen an actual pairing result therefrom, although I have seen the J settle and the c? hover around her as if he intended pairing, both, however, finally flying away. It has been suggested that it is a repelling habit due to the J having been already fertilised — a quite possible solution. A $ C. hyale approaching the ^ in colour also interested me much. , Strangely enough C. edn^a was scarcely observed, although Gimepterij.»- fhannii $ s were already out, and Fontia daplidice was worn and hardly worth taking. Parargr inef/aera was common, and Epinephele ianira swarmed everywhere, as also did Pob/onunatiis icarus and Coenonynipha pavi- /j/iUhh in suitable places. ThymelicHs linenla and Melanaviiia galatea had evidently been abundant, but were now m very bad condition, whilst a single NiKonidfles tat/cs suggested a partial second -brood as is occasionally, in hot summers, the case with us. (Jhrijsop/ianns pklneas Avas just coming out, so also was Polyonrmatns astrarc/te, but (J, dorilu was, though quite abundant, in rather poor condition, quite a large numbei- having to he overhauled for a score of good specimens. The 2 s were somewhat variable, the general tendency being towards having dusky, and not bright coppery, fcu'ewings. I may add that a large number of little I'ieris napi ab. iiiinor and P. rapae ab. winor, were observed, the greater number, however, of these species being quite up to the average size. Only two moths attracted attention, viz., a specimen or two of Anthrocera epkialtes, six-spotted, and with red abdominal belt, on lucerne flowers, and Aciilalia iniiiiorata, disturbed rather commonly out of the bankside weeds by the side of a clover field. A strange rnntreteiiips occurred just beyond St. Margaret's C'hurch. I had chosen the upper of two apparently main roads as being the most promising, and had got some little distance along it when I was accosted by a rough-looking individual, whose German I understood as little as he followed my English. He knew no I'rench, and exhibited a metal ticket taken from his pocket which led me to suppose he was a sort of forester, and all I could gather was that the road was for- VARIATION. 75 bidden, or that he wanted two francs, an^ that if I persisted in going along the road, the pohce station was below. In this predicament I took the lowei- road, with the liritish intention of getting back to the upper as soon as a cross road allowed, hut 1 found none, and did not come across the man again. Can any of our Swiss readers tell me what was wrong? — J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E. Foes of pup.^ of Nona(;ria typh^, Thnbg.- -With reference to Mr. J. Ovenden's note {Kiit. llrr., xvi.. pp. 294-5) on the wholesale destruction of pupa- of Xaniviria tyjiliar, Thnbg. (ariiitdi)n':<, Fb.), by "mice or voles" in one spot near Strood last year, it may interest him and others to learn that great destruction of pupfp of this species is carried on in a similar manner every season in a locality in this neighbourhood, where I discovered it about four years ago. Although 1 have before now heard the rasping noise made by the insect's foes when engaged in gnawing into the stems of the great reed-mace ['I'lip/ia latifolia) in search of pupse, and have done my best to catch sight of them at work, I have not as yet succeeded, but am inclined to think that in this case the culprits are neither mice nor voles, but common brown rats, which infest the spot. Were it not that some of the Typha stems containing pupw are, no doubt, always surrounded by water, and therefore free from such attack, it seems to me that the insect would inevitably have been exterminated in the locality in question. — Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle. Joniian/ 'hid, 1905. W^ A R I A T I 0 N. Variation of Geometers.— On August ulst last 1 was in Halifax, and during the evening paid a visit to Greetland Moor. The night was still and close, with thunder in the distance, and Geometers were very common, especially Cidan'a jiojiulata, ('. tcntata, Laientia didymata, and JJypsipctcs elutatci. These were all more or less variable, the best forms being L. didiimata ? with a very distinct band, and some very light forms; (.'. testata with scarcely any dark markings outside the band, which was of a dull tlesh-colour, and thus stood out very distinctly. There is a somewhat sinjilar form figured by Barrett (tig. D) ; al.so several dark forms (fig. K). The JI. elutata were of the common dark moorland form. The only other insects taken were one Folia vhi ab. idiracea, on a wall, and one Af/rotis Incerui'a at dusk. — W. G. Clutten, 132, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley, .lannary 5t/i, 1905. Aplecta nebui.osa ab. robsoni. — 1 must strongly protest against the splitting up of the well-known aberration Aplfcta nchulosa ab. rtibsnni. The ab. thdiniismii of Arkle, is at most simply a glorified form of ab. mhsimi, Collins, and, as such, has been known for years to all who have woi'ked Delamere. It is not a new form, and does not require a varietal name. When will lepidopterists cease this absurd mania for subdividing aberrations? 1 might as well begin to coin names for about 200 BiKiruiia repondata ab. rnni'crsinia that I have, and which show a far greater divergence from the original ab. rouren^nfia than doe.s this at), tlmnipsoni from the original ab. mhsiDii. — Herbert Massey, F.E.b., Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury. Jaunarif ""Auil, 1905. 76 THE entomologist's RECORD. jrilOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARViE, &c. Eggs of Lepidoptera. — Acidalia iininorata. — These eggs present very few that are not more or less shrunk and shrivelled. The following notes, however, can be made. They are •68ram. long, •38ram. wide at broader, about -SSmm. at smaller, end, with depth of about •28mm. at thinner end, and 'Slmm. at thicker, being thus of usual Geometrid shape. They are longitudinally ribbed, the ribs being waved by the alternating secondary ribs. The ribs are rather blunt, but the troughs are fairly deep, the secondary ribs are not well marked, but quite evident. The ribs are 22-24 in number, uniting to smaller numbers at thin end, at the thick end they cross one another almost at right angles, in a pattern like engine-turning, resulting in a series of round tubercles or knobs at the points of inter- section. This is really a modification of the resolution of a network into ribs, but produces this curious pattern, not unlike the knobs on a Lycffinid egg, but relatively much larger, and on a square, not a hexagonal, pattern, but even so, becoming more hexagonal centrally. The colour appears to be green, changing to grey-brown, but in some with pink spots. The smaller end has a similar knobbed reticulation, but less regtilar, to that on the large end, the micropyle not made out. It is, perhaps, necessary to say that the " knobs " are rounded eleva- tions as of higher points where waves cross, and not the definite added structures they appear to be in Lycsenids. [Eggs laid August 23rd, 1900, by a 5 taken at Aix-les-Bains, and described September 4th. 1900.] Acidalia perochraria. — This is a most beautiful object, the netting being large, very correctly hexagonal, and markedly black, the deep hemispherical cups which occupy the spaces between the netting are uncoloured, and have a deep olive-green colour, due to egg-contents, under the shading of the network. The network is of rather fine lines and looks suspended over the opaline interior, reminding one in some degree of the network cocoons of some moths (Plutellids, &c.). The deep, regularly hemispherical cups are certainly unusually deep, and, looking at the side of the egg, one looks beneath the black marginal line, though the transparent walls of two adjacent cups, adding greatly to the impression of the netting being suspended at some distance from the egg. The network is very regularly hexagonal, a pentagon here and there thrown in, to meet the exigencies of a rounded surface. The egg is of typical Geometrid shape, i.e., it has three unequal diameters, and is, further, somewhat tapered to one end. The long diameter is •47mm. ; the transverse about -SGmm. at the widest part ; •29mm. at a corresponding point towards the narrow end ; the height is about •80rnm. at the thick end and •21njm. at the thinner. The netting has some fine meshes at the smaller end, which probably I'epresent the position of the micropyle. I have not succeeded in getting a good view of these, and cannot make out any definite rosette. The diameter of a hexagon of the network is about •04mm. [Eggs laid August 22nd, 1900. bv ? taken at Aix-les-Bains, described September 4th, 1900.] — T. A. C'hapman, M.D.. F.E.S., Betula, Reigate. Melanippehaxtata. — Pale yellow in colour; upper surface very shiny to the naked eye; oval in outline, one end ('Pniicropylar) I'ather squarer than its nadir ; almost the whole of the upper surface regularly LIFE-HISTORIES. 77 depressed, the surfaci' very minutely pitted. Len,i,'th : breadth : height apparently about 5:1:3. No further structure to be made out. [Laul by $ taken at Chamonix, August 1-lth, 1902, described August 17th, 1902. J— J. W. TuTT. Anthrucera e.culans. — -Rather pale yellow ; almost regularly oval except for a slight flattening at one end ; length : breadth as about 0 : 8-^, the height apparently almost equal to width, the k^gg being very full, without any depression, also uniformly yellow throughout, without any pale pole as in the eggs of some other Anthrocerids. Surface somewhat shiny, apparently finely pitted ; eggs laid regularly m rows naturally, often in heaps in confinement. \]^gg laid August iHth, 1902, by a $ from the Montanvert. ( rainbas niucheUus. — Small for size of moth ; oval iii outline, except that one pole is slightly flatter than its nadir ('? micropylar); the length : breadth as about 5:1; the longitudinal ribs well marked, four seen on upper surface when egg is lying Hat on table, faint transverse ribbing crossing longitudinal ribs at right angles. Laid loosely. 'Eggs laid August 19th, 1902, by J taken same day on Brevent, at about 6700ft. j These eggs were described simply with a good hand lens, the only apparatus I had with me at the time. — J. W. Tutt. Boarniia rlwiiiboidaria{ritish lepidoptera yet attempted. The f-!iit()uii)lniiisi/irs .lalirhiirli for 1905 contains its usual amount of entomological material to suit various tastes, from the general monthly hints on field-work for the cnleopterist to the description of new aberrations of lepidoptera. There is nothing really in the book that specially belongs to 1904, nor anything that has any scientific value beyond the usual matter to be found in magazines, e.ih, "Lepidoptera collected m Styria in 1902," " List of the Liparids, Saturniids, Drepanulids and Cymatophorids of Chemnitz," "Varieties and aberrations of Triphacna coines,'' "Lepidoptera taken in the neighbourhood of Prague," " Coleoptera of Frankish Switzerland," " Coleoptera of Thuringia," etc. A very poor section is the " Ento- mological book-list " for the year — this includes a large number of " price lists " of various dealei's, notices of the proceedings of one or two societies, and not a single book of real scientific value. The compiler evidently knows nothing about the best entomological books published in 1904. The Jalirhiuh is an excellent sample of the mixed medley that appeals to the collector all over the world, and that serves the scientific man's purpose for a detail or two of variation or geographi- cal distribution if he just remembers where to put his hand on them when he wants them. One suspects, however, that like most of the contents of our transactions and magazines, these sink largely into the vast area of foi-gottenness, there being far too few people at work in classifying these facts before they become too overwhelming, and in rescuing the grains of wheat from the bushels of chaff" in which most of the facts are buried. The appearance of a second edition of Davenport's St,ati!rith jdatc). By WILLIAM J. KAVE, F.E.S. This is a phenomenon that has been observed somewhere or other by every lepidopterist. The bee-like hawk-moths, Hemaris fitcifoDiiis and Heniaris tityiis, the Sesiidac or .Eiferiidae, and, to a less extent, Spilosdiiia iiioulira in the $ , will be at once recalled by every British entomolof^ist. But no idea can be gained as to the widespread occur- rence of transparency until one conies to South America. Nowhere else in the world is the phenomenon so marked or does it occur in so many families or subfamilies. It there occurs in some form or other in every butterfly faujily, riz., rajiilinnidac, Eii/ciiiiihtt', Sati/ridac, Nyinplialiilae, Hesperiidae, as well as in the Spliiwjidai', Sijutoiiiiilac, Arctiidae, Geoinetridae, Zj/i/aenidae, Pijralidae, hi/psiilac, < 'axtniidac, and A%(ieriidae. It is, however, remarkable that, so far, clear-winged bee-like Sphiiii/idae are not known from the region. In the Sjdiiwiidae and Ztjuacnidae one finds greater development towards transparency in other countries, notably in North America, Europe, and in India, while the Sipitomidac, for their numbers, have developed the tendency far more in the tropics of the Eastern Hemis- phere than in the West, but even though the character is less general in this family, in South America, and occurs in a smaller percentage of the forms, it is, in certain instances, far more complete than in any old world species. The general questions of transparency seem to be: (1) Why has it come about ? (2) How has it come about ? The first is probably far more easily answered in a general way than the second. Without doubt, transparency in many forms ofi'ers protection to those species that develop it. It may be that one species develops transparency to be like many another insect that is already transparent, and thus gains protection by entering a Miillerian association. In another, a hawk- moth assimilates a bee and a Batesian mimetic resemblance is made, the moth escaping under the guise of an unpalatable bee. Again, a Syntomid moth is like a fly or wasp, and a clear- winged ^Egeriid derives the same protection. There is probably, however, a third reason why it is beneficial for certain lepidoptera to become transparent. By losing their scales some insects could become more powerful on the wing and thus in themselves rely on more protection from birds and bats. A ridged surface, such as is presented by a scaled wing, must ofi'er more resistance to the air than a comparatively smooth surface. In the case of the transparent Hemarine hawk-moths, probably both the rapid flight and the resemblance to a bee were caused by the simple process of losing and modifying the scales. I have already mentioned how many species have apparently become transparent so as to conform to other species that were already transparent — species that have entered a Miillerian association of transparent-winged forms — but, primarily, the models or earliest transparent members of the group must have adopted this phase for very difi'erent reasons. In certain cases, such as Mct/mna roufiisa, in the Ithoiniinac, the transparency has, coupled with the intense black margin and transverse bars, probably given the insect a more pionounced conspicuousness and offensive look. In other cases, such as those in the genus It/iunn'a, transparency has given them a more or less inconspicuous aspect on the wing, so that they do not convey April 15th, 1905. 84 THE entomologist's recokd. any particular shape or pattern, and, at a very short distance, become obliterated. Coupled with the transparency, it is to be noted that they carry the abdomen held far back into the hmd wings, and thus render it doubly difficult for any enemy to deliver attack successfully. This habit of raising the abdomen has spread into almost all the Ithomiine genera, besides some Danaines and Heliconiines, where transparenc}' has not yet been developed. In case (2), already referred to, Batesian mimics or cases of protective resemblance are extremely varied. Besides hawk- moths being like bees, Sesiids, Syntomids and Arctiids, like flies, gnats and wasps, we have Acra^as, which resemble their sandy sur- roundings, and it becomes tolerably clear how, in the first place, the insects we term the models in a protected group assumed transparency. There are, however, certain cases which do not readily suggest an explanation. Why should a rapidly-flying Hesperiid, such as Knthen^ ritren^, be developing transparency ? It is more than likely that before it became transparent it had an already extremely rapid flight, as have its completely-scaled near relatives. Again, why should the Erycinids of the genus Zeonia be transparent? They are extremely conspicuous when at rest on a leaf with all the wings spread out, and on the wing they are so swift that it is impossible to follow them. Has their rapid flight been accelerated by a loss of scales ? Possibly it has, yet the near relatives of the genus Diurrhina also have a very rapid flight, and are almost completely scaled. Some members of Diorrhinaduve, how- ever, developing a transparent tendency. It would be scarcely possible to say if one or other were the faster unless the diflerence be very great, but there is a possibility that a small advantage gained by the diaphanous or semi-diaphanous species is sufficient to be a help in the struggle against enemies. While it is possible to account for some cases of transparency, it is very obscure, in other cases, what could have given rise to diaphanous wings, more particularly wings that have patches only transparent, unless they are thereby made more eft'acive at a short distance than they otherwise would be, or are in a transition stage to complete transparency. The Syntomids, Aijyrta intcilia, Anyrta dux, or Knoiira codestina, are certainly not at all inconspicuous when on the wing, and, if one of these has been a model, as one surmises, it has been one to which species might converge ; but there does not appear to be any plausible argument as to why this special characteristic should have become so marked. It is probable, however, that once other species had been brought within the influence of the dominant species, whichever it was, that they, by their especial structure, could become more transparent than their model, and that what was originally a not very marked feature became developed by the action of mimicry. I utterly fail to see how Mr. A. H. Thayer's theory of effacive coloration (Trann. Ent. Soc. Loud., p. 53B, 1908) can apply to the brilliant coloration of Aj/i/rta micilia, which is as brilliant on the wing as in the cabinet. To look at some other Syntomids we And the case very difierent. In British Guiana, Aethria leiicaspis, Aethria daltha and Seslura sinarandiiia fly together in the sunshine, their resemblance to one another being extraordinarily close, and one immediately regards them as a Miillerian group, with one or other as the dominant member, dominant by being most distasteful and most abundant. That member is undoubtedly Aet/nia lcticofi}iis, as the proportion of each TRANSPARENCY IN WIN(JS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 85 species is about as follows : Acthria /(//crrs/^/.s, 90%; Actinia daltha, 4%; Settiura tiiiiarai/dina, 6%. But theve is no difficulty in su<^gestinf^ why A. IcKcasjiis became transparent if it were the first of the trio so to become. The abdomen is brilliantly coloured with metallic green, and the anal segment has a tuft of crimson. If the scaling that once existed on the wings was not very conspicuous, nor of a warning nature, it probably detracted from the highly warning colour of the abdomen, but, by a nearly complete loss of scales on the wings, the abdomen has been made considerably more conspicuous, and the insect is probably rendered more immune and serves as a greater warning than it would otherwise have done. It is, of course, beyond the scope of this paper to enter into the why and wherefore of the transparency of every species, or even to all the cases of grouped transparent species where the phase was only developed by one, or perhaps two, species in the first instance, the re- mainder having conformed to the type. Where a large group is concerned one may be at fault in considering this or that species as the dominant or type form, when all speculative reasons as to what gave rise to transparency umst be worse than useless. The chief reasons, however, that I believe to have given rise to transparency have already been laid before you, and recapitulated are these: (1) Increased conspicuous- ness and warning colour; (2) the reverse — greater concealment or eflfacement ; (3) increased speed on the wing. With regard to (2) one might inquire, if efiacement be the object of one transparent member of a group, why not for all ? The answer is probably that, with the aid of an already transformed member, the elfacive coloration will be developed very much quicker, and that mimicry must be held to have had at least a share of the influence. Moreover, if the group had attained large dimensions, any fresh arrival in the neighbourhood would be transformed to its ranks in less time than if natural selection were working on pure efiacement alone. I now pass from argument to fact and come to the second part of my paper — "How has transparency arisen?" From my own research, and from the research of others, many means have been revealed to attain this end. As to precisely how many difterent methods have been employed, it is not yet known. I will say at once that it was owing to Professor Poulton's valuable ])aper in Trans. Linn. .S"w. Land., 1898, on "Natural Selection, the Cause of Mimetic Resemblance and Common Warning Colours," that I Avas fired to incjuire into the causes that bring about trans- parency. In the Professor's paper a section is devoted to this phenomenon, and Mrthnna cnnfasa and T/n/ridia /isidii, members of the subfamily Ithoiniinac, are compared with Itiina ilione and Ittina ji/niiantf, members of the subfamily Ihmainae. The microscopic examination was made on the apical area of the forewings and revealed a completely difterent method in the two subfamilies, and a slightly difterent method even between the two Ithomiines. The latter were found to have two difterently-shaped lots of scales, alternating with one another, but in the transparent area the narrow scales had become hairs and the l>roader scales much reduced in size. In the Danainae only scales of one shape were present, and, in the transparent portion, the scales were simply less numerous but not altered in shape. Following up his research the Professor examined the Pierine, IHsinnrfihia nrisc, certain Castniids, and certain Pericopid-Hypsids. all of which fall into the transparent group, of which, doubtless, Itana 86 THE entomologist's record. ilione and Metlmua confusa already examined, are the models. In the Dhmorphia the transparent portion shows the scales reduced in size only, the nmnbers not being reduced nor the shape altered. In the Hypsids, all species of the genus A7ithi»iii/za have the shape, numbers, and disposition of the scales the same, and transparency is effected by the scales themselves becoming transparent. In remarkable contrast with this, Hyelosia tiresia, also a Hypsid, shows the scales greatly reduced in number as well as being transparent, and also set up on edge to a certain extent. The last species to be examined by Professor Poulton were certain of the Castniidac. Several transparent species were examined, and all had the same arrangement. The scales are not reduced in size, and but little in number. The shape is simplified and the pigment is lost. The scales are also set steeply up on edge. Several papers have been written on the pigment in lepidopterous scales, and some of these indirectly touch on transparency. Such are Mr. A. G. Mayer's " Development of the wing-scales and their pig- ment in butterflies and moths " (see Mmeum of Comp. Zool. at Harvard Coll., Camb., U.S.A.), and Dr. T. A. Chapman's " Notes on Mr. Mayer's paper" {Knt. Bee, ix., pp. 78-79). In a paper, however, by Mr. E. W. Wake Bowell {Ent. Rec, ix., pp. 271-^73), on the " Scales of the European Zyg^nides," the shape and disposition of the scales are discussed, and the question of transparency and its develop- ment is unconsciously dealt with. I say unconsciously because of the statement that "As usual, the scales of the lower wings are less highly specialized than those of the upper." This, as I shall show later on, is the converse of what has and is taking place. Mr. Bowell finds that the trifid, bifid, or quadrifid scales of the forewing are more specialized than the strap-shaped smooth scales of the hindwing, which practically means that the forewing once had simple scales and has developed elaborate scales. One need only look at a very completely transparent hindwing covered with minute hairs to see the impossibility of such an argument. When I began to write this paper I had a vague recollection of having seen a paper on the scales of the bee-hawk moths, but a perusal of the most likely literature has failed to reveal it, so at the risk of recapitulation, I will give a few details of these interesting Sphingids. In Hemaru fuciformis the scales in the transparent portion are fairly closely packed together on emergence from the pupa but have lost some of their pigment, and some are semi-transparent, but as the sockets are very weak and the scales themselves rather elevated, they quickly wear off and natural selection will probably not work apy further to make the now fugitive scales themselves transparent. In all the species of He ma) is 1 have examined the same means is adopted, except that in some species notably in H. aifinis, from North America, the scales are not nearly so elevated and, therefore, not so likely to brush off, and one might expect that the scales themselves might be more transparent, yet this does not appear to be so. In Hemaris radians, from Japan, the scales in the transparent area are apparently considerably more transparent, at any rate in the interspaces between the nervures, but I have been unable to examine a well-scaled specimen. In Cephonodes Jii/las the transparency of the scales has developed to a considerable extent, but I have only been able to examine specimens with a few scattered scales still left on the membrane. {To be concluded.) CLAY-LOADED PAPER AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS. 87 Clay-loaded Paper and Scientific Publications. By SKL^VYN IMAGE, M.A., F.E.S. Professor Poulton, in bis presidential address to the Entomological Society of London, on January iHth last, made some strong remarks upon the use of clay-loaded paper for scientific publications. The Editor of The I'wcord has asked me to give him a note on the matter, which I do not willingly only but delightedly. For many a day some of us artists have been crying out against the use of these papers for anything but the most ephemeral purposes. It is a great encourage- ment that here at last is science joining art in her outcry. Perhaps somebody now will begin to listen. Professor Poulton minces no words, and T cannot do better than quote a few of them. " I refer especially," he says, " 'to the so-called art papers.' Their opaque, white, polished surfaces, which yield the most successful ' half-tone' and 'three-colour' printings, are at present only possible by means of a veneer of china clay. Dust it is, and we, are assured by experts that not many years wall pass before it succumbs to the fate, which the highest authority tells us is in store for dust .... Every Fellow of this Society will agree that an age producing scientific records, which cannot be made to endure, is an age to be rightly scorned by the generations of the future .... This is a matter so important that it ought not to be left to the President of your Society to sound the warning. It is a matter which it would have been well if the Royal Society and the Ikitish Association had taken up years ago .... I know no producer, scientific or other, whose self-respect would sufier the employment of materials, however good the effect, however low the cost, which would not last say five- and -twenty years." Now five-and-twenty years is a time appallingly short. Professor Poulton says that he is speaking on the authority of experts. From one point of view I most ardently hope that his experts are accurate to the letter. To any one who knows what the qualities of good paper are, these loaded papers are hideous to the eye and unpleasant to the touch ; so that, whether they will last or will not last, one would rejoice to see them swept out of the land. If the Professor's time limit is right, some of us will fortunately live to see them swept out of it. But here I must be honest and confess that I, too, for the purposes of this note, have been to an expert — one of the first in London — and that I have come away from him not quite so jubilant as I had hoped. No pressure of mine could bring my friend to assert that there was evidence that these papers would in time drop to dust far a certaiiit!/. But the chances that they would were, he was prepared to say, very great. Well, and if at the moment we can see our way to going no further than my cautious friend will go, is that not far enough '? Is anybody, for serious work, not meant for the passing hour, content to sit quiet and run such a risk ? But further. These loaded papers are forced upon us mainly in support of half-tone blocks and the three-colour process. Half-tone blocks, we are told, cannot be printed satisfactorily on any other than loaded paper. Undoubtedly this is true. If anybody can invent a good non-loaded paper upon which they can be printed, he may rely upon a fortune in a week. lUit the'olnious answer is, why use half- 88 THE entomologist's RECORD. tone blocks at all for serious and permanent work, seeing that the risk is, at the least, so great ? These half-tone blocks in their results are not really such superlatively fine things that we must have them at any cost. For scientific illustrations they are at any rate not better than carefully executed line process-blocks, which can be printed on any reasonable paper. As I write, the second volume of Dr. August Weis- mann's The Emlution Tlienry lies open before me at page 246. Will it be maintained that the line process- block illustration on this page, of galls on a twig and a leaf, is an inferior thing to the half-tone block of the crustacean on page 242 ? From an artistic point of view it most assuredly is not; and I venture to say that, from a scientific point of view,, everything that could be required for accuracy or charm in the crustacean could be given by a fine drawing made for the line process- block.-'' But how does the matter stand in regard to the three-colour process? If it is stated that illustrations in this method cannothQ printed on any but clay-loaded paper, the statement is exaggerated. They can be printed on such paper most easily, and, unless special care be taken, most effectively ; that is all. When everything is said and done, how- ever, so far as colour goes colotypes are a great deal better than three- colour-process illustrations. Yes, it may be replied, but how much more expensive ! That depends. Certainly up to 500, possibly up to 1000, the difference in price between the two methods for monochrome illustrations would be mfinitesimal, and for coloured ones would not be prohibitive. The cheapness of the three-colour process comes in when you run into many thousands ; and for the best kind of scientific works there is not, alas ! this demand. Moreover, the cry for cheap- ness is not the only cry worth heeding, and if your work, as Professor Poulton says, is going shortly to perish, or, as my cautious expert friend says, is very probably gomg to perish, a wise man will think twice before he welcomes even cheapness at such a risk. Only one word more. I have alluded to Dr. Weismann's book on evolution, recently published by Mr. Edward Arnold. It is a work of the highest importance, but it is no easy matter reading it. You want everything to help you in reading it, that your attention may be un- divided. What actually happens ? You take one of the volumes in your hand, and every few minutes you have to shift it about or to put it down, so vilely does its weight make you ache. And the reason of this weight lies in the fact that it is printed throughout on clay-loaded paper. And the reason of its being so printed is that some of the illustrations up and down it may be half-tone blocks. I say frankly that these illustrations could have been done by another process just as well ; and that the annoyance and inconvenience caused by this half-tone process in a book of this importance, we ought never to be called upon to put up with. * Perhaps even a more obvious instance is on page 178, where the larva of Sesia fti'ni><, Borck). Large, dark olive; elytra dark, different in the two sexes; in ^ , fore border strongly arched, mediastinal vein strong, bent, scapular and discoidal areas very broad, with parallel straight transverse vein- lets ; ulnar veins united, very straight ; elytra of ? broad, but anterior border not so bowed ; mediastinal area as in J , but scapular and discoidal areas not dilated, irregularly reticulated ; wings smoky, nearly black, the mediastinal and radial veins thickened, strong, the former curved, forming with the latter a regular bright shining area ; hind femora olive; tibiiB red. Length of body, 19mm. J; 2;^mm. J ; of pronotum, 4 •2mm. J , 5mm. ? ; of elytra, 18uim.-19miii. J , 18mm. $ . A large species, conspicuous by its size, dark colour, smoky veins, and clattering stridulation, resembling the winding of a watch, when chirping at rest, and clattering noise when flying. Widely distributed in the mountains of central Europe. In France it occurs at Larche, Savoy, Bareges, Cauterets, Mont Dore, Gavarnie, Canigou, Bagneres de Luchon, Chartreuse, Serre. and many other localities in the Pyrenees and Alps. In Spain, it is found in the mountains of the north and centre, La Granja, Guadarrama, Cuenca, Ona, Panticosa, Penalara, Collsacabra, Cambron, Salto, Jaca, Montseny. It is found also throughout Switzerland, and on the Italian slopes of the Alps ; in North Germany, and Sweden, as well as in Austria, in the Tirol ; it is common round Innsbruck. 94 THE entomologist's record. 2. Stauroderus apricarius, L. This is a pale form of the preceding, from which it differs in its lighter colour, hyaline wings and somewhat slenderer build ; it is distinguished from other species by the form of the ulnar veins, and by the thickened veins of the wings and undulated fore border of the wings. Length of body, 16mm. $ , 18mm. -22mm. 5 ; of pronotum 3'lmm. J , 4mm. ? ; of elytra 12mm. ^ , 11mm. -13mm. $ . Occurs in mountains in northern and central Europe. In France it is said to be numerous at Mont Dore, and is recorded from the Canigou under the name of S. finoti, Saulcy, also recorded from Le Col d'Assos, in the Basses-Alpes, and Vernet-sur-Sioule. In Spain it has been taken at Lugo, Panticosa, and at Nuria. It occurs also in Germany, but not in Belgium, nor south of the Alps. In Sweden, it is recorded from Skane, Oeland, and Borgholm ; in Lower Austria, on the Bisam and Leopoldsberg, Ottakring, Mauer, Rodaun, Modling, Baden, and Kranichberg. 3. Stauroderus binotatus, Charpentier. Variable in colour, but recognisable by the uniform grey elytra, with a white, indistinct stigma, and by the very noticeable grey bands on the posterior femora ; the colour of the hind tibiae, bright red, with a yellow ring at the base, is also characteristic. Length of body, 17mm. ^ , 26mm. $ ; of pronotum, 3-3mm. ^ , 5-6mm. $ ; of elytra, 12mm. (? , 21mm. ? . This is a locally distributed species, occurring in clearings in woods, on heather or among reeds. It is rare in France ; Mont de Marfan, Poissy, Arcachon, La Teste-de-Buch, Lamothe, Amelie-les- Bains, Tarbes, Canigou, and Aigremont. In Spain, in the Sierra de Penalara, Escorial, Ferrol, Bilbao, Chiclana, and Ucles ; it is found also in Portugal. 4. Stauroderus saulcyi, Krauss. Elytra not extending beyond abdomen ; allied to preceding, but difiers in the colour of the hind tibiae {nde table), and the smaller size, slenderer form. Length of body, 21mm. ). niacili'nta. M. cifccllaris is like, but slightly more specialised than, (>. marilt'Hta. That of A. litnra seems a very elementary form. A. Itiivola seems of quite a distinct class. DIFFEEENCES. LiTURA. PlST.\CINA. MaCILENTA. 1 CiRCELLARIS. Helvola. Size •3m. •4m. •4m. j •Gm. •8m. Ribs .50 to 60, faint hardly visible 40 to 50, irregular just visible 30 to 33, very regular, thick, and zigzag very much marked and 27 to 30, still more regular and sharper not so promi- nent,distinct- 35, quite Transverse. . straight and very sharp like ridge of roof Stellate area hardly visible just visible equally raised beautiful spoons ly lower beautiful spoons and mid-rib hardly visible Micropyle . . Colour .... (v. small) ? ? cream (small) 12 pear-shaped depressions deep brown fsmall) 12, rarely 11, 10 chocolate always 10 (large) green 20 (v. small) yellow, mot- tled with red (Rev.) R. Freeman, M.A., Prescot, Lancashire. Eggs of Lepidoptera. — Callapliri/s riibi. — The egg is roughly circular in outline and spheroidal in shape, being depressed or fhittened at both poles ; the surface covered with a rather coarse net- work that is roughly polygonal, the polygons having from five to nine sides, although the greater number are hexagonal. The micropylar ai-ea forms a comparatively large; depression at the apex, the sides of the depression being much more finely reticulated than the remainder of the egg, but still maintaining its polygonal character. The reticu- lation, although irregular, suggests a certain amount of vertical ar- rangement. The egg is uniformly green in colour, the ribbing paler, somewhat transparent, glassy, almost silvery in hue. [Description made on May 2Gth, from egg laid May 28rd, 1898, belonging to Mr. I'^iler.]— J. W. TuTT. The eggs of Calloiihrys ruhi described above were laid on the petals of Ult'.r furopat'ux, and on the leaves of Udianthoiiuiii luh/ari'. They are globose, flattened ; the micropylar area depressed, covered with reticulation of raised white lines ; the egg of a pale sea-green colour ; diameter -Q^T to ^028 of an inch. In none of my specimens could 1 find the double white lines described ])v llcllins; the reticulation wa.- 100 THE entomologist's RECORD. in single lines throughout.— F. E. Filer, 58, Southwark Bridge Road, S.E. Jane 1th, 1898. Cupido minima. — Laid on the hairy calyx of Ornithopm iierptmlliis. The egg presents an almost circular outline, 'Smm. in diameter. It is very flattened, the thickness being considerably less than half the diameter. It is of a pale green colour with the surface crossed as in Polyommatus hellargus, with two series of oblique lines, dividing the surface up into rhomboidal, or irregularly polygonal, dvisions. The upper surface is not depressed, although somewhat flattened, and, in this respect, differs greatly from the egg of P. bellari/un. The surface of the upper part of the egg is exactly similar with that of the sides, whilst quite at the apex a comparatively large and bright green micro- pylar depression is conspicuous. At the base of the micropylar depression the stellate cells arrange themselves around a central white point. At each of the angular points of the reticulation there is a distinctly raised white knob, which is, however, less marked than in P. bellanjus. As the egg matures it loses its bright green colour and becomes somewhat yellowish. [Described June 24th, 1898, under a f lens, from eggs received from Mr. R. D. Postans, captured at East- bourne on June 22nd, 1898.] The eggs examined (4) were all laid on the downy calyces, three forced down edgewise between the long hairs with which the calyx is covered. Buckler says that they are laid between the calyces, these were all laid upon the calyces. — J. W. Tutt. Polyommatus bellanius {adonis). — The egg presents an almost circu- lar outline about -SSmm. in diameter. It is comparatively shallow, the thickness being less than half the diameter ; much depressed on the outer surface. It is pale green in colour ; the surface covered with two series of oblique lines, running in opposite directions, so that it is covered, as it were, with a very well developed rhomboidal reticulation, fairly regular in some parts, irregular in others. The lines that cut each other to form this reticulation, shiny silvery- white, whilst at each angular point of the reticulation the cutting lines form a prominent white knob. The depressed area at the top forms a shallow basin, occupying the whole of the upper surface. The sides of the basin are covered with a similar reticu- lation to that which ornaments the outer area, except that the meshes are somewhat finer and smaller. Quite at the bottom of this depression is a minute secondary depression, bright green in colour — the micropyle proper — which is composed of very minute cells. [Described June 20th, 1898, under |- lens, from eggs received from Mr. R. D. Postans, captured at Eastbourne on June 2nd, 1898.] Viewed edgewise the egg appears white but for a pale green tint, which is just visible below the deep reticulation. The green tint is faint, even on the top, except at the micropyle. — J. W. Tutt. Kuple.da lucipara. — The eggs when first laid are of a pale straw- yellow, changing in two days to pearly-grey with a yellow tinge, a small reddish patch occupying the micropylar area, and a broken red- dish ring round the shoulder of the egg. The egg forms rather more than half a sphere, of nearly 1mm. diameter, slightly rounded at the base, and about -Vmm. in height. The eggs are laid somewhat irregularly, some singly, others just in contact, others, again, simply imbricate, but this is due, perhaps, to the moth being so confined in the small box in which the eggs are laid. The base of the egg is coarsely pitted. The sides have 25 vertical ribs running from the base to the micro- LIFE-HISTORIES. 101 pylar area ; these are fine, somewhat sharply edged, and crossed by 22 very snuilar horizontal ones that divide the surface of the egg into roughly rectangular spaces. The vertical ribs decrease as they near the apex, some disappearing at about a third from the base, others at the shoulder of the egg, two adjacent depressions being continued as one by the sudden suppression of a rib. The micropylar area forms a rather large depression, with reticulated sides and a raised central Stella, formed of six adjacent arcs, with the convexity turned outwards. [Described July 15th, 189H. The measurements evidently want check- ing. Moth captured at Westcombe Park, on July 13th.] — J. W. Tutt. Taeniormtipa iirarilis ab. n(fa. — Pale yellow in colour, the surface covered with what appears to be a very coarse and rough reticulation, the latter being formed by about 50 irregular longitudinal ridges, run- ning from the base towards the apex, and crossed transversely. Above ihe shoulder the ridges are lost, and the upper surface is reticulated by irregular polygonal areas. The micropyle itself is conspicuous with ten very distinct oval cells, pointing towards centre surrounding it. The colour then changes to a rather dull orange with some small and rather faint (at first) irregular red patches. The egg forms a little more than one-half of a sphere, somewhat flattened ventrally, and less so towards the apex. [Described May 12th, 1899, under a f lens, from eggs sent by Mr. Christy, laid May 8th, the parents bred from larva) obtained in the New Forest, in 1898, feeding on bog myrtle, and fed up in captivity on sallow and dock.] — J. W. Tutt. PanoUs jiinipcrda. — Of a greenish-yellow when received, rapidly changing to a distinct purple. Each egg forms little more than a half of a sphere, with a flattened base, the top occupied by a very con- spicuous depression, in the centre of which the micropyle is distinctly raised, the ribbings of a distinctly Noctuid type, the longitudinal ribs passing from the base to the apex, about 50 in number, are round- edged at summit, wavy in outline, the space between divided up by transverse concentric rings into many oblong areas. The longitudinal ribs unite in twos or threes on a point above the shoulder, about 1() reaching the micropylar area, around which they form a sort of raised rim. The micropyle proper consists of a small depression at the apex of a small truncated cone, situated centrally in the depressed micro- pylar area. The ribs (longitudinal and transverse.) very shiny. [De- scribed May 5th, 1898.]— J. W. Tutt. Sjiilondwa incnthastri. — Size as nearly as possible -6251^11. in diameter, almost circular in outline, forming rather more than two- thirds of a sphere, being flattened at bottom. To the naked eye they appear of a very pale yellow colour, but under a lens they are pearly, the yellow having to a large extent disappeared. The surface is covered with a delicate polygonal reticulation, somewhat irregular, the number of sides of the polygons varying frcmi 1 to 6, the majority are however 5-sided. At the apex of the egg there is a small circular depression, on the sides of which the ordinary reticulation of the rest of the egg-shell is continued, but the cells formed are hen; consider- ably narrower and lengthened as they approach to bottom. At the lowest point of the depression six long oval cells meet at the central point, the micropyle proper. Laid in batches on the inside of a luatch- box, Juno 27lh, 1898. [Described same date under a ^ lens, magni- fying 188 diameters.] — J. W. Tutt. Acidalia remutata. — -iSmm. high, -ymm. wide. Pale yellow when 102 THE kntomologist's kecokd. first laid, becoming almost crimson to the naked eye in the course of a few days. The eggs are scattered about on the tiny splinters which project from the inside of a chip-box, sometimes clustered together in little batches of as many as a dozen, at others laid singly. The most remarkable character of these eggs is that they are laid upright, that is with the micropyle at the apex, and in no instance is there a single egg laid on its long side. This resemblance to a butterfly egg is enhanced by its peculiar shape and ribbing. In shape it is not unlike a Pieridegg, presenting a long oval in outline, but with truncated apex. There are fourteen vertical ribs, somewhat sharp-edged, running from the base to the apex, but having a crenulated appearance where the series of eighteen transverse ribs crosses their upper edges. These ribs end on the margin of the flattened apex, in a series of knobs ; within the area thus enclosed the apex is pitted with rather coarse polygonal cells, and is depressed considerably centrally, ending in a distinct stellar depression, at the base of which is the micropyle proper. The colour at this stage is pale yellow, but so plentifully sprinkled with large, irregular, bright red patches, that the egg, to the naked eye, looks entirely crimson. [Described June 23rd, 1898, under a f-lens, from eggs laid on June 18th, received from Mr. F. G. Whittle.]- — J. W. TUTT. Coremia desyjnata {propH(jnata). — The eggs were laid singly or in pairs on the inside of the box in which the female was confined. All were laid on the flat side, and are pale yellow when laid. The egg is roughly oval in outline, but rather broader at the micropylar end than at its nadir. It forms a flattened disc or ellipsoid, with an oval de- pression on the upper surface, occupying about one-half that surface. The egg is somewhat fuller (thicker) at the micropylar end than at its nadir. It is covered with a strongly marked irregularly polygonal reticulation, the meshes much larger on the central portions of the egg. The micropyle is situated centrally, at the fullest end, and con- sists of a slightly flattened area, with a central depression, the pitting of the area mmute, and the area itself surrounded by concentric rings of the polygonal reticulation, which gradually increases in size as it recedes from the micropyle. [Egg described under a f-lens, on June 7th, 1898, from eggs laid June 5th, by a $ captured at Beddington, Surrey, on June 4th.] — J. W. Tutt. OLEOPTERA. Thryogenes scirrhosus and its congeners. — In view of the difterent opinions with regard to this species held by Mr. Newbery and the authors of the last catalogue of British coleoptera, it has occurred to me that the distinctive characters of our three species of Thnjo(/enes might be usefully restated. The characters given for their separation in Cox's Handbook I find of no use whatever. The real distinctive characters are given by Canon Fowler, but in the customary form, and this does not indicate the real state of things so clearly as might be wished. For example, in all three species the clothing of the elytra consists entirely of scales, those forming the pale stripe on the sutural interstices being more broadly rounded and different in charac- ter from the remainder ; but whereas the latter, in T. scirrhnsus are quite narrow and hair-like, in the other two species they are broadly COLEOPTERA. 103 rounded at the apex, though to a less degree than those of the suture. T. festiicae and T. nereu are separable by the difference in the form of the antennae ; these are not easy to appreciate in the first instance, and, in my own experience, the form of the third joint of the funiculus affords a iDetter index character to the differences in question than that of the second. The distinctive character of the three species might be tabulated as follows : — 1 (4) Scales of elytra, including those of the sutural interstices, more or less broad, rounded at the apex. 2 (3) Third joint of funiculus distinctly oblong, about one-half longer than broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festiicae. 3 (2) Third joint of funiculus transverse, or about as long as broad. . Nereis. 4 (1) Scales of elytra, exclusive of those on the sutural interstices, narrow, pointed at the apex (hair-like) . . . . . . Scirrhosus. I may add that I have taken T. scirrJiomis by the Thames and Severn canal at Daneway, Gloucestershire, and the other two species in East Norfolk, T. nereis by the river Yare at Brundall, and T. festucae in several localities. — J. Edwards, F.E.S., Colesborne, Cheltenham. March 15th, 1905. Melanophthalma transversalis, Gyll., a species new to Britain. — Hitherto only the var. irollaatojii, Wat., has been recorded from Britain. Tt was first taken by Wollaston, at Mablethorpe, in Lincoln- shire, and later Canon Fowler took it in the same locality in numbers. It has also been recorded from Sheerness, Darenth, Chatham, South- end, Kingsgate, Weymouth, Devonshire, and co. Cork, and I have taken it at Wicken Fen. I am now recording the type form transver- salis, Gyll., itself, which I took on October 15th last, under vegetable refuse at Pevensey, at the same spot where I took Dibolia cijnoglossi two years ago. Herr Reitter has confirmed the identification. M. transversalis appears to be a very variable insect, as there are no fewer than eight named varieties in the last European catalogue. The var. irollastoni is a little larger and broader than the type. — -Horace Donis- THORPE, F.E.S. March 20th, 1905. Nebria gyllenhali, Sch., var. rufescens, Strcem., a British VARIETY. — The var. rufescens, Stroera {arctica,D].), is the form with the elytra, and sometimes the legs, red. In the Ent. liecurd for 1903, p. 262, I recorded the fact that a red form of Nebria (jyllenhali, which is quite mature, occurs in the shingle of the Gelt river, in Cumberland, and it is this variety. It also occurs in Scotland, and must, therefore, be added to the British list.— Ibid. OcALEA LATiPENNis, Shp., IN SuRREY. — In June last I took a speci- men of this rare " Staph.," at Chiddingfold, at the spot where Qaedius kraatzii occurs. It has been recorded from Tonbridge, Manchester, Hartlepool, banks of Irthing and Mersey, Scarborough, Wallington, Northumberland, Scotland (rare), and Ireland, Armagh. — Ibid. A winter's day at hay- stack REFUSE IN THE ISLE OF ShEPPEY. As I had to be in London for a few days in the middle of February I arranged with Mr. Donisthorpe to spend Sunday, February 12th, at Sheerness. The weather was bright, sunny, and promising for collect- ing, and as we had heard there had been heavy ffoods during the exceptionally high tides earlier in the winter, we expected to find plenty of flood refuse, but, unfortunately, in this we were disappointed, as on making our way on Sunday morning from Queenborough station along the railway line to the Iwade marshes, we found that, although 104 THE entomologist's record. it was true the sea did break through the banks of the Swale, no refuse worth working had been left behind. We had, therefore, to fall back upon hay-stacks in the marshes, and sift the refuse lying around them, though we also did a little work on the grass tufts and moss along the edges of the fresh-water ditches in the marshes. The day was very bright and sunny, with a bitterly cold wind, after a somewhat sharp night frost. We found, as usual, some of the haystacks more prolific than others, and the first one we struck was by far away the best ; whilst a small patch of tidal refuse on the sea side of the banks of the river Swale, a few hundred yards above the railway bridge at Kingsferry, produced a few good insects. The following is a complete list of the captures during the day's work, and during a hurried visit to a hay- stack near Sheerness early on Monday morning, before leaving for town — Monday being a dull, damp day, totally different in climatic conditions from the Sunday. Out of the tidal refuse I secured one specimen of Mecinm collaris, Germ. ; this refuse also produced Haphjdeins coelatns, Gr., Honmlota vestita, Gr. (in plenty), PJtilorhiniun sordidum, Ochtliebiiis iiiariniis, Pk., Hydrobius obhyyKjm, Hbst., ('orypliiiim anfimticolle, Steph., and several other small Staphs, not yet determined. At the roots of the grass by the sides of the ditches, Apion diffhrme, Germ., occurred abund- antly, with Coccidula scutellata, Hbst., Brtjcuds helferi, Schm., and Sci/d- iiiaeuidi ,sci(tellaris, Miill. Out of some half-dead willows, by the side of a fresh-water brook, between Queenborough and Kingsferry, we took several specimens of Hel()])s coenileiis, L. In the hay-stack refuse, which was certainly the most prolific in beetles, the following were obtained : — Apion aclwiiherri, Boh., and A. raripes, Germ., both sparingly; Carto- dere rujicollis, Marsh., which was quite abundant, and varied greatly in size ; Enicuius minutuH, L., fiJ. trmisversux, 01., JMdanojdithalma fiiscula, Hum., and M. fulvipes var. meridionalis, Reit., iJorticaria crenalata, GylL, Atomaria nitiricentru, Steph., A. mwnda, Er., A. bcoialia, Er., A. apicalis, Er., Crrjptophacius acntannulus, GylL, C. (((finis, Stm., C. saginatus, Stm., C. dintinriuendus, Stm., and C. den- tatiis, Hbst., CohjptnmeruH diibim, Marsh., Sericoderns lateralis, GylL, fiJphisU'innH (H/rinoidi's, Marsh., ^[onotoma riifa, Redt., Heterothops dis- siiitilis, Gr., Microf/lossa suturalis, SahL, Oly/ota atomaria, Er., O. piisilliiiia, Gr., and Medon propinqaiis, Bris. — T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. March 'drd, 1905, Platydema dytiscoides and other Coleoptera in the New Forest. — During last year I paid several short visits to the New Forest, and the following are amongst my captures : — Calosouia inquisitor, L., in numbers on trunks and lower branches of oaks ; Carabus catenu- latiis, Scop., C. violaceus, L., C. arcensis, Hbst., under stones and logs; Cychrus rostratus, L., occurred several times under bark and logs ; Aiiiara lunicollis, Schiod., and Aniara similata, GylL, were both fairly plentiful ; Harpalus rubripes, Duft., one specimen in a gravel pit; and H. honestus, Duft., and H. /xrHct/coZ^/s, Payk., were very common under ling in the same spot. Many beautiful specimens of Pterostichns diiiridiatiis, 01., were taken in a gravel pit, in company with a very large and brilliant aberration of P. lepidtis, ¥., which were all males, the females being of the usual type. /'. oblonyopanctatns, F., was very plentiful under oak-chips left by the woodmen who had recently been felling trees, at the sap of which hundreds of (Tcotnipcs sylraticiis, Pz., were lying in all stages of inebriation, (j. vemalis, L., also occurred COLEOPTERA. 105 in the same wood. Noti(ypMlns aqiiaticus, L., N. auhstriatua, Wat., and rutipes, Curt., were taken, several specimens of the latter amongst wood-chips ; Leistiia fipinihnrhiK, P., and L. falvibarbis, Dj., occurred frequently under bark ; BradycellHn verbasri, Duft., in sandy places ; and two specimens of Lebia < Idorocephala, Hoff., were taken running on pathways. Much hard work was given to the search for the rare Af/abns brunneiis, F., without success, but incidentally many common water-beetles were taken, including Rhantiis exolettis, Forst., Aijabua bipustulatHs, L., and others. Lucanus cervus, L., was found to be breeding in an old mound composed of matted roots, and several of the perfect insects, some of which were of very large size, were found near by. The larvae, pupfe, and imagines of Dorms parollelopipedus, L., were found in some old felled elm near Brockenhurst, in company with the larvfe of Enjx ater, F., a number of the latter I succeeded in breeding to the imagmal stage. The larvffi is very elongate, of a yellowish cream-colour, with hard and darker head. The pupal stage lasts about fifteen days, and, in confinement, the imago takes some time to mature. The larvaB of Sinodendron were found in rotten willow, and were also successfully reared. Onthophaijm orotiis, L., and (>. nuchicomh, L., were taken in several places, as were also Cetonia aiirata, L., and Trox sabulosiis, L. On the hawthorn Anthaxia nitidida, L., occurred ; in rotten wood FJlater lythropterus, Germ., and K. elonriatulus, F., were taken, and Corymbites tessellatuH, F., C'. Jiolosericeus, F., occurred sparingly, whilst Athous lomjicollis, 01., was so plentiful as to become a nuisance. A number of Longicornes were taken, and the season seemed to favour them. An early Aromia moschata, L., was found near Brockenhurst, and Asemum striatxiii, L., together with its var. ayreate, was dug out of its burrows in numbers. Criocephaliis i)olo- nicus, Mots., occurred in its old haunts, but even as late as the first week in August imagines were not yet out, and, owing probably to the continuous dry heat, the larvae were feeding much deeper into the wood than was the case in wetter seasons. CalliditDn riolaceiiin, L., is still making sad havoc of the pretty rustic fences at Brockenhurst, and C. rariabile, L., was taken at Ramnor. Clytus arictis, L., C mysticits, L., Rhayium inquisitor, F., and the almost white form of R. bifasciatioii, F., and Toxotns nieridianm, L., were plentiful. I came across one specimen of Anoplodera sexyuttata, ¥., a few specimens of Leptara fiilva, De G., and L. scutellata, F., occurred in numbers. The remain- ing Longicornes were Stranyalia anitata, Hbst., S. niyra, L., i^'. melanura, L., (Jrainwoptera tabacicolor, De G., (Jr. rti/icornis, F., LeiopuH nebulosKs, L., and Mesosa nubila, 01. In dead animals the following were plentiful, sometimes swarming : — Xccrodes littoralis, L., Hiater cadarcriniis, Hoft"., Necro2)l>uruf< respillo, L., I'Silpha opaca, L., S. thoracica, L., Deniirstes viurinns, L., and on tree-trunks and under bark JJitoma crenata, F., and Mycetophayus piceiis, F., were seen in plenty. Aspidiphorns orbiculatus, Gyll., in fungus, and of the remain- ing clavicorns Anatis ocellata, L., and Soronia pimctatisdma, 111., may be mentioned. The best capture was one specimen of Platydema dytiscuides, Ross., which I came across under bark, and near the same spot Melandrya carabuides, L., and Rhi)iosi)iitis plajiirostris, F., occurred. One specimen each of IscJuiomera cocrulca, L., and /. mnyninicollis, F., were taken at Queen's Bower, and a specimen of Pyrochroa coccinea, L., was netted on the wing, and Tnmoxia biynttafa, Gyll., was dug out of 106 THE entomologist's record. an old beech tree in some numbers. Attelahus curculionoides, L., Cleonus sulcirostris, L. (under ling in gravel pits), Balaninus ve7iosus, Grav., B. villosus, F., Hylastes ater, Pk., Miarus campanulae, L., (h'chehtes querciis, L., 0. nisei, Hbst., and many other weevils were taken. My captures of Staphylinids during these visits I hope to make the subject of a further note. The weather in each visit was glorious, and I found collecting each time very pleasant and satis- factory.— H. WiLLouGHBY Ellis, F.E.S., Knowle, Warwickshire. Februanj Mth, 1905. CoLEOPTERA FROM Faversham DISTRICT, ETC. — The foUowing Cap- tures of coleoptera from this neighbourhood and elsewhere are perhaps worth recording: ApJwdius computus, Cr., on October 11th, 1904, not uncommon, flying in a field near Doddington. Bruchus canus, Germ., swept in August not far from Eastling Mill. Tetratoma desmaresti, Lat., on one tree in Shanted, end of September, f'/wrai/us sheppanli, Kirb., on old hedge at Charing early in September. Apion liveseeruni, Gyll., in a saintfoin field near Huntingfield, September, October, and November. Apion ivaltoni, Steph., swept on a mossy bank in a valley near Huntingfield ; A. vicinum, Kirb., occurred with it. A. filirostrc, Kirb., one swept near Charing and one near Newnham, in each case with A. jiaviiimnuin, Gyll., and A. puhescens, Kirb., which were very abundant on any suitable grassy bank on which thyme or marjoram was growing. A. filirostre is evidently very difficult to get except singly ; I had previously a specimen from Huntingfield and one from Doddington, so it must occur all over the district ; when once identi- fied it is not diffirult to recognise in the net, though, of course, to the naked eye, it closL'ly resembles A. loti, Kirb., which is very abundant in the district. This autumn was a very remarkable one for the genus Apion: a visit to Deal produced A. laevicolle, Kirb., A. curtiai, Curt., A. sedi, Germ., A. marchicum, Hbst., and A. urtlcarium, Hbst., besides the usual common species ; a visit to Rye produced A. dissi)iiile, Germ., one to Sheppey, A. nialvae, F., and^. boJieinani, Th., the latter in some numbers on its proper foodplant, and one to Oxford, gave A. ebeninuin. A. fiavipes, F., also occurred at the end of September, at Doddington, in a wood on its proper foodplant, it is, however, very local in the district, as I had swept a great quantity of MercuHalis perennis before discovering it. Further insects from the Faversham district are Magdalis harhi- cornis, Lat., one ^, June 26th; Atomaria funiata, Er., June; Hypo- phloeus bicolor, 01. (one), under elm bark, August, all near Hunting- field. Fentartlirum huttoni, Woll. (1), and ^hjcetaea Jiirta, Marsh., in my cellars, considering the isolated situation, this is somewhat sur- prising. Ho)nalota liturata, Steph., Lees Court, in fungus on ash-tree in 1901, very recently identified, I have not seen it since, while from the Blean Woods this sunnner, Sitoncs caiiibricns, Steph. (two), PJiijti- dowiiius i/lobulus, Hbst. (one), Mordella aculcata, L. (three), were useful to my collection. Old hedge collecting was, in the autumn, as pro- ductive as ever of the insects tbat live in these quarters, and in addi- tion to those previously recorded by me, Scydmaenus exilis, Er., was found, though very rarely, in a hedge near Charing. — A. J. Chitty, M.A., Huntingfield, Faversham, Kent. February IQth, 1905. Notes on some interesting captures in a London Granary. — My friend Mr. H. Dollman (whom I had introduced to the old granary in Holhorn where I have taken so many species of coleoptera), having COLEOPTERA. 107 informed me that Ptiniis U'ctit.^-'- was now to be got there, I decided to go with him, as I had never taken that beetle before. We accordingly paid a visit together on December 17th last, and found that /'. tfctns was in numbers all over the granary from the attic to the cellars. It must have developed very rapidly of late years, as, heretofore, only two specimens have been obtained from this locality, which were taken by my friend Mr. Chitty, in 1892 (Knt. Mo. Mcuj., 1904, p. 109). Mycetopha and 2, where even the sockets of the scales have vanished. In the forewing, transparency is not nearly so com- plete, most of the scales are present, but reduced in size, and trans- parent. In the apical patch, a large number of much-reduced dark scales are mingled with the transparent ones, and clearly indicate that this is the most recent of the transparent patches. The lowest portion of this apical patch shows fewest dark scales, and may be considered to have started earliest. EuAORA ccELESTiNA. — The process of becoming transparent is practically the same in this species of Syntomid as in the last. In the hindwing the transparent area is seen to be thinly covered with quite small bristles or hairs, many of which are indicated only by the empty scale-sockets. Doubtless these sockets had hairs in them on emer- gence, which became removed in flight. In the forewing, in the central portion of the transparent area, much the same is to be seen, except that the hairs are distinctly stouter and larger, and deserve the term bristle much more than the hairs in the hindwing. On the edges of the transparent portion, the remarkable fact is revealed that the scales are transparent or semitransparent, and also smaller than the normal black or blue scales of the remainder of the wing, clearly indicating that, primarily, the hairs on the transparent patches were modified reduced scales, which later became semitransparent, and finally became bristle-like and hair-like. It may be well here to remark that, as in the former species, Aiiyrta micilia, the transparency of the fore- wing is at present effected by the scales still being reduced and semi- transparent, while, on the hindwing only, the scales have developed further into bristles. It is reasonable to suppose that, in luiagra coelcs- tina, the transparency is an older phenomenon, with scales developed into bristles in both fore- and hindwings. This is also interesting as almost conclusively proving that, however strong one member of a Miillerian group may be at the present time, it by no means follows TRANSPARENCY IN WINGS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 117 that it was always so, and, although the Af/i/rta is now about five times as abundant as the Euafira, the latter must have had a start of the former in developing its transparent patches. EsTHEMopsis SEKiciNA. — Unfortunately the only specimen available for observation has a considerable amount of fungus growth on it. The same general statement can, however, be made as with the other species, viz., that the transparency apparently arose earliest in the hindwing, then in the central area of the forewing, and last of all in the apical patch. The normal shape of the scales is more or less rectangu- lar, with irregular teeth at the upper end. In the transparent portions the scales have first lost the teeth, and have then become rounded at the upper end, and become shorter, and finally almost circular. But, as before, the normal scales evidently first became less closely packed together. Having become rounded the scales are seen to be transparent. The remarkable thing in connection with this insect's transparency is that there are two layers of scales, the one overlaying the other, and both have become transparent, the normal black scales being completely transparent and colourless, the overlapping blue scales having become bluish transparent. Some scales are to be found that are only partially transparent, the transparent portion being of the bluish tinge. It is likely, therefore, that these scales were black and blue, the latter portion having become changed only. Some of the scales of the cilia are two-coloured without any change to transparency. losTOLA DmsA. — 111 the cell of the hindwing the scales are trans- parent, and smaller than in the transparent portions of the forewing. They are long, and without any tooth-like projections, and are thinly distributed. In the transparent portion of the cell of the fore- wing the scales are still a considerable distance apart, and without tooth projections are quite transparent, and are also reduced in size, but scarcely so much so as in the hindwing. The dark, almost black, scales are usually tridentate, the plain, non-toothed, scale is, therefore, in all probability an advancement. Near the inner margin is a long streak of blue scales ; these are semitransparent, or partly transparent, and generally have indications of being bidentate, though blunted con- siderably. The broad subapical transparent patch of the forewing has the transparent scales much less numerous than in the cell of the forewing, while the small apical patch shows the scales to be only semitransparent, and to be closely packed together, directly pointing to the latest and least development towards transparency. A i telephassa, worn ThymelicuH lineola and Parar;/e megaera, and numerous Polyoimiiatiix icartis. Zahalta itself is a village built on the terraced sides of a hill, some 122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 4000 feet above sea-level, and about 700 feet above the valley, where a clear and cool river flowed. In the river valley and above it, in places, were copses of plane, sycamore, a species of poplar and prickly oak, with an undergrowth, dense in parts, of bramble, St. John's wort, hawthorn and rhododendron. Springs above the village and winter rains had worn " wadis " on the hillside, which were full of vegetation. The open hill slopes were dry and covered with boulders. Thistles, and a host of aromatic plants, abounded, notably basil, a species of thyme, mint and hyssop. Above the village was a precipitous height, whose western face fell almost sheer, covered with boulders and rocky outcrop, and abounding in broom. On the top of this hill was the tent hotel, where I was bound, on dry ground in an open pine wood. Above the whole valley, on its eastern side, was the stony mass of Jebel Barouk (72S4ft.), crowned with cedars. The western side of the valley, across the river, and many of the eastern slopes, were covered with open pine wood, in which were numerous dry sandy clearings. In many places there was a limestone outcrop, and the red soil — decomposed sandstone, was never apparently very deep. Though late in the summer, for Syria, flowers were by no means over. A. white scabious attracted many butterflies, as did the broom and the clovers, which grew in all well-watered places. The first insect that I took was a large $ Satynis hennione, from a pine outside my tent, and a somewhat worn Papilio podalirinn fol- lowed. Hpinep/iele lycaon was common in the woods, a rather large form, the c? heavily furred with the discoidal streak well marked, darker than the figures of E. var. Inpinus, and probably referable, to var. intermedia. Chrysophanu.s phlaeas swarmed in all the pine woods with Polyoimnatus icarus. P. astrarche was more common on the lower slopes, especially in some sandy clearings a little way above the river. It answered to the description of g.a. calida, the red spots being large, the colour dark, and the ground tint of the underside a rich brown, ('(lenonymp/io pajtip/nliai occurred commonly only on the hotel hill. The specimens I have are inostly of the ab. (or var.) tliyrsides, with from two to four spots on the upper side of hindwings, one or two answer more nearly to var. inaryinata. A few Melanaryia var. teneatea visited the scabious, but all, except three which I took, were sadly worn. Otherwise the insect was common enough on the down- like slopes above and opposite the village, and I took torn specimens within a thousand feet of the summit of the Barouk range. My first expedition was to a watercourse at the foot of the steep face of the hill, which I often visited subsequently. On the way down S. telephassa occurred in great abundance. It retired to rest at mid- day, in little caves in the clift', or under overhanging boulders, from which multitudes emerged together. With it I took a few S. anthc var. Iianifa $ s, which had the same habits as S. telephassa, and were quite different in flight from the wild males. S. telephassa was, un- luckily, not at its best, and appears to be horribly apt to " grease," but I have seldom seen a butterfly more numerous. Paranje ineyaera, mostly worn, occurred with these species, and was usually of a very pure ash- grey colour on the underside of the hindwings (var. lyssa, I suppose), while a fine form of Polyoiamatiis ieams was everywhere. The $ icarus were all of the brown form. A solitary $ of (jhrysophanns dorilis var. orientalis, much worn, and a $ Thecla spini var. inelantho, SOME NOTES ON COLLECTING IN SYRIA. 128 were taken below the hotel hill, while very worn Adopaea Ihu'ida occurred here and there. A few Liiucnith Camilla, fresh, and ap- parently of the second brood, occurred in bushy places, and with them I got (jonepteryx clcoj^atra var. taioica, but never in good condition. Of other insects Pontia daplulice, Paranjc iiiaera, Melitaea trivia and Satyrus iielo/iea emerged shortly after my arrival ; the first two species were small as a rule. P. daplidive occurred very frequently up to about 4500 feet, while M. trivia was local, frequenting open gravelly banks and clearings in the pine woods. Paranje muera was fairly common everywhere, but S. pelopea occurred most commonly in dry rocky places, and settled as a rule on the ground, where its underside coloration made it very hard to distinguish. I only took one Satyr uk fatua var. sic/iaca, and saw two others when I was in difficulties on impossible ground, and so cannot say much about its habits. Two of the three I saw alighted on pinetrees, as did N. /wnnioite, which occurred in numbers in the pine woods, S. tclephaHsa var. antlw rested as a rule on grey granite rocks and boulders, while .S. pelopea was fondest of patches of brown or reddish soil, overhung by boulders or ledges of rock. Of the "skippers," Syridit/iits orbifer and .S. trssellinii var. unmas occurred in most places, and in a small but thick wood in the valley I got a couple of good specimens of Auyiades sylvanus, which appeared to approach var. anatolia. I'arnara nostradatiius occurred, but was as worn as usual. Jebel-Barouk, or rather the end of the range known by that name,, which overlooked Zahalta from a height of 7000 feet, seemed to be too barren and stony, despite an open cedar wood, to promise much, but, in crossing the mountain, while on an expedition to the Litani or Leontes river, I saw and took enough to bring me to the summit on July 21st and 24th. The expedition to the Leontes revealed little entomologically, as far as the B'kaa or valley between the Lebanon and Antilebanon was concerned. On this excursion, my companion and 1 nearly died of heat and thirst, the valley being at this season one of the hottest and driest places in Syria, and the Litani 's waters were absolutely undrinkable. I recognised l'ulyo)iiitiatus lydwun there, and one battered Paidlio podalirius, but, in my condition, to catch an insect was impossible, and so P. lysimon ought, I think, to be marked with a query, though my acquaintance with the insect is- considerable. To return to the mountain ! At a height of some 6500 feet was a ravine, opening into a cup-shaped depression, partially planted with corn by energetic Druses, surrounded by cedars and dotted with clumps of buckthorn, prickly oak, elder, and one or two other bushes unknown to me, and not destitute of flowers. Up here, insects were numerous as far as species went, but a long series of anything w-as unobtainable,, and many species were torn or worn, or both. Among these were Chrysoplianiis t/icrsaiiKDt, liryaa pamlora, A. lineola, and a blue which I named, with hesitation, Ptdyonnnattoi vandalus. A burnet, Zyyaena ?' sp., occurred pretty frequently on the elder blossom, and Folyonniiatiift anteros var. cra,^,npuncta and /'. panayea, mostly J s, were abundant. On the 21st I took a lovely specimen of Plebeim loeivii, uncom- monly like my allardii from the Egyptian desert ravines, in spite of so different a habitat, and a fine Chrysophanns Dchiinas. Fresh i hyale and Pyraweis cnniin, freshly emerged, Pam- phila syhaimti and Leptidia sinajns, Pnlyoiitwatns corydon, and P. icariis of large size. Reaching the grassy slopes, Plpincphele lycann appeared, with E. ianira about the bushes, as also was Thccla spini, whilst from the long grass Enodia dryas rose quietly, and ascended the slopes with considerable rapidity. Krehia acthiops also frequently occurred, whilst, on the limestone paths, Hipparckia srmele was frequently disturbed, the J s with a very distinct white median band on the underside of the hindwings. A rise of a few hundred feet began to make a great difference, and soon Parnassius apnllo was seen swinging lazily about, all the (? s inspected having a red centre to the black spot on the inner margin of the forewing, on the underside, and others having the spot 180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD. outside the discoidal area, similarly centred on the v;pper- and under- side. Here too Aniynnis af/laia was frequent, and Erebia ligea then became abundant ; but the sun disappeared and the butterflies became rarer and less frequent, until at last we were driven to picking up Anthrocera achilleae and A. transalpina from the flowers, these species and A. carniolica and A. Jilipendulae having been with us almost since our start. A moment's sun discovered Erebia pitho to us, the males very dark, with scarcely any trace of fulvous about the ocellated spots of the forewings, and with three well-marked, faintly ringed spots on the hindwings. Lunch at the inn on the top of the Col occupied some time, as it remained dull, but then the sun came out for a while, and, in a meadow at the back of the inn, Erebia euryale was not rare, but the (? s were worn, and a grand form of the 5 s, beautifully banded with white and brown on the undersides of the hindwings, were few and far between. L'tipido minima and Brenthis inn were also here, in none too good condition, and then the sun went in again, and we slowly walked back to Gex. Among other things Adscita artJu')iie was to be got, I would have a series that would bear comparison with any in Europe. So Ave hurried off to the tram in order to be in Geneva at least in time for dinner, and I felt I owed a deep debt of gratitude to Mr. Muschamp for having introduced me to as interesting a locality as any round Geneva. The insects captured the last day or two Avere accumulating, and set- ting commenced soon after daybreak on July 29th, Avhilst I had already made a fixed resolution to finish. But by 10 a.ixi. the hot sun in a cloud- less sky evaporated the resolution, and I started off, on my own account, to the foot of the Grand Saleve. I did not intend to ascend the moun- tain, but just to lounge at the foot among the tangle of wild thyme and marjoram, on the skirts of the wood that creeps far up the lower slopes. And what a day it was. Along the road, beyond Veyrier, (Jolias hi/ale abounded in all the fields with C. ednsa ; Leptidia sinapis, and Epinephele tithonns swarmed with Paranje inet/aera and E. janira by the hedgesides ; Goneptenj.r rlia)itni flew lazily or sucked the nectar indolently, whilst occasionally the large f ritillaries flew across the road, evidently out of their regular habitat. Turning into the lane made known to me by Mr. Muschamp, at least a dozen CalUmorpJia hcra were seen at once flying wildly about, Paranje er/eyia of Central European form was common but worn. But it was to the flower- banks I was bound, and when I reached there I was not disappointed. Melitaea didi/ma was the first species that I Avorked for, and a lovely series of brightly-tinted, but small, specimens, resulted, the $ s of the same light hue as those from Aix-les- Bains and other SaA'oy localities, but altogether Avanting in the size of the brilliant specimens from the South — Tragacete, Cuenca, &c. Melitaea parthenie Avas not very common, not more than a score of specimens seen, Avhilst M. cin.ria and Brenthis dia each only produced about a half of this number. Of the larger 144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. fritillaries, 7)n/rt.s paphia was verj- abundant, but getting distinctly paa^e, whilst Ari/i/nuis aijlaia and A. adippe were in good condition, but comparatively scarce. Leaving out Kj>inephele janira, which every- where swarmed, the commonest butterflies of the slopes were Gonep- tenj.r r/uniini and Knodia dri/a^i. It was difficult to take a step any- where without putting up these species, and both were in excellent condition. Here, too, Hippair/iia seinelf and H. alcipme had abandoned their usual habits and fed greedily on the flowers, thus allowing an easy capture. This habit of coming to the flowers was found common at St. Michel-de-Maurienne in August, 1897, in both these species, where they abounded on the sainfoin and lucerne. Near the edge of the woods, Erebia aethiup.s began to be abundant, and, in the open glades, they were in countless numbers, some magnificent ? s falling to the net. On the large umbellifer flowers two Zephyrus betnlae $ s were discovered, and a single Jlwda spiui. Evidently' ('oenonijnipha arcania and 27///- vidiciis actanm had both been common here, as testified by many worn examples. Owing to the abundance of the species wanted, the com- mon blues and burnets of the district were practically passed as unworthy of note, and I have no record of what I really saw, but I could not resist the temptation of boxing a few lovely second-brood examples of EatJioiionia riiftsula, which insisted on finding their way into the net. The absence of the commonest Chrysophanids, and the apparently comparative rarity of Lycaenids, except P. icariis and P. cnri/don, how- ever, struck me as- being quite unexpected and inexplicable. One other visit was paid to the foot of the Grand Saleve, viz., on August 1st, this time with Mr. Muschamp. The day was again delightful, and insects seemed almost as abundant as on the 29th, and some, perhaps, were so, Cnlios In/ah' being now very numerous. Pieris daplidicc, not noticed before in this direction, was pretty abun- dant in all the fields just beyond Veyrier, some quite fresh, others worn, as if they had been on the wing some time, without coming our way, whilst haoria lathonia also made a first appeai'ance. A tiny example of Limenitis Camilla (ab. minor), with a total expanse of 42mm., struck me as being very small, but it was evidently the result of a larva badly placed that had had a hard struggle to get through, as a single, very worn, normal sized specimen was also noticed. On the slopes Melitaea didijma, Brenthis dia, Thi/inelicus actaeon, and Zephyrus betnlae were frequent, whilst Erebia aethiops, Enodia dryas, Hipparclna alcyone, H. semele, Goneptery.r rhamni, &c., were abundant as ever, and single examples of Pamplnla comma, Syrich- thus sao, Polyommatiis hylax and P. belloryus, and a J and 5 Noiiriades sevriarf/ns were for the first time observed (yet the 9 of the latter species was worn). In some meadows at the side of the slopes Melitaea partJienie was found more abundantly and a few more nice specimens were taken. The only Anthrocerid observed was ^./77/- pjendulae, and just in the woods, a single A. jucunda (genevensis) was netted. Mr. Muschamp got a specimen or two of Lampides boetica, a species that I did not see, otherwise our bag was very similar. The environs of Geneva, indeed, present a most delightful variety of collect- ing-grounds, and one only hopes that the rampant professionalism among the entomologists of almost all continental towns will not exterminate the very local species, which even here, close to the city, are none too abundant, and, owing to their localised habits could, without much trouble, be easily exterminated. NOTES ON HYLES EUPHORBI.E. 145 Sculpturing of the pupa of Thestor ballus {with plate). By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D. In my notes on Thestor ballus in the Knt. Th'cDnl, xvi., pp. 282 et srij., I referred to the elaborate sculpturing of the pupal skin. I am indebted to Mr. F. N. Clark for photographs of portions of this structure, and though the reproductions of these here given do not do justice to the delicate tracery they represent, they will enable some idea of it to be realised. Plate v., fig. 2, is a representation of the greater part of the dorsal area of the first four abdominal segments, magnified 20 diameters. The surface has scattered over it a number of small knobs, which are specially crowded round the spiracles, the little knobs are connected together by raised causeways, lower than the knobs, but raised above the general surface. From each knob there may radiate one or two, up to five or six, or very rarely even eight, of these cause- ways, forming a very elaborate pattern on the surface. On Plate v., fig. 1, is a portion of the same surface magnified 100 diameters, in which these causeways may be better seen as well as the structure of the knobs. I say the structure may be seen, but that it can be quite understood, even by a careful examination of the actual speci- mens, is more than I am prepared to say, as I do not think I quite understand it. What one sees, however, is the raised dark knob, extending outwards in usually six directions into the causeways, actual or abortive, whilst centrally there is a darker circle enclosing a white star, usually with five rays and a dark central spot. There can be little doubt each knob represents a secondary skin hair, but of what the actual structure is, I can say nothing beyond a guess that the white star is really a very abbreviated hair, with a stellate top. This conclusion is suggested by a comparison with equally curious structures on other pupae. Notes on Hyles euphorbiae, L. By J. W. H. HARBISON, B.Sc. In January (1905) I received some pupse of Hyles euphorbiae from my friend, Mr. Verity of Florence. As these pupa? have now produced their imagines, and the ova resulting from an attempt to breed the species have proved infertile, some notes on the species may be interesting. Sir. Verity, in a list (which appears in the Bulletino della Societa Fittouiolof/ica Italiana, pp. 123-170) of lepidoptera taken upon the coast of Lucchesi, Italy, makes some very interesting remarks upon this insect. He has spent two Septembers in Forte dei Marmi, and each time has obtained the larvae of this species in plenty, but makes the noteworthy remark that, whereas the larviB obtained in 1904 were quite normal, those he collected in 1902 were far from being so. In point of fact, so far did they vary from the type, that he was induced to suppose that there was a probability that they were the progeny of tl. nicaea and }I. euj/horbiae, and that the constitutional weakness observed in the larvte in 1902 partially confirmed that suspicion. In conclusion, he makes the statement " infatti costituiscono ostensibilmente un passaggio alia larva della ]>. nicaea che abita la Riviera di Levante." Although the larv* in 1904 were typical, one of the pupfe, which he was so good as to send me, had the wing-cases and the cases of the antenniB and legs jet black. 146 THE entomologist's kecord. From his pupae in 1903 he obtained a specimen of ab. paralias, Nick. I suppose the pupse resulting from the Ui,rvfe collected in 1904, A\hich he retained himself, will not yet have emerged. I may say, hoAvever, that I obtained also a specimen which answers m every detail with his description of the above aberration. [A literal translation of Nickerl's own description is published in The Xat. ?listonj of Brit. Lepidnptera, iv., pp. 207-208. — Ed.] Not wishing to lose the pupae, I have forced mine in a gentle heat, and have been successful with all the pupps. Some emerged during the last week in March, and others, subjected to exactly the same treatment, in the third Aveek in April. Now, Mr. Verity in his notes discusses the occurrence of almost fullgrown larvae with some about three centimetres in length. I think this will be due to the period of emergence extending in nature over several Aveeks, and hence the period of ovipositing o\^er the same time.* The pupfe commence to soften on the third day before the exit of the imago. This exit takes place, according to my obserA^ation, betAveen 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. As nearly all the imagines produced Avere females, I killed and dissected tAvo immediately they dried their Avings. Inside the abdomen I found that, Avith the exception of a very few, the ova were only rudimentary. The question then arose in my mind Avhether this Avas due to my having forced the pup^t, or Avhether even in nature (as Mr. Johnson, of Gateshead, informed me) this was the case. To test this I isolated one of the imagines and kept it alive in a cage. I kept it alive for three Aveeks, and, at the end of that period, I found it dead one morning. During the night of its death it had deposited about 20 ova. On dissecting it, I found that all the ova Avere fully developed. Hence I conclude that the females live for some time before their ova are developed. The ova were deposited singly, and, contrary to the position of the ova of Smerinthus ocellata and Sphin.r lujustri, are laid with the long axis upright, f In colour the ova are of bright apple- green. In shape they are approximately spherical, but are not quite so, and eA^en the tAvo horizontal diameters are not the same. The height is l-3mm., the breadth l-2mm., and the breadth in a direction at right angles to this l*lmm. At first, under a Ioav power, I Avas inclined to think that the ovum Avas smooth and glossy, and even under a high poAver, all that was added was a series of irregular undulations giving the idea of a degenerate net-like sculpture. In what AX'ould have been the meshes of the netAvork, had the network been more distinct, Avere rounded prominences, Avhich showed by the play of light on them that they are raised above the leA'el of the shell A-ery slightly. IIoAvever, in another specimen which Avas faA'ourably placed for the examination of the micropyle, I chanced to find a true netAvork, resembling cells, with the ribs firm and distinct. The meshes consisted of quadrilaterals and polygons Avith an indefinite number of sides. Near the point at Avhich these meshes degenerate they are fairly regular, Avith the length equal to the breadth. Closer to the micropyle they become very elongated, and closer still, they become small and irregular. The micropyle is situated at the apex of the * This is usual wherever the species occurs. We saw some dozens in the 8aas-Thal last summer of all sizes, but this difference in size means little in point of time, as the larvse feed up very rapidly in the last two stadia. — Ed. t Compare Nat. Hi.^tory of the BritUh Lepidoptera, iv., pp. 212-213. — Ed. J NOTES ON COLLECTING IN EGYPT. 147 ovum, i.e., at the point furthest away from the point of attachment"''. Around the micropyle is a series of thirteen or fourteen cells resembling the petals of a flower. The micropyle itself is a depression with punctuations. These petal-like cells appear darker green than the rest of the cells, due to their being slightly raised and thus having a dark side upon the side opposite to the source of light. The micropyle, with these cells, curiously resembles a sunflower, of which the micro- pyle with its depressions are the tubular flowers, and the petal-like cells the ligulate ones. The mesh structure extends three times the breadth of the sunflower-form down the side of the qq^ and thence, as stated above, degenerates. In conclusion, I made a curious observation upon the imago. If irritated or alarmed, it opens its Avings almost to their full extent and raises them at an angle of about fifteen degrees to the horizontal plane. It then curves its body, or rather its abdomen, almost at right angles to the thorax, and gives a series of audible taps upon the base of whatever it is confined in. When indulging in this habit the general appearance reminded me strongly of that of a Bombiis, Avhich has been intoxicated, on a flower. As these observations were made upon females, I thought perhaps the motions were in some manner connected with sexual impulses. Notes on Collecting in Egypt, 1903 and 1904. By PHILIP P. GRAVES. I passed the year 1903 at Cairo, with the exception of a couple of months at Aboukir on the north coast of the Delta, and was able to make numerous outings, which, however, brought in, as a rule, very small bags. The poverty of the country in lepidoptera was very marked. Close cultivation, irrigation, and the utterly desert nature of unirrigated tracts, combine with the great physical uniformity of Egypt, to make the number of species that a collector can hope to take very small. In January and February, 1908, the weather was cold and windy. Worn Ikinais cJirysippas, Pyrainei^ cardin and Lompides hucticus w^ere the only common species; AntJiocharis helemia occurred in culti- vated land in small numbers, and was fond of bean-flowers, on which it rested with wings half spread and drooping, being then very difficult to distinguish. Piens rapae occnvved, and I took a fine 2 AntJiocharis helia at Wadi Hof, in the Arabian Desert, behind Helonan. In March and April matters improved greatly. I collected vigorously at Ezbet el Nakhle and Marg, some ten miles northeast of Cairo, in spots where the cultivation was less intense than usual. I first took Poh/oimiuitus li/diiion on March 8th, several specimens having the underside of the hindwings unspotted, Colias eduaa and ab. 2 lielice appeared early in the month in large numbers, and Pieris ropae, much powdered with black on the underside of the hindwings, was also abundant. * This is so unusual in a Sphingid that the observation wants confirming in as many cases as possible to show that it was not accidental in this instance. No hint of such a remarkable circumstance is given in the descriptions by Bacot and Weismann (see Nat. Histonj of the BritUh Lepidoptera, iv., p. 213), and we have never examined an example that has not had the micropyle placed at one end in true Sphingid fashion. We suspect Mr. Harrison has described the slight depres- sion occurring usually on the upper surface of the egg of this species as the micropyle. — Ed. 148 THE entomologist's record. Anthucharis helemia g.a. (/lance was well out by the middle of the month and lasted to the second week of April. Three species of Lampides — L. boi'ticiis, L. theophrastus, and L. tclicaniis occurred, the first two commonly. All three have a jerky flight, going off wildly when disturbed, and are very fond of the flowers of the cultivated vetches, so common in Egypt. L. theophrastus is, unfortunately for itself, fatally conspicuous when " roosting " on grass stems, and all my best specimens were taken that way. Of the Hesperiids I took Parnara iiiat/iias, which also occurs at the Cairo Barrage and the Ghizeh Zoological Gardens, and which, when disturbed or missed by the net, goes oft" more rapidly than any Hesperiid I know. Parnara nostradannts occurred in the same localities, though less frequently in the spring. Pj/ranieis atalanta was occasionally to be seen in gardens at Cairo, and Danaia clni/sippns appeared at the end of April in large numbers. This butterfly undoubtedly occurs with Pieris rapae, Pyraineis cardni, and Lampides boeticns, throughout the year in Egypt, and, indeed, it is difficult to say that there is much interval between the broods of many Egyptian butterflies. I give a few examples — Polyoinmatns bjsiinon, March-April (Cairo), April-September (Alex- andria), August-December (Cairo). Hypoli/caena livia, April-July, and in September, Alexandria district ; August (worn), September (fresh) and on to November 9th, 190B, at Cairo. Parnara mathias, from April-November, at Cairo, from May-August, if not later, at Alexandria. I was able, in the spring of 1908, to get a few days' collecting in the desert, east of the Nile, behind Helonan. The collecting ground looked most unpromising. Imagine a winding rocky trout stream, with steep banks, often rising to clift's, of grey limestone, absolutelj^ dry, and fringed with scrub and thorny bushes, among which scattered flowers — Kri(ieron,Q, crucifer or two, a species of balsam and other flowers which I do not know — grow here and there. The heat in these gullies can be terrific, the wind sometimes blows a gale, and the whole aspect of this hunting-ground made me believe, at first, that I had come to a region where butterflies could not exist, save perhaps in winter. Yet I took Antliuchari.s belia g.a. ansonia here in some numbers, on March 14th, with two Melitaea var. deserticola, and, on revisiting the Wadi at the end of April, I took or saw, Pnntia (/lanconome, Melitaea var. deserticola, Lampides boeticns, Pinsticns allardii (?), a pair of Pubjommatns lysiinun, and, of course, Pyrameis cardni. I greatly regret that I have been till now unable to visit these Wadi's in May, when numerous "orange-tips" and "yellow butterflies " are said to frequent them. If the information I have received be correct, it means that species of Teracolus are to be taken there. The genus is well represented in the Sudan, three species occur in Palestine, and there is no reason why the Egyptian deserts should not be haunted by some of these waste-loving butterflies. I spent some time, part of May, June and July, at Aboukir and Alexandria. Both these places, and especially Aboukir, were very poor in butterflies and moths. At Alexandria, Lajiipides telicanus was very common in the Antoniades Gardens, where I also took Polyom- matns lysimon and Parnara mathias and P. nostradamns. Danais chrysippns and (Jolias edusa occurred everywhere, and I saw several Pyrameis cardni in the streets. At Aboukir, I took Lampides theo- NOTES ON COLLECTING IN EGYPT. 149 phrastiis in some numbers, the larvae feeding on " nabb " [Zizyplina vulj/aria), and on the sandhills found very small forms of L. telicanns and P. lysi)iinn. One damaged Hippotion celerio, a few Helinthu, sp. (larva feeds on tomato), and numerous Plusia (jminna, Prodenia littoralis, Ci/raeda dentalis and Sterrha sacroria, with a solitary Gram- vwdea iieouietrica (?) were my only other catches. In the first week of May I paid a visit to the Margut Steppe, where I ssbw Lainpidesboeticns and Pyraiiieiscardid, the latter in numbers, with plenty of Sesia stellataruinand Carcharodm lavaterae, and saw a " blue " which I believe to have been Poli/otiiiiiatiin var. abencerrai/iis, for /'. lysimun, according to Mr. Marsden, who is well informed about the Alexandrian lepidoptera, does not occur there. The grass land was all burnt by the heat, but a good deal of vegetation — Phlomis, thistle, basil, etc. — flourished in the dry rain channels. On my return to Cairo I at once visited the Barrage Gardens, twelve miles north of the city, and there, in the first week of August, on a very hot afternoon, I saw a 3" Hypolimnas misippus, alas ! quite uncatchable, flying like a huge Liiitenitis Camilla over the shrubs and low trees. Danais cliriisippua. abounded, and with them were the usual blues — L. telicanns, 1j. hoeticm, and /'. ///.s//»(;», with a few Paniara ma- thias. I also visited my old hunting-ground at Ezbet el Nakhle, and took a solitary battered 5 of Pontia daplidice there, the only one I have taken in Egypt. I also took worn ? s of Hypolycaena livia flying along an acacia hedge, but no (? s of this fine Lycaenid appeared till the second week in September, when they swarmed both there, at Marg, and in the Ezbehiah Gardens at Cairo. This insect almost always flies high round the tops of hedges and low trees. I have only twice seen it on flowers near the ground, and owing to its rapid flight and the thorns of the "sunt" and "fitneh" acacias, which it frequents, it is very difficult to take in good condition. Females persisted till November 9th, laying their eggs on the terminal buds of "fitneh," from which the green seed-pods are produced in winter and spring, and also on the pods themselves. I took odd specimens of Chilades trochilus in several localities near Cairo ; numerous Poli/onniiatiis lysiinon, the $ s taken in October and on to December, as in spring, being largely suffused with blue, and a species of Parnara, which I cannot determine, apparently not wathias, which was common at the same time, and certainly not nostradaiiitis, which abounded in September and October, in partly cultivated ground where clover and vetches were planted. Meyasonia {Tarayama) acaciae and Kariaa insulana appeared in September, and in October I took some yellow aberrations of the last named species in the desert ravines near Helonan, where, in spite of burnt vegetation and blistering heat, Pontia ylaucononie was flying between October 10th and 15th. But to catch ylauconoine is no easy matter. It is the fastest flying butterfly I know, and to follow it with the thermometer at 100° F., through rock and thorn scrub, demands exceptional sprinting powers and a perfect wind. I only took four specimens, all J s, and diflering very little from one another in facies or size. Anthocharis heleniia, ^ s only, appeared towards the end of November, and, though not common, was seen at several localities near Marg and Ezbet el Nakhle till the end of the year. An attempt to secure a Syiichthiis — a specimen of which I had seen in a small collection labelled 150 THE entomologist's record. ' Khanka, edge of desert, October,' failed. I saw one, but the insect got away through the glare, and I hope to be more fortunate next April, another attempt to get the insect, October 9th, 1904, having failed through the windiness and cloudiness of the day. The one set specimen I have seen looks like a very heavily-spotted St/yichthus pJilonudis. It is certainly not e : Hypoliumasnnsipints, seen August, 1908, at Cairo Barrage; Pyrameis atalanta,rare at Cairo, common at Alexandria ; P. cardiii, every- where; Danais c// ?'?/.s77)2>»s, everywhere in cultivated land ; Melitaeadidy)na var. deserticola, March and April, same habitat as Pontia ylaiiconoine. Lyc.enid.e : Thestor ballus, Margut steppe, not common, January to middle March ; Hypolycaena livia, gardens, hedges, etc., in Cairo and Alexandria ; Lampides boeticns, everywhere ; L. telicanus, all cultivated land; L. theophrastus, Cairo and local to the northeast of the town, common at Aboukir ; Chilades trocliilus, very local and sparingly north- east of Cairo ; PntsticKs (?) allardii, a pair in the desert ac Wadi Hof ; Polyommatns lysimon, everywhere in cultivated land and rarely in the desert ; Polyommatns var. abencerrayns, very rare Margut steppe. Hesperiid^ : Crt?r/i«/'0(//<.s Zrtcrtiera*?, Margut steppe. May ; Hesperia, sp., seen near Khanka, October ; Parnara mathias, locally common ; P. nostradamns, locally common; P. sp. (?), taken at Cairo, 2 at Alex- andria, in autumn. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 151 Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe. By MALCOLM BUIUI, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. [Continued from p. 129.) Genus XI : Gomphocerus, Thunb. This genus is allied to the four preceding genera, but easily distinguished by the clubbed antenn;E ; the thickening is especially notable in the males. Table of Species. 1. Caiinaj of pronotum straight. (Elytra very abbre- viated ; wings abortive) .. .. .. ..1. brevipennis, Bris. 1.1. Carinffi of pronotum sinuate ; organs of tiiglit generally well developed. 2. Typical sulcus behind middle ; pronotum gib- bous ; anterior tibiai of g strongly inflated . . 2. sibiricus, L. 2.2. Typical sulcus in middle or a little in front. 3. Elytra as long as abdomen in s , much shorter in ? ; wings shorter than elytra. . 3. livoni, Azam. 3.3. Elytra and wings well developed in both sexes. 4. Mediastinal area of elytra dilated at base, with an adventitious vein. (Size medium ; colour brown, un- spotted ; antennas tipped with white) 4. rufus, L. 4.4. Mediastinal area of elytra not dilated, with no adventitious vein. (Ulnar veins diverging from base.) 5. Frontal costa entirely sulcate ; an- tennas almost as long as body, very broadly clubbed at apex . . 5. antennatus, Fieb. 5.5. Frontal costa smooth ; antennae hardly exceeding half length of body ; antennas moderately clubbed at apex. . .. ..6. iiaculatus, Thunb. 1. Gomphocerus brevipennis, Brisout. Recognisable by the abbreviated organs of flight, and straight keels of pronotum ; it superficially resembles Chorthijipus parallelus, but the clubbed antennte, of course, distinguish it. Length of body, 15mm. S , 15-5mm.-20mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 3-3mm. 14mm. -16mm. 5 ; of pronotum, 2mm. ^; 2mm. -3mm. 2 ; of elytra, 8-5mm.-10mm. S, 9mm. -11mm. 2 • Common on heaths, moors and uplands throughout northern and central Europe. Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Holland; common in Belgium ; in England common on nearly all moors and downs, also in France, and nearly all Germany and Austria. In Spain it is found in the mountains and on the coasts ; Arenal del Pasage, Coruna, Fuencebadon, Robla, etc. Genus XII : Stauronotus, Fischer. This genus is characterised by the sharply defined fastigium of the vertex, and toveohe of vertex sharply defined in front ; the lateral carinae are only distinct behind the typical sulcus, represented in front SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 153 by white bands, which give the appearance of a cross on the pronotum ; the distinct triangular spots on the upper side of the hinder femora are also peculiar. Table of Species. 1.1. Posterior tibiffi blue . . . . . . . . . . 1. genei, Ocsk. 1.1. Tibiae posterior red or reddish. 2. Yellow bands of pronotum angled and continuous, only interrupted by a short space, fusiform in metazona; pronotum visibly constricted in middle ; elytra as long as abdomen at least ; prozona and metazona equal. 3. Foveohe of vertex trapezoidal ; elytra and wings pass hinder knees, former with ulnar area nearly as broad towards apex as the discoidal . . . . . . . . . . 2. maroccanus, Thunb. 3.3. FoveolfB nearly rectangular ; elytra and wings not quite reaching hinder knees, the former with ulnar area notably narrower than the discoidal . . . . . . . . 3. bkevicollis, Eversm. 2.2. Yellow bands of pronotum interrupted by a broad space, so only visible at anterior border and in metazona ; metazona shorter than prozona; elytra shorter than abdomen 4. ceassiusculus, Pantel 1. Stauronotus genei, Ocskay. Easy to recognise by its small size and bluish or yellowish posterior tibite. Length of body, 12mni. 3' , 15mm. -17mm. $ ; of pronotum, 2-3mm. ^ , 3mm. ? ; of elytra, 10ium.-12mm. <3 , 13mm. -14mm. 2 • A southern species. In France, only in the south and southwest, from July to November, Hyeres, Amelie-les-Bains, Cannes, Frejus, lie de Re, Landes de Bordeaux, Carcassonne, Le Pouligueu, Bagnols, Montauroux, le Reyran, Montpellier, and Porto Vecchio in Corsica. In Spain and Portugal it is common nearly everywhere ; in Italy probably common ; recorded from Venice. 2. Stauronotus maroccanus, Thunberg. Extremely varible in size and colour ; the smaller variety resembles S. hrericnllis, but difiers in the more vertical frons, the invariably trapezoidal foveobe of the vertex and the hinder Icnees, which are always pale in the 20mm. -24mm. 5 ; of pronotum, 2-5mm.-3mm. 30mm.- SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. loO 33mm. J ; of pronotum, 5-3mm. ^ , 6mm.-7nim. ? ; of elytra, 23mm. -25mm. ^ , 14mm. -28mm. 2 • This handsome insect is widely distributed in the mountain regions of south and central Europe. In France, it is found in the Pyrenees and Alps ; Larche, Isere, Bagneres, C'auterets, C-ravarnie, Canigou, Bag- neres de Luchon, Grande Chartreuse, Mont Revard near Aix-les-Bains, Chanrousse, Col du Lautaret. In Spain it is found in Catalonia, and perhaps in the Sierra de Guadarrama. It is found throughout the •lura and the Alps, including the southern slopes of the latter, where it is recorded from Tessin and Sondrio, though it appears rare or not known in Italy. It is found also in the Tirol, near Innsbruck, and in Lower Austria, at Dornbach, Punke^sdorf, Modling, Baden, Gloggnitz, Pfalzau. 2. Arcyptera tornosi, Bolivar. Distinguished from A. fiisca by the characters given in the table. Length of body, 22mni.-2onnn. nrhain, iv., 59, 1871). One of our rarest British beetles, three examples are recorded by Canon Fowler to have occurred in, or near, the Lovers' Walk at Matlock, Derbyshire, singly to Messrs. Matthews, Garneys, and Crotch ; and at Crosby, near Liverpool, where an example had been taken by Mr. Taylor [Brit. (JoL, iii., 267). Hardy's record has evidently been overlooked, and in order that its British distribution may l^e more correctly known, I give these particulars. The synonymy is as follows : — B. coeruleipennis, Sahl. ; aeneus, Richt. ; coernleus, Waltl. ; rijanipennis, Hardy. — Richard S. Bagnall, F.E.S., Winlaton. May2nd,'W05. Lathridius ANCiULATUs, Man., A NORTHERN Species. — This species is somewhat rare with us, but is found occasionally in both the Wear and Derwent valleys. It is recorded by Canon Fowler from various southern localities — " Midland District, rare, Repton and one or two other lociilities ; not found further north or in Scotland" {Brit. CoL, iii.. 280). On going very carefullj" through the Latliridiits amiusticullis of Hummel in the Bold collection. I find all his examples are to be NOTES ON COLLECTING. 157 referred to Mannerheim's anfiidatns, of which Mr. Newbery kindly lent me an authenticated type for comparison.— Ibid. Nebria gyllknhali, Sch., var. rufescens, STRffiM. (arctica, Dj.), in THE Northumberland and Durham district, etc. — Perhaps a few records of this variety, lately introduced to the British Catalogue by Mr. Donisthorpe {l^nt. Record, April, 1905), will not be out of place. It has occurred to me singly, four times in the Derwent Valley during the last three years ; thrice by the river-side above Winlaton Mill, and once in Gibside. Two examples are in Bold's collection, one from Skiddaw (Cumberland), June, 1857, and the other evidently local ; whilst in the Dick Institute, Kilmarnock, is an example taken in the Ayrshire area. It does not seem to be by any means common. — Ibid. laOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc. Egglaying of Nemeobius lucina. — ?\e)iieubiuti lucina is said by most authorities to deposit its ova on both the upper- and undersides of cowslip and primrose. I, each year, obtain by searching, numbers of its eggs, and during my collecting existence must have found several thousands, yet, although cowslip grows side by side and is practically as common as primrose in its localities, I have never yet seen a single egg on Priiinda veris, although I regularly look for it, and up to now have not seen one on the upperside of a leaf. — H. Wood, 9, Church Street, Ashford, Kent. May 1th, 1905. Abundance of Hippotion celerio, Phryxus livornica, etc., near Cairo. — This year I have had very little time to collect, but on the 16th and 17th of this month, at the Barrage, near Cairo, Hippotion celerio, and still more Phryxus livornica, swarmed, and I picked up worn Anthncharis g.a. glance and Parnara mathias. In the desert earlier, February 28th to March 28th, I got a good, though short, series of Melitaea descrticola, the larva of which is uncommonly like the description of that of 21. didyuia, and it feeds on Linaria, sp. ? — P. P. Graves, Turf Club, Cairo. Ajrril 21st, 1905. Anthrocera haberhaueri in Jebel-Barouk. — The Anthrocerid, mentioned by Mr. Graves {antea, p. 123), and which he sent me to name, proves to be Anthrocera haberhaueri. — J. W. Tutt. Early Spring Lepidoptera in North Durham. — I commenced work in the first week in March, hunting for night-feeding larvae, and was surprised to find that they were well advanced. This made me work diligently, as I especially wanted larvte of Xylophasia rurea for a friend. This larvse is very uncertain in its appearance. In 1902, it was entirely absent, as I find no mention of it in my notes. In 1903, on the contrary, one could have collected two or three hundred in an evening. In 1904, again, I could only find five larv^, when I wanted a number for a correspondent, but this year I have managed, in four evenings' search, to secure about 300. Equally interesting are my notes on A', hepatica. For A', hepatica this locality, I believe, is the furthest north locality in England, and I am inclined to think this species is becoming more abundant here. We got five larvte in 1902, seven in 1903, thirteen in 1904, and this year thirty, of which I took thirteen. These figures are the combined " take " of two of us. To secure this larva one needs to be astir early in March, for it pupates l5H THE entomologist's record. then immediately it is taken. Its food is not only grass, but also dock. Some of the pinker forms of the larva of A', rurea are apt to be confused with it, but one can separate them in three ways — (1) The larva" of A', rurea pupate at least three weeks later. (2) The larva of A. rurea is firm to the touch, whereas that of A. hepatira is soft and yielding. (3) The primary tubercles upon the underside of A', rurea are always black, biTt on the larv* of A', hepatica they are light brown in colour. The larvae of A. Iiepatica, like those of Mauiestra furca, delight in the tufts of grass and dock which grow on the tops of walls. They either pupate in the moss on the wall, or in the space between two stones. I dug a cocoon out of such a place, in 1902, which contained an unchanged larva of A', hepativa. Also occurring abundantly upon the dock and plantain were larvae of Tripliaena ji)iibria, T. ianthina, T. comes, T. pronuba, Xoctua haja, X. Jirunncu, A. triaiujuluui, X.festiva, Afilecta nebulosa, and Melanipjie luontaiiata. By searching the hawthorns with a lantern, I secured a good number of A. baja and Grap/uphora aut/ur larv* feeding upon the young shoots at the base of the trees. I only got one larva of X. uvibrosa, and that was feeding well up a rose-tree in a hedge. At present Buaruiia repandata, as well as Abraa-as (jrossulariata, are just commencing to feed. With the exception of Xoctua .rantlwi/rapha, one of the commonest of larvae has been that of Xaenia tj/pica. Up to Saturday, I had taken a fair number of A. typica from what is its favourite food here, honeysuckle. On Saturday, however, I was collecting black larvfe of A. yrossulariata for a friend, when I observed the leaves of every plant of Auricula in the garden riddled with holes. Curious to know what had caused these, I examined the plants, and found upon every plant, curled up in the dead leaves at the base of the stem, large numbers of larvse of A'. tijjiira. I may say that, in the same garden early in February, I found a larva of the same species on the topmost twig of a red currant bush, closely pressed to the bark. This reminds me that I once found a batch of ova of this species laid in my own garden upon currant. Larva" of Leucania Utliarm/ria have been fairly common upon grass. In the sallow catkins, larva? of (itria jlarai/o {dla(jo) and ('. fulvacfo (cerarp)) have been plentiful, but I have not found any larvae of F.upithecia tenuiata this year. I may say I found a larva of Pieris rapae on January 81st, which pupated safely on February 3rd. I have seen very few imagines, as it is almost useless searching for them, owing to the prevalence of northeast winds here in early spring. Among those I have taken, have been Taeiiiocavipa t/ot/iica, Anticlea badiata, Hybernia maryhiaria, and Larentia iiiultistriyaria. The latter were very variable, ranging from very light forms to almost black in some of the males. I took a female Vepressaria heracleana on March 22nd, and larva; of D. asdiirilella are still common between spun shoots of broom. Since writing the above I have succeeded in finding larvae of the following additional species: — Polyo)nuiatus\a,r. salviacis,Adscita cieryon, Photliedes captiuncula {expoiita), Brentliis euji/irosyuc and Xoctua ylarcosa. — J. W. H. Harrison, Birtley, R.S.O., Durham. May 1st, 1905. Duration of Pupal existence of Cucullia chamomill;e. — In July, 1902, 1 took a few larva? of C. chauiowillae near Fleetwood, from which I had six pupa?. Two of these dried up and the remainder have now emerged as follows: on March 27th, 1903, one; March 1st, 1904, one; the remaining two appearing on March 26th and 29th of this year. NOTES ON rOLLECTINescrijitwn (rim ndraii etcint dii Me.i'i/jKc (Bull. Soc. Geol. de July 1st, 1905. 16H THE entomologist's RECORD. France, 1857), his notes on the Volcan de Jorullo (Lausanne, 1859), and on Le pic (VOrizaba (1858), his Description des mines d'line anci- enne ville mejcicaine (Paris, 1858), Meinoire sur (fiielques Mainmiferes dii Mc.riiiitu (Paris, 1860), and various other articles on the birds, myria- poda, mammals, Crustacea, and ethnology of the country he was visiting. How great must have been the fascination of so grand a tour in this splendid, and then little-known, land, upon a nature so receptive, so educated, and so enthusiastic. While in the New World, de Saussure visited the United States, where he made the acquaintance of Louis Agassiz and of Henry, chief of the Smithsonian Institution, and many other distinguished Ameri- can naturalists. His interest in volcanoes did not die out on his return to Europe in 1856, for, in the seventies, he published various notes on eruptions of Vesuvius and Etna. The variety and versatility of his occupations are seen in some other of his publications at this period. Among those dealing with agriculture we may specially mention Meiiiuire siir la inaniere d'atteler li's btrufs, which received the gold medal of the Societe centrale d'Agriculture de France, and a report upon the damage done to vineyards by Phijlloxei-a vafifatri.r, which attracted the attention of the Federal Council, and, xiltimately, led to legislation forbidding the introduction into Switzerland of foreign plants, which marked the beginning of the long struggle against this terrible economic pest. . At this period, he began that splendid series of works on Hymenoptera and Orthoptera, which made his name so famous. Of the former we may mention Xoiioelh's considerations snr la niditication des f/uepes (Geneva, 1855), Etudes stir la famille de respides (Paris, l85'2-57), Si/nopsis of American Wasps (Washington, 1875), on the Hyinenoptera of the Novara. Expedition (Vienna, 1867), Melanijes hijnienopterolof/iijues (fascicules 1, 2, Geneva, 1854 and 1863), A ( 'atalof/ue of the r/enas Scolia (in collaboration with Jules Sichel, Paris, 1864), ())i the Scoliidae of Fedtclienko's Voijaije in Turkestan (Moscow, 1880), Note snr les Masaricns (Paris, 1853), Note sur les Orf/anes buccanx des Masaris (Paris, 1857), Ristoire natiirelle des Hijinen- opteres de Madafiascnr (Paris, 1890). and a host of smaller papers and articles. But it is as an orthopterist that the name of Henri de Saussure will chiefly be remembered. Of his Meitioire>i jiour sercir a Vhistoire dn. Me.ri(pie, des Antilles et des Etats-unis, the third part is Orthopteres rAuicriipie nioi/enne (1864), and the fourth is on Mantides aniericaines (1871). The Mmister of Public Instruction at Paris (1870) ordered the publication of a line work, entitled Mission scientijique an Me.riqiic, by de Saussure. In 1894, he described the orthoptera collected by Fedtchenko in Turkestan. At intervals between 1863 and 1898 he brought out the different parts (six) of Melamjes orthopteroloj/iques, which form two stout quarto volumes, containing a variety of really important works, chiefly on Blattidae and Mantidae, but, of especial value, is the monograph of the crickets, which occupies the fifth and sixth fascicules. This is to the present day the standard work on the •crickets, and though very many new species have been described since, no attempt has been made to supersede this monograph. Between 1859 and 1870 he published a number of short papers, •chiefly descriptive, and m 1879, Spicile(/ia entoinoloi/ica (jenavensia, I., /renre Heminierns. He proposed the establishment of a new HENKI DE SAUSSUKE. 109 order for this anomalous insect, but it is now known that he was misled by a faulty preparation. The continuation of his series was II., Tribu (les Patupkaniem (1887), w^hich was followed by a series of similar monographs of some of the more restricted families of the Orthoptera : Prodroinus (Edipodioruin. (1884), and the Additaiiienta thereto, four years later, deal with the (Edipodidae of the world, then SynopsiK de la tribii i Saifii'us (1888), shortly followed by a Xot/' sujiplrmeutairc, and then revisions of several families of cockroaches, the Pancathidat' and Kpilainpridac in 1895, the Peiisphat'iidae in the same year, in collaboration with Leo Zehntner, who also assisted him in the great work in the lirst volume on Orthoptera in the Bioloi/ia Centiali- Awrricana, on the JUattidae and Mantidac, and an analogous work on Rlattidae and Mantidac of Madagascar, in Grandidier's great publica- tion. In collaboration with Alphonse Pictet he produced a Catalojiue d'Arridieiis (1887), Icoiunirapliir dcs Sautrrdles vertes (1892). His smaller brochures and pamphlets were very numerous, and it is not necessary to mention them all. The question of the origin of mankind particularly appealed to this all round naturalist, and he formed a very valuable ethnological and arch^eological collection, which he presented, with his usual generosity, to the Geneva Museum. In 1868, he explored the cave of See, near Villeneuve, where, with scrupulous organisation, he discovered traces of human habitation contemporaiy with the reindeer. In 1858, in company with six friends, he founded the Geographical Society of Geneva, of which he was President in 1888-1889. He represented the Society at the international congresses held at Paris in 1875 and in 1889. Prom 1857 until the appointment of the Director, Professor Bedot, de Saussure was a member of the committee which managed the Natural History Museum of Geneva. Colleagues of his were his old professor, F. J, Pictet, Dr. Brot, and de Loriol-le-Fort. He threw^ himself with characteristic enthusiasm into the task of arranging and organising the collections. In spite of advancing ao-e and decreasing strength, he worked with regularity at the herculean task of naming and classifying the Orthoptera of the museum, while, at his villa at Genthod, he organised his collection of Hymenoptera, which he presented to the town last summer. His work at the Orthoptera, for the benefit of the museum, was enormously to increase the value and the comprehensiveness of the collections, to which he added the splendid specialist library which he had accumulated during his many long years of assiduous work. In 1897, he was presented with an address and artistic souvenir, on behalf of the municipal authorities, in recognition of his forty years' service at the museum of his native town. Honours were showered upon him by the leading scientific institutions of the world ; he was elected an Honorary Fellow of our Entomological Society of London, in 1872. In addition to the loss to science in general, there are very many who feel a personal loss in the death of Henri de Saussure. Those who knew him were fascinated with the unfathomable depth, as well as by the variety, of his knowledge and reading, as also by the brilliance and wit of his conversation. Many who had never had the privilege of personally meeting him, knew him as a charming and courteous correspondent. His colleagues, howevei- humble, he was 170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. ever ready to assist with his stores of knowledge, and he would generously offer his hospitality, and invite his friends and correspon- dents to Grenthod, his picturesque villa on the shores of the beautiful Lac Leman. He was a great man of science, and many notices have appeared, and will appear, recounting his life and work, but, from the nature of things, few of such notices will be written by men who knew him intimately, or even personally. Let us hope that someone who Avas his contemporary, who knew him well and understood him, will give us a detailed and sympathetic account of this distinguished man of science, who had travelled, seen, read, and worked so much for so many years. — M.B. Notes on the Melanism of Larentia multistrigaria in tlie neigh= bourhood of Skelmantliorpe (Huddersfield). By B. MOELEY. On the high commons bordering the moors of the Southwest Riding, Larentia nntlthtriiiaria has shown, of recent years, a very decided tendency to melanism, but, so far as I am able to ascertain, the phenomenon seems to be confined, at present, to the moor edges. On the slopes of the Dearne watershed L. undtistrif/aria, during April last, appeared plentifully, and quite half the specimens were more or less melanic, many of them being quite black, except for a few grey lines across the wings. The best melanic specimens come from a bleak, open, wind-swept common, with scarcely any shelter, except the rough sandstone-boulder walls which fence the fields. Here trees are few, and very stunted, and there are no hedgerows. These slopes are from 1000ft. to 1200ft. above sea-level, falling in an eastern direc- tion, and the soil is a cold, damp, black clay. It is a curious fact that, Avith these smoky forms, a very light grey form also occurs, and, on favourable evenings, specimens of the different forms may be found on the walls paired, apparently interbreeding Avith each other without discrimination, and suggesting not only that tAvo separate races do not exist, but that, in the near future, the race may become entirely melanic. It seems highly probable that, in this district, the species is fast fol- loAving JiiijthidafujK hetiilaria in its melanism, the latter species having, as I am informed, changed in this locality Avithin about 25 years, from the ordinary form to one almost black (only the head and a small dot at the base of the foreAvings remaining white). I may add, howeA'er, that, during the ten years that I have collected lepidoptera, I have only found the form doubledaijaria. There are many West Riding species developing melanism, but I knoAV of no other species Avhere this particular form of development is confined to a locality, i.e., in this district, in every other species subject to variation, any of the various varietal forms may, and do, occur where- ever the species is found. With L. uiidtistriiiana this is not so at present, for, on the slopes of the same A'alley, only four or fiA^e miles distant from the melanic region, the species is abundant, but shows no melanism whatever. With regard to the distribution of the species and its habitats in this district, there are, besides Avhat I have called the melanic region, A^arious localities in AA'hich it occurs, viz., (1) East of the melanic region on the south side of the A'alley, for about six miles, the hillside gradually NOTES OX THE MELANISM OF LAKENTIA MULTISTRiaARIA. 171 sloping from an altitude of 1200ft. to 600ft. on the hill-top. Where the food-plant, Galunn m.catile, grows more or less abundantly by the stone walls, the species appears accordmgly. (2) In Defter wood (700ft.), four miles east of the melanic region. The species is com- mon, and (8) Two miles further east, on High Hoyland bank (600ft.) it is also common. All the specimens that I have seen in these lower localities are of a light form. Here, the vegetation is altogether more luxuriant, the district very well wooded and well inside the wheat- growing area. It follows that the lowland light form is not nearly so exposed as the dark form on the hill-top. It is generally slightly larger also. The upland race, however, must have endured exposure for ages, and it is by some considered that melanism has only very recently been developed." What then can be the cause of this develop- ment ? If smoke be the agent it seems to act in the wrong direction, for, on the hills where the dark race is found neither chimney-stacks nor houses exist (except a few small scattered farms, the smoke from which can have little or no effect), while down the Dearne valley many mill chimneys are pouring forth daily black volumes of smoke upon the surrounding hillsides, assisted by the grey clouds from the chim- neys of houses in many villages, and yet, on these hillsides, where the western winds carry most of this impurity, the light race only occurs. I confess that I fail to see how smoke can be the agent, for, even if it be allowed that the east winds carry as much smoke on to the western slopes as the west winds do in the other direction, allowing smoke to be the cause, we should expect to find melanism general ; bat one has only to look at trees growing on the south Yorkshire uplands to be very soon convinced as to the direction of the prevalent winds, for invariably, in exposed places, they have practically a naked side to the west, the branches hanging out towards the east. Geologically, how- ever, the conditions are very difierent. The light race occurs on the borders of the upper and lower coal measures, but directly the narrow belt of the lower coal measure is passed, and the millstone grit is approached, the species gives way to melanism. How the geology of the district does influence the species may be hard to say, but all the conditions must be considered when trying to solve knotty problems of this kind. When melanism first appeared in the species I am unable to say, but when I first noticed it, seven or eight years ago, while walking upon the commons after a very heavy rain storm, I found hundreds of the species drowned in the ditches, with many black forms amongst them, and, since then, have obtained it every year, with more or less success. From the above facts it is very evident that melanism is well established on the Dearne watershed, also, I belie\e, in the Meltham valley, and probably also in many other districts in southwest Yorkshire, but it would be interesting to know how far this tendency at present extends, and then watch its development in districts where at present it is not in evidence. * Surely not in all cases. It is possible that in cases such as that mentioned the melanism is as old as the hills and their present meteorological conditions. See Melanism and Melanochroiwi in Britisli Lepidoptera, pp. 19-'il ; '23-24, etc. — Ej). 172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. Melanism in Lepidoptera. By J. W. TUTT. I have read with great interest Mr. Morley's note {a)itea) on the melanismoi Larentia nniltistrii/ana, and quite agree with him that further detailed knowledge is very desirable as to its distribution, its spread, and the possible period of its existence. A careful perusal of his paper, and one's knowledge of the district, and what has been recently written as to its increase in recent years in certain districts, leads one to the following conclusions: — (1) That on the exposed bleak hilltops, where the species rests on "the cold, damp, black clay" — for one must assume it rested on the ground, ere humans built stone walls, and rests there now for that matter, although better seen on the walls — the melanism is of great antiquity, and of the same kind as that occurring locally in various species — G)iopho.s obscurata, Xylnphada monofflypha, etc., and dealt with at length in Melaniwi ami Mdaii- ochroism in lyritish LepidopUra, pp. 19-21, etc. In such places, at any rate, a strong tendency to melanism is within the ordinary varia- tional limits of the species. That specimens, having this tendency strongly developed, spread considerably into the surrounding areas and cross with those in which it is less marked, our knowledge of the liability to distribution in certain species, leads lis to assume, and one may suppose that the inherent melanic tendency, rarely exhibited, probably, in some districts, exists throughout the whole area referred to by Mr. Morley. On the other hand, in such districts as those mentioned recently by Mr. Porritt, in the neighbourhood of Crosland, Meltham, etc., where the melanism has rapidly increased of late years, and is still increasing, one might suspect that an entirely different set of varying environmental influences have set free the latent possibili- ties within the species, and produced melanism of an entirely different kind, viz., the melanism exhibited by Ainpliidasys hetularia, TepJimtiia crcpuHcidaria (bixtortata), and other species, that we have dealt with at great length in Mdcntis)/) and Mdanncliroisui, etc., pp. 12 ct ^eq. In our opinion, an exactly similar double parallel exists in the variations of Buarmia repandata, where, however, one form of the species is fre- quently not melanic, i.e., one form is old, due to the natural environ- ment of a rock-resting habit, the other comparatively new, due to the changed local conditions brought to bear on a wall- and trunk-resting habit, during the last half or three-quarters of a century. Pupal Skin of Chrysophanus phlaeas {nith /date). By Dk. T. a. chapman. After examining the remarkable sculpturing and structure of the pupal skin of Thestor halliis, which is not more remarkable or com- plicated than that of many other pup.e, but is of quite a special character amongst the few pupal skins I have carefully examined in the same way, it occurred to me that some other Lycfenid pupa would also prove to be an interesting object. The first one I took in hand was that of njas paphia. Here it is in hundreds, whilst ralesina is also abundant, and Ann/niiis niohf, A. aylaia, A. adippe and A. latho)iia are almost as frequent, and. for a change, a very fine race of I^oiiassiKu apollo. Our box was so full of other fry that we were obliged to consign our samples of these larger . species to the lining of our hats, a proceeding that does not, as a rule, 17G THE entomologist's RECORD. enhance their beauty if the mopping of one's face necessitates the hat being pushed back or being removed very often. One of the $ s of P. ajxdlo, captured at Hiiteck, has the large central spot of hindwings entirely red (ab. ni/a) without a white centre. I took a similar fine ? at Bourg St. Maurice, at the end of July, 1898 ; also J and ? at Courmayeur, August, 1898; rt'nthis aiiiatli iisia, B. palta, also evidently a high species, although (Jnlian phicoiitonc was not at all uncommon in the valley above Saas-Grund. Of the moths, which one does not feel so competent to name offhand, Eubolia menmraria, AcidaUa hidusericata, Endrosa {Setina) aurita (spotted form), (and, below the Hiiteck Inn, Syntomu pheyea), Cleoyene lutearia, Lasiocampa quercm, Melantlna inontanata, Acidalia Jiaveolaria, Adscita yeryon, Anthrocera achillcar, AcidaUa iminorata, EucUdia ylyphica, Ayrotk alpina ! (small dark species), &c. At the end of the first week of July other insects became abundant, and one notices particularly Anthrocera lonicerae, A. ochntnihemeri, A. acJiillcae, and A. tranaalinna, whilst Melanipias niela)iipi iu which it resembles K. tert/estina, but it differs from that species in the shorter elytra, with large greyish spots ; the infraanal plate is also somewhat differently shaped. Length of body, 22m in. - 28mm. 3' , 25-2mm.-32mm. ? ; of pronotmii, 3mm. -4mm. . dcntata, the colour is a lighter red (more yellow), and the posterior angles of the thorax and elytra are less produced. This is, perhaps, the most interesting discovery made as to the inhabitants of ants' nests in this countr}^ since the late E. W. Janson first took Hetacriux. sesquieornis. We now possess three species of Dinanla — Dinarda ntaerkeli, only found with Formica rii.fa : D. dentata, found with F. sangiiitica and F. fusca ; and I). Jiai/ensi, found with 1''. easccta. OLEOPTERA. Gramoptera holomelina, Pool, a (^ood species. — In the Fnt. Jurord {antca p. 133), Mr. Pool described a totally black form of (jrramoptera under the above name, and pointed out that he had taken three specimens in 1904, and that a specimen just like these was taken by Mr. E. A. Waterhouse, in Yorkshire, thirty j'ears ago. Mr. Pool has now taken some thirty more specimens from the same haw- thorn hedge at Enfield, and I had the pleasure of taking my series with him on one occasion last month. I consider that this form is a good species, since, in all these specimens, there is not the slightest variation, nor are there any intermediate forms. Mr. Pool has taken both 3 s and J s, which only differ from each other in size and length of antennse, neither showing the slightest red on antennjB or legs whatsoever, nor the slightest pubescence such as is found on nificoriiis : he has also taken them in capida. G. niticornis is not uncommon at this hedge, and it varies considerably, but not for one minute could the true holomelina be mistaken for it ; however shght the red may be at the base of the femora, the typical ruricornia pubescence will be found on the elytra, and where the pubescence is more scanty the legs have CoLeoptera* 183 more or less red, bat in holomeUna neither of these points are ever visible, and, moreover, the punctuation is stronger. Mr. Pool has also found the ditierent vars. of G. rufknrnis, in cop. together, but never /loldiiii'liua and ruficornis, in cop. It has been suggested that this form is a var. of ruficornis {loc. cit.), but I think the above reasons are sufficient to separate it specifically. It has also been suggested that it is a form of (J. variej/ata, Germ. (= analis, Pz.), but this is absurd, as not only is the latter a much larger insect, but Germar describes it as having ashy-grey pubescence, the apex of the antenna red, and the legs black in the ^ , but in part red and with the ventral segments red in the 5 . I have also heard it said that as ruficornis is so common, and everyone gets their series at once, they might pass this over, as they never trouble about ruficornis again, but no one would ever pass holomelina over for ru,ficornis when he saw it alive.- — Horace Donisthorpe. June 6th, 1905. CoLEOPTERA IN SussEX.— The following note deals with a few uncommon species captured at Ditchling, Sussex, this Easter (May 24th). In the Geodephaga, the only captures worthy of note were — C'l/chrus rostratus, L., one, out of moss, making two of this species in two seasons ; Badister sodalis, Duft., fairly common in moss, dead herbage, &c. ; Di/schirius politns, Dj., in sandpit, parasitic on Bledius (ijiacus, Block., the latter in profusion ; Stomis piuaicatus, Pz., a few at odd times, in moss, stone heaps, &c. ; Platyderui; ruficollis, Marsh., one by sweeping. No Hydradephaga of any importance put in an appear- ance, it being rather a poor locality for aquatic species. The Hydro- philids were represented chiefly by various members of the genus Cerci/on, of which, perhaps, C. unipmictatus, L., was the most prolific of the better ones. In the " Staphs," Aleoc/iara cuniculoruui was very abundant in rabbit-burrows in sand-pits, perhaps the most common species in the pit. Stilicus subtilia, Er., again put in an appearance, in a very desultory way however ; Medon brunneus, Er., was fairly often taken, but as a rule only singly; Philoridum sordinuni, Steph., swarmed on the blossoms of Lle.i- europaeus, and was to be beaten in any numbers on a bright day. Of the Silphids, the only species worthy of note was one Cholcva anisotow aides, Spence, out of moss. My best capture was in the Pselaphids, where I had the good fortune to capture one Trichonijx iiiiirkeli, Aub., it came from moss in a hedgerow, and though desultory ants of two or three kinds were met with, no big nest could be found. However, as, at the time of capture, the specimen had not been identified, with any certainty, energetic search for the head- quarters of the ants' nest was not made till a short time after, the ants probably having migrated in the meantime. Of the Coccinellids, Sci/iiinus var. scutellaris, Muls., was perhaps the most interesting, four or five of which were taken in moss. The Nitidulids, though little worked, yielded a few of the local little Pria dulcamarae, Scop., off blossoms of Cornus samjuinea. By sifting haystack refuse the usual Lathridiids Avere obtained, and several Uartodere ruficuUis, Marsh., were taken. Aji/iodius luridus, F., var. elytris-nir/er, was the best of the Scarabteids taken, it was in company with the type. Of the Scolytids, X)/locleptes bispinus, Duft., and also Phloeopht/iurus rliodo- dactylus, Marsh., were common, the former in stems of Cletnatis vitalba, the latter in Vle.c europaeus. The above list represents the species I have yet had time to work out, and my very best thanks are due to Mr. 184 THE entomologist's record. H. Ht. J. K. Donisthorpe, tor his kind help in verifying, and in some cases identifying, my records. — Hereward Dollman, 14, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W. Mat/ Idt/i, 1905. Cryptocephalus bipxjnctatus, L., var. thomsoni, Weise, in Sussex. — 1 have a couple of this rare Cri/ptocephalus, taken by myself in Sussex, in 1908. Owing to the difficulty in their identification, &c., I have not been able to record them before, but, by the kindness of Mr. Donisthorpe in identifying them, am able to do so now, — Hereward DoLLMAN. Man 19tli, 1905. Scientific Coleopterology. — Authenticated " types " — What are they ? — I should like to offer a word of criticism of one of the methods followed by many coleopterists in this country in naming their specimens. It does not seem to be by the sound scientific method of original research of comparison with the details of the original description (and the original specimen if in existence), but by the obtaining of a so-called "authenticated type" from some European coleopterist of repute, with which comparison is made and conclusions arrived at. This may be satisfactory up to a point, but to call such a specimen a " type," appears to be as unsound scientifically as it is possible to imagine anything, leads to all sorts of errors, to a continuation of blunders when made, and tends to make our British coleopterists utterly dependent on continental "opinion," rather than "fact," and further it does away with original investigation. There can be no such thing as an " authenticated type " except from the author of the name, and the " types " of any other man are an anachroism. Surely British coleopterists are as capable of dealing with original descriptions and specimens as continental coleopterists. Specimens of a species from any known coleopterist are useful for comparison, and as illustrating the particular collector's view of the species, but have no other value, and, as for their being " authenticated types," the thing is, in ordinary parlance, absurd. I may add that this is merely a personal opinion, written without the knowledge of, or consideration of, the feelings of my editorial colleagues on this subject. It strikes me as so utterly ridiculous that I should write to a continental lepi- dopterist for a specimen of some little known species, and accept it as a " type " of the species, possibly without question, and probably without comparing it with the original description, if I want it for a really scientific purpose. — J. W. Tutt. j^ClENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERYATIONS. On the swimming powers of the larva of Arctia caia, L. — Having several larvt^ of Arctia caia on hand, and, feeling that as these larvae are often to be found on various low plants at the sides of ditches, some probably at times fall, or are knocked, into the water, L made several experiments with sonae of my larvae, with a view of ascertaining to what degree (if any) the power of swimming was developed in these larva. I first placed several nearly full-grown larvfe into a trough of water, which larvae immediately curled them- selves up (if not already curled up), and floated on the top of the water in this position, seemingly sustained by their hairs. After an interval, varying from about one minute to about a quarter of an hour, the larvae uncurled themselves and attempted to move along the surface of LIFE-HISTORIES. 185 the water, not on their backs, like Eumorpha elpenor, L., was observed to do by Albin, Hellins, and Harris," but " right way up." Some of the larvae, after having uncurled themselves, at first moved the head and tail to and fro, and, in this respect, more or less agreed with what Hellins suggested E. elpenor might do." This mode of progression, however, is extremely slow and uncertain, and, in all cases, was given up by the larviP after a short time, but was, however, in some cases, resorted to again, on and off, for a few seconds each time. The rest of the larviB, as soon as they were uncurled, tried to " walk " on the surface of the water, and with fair success, as, on an average, they pro- gressed about an inch a minute. The larvae which first moved the head and tail to and fro, afterwards followed the example of the rest, and tried to "walk " on the surface of the water. The larvae, when "walking" on the water, progress in rather a jerky manner, and a slight arch of the body commences at the posterior and runs along the body to the bend, it being most pronounced when at the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments. If the larvffi are first completely immersed in the water (which can only be done by holding them under the water) they seem to be only able to get their heads and thoracic segments out of the water until they reach dry land ; in this case, they progress by moving the head to and fro, the rate of progression now being, if anything, slightly quicker than in the former case. In one instance, I dropped a larva into water from a height of about ten feet, and it did not sink, the hairs apparently being sufficient to keep the larva from sinking, or becoming totally immersed in the water. I also placed some larvae in water to see how long they could live in such a position, keeping them in, or rather on, the water for periods of five, ten, fifteen, thirty, and forty-five minutes, and two and ten hours ; in each case when the larva was removed from the water it appeared to be none the worse for its swim. Taking the above facts into consideration, it seems that if a larva of A. caia happens to fall into water (even from a height of ten feet, or perhaps more) it is not likely it would be drowned, as it is able to remain on the surface of the water for a considerable period, perhaps as long as it could live without food, and has, moreover, the power of swimming of no mean order. — Raleigh S. Smallman, Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, Surrey. Ma^. Many species, however, were abundant, including ( '. pldacas, very dark, Brenthis selene, Mditaea phoebe, very unicolorous, Polynuwiattis orion, Plebeins anjiis, Papilio machaim, and P. podalirius, Kpinephele titJwjuis, etc., Carcharodus alcaeae and ('. althaeae were also present. For the sake of any other persons who may contemplate going by diligence to Fusio, it will be well to mention that it is absolutely necessary to telegraph beforehand for seats in the diligence froin Bignasco on, as there are no "supplements " there. Not knowing the necessity for this, we were stranded at Bignasco and obliged to spend the night there, proceeding to Fusio the next morning. I should like to enlarge — non-entomologically — on the beauty of the Val Maggia and its exquisitely graceful bridges, but must refrain, lest the editor should deci-ee the excision of such a passage ; still I viHst say that it is more than worth a visit. Monday, the 18th, was spent on the Alpe Pianascio, without success so far as Krehia llarofasriota was concerned ; certain other Erebias were, however, abundant, riz., E. etn-yale, K. indainpns, E. tyndarvs, and a form of E. I'pip/ircii, very near to rasKinpi'. T'niyoyiivwtus rorydnv and P. O'ros ANOTHKR SEASON AMON(i THK SWISS BUTTEKPMKS. 197 were also common, and Brenthis pairs abundant. On the slopes, just above Fusio, Paniassius apolln was in great variety as well as abundance, and I took a fine orange ab. lu'cadoiaix. The following day I walked down the valley towards Peccia, being induced to do so by what I had seen in driving up. A large form of Hrehia melainpus was very abundant ; as also was the largest form of ( '/irjf.wphMins rirtjaureae that I have ever met with ; there were numbers of h^rcbia eurifale, Arfiynnia (Kjlala, and A. )ii. aurelia, slightly larger on the average than Rhone valley specimens, though a few are smaller, and all on the imderside have the dark spots on the ante-marginal band of the hindwing which are otherwise peculiar to M. dictynna. Seeing them together they are undoubtedly all one species, and some of them, especially one 3 and one 2 , bear out exactly the description of hritmiiartis according to Riihl, a description made from a specimen identified by Assmann. My specimens are also identical with those from Silesia, labelled britnviartia in the Natural History Museum at Berne. With this opportunity of careful examination I feel no doubt as to the specific vnlue of hritdwattin : its nearest neighbour I should take to be il/. ilictipma, though the average of ilictynna is considerably larger, and nO' (h'riyvria that I have ever seen is nearly as light on the upper side ; moreover, I took one specimen of the latter species at Reazzino, it was rather smaller and lighter than the more northern specimens, but was far from being as small or as light as the largest or darkest of the formei' species, moreover, it was worn out, while hrituvmrth was in excellent condition. I hope it may be within my poAver to find out next spring what the first brood is like, and I should also much wish to compare the earlier stages with those of the other Melitajas of this group. The other captures of this day were the same as on previous occasions but included a small but very brilliant specimen of Apatura ilia var. eo^. A visit to Mendrisio (a most interesting old place, on the following day produced a good catch of Even's an/iarles, type, about five minutes' walk from the station, and also one rather worn specimen of Lawpides telicanus (my first) about 100 yards further on. An early start on the following morning enabled us to make a visit to Como and up the lake to Cadenabbia in search of Coenonymp/ia oedipun : time however, was short, and a few Melitaea atJial-ia, E-pinephele tithoniis and l':.jiirtiva, with a single specimen of Enodia dryan were the only results. The heat that day at Como was intense, making the contrast to the glacial cold of the Oberalp Pass, where we arrived next day, in a biting wind with no sun. all the more severe. There were but few butterflies on the way up to the Lautersee on the following morning ; a few < 'alias palanio, the $ s being white, and a few Brenthis palei;, being all that were seen. In the afternoon a walk to the top of the Calniot resulted in a few Erchia yorye. The HOth was much wai'mer, and on the Oberalp in the morning I took, besides the above species, Colia!^ p/iiromone, Erebia manto, PnlyiiiinnatHS phei'etes, Pleheius aryiis. NoiniadeH scmiaryns, and two very fine examples of Brenthis pales ab. 2 napaea, and at the northeast corner of the lake, and on the slopes above, Farnassins delius was fairly common in the afternoon. These, with B. pales var. isis, Erehia goantr, Paniassitis apollo, very large and dark, but worn out, and Noiicopkila ]runig Pass and down the lakes of Brienz and Thun, and so by Berne and Lausanne to Montreux, brought a most interesting month's tour to an end. ANOTHER SEASON AMONG THE SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 199 One further visit 1 paid to Eclepens, on August 4tli, in hopes of finding more iS'. circc l)uc in vain. In the marshy fields close to the station in the direction of La Sarraz, I found, however, a considerable number of L. areas : they were mostly worn, but one or two females were still in excellent condition ; this was of course very late, but Professor Blachier has reported this species from Divonne for August. The specimens wnre very large, and I do not think it very likely that they represented a 2nd brood. Twice at the beginning of the following week I saw Sati/nis rirce in the street at Montreux, quite close, but on neither occasion had I a net. At Charpigny, on the 10th, the usual 2nd broods were abundant, including vast numbers ot MeUtaea parthenie. Kpiiu'phele jiirtiiia was present in swarms, with much variety of colouring in the females on the underside, and K. tithonus was as numerous as usual in this its one locality in the Rhone Valley. Starting the next evening to Sierre I walked on the following morning up the Val d'Anniviers as far as Vissoye. Near Niouc I took Satyrux alrtjone and S. >>tatili)iiis, and Hippaichia seiiirh', and at Fang one female Zepliijrus hetalav : but butterflies were not plentiful till near Vissoye, when ParnaNfiiiis apullo and the three large Argynnids appeared in some numbers, just before reaching the village a few S Cliyi/wpJunt us riiyaKreae. and many female \av. zeniiatti'nsis were found resting on the flowers of the mint, where they were still abundant in the afternoon. The next day I walked on to Zinal, but saw very few insects until the last mile or so, when Krebia tijndariis, Ilrspcria ali-rxx and H. serratulae and I'aiiipldla com ma became abundant as well as the large Argynnids ; there were also a few ErebkKjoante, and E. eitri/alc. On the 15th, a walk up the Alp Arpitetta produced one ? Poh/nmmattis dunzcUi, Parnassius apollo, very &\\iQl\,'Nomia(h's semiaryiis var. montana, and i> rent liis pales, together with the three Hesperiids and the three Erebias taken at Zinal. I also found, near the latter place, an ideal spot for Brenthis ino, where no doubt Chanoine Favre had taken his var, zinalensis, but the species must have been over. On the following day I went to the top of the Corne de Sorrebois, where ]\1. Wullschlegelhas taken various interesting- things, but towards the top I saw only Krehia i/on/e and K. tyndarus ab. caecodromus, lower down Parnassius deliiis and one specimen which might perhaps be a hybrid with P. apollo, in company with Ihenthis pall's : lower still a specimen of Mditaea aurcUa, and a number of Polyovimatas donzelii $ and 2 , most of which were unfortunately getting worn, and also a fe^\■ Erebia yoante. The most remarkable sight was the laden bushes of wild red currants, the fruit being quite as large as one sees on ordinary garden plants in England, and immensely more abundant. On the 19th, I walked down to Sierre, but took nothing on the way which I had not seen on my way up, and with my return to Montreux the same evening niy butterfly >eason practically closed. It is now so seldom that I take a new species in Switzerland that the capture this year of Ihriithis thurr, J'olyommatiis doii-elii 5 , Erercx aryiadcs. type, Ijampidcs tdicanux, Miditaea bi itomartis^ h'/rcbia Jiarofasciata, Satynis cin-i^ and the Apaturid forms rlyfic, fos, iliadcs and iolc, make this season a nicmocable one, notwithstanding the failure to meet with I h tcrnfitrrus nnir/dims. 200 THE KNTOMOI,0(;iST S RECORD. Geometra papilionaria, Linne {iritli plate). By the Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS. The insect which I have the privilege of bringing to your notice is one which has two distinct claims upon us, as naturalists and entomologists. First, because on account of its size and great beauty, its capture is always regarded with a comfortable feeling of satisfaction, even though, in the south of England at least, it is by no means uncommon ; and, secondly, because it is an insect about whose name there cannot be the least question. Happily for iis, the name which Linne gave to it is unchangeable, and will belong to it while lepidopterists collect, and while the world lasts. But, although there is no doubt about the name, there is very considerable confusion as to what the great Swedish naturalist meant to describe, what form he had before him, /.c, what is our type. The investigation proving to l)e quite beyond my own powers, our good friend Mr. Prout, who, I believe, revels in such matters, has been kind enough to absorb, digest, and condense for me, the numerous works in which Linne gave to the world, what I may perhaps be allowed to call the first attempt on the part of man, since Solomon, to arrange the works of Nature. Mr. Prout writes, "In 1746, Linne introduced this species without a name — this being before the days of binomial nomenclature — in his Fauna Siiecira, ed. 1 (1746)''', no. 922, but be described it so vaguely, and badly, that it would be hardly recognisable but for his own citations in his later works. In 175ajnlionaria in the Doubleday collection, have faded to yellow at the base of the wing. Of course, these specimens are more than thirty years old, and one does not know how they were killed, but I certainly prefer the use of '^essence of pipe.'' It is curious that Linne, giving the size of the insect, compares it first with T. nrticae and afterwards with /'. braxncae,- The largest I have seen are in the Doubleday collection, but they scarcely attain to either dimension. a. papilionaria is too well-known an insect to call for the writing of its life-history again. Mr. G. J. Grapes has well recorded this in Kntniiiohyjist, 1889, p. 110. The larva feeds upon birch, alder, hazel, and also, according to Stainton and St. John, upon beech. I do not understand Linne's " Habitat in 'J'ilia.'' It may feed upon lime also. I have no information as to how or where the eggs are laid in nature. In captivity they are deposited singly or a few together. Mr. C. Fenn records that three batches which he observed took o, 9, and 16 days respectively to hatch {Entniii. AVc, vol. iii., p. 175). Like so many hibernating larva, these feed up slowly until the leaves begin to fall. In " Practical Hints" {K)itnni. Her., xiii., p. 162) 204 THE entomologist's record. they are said to favour most low bushes. The time for hibernation having ari-ived, each larva spins a little pad of silk close to a bud, and there fixes itself by its claspers, remaining in an upright or slightly bent position all the winter. I have asked Mr. Newman, who is rearing a large number, if, during the mild spells of weather which have characterised this winter, his larvae have been tempted to move Great, and he replies, " No ! the larvae have remained still, they do not seem to leave their pads close to the buds." Instead of their green and brown coloration, they now assume a sober brown- black ; owing partly to general darkening, and partly to a shrinking of the segments. This dull colour they retain vintil the first change of skin, after feeding in the spring. The wonderful adaptation of these larvae to the changes of their surroundings has been often noted, and there is a particularly readable note on the subject by the Rev. G. M. A. Hewett, in the Ent. Hec, vol. iv., p. 215. I have found it a very successful plan, when rearing these larvfe, to turn them out on the foodplant in autumn, of course in my garden, or where they may be easily found again, and to leave them to their own devices until they are well-grown, in the spring, though obviously they are thus subject to the possible attacks of ichneumons. I did not know why I was so much more successful when I followed this plan, until I found that when young, they have been observed to be particularly fond of the buds as food (Mr. E. A. Bowles, h/nt. life, vol. viii., p. 89, and "Practical Hints," <*/'. rit., vol. xiv., p. 55). Mr. Newman tells me that he is always careful that his young larva? shall have a plentiful supply of buds in their bags during the hibernation period. The knowledge of this fact may be of value to any who have found a difficulty in rearing the insect from the egg. The fullfed larva spins a few leaves of the foodplant together, forming a loose cocoon, in which to pupate. I have only one note as to the duration of the pupal stage. In 1887, a larva pupated on June 6th, and the moth emerged on July 5th, I should think this would be about the usual period. The moth, in nature, continvies on the wing over a somewhat extended period. Mr. C. Fenn gives from the middle of June to the end of August {Knt. Bee, vol. ix., p. 22). My own notes range from July 9th to August 3rd. I suppose a good deal depends upon the season. (t. papilUmaria comes freely to light. Mr. E. F. Studd of Oxton, tells me that he takes the male commonly in his traps, but never a female, and it is stated that its visits to light take place very late at night [Knt. liec, vol. vii., 331). It also comes well to sugar, Mr. Baden-Smith says that he took a male and female in this way {Ent. Hec, vol. v., p. 17), and my own experience is that this method of capture is very successful in places where the species is tolerably common, the specimens thus taken being, as a rule, in finer condition than those taken by net or trap. I have not noticed at which hour (the flight is most general, taking it perhaps for granted that the species began to move at dusk. It was, however, definitely stated at the meeting of the City of Loudon Entomological Society on March 17th, 1896, that its true time of flight, is from 9 p.m. until very late. This I take to mean from dusk onwards. The insect has a wide range. Staudinger and Rebel in their datalo;/ give " central and northern Europe (up to about 60°-62°N. lat.), northern and central Italy, northern Asia Minor {e.g., about Amasia SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTEKA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 205 and Tokat), Armenia, Altai, Siberia, Amurland, Ussuri region /.<'., the coast region of Siberia, south of the Amur, about Vladivostock, Japan." Of its range in Britain, Meyrick says " Britain to Ross." 1 have taken some trouble to verify this detail, and have to thank Mr. A. Home for the following information : " I have never taken (il^ pajnlionaria actually in Aberdeenshire, but have found it across the Dee in Kincardineshire, also at Forres, in Elgin, in Morayshire, and Invershine in Sutherlandshire. This is one county further north than Meyrick gives. The blue-green specimen is from Rannock." Mr, Shortridge- Clark tells me it is not taken on the Isle of Man, and Mr. Richardson, that it is absent from Portland and Weymouth, where there is no birch. Mr. H. A. Beadle of Keswick, writes, "The only peculiarity I can find in the species is in its vertical distribution. I have taken it in a marsh 220 feet above sea-level, and also nearly to the top of a mountain, 1000 feet above sea-level, where a few birches grow beside a small brook." I may add to this information by recording that I took a specimen last summer, in my parish, at an elevation of perhaps from 10 feet to 12 feet above sea-level. But I am perhaps dilating too much upon points which are common knowledge,, and must proceed without delay to that which is perhaps my own particular, and no doubt, to many, drier observations upon the early stages of the insect. {To be concluded.) Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe- By MALCOLM BUlUi, B.A.. F.L.S., F.Z.S., K.E.S. {Continued from p. 181.) Family II. : (Edipodid.*-,. This family, which includes those grasshoppers with coloured hindwings, is allied to the Trnxalidae, but differs in the vertical frons, which passes over into the top of the head without making any angle ; the foveolae of the vertex are triangular and never con- tiguous in front ; often they are absent. The form of the pronotum offers useful characters ; the central carina may be entire or inter- rupted, and is sometimes raised into a compressed crest, or it may be cut or broken by the typical sulcus. The elytra have a characteristic venation ; the scapular area has never regular reticulations ; an intercalate vein is always present in the discoidal area ; the wings are usually more or less brightly coloured, often with a characteristic black fascia or band, the posterior femora are compressed strongly and very thick ; the species are usually fairly large and of stoutish build. The family is divided into two subfamilies, which have been considered as distinct families by Brunner, but are now generally united. They are distinguished as follows : — 1. Frontal costa obtuse ; posterior tibise with no external apical spine ; second abdominal segment smooth . 1. (I'Ikii-odiN/K. 1.1. Frontal costa compressed and sulcate ; pos- terior tibiae with an apical spine on the outer margin ; second abdominal segment granu- lated . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. EREMOBnN<«;. Sui'.KAii. 1 : (Edipoijin^. 206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. Table of Geneka. 1. Pronotum with a central keel throughout its length, entire, or cut by typical sulcus. 2. Keel of pronotum entire ; a depression on each side of keel ; wings crimson, with black tips. . 2.2. Central keel of pronotum cut by typical sulcus. 3. Inner half of elytra coriaceous ; basal half of wings red, separated by a dark arched band from the apical half, which is transparent ; apex dark 3.3. Basal half of elytra less densely reticulated, not so coriaceous ; wings hyaline or variously coloured. 4. Central keel of pronotum deep, compressed. 5. Pronotum wi th four yellow bands arranged in a cross ; wings yellow, with a black arched band 5.5. Pronotum with two black longitudinal stripes ; wings hyaline 4.4. Central keel of pronotum but little elevated, chiefly in metazona. 5. Upper keel of posterior femora entire ; wings with anterior part as far as apex, and sometimes part of outer border, dark 5.5. Upper keel of posterior femora absent in apical half; wings of various colours, with a dark arched band distant from apex 1.1. Pronotum with no central keel, or with it incom- plete, or with a central line not raised, and inter- rupted not only by typical sulcus, but also by the anterior sulcus. 2. Alternate anal veins of wings strongly thickened, the transverse veinlets forming regular narrow areas 2.2. Veins of wings normal. 3. Central keel of pronotum extending from anterior border to posterior, but little raised, interrupted by typical sulcus ; prozona about as long as metazona ; hinder border of pronotum rounded or obtuse; body very hairy 3.3. Central keel of pronotum absent or im- jjerceptible ; metazona much longer than prozona, with hinder border rectangular or hai'dly obtuse-angled ; not very hairy. 4. Hinder femora with a large blue-black spot on inner face; metazuna of pronotum nearly three times as long as prozona 4.4. Hindtr femora with no black spot on inner face ; metazona one and a half times as long as prozona 1. PsoPHUs, Fieb. Qdirogesia, Bol. .S. CEdaleus, Fieb. 4. Pachtjtylus, Fieb. 5. Celes, Sauss. 6. QEdipoda, Latr. 7. Brtodema, Fieb. 8. AcEOTYLUs, Fieb. 9. Sphingonotus, Fieb. 10. Leptoternis, Sauss. Genus 1 : Psophus, Fieber. The only species of this genus is easy to recognise by its stout build, black colour, with deep crimson wings tipped with black. 1. Psophus striduiais, L. Length of body, 23mm.-25mra. 3 , 30mm. -32mm. $ ; of pronotum, 7-5mm.-8mm. g , 8-5mm.-9ium. ? ; of elytra, 24mm.- 27mm. 3 , 18mm.-20nim. 2 • The female is stouter and larger than the male, and often of a lighter tint. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTIIOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 207 It is a mountain insect, occurring in many places in central Europe. It is known in Sweden and Norway and the north of Germany ; in Belgium it is rare, being recorded from Lanaeken. In France it occurs in nearly every mountain in the country ; it is found in all south Germany and Switzerland, in the Upper Engadine, and the Jura of Solothurn, Gysliflnh near Arau, Albis, Schnebeihorn, Bachtel, Glarus, Disentis, but not below S-900 metres. South of the Alps it has been taken near Turin. In Spain it is found in the north and east. Genus 2 : Quirogesia, Bolivar. The single species is known by the dense venation of the basal half of the elytra and by the bright red wings with black band, outside which the apical half is hyaline, and the apex tipped with black. 1. Quirogesia brullei, Sauss. Length of body, 23mm. J , 30-32mm. ? : of pronotum, 4*8mm. (? , 6-5mm. ? ; of elytra, 24mm, fo.smf/»;jo?ic/jeZf among other good insects. The next morning, April 26th, was equally fine, and so about 9 a.m. a start was 216 THE entomologist's record. made, by the little omnibus, for Carqueiranne. This visit was a huge disappointment. The early spring insects were quite gone, except for a few Pontia daplidice and Anthocaris helia. Every year the ground here available for collecting appears to be lessened, and somehow insects expected were unexpectedly late, and I only saw five examples of Melitaea aurinia, all males. Pararge mecjaera was in good condi- tion, the 2 s large, the first brood of Issoria lathonia scarce, the speci- mens very small, as usual, whilst I was much disappointed in finding Noviiades vielanops, N. cyllarua and Polyoivwatus baton going over, very few being really in fine condition. Occasional specimens of Pt/rgus sao, Nisoniades tages, and Urbanits alceae were taken, and Lepto.sia sinajns and Euchloe cardmnines were frequent ; a fine lot of Emhlue eiiphenoides, mostly .•■• *<^ « * ■* * H r. m *^ < • •* ' " « « ,•••-•• lir * * • • * * * . *-^ ~ • • " , ^ * - . • .• .'t ' :^ • * , ' • • *.-'•• s ♦ » ^ ■ . ' . •? ' ' , . » ' ,-"1 Skin of larva (in 4th stage) of Nisoniades tages, showing Lenticle and Trumpet-hairs ( x 200 mam.). The Entom. Record, etc., 1905. Erratum (to be bound facing page 277). Owing to an accident some of the folios of the article, pp. 277-279, have been misplaced. This has entirely altered the sense and mean- ing of what was written, and has carried over to J'ajiilio asterias and P. phili'vor remarks made about /'. wacliaon. At the bottom of p. 277 (following " the older wood "), and throughout p. 278, the paragraphs should read as follows : — Amongst the young stems of Lonicera I found 20, the 14 green amongst the leaves or upon the young wood, with two exceptions, whilst the six blacks were all upon the lower stems of old wood. In addition to them I found a few pupsE on London Pride, perennial phloxes, etc. Twenty-four larvse, which I removed indoors and fed upon Skimmia in a large breeding-cage of perforated zinc and wood, all changed to pupfe of the brown variety. These results only confirm my observa- tions of previous years, and it appears to me that the presence of the more common green variety is almost always coincident with pupation amongst green leaves. I think it is certain that it is not due to exposure to more light, for all the pupfe which I found in the full sunlight on the white wood of the butterliy-house (some of these were even on the top) were of the brown kind. To turn to another matter, viz., the wish to find out, if possible, when the colour of the pupa is determined. I removed, on August 6th, five larva which had already spun up for pupation upon the lowest black stems, and pinned them up with as little of their former surroundings as possible amongst the topmost green shoots ; all five, however, changed into brown pup^e. At the same time I removed seven of the larvae spun up amongst the green shoots, and pinned them to the black stems at the bottom of the shrubs, taking care either to remove the larva? altogether from the brown stems to which they were attached, or to change the colour of the latter by smearing them with soot, etc. All these, however, remained green, as did two on stems which I placed indoors in a dark box. These larvae were removed from their natural surroundings from two to five days before pupation, indeed, as soon as they were securely fixed up, a fact which, I think, proves that whatever determines the colour of the resultant pupa is an aftair of some time previous to the change itself. The above observations, in addition to similar ones of previous years, incline me to think that the colour dimorphism of P. viachaon is specially of a mechanical nature, though, of course, the results are not conclusive. With a view to obtaining confirmatory evidence of my results with P. viachaon, I bred this summer some 40 specimens each of Papilio asterias and P. philenor, two North American species with dimorphic pupae. P. asterias, as I daresay most readers of this article know, is a near relation of P. machaon, the ovum and larva are very similar, though the female imago resembles P. troilus more closely. P. philenor is a subtropical butterfly, and more nearly allied to the Ornithoptera. My results with these were, however, less conclusive. I found both the green and red-brown forms of the pupa of P. philenor upon the white wood of the bntterfly-house, though the pupa; on the young stems of Lonicera were of the green variety, and those on tree-stems, etc., away from green leaves were red-brown. With regard to P. asterias I found also that the pupa; found upon the wood of the butter- fly-house were indifferently green or brown, those on its foodplant, fennel, were green. NOTES ON THE EARLIER STAGES OF PAPILIO MACHAON. 277 Some notes on the earlier stages of Papilio machaon, particularly witli regard to the colour dimorphism of its pupa. By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. At the suggestion of Mr. Merrifield, I have been breeding this species during the past summer with a view to ascertaining whether the colour dimorphism ol' its pupa is due to a mechanical adaptation to surroundings or to any pre-existent condition — other than the variation which urged the particular larva to choose such surroundings. The experiment was carried out principally in my butterHy-house, out-of- doors, and in all respects other than that of semi-captivity, in a state of nature. As, in the course of my observations, I came upon other facts relating to the life-history of Papilio machaon. which appear to me to be new or of interest, I have incorporated them with this description of the result. The ova (from wild English pupse), with the exception of a few deposited on leaves of Ptelea tripoliata, were laid upon Skiinmia frar. dartfordi, Tutt (alniaria s x angularia 9 ). Tephrosia, Bdv. liybr. ridingi, Tutt (bistortata cf x crepuscularia 9 ). hybr. bacoti, Tutt (crepuscularia cT X bistortata 9 ). hybr. ridingi-sui^usa, Tutt (bistortata c? x delamerensis ? ). hybr. bacoti-sul^'usa, Tutt (delamerensis HA(Hs, Thunb. 290 THE KNTOMOLOGIST's RECORD. 2.2 Elytra oval, broadest in middle ; border of prosternum depressed \vithabitidor4-toothed tubercle. 3. Eunai-ius, Stiil. Genus I : Ocnerodes, Brunner. This genus contains several species occurring in north Africa. Two occur in Europe. Table of Species. 1. Pronotum truncate behind, not reaching hinder border of inetanotum ; dorsal abdominal segments with hinder margin not produced .. .. ..1. urunnkhi, Bol. 1.1. Pronotum produced behind, covering whole of raetanotum ; dorsal abdomiual segments pro- duced into a tooth behind . . . . . . . . 2. canonicus, Fisch. 1. Ocnerodes brunneri, BoHvar. Length of l)ody, 29mm.-83mni. 3' , 42mm. -59mm. 5 ; of prono- tum, 7mm. -9mm. S , 10mm. -12mm. $ ; of elytra, 4-5mm.-6-5mm. ^ , 6mm.-7'5mm. $ ; of posterior femora, 13mm.- 15mm. ^ , 17mm.- 21mm. ? . Centre and east of Spain. Manzanares ; on dry bari'en places, the larvpe in winter, and imagines from May to July. 2. Ocnerodes canonicus, Fischer. Smaller than the above; length of body, 15mm.- 17mm. ^ , 26mm.- 80mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 5mm.-5-3mm. . hrinnifri.] Genus II: Pamphagus, Thunbeig. Table of Species. 1. Frontal costa straight; elytra with upper margin white (very large species) .. .. .. ..1. jLiKMORATDS, Burm. 1.1. Frontal costa beneath ocellus sinuate; elytra uni- colorous, or slightly paler on upper margin. 2. Antennffi triquetrous or ensiform. . .. ..2. paulinoi, Bol. 2.2. Antennne subensiform or filiform. '6. Elytra with upper border arched from base and with a pale band along said border; body stouter ; pronotum visibly broadened backwards ; posterior femora of ? s hardly 1^ times as long as pronotum. 4. Fastigium of vertex nearly horizontal, very slightly enclined, forming with the frons nearly a right angle ; 1st dorsal segments of abdomen terminated by a spine or tooth .3. crciLLATDs, Bol. 4.4. Fastigium of vertex strongly enclined, forming an obtuse on rounded angle with frons ; 1st dorsal segments of abdomen not produced into a tooth but truncated. .5. Rugose and granose . . . . . . 4. :\ionticola, Ramb. .5.5. Smooth, with small impressions . . 5. puxi i-atus, Bol. 'S.'S. Elytra narrow, with upper border straight as far as apex, colour uniform ; body longer, less stout ; pronotum of e(]ual breadth throughout its length ; posterior femora longer and more slender (in j s twice as long as central keel of pronotum). COLEOPTERA. 291 4. Pronotum, seen from side, with keel slightly arched, slightly sloping in front, and almost straight up to typical sulcus. Head and pronotum rugose. 5. Large ( d' 45mm., ? 7'2mm.). Pronotum obtusely rounded posteriorly . . . . 6. uESPEiutus, Kamb. .5.5. Smaller ( j 27mm., ? 47mm.) Pro- notum truncate posteriorly . . . . 7. deceptorius, Bol. 4.4. Pronotum, seen from side, with keel regularly arched ; head and pronotum smooth or finely rugose. 5. Anterior border of prosternum emargi- nate ; head and pronotum rugulose . . s. .aiabili.ei, Bol. 5.5. Anterior border of prosternum rounded or pointed into a tooth. Head and pronotum smooth. 6. Anterior border of prosternum pointed ; inhabits Sicily .. .. .. ..9. simillimds, Yersin. 6.6. Anterior border of prosternum rounded. Spanish species . ; 10. expan.sus, Brunner. 1. Pamphagus marmoratus, Burmeisfcer. Large; green, with white marl^ings ; larvae greyish, with white bands, abdomen strongly compressed, the dorsal segments pointed. Length of body, 46mm. -55mm. . hijiiinrtatuw, 1 >i/s.ri/telliis niaritivins were found in numbers in one small cabbage stem on the coast, the only bit of refuse that could be found for miles ! On one occasion I visited the mountains above Lough Bray, an Irish jaunting-car with a big powerful horse taking me easily up the 1700 feet rise. Ar/abxs arcticKs and Ih/biiis aencsceus were fished in some numbers out of the peat holes, other species were Hi/droporus tristis, H.obscnnis and tJ. )»or/o,and three specimens of Ih/biiis (/iittijier, until now a doubtful Irish record. The locality in Oxfordshire for (Ji/aiKlyopJithalnni affi)iis was next visited in company with my friend Mr. Chitty, and we both secured a. nice series of this very local insect. ('('i(t/irrt~-Norgate records that these larvae eat scarlet- runner beans. Last August 1 collected a quantity, as also larvae of Kiipithecia linaHata, and put them together in a breeding-cage, with both l>)io)iis and Linarla. To my sui-prise the C. utnbra larvae deserted their own food, and ate greedily the seed-pods of the Linaria. ArdLonclie cmosa — I found these larvae eat readily, and seemed to prefer, sallow. Learania atraminca — These larva' i'Lcd readily on ribbon graiss. — Percy C. Reid, F.E.S., Feering Bury, Keivedon. Uctuber 2nd, 1905. Odd Lepidopterological notes. — Of Tliera tiriiiata Barrett says : NOTES ON COLLECTING. 297 " On the wing in June and July, and in a rather more numerous second generation in September and October." But larvae which I obtained in April last, fed up very slowly, and have only now emerged. Tephiosia biatortata — On August 1st, I received some very small larvae from the second brood of this insect. During the last ten days three insects of a third brood have emerged. Unfortunately they came out singly, so I killed them. It would have been interesting to see from a pairing whether the attempt was made by the ova or by the larvae to hybernate. The rest of the puptH are lying over. I may add that the larvffi were fed up entirely oiit-of-doors, and the pupis have always been, and still are, outside. — Ibid. EuvANNEssA ANTioPA IN LoNPON. — On September 22nd last, I saw a specimen of Eavancsm antiopa in the Harrow Road, at Paddington, W., it flew out of a garden into the road, quite close to me, and after- wards into another garden. I expect it was an imported specimen which had escaped from somewhere. It was in very good condition, and the margins of the wings were distinctly yellow, not white. — Henry J. Dixon, 29, Sutherland Avenue, Maida Vale, W. October 11th, 1905. Manduca (Acherontia) atropos at Chichester. — An imago of Mnndiica atropos was brought to me, on May 8th, in fairly good condition, having been caught in a kitchen here a day or two previously. I was told by the captor that attention was drawn to it by the behaviour of the cat, which fled from the room in much alarm. This is somewhat singular, the " harmless necessary " usually regard- ing these large Sphinges as a " bonne boiiche," being far more ready to pounce upon them, as on a bird, than to flee in fright. During absence from home in August and September, when our house was shut up, a specimen of this moth, reared from a larva found in July, emerged. It had pushed its way through a small hole in the leno covermg the floAver-pot, and on my return I found it clinging to the leno hanging down the side of the pot, quite dead and stiff. The place and posture in which I discovered it, indicate, I think, its lethargic habits, as it could easily have flown had it desired to do so. — Joseph Anderson, Aire Villa, Chichester. October 12th, 1905. The foodplants of Papilio machaon. — I have just received a note from Mr. Raine, mentioning, so far as I can ascertain, a new and remarkable foodplant for P. machaon. He says, writing from Hyeres, "I was at La Plage yesterday {i.e., October 13th, 1905), and found a larva of Pa/iilio machaon feeding on Echinojihora spinosa, L., growing on the shore there. Such an extraordinary foodplant seems worth recording." Echinophora belongs to a section of the UnibeUiferae that contains no so far recorded foodplant of /'. machaon. In England its foodplant is, I suppose, Peiiccdaniim paln.stre, and it not only eats in confinement (Buckler) Angelica si/lrcstris, but is apparently found on it in the feus. Taking its whole Miumpean range, 1 imagine UaiicKs carota is its commonest foodplant. Kaltenbach notes also Lariun carui, which he places tirat in the list, adding Anethtim foenictdum, Apiuin graveolens, Daucns carota, Pimpinella saxifraiia, and Aw/elica sylrestris. Riihl adds to the list PcHcedanian oreoaelinum and Heracleu)!) sphondylium. In Dubois 1 find, mentioned in addition, zir/////6't/ millctolium und Artemisia absinthium. I do not know on what authority, and should like some strong confirmations before accepting composite, as well as umbelli- 298 THE entomologist's record. ferous, plants as accepted foods of the species. Anethnm foenicidum , is, I suppose, a synonym of Foeniculum officinalis, common fennel. A. Spuler adds Ferula, Meion, and braijana, the latter certainly looks doubtful. It is very probable that there are various other umbellifers that it will eat, or maj^ even be found on in nature, but the one in which Mr. Raine has found it seems certainly one of the least likely. — T. A. Chapman, M.D., Betula, Reigate. (ktober, 1905. A Second brood of Epione apiciaria. — On July 80th I took in my moth trap here two female specimens of Epione apiciaria. During the next two days each deposited a few ova round the glass-topped box in which it was placed. These ova in about a week turned to a dull red colour. On August 14th one batch of ova hatched. These (there were eight) larvie fed up rapidly on willow, and about September 6th began to spin slight webs round the lid of the glass-topped box and became pupae. From September 27th to October 7th, eight specimens, five males and three females, emerged. The other batch are ova still. Both batches of ova were kept under the same con- ditions in a room facing northeast. In Practical Hints, pt. iii., p. 12, it is stated that the oval stage of Epione apiciaria lasts 9f months. The above proves an exception to this rule. — A. Druitt, WilJow Lodge, Christchurch. October 12tli, 1905. Pairing habits of Butterelies. — Some time since (antea, vol. xiii., pp. 298, 328) there were notes by various observers as to the sex which carried the other when the species were disturbed whilst in copula. With regard to this I should like state that on July 28th, 1905, at Eastbourne, I saw a (? Pieris rapae carrying the $ , and on the 29th, I saw a $ Polyommatus corydon carrying a 2 , and a ? Epinephele ianira carrying a $ . The two latter were also seen by Mr. G. B. Smith, whose attention I drew to the fact. — C. W. Colthrup 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich. October 9th, 1905. CiDARiA picata IN MoNMouTHSHiRE. — Moumouthshire may be added to the list of counties given by Mr. Barrett as localities for Cidaria pncata, which is referred to in the Rev. G. H. Raynor's article on this species {antea, p. 266). I have met with it in this neighbourhood, but fancy it must be very scarce, having only seen three or four in 1904 (July 12th to August 1st), and a single specimen this year, date not recorded. — J. F. Bird, The Nurtons, Tintern, Monmouthshire. October 18t/,, 1905. The foodplant and distribution of Thywelicus act.eon in Britain. — In Practical Hints, pt. iii., p. 68, Mr. Tutt notes that the larva of ThynielicKs actaeon may be found from Swanage to Weymouth "feeding on the leaves of Brachypodiniu sylvaticuin.'' This statement is un- questionably erroneous, for the only known natural foodplant of T. actaeon in Britain is Brachypjodiuin pinnatum, nor does B. sylraticuni occur in the insect's Dorset haunts. In Ent. Mo. May., xxv., p. 283, the Rev. E. R. Digby, at my urgent request, published extracts from a letter received by him from the late Mr. W. Buckler, in which the latter acknowledged his mistake in having at first identified the food- plant of T. actaeon as B. sylvaticiun, instead of B. pinnatum. Sub- sequently, in Ent. Mo. May., ser. 2, iv., p. 214 (1893), I had occasion to correct a repetition of the error, which, alas ! after being published by Buckler in the Ent. Mo. May., and re-published in his Larvae of British Butterjiies and Moths, seems to be quite immortal. Again, in SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 299 Practical HinU, iii., p. 104 (last line) Brachi/poiliion sii/lvaticiiiii might be correct of larvae pupating in confinement, but, although it is attributed to Zeller, I am not aware (speaking entirely from memory, being separated from my library) that he found the larva in nature on this grass, though he did so on ('alaiinvirnsitift epimla>iata,h'oin Wallasey. Mr. W. Mansbridge, a bred series of Peronea peniiatana, P. aspersana and /'. hastiana from Wallasey, Catnptria rxpallidana from Wallasey, Pacdisca rortlcana, a variable series, from Delamere, and Kp/tippiphora popidana from Crosby. Mr. R. Wilding, Polio rhi from Montgomeryshire. Mr. C. P. Johnson, dark aberrations of Macaria litarata, from Delamere, one black, and an asymmetrical aberration of Abra.ra!< (/rossidariata, from a Stockport larva, a bred series of Acronijcta leporina, with dark and suffused specimens, from Rixton Moss, and Boarmia repandata and Acidalia rown, Standen), Corsica (Powell, Hosa), Alalia (Fletcher), Basses- Alpes and Hautes-Alps (Sheldon, Chapman), Riviera (Sheldon, Tutt), Switzerland (Wheeler), Val d'Herens, Saas-Thal (Tutt), the Valais (Keynes), Syria and Egypt (Graves), Geneva district (Tutt). As bearing on the point we would call attention to Hofner's publication of "Die Schmetterlinge Karntens." It is really remarkable that the few keen, intelligent men who are mastering (in the best sense) the European fauna, can show so much more than the hundreds of those who confine their operations within the limits of our own shores, but so it is. Collections are means, not ends. How many Britishers still make collections ends ? We really long for British collectors to offer us for publication useful observations. Before leaving this side of our subject, we should like to point out to one of our friends above that Erehia uielcn^ is not supposed now to haunt the Pyrenees. The Societies appear to be going well. We must congratulate first of all our old friend Mr. S. J. Capper, the veteran president of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, and no less heartily the well-deserved honour that fell to the share of Mr. Merrifield, the popular president of the Entomological Society of London. Of the active South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Mr. Main and his active secretaries, Messrs. Edwards and Turner, have charge, and Mr. Mera and his popular secretaries, Messrs. Bell and Harris, look after the City of London Entomological Society. Mr. G. T. Bethune- Baker is the president of the Birmingham Entomological Society, Dr. W. E. Hoyle of the Manchester Entomological Society, and Mr. Dixon of the Leicester Entomological Society. These are all centres of good work ; one Avonders sometimes Avhether the members are always pushed in the right direction so vigorously as they should be. " The Englishman takes his pleasures sadly" — so the old saw hath it. He may, but enjoyment is all a matter of temperament, and if we do not howl as much as some, we can do our share of that too — at times. The only regret that we feel in having got beyond the howling- stage is that there appear to be few capable youngsters coming on m this direction. But to return to our pleasures. On the convivial side, there has been Mr. Verrall's great central meeting, and other social evenings have been given by Messrs. R. Adkin, H. Donis- thorpe, A. Harrison, T. Hall, G. T. Porritt, and A. Sich. W^e dare say there have been others, so that entomologists on the Avhole have done well. We must own a weakness for this side of entomological life ; one sees a good many people about whom one has wondered, and tried to think out some of the puzzles they have seen in their letters, etc., before one knew them in the flesh. The appointment of Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse to be Assistant-Keeper of the Insect Section of the Zoological Department of the Natural History Museum was a popular one; the entomologist must be hard to please who was not well satisfied with this appointment. The " Sale of the Mason Collection " 308 THE entomologist's recoed, has scattered a huge lot of lepidoptera to the four winds of heaven, but Mason's reputation was based on a more solid foundation than his collection, and his works will endure long after his collection has passed into "forgottenness." Besides quiet old W, Johnson of Lancashire, we have lost J. W. Douglas, friend of Stainton, Frey, Zeller, and a host of others whose names will never be forgotten whilst entomology lasts, and, on the other side. Dr. Alpheus Packard, who practically worked till he died, has done more for American entomology than the western race yet seems to recognise. There can be no doubt, however, that his name also will go down to the entomological ages, and that he, being dead, will yet speak to future generations in his work. There have been no books on lepidoptera of first rank published this year, or we do not remember any. Kellogg's on General Ento- mology is, perhaps, a sound summary — not an "epoch-marking" one, and the part on Lepidoptera is one of the least satisfactory sections. We have published our own Practical HinU for the Field Lepi- dopterist, part iii, scorned by the scientific lepidopterist, yet the most popular book evidently that we have ever written, and of which part i will have to be reprinted as soon as time can be spared. The first two parts of "A Natural History of the British Butterflies" have been launched, and the printer is at work on Volume V of the Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, but this cannot now see the light in 1905. " If this be the retrospect of a lazy British entomologist, the writer cannot help it — he apologises fully and amply. Mr. Prout has cried oft" the last two years, nor threats nor cajoling will tempt another to follow — but as our readers ask for a retrospect I offer them this, knowing that, if it can add nothing to my reputation, it denotes a willingness to attempt what others refuse to tackle. To everyone we hope 1905 has been a season of success, to everj'one we trust that 1906 will be a season of still greater success. Hybrid Lepidoptera. By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS. Theory is quite foreign to my character, but I cannot resist entering into the field in support of the ever-increasing number of entomo- logical hybrids. I had no idea how large an army of these curious products had come into existence with man's assistance. Excluding the hypothetical, because captured wild, forms or combinations, the large list of hybrids plainly suggests, possibly proves, one or two points. I am asking myself what it all means ? And the question appears to lead me to one of two answers. But first of all, if it be a fact that the closer be the relation of the parents of fertile ova, the more certain is the pairing, what a tremen- dous justification of our arrangements and classifications. By what a curious side wind does proof thus tread on the heels of theory ! Now does this successful pairing, of what we consider to be separate species, prove that we are mistaken in our specific diflerentiation, or does it only prove close, or the closest, relationship '? If the former, then as we advance with our experiments in hybridisation, we shall have to reduce the number of species, reiuoe our lists, and reconstruct altogether our varieties and aberrations. While if, on the other hand, hybridisa- LARVAL HABITS. 809 tion only indicates close relationship (? generic), then in time we shall accumulate sufficient material to automatically arrange our genera. Applying this idea to the list published in this month's Ent. Record, p. 283, we notice how regular is the rule that cross-pairings, so far as known, occur within genera, and where exceptions occur, one is tempted to think that possibly our generic separations are too fine, see Mimas tiliaex SnierintJius ocellata, Calasipnholus aatijlnsy. SwerinthuK ocellata, Amorpha popidix SinermtJvix ocellata, and so on. I am hoping then that this uncanny practice which has arisen amongst entomo- logists of late years, may prove a real help and guide in that final and complete classification Avhich must some day be arrived at. The pairing without fertile ova being produced, of course proves nothing, save that there is a line drawn by nature beyond which hybridisation cannot extend. It may be that, in our future lists, these lines of separation may be boundaries of genera, rather than groups or families. I should like then to ofi'er my congratulations to those workers who are engaged in this field of investigation, as well as those who have in the past urged them on to the work, which above all others in entomology calls for patience and ability to persevere against dis- appointment and discouragement. It will be understood, I hope, that my standpoint in the matter is this, that the simple existence of these specimens is in itself a plain and unalterable proof of fact, whatever may have been their history or their habits. Larval Habits. By A. SICH, F.E.S. Mr. Dadd's paper on " Larval Habits " [antea, p. 256) is one of the most interesting I have read for some time. There is little doubt in my mind that Mr. Dadd is quite right in his contention that the concealed mode of feeding is not adopted by very small larvae, whether young of large species or those of small species, primarily for the purpose of eluding predatory enemies, but that it is resorted to in order to protect these minute beings from the inclemency of the elements. One of the chief conditions against which small larvae have to contend is, no doubt, excessive moisture, and another is excessive drought. Mr. Dadd pointed out how deleterious the former condition is to very small larvte, and I think it may be shown that the latter condition is equally destructive. If we take the larvfe of Lithocolletis, Ncpticiila or Phijllocuistis, from their mines, they will very soon dry up, though nearly all the Nepticulids naturally leave the mine to pupate. In rearing the Microlepidoptera, the difficulty is usually how to keep the larvfB sufficiently moist and yet to prevent mould. The known larvjB of the genus Micropteryx {raltheUa, etc.) live among moss under very wet conditions, and that of Gli/p/iiptcnjA- equitclla lives in the juicy leaves of the stonecrop. In fact, we may take it as a rule that minute larvae live in a more or less moist situation. On the other band, do we find that concealed feeders are less often attacked by parasites than exposed feeders ? I think not. I have reared many parasites from Coleophorids, Lithocolletids, Nepticulids, etc., while amongst the Macrolepidoptera, Dasypolia templi and (Tortijna ochracea BIO THE entomologist's record. appear especially liable to attacks of parasites. In a paper on " Leaf Miners," read before the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society, April 19th, 1904 {Trans., 1904, pp. 45 ct neq.), I have called attention to these points as follows : — " Although larvfe which burrow into stems, shoots and leaf-buds, may be hidden, and, there- fore, more or less protected from their enemies, I do not believe the leaf-mining habit was resorted to primarily for the purpose of protection from living enemies. No doubt this protection has had a good deal to do with the lines on which this habit has developed. The leading idea was to ensure a moist condition for these minute creatures, and after this moist condition was attained, the secondary idea of protection began to work its modifying influences on the character of the mines." Notes on Pyrameis atalanta. By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 1. Dates. In the summer of 1899 I had a fairly large experience of the species in question, as I succeeded in collecting and rearing some three hundred larvae, all of which I had found within a ten mile radius of Guildford, in Surrey. On Julj^ 27th, I saw two imagines of Pyranu'is atalanta laying their eggs as they flitted about the young nettles bordering the banks of a small stream near Bramley. I collected some of the ova, but unfortunately lost them. However, on August 2nd, I found some half-fed larvse, and one almost fullfed, in a neigh- bouring field. These all pupated, and produced imagines before the end of the month. From August 2nd till September 20th I continually found larva^ in all stages of development, which I reared in large tin biscuit-boxes kept indoors in a warmish room (it had a southern aspect). On September 8th, I found no fewer than forty larvt^ on Ash Green, near Aldershot. Some of these were in their earliest instars, and though, during the last week in October, the resulting pupfe were kept in a room with a fire in it, facing south, at Brighton, the last imagines from these did not appear until November 5th. As a contrast with these dates, I may mention that, on June 26th, 1900, 1 took a specimen of the larva, three-quarters fed, near Bembridge, Isle of Wight, and that, during the cold and wet summer of 1902, I found more than one larva half-fed before the end of the first week in July. This was within twenty miles of my collecting-ground of 1899. 2. On the habit of the larva in biting through the seeded NETTLE-HEADS WHEN ALMOST FULLFED. — I have read in text-books that the larva does this in order to make a tent for itself in which to pupate; but during all my experience I have never found one pupa in this kind of tent, though often enough the fullfed or almost fullfed larva. I have always found the pupa attached to the underside of a kind of umbrella formed by drawing nettle-leaves together, and quite open beneath. It is obvious that the imago could never escape from the completely-closed refuge of the larva in the nettle-head. On February 4th, 1903, whilst on a visit to Malta, I found some dozen of the larvae feeding on nettles near the gardens of S. Antonio in that island. The Maltese nettle on which I found them was of a coarser, taller kind than our I 'rtica liioica, with larger, glossier, and more fleshy leaves. It, of course, does not run to seed in February, and, though some of LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES FROM MONMOUTHSHIRE. 311 the larvre were fall-grown (one produced an imago at Sheerness on February 20th), I did not find any nettle-heads bitten through. 3. On the colour polymorphism of the larva. — The colour of the larva does not seem to be in any way influenced by its environment. I have found the green-grey variety, the yellow, and the black — the latter often almost as darl\ as rtnic.s.sa to — feeding on the same plant and in the same stage of development. I suppose that the tendency to vary in colour is uninfluenced by natural selection as the larva has acquired the habit of always feeding in concealment. ■1. Egglaying. — In so far as I have observed, the ova are never laid on anything but the young green nettle-shoots, though, of course, I know that the imago sometimes chooses dead-nettle, etc., as the food- plant. Lepidopterological notes from Monmouthshire. By. ,J. F. BIRD. My father and I have made the following notes of a few of our entomological captures and observations in East Monmouthshire since April, 1904, and hope some of them will befoundof interest to the readers of the lU'cord, etc. Heapevia malvae {alri'olits) was more plentiful this year than last. Two specimens, that might almost be described as ab. taras, were taken, one being nearly as well marked as the one figured in Mr. C. G. Barrett's Lepidoptera of the. British Isles, pi. xxxvii., fig. lb, but the band is not quite so solid and compact, yet more so than fig. Ic, the intermediate variety. Another one was caught, but being in ragged condition was allowed to escape. We have found Chnjso- phcDius phlaeas scarce until August, when it occurs freely. Specimens with blue spots above the marginal band of the hindwings are quite common, we have taken them with from two to five of these spots, otherwise this species does not appear to vary much here. One male, taken last August, is rather curious in having the outer portion of the left forewing bleached in an irregular patch from the apex to the middle of the inner margin, the copper colour being more affected than the black spots and border. The hindwing also, on that side, has two small whitish splashes on the marginal band. PolijuiiniiatKs irarns, also, seemed scarce at the beginning of the year, but became abundant in July and August. A male, taken on August 8th, 1904, at Tintern, has very pale blue hindwings, though the forewings are quite a normal colour. The females are, on the whole, much bluer than those we used to find round London and in West Sussex. In one female, taken last year in August, the six black spots on the underside, usually arranged in a sort of curve, or a note of interrogation, round the central spot, are very large, and, with the exception of the top one, in a straight row close to and parallel with the black-edged orange spots. Has anyone observed elsewhei'e whether Zephjjras querciis will almost ignore an oak-tree, with the exception of the females when presumably ovipositing '? They certainly do so here for the ash. What the great attraction is we do not know, unless it is the presence of honeydew, for where we do a lot of our collecting, at the end of July and the beginning of August, each ash-tree has several of these butter- flies settled on, or crawling about, its leaves and twigs, or else flying 312 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS S RECORD. round the tops pursuing and fighting each other, and when one is driven away it will generally fly off to another ash. Very occasionally they will settle on the leaves of an oak, hazel, or wild cherry, but the ash-tree is by far the most frequented. We have even seen a small ash, little ixiore than a bush, with three of these butterflies settled on it at one time. Only once have w^e noticed the species at flowers, when a female was observed this year, late in the season, busily extracting the sweets from Eupatnriitm cannabimun. We have noticed a slight variation of the upper side in Thecla iv-albiun : this is in the size of the red spot on the hindwingat the anal angle. In every description of this butterfly we have read, this mark- ing has been totally ignored, though it is generally present, or at least indicated by a few red scales. Most of our specimens are so marked, but we have one or two of both sexes where it is quite absent. Last year we found larvae of Pieris hrassicae feeding on the green seed- vessels of "honesty" [Lunaria biennis) groAving in the garden. A very striking female aberration of Pieris rapae was taken at Llandogo last year in May. The bases of the wings are much suft'used with black scales ; spots normal, and, with the exception of a few scattered black scales, which only seem to be a continuation of the usual slight dusting along the costa, the apical blotches are absent. In England, Polyf/unia c-album is reported to be found on Hunndtis liipulus, Urtica dioica, Ulimis cawptestris, Bibes (/rossidaria and Fi. rubrum. On the Continent, it is also said to feed on Urtica wrens, Lonicera a-ylosteum and Cort/lus avellana. To this list we are able to add Ulmiis montana, having found a newly-emerged larva on that tree last June. What are the average pupal lives of the two broods of this butterfly ? We have had a look through the magazines, but find no information on this subject. From our very slight experience of this species, the summer brood appears to remain in the pupa about a fortnight, and the autumn brood nearly twice as long. Our results with larvae found at Tintern have been as follows : — Summer Brood. Larva found. FOODPLANT. Suspended Pupated. Emerged. Pupal LIFE. 1. 28. vi. 04 2. 17. vi. 05 Urtica dioica Ulmua iiioutaiia June 28th July 9th June 29th July 10th July 12th July 24th 13 days. 14 days. Autumn Brood. 1. 4. ix. 05 Hunmlus lupidus Sept. 4th Sept. 5th Sept. 30th 25 days. 2. ditto ditto Sept. 4th ' Sept. 6th Sept. 29th 23 days. 3. ditto ditto Sept. 6th Sept. 7th Oct. 3rd 26 days. 4. ditto ditto Sept. 7th Sept. 8th , Oct. 5th 27 days. One night last April, with the aid of a lamp, we found, among other larvae, one of Pararge egeria, which had a wound on one side on about the 2nd, or 8rd, segment from the head ; we, nevertheless, kept it, and a few days later it suspended itself and eventually changed to a healthy-looking pupa from which a male emerged on June 2nd. This specimen is curious on account of the odd shape of the right forewing. The nervures nos. 3 and 4 (Meyrick's system) curve away from each other to the outer margin, which projects in a triangle LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES FROM MONMOUTHSHIRE. 313 between them, in appearance similar to the projection of the wing in Aglais urticae, though of course, in that species, this is nearer the apex. This, no doubt, is the result of the injury to the larva, which we thought was caused by its being " stung " by a parasitic fly, so, unfortunately, did not note its exact position, nor on which side it was, as we never expected it would reach the imaginal state. Another male of this species taken last year, at the beginning of May, is, in general appearance, exactly like a female, the markings, the colour and shape of the wings, being accurately similar. An easy way of telling the sex of this species, when one is doubtful, is to hold the specimens up to the light and look through the forewings, when the males will be seen to have an opaque patch in the middle of the wing, shaped rather like the wing of a bat, caused by the dense mass of scales peculiar to the sex. We have captured several interesting specimens of Epinephele janira. One, taken on July 20th, 1904, at Llandogo, has a very pretty pearly-grey sheen on all the wings, it is a small male measuring only l|in. This year we have captured two with bleached wings. The first of these, taken in July, has whitish patches on all four wings, the right pair being most affected. The other example, taken in August, has symmetri- cal patches on the hind wings only. Both are males, and, curiously enough, netted in the same field as the bleached Chri/sopJiauKs pldaean and the Pobjommatiia icarus with pale hindwings. The females are described as being less liable to spots on the underside than the males, yet our most spotted specimen is a female taken this year at Llandogo in July. The ocellated spots of the forewings are very large and contain two white pupils, a large upper one with a small one below. The spot on the left wing is rather irregularly shaped at the top and joined above to a rather large dot which is present on the right wing, bi;t minute and isolated. Below the ocellated spot is a small but distinct dot, followed by a larger one, each of these is, like the ocellated spot, in a faintly fulvous nimbus. In the pale band of the hindwings are three black dots, faintly ringed. A peculiar example of Euchelia jacohaeae was taken this year in June. The right hand pair of wings are considerably larger than the left, both in length and width. As the left pair seems quite in proportion to the size of the body, we thought, at first, it might possibly be a gynandromorphous specimen, but an examination of the structure of the wings showed us it was only an asymmetrical male. Last August, an asymmetrical larva of Orm/ia antiijua was found on bramble. On the left side of the 2nd segment the tuft of black •hairs was only half the normal length, the one on the other side being as long as usual, but, as if to make up for the deficiency in length, the left side had an extra tuft, also short, which had no corresponding one •on the right. On July 18th, last year, a Gonophora dcrasa was watched, at early •dusk, ovipositing on bramble. She flew up to a bush, and, after hovering for a moment or two round a projecting shoot, made up her mind which leaf would suit her purpose, choosing a mature one growing comparatively level. She settled gently on the upper surface, facing across the leaf, with wings slightly raised. Stretching out her abdomen she felt along the edge of the leaf with her ovipositor, and then laid an e^s, on the extreme point of one of the marginal teeth at right angles to the edge of the leaf. Before losing sight of her in the 314 THE entomologist's record. thicker part of the bush, she was observed to lay three eggs, each time on the next nearest level leaf, in an exactly similar manner, the egg- always attached to the extreme point of one of the marginal lobes and never more than one on each leaf. Two of these eggs were kept and were, when first laid, nearly white, shaped like a Rugby football and ribbed longitudinally with reticulations between. They almost' immediately changed to a bright orange colour, and just before they hatched, on July 25th, turned to a very dark brownish-red, almost black.. The young larvie often assumed the position of Drepanulids, standing on the two front pairs of prolegswith the fore and hind parts raised, and with the swollen appearance of the 2nd and 3rd segments rather resembled the larvte of Cilix (ilaucata. When older, the markings on them gave them very much the appearance of the shape of the larvse of Thyatira batis, which maizes one think that either (i. derana larvae mimic those of T. batis, or that they both have a mimetic likeness to some natural object that makes them resemble one another at this stage of their existence. Barrett's figure of the larva is a bright reddish colour. These two were always darker, being a rich brown, which may be described as deep vandyke-brown, with a slight dash of carmine. We have also found (j. ileram larvae of this colour in this neighbourhood, as. well as a brownish-red one like the figure in Barrett. The two white spots on each side did not appear until the last moult. A fortnight' later, on September -ith, they made a joint cocoon in a curled leaf, but one reappeared and formed a separate one the next day. Only one of these changed to a healthy pupa, the other, being unable to cast its larval skin, died. Hadena dcntina, Aiirotis e.ixiaiiiationis, and Graiiniu'sia triiivaiinitica are three common species we did not meet with at all in 1904, yet,, this year, they were all abundant — H. dentina at light and flowers, and the other two at light and sugar. G. triijrani)inca var. bilinea was not scarce at sugar, but generally worn. Xylophasia rurea var. combiista was also rather common this year at sugar, two specimens were also netted at dusk. A very curious specimen of Miana fasciiinciila was caught last June just before dusk, flying over grass. The right, forewing is a light buff, and almost unicolorous, with only the faintest trace of the central fascia visible. A larva of Anchocelh })istacina was. found feeding on the seeds of grass. Although we had a suspicion that it might only be this species we felt rather disappointed when it- emerged. Monmouthshire does not appear to be recorded as a locality for Macaria notata, yet it is not uncommon in this district. Last year, in July, a female with only three wings was taken, the left hindwing being entirely absent. TJais appears to be a failing of this species, for the late Mr. I3arrett mentions, in his work, that " forty years ago, when this species was common in West Wickham wood, Kent, a recurrent, malformation, having three wings only, was not scarce." Further on he states that " Mr. J. Jenner Weir met with an example flying, although both its hindwings were absent." What will the larvte of Aniphydads betularia not eat ? In 1902, Dr. T. A. Chapman was rather surprised at finding one on a species of broom {Knt. llec, xiv., 304). The first two we ever found, some years ago, were on mint and laurel respectively, since then we have^ met with larva? on a variety of trees, and last year one was found oa NOTES ON COLEOPHORA HEMEROBIELLA. 315 Spiraea iihiiaria, another on a perennial sunflower, and a third on a thistle! ('ar(lini>i jialustris I believe. IJoarmia repandata is rather variable here. We have taken and bred some very smoky-brown specimens, and last year netted one var. conversaria. On August 5th, 1904, a very oddly shaped Melanippe flnctnata was taken at rest on a gate. The upper wings are long, narrow, and sharply pointed, in fact, shaped like those of Eiqiithecia centaitrcata. The markings are very sketchy, the central band only extends to the centre of the wing, and the costal blotch near the apex and the twin spots below are rather elongated, and look as if they had been smudged towards the band. Mdanippc iiiontanata is one of our most abundant species. We have kept a look out for its variations and have found var. deaenerata, Prout, very scarce. One asymmetrical female, caught last year, comprises this form combined with the type, the right forewing having the central fascia divided, the costal and inner-marginal blotches being well separated by an eighth of an inch, while the left wing is quite typical, being banded completely across. Mr. Barrett states that Asthena candidata only appears " occasionally, in an extremely partial second generation." Both the years we have collected here we have found this species, which is only too abundant in May and June, quite common at the end of July and in August. This year we found the bloom of Cotoneaster rather attractive at night and although only common things turned up, such as Apamea basilinea, tladena dentina, Odontopera bidentata, Cidaria vKHsata, and C. snffuDiata, it may perhaps be worth noting. While searching the blossom for moths with a lamp we came across larvae of Miaelia o.ri/acanthac, Hijhfrnia defoliaria, Diloha caeruleocephala and of course Cheiinatobia brinnata feeding on this shrub, the first named attacking the flowers as well as the leaves. We kept six of these M. o.ri/acauthae larvae ; two died in their cocoons, and from the remaining four, bred two ab. capucina. This variety is quite common here, or rather, it was last year when it came freely to ivy blossom and sugar, when we also obtained, among other things, Peridroma miicia, Noctna (jlareosa, Epunda niijra, Xylina rhizolitha, X. petrificata, X. semibrHnnea and Sarrothn'pa revai/ana. This autumn these attractions are veiy unpro- ductive. Notes on Coleophora hemerobiella. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.E.S. On April 14th, 1904, my friend Mr. A. Sich, very kindly gave me several larvae of L'uleopliora liewcrobieUa, which he had found feeding on hawthorn at ChisAvick, in a hedge, where the species has been obtainable for many years. It has already been noted that this is one of the species which indulges in the later life of its larvae in a shelter quite dift'erent in shape from that which it possesses from youth until its last stadium. The cases given me were all of the curved shape. As I have elsewhere remarked they are a small segment of a ring in form at first. By periodic additions this is lengthened until a semi- circle is attained. Then the mouth-opening end of the ring is added to again and again, but in a straight direction, so that a case some- what like a diminutive shepherd's crook is formed. This, the final shape of the curved form, is attained during the earlier half of May, 316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOED. and the next necessity for enlargement is met by an abandonment of the curved case, and the building of a new one, quite cylindrical in general form, from pieces of the leaf the larva has mined. Of the making of this case Mr. Sich has given an admirable description in his " Notes on the genus Coleophora " {Proi-. Sth. Lond. Ent. ayid N. II. Soc, 1904, p. 8), so that, as it is unnecessary that I should describe it again, I shall confine myself to adding a few notes upon points Avhich he did not mention in his account. Of the four larvae I possessed, the first one, on May 6th, fixed its case below the margin of a leaf and commenced to mine. Between this date and May 11th, an unusually large mine was made between the cuticles, and the larva was frequently wholly out of the old curved case. Towards the end of this period, the portion of the leaf intended by the larva to be used as a case, semi-transparent at first, was gradually darkened, presumably by the deposition of a larval secretion, as the larva itself could readily be seen through the surrounding lighter area, when the leaf was held up to the light. It may be, however, that the cuticle was darkened by the deposition of a dark silken substance spun by the larva. It was certainly remarkable that only just that part required for the construction of the new case was darkened, the rest of the mined portion retaining the ordinary dead brown tint of the dried cuticle. By May 12th, the new case was completed and nearly severed from the leaf. For a short time, a few hours after the new case was separated, the old curved discarded case remained loosely attached to one of the anal valves, but it soon fell oft'. Another larva began to form its final case on the 14th, and, in that particular instance, the new house was not quite straight, but followed the curvature of the edge of the leaf, because the larva used the edge for one of its sutures, and thus saved the making of a second seam. This is the only curved final case I have seen. Mr. Sich informed me on May 11th, that, in nature, most of the larvae were then assuming the straight cases. It must be noted that these cases are final, and are never enlarged. We may compare them with the cocoons, which most larvae make before the final change, as places of complete safety, Avhere they may undergo their final metamorphosis. It would be more or less inconvenient for the Coleophorid larva to change to pupa in a curved case such as in this species, so that the change of plan in the case is almost imperative. Of course we must note this difference in the comparison, that the larvae of most cocoon-making species do not feed after they have built their chambers, whereas the Coleophorid does so. On one occasion a larva was seen walking about with its new case, which it had just detached, of which neither end was yet finished to any definite form, nor was the usual depth of colour attained, and the substance of the case was soft and flabby. The case was flattened and far from cylindrical, and did not assume its proper shape, colour and finish for several days, but it was most unusual for a case to be cut out before it had become very deeply coloured. In another instance, the old curved case was firmly attached about f along the side of the piece of leaf taken for the new case. Thus there was a hole in the side of the linear case which had to be stopped up. I did not see this interesting little undertaking carried out, but can only give the result. In the completed case, the place of the hole in the side was very plainly visible as a depression, lighter in colour and more transparent. HABITS OF ARGYNNIS ELISA. 317 It was not filled up, but a plate of larger diameter than the hole was clumsily fitted on the inside. Apparently this piece was made only of silk darkened by the larval secretion, and as there was no basis of leaf cuticle to aid, the depth of dark colour was not attained. The old case remained loosely attached to the depression for a day or two, but soon became knocked off by the larva travelling in search of fresher leaves. I have known the old cases to be retained for a week or ten days, but probably that is because they do not come forcibly in contact with some obstacle to detach them. One larva I had, pupated with the curved case still firmly attached to the anal end at one side, but it became detached at the emergence of the imago. Generally, however, as Mr. Sich has pointed out, the old cases are left attached to a portion of the mines not used in the construction of the new cases. One instance seemed very remarkable, in that the discarded case was fastened on a leaf-stalk l|-in. below the mined leaf from which the new case was formed. The larva must have emerged from the anal end of the old case, travelled unhoused to the leaf, and begun the mine with its body exposed, all actions carried out in most unusual circumstances, and which indeed seem most improbaljle, when one knows how difficult it is to induce a larva to re-enter and remain in a case after it has once vacated it. When once the larvae of species in this genus leave their cases, they almost invariably wander about aimlessly and die without attempting to feed. The anal opening of the cases of this species is always two-valved in the curved cases, but three-valved in the straight cases as a general rule, but, in the instance of a final case, having the slight curve of the leaf margin mentioned above, there are only two valves, and among a number of cases of this species sent by Mr. Hich to Mr. Bankes I noticed two or three examples of the final cases also with only two valves. From the two-valved case possessed by me a fully-formed imago emerged. The folloAving description was made of the larva : — The larva is of an uniformly dark brown. The prothorax has a large dorsal plate, widest in the middle, narrowed towards the sides, and ending bluntly; it is divided by an uniform wide suture, and the segment itself is edged with brown in front. The mesothorax has two small plates with a suture between, slightly wider than in the prothorax ; they are situated near the middle and are somewhat irregular in shape, neither square nor triangular. The metatborax has no plate. The spiracular plates on these segments are : — On the first a spot, on the second a dot, on the third a trace. The anal flap is surmounted by a large plate which covers the top of the segment. These plates are all of a very dark brown, almost black, colour. Habits of Argynnis elisa, with Description of its Egg. By H. POWELL. The first specimen of this interesting Corsican fritillary was seen and caught on July 2nd, flying over the Prunelli stream about two kilometres above Bastelica. Within the next few days several more appeared below and above this spot, but I have not seen them as far down as the village itself. I think HOO metres would be the lower limit of occurrence of the species, whilst 1200 metres is the highest point at which I have taken it so far. A. dim male has two distinct habits with regard to locality and manner of flight. In the first case, and rarely, it frequents the neighbourhood of streams, flying up and down somewhat in the fashion 318 THE entomologist's record. of Liiiienltis caniilla, and like it, returning to bask on some projecting branch or bush. The streams here are very much overgrown with greenery (brambles, clematis, etc.), and their banks are generally precipitous, so that it is extremely difficult to take the insect when it is passing its time in this way. An occasional shot as it leaves its usual line of flight to attack another butterfly" is about the only chance one gets, and that is a very slight one. If missed it disappears for a while, but will finally return to the same spot, settling upon some inaccessible branch overhanging the stream. It is best to let A. eliaa alone when in these situations, for it can be found in much greater numbers in more convenient localities, and acting in quite a di fie rent way. About 500 inetres higher up the stream, and well up on its right bank, are some fields partly covered Avith flowers and grass which are cut for hay by the natives. These fields are pretty steep, and their upper parts are overgrown with bracken and wild flowers chiefly belonging to the Compositae and Lahiaiae. Brambles are common (far too common for the nets and one's legs), but, although in full flower, they do not attract lepidoptera here as they would on the Continent. Hidden by this growth are numerous granite boulders and stones, which are liable to cause one unhappy surprises when in chase of a desired specimen. Here, then, is the true haunt of A. clisa. The bright fulvous males may be seen any fine morning in July flying rapidly over the bracken with a very difl'erent motion to their sailing flight by the stream banks. Every now and then one will dip doAvn suddenly into the thick growth and disappear. If followed quietly it will be observed flying in and out between the stems and beneath the foliage, evidently searching for the female. It now reminds one very much of Jh-enthis euphrosyne, or, for the matter of that, A. aijlaia. It is quickly out again, dodging off at right-angles, and perhaps settling suddenly this time upon a flower, on which it feeds for a while, partly closing and opening its wings meantime. Now is the chance to take it, and I find the best plan is to bring the net down vertically and sharply, and not to try scooping it up. I lost numbers in the latter way, for they dodge down and sideways with great agility, and at the same time the net is sure to become entangled in some bramble or briar, causing anything but peaceful feelings in the collector's inward self. If missed, it is no good trying to follow the butterfly. Let it go, others will soon turn up, and in course of time it will return also. On July 9th my friend and I took 23 males in the morning, missing as many again. One female only fell to my lot, and strange to say she was so worn as to be useless as a specimen, whereas all the males were quite fresh, though a few were badly gashed. I kept this female alive, and, digging up some violet and straw- berry plants growing in the field, enclosed her over them. Next morning I had the satisfaction of watching her lay a good number of eggs. She commenced laying about 8 a.m. in full sunlight, and continued to do so intermittently until about 10.30 a.m. During this time I twice sprinkled the plants with water which she readily drank, resting some time afterwards before recommencing her work. She would walk down the muslin on to the leaves, and, dipping her * Isforia lathoiiia, several times. HABITS OF ARGYNNIS ELISA. 319 body deeply down among them, would deposit an egg in a safe situa- tion, sometimes on a stem, sometimes on a leaf. She would then move to another place and lay several eggs in this way before she finally went up for a rest. Sometimes two, three, or even more eggs were laid upon the same leaf. A few more were laid the following morning, but before midday the female was dead. Perhaps the sun was too much for her, or perhaps a diet of water was not sufficient to keep her alive. Ari/i/nnis females will not live long in captivity, even if fed on sugar and water. In a state of nature, on the contrary, they must have a rather long life. Another female taken in the forest of Vizzavona, on July 23rd, laid a great many eggs on the 25th and 26th, chiefly on dead stems and withered leaves. These were laid between 8.30 and 11 a.m., never in exposed positions, but low down among the leaves and stems. Ovum. — When first laid the egg is pale yellow. In 3 or 4 days it develops a mauve tint, and in 10 days becomes leaden, darkest on top, the cell-walls and ridges standing out white. When the mauve tint appears, the upper part of the egg under microscope is seen to be coloured a reddish-brown ; about the equator is a dull whitish ring very irregularly defined, and below it another circle of reddish-brown reaching nearly to the base, which is also diill whitish. When leaden-look- ing to the naked eye the egg-surface under microscope appears metallic- violet, the cell-surfaces giving violet and coppery reflections, much like those seen on a dried blot of violet ink. Above this the white reticulation stands out prominently. I conclude that the larva is developed inside the egg at this time. The shape is ovo-conical, truncated at the summit in the case of some of those laid by the second female, the bases being some- w^hat rounded, but, in the great majority of cases, the egg is a rapidly tapering, truncated cone with a broad flat base. At the top is a fairly deep circular depression. (In the case of those eggs with a rounded base, I think it probable that the female did not dab them down with sufficient pressure, whereas, normally, the base is flattened in the laying process whilst the shell is soft.) The egg is firmly attached. Ribbing, cell system, and pitting: There are from 11 to 13 vertical ribs, 2 or 3 of Avhich do not reach the shoulder of the egg. The rest rise well above it, forming peaks around the crater, down which they are continued a short distance in low ridges. These ribs are fairly sharp. The cross-ribbing is very distinct, especially after the egg has darkened ; the cross ribs are thin and fairly high, though, of course, not nearly so high as the vertical ribs ; they divide the egg-surface between each pair of vertical ribs into 16 or 18 longitudinal cells, counting from the rim of the crater. There are two more on the inner side of the crater, or rather one very narrow one occupying the summit of the rim, and one broader below. The bottom of the crater is mosaiced with minute polygonal cells (pentagons and hexagons apparently). The base is also covered with polygonal cells. The surface of the egg is sprinkled thickly with small pits. Dimensions : Height, 0-70mm. to 0-75mm., including projecting ribs ; greatest width (at base) 0-80mm. These eggs have not yet hatched (September 17th, 1905), and, in all probability, the young larvae will hibernate inside. Since the darkening occurred no change in appearance has taken place. A. elisa appears to be plentiful on all the mountains in this district 320 THE entomologist's record. (Bastelica) flying over bracken. It is abundant on the Scalella Pass between Bastelica and Bocognano (height of pass about 1200 metres), that is to say, the male is ; the female is always rare. I took males there on July 13th, 15th, 21st and 24th. They are found some distance to the south of the pass, but do not reach down to the trees on the steep Bocognano side. One female only was taken here (July 15th), but I saw another on the 21st. The specimens at this height average rather smaller than those lower down, and the proportion of pale males is greater. Again, in clearings in the Vizzavona forest, A. elisa was not rare. Blackberry flowers seem to have little attraction for it, but a low-growing spiky thistle, with a large, almost colourless flower, is a great favourite. This grows on the Scalella and other high passes. I have also seen it feeding on the flowers of heather. Passing through the Aitone forest above Evisa, on August 8th, I saw a good many. They were mostly feeding on the flowers of a composite plant, nearly related, I should say, to the Jerusalem arti- choke. The plant grows in damp places, generally along the water- courses. It is very attractive also to Dryas paplda and its varieties, Issoria lathonia and Vanesm io. Much higher up, where the forest thins out, A. dim was very common. I saw dozens on the above mentioned thistle, nearly half being females, but the season was too far advanced for many good specimens. I did manage to net a few fresh ones, however. The insect here reaches an altitude of 1400 metres at least. The top of the Vergio pass is 1464 metres. I did not actually see any on top, but no doubt stray specimens often get there. Again, on the Ghisoni side of the Col de la Sorba (1305 metres), A. elisa was plentiful on August 11th. I saw a few very fresh females but only managed to take one. Microlepidoptera in the Hailsham district. By A. SICH, F.E.S. I spent a few days in mid-June in the company of my brother, Mr. H. Leonard Sich, in the Hailsham district. The weather was not altogether propitious, as a great deal of rain fell during the period. Mirrojiteri/A- scppella was common in the wetter meadows, flying just above the grass, settling on flowers and also on the lower branches of birch and other trees. Adela fibulella occurred on Veronica blossoms, and A. deijeerella was just going over in the woods. On the woodw^ork of barns and on treetrunks Tinea cloaceUa and T. semifulcella were taken, as well as Monojds riisticella. Nepticida raficapitella was seen egg- laying on an oak-leaf, and afterwards laid several ova in a glass-topped box. Ova were also obtained from some specimens of Cemiostoma lahurnella which were beaten from laburnum. These were laid on the hairs of the lower surface of the leaf, and, therefore, it appears as though the larva on hatching must be exposed to the atmosphere while boring into the leaf. This is not the case wdth Coniostoina spartifoliella, which bores through the bottom of the egg into the broom twig, nor, indeed, with the greater proportion of the leaf miners. One Boikhamenia tinctella was taken and one or two B. tnpimcta were beaten from an old mixed hedge in a dark lane over- hung with trees. Passing some pine-trees late one afternoon (June 14th), I tapped the lower branches and noticed some small SCENTS OF INSECTS. 321 moths dy out, but, having no net, I only marked the spot in my mind for future investigation. Next day, passing the same trees, we beat out and boxed four of the moths, which subsequently turned out to be Avijiiresthia illaminatolla, a species new to Britain. In a marshy spot the imagines of Oli/pliipteri/.v thrasonella were in abundance. Several pairs were noticed on the rush heads. Ova were subsequently obtained, but I failed to keep any larvae alive, as, when hatched, they left the rush heads and would eat nothing. I fancy the larviB must live in the roots of the plant like those of (J. fiiacoviridella, and not in the seed-heads as those of G. fischeriella do. On an open heath, the pretty little Enxanthis aeneana was not rare, it flew out at the slightest tap, and was very conspicuous in the sunshine. The larvfe of Stenop- tilia pterodacti/la and of Alitcita pentadacti/la were the only repre- sentatives of the Alucitids noticed. In an open space in a wood, two or three specimens of Bofi/s fuscalis were disturbed from their sleep among some plants of Bhinajithiis, of which there were several large patches. One of the commonest insects in the woods was Zanclog- nantlia i/risealis, and another was Melanippe montanata, very worn. These Avere, however, surpassed in numbers by Cahera pnsaria and Scoparia dubitalu. Two fine Erastria fasciana were found in the woods. This species soon spoils its appearance. On a heath, among dozens of Einatun/a atomaria, one or two specimens of the local Ariihdia immorata occurred. The Ehopalocera were not very much in evidence, but we noticed a $ Callophnjs rubi courting a ? ; they were flying low over a rough field in a quiet corner. Scents of Insects and some Thoughts about their Possible Meanings. By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN. At the meeting of the Entomological Society on November 1st, Dr. Dixey, in association with Dr. Longstaff, reported their observa- tions on the scents of Pierine butterflies made in S. Africa during their visit with the British Association. In some cases the scent was very strong, as in T. a 13mm, 5 ; of elytra, 9mm. 3 , 14mm. 5 ; of post-femora, 20mm. 3 , 28mm. $ . Spain, Malaga. Also in Algeria. 7, Pamphagus deceptorius, Bolivar. Distinguished by its small size, rough over surface, black and white marbling and feebly arched pronotum. Length of body, 29mm, 3 , 35mm. J ; of pronotum, 5-2mm. 3 , 7mm. $ ; of elytra, 5-7mm, 3 , 6mm. 2 ; of post-femora, 12mm. 3 , 14mm. 2 , Centre and south of Spain : Burgos, Albarracin, Ucles, Valencia ; adult in July and August, 8, Pamphagus mabillei, Bolivar, Smaller than P. hespericus, but larger than P. deceptorius. Length of body, 40mm. 3 , 50mm, 2 ', of pronotum, 7mm, 3 > Unim, 2 ; of elj'tra, 9mm. 2 ; of post-femora, 14mm. 3 , 21mm. 2 • Spain : Valencia, Ciudad Real, Benifayo, Cerratraca, Malagon near Toledo; in October, 9. Pamphagus simillimus, Yersin. Distinguished by the form of the prosternum, which has the anterior margin produced into a tooth. Length of body, 29mm,- 33mm. 3 , 52mm. -68mm, 2 ; of pronotum, 6-5mm.-7mm, 3 , 10mm,- ll-5mm. 2 ; of elytra, 6mm. 3, 7-7mm.-9mm. 2 ; of post-femora,. 15mm. -16mm. 3 , 20mm. -22mm. 2 • Sicily : Palermo, Siracuse. 10, Pamphagus expansus, Brunner, Differs from the preceding in the higher and ^nore arched crest of the pronotum, slightly longer elytra and rounde(^ margin of the pro- sternum. Length of body, 35mm. 3 , 50mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 7.8mm. NOTES ON ADDITIONS TO THE COLEOPTERA OF NORTHUMBERLAND, ETC. 381 S , ll-8mm. ? ; of elytra, 5-5mm. <, Boh., occurs with the type. Cryphalus tille, Pz. — One example taken by Mr. Gardner, at Hartlepool or in Teesdale. Probably introduced. Dryoc^tes autographus, Ratz. — One example by sweeping a small firwood in Gibside. It has evidently not hitherto been taken in any other locality than Scarborough, when it was found in 1869. D. alni, Georg. — A few from beneath bark of a fallen beech in a wood above Winlaton Mill, autumn, 1904. Tomicus sexdentatus, Born. T, typographus, L. — Both these very rare Scolytids were amongst Mr. Gardner's unnamed beetles, but owing to them being without data, 1 prefer for the present to regard them as iiatroduced. T. acuminatus, Gyll. — One example by sweeping at Ofterton, near Hylton, spring, 1905. Ptinus latro, F., in London. — Last May I took a Pthins in the bath in my bath-room at 58, Kensington Mansions, which at the time I took to be 5 P. fur, but on comparing it with that species I found the shape to be different and the antennae shorter, besides the fact that it has no white markings. It agrees exactly with a foreign specimen of P. latro possessed by Mr. Bates. Of this insect Fowler writes: "In old houses, especially in store rooms ; two examples in Mr. Water- house's collection, one from old collection with no history, and the other labelled ' Scotland, Turner.' " These appear to be the only British records ! I may say that Xiptus hololeucus occurs regularly every year in my flat, and I often find specimens in the bath. They no doubt come from the woodwork of the bath. — Horace Donisthorpe. On a flight of Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. — In July last, when I was staying with Mr. E. A. Waterhouse, near Sandwich, we noted the evening flight of BJiisotrof/us sohtitialis, L. Towards dusk, along about two miles of road, they were in countless thousands, flying over the top of a small fir wood, over a cornfield, and round the telegraph poles and wires ; they also flew against, and settled on, us. On our way home we saAV a single large bat flying in the direction from whence we had come. The next night we went to see if the same thing occurred again, and found hundreds of these big bats chasing and catching the beetles in the air, though the}' often missed them. A hedgehog, too, was picking up those that fell to the ground. On the third night there was not a single beetle to be seen. — Ibid. :ii^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc. LiTHOsiA soRORcuLA (aureola) NEAR Stroud. — A specimeii of thi& uncommon species, in fine condition, was found resting on a leaf of Mercurialia perennu (Dog's Mercury), in the Stroud district during the 334 THE entomologist's record. evening of May 18th last, by Mr. W. B, Davis, who kindly sent it to me for inspection, as it was the first Gloucestershire example we had seen, Mr. V. R. Perkins, of Wotton-under-Edge, has since informed me that he has two other records for our shire, one taken near Chelten- ham and another near Cirencester, but I believe not recently. — C. J. Watkins, F.E.S., King's Mill House, Gloucester. Xoreiuher IGth, 1905. CupiDo MINIMA (alsus) IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. — This species is widely distributed, but local on the Cotteswolds, some years occurring very freely in its favourite spots. For example, during the present year it appeared to me to be more numerous than in any previous season I remember, and I have observed this pretty delicate species since 1S68, when on July 24th I saw my first specimen at rest, whilst searching for its rarer relation Lycaena avion. My earliest record of C. )i)iniitia is on May 27th, 1870, but it was seen in the Stroud district this year as early as May 25th. Mr. Mosley in the Xatiiralists' Giiide, 1894, p. 50, states : — " In some parts of the south the caterpillars change to chrysalids as soon as they are fullfed in warm seasons, and there is a second flight of butterflies in August." It may be double-brooded, but I have never met with it so late as August. — Ibid. Melit^ea aurinia (artemis) in Gloucestershire. — This local butterfly has been known to occur for many years past in certain very limited areas in Gloucestershire, chiefly in low-lying damp meadows and marshes in the vales, and, as a rule, these specimens are larger and darker coloured than those found in some other British localities, as Sussex, Cumberland, etc. The late veteran, Joseph Merrin, of Gloucester, collected and bred some remarkable aberrations of this species, some of which I saw in his collection many years ago. A Gloucestershire specimen, now in the collection of Mr. A. B. Farn, has the wings semi-transparent yet possessing the scales. It is irregular in appearance, and some seasons may be absent from a spot in which it appeared the previous year. On June 15th last, in com- pany with Mr. W. B. Davis, of Stroud, we visited a ridge of the Cotteswolds 800 ft. high, on which I had not been for 30 years, and to my friend it was new ground. While resting, discussing our sand- wiches and the glorious view of hill and dale towards the Severn, we noticed among the varied insects near us, a dull butterfly of sluggish flight, and somewhat different habit from Brenthis euphrosijne usually met with in such spots. On netting it great was our surprise to find we had captured M. aurinia at such an elevation. Soon we noticed other specimens, and during the next half hour could have taken dozens had we so wished. It Avas the first occasion I had seen it on the .summit of a Cotteswold hill, but my friend had had a similar ex- perience several years ago and on a similar ridge some miles distant. It is interesting to observe that these hill- top specimens are smaller and of a lighter colour than those usually found in the vales. One is curious to know whether this is a distinct race, and if the eggs are deposited on different species of foodplant from those in the vales. Such observations require more time than I, for one, can at present devote to so fascinating a subject. — Ibid. Lyc^na arion in Gloucestershire.— This, the chief prize of the lepidopterist in our shire, and formerly not uncommon in several local spots, has considerably decreased in numbers in recent years, and so NOTES ON COLLECTING. 335 much so that in most of its former haunts it has disappeared, and we fear that at no distant date it will be sought for in vain in the few and remote places far removed from its former head-quarters, in which it is now sometimes found. We believe the chief cause of this is the very regrettable fact of its having been over collected, hence most of the females get destroyed ; also the grand old woods are being removed with the result that timber felling and hauling is continually going on, and these disturbing influences all combine to bring the time when not only L. arion will be extinct in our Cotteswolds, but many other less rare species will have died out. Again, in one place in which I used to watch it, buildings have been erected, and in another spot in which I first saw it, quarrying operations are now carried on. All this means new roads made, fresh hauling tracks, the herbage and ants' nests more disturbed, while cattle grazing is on the increase, and most years in early spring the commons and hillsides are often ablaze with burning dry bents set on fire by the village lads (matches are too common in these days of cheap cigarettes). The average of our Cotteswold specimens of L. arion are not so large as those I have seen from Devon and Cornwall, or so fine as some I have examined from the Continent. — Ibid. Immigration of Euchelia jacob.e.e. — I feel quite distrustful of myself in calling in question anything which Mr. Harrison writes, but his note upon the above fairly astonishes me. The insect is naturally so lethargic and heavy, that one cannot but think there must be some other explanation of its appearance, in some numbers, near Chester- le- Street. May it not have been a case of cumulative retarded emergences ? — (Eev.) C. R. N. Burrows, The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-Hope. November IQth, 1905. Pyrameis atalanta and Euchelia jacob.e^. — In answer to Mr. Harrison's request (p. 300) I can make the following notes : P. atahoitavi&s in profusion at Buckfastleigh, Devon, from end of August till nearly end of September, the specimens being particularly fine in size and condition. PJ. jacobaeae, a few seen for a day or two about July 1st, in same locality, condition rather poor. The larvre of E. jacobaeae were present in large numbers on Seneciu ridj/aris, in two separate lots, one at the beginning of August, and the other at beginning of September ; in both cases none being under half-grown. — Philip de la Garde, Shaldon, near Teignmouth. Xorcmber 20th, 1905. Polia CHI IN Monmouthshire. — Referring to the Rev. G. H. Raynor's note {antea, p. 295) on the distribution of PoUa chi, I see he states that the most southerly point of its main habitat in England seems to be in the southwest of Herefordshire, therefore, it may, perhaps, be worth reporting its occurrence still further south in Monmouthshire, at Tintern, where we find both the caterpillars and moths in plenty. I do not remember having seen it noted before, but we have observed that the larvae, as well as those of P. tiaricincta, which also occurs here, though less commonly, are more generally to be found on low plants growing by the side of stone walls and build- ings, than on those in a more open situation. — J. F. Bird, The Nurtons, Tintern, Monmouthshire. Xoveiiiber IGth, 1905. Perizoma bifaciata (Emmelesia unifasciata) five winters in pupal .stage. — Mr. Prout's note {ante, p. 800) reminds me to put on record the 336 THK entomologist's record. emergence of two imagines of Perizoma bifaciata (unifasciata), on July 80th and August 5th this year, from pup^e of the autumn of 1900, they thus having remained over five winters as pupae. — Robert Adkin, F.E.S., Lewisham. November 19t/i, 1905. Manduca atropos in Essex. — A pupa of Mandnca atropos was brought to me on October 24th from a farm here, discovered by a potato digger. It was the only one found on several acres of potatoes.^ E. Miller, The Croft, Rainsford Lane, Chelmsford, Essex. November 7th, 1905. Manduca atropos at Mucking. — I have had two larvfe and six pupfe brought to me this autumn. Two of the pupje were dead. I have so far bred only one imago, on October 1st. —(Rev.) C. R. N. Burrows, The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-Hope. Norctiiber llfA, 1905. Cirrhcedia xerampelina in Gloucestershire. — I have taken a good many Cirrhoedia xerampelina on the Cotteswold Hills in this neigh- bourhood, 600 and 700 feet up, and on the slopes of the hills in very dry situations. I have dug the pupa and taken the imago at rest on ash-trunks on the hills.— W. R. Buckell, M.D., Fairholme, Mont- pellier, Cheltenham. November 5th, 1905. Unusual time of emergence of Hyles euphorble. — In early August, 1904, when walking up the Saas-Thal, between Balen and Saas, I found a great many larvae of various sizes of H>/les eupliorbiae. Of these some 25 pupated, and the pups were kept through the winter in an ordinary living room with a fire. A fair number of well-developed imagines emerged in May and June and two in July, 1905, the last about the 12th. Three living pupte remained at mid-July when I again went abroad, and the pup:* travelled with me for some five or six weeks in northern Italy, etc., but without emerging. It was, therefore, with some surprise that to-day (November 9th) I found a J from one of these pupfie expanding its wings, and which, with the exception of a slight crinkling of the wings, is perfect and of good size, though poor in colour. One supposes, however, that it was not altogether happy in its emergence at this time, for the prothoracic shield is still adherent to the moth, and I had to lift one of the antenn;B from its sheath which was adherent to the prothoracic plate. A pupal period of fifteen months, however, appears to me to be sufficiently unusual to merit notice. — A. M. Cochrane, Lewisham, S.E. November dth, 1904. Oporabia filigrammaria in Ireland. — On June 11th and 14th, I took larvfe of Oporabia filiijrammaria feeding on heather on Benaughlin, in CO. Fermanagh. Apparently they were nearly over, for most of the larvae were stung ; I only bred one moth, which emerged August 31st. From September 5th to September 11th, I was taking the same species on the Lancashire moors. Returning to Ireland on September 14th, I at once paid a visit to Benaughlin, but failed to find the moth, probably I was too late, as the season was an early one. (K antumnata, which occurs in the woods in the same county, is at least a fortnight later. If O. antumnata and 0. Jilif/rammaria are the same species, as I am inclined to believe, we have the curious case of the moorland form of a species appearing earlier than the lowland form. I am told that this is the case with the two forms of Hi/paipetes sordidata, but NOTES ON COLLECTING. 337 further instances would be interesting. — J. E. R. Allen, Enniskillen. October 2ot/i, 1905. EuvANESsA ANTioPA AT FOLKESTONE. — ^Conceming the note of Ein'an- essa antinpa being seen at Folkestone on September 8th {antea, p. 273), might this not have been an escape ? Whilst staying at Dover during August, I noticed in a shop window a row of E. antiopa, stating "bred this season, 4d. each." It would be interesting to know if this was the case.— C. P. Pickett, F.E.S. October 21th, 1905. Abraxas grossulakiata larv.e pupating in October. — Whilst at Loughton on October 21st, I noticed a currant bush almost stripped by larvt^ of Abraxas (/ronsulariata, of all sizes. On closer examination I discovered two pupae and two fullfed larvae (one of which is now changing to a pupa). There were many other larvae about half-groAvn. This struck me as being very late for even a second brood, in nature, and is all the more remarkable as the weather has been so cold during October. — Ibid. CiDARiA picata DOUBLE-BROODED. — Having read the Rev. G. H. Raynor's note of breeding C. picata, I have to record that my experi- ence with this species has been the same as his. About July 20th, this year, I obtained some ova at Starcross, which duly hatched, and the larvae pupated during the latter part of August. Although kept in out-of-door temperature, the imagines began to emerge from the end of September to October 3rd, a few lying over. This is not the first instance of a second brood of this species appearing from ova obtained in Juh^ as it happened to my friend, the late Mr. Tugwell, to whom I sent young larvae some years ago. In addition to the above I have also bred, during the early part of September, a series of Melanippe itnanf/ulata, and a few M. rivata from July ova. — J. Jager, 65, St. Quintin's Avenue, North Kensington, W. October 28th, 1905. After Cirrhiedia xerampelina. — In the year 1901 I was a little surprised when I took, at sugar in ni}' garden here, five rather wasted specimens of this insect between September 5th and 11th. I saw no more until 1904, Avhen careful work, in a clump of ash-trees on the marshes, produced nine specimens between September 7th and 17th. I found none this year. The preference of the species for damp situations has, I believe, been proved, yet I have a note of the capture of a specimen at Wanstead on September 11th, 1871. Sugaring for C. .veraiiipelina always reminds me of a story which was told me by letter, some time in the "Eighties," by Dr. W. R. Bnckell, then of Romsey, who has kindly given me permission to write it down. He had been taking the insect, and I had doubtless been begging specimens of him. And this is the tale which he told : — It was about the year 1885, in late August or the beginning of September, that he began to try the attractions of sugar in some low-lying meadows about a mile out of the town, and from whence the light of his lantern would be plainly visible. The first night he took a specimen of Catocala promissoy with commoner insects. Pleased with his capture, he went again night after night, sugaring in the same place. The last visit was paid upon an evening, Avhen there was a heavy ground fog, which in itself might have warned him ofl:. However, he hoped that the mist would pass ofl", and spread the sugar. After he had been at Avork some little while, he heard men's voices close at band, and not knowing whether they might be poachers, or, indeed, what they might be up to, he felt a. 338 THE entomologist's record. bit nervous, shut up his lamp, and listened. Sugaring alone, in out- of-the-way places, is always eerie work. Well, nothing happened until, reflecting that he was doing no wrong, he turned on the lantern and started off once more to examine the patches. But no sooner did he show the light than there was a tremendous scuffling of feet and cries of " There 'e is ! " " There 'e goes again ! " Then he closed his lamp, and a voice exclaimed " 'e's gone ! " Not liking the aspect of affairs, he stood still behind a tree for a few minutes, and then — made his Avay home quietly, without a light. Next morning he was met by the groom with " Well, Master Will, you Avas very nigh getting shot last night. A lot of them has been across the Squab Meadows to shoot the Will-o'-the-wisp, but, when they got there, they remembered they had not got a 'crooked sixpence' to shoot him with. So they watched you while they sent into the town for one!" Thus it appears that Mr. Buckell owed his life possibly to the survival of an ancient super- stition into the nineteenth century. So ran the story, and many a time when out alone on lonely places have I remembered it, shut up my lamp, and gone home Avithout a light. — (Rev.) C. R. N. Burrows, Mucking Vicarage, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. Xoveniher 9tJi, 1905. PoLYGONiA c-ALBUM IN EppiNG FoREST. — I have a uote in my diary to the effect that I took a specimen of this butterfly at Wanstead, on October 18th, 1871. I have a very cloudy recollection of the event, just sufficient to assure me that the entry is, so far as the species is concerned, correct. I have also an indistinct idea that I remember several captures of this insect in Epping Forest about the same time, and fancy that T have been told of this somewhat curious occurrence by old collectors. However, I can And no printed record. My series of the E)ito))wlni/ist goes back to 1873. It would, perhaps, be well to save the record from oblivion, if it is, as I suppose, not in print.- — Ibid. W' A R I A T I 0 N . New forms of Rumia luteolata. — I have taken one, and have seen several other specimens of a new form of N. luteolata. In it, the normal yellow of the wings is replaced by pure white, and the usual white scales of the discal scar show up like dashes of silver. This capture was made during the first week in June, 1905. For this insect the name ab. lacticolor is suggested. Since makmg the above note I have made enquiries, and I find that intermediate forms of a very pale primrose colour occur near Birtley, some five miles west of the locality in which the above occur. The name ab. intermedia will suffice to describe these. — J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc, The Avenue, Birtley R.S.O., Durham. October Ind, 1905. Aberrations of Ccenonympha pamphilus, Linn., at Wimbledon Common. — (1) A (^ specimen of C. pamphilus, having a distinct row of six ocellated spots parallel to the margin on the underside of each hindwing, thus, in this respect, agreeing with ab. ocellata, Tutt. The upperside is of the usual bright tawny colour, the apical spot on the forewings being large and dark. On the hind wings the three lowest ocellated spots are replaced by blackish-brown spots (not ocellated) on the uppersides, the centre one of these three being very distinct, the top one fairly so, while the bottom one is almost indistinguishable from SOCIETIES. 339 the marginal band. (2) An extremely pale yellowish-tawny 2 specimen, with greyish marginal bands, the apical spot being fairly large and of a greyish colour. The dark maukings on the underside is distinctly greyer than in normal specimens. I take this to be ab. pallida, Tutt. Both were taken on Wimbledon Common in August, 1905. — Raleigh S. Smallman, Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common. October 2dth, 1905. Variation in larv.e of Papilio machaon. — The larvffi of Papilio machaan have been plentiful until quite recently, feeding chiefly on fennel. I have only found one or two myself, but a friend, who has more spare time than I have, collected about thirty. One was brought to me a week ago that had been found feeding on rue. Its ground colour is very much brighter green than is usual with larvae here, although there is always a trace of green about them. In Corsica, this summer, the larvfe of P. niachaon had their ground colour pure white. — H. Powell, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyeres. November 2nd, 1905. :]aOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c. Larv.e of Oporabia autumnata. — Until lately 1 have thought that any Oporabia larva with red or black markings must be dilutata. Last April, however, a larva in one of my broods of 0. autumnata developed some black markings. On April 29th, I wrote the following descrip- tion— " Black dorsal line on segments 4-10; black transverse line at divisions of 5-10." I kept the larva by itself, thinking it might possibly be a dilutata, included by accident among the autumnata. Today the moth has emerged, a deformed, but unmistakable, autumnata. Among many hundreds of larvfe of O. autumnata which I have had in my possession during the last few seasons, this is the only one in which I have observed any trace of black markings. — J. E. R. iVUen, Enniskillen. October 2oth, 1905. SOCIETIES. South London Entomological Society. — October 2Qth, 1905. — A BROWN aberration OF Pseudoterpna pruinata. — The Rev. E. Tarbat exhibited a specimen of P. pruinata in bred condition from Morthoe, in which the usual green colour was replaced by a rich yellowish- brown. Hemiptera from Box Hill. — Mr. W. West, of Greenwich, exhibited Dnjmu^ sylventris var. ryei found under dead leaves, I), pili- cornis and Berjjtus crassipes, found under stones on Box Hill. Novem- ber 9th, 1905. — Bred Acidalia aversata. — Messrs. A. Harrison and Main exhibited a short series of A. aversata, bred from ova laid by a ? taken at Bude. Six were reddish and banded like the 2 parent, five were ordinary putty-coloured, four were without a band, one possessed a very dark band. Autumnal Pararge egeria. — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited specimens of P. ei/eria from Shaldon, taken September 21st, 1905, one of which was extremely dark compared with others taken at the same time. Bred Polyommatus bellargus. — Mr. Rayward exhibited a series of bred Pohpnnmatu^ hellari/us from Reigate. Varia- tion OF MARKINGS ON PUPA OF PiERis NAPi. — Mr. Main exhibited pupte of Pieris napi, showing great variation in the number and intensity of the black markings. Entomological Society of London. — Noveuiber 1st, 1905. — Pan- 340 THE entomologist's record. URGUs woRicEi, Fi'eise. — A bee new to science. — The Kev. F. D. Morice exhibited Panurgus moricei, taken by himself near Gibraltar, remark- able in the fact that whereas species of this genus are entirely black, in this species the ^ face is entirely, and the $ partly, bright yellow. The legs are partly yellow, and the abdomen spotted down each side, very much as in Anthidium. Unique specimen of Heriades fasciatus, Freise. — Mr. Morice also exhibited the unique tj^pe specimen of Heriades fasciatus, of the C/ielostouia group — a 5 taken by himself at Jericho in 1899. Its congeners are practically unicolorous, but in this species the abdomen is brightly banded, as in a wasp. The exhibitor pointed out that the colour mimicry in this species could not be due to parasitism, both Panniytis and Heriades being industrious genera. Forficula auricularia with abnormal cerci. — Mr. W. J. Lucas called attention to a (3^ specimen of Forficula auricularia taken at Warwick in September last, and showed a drawing of the cerci (forceps) which were very abnormal, the broader basal part of the two appearing to be more or less fused together, while the legs of the forceps were jointed to the basal part. Coleoptera new to the British Isles. — Mr. Norman H. Joy exhibited two species, Laenio- pliloeus iiionilis, F., taken in the neighbourhood of Streatley, Berks, and Dacne fowleri, n. sp., from Bradfield, with specimens of D. huiiieralis and D. riijifrcms for comparison. A new British Agathidium. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe showed a specimen of a new British Aijathidinm (badium, Er.), discovered last year in Cumberland, and since taken by himself in Durham. Prionocyphon serricornis with aquatic larva. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a series of this insect, the larva of which he said lived under water in the boles of trees, but appeared to leave the w^ater for the purpose of pupation in the ground. Scents of Butterflies. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited preparations of the scents of some African butterflies, collected by himself with the assistance of Dr. G. B. Longstaff, during the recent visit of the British Association to South Africa, with specimens of the species investigated. November 15t/i, 1905. — Cross-ferlilisation of Asclepias. — Mr. Arrow showed a fioAver-frequenting beetle from the Transvaal, illustrating the cross- fertilisation of flowers, one of the front feet being tightly clasped by curiously formed pollinia of an Asclepias. Aberration of Agrotis tritici. — Mr. W. J. Kaj-e exhibited a specimen of At/rotis tritici, bearing a close resemblance to A. a'0iiu- bana,-d4:0,S4t2-'Triplaxbicolor,GjlL 138,191,382 Eggs of Acidalia Jiaveolaria, 134; A. iinmorata, 76; A. pcrochraria, 76, A. remutata, 101; A. virgularia, (?), 186; Adscita statices, 163; .Egeria cbrysidiformis, 242; Aiwhocelis lielvola, 9^>; A. litura, 98; A. piHiacina, 98; Anthrocera exulans, 11; Argymiis elisa, 319; Aapilates ochrearia, 135; Boarmia rhomboidaria [gemmaria), 11 ; BrentJds selene, 134; Callo- pltrys nihi, 99; Camptogramma fluviata, 162; Charaeas graminis, 135; Chesias rufata, 136; Chrysoplianus phlaeas, 254; Cleogene peletieraria, 163 ; Coremia designata, 102 ; Crambus conchellus, 11 ; Cupido minivia, 100; Daplinis nerii, 249; Endotricha flammealis, 135; Epinephele ida, 186 ; Erebia embla, 163 ; Eabolia maeniata, 135 ; Euplexia lucipara, 100 ; Gcometra papiliovaria, 222 ; Gnophos dilucidaria (correction), 28 ; G. ohfuscata, 162; Gonophura dcrasa, %1A; Gortyna ochraecu, 16; Hadena porphyrea {aatura), 244; Hyles euphorbiae, 146; Laphygma exigua,Q; Lihythea celtis, 186 ; Lithosia lurideola, 135 ; Melanargia galathea var. procida, 300; Melanippe hastata, 76; Mellinia circellarig, 98; Nola chlamydnlaliH, 163; Ocnogyna boetica, 237, 266; Orthosia macilenta, 97, 98 ; Panolia piniperda , 101; Polygonia c-alJunn, 165; Polyovimatiis baton, 186; P. bellargus, 100; Pygaera pigra, 137; Satyrus prieuri, 274; Spilo- soma mendica, 163; .S'. ntenthastri, 101 ; Stenia punctalis, ISi; Taenio- (■(unpa gracilis ah. rii fa, 101; Thecla pruni, '641; Zeuzera piirina .. 11 Errata ' ' 28, 214, 248 Genera, Species, Varieties, and Aberrations new to Science : — Adaina, Tult, 37 ; Adkinia, Tutt, 37 ; Amphidasys hybr. herefordi, Tutt, 284 ; Argynnis niobe ab. rufescens, Tutt, 5 ; ab. rufescens-eris, Tutt, 5 ; ab. rttfescens-typica, Tutt, 5; Brenthis pales ah. ohsoleta, Tutt, 4; Buclderia, Tutt, 37; Callicera yerburyi, Verr., 55; Capperia, Tutt, 37; Cassida viurana, Muir and Sharp, 33; Cerura hybr. guillemoti, Tutt, 283; Chrysophanus virgaureue ab. e.xcessa, ?, Tutt, 174; ab. lineoluta, ?, Tutt, 174; ab. pallida -punctata, $, Tutt, 174; ab. sujfusa, ?, Tutt, 174 ; Clostera hybr. approximata, Tutt, 283 ; hybr. difficilis, Tutt, 283 ; hybr. facilis, Tutt, 283 ; hybr. inversa, Tutt, 283 ; hybr. prima, Tutt, 283; hybr. similis, Tutt, 283 ; Gymatophora hybr. fletcheri, Tutt, 284 ; Dacne fowleri, Joj, '64:1; Dolichopus laticolor, Yevr., 55; Evimelina, Tutt, 37; Ennomos hybr. dartfordi, Tutt, 284 ; Epinephele lycaon ab. duplicata, Tutt, 174; ab. extensa, Tutt, 174; ab. gynoides, Muschamp, 59; ab. intermedia, Tutt, 174; ab. magna, Tutt, 174; ab. o/AsoZe?((, Tutt, 174 ; ab. obsoleta-pallida , Tutt, 174 ; ab. pallida, Tutt, 174 ; ab. trimacula, Tutt, 174; ab. trimacula -intermedia, Tutt, 174; ah. trimacula-pallida, Tutt. 174 ; ab. wheeleri, Muschamp, 59 ; Erebia flavofasciata var. thiemei, Bartel, 38; £. mnestra ab. obsoleta, Tutt, 4; Fredericina, Tutt, 37; Fumea hybr. inversa, Tutt, 285; hybr. ^//n^ycZcri, Tutt, 285; Gcometra papili'ivaria ab. vuneata, Burrows, 202 ; ab. deleta. Burrows, 203 ; ab. subcacrnlescens. Burrows, 202; ab. subobsoleta. Burrows, 202; Gillmcria, Tutt, 37 ; Grammoptcra ruficornis ab. holomelina. Pool, 133. 182 ; Hel- INDEX. 345 PAGE. Unsia, Tutt, 37; Hyphydrus ovatus var., 30; Hy rnmia protecta, liaye, 121 ; Leucania favicolor ab. aenea, Mathew, 14; ab. ./'((sco-rosca, Mathew, 15 ; ab. ohscura, Mathew, 14; ab. pallida, Mathew, 15 ; Macaria liturata ab. nigrofulvatd, CoUins, 45; 3Iernfieldia, Tutt, 37; Napeogenes pota- roniis, Kaye, 120 ; Nola confusalis ab. columbimi, Image, 188, 305 ; Noto- donta hybr. duhia, Tutt, 283; hybr. newmani, Tutt, 283; Ovendenia, Tutt, 37 ; Panurgus vwricei, Freise, 340 ; Paimassius apollo ab. riifa, Tutt, 176, 194; Folijommatus astrarche nh. albimaciilata, Harrison, 281; ab. inclui-d, Harrison, 281; ab. vet^rae, Harrison, 281 ; Porrittin, Tutt, 37 ; Rumia btteolata [crataegata] ab. intermedia, Harrison, 338 ; ab. lacticolor, Harrison, 338; Scenus ossiwn var. i7isulans, Joy, 301; Te- phrosia hjhr. ^((cofi, Tutt, 284 ; hybr. hacoti-sujf'um , Tutt, 284; hybr. vii.rta, Tutt, 284; hybr. reversa, Tutt, 284; hybr. ridingi, Tutt, 284; hybr. ridingi-sujf'usa, Tutt, 284 ; Tctropium crau-sliayi, Sharj), 343 ; 2'. parcum. Sharp, 343 ; Whceleria, Tutt, 37 ; Zonosoma hybr. hrig]itoni, Tutt 284 Larv.je of: — Brentlns thore, 7, 8; Coleophora, sp. (?), 286; C. hemcrohiella, 317; Daphnis nerii, 249; Epinephde Ida, 187; Gelechia plutelliformin (olhiaella), 164; Geometra papilionaria, 223; Gonophoru derasa, 314; Lafliygma exigua, 7, 8; Macaria aestimaria (?), 164; Ocnogijna boetiea, 237, 262 ; Oinopliila v-Jlavum, 187 ; Oporabia autmiinata, 336, 339 ; Polygonia c-album, 165; P. egea, 190; Pggaera pigra, 137 ; Pseudophia ilbmaris, 164; Satyrus prieuri . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 274 Obitdaky : — Charles G. Barrett, 26; J. Carter (correction), 28; John W. Douglas, 246.; William Johnson, 248; Dr. Alpheus T. Packard, 110; Ambrose Quail, 304 ; Henri .de Saussure . . . . . . . . . . 167 Pup.E OF : — Euchloe'cardaminef!, 243 ; Geometra papilionaria, 225 ; Laphygma exigua, 9; Papilio machaon, 277; Pieris brassicae, 218; Polyommatits corydon, 79 ; Scoliopteryx libatrix, 136 ; Thestor hallus . . . . . . 135 Reviews and Notices of 'SooviB:— American Insects, Vernon Kellogg, 245; Annual Report and Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo- logical Society (28th), 82 ; Catalogue of the Erijcinidae of the World, Levi W. Mengel, 161, 245 ; Catalogue of the Orthoptera, W. F. Kirby, 109 ; Eine Samvdung von Referaten iiberneuere biovietrische Arbeiten mit einzelnen Atii- merkungen, Dr. Chr. Schroder, 26; EntomologischesJahrbucli.,1905, 81; 1906, 276; Entomologis'Vs Director y,\Y. J ank, 110; Exchange List of the Palae- arctic Macro-lepidoptera, W. Neuberger, 110 ; Fauna of the Balkans, Dr. H. Rebel, 110; The Lisects of Herm, The Bisects of Jethou, W. Luff, F.E.S., 19] ; A Natural History of tJie British Butterflies, their world-u-ide ]'ariation and Geographical Distribution, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Part i, 303, Part ii, 342 ; Part iii, 342 ; Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist, Part iii, J. W. Tntt,F.'E.S.,52; P roceedings of the SoutliLoiidon Entomological and Xatural History Society, 1904-5, 192 ; Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists' Field Club, Vol. ii, Part i, 304 ; Statistical Methods, toith special reference to Biological Variation, C. B. Davenport, second edition, 81 ; Synopsis of the recorded Fauna and Flora of the Sarnian Islands, W. Luff', F.E.S., 191; The SoutJi-Eastern Naturalist, 245; Tettigidae of Ceylon, J. Hancock, 138 ; 2'lie Transactions of the Hertford Natural History Society and Field Club, 192; The Coleoptera of the Victoria History of the County of Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Societies' Reports : — City of London Entomological Society, 340 ; Entomo- logical Society of London, 301, 339 ; Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo- logical Society, 303, 341 ; South London Entomological Society . . . . 339 Abdera 4-fasciata, at Market Bos- worth . . . . . . . . 18 A b raxa s g rossida ria ta ab . rarleya ta , bred 246 ; Heredity notes on, 253 ; Pupating in October, 337; Var- iation of larva . . . . 45, 97 Acridium aegypticum, in Surrey .. 47 Acronycta leporina, Dark form? of 303 Acronycta (Cuspidia) tridens, rear- ing 285 Adkinia zophodactylus, Hybernat- ing stage of . . . . . . 72 Aegeria chrysidiformis, Sexual dimorphism, and rearing of .. 296 Aegeria culiciformis ,'H.&bits of larva of 162 Aegeria sphegiformis, at Pamber . . 305 After Cirrhoedia xcrampelina . . 337 Agabus unguicularis, Separation of, from A. affinis . . . . . . 31 Agdistid, Alucitid and Orneodid Plume moths. Types of the Genera . . . . . . . . 34 Agathidiumbadium, {itGihside 332, 340 346 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. PAGE. Agriiis cottKjlvuli, at Sudbury .. 73 Agrotisaf/athuui, ljiii\SiSLtFe\thorTpe 255 Agrotis ohscura{ravida), at Hitchin, ,^05 ; at Berlin 328 Agrotis subfuscus, Haworth's type specimen of . . . . . . 306 Amara anthobia, at Hartlepool . . 331 4?Kar« H;7irf«, at Knowle .. .. 166 Amhhjptilia acanthodactyla, in Essex 108, 159 Anistoma oblonga, Correction of Eye's identification of . . . . 246 Anthrocera fausta var. jucunda on the Jura 59, 131 Anthrocera haherliaueri, at Jebel- Barouk . . . . . . . . 157 Ants, in connection with Lycsenid larvae . . . . . . . . 268 Apainea ophiogramma, Common at Norwich . . . . . . . . 255 Apatura iris, at Foxley Wood, Nor- folk, 255; at Tintern, 244; ab.ioZe, Large proportion of aberration at Lausanne . . . . . . . . 195 Aphodius tesselatus, at Birkdale . . 108 Apids, Some gynandromorphic . . 28 Apion bniiinipes, near Oxford . . 30 Aplecta nebulosa ab. ro^so«J, Protest against renaming of . . . . 75 Aporia crataegi. Struggle of, for existence in England . . . . 306 Appointment of Mr. C. 0. Water- house as Assistant Keeper of the Insect Section of the Natural History Museum . . . . 161, 307 Apterygidii inedia from Kent . . 342 Arctia caja, Swimming power of larva of . . . . . . . . 184 Arctornis l-nigruin, at Chelmsford 73 Argynnis adippe, at Tintern . . 244 Argijnnis aglaia, Variation of larva of 97 Argytuiis cdisa, Hsibits oi .. .. 317 ArgyrestJiia illuminatella, near Hailsham . . . . . . . . 302 Arsilonchc alhovenosa, a supposed new species allied to . . . . 54 Ash-trees, frequented by Zephyrus quero'is . . . . . . . . 311 Atomaria giana harpagida (sicida). Larvae of, in Leigh Woods . . . . 290 Early spring lepidoptera, 108, 132 ; in North Durham . . . . 157 Early stages of Duphnis nerii, Notes on, 249 ; of Papilio machaon . . 277 Economy of Tasmanian Psychids 54, 71 Egg-laying of Melitaea aurinia, Curious . . . . . . . . 187 Egg-laying of Aegeria clirysidi- forntis, 296; Aryymtis elisa, 318; Cemiostoma lahiirnella, 320; C. spartifoliella , 320; Chryso- 2}hanus phlaeas, 254 ; DapJinis nerii, 249 ; Gonophora derasa, 313 ; Gortyna ochracea (flavago), 15 ; Heliophobus hisindus, 22 ; Melitaea athalia, 30i ; Nemeobius lucina, 157; Nepticula ruficapi- tella, 320 ; Ocnogyna boetica , 265 ; Pieris brassicae, 243 ; Polyovima- tus astrarche. 24, 267 ; P. teams, 24; Pyrameis atalanta, 311; Thecla prinii . . . . . . 342 Egg-stage of Epione apiciaria, Length of 298 Egypt, Notes on collecting in . . 210 Election of Professor T. Hudson 848 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD. PAGE. Beare as President of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. . .. 342 Entomological Club, Meetings and Supper of, .. .54,109, 161, 219 Entomological notes, Some stray 296 Entomological receptions, at National Liberal Club, 110 ; at South Woodford 82 Entomological Society of Leicester, Revival of the 109 Entomological Societv of London. 218 ; Officers and Council for 1905 26 Entomological trip to North Wales, An 259 Enemies of Nonagria arundmis and N. cannae 75, 132 Epione apiciarin, Irregular hatch- ing of ova, 298 ; Second brood of 298 Erehia flavofasciata, in the Enga- dine, compared with Ticino speci- mens . . . . . . . . 38 E. gorifone and E. porge, Vertical distribution of, 302 ; E. gorgone, female. Resemblance of underside to that of E. goante, 302 ; E. lefebvrei and its allies, 302 ; E. melas, not now found in the Pyrenees . . . . . . . . 307 E. scipio, Erroneous records of . . 214 Erigone intermedia, Capture of, in Britain confirmed . . . . 110 Euchlof' card)! mines, Query concern- ing pupa of . . . . . . 243 Eiipatorium eannahiuum. Butter- flies at 244, 272 Euvanessa nntiopa, at Folkestone, 273, 337; in London, 297; in Britain (1905) 306 Euclielia jacohaeae, Immigration of 300, 335 Eupithecia estensaria, at Hun- stanton . . . . . . . . 305 Extended pupal period of Dimorpha versicolor, 132; Corrected, 160; of Cucullia chtunouiillne, 159; Emmelesia unifasciatil {Perizoma Ufaciata) 300, 335 ; Lachneis Itinestris . . . . . . . . 160 Flea, associated with spread of Bubonic Plague, taken at Ply- mouth . . . . . . . . 191 Foes of pupse of Nonagria ariindinis {typhae) .. .'. .. 75, 132 Foodplants of Arsilonche albovenosa 296 ; Boarniia abietaria, 186 ; Chariclea umbra {Heliothis mar- ginata), 296 ; Chrysophanus phlaeas, 254 ; Doryphora palus- trella, 28; Eupithecia e.vtensaria 305; E. scabiosata, 274; E. suc- centuriata, 274 ; Geometra papilio- naria, 203; Gortyna ochracea, [tiat^ago), 15; Hadena pisi, 25; Heliophobus hispidus, 22 ; PAGE. Lapliygma exigua, 7 ; Leucania straminea, 296; Macrothylacia rubi, 48 ; Malacosoma castroisis, 213; Naenia typica, loS; Ocno- gyna boetiea, 237 ; Papilio inacliaon, 277, 297 ; Pieris rapae, 312 ; Platyptilia acanthodactyln, 48; Polygonia c-all)U)n, 312; Polyommatus astrarche var. artaxerxes, 24, 269 ; P. icarus, 24 ; Thestor ballus, 22 ; Thy- melicus actaeon, 298 ; Xylophasia hepatica . . . . . . . . 158 Forficula auricularia, Abnormal . . 340 Gerris canalium, in Cheshire . . 47 Geometers, Variation of . . . . 75 Geometra papilionaria (with plate), 200, 221 Genus Papilio of Linnc, The, and Barbut's type . . . . . . 211 Genitalia in Lepidoptera,Variabilitv of ■. 218 Germany, The Season of 1905 in 325 Gnophos glaucinaria, egg of, Cor- rection . . . . . . . . 28 Gortyna ochracea (Jiavago),'i^otes on 15 Gonopteryx rluim)ii. Soaring and pairing habits of . . . . . . 108 Grasshoppers, Observations on the pairing of 95, 133 Granary, Notes on some interesting captures in a London . . . . 106 Graphiphora augur ab. lielretina, Note on . . ' 272 Gynandromorphic Apids, Some . . 28 Gynandromorphous specimen of Thymelicus thaumas . . . . 108 Habits, On larval . . . . 256, 309 Habits of imago of Zcpliyrus quercus . . . . . . . . 311 Hammerschmidtia ferruginea, First authenticated British specimen of 302 Haystack refuse, A winter's dav at 103, 138 Hedges, Collecting coleoptera from old 32, 106 Hclio2)hobus hispidus, Oviposition of 22 Hemithea strigata (thymiaria). Re- quest for material . . . . 245 Henops marginatus in the New Forest . . . . . . . . 244 Heredity notes . . 253, 340, 341 Heriades fasciatiis, Type specimen of 340 Hesperia (Syrichthus) malvae ab. taras, in Monmouthshire, 311 ; in April . . . . . . . . 48 Hesperiids, Locality lists of wanted 160 Hippotion celerio, Abundance of, near Cairo . . . . . . 157 Hither and thither 232 Holocaust, An entomological . . 1 349 Honorary M.A. PAGE. degree conferred I on an entomologist at Oxford . . 219 Howes' Memorial Fund . . . . 220 Hybernating stage of ^'/Ainirt 202^/(0- dacli/lns . . . . . . . . 72 H)/Jjcniui defoliaria, Breeding . . 49 Hybrid Lepidoptera . . 282, 30« Hybrid (possible) between Hi/les nicacat' and H. euphorhiae Hydrilla palustris, Rarity of at Berlin Hi/les euphorhiae. Abundance of larvit of, near Villa, 209 ; notes on, 145 ; sound produced by imago, 147 ; unusual time of emergence Hyloicus pinastri, still in Suffolk. . Hjilopliila quercana (bicolorana), larva; common at Norwich Hylotrupc)> hajuliis at Enfield 145 328 386 212 255 133 Ili/hiiis f/nttiger in Ireland. . . . 292 Immigration (probable) of Fyramei^ ataUaita and Euchelia jacobaeae 300, 335 Information about Butterflies required . . . . . . . . 138 Insects, Courtship of . . . . 321 Insects on the Fife coast . . . . 23 Insects, Scents of, and some thoughts about the possible meaning of . . . . 321, 341 160 31 6 170 162 Laclineis Umestris, Condition during pupal state, 72 ; Extended pupal period of, Correction Lamia textor, near Harlech Laplvjcima exigua, Notes on Larentid iniiltistrifjaria, Melanic forms, from Durham, 133 ; Huddersfleld Larva of Aegeiia culiciformis, Habits of " Larvffi, Cerurid and others. Plan for trapi^ing, 213 ; concealed, Liability of, to attacks from parasites, 256, 309 ; of Pyrameis utalanta, On a habit of, 310 ; preservation of, for scientific work, 73 ; secretive life of young and small, 256,309 ; spring, 157 ; habits of, 256, 309 ; life, Length of, in Gortyna ochracea (tlavago) Larval skin of Nisoniades tageg (plate) Lasiocampa quercvn ab. olivaceo- fasciata, unnecessarily renamed 304 Lat]tndins angulatus, a northern species Lepidoptera at Basle, 74 ; Boscombe, 25 ; I3romley, 25 ; in Essex, 274 ; Geneva, 129, 142 ; New Forest, 25 ; Majorca, 302 ; Saas Valley, 174: Vfil d'Herens ..1, 20S, 240 15 281 156 PAGE. Lepidoptera autumnal, 25 ; Early, 108; Hybrid, 282, 30.^; Errone- ous identification of, 27; at light, 22, 204, 256 ; Melanism in, 172; Tamarisk feeding . . . . 164 Lepidopterist, Retrospect of a, for 1905 305 Lepidopterological notes, from Bey- rout district, 56 ; Burnley, 1904, 22; Cannock Chase, 1901, 49; Dereham, 50 ; The Esterel and Di-aguignan, 50 ; Norfolk, 255 ; Northeast Ireland, 51 ; Odd, 296 ; Monmouthshire . . . . 311 Leucania favicolor, Additional aberrations of, 14 ; at Henley, Suffolk 82, 305 Life-histories of Laphygma exiguu, 6 ; ilegachile circumcincta, 329 ; Ocnogyna boetica, 237, 262 ; Volucella bombylana . . . . 328 Limnophila elegans in the Isle of Man . . ' 342 Light, Captures at . . 22, 204, 256 Lithosia sororcula (aureola), in Gloucestershire . . . . . . 334 Locality lists of Hesperiids wanted 160 Lycaeiia arion, in Gloucestershire 334 Lymexylon navale, in the New "Forest 245, 292 Macaria liturata, ab. nigrofulvata, description of, 45 ; at Delamere, 303 ; M. notata, in Monmouth- shire, 314 ; liability to malform- ation . . . . . . . . 314 Macrothylacia rnhi, feeding on Myrica gale, 48 ; pupal habit of 185 Malacosomacastrensis, at Aldeburgh 213 Malachus barnevillei, taken at Hunstanton . . . . . . 28 Malachus vulneratus, not il/. spino- sus, in Sheppy, a correction . . 138 Malformation of imago traced to injury to larva, 312 ; of Macaria notata, 314 ; of Melanippc fluctuata . . . . . . . . 315 Manduca atropos, at Chichester, 297; Durham, 272; Essex, 336 ; Ireland, 22; Mucking .. ..336 Mason collection. Thoughts on prices paid for certain Lepidop- tera . . . . . . . . 159 Medon dilutus, in Oxfordshire . . 30 Megachile circumcincta in Durham 329 Melanargia galatJiea var. procida. Egg of, compared with that of type 300 Melanic Larentia multistrigaria, in Durham, 133 ; at Hudders- field, 170; Phygalia pedaria, in Middlesex 108 Melanism in Lepidoptera . . . . 172 350 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. PAGE. Melanochroic specimen of Catocala nupta . . . . . . . . 301 Mendelian theory, Practical experi- ments illustrating 253, 340, 341 Melitaea athdlia and M. 'parthenie, Kesemblance between, 130 ; M. athalia, egglaying of, 301 ; M. aurelia, egglaying of, 301 ; M. aurinia, Curious egglaying of, 187; in Gloucestershire, 334; M. hritomartiit, Specific distinction of, 198 ; M. parthenie, egglaying of 301 Microdoii latifrons, at Nethy Bridge 302 Microlepidoptera of the Hailsham district Moma orion, Protective resemblance of, to lichen Movements of pupse Miillerian associations . . 83, Myrmecophilous coleoptera in 1905, Notes on . . 320 46 279 115 271 Neoriii nyllenltali var. rufescens, in the Northumberland and Dur- ham district . . . . . . 157 Nemeobius Incina, Egglaying of . . 157 Neoclytiis eryth rocephalus, in Britain 138 New Forest, Sugaring prohibited in 261, 306 Nisoniade.t tages, Trumpet-hairs on larva of (plate) Noctua caxtanea (neglecta), Preva- lence of the type form at Cannock Chase Nola confusalix ab. columhina in Epping Forest . . . . 188, 305 Nomenclature of hairs and bristles in diptera, Suggested Nonagria typhae {antndinis), Foes of pupse of.. North Wales, An entomological trip to Notodonta droyneddHus at Beading Notoloplius (Orgyia) gouostigma, On the assembling of, 299; at Brent- wood, 299 ; at Horning . . 281 49 245 75 259 273 256 Observations on Polyommutus astrarche . . . . . . . . 267 Ocalea latipennis in Surrey . . 103 Ocnoqyna hoetica, Notes on the life- history of (plate) . . . . 237, 262 Odd lepidopterological notes . . 296 (Ecaiithiis fii^cidtus, Huhits oi .. 137 Oporahia autitmmita, Variety of larva, 339 ; O. filigrammaria in Ireland . . . . . . . . 336 Orcliestes sparsus in the New Forest 30 Orocliares angustatm, at Bradfield 31 Orgyia antiqua, Variation of larva and colour of pupa, 96, 313 ; 0. gonostigina, Assembling, 299; at Brentwood, 299 ; at Horning . . 256 Orthoptera of Western Europe, Synopsis oi (continued) 10, 61, 92, PAGE. 125, 151, 179, 205, 227, 2h7, 329 Ovendenia septodactyla (leinigianits) at Croydon . . . .' . . 188 Oviposition of Aegeria chrysidi- formis, 296; Argynnis elisa, 318; Ceviiostoma laburnella, 320 ; C. spartifoliella, 320 ; Chrysophan us plilaeas, 254 ; Daphnis nerii, 249; Gonophora derasa, 313; Gortyna ochracea {flavago), 15 ; Heliophohus his2ndus,22; Melitaea athalia, 301 ; Nemeobius luciva, 157 ; Nepticula ruficapitella, 320; Ocnogyna boetica, 265 ; Pieris brassicae, 245; Polyommutus astrarche, 24, 267 ; P. icarus, 24 ; Pyrameis atalanta, 311 ; Tliecla pruni Pairing habits of grasshoppers, 95, 133 ; of butterflies, 254, 298 ; of Colias hyale, 74 ; of Polyommatus astrarche, 267 ; of Goneptery.v rhamni Pairing, oviposition, and egg of Chrysophanus phlaeas, Notes on, 254 ; of Noctua xanthographa with N.c-nigrum, 274; otTaenio- campa gothica with T. staJiilis . . Palsearctic butterflies, Suggested condensation of literature on . . Papilio, Linne's genus and its sub- divisions, with Barbut's types . . Papilio machaon. Colour dimor- phism of pupa of, 277 ; Earlier stages of, notes on, 277 ; Feeding of larva upon Echinophora sjnnosa, 297 ; Foodplantsof, 277, 297, 339 ; Ichneumon attacking pupa of, 279 ; Movements of pupa of, 279 ; Variation of larva of . . Pararge egeria, Autumnal brood of, 339 ; Distinguishing sex of Parasites entering a breeding- house, 49 ; liability to, or protec- tion from, of concealed larvae, 309; of sleeved larvse . . Parnara nostrodamus, Egg and first larval stage of Peritelus griseus at Purley. . Perizoina bifaciata [Emmelesia uni- fasciata), Retarded emergence of 300, Pharetra {Acronycta) rumicis ab. salicis from Halifax, 23 ; from Barnsley . . Phlaeopora corticalis var. transitu, First authenticated British speci- men Photographing lepidopterous ova, A method of (plate) Photographs of Hemiptera, etc., 341 ; of lepidoptera PItry.vus livornica, Captures of in Britain, 305 ; Common near Cairo 342 108 1(50 220 211 339 313 244 28 30 335 341 166 111 342 157 351 PAGE. Phygalia pedaria, Melanic forms in Middlesex 108 Phymatodes lividus afReading, 294 ; Distinction from P. variahile . . 295 Pieris brassicae, oviposition of, 243; Protective resemblance of pupa, 218 ; P. napi, Variation of pupa, 339 ; Scent of the male, 241 ; P. rapae feeding on Fanaria biennis 312 Plati/dema dytiscoides in the New Forest 104 Platijptilia {Amblyvtilia) acantho- dactyla and P. cotunodacti/la in South Devon, 47 ; P. pallidactyla at Dumfries . . . . . . 73 Plebeius argus (aegon) var. liypo- chiona in Kent . . . . . . 302 "Plume" material required 40, 80, 111 Plume moths, Agdistid, Alucitid, and Orneodid, Types of the genera of . . . . . . . . 34 Plume moths, Work done amongst in 1904, 40 ; indications of obser- vations required in 1905 . . 40 Plusia monetd at Reading . . . . 273 Polia chi at Halifax, 75 ; in Mon- mouthshire, 835; in Rutland, 295 ; Polygonia c-album, Foodplants of, 3*12 ; in Epping Forest, 338 ; pu^jal life of, 312 ; P. egea, collect- ing larvse of, . . . . . . 190 PohiommatuA astrarche ab. arta.ver.ren, Type descrip- tion of, 280; ab. saZHtac/s, Type description of, 280; observa- tions on, 267 ; larval habits of, 268 ; Some British aberrations of 280 P. corijdon, pupal suspension of . . 79 P. orbitulKS resemblance to other species . . . . . . . . 302 Preservation of larvae for scientific work . . . . . . . . 73 Pria dulcamanw, in Sussex .. 271 Prionocyphon serricornis, with aquatic larva . . . . 292, 340 Proportion of sexes in Lepidoptera reared from ova, 46, 71 ; in bred Pieris brassicae . . . . . . 71 Protective resemblance, Movia orion imago, 46; Pieris brassicae pupa, 218 ; Thecla lu-album larva . . 161 Pseudoterpna pndriata, A brown aberration of . . . . . . 339 Psychid economy. Probable er- roneous account of . . 54, 71 Pterostic]ius paninipunctatus, 342; A help to its identification . . 293 Ptilophora plumigera, at light . . 22 Ptinus latro, in London, 333; P. tectus. Distribution of . . . . 30 Pupa of Thestor ballus, sculpturing of (plate), 145; oiPapiliomachaon, Variation of . . . . . . 277 Pupal habit of Macrothylacia rubi, 185 PAGE. Pupal life of Polygonia c-album . . 312 Pupal period. Extended, of Cucul- liachamoniillae, 159; otDimorplia versicolor, 132 ; Corrected, 160 ; of Emmelesia unifasciata, 300, 335 : of Lachneis lanestris 132, 160 Pupal skin of Chrysophanus dispar (plate) 322; of C. phlaeas (plate) 172 Pupal suspension of Polyuinmatus corydon 79, 80 Pupation of Coleophorahemerobiella 316 Pygaerapigra, Note on (Correction) 136 Pyrameis atalanta, Immigration of 300, 335; Note on, 310; P. cardni, at sea . . . . . . 235 Quedius kraatzii, at Chiddingfold, 18 ; Q. nigrocoeruleus, in Sussex, 17 ; List of previous captures, 17 ; Q. obliteratus, at Gibside . . 331 Ueai-ing Acro)iycta{CHS2)idia)tridens 285 Reports of Societies, Publication of, in the Entom. Record . . . . 276 Retarded emergences of CuculUa chamomillae, 159; Emmelesia uni- fasciata {Perizoma bifaciata), 300,335; Lachneis lanestris, IB2, 160 Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1904, 29 ; of a Dipterist for 1904, 55 ; of a Lepidopterist for 1905 . . 305 llhizopliagus coerideipennis in Dur- ham 156 Rhizotrogus solstitialis, On a flight of 333 Rumia luteolata (crataegata), New forms of . . . . ' . . . . 838 Rush-feeding Coleophorides, Notes on 286 Sacium pusillum. Second British record of . . . . . . . . 166 Sale of Dr. Mason's collections . . 159 Sapromyza affinis, from Midlothian 55 Satyrus actaea specifically distinct from S. cordula, 66, 175 ; S. prieuri. Egg and young larva of 274 Scales on the wings of lepidoptera 86, 115 Scent-fans of Aporoplujla nigra . . 341 Scent of the male Pieris napi . . 241 Scents of insects, and some thoughts about their possible meaning 321, 340 Scientific publications and clay- loaded paper . . . . . . 87 Scoliopteryx libatrix, Newly-formed pupa of 186 Scolytus pnmi, nea,r Jjondon .. 271 Sci/dmaenus godarti, at Buddon Wood 271 Season of 1905, The, an improve- ment upon previous years, 305 ; in Germany . . . . . . . . 325 Second broods of Astliena candidata, 315 ; Cerura furcida, 256 ; Ci- 352 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. PAGE. dariapicata, 266 ; Epione apici- aria, 298 ; Leiocampa dictaea, 256 ; Melanippc rivata, 337 ; M. unangulata, 337 ; Fapilio ma- chaon,2T.); Thyatira hotis .. 256 Secretive life of "young or small larvffi, Reasons for . . 256, 309 Sesia aphegiformis in North Hamp- shire . . • . • • • • 188 Sexes, Proportion of, inLepidoptera bred from ova, 46, 71 ; in bred Pieris hrassicae . . . ■ . . 71 Sexual dimorphism in Aegeria chrysidtformis . . . . • • 296 Skipper larvas, Trumpet hairs on 281 Soaring habits of Goncpteryx rhamni 108 Social Hymenoptera in North Dur- ham ' 324 Societe Entomologiquede Belgique, Fiftieth anniversary of . . . . 246 Societies, Publication of Reports in the Entomologist's Record . . 276 Specific distinctness of Grainmop- tera holomelina . . . . . . 182 Spring le]pidoptera . . . . . . 214 Stauropus jagi in Norfolk . . . . 255 Stephens' Collection, Fate of, in the British Museum . . . . • • 306 Sugar, Strange visitors to . . . . 274 Sugaring prohibited in the New Forest 261, 306 Swimming powers of larvae of Arctia caja ■ ■ • • • • 184 Swiss butterflies, Another season amongst 193 Swiss lepidoptera, Notes on some noteworthy variations . . . . 57 Swiss field-work, 1904 . . . . 57 Syvihiotcs latus, at Palmers Green 18 Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe 10, 61, 92, 125, 151, 179, 205, 227, 287, 329 Syrichthus vialvae, in April, 48; ab. taras, 311; in Gloucestershire 311 Tachinidae, Reference to a paper on the 246 Taeniocavrpa, Concealed life of young larvee of . . . • • • 256 Tamarisk-feeding Lepidoptera . . 164 Tasmanian Psychids, Probable erroneous account of economy of 54, 71 Tephrosia histortata, A third brood of, 297 ; and T. crepiiscidaria, Distinctness of Berlin species . . 328 Tetropiinn castaneum at Market Bos worth 18, 31 ; probably T- gabrieli . ■ ■ ■ • ■ • • ^^^ Thais mcdesicaste, Distribution of. . 273 Thecla ic-alhum, Protective resem- blance of larva . . . • . • 160 Thera ftrviata, Single or double- brooded? 296 Thestor hallus, Foodplant of, a PAGE. correction, 22 ; Sculpturing of pupa of (plate) . . . . . . 145 Thryogenes scirrhosus and its con- geners, 102 ; diiierentiation of species . . . . . . . . 103 Thymelicus actaeon, Foodplant, and distribution in Britain, 298 ; T. thaumas, Possible gynandro- morphous specimen of . . . . 108 Tortrix prouidxnta at Eastbourne, 340 ; at Bognor 342 Transparency of wings of lepidop- tera 83, 115 Trapping larvae, Plan for . . . . 213 Tree-trunks, Abundance of lepi- doptera frequenting . . . . 327 Tropideres sepicola taken in the New Forest . . . . . . 68 Tropiphorus ohtusus, Distribution of 30 Trumpet-hairs on a larva of Klisoniades tages (plate), 281 ; on pupa of Chrysopluuius dispar (plate), 322; on pupa of C. phlaeas (plate), 172 ; on larva of Geometra papilionaria (plate) . . 225 Types, Authenticated, in Coleop- tera, What ? 184 Types of the genera of the Agdistid, Alucitid, and Orneodid Plume Moths 34 Variability of genitalia in Lepidop- tera 218 Variation of Geometers . . . . 75 Variation of larvaj of Abraxas gros- sulariatn, 97; of Argynnis aglaia, 97 ; of Orgyia aiitiqua, 96, 313 ; of Oporabia autuinnata, 339 ; of Fapilio madiaon, 339 ; of pupa of Orgyia antiqua . . . . 96 Variations in Swiss Lepidoptera, On some noteworthy . . . . 57 Varieties and aberrations. Unneces- sary renaming of (coofi/iucrf) 28, 75 Vertical distribution of Lepidoptera, 3 ; of Argynnis elisa, 320 ; Cirr- hoedia xerampelina, 336, 337; Erebia flavofasciata, 197 ; E. gorgone and E. gorge, 302; Geo- vietra papilionaria, 205; Melitaea aurinia (artemis) .. .. .. 334 Vespae, Rarity of, in Team Valley 324 Volucella bombylans. Notes on habits of 328 Warwick, Coleoptera of the Victoria History of the County of . . 165 Whittleia retiella {Psyche reticelhi) at Henley, Suffolk . . . . 82 Wings of Lepidoptera, Trans- parency of.. .. .. 83, 115 Wing-scaling of Lepidoptera . . 86 Work done among the Plume moths in 1904 . . . . • • . . 40 363 PAGE. 311; at flowers 312 Zicrona caerulca in Northumber- land and Durh im, 47; (correc- tion) • • 161 PAGE. Xi/lina scmibruunea at Boscombe . . 25 Xylophasia riirca and A'', hepatica larvct, To distinguish . . . . 158 Zephyrus quercus. Habits of imago, Localities : — Abries, 90 ; Aigle, 194 ; Ain Zahalta, 121 ; Alexandria, 148 ; Arolla, 1 ; Basle, 74, 174 ; Basses-Alpes, 65 ; Basteliea, 317 ; Bellarena, 51 ; Bellinzona, 196 ; Berlin, 325 ; Bervan, 328 ; Beyrout, 56 ; Bex, 193 ; Boscombe, 25 ; British Guiana, 115 ; Burnley, 22 ; Cairo, 147 ; Cannock Chase, 49 ; Cape Town, 236, 273; Carqueiranne, 164, 216, 233 ; Chamonix, 60; Charpigny, 194; Chippenham Fen, 255; Clelles-Mens, 91; Col de Torrent, 208, 240; Cumberland (coleoptera), 16; Dbaych, 57 ; Dereham, Norfolk, 50; Digne, 65, 88, 190, 233 ; Ditchling, Sussex (coleoptera), 183; Draguignan, 50, 190; Dumfries, 23 ; Durham, north, 157 ; Ecl^pens, 199; Eden Valley (coleoptera), 17 ; Egypt, 147 ; Essex, 274 ; (The) Esterel, 50; Evolene, 208, 240 ; Ezbet ol Nakhle, 147 ; Faversham (coleoptera), 106 ; Ferpecle Valley, 208, 240; Fife coast, 23; Finkenkrug, 326; Foxley Wood, 225; France, south, 190; Fusio, 197; Geneva, 59, 129, 142, 174; Gex, 129 ; Gibside (coleoptera), 331 ; Grand Saleve, 142 ; Greetland Moor, 75 ; Hail- sham, 320; Hautes-Alpes,65; Helwan (Helonan, by error), 148; Holyhead, 260 ; Hiiteck, 176 ; Hyeres, 164, 191, 214, 232 ; Isle of Man (coleoptera), 32 ; Isle of Wight (coleoptera), 68; Jebel-Barouk, 123; Lausanne, 195; La Vallette, 217 ; Lebanon, 56 ; Lichtenrade, 325; Lissan, 51; Llanfairfechan, 260; Loren(,'0 Marques, 236; Lundy Isle (coleoptera), 301 ; Majorca, 302; Mattmark, 179 ; Marg, 147 ; Margut-Steppe, 149 ; Market Bosworth (coleoptera), 18; Marlborough, 234; Mendrisio, 198; Monmouthshire, 311; Nahr-el-Kelb, 56; Naz, 59; New Forest, 25 (coleoptera), 68, 104, (hemiptera), 67; Niederneundorf, 327; Nile Barrage Gardens. 149; Norfolk, 255 ; North-east Ireland, 51 ; North Wales, 259 ; Oberalp Pass, 198; Peebles district (coleoptera), 70; Penmaenmawr, 259; Pont du Gard, 283; Queyras, 89; Reazzino, 196; Resti, 175; Saas Grund, 174; Salis- bury Plain. 235; Sheppey (coleoptera), 103 ; Simplon Pass, 188 ; South Switzerland, 196 ; Spandau, 325 ; St. Raphael, 50 ; Stalden, 174 ; Switzerland (1904), 57, 188 ; Tintern, 244; Valais, 188; Val d'Herens, 1, 208, 240 ; Vevey, 190 ; Villa, 208, 240; Vissoye, 199 ; Wan Fell (coleop- tera), 16; Zeusehmieden, 175 ; Zinal . . 199 Pl. I. Pl. la. Pl. Vila. Pl. II. Pl. III. Pl. IV. Pl. V. Pl. VI. Pl. VII. Pl. VIII. Pl. IX. Pl. X. Pl. XL Pl. XII. Pl. III((. 01 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, dr. To face Page. Mont Collon from the Kurhaus, Arolla; (2) The Arolla Valley from below the Rousette. Eggs of Lepidoptera Structure of Lepidopterous pupae The Guil Valley Transparency in Wings of Lepidoptera Apparatus for Photographing Lepidopterous ova Pupal skin of Thestor hallus . . Pupal skin of Clirysophanus phlaeas . . Henri de Saussure Geometra papilionaria .. Newly-hatched larva of Ocnogyna hoetica Head of larva of Satyrus pricuri ; Tibia of Ocnoiji/na boedca Skin of larva of Nisoniades tages Pupal skin of Cltrysophwiut! dispar Eggs of Urbicolid and Chrysophanid butterflies Li .ST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Editorial Notes, 16, 23, 25, 27, 38, 48, 72, 162, 171, 185, 252, 256, 262, 299, 341 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S. . . 25, 45 Adkin, Robert, F.E.S 336 Allen, J. E. R. . . 22, 337, 339 Anderson, Joseph . . . . . . 297 1 52 52 65 83 HI 145 172 167 200 237 265 281 322 342 71 Bacot, A. W., F.E.S. Bagnall, Richard S., F.E.S., 47, 71, 156, 157 (twice), 161, 294 (twice), 331 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., 48 (thrice), 75, 298 Baxter, T 190 Beare, (Professor) T.Hudson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. 20, 29, 42, 104 354 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. PAGE, Bell, S. J 261 Bentall, E. E 49 Bird, J. T., 161, 242, 244, 273, 298, 311, 335 Black, James E., F.E.S 70 Bouskell, Frank, F.E.S., F.E.H.S. 294 Buekell, W. M., M.D 336 Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., 10, 61, 92, 125, 151, 167, 179, 205, 227, 287, 329 Burrows. C. K. N. (Kev.) 53, 132, 200, 221,243, 259,285, 308, 335, 336, 338 (twice) Butler, W. E., F.E.S. 132, 159, 160, 273 (thrice) Cansdale, W. D., F.E.S 159 Capper. S. J., F.E.S 248 Cassal. E., M.D 214 Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 22, 50, 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 145, 163, 172, 265, 281, 298, 321, 322 Chitty, A. J., M.A., F.E.S. . . 106 Clark, J 188 Clutten, \\. G. 23, 51, 73, 75, 159 Cochrane, A. M. (Miss) . . . . 336 Collin, J. E., F.E.S 55 Collins, J 46 Colthrup, C. W 298 Crawshay, G. A. (Rev.), M.A. . . 46 Dadd, E. M., F.E.S. .. 256,325 Day, F. H., F.E.S. .. ..17 Dixon, Henry J 297 Dollman, Hereward, 18, 156, 184 (twice), 271 (thrice) Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 18 (thrice), 20, 42, 67, 70, 103 (thrice), 107, 166, 181, 183, 272, 293, 333 (twice) Downe, A. M 296 Druitt, A 296 Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S. .. 108,132 Edwards, J., F.E.S 103 Ellis, H. Willoughby, F.E.S., F.Z.S 106, 270 Fenu, C, F.E.S 46 Filer, F. E. 100 Floersheim, C, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S 277, 310 Freeman, R. (Eev.), M.A. 78, 98, 99 Freer, Eichard, M.D 50 Garde, Philip de la.. .. 24a, 335 Graves, P. P. . . 56, 121, 147, 157 Greer, T 51 Gillmer, M 26, 73 Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc, F.E.S., 15, 25, 97, 133, 145, 158, 254, 267, 272, 280, 300, 301, 324, 328, 329, 338 Heale, W. H. (Eev.), M.A. .. 273 Hills, Stuart G 187 Image, Selwyn, M.A., F.E.S., 87, 188, 218 Jager, J. . . . . . . . . 337 PAGE. Kaye, W. J., F.E.S. .. 83,115 Keynes, J. N., M.A. , D.Sc. .. 190 Latter, Oswald H., M.A., F.E.S. 47 Lister, W. K. 22 Littler, F. M., F.E.S 72 Lowe, F. E., M.A., F.E.S. 38, 80 Lutf, W. A., F.E.S. .. ..218 Manders, N. Lieut. -Colonel, F.Z.S., F.E.S 232 Masssey, Herbert, F.E.S 75 Mathew, Gervase F., Paymaster- in-Chief, E.N.,F.L.S.,F,E.S.,6, 14 McDunnough, J 137 Merritield, F., F.E.S 97 Miller, E. (Miss) 336 Morel, M 294 Morlev, B 170 Moss,"'a. M. (Eev.), M.A. 139, 213, 255, 273 Muschamp, P. A. H 57 Newbery, E. A. Newland, C. Bingham .. 18 .. 109 3, H. E., F.E.S 160 Pickard-Cambridge, 0. (Rev.), M.A., F.E.S 210 Pickett, C. P., F.E.S. . .337 (twice). Piffard, B 244 Pool, C. J. C 133, 134 Powell, H. 165 (twice), 187, 237, 249, 262. 276, 317, 339 Prout, L. B., F.E.S. 73, 299, 300 Ransom, Edward . . Raynor, G. H. (Rev.), M.A. 108, 160, 253, Reid, Percy C, F.E.S. 22, 185, 186, 244, Robertson, R. B. (Major) . . Rothschild, (Hon.) N. C, B.A Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 65, Sich, A., F.E.S., 188, 243, Smallman, Raleigh S. Tomlin, J. R. Le B., M.A. 107, 108 Tonge, A. E Ill, 132 Turner, H. J(',.F.E.S. 188, 286, 315 Tutt, J. W.,If.BfS., 1, 34, 40, 75, 77 (twice), 82, 96, 99, 100 (twice), 101 (four times), 102 (twice), 129, 133, 134, 135, 136 (thrice), 142, 146, 147, 157, 160, 163 (twice), 164, 172, 174, 184, 186, 192, 208, 211, 214, 217, 240, 244, 282, 305 Walker, S., F.E.S 49 Watkins,C. J.,F.E.S., 334 (thrice), 335 Weaving, H. W 161 West, William . . . . 67, 68 Wheeler, George (Rev.), M.A. . . 193 Whittaker, Oscar, F.E.S. . . 47, 214 Whittle, F. G 274 Wood, H 157 73, 74 71, 266, 296 162, 296, 297 25, 49 108 88, 191, 272 300, 309, 320 185, 339 Ih Je '08 Do you Suffer ^ from Headache, Loss of Sleep, ^ Indigestion, ^ Torpid Liver, Biliousness BEECHAM'S PILLS will quickly remove the cause of these distressing complaints, and restore healthy action to every organ. You will feel like a new person after taking a few doses of Beecham's Pills. They rid the system of impurities, improve the digestion, banish headache, and Give Positive Relief in all cases of Biliousness, Constipation, Indigestion, and Disordered Liver. The excellent results obtained by the use of BEECHAM'S PILLS have proved them worthy the confidence they enjoy. They have helped thousands, and recommend themselves. Females especially will find that BEECHAM'S PILLS will restore free and regular conditions, and bring about that physical grace and beauty which only come through per- fect health and regularity. 6,000,000 BOXES SOLD ANNUALLY. Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lane, and Sold Everywhere in Boxes price Is. lid. (56 pills), and 2s. 9d. (168 pills). The " Mason " Collection of British Lepidoptera. TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, Kovemhcr 28th and 29th, AT ONE O'CLOCK. Mr. J. C. STEVENS Will OFFER at his rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C The Final Portion of the unrivalled Collection of British Lepidoptera, FORMED BY THE LATE PHILIP B. MASON, Esq., M.R.C.S., F.C.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc., Of Trent House, Burton-on-Trent, Comprising Micro-Lepidoptera, and including a fine and long series of mo.st of the rare and local species and varieties, in the best state of preservation, to- gether with the first rate Standish and other cabinets in which they are con- tained. Also the extensive duplicate collection of Macros and Micros, compris- ing many thousands of specimens. On view day prior and mornings of sale. Catalogues ready a week prior to sale, post free on application. N.B. — The whole contents of the Museum, consisting of valuable and exten- sive collections of British Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, PJiynchota, Diptera, and other insects. Birds, Birds' Eggs, Shells, Dried Plants, Licliens, Fungi, Bryozoa, Glass Models of Marine Animals, &c., &c., for sale by Private Treaty, and to be seen at Trent House, Burton-on-Trent, upon application to Mrs. Mason, c/oO. E. •Janson and Son, Natural History Agents, 44, Great Russell Street, London, W.C. Subscriptions not yet forwarded should be sent without delay (and so save time and correspondence) to J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E. Will sub- scribers please oblige ? Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E. 14^ o rr 1 c e: . The Back Volumes (I-XVI) of The Entomolorjist's Becord,&c., can be obtained at 10s. (jd. per Volume. Complete set of 16 vols. £6 2s. Gd. net. " Special Index " to Vols. III., IV., v., VI.. VIL. VIII., IX., X.. XL, XII., XIII., XIV., XV. and XVI., price 1/6 each. Single Back Numbers can be obtained at dopble the published price from J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Subscribers are kindly requested to observe tbat subscriptions to The EntomologUVs Uecord, &c., are payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt. ApvERTisEJiENTs of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catlierine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed, also to Mr. -J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S.E., except those relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Doxisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W. All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Reprints of Articles or Notes (long or short) appearing in this Magazine can be arranged for by Authors at a very low price, if ordered at the time of sending the article (minimum .50), on application to Mr. .J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Exchanges. — The u»e of this column for the offer of Duplicates and Desiderata and Changes of address is open free to subscribers so far as there is space available. Desiderata. — Cicindelidse (Tiger Beetles) of the entire globe desired, in exchange for insects of North America. I offer many of our rarest species in first-ciass condition.— H. F. Wickham, State University, Iowa City, Iowa, I'.S.A. Duplicates. — Aglaia, Minima, Mgon, Villica*, Umbratica*, Fimbria*, Paludis, Abjeeta (fair), Putris, Procellata, Illunaria*, pupee S. ligustri, larv;e Sambucaria. Desiderata. — Batis, Urticse, Velleda, Hectus, Dispar, Chlorana, Eussula, Fascelina, Cratsegi, Lanestris, Trifolii, Quercifolia, Furcula, Ziczac, Flavicornis, Eidens, and others to renew. — T. G. Foreman. The Studio, High Street, Hailing, Rochester, Kent. !^'~ ^Duplicates. — Pupte : Ruberata, Impluviata ; Imagines: Adippe, Selene, Mgon, Corydon, Bellargus, Paphia and car. Valezina, Polychloros. Desiderata. — Half-a-dozen specimens each of Machaon, Sinapis, Cinxia, Athalia, Aurinia, C-album, Blandina, Epiphron, .Egeria, Davus, Pruni, Arion, Paniscus, and a pair of any Sphingid or Noto- dontid, or offers in early stages. — (Miss) C. Henderson, Chester Moor Infant School, CJicster-le-Street. Duplicates. — Fine Eup. extensaria*. Desiderata. — Empyrea, Consignata, Lapi- data, Conspicillaris, Bractea, Peltigera, Armigera, Apiformis, Bembeciformis, Mus- cerda. Nigrocincta, Fluviata, Ti^niata, Degeneraria, Chaonia, Testudo, Pruni, Obliquaria, Nubeculosa, Turca, Lej)orina, Fluctuosa, Caliginosa, Cannas, Ashworthii, Lychnitis, Atriplicis, Margaritalis, Myellus, Pulveralis, Marmorea, and other rare or local species. None but well set insects, on black pins, accepted. -£. A. Atmore, King's Lynn, Norfolk. Duplicates. — Atalanta*, Dispar* and ova, Monacha*, Perla, Antiqua*, Filipendulse*, Comma, Pallens, Phragmitidis, Lithoxylea, Bicoloria, Verbasci*, Autumnaria*. Pre- served larvce : Cinxia, Urticffi, Jacobffia3, Caja, Dispar, Monacha, Antiqua, Bucephala, Unanimis, Pronuba, Xanthographa, Typica, Opima, Lucipara, Oleracea, Verbasci, Autumnaria, Biundularia, Grossulariata. Desiderata. — Numerous, or land, freshwater, or marine shells. — J. Jr. Boult, 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull. W^ANTEi). — Correspondence with Lepidopterists and Hymenopterists in Canada, United States, and Germany, with a view to exchange of specimens and mutual help. — J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc, The Avenue, Birtley R.S.O., Durham, England. Wanted badly. — A pupa or pupa-skin of Tages. Preserved will do. This is wanted to complete figures of the Skippers. — J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E. Wanted. — Ova : I wish to obtain photos of the ova of British lepidoptera. Will any- one having ova of any species, and willing to lend same, send me a list on postcard ? I will undertake to return complete and undamaged as quickly as possible, and willingly pay postage. — Alfred E. Tonge, '' Aincroft,''' Reigate,' Surrey. Wanted. — British and European Tortricids, especially those species credited to both Europe and America in Meyrick's Handbook and Staudinger and Eebel's Catalog, pinned and set in English style acceptable. Will make liberal returns in any family of North American Lepidoptera named or other orders unnamed. — W. D. Kearfott, 114, Liberty Street, New York City, U.S.A. Wanted Coleophorids. — As I wish to breed and record the life-history of ail the species of Coleophora, I should be pleased to receive any cases and living larvae which entomologists may meet vvith. I will do what I can in return. — Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, St. Catherine's Park, Neio Cross, S.E. Exchange. — I am desirous of obtaining butterflies from the Malayan Archipelago, and the Pacific Islands. For such I offer perfect diurnals from North and South America, North American Coleoptera. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A. Wanted. — Erycinidae of the world. Offer for same Diurni from United States. — Levi W. Mengel, Boys' High School, Reading, Pa., U.S.A. Wanted. — Parasites from British Coleoptera. Beetles infested with Gordius. Any material will be gratefully acknowledged. — H. St. J. K. Donisthorpc, 58, Kensington Mansions, S.W. Parasitical Diptera wanted. — Will lepidopterists who may breed any dipterous parasites from larvse or pupae kindly forward such as they do not require to me ? If so I shall be greatly obliged. — C. J. Wainwright, 2, Handsworth Wood Road, Handsioorth, Staffs. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.— H, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W., 8 p.m. Meetings: November 15th; December 6th, 1905. Annual meeting, January 17th, 1906. The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.^London Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30 p.m., except in July and August. November 21st, "A new Index Entomologicus," by Rev. G. H. Eaynor, M.A. December 5th, Presidential Address ; December 19th, "The Rheumaptera hastata group," by L. B. Prout. Toynbee Hall Natural History Society.— Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. December 4th, " Natural History of a Salt-marsh," A. G. Tansley. Field Meetings. — November 19th, Chalfont Road, train 10-44 a.m. from Baker Street. January 8th, 1906, Presidential Address. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m. November 23rd, " Special Exhibition of Varieties." December 8th, Lantern Slides. North London Natural History Society, Hackney Technical Institute, adjoining Hackney Downs Stations, G.E.R., at 7.45 p.m. The 2nd and 4th Tuesdays in the month. November 14th, " Lepidoptera, Enemies and means of Defence," M. F. Hopson, F.L.S., etc. November 21st; 28th, " Natural Perfumes from Animals and Plants." December 5th; 12th, Exhibition of Lantern Slides; 19th. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Hon. Sec, E. J. B. Sopp, 104, Liverpool Road, Birkdale. From whom all necessary information can be obtained. Birmingham Entomological Society, Norwich Union Chambers, Congreve Street, at 8 p.m. November 20th; January loth; February 19th (annual). The British Noctuas and their Varieties. (Complete in volumes. Price 7s. per vol., 28s. per set). These four volumes comprise the most complete text-book ever issued on the NocTUiDES. The work contains critical notes on the synonymy, the original type descrip- tions (or descriptions of the original figures) of every British species, the type descriptions of all known varieties of each British species, tabulated diagnosis and short descriptions of the various phases of variation of the more polymorphic species ; all the data known concerning the rare and reputed British species. Complete notes on the lines of develop- ment of the general variation observed in the various families and genera. The geographical range of the various species and their varieties, as well as special notes by lepidopterists who have paid particular attention to certain species. Each volume has an extended introduction. That to Vol. I deals with "General variation and its causes "—with a detailed account of the action of natural selection in producing melanism, albinism, etc. That to Vol. II deals with "The evolution and genetic sequence of insect colours," the most complete review of the subject published. That to Vol. Ill deals with " Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera," explaining so far as is known, a consideration of the organs (and their functions) included in the term. That to Vol. IV deals with " The classification of the Noctuae," with a comparison of the Nearctic and Palaearctic Noctuides. The first subscription list comprised some 200 of our leading British lepidopterists, and up to the present time some 550 complete sets of the work have been sold. The treatise is invaluable to all working collectors who want the latest information on this group, and contains large quantities of material collected from foreign magazines and the works of old British authors, arranged in connection with each species, and not to be found in any other published work. A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. By J. W. TUTT, F.E S. Four volumes. Price £1 each volume, net. Vols. I-IV, £3 7s. 6d. Demy 8vo., thick, strongly bound in cloth. Volume I contains 560 pp. + vi pp. Volume II, 584 pp. + viii pp. Volume III, 558 pp. + xi pp. Volume IV, 535 pp. + xvii pp. The most important work ever offered to lepidopterists. The British fauna is merely taken as the groundwork for the thorough revision of each superfamily treated, and the work thus becomes of first importance to all lepidopterists in the world — systematists, biologists, synonymists, phenologisLs, etc. This important work puts all others of the kind into the shade. It deserves our full attention and recognition, and the opportunity for its study is not to be missed by any students of European lepidoptera to whom it is no less valuable than the Briton (Berl. Ent. Zeits., December 1902). Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist. By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Parts I, II and III (interleaved for Collector's own notes). Price (for the three parts) £1 net. Separately— Part I, 9/- ; Part II, 6/- ; Part III, 6/-. This work contains about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known ; together with a General and Specific Index to Parts I, II and III, by H. J. Turner, F.E.S. ; also chapters on Preservation, Mounting and Photographing Eggs, by F. Noad Clark and A. E. Tonge ; also chapters on Collections, Colltcting, Collectors, the Egg and Egg-stage, the Larva and Larval stage, the Pupa and Pupal stage; with model descriptions and hints for useful records, the whole illustrated by seven carefully executed plates, making this the most important work on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist. An Encylo- psedia of Field Lepidopterology. Monograph of the British Pterophorina. By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. (Demy Svo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth.) Price 5/- net. This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," " Killing " and " Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance of larva, of pupa, and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago," " Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu- tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of Lepidoptera that has ever been published. The Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net. This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first importance to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and contains the following chapters : — 1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata. 5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects— Hymenoptera, Ter- mites. 9. Final considerations. Only a small number of copies have been printed. It is trusted that all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are connected. Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera (Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.) Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of "natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," &c., in particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con- nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism. ' ' ' To be obtained from J. Hebbekt Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. 'I']IE i^ ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. \V. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T. HUDSON BEARE, e.kc, f.k.s., F.H.s.ii. il. BURR, U.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, 3i.n,»ji^Hy5„ k.e.s. H. St. .T.K.DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. ^•t^^'^ r — y JAM Am loth, 1905. m-. Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). (WITH PLATE AND SPECIAL INDEX.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including SPECIAL INDEX anrl all DOUBLE NUMBERS), SEVEN SHILLINGS, TO liE IxmW.VKHHD JO J. HERBERT TUTT, 111), WesTCOMUE HlLI., Bl.^CKHHATH, liUXDON, S.li:. 1 .ONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, (Vi, P.\Ti;UNo,sTjat How, E.G. BIORLIN K. EKIEDLANDEK &. SOHN, 11, C.\KI.STR.\SSE, N.W. NEW YORK: rh. HEINSBEKGEE, 0, Fiust Avende, New Youk, U.S.A. jpiea niii.y also be obtained froui K. H. Porteu, 18, Trinces Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.C. j| <3 F^ E S J^ 7t JVl ASSETS £8.688,242. Established 1848. Lalp'E ^^^^^^^^ OFFICE Claims Paid, nearly £19,500,000. Life Assurance WITHOUT Medical Examination. Monthly Premiums. JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secrelary. Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C. THE GEE SHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited. E>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Shalt, Hic.\ds and Pkufkct Point,s. White, llr.Acic, axi> Gii/r. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! ! It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. "1 [To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities, j Larger quantities ^jco rata. Orders executed in same order as ( received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. 5/- Rannocb New Forest Shetland 15. vi. 97 4. Ix. 1)7 5. V. 97 ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycense Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. BASTIN BROS., THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. Plain Nets, 1/.^ and 2/6 : Folding Nets, 2/- to 4/6 ; Umbrella Nets, 7/- ; Water and Sweeping Nets, 2/6 and 4/6 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/- and 1/6; Zinc Itelaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6 and 2/- ; Entomological pins, 1/- and 1/6 jier ounce, mixed; Killing Bottles (empty), 4d. to 1/-; Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-; Zinc Killing Boxes, Ud. and 1/-; Sugaring Tins, 1/6 and 2/- ; Sugaring Mixture, 1/9 per tin ; Store-Boxes with Camphor Cells, 2/6, 4/-, -5/- and 6/-; Setting-Boards, 14 sizes, from 6d. to 1/10 each; Complete Set, one of each size, 10/6 ; Setting-Houses, 9/6 and 11/6, with store-box back, 14/- ; Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d. and 1/; Breeding-Cages, 2/6 to 7/6; .Japanned Collecting-13ox with Strap, 5/6 ; Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, from 1/4 per dozen ; Purple-Shouldered Boxes (be.^t make) nested, 4 dozen 1/3 ; Chip Boxes, nested, 4 dozen 7d. ; Glass Tubes, 6d. to 3/- per doz. ; Split Cork, 1/- to 2/8 per dozen sheets ; Puim-Diggers, 1/9. All kinds ot Entomological Apparatus kept in stock. Lists free. TIte YoiuHi Entomologist's Companion, comprising Net, Killing-Bottle, Setting-Boards, Pocket, Store and Zinc Boxes, Pins, d'c, c(-c., post free, 10.f. 6(/. A very large stock of Exotic Lepidoptera,,Coleoptera, and other interesting Insects always available. Lists free. Correspondence invited. BASTIN BROTHERS, THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S., 4 vols., Demy 8vo., thick, stiongly bound ia Cloth. Price £1 e.ich vohuue net. Vols. I-IV, £3 7s. Gd. Vol. I contains 560 pp.+vi pp. Vol. II, 584 pp.+viii pp. Vol. Ill, 558 pp. + xi pp. Vol. IV, 5.35 pp. + xvii. pp. The most important work ever ol'fered to lepidopterists. The British fauna is merely taken as the groundwork for the thorough revision of each superfamily treated, and the work thus becomes of first importance to all lepidopterists in the world — systematists, biologists, synonymists, phenologists, &c. This important work puts all others of the kind into the shade. It deserves our full attention and recognition, and the opportunity for its study is not to be missed by any students of European lepidoptera to whom it is no less valualjle than the Briton (licii. Kiit. Zcitif., December 1902). The Migration and Dispersal of Insects. By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Pi ice Five Shillings net. This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first iinpnrtanee to all students of the geograpbical distribution of animals, and contains the following chapters : — 1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata. 5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hyraenoptera, Ter- mites. 9. Final considerations. Only a very small number of copies have been printed. It is trusted that all entomologists will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it to any libraries in which they are interested or with which they are connected. Monograph of the British Pterophorina. By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. (Demy 8vo., 161 pp., bound in Cloth.) A few copies having unexpectedly come to hand, will be sold as long as they last at 5/- per copy. This book contains an introductory chapter on " Collecting," •' Killing ' and " Setting " the Pterophorina, a table giving details of each species — Times of appearance of larva, of pupa, and of imago, food-plants, mode of pupation, and a complete account (so far as is known) of every British species, under the headings of " Synonymy," "Imago," " Variation," " Ovum," " Larva," " Food-plants," " Pupa," " Habitat," and " Distribu- tion." It is much the most complete and trustworthy account of this interesting group of Lepidoptera that has ever been published. Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Bound ill Cloth, with Map and Photographs of District. Price 3s. 6d. This book contains a series of essays dealing with the colours of insects, and sugges- tions as to the relation in past time between the Alpine and British fauna. Many new facts are brought forward, and entomological problems discussed from various standpoints. Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera. (Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.) Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of "natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," "temperature," itc, in particular case-. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the Entomological Society of London, says, "An especially interesting line of enquiry as con- nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' " Wood side, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh. (Crown Svo., Illustrated, 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Bound in Cloth. (Price 2/6). Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and natural history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with include Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe — all well known for their rich entomological fauna. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Eiug Nets, wire or cane, including Htick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/G. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, Gd., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/G, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/G per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennse 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottojned Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets). We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW EOOM FOR CABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Miceoscopical Objects, Fossils, &c. Catalogue (90 pages) sent on application, post free. LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.) Birds, Mfimmids, etc., Preferred and Hloniited b;/ First-class Workmen. AdtosV36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. w'. HEAD, ©utainoloiltet. sct^rbokough. Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, al.w Lepiduptera, Aj>/iaratiis, I 'abinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. OVA, LARV^ AND PUP/E. Large stock all the year round. Finest quality. GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED. Price list free. Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupre or Imagines on commission. For terms, etc., apply L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent. ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.k. M BURR B A , F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.d., f.z.s., f.e.s. TasE. COLLIN, F.E.S. "h.St. J.K.DONISTHORPE,F.7..s. f.e.s. FEBBlJARY loth, 1905. Price SIXPENCE (net). (WITH TWO PLATES.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS), SEVEN SHILLJ TO BE FOR J. HER 119, Westcombi' ELLIOT STOCKS K. feiedlakI 11, Carlstbasse, N.W. NEW YORK: Ph. HEINSBEKGEK, 9, First Avenue, New York, U.S.A. G F^ ES J^ 7'^ ^ ASSETS £8,688,2*2. Established 1848. lalfTE ^ OFFICE Claims Paid, nearly £19,500,000. Life Assurance WITHOUT Medical Examination. Monthly Premiums. JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary. Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C. THE GRE8HAM LIFE ASSUEANCE SOCIETY, Limited. I>. F. TAYLER 612; Co., Lta., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Small Head.s and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABEL5 ! ! LABELS ! ! ! . minute §/- It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as received. Kemittance in full must accompany each order. Rannoch New Forest 15. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 ADDRES5. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. BASTIN BROS., THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. Plain Nets, 1/.^ and 2/6 : Folding Nets, 2/- to 4/6 ; Umbrella Nets, 7/- ; Water and Sweeping Nets, 2/6 and 4/6 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/- and 1/6; Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d,, 1/-, 1/6 and 2/- ; Entomological pins, 1/- and 1/6 per ounce, mixed; Killing Bottles (empty), 4d. to 1/-; Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-; Zinc Killing Boxes, 9d. and 1/-; Sugaring Tins,. 1/6 and 2/- ; Sugaring Mixture, 1/9 per tin; Store-Boxes with Camphor Cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/- and 6/-; Setting-Boards, 14 sizes, from 6d. to 1/10 each; Complete Set, one of each s'vAe, 10/6 ; Setting-Houses, 9/6 and 11/6, with store-box back, 14/- ; Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d. and 1/ ; Breeding-Cages, 2/6 to 7/6 ; Japanned Collecting-Box with Strap, 5/6 ; Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, from 1/4 per dozen ; Purple- Shouldered Boxes (best make) nested, 4 dozen 1/3 ; Chip Boxes, nested, 4 dozen 7d. ; Glass Tubes, 6d. to 3/- per doz. ; Split Cork, 1/- to 2/8 per dozen sheets ; Pupa-Diggers, 1/9. All kinds ot Entomological Apparatus kept in stock. Lists free. The Young Entomologist's Companion, comprising Net, Killing-Bottle, Setting-Boards, Pocket, Store and Zinc Boxes, Pins, dbc, cC-c, post free, 10s. 6d. A very large stock of Exotic Lepidoptera,,Coleoptera, and other interesting Insects always available. Lists free. Correspondence invited. BASTIN BROTHERS, THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-'. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Comx)lete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, •5/-, 7/6. Coleo^jterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Ej'es for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets). We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW BOOM FOE CABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c. Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free. LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.) Birds, Mammals, etc.. Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Ada"es^s-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. ^V. HEAD, @«toinalo0tet, sct^rbokough. Full List of Oca, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. OVA, LARV/C AND PUP/C. Large stock all the year round. Finest quality. GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED. Price list free. Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupa^ or Imagines on commission. For terms, etc., apply L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent. PUBLISHED THIS WEEK. Practical Hintsfor the Field Lepidopterist. PART III (Interleaved for Collector's own notes), By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Containing above 1200 Practical Hints of the form so well known, Together with GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I II & III, Containing references to nearly 1600 British species, By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Together with Chapters on tlie Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs, By F. NOAD CI^ARK and A. E. TONGE. And also Chapters on Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage, the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage (with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES. Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist. PRICE 6s. Od. net. Complete sets of PARTS I, II and III, Price £1 net. (An Encyclopedia of Field Lepidopterology.) Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amount to about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner that it was suspected how wide a field the Hints covered, and how comparatively few of the British species received no hint as to their mode of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index-shows that the work is encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's i^oint of view, nothing so complete as the hints on sallowing, light, sugar- ing, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food, tfec. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, five chapters, simple enough for the beginner, and yet wide enough to teach the expert something, have been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement and photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists. Parts I and II are too well known, and have been so universally well spoken of by the entomological press, that tfcere is only need to say that the second section of Part III is on the same lines as the previous parts. This section alone (i.e., omitting the pre- liminary chapters, plates (and their detailed explanation), general index and specific index) is alone as large as Part I, and as full of detailed facts. Part I is nearly sold out, and is only available at 9s. Od. per part; Part II is still available at 6s. Postal orders with order to be sent to J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. ^W. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e. M BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.s., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.d., f.z.s., f.e.s. ' .Us. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. H. St. J.K.DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.s. MARCH 15th, 1905. Price SIXPENCE (net). (WITH PLATE.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS), SEVEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcojibe Hill, BLACKHEATH^La^SfflSS^i^ LOND ELLIOT STOCK, 62, ^aIbJ^oster Row, E.G. Blplfel/W R. FRIEDL^NlJER & SQHN, 11, CarH^tiS^s^S ISf-W. NEW_YOI^K : Ph. HEINSBEKGSR, «^, I^i New YoriC GF^ESJ^T'^^ ASSETS £8,688,2*2- Established 1848. LaIJ7E ^ OFFICE Claims Paid, nearly £19,500,000. Life Assurance WITHOUT Medical Examination. Monthly Premiums. JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary. Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C. THE GEE SHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited. D. F. TAYLEIt & Co., Lta., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Bfack. and Gilt. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! ! minute 5/- It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \ Larger quantities |jro rata. Orders executed in same order as j received. Eemittance in full must accompany each order. New Forest 4. ix. U7 ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. BASTIN BROS., THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. Plain Nets, 1/.^ and 2/6 : Folding Nets, 2/- to 4/6 ; Umbrella Nets, 7/- ; Water and Sweeping Nets, 2/G and 4/6 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/- and 1/6; Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6 and 2/- ; Entomological pins, 1/- and 1/6 per ounce, mixed; Killing Bottles (empty), 4d. to 1/-; Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-; Zinc Killing Boxes, 9d. and 1/-; Sugaring Tins, 1/6 and 2/- ; Sugaring Mixture, 1/9 per tin ; Store-Boxes with Camphor Cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/- and 6/-; Setting-Boards, 14 sizes, from 6d. to 1/10 each; Complete Set, one of each size, 10/6 ; Setting-Houses, 9/6 and 11/6, with store-box back, 14/- ; Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d. and 1/ ; Breeding-Cages, 2/6 to 7/6 ; Japanned Collecting-Box with Strap, 5/6 ; Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, from 1/4 per dozen ; Purple- Shouldered Boxes (best make) nested, 4 dozen 1/3 ; Chip Boxes, nested, 4 dozen 7d. ; Glass Tubes, 6d. to 3/- per doz. ; Split Cork, 1/- to 2/8 per dozen sheets ; Pupa-Diggers, 1/9. All kinds ot Entomological Apparatus kept in stock. Lists free. The Young Entomologist's Companion, comprising Net, Killing -Bottle, Setting-Boards, Pocket, Store and Zinc Boxes, Pins, dv., <&e., post free, 10s. 6d. A very large stock of Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other interesting Insects always available. Lists free. Correspondence invited. BASTIN BROTHERS, THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Tocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, fiat or oval, lin., 6d. ; Itiin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ; 3|in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, '2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennas 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9cl. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/8 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets). We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c. Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free. LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.) Birds, Mammals, etc.. Preserved and Mounted by First-ckcss Workmen. AaE-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepicloptera in the British Isles is H. W. HEAD, ®»ttoutol<*jjt«t, SeT^RBOROUGH. Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, aho Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., .sent 07i application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. OVA, LARV^ AND PUP/C. Large stock all the year round. Finest quality. GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED. Price list free. Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupae or Imagines on commission. For terms, etc., apply L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent. JUST PUBLISHED. Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist. PART III (Interleaved for Collector's own notes), By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Containing above 1200 Practical Hints of the form so well known. Together with GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I II & III, Containing references to nearly 1600 British species, By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Together witli Chapters on the Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs, By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE. And also Chapters on Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage, the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage (with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES. Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist. PRICE 6s. Od. net. Complete sets of PARTS I, II and III, Price £1 net. (An Encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.) Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner that it was suspected how wide a field the Hints covered, and how comparatively few of the British species other than the very commonest received no hint as to their mode of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view, nothing so complete as the hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa- hunting, and the various j)hases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food, &c. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, five chapters, simple enough for the beginner, and yet wide enough to teach the expert something, have been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his observa- tions and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all field entomolo- gists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement and photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists. Parts I and II are too well known, and have been so universally well spoken of by the entomological press, that there is only need to say that the second section of Part III is on the same lines as the previous parts. This section alone (i.e., omitting the pre- liminary chapters, plates (and their detailed explanation), general index and specific index) is alone as large as Part I, and as full of detailed facts. Part I is nearly sold out, and is only available at 9s. Od. per part; Part II is still available at 6s. Postal orders with order to be sent to J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Vol. XVII. No. 4. Xf THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e. M BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.K.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., f.z.s., f.e.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H.St. J. K.DONISTHORPE, F.z.s. f.e.s. APRIL 15th, 1905. \ r Price SIXPENCE (net). (WITH PLATE.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS), SEVEN SHILLINGS, TO ]1K FORWAKDED_T_q_ J. HERBE 119, Westcombk Hiij., B^ LC ELLIOT STOCK, (32 BERL R. FWEDLANDE 11, Caklstbaf NEW YORK: Ph. HEINSBEEGER, 9, First New York, U.S.A. Gl 1-^ E S h^ 75^ ^ ASSETS £8,688,2*2. Established 1848. laIJ7E ^^ OFFICE Claims Paid, nearly £19,500,000. Life Assurance WITHOUT Medical Examination. Monthly Premiums. JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary. Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX. THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited. I>. F. TAYLER 61^ Co., Ltd., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Sjiall Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gii/r. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! ! , minute s/- It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. New Forest Shetland 4. ix. a? 5. V. 97 ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. BASTIN BROS., THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. Plain Nets, 1/.^ and 2/6 : Folding Nets, 2/- to 4/6 ; Umbrella Nets, 7/- ; Water and Sweeping Nets, 2/6 and 4/6 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/- and 1/6; Zinc Kelaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6 and 2/- ; Entomological pins, 1/- and 1/6 per ounce, mixed; Kilhng Bottles (empty), 4d. to 1/-; Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-; Zinc Killing Boxes, 9d. and 1/-; Sugaring Tins, 1/6 and 2/- ; Sugaring Mixture, 1/9 per tin ; Store-Boxes with Camphor Cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/- and 6/-; Setting-Boards, 14 sizes, from 6d. to 1/10 each; Complete Set, one of each size, 10/6 ; Setting-Houses, 9/6 and 11/6, with store-box back, 14/- ; Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d. and 1/ ; Breeding- Cages, 2/6 to 7/6 ; Japanned Collecting-Box with Strap, 5/6 ; Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, from 1/4 per dozen ; Purple- Shouldered Boxes (beat make) nested, 4 dozen 1/3 ; Chip Boxes, nested, 4 dozen 7d. ; Glass Tubes, 6d. to 3/- per doz. ; Split Cork, 1/- to 2/8 per dozen sheets ; Pupa-Diggers, 1/9. All kinds ot Entomological Apparatus kept in stock. Lists free. The Young Entomologist's Companion, comprising Net, Killing -Bottle, Setting -Boards, Pocket, Store and Zinc Boxes, Pins, dx., dx., post free, 10s. 6rf. A very large stock of Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other interesting Insects always available. Lists free. Correspondence invited. BASTIN BROTHERS, THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. JUST PUBLISHED. Practical Hintsfop the Field Lepidopterist. PART III (Interleaved for Collector's own notes), By J. \V. TUTT, F.E.S. Containing above 1200 Practical Hints of the form so well known. Together with GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I II & III, Containing references to nearly 1600 British species, By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Together with Chapters on the Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs, By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE. And also Chapters on Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage, the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage (with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES. Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist. PRICE 6s. Od. net. Complete sets of PARTS I, II and III, Price £1 net. (An Encyclopicdia of Field Lepidopterology.) Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner that it was suspected how wide a field the Hints covered, and how comparatively few of the British species other than the very commonest received no hint as to their mode of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view, nothing'so complete as the hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa- hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera— breeding-cages, treatment, food, etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, five chapters, simple enough for the beginner, and yet wide enough to teach the expert something, have been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his observa- tions and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of entomological science, and the book can be recommended as behig of first value to all field entomolo- gists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement and photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists. Parts I and II are too well known, and have been so universally well spoken of by the entomological press, that there is only need to say that the second section of Part III is on the same lines as the previous parts. This section alone (i.e., omitting the pre- liminary chapters, plates (and their detailed explanation), general index and specific index) is alone as large as Part I, and as full of detailed facts. Part I is nearly sold out, and is only available at 9s. Od. per part ; Part II is still available at 6s. Postal orders with order to be sent to J. HERBERT4TUTT,:119,^Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets). We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW KOOM FOR CABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c. Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free. LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.) Birds, Mammals, etc.. Preserved mid Mounted by First-class Workmen. AaS-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. M/-. HEAD, mMtomolcin&t, SeT^RBOROUGH. Full Lint of Ova, Larrcii', and Fiijiac, aUo Lepidoptera, Apparatiiff, Cabinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. OVA, LARV/G AND PUP/E. Large stock all the year round. Finest quality. GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED. Price list free. Lepidoptera reared from the ova to PupaB or Imagines on commission. For terms, etc., apply L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent. Vol. XVII. *^ Mw' THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. V^. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e. M BURR. B.A.,p.z.s., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., r.z.s., f.e.s. JAB.E. COLLIN, F.E.S. 'h.St. J.K.DONISTHORPE.F.z.a. F.B.8. MAY 15th, 1905. Price SIXPENCE (net). (WITH PLATE.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBEB8), SEVEN SHILLIN TO BE FORWARDED J. HERBER 119, Westcombe Hill, Blj \^.. ■■■^ ELLIOT STOCK, BE] R. FKIEDLANl 11, Cari.stra^s^^ NEW YORK : Ph. HEINSBEKGER, 9, First Avende, New York, U.S.A. G 1^ E S ^^ JOf JSn. ASSETS £8,688,242. Established 1848. Lalp'E ^^^^^;^ OFFICE Claims Paid, nearly £19,500,000. Life Assurance WITHOUT Medical Examination. Monthly Premiums. JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary. Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C. THE GEE SHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited. r>. F. TAYLEI^ & Co., Ltd., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! ! It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minut« label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. ( To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \ P / 1 Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order ^s I n / ^ ( received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I N| Rannoch New Forest Shetland 15. vi. 97 4. Ix. 97 5. V. 97 ADDRESS. — ''Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. BASTIN BROS., THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. Plain Nets, 1/.^ and 2/6 : Folding Nets, 2/- to 4/6 ; Umbrella Nets, 7/- ; Water and Sweeping Nets, 2/6 and 4/6 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/- and 1/6; Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6 and 2/- ; Entomological pins, 1/- and 1/6 per ounce, mixed; Killing Bottles (empty), 4d. to 1/-; Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-; Zinc Killing Boxes, 9d. and 1/-; Sugaring Tins, 1/6 and 2/- ; Sugaring Mixture, 1/9 per tin ; Store-Boxes with Camphor Cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/- and 6/-; Setting-Boards, 14 sizes, from 6d. to 1/10 each; Complete Set, one of each size, 10/6 ; Setting-Houses, 9/6 and 11/6, with store-box back, 14/- ; Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d. and 1/ ; Breeding-Cages, 2/6 to 7/6 ; Japanned Collecting-Box with Strap, 5/6 ; Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, from -1/4 per dozen ; Purple- Shouldered Boxes (best make) nested, 4 dozen 1/3 ; Chip Boxes, nested, 4 dozen 7d. ; Glass Tubes, 6d. to 3/- per doz. ; Split Cork, 1/- to 2/8 per dozen sheets ; Pupa-Diggers, 1/9. All kinds ot Entomological Apparatus kept in stock. Lists free. The Young Entomologist's Companion, comprising Net, Killing -Bottle, Setting-Boards, Pocket, Store and Zinc Boxes, Pins, dc, <&c., post free, 10s. 6d. A very large stock of Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other interesting Insects always available. Lists free. Correspondence invited. BASTIN BROTHERS, THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. ^'n apiilication. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. OVA, LARV/E AND PUP^E. Large stock all the year round. Finest quality. GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED. Price list free. Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pupre or Imagines on commission. For terms, etc., apply L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent. IMPORTANT NOTICE.— Those Avho want Part I should obtain it without delay. Ppactical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist. By J. V^. TUTT, F.E.S. F»ARTS I, II and III (Interleaved for Collector's own notes), Containing about 5000 Practical Hints of the form so well known. Together with GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I II & III, • Containing references to nearly 1600 British species, By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Together with Chai)ters on the Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs, By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE. And also Chapters on Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage, the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage (with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES. Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist. PRICE (fop the Three Parts) £1 net. Separately— PART I, 9/-, PART II, 6/-, PART III, 6/-. (An Encyclopedia of Field Lepidopterology.) Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner that it was suspected how wide a field the Hints covered, and how comparatively few of the British species, other than the vei"y commonest, received no hint as to their mode of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is encyclopsedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view, nothing so complete as the hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pujia- hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food, (S!c. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, five chapters, simple enough for the beginner, and yet wide enough to teach the expert something, have been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his observa- tions and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all field entomolo- gists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement and photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists. Parts I and II are too well known, and have been so universally well spoken of by the entomological press, that there is only need to say that the second section of Part III is on the same lines as the previous parts. This section alone (i.e., omitting the pre- liminary chapters, plates (and their detailed explanation), general index and specific index) is alone as large as Part I, and as full of detailed facts. Part I is nearly sold out, and is only available at 9s. Od. per part ; Part II is still available at 6s. Postal orders with order to be sent to J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. r ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. VSA. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.k. M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.K.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.8. .Tas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J.K.DONISTHORPE, F.z.s. f.e.s. J( LV 1st, 1903. Price SIXPENCE (nkt). (WITH TWO PLATES.) Subscription for Complete Yoliiiue, post free (Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBr,E NUMBER8) SEVEN SHILLINGS, TO \:K KOinVARDlOI) TO J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, WESTCO.MBE HiI.I., Bt.AlKHKATH, FjONDOX, S.IC. ELLIOT STOCK Ph. HElIsSI> • New Gresham Life Office, Founded 1848. Annual Income (1904)- £1,348,659 Assets £9,014,532 Payments under Policies £20,474,666 Head Office -ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX. JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretarif. THE (4EESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited. I>. W. TiLYLER & Co.5 Lta., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Smaij. Hkads and Pkkfkct Points. Wuni;, Bi-a( k. and Gii.t. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! ! It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. (To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. Ranuoch 15. vi. 97 ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycense Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. BASTIN BROS., THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. Plain Nets, !/.■< and 2/6 : Folding Nets, 2/- to 4/C ; Umbrella Nets, 7/- ; Water and Sweeping Nets, 2/G and 4/6 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/- and 1/6; Zinc lielaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6 and 2/- ; Entomological pins, 1/- and 1/6 per ounce, mixed; Killing Bottles (empty), 4d. to 1/-; Sugaring Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-; Zinc Killing Boxes, 9d. and 1/-; Sugaring Tins, 1/6 and 2/- ; Sugaring Mixture, 1/9 per tin ; Store-Boxes with Camphor Cells, 2/6,4/-, 5/- and 6/-; Setting-Boards, 14 sizes, from 6d. to 1/10 each; Complete Set, one of each size, 10/6 ; Setting-Houses, 9/6 and 11/6, with store-box back, 14/- ; Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d. and 1/ ; Breeding-Cages, 2/6 to 7/6 ; Japanned Collecting-Box with Strap, 5/6 ; Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, from 1/4 per dozen ; Purple- Shouldered Boxes (best make) nested, 4 dozen 1/3 ; Chip Boxes, nested, 4 dozen 7d. ; Glass Tubes, 6d. to 3/- per doz. ; Split Cork, 1/- to 2/8 per dozen sheets ; Pupa-Diggers, 1/9. All kinds ot Entomological Apparatus kept in stock. Lists free. The You)i/ Firxt-cUiits Workmen. Add"e's's-36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. ^V. HEAD, ©nUnnoioiiUtt, SeT^KBOROUGH. t')(ll List of Ji.RTS I, II a,n.a HI (Interleaved for Collector's own notes), Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known. Together with GENERAL & SPECIFIC INDEX to Parts I, II & III, Containing references to nearly 1600 British species, By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. Togetlier with Cliapters on tlie Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs, By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE. And also Chapters on Collections, Collecting, Collectors, The Egg & Eggstage» the Larva & Larval Stage, the Pupa & Pupal Stage (with model descriptions and hints for useful records), the whole illustrated by SEVEN CAREFULLY EXECUTED PLATES. Making this the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field lepidopterist. PRICE (for the Three Parts) £1 net. Separately— PART I, 9/-, PART II, 6/-, PART III, 6/-. (An Encyclopsedia of Field Lepidopterology.) Koughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to. about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner that it was suspected how wide a field the Hints covered, and how comparatively few drt^ie British species, other than the very commonest, received no hint as to their mode of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view, nothing so complete as. the hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa- hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food, &c. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, five chapters, simple enough for the beginner, and yet wide enough to teach the expert something, have been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his observa- tions and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all field entomolo- gists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement and photographing of eggs,. will appeal to a very large class of entomologists. Parts I and II are too well known, and have been so universally well spoken of by the entomological press, that there is only need to say that the second section of Part III is oil the same lines as the previous parts. This section alone (i.e., omitting the pre- liminary chapters, plates (and their detailed explanation), general index and specific index) is alone as large as Part I, and as full of detailed facts. Part I is nearly sold out, and is only available at 9s. Od. per part ; Part II is still available at 6s. Postal orders with order to be sent to J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Vol. XVil. \:^ W^^J^mm THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORE AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. T. HUDSON BEARE, li.sc, f.k.s., F.R.s.t. M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.k.s, Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J. K.DONTSTHORPE, F.7..a. f.b.s. JULY 30lh, 1906. v^r- ■/¥ Price SIXPENCE (nkt). (WITH PLATE.) Subscnption for Complete Volume, po.st frat (Including SPECIAL INDKX and all DOUBI-E NUMBEB8) SEVEN SHILLINGS, TO HE KORWARDKD TO J. herber: 119, Westcojibf. HiLiy ELLIOT STOC K. FKIEDI 11, Ca NEW YORK: Ph. HEINSBEEGEK, 9, First Avknuk, Gresham Life Office, Founded 1848. Annual Income (1904)- £1,348,659 Assets £9,014,532 Payments under Policies £20,474,666 li.ail (iffiw -ST. MII.DREn'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, K.C. JAMES H. SCOTT, (ie)ieral Mnnu(ier (iiid Sccrct/iri). THE CtREHHAM life ASSUEANGE SOCIETY, Ltmitki>. D. F. TAYLEFi & Co., Lta., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Smaij- Ukahs and Piiiu'ECT Points. White. Bi,ack. and Gii;i'. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS !! ! It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. fl n n fl f-^" comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. | P / -s j -^Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order *''S L H / __ rj J ( received. Kemittance in full must accompany each order. ) M/ Shetland 5. V. 97 ADDRESS. — "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. BASTIN BROS., THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. Plain Nets, 1/.^ and 2/6 : Folding Nets, 2/- to 4/0 ; Umbrella Nets, 7/- ; Water and Sweeping Nets, 2/G and 4/6 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/- andl/C; Zinc lielaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6 and 2/- ; Entomological pins, 1/- and 1/6 per ounce, mixed; Killing Bottles one of each size, 10/6 ; Setting-Houses, 9/6 and 11/6, with store-box back, 14/- ; Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d. and 1/ ; Breeding-Cages, 2/6 to 7/6 ; Japanned Collecting-Box with Strap, 5/6 ; Glass Top and Bottom Boxes, from 1/4 per dozen ; Purple- Shouldered Boxes (best make) nested, 4 dozen 1/3 ; Chip Boxes, nested, 4 dozen 7d. ; Glass Tubes, 6d. to 3/- per doz. ; Split Cork, 1/- to 2/8 per dozen sheets ; Pupa-Diggers, 1/9. All kinds ot Entomological Apparatus kept in stock. Lists free. The Yoniui EntomologiM'' a Companion, comprisiny Net, Killing- Bottle, Setting- Board*, Pocket, Store and Zinc Boxes, Pins, (he, i&c, post free, 10s. 6d. A very large stock of Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other interesting Insects always available. Lists free. Correspondence invited. BASTIN BROTHERS, THE HATHERLEY ROOMS, READING. WATKINS 8c DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Dmbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc P^elaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/0, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to «/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6. 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use. 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., fid.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in., 1/- ; 3|in., 1/4; lin., 1/6; .5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Sfrtting Houses, 9/6. 11/6; corked back, 14/-. Zinc I.arva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cnge. 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bf)ttle, with tube, 1/6. 1/8. Botanical Cnse.s, japanned, double tin. 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper. 1/1. 1/4. 1/9, 2/2 per quire. In. sect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for r^^placing AnteMiice 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps. 1/6, 2/-. 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J. be.st quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chlorofonu Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens. 1/- U) 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from I/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box. 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes. 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Buttei-flies. 2d. ; ditto of Bird.s' Eggs, 2d., ,3d.. fid. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells. 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Netsi. We beg to call your attention to oui new Telescopic Handle for buttertly uets. It in made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10 6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW KOOM KOK (JABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eoom, Coins, Microsoopicai, OB.iRCTa. Fiis«il.m, Ac. Catalogue (96 pajces) sent on application, post free. L.ARGK STOCK OF INSKCTS AND BIRDH' KOGS (British, Fiuropean, and Kxotie.) Birrh. Mfimm/iU. etc.. Prftfrrfil /mil Mounted hii Fintl-cl'iA* VVorhmfn. Add^esV-Se, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E- The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H, W. HEAD, O5utomoio0t6t, SCT^R BOROUGH. Full Lint of Ova, Larrae, anrJ Pn}>ae, also Lepidofitfra, Apparatus, i 'ahinet$ I'tr.. sent on a/tfdiration. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. OVA, LARV/E AND PUP/E. Large .stock all the year rfjimrl. I''ine.st quality, GENUINE BRITISH ONLY STOCKED. Price list free. Lepidoptera reared from the ova to Pup* or Itnagine.s on commission. For terms, etc.. apply L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent. A New Illustrated and advanced Text-Book on British Butterflies, ENTITLKJ) A Natural History OF THE British Butterflies. BY J. Mr. TUTT, F.E.S., Will shortly be published in from 30 to 40 Parts, at Is. each Part net. Tlie book will be on the hnes of The Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, and will comprise full detailed accounts of the Synonymy, Original description, Gynandromorphs, Variation (original descriptions of all named forms), Egg-laying, Egg, Habits of Larva, Larva, Puparium, Pupa, Food-plants, Parasites, Time of appearance. Habits, Habitats, Localities, Distribution, &c. To subscribers of The Natural History of British LepidoiAera, the first 20 parts will be sent post free for 15s., payable in advance (the other parta pro rata). To non-subscribers to this work, the first 20 parts will be forwarded for 17s. 6d., payable in advance. To those who buy the parts from month to month as issued, the charge will be the net face value of each part. It is proposed to publish each part monthly, the first part in September. It IS expected that the work will form, when complete, two volumes of the same size, and exactly parallel with The Natural History of the British Lejndopterar of which it may be considered a constituent part. The only real reasons for printing it apart from that series, is (1) The large accumulation of matter already in hand. (2) The fact that a good butterfly book is really wanted, and could not possibly be reached for some years, in the series of our great work. (3) The easier method of publication to the author in preparing a regular monthly instalment An attempt will be made to deal with eggs and pupae, as well as imagines and larvae, in the illustrations. Mr. A. E. Tonge has already promised to lend us photographs of many of the eggs which our friends have generously supplied for the purpose. We hope to make the volume really worthy of serious study to all advanced lepidopterists, and shall be glad of as much help as possible. Short diagnoses of gynandromorphic examples are particularly needed. Please enter my name as a subscriber for copies to the forthcoming work, A Natural History of the British Butterflies, for the first 20 parts of which I forward the sum of 15s. (or 17s. 6d.) as set forth above. Name Address J. W. TuTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E. ENT0M0S§GIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION J. V^. TUTT, F.K.S. T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e. M BURR, B.A.,F.z.s., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.d., f.z.s., f.e.s. .T\s E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H.St. .J. K.DONISTHORPE, F.z.s. F.E.S. SEPTEMBER ' loth, 1905. Price SIXPENCE (net). (WITH PLATE.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS) SEVEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FOKW.\RI)ED TO J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Bl.\ckheath, London, S.E. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 02, Pateknosteu How, E.G. BERLIN R. FKIEDLANDER & SOHM, 11, Carlstrasse, N.W. NEW YORK: rh. HEllSSBERGEE, 9, First Avenue, New York. U.S.A. Gresham Life Office, Founded 1848. Annual Income (1904)- £1,348,659 Assets £9,014,532 Payments under Policies £20,474,666 Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX. JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary. THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited. O. JP. TAYLER & Co., Lta,, Entomological Pin Manufacturers, || Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! ! , minute 5/- It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. 'To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. [ Larger quantities 2^>'o rata. Orders executed in same order as j i-eceived. Eemittance in full must accompany each order. New Forest Shetland i. ix. 97 5. V. 97 ADDRESS.— "Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycen« Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. FOR SALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. The Acarina or Mites, by Nathan Banks. Demy 8vo., with 201 figures and Biblio- s. d, graphy. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..(30 Early Stages of Carabidae, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo. Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0 Dragonfly Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . ..60 Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy 8vo., with 11 full-page plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Origin of Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy 8vo., splendidly illustrated with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. .. .. .. .. .. ..10 Revision of American Siphonaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy 8vo., with 17 full- page plates, complete Bibliography, &c. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 7 Entomologiats seeking books are invited to send their lists of desiderata. For other books and pamphlets see advertisement in the July 1st number of The Ent. Record, etc. Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewishatn, S.E. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, Cd., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. jDer four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/1) per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in., 1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/4 per tlozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh- water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets). We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW KOOM FOR CABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c. Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free. LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.) Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved i>4,"''^. No. 11. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Assisted by T. HUDSON BEABE, b.sc, f.h.s., f.k.s.h. M. BURR, B.A., I'-.z.s., F.L.S., F.K.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.d., f.z.s., f.e.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J.K.nONISTHORPE p.z.s. f.k.s. XOVEMBEB loth, 1905. Price SIXPENCE (n.:t). (WITH PLATE.) Subscnption for Complete Volume, post free (Inclucling SPECIAL INDEX aijfl all DOUBLE NUMBERS) SEVEN ^^^ILLINGS, TO BE I'ORWABDED TO J. HERBERT TUTT, 110, WKSTC0JID1C HlI.I,, Bl.Af'KHK ^'I'H, I/cNDOX, S.E. S'i^.>. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, (52, Paternostkk Kow, E.G. BERLIN K. FKIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11, Cari.stkasse, N.W. NEW YORK: Ph. HEINSBEEGEK, 9, First Avenue, New York, U.S.A. A"^ Gresham Life Office, Founded 1848. . , . I 1 894 - - £1 ,01 2,786 Annual Income 1904 - - £1,348,659 - . (1894 - - £5,536,659 Assets - - -ii904 - - £9,014,532 Payments under -1894 - £12,173,703 Policies - -11904 - - £20,4T4,666 Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX. uAlvlES ■■■ SCOTT, General Mamujer and Sccretari/. THE GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, Limited. I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABEL5 ! ! LABELS ! ! ! minute s/- It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. f^ 'To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \ Larger quantities i^ro rata. Orders executed in same order as L received. Eemittance in full must accompany each order. New Forest 4. ix. 97 ADDRESS. — ^"Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenee Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. FOR SALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. The Acarina or Mites, by Nathan Banks. Demy 8vo., with 201 figures and Biblio- s. d, graphy. Bound in cloth, gold-letteied . . . . . . . . . . ..60 Early Stages of Carabidse, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo. Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0 Dragonfly Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . ..60 Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy 8vo., with 11 full-page plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..50 Origin of Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy 8vo., splendidly illustrated with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 6 Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. .. .. ., .. .. . . 10 0 Revision of American Siphcnaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy 8vo., with 17 full- page plates, complete Bibliography, ifec. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 7 6 Entomologists seeldnfi books are invited to send their lists of desiderata . For other books and pamphlets see advertisement in the July 1st number of Tlie Ent, Record, etc. Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E. WATKINS 8c DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, Od., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxe.s, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l|in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in., 1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/G. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antenna 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets). We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, etfecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW EOOM FOR CABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, Ac. Catalogue {96 pages) sent on application, post free. L.A.RGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.) Birds, Mammah, etc., Preserved avd Mounted bi/ First-class Worktiieii. Only Address- .36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. W. HEAD, ©utoJitoloiJtst, SeT^RBOHOUGH. Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Fttpae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., sent . F. TAYLER Sc Co., J^ta., Entomological Pin Manufacturers, Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gir-T. BIRMINGHAM and LONDON. Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World. LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! ! minute 5/- It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor. (To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities."! Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I New Forest Shetland 4. ix. 97 5. V. 97 ADDRESS. — •'Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road. Westcombe Park, S.E. FOR SALE. THE FOLLOWING RARE AND IMPORTANT ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. The Acarina or Mites, by Nathan Banks. Demy 8vo., with 201 figures and Biblio- s. d, graphy. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..60 Early Stages of Carabidse, by George Dimmock and Frederick Knab. Demy 8vo. Four full-page plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 6 0 Dragonfly Nymphs, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 7 full-page process plates and several figures. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . ..60 Aleyrodids of California, by Florence E. Bemis. Demy Bvo., with 11 full-page plates. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . . . . . . . . . ..50 Origin of Wings of Coleoptera, by W. L. Tower. Demy 8vo., splendidly illustrated with 7 double demy plates and Bibliography. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered 7 6 Genealogic Study of Dragonfly Wing Venation, by James G. Needham. Demy 8vo., with 24 full-page process plates and 44 figures. A most important work. Bound in cloth, gold lettered. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0 Revision of American Siphonaptera, by Carl F. Baker. Demy 8vo., with 17 full- page plates, complete Bibliography, &c. Bound in cloth, gold-lettered . . 7 6 Entomologists seeking books are invited to send their lists of desiderata. For other books and pamphlets see advertisement in the July 1st number of The Ent. Record, etc. Orders for the above to A. H. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Eiiig Nets, wii-e ov cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6. Folding Nets, 3/6, 4/-. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/G. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1/-, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin., 1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1/6 to 6/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/4 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9. Taxidermist's Com- panion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals ; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. ; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. THE WAND TELESCOPE NET (An innovation in Butterfly Nets). We beg to call your attention to our new Telescopic Handle for butterfly nets. It is made entirely in brass, and is light and strong, and, moreover, it can be shut up to carry in small compass. A very compact pattern, effecting great saving in weight and bulk. Prices— 2 joints, 8/6; 3 joints, 9/6; 4 joints, 10/6. Complete with cane folding ring and bag. We shall be pleased to send on application. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &e. Catalogue (96 pages) sent on application, post free. LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic.) Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved aud Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address—' 36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. (5 doors from Charing Cross) OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP^. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. W. HEAD, ®titomal0(jt«t, SCT^RSOROUGH. t'vll List of Oca, Larvae, and Pupae', also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. CHRISTMAS BOOKS FOR YOUNG NATURALISTS. By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. Random Recollections in Woodland, Fen and Hill. Bound in cloth. Price 3/-. Woodside, Burnside, Hillside and Marsh. Bound in cloth. Price 2/6. Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Bound in cloth. Price 3/G. From J. Hkrp.ekt Tutt, 119, Weslcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. Keep your knowledge of British Butterflies up to dat "Acquaintance with the author's other volumes on British Lepidoptera had prepare masterly and exhaustive treatment of the Butterflies, and we certainly are not disappointed The book will be found exceedingly useful to everyone interested inBritish butterflies, but t student in the higher branches of entomology it will be indispensable."— T/if Entomoloqist, Decern 1905. P^X«tS I, II SLYiei III €>r A NATURAL HISTORY ^. BRITISH BUTTERFLIES Their IVorld-wide Variation and Geographical Distribution. (A. Text-book for Students and Collectors.) By J. W. T U T T, F.E.S., Were published on November 1st, 15tb, and December 15th. Price Is. net (post free Is. Id.) each part. The book is divisible into two parts — (1) Chapters on the general subject, (2) Systematic and Biological considerations of each family, subfamily, tribe, genus and species. Part I contains, in the first section, a chapter entitled " General observations on Butterflies," and part of another chapter, " Egglaying of Butterflies." The second section contains a detailed consideration of the superfamily Urbicolides (Hespkriides) or skippers, the family Urbicolid.e, the subfamily Thymelicin;e, the tribe Thymelicidi, the genus Adop.ea, and the species Adop^a lineola. The latter is treated under the headings of " Synonymy," " Original Descrip- tion," " Imago," " Sexual Dimorphism," " Comparison of Adopaea lineola and A.Jiava (tJiaiiuws),'' "Variation (with description of nine aberrations and varie- ties, six new)," " Egglaying," " Ovum," " Comparison of eggs of Adopaea lineola and A. flava,'' "Habits of Larva," "Ontogeny of Larva," "Larva," "Food- plants," " Puparium," " Pupa," " Time of Appearance" (with lists of actual dates in given places), " Habitats," " Habits," " British Localities " (ten counties with places), and "Distribution." Part II contains, in the first section, the conclusion of the chapter " Egg- laying of Butterflies," a chapter "Eggs of Butterflies," and part of another " Photographing Butterfly Eggs." The second section contains a full account of Adop^a flava, treated under the heads of " Synonymy," " Original Descrip- tion," "Imago," " Sexual Dimorphism," "Gynandromorphism," "Variation (with description of nine new aberrations and varieties)," "Egglaying," "Ovum," "Habits of Larva," "Larva," "Variation of Larva," "Food-plants," "Pupa- rium," " Time of Appearance," " Habitat," "Habits," " British Localities," and "Distribution." An account of the genus Thymelious, followed by a full con- sideration of Thymelious acteon, under practically the same headings as above (and including descriptions of five new aberrations), as far as the Pupa. This Part contains a plate of the " Apparatus needed for photographing eggs." Part III contains, in the first section, the conclusion of the chapter " Photo- graphing Butterfly Eggs," and the commencement of another chapter entitled " Obtaining Eggs of Butterflies." The second section containing the completion of the account of Thymelious acteon, an account of the tribe Urbicolidi, the genus Augiades, and a detailed consideration of Augiades sylvanus to the para- graph " Pupa," the latter being here described in detail for the first time. A plate containing the eggs of the remaining Urbicolids and the Chrysophanids is given with Part III. Every entomologist should send for Parts I, II and III (Is. Id. each, post free) in order to judge the proposed scope and standard of the work. To make it a real success every entomologist interested in our Butterflies should subscribe. It will also be considered an act of great kindness if every entomologist will send information of any British species of which he has special knowledge. Every effort will be made to make the book worthy of the best traditions of British entomology and British entomologists. Please enter my name as a subscriber for copies to the forthcoming work, A Natural History of the British. Butterflies, for the first 20 parts of which I forward the sum 17s. 6d. as set forth above. J Name '. . ,•_, .... ^^.^ Address '.'.tS .^ J. Herbert Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E. 00 1 > ' ^• f 7 t. 1 L 1 ^ s tu 1 III .L___ ._ _1F l,*J__^ C5