^..

^ ,: /

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORC

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editkd by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASHISTKU BV

T. HUDSON BKAKE, u.sc, I'.e.s., k.k.s.e.

Geokge T. BETHUNE-BAKEB, f.z.s. fx.s., f.e.s.

M. BUKlt, D.sc.,F.y..s., v.L.s., K.K.s. (Rev.) U. R. N. BURROWS, f.es.

Jas. K. COLIJN, f.e.s. T. a. ( IIAPIMAN, ji.d., F.z.s., f.e.s.

H. Kt. .1. K. nONIS'lHORPK, f.z.s., f.f;.s. Alfrkd SICH, f.e.s.

Henrv J. TURNER, f.e.s. Geobge WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

VOL. XXI.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER. 1909.

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PREFACE.

With this number we condude our Twenty-first Volume, and have
to apologise for not having yet been able to carry out our intention of
publishing a " coming-of-age " number. It is not for want of the
will, but rather that leisure has not been found in which to arrange
the details.

The success of the magazine and its position in the entomological
world are now so assured that there is no need to point out the varied
interests that are catered for. We have been able, thanks to various
donors, to present our readers with another extensive series of illustra-
tions, and have no doubt that these have been fully appreciated by our
subscribers. We have been fortunate in obtaining a rather larger
share of papers relating to British entomology, and would urge our
readers to continue to help us in this direction. Articles on field
work are still, no doubt, most keenly appreciated, and add largely to
our knowledge of "distribution," whilst the notes relating to conti-
nental trips in pursuit of our favourite quarry, add largely to our
knowledge of the "general" and "local" variation of many species
well known to us at home.

The General Index has been again compiled by the Eev. C. R. N.
Burrows, whilst Professor T. Hudson Beare, Dr. Malcolm Burr,
Messrs. J. E. Collm and H. J. Turner have the special index well in
hand. To all of these we offer our most grateful thanks, and, as Mr.
H. J. Turner, in particular, really relieves us of a great responsibility
in this as well as in other directions, we have obtained his consent to
allow his name to appear on the cover of the magazine as one of those
to whom we may turn for advice and help when at all necessary. The
contents of our magazine will show that our editorial stafi' is really a
working one, to which we owe, and heartily tender, our warmest
thanks.

But it is the help of the outsider that really tells ; the great mass
of short notes, relating to observations in the field, the results of
breeding experiments, the record of the rise and fall in the abundance
of species in different seasons, the appearance and disappearance of
aberrational forms, the extension of species locally under apparently
exceptionally suitable conditions, lists of captures from outlying dis-
tricts, with notes on dates of capture, etc., all add to the general
interest of a magazine the contents of which must be to some extent
descriptive and biological in their general character. To all those
who send us such notes, who introduce our magazine to the notice of
their entomological friends, and indeed to all who help us in any way,
our best thanks are a:ratefullv tendered.

00

Vol.. XXI

Plate I.

/

4

f!

A

S

r .

Photo. F, N. Pierce.

CoMPAIiAIIVK VIEW OF GENITALIA OF EVETRIA PINICOLANA, DliLD. (FiGS. 1, 2, 3),
.^ND E. BUOLIANA, ScHIFF. (FiGS. 4, 5, 6).

'riifi Kiilnmol.amtit^ n, Upcnrd p.fc 1900.

Vol. XXI.

Pj.ate 2.

Laiiva, Pupa and Imago of MinRonoN mltahilis, Linn.
The Entomolo(j'i^t''s Record, etc., 1909.

^ ... %/

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Vol. XXI. No. 1. January 15th, 1909.

The Lepidoptera of the Orisons — The Sertig=Thal.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The morning of August, 5th, 1908, broke doubtfully at Davos ; large
heavy clouds hang over the valley, whilst others collected round the
highest peaks and presaged rain. However, the sun shone brightly be-
tween the cloudy intervals, and a start was made for the Sertig-Thal.
Across the valley to Claradel, where more " baths " and " open-air beds ' ' are
to be found, and one finds oneself in the Sertig-Thal. This is a much
narrower valley than the Dischma-Thal, but almost as highly cultivated,
although, as it ascends more steeply, the cultivated patches are more
quickly left behind. The abundance of Odezia [Tanaijra) atrata {ehaero-
/i/ijjllata) was most marked; the 5 s principally rested on the grass and
other plants in the meadows, but thcc? s were on the wing flying in the sun
everywhere. It was, however, a most unusual sight to me to see them
busily feeding on the flowers of wild thyme. On the little wild-thyme
patches by the edges of the meadows or on the top of the stone-walls,
they collected, resting on the flowers with extended and quivering-
wings, their probosces dug deep into the nectaries of the florets, ever
changing their position as they fluttered round a thyme head,
successively probing each floret in turn, and then passing on to another,
their white-tipped black wings continually vibrating up and down and
looking very fresh and fine in the sunlight, and theirantennfe extended
in front ; but they remained when the sun was hidden ; on two or three
occasions also examples were noticed on the horse-droppings in the
road, from which they seemed to be extracting some moisture.
Arfujnnh aijlaia and A. niohe flew joyously up and down the slopes,
whilst, on every small piece of waste ground, Adkinia coprodactyla was,
as in all these neighbouring valleys, readily disturbed. A few
examples of Aricia astrarche and Polyonuuatus icariis were also
noticed, whilst Melampias melanqm^ flew almost everywhere, nor was
there any diminution in the abundance of Ficris brassicae, which, in all
the valleys of this part of the Grisons this year, amounted to a veritable
plague. Hundreds were often in view at one time, half-a-dozen
alwaj's, even when cloudy or rain was slightly falling. The shadow
of two large butterflies (and the specimens were large) would fall in
front of one, and a 5 would be observed flying steadily, and a J^ a foot
or so from her, now above, now behind her, fluttering down to her,
and forcing her at last nearer and nearer to the ground. Presently
she would settle, and he would follow with quivering wings and take

Z THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD.

up a position by her to pair. Immediately her abdomen would be
thrown upright into the air, and, whilst he felt for the usual position of
the apex of the abdomen, would remain there, lowering and raising it
again as often as he receded from or edged up to her. Failing to
secure union, he Avoald fly off, and, if she remained still, flew right
away, but if she also flew up he would again follow her and go through
the whole performance again. The ^ seems to have no knowledge
whatever of whether the J has been fertilised or not. He follows one
up for miles, hovering, fluttering, and seeking to charm her ; he only
finds that pairing is forbidden by failing to find the copnlatory organs
of the 2 , always held high in the air when he attempts to mate with
her. He leaves her simply from failure to effect union. An unpaired
? of course leaves her abdomen down and pairing takes place almost
immediately, but such a $ has of course rarely ever flown, and it is
remarkable that natural selection has not yet taught these J butter-
flies that 5 s on the wing do not require their attention. On the
contrary, as many as 7 or 8 ^ s may be seen circling round a single
$ on the wing, and finally all go disconsolate away. Nor do our
common white Pierids ever appear to pair more than once, the $ s so
observed being all in the very finest possible condition. Two J
examples of 2Ierritieldia tridactyla [tetradactijla) were disturbed, and
then a wild patch by the brawling torrent, covered with Senecio
viiyjaurea, scabious, centaurea, hieracia, and other wild flowers, showed
an abundance of the beautiful Chri/sopkaiiHs hippothoe in both sexes,
and the wanted Loweia siibaljiina, but these were neglected for a careful
hunt among the Senecio, but a good quarter-of-an-hour's search only
resulted in a single example of Fredoicina calodacUjla (zetterstedtii).
work as hard as one might. It was in fine condition, better than any
of those taken in the Dischma-Thal on August 1st. It rested in the
box with its forewings drawn back about half-way, so as to be almost
at right angles with one another, the hindwings covered by the fore-
wings, but with none of the usual stretch of wings almost in a straight
line, that one so often sees in the " plumes." On the waste ground, too,
we observed a few Cyan iris seiiiiar(/as, usually distinguished on the
wing from Puli/ouimatiis icorKs, which was also there, by its darker
deeper blue ; tlie $ s of seinian/xs look particularly black, it always
seems to me, on the wing, but I must confess to a difficulty in always
discriminating the species readily and well on flight. But in all my
wanderings abroad — two species have largely escaped me — Chrysn-
phanus hippothoe and Loiceia snbalpina : both have generally been over,
quite worn and useless, when I have met them, and my series has
usually consisted of a few odd specimens in better condition than the
more abundant rejected. Here both were not at all rare, and, although
50 per cent, were rejected, I selected a series of nearly a score of good
specimens of each, but this took nearly an hour, as the sun appeared and
disappeared, and one could only capture them in the intervals. It is
generally stated that Loweia snbalpina is a form of L. dorilis, but this
I cannot believe on the superficial evidence of the imagines. The
$s are very difficult sometimes to distinguish from those of C.
hippothoe until closely examined. Of course there is no difficulty on
close examination. The 3 s of C. hippothoe showed none of the
purple tinge sometimes so marked in Alpine examples, and the $ s
little or no trace of orange, whilst some of the examples of both

EVETRIA PINICOLANA, DBLD. 3

species were exceptionally small, the smallest of C. Jiippothoe about
30mm., of L. si(balpi)ia 29mm. Krebia euryale and Brenthis
amathusia also appeared, but not in numbers.

Entering the pinewood Larentia raesiata HeAV up in great
abu ndance, and directly one was through it Pamassius delius came career-
ing down the slope, whilst many of the big Pieris hramcae here looked
quite as large. Adkinia cuprodactyla was disturbed at almost every
step, as also was Enholia viensnraria and many Crambids, and a
lovely Pliisia fell to the net, but the rain-clouds were now collect-
ing all over the upper part of the valley, and as Sertig Dorfli came in
sight, the rain commenced to descend ; we sheltered for a time under
a shed and then made for the pinewood ; for more than an hour we
remained under a pine-tree, perfectly dry, whilst we watched the
antics of Larentia caedata, Er/nnelesia ericetata, and Ciawbus
conrliellus. They defied the rain and required no shelter ; over and
over again a specimen came to the edge of the pine-tree. Hew into
the safety of its shelter only an inch or two before returning to the
open and rain, with such a speed that suggested that a mistake had
been made ; but the clouds became denser, and the wet afternoon was
certain, so we faced a drenching and stepped out to do the 5 miles to
Davos. A warm bath and a change of clothes soon put matters
strnight, and, if we have little to show for our day's outing, we still
have happy memories of our day in the 8ertig valley.

Evefria pinicolana, Dbld., specifically distinct from E. buoliana,

Sclliff. {tilth plate).
By EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S.

In the Ent. Mo. Ma;t., ser. 2, xviii., 209-210 (1907), after giving
reasons for my firm conviction, which agrees with the practically
unanimous verdict of British lepidopterists, both past and present,
that F.retria pinicolana, Dbld., is specifically distinct from E. buuluina,
Schiff., 1 offered to supply with plenty of material any specialist who
would kindly undertake to compare the genitalia, thinking it not
improbable that these would afford definite proof that the former
insect could not be merely a variety of the latter, as both Meyrick
[HIi. Br. Lep., 470 (1895)], and Staudinger and Eebel [Cat., pp.
102-3, no. 1851 (1901)] , have treated it

Fortunately for science, my friend, Mr. F. N. Pierce, was good
enough to offer his services, and, after various delays, due to our both
suffering from bad health, my hopes have been realised beyond all
expectation, for, in some named individuals of both sexes of these
species that he received from me, Mr. Pierce has found such remark-
able and constant differences in the genitalia, not only of the males
but also of the females, that they amount to proof positive that E.
pinicolana, Dbld., is not cospecific with E. bavliaua. The synonymy,
as given by Meyrick (I.e.), and by Staudinger and Rebel {I.e.), must,
therefore, be corrected, so as to show that pinicolana is entitled to
specific rank.

My hearty thanks are due to Mr. Pierce for the great trouble he
has taken in the matter, and for the photographs that are reproduced
in the accompanying plate. These indicate clearly, in particular,
the striking differences in length and breadth between tiae genital canals

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

of the females, and the corresponding differences between the penis-
sheaths of the males.

In a future note I hope to record the results of my attempt, made
six years ago, to find reliable rlistinctions between these two species
in their larval and pupal stages.

Explanation of Plate I.
Figs. 1, 4. Genitalia of 9 E. innicolana and E. biioliana, 'a ' being the canal.
,, 2, 5. iEdccagus (penis-sheath) of d" E. phiicolana and E. buoliana, dissected

out.
,, 3, 6. Genitalia of ^ , with eedoeagus (' b ') in situ.

C(£nobia rufa, Hw., ab. fusca, n. ab.

By EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S.

Forewings dark fuscous, somewhat tinged with red. Hindwings
dark grey, paler towards the base. The usual black dots on both fore-
and hindwings are either visible or traceable. The head, thorax,
cilia, etc., are proportionately dark as compared with the type.

I have taken this interesting aberration, which differs from the
type in its remarkably dark colour, very sparingly of recent years in
the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, among some hundreds of Coenohia rufa,
which have included examples of ab. pallcscrns, Tutt, and ab. Uneola,
Stph., as well as typical specimens and individuals of every inter-
mediate shade between these last and the darkest representatives of
ab../'»scft. Hitherto I have not come across any females approaching
the colour of the form under notice, but it would be rash to assume
from this fact that ab. fusca is confined to the male sex, for, in my
experience, females are rarely met with, and of them my captures have
only numbered eighteen. It may be mentioned, in passing, that all
have been taken at dusk or late dusk, and all, wath possibly one or
two exceptions, on the wing, and, curiously enough, seven of them
were secured on the rather cool and windy evening of August 2nd,
1905, when my total bag of C. rufa only included 26 individuals !

I have failed to find any published reference to this extreme form,
or to obtain any information of its occurrence elsewhere.

A close acquaintance with L'. rufa, extending over some years, has
convinced me that, in the spots in the Isle of Purbeck where I have
found the imago most numerous, the larva must feed in the stems of
Jtmcus efusua, though this conviction still awaits the confirmation of
positive proof.

Variation of Aglais urticae.

By (Rev.) G. H. RAYNOR, M.A.
Some dozen years or more have now elapsed since my very good
friend Mr. W. H. Harwood, of Colchester, drew my attention to the
possibilities of this species in the Avay of variation. Since then I have
bred it in large numbers every year, and have also had the privilege of
seeing all the remarkable varieties reared by Mr. Harwood. After
studying the species for so long a period, I realised about a year ago
that it was high time to evolve some order out of the chaos, in the
way of arranging the specimens I possessed. With a view to
accomplishing this, I did what is absolutely necessary for the successful
study of any species, i.e., J got a thorough mental grasp of all the

VARIATION OF AGLAIS UKTIC.E. O

markings that constitute the " tout ensemble " of the insect, and to
each of these I proceeded to assign a Latin name. After all, the
markings (liable to vary) are but few and simple. Each of the three
large black blotches along the costa of the forewings I have termed
a "macula"; the large one in the centre of the inner margin is a
" nota " ; and to the two smaller ones in the central area the name of
" puncta " is appropriately given. The outer margin is naturally
termed the " margo," and the blue lunulated spots within it "guttfe."
These complete the markings of the forewings. The outer margin of
the hindwmgs also has a black edging which contains blue markings
similar to the "guttfe," but which, for the sake of distinction, are here
termed " lunulae." The only other variable portion of the hindwings
is the central, red, transverse belt, which at once suggests its parent-
word " balteus." If those of your readers who have followed me so
far, and wish to understand the accompanying table, will get these Latin
names well into their minds, I think they will find but very few
difficulties in their way; but, before coming to the "scheme," I should
perhaps say that in it " infra " refers to the upper surface of the hind-
wings, and "subtus" to the underside of the insect; whereas "dorsum"
represents the inner margin, and "tornus" the point of junction
between this and the outer margin.

In the first place I append an alphabetical list, with full references
and descriptions of the 21 (really 20) varieties already described by
various authors, only premising that cflsc/i»r/?-t?«s/s = ;-urt««, and, having
priority, causes ri::ana to disappear.

atrehatensis, Boisd., " Eevue et- Magasin de Zool.," 1873, p. 409, pi. 17, fig. 1.
Ichnusoides, South, " Ent.," xxii., p. 218, t. 8, fig. 2. Urticae ab., Hb., 549-
50; Kirby, " Handbk.," i., 1894, p. 91, fig. 3 (ut ab. a, sed al. post, totis
infuscatis)=like icJmusoides (of Selys), but with hindwings entirely fuscous.

caendapicata, Eaynor, "Ent. Eec," xviii., 298, "with pale chalky-blue apex
to forewings."

canchndrensis, Kollar, "Hiigel's Kaschmir.," vol. iv., p. 442 (1844), t. 9, figs. 3, 4;
Nicev., ''Butts. Ind.,'^ ii., p. 233 (major, obscurior, al. ant. sine mac. caerul.)=a
large dusky form, without blue spots on forewings.

chitiensis, Leech, "Butts. China," p. 258, t. 25, fig. 1. \ ar. thihetmia, kuBt.,
" Nat.," 1898, p. 201 (major, saturatius fulva, al. margine toto nigro, caeruleo-
maculata) = deeper tawny, with entirely black margins, spotted with blue.

con/unctfl, Neub., " Soc. Ent.," xix., 170 (1905). — Agrees in a general way with ab.
atrebatensis, B., but all three costal blotches are united, forming a continuous
black stripe in which not at atom of the ground colour remains. Bred by
Dr. Dannenberg in a low temperature. Locality not stated.

C07inexa, Butler, "Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.," 1881, p. 851 ; Leech, "Butts. China,"
p. 258 (al. ant. fascia media nigra) = forewings with central black fascia. Tutt,
Brit. Butts., 1896, p. 336, says, "A Japanese local form, with the inner
marginal spot united with the costal, forming a central transverse band.
Almost identical vf ith jiolaris, except for its brighter colour."

dannenhergi, Neub., " Soc. Ent.," xix., p. 170. — Inclining towards ab. ichnusoides,
Sel. The blue marginal spots of both forewings and hindwings replaced by
spots of a decided straw-yellow colour, those of the hindwings being produced
as wedges towards the margin, and with stronger black dusting between them.
Underside unicolorous black, the yellow spots forming a broad yellow marginal
band. Bred by Dr. Dannenberg. Apparently the result of a temperature
experiment.

discolor, (Hein.), Kiihl, "Gr.-Schm.," i., p, 778. " Groundcolour dark ochreous-
yellow ; the blue marginal spots present on both wings ; border black. Fore-
wing with three black costal spots, separated by yellowish spots ; a white spot
beyond the outer black one ; a large black spot not far from the inner margin,
without a yellowish one beyond it ; two black spots in the middle of the
wing. Hindwing broadly black at the base ; a ixiuddy ochreous-yellow band

b THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

between the base and the border. Underside forewing pale ochreous-yellow,
with black-brown costal spots. Basal half of hindwing clouded with blackish."
Tutt, Brit. Butts., 189(3, p. 336, says, "Ground colour not reddish as in
the type, but of a dark ochre-yellow."

ichnusa, Bon., " Descr.," t. 3, fig, 2; Dup., i., 23, 4; B., loc. cit., 24, 2; Hb,, 840;
Tr., X., 1, 21 ; Ebr., "Ann. S. Fr.," 1832, t. 7, fig. 3 (saturatius fulva, al.
ant. mac. duabus med. nullis) = deeper tawny, the two median spots on the
forewings being absent,

ichnmoides, Selys, "Cat. Lep. Belg.," 1837, p. 18'; " Compt. Eend. Soc. Ent.
Belg.," 1874, p. 37; Lambrieho, ib., "Ann.,"xxi. (1878), p. 9, t. 1, figs. 4, 5 (al.
ant. maculis 2 et 3 costal, conjunctis, mac. med. nullis, subt. obscurior) = second
and third costal blotches on forewings coalescing, no median spots ; underside
more dusky than usual.

ladakensis, Moore, "Ann. and Mag." (5), i.. 1878, p. 227; " Yark. Miss.," p. 2,
t.l,fig.2; Nicev., "Butt. Ind.," ii., p. 234 (minor, al. fasc. exter. flava; al. ant.
sine mac. caerul.) =a small form, with yellow outer margin ; no blue spots on
forewing.

m^?-ioa r/a.deMoffarte, "Miscell.Ent.," Oct. 1,1895, p. 122, "with black hindwings."
Eedescribed and figured by Haverkampf, " Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.," xlviii., p. 186,
tab. 1 (1904:) = 7iigra, Tutt, Brit. Butts., 1896, p. 335. Hindwings entirely black
= nigrita Fickert," Journ. Wiirttemberg Nat. Hist. Soc." (Stuttgart, 1897, p. 68).
Hindwings entirely brown-black, with merely slight traces of yellowish marginal
spots (Fickert, "Jahresb Ver. Nat. Wiirtt.," liii., pi. Ixviii [1897], obviously
= ni(jra of Tutt), and is apparently the result of a temperature experiment.

nixa, Grum., "Mem. Bom.," iv., p. 426; Elihl, 354 (mac. caeruleis anter.
subnullis, al. post, margine exter. latiore) = forewings with blue spots almost
obsolete ; hindwings with broad outer margin.

osborni, Donck., " Feuille des jeunes Nat.," xi., p. 33, pi. 1, fig. 4. — Tutt, Brit.
Butts., 1896, p. 336, says, "The black costal spots of the forewings, with
a broad ochre -yellow edging, form a single long and broad stripe, stretching
from the outer margin to the basal area. The outer margin ochre-yellow
with black stripes, in which both the small black spots and the upper half
of the inner marginal blotch are absorbed. Hindwings brown, with ochre-
yellow inner margin. The outer margin of the ground colour, the blue
marginal lunules very pale (in the forewings absent)."

polaris, Staud., " Cat.," ed. 2, p. 16. Urticae, Staud., " Stett. e. Z.," 1861, p. 345
(al. ant. mac. dors, cum mac. cost, saepius conjunctis, obscurior) = forewings
generally having dorsal and costal spots united. A dusky form.

pygmaea, Eiihl, " Gross Schmett. Pal.," i., p. 778 — Tutt, Brit. Butts., 1896,
p. 336, says, " Small, half-fed examples. This form bears the same relation
to A. urticae, that ab. ioides does to V. io.'^

rizatia, M(5ore, " Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.," 1872, p. 559; Nicev., loc. cit., p. 234
(sequ. var. similis sed major) = similar to the following variety {caschmirensis),
but larger.

sahuonicolor, Eaynor, "Ent. Eec," xviii., 298. "With salmon ground colour."

$6lysi, Donck., " Feuille des jeunes Nat.." xi., p. 33, pi. i., fig. 42. — Tutt, Brit.
Butts.," 1896, p. 336, says, "Differs from urticae in the smaller size of the
inner marginal blotches of the forewings, in the complete failure of the black
spots, in the three costal blotches of the forewings not being edged with
yellow, in the faintness of the blue lunules in the outer margin of the
forewings, and in the complete failure of the same on the hindwings.

turcica, Staud., "Cat.," ed. 2, p. 16; "saturatius fulva, " = deeper tawny. Tutt,
Brit. Butts., 1896, p 335, says, "Intermediate between typical V. urticae
and var. ichnusa in colour ; the inner marginal spot, and two central spots,
are absent" = turcicoides, St&ud. = urticoides, Alph., "Iris," vii., p. 303
(eadeiu cum praecedente, sed duplo minor) = same as preceding (turcica) but
only half its size.

urticoides, Fisch. v. W., "Ent.," v., p. 123 (1851). — Staudinger says "Forma
pygmaea " = a small form. Tutt, Brit. Butts., 1896, p. 336, says,
"Extraordinarily small (only 29-34mm.), brilliantly coloured, and somewhat
intermediate between var. turcica and the type."

In the subjoined scheme, or table, I have analysed, and arranged
accordhig to their position, the above-named varieties, placing them
in the left column, and opposite to them I have placed 30 aberrations

VARIATION OF AGLAIS URTIC.E.

which I here name and describe for the first time — nearly all from Essex
specimens. Of the 24 previously-named forms, the following, at any
rate, I know to occur m Britain — atrebatensis, caendapicata, conne.ra,
discolor, ic/inusa, ichnusoides, nigra, polarix and salmonicolor, and of the
others nixa, pyijwaea and urticoides have almost certainly occurred.

Aglais urtic^.
Uppek-surface.

Gkodnd colour.
discolor, dark yellow.
ialmonicolor, salmon.

Primaries.

Apex.

caendapicata, with pale, chalky-blue
apex.

Margin.s.

caschmirensis, without blue lunules.

chinevsis, with the black margins
blue-spotted.

dannenbergi, with lunules straw
instead of blue.

ladakensis, with yellow margins with-
out blue lunules.

Macule.
ichnusoides, 2nd and 3rd maculae

coalesce ; puncta absent.
atrehateiitilf, 2nd and 8rd maculae

coalesce ; hindwings entirely

fuspous.
conjuncta, all three maculae coalesce.
osborni, all three maculae coalesce,

and are edged with yellow-ochre ;

puncta both absent.
connea-a, with complete black median

fascia, ground colour normal.
polaris, with complete black median

fascia, ground colour dusky.
.fihjsi, with four maculae (three along

costa, fourth square, and near

margin).

alba, white.

bruimeo-uiolacea, brown -violet.

clarirufa, bright rufous.

fiilva, reddish fulvous.

ignea, tiery-red.

latericolor, brick-coloured.

lutea, buff.

rubroch ren , reddish-ochreous.

obscura, dull, dusky-red.

pohjchloroides, of the colour of polij-

chloros.
testudinea, deep, rich, tortoiseshell.

flavotessellata, with pale yellow central

area extending from costa to inner

margin.
iiifuscata, with all the dark markings

much intensified.
nubilata, with black, cloudy area

between 2nd macula and nota.
radiata, with veins (in central reddish

area) much blackened.
strigata, with black, horizontal streak,

between 2nd macula and nota.

Costa.
itic/ricostata, with narrow black margin

to costa.
fnlvoinurginata, with outer margins

edged with fulvous.
griseomarginata, with outer margins

edged with grey.
parviguttata, witli small blue lunules.
magniguttata, with large blue lunules.
cuneatigiittata, with wedge-shaped

blue lunules.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PUNCTA.
chnitsa, puncta both absent, ground
colour deep tawny.

NOTA.

turcica, nota (and puncta) absent.
Dorsum.

Secondaries.
tngricaria, black.
nixa, with broad outer margin.

magnipuucta, with large puncta.
parvipuncta, with small puncta.
punctijuncta, with joined puncta.
tripuncta, with three puncta.
unipuncta, with one punctum.

magninotata, with large nota.
parvinotata, with small nota.

nigridorsata, with black streak running
from tornus to nota.

adumhrata, with black cloud at top of

balteus.
infraradiata, with veins (of hindwings

only) much blackened.
angustibalteata, with narrow balteus.
latibalteata , with broad balteus.
magnilunidata, with large blue lunulas.
parvilunulata, with small blue lunules.
Size.
pygmaea, small.

urticoides, small(29-34mm.), brilliant-
ly coloured.
Under-surface.

subtus-lactea , with pale area creamy
(instead of ochre).
I subt2is-rufa, with pale area rufous
I (instead of ochre).

This tabular arrangement will, I hope, enable specialists to sort out
the ditferent forms of this insect they possess, and when they get a
representative series I believe they will be convinced that I am not
guilty of refinement in assigning such a large number of new names,
but that every form named is worthy of separation from the type.

Many of them are both rare and beautiful, notably alha^iynea, discolor,
nigricana, ichnusoides, atrebatensh, conjnncta, and caendapicata. It is,
beyond all controversy, a most glorious insect, and, according to my
experience, maintains its pristine lustre undimmed for many years,
provided that it has never been subjected to any chemical fumes.
Personally I avoid all such deleterious agents as ammonia and cyanide,
and kill by puncturing w"ith a pen-nib steeped in nicotine.

In conclusion, I feel I must heartily thank the Rev. G. Wheeler,
Mr. Louis B. Prout, and Herren Standfuss, Federley, and Gillmer, for
their valuable assistance in the matter of nomenclature, and may also
add that I shall always be pleased to help any of your readers, so far
as I can, in matters connected with this species.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., etc.
{Continued from vol. xx., p. 260.)

4. DoLicHopoDA AZAMi, Saulcy.

Differs from its congeners as shown in the table of species.
According to Azam, this species occurs in November in various caves
and grottos in Provence, as the Grotte des Chauvesouris, near
Chateaudouble, in crevices in the Clue de Chabrieres, Font de Sao.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTEKA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 9

5. DOLICHOPODA LINDERI, DufoUl'.

Testaceous : dorsal segments of thorax and abdomen bordered with
fuscous : all femora unarmed beneath : anal segment of male trans-
verse, not toothed. Length of body, 17mm. 5 ; of pronotum, 3-8mm.
$ ; of anterior femora, 13-5mm. ? ; of middle femora, 13"5mm $ ; of
hinder femora, 21'5mm. J ; of hinder tibife, 26mm. $ .

Taken in the Grotto of Villefranche in the eastern Pyrenees, and
also at grotto of Conflans near Prades and Limoux, and Grotte des
Chauvesouris, near Chateaudouble.

Section III : Gryllodea.

This section comprises the crickets, which have long antennae., and
exserted ovipositor in common with the Locustodea, and, like that group,
produce their song by the friction of the elytra ; the manner of the
latter, however, differs in detail ; they resemble the Acridiodea in
having three segments in the tarsi, but, as in the preceding group,
the auditory organ, which is occasionally absent, is situated in the
anterior tibije. These characters will enable the student easily to
recognise even the most bizarre form of cricket, but we may mention,
also, the following peculiarities : —

The head is ahnost invariably rounded, the frons vertical, and separated from
the vertex by a narrow, nearly horizontal, rostrum; three ocelli are usually present,
in addition to the true eyes. The pronotum is generally simple, square, with
reflexed sides.

The elytra are generally truncate at the apex, and are sharply divided into
two distinct portions ; the anterior portion, when at rest, is placed vertically in a
plane at right angles to the dorsal surface ; this portion is narrow, and is the least
important part of the organ. The venation of this part is not much modified for
stridulation ; while in the Locustodea, this portion is the largest part of the
elytra, in the Gryllodea it is the smallest ; it is the horizontal part which is
modified to form a stridulating organ in both groups. In the crickets the modifi-
cation (in the male at least) is the same in both elytra, and the sound is produced
equally by each. The modification is very remarkable, and in order co study it
the student is recommended to obtain some fresh specimens of the common house-
cricket, which may usually be found in bakeries, if not in all private houses. The
homologies of the veins may be picked out with a little care.

The apical part of the elytra is normal.

This modification for stridulation is normally present only in the male, but in
Gryllotalpa the elytra are very similar in both sexes.

A good many crickets are entirely apterous ; in Trigonidium the elytra are
horny and coriaceous as in the coleoptera.

The wings are often absent, or may be fully developed or abortive in the
same species. When present, they are very simple, juembranous, delicate, and
caudate, that is, the apical part, when folded, projects well beyond the elytra,
but, instead of being hardened as in certain Fhaneropteridae, for example, they are
delicate, and probably serve as organs of touch, for the crickets are mostly
nocturnal, or inhabitants of holes and narrow burrows.

The feet resemble those of the Locustodea, with the exception of the tarsi
which have only three segments, as we have seen ; in the Gryllotalindae and the
Tridactylidae, the anterior pair are modified for digging.

The posterior tibiaj are only spined above ; in addition to the fixed spines,
there are apical spines or spurs which have an articulated insertion, and are also
pubescent. In Tridactylu-s they are flattened. The tarsi have two apical spines on
the first segment ; in Tridactylus the tarsi are abortive.

The abdomen is generally cylindrical. The cerci are long and hairy; the
subgenital lamina generally carries short styles.

The ovipositor is exserted, long, and slender ; it is wanting in the Gryllotal-
pidae and Tridactylidae.

It appears that there are about a dozen ecdyses. The larvaB

10 THE entomologist's RECORD.

resemble the adults in form, but are smaller, have a soft integument
and are apterous.

Copulation is effected by the male creeping beneath the female,
introducing a spermatophore, Avhich fertilises the ova as they are laid.

Cricicets are omnivorous ; they are greedy feeders, and will attack
each other, and fight fiercely in captivity ; they generally frequent
very hot, dry places, or live in holes and burrows, under logs, stones,
etc. The male betrays his whereabouts by his shrill, persistent, song,
but this ceases directly he is disturbed or frightened.

One European species, (JEcanthua pell uc ens, lives on shrubs and trees,
and M{/r»iecophila lives in ants' nests. Gilbert White gives interesting
notes on our British crickets in his letters to the Hon. Daines
Barrington, Nos. 46, 47, and 48.

Table of Families.
1. Anterior feet formed for walking. Ovipositor
exserted.
2. Posterior tibiiD spined above.

3. Posterior femora very slender. Posterior
tibife with long spines remote from each
other, and some dense, small spines . . 1. CEcanthid.e.

3.3. Posterior femora stout ; posterior tibias
simply spined, sometimes serrate at the
base.
4. Eyes present ; body elongate.

5. Elytra horny, opaque. Second tarsal

segment dilated : ovipositor curved . . 2. Trigonidiid/e.
5.-5. Elyti'a more or less membranous and
transparent ; second tarsal segment
cylindrical; ovipositor straight .. 3. Geyllid.e.
4.4. Eyes absent, body spherical . . . . 4. JIyrmecophilid^.

2.2. Posterior tibiffi serrulate above, not spined .. 5. Mogoplistid.'e.
1.1. Anterior feet fossorial (modified for digging).
Ovipositor absent.

2. Antennae long, with many segments ; posterior
tibife dilated, short, spined above ; elytra

membranous; two cerci ; large insects .. 6. Gryllotalpid.'e.

2.2. Antennas short, ten segments; posterior tibiae
slender and long, with flattened spines ;
elytra horny; four cerci; small insects .. 7. Tridactylid;e.

Family I : fficANTHiDiE.

This includes a number of delicate and slender crickets, occurring
in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.

Genus I : (Ecanthxjs, Serville.
Of slender build ; posterior femora slender ; elytra of male ample^
and highly modified, of the female narrow and simple.

1. G^CANTHUS PELLUCENS, ScOpoli.

Pale, straw-coloured, with whitish pubescence. Length of body,
9mm. -15mm, J , 11mm. -14mm. ? ; of pronotum, 2mm.-2-8mm, J ,
2-2mm.-2-5mm. 2; of elytra, 10mm. -15mm. 3; 9-5mm.-llmm. ^,
of ovipositor, 6mm.-7'5mm. ? .

Common from the end of July to September in southern, and south-
central Europe, on flowers, shrubs, and vines. The most northerly
records are Regensburg in Bavaria, Thiiringen and Freiburg in
Switzerland, and Frahan in the Ardennes. In France it is common

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 11

in the south and rarer in the centre, reaching as far north as Paris.
It is not common in Austria, and occurs in Bohemia. The record
from Norfolk is ahnost certainly due to mistaken identity.

Family II : Trigonidiid^.

This family contains a few curious beetle-like little crickets, with
horny, arched elytra ; the hind femora are thick right up to the apex ;
the second tarsal segment is cylindrical.

Genus I : Trigonidium, Serville.

Small, beetle-like : the only European cricket in which the ovi-
positor is curved.

1. Trigonidium cicindeloides, Serville.

Small, dark indigo-blue ; hind-legs reddish. Length of body,
4mm. g, 6mni. $; of pronotum, 1mm. <? , l*2mm. 5; of elytra,
3mm. J , 4mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 2'2mm. $ .

This curious little cricket is easy to recognise by its dark blue-black
indigo colour, reddish hind-legs, horny elytra, and curved ovipositor.
It is a Mediterranean species. In France recorded from Hyeres and
Corsica ; in Spain, from Malaga, Algeciras, Barcelona, and Minorca ^
in Italy, at Naples, Brindisi ; also in Sardinia and Sicily. Eastwards,
it extends into Asia. It may be found in moist places, in swamps, on
grass, and reeds.

Family III : Gryllid^.

This family contains the true crickets ; several genera occur in
Europe.

Table of Geneka.

1. Hind tibiaj unarmed at the base : anterior tibiae with
tympanum : Elytra perfect or abbreviated.
2. Spines of posterior tibiae long, slender, and
mobile ; first segment of posterior tarsi neither
sulcata nor serrate above . . . . . . 1. Nemobios, Serv.

2.2. Spines of posterior tibiffi fixed and strong :
first segment of posterior suleate above, and
sulcate on each side.
3. Vertex rounded ; elytra and wings generally
perfectly developed.
4. First segment of anterior tibiae compressed,
longer than the other two combined ;
anterior tibiffi with two internal spurs like
spines ; ovipositor as long as, or longer
than, posterior femora.
5. More or less hairy ; anterior tibiffi with

tympanum ; head more or less depressed 2. Geyllus, Linn.
5.5. Hairless ; anterior tibiffi with no tym-
panum on front side ; head not
depressed . . . . . . . . 3. Gryllodes, Sauss.

4. First segment of anterior tarsi cylindrical,
shorter than the other two ; anterior tibiffi
with two inner spurs dilated ; ovipositor
very short . . . . . . . . . . 4. Brachytrypes, Serv.

3.3 Vertex acute { 9 ), or produced into a veil-like

process; elytra abbreviated ; wings absent. . 5. Platyblemmus, Serv.^
1.1. Posterior tibiffi serrate at the base, spined beyond
the middle ; elytra absent ; anterior tibise with no
tympanum.
2. Elytra distinct in j , very small and almost

12 THE entomologist's RECORD.

hidden under pronotum in ? ; pronotum raised

posteriorly ; 9th dorsal segment d" truncate ;

subanal plate d not compressed.

3. Elytra flat, almost lanceolate, and longer than

pronotum, which is somewhat rugose above

at the base ; middle tibije with four spurs.

Colour reddish, or with greyish spots . . 6. Petaloptila, Pant.

3.3. Elytra convex, rounded ; pronotum smooth
above ; middle tibiae with only three spurs ;
black or pale . . . . . . . . . . 7. Discoptila, Pant.

2.2. Elytra absent; pronotum not raised posteriorly;
9th dorsal segment i arched behind ; subanal
plate <? compressed . . . . . . . . 8. Gkyllomorpha, Fieb.

Genus I : Nemobius, Serville.

This genus contains, in western Europe, three small crickets with
short elytra, and lon^-, slender, articulated spines at the apex of the
posterior tibite.

Table of Species.
1. Ovipositor longer than abdomen; elytra <? and ? not

passing third abdominal segment .. .. ..1. sylvestris, Fabr.

1.1. Ovipositor shorter than abdomen; elytra scarcely
shorter than abdomen in both sexes.
2. Small ; posterior tibife with four spines above on

each side .. .. .. .. .. ..2. heydeni, Fisch.

2.2. Large ; posterior tibire with four spines on the
inner side above, the first very short, and
three on the outer side . . . . . . 3. lanceolatus, Brulle.

1. Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr.

Reddish-chestnut, head black, elytra short and truncate. Length
of body, 10mm. (^ and 2 ; of pronotum, 2mm. ^ , 2-5mm. $ ; of
elytra, 3-5mm. ^ , 2-5mm. J ; of ovipositor, 7-2mm. 2 •

The wood-cricket is easy to distinguish from the other two species
by the short elytra. It is found under dead leaves in woods ; adult in
June and July; it is common in central Europe. In England, only
known in the New Forest and Parkhurst Forest. In France common
everywhere. In Belgium at Coloaster, Chaudfontaine, Huy, Spa,
Arlon, Marcinelle, Tennostedt. In north Italy and in Spain fairly
common.

Pantel separates this species into a subgenus, to which Bolivar
gives the name Proneinobius.

2. Nemobius heydeni, Fischer.

Small, reddish-chestnut; elytra with hinder margin rounded in thfe
S , truncate in the 5 . Length of body, 6mm. <? and $ ; of pronotum,
l-8mm. S' and ? ; of elytra, 4mm. 3' , 3-5mm. 5 ; of ovipositor,
2-5mm. $ .

This little cricket occurs on grass and under stones, and by the
banks of streams in southern Europe. It is rare in France, and only
known in the south — Cazan near Arcachon la Tests-de-Buch, Saint
Medard, Caraman, Chabieres, Draguignan, Lorgnes, Bagnols. In
Italy it is rare and local, but recorded from Pegli, Benevenuto. In
central and northern Spain at Barcelona, Madrid, and Santander. In
the South Tirol at Recoaro and Enganei. Unknown in Germany and
northern Austria, but common in the southern Alpine valleys, and all
Switzerland.

CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR VAR. RUTILUS, WERNB., IN HUNGARY. 13

3. Nemobius lineolatus, Brulle.

Resembles the preceding, but larger ; elytra of 3 with hind border
truncate, with differences in the venation ; hind tibiae with different
armature (see table of species); ovipositor crenulate at the apex.
Length of body, 9mm. $ and 3 ; of pronotum, 2mm. 3 and $ ; of
elytra 5mm. 3 , 4-8mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 5.2mm. 5 .

In similar localities to the last, but rarer. In France rare and
local, only known in the south ; on the banks of the Adour near
Saint Sevez, Mont de Marsan in the Pyrenees, on the banks of the
Drac near Grenoble, Bagneres de Luchon, in Loire Inferieure, I'Asse
near Digne, Bagnols, Saint Paul in Var. In Italy at Pegli, but
rare and local.

Azam describes a variety fabri/i, in which the wings are hyaline
with brownish veins, the elytra twice as long, reaching the end of the
posterior tibiae ; this variety is based on a female taken at Cellier in
the Loire.

(To he continued.)

Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus, Wernb., in Hungary.

By The Hon. N. CHA.RLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S.

In. the late summer of 1907, 1 was fortunate enough to see Chrysop-
hanus dispar var. rutilus in its native haunts in Hungar3^ The insect
is fairly common near the villages of Csehtelek and Kozepes in Bihar
Comitat. This beautiful butterfly occurs apparently everywhere in the
district where the ground is liable to floods. All along the valley of
the small river Bisztra are wet meadows, under water in the spring
and nearly dry in the late summer and autumn. They are the great
sources of haj' in the district, and are mown twice a year and grazed
as well. A few docks, not the large Itumex lujdrolapathum, among the
grass, some small plants of Iris pseudacorus, and an occasional shallow
depression filled with a small reed-like grass, are the characteristic
features of these fields. C. rutilus flies about rapidly in these meadows,
which are very similar to those in the valley of the Nene, between
Northampton and Peterborough. The docks, which are all riddled
with holes (doubtless due to the larva? of the butterfly), are so few in
number that the insect must have other foodplants, possibl}' Polygonum
bistorta, which Aigner''= states it eats in Hungary. I also found the
insect in an open space in a forest at Csehtelek where a small brook
occasionally overflows its banks. At Kozepes, a village in the Rez
mountains, a tiny stream trickles out of the forest which clothes the
mountains, and, in a small space, under an acre in extent, overgrown
with Eupatorium, I took some dozen examples of the butterfly. There
is a considerable variation in size of the specimens I secured, although
they were all taken between August 20th and September 7th. Aigner
[I.e.) says that specimens of the second-brood are larger than those of
the first, but this does not seem to be constant. The smallest male I
secured measures 25mm., and the largest 33mm. Females are
naturally larger, my specimens ranging from 28mm. to 37mm.

* Magyarorszag Lepkei, p. 5 (1907).

14 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Notes on Papilio machaon.

By CECIL FLOEKSHIEM, B.A., F.E.S.
Larval habits. — The ovum is laid singly, usually on the under-
side of young growth of Ski7)n)iia (leaf). Larva hatches any time of
day till nightfall, but most often between seven o'clock and eleven in
the morning.

I. Eestinfi-habit when yoiot;/. — (1) Fore-segments raised and arched,
giving appearance of miniature sea-horse (this is the position adopted
when undergoing ecdysis), or (2) fore-segments very slightly raised
and not arched ; this (2) being the attitude more commonly taken,
when young, whilst merely at rest after feeding. In both of these
positions the young larva of Papilio machaon adheres to its pabulum, by
the last three pairs of prolegs and the anal claspers, keeping its thoracic
legs tightly shut. On a dull day it is more inclined to adopt resting
attitude, and, whilst resting, to keep itself in position (1). I suppose
this arched habit is that of complete, the more outstretched one that of
partial, rest. I should say that the time given for resting during
moult (Tutt, Nat. Hist. lUit. Lep., vol. viii,, p. 77) is about the
average during fine weather.

The young larva of P. machaon when not feeding has a habit of
jerking its head violently from side to side at times without apparent
cause. It rests {a) usually with its head pointing towards the stem
of the leaf, and {h) on the upperside [about 70 per cent, adopting (a)
on Skinimia, and all (6)] . On fennel also the former habit is notice-
able. Even during heavy rain the young larvae will not retreat to the
underside of the SkinDiiia leaves, though I have found them drowned
in consequence.

II. FeeiUn<i-hahit, ]i<ninii. — (1) On emergence, turns round tow'ards
ovum which it gradually devours, seldom pausing in this till the shell
is about two-thirds consumed, then wanders oft', but always returns to
empty shell as if compelled by some imperious necessity, until its last
vestiges are done with. (2) Sometimes feeds from edge, sometimes
from the middle, of the leaf; eats usually through entire leaf, but
sometimes only the upper layer. Feeds on young growths of Skinimia,
preferably on upperside, even when the ovum has been laid on the
underside. (3) Always eats exuvije (/.e., cast skin).

III. l!estin(/-habit, yonm/. — (1) On upperside, along the middle of
Skinimia leaf, clinging by all its prolegs: the thoracic legs being open,
not clasped together ; stretched out almost at full length, but with
thoracic segments slightly arched. When full-fed, or nearly so, it
loses its habit of resting with head pointing towards stem of leaf ;
indeed, by far the greater proportion of those I noticed rested with
their heads turned towards the tips of the leaves upon which they were
feeding. (2) Also rests on stem of young shoots of Skimmia im-
mediately below leaves upon which it has been feeding in same
position as described. I should say that the time of one-and-a-half
days given (Tutt, Xat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. viii., p. 77) for quiescent
stage, preceding pupation, is on average short by one day of rest
actually taken.

IV. P'eedinii-hahit, old. — On upperside of leaf, or on stem of young
shoot, devouring the leaves above. Sometimes eats the entire leaf,
more often only a large piece out of it. Feeds usually with head

NOTES ON PAPILIO MACHAON.

15

pointing towards tip of leaf, eating right across it, from apex to base.
P. nmchaon, both when young and old, will feed from early morning
until after sunset, but time for leaving off varies, some continuing to
feed long after otlaers have ceased to do so. All its life it consumes
its exuvias.

V. Food-hahit — on Butaceae and Uinhelliferae. — Skiwntia oblata
{japonica) appears to be its favourite food-plant, the imagines in my
butterfly-house laying more eggs on this than even the fennel that
grows by its side, and the larvae feed up quicker on this than on any
other pabulum (the young succulent growths being preferred to the
leaves of the year before). Next to this I should place fennel. It will
also feed on rue and dittany {Dictainnus fra.vinella), preferring the
aromatic seed-pods of the latter, and on Ptelea, but the specimens
found on the last-named take at least twice as long to feed up as those
on Skimviia. I have never found ova or larvae on beaked-parsley or
cow-parsnip, though both of these grow in my butterfly-house.

VI. Sleepimi-habit. — When young, on upperside of leaf, with head
generally pointing towards stem and slightly raised, and with thoracic
legs clasped — often down the midrib of leaf — in fact, the sleeping-
habit is the same as the complete resting-habit, and the larva does
not appear to move from its resting-place. On fennel, also, with head
pointing inward from tip of leaf towards the main stem. When older,
indistinguishable from resting-habit.

VII. Forward, or lat/nard habit. — Every summer some one or two
per cent, of my P. machaon larvt^ produce a partial second-brood, and
in a warm one like the present (1908), as many as five x^er cent. did so ;
the imagines appearing from July 30th till August 15th. The pup« of
these were amongst the early-formed ones, but not, in all cases amongst
the very earliest. Indeed, out of the twelve first pupae I found, only
two produced second-brood imagines, in spite of my subjecting them to
a forcing heat in a vinery for more than three weeks. The others lived,
but obstinately refused to be forced, whilst others which had pupated
a week later gave rise to imagines under natural conditions. From
what I have observed, I should say that, though all P. machaon larvae
which result in a second-brood feed up rapidly, many of those which
feed up rapidly do not disclose a second-brood. With regard to the
" forward " and " laggard" habit amongst the larvae themselves, there is a
great variety in the time taken to feed up, the last larv;e, though
resulting from ova laid during the first part of July, not pupating
until the end of the first fortnight in September, whilst the bulk,
though they take a longer time to feed up than the very first, certainly
did not take more than two-thirds of the time spent by the laggards.
I should say that the partial second -brood of P. machaon spends from
about three weeks to a month in the pupal state.

VIII. Movements. — The larva of P. machaon is exceedingly sluggish
in its habits, particularly when young, and I have known it starve on
a withered leaf rather than migrate to a living one touching this. I
have never observed it move backwards when young, and, when older,
only gradually, as it finds the leaf it is eating across disappearing in
front of it. It will, however, when young, shake its head sharply
from side to side {cf. antea), and, when older, if an aphis settles on it,
probably in the latter case mistaking an aphis for an ichneumon. It
never retreats to a sheltered position in wet weather.

16 THE entomologist's RECORD.

IX. Silk-spinninii habit. — This vai'ies with the foodplant ; on Ptelea
— a tree — the young larvfe spin noticeably more silk than they do
when feeding on the lower Skmnna bushes. I suppose because on the
fluttering leaves of the Ptelea they need a firmer foothold in the wind.
Again, when resting or feeding upon fennel-plants, they seem to spin
no silk at all, except when about to undergo ecdysis, perhaps because
the slender and rounded leaves of the fennel afford them a sufficiently
secure position without having to attach themselves to anything else.
The larva appears to spin a certain, though variable, amount of silk
when changing its skin, but not always otherwise. The adult larva
only spins silk when undergoing ecdysis.

X. Miscellaneous {cryptic effects, etc.). — (1) When young the larva
of P. niachann seems to rely for protection against its enemies
almost entirely on cryptic eftects, when older on effects that are-
cryptic, but warning, when it is discovered. At first it resembles a
minute speck of black, and, as is well-known, a little later on it
assumes that saddle-marking of so many Papilionid larvae which
imitates a bird-dropping. Later on, it becomes a singularly con-
spicuous object when removed from its foodplant and placed amid
other surroundings, but one which is easily passed over at a casual
glance when resting or feeding amongst the bright green leaves. A good
reason for supposing that the markings of P. machaon are cryptic as well
as warning, in its latest larval stage, is that I have noticed that the
larvae feeding on fennel have a habit of ascending to the flower-heads
of that plant when full-grown, where they are much more difficult to-
see than when amongst the plumy leaf -manes. Then the bird-
dropping markings of P. machaon may serve a double purpose, as I have
noticed that the larv;e feeding on the seed-pods of Dictaninus are much
lighter in colour (indeed, they closely resemble the light brown-green
ground colour of the pods) than those feeding on Skimmio, etc.

(2) The larva of P. machaon, in its last stadium, exhibits great
variability both in the size and colour of its markings. The green
ground colour, the black bands, and the red spots being different in
tone and in extent in almost each individual.

(3) The larvae of P. machaon, in many cases, extrude their osmateria
less readily when full-grown. Some, indeed, refused to do so at all,
though subjected to much rough handling, whilst others would do sa
readily, even when suspended for pupation. As regards the
pupating-habit, there appear to be two distinct strains in our English
P. wacliaon, some (about a third) remaining sluggish till the last, and
pupating either almost in sitii of their feeding-ground upon the young
stems of the SA-n».»(/rt bushes or lower down beneath the branches;
whilst others will wander a considerable distance in search of a suit-
able spot. I have noticed that those which pupate more than a foot
from the ground, unless when hidden amongst the bushes, are in-
variably stung by the small ichneumon which infests P. machaon. This
year, out of about a hundred pupaj which I found under the wooden
framework, etc., of my butterliy-house not one had escaped. I have
many small deciduous trees growing in my butterfly-house, but I have
never found a P. machaon pupa amongst the leaves of these, I suppose,
because in Avinter a green pupa on a bare twig w'ould be a conspicuous
object to birds, though in summer it would be well protected by the
leaves from the attacks of ichneumons. I think that perhaps this is a

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1908. 17

good instance of how what must seem a complicated mental choice —
for the larvae pupate readily enough amongst the evergreen Skiunnia
leaves — has arisen through natural selection.

By the bye, the time given for quiescent position of P. machaon after
girth is spun (Tutt, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. viii., p. 77) is shorter
by half a day at least, and by a whole day in most cases, from what I
have observed taken even in warm weather.

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1908 (with plate).

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Concluded from^sol. xx., p. 284.)

Cynipid^. — Rhoptromeris fonnicaria, Kieff. — Professor Kieffer has
given this name to an insect which I took in a nest of Formica fusca,
in the New Forest, on June 6th, as it was new to science.

Proctotkupid^, — Serphus gravidator, L. — When digging up a nest
of Formica sanyuinea at Woking, on July 15th, to obtain the winged
sexes, I found a specimen of this insect in the centre of the nest. I
may mention that the male ants were much more abundant than the
winged females.

Gonatupus myrmecophilus, Kieff. — Several specimens of this species,
which is here recorded for the first time in Britain, were obtained in
company with Pezomachus antkracinus (before mentioned), and Lasius
niger on the sandhills at Deal, on June 21st.

Gonatopus distinctns, Kieff. — A specimen was swept up off bracken
in the New Forest, in company with specimens of Formica rujibarbis
var. fusco-rnjibarbis, on June 8th. The colour of the Gonatopus agrees
well with that of the ant. It appears to have only been found at
Oxshott and Newquay in Britain, before. As I have pointed out
before, the species of Gonatopus belong to the class of (myrmecophilous)
insects, etc., which much resemble ants in appearance, hunt their prey
in company with ants, or in the neighbourhood of ants' nests, and obtain
protection from their resemblance to the ants, i.e., my group iii., in the
" Myrmecophilous spiders" {The Zoologist, 1908, p. 420).

Soxotropa snbterranea, KieE. — This little species in the Diapriidae,
was also new to science, when I took it at Blackgang Chine on August
17th, last. It occurred with Solenopsis fugax and Lasius fiavus, at
the roots of Arenaria maritima.

I have again to thank Prof. Dr. T. T. Kieffer for his kindness
in naming the above insects for me.

DiPTERA. — Scatopse transversalis, L. — I captured specimens in a
nest of Formica rufa, in the Haye Woods, near Knowle, Warwickshire,
in May. It will be remembered, that I have already bred a new variety
of this species in numbers from my L. fuliginosus nest from Wellington
College.

Limosina rujilabris, Stnh. ? — A specimen of a small fly of the genus
Limosina, which I took in Scotland, is queried as this species, by Mr.
Collin. I found it in the galleries, in a nest of Formica fusca, among
the ants, under a large, heavy stone, at Loch Arber, near Dumfries, on
April 30th, last. The ants paid no attention to it. I have bred
L. curtiventris, Stnh., in numbers from my L. fuligifwsus nest referred
to above.

Limosina fungicola, Hal. — A specimen was taken with F. rufa, in

18 THE entomologist's RECORD.

the Haye Wood, near Knowle, in May. I have also bred this species
from my Lasiits fuliijmosus nest. Some species of the genus Linwsina
are therefore associated with ants. The larvae probably feed in decay-
ing vegetable matter and refuse in the nests.

Medeterm truncorim, Stnh.^ — A specimen was bred out of my F.
rufa observation nest from Weybridge, in March.

Corynoptera, sp. ? — A species of this genus was taken in the debris
of a Formica rufa nest, at Weybridge, in May.

Sciara, sp. '? — Several specimens of a small species of this genus
were bred out of my Tetramonum caeapitam nest from Whitsand Bay,
in February and April.

Microdnn luntabilis, L. {see pi. ii., tigs. 1-3). — I am, unfortunately,
unable to add much to the knowledge of the habits of the larva of
this species. During my absence this summer, my Formica fusca nest
was first allowed to get too dry, and then watered too much, with
the result that the nest was attacked by moiild, and the whole of the
contents destroyed. As I have now no more material, it is perhaps
as well to publish such observations as I have been able to make.
On April 18th, 1907, I found a nest of F' or mica fiisca under a stone
at Porlock. On the underside of the stone was a fiillgrown larva of
Microdon miUabilis, another which had just pupated, and an empty
pupa-case. The pupa developed the two little horns which it bears,
between April 22nd and 23rd, and hatched on the morning of May
21st. The fiy was walking about at 3 p.m., the wings not having
developed ; by 6.30 p.m. the wings were fully grown. The larva
pupated on April 24th, one horn was piit out on May 4th, and the
other showing on May 5th, but this horn was never fully developed,
and the fly never hatched, though its body could be seen inside the
pupa-case.

On April 19th, 1907, I found another nest of F. fusca, also at
Porlock, under a stone ; this contained a number of Microdon larv^,
on the stone and in the galleries of the nest. I dug up the whole nest
with two deiilated queens and a lot of workers, and when I got home
fixed them all up in a glass bowl half full of sand, in my study. One
larva pupated on the side of the bowl on April 24th, and the fly
hatched on May 27th. Whenever I hfted up the clump of earth which
covered the nest in the bowl, the Microdon larvae were always to be
seen in the bare galleries of the nest, among the ants. This I did at
various times, from May to December, 1907, and January to June,
1908. Occasionally a larva came up on to the top of the nest, and
crawled about, and then returned again. In April, this year, the
queens had laid a number of eggs, which the workers used to bring up in
the sun. On July 15th and 18th, two Microdon larvae came up and
pupated against the glass side of the bowl. At different times I took
larvae out to exhibit (at the Royal Society, and the Conversazione
Ent. Soc), and to be photographed. I also isolated specimens with their
hosts in plaster nests. I have written in my note-book, May 7th,
1907 : " The ants [F. fusca) appeared to gently bite at the larvfe, but
not in any way to attack them." I also introduced them to specimens
of F. rufa and F. san(jiiinea, but these ants appeared not to notice them.
I sent a larva this year to Mr. Grosvenor, of the Oxford Museum, to
dissect. He writes, " there was no solid food in the fore-
part of the gut, and very scanty brownish faecal matter in the

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1908, IE

rectum. I think the beast must feed on the soft parts and juices of
insects." Wasmann says,''= the ants appear to nurse these larvae as
they do their coccids, iDut, later, he writesf that the larvfe of this
species which he had found in a nest of F. sanfii(inea-fusca,at Linz-on-
the-Rhine, and had under observation for months, were entirely
ignored by the ants. Adlerz suggested]: that the larva) of a species of
Microdonhe had found in a nest of Campnuotiin hercidemuts in Sweden,
subsisted on the moist and tender wood, forming the walls of the ant-
galleries in pine-stumps, although they were also found in burrows in
the dry bark. He also records that the ants paid no attention to
them.

Wheeler writes* of some larvae of an undetermined species of
Microiion, seen in a nest of F. conancians, at Colebrook, Conn., as follows
— " These were found, July 7th, in a single nest, under a large stone,
lying on a lot of twigs, grass-roots, etc. Three larvae were seen at this
time, one nearly mature, and one about a quarter grown. On the
twigs and lower surface of the stone there were some twenty empty
puparia from which the flies had already escaped. The three larvae
were placed in a " Fielde nest " containing several hundred F. consocians
workers. The two older ones at once applied their flat creeping-soles
to the glass bottom of the nest, and with their hard rough backs
resisted the attacks of the workers. The small larva was not so
successful. The ants turned it over on its back, and for two days kept
licking and biting it, till it was killed and reduced to a small granule.
The two large larvae kept crawling slowly about the nest. They raised
the anterior end of the body a little distance from the glass surface,
and moved the small pointed head, which is just beneath it, from side to
side, apparently in search of food. They showed signs of uneasiness
when exposed to strong light. They remained in good condition till
August 23rd, when one of them disappeared. It had probably been
eaten by the ants. The other lived till September 10th. Some days
previously it had begun to shrivel, and finally dried up without losing
its hold on the glass. I have failed to ascertain the nature of the food
of these larvfe. July 25th, I again visited the wild F. consocians nest,
but found that the ants had moved away. On the twigs there were
two more half -grown, but rat.her emaciated, Microdoii larvae, which
had been left behind by the ants. The fact that these larvae were so
emaciated, and died soon after they were placed in the same " Fielde
nest" with the others, shows that the presence of the ants is in some
way essential to the well-being of these singular synoeketes."

We see from the above that Microdon larvae belong to the indiffer-
ently-treated lodgers, and that it is necessary for them to live with
ants. The question of their food, however, is still unsolved, and I
cannot agree with Adlerz that they subsist on wood, as so many species
occur in the bare earthen galleries in ants' nests.

Araneina. — Thi/reosthemits biovata, Cambr. — I found this species in
nests of Formica rufa, at Haye Woods, near Knowle, in May and
Nethy Bridge, in September.

* Kritiches Verzeichniss der rnyr7nekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden,
1894. p. 173.

t Erster Nachtrag zuder Ameisengasten von Hollandisch Limburg, 1898, p. 7.
I Myrmecologisker Notiser. Entomol. Teilschrift, 1896, pp. 131-132.

* Bull. American Mus. of Nat. Hist., 1906, p. 62.

20 THE entomologist's RECORD.

R'vanftia merem, Cambr. — I found specimens in a nest of Formica
fttsca, at Nethy Bridge, in September.

Micarisonia festiriis, C.K., was taken in company with F. fusca, in
the New Forest, in May, as was also Haipactes homhenii, Sep.

Dibh'inma donisthnrpei, Cambr. — This little species was described"'-
from specimens taken by me at Kew Gardens, with the little ant
IVa-vnannia aurnpiinctata, to which it bears a stong superficial resem-
blance. I found it in some numbers in February and March.

Salticiis fornricaruts, Walt. — I took a <? and two $ s of this very ant-
like spider, running about in company with Mynnh-a scabrinodis, at
the roots of Lotus viajor, at Sandown, Isle of Wight in August.
Father Wasmann records it in the neighbourhood of F. nifa, F. rufiharbis,
and Mynnica laevinodis, in Holland.

AcARiNA. — Laelaps myrwecophilns, Berl. — I found this species in
April at Dartmouth, with Mynnica rtu/inodis.

Laelaps cuneifcr, Mic. — I took this species this year with Formica
rufa, at Knowle in May, and F. fusca at Bewdley in May, and
with F. Hanyuinea at Woking, in July. Berlesef records it over the
whole of Europe, and in America, with many different species of ants.

hropliteUa miniitissima, Berl. — I found this little species in some
numbers in nests of Lasius niger at Kingswear, in April.

Trachyuropoda coccinea var. sinaata, Berl. — I took this variety,
which is new to Britain, in plenty, in company with the last species,
in nests of Lasitis niyer at Kingswear, in April.

Sphaerolaelaps holothyroides, Leonardi. — I took a specimen of this
mite, which is here recorded for the first time in Britain, in a nest of
Lasius umbratus at Bewdley, in May. The mite is the same colour as
the ant, and, when it moved, it looked liked the abdomen of an ant
walking about by itself. Berlese records it with Lasius affinis, L. u)nbratus,
L. fiarus, and Phcidole pallid ula. My friend. Dr. Joy, tells me he used to
see this species at Wellington College, with Lasius uuibratus.

CocciDiE. — Ripersia subterranea, Newst. — I took this species in some
numbers in a nest of Lasius niyer under a large stone at the mouth of
the Dart, near Dartmouth, last April. It has only been taken in Britain
before at Ingoldisthorpe, near King's Lynn, by Mr. Newstead, with L.
flavus, and with the same ant near Edinburgh, by Mr. W. Evans. I
have to thank my friend Mr. E. Green for the name of this species.

Explanation of Plate II.
Fig. 1.— Imago of Microdon mutabilis.
Fig. 2. — Pupa of Microdon intitahilis.
Fig. 3. — Larva oi-Microdon mutabilis.

::^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Pairing-habit of Petasia cassinea. — On October 31st, 1908, I
observed two Petasia cassinea sitting on a gate-post m co/j^Z^/, in Ashton
Wold, where the species is common. As I approached they fell to the
ground, where they remained on their backs feigning death. Has this
habit been noticed before ? — N. Charles Rothschild, F.E.S., 5 and 6,
Chelsea Court, Chelsea Embankment. November 25th, 1908.

Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta. — With regard to the hyber-

* Proc. Dorset. Nat. Hist, and A. F. Club, vol. xxix., 1908.
f Redia, vol. i., p. 416.

CURRENT NOTES. 21

nating of Pyrameis atalanta, I saw butterflies flying by the lake side in
early June, and, on August 30th, found eggs and young larvae on a
cluster of nettles not more than 50 yards from my house. I set the
youngsters to work to find me a few larvae and successfully raised about
a hundred. The imagines began to appear towards the end of
September and continued doing so until October 20th, when the few
that were left were destroyed by a mouse. To-day I noticed a butterfly
hybernating on the wall of an outhouse, and this proved to be
P. atalanta. I should, perhaps, add that winter has already set in here,
i.e., it freezes at night and the ground is covered with snow. — P. H.
MuscHAMP, F.E.S., Staefa, Zurich-See. Xomnber 26th, 1908.

Agrius convolvuli at Chichester. — A worn specimen of A(/rius
convolvidi, taken in a yard here, was brought tome on November 15th,
1908. — Joseph Anderson, Aire Villa, Chichester. Noreniher 18th,
1908.

The "forward "habit in Chrysophanidlarv.e. — This season, a second
brood of C. chryaeis [hippotho'e) from a parent ? from Salvan (Switzer-
land), taken early in July, began to show an inclination to hybernate,
as usual, late in September, for the most part while quite small; two
specimens, however, fed up, and produced pupfe in the middle of October.
I regret to add that, though kept indoors, these pupte appear to have
perished — killed, perhaps, by the brief interlude of cold weather that
preceded the present summer-like temperature (October 28th). — R.
M. Prideaux, F.E.S., Brasted Chart, Kent. October 28th, 1908.

Extraordinary date of emergence of Clostera reclusa. — On
Nov. 14th I was examining my breeding-cages for Hyhemia aurantiaria,
H. (Icfoliaria, Cheimatohia boreata, and C. brnmata, when, to my sur-
prise, I found a freshly -emerged specimen of Clostera reclusa. My
breeding-cages are, and have always been, out-of-doors, so there was
nothing artificial in the conditions to account for this, and I can only
attribute it to the extraordinary autumnal season, which has caused
so many records of belated flowers, etc., and has resulted, in the
case of my own wild ducks, in four November-hatched broods. —
Percy C. Reid, Feering Bury, Kelvedon. November IQth, 1908.'

CURRENT NOTES.

Mr. F. N. Pierce has at last been persuaded to publish his investi-
gations on " The Genitalia of the British Noctuid Moths," and hopes to
have the book ready for purchasers in a few weeks. It is well-known
that Mr. Pierce and the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows have been doing a great
deal of work in this direction, and the necessity of publishing the
material prepared became imperative. The wonderful progress that
has been made in the study of these parts in recent years, and the
importance of bringing structural characters to bear on the results
obtained by the wing-markings, and other more or less superficial
characters, will make the book quite indispensable to scientific lepidop-
terists. The genitalia of some 320 species are to be figured, and the
price of the book will be as low as 5s.

We understand that, in order to thoroughly illustrate vol. iii of A
Natural History of the British Butterflies, it is necessary to obtain
several more subscribers to the monthly parts. A very large number
of really valuable scientific illustrations are available for each species,

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

but it is impossible to reproduce all of these with the present sub-
scription list.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held on Decem-
ber 8th, 1908, at 58 J{ensington Mansions, S.W., when Mr. H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe was the host. The members and visitors were received
by Mr. and Mrs. Donisthorpe, and, after an adjournment for the
inspection of the ants' nests on which Mr. Donisthorpe is experimenting,
supper was served at 8 p.m.. Dr. F. Dixey, Dr. E. Joy, Rev. P. Morice,
Messrs. R. Adkin, E. C. Bedwell, H. Rowland-Brown, J, E. Collin,
H. Dollman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, E. E. Green, A. H. Jones, W. J.
Kaye, W. E, Sharp, R. South, J. W. Tutt, and G. H. Verrall, being
among the members and friends present. A most enjoyable evening
was spent, the company mostly dispersing about 11 p.m.

OBITUARY.

John Adolphus Clark, M.P.S., L.D.S., F.E.S.

(By two of his oldest Friends.)
On December 16th, 1908, there passed from amongst us another
of those links with the older school of practical entomologists, whose
number has decreased so rapidly of late.

Born at Aldermanbury, in the City of London, November 16th,
1842, Mr. Clark's family removed, when he was but eighteen months
old, to Homerton, at that time famous for its rose gardens. At a
very early age he developed the love of Nature, which was one of the
marked characteristics of his after life, for, at six years of age, when
Homerton was very different from the locality which we know by the
name now, he was already a collector. This must have been one of
the centres of his activities for some years, for his beautiful series of
Eucnemidophorm rhododactyla was, he used to assure his visitors, much
to their surprise, entirely from the gardens there.

Brought up as he was, before bricks and mortar had defaced the
county on the east side of London, he had full opportunity to examine
and record the now vanished fauna of the district. "I have collected
with him all over Hackney, Stoke Newington, and Clapton, in fields
and lanes, which are now covered with houses, and in Epping Forest,
in the morning and late in the evening," writes one of his old friends,
who in those early days was his companion and co-collector.

Later on he commenced business as a Pharmaceutical Chemist, in
the Broadway, London Fields, and carried it on successfully, and with
the hearty good-will of that somewhat difficult and always pugnacious
neighbourhood, for nearly 40 years. Retiring in 1896 his friends
rejoiced in his well-earned rest, if his still ceaseless activity in the
pursuit of Natural History could be called rest.

To those who knew him — and who amongst the entomologists of
London, at least, did not know him ? — he was always a Avarm, kind
friend, generous, helpful, hospitable, and had' a way of making his
visitors feel that their visits were never so frequent as he would have
wished.

Mr. Clark may be fairly described as one of the originators of
local entomological societies. He joined the Haggerston Society
almost from its commencement, when its headquarters were at the
" Brownlow Arms," Hag-gerston and followed its fortunes until the

OBITUARY. 23

day of his death. He was one of those who promoted its removal
into London, and the change of name to " The City of London Ento-
mological and Natural History Society.'' With Sir John Lubbock
(now Lord Avebury) and the late W. H. Thornthwaite he was instru-
mental (1890-91) in arranging for the accommodation of the Society
in the London Institution, Finsbury Circus.

As President, 1890-1895, and as^Honorary Treasurer, 1890-1896, of
the Society he always helped it generously in its financial crises. His
connection covered 49 years, and so regular was his attendance at
the meetings, that his absence from his accustomed chair cannot fail
to impress all the members.

He was also a Fellow and a Life-Member of the Entomological
Society of London, a Member of the South London Entomological
Society, The Eay Society, and the Essex Field Club. During his
connection with the old Haggerston Society, he took part in what he
described as the first Entomological Exhibition ever held. He was
an extensive exhibitor at the Great Entomological Exhibition at the
Royal Aquarium, in March, 1878, and was always pleased to contribute
material to all such efforts.

His collection of British lepidoptera is very extensive, covering
the whole order. The numerous cabinets abound with varieties and
aberrations, in which he took the keenest interest. Of Arctia caja it
is probable that no man ever previously assembled such a number of
curious forms. He had been able to secure fine series of our extinct
or very rare species. Numbering amongst his correspondents F. Bond,
J. T. Carrington, H. Doubleday, H. G. Knaggs, W. Machin, E. New-
man, J. E. Robson, H. T. Stainton, S. Stevens, and, in fact, almost
every well-known entomologist of the past, he was well equipped with
knowledge on all points of entomological lore.

As a field entomologist he was excellent. Epping Forest, past
and present, was of course to him an open book. Wicken, the New
Forest, Folkestone, the Home Counties, North and South Devon, and
Scotland, were centres of his activities, and in many of these localities
it will be long ere he is forgotten.

At Stevens' Auction Rooms, his was a well-known face. He always
knew what he wanted, and never hesitated to pay a reasonable price
for such specimens as he required.

Like so many active collectors, Mr. Clark rather shrank from
publishing his knowledge of Natural History, but when necessary, or
helpful, he put his observations on record for the benefit of others.
His paper on Mimas tiliae (Ent. Record, vol. i.), and that on the
variation of Peranea cristatia, published in the Etit. Flecord, vol. xiii.,
both beautifully illustrated, will long remain the authority upon
these species. He had at the present time several new forms of
P. cristana waiting to be named and figured. He had also in
contemplation a corresponding examination of Sarrothrijvis muhdanns,
and had, with that intention, gathered an enormous amount of
material, which we hope will not be lost to science. Other
occasional papers of his appeared from time to time in the
magazines, of which it may be said, as of everything he took in
hand, that what he did, he did thoroughly and well. Nor were his
interests confined to lepidoptera. For some time shortly before his
death, he had been arranging his collection of bees. A keen sports-

24 THE entomologist's RECORD.

man, he had studied the habits of the British birds, recognising most
of them by their song, note, or flight. Some 70 or 80 cases of stuffed
specimens, many shot by himself, attest not only his interest, but also
his skill, for he added to his many occupations that of a skilful taxi-
dermist. Beetles, British birds' eggs and shells, with various other
Natural History objects, all came within the circle of his devoted
attention. He also loved his books, and, on Natural History subjects,
his modern library was fairly complete.

For several years Mr. Clark had known the critical state of his
health. Some years since he had sustained a cowardly attack from
would-be pick-pockets when walking in Bethnal Green, being brutally
and deliberately struck repeatedly over the region of the heart. Such
an assault could not have taken place in Hackney or Haggerston,
where he was universally known and respected. Whether this had any
connection with his fatal malady, may be a question. He succumbed
to an attack of angina pectoris, after four days' illness. There can
be little doubt, however, that the recent sudden deaths of his son-in-
law and little grand-daughter, depressed him greatly, and predisposed
him to the final, fatal attack.

Mr. Clark was laid to rest at Chingford Mount, on Saturday,
December 19th. All London entomologists, at least, will feel that
they have lost a friend, and will join with the writers in offering their
sincere condolences to Mr. Clark's widow and daughters in their sad
series of bereavements. — J.S.S. and C.R.N.B.

CHRISTMAS MDCCCCYIII.

(Printed By kind permission).

[Learned Aurelians call a. lovely little Moth, that appears in February,
sitting on or flitting round the leafless oak-trees, by the beautiful name, Hybernia
Leucophaearia : and simpler folk call it by the yet more beaiUiful name of The
Spring Usher. It is amongst the first of all moths to appear, as the Winter
begins yielding to iSpring.']

Leucophaea, Ashen-gray ! Just an Insect, nothing more !

So the Learned, Pretty One, Born to-day, to-morrow dead !

Name you : sleeping in the sun Is it all that may be said.

This short February day. Watching how you pause or soar ?

Nestled closely to your oak, You and I, my Little One,
Hardly from itself discerned ; You and I alert with life :

Gentle Flutterer, all but turned Whence and whither? Nature rife

In your dun-barred quaker cloak With energy, as seasons run,

To semblance of the aged tree, Brings to birth or you or me.
That its hoary mottled side Each a riddle none may read :

Lends you, safely to abide Hath She some mysterious need

Till day dies, and dusk shall be : You and I awhile should be ?

Sweet Spring Usher, named aright Atoms both, what can we count
In our homely English phrase. In her universal plan.

You, who brave these wintry days. You a moth, or I a Man,

Harbinger of Spring's delight : As aeons upon aeons mount?

Comes the evening, and you liit Ah ! as you, if I could bring

Gently round the barren boughs, Hope to some, that there shall rise

Seeking where to hear your vows Days serener, bluer skies.

She, your destined Mate, may sit. Promise of approaching Spring !

Selwyn Image.
With my best Christmas and New Year's wislies, 1908-1909.

20, Fitzroy Street, W.

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1908. 25

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1908.

By Prof. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.E.S.E., F.E.S.
I have this year to note the largest increase to our list for many-
years, though, I may say frankly at once, I am of opinion that some of
these additions will not stand the test of time. In view of the unusual
length of the retrospect of last year, I propose to condense considerably
my remarks on this occasion in reference to most of the additions,
which I will now take in order.

NutiopJiilns pKsilliis, Wat. ( = bi(/e)m)U(s, Th.), introduced by Dr. Joy,
Evt. Mo. Mafi., xliv., p. 103. As I write this article, the January
number (1909) of the above journal has appeared, and Dr. Joy, on
page 12, withdraws this addition.

XotiophilKs liijpocrita, Spaeth., introduced by Dr. Joy {loc. cit., p.
103) ; this species (?) is not recognised by Ganglbauer, and I agree
with Mr. Champion that it " is a very dubious species, and scarcely
more than a variety."

Droniius am/ustiis, Brulle. — Mr. Champion (loc. cit., p. 125)
introduces this species on specimens taken in July 1906 at Woking,
under bark ; it is perhaps mixed with ))iendionalis, Dej., in our
collections.

LaccobiKs piirpiirascens, sp. n. — Mr. Newbery described this insect
(loc. cit., p. 30) as new to science from specimens taken by Mr. de la
Garde, in May, 1906, at Shaldon, Devon ; it has also been taken by Mr.
Champion and Mr. Keys in Devonshire. The describer gives no
structural characters to separate it from nii/riceps, Th., and I am of
opinion that it is not entitled to specific rank, and that it is a mere
colour variety.

Helephorus porculus, Bedel. — This species, which had already been
recorded as British, has now been definitely brought forward by Mr.
Newbery {loc. cit., p. 88) ; it has been confused with riigosus, 01. I
have this summer taken it at Nethy Bridge.

HelepJiorttsf/riseus, Hbst.— Mr. Edwards {loc. cit., p. 218) has worked
out a fresh table for the identification of this extremely diflficulfc genus,
and has given some notes as to the distribution of the species in this
country ; as far as 1 can make out, he has added the above species to
our list — he states that brevipalpis, Bedel, and //riseiis, Hbst., are
equally common. Canon Fowler {Col. Brit., vol. i., p. 239) gives the
latter insect as perhaps a synonym of brevicollis, Thoms.

Aleochara crassiusctila. Sahib. — Taken by Mr. West at Yarmouth
and at Lewisham, also by Mr. Walker at Oxford, and introduced by
Mr. Champion {loc. cit. p. 194), who says it is closely allied to
tristis, Gr.

Oxypoda perple.ra, Muls. — Dr. Joy states {loc. cit., p. 51) that he
has submitted specimens of an O.vi/poda, taken by himself in rabbit-
burrows at Streatley, to Capt. Deville, who thinks they are the above
species, though " he will not absolutely commit himself to them."
Dr. Joy appears to have no doubt as to the correctness of the
identification. In view of the fact that it was a species unknown to
Ganglbauer, it is a pity Dr. Joy did not go to the original description
given by Mulsant and Rey — according to these authors e.voleta, Er., is
by no means confined to the coast.

Calodera protensa, Man. — This species has been taken by Mr.
February 15th, 1909.

26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Harwood in an osier bed at Colchester, and was introduced by Mr.
Champion (loc. cit., p. 225), who says it is alHed to C. nujrita, Man.

Fhilnnthns concijinus, Grav. — Dr. Joy points out {loc. cit., p. 51)
that most of the specimens standing in our collections under the name
of ebeniniis, Grav., are the above species, which is a much smaller
insect, and has the penultimate joint of the antennae more transverse.
I have taken true cuucinuio^ at Sandown, Isle of Wight.

OlojJinoii assiiiiile, Pk. — This species was taken in numbers in
flood-refuse on the banks of the Spey, near Nethy Bridge, by Mr.
Donisthorpe and the writer, last September (7':»f. Record, xx., p. 255).

Claiiihtis pimctulinn, Beck.^Mr. Donisthorpe {loc. cit., p. 293)
introduces this species again to our list on specimens taken by evening
sweeping at Chattenden ; it is separable from viinutus, Stm., by the
form of the antennal joints, and its size.

Anisotoma jiavicornis, Ch. — This species has been confused with
parvula, Sahl.' Dr. Joy {Ent. Mo. Ma(j., p. 174) pointed out the
difference, and stated that he had taken it at Bradfield. Mr. Champion
later {loc. cit., p. 206) gave a number of localities in which he had
found it.

Colon zehei, Kr. — This is considered a genuine species by Ganglbauer,
and Dr. Joy {loc cit., p. 38) says that it differs from deutipes, Sahl., of
which it has been treated as a variety only, in shape, punctuation, and
pubescence.

Fiqdectus bescidicioi, Reitt. — Dr. Joy introduces {Ent. liecord, xx.,
p. 56) this species on specimens taken under bark at Enfield by Mr.
Pool ; there are specimens in the Bates' collection taken by Lawson at
Scarborough.

Corticuria linearis, Payk. ; C. eppelsheinii, Reitt. ; C. lonc/icollis,
Zett. — In an interesting article on the genus, in which he gives a
valuable table. Dr. Joy states that all these three species must be
introduced to our list. Canon Fowler {Brit. Col., vol. iii., p. 292)
expressed the opinion that linearis and lon(/icollis had been taken in this
country, and Dr. Joy gives localities for all three. Dr. Joy expresses
the opinion that he has been unable to find any authentic British
specimens of (,'. ohscura, Bris., and that, therefore, that species must
disappear from our list {Ent. Mo. Ma(j., xliv., p. 125).

Melanopthahna truncatella, Man. — Introduced by Dr. Joy {Ent.
Record, xx., p. 91) on specimens taken in Norfolk; it is entirely
testaceous.

Criiptophaijus Ivrendali, Gangl. — This species, which is treated by
Ganglbauer and by Lovendal as a variety of pubescens, Stm., has been
taken in the New Forest by Mr. Champion {E?it. Mo. Ma<i., xliv., p.
123), and he is of opinion that it is a perfectly distinct species,
separable from pubescens by its three jointed-club.

Cryptophai/iis liirtidiis, Kr. — Taken by Dr. Joy {loc. cit., p. 178) in
the Scilly Islands, on a cellar window, and under haystack refuse. Mr.
Newbery has a specimen taken years ago in a house at Merton.

Micranibe villosa, Heer {=pilosula, Heer). This species, treated by
Ganglbauer as a variety, by Capt. Deville as a species, is introduced
by Mr. Newbery {loc. cit., p. 105) ; it appears to differ from vini, Pz.,
a beetle which occurs all over the country in countless profusion on
gorse, etc., only in the fact that it is a trifle larger, and has some
longer upright hairs mixed with the decumbent pubescence. To create

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1908. 27

species on such grounds as this seems to reduce the whole question of
specific characters to mere trifling.

Lita7(/us coloratKs, Rosen. — Taken by Mr. T. R. Hardy in Sherwood
Forest, in June, 1907, in fungus on a holly log {loc. cit., p. 104) ; it is
introduced by Messrs. Joy and Tomlin.

Parnns [Drxjops) hiridiis, Er. — Mr. Edwards, who introduces this
species {loc. cit., p. 102), states that it can only be determined with
certainty when mixed with prolifericornis, F., by the male genitalia.

Lomjitarsiis nifierrimus, Gyll. — This species is introduced also by
Messrs. Joy and Tomlin {loc. cit., p. 104) on the authority of specimens
taken by Dr. Wallace at Cleethorpes in September, 1907.

Pliyllotreta diademata, Foudr. — Mr. Newbery {loc. cit. p. 148)
introduces this species, and says that Capt. Deville has confirmed his
identification ; the specimens were taken by Mr. de la Garde in South
Devon ; it is a close ally of atra, F., and pnnctnlata, Marsh., and belongs,
therefore, to a very difficult group of the genus.

Ceiitltorhynchus moffantiacm, Schultze. — This is the insect mentioned
by Canon Fowler {Col. Brit., vol. v., p. 349) as viridipennis, Bris. ; Mr.
Champion in introducing it says {loc. cit. p. 2) that it may prove to be
only a form of C. timidus, Weise (= chalyhaeus, Brit. Cat.).

Ceitthorht/nchus parvnlioi, Bris. — Taken by Mr. de la Garde by
sweeping Lepidiinii hetcrophylhnn, at Braunton, Devon, last June, and
introduced {loc. cit. p. 195) by Mr. Newbery ; the suture has a band of
closely packed white scales; it is like C. jioralis, Pk., but is easily
separated by the seven joints to the funiculus of the antennse.

Araeocerus fasciculatns, de Geer. — This cosmopolitan insect is
recorded by Mr. F. H. Day {loc. cit. p. 265) as breeding in a biscuit
factory at Carlisle ; it is probable it will, like many similarly world-
wide species, spread throughout the country ; the insect introduced by
Mr. Newbery some years ago as Tropideres hilcois, Fahr., was in reality
the above insect ; the error was said to have arisen from comparing it
with " a bad type," whatever that may mean.

The following varieties have also been added to our list :

Notiophilus aquaticus var. strvjifrons, Baudi. {loc. cit., p. 271), taken
at Braemar, by Mr. Champion, who now appears to incline to the view
that it is a var. of pusillus, Wat., but Gangibauer treats it as a var.
of aquaticus ; it appears to be a mountain form.

Carabus violaceus, L. — The British specimens of this species are
said to be a subspecies, which Hartert calls sollicitans (Champion, loc.
cit., p. 124).

Sunius angustatus var. h/onessius. — Dr. Joy says {loc. cit., p. 177) that
the specimens he took in the Scilly Islands are a subspecies, but as,
apart from some difference in the punctuation of the elj^tra, the
difference from the type seems to be mainly colour differences, and as
Canon Fowler {Col. Brit., vol. ii., p. 321) says that the colour of
anyustatus and dirersus is very variable, I would be inclined to say it is
a mere variety, and I would deprecate even giving it a name, especially
the name suggested, in view of the fact that Mr. Donisthorpe says he
has found it in the Isle of Wight.

Meliqethes viduatus, Stm. var. aestiwabilis, Reitt.- — Taken by Mr.
Day at Carlisle, and introduced by Mr. Newbery {loc. cit., p. 89).

Bruchus rufimanus. Boh. var. relutinus, Muls. — Mr. Champion finds
(loc. cit., p. 1) that his exponents of affinis, Froh., are this variety.

28 THE entomologist's record.

Apliodins scyhalariuR, F. ab. nigricans, Muls. ; found at Deal ;
introduced by Mr. Jennings (loc. cit., p. 155).

Malthoch's iinjiiiiiKs, L. var. tiianjinicollis, Schil., taken by Mr.
Donisthorpe {Knt. Record, xx., p. 82), at Cobham, July, 1907.

The following changes in synonymy have been recorded during the
year : — Lathrobiiivi elonyatuiu, L. var. niyruni, Joy = var. fraud iilentitm,
Gangl. (Champion, Fynt. Mo. J/o//., p. 1) ; Ceuthorhi/nckidiiis clwrrolatl^
Bris. = ('. barnerillei, Gren. ; Ceuthorhj/nchiis chah/baeus, Germ. = C\
tKiiiidns, Weise (Champion loc. cit. 'p. 1); Epiiraea ohlowja, Hbst. =
E. thoracica, Tourn. (Joy, loc. cit., p. 106) ; Dasi/tes ocidatus, Brit. Cat.,
= 1K plumbeus, Mull. (Newbery, loc. cit., p. 156); and, lastly, it
appears, if we follow continental opinion on the matter, we must sink
Hydnobius pnnctatissiiiius, Steph., as it is a variety only of H. punctatus^
Stm. (Ganglbauer, ^^ Die Kafer von Mitteleiiroj)a," vol. iii., p. 206);
Mr. Champion draws attention to this {Ent. Mo. Mai/., vol. xliv..

We have thus an apparent addition of 28 species and 6 varieties,
while two species are deleted, but at least two of the new species are
of extremely doubtful value — to one I would even decline varietal
rank, and there is a doubt as to the accuracy of the determination of a
third, but even with these deductions it presents a remarkable increase
to our list, and I know of several other additions, which will be
shortly announced, some of which will be genuinely new to science.

I can only mention a few of the more interesting captures of rare
species recorded during the year. Mr. de la Garde records Hydroclms
nitidicollis, Muls., and Hydraena pyymaea, Wat., from Christow, Devon,
and Arena octavii, Fauv., from Dawlish Warren ; Mr. Chaster,
Deliphrinn crenatuiii, Gr., from Helensburgh ; Commander Walker,
(Jryptophayns scluiridti, Stm., from Strood ; Lathrobiinn pallihnn, Nor.,
and Pselaphns dre.sdensis, Hbst., from Oxford ; Dr. Joy, Laeniojddoens
Dionilis, F., from Streatley ; Mr. Donisthorpe, Ayrilm biynttatus, F.,
from Sherwood ; Troyolinm anylicantis, Shp., from the Isle of Wight;
Mr. Bedwell, Procas aniiillatus, F., from Sherwood, and LTnoriuius
vn riabilis ,Ij., from Purley Oaks; Mr. Thompson, Corymhites castancus,.
L.,from Pately Bridge; and the writer, Cry]itophayussubdeprenstts, Gyll.,
from Nethy Bridge ; Mr. Day, Brontes planatus, L., from Carlisle ; Mr.
W. E Sharp, Gnorivms nobilis, L., from South Bucks.

Several interesting notes have appeared in our entomological
journals. To the pages of the {Ent. Mo. May.) Dr. Joy has contributed
(p. 38) a series of useful notes on the genus Colon : he has given some
fresh characters for identification of the more difficult species, and
hints as to the best method of capturing them ; a table for the British
species of Epuraea (p. 106), which will be found most useful by
collectors who are usually much puzzled in the identification of
several species of the genus ; a table, and notes (p. 125) on the
genus Corticaria, to which I have already alluded ; a note on
the coleoptera of the Scilly Islands (p. 175) in which he has detailed
the results of the collection he made on the Islands last April, adding
126 to the previously known species, bringing the total number now
recorded from the Islands up to 275 — this must surely be only a
small proportion of the real number of species in the Islands ; and,
lastly (p. 246), some additional notes on moles' nest coleoptera; in
reference to this latter point, I may mention that my friend, Mr..

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1908. jiy

Evans, will shortly publish a paper on our joint researches into the
fauna of moles' nests in Scotland, but I may say at once that Dr. Joy
is mistaken in thinking that O.rypoda lonr^ipes, Muls., is not an
inhabitant of moles' nests in Scotland; we have found it in many
nests and in some numbers — the few taken at large in Scotland have
evidently been wanderers from the nests. Mr. J. Edwards has published
[Knt. Mo. Mail., xliv., p. 220) a table for the British species of the
genus Helophorus, which will, I feel sure, simplify our labours in
determining more diiScult species of this genus. Mr. Champion {loc.
cit., p. 233) draws attention to the fact that Dermestes aurichalcicus,
Kust., and Micrawbe perriai, Bris., are found on the continent in nests
made by Bombycid larvae, and he siiggests that search should be made
in their nests in this country.

In the Ent. Record, Mr. Donisthorpe publishes (p. 281) a first
instalment of his interesting Myrmecophilous Notes for the year,
and Mr. H. W. Ellis and Mr. A. H. Martineau also contribute
(p. 56) some notes on the same subject, giving an account of their
field work in the neighbourhood of Biimingham. Mr. Balfour Browne
in the same journal (p. 25) published a paper entitled " Notes on the
British Species of the Genus Phihjdnis, Solier," giving a table for the
separation of our species, and notes as to their distribution; lastly, Mr.
W. E. Sharp (p. 87) discusses, in a paper on the British List, the
vexed question of what constitutes the right of a beetle to a true place
in our indigenous fauna.

In the Transactions of the Entomolofiical Society of London only
a few papers dealing with coleoptera have appeared this year. In
Part iv. for 1907 (issued February 14th, 1908), appeared Mr.
Donisthorpe's paper "The Life-History and Occurrence as British of
Lo)nerhusa strumosa, F.," in which the author gave an account of his
own observations in the field and in his observation nest, and figured
the larva and his dissections of the secretory glands. In Pt. ii. for
1908 (issued September 29th, 1908), is a paper by Mr. C. J. Gahan on
the larvffi of Trictenotoina childreni, Gray, Melittoinnia insulare,
Fairmaire, and Dascillns cervitius, L., an interesting paper in view of
the divergence of opinion as to the systematic position of the
Trichenotomidae. Mr. Gahan is of opinion, as the result of his study
of the larva, that this family should be placed near the beginning of
the Heteromerous series — the larva of Dascillus has a general
resemblance to those of the Lamellicorns — it is a root-feeder. The
only other paper in this part which I have to notice is by Mr. G. J.
Arrow on the classification of the coleopterous family Dynastidae ; this
paper deals principally with Oriental species, which have been some-
what neglected, the new species described are in the British Museum
collection ; altogether 11 new^ genera and 25 new species are described.

The thirty-first Annual Report (1907) of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society contains two papers of great interest
and value — Dr. Bailey's Vice-Presidential Address on the Coleoptera
of the Isle of Man, and Mr. W. E. Sharp's list of the coleoptera of
Lancashire and Cheshire. Dr. Bailey, after giving a general survey
of the Island of Man as a collecting-ground for the coleopterist, and'^a
list of some of the more noteworthy species to be met with, discusses
very fully the division of the species into the various distributional
groups which it is considered we possess in these islands ; this is a

30 THE entomologist's record.

part of the paper of great interest to all coleopterists, and should be
carefully studied. 1 notice one or two slips — surely for Bidessas
vnistnatus, Schr., mentioned as belonging to the Western group, is
meant Bidcfisuswinutifisiiiius, Germ. ; inrihei- BJiopoloni esites ta rd i/i , Curt.,
has occurred commonly near Scarborough, and is not purely Western.
Mr. W. E. Sharp's list brings the Lancashire and Cheshire list up to
1586 species, or about 45 per cent, of the British list. May I express
the hope that this list will be used as a model by all local societies
who may in the future undertake the work of compiling a local list in
any order of insects ?

Commander Walker has issued a supplement to his Oxford List,
bringing it up to the end of 1907, adding 183 species, and making the
total now 1580, a fine record for such a small area, and testifying to
the zeal of the local workers.

In the Zooloiiut (February, 1908) appeared a translation by Mr.
Donisthorpe of a short paper by Father Wasmann, on the evolution of
the genus Dinarda, of much interest to those of us who are trying to
form theories as to the evolution of new species and genera.

In the Annals of Scottish Natural History for January, 1908,
appeared two short papers by Dr. Joy and the writer on the
coleopterous fauna of the lonely island of St. Kilda.

The last paper I have to notice appeared in the Journal of the
Linnean Society, vol. xxx., no. 197, p. 157 ; it was entitled " Life-
Histories and Larval Habits of the Tiger Beetle," and is illustrated
with plates; it is the work of Mr. C. E. Shelford, and describes that
gentleman's observations in the field and in the virarium, of the
life-histoi'ies of twelve species or races of tiger beetles occurring in the
neighbourhood of Chicago ; it is a paper I would strongly advise all
our younger coleopterists to read carefully.

In bringing my " Eetrospect " to a conclusion, lam glad to be able
to express the opinion that the past year has been a fruitful one, and
has given proof that we are slowly realising the importance of the study
of life-histories, and the small value of mere collections.

Notes from a lepidopterist's diary for 1908.

By JOSEPH OVENDEN.

Early in January, 1908, I paid a visit to the haunts of Hellinsia car-
phodactt/la, expecting to find the larvte snug in their hybernacula, but,
although a few daj's before the ground had been covered with snow, I
found the larv« sunning on the foodplants just at the entrance of
their burrows, while all around were traces of recent feeding and frass;
the larvffi were at this time about an eighth of an inch in length. I
split several of the mined plants up, but m no case did I find any
traces of hybernating larvse, so concluded that they come up from the
mine in the central stem to sun themselves whenever the weather is
fine enough all the winter. During January and February, Ph it/alia
pedaria (jiilosaria), L'heiuiatohia briiwata, Hi/hernia rupicapraria and H.
j)ro(iem)uaria occasionally decorated the street lamps on the outskirts of
the town, whilst, after March, Anisopteryx aescularia were to be seen
in their company. Ai/lais urticae was first noted ou March 2nd.
During March and April I turned my attention to the stems of the

NOTES FROM A I.EPIDOPTERIST's DIARY FOR 1908. 31

Viburnuiii for mines of A^^ijeria andreniformis, but, although I got
plenty of bored stems, only two imagines rewarded my labours.

On May 6th, a run to Chattenden drew a blank, the weather being
cold and showery, but a night or so later, on the outside of the wood, I
found a fairish number of Noctuid larvfe, mostly Noctiia .i-antho(iraplia,
Leucania pallens, L. iinpura, Triphaena orbona, T. pronnba, T. fimbria,
Xoctiia baja, and N. trianijuhnn, which were uncommon, whilst a few
each of Xaenia tj/pica and Roannia repandata brought us home fairly
satisfied with our work. A few days after, I visited the Medway
marshes for larv« of Adactylus bennettii and Platyptilia gonodactyla,
the latter being fairly common, but the former was, as yet, scarcely
showing. A visit to the woods between Maidstone and Chatham, on
May 11th, brought to light another locality for Helliusia carphodactyla.
On May 13th Saturnia pavonia {carpini) crawled up in the breeding-
cage, and a ? Xylocampa lithoriza, from which I obtained a small
number of ova, was found on a fence. On May 19th, Xula cristnlalis
was out in the woods near Chatham. From imagines taken at this
time Sergeant Crocker obtained ova, and, in due course, larvie, an
account of some of the latter being given in the Entomologist's Record
for September last (vol. xx., pp. 213-214). As to the making of the
cocoon of Xola cristulalis, Mr. Crocker pointed out to me in his garden
that the larvte peeled pieces of the thin bark off the twigs and branches
near the cocoons, carried them to the cocoon, and filled them into the
walls ; but one thing is not at all clear, viz., that, at each end of the
cocoon there are two marks of greyish-white silk. What are they for?
They show very distinctly, but whether spun as a foundation to work
from or whether like bolt ropes to draw the cocoon tight as they dried,
we could not settle to our satisfaction.

Several unsuccessful visits to Chattenden — of Apatura iris and
Xola albulalis fame — brought home the fact that, as an entomologist's
paradise, these woods are a thing of the past; the extensive rearing of
game, which are penned out in all the clearings, give no chance for
the survival of lepidoptera in any stage. Two or three specimens
each of Hesperia vialvae [alveolus), Cabera exanthemaria, Teplirosia bis-
tortata (crepMscidaria), and iarva3 of Chattendenia ir-album, Enodia
Jiijperantlms, JEgeria cynipiformis, and lUiodopJiaea consociella being the
sum of our catch.

On May 25th, a visit to the woods around Chatham resulted in my
first acquaintance with Minoa mnrinata alive, when I captured a nice
series of nine gems, just out. Botys fuscalis, Eitpitliecia plnmbeo-
lata, and Venilia niaculata, were fairly common ; odd specimens of
Macaria notata, Hylophila prasinana, and Lyydia adustata were also
taken, whilst a plentiful supply of larvte of Lasiocawpa (jitercus, Por-
t/iesia aurifiua, Diloba caeruleocephala, Abraxas yrossulariata, and a J
of Dasyclnra pudibnnda on a tree-trunk brought an end to a most
enjoyable outing. I might just mention one item not entomological,
viz., that while pushing a way through the undergrowth I was startled
by the flight of a largish bird, as it were, from under my feet ; it did
not fly right away, but kept hovering round, and, after a short flight,
came near enough for me to recognise it as a "nightjar"; its move-
ments made me suspect that its nest was near, and, glancing around,
I saw almost at my feet two eggs placed in a very slight depression in
the ground, and loooking exactly like the stones and pebbles with

32 THE entomologist's record.

which it was surrounded ; so like were they that, had it not been for
the suspicious movements of the bird, I might have unknowingly
stepped on them.

On May 27th, a very hot day, I had such an experience with
Dixirni I never remember, at this time of year, before. In a cut-down
corner of the woods just beyond Cuxton, within the space of 100 yards,
I saw or took eight species within as many minutes — Gonepteryx
rhamni, Knclilo'e cardamines, Pieris rapae, P. napi, P. brassicae, lirentliis
eiiphrosyne, Celastrhia oryioliis, and Xisuinades tages. June 5th, at Cux-
ton, was very stormy and insects shy — a few each of Botys pandalh-,
Eupithecia siibunihrata, E. satyrata, E. castiyata, with one Hetiiaris tityus
{bomhylifnrmis), two Lyydia adiistato, one Spilosoma iiiendica 2 , from
which I got a nice lot of ova, the larvae from which have since pupated
quite successsfully, comprised my captures. A run to Hailing on June
10th, with Lieut. J. J. Jacobs, was only worthy of note from the fact of
finding larvfe of Odontia detitalii^ and half-a-dozen imagines of Hel-
linsia carphodactyla. On the 17th, a journey to Queensdown Warren,
in bad weather enabled me to get a nice series of Crambns cJirysnnu-
chelltis. On the way home, sugar in the woods produced crowds' of
common Noctuids, but nothing specially worthy of note. June 24th,
at Hailing, produced a few rather worn Bofy>i pandalis and a few good
To.rocaiiipa pas^tininii, O.ryptilus parvidactyla, and Merrifieldia tetra-
dactyla. From June 29th to July 8th all the spare time was spent
on the marshes at the Isle of Grayne for Leiicania favicoLor, Acidalia
emxitaria, Mamestra abjecta, Hadena siiasa, and larvae of Malacosoma
castrensis, a nice series of each being obtained, while swarms of fine
Adactylus bennettii and rather worn Gilbiieria pallidactyla (bertrami)
made us wish twilight would last half the night instead of half-an-
hour. July 9th was fearfully windy, but Lieut. J. J. Jacobs and I
turned up a few Acidalia rusticata in its old haunts at Higham ; this
species is getting much scarcer than formerly in this locality, whilst
a few each of Holio vauaria and Heunthea thyiniara enlivened our
journey into Chattenden, where a few Melanthia riibiyinota were
flying, but we had hardly got into the woods before the wind dropped
and down came the rain. We, however, looked in on the old Nola
albidalis ground, but only to meet with farther disappointment, and
the falling of the drizzling rain was no compensation for the sight of
the animated snow-flakes which used to gladden our eyes and excite
our nerves away back in the " eighties."

July 11th was fairly fine, and an evening spent on the marshes
nearStrood with Calaniia jiJiraymitidis, Chilo jdiragmitellus, Homoeosotna
senecionis, and Gilbneria pallidactyla {bertraiiii), proved an enjoyable
change. The next nine days were more or less wet and unpleasant,
but, on the 20th, a fine morning tempted me into making a special
journey by train to Snodland for Ebulm stac/iydalis, but the results
were poor, very poor, viz., a wet jacket, and a few each of Pionaea
straiiientalis, harentia didyniata, Eupisteria lieperata, Coreuiia quadri-
fasciaria, Acidalia emaryinata, and larvie of Adaina iiiicrodactyla. On
July 21st, sugar on the marshes near home attracted a few Maviestra
abjecta and Hydroccia pahulis; L'alawia phraymitidis was also common,
but all too much washed out to be worth taking.

The afternoon of July 22nd was spent on the chalk-hills in the
teeth of a boisterous wind, which was not pleasant, although the sun

A NEW COLEOPTERON HOMALOTA SCOTICA, NOV. SP. 33

was very bright ; I managed, however, to find one quiet spot behind
a thicket, and, during the hills in the wind, I obtained a few nice fresh
llytliia carnella, four Odontia dentalis, and about a dozen each of
Pijraitsta aiirata, P. pnrpuralis, and Ennychia ostii)ialis, while from
the heads of the scabious I got a few larvfe of Adkinia bipuiictidactyla,
which pupated and emerged in due course. On July 26th, on the
marshes near Strood, I captured Mamestra abjecta, Hydruecia paludis,
Eapitliecia subnutata, and Spilodes jialealif^, a few of each iu very fair
condition.

On July 27th I visited Chattenden again with Lieut. Jacobs for
sugaring. Plenty of tine Calyuniia aJfinU, crowds of C. trapezina,
Noctiia baja, Bhodophaea sociella, and a few Hypenodes alhistriiialis (the
latter worn) occurred, while a few Acidalia emarginata and Catadysta
lewnata were taken with the net ; again we finished up our journey by
getting wet through.

During the next three weeks I was too busy to get out, but found
plenty to do in setting out the insects I bred — Malacosonia costrensis,
Lophopteryx cmnelina, Felun/a couiitata, Adkinia bipnnctidactyla,
Adactylus hennettii, and Odontia dentalis, a nice series of each. On
August 18th the marshes produced a few of the second-brood of
Flatyptilia yonodactyla and KiipitJtecia linariata, also a few Scoparia
cewbrae, and a few larva?, very small, of Eupithecia oblonyata, E.
absynt/riata and E. scabiosata.

On August 18th, in company with Lieut. Jacobs, I paid my fare-
well visit of the season to Chattenden, in hopes of taking Leucania albi-
pnncta: I knew the woodcutter had cut down that portion of the Avoods
where I took the species in 1 903, but, alas, when I got there, I found
the clearing studded with coops for the young pheasants, and the
keeper kept fussing around for fear our light should disturb the birds ;
however, w^e got our sugar on and then, to crown all, when we returned
to our starting-place, we found he had lighted a large fire to keep off
the foxes. We looked over a few patches of sugar, but, finding nothing-
worth taking, we turned homeward, muttering our anathemas, and men-
tally resolving to cut our acquaintance with glorious old Chattenden,
except maybe for a chance visit to the elms on the outside of the woods
if any friends should still wish for larvae of Chattendenia w-albion or
Petasia ca/isinea.

Late August and early September were spent in working the waste
places round Strood and Frindsbury, which were overhauled for pupae
of Gurtyna ochracea in the stems of ragwort, dock, thistles, etc., and
20 to 30 were easily found, whilst a few kicks at the (Jhenopodium
would always shake oft" crowds of larvae of Apamea trifolii, Pelimja
coniitata, Hadena oleracea, Maniestra bra.ssicae, and a few Eupithecia
subnotata and Plnsia gamma. In October, Xylina rhizolitha was found
on tree-trunks at Snodland, and was not uncommon. During Novem-
ber and December Hybemia defoliaria and L'heimatobia briimata were
very common on the lamps round the town.

A new Coleopteron — Homalota scotica, nov. sp.

By E. G. ELLIMAN.

Elongate, somewhat parallel, depressed, finely and rather densely pubescent ;
reddish-testaceous, with the mouth-parts, base of antennae and legs paler, head
and hind-body, excepting apex, pitchy, the two or three basal segments being

34 THE entomologist's record.

slightly lighter ; head, thorax, and elytra rather dull, hind-body a little more
shiny. Head subtriangular, strongly narrowed, from base to front of eyes, about
as broad as thorax, slightly convex, very finely punctured. AntennEE somewhat
strongly thickened towards apex, points 1 to 3 elongate, third joint, a little shorter
than the second, 4 and 5 about as long as broad, (5 and 7 transverse, 8 to 10
strongly transverse, last joint half as long again as penultimate. Thorax very
slightly transverse, narrowed a little in front, very slightly contracted towards base,
from the anterior third, with faint traces of dorsal channel. Elytra transverse,
very little longer than thorax, very finely punctured. Hind-body, subparallel,
very finely and densely punctured ; last ventral segment furnished with rather
long black hairs. Length '2'7mm. to 3mm.

The most closely allied British species to this insect are those of
the H. curellaris group (Fowler, IJrit. Cnleoptera, vol. ii.); it may be
distinguished from the members of this group by the triangular shape
of the head, the thorax, too, is broader and less convex, but, as com-
pared with H. at't/ra, there is, in this last respect, not a great amount
of difference, though, of course, in colour, size, and shape of head, etc.,
it is a very different-looking insect.

Hoiiialota {Apiiiiela, Mulsatkey) viacella, Cr., found in France and
Germany, appears to have a greater natural relationship to the species
under con.sideration, than any of our British species, it is, however, a.
smaller, narrower insect, with longer elytra, and differently formed
antenna^.

This distinct species makes an important addition to the gen as
Homalota, and we owe its discovery to Prof. T. Hudson Beare and Mr.
H. St. John Donisthorpe, who found it sparingly in tlood-refuse on
the banks of the river Spey, at Nethy Bridge, N.B., in September
last.

A Midsummer's Collecting at La Granja.

By (Kev.) F. E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.
Attracted by Mr. Sheldon's account of his successes at La Granja, and
still more by certain specimens which he exhibited at a meeting of the
Ent. Soc. of London on one of those rare occasions when I was able to
be present, we determined to go to Spain. We were fortunate enough
to persuade Mr. A. H. Jones to join us, and, but for his cheerful company,
I do not know how we should have endured the depressing weather of
our first week, and the discomforts, not to say hardships, which awaited
us. We were a party of three — Mr. Jones, Mrs. Lowe, and myself —
with only six words of Spanish between us, and of these one was the
same word, the inspiring word "mariposas," butterflies. With this
slender stock in trade, we ventured into this very strange land, and
returned in safety, at least, as much of us as was left after nearly five
weeks of semi-starvation. Mr. Jones, to our great regret, had the time
of his exile shortened, and was only able to stay a fortnight. For this
reason he has asked me to include his captures and observations
among my own. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Sheldon who put all
his information concerning the best hunting-grounds, means of access,
and hotel accommodation, at my service. He even provided a most
useful sketch-map of the neighbourhood, so that we need lose no time
in finding the desirable spots. I fully hoped by going earlier to La
Granja than he had done, and staying as late, to make a very large
addition to the number of species he had reported. I did something,
but was far less successful than I had expected, for I learned that this

A midsummer's collecting at la granja. 35

summer at least, I was too early for some of the things which Mr.
Sheldon appears to have found abundant at the same date the year
before. Probably north central Spain is subject to uncertainties of
climate during the spring months, as I notice that entomologists in
recording their experiences frequently say "it was a very late season."
It may be that we invariably start too earlj-, and need to readjust our
ideas of the climate.

We arrived at La Granja about 6a.m. on June loth. "Mine
host " was not yet visible, and we had some difficulty with two voluble
females about rooms, but when he appeared in about an hour's time,
things were easily settled. After breakfast Jones and I started on a
tour of exploration. The morning was rather cool, and sunshine
uncertain. We had not gone far before our attention was arrested by
the evidence of a remarkable set back which vegetation had experienced.
Everywhere the shrubs, and especially the bushes of oak, a curious,
soft, woolly-leaved kind, were in a parlous plight. The young leaves,
about half-grown, were hanging down along the sides of the branches,
dying, or dead. At first we thought they were suffering from some
kind of blight, but a little investigation soon showed that it was the
result of cold and violent weather. Most probably there had lately
been a heavy snow-storm accompanied by some frost. Almost all the
young growth was destroyed, and the renewing of the foliage took
place, more particularly of the oaks, during my stay. This rough touch
of winter, after spring had reached the threshold of summer, could not
but have a deleterious efiect upon the " bugs." To this I ascribe the
lateness, and oftentimes the scarceness of many species, which we had
to deplore during the whole of our visit. In this our first walk, June
15th, there was very little of insect life to attract attention. It rained
in the afternoon, and the bad weather, rain, and cold, continued for
the next five days, during which my companion pathetically observed
that "he had never seen his own shadow." On the 19th, indeed, it
was so cold that we lunched and dined in great coats, and wearing
caps. On Sunday, June 21st, the sun came out as a giant, and we
had nothing but fine weather until the end of our visit, July 16th.
Unfortunately, Jones had to leave on the 26th, so only enjoyed six
days' collecting out of his fortnight's sojourn. I will not attempt to
give the results of our collecting day by day, during my own pro-
longed stay, but will offer a few general observations, supplying in
conclusion a complete list of captures with occasional notes.

Iphiclides podalirius var. feisthaiiielii was fairly common, but often
very worn. Jones devoted the greater part of one morning to
this insect at damp patches on the road. One female secured is
remarkably large and beautiful. Papilio machaon was in no way
remarkable, except that it appeared to be very scarce and rather small.
Of the Pierids, Aporia crataciji was in very poor condition on our
arrival, but new emergences appeared later, and I took one very fine
ab. ? jiava. All the Pieris napl which came under my notice were
var. napaeae, but I am not prepared to say that the type was not
present. Fontia daplidice, scarce and worn at first, was in fair numbers
and excellent condition in the middle of July. One or two Anthocaris
belia var. ausonia during the first week. Both Jones and I saw one
and the same EucJdoe cardamines 5 , and no more. The entire absence
of Leptidia sinapis was a matter of surprise. Of the genus Colias,

36 THE entomologist's record.

C. edusa was very abundant and much worn as a rule, in June, with a
fair sprinkling of var. helice. A new brood began to emerge as I was
leaving, but up to date, July 16th, var. helice had not again appeared.
Many of the C. edusa of both sexes were remarkably small, and seemed
to constitute a separate race, flying with those of ordinary size, perhaps
var. pyrenaica. None were large and especially fine, as some I have
from Gibraltar. C. Injale was only seen or taken three or four times.
It was evidently rare, at least in the early brood. But of these few
specimens, one female is a very beautiful variety. On the underside,
the tips of the primaries, and the whole of the secondaries, instead of
the usual dark mustard-yellow, are a greyish-white, just sufficiently
pronounced to preserve the contrast with the pure white of the discal
portion of the upperwings. The general effect is of almost a silver
underside. If this aberration is not already recognised, it deserves a
name of its own, and I would suggest armjpltea. Melit^ids were by no
means abundant, except, perhaps Melitaea phoehe var. occitanica, which
was mostly worn in the middle of June, but a month later issued
again in fresh beauty. This species was, on an average, always smaller
than the specimens from the Alps. I have taken hundreds of M.
phoehe in the Rhone Valley, both sides of the iSimplon, Monte Bre,
Pontresina, Orta, Reazzino, etc., but have never seen from central
Europe a specimen which could be said to be more than "trans ad var.
occitanicain," as represented by the Spanish examples. A point which
seems to be altogether ignored by Staudinger's absolutely insufficient
description " magis variegata," is the entirely different tone of colour
in these Spanish M. phoebe. It is not merely a matter of a little more
or less variegated effect of light and dark colour, but the artist so to
speak, has mixed his colours with entirely different pigments. In
Switzerland he takes for his ground colour the ruddy tone of Argyn?iis
adippe, and variegates it with black, white, and yellowish- brown. In
Spain the ground colour is more that of Dryax paphia ? , bedecked with
lemon-yellow, and much finer tracery of black. In the Swiss forms the
antemarginal band, on the upperside of the hindwings, is always strongly
chevroned in black, often suffused, and sometimes containing black
spots, as in ab. cin.cioides, Muschamp ; the Spanish specimens have
this band only delicately suggested, and often almost obsolete. Here,
I may mention a beautiful male from La Granja, in which the under-
side of the hindwings has the central pale band of pure colour without
any zigzag, black edging, or black spots, and no central row of black
marks on the primaries underside. I took a few Melitaea aurinia var.
iberica mostly worn. Jones records also M. desfontanei var. baetica
male and female. J/, didyma we found at first, not common and
difficult to get in good condition ; they were mostly females of the var.
occidentalis. M. deione was also passing (1st brood ?) and not abundant,
but many females were fine, and differed much in size. Both males
and females presented endless variation in the breadth of black mark-
ings, and in intensity of colour. M. parthenie, thinly scattered every-
where towards the end of June, was very bright in colour, but no females.
A nice series which I thought were beautifully variegated females,
Mr. Wheeler thinks to be deione, though all have a close family like-
ness to M. parthenie. Mr. Jones reports athalia, I do not think that
I saw or took this species — but had some of the Castilian forms of

NOTES ON PIERIS MANNI, MAYER. 37

M. deione been the original types of var. berisalensis/' I could better
have understood why Staudinger considered the latter a variety of M.
athalia. One very handsome melanic $ , I supposed at first to be an
ab. of .1/. athalia, but I now lean to the opinion that it is M. deione. The
whole of the primaries are black, especially on the right side (for it is
not quite symmetrical) having only, a row of yellow spots of what
Mr. Wheeler calls the outer snbtenuinal, and a double stir/ma. The
lower wings are suffused in the same way with a very large and light
diiical spot, and a row of spots of the same colour behind the inner line.
Of the Argynnids, the first thing forced upon one's notice was the
wonderful abundance and beauty of Argi/nnis ac/laia. It was like
Issoria lathonia, everywhere, and appeared to renew itself as did iJri/as
pandora all through our stay. These two could be obtained in tip-top
condition from June 21st to the day we left, July 16th. An/i/nnis
niobe, always var. eiis, was decidedly scarce. The few taken appear
to be smaller and less heavily marked than those of Switzerland.
Brenthis daphne ver}' local, and not a fine form. Ari/i/nnis adippe var.
chlorodippe did not show up till July 10th, when I took one. After
this it occurred only sparingly ; I also took three fine var. cleodippe ;
it was not until July 14th that Dri/as paphia was seen. I saw and
took in all only three males var. iwmaculata, one in rags. I saw no
type or females.

[To he concluded.)

Notes on the early stages and habits of Pieris manni, Mayer.

By H. POWELL, F.E.S.

Whilst with Mr. Rene Oberthiir at Yernet-les-Bains (Pyrenees-
Orientales) last August, he took me to a spot where Pieris manni was
flying in considerable abundance, and pointed out to me the imaginal
characteristics which separate it from Pieria rapae. Without going
into details of these distinctions, this having been done thoroughly by
others, I may say that there seems to be but little difficulty in
recognising the two species, in the summer broods at any rate. The
shape of the forewings, particularly in the males, the shape of the
black spots, and the pure white of the upperside of the female P. iiianni
make identification fairly easy.

P. manni is a much more local insect than P. rapae, frequenting
woody places, and valleys amongst the hills where there is plenty
of vegetation. It thrives w^ell in damp valleys overgrown with
moist vegetation. At Vernet-les-Bains its principal habitat is in the
Gorge du Cady above Casteil, in spots where the favourite food-plant
Iberis sempervirens grows. On one steep slope on the right hand side
going up, in a narrow part of the gorge, it fairly swarms at times, and
one but rarely finds a P. rapae flying with it in this locality. Close to
Vernet it also occurs, but far more sparingly. Here, its food-plant is
Lepidiuin graniinifolin)ii, L. It does not appear to spread to market
gardens or cultivated ground. But it is not only at Vernet that this
species occurs in France. Mr. Oberthiir has identified specimens I have
sent him from the Alpes-Maritimes, and he has it also from Digne, and

* Some time after wi'iting the above, and the very day I received the proof of
these notes for correction I stumbled across Mr. Tutt's remarks, Ent. Rec, xix.,
p. 15-5, which prove the athalia hkeness in the Spanish deione.

38 THE entomologist's record.

central France. I took it about the middle of August at Hyeres this
year in Avoody places near the golf links, at a time when P. ra/iae was
very common in all the open fields and along the roads, but one never
came across P. vianni far from the shelter of trees. Eecently I have
found its larva on Iberis liui folia near the well-known Costebelle quarries
(November 8th). The plants were growing in the shelter of trees.
The species is noted also from the Marseilles district as Pieris rapae,
var. nianni (2 exemplaires pris aux abords du Palais Longchamp en Mai
1905, Dr. Siepi). It probably occurs in most parts of Southern and
Central France, but it is no doubt often confused with P. rapae.

Its flight is rather weaker and slower than that of P. rapae, but in
spite of that, it is not altca;/.'i an easy insect to take, for instance in such
spots as the steep Vernet locality above mentioned. It is very fond of
the flowers of the scabious, OrUianum, and others. Like P. rapae, this
species has several broods during the year, evolution being rapid in
summer time (rather less than a month from egs^ to perfect insect),
but much slower in autumn, when ova, laid at the beginning of August
at Vernet, did not produce pupae until mid-October and later ; these
pupfe are of the grey form and will probably not hatch until late
winter. The broods overlap in summer, so one can, at any time, find
perfect insects on the wing, thougTi there are times when fresh
specimens are scarce. A brood was in full swing the first week in
August, and another one at the end of that month and beginning of
September, but the insect became scarcer and scarcer as the month
advanced, particularly after the cold weather experienced during the
second week.

I watched several females in the act of egglaying on August 4th in
the Gorge du Cady. The day was a fine, hot one, and the time between
11 a.m. and noon. The female selects, with great care, the plant on
which she lays her Qgg, generally examining a number before she finds
a satisfactory one. The egg is deposited on the underside of the leaf,
and almost invariably in a very sheltered position, on a branch under
a rock or in the shade of a bush into which she has to work her way.
Plants growing in deep crevices of rock or partly under big stones
where the sun does not reach them, are very often selected. I have
known of one female who laid her egg without giving much time to the
selection of the plant and its position. This was during a short spell
•of sunshine on a cloudy day, and she was evidently in a hurry to get
the operation over before clouds again covered the sun. The plant
was in an exposed situation and the egg was on the upperside of a
leaf, but the leaf was parti}' turned over. Whilst egglaying, the
female hangs on the leaf and, curving her body, quickly fixes the egg-
to the underside. Eggs are sometimes, but rarely, laid on the stem
near the growing point. They are always laid singly, the female
flying ofl' in search of another plant after each operation, but she will
sometimes return to the same plant again. The female will lay well
in captivity if the cage in which she is imprisoned with the fresh plant
be a fairly spacious one and exposed to sunlight and fresh air. It is
well to put in a few flowers, such as thistles and scabious, on which
she will feed before commencing to lay and during the intervals. The
plant should be sprinkled with water, as she will need drink from time
to time when the sun is shining on the cage. She rests occasionally

NOTES ON PIERIS MANNI, MAYER. 39

with ^ving■s open to the sun, and, should a male approach, she flattens
down her wings and raises her body to prevent pairing.

Egg. — Cylindro-conical like a shell (obus) in shape, resting on a flat
base, and sometimes slightly lopsided. Height l-45mm., greatest diameter
0-5mm. Colmir and Stirface. — When first laid, the egg is almost white,
with only a slight greenish-creamy tinge. On the day following it is of
a decided creamy colour, which continues to deepen to a pale yellow on
the third day, becoming light yellowish-orange before the emergence
of the larva which takes place on the fifth day in the height of summer.
Cold weather retards the process as might be expected. Surface
shining, pearl-like. Scidptiirin!/: There are as a rule twelve vertical
or main ribs, but sometimes only eleven. These rise a little above the
actual summit of the egg, forming around it a close palisade easily
distinguished from the mass of the egg when it is held up to light.
In some eggs a few of the ribs do not exceed the summit, thus causing
very slight breaks in the palisade. These main ribs, of a rather
lighter yellow than the rest of the egg-surface, are high and wide.
The ridges are rounded off, not sharp. On them can be seen with the
aid of a lens, numerous and minute transverse ribs, or rather one
notices the little incisions, separating these ribs. These secondary ribs,
though low, are wide in proportion to the width of the incisions.
[These observations were made with a hand lens ; no microscope
■being available.]

The hatching and habits of young larva. — Eggs laid on Sep-
tember 1st and 2nd hatched on the 9th of that month ( = 7-8 days,
whereas at the beginning of August the egg-stage lasted but five days).
I have not seen a larva in the act of emerging, but I believe it eats its
way through the side of the egg, for there is a tear in the egg-shell,
showing the trace of mandibles. The shell remains upright, but is
considerably shrivelled. The young larva does not eat it, apparently.
It soon attacks the parenchyma on the underside of the leaf, eating
little holes in it. Although its growth is rapid it is not by any means
a continuous eater, nor does it eat much at a time. It feeds by day,
and also I believe at night, but T have no absolute proof of this. It is
not at all easy to see, and it further protects itself by resting on the
undersides of the leaves. It spins a thread of silk wherever it goes,
and makes a little carpet for its resting-place, and on this it fixes
itself for the moult. Unless it is moulting, it can easily be made to
drop from the plant with a sharp tap on the stem (less easily when
young). Between September 15th and 17th nearly all the larvfe
which hatched on the 9th passed the first moult. By the 21st many
had already attained the third stage, whilst others had nearly reached
the end of the second stage. The rate of growth dex:)ends to a great
extent on the temperature. During the first stage the weather was
cold, particularly at night, and progress was therefore less rapid than
between the first and second moults, when the weather was warm and
damp. The young larvae certainly appear to avoid sunlight. On
September 26th several larvfe were lying up for the third moult, and a
few were in the fifth stage by October 1st, others passing the fourth
moult on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. The pupse were formed between
October 14th and October 20th. The weather was generally damp,
•overcast, and often foggy towards the end of September and in Octo-
loer. There was a cold spell on the 9th and 10th, but it was of short

40 THE entomologist's record.

duration. The larva of viauni has habits similar to those of P. rapae.
It very rarely leaves the foodplant until full-fed, even when captive,
unless the plant happens to get dry. When young, as before stated,
it hides beneath the leaves, but later on, and particularly in the last
stage, it is often exposed on the stems. It is very hard to find on the
Iberia senipervirens, but not difficult to see on Iberis linifolia at Hyeres.
On November 9th, 1908, I found two larvfe near the quarries at the
back of the Villa les Rossignols, Costebelle ; one in the third stage,
with the greater part of the head black, and the other in the fourth
stage. On November 15th Mr. Raine found eight larvae on one plant,
nearly all fullfed. This was in a clay quarry near the Col de Serre.
The plant was eaten down almost to a stump, no leaves, flowers, or
fruit remaining. We found larvae on other plants of the same species
in the same quarry, but many vigorous and flourishing specimens had
no larvi-B on them. In another quarry, near La Mauniere, I took one
full-fed P. manni, one P. rapae, and several P. brassicae on some small
plants of Diplotaxia eriicoides, growing near together. In these
quarries the plants were not sheltered from the sun. In autumn the
female apparently does not choose plants in particularly sheltered
positions. When getting ready for pupation the full-fed larva leaves
the food-plant and wanders away to a considerable distance before it
finally spins up on the sheltered side of some rock or stone, or in a
crevice of the rock. It attaches itself in the fashion of P. rapae. The
larva of this species has pronounced cannibal instincts. I have
found it consequently rather difficult to rear a number together. The
3'oung larvfe often devour the eggs, and themselves fall a prey to their
larger brothers, especially at moulting time, when they cannot escape.

(To be continued.)

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURK, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., etc.

(Continued from p. 13.)

Genus II: Gryllus, Linn. { = Acheta, Fabr.).

This genus includes the typical crickets ; the species are very
numerous in most parts of the world, but only a few occur in Europe.

The body is cylindrical and hairy, and the head very obtuse, and
often very large. The elytra are very flat above, generall}' perfectly
developed. The wings are generally caudate, but sometimes abbreviated.

The species are medium-sized, or fairly large insects, usually rather
stout in build.

The first two species are separated by de Saussure into a distinct
genus Liofjryllus, which is adopted by Bolivar, but rejected by Brunner.

Table of Species.
1. Hinder tibifE with three to six spines on each above
(exchiding apical spurs).

•2. Head all black, with no white lines ; ocelli
arranged in a gently arched line.
3. Head much broader than pronotura .. ..1. campestris, L.

3.3. Head not broader than pronotum.

4. Large ; elytra generally long, with a yellow

basal spot; wings generally caudate .. 2. bimaculatds, DeGeer.
4.4. Smaller ; elytra generally short, paler at

the base ; wings generally hidden . . 3. desertus, Pall.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE.

41

2.2. Head marked with lines or spots ; ocelli
arranged in a triangle . .
3. Large ; wings generally long.

4. Head black, with pale thin lines ; body

chestnut 4. hispaxicus, Ramb.

4.4. Head yellowish ; with three horizontal

bands ; body yellowish 5. domesticus, L.

3.3. Smaller; wings generally short; colour

chestnut . . . . . . . • . . 6. durdkialensis, Latr.

1.1. Hinder tibia3 with four to five spines on each side
above ; head black, frons testaceous, with an
arched, pale, transverse line .. .. ..7. frontalis, Sauss.

1. Gryllus campestris, Linn.

Easy to recognise by stout build, shining black coloav, yellow basal
spot on elytra, and, above all, by the disproportionately broad head.
Length of body, 20min.-26mm. ^ and ? ; of pronotum, 4inm.-
4-5mm. ^ and $ ; of elytra, 14ram.-18mm. 3 , 13mm. -16mm. ? ; of
ovipositor, 12mm.-14rani. $ .

Generally common in hot and dry places throughout Europe,
except the north. In England it is very rare and local, being only
recorded from a few isolated localities. It is abundant in France,
though rarer in the extreme north ; in Switzerland it is common up
to an altitude of about 6500ft. In Belgium it occurs locally at Con-
droz, Arlon, Campine, and Hesbaye. It is abundant in the southern
countries. In the early summer the shrill chirp of the male resounds
in afternoons on sunny hillsides, but the insect is very nimble, and
difficult to catch. It is mature in the spring and early summer;
nymphs occur in the autumn. The life-history of this popular favourite
has been described by numerous authors ; the Field Cricket is the
subject of Gilbert White's most charming letters. The occasional
form, with fully developed wings, has been described by Krauss under
the name var. caadata. The larvje all black, with a metallic bronze
sheen.

2. Gryllus blmaculatus, de Geer [ — capensii>, Fabr.).

Resembles the field cricket, but the basal spot in the elytra is paler,
the Avings longer, the pronotum is more depressed, and by the head
which is no broader than the pronotum. Length of body, 23mm.-
25mm. ^ , 20mm. -28mm. 5 ; of pronotum, 4mm.-4-5mm. S , 4mm.-
6-5mm. $ ; of elytra, 16mm. -18mm. J , 14mm. -20mm. ? ; of ovi-
positor, 12mm.- 16mm. 5 .

This species resembles the preceding, but is generally easy to dis-
tinguish ; there is a variety with reddish elytra, and another with
short wings. It is distributed throughout Africa and Asia, and varies
remarkably in size. In Europe it is confined to the south, where it is
found in wild places, chiefly near water. In France it is recorded
from Cannes, and also from Corsica, and in Italy, at Campo Rosso
near Vintimiglia in the north, and commoner in the south. In Spain,
it does not extend to the centre ; in Portugal it is known from Troia,
Cadaval, and Algarve. The larva^ have some pale spots and no
metallic sheen.

3. Gryllus desertus, Pallas { — nielas, Charp. = i/'/sf/s, Strville).
Smaller ; black ; head entirely black, with no pale markings, and
elytra and wings generally short, sometimes long. Length of body,

42 THE entomologist's RECORt).

13mm. -17mm. S and 2 ; of pronotum, 3mm.-3-2mm. S and $ ; of
elytra, 5mni.-12mm. cT and $ ; of ovipositor, 10mm. -13mm. $ .

Recognisable by its smaller size, and all black head ; the form with
abbreviated organs of flight is the commoner ; the name tristts, Serv.,
is applied to the fnlly- winged form.

It occurs in May and June throughout southern Europe. In
France, chiefly in the south, but occasionally as far north as Fontaine-
bleau ; also at Montpellier, very common at Toulouse, Hyeres, Cannes,
Draguignan, Tulle, Aix-en-Provence, Caraman, and Montauroux.*
Rather rare in north Italy ; also in the Spanish Peninsula ; the form
tristis is rather rare, but sometimes occurs with the type.

4. Gryllus hispanicus, Ranibur.

Larger ; reddish-black ; head depressed, black, occiput with four
pale longitudinal lines ; frons with yellow lines between the eyes ;
ocelli arranged in a triangle ; elytra chestnut, long ; wings caudate,
rarely abbreviated. Length of body, 15mm. J" , 17mm. 5 ; of prono-
tum, 2-2mm. ^ , 2-(Smm. $ ; of elytra, llmni. J , 13mm. $ ; of ovi-
positor, 8nnn. $ .

Recorded from Malaga, Cnanada, and Alicante, in southern Spain;
also occurs in Madeira.

5. Gryllus domesticus, Linn.

Size medium, or rather large; straw-coloured, with fuscous mark-
ings ; elytra always, wings almost always, long. Length of body,
16mm. -20mm. g and $ ; of pronotum, 2'8mm.-3mm. J , 3mm.-
4mm. $ ; of elytra, 10mm. -12mm. S , 9mm. -13mm. ? ; of ovipositor,
11mm. -15mm. ? .

If not familiar to everybody, the House Cricket may easily become
so, as it is abundant in many houses and bakeries throughout Europe;
it even occurs in the steam-heated neighbourhood of underground
pumps in collieries in Belgium. Its original habitat is unknown, but
it probably comes from North Africa. It lives in the Avarmest corners
of kitchens and bake-houses, and lives on refuse and rubbish, especially
sweet-stuff". Owing to the artificial conditions under which it lives, it
is independent of seasons, and specimens in all stages of growth may
be found together.

6. Gryllus burdictAlensis, Latr. { = an-e)ish, Rambur
= ci'risi/i, Serville).

Smaller ; greyish-yellow ; head black ; the frons is banded with
chestnut or black, with very pale, thin line ; the elytra are usually
long, but the wings usuall}' short. Length of body, 11 mm. -14mm.
3 and 2 ', of pronotum, 2mm.-2-8iLim. J and 5 ; of elytra, 7nim.-
9mm. (? and J ; of ovipositor, Gmm.-8-5mm. 9 .

This is a kind of diminutive form of (t. (loniestinis .• it varies in
size and colour to an extraordinary extent, and consequently the
synonymy is very confused, (jr. eeriai/i, Serv., is the long-winged form
which sometimes occurs with the type. (t. anriisis, Ramb. is a small
dark form. It occurs in May in dry places in the Mediterranean pro-
vinces. In France it is common in the south. The form ccriai/i is
recorded from Montauroux. Also in June, and the early part of July,
in North Italy. Also throughout Spain, but it appears to be rarer m

COLEOPTERA. 43

the north. G. f/ossipyi, Costa, may be another form of the same
species ; it is rather larger than the type, and has a chestnut head
with two transverse pale stripes; recorded from South Italy by Costa,
and from Garruchia near Almeria in Spain, and also Cartagena by
Bolivar.

7. Gryllus frontalis, Fieber.

Small ; dull black ; head black, with a transverse arched white
stripe across the frons between the eyes. Length of body, 12mm. j" ,
and 13mm. 5 ; of pronotum, 2mm. c? , 2*8mm. 2 ; of elytra, 4mm.-
7mm. 3^ and $ ; of ovipositor, 6-2mm.-6-8mm. 5 .

Easy to recognise by its small size, dull black colour, and arched
white stripe across the face between the eyes. It occurs from April to
June in dry stony places and low shnibs in Central Europe; in
Germany, at Glogau, Regensburg, and Tiibingen ; in Bohemia,
and Austria, the AYienerwald, Semmering, Kaltenlentgeben, but
apparently not in France, nor Switzerland, nor south of the Alps. It
is incorrectly recorded from Spain.

OLEOPTERA.

CoLEOPTERA IN SuSSEX : SpECIES OF INTEREST DURING 1908.^ A

few noteworthy forms have occurred in the Ditchling district this last
year ; some of these are perhaps of sufficient interest to be recorded,
ns. : — Anchovienns live7is, Gyll. — Some sixteen examples of this scarce
Anrhomenus were taken from moss in a small wood. Queduts lonpicnnus,
var. — One specimen taken at roots of grass by Stanmer Park. Chrijuo-
mela orichaliia ab. /lobsoni, Steph. — In company with the type form on,
and at the roots of, the common hemlock. The aberration was more
frequent than the type form. < 'hrt/soinda rarian><, Schal. — A very
nice and variable series taken at roots of Hypericum perforatum on
Pj'ecombe golf links. Gymnetron roatellinii, Hbst. — ^One example by
sweeping flowers (probably Matricaria) on Ditchling Beacon. — Sitones
ononidis, Shp. — Extremely local, but common in Nye Wood, Ditchling.
During July specimens were scarce and very rubbed ; on September
2nd, some 30 were captured in half-an-hour, ail fresh, and readily
separable from any S. snturalis, Steph., I have seen. It was only
taken off the Ononis. Sitfmes meliloti, Walt. — Occasional specimens on
Melilotus. Usually in company with the Tychins and Apion. Rhi-
noncus gramiyietis, F. — A few examples swept from Foli/(/onum sp. ? at
Lewes. Erirrldnns scirpi, F. — Rare at the roots of Scirpus near Clay-
ton. L'euthorhync/iiiliiiti rtifiilnx, Duf. — Some dozen specimens found by
searching TJiyimiti serpyllam. Apparently the thyme was the beetle's
pabulum, as the only other possible plant was Lotus, which seems still
less probable as a foodplant for a ('eut/tnrhync/ridius. Abdera hifasciata,
Marsh. — One in the garden at Ditchling. — Hereward C. Dollman,
F.E.S., Hove House, Bedford Park.

Interesting Middlesex Coleoptera. — Tachinns bipiistulatiis, F. —
This very local Tachiniis was not uncommon at (''*.s.s/(.s-infected poplars
in Edge Hill Rd., Ealing. Lathrobium r'lliforinc, Grav. — By sifting
dead leaves and humus soil in the vicinity of Ruisly's reservoir,
several L. filitorme were turned up. If time had allowed, doubtless

44 THE entomologist's record.

many more could have been captured. Bemhidiina rlarJd, Daws., is a
common beetle on the banks of this reservoir. — H. C. Dollman.

Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll. — This very local Khyncophoran was
found in the greatest profusion on aquatic plants at St. John's
Pond, Cambridge, during June. It was found on Verunica anai/allis,
but also on many other water-plants. I'ananaeus crux-major, L., was
not uncommon at the margins of the pond, while StenulopliusreHpertinus,
Panz., and Beinhidiinn jiavimulatiwi, Clairv., simply swarmed. —
H. C. Dollman.

:^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

The Larval Habits of Peronea cristana, Fab. — In the introduc-
tion to his valuable notes on " Peronea crhtana, Fab., and its aberra-
tions," published, in 1901, in Ent. Hec, xiii., the late Mr. J. A. Clark
wrote as follows (p. 227): " Little, indeed, seems to be known of its
life-history. Like myself, many have bred odd examples of the species,
the larvns having been obtained by general beating, and without actual
knowledge of the species, until after pupation had taken place and the
imagines had emerged." He then stated his belief that the larvcTB feed
on the lichen growing on whitethorn, although quite aware that they
have been recorded by Merrin, Meyrick, and Sorhagen, as feeding on
the leaves of various trees and shrubs. The purpose of this note is to draw
attention to a most interesting record, of which Mr. Clark was evidently
unaware, with reference to the larval habits. In Trans. Chick, and IT.
.Sussex Nat. Hist, and Micr. Sac, 1885-6, p. 70 (1886), Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher stated that he had bred P. cristana " from larvfe on flowers
and fruits of Pyrus aria" collected in Arundel Park, and in his "Cata-
logue of Sussex Lepidoptera," pubhshed in 1905, in the Victoria History
of Sussex, he gives the species as occurring in " Arundel Park, where
the larvse feed on the flowers and young fruits of Ptjrm aria, and doubt-
less also on those of the hawthorn there and in many other places on
the downs." I learn from my friend that, although the number of
imagines reared was limited, his experience was quite sufficient to
prove that, in Arundel Park, it is a regular habit of these larvie, as
well as those of Pijrodcs rltccdiella, Clerck, to feed in the manner
described. From the insect's haunts in the New Forest, Pi/rus aria is
absent, and since the moth occurs there among old hawthorn-trees,
and is often plentiful, one can have little doubt that the larva^ normally
feed, as suggested by Mr. Fletcher, with regard to various Sussex
localities, on the young flowers and fruits thereof. Cannot some lepi-
dopterist living in a district frequented by P. cristana, settle this
point by breeding the moth from hawthorn flowers and young fruits,
and also give us details about the larva and pupa, which appear to be
undescribed ? It is certain that the larva sometimes lives in, and feeds
upon, united or roUed-up leaves of hawthorn, for the evidence of
Messrs. W. Machin and W. Weston, as quoted by Barrett in Lep. Brit.
Ides, X., p. 46 (1905), is conclusive on this matter, but, after review-
ing all the ascertained facts, it seems reasonable to suppose that, when
plenty of flowers and young fruits of the chosen food-plant are avail-
able, the larv^e will be found among these, but, in the years when they
are insufficient in quantity, a search among the leaves will be found
more or less profitable. — Et-stace R. Bankes, M.A., Norden, Corfe
Castle. January 3rd, 1909.

VARIATION. 45

W" A R I A T I 0 N .

Pakallel Variation in Larv.e and Imagines of Lasiocampa querous.
— With reference to the aberration of Lasiocawpa quercus, which I
exhibited at the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society on
October 19th, 1908, and on which you make an Editorial note, and
ask for a scientific statement (antca, vol. xx., p. 272), all I can do
at present is to state the facts so far as they have gone,
and I should be glad to hear the opinion of someone of authority
on the subject. The larvre from which my aberrations were bred, were
taken on the Wallasey sandhills, on March 28th, 1907. Five of the
larvae taken on that day were very dark, almost black ; a number of the
light forms were also taken on that day. The dark larva? were kept
separate from the light, and they pupated in June, 1907. I noticed
that the cocoons of the dark larvae were very much darker than the
cocoons of the lighter variety, A male emerged on July 5th, 1908,
and, seeing that it was perfectly dark olive, I let it remain, hoping that
a female might emerge, an event which happened on the 9th, at
9.30 a.m.; this was also dark olive ; at noon the same day they paired,
and, on July 11th, she laid 117 eggs. Of these, on August 10th, 12
hatched; on the 11th, 22; on the 12th, 51; on the 18th, 12. The
larva) have moulted three times, and are now hybernating. They are
all very dark. Two of the dark larv;e taken on the sandhills, were
stung, and the third died. I should add that all the light larvjie found
at the same time produced imagines of normal colour. It will be
interesting now to watch what these will produce. — W. Bell, M.R.C.S.,
J. P., Rutland House, New Brighton, Cheshire. Xoveinbcr tilst, 1908.
[These remarks are most interesting. It is to be hoped that the
dark larvte resulting from the dark imagines, will pass successfully
through the winter, and produce imagines. We shall be most interested
to hear from Dr. Bell the result of this experiment. — Ed.]

TaPINOSTOLA ELYMI, AB. (? SATURATIOR, StGR.), IN BrITAIN. 111

answer to Mr. Tutt's inquiry {Ent. Hec, xx., 267) whether the dark
form of this species, that Staudinger named satnratior, occurs in this
country, I may mention that a single male in my collection agrees with
Staudinger's later diagnosis in Stgr. and Rbl., Cat., i., p. 189,
no. 1915 (1901), and seems, therefore, clearly referable to ab. satnratior,
although I am unable, at present, to compare it with his original
description in Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1889, p. 47. His subsequent definition
[lor. cit.), is as follows : — " With the forewings darker, or darkly
streaked," and, in the individual under notice, although the ground
colour is hardly darker than normal, the costal half of the forewings
is mainly occupied by two broad, smoky-brown, longitudinal stripes,
united towards the base, but gradually diverging from before the
middle, leaving a broad streak of the pale ground colour between them.
Since the smoky-brown colour also forms a broad terminal band, which
reaches from the apex to the tornus, and in which the stripes are
merged posteriorly, it renders the forewings, as a whole, conspicuously
dark as compared with any other specimens that 1 have seen. This
individual Avas received from the late Mr. John E. Robson, by whom
it was bred in 1905, from a Hartlepool pupa. — Eustace R. Bankes,
M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle. December 1th, 1908.

Variation of the Imaginal Form of Araschnia levana from one

46 THE entomologist's RECORD.

BATCH OF EGGS. — In July, 1907, I divided with a friend the ova laid in

a cage by a (Swiss) female Araschnia Icrana. When we returned to
England, my larvte were kept in an unlieated greenhouse, and pupated,
duly emerging in the spring of last year as the form Icrana. My friend
kept his larva:' in a warmer house tha.n I did mine, and they pupated
quite a fortnigbt earlier, and all emerged in September as the form
prorsa, except one individual, which passed the winter in the chrysalis,
and emerged in the March following as a typical Icvana. — W. H. St.
QuiNTiN, F.E.S., Scampston Hall, Eillington, York. Janitan/ lltJi,
1909.

:i^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Pairing Habit of Petasia cassinea.— I have frequently found pairs
of this species on trunks of trees, but have never noticed the habit
referred to by Mr. Rothschild. I think his must have been an excep-
tional case. — Edward Goodwin, F.E.S., Canon Court, Wateringbury
Januarij 25th, 1909.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Nonagria neurica, Hb.^edelsteni, Tutt (Ent. lice, xx., p. 164).
— At the end of November last, I sent to Mr. Tutt, for publication in
the Entumolof/ist's Ilecord when space should permit, a note, pointing
out that the continuous chain of historic evidence from Hilbner's
figure, through Treitschke's statement and Schmidt's determination,
down to Staudinger's examination of Ochsenheimer's collection, was
in favour of the ordinary continental usage of the name neurica, and
that, therefore, according to the well-known law of prioritj^ Mr. Tutt's
new name of cdchtcni was unnecessary, and should sink as a synonym.
As an exhaustive note on the subject {f'.nt. lice, xx., 286-293) was
already in the printer's hands, and has since been published before
space could possibly be found for my note, the last-named would now
be out of date, and our editor has ver}'^ courteously given me
an opportunity of substituting something more to the point. As
Mr. Tutt objects to being bound in this instance, by history or
tradition, the question for him resolves itself practically into that
numbered (1) on p. 292 — which form does Hiibner's figure best
represent ? That it does not represent either accurately we all agree.
But, so far as is at present known, the "white collar" seems less
variable than the exact character of longitudinal wing-markings, and
Hiibner's figure does show the white collar. It is unfortunately
slightly misplaced, but would represent no known marking of any form
of arundincta, Schmidt. The argument from the underside is nega-
tive, for, as Mr. Tutt saA's, it is not shown ; and it is just here that I
do not consider Treitschke's clear statement beside the mark. Ochsen-
heimer would probably have seen in Mazzola's collection the very
specimen figured by Hubner, but as there is no proof of this, I bow to
Mr. Tutt's opinion that capital cannot be made out of it ; but the
fact that Treitschke mixed up the two species is incontrovertible.
I believe some continental authorities who are better acquainted
with cdehteni, Tutt, than we are, consider that the build of Hubner's
figure is nearer to this th&n to ar a ndineta, and Mr. Edelsten has pointed

CURRENT NOTES. 47

out to me that the dark hindwings of the said figure may have a
further bearing on the determination ; in not a few aritmUneta the
hindwings are pale enough to show a fairly clear discal dot on the
upperside, which is not in Hiibner. I am afraid I cannot convince
Mr. Tutt, whose mind seems to have been made up from the daj-s
when he believed there was only one species, and that Schmidt's
difterentiations had no validity ; but for me, the synonymy will
be that of Staudinger's " Catalog," with edehteni, Tutt, added as a
synonym to ncurica, Hub. — Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. Ja)nia)i/, 1909.

NoNAGRiA NEURiCA, Hb. = ARUNDiNETA, ScHMiDT. — As the readers
of the Eiit. Ilecord will no doubt be tired of hearing of Hiibner's fig.
383 of nearica, and as Mr. Prout does not deal with any of the points
I consider vital {E'nt. llec, xx., pp. 286 et seq.), except that he states
that Hiibner's figure " does show the white collar .... unfortu-
nately slightly misplaced," there is no need to deal seriously with the
subject further than to say — (1) We have already stated \antca, xx.,
p. 290) that there is a suspicion that Treitschke had edehteni mixed
with his neurica. (2) We have already shown that the chain of
historic evidence and tradition running through Hiibner (1802 and
1818), Ochsenheimer (1816), Treitschke (1825), Duponchel (1840),
Boisduval (1840), Herrich-Schaifer (1845), Guenee (1852), and Stain-
ton (1857), agrees with our view, and that the historic chain was
broken by Schmidt in 1855, and Staudinger, 1869. (3) We must
kindly but firmly disagree with Mr. Prout that Hiibner's figure does
" show the white collar," even "unfortunately misplaced," and are
inclined to think that now, even Mr. Prout will agree with this, since
we have both together examined the figure in the copy of Hiibner, in
the Library of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. In
this copy the thorax is well draAvn, the prothoracic " collar " distinct,
and of the brown ground colour (not white); the patagia well-marked,
and of the ground colour; the scaling of the mesothorax dark in front,
with a pale transverse mark behind this medially, the rest of the meso-
and the metathorax also of the ground colour. We do not even think
Mr. Prout will now urge that this mesothoracic mark has any connection
with the well-defined prothoracic collar of Hiibner's figure, or that of our
edehteni. The figure in this copy of Hiibner also shows no trace of the
three white dots along the wing, but has the well-defined dark, pale-
encircled arnndineta reniform. (4) We have examples of uriDidliteta
without the slightest trace of a discal dot on the upperside of the hindwings.
Until someone can really find tbe"whitecollar"depicted, in the sense the
words mean, and the characteristic wing-markings of edehteni, in Hiib-
ner's figure, and show that the reniform depicted is that of edehteni, and
not that oi aritndi)ieta, v,-e mast insist that neuriea, lih. = anir,diiii ta,
Schmidt, that the name neurica is applicable to our specimens from
Cambridge, Norfolk, Essex, etc., and that the new species from Sussex
has no other name applicable except edehteni. We shall be glad now
in the interest of our readers, to give the matter a rest in our journal,
as enough has been written to enable those interested to study the
facts quite for thein-elvos. — J. W. Tutt.

4^URRENT NOTES.

At the Annual Meeting of the Entom. Society of London, held on

tHE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

January 20th, the outgoing President, Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, took
as the subject of his address, " The Chiws of Insects." After briefly
describing the various forms of insects' chiws which he chissified as
toothed, appendiculate, bihd, and pectinate, and having given examples
of each, he suggested as a subject for investigation that he hoped ento-
mologists would take up as a study, " Are these forms of claws merely
the result of heredity without any special object, or is there evidence
to show that the dift'erent forms are adapted to particular modes of
life, in fact, have been developed to meet special needs ? " He then
proceeded to show by numerous examples that closely allied species
often had dissimilar claws ; that insects with quite different habits had
the same form of claws ; and that others with different forms of
claw seemed to have the same habits. The question therefore appeared
to be still an open one requiring careful investigation, and he appealed
for more held observation with a view to solve this and many other
problems.

We have received an advance copy of the "Handbook of Richmond
Park,""'' which contains lists of the fauna and flora of the Park. The
book is very interesting and very well got up, with three beautiful photo-
graphs by the author, the early history, and every information concern-
mg the Park. There is in it a plan of the park in the time of Charles
I., and also a fine large, new and authentic map. In the insects, the
dragonflies are from some i-ecords by Mr. W. J. Lucas. A few Froc-
totriipidae and gnats captured by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse are mentioned.
The beetles are by Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, and comprise a very fine
list of all the better and more interesting species that have ever been
taken in the Park, a most useful list to the coleopterist. The butter-
flies of which there are very few now, include some records by Mr. A.
Sich. The moths (the list of which is very incomplete) include some
of the historical captures of the late Major Ficklin.

Mr. E. A. Newbery describes [Knt. Mo. May.) a little Staphylinid,
from examples taken at Great Salkeld, by Mr. Britten, as new to science,
under the name of T/tinobius iiallidi(s,a,ndMv. Champion adds Ihmmlota
{Arrunota) parens, Muls. et Rey, to the British list from a specimen
having been taken near Guildford. Mr. Fryer adds Bledius denticoUis,
Fauvel, from specimens taken at Nethy Bridge.

Mr. J. Edwards records Idiocerus rutilans, Kchbm., as a British
insect, captured at Oxshott and Wisley on sallow, by Mr. W. West,
He also states that recent authorities are wrong m uniting this insect
with /. ele<iam, Flor.

The officers and council of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society for the year 1909 are as follows : — ['resident:
A. Sich, F.E.S. Vicc-1'resideuts: R. Adkin, F.E.S., W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
Treasurer: T. W. Hall, F.E.S. Librarian: A. W. Dodds. Curator:
W. West (Greenwich). Hon. ^Secretaries : Stanley Edwards, F.L.S.,
etc. (Corresponding), H. J. Turner, F.E.S. (Report). Council: S. R.
Ashbv, F.E.S., E. C. Joy, A. M. Montgomery, H. Main, F.E.S.,
A. L. Rayward, F.E.S., R. South, F.E.S., A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. It
will be observed that Mr. A. Sich has been re-elected for a second
term as President of the Society.

* " The Handbook of liicbmoiid Park, A Guide, Description and History,"
by Coryn de Vere [Knapp, Diewett and Sons, 80, Victoria Street, Westminster,

S.W.].

CURRENT NOTES. 49

In the Entomologischcn Blattern Schwabach, iv., no. 5, May, 1908,
Herr Oberpostrat Formanek describes a new genus and species of
Scolytid beetle, whicti he calls Cri/phaloides donisthorpei, from
specimens taken by Mr. Donisthorpe in one of the hot-houses in the
Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.

At the Annual Meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo-
logical Society, held December 21st, 1908, the following were elected
officers and council for 1909: — President: S. J. Capper, F.E.S.
Vice- Presidents: H. H. Corbett, M.R.C.S., Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S. ,

E. R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S., Robert Newstead, M.Sc, F.E.S., W. J.
Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., and C. E. Stott. Treasurer: J. Cotton, M.R.C.S.,
F.E.S. Secretaries: H. R. Sweeting, M.A., Wm. Mansbridge.
Librarian: F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. Council: J. Collms, R. Wilding,
■0. Whittaker, Wm. Bell, M.R.C.S., J.P., E. G. Bayford, F.E.S.,
P. F. Tinne, M.A., M.B., W. D. Harrison, W. A. Tverman, E. J. P.
Sopp, F.R.Met.S., Wm. Webster, M.R.S.A.I., Geo. Arnold, F.E.S.,
and Wm. Mallinson.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held in the
"Entomological Salon" of the Holborn Restaurant, on the evening of
January 19th, when Mr. G. H. Verrall was the host. The invited
guests began to arrive shortly before 7 p.m., and by 8 p.m., a large
number was present, the informal meeting lasting from 7 p.m., till
8.30 p.m. During this time many old friendships were renewed, many
entomological, and other, matters discussed, and the host heartily con-
gratulated on this, the 22nd meeting over which he had presided. We
were interested in seeing that the second volume of Mr. Verrall's chef
d'oeuvre on " British Diptera " was now completed. At 8.80 p.m.,
supper was served, and a large number of members and guests sat
<lown. These included among others — Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, Rev.

F. Morice, Rev. C. Thornewill, Drs. T. A. Chapman, F. A. Dixey,
N. H. Joy, and K. Jordan, Messrs. H. J. Adams, R. Adkin, H. W.
Andrews, Austen, P. J. Barraud, M. F. Bliss, F. Bouskell,
Bryden, M. Burr, A. Cant, G. C. Champion, F. Noad Clark, J. E.
€ollin, W. E. Collinge, W. L. Distant, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
Hamilton H. C. Druce, S. Edwards, C. Fenn, N. P. Fenwick, C. Gahan,
T. W. Hall, A. Harrison, F. Heron, Selwyn Image, Oliver Janson,
P. H. Jackson, F. B. Jennings, A. H. Jone&s W. J. Kaye, W. F. Kirby,
R. Wylie Lloyd, W. Lucas, H. Main, Guy A. K. Marshall, C. Morley,
W. E. Nicholson, H. E. Page, H. Sauze, W. E. Sharp, W. G. Sheldon,
A. Sich, Skinner, A. J. Scollick, R. South, E. Step, Tathom,
J. R. le B. Tomlin, A. Tonge, J. H. Tutt, J. W. Tutt, W. F. Tutt,
H. J. Turner, C. J. Wainwright, J. J. Walker, E. A. Waterhouse,
F. H. Waterhouse, etc,

A comprehensive and excellent menu having been in due course
negotiated, the host proposed the toast of the " Entomological Club."
Allowing himself a little more freedom than usual, he gave a very
interesting resume of the origin and functions of the Club, and claimed,
amid cheers, that it had done much to promote kindly personal
feelings between individuals engaged in the various branches of
•entomological study. He begged, for the little worked orders, a larger
share of students than they had hitherto obtained, and trusted that
he would be able to welcome the guests present at many more such
functions.

50 THE entomologist's record.

Dr. Dixey proposed the health of "our host" in eulogistic, and
well-chosen, terms, thanking him, in the name of the guests, for his
generous kindness and hospitality, the whole of the company joining
in the " musical honours" which he suggested should be accorded to
" our host."

Mr. Verrall suitably replied, and incidentally noted that a memoir
was being prepared of all the known members of the club, which
included some of the best-remembered names in British entomology.
He asked that any known details of any previous members should be
sent to Mr. South, the Secretary, for inclusion into the memoirs that
were being thus compiled. The members began to disperse about
10 p.m., but it was nearly two hours later before the more convivial
and more happily-situated, as to the nearness of their abiding-places
for the night, finally dispersed.

The following Fellows were elected as the officers and council of
the Entomological Society of London for the session 1909-10, at the
meeting held January 20th, 1909: — President: Frederick Augustus
Dixey, M.A., M.D. Trcafnorr : Albert Hugh Jones. Secretaries:
Heniy Rowland-Brown, M.A., Commander James J. Walker, M.A.,
R.N., F.L.S. Librarian: George Charles Champion, F.Z.S. Connril :
Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., Albert Harrison, F.L.S.,
F.C.S., Selwyn Image, M.A., Karl Jordan, Ph.D., George Blundell
Longstafi', M.D., Hugh j\lain, B.Sc, Guy Anstruther Knox Marshall,
Professor Edward B^. Poulton, D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S., Robert Shelford,
M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Roland E. Turner, James W. Tutt, Charles
Owen Waterhouse. We are informed that, in our note {antea, vol. xx.,
p. 307), Dr. Longstaff and Mr. R. Turner should have been returned
as resident London members.

After the annual meeting the resignation of Professor E. B. Poulton
having been accepted, the new council unanimously elected Professor
T. Hudson -Beare to fill the vacancy.

The president has since chosen Dr. Karl Jordan, Dr. G. B. Long-
stafT, and Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse to be Vice-Presidents.

The students' rooms at the Natural History Museimi, South
Kensington, having been fitted with new heating apparatus the collec-
tions are again available for reference and study. It appears to us
that the rooms are now a great deal more comfortable than heretofore.

We are pleased to note that the presidency of the Yorkshire
Naturalists' Field Club for 1909, has been offered to, and accepted by,
Mr. W. H. St. Quintin, J.P., F.E.S., etc.

Dr. J. H. Wood describes further new species of Phora [I'lnt. Mo.
Maj/.), vi:., Phnra armata, P. riclifi, P. affinis, P. aequalis, P. fiavesceus,
P. louiiiseta, P. ricalis, P. SKrdifrons, P. parra, P. mallochi, P. f/labri-
from, P. propinqita, P. iilininosa, P. collini. Mr. Malloch also describes
a new species as Phnra fmiiata.

Mr. E. A. Butler describes an insect that has long been considered
a form of MijrDieeopora iiriila, Er., as a new species under the name
of il/. hrevipea. He records the former from the Isle of Wight (whence
came Erichson's type), and the latter from Tintagel, Plymouth,
Slapton, and Dawlish. This latter (smaller) insect, Deville says, also
occurs in Jersey and Brittany. 3/. uvida is also noted from Whits-
table, Upnor, Shoreham, Hayling Island, and Camber, near Rye.

^l\\ Champion adds Homalota fiissi, Bernh. { = )ntens, Fuss, nee

CURRENT NOTES. 51

Makl.) to the British Hst, on the strength of a specimen taken at
Mickleham, on September 5th, 1875.

Mr. Bagnall describes the yellow orchid thrips {Enf. Mo. Maf/.),
under the name of Anapothrips orchidacciis, noting that it is injurious
to various hothouse orchids.

The Transactions of the Xat. Hint, of Xort/inniberland, Durhavi, etc.,
vol. iii., pt. 1, contains an important ilhistrated paper by Mr. Bagnall,
" On some new genera and species of Thj/sanoptera,'' whilst Lieut. -Col.
C. H. E. Adamson, gives the completion of an annotated " Catalogue
of Butterflies collected in Burmah up to the end of 1895." In the
light of recent discoveries concerning the species of L'elastrina and
Everea occurring in these districts, it would be well if the specimens
referred to in these groups were re-examined, and their exact species
determined.

Having completed (and published in parts i., ii., and iii., of our
new series of British B utter fiies) a review of the Everid section of
butterflies, and the detailed life-history and distribution of Everes
ari/iades, and further completed, as far as poasible, our account of
Capido )iiiniii)as, we find ourselves absolutely wanting a "pupa" (dead)
or "pupal shell" of this last-named species. Has anyone one that can
be loaned to us for detailed description ? If so, we shall be very
grateful.

Has anyone any really good photographs of aberrations of ("upido
iiiiniiintH and Plebeiits aeyon worth publishing, and that might be loaned
to us for the purpose ?

The collection of Mr. Schill was sold at Stevens' Auction Booms on
January 26th. Prices ruled rather low but for a few exceptionally
rare specimens. A suffused specimen of /»%/?»«"<•/« ///iZrteo.s produced 10s.,
an example of what is erroneously termed ab. Rchmidtii 17s., and six
other aberrations, 22s. A large 3- Chrysophanus dispar produced
£1 15s., another ^ £1 2s., a 2 £4, and a ^ , reputed to have been
captured at " Seal Park," from the " Tugwell Coll.," and the British
origin of which must be open to the gravest doubt, produced £2, whilst
a pair of Ci/aniris soniarijiis from the "Briggs' Coll." fetched 10s. Of
Arctia caia, a pair described as having golden hindwings produced 13s.,
whilst the difi'erence in condition of the two pairs of Laelia coenom,
made their prices 30s. and 14s. respectively. A fme^^ Afirotis siibrosea
produced £5, whilst two poor J s went for 22s. With the exception
of two fine aberrations of Dri/an paphia, bred by Mr. Newman in 1908,
and both slightly deformed, which produced £2 and £5 respectively,
nothing else appears to call for comment.

A most interesting paper on the "Ants found in Great Britain,"
by Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, has just been placed in our hands. It
is largely concerned with the habits of these insects, and is a most
instructive and thoroughly useful summary. It was read before
section F of the Leicester Literary Society in June last, and is pub-
lished in the Transactions of this Society.

At the meetmg of the South London Entom. Society held on
January 14th, 1909, Prof. W. Bateson, F.R.S., gave an illustrated
lantern lecture on " Mendelism."

At the meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entom. .Society,
held on January 18th, 1909, Mr, Mansbridge exhibited examples of
I'aedisca naecana and P. (jeminana, bred last season from holly and

52 THE entomologist's record.

bilberry respectively ; the genitalia of these were exhibited under the
microscope by Mr. F. N. Pierce, but no difference between them could
be observed, excepting the loss of certain fugitive hair-tufts by P.
(jeminana.

At the same meeting, Mr. P. N. Pierce exhibited a series of the
" Carncades group " of the Agrotids, which includes our British Aiirotia
tritici, etc. Mr. Pierce stated that he had now been able to differentiate,
with perfect clearness and constancy by means of the genitalia, four
of the British species in the group, viz., Aijroti'^ cursoria, A. nigricans,
A. obelisca, and A. tritici (with aqidlina). He also showed the genitalia
of two specimens, and the wing-portions of one of them, which he
believed would ultimately prove either an unrecognised species, or the
" true aqnilinay Mr. Pierce illustrated his remarks by prejDarations
shown under the microscope. It does not appear in what manner
Mr. Pierce defines the " true atjuilina." If the genitalia support the
aquilina of Godart, as a form of A. tritici (as in Ih-itish Nnctuac and their
Varieties, vol. ii., pp. 54 et seq.), it is difficult to know what other
aquilina is meant. If this be a fifth species, it would be really interest-
ing to know whether it is referable to Godart's insect, or to Hiibner's
fictilia, the insect to which our less informed lepidopterists usually
refer when they speak of aquilina. One suspects, however, that these
are all really forms of A<irotis tritici, and that the possible fifth species
certainly has nothing to do with aquilina, Godt., or rJctilis, Hb., both
common insects in the east and south of England. We shall certainly
have cause to congratulate Mr. Pierce if he clearly determines another
species in this interesting group.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological Society. — fanuanj 5th, 1909. — -
Exhibits : Cidaria reticulata — A series bred from Windermere pupae,
the imagines emerging between July 18th-31st, 1908, Mr. H. M.
Edelsten. Coenonympha tiphon var. rothliebii from Witherslack ;
Enodia hyperanthus ab. obsoleta, from various English and Scotch
localities; Coenonympha pamphilus, a series including specimens with-
out ocellated spots on the upperside of forewings, Dr. G. C. C.
Hodgson. Phryxus livornica taken at Torquay in June, 1906, by
Mr. H. Terry, Mr. A. W. Mera. Rumicia phl.eas, a specimen with
black hindwings, Darenth Wood, July, 1908, and another with straw-
coloured marginal band on left hindwing, Bexley, August, 1908, Mr.
V. E. Shaw. January Idtli, 1909. Notolophus gonostigma, pale ? ,
Xylophasia polyodon (monoglypha), a melanic specimen taken at
Mucking in July, 1908. Cosmotriche potatoria ab. berolinensis J ,
and ab. intermedia ^ , bred from Mucking larvas, the ab. berolinennis
emerging July 11th, 1908, Kev. C. R. N. Burrows. Calocampa exoleta,
and C. vetusta, varied series from Inches, N.B., 1908, Mr. Leach.
Abraxas grossulariata ab. varleyata, one of a second-brood of 31
specimens, of which seven were of this variety, the brood being raised
from typical parents, themselves the progeny of a cross between ab.
VARLEYATA and a typical specimen, Mr. L. W. Newman. Melanippe
fluctuata, with the central band carried uniformly across the whole
width of the upperwings, Bexley, June, 1908, Mr. V. E. Shaw.
Bupalas piniaria, a gynandromorphous specimen, J right side, ?
left side — wings and antennae — taken at Oxshott, June 6th, 1898, Mr.
H. B. Williams.

Plat I : III.

WB

W

Dil H. ('. Dollmnn.
Male Appendages of the species of the genus Anaspls,

TJie Entovwlociist's Becurcl, etc., 1909.

g

'* " i^

■*9BBI

4 J.,

SPRING BUTTERFLIES IN THE RHONE VALLEY. 53

Spring butterflies in the Rhone Valley.

By A. S. TETLEY, M.A.

A few notes on a short excursion into the Rhone Valley during the
first fortnight of June, 1908, may prove of interest in comparison
with those on a similar tour undertaken in the latter half of May,
1907. The past season, at any rate in the early months, seemed to be,
if anything, a forward one in Valais. It was certainly very much in
advance of 1907. The early "blues" and "skippers," which were
quite fresh (even Xoniiades ci/llaras) at the end of May, 1907, were
worn out, or had entirely disappeared from the same localities in
the beginning of June, 1908.

Accompanied by a friend who was very keen on adding to his
herbarium, I went straight through to Chexbres, which we chose as
our first resting-place, to visit an old colleague. The next day, June
5th, we spent very quietly on the western side of Mt. Pelerin. As we
strolled along the road out of Chexbres village, the sight of Mdananjia
(jalatea in perfect condition warned us that the early spring butterflies
were over. A piece of marshy ground, a few yards further on, tempted
us to stay, and, with one ej-e on some peasants near at hand, we
plunged in after some very obvious Brenthids which proved to be lirenthis
ino, just out. In one corner of the little marsh, we found Lijcaena
«/vrt.s, a rather small form, in fact, at first I had passed them as
Tanayra atrata ; two males taken measured 28mm., and one female
27mm., two other females being more normal in size. Oddly enough,
on returning about 3 p.m., when the sun was still bright on the ground,
we could not find a single specimen. Butterflies were numerous as we
pushed up the lower slopes of the mountain. I'ob/oniniatKs ale.cis was far
and away the commonest "blue," and next to it cume Ai/r lades bdlanjas
and Xoin.iades seniianius, the latter worn. Hesperia iiialrae, I'l.nnilia
sao, NisoniadeH tatjes, Xenieobius liicina, the " swallow tails," Jlrcnthis
dia, Melitaea aiirinia, ^J. parthenie, and Erebia iiiediiaa, were all much
past their prime. Chri/so])hanus hippothoe was just out in the meadows,
and I took one Melitaea didyma, a large fresh $ .

The next day we went on to St. Maurice where we stayed till
June 11th. We worked through Lavey Woods to Bex and up to
Frenieres, but clouds came up at midday and heavy rain began at 3.30.
Butterflies seemed scarce all day. In the woods we saw or took two
Cydopides palaemon, Hesperia malvae ab. taras, lots of fresh Aporia
crataeyi, Iphidides podalirias (all worn), Liinenitis Camilla, Epinephele
jartina 1 $ , L'oenonympha iphis 1 ^ , and, most of the ordinary spring
butterflies. Near Frenieres a single Lycaena arion brought our
entomological work to an end, and between the showers, we returned to
botany. During the night the temperature fell between 30' F. to iO-" F.,
so we were not very hopeful when next morning, under dull skies,
we tramped along the river to St. Triphon. Nothing would stir, though
we got wet through as we kicked our way through the herbage. From
St. Triphon we took train to Villeneuve and spent the afternoon in the
marshy ground at the river-mouth. We managed to rouse up a lot of
Aphantopns hyperanthus and Auyiades sylvanus, but much searching near
Les Grangettes produced no Brenthis Helene, though the ground and the
vegetation were very like those of our Yorkshire localities.

June 8th found us at Martigny, but dull cold weather spoiled every-
March 15th, 1909.

54 THE entomologist's record.

thing. A few gieaius of morning sun produced Jirenthis dcqiline and a
single Xo>-rf>/^fl»?H"« [Thecla) ilich, and Hesperia cartlianii tiew occasionally
on the rocks of La Batiaz, and a single PolyoHivuttua amanda in the
marshes below only raised vain hopes. On June 9th, with warmer weather,
we made for the mountains behind Bex to see if we could light on Loireia
a}ii])Indaiiias. When we got to Yillars all was dull and misty, so we
worked down to the lower ground which we could see bathed in sun-
shine. In the meadows Melitaea atlialia was in perfect condition, but
M. parthenie was generally very worn. Along the banks of the Gryonne,
Farart/e iiiaera was extremely abundant, and single specimens of Cupula
scbrufi and Xovu'ades ci/llarus, worn to shreds, recalled to mind their
abundance in that place last year. Mclanari/ia (jalatea now swarmed
everywhere, and, in some marshy ground close to the railway, we took
a few Cocnunymplia iphh. Next day (June 10th) we decided to go to the
famous " underclift"" at Vernayaz. Favoured by brilliant sunshine we
had one of our two best days. Just outside the station gates Lmreia
var. gordins turned up as if to encourage our hopes. All along the
path lender the clift's butterflies were swarming. One big bramble
bush in full flower I shall never forget. It was literally covered with
Broitii i s d a phne , a,nd [j)>rfiawav.tiordiiis,'\yithXord)iia)inia [Thecla) ilicis a
very bad third. Up and down the path worn Melitaea cinxia flew along
with M. phoebe and half a dozen common " blues." I was surprised to
take three Er>/7i}iis {Carcharodiis) lavaterae so early. But it was a day of
surprises. I took a single very worn ParnassJKs nineinosi/ne and a perfectly
fresh Erebia sti/i/ne : but, later in the day, as we were nearing Martigny, a
strange-looking butterfly suddenly flew off one of the large boulders that
are so frequent there. It reminded me of Hipparchia seuiele in Hight and
appearance, and a luck\' shot disclosed Oeneix aello, a ragged old male,
but unmistakable. One Ari/i/nnis adippe J fell to the net while we
were in the marshes after Pohjovunatiis amanda. The latter was
freshly out, but all males. We took all suspicious-looking Melit*as,
and worked hard round La Batiaz for 2f. var. beriKale)tsis, but got no
more than two. Ajjoria crataei/i was very common ; I counted eight
at rest in the late afternoon on a single scabious head. Mditaea
dicti/nna was also very abundant in the marshy ground.

The next day we went to Berisal, after a morning in the Lavey
woods, when we added Brenthis inn to our record there. June 12tli
to 14th were spent near Berisal. Above the village, butterflies were
scarce. Paranie kiera Avas common just below the hotel, and all along
the road up to the fourth refuge. Xisoniadex tages kept up nearly to
the top of the pass along with Cupid o vriniiinis and Pier is var. brt/nniae.
But down in the Gantertal there were butterflies in abundance.
Hesperia carthaMii was the commonest " skipper," but there were
plenty of others, including H. serratidaf, difficult to get in good order,
Poneliia sao quite fresh, Xismiiades taijes, and H. malvae. Parnassius
nnietiinsi/ue ^^•a,s very common in its well-known haunt, nearly all males;
there also were Aricia etDiiedon and Antlmc/iaris siiiiplnnia, the latter
much easier to catch in the early morning than later in the day. I
was glad to find Vlebeius li/cidas in some numbers at the second
refuge, and well out, too, both 3 and $ ; odd specimens occurred
along the road as we went down. Krehia evias occurred sparingly
from the second refuge upwards to Berisal, and again below Simplon Dorf
for a mile or two. Pierisnapi var. brijomae seemed to begin at Berisal^

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1908. 55

and was commonest just above the hotel. Oeneis aello occurred at the
Ganter Bridge, along the road above Berisal, and again below the old
Hospice. Scolitantides baton we took twice below the village. Melitaea
phoebe was just emerging, but M. cin.via was common, and in fine
condition. Other newcomers included Lycaena arion and var. obscura,
Coenonympha var. darinniana, Plebeius argyror/nomoii, and one Melitaea
aurelia.

On June 15th we walked over the pass to Iselle. There were very
few butterflies until we reached Gondo. Just below that place, in a
meadow on the right of the road, Parnassius vmemm^yne turned up
again, but very- worn. Along with it were numerous " blues," includ-
ing one specimen of Scolitantides orion. Aporia crataeiji reappeared at
Gondo, and large numbers of A^jlais nrticae. From Iselle I travelled
straight back to England, leaving my more fortunate friend at Visp
en route for Saas Fee. On the 16th he spent some hours in the
neighbourhood of Stalden, whence he sent me a number of butterflies,
among which were two undoubted Melitaea var. berisalensis. At Saas
Fee broken weather and the high altitude combined to render his
remaining week of no account entomologically.

The complete list of butterflies seen or taken is as follows : — Erynnis
[C'archarodus) lavaterae, Hesperia cartliami, H. alveus, H. serratulae, H.
malvae and ab. taras, Powellia sao, Nisoniades tayes, Aiiyiades sylvanus,
Adopaea fiava, A. lineola, Cyclopides palaemon, Chrysop/ianus hippo-
thoe, Loiveia alciphron var. yordiiis, L. dorilis, Rionicia phlaeas (once)
Lycaena areas, L. arion, Polyoinniatus amanda, C npido wininjua, C . sebrus,
Cyaniris semiaryus, Xomiades cyllarus, Aricia eiiwedon, A. astrarche,
Ayriadea bellaryus, Polyoiinuatiis hylas, P. alexis, Scolitantides baton,
S. orion, Plebeius var. lycidas, P. aryiis, P. aryyroynomon, Celastrina
aryiolus, Callophrys rubi, T/iecla ilicis, Nenieobiiis lucina, IpJiiclides
podalirius, Papilio machaon, Parnassius apollo, P. mnemosyne,
Aporia crataeyi, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi and var. bryoniae,
Anthocharis simplonia, Euchlo'e cardajiiines, Leptosia sinapis, Colias
hyale, C. edusa (Stalden), Gonoptery.r yhamni, Aryynnis adippe,

A. niobe (Stalden), Issoria lathonia, Brenthis euplirosyne, B. daphne,

B. ino, B. dia, Melitaea aurinia, M. phoebe, M. cinxia, M.
didyma, M. var. berisalensis, M. aurelia, M. parthenie, M. athalia, M.
dictynna, Pyrameis cardai, P. atalanta, Envanessa antiopa, Vanessa io,
Aylais nrticae, Enyonia polychloros {lsir\se), Polyyonia c- album, Limenitis
Camilla, Pararye viaera, P. hiera, P. meyaera, P. eyeria, Epinephele
jurtina, Aphanto/ms hyperanthus, Coenonympha iphis, C. var. daruiniana,

C. pampkilus, Oeneis aello, Erebia epiphron (Saas-tal), E. medusa, E
styyne (once), E, eiias, Melanaryia yalatea — in all eighty-nine
species.

Lepidopterological Notes for 1908.

By PERCY C. REID.

The Entomoloyist's Becord is now-a-days so horribly scientific, and
so full of specialised work, that the ordinary out-of-doors collector,
who derives his pleasure from merely watching Nature on a bright
summer's day, and who is guilty of collecting for collecting's sake,
becomes diSident of occupying your space, and of wearying your

66 THE entomologist's record.

advanced readers'' by a record of what he is pleased to call his "season's
work."

As, however, for several years past you have been good enough to
find space for my annual record, I am tempted to try once again, in
the hopes that there are still, perhaps, some novices who may be
interested, and possibly some few scientists who may find a few grains
of wheat amidst my bushel of chaff.

I commenced the year with a fair quantity of pupre from the pre-
ceding summer, and I see from my diary that my first active work was
a trip to the Isle of Portland towards the end of February, but the
wind blew, and the rain fell in torrents, so that searching for larvae
was anything but pleasant. However, I made a fair bag, which
resulted in due course, in a number of Xoctna .vanthoyrapha, a few
very pretty Heliopliobus hispidns, and some Epunda lichenea, with one
Trlphaena sithsequa.

Tephrosia histoitata began to emerge on February 29th, and Xy^nia
lapponaria (1906 larva?) on March 15th. On March 24th I got a
pairing of these latter, 24 hours after the emergence of the 3 , and just
about dusk in the evening.

At the end of March, a friend and myself spent a couple of days on
the Sussex downs looking for larvte of .Eyeria spht'i/ifoniiis and our bag
was about three dozen, but most of them proved to be "stung,'' so that
the result was poor. During April I tried for ^E. spheiiiforniis and :E.
form ici form ix near here, getting some half-dozen of the former, but
only one or two of the latter, which is one of the most difficult larvte,
in my estimation, to find. The osiers hereabouts are riddled by a
beetle, the frass of which persists in catching the eye, while the clear-
wing seems to make little or no visible frass. LarviB of .E'jffia
cidiciformis and ^E. cynipiformis were common, and easy to find.

EupitJietia abbreviata began to emerge soon after the middle of the
month, as well as E. pumilata, while the first E. coronata appeared on
the 30th. Early in May I obtained a fair number of larvte of Cirr-
hofdia xerainpelina, and captured a few Aleucis pictaria and Antidea
derivata. On May 14th I found larvse of Eupithecia debiliata common
on bilberry in Kent, with many larvfe of Hypsipetes elntata and Boarmia
rcpandata. The undergrowth of some of the woods here is largely
composed of lime, and by beating this I found quantities of larvas of
Tiliacea citrayo, with far less trouble than searching large trees.

Towards the end of the month (as already noticed in the Ent. Llec.)
I found larvae of (Jltria cerayo and Mellinia yilrayo feeding in poplar
catkins. At this time Clostera reclusa, LobopJiora he.rapterata, and
Eupithecia ndyata were emerging. I beat some very small larvre from
fiowers of Anthriscus sylvt'stris, which eventually proved to be those of
Amphipyra trayopoyonis, and made a trip into Norfolk, which proved
very successful, in search of larvae of EnjtitJiecia mbciliata. Although
we have quantities of flowering maples here, and the insect is said to
occur wherever the maple is large enough to flower, I have never

• We sincerely hope that our contributors do not think this. Our trouble is
to get notes of the character that Mr. Reid and a few other of our contributors
regularly write for us, and we can assure such that, far from their notes wearying
us, we are fully alive to the fact that quite two-thirds of our readers still prefer
these notes to anything else published. The difficulty is to get such contributions.
—Ed.

LEPIDOPTEROLOCtICAL notes for 190S. 57

succeeded in finding it in this locality. A visit to the Suffolk haunts
of Fidonia conspicuata was again a failure, and I fear the insect is
quite extinct. P/iaretra menyantliidis was now beginning to appear
with Eupithecia raatiiiata from golden rod in Sussex, and /•.'. stibioiibrata
from Pastinaca sativa in Kent. These latter I had mistaken as larvae of,
and had recorded as, E. pimpinellata, though strangely enough onesingle
E. phupinellata did emerge later on from a P. sativa larva. Larv8e of
Cleoceris viminalis were common on sallow in the woods, and of Tethea
subtHsa on the aspens. Arctonn/scis myricae, Cij»iatophora or, and
Amphidaiiys betiilarins, emerged at the beginning of June, and I found
Epione adrenaria, Acidalia rewutaria, and lodis lactearia common in
woods in Kent. Some larvfe of Petasia cassinea finished feeding about
June 10th. On the 16th I bagged two Erastria veniifitida, in one of
their known localities, and on the 19th, two more. In each case they
occurred between 7.45 and 8.15 p.m. On the latter date, six Cxcidlia
cfnapJialii emerged, but though I tried hard I could not get them to
pair.

Having come across an old record of larvae of Eupithecia condynata,
on hawthorn, I journeyed on June 20th to a locality from which a
recent capture had been recorded, and was successful in beating about
a dozen-and-a-half, which I hope will emerge during this spring. I
fancy haAvthorn on chalk would be worth trying for this larva, though
mine were not from a chalky district. Larvfe of < 'iictillia chawomillae
were fairly plentiful in some of my fields, while those of Asphalia
flaricornis, BrepJios parthenias, Xotodonta ziczac, Drepana falcata ri a, ?Lndi
Platyptery.r lacertinaria occurred freely on birch in the woods.

At sugar Xliann striyilis, M. ftirnncida, Ayrotis seyettoii, etc., were
abundant, and I was fortunate enough to take two $ CyinatopJwra
ocidari.^, both of which I kept for ova, and successfully.

Towards the end of June, I paid a visit to the Acidalia iwmorata
ground near Lewes, and took several ^ s and two $ s, which gave me
plenty of ova. I took also a few larv» of Nonayria yenmiipimcta,
which gives a dark form hereabouts, and found larvte of Porthesia
cJirysorrhoea plentiful.

(Jolli.c sparsata and Eupithecia debiliata began to emerge on June 29th,
and also one Acidalia incanaria from bilberry. A. rnsticata, A. incan-
aria, A. dilutaria, and Eupithecia tenuiata resulted from a trip to Kent
on July 1st, and Acidalia rubricata, Ayrnphila trabealis, and a few
small larvie of Dianthnecia irreynlaris from a trip to Tuddenham the
next day.

On July 4th and 5th, a friend and myself bagged two dozen
Leucania f'avicolnr, several Mauiestra abjecta and Acidalia eiuutaria on
our Essex coast, but we were quite late enough, and some were beginning
to lose their condition.

Eupithecia trisiynaria {ivom. P. sativa) and JEycria andrenaefovmis,
emei'ged on July 7th, followed shortly by Cleoceris viminalis, Collix
sparsata, and Eupithecia sobrinata.

On July 25th I went to Deal, and found Acidalia ochrata and
Lithosia pygmaeola very common. At the end of the month Eupithecia
subciliata were coming out freely, while beating ash in early August,
resulted in plenty of larvae of Ennomos fuscantaria, a ,few Eupithecia
fra.vinata, and I think one or two Selenia illustraria. I went, on
August 14th, to try for Larentia olivata and Gnophos obscurata. The

58 THE entomologist's record.

former were well past their prime, but the latter were in good condition.
For the next month I was occupied with other matters, but Ennomos
fuscantaria, Cirrhoedia xerampelina, Citria citraf/o, kept emerging, and
I beat a few Leiocampa dictaeoides, Jlrepaiia falcataria, and Platijptenuv
lacertinaria from birch in this neighbourhood. On September 2nd, I
accompanied a friend to the Norfolk coast, where we found larvae of
Enpithecia extensaria in numbers. Tiliacea aura(fo (a very scarce insect
here) came to ivy blossom in my garden on September 23rd. Towards
the end of October Petasia cassinea emerged well. Out of eighteen
larvae I bred fourteen imagines, and of these only two were crippled.
I pupated them in a rhubarb-pot filled with earth, in which they
could burrow as deeply as they liked. A few Poecilocavijia populi,
Hijhernia aurantiaria, and U. defoliaria finished what had been, on the
whole, a very fairly good year for insects.

Trichopteryx intermedia, Gilim., var. thomsoni, 1. B. Ericson, a

British species.

By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

My friend. Professor Beare and I, took this species in some
numbers at Newtonmore, N.B., in June, 1907, by beating fir-tops.
I also took two specimens in the debris of a nest of Eonnka mniiinnea at
Nethy Bridge a few days later. They have been identified by Isaac B.
Ericson, who has now the British Museum Collection of this group in
his possession to overhaul. He writes in the Entowolor/isk Tidskrift for
1908, pp. 121-126, in a short paper on Swedish Tric/iopterynidae thsitit is
distinct from fasicidaris, Herbst, although Ganglbauer (p. 827) gives
intermedia, Gillm., as a sj'nonym. He also points out that the type
occurs in southern Europe, but that the more north you go a sub-
species is formed, which he has called tho)»si>Hi.

He gives the following species of TricJiopter;/,f as occurring in
Sweden: — uraudicollis, Mann., wontandoni, Allib., ni(jricnrnis, Motsch.,
picicornis, Mann., thoraciea, Waltl., atoiiiaria, De Geer, intermedia,
Gillm., V. thomsoni, I.B.E., lata, Motsch., fasicularis, Herbst,
cantiana, Matth., snff'ocata, Halid., hrevipennis, Erichs., lomjicornis,
Mann., kirhyi, Matth., brevis, Motsch., sericans, Heer, dispar, Matth.,
and chevrolati, Allib.

Plebeius argus var. cretaceus, n. var., P. argus var. masseyi, n.
var., P. argus var. Corsica, Bell., and Plebeius argyrognomon var.

Corsica, n. var.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

We are now engaged on a revision of Plebeius anjus (aef/nn), a
species that has for 150 years worried entomologists owing to its
superficial similarity to P. aniiiroiinomon {anius), and the remarkable
variation that it undergoes in its extended range from Sligo in the
west to Japan in the east, and from Lapland in the north to the
Mediterranean littoral in the south. Almost all authors who have
handled the species appear to have fallen into some error or other, and
in Staudinger and Rebel's Catalog, 3rd ed., 1901, one still finds some
strange results.

The species is of interest to British lepidopterists, because we have,
in the British Isles, at least three very marked races : (1) The smaller.

PLEBEIUS ARGUS VAR. CRETACEUS, N. VAR. 59

darker, wider-margined (J ), heath form; (2) The larger, brighter,
narrow-margined ((?), chalk-down form; (3) The peculiar bright-
tinted, blue-suffused female, moorland form. We distinguished the
tAVO first-named in our British Biitterfiies, 1906, and the second of
these has since been referred to the Spanish race lujpochiona, Ramb.,
but we think quite erroneously. We have a form just like it from
Scandinavia, and think it might even be fairly argued that it was the
form described by Linne, but for the present, and to prevent our-
selves being accidentally forestalled, we name it var. cretacens.

The third form above, the moorland form, was largely on our
authority referred [Knt. llec, vii., p. 128) to the var. Corsica, Bellier.
This conclusion was based on a J and 5 received from Mr. W. E.
Nicholson of Lewes, as var. corsica, the two forms agreeing fairly well
on the upperside, especially in the ? , but it is, we have since dis-
covered, on the underside that Bellier de la Chavignerie found the
chief character of the Corsican form, and, in this, our " moorland "
form disagrees entirely. This form, like our " down " form, there-
fore, appears to require a distinctive cognomen, and we shall deal with
it in our revision of the species as var. massci/i, as we are indebted
entirely to Mr. Massey for our examples of the species, from which
our studies have been made, and we owe him some apologies for mis-
leading him, in our ignorance, into applying the name Corsica, to our
insect, on the first introduction of the race to the notice of British
lepidopterists.

One other detail may be noted. Throughout Europe and Asia, one
of the most marked superficial differences between Plebeius argus
{aeiiou) and P. arfiyronnouion (art/iis) is found on the greater width of
the marginal border of the upperside of all four wings in the 3 . It
was not, we believe, until two years ago, when Mr. Powell visited Corsica,
and collected there for some time, that it became generally known that
Plebeius ar(i;/ro{/noi)wn was also to be found there. At any rate, it was
not till then that specimens of the latter species came into our posses-
sion. The insects were most puzzling, for, quite characteristic of P.
argyrocpioHion on the underside, and differing on this side most markedly
from P.argKsxav. corsica, the upperside of the P. anii/roiinoiiion 3 pre-
sents a wide marginal border that strongly suggests that of normal P.
cmjus {aeiion), whilst the J s of the latter from Corsica, almost with-
out marginal border, suggest normal P. ar<iiiro<jnomon. An examina-
tion of the very different 3 genitalia, by Dr. Chapman, proved that
the underside indication was correct, and that we had not only a very
special race, var. corsica, Bellier, of P. an/us, but an equall}^ peculiar
race var. corsica, n. var., of P. avtiyrofpiomoii.

We hope to have the difficulties of the variation of P. argus fully
cleared up in the next two or three numbers of ouvXat. Hist, of British
pjiitterfiies, in which the original descriptions of all the forms will be
published for students' own reference, but the facts of this advance
note appear to be of sufficient general interest to all British
lepidopterists, to lead us to publish it.

60 THE entomologist's RECORD.

A Coleopteron new to science — Anaspis hudsoni, nov. spec.

[liit/i plate).

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Elongate, somewhat boat-shaped, being broadest in middle, black,
clothed with veiy fine, sparse, yellow pubescence. Antenna? with first
four joints yelloAV, the rest black, joints one to six longer than broad,
one and two short, of about equal length, three about equal in length
to one and two together, four a little shorter than three, broadest at
apex, five triangular, broadest at apex, six rounded on inner
side, broadest at apex, seven to ten rounded, moniliform, last
joint elongate, longer than broad. Palpi fuscous-yellow. Head
large, black, with a thin yellow streak at clypeus, rounded
in front, straight, or almost straight behind, with acute posterior
angles. Prothorax narrowed in front, a little broader (at base)
than long, bisinuate at base, posterior angles somewhat acute,
equally strongly transversely strigose all over. Elytra elongate,
broadest about middle, as strongly transversely strigose as the pro-
thorax, black beneath ; legs slender, black, knees at apex of tibiae and
spurs fuscous-yellow. Anterior tarsi feebly dilated, first joint short,
as long as broad, second long and dilated, b)'oadest at apex, broader
than any of the other joints, third short, rounded, and bilobed. Inter-
mediate tibi* slightly sinuate within. 3 with third ventral segment
of abdomen longer than the other segments, furnished in middle at
apex with two long lacini* or appendages, which reach to the middle
of the oth segment, approximate at base, separated in middle, and
convergent and truncate at apex, with a slight depression between
them at apex. Fifth segment long and pointed, contracted a little
beyond middle to apex, giving the appearance of a 6th segment," with
a small pit or depression which lies in the centre of the apical third of
the segment, the lips of Avhicli appear to be slightly raised. Length
8-J-mm. Described from a 3 specimen taken by me in the centre of a
woody fungus on Scots' fir at Nethy. Bridge, Invernessshire, on
September 16th, 1908, and recorded by me in error as A.sciitt'ntriniiaUs,
Champ., Ent. Mo. Man., 1908.

This species appears to belong to the subgenus Xassijia, Emery
(although the sixth joint of the antennae is certainly longer than broad
in my specimen), in which joints six to ten of the antennae are rounded
and moniliform. In />/> Ki'tfcr Eumpa^, xxxv., 1898, Schilsky gives
a table of all the Mordellids in which both Anaspis (/arnei/si, Fowler,
and A. septentrionalis, Champion, are included. I have looked up the
description of all the species of Anaspis to date, and there is nothing
which agrees with my specimen. As the appendages in the males (or
the want of them in some species), and the structure of the ventral
segments are very important and interesting characters, my friend,
Mr. Hereward Dollman, has made beautiful drawings for me of these
parts in all our British species, which will enable anyone to identify
their specimens of this sex at once. I have compared my insect with
specimens of all our species including A. si-ptcntrioiialis w^hich Mr.
Champion left at the Museum for me to see. I must thank Mr. C. 0.

* The genus Pentarui has six segments to the abdomen, but the penultimate
joint of the anterior tarsi is bilobed ; in Anaspis, the third joint is bilobed, and the
penultimate quite small, and there are only five segments to the abdomen.

NOTES ON NOMIADES MELANOPS. 61

Waterhouse for his kindness in comparing them with me, and in
reading through my description.

I liave called this species hiKhnni in honour of my friend and
colleague, T. Hudson-Beare, with whom I was staying, and who was
with me at the time the insect was captured.

Explanation of Plate III.

1. Male appendages of Anaspis liudsoni, Donisthorpe.

2. ,, ,, Anaspis frontalis, L.

3. ,, ,, Anaspis septentrionalis. Champion.

4. ,, ,, Anaspis garneysi, Fowler.

5. ,, ,, Anaspis rufilahris, Gyll.

6. ,, ,, Anaspis pulicaria , Costa.

7. ,, ,, Anaspis melanostoma, Cost^x,.

8. ,, ,, Anaspis geoif'roni,'^i\x\\.
1). ,, ,, Anaspis rujicollis, F.

10. ,, ,, Anaspis costae, Emeiy.

11. ,, ,, Anaspis suhtestacea, ^te.]}\\.

12. ,, ,, Anaspis maculata, Fouic.

13. ,, ,, Anaspis latipaljns, Schil.

Notes on Nomiades melanops.

By H. POWELL, F.E.S..

This is a strictly single-hrooded blue, flying in April and May.
The larva occurs on flowers of Duri/cniion fniffrKcticosian at Hyeres in
May and earl}- June, and is very regularly attended bj' very active,
medium-sized, black ants. The larva must, however, feed on some
other plant than Dorycniiiw in Algeria, for there is none of it where I
have taken the species. The pupa is pale in colour, attached to stones,
etc. The attachment is weak, and, in captivity, pup;e are sometimes
found loose in the cage. It passes the summer and winter as a pupa.
The species is generally found on limestone, but, at Hyeres, it also
occurs near the Cap Bregancon, on schistose soil. I found it there in
abundance, April 19th, 1893.

It flies in April, in the Hyeres district, also in May, but is generally
worn in the latter month. Hyeres localities are : Costebelle quarries,
near Sanatorium, in the Vallee de Vertaubanne, Col de Serre, Car-
queiranne. La Mauniere, La Farlede, Cap Bregancon. The following-
are some actual dates and localities : April 19th, 1893, Cap Bregancon :
May 1st, 1902, La Farlede; March 29th, 1903, Costebelle Quarries ;
April 20th, 1903, La Guiranne (Var); May 9th, 1906, La Mauniere,
along the paths and in clearings, few were fresh ; June 3rd and 4th,
1906, La Turbie (Alpes-Maritimes) worn ; bred April 12th, 1906, at
Hyeres; May 11th, 1907, at Sebdou (Oran), very worn; May 19th
and 20th, 1907, Merchich near Sebdou (ten specimens); May 2oth,
1908, at Khenchela (Constantine) (1). The Algerian specimens are
large, with undersides of a brownish-grey, and with rather small
spots.

Larvie were beaten from flowering Donjoniiiii, May 22nd, 1904,
and June 1st, 1904 at Hyeres, and June 13th, 1906 at Laghet, Alpes-
Maritimes. Ants were beaten out Avith the larviv every time, and
W'ere kept with them afterwards.

I made the following notes on the larva : June 1st, in the Vertau-
banne Valley, I beat out of ]>ori/cniuiit sxp^riicticosion a couple of larvae
of N. melanops, one attended by a rather large ant which left it only

62 THE entomologist's record.

for very short intervals, returning quickly, and continuing to feel it
over with its antenn;?. The larva was semi-transparent by June 4th,
and preparing for pupation. It had not fed for three days, yet the
ant still kept to it. After pupation the ant remained with the pupa
for several days, continually feeling it over with its antennae. I could
see no glands on the pupa, but had not time to make a very thorough
examination. In the cage with the two X. iiuianops, I had also a larva
of Calloiihrj/s rnbi, and another of Thestor hallus. The iiielauojifi ant
sometimes examined the ballits larva, and caressed it with its antennte,
never staying long with it, however, but it would have nothing to do
with the C. riibi larva.

Larva of N. melanops (nearly fullfed) described June 14th, 1908. —
Length 10mm. at rest ; breadth at widest part 3mm. The head is
very small, black, and shiny. It is generally out of sight, hidden
beneath the projecting prothoracic segment. The shape of the larva
is typically LyctBnid — rounded stern, in continuation of the project-
ing lateral border ; the dorsal centre is flattened, but each segment
from the 2nd thoracic to 6th abdominal inclusive, is raised as a small
mound on each side of the dorsal line ; incisions deeply marked ;
abdominal segments 7 and 8 are slightly bombe. The general colour
is pale greenish-grey in this particular specimen, but I have seen some
greener, though never a bright green. The dorsal line, and all other
markings begin on the mesothoracic segment. The dorsal (central)
line is dark grey, widest on the thorax, faint and narrow after the 6th
abdominal. A white line borders it, and runs along the " mounds."
This line dies out on the 6th abdominal. There is then a second grey
line rather darker than the ground colour. There is another faint
line between it and the flange which is white. Between the white
" mound " line and the second grey line, are oblique streaks running
up, one on each segment, except prothoracic and 7th and 8th ab-
dominals. Ventral surface grey, green centrally. I made no descrip-
tion of the pupa, merely noting it as whitish, with black dots.

Pupation took place early in June, and emergence in April of the
following year. The shell of the pupa is thin and transparent, though
strong. The colour of the wings is seen very distinctly for a day or
two before the butterfly makes its appearance.

A Midsummer's Collecting at La Granja.

By (Bev.) F. E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.
{Concluded from p. 37).

The Melanargiids, when they came out, were very abundant, Mdan-
avf/ia lache.sis swarmed everywhere. M. syllhis in its restricted locality
was common for two or three days, June 23rd-25th ; M. deantfie,
though never a rival to M. lachcsh, was well distributed. There are
two very distinct forms of the female, one rare, coloured on underside
like males, the other more common, and much more handsome, the
underside of the hindwings being yelloAv, and the central and sub-
terminal bands being filled with cinnamon-brown. Of J/, lach'sis var.
$ catah'Hca, we took only seven in all, very fine specimens. Among
the Satyrids, Satijnis circe was abundant after July 7th, as a little later
was a fine form of fdippanliia alctjone. Cuenoni/nip/ia iphioides we did not
meet with in the lower swamps during the first fortnight, though we

A midsummer's collecting at la graxja. 63

were all on the look out for it, and took M. aurinia there ; but on
June 29th (unfortunately after Jones had left) I went up the mountains
some oOOft. to 800ft., and, in a small morass, caused by a little stream
spreading and percolating through the peaty ground, I came across
my first specimens ; I got seven that day. After this I returned to
the swamps below, and found it was present in fair numbers, both
sexes. Of the Lycjenids Laeosopis roboris was our special objective.
Mrs. Lowe took the first, a male, and a worn female outside the walls
of the Royal Garden on July 3rd. The next day we got fourteen
specimens near the ash-trees by the farm under the hills some two
miles off, as described by Mr. Sheldon (FJnt. Record, xviii., p. 59).
After this, males were abundant, though females up to the time of
leaving were very scarce. L. roboris was particularly fond of a wiry-
stemmed plant with fluffy, clover-like heads of flowers, and an aromatic
scent, which covers the ground in large clumps. They were not often
seen round ash-trees, which were trees, but commonly about stunted
ash-bushes which appeared to have their young shoots constantly eaten
down by the herds of black cattle which roam the hill-sides and plain.
This ash is very unlike our familiar English species. It has a much
darker, narrower leaf, which feels thicker in texture between the
fingers. Around, and on, and within these bushes, I have frequently
seen half-a-dozen to a bush, apparently searching for mates. It is a
very easy insect to capture, though generally flying at a considerable
height if disturbed. I ruined several much-wanted females in a fruit-
less endeavour to get ova. The Ruralids of the list were numerous
among the oak shrub which clothes the foot of the hills, except
Nonbnannia acaciae, of which I only got two large examples. KliKjia
spini ab. li/nceiis was remarkably fine, and not rare. Flying with the
usual form were some very small Xonhnannia ilicis of the var. aescitli,
quite dwarfs (I have the same from Eclepens). It seems difficult to
believe that this is really N. ilicis. Hemles vin/attreae var. tneiijii made
its first appearance on July 1st, females on 14th. Of the latter I only
got four, but one is a beauty, though small ; a central band is formed
across the forewings by the elongation and coalescence of the usual
black spots, and the whole of the hindwings is suft'used with black
from the base to the marginal border. This species was like
An/i/nnis adippe and Drijas pajihia, evidently late this year, and not
fully out before we left. Rnniicia phlaeas was very common in one
locality, and fairly distributed elsewhere. It was a dark form, but not
extremely so. Probably the next brood would have proved more
interesting. Loweia gordias (Is this certainly only a variety of
alciphron .') was smaller and less heavily marked than the Martigny
and Varzo specimens, and the females were nearly always of a much
lighter colour than those of Switzerland, and never suffused on the
hindwings as in ab. interiiwdia, Stefanelli, from the Italian Simplon.
Both sexes were as a rule rather small, but not without exception.
Lawpides boeticiis fairly common, and gave evidence that it would be
much commoner — veiy variable in size — but none equal to the largest
taken in Guernsey. Plebeius aet/on was inferior to Guethary specimens
but very abundant. Aricia astrarche was magnificent in size and
colour. Of the " Skippers," the most interesting was Ponellia sao,
plentiful in its ordinary form, and there were less commonly gigantic
specimens very richly coloured on the underside. 1 watched a pair of

64 THE entomologist's rkcord.

these giants " flirting," but was prevented from capturing them by an
overhanging branch under which they were gambolling. I was very
anxious to obtain this large form thus associated, for it seems possible
that we may one day make two species of what now we class as one.
Among the Hetemcera I had much more limited opportunities of
observation, but a few things taken may be deserving of a passing-
notice. I am indebted to Mr. Prout for identifying the Geometrids
which I could not name, a large percentage of the few captured. The
position of the hotel or my bed-room was unfavourable, and the light
abominable, so that I was much less fortunate than usual in obtaining
specimens at night. During our last week Catocaia conversu became
excessively common everywhere during the day. The first I saw
thrilled me with excitement as something entirely new in my experi-
ence. It seems to be a species of no consistent habits. At first I
thought that it rested only on tree-trunks, and soon I found that it
was equally fond of rocks. Sometimes in passing I disturbed half-a-
dozen from the surface of one small boulder. Next I found that it was
often to be disturbed among herbage at the foot of a tree, as Triipliaena
jironiiba with us, and, finally, I saw that it not infrequently was to
be seen hovering over flowers after the manner of Plx^in iianima. A
larva found fullgrown, and brought back to Guernsey, produced only
Orthiisia litiira. Another, a Geometrid, of which I hoped great things,
as if enjoying the joke, emerged as Ortholitha peribolata, a species
which we are rather proud of possessing as a Guernsey native. Earlj'
in .June small whitethorn bushes, and rather less frequently black-
thorn, were almost entirely denuded of their leaves by larva^of Aijlaope
infaiista. On a coarse species of Henista with hairy seed-pods, 1 took
many Zyga?nid-looking larvie which spun up and proved to be
Heteni(i!/nis parailo.ra, but probably, from want of attention in the
matter of food, pupated too early, and from which only females
emerged. I found three smaller, bright pink cocoons of a similar
character, spun up among the wiry stems of the plant which attracted
L. robiin's. These successfully emerged as H. penndla ^ s. A larva of
Cal'icaiiipa I'.roleta fed greedily, and pupated, but has not emerged.
Chief among the moths to attract attention in the field was Eiirrantliis
pennijierraiia, which dashed wildly about everywhere. Of Fidonia
fannda, I took four. The beautiful little Heliothea ducoidaria was
common on the rough lower ground in the middle of June, and was
soon followed by swarms of the most brilliantly-marked L>/tJma
pHrpiiiiOi'a or L. saiKjuinaria .'. Another remarkably abundant and
much varied species was Cauiptniiraininabilineata, some of whose forms
were wonderfully banded, and presented striking contrasts of colour.
Ehodostrop/iia calabroria was in large numbers, and quite the most
vivid in colour I have ever seen. The two greatest rarities, teste
Mr. Prout, which came into my hands, were two females of the
excessively local Perconia bneticaria var. cantiliaria ; these were taken
under alder bashes by the banks of a stream, and Acidalia beckeran'a^
where captured I do not remember. Odeda atrata was, of course,
very plentiful and large, but as I had not then had the opportunity of
reading Dr. Chapman's paper, I am not prepared to say that it was
var. p;/renaica. Cra))ibus craterelliis was in extraordinary numbers up
to 400 feet above La Granja. Of the Anthrocerids I saw but few.
One Antln-ncera Innicerae, one small five-spot, which looks like

A midsummer's collecting at la granja. 65

A. meliloti, but that it has too broad a marginal band to hindwings.
A. aarpednn just coming out as I left; about ten examples and one var.
triniacidata, Esp. At/laope infausta also began to show up at the end
of my visit. I give a complete list of the moths I brought home, but
feel sure that I took no heed of many more which are common every-
where, though many of those included must have been captured for
other reasons than their rarity. Among the butterflies, I was greatly
puzzled to know whether things were first, second, or third broods.
The Spanish collector living on the spot might get to understand
them. But to me there appeared to be a continuous succession of
emergences of nearly everything.

The following is a list of all insects taken and identified : — l'a}>ilio
pod all r ins var. feisthameUi, frequent ; 7'. niacJiaon, rare and ordinary ;
Tliais rinnina var. niedesicaste : Aporia cratoegi ; Pieris braa^^irae : P.
rapae : P. napi var. napaeae : Pontia daplidice ; Ant/ioc/iaris helia var.
ausnnia : Kucfdoe cardammes (one, Jones) ; Colias ednsa \a,v. helice : ('.
hyale, very scarce ; (Tonopteryx rhamni : Limenitis Camilla, two or three
only; Pi/rameis atalanta : P. cardiii : Vanessa io ; Aylais tirticae, liirge
and brilliant, but typical in markings ; Eiifionia polychlorns : Euvanessa
antiopa, hybernated imagines and larvae ; Polyyonia c-album, early
brood worn to rags ; Melitaea aiivinia var. iberica, nearly over .June
21st; M. desfontainii (boetica), Jones took a pair same date: .1/.
cinxia ; M. didynia var. occidentalis, very local, and not abundant ; M.
deione : M. athalia (Jones) ; M. parthenie ; Laeusopis robon's .- Rliifiia
spinl and var. lynceiis, common ; Nnrdmamiia ilicis and vars. cerri and
aescidi, very abundant, partial to acacia trees, is it possible that it even
lays its eggs on these? Nordmannia acaciae, rare; Callophrys rubi ;
Bithys (juercus ; Heodes viryaureae var. uiieyii : Loireia alcipliinn var.
yordiiis : Piionicia jddaeas : Plebeius aeyon ; Scolitantides baton var.
pannptes, two ; Aricia astrarche, and trans, to var. alloits : Polymn-
matns icarus var. celina, very scarce, about six in all, the only form of
icariis seen ; Cupido miniinus, very small ; Cyaniris seiiiianiKs, large
and common, heavily-spotted undersides ; Lampides hoeticus .- < 'elas-
ti'ina aryiolus ; Adopaea lineola : A. flava: Urbicola coiiivia, one on the
last day ; Auyiades sylvanus ; Erynnis alceae: E. althaeae; PoicelUa sao :
Hesperia cart/iami ; H. malvae : H. alveus : Xisoniades tayes, one worn;
Brenthis hecate, nearly over by June 29th ; B. daphne : Issoria lat/ionia :
Aryynnis aylaia, undersides with the green conspicuously bright ;
A. niobe var. eris : A. adippe and vars. chlorodippe and deodippe : Dryas
paphia var. inimaadata, three males only ; D. pandora and ab. paiiper-
cida, very numerous ; Melanaryia lachesis, the commonest butterfiy, ab.
catalenca, scarce ; J/, iapyyia var. cleont/ie, fairly common ; M. syllius,
had been abundant, but apparently local ; Erebia erias, three in the
mountains, and one very worn in the park close to the town ; Satynis
eirce, abundant; Hipparckia alcyone, ditto; H. seniele, common and fine,
but not var. aristaeus : Pararye eyeria, type, not common during our
stay, probably we were between broods ; P. ineyaera : P. maera and
var. adrasta, common ; Epinephele jurtina, most females var. hispulla,
the males generally exceptionally dark; E. lycaon, common from
July 12th ; E. tithonus, just coming out July lith, males only ; (J(ie)io-
nympha iphioides ; C. arcania, common, large and very broad, black
borders; C'.^j«y»/)/(/Z((.s, very small and ordinary; Ap/tantopus hyperanthas.
Heterocera : Hemaris tityus (broad-bordered); Catocala conversa ;

66 THE entomologist's record.

Aifrotis orbona : Orthima litura : Acidalia macilentaria : A. oc/irata :
A. heckeraria : A. decorata : A. contiijnaria : A. rubifiinata (Jones); A.
emiitaria (Jones) ; A. sericeata : Perconia hoeticaria var. castiliaria :
Rliodostrophia ccdahraria and ab. stn'nata $ ; jR. vibiciaria, two J s,
" interesting variation in position of lines on wings " (Prout) ; Odezia
atrata ; Li/tlma san;ii(inaria : Sterrha sacraria : Euchlorii> sniarofidaria ;
Anaitis praefonnata : Venilia macidaria : Anthometra plnmidaria
(Jones) ; Eurranthis pennif/eyarria : Fidonia famula : Ortholitha peri-
bolata : Camptocframnia bilineata : Bapta trimaculata: B. bimandata :
Heliothea discoidaria : Anthrocera lonicerae : A. nieliloti! : A, sarpedou and
var. trimaculata, Esp. ; A'/lnape infausta ; Heterof/i/niii pennella : H.
parado.va : Crambiis pratelliiK : C. cj'aterellus : C. pascuellus : Meffasis
ripertella : ^lyelnplnla crihrella.

Notes on the early stages and habits of Pieris manni, Mayer

[ivitlt plate).

By H. POWELL, F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 40).

Larva. — Fufit instar : Just after hatching the larva of /'. manni
measures about l-8mm. in length. At the end of the instar barely 4mni.
The head is black and shiny, rounded, slightly flattened in front ; lobe
division well marked. The head setje colourless, bent forward and
downwards. The body is thin in proportion to the length. Skin
shiny, thin and delicate-looking, semitransparent, pale-yellowish, and
studded with minute black spots on dorsal and lateral areas. After
feeding has conniienced a greenish-grey tint appears, the green con-
tents of the alimentary canal being visible. The ventral surface
remains yellowish. Segments and subsegments well marked. Each
tubercle bears a colourless hair, apparently terminating in a small
knob. The exact form of this swelling is rather difficult to distinguish
with the aid of a hand lens alone. Towards the end of the stage a
faint yellowish dorsal line is visible, merely an indication of the yellow
line which develops later.

Second instar. — Length at the end of this instar 5'75mm. Body
rather less slender in proportion to length. Head rounded, lobe
division well marked, shiny, black on top and on the sides, yellowish -
green around the mouth-parts, greenish with a black suffusion around
the ocelli and on the facial triangle. The head hairs seem to be more
numerous than in the preceding stage. Colour of body more decidedly
green than before, but the feet, the ventral surface, and the last few
segments remain yellowish. Dorsal line more strongly marked, but
still faint. The numerous brownish-black points on the dorsal and
lateral surfaces give a slightly grey appearance to the larva when seen
with the naked e3'e. The anterior edge of the prothorax is furnished
with a fringe of stiff brownish hairs, bent forwards. The hairs arising
from the tubercles on the bodj' are rather stiff-looking, short, but of
unequal length, and more numerous than in the first stage.

T/iird instar. — Length at the end of this stage 9"6mm. Head,
immediately after the moult, of an uniform pale green. On drying the
black suffusion reappears, but is less extensive than before. The head
continues shiny. The tops of the lobes are black still, but less intense
black ; in some specimens it is more of a dark grey. Around the
ocelli the colour is greenish, the facial triangle is greenish with a

NOTES ON PIERIS MANNI, MAYER. 67

roundish suffused black spot in the centre. The lower part of the
head is dull green. The skin bristles with small, blackish, piliferous
points. Body green with yellow dorsal line. The yellow lateral
(spiracular) line is now apparent. The underside of the thoracic seg-
ment is green, as well as the bases of the true feet. Ventral surface
yellowish. The head and body are furnished with short, rather stiff
hairs, of a greyish colour, arising from the small black projections.
These are of unequal size, and all the larger ones bear one hair. The
hairs are of different lengths.

J^onrth instar. — The length at the end of this stage is from 14mm.
to 15mm. Head rounded, lobes on a slightly higher level than the
facial triangle, and separated from it by a shiny narrow, y\-shaped
furrow continuing the lobe division. The head is now green, plenti-
fully sprinkled with small black projections like those on the body,
bearing each a greyish-white hair, rather stiff-looking. In some speci-
mens, but rarely, the lobes are somewhat suffused with black. Body
green. Central dorsal line canary-yellow, sharply defined, broader
than in P. rapae. The only other line is the spiracular, of the same
colour as the dorsal line. It is not a continuous line, being broken at
the incision of each segment, leaving a wide space. The spiracles are
rounded ovals, situated on the third subdivision of each abdominal
segment, and in the centre of the yellow line. The dorsal and lateral
surfaces bristle with small black projections, each one bearing a short
hair (length of hairs unequal). Beneath the flange are fewer of these
black points. There are some on the bases of the prolegs, but not on
the ventral surface.

Fifth instar. — Length when full-grown 23mm. to 25mm. The
head, except in size, is as it was in the previous stage, green, lobes
slightly suftused with smoky-grey. The body is greenish-blue above,
rather deeper towards the dorsal line. Ventral surface light green.
Legs light green. Central dorsal line broad, narrower on thorax, canary-
yellow. Spiracular line broad and of the same, or even brighter,
colour; it is divided into a series of elongated spots by fairly Avide
spaces, one at each segmental incision. Spiracles are on this line,
near the centre of each yellow spot on the abdominal segments ; they
are oval, brownish-white, with a shiny, black, raised border, and a
vertical slit in the centre, which appears closed. The tubercles, or
raised hair-bases, which are abundant excepting on the ventral surface,
are nearly all black on the head and thoracic segments, with greyish-
white hairs. The exceptions to this rule are certain rather small
tubercles, occupying the positions of the primary tubercles on the 2nd
and 3rd thoracic segments. These are black-tipped with dirty
brownish- white bases, and the hairs they bear are black. Some of the
primary tubercles are wholly black, but they can be recognised by the
black hair which each one bears. The more numerous secondary (?)
black tubercles are of various sizes ; many are considerably larger
than the primary tubercles, others being mere specks on the skin.
Nearly all bear hairs of various lengths, some being extremely short.
There is never more than one hair to each tubercle. The larger
tubercles are in a rough line running down the centre of each sub-
segment. They appear rather deeply embedded in the skin, their
dark colour being visible beneath the surface. On the abdominal
segments the primary tubercles are small, dull white, tipped with

68 THE entomolo(tIst's record.

black, and with a single black hair. The much larger shiny black
tubercles have a light-coloured or colourless hair each. As in the case
of the thoracic segments there are numerous very small black points
on the skin. Each black tubercle, small or large, rests on a black,
suffused stain, seemingly beneath the skin. The very small tubercles
have a correspondingly small base stain. The yellow lines are free
from the very large tubercles. The skin is covered with a minute net-
work of "lemon-rind" cells, giving it a granular appearance when
magnified (40). The hairs from- the black tubercles have often a
very small " knob" at the free extremity. The eversible chin-glands
noticed by Mr. Harrison {FJnt. Eecord, vol. xx., p. 253) are often
visible when the larva is walking and when it is irritated.

Pupation. — When getting ready to pupate, the larva of I', inaniu
spins a carpet of silk, makes a pad of silk to which it attaches itself by
its anal pair of claspers, and spins a thin cord of silk, composed of
many strands. This is fixed on either side of the larva to the stone
or rock on which it is resting, and passes over the first subdivision of
the 2nd abdominal segment, pressing closely to the skin, and
holding the larva fairly closely to the rock. The attachments are, in
the case of a larva which has spun up in horizontal position, opposite
the incision between the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments, and the silk
cord leans forward to the point where it crosses the larva. When the
larva spins up vertically, it sinks back to some extent, the centre or
anterior portion of the 3rd segment coming opposite the attachments,
the forward incline of the cord being in consequence less accentuated.
On the day after spinning up, the larva will have contracted to some
extent, so that, in both cases, the incline of the silk cord will then be
less. After spinning up, certain modifications take place in the shape
of the larva. There is a shrinking in length, and a swelling of the
segments. The thoracic segments are raised and distended dorsally by
the thoracic ridge of the pupa, which is evidently developing beneath
the larval skin. The mesothoracic segment is particularly aft'ected, as
the highest point of the ridge is beneath it. The head is pushed
forward and downwards. The 1st abdominal segment appears
narrowed and reduced. In reality I suppose the reason for this is
that it has not swollen out in proportion to the others. On
the day following pupation the colour of the larva, already
dulled, has changed to a pale purplish-blue above, the yellow lines
remaining, though faded. A specimen under observation pupated
about 28 hours after spinning up, but the time taken depends to a
great extent upon the temperature. Some are much longer about it.
When the skin is being cast the abdomen is arched. The skin splits
down the back of the thorax, and shrinks off backwards aided by the
efforts of the larva. It passes under the silk cord and collects in a
heap at the posterior extremity of the pupa. The cremaster is then
slipped out of, and over, the mass of skin, and hooks on to the silk pad.
The abdomen, strongly arched, is then worked round and round so that
the hooks of the cremaster may get a good grip of the pad, and this
movement is continued until the shrivelled skin, which has passed
under the last segments, falls. The angles of the pupa are blunt and
the front of thorax and head-parts are flattened anteriorly and blunted
to begin with. They assume their normal shapes in about an hour.

Pupa. — As in the case of many other Pierids, the pupa of P. manni

NOTES ON PIERIS MANNI, MAYER. 69

has two colour-forms. Three larvas bred in August produced light
green pupaj, which soon gave the perfect insect, but all the larvje
which pupated in October and November changed to light grey pupje,
destined to pass two or three months at least in this state. Descrip-
tion of the grey form of pupa : — Total length from 16-5mm. to 19mm.
The following measurements are of a pupa 18'6mm. in total length.
Length of snout l-5mm.; from apex of wing-case to end of cremaster
6"5mm. ; depth of thorax from highest point of thoracic ridge 5nim. ;
depth of wing-case from highest point of lateral ridge 4 5mm. ; length
of cremaster -GSmm. Colour : When freshly changed it is watery-
green, purplish down the back. The yellow lines of the larva now run
along the dorsal and lateral ridges of the pupa. On the day following
the change the purplish colour of the dorsum has become grey, the
watery-green is restricted to the wing-cases, and the ridge lines have
paled to a yellowish-grey. Finally the pupa becomes pale grey, very
slightly darker on the thorax and wing-cases. The yellow dorsal line
is very pale. It starts at the end of the snout as a pale yellow spot,
is continued over the thoracic crest, is very much effaced on 1st and
2nd abdominal segments where the ridge is low, becoming clearer
again on the following segments along the ridge, where it is inter-
rupted by a black spot at the beginning of each segment. The thoracic
ridge has also several black spots or patches, the highest part of the
crest having two, generally running together to form one elongated
spot. A small projection, tipped with black, rises above the base of
each antenna-case. The snout, bluntly pointed, has a roughened,
though shiny, surface above, Avrinkled beneath, is pale grey, tipped
with very pale yellow, sprinkled with small black specks on the sides.
All the appendage-cases are deeply wrinkled (viewed under microscope
X 50 approx.), the maxilla-, leg-, and antenna-cases transversely, wing-
cases irregularly. There are square spots at regular intervals along
the antenna-cases. These are sometimes black, but often verj- pale.
Antenna-cases reach a little beyond the apices of wing-cases, the
maxillfe going further still, projecting well over the 5th abdominal
segment. Their ends, which lie pressed together, are tipped with
brown or black. Eye with roughened pitted surface, most of the pits
spotted black. Glazed eye, greenish. Thorax irregularly wrinkled,
and sprinkled with small brown pits. The abdominal segments are
similarly pitted ; pits brownish on dorsum, not specially coloured
beneath. On dorsal ridge there is, at the front of each abdominal
segment, just before the black patch, a whitish, waxy-looking lump,
more prominent in some specimens than in others. (This white,
waxy lump is much better developed in Pieris brossicae, rather less so
in P. rapae.) Apart from the darkened pits, there is a number of
larger black spots on the surface of the pupa. These are, along the
nervures of the wings small, on the thorax few, but numerous and
larger on the abdominal segments. They occur all round the 7th and
8th abdominal segments, but do not extend as far as the ventral centre
on the 5th and 6th abdominals, though they are of large size on these
segments. The ventral centre of these two segments is marked with two
long patches of black. The lateral ridge is not very high on abdominal
segments. It reaches its maximum in two black-tipped points on the
2nd and 3rd abdominals over the wing-cases and then ends. Over
the wing-cases the ridge is slightly hollowed and leans out a very

70 THK entomologist's KECORl).

litUe. The dorsal ridge ends where the cremaster begins. The cre-
master, seen from above, is shaped much like a duck's beak, hollowed
out down the centre in the shape of an inverted V. Surface shiny,
but pitted. Colour, pale grey. The extremity is furnished with a
number of light brown, shiny hooks, shaped like a T, or more still,
like an anchor upside down. P. brussicao and P. rapae have similar
hooks. The spiracles are elongated ovals, with a very light brown or
yellowish central slit. They are just below the lateral ridge. The
pupa, when extimined under a low power (x 40), has a shiny, rather
waxy, appearance, though much pitted, and in some parts wrinkled.
The general colour is a very pale grey, slightly greenish on the
appendage-cases, less so on the wing-cases. In spotting, shape, and
colouring it is considerably like / '. hrassirat' on a small scale, resembling
this species more than it does P. rapae.

Differential points in larvae and pup^e of P. manni and P. rap.e. —
The following arn the mam points of difference between P. vionni
and /'. rapae in the larval and pupal states. [I may have missed
some differences in the early stages of the larva), for I had no micro-
scope with me at the beginning of my observations.] I could see very
little difference in the Eggs. That of /'. rapae is a very little shorter
and proportionately stouter, measuring l*3mm. x "Smm. P. maniii
l-45mm. x •omin. The hand lens showed no difference of struc-
ture, colour or appearance in general. The Larva of P. manni has a
head more or less black for the first three instars, the first stage head
being almost entirely black. P. rapae has a pale yellow head to begin
with, becoming yellowish-green subsequently, and not quite green
until the 4th stage has been reached, it is never black. The body is
also paler in young P. rapae, which is no doubt partly owing to the
fact that the black points or tubercles are on a smaller scale. It is
of a pale green in the 3rd stage, and the dorsal and spiracular lines
are, as yet, barely visible, and are of a whitish-green, not yet distinctly
yellow, whereas, ni iiianni, the dorsal line is already distinguishable
towards the end of the 1st instar, being more strongl}' marked with
yellow in the 2nd instar, and showing distinctly, as is also the
spiracular line in the 3rd instar. The two species are probably more
alike in the 4th stage than in any other. P. iiianui has now a green
head and the body colour is much of the same green as in /'. rapae,
but, by the greater width of its dorsal and spiracular lines, and the
greater size of the black points sprinkled over the body and head
giving the larva a coarser and darker appearance, it is still quite easy
to recognise /'. manui. The same differences exist in the 5th stage
and are even more accentuated, so that there is never any difficulty in
separating the larvje. /'. rapae is of a tender green colour ; P. manni
bluish above and on sides, green beneath. (The autumn larvfe seem
to be bluer than those of the summer broods.) Dorsal line nearly
twice as wide in manni as in rapae. The lateral (spiracular) line is
also much wider and the spaces, separating the spots of which it is com-
posed, are not so wide. The larva has a rougher, coarser look than that
of P. rapae owing to the large size of many of the black tubercles and
the coarser hair they bear. /'. rapae appears soft and downy in com-
parison with manni. When preparing to pupate, iiianni develops a
tinge of purple on dorsum and sides, which I have not noticed in

NOTES ON PIERIS MANNl, MAYER. 71

rapae. P. rapae attains on an average a greater size than P. vianni.
The following distinctions were observed with microscope : —

Pieris rapae (5th instar) : Primary tubercles white with a a jet-black
hair, and of about the same size as the largest black points.
These points are shiny black, each terminating in a light (whitish)
hair. There are, besides, numerous very small black points, many of
which bear a short whitish hair. The black points have not a suffused
black patch at the base. Spiracles oval, nearly white, with a
raised, shiny, black border.

Pierh manni (5th instar) : Primary tubercles white, tipped with
black, on abdominal segments, much suffused with black on thoracic
segments. They are smaller than in rapae. Each one carries a
black hair. The large black points are much lar<je.r than the pritnary
tuberclea. They have light grey, or nearly colourless, hairs, coarser
than those of rapae. Each one has a diffused black stain around the
base, more particularly on abdominal segments. The small black
points are also larger than in rapae, and have often dark base stains.
Spiracles oval, light brown, with a raised, shiny black border. The
white primary tubercles are very conspicuous in rapae under micro-
scope, butnot easy to see in manni owing to the smaller size and much
larger area of black at tip. In both species the hairs appear often to
terminate in a very small knob.

The Pupa is smaller in manni, 16-5mni. minimum to 19mm. maxi-
mum total length. I have pupte of P. rapae ranging from 16mm. to
21mm. Average about 19mm. Shape of /'. vianni less angular than
that of /'. rapae. The thoracic crest is more rounded, not rising to
such a high sharp point. The pointed projections of the lateral ridge
on 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments are lower and less thorn-like.
Abdominal ridge similar in shape and development. Nosehorn shorter
and entirely pale grey excepting a very faint dusting of black specks
on the sides. P. rapae has a very definite black streak along each
side of nosehorn, which I have never seen in manni. The absence of this
streak enables one to identify a pupa of manni at a glance. The pupa
(grey form) is pale grey in manni, the grey having a slight greenish
tint on appendage-cases. In colour and spotting it is much like a
diminutive l\ brassicae pupa, as before stated. P. rapae pupa is of a
pale brownish-grey, quite distinct in colour from P. manni. The
arrangement of the black spots is similar in both species, but in
rapae they are often smaller, and, as a rule, many are missing. The
microscopical black specks connected with the skin-pitting are frequently
denser about the thorax and wing-cases in rapae than in manni, some-
times showing as a suffused mottling. I do not wish to convey by
this statement that there are, in this case, more skin-pits than usual,
but merely that the spots staining them are larger and darker than in
general. The light green summer form of the pupa is common to
both species. As with the grey winter form, the shape makes it easy
to separate them, while the presence or absence of the black streak on
the nosehorn is always a good distinction. A small number of P. rapae
and P. manni larvge reared in August all gave light green pupag, but
no doubt the grey form also occurs in summer, under certain con-
ditions. The green form apparently is not met with in autumn, but I
have one specimen of P. rapae of an intermediate form. Collectors
who have series of P. rapae from France would do well to examme

72 THE entomologist's record.

them closely. They may very probably find P. uianni amongst the
commoner species.

jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidopterological Notes from West Cornwall. — About three
years ago 1 commenced the formation of another collection of lepidop-
tera after a good many years cessation from the pursuit. I find,
however, that insects are not, on the whole, plentiful here, although
some very desirable species are met with. On May 30th, 1906, I saw
a specimen of Phryxus livornica flying at a row of broad beans, then in
full bloom, in my garden. Hurrying into the house I seized a net and
speedily secured it. The next evening I caught another at the flowers,
besides missing a third specimen. On the following June 6th, I saw,
but failed to take, a fourth specimen. In 1907 and 1908 I did not see
a specimen, although I grew extra quantities of broad beans to act as
a lure. I believe, however, that a number of immigrants of this species
must have landed here on May 30th, 1906, for, on that eventful after-
noon a swarm of Pyrameis carditi suddenly appeared, flying from the
direction of the sea two or three miles away ; so abundant were thev
that every hawthorn bush had at least half-a-dozen feeding on its
blossoms. P. canliii was accompanied by Pyrcuneis atalanta, although
the latter species was scarce in comparison. The same evening Plnsia
;i(X)iiiiia suddenly appeared in plenty. That P. cardui crosses regularly
from the opposite coast of France I am firmly convinced, as P. canlni
is found here every year generally in abundance, even in the year 1901
I frequently saw it. In 1894 I saw a swarm of P. canlni that had
just landed on the shores of Mounts Bay. Stragglers were then flying
in, but the immigrants were mostly resting in an exhausted state upon
the grass-stems. I picked up scores without the slightest difficulty.
On September 15th, 1908, I took a very fine specimen of Leucania
vitdlina, at sugar, upon an apple-tree in my garden, I sugared every
evening, until the end of October, and also assiduously searched the
ivy flowers, but did not catch another. On October 10th, 1908, I took
a male specimen of Caiujitoyrannna fiuciata, at sugar in my garden,
and, on October 16th, a female of the same species at ivy bloom.
Unfortunately, I had forgotten to take some chip boxes with me that
evening, so could not retain her for breeding purposes. — A. J. Spiller,
Godolphin Cross, Helston. February 8th, 1909.

CURRENT NOTES.

We have seen a copy of Mr. G. H. Verrall's latest volume of
•' British Flies," which can be obtained from Messrs. Gurney & Jack-
sou, 10, Paternoster Row, E.C., the price being 31s. 6d. net. This
volume deals with some of the largest and most handsome species of
British Diptera, viz., the Stratiomyidae, Leptidae, Tahanidae, Cyrtidae,
Boiiibylidae, Tlierevidae, Scenoinnidae and Asilidae, and extends to 780
pages with 407 figures in the text by J. E. Collin, F.E.S. A list of
the Palifcarctic species is given at the end of the volume, with separate
pagination extending to 34 pages, in which an attempt is made to
arrange the species in systematic order. This list can be purchased
separately, price Is. net.

i

CURRENT NOTES, 73

The arrangement of the families is a modification of that suggested
by Osten-Sacken and almost identical with that of Aidrich is his
"Catalogue of the N. American Diptera," and we note that the author
has included the fauna of the world in his Table of Families, while the
Palaearctic Fauna is dealt with in his Tables of the Genera, this fact,
in conjunction with tbe Systematic List of Palsarctic species already
referred to, should make the work one of considerable value to students
outside the British Isles. All the British species are described with
extreme minuteness of detail, probably with the intention of remedying
the defect mentioned in the Preface that the "common and more
ancient species have as a rule been very inadequately described," while
many valuable notes are given concerning this Patearctic species and
their synonymy. A large figure of some typical species is given at the
commencement of each family, and, in most cases, of each subfamily,
while the numerous detail figures in the body of the work materially
add to its value.

We are glad to notice that some attention has been paid to that most
useful aid to systematic work, the study of the life-histories, in a
chapter by Dr. I). Sharp, profusely illustrated, dealing with the meta-
morphoses of the families included in this and the previous volume,
though one cannot help being struck with the fragmentary state of the
knowledge on this subject when the numbers of species, their com-
paratively large size, and their abundance in certain localities, are
taken into consideration.

We congratulate the author and artist upon the production of a
volume which must rank as one of the best published on this Order of
Insects, and which adds materially to the sum of our knowledge of the
families dealt with.

Those lepidopterists specially interested in Pal<Barctic butterflies
should be caretul not to miss a most interesting paper on the variation
of certain Moroccan butterflies and Anthrocerids, by Professor Charles
Blachier {A}in. Soc. Ent. Fr., Ixxviii., pp. 709 et seg.). He claims
specific rank for the beautiful Heodes phoebus, hitherto considered a
race of H. tJiersamon, and figures a most beautiful aberration of Rumicia
phlaeas under the name of ab. obeitliucri. All interested in this species
should look at the figure of this specimen. W^e must congratulate
Mr. Culot on his excellent work throughout pi. iv. The colour-
prmting, too, of this plate is especially good. In the Bull, de la Soc.
Ent. France, p. 319, Professor Dupont also describes a colour-form of
Thestor balliis. Also in the Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixxvii., pp. 496 et
set].. Dr. Chapman has a short paper on some Larentiid Geometrids
captured in the Pyrenean district, and illustrates his remarks thereon
by figures of the ancillary appendages of Entephria caeruleata, E.
cyanata, E. Jiancinctata, E. infidaria, E. nuhiliaria, E. caesiata, E.
polata, and E. tophaceata.

Our esteemed colleague, Mr. Henri Gadeau de Kerville, made, in
1906, a zoological expedition into Khroumirie, a mountainous but
fertile district in north-west Tunis, abutting on Eastern Algeria.
Since his return he has written up an account of his journey, whilst
the collections made have been handed over to specialists, and their
reports have been combined with his own account of the journey in a
first class illustrated volume entitled, 1 (»ja;/e Zoohxjique en Khron-
iiiiric (published by J. B. Balliere et Fils, Paris). The zoological

74 THE entomologist's EECORD.

memoirs are by the Comte Carl Attems (Myriopoda), Don Ignacio
Bolivar (Orthoptera), Dr. Raphael Blanchard (Hirudina), and Mr. Louis
Germain (Mollusca). Besides these there are records of the Crustaceans,
Arachnida, Insecta (of other orders than Orthoptera), and Vertebrates,
met with. A map of the district should help to make the journey easy
to some of our students of Pahiearctic lepidoptera, a group of insects
totally ignored by Mr. de Kerville. The illustrations are in every way
excellent.

"Insect Stories," by Professor Vernon L. Kellogg (G. Bell & Sons),
is a most charming volume, written with excellent skill and knowledge,
and comprising many interesting episodes of insect life. The wonder-
ful way in which Annuophila stores up the paralysed bodies of lepi-
dopterous larvae for the future grub; the importation of Vedalia to
combat the ravages of Icerya in the orange-trees ; the result of a fight
between FAirypehna, the giant tarantula of California, and a Pepsin
wasp ; the habits of the ant-lion larva, and many other delightful
insect stories, as accurate and true as they are well-written, makes this
one of the most delightful gift books that an older naturalist could
give to a younger one after he had pleasurably read it himself (A.O.).

The annual presidential address to the members of the Societe
Entomologique de Belgique, delivered by the Baron G. de Crombrugghe
de Picquendaele, contains a very interesting resume of the modern
system of the classification of the AlncithJes. It is by far the most
farsighted pronouncement on the stibject that has yet appeared on the
continent, and, in his sympathetic appreciation of the work done in
vol. V. of A JSatural Histonj of British Lepidoptera, he shows a clearer
grip of the details necessarily involved in the classification of the
" plumes " on biological grounds than any continental entomologist
appears yet to have done. His own contributions to the life-histories
of certain species are most interesting and important.

Mr. E. A. Butler adds (Ji/mus obliqttKs, Horv., to the list of British
hemiptera, the species occurring commonly in the Hastings district in
damp places on Solanum diilramara.

Dr. Wood is still adding new species of PJwra to the British list,
and to science. His latest additions are Plmra crassipes (Stoke Wood,
August, 1906), P. arviata (Stoke, August), P. nudis (Stoke Wood,
July to October), P. affinis (Middle Park Pool, Yackhill Marsh, etc.,
July to September), P. ciliata, Zett.,and P. aeqnalis (widely distributed
and very common), P. fiarescens {Y{.n,ngh. Wood, May- August ; Cold-
borough Park, October), /'. lonf/iseta (widely distributed in Hereford-
shire, May-August), P. riralis (banks of river Monnow, July 31st, 1908),
P. surdifrons (Stoke Wood, August, 1906), /'. parra (woods near
Tarrington, May-June ; sent also from Scotland by Malloch), P.
viallochi (Bonhill, April and September), F. (/labrifrons [Bonhill, April-
May (? hybernated) and autumn] , P. propinqiia (Tarrington, Tram
Inn, May-June and autumn), P. minor (Shobdon Marsh, July 18th,
1906 ; Middle Park Pool, September 1st, 1906), P. uliyinosa (Shobdon
Marsh, etc., July to October), P. jiava (common and widely distributed,
summer and autumn), P. collini (woods near Tarrington, May-June,
September- October) .

A very interesting discussion of the early stages of the iEgeriids or
clearwing moths, took place at the meeting of the South London Ento-
mological Society on February llLh. The interest chiefly lay in the

CURRENT NOTES. 75

fact that the sura total of actual knowledge of more than two
dozen British lepidopterists, certainly including three or four of the
best-informed field-lepidopterists in the country, amounted to so
little that it really seemed amazing that, of actual simple details, such
as, where the egg of each British species is naturally laid, Avhat the
newly-hatched larvae are like, where the newly-hatched larvae and
larvffi in the early instars feed, and how these habits differ from
those of the later instars, practically nothing was known of even
such common species as ^E(./eria tipuliformis, ^5?. ci/iiipifnriiiis, .35.
viyopiforwis, .£'. iclineutnoniformis, .E, ctdiciformis, or even the much-
bred .i]. chrysidiformis, and .E. mnscifonuis. Of course, something was
known of Trochiliuni hemheciforme, in the egg and later larval (and
pupal) stages, and even of most of those named above in the late larval
and pupal stages, but of the early life-histories in nature, most of the
members present expressed profound ignorance.

The value of a really good collection of British insects was well-
illustrated by the sale of the first part of the "Maddison" collection at
Stevens' sale rooms, on February '23rd and 24th. To outsiders, some
of the prices will seem remarkable, and even to those who know some-
thing of the value of good British insects, the prices will prove
interesting. Aberrations of Gonepteiijx rhanini, £Q 10s., £2 15s.,
£1 15s.; of Dryas iiaplna, £8; Avfiynim aylaia, £9 10s.; lirentliis
eiip/irosyne £9 ; Melitaea nthalia, £9 ; Fjiivanessa aiitiapa, £7 ; Kityoiiia
polychloro.i, £7 10s. ; Aylais iirticae, £3 6s., £4 10s., £1 5s., £1 Is.
each ; Vanesaa in, £2 ; Pyraiiieis atalanta, £2 and £5 each ; Apatura
irift, £7 and £3 each ; Liinenitis dbylla, £1 15s., £1 Is., £1 Is. each ; £2,
£1 12s. 6d. for two; Epinephele tithonu^ £8 10s., and £2 each; Epine-
phele ianira, £6, £2 2s. each ; Chn/wphaniis dispar, £5, £5, £2 6s.,
£4 15s., £8 15., £2 15s., £4 5s., £1 Ss., £3 5s. each for males, £4 5s.,
£4 5s., £5 10s., £2 15s., £4 5s., £3 10s. each for females; Humicia
phlaeas £1 10s., £2 2s., £2, etc. ; Ayriadex corydon, £1 15s., £1 10s.,
£1, £1 10s. per pair; PolyoijiiiiatiiH u-arits, gynandromorphs, £2.,
£1 15s., £1 7s. 6d., £1, £1 10s. each; an underside aberration, £2;
another, £1 12s. Gd. ; (Jyanin's sewiaryiin, £1, £1 10s., £1 8s., £1 10s.,
and 10s. per pair ; Flebeiiis aeyon, four gynandromorphs, £8 5s. ;
Cdaatrina aryi(diis ab. fiiibtiiaradiata, £1 12s. 6d. The whole of the
butterflies produced just about £860, a record, one supposes, for a
collection of British butterflies alone.

The price brought by the Arctia caia in Mr. Maddison's collection
are worth notmg — Lot 385 (16 specimens), 5s. ; lot 386 (9), 6s ; lot
387 (3), 5s. ; lot 388 (2), 6s.; lot 889 (3), 8s. ; lots 390 and 891 (15),
10s. ; lot 392 (1), £1 15s. ; lot 393 (1), 16s. ; lot 394 (1), £1 Is. ; lot
395 (1), 15s. ; lot 396 (9), 7s.; lot 897 (11), 10s. ; lot 898 (8), 18s. ;
lot 399 (1), £5 10s. ; lot 400 (1), £8 15s. ; lot 401 (1), 10s. 6d. ; lot
402 (8), 12s.; lot 403 (3), 10s.; lot 404 (8), 14s.; lot 405 (1), £2 15s.;
lot 406 (3), 10s. ; lot 407 (8), 12s. ; lot 408 (12), 10s. ; lot 409 (12),
10s.; lot 410 (5), lis.; lot 411 (5), 17s.; lot 412 (7), 6s.; lot 418 (1),
£2 2s. ; lot 414 (1), £18 ; lot 415 (2), 12s. ; lot 417 (2), 22s. ; lot 418
(1), £6 ; lot 419 (1), £1 ; lot 420 (1), 123. ; lot 421 (12), 10s. ; lot 422
(6), 9s. ; lot 423 (5), 6s. ; lot 424 (1), £2 2s.; lot 425 (1), £3 10s.; lot
426 (2), £1 Is. Of these, the mo.^^t remarkable, and possibly valuable,
specimen scientitically, was one in lot 410 (with five wings) from
Gregson's collection, and figured by Mosley, the lot going, as noted
above, for lis. The series produced £64 Os. 6d.

70 THE entomologist's RECORD.

The series of Arctia vilUca in the same collection also pro-
duced good prices— Lot 426 (2), £1 Is. ; lots 427-8 (12), 16s. ; lot
429 (5), 6s. ; lot 430 (1), £4 15s. ; lot 431 (4), 5s. ; lot 432 (4), 7s. ;
lot 433 (2), £3; lot 434 (6), 7s. ; lots 435, 436 (6), 7s. ; lot 437 (1),
£2 5s. ; lot 438 (1), £1 12s. 6d. ; lot 439 (1),£1 Is.; lot 440 (1), £3 5s. ;
lot 441 (3), 10s. ; or £19 17s. Od. altogether.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological Society. — Fehrnanj %iil, 1909. —
Exhibits : Ccenobia rufa — A series from various localities including
abs. lineola, pallescens, and fusca, and photograph (by Mr. Main) of
the ? anal processes used to deposit the ova in the central pith of
rushes, Mr. H. M. Edelsten. Noctua glareosa, taken at sugar in
Richmond Park, September, 1907 ; also specimens from Sandown,
Aberdeen, and the Shetlands, the specimens from the latter locality
being very dark, except one intermediate between the dark and light
forms, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Phlogophora meticulosa, taken freshly-
emerged on December 11th, at Rickmansworth, Mr. H. Leach.
Dianthcecia conspersa, bred from Bude larvfe, Mr. L. A. E. Sabine.
Tephrosia biundularia,''' three broods reared in 1906. Three pupa? of
the third brood " went over " to 1907, and the resulting imagines
differed in appearance from the bulk of the brood, having the lines on
the wings more continuous and more clearly defined, being, in fact,
more like the first (spring) brood, Mr. A. J. Wilsden. February 16th.
The exhibits were practically confined to Pseudoterpna ci/tisaria, which
was the subject of the paper appointed to be read on this occasion by
the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— February Wtli, 1909. — ^Egeria andreniformis. — Mr. Newman
exhibited portions of the stems of Viburnuui, and pointed out the
evidences showing that the larvae of .Fyeria andrenifuruiis were present.
They were found in a shady locality. Lepidopterous ova. — Mr. Tonge
stereographs of the ova of Tiliacca citrar/o in situ on lime twigs of
liuralix ht'tulae on sloe. Rearing Melampias epiphron. — Mr. INfain, a
second-brood specimen of Mdauipias epi/iliron, bred on September 20th,
1908 ; also Aberrations : a very light example of Stauroj)us fayi from
the New Forest, and a very dark form from Epping Forest.
Aberration of Brenthis selene. — Dr. Hodgson, a dark smoky specimen
of Brcnt/iis selene from East Sussex, with rayed submarginal markings.
Autumnal brood of Camptogramma fluviata. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series
of Camptoyramiiia t^uviata bred from November 21st to December 13th,
1908, from Eastbourne. Mongrelisation of forms of Aplecta
NEBULosA. — Mr. Harrison reported that the results of the cross-breeding
of the forms of Aplecta nebulosa by Mr. Mansln'idge, were yrey x
thoinpsoni = all robsoni, and robsoni x yrey = 50% of each of these forms.

* Surely these were Tehprosia histortata {crepiiscularia), and not T. crepuscu-
laria (biundularia). It is well-known that the former is partially triple-brooded,
whilst a second-brood example of the latter is an amazing rarity. Yet one cannot
suppose that if these were T. histortdta, they would have passed a critical assembly
such as the City of London Entomological Society, as 7'. hiiiiidiiliirid. The only
known records of the second-brood examples of the latter species (in each case
single specimens only) are discussed Ent. Rec, ix., pp. 55-56. — Ed.

X

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COLLECTING IN SWITZERLANT* IN 190s. 77

Collecting in Switzerland in 1908.

By ROSA E. PAGE, B.A.

Havin.o- spent a most deliohtful month in 1907, collecting on the
Simplon Pass, in the Val d'Hei'ens and the Val d'llliez, we decided,
in the summer of 1908, to taste the entomological delights of the
Vallee de Chamonix and the Nicolaithal.

Going straight out to Martignv, we arrived on July 24th, much
too tired hy our long journey to do anything hut idle ; but on the 25th
(a glorious day), sallied forth for the famous walk under the cliffs on
the road to Vernayaz, expecting to find swarms of good things. In
this we were greatly disappointed, as the season was an early one, and
we were, therefore, about a fortnight too late. Leptidia sinapi^
required considerable selection, but, by dint of continued application,
a short series was obtained. Hipiiarchia alcijone and Sati/nifi cordula
were plentiful, but going over ; scarcely a specimen was Avorth
retention. Other insects occurred as follows: — Iphidides poilaliriiix
( ? ), a few Melitaea didi/nia, a single M. phoebe, two very worn
Xnrihiiamiia iliris, two ParuasMiiif< apnllo, one Euiionia poli/c/tloras, one
fresh Pobff/onui c-albnni, three (Toucpteri/.v rhanini, two Colias eilusa, and
worn Poly())innatiis damon: Ficris rapae, Kpinephele jiivtina, and f>n/ax
paphia were plentiful and in good condition, while Mdanar<iia ijalatea
and Af/riades corydon were worn. One or two specimens of very worn
Loireia alciphron var. (ford i us were observed. We also took a few
fresh Cyaniris seiniayfius, and were delighted to see the pretty little
[jDiveia dorilis for the first time.

Somewhat disappointed, we walked over to Branson in the after-
noon. E71 route we saw no insects at all, and, on the noted ( 'nllutea
ground and along the banks of the Rhone, there was very little about.
Ah is well known, a very high Avind, accompanied b}- much dust, often
springs up at Martigny in the afternoon, making it almost impossible
to use the net, and the walk back to Martigny extremely disagreeable.
Ennilia hi/perantliiis was fairly common, but going over ; one very
tattered Apatiirci irh was seen, but not captured. Practically, the only
insects taken were a few very fresh Ih-eres alcetas (summer brood) and
two very fresh Pontia daplidice.

On the 26th, we visited the cliff walk again, but with similarly
disappointing results. We missed a fine Euvanessa antiopa, but
captured Aporia cratae.iji and Ripparc/iia xewde. In the afternoon we
climbed through the vineyard path to the Tour de la Batiaz, on Melitaea
herisalemis intent, but, although we had a very interesting view of the
Rhone Valley, we did nothing entomologically. Nothing was about
but Pierh rapae and Epinepliele jiirtiiw, a very worn Papilio uiarJtaon
and a few Anthrocerids.

By this time, we had come to the conclusion that we were wasting time
at Martigny, which is not a place that anyone, who was not entomo-
logically inclined, would choose to stay at, as, besides the terrific
afternoon winds, the dust and the innumerable mosquitoes, the place
is not well drained ; so, on the 27th, we walked up to the Col de la
Forclaz, on the old diligence route to Chamonix, having been attracted
thither by Mr. W. G. Sheldon's note, in the Entomolof/isfti Record,
vol. xvi., pp. 98 et seq., and having been, by his kindly help, posted up
with information as to localities, etc. On the road which passes through
April 15th, 1909.

78 THE entomologist's record.

Mai'tigny-Bouvg, some very fine Ip/iiciitles podaliriua were taken ; the
capture of these at puddles on the road causing very great amusement
to the natives. One or two Lepiidia sinapis were seen on the road to
the Col, with an occasional fresh ( 'alias ediisa, C. hyale, and Goneptenj.f
r/iannii, Hipparchia alcijone were worn, while ]>)-i/as papliia and //.
si')nelt' were in good condition. A few good Polyonnnattis daman were
obtained, and above Les Rappes nice MeUtaea athalia, one large
Vanessa ia, Parnassiiis apallo, a very few Heades vmiaureae, Krebia
aethiajis, Pararge meijaera and an occasional Ayriades corydan. The
ubiquitous Epinephele Jiirtina and Pieris rapae were plentiful.
Altogether, the walk, which was a very hot and rough one, was
disappointing, as far as insects were concerned. The grass was almost
all cut, and what was uncut looked very brown and dry. There were
very few insects, even on the inviting-looking banks of thyme by the
roadsides.

On the 28th, we tried the larch-covered slopes of the Arpille, which
])roved good ground. Insects were not plentiful anywhere, but seemed
to be pretty generally distributed, especially in the more open places.
At the base of the woody slopes very fresh MeUtaea athalia and Brenthis
ainatliusia kept coming to the flowers, while Aporia crataeyi appeared,
but too worn to be taken. As we ascended, the Erebias became more
common, many flying round the larches. We took Krebia liyea, E.
yaante, K. melaiiipiis, K. euryale, and P. iiianto, all in very good con-
dition. The meadows round the hotel, although the grass had not
been cut, looked very brown, and produced nothing better than
E. tyndarus. The whole of the 29th, being dull and rainy, gave
a good opportunity to get forward with the setting. We had the
pleasure of meeting Dr. Lang at dinner, and spent the remainder of
the evening comparing notes with him. We were sorry to learn that
he was passing on to Evolene next morning.

On the 30th, we worked on the beautiful path to the Glacier du
Trient. Brenthis aniathusia, MeUtaea dictynna, and M. athalia were
very fine, and plentiful on thyme and thistle heads ; Erebia yaante, E.
enryale, E. liyea were also in good condition ; Melampias inelampus was
in numbers ; a few worn Erebia ceto were taken, as were also a very
light form of Heodes rirya iireae, und an occasional Parnassius a/)ollo,
(jroneptery.v r/iamni, and Aporia crataeyi. Pararye )iiaera was worn,
and a few worn Erebia nianto and one battered Eycaena arian var.
ohscura were observed ; the latter on thyme. Two specimens of
Issaria lathania were seen, the only two, although we worked on this
ground several times. The path is cut out of the mountain-side and
is not much more than a yard wide; on one hand is a rushing torrent
about as wide as the path, on the other, steep precipices, in places
wooded, but in others quite open. The sensation at first is similar to
that experienced in walking on a plank over a deep chasm, but the spot
is a delightful one. We worked as far as the end of the glacier, but
the moraine appeared to harbour very little life. With the exception
of Pieris rapae, the only insects seen were L'upido niiniinns, I'aly-
ominatns Itylas, (Jaenonyiiiplia arcania var. daririniana, and Adapaea
flava (thannias). In the afternoon, we went out again over the same
ground. Although the sun was shining on the path much more
fiercely than in the morning, there appeared to be fewer insects, and,
strangely enough, these were more difficult to net. Melampias melam-

COLLECTING IN SWITZERLAND IN 1908. 79

pas were mostly resting on the path with wings closed verticallv, thus
becoming inconspicuous in the brilliant light ; when struck at they
instantly heeled over, thus eluding capture ; other Erebias seemed to
be on pairing intent.

On the 31st we took the bridle-path to the Col de Bahne, the
famous point of view for Mont Blanc. Dipping down to the valley of
Trient, we found Erebia >ity(fne and a few fair h\ nianto in some
meadows, then, ascending by steep zigzags through the Forest of
Magnin (where we took a few more K. sU/ijne), we came to more open
ground, covered with Alpine rhododendrons. Here we expected to
find Brenthis pales and i'oUas palaeno, but were disappointed. Arriving
at the summit of the Col, we found a high wind blowing, and saAV no
insects with the exception of two Colias iHilaoio, single examples of
Parnassiiis deli us (?), Anthrocera exulans, a few Af/lais nrticae, and
J^ieris rapae. The absence of insects was probably due to the
rhododendrons having practically finished flowering. A few gentians
peeped out from the short grass, and in places there was a wealth of
violas and forget-me-nots. But the view of the Mont Blanc range,
with the glorious sun shining on the snow-covered peaks, is one never
to be forgotten, and coming upon one suddenly just as one reaches the
summit, after a weary upward grind of some hours, affects one
indescribably. We sat here a time, unable to take our eyes from the
fascinating panorama before us, then climbed higher still to the Croix
de Fer to obtain a still finer view, and, led by the advice of a nimble
goatherd, took a short cut down the steep mountain slopes, which we
are not likely to forget, especially as it commenced to rain and the
grass became somewhat slippery. However, not another insect
appeared, and we reached the Col de la Forclaz, having had a most
enjoyable day, but with a very poor bag.

August 1st, not looking very promising, we worked in the aftermath
of some meadows near the hotel, and got a nice series of Krebla
ti/ndarus. These were not numerous and were restricted to one spot in
the meadow. They needed much looking over, but included a good
proportion of females. On comparing them with those taken last year
in the Laqumthal, 1 find the two spots near the apex of the fore-
wing far better defined in the Forclaz specimens than in those from the
Laquinthal. Urhicala euiiivia was evidently just coming on, and a
very few Vanessa io were taken.

August 2nd was fine and sunny, so Ave spent the morning on the
glacier path. Besides the insects taken here previously, an occa-
sional worn Pa/iilio iiuahaon and PaiiiassiKs apullo were seen ; one
Pohjoiiniiatiis damon, Ariria astrarclie, and a few A;/i iades corijdon were
taken. On the 3rd we climbed to the summit of the Vanelot, no
insects appearing until we arrived at the rhododendrons. There we
took some very nice PJrenthis vales and CoUas palaeno, and a few
Issnria lathonia, all very fresh, just above the chalet, in little dells
below the ridge. The < '. palaeno settled on juniper-bushes, and, when
disturbed, flew very strongly up and over the ridge on to the Tete-
Noire side of the mountain, while B. pales flew close to the ground,
settling for a second or so on flowers of Arnica inontana and Hieraci ion
aiiiautiaciuii. jjy 3.30 p.m. the flight of these insects appeared to be
over.

On Tue,*day, the 4th, we ascended the Arpille, from the summit of

80 THE entomologist's record.

which the Rhone valley, with the St. Bernard route, appeared spread
out before us like a map. The geological formation and the flora here
were similar to those of the Vanelot. BreutJiu pales were not in such
good condition as those taken on Monday on the ^'^anelot, while, on
the other hand, Jssirria lathonia was just emerging. There were
plenty of good Erchia tj/ndanis, but ' 'oewmyinpha satyr ion was worn ;
one i'leheius optilete and one fine Pyrauieis atalanta were seen, the latter
looking very strange to one Avho has always associated it with the
plains. Colias palacno were generally fresher than on the Vanelot,
but gave one plenty of exercise. They were never in any numbers,
but appeared one or two at a time and flew very fast. The distant
Bernese Alps appeared remarkably distinct, betokening a break-up of
the fine weather, which proved to be only too correct. On the 5th we
left the Col de la Forclaz with regret, having had splendid weather
most of the time and some very good collecting, although insects did
not swarm as we believe they would in a more favourable year. At
any rate, they compared very unfavourably with the number seen
during the same period last year, in the Simplon Pass. We heard
afterwards that the weather bi'oke up on the day we left, and that the
Col was wrapped in clouds for some days, the visitors shivering in the
hotels with nothing to do. From which fate may the gods preserve us.

Walking on through the beautiful Tete-Noire Pass to Chatelard,
we saw hardly an insect, with the exception of a few Flrehia liyca.
One perfect Apatnra iris settled on the road so near to us that we could
easily have taken it, had not the nets unfortunately been packed.
From Chatelard we took train to Argentiere, and were surprised to see
the new railway-banks, which had been planted with a kind of white
crucifer, alive with Ficris rapae.

The same afternoon we walked to Les Tines, on the road to
Chamonix. On the left bank of the Arve, a la,rge fresh Pontia daplidire
? was netted, but the sun disappearing at the same moment, and a
storm coming suddenly up the valley, we hurried back to the hotel.
The 6th, 7th, and 8th were cold and rainy. Although we were out
each day. not even Fieri s rapae was bold enough to venture from its
hiding-places, and by the 9th we were beginning to feel a little bit
desperate, so set out by train to Chamonix, thence to climb the
Brevent. The weather proving better, we took a few Fie7-is rapae,
Heodes riryaitreae (passe), and verj' fail" Aryynnis aylaia in the great
gully, a freshly-emerged FoUpjnnia r-albmn, and an occasional Erehia
liijea in the zigzags of the forest. On the open slopes near Plan-
Achat, we found a few Krebia hinestra, and should have obtained a
very nice series, but the sun vanished about 2 p.m., and the weather
became dull and gloomy for the rest of the day. Other insects taken
were very fair Melampias luelampus, one Krebia cetu, good E. tyndarnSf
worn ( Oenonyvip/ia arrania, very fresh Erebia yoante, and Aglais
nrticae. Near the houses of Les Moussoux, on a bank of flowers, were
Ihyas pap/iia, Artiynnis niobc, A. aylaia, Folyounnatas icariis, and
Farnassias apullo. One beautiful Eiiranessa antiopa was seen careering
wildly down the slope near Plan- Achat, but neither Fontia callidice,
(Jolias palaeno, Far)iassiiis deliiis, nor Brentkis pales were seen,
although these have been previously recorded from the Brevent ;
probabl} we were too late.

On the 10th, the weather having improved, we sallied forth prepared

COLLECTING IN SWITZERLAND IN 1908. 81

to make good the deficiencies of the last few days, especially ou the
look-out for more Pontia dapUdice, of which, however, we saw no
sign. On the slopes to the left of the River Arve, near Lavancher,
there was no abundance of insects, but Urhicola comma was in fair
numbers. An occasional worn Kuodia hi/perant/um $ , worn ileodes
virgaiireae, Ar<iynnis af/laia, and Melajiijiias melanipiiif, fresh Aijriades
corydon g , fair Erehia iiianto, a good Cnenmupnpha arcania, and one
very nice Erebia Ivjea were all the captures, although much ground
was traversed. On the banks of the river, IHeris rapae and P.hrassicae
were abundant, mostly with their wings torn ; Pamassitis apoWi, and
an occasional A(/lais iirticae, were the only species seen.

The 11th was spent in ascending the Montanvert, crossing the
Mer de Glace, and returning to Argentiere bj^ the Mauvais Pas, and
proved a grand day — not entomologically, however. Very few insects
were seen during the whole of the day, the most interesting of these
being Pyrameis atalanta on the Montanvert.

On the 12th we went by train to Zermatt. The 13th was wet.
On the 14th we walked to the Findelen Cascade and viaduct of the
Gornergrat railway. In meadow's on the way were Heodes vlnjaureae,
an occasional very worn ClirysophcDius hip pot hoe, Partia^sius apollo $ ,
two C'olias ediisa (one very fresh, the other in rags), two worn ('. hyale,
a very good hsoria lathonia, a few very nice Ayriades corydon : Pieris
hrassicae were fairly commen, Aryynnis aylaia J s abundant, very much
bleached, and very busy egg-depositing with ( 'oenonytnpha pamphilus of
very rich colouring, one PolyoDitnatns hylas ? , i^rbicola conniia, and fresh
Hesperia alveiis. In the afternoon, Mr. Page being very busy setting,
I tried some ground on the right bank of the Visp, which produced
Erebia yoante in abundance, but almost all very worn, very good and
abundant Hesperia alreiis : fair Epinephele lycaon, fresh Plebeiiis aryus
{aryyroynouion) and P. optilete, Aricia aatrarclie and Ayriades corydon,
in good condition, with Aryynnis aylaia, and very fair Brenthis
ettphrosyne. I was very interested in taking this species in August,
and at first rather sceptical as to its identity, but apparently this is
not an uncommon experience in the Alps (see Ent. Rec, xix., pp. 231
etaeq).

Next morning, the 15th, we tried the Zmutt Valley, where we had
the good fortune to meet Dr. Chapman, who kindly gave us hints as
to further collecting in this district. We found ParnassiKs apollo and
Epinephele lycaon in good condition and plentiful, and, on a delightful
little slope, carpeted with a purplish labiate flower, mingled with wild
thyme and fairly alive with insects, took, among other things, some
very nice Heodes viryaiireae 2 of the zennattenfiin form; the males,
however, were worn. The other captures included Colian phicomone,
Powellia sao, Urhicola conniia, Issoria lathonia, Melitaea parthenie var.
varia, M. phoebe, all worn ; Erebia yoante, E. eiiryale, E. tyndarns in
good condition ; Plebeins aryyroynomon worn. The sun disappeared
about 2 p.m., and rain set in for the rest of the day. On August 16th,
signs were evident of the weather clearing up, so we climbed up the
Trift Gorge, a delightful little place, where we found many flowers
and plenty of insects, but these were mostly passe. A fresh brood of
Brenthis pales occurred in one spot, and a specimen of Parnassitis
delius was captured by the little stream. Erebia eiiryale, E. tyndarns,
and Urhicola comma in very good condition were the chief things taken.

82 THK entomologist's RFX'ORD.

In the afternoon, I tried again the steep grassy heights on the right
bank of the Visp, finding a few small meadows still uncut. Many
worn Erebias occurred, but nothing worth climbing after.

The 17tli, giving promise of grand weather, we took our long-talked-
of climb up the Gornergrat. Ascending through the wooded slopes,
no insects were seen, tiae road being mostly in shade, and the grass
covered with dew. At the summit itself, four Pontia calUdice were
seen, and vigorous attempts were made to net them, to the amusement
of the crowd of tourists who stood closely packed on the very small
spot of ground from which the best views are obtained of the Gorner
glacier, and the mountains from which it and its tributary-glaciers
originate. These P. callidice, however, persisted in flying over the
precipitous edge, from which there was a cleai- drop of a couple of
thousand feet to the glacier beneath. The enormous extent of
glaciers and snow-covered peaks to be seen in all directions, with the
green Nicolaithal and Zermatt, 5000 feet below us, formed an
entrancing sight, which glued us for two hours to the Gornergrat
(although Ave were icy-cold). However, we at last had to make a
move, and, on the return journey, found Brenthia pales abundant and
mostly in good condition the whole way down from the Gornergrat
station to the Riftelalp Hotel. Nothing else was seen but a few Krebia
tiindariis, one Poh/oiiniiatti.'i orbiti(liis, and one P. pheretes.

From the Riffelalp, instead of descending directly to Zermatt, we
took the longer way home by the Findelen Valley and Glacier, a very
beautiful walk ; but the sun being by this time (middle afternoon) off
the valley, nothing else was seen with the exception of Cnliaa hyalc
near the Findelen Hotel.

On the 18th, I revisited the Zmutt Valley, the weather being fair
for collecting. A few Heodes rin/aiircae var. zennattenuls, some males
of the same species, and a few very fine 9 MeUtafa didt/Dia on patches
of thyme by the side of the path (the males were worn) ; abundant
fresh F/pimphelelycaon, Li/caena avion var. itbscura ( 2 ) in fair condition,
and one very worn Norduiannia ilicis were the chief captures. A very
nice light form of Paranjc maera was taken. The 19th was very dull
and produced no insects.

On the 20th we ascended the Schwarzee ; the sun was very bril-
liant, so much so that, in the afternoon, the streams all appeared very
turbid and swollen, whereas in the morning they were clear and of
normal size. At the beginning of the Zmutt \'alley, a brood of
Aiiriaden cori/don appeared to be emerging, and good Colias cdtisa were
taken. The carpet of flowers previously noted had been taken pos-
session of by a couple of cows ; naturally, all the insects had tied.
Kpinephele lycaon were very worn, hardly any being worth taking ; no
more Mclitaea didijina or tlcodes rin^aiireae were seen, although Pai-
nasauis apollo was flying freely. We crossed the river by the upper
bridge, but found nothing of any note until we came to the steep
slopes just past Hermattje. Here we had some very good exercise,
running up and down after ( 'nlias pincowone, which appeared plentiful
and kept rising from the grass, often in pairs, always at a little
distance up or down the steep slopes. These proved to be mostly worn
specimens. I should say these slopes are very good ground for (/. pJiico-
vione, a fortnight or so earlier in the season, as also for Brenthis pales,
which was very abundant, but worn. IssuHa lathnnia seemed to be

ABERRATION OF VANESSA URTIC.E, L. 8H

just coming on, and some perfect specimens were netted. One ver>-
fresh Pnntia calUdire was taken just outside the Schwarzee Hotel and
a very small Colias palaeno in good condition, halfway up the mountain.
Although we passed inany likely spots, we saw only two Ihirnassiua
ildiidi, neither of them being within range.

On the 21st, we came down the Nicolaithal by train, en route for
England, our last entomological vision being a specimen of Euvanessa
antiopa flying just below Tilsch, on ground which looked as if it would
repay a visit in search of the larvae of that species.

An "iocolor" and "ioform" aberration of Vanessa urticae, L.

[iritli jilate).
By T. REUSS.
In July, 1906, my attention was drawn to the important results
obtained from the temperature experiments of Professor Standfuss and
Mr. Merritield. Being interested in the biological problems
concerned, I then first experimented on over 100 larvae
of T'. urticae from two wild broods, and obtained 65 aber-
rations in the course of a month. These exhibited B9 of the
aberrative features, singled out in two columns by Mr. Raynor {antea
Jan. no.), whilst some also exhibited what I term "ioformity," r/c, a
transition of markings to V.io. My best "ioform" specimen, how-
ever, was bred on October 17th, as the result of an experiment
made by exposing the pupa to the direct and intensified sun's rays and
heat (48'^C.), and it so strikingly blended the characteristics of fhe two
species, V. io and T'. urticae, that I named it ab. infonuis (pi. vii., fig. 1).
This specimen was exhibited on December 2nd, 1908, at a meeting of the
Entom. Soc. of London. To describe and biologically explain the
markings of this aberration it appears desirable to consider (1) the
" palfeform " (fixed hereditary) details of the specimen ; (2) its
aberrative characters ; (3) its " io-neoform " colours and markings,
(progressive in the direction of V. io).

1. PaLvEform (established hereditary) DETAILS. — The ground
colour of the forewings, the first costal macula, and the inner marginal
spot, with the adjoining yellow parts, are palseform, but browned and
enriched by stimulated vitality. The colours of the scales and hairs of
body, legs, and basal parts of wings, are also as in the parent species.

2. Aberrative Details. — On the forewings the second and
third costal macuht coalesce, the two median spots absent. The
same partly protoform characteristics are shown in T'. urticae ab.
icloiusoides, Selys, and (in the costal markings) in T'. io ab. belisaria^
Obth. (pi. vii., fig. 10).

8. Io- (neo-)form (progressive) details. — L/')ier.side forcui)!;^: At
the apex there is a semicircle of ocelliform, metallic, white spots, the
lower two of which are shaded with violet by the marginal markings ;
the outer wing-fringes darkened ; the shape of the apex that of I', io by
enclosing a greater space and leaving the wings less pointed than in
the normal 1 . urticae. lipperside hind wine/: Colour dark velvetj'-brown-
red (/o-coloiir), spread over the wing-surface much as in V. io, leaving
the large area where the ocellus should form brown -black, with
lighter parts behind the three violet (/^-colour) marginal spots (de-
veloped in T'. in into an ocellus). These violet markings show signs

84 THE ENTOJIOLOlilST's RECORD.

of ocelliformity by the third spot being drawn up as a streak, and
separated from the urtiroe chain of markings ; the greyish-brown
parts around them, though crossed by black along the veins, suggest
the light grey ring round the ocellus in V. io. Underside foreiving :
The browned median area and the space between the 1st and 2nd costal
blotches are further darkened by reddish -brown streaks and spots ; the
rest of the wing-surface brown-black ; three " ioform " black dashes
in the margin instead of lunules, and three of the ocelliform white
spots of the upperside, marked by yellowish spots, as in T'. io.
Underside hindmmi: Colour black-brown, with one broad darker band ;
no 8- mark near the base ; the marginal markings partially disintegrate.
Opaqueness of the wiuffs : If held against the light the wings appear as
dark and untransparent as those of T'. io, and, also as in V. io, the
ocelliform spots of the upperwings show as faint points of light.
Antennae : Browned.

To explain this mixture of markings in a specimen bred from n
normal ('. iirtieae larva, I would suggest that a (relatively) fixed species.
8uch as T'. iirticae, is the result of an established balance in a trinity
composed of two inner principles, the one neoform or progressive
(plasm-thought), the other palaeform or conservative (plasm-memory),
and one external — the influence of climate. Now plasm-memory,
primarily progressive in effect, but conservative in tendency, becomes
fixed by repetition of detail under the continuous influence of regular
climatic conditions." Thus the more constant (fixed) in facies
a. species appears, the more perfect is the balance l)etween
progressive vitality on one side and fixed plasm-memory,
built and upheld by regular climatic conditions on the other.
Obviously, to effect any change in the facies of a " flxed " species,
it is necessary to overthrow the established balance described. For
this purpose the chief factor of the external principle, normal tem-
perature, offers itself as easy to alter, and altered, iihnoDiial
temperature must, from the above, be capable of impairing (partially
suppressing) flxed (palaeform) plasm-memory, in which case both
the conservative factors opposed to progressive vitality would
be upset and the barrier to change removed. In the pupal
Ma(je " arrested or retarded development " (Standfuss) seems to
be the symptom of tbis suppression of "flxed" hereditism, as
is pointed out by the fact that the imagines from pupje of V. urticae,
which I bred in + 20 to + 48" (50°) C, emerged as normal (somewhat
thinly scaled) specimens in 4 days 15 hours, while the aberrations,
which resulted from the same tieatment began to appear after 7i days
(pi. vii., flgs. i, 8) and after 10 days (pi. vii., flgs. 1-3, 5-7). The nisola-
tion of the pupse of pi. vii., flgs. 1, 2 and 8 produced no separate
symptoms of this kind.

In the inia;io staije the broad floods of colour, which give to certain
extreme forms the appearance of being painted in the young
secessionistic style of human art (pi. vii., flgs. 1, 5-7, 10, 11), may
perhaps be explained by a sudden burst of action on the part of vitality
according to the degree in Avhich conservative plasm-memory was

* The annual cycle (changes) of the seasons, being regular, is fixing in influ-
ence. The two seasonal extremes sometimes even produce two correspondingly
different sets of fixed plasm-memory. Witness, for example, the brown, spotted
V. {Araschvia) levana and its black, white-banded summer form, vrorsa.

ABERRATION OF VANESSA URTJCvE, L. 85

upset ; also these simplified markings in part stromjly suggest proformity
(atavism).

It is well known, that, because temperature mostly acts indirectly,
very similar forms are obtained by frost — 2"^ C. to — 20° C. (Standfuss).
In jirticae aberrations and in io ab. belisaria, Obth., bred by either frost
or heat (pi. vii., figs. 10, 11), the wings are flooded with black (and blue-
white) ; in V. antiopa ab. hygiaea, Hdrch. (frost or heat) with yellow ;
in T'. atalanta ab. hleniensiewicsi, Schille (frost or heat) very beauti-
fully with red, blue and white. As protoform stages of development,
beginning with one cell, are quickly recapitulated by every
organism during development — passing from the simplest to more
and more complicated forms (Haeckel), and as this applies to the
whole, as also to the constituent parts (in this case to the markings
and colours of the developing-wing in the pupa), it follows that
" protoformity " Avill tend to appear and mix more or less with palae-
formity after a partial overthrow of the latter has taken place, because
"protoform memory" is potentially inherent in the organism, and
only needs to be carried on by active vitality. This vitality, defined
by the tendency to (actively) seek, and the capability to (spontaneously)
cause, new development in new forms directly the necessary favour-
able conditions are found or given, will, if only uninjured (and,
perhaps, stimulated), not only use up the primitive and palaeform
plasm-memory left, but will also overbalance the same by a + in
action, so that (grafted on protoformity and palseformity in a degree
corresponding with that in which fixed plasm-memory was sup-
pressed) progressive neoformity must infallibly result, and this neo-
formity will never be chaotic, but aim towards taking some definite
shape. If this aim be ocelli fonjiiti/, and if it be defined more clearly
in the case of V. urticae by colour and other detail as iofomiity, from
the closely-related ocelliform species, V. io, the above illustration will
be found to fit exactly the case of T'. urticae ab. iofonnis. According
to the theory of Standfuss {Handbuch d. Pal. Mac.-Lepido/it.), V. io
branched ott' from F. urticae under the continued influence of a raised
temperature acting on a great number of generations, and, if this were
so, it would seem that the " ioform " aim or tendency has always been
potentially inherent in 1^ urticae, and is, indeed, still there (as proved
by the ab. ioforwis), ready to crystallise into form when the conditions
are favourable. Naturally, in the youth of the species, soon after it
had finished laying its vital foundations as a butterfly, and had t/ieu
begun to develop embellishments in relation to light (colour) and
temperature, plasm-memory was not so strongly fixed as to-day ;
at, therefore, that period, leaps, both in colour and markings,
were probably relatively common [polymorphism; "form-throwing"
(Boelsche)] , thus offering " the material to be sorted by natural selec-
tion " (Standfuss), to be fully developed and to be fixed by repetition
into separate, relatively constant, species.

1'. urticae ab. ioformis thus appears as the result of a potentially
inherent "ioform" tendency in I', urticae, brought into activity
through a partial suppression of fixed (palaeform) plasm-memory,
by the abnormal influence of the sun's rays and heat. As the direct
cause for the action of the potential physiological factor is here
again a physiological one, it becomes evident that ab. ioformis (or
other aberrations of the category) uii/iht appear " spontaneously "

86 THE entomologist's kecord.

(without the action of an abnormal outward factor) by the, in that case;.
patholoi/ical faihire of paheform plasm-meuiory. That aberrations-
do so appear is perhaps proved by the (occasional) records of extreme
forms, bred spontaneously, under normal conditions, among large
numbers of normal specimens.

Explanation of Plate VII.

Fig.

1.

Vmu'SSd urticoc ab. ioformis.

Fig.

7.

Vanessa urticae ab. j .

Rss., <f

Fig-

8.

,, ,, ab. fasciata.

Fig.

2.

I'luiratta urticae ab. cf .

Rss., d ■

Fig.

a.

,, ab. c? .

Fig.

9.

Vanessa io ab. trans, lisclieri,

Fig-

4.

,, ab. iiri'^eom-

Stdfss., 9 .

(irgi)iata, Eynr., 9 .

Fig.

10.

J^a)iessa io ab. helisaria.

Fig.

5.

Vanessa urticae ab. ioproto-

Obth.,cr .

formis, Rss., 9 .

Fig.

11.

Vanessa io ab. ^ .

Fig.

6.

Vanessa urticae ab. 9 .

Fig.

12.

,, ab. 9 .

Figs. 1-8 represent aberrations of l^anessa urticae, obtained by exposure of
pupaj to artificial heat (insolations) and presenting characters found perfectly
developed in related species (e.f/.. an ocellus in figs. 1, 2, B, 5, 6, as in I', io, see figs.
9, 10, 11 and 12 ; a conspicuous margin in tig. 4, as in V. antiopa : a band across
the wing in fig. 8 as in V. lerana ab. prorsa) Fig. 10 was bred by Standfuss after
two " insolations " of half an hour each.

Notes on Microlepidoptera of Southwest London.

By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.

On August 28th, 1907, I saw what at first I took for a small piece
of straw lying crossways on a l)irch trunk in the garden at Chiswick.
As I approached, the object took wing, and on capture proved to be a
specimen of Sitntroi/a ccrealdln, 01. This is not a common insect, and
the date is, 1 think, much later than usual for its appearance, but those
insects which are more or less connected with articles of commerce, as
I presume this species is, are often somewhat irregular in their times
of appearance.

While searching tree-trunks, on -July 27th, 1907, on what was
then the Chiswick Golf Links, I found several specimens of Tinea
rloacella, Hw., resting on a trunk attacked by a fungoid growth.
Among them I noticed a rather small, very dark specimen, which was
taken. When preparing to set this the next morning, I was delighted
to find that it was a specimen of Tinea caniprinnili/eUa, H.-S. jSub-
sequent search revealed no further specimens.

I took one specimen of Tinea nitiripnnctella, Hw., off a wall of an
out-house in Chiswick, on July 8th, 1900. This had much more the
habit of an < >rnix than of a Tinea. It sat up, so to speak, like an (>ntia\
and also twirled its antenna\ as do members of that genus. On
May 22nd, 1907, T was surprised to find an example of Lit/iocnlletis
heerieriella, Zell., at rest on apple-bark (Chiswick); there was an oak-
tree in close proximity, but I had never taken this species in the
district previously. While mentioning this genus, it may be, perhaps,
well to record the occurrence of some species grouped under the old,
and now obsolete, name of '' ponrifoliella.'" Since Mr. E. R. Bankes
and Dr. Wood thoroughly investigated this group, the determination
of the species forming it has been made much less difficult, and all
microlepidopterists are greatly indebted to these two entomologists for
their careful elucidation of this hitherto obscure group. I have bred
Lithocolletis cera.ncolella, H.-S., in Chiswick, from cultivated cherry,
but have not yet found the mines on peach. L. spinicnlella, Zell.,

THE ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA AT THE RECENT MADDISON SALE. 87

occurs on sloe at Sheen, Survey, but I have not yet taken it on this
aide of the Thames. L. comowiteUa, Bankes, is common on apple-
trunks in Chiswick, both in its typical form and in var. defiexella, and
I took one specimen with the left forewing almost typical and right
var. dejieu-ella. L. blancardella, Fb., does not occur in Chiswick, as far
as I am aware, but I have reared it from wild apple from Sheen.
L. oxyacantliae, Frey, occurs on hawthorn, both trees and hedges, on
both sides of the Thames, but L. sorbi, Frey, seems rare, as I have
only taken it at Wimbledon, Surrey, off' /'//r».s aucupaiia. Doubtless
it would be more common if the food-plant were abundant. The other
two British species of this group, I have not succeeded in finding.
Though I have observed some mines on the underside of quince leaves,
I have not yet been able to rear any moths. Last autumn I noticed
here some mines in birch leaves, which, from Dr. Wood's description,
appeared to be those of Nepticnla confnsella, Wood. They were
submitted to Dr, Wood, who kindly confirmed my supposition.

The Abraxas grossularlata at the recent Maddison sale.

By (Rev.) G. H. RAYNOK, M.A.

The late Mr. Thomas Maddison was deeply interested in the two
species to which I myself have given considerable attention during the
last few years, I mean At/lais tuticae and Abra.ms (jros.'oilariata. I was
not able to get up to town on February 23rd, to see the former (which
to judge from the catalogue, must have been very fine), but, by
March 9th, T had shaken off my attack of influenza, and put in a
couple of hours at Stevens' before the sale began. After looking
carefully through the Ahraxm (/rosstdariata, included in 103 lots, I came
to the conclusion that they would probably fetch £70. How near the
mark this estimate was is proved by the fact that they actually realised
£62 43. I do not possess a catalogue of the late Rev. J. Greene's sale, but,
unless I am mistaken, his (/nmulariata produced £80, whilst £200 re-
sulted from the 148 lots included in my own sale in the autumn of 1907.

Mr. Maddison for some years bred many thousands of A.</rossiiluriata,
not only from his own neighbourhood (Durham), but from larvae
obtained from many parts of the kingdom. It would, therefore,
seem strange that he reared only one striking aberration, lot 225
(purchased at £3), were it not for the fact that most connoisseurs of
this species are well aware of the great rarity of really extreme forms.
Mr. Maddison himself, fully convinced of this truth, acquired most of
his superior aberrations by purchase, and some few by exchange, but,
although bles.sedwith a sufficiency of this world's goods — for according
to the published details of his will, he left £70,000— he did not, I am
told, invest in the very best aberrations, having some such limit as £2 in
his mind for any single specimen. Hence one can hardly be surprised
that the highest price obtained was £3 (given for the above-mentioned
lot), next to this coming two lots at £2 each, viz., 160 and 177, both
reared by Mr, Harwood, of Colchester. The only other lots
that attained to £1 10s., were 229, at £1 15s., and 230, at £1 10s.
These were both niiiioHparsata, from Yorkshire, and the latter,
although perhaps a trifle small, was a very good investmeiit at the
price. I may, perhaps, here go out of my way to remark that the
highest price ever given at auction for an aberration of this species, was

88 THE entomologist's record.

8^ guineas for the unique ab. diftoniana, lot 330 in Greene's sale.
The next best price is £6 10s., given for ab. chalcobares, and also for
ab. niyrolntea and ab. nielanozona, all at my own sale.

The cataloguing of the "Maddison" sale specimens left a good deal
to be desired, many of the chalcozona, hazelei(/liensis, etc., not being true
representatives of those forms, whilst albouiarc/inata certainly had not
white margins, snbviolacea and semiriolacea were only faintly tinted
with dull brown, euneata (at present only a MSS. name) were without
the distinguishing wedge-shaped marks, and lacticolor^jiavo-
fasciata, was made distinct from it. I have thought it best to state
these facts quite plainly, as otherwise your readers, who did not attend
the sale, might infer a great slump in the prices. There was a fall in
the prices of Incticolor and varlcijata, with which forms many of the
better collections are now supplied, but good specimens of either seem
to be still worth about half a sovereign apiece. This may be taken as
the present value of varleyaia, which is fairly constant in markings,
but lacticolor being itself liable to extraordinary variation, it is only
the usual form of. it that is to be estimated at this figure. The
specimens, as a rule, were in good condition, and the bidding was
sufficiently brisk, notwithstanding the absence of several well-known
buyers.

Arctia caia ab. clarki, n. ab. {nith plate).

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Just before the death of the late Mr. J. A. Clark, he expressed a
very strong desire to have an aberration of Arctia caia, bred by
Salvage of Hailsham, described and figured. Accordingly, Miss H. S.
Clark made a drawing thereof, which we have reproduced, and which
we publish herewith.

The specimen is figured life-size, the forewings of a deep chocolate-
brown, with only the faintest traces of the usual creamy-white markings.
Carefully as the figure has been reproduced, it yet shows rather too
prominently the paler markings of the forewings. The hindwings are
of a yellow ground colour, the black spots easily traceable, but modified
by a dark suffusion that covers all the centre of the wing, leaving only
the marginal areas of the yellow ground colour. The thorax is of the
same colour as the forewings, the bases of the front legs, and the
abdomen red, the latter with the usual transverse black bands.

For this peculiar aberration, we have chosen the name clarki, in
memory of an entomologist who was exceedingly interested in the
aberrational forms of this (and other) species.

The Genitalia of the British Noctuidae^ {u-ith plate).
Mr. Pierce has so long held a leading position among British lepi-
dopterists as a student of the male ancillary appendages of British
lepidoptera, that this long-expected volume will be most welcome to
his confreres. As a first exposition of these structures in relation to a
whole family of British lepidoptera, it makes a landmark in the
advance of a more complete study of our British lepidoptera. Mr.

• " The Genitalia of the British Noctuidae," by F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. , pp. xii.
-f-88, pis. xxxii. [Published by A. \Y. Duncan, Liverpool. Price 7s. 6d.]

THE GENITALIA OF THE BRITISH NOCTUID^, 89

Pierce prefaces his book with an apology in the form of a page devoted
to the aphorism that " He who never makes a mistake, never makes
anything." This seems to us wholly unnecessary, the mistakes of
commission are trivial and venial, those of omission are, of course,
as large and numerous as we choose to make them, since no matter
how much is given us, we are always ready to ask for more. Probably
Mr. Pierce's real meaning would be better expressed by a sentence
with which Mr. D. Christie-Murray closes his liecollections — " Every-
body has failed, or half failed, who ever tried to do anything," it is
only mistakes or failures that can be classed under this philosophical
view of human efforts with which we can credit him.

The figures, so far as we have compared them with actual specimens, are
very accurate, and appear in all cases to present details abundantly
enough to distinguish similar forms from each other very easily. How it
might be if we had to deal with the thousands of known species of
Xoctmdac, and not merely the 300 or so British, may perhaps bedoubted,
but this does not now concern us, since it is as a Avork concerning British
species that we attach such high value to the volume before us.
Placing the name on the plate against each species is a useful arrange-
ment, though why some of them should be misspelt is not obvious.
Mr. Pierce regrets that he did not include the penis in his figures ; if
it had been possible to exhibit perfect figures of the whole penis, ?'.c.,
not only of the aedceagus, but of the eversible membrane with its so
remarkably varied spinous and other armature, his contribution to our
admiration of these marvellous structures, and to scientific knowledge,
would, indeed, have been immense; it would, however, have necessitated
decidedly more than doubling the labour involved in what he does
present to us. Figures of the ;edwagus alone, are not of anything like
commensurate value, and even these involve in many cases much
trouble to obtain precisely identical angles of view.

The first use of the male appendages as an important, and indeed
indispensable, factor in classification and specific classification throughout
a whole suborder, was by McLachlan, in the Monoiji-aph of the Knropean
TricJiojitera, begun in 1874. He describes, and usually figures, them in all
species, and uses them in his tables and definitions both of families and
genera. In the Trichoptera, these organs can be seen and examined in the
dry specimens usually without further preparation, so that there is much
less difficulty in using them, for all descriptive purposes, than in the
lepidoptera, where a specimen has to be more or less damaged, and a
somewhat tedious process of preparation carried out, before the parts
are available for any useful result. This is true, although Mr. Pierce
tells us how a view, adequate for some purposes, may be obtained in a
more simple manner.

The complications of these structures in the Soctnidae have
forced the author to give names to many of the detailed parts that
have hitherto received no designation. When making so complete
and elaborate a terminology (for the Noctnidae), it is much to
be regretted that, for parts already named, Mr. Pierce did not succeed
in ascertaining what names (by priority) were already fixed. Buchanan-
White and Gosse seem to have been the first to give aiiy fixity to the
names of the principal organs, and these ought to be retained.
McLachlan's names are hardly applicable to the lepidoptera, where he
recognises three pairs of lateral appendages, whilst, in the lepidoptera.

90 THE entomologist's RECORD.

there is usually only one pair. For these Buchanan-^Vhite provided the
name "harpagones" (harpago, singular), and this must remain. The
word " clasp " has been taken as the English name of this piece. If an
English name is not allowed, then we must say " harpago." Pierce calls
this the "harpes"; this is a synonym that must fall, apart from its
being a misapplication of a definite name given by Gosse. Lederer, so
far back as 1857, called attention to these parts in the Nnctuidae ; he
called the clasps, " affcerklappen," and this name certainly holds
priority in German; "valve" would probably be a more literal English
translation than "clasp," but the latter may serve, as it has especially
a very similar sound. Gosse's treatment of this organ is not very
clear. For the " harpago" he uses the term "valves," yet distinguishes
from them as a separate organ the armature of chitinous spines, hooks,
etc., that often mark the inner surface of the " harpago." The harpago
therefore, as the only consistent interpretation, consists of an outer
fleshy "valve," and an inter-spinous portion, the "harpe." This
difterentiation seems inapplicable in many cases, in some of which
only valves exist, in others only the harpe, whilst in the Xortuifiae we
have a complicated structure, in which both are present, but their
respective limits difficult to define, and, with further differentiations,
for which Mr. Pierce's abundant names seem to be a necessity. There
is certainly a question whether the harpe be merely a process of the
valve, or whether valve and harpe be not McLachlan's " appendices
intermedifB and inferiores" fused, a question for which those cases that
seem to show two clasps on each side may not, perhaps, give the
materials for an answer.

The " tegumen " of Buchanan-White is again a collective word
and appears to include everything except the " harpagones " and the
" penis." Gosse gives us some differentiation here, and gives us the
name "tegumen," restricted to the dorsal portion of the 9th abdominal
segment, with " uncus " for the dorsal portion of the 10th abdominal,
which may be variously spined. Gosse is not very clear as to where
the " scaphium " is, but it seems to be accepted that he meant the
lower side of the 10th segment, that often presents definite processes
between the anus and the penis. Jordan uses neither of these terms,
but calls the parts tergite and sternite of the 10th abdominal segment.
Pierce applies the name "scaphium" to a chitinous piece that occurs
in the Catocalids, and hardly elsewhere; it is a line of hard tissue
passing from the base of the " uncus " to the anal aperture. What he
calls " subscaphium," is, in fact, the "scaphium," but he figures it too
close to the anus (for most lepidoptera at any rate). His plate I shows
his scaphium as a free process, and the anus as a free conical tube.
Drawn correctly, the end of the "scaphium" and the end of the
" anus " should coincide, since his scaphium is nowhere free. This
piece wants a new name if it wants one at all. Pierce agrees with
many obsei'vers (according, at least, to their figures), in representing
the anus as a projecting cone ; this is erroneous ; it may project so in
some degree when in use, but, in preparations, it |)rojects so for no
better reason than the gut of a caterpillar projects from the anus under
pressure. The remarkable structure which exists in Mai/iestra pcrsican'ar,
and which Pierce also calls the "scaphium,'" is neither the "scaphium"
of Pierce, nor altogether the true scaphium. It has no connection with
the " uncus " like the curious piece in the Ciitocalas, hut it has a ventral

THE GENITALIA OF THE BRITISH NOCTUIDjE. 91

process that may be true scaphium; its main diamond-shaped portion
has the anal aperture at its extremity. We have not seen such a piece
elsewhere, it obviously deserves further study. What he calls the
■*' vinculum," has been called the " saccus," which has the priority. The
penis seems to have been the name given at first to the "ffidoeagus,"
under the impression that it was the whole organ. The name must
belong to the whole intromittent organ, the solid portion being the
-" jedoeagus" (called "penis-sheath" by Jordan), and the eversible mem-
brane called by Jordan the "penis," by Pierce the "vesica." We think
the latter a very unfortunate name, but it appears to ha\e priority.
Petersen calls it " Schwellkorper," whether originally or not, I do not
know, but this seems no more a definite name than that frequently
given it, of eversible membrane. The portion called by Pierce the
" juxta," is called by Dr. Jordan the "penis-funnel." We do not
recollect on what authority, but we have called this for a long time
the "penis-sheath," a name found in German authorities as " penis-
tasche," and "penis-scheide," but unfortunately, applied by Dr. Jordan
to the " aedceagus."

The names of the parts of male genitalia in lepidoptera that have
priority are :

9fH Abdominal segjient :

1. Tergite . . Tegumen.

2. Sternite

2rt carries .. Clas2)s {Harpagoiies), " after-klappen " (Lederer),

divided into Valves and Harpe.
2h sometimes prolonged upwards as Saccus, has at its posterior

inferior border (centrally to appearance)

3. Penis-sheath, through which passes the Penis, consisting of —

'3(1 J'ldoeagus — a hard tube (the Penis of many, the Penis-sheath of

Jordan).
36 Kvernihle membrane — ? erectile, the Vesica of Pierce, the Penis

of Jordan.
10th Abdominal segment :

1. Tergite . . Uncus.

2. Sternite . . ScapJtium.
Centrally the Anus.

We may very possibly have overlooked some authorities, but, so far
as we know, the above is correct.

Some of our readers, in noticing this first really comprehensive
etibrt to deal with the subject as it affects the British fauna, may
expect us to say a few words on the value of a study of these structures,
from several practical points of view. The commonest question is —
Can we depend on them to provide satisfactory specific characters '?
Though the answer to this question is broadly yes, we should like to
say that it has its limitations, and that confident assertions of their
value in all cases, which do not always hold good, have led many lepi-
dopterists to the conclusion that they are I'eally of very little use. The
common sense of the matter seems to be, that these parts aflbrd, just
like any other structures of an insect, characters that may or may not
be decisive. The chances are great that, when other characters leave
much uncertainty, the appendages will clear up all doubt, but there
are exceptions. There are other cases where the appendages, perhaps
from insufficiently close or extensive observation, would leave doubt,
when otherwise there is none. We may here refer to one common
misapprehension. Everyone is ready to say or agree that any classifi-
cation grounded on one character only is necessarily erroneous. But

92 THE entomologist's record.

it is also erroneous to call these organs one character. They manifest
a multitude of characters ; they present the structures, often most
complicated and elaborate, of two most important segments of the
insect's body. Of course, a satisfactory classification must take account
of all characters, not only of one instar, but throughout the whole life
cycle. These appendages, however, present nearly as large a group of
characters as those usually used in making classifications, most system-
atists, probably from the necessary limitations to human mental
contents, actually depending on comparatively few characters, so
that the addition to the usual material for classification of a knowledge
of these organs is rather doubling our resources than adding merely
one item to them.

We are told that " classification " in this volume is " largely
based on the genital organs," and the main descriptive portion
of the work is headed " Classification of the Nortuidae based
on the structure of the male genitalia." We are somewhat disappointed
to find that Mr. Pierce does not seem to have had always courage to
fully carry out the promise of these statements. We are told for
instance that the Bryophiliilae are strongly generic, this probably
means that it forms a well-defined and separable group. Yet we find
Mama orinn placed as if it belonged to them. This, of course, the
author does not mean, and must be regarded as an error of manner
rather than matter, yet it is frequent as we go on, and not always
easily recognisable. On the other hand we welcome the placing of
Deiiias rnriili with the ('uniato/i/ioridac : D. '•nri/li, as the egg and other
stages suggest stronglj', is not a Cymatophorid, but the male append-
ages strongly suggest that it is, and it is most desirable that such a
hint concerning a species of doubtful position should be emphasised.
LifiiiKtri is placed as an Acmni/rta, a separate genus being suggested for
it. The genitalia, however, seem to provide the last straw, if one were
wanting, to separate it from the Acronyctas altogether. We are
frequently told that the genitalia say so and so, but the author will
follow the sequence of the list. We miss any hint which the appendages
bear out strona'ly, that Mainestra [albicolon, vionoiihjpJui) are closely
related to Leucama, the latter being, in truth, Mamestras, coloured to
suit their environment and habits. We should like also to have had
Mr. Pierce's opinion as to whether the appendages suggest any relation-
ship between the Acronyctas and Xanthias. We think much of this
reticence, and especially the absence of a complete recasting of the list
in some particulars, is due to a modesty that such an authority on the
subject as Mr. Pierce, ought to be able to lay aside. His figures show-
that Lciicania (central mass), Apaiiiea, Xi/lojihasia, and yjanu'stra, are
very closely related, to the exclusion of XoHai/iia and some others
which are led up to by way of Uj/dmecia. Nnnanria certainly is not
verv near to Aiirotis, but it is nearer than is Leiicania : these relation -
ships are not in accord with Mr. Tutt's forecasts in lUit. Xoctnac, iv.,
p. XXV. In following out any such search for relationships, Mr. Pierce
does not give us any clear lead, and it is more difficult to gather his
actual opinion from the text, than to form one's own from the figures.
One rather dislikes this, since Mr. Pierce's experience with the specimens
must make comparatively simple to him what is more or less of a
puzzle to his readers. One would have liked his discussion of such
conclusions as we find in Tutt's ilritis/i Nnctnae, \o\. iv., p. xxviii,

CURRENT NOTES. 93

since it is obvious he would agree with some, and disagree with others,
and would probably give us other results not there referred to. We
might perhaps note the absence of Diloba coendeocephala, and of the
Deltoidea. Although, therefore, we should have liked much more
than we find in the volume, we are, nevertheless, very pleased to get so
much as we do.

:iglOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Moths Attracted to Electric Light in 1908 : with Notes on
Lepidopteka from Llanbbdrog. — It may be interesting to note that
the following species, among others, occurred near our electric light
standards during the past season — Amp/ndasys strataria, March 28th,
1908 ; Notodonta chaonia, May 19th ; Cymatophora ocularis, July 2nd,
Cidaria associata, July 3rd ; Cuspidia met/acephala, July 7th; Ourapteryx
saiiibiicaria, var. Amphidasys betidaria, July 18th; Lasiocampa quercus,
July 19th ; two 5 s under one lamp, Cossus liyniperda, Leiocampa
dictaea, August 4th ; and Charaeas yraminis, August 16th. A visit to
Llanbedrog for change of air and scene in early June, was not produc-
tive of much in the way of lepidoptera — Xylophada rurea was the
only interesting Noctuid at sugar ; Aspilates striyillaria occurred on
some rough ground at a considerable elevation. One or two larvae of
Leiicania littoralu, Actebia praecox, Anerastia lotella, Lasiocampa quercus
var. callunae, and iJepressaria nervosa complete the short list. — F. G.
Whittle, 7, Marine Avenue, Southend. March ^Atli, 1909.

Lepidopterological Notes for 1908. — There are two small errors
in my notes published in your last number, which I should like to
correct, both on page 56. I am made to say that a pairing of N. lap-
ponaria took place 24 hours after emergence of the male. This should
vQn.dL female : and my object in mentioning the matter was to direct
attention to the various times which elapse in different species after
emergence of the female before copulation takes place. Further on, I
am described as searching for ^-Ef/eria spheyifurmis on the Sussex Downs
— a most unlikely spot to find this species. I wrote, or at least
intended to write, ^-E. andrenaeformis, whose foodplant, T'. lantana, is,
of course, common on the chalk downs. — Percy C. Eeid, Feering
Bury, Kelvedon. March 11th, 1909.

The Hybernating Stage of Brenthis amathusia. — With reference
to the newly-hatched larva of Brenthis amathusia mentioned {E7it. Rec,
XX., p. 226), I found this morning that the hybernating larva had died,
but so recently, that it had still the appearance of being alive till
closely examined.^ — T. A. Chapman. March 11th, 1909.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Gynandromorphs of Plebeius ARGUS (^gon). — We are just now
collecting all the information available concerning the gynandro-
morphous examples of Plebeius aryus [aeyon) (and other Lyeyenids) in
the collections of British (and Continental) lepidopterists. Some sixteen
examples of P. aryus are properly recorded so far as showing which parts
superficially are 3 , and which ? ; others again recorded as such, are
possibly only blue-tinted J s, but there are a number of records that
suggest a mine of unrecorded material, the records entirely useless

94 THE entomologist's RBCORD.

scientifically, because of their incompleteness and absence of detail.
Mr. Sydney Webb records {Ent., xxi., pp. 133-5) " several gynandro-
morphous specimens " of P. aeijoji in his collection, presumably, from
the context, all taken near Dover, in 1887, a most unusual occurrence
and worthy of more extended notice, liarrett, too, observes {Brit.
Lep., [., p. 70) that " Webb has gynandromorphous specimens m his
collection, some with the right side J , others the left, and, of these,
some have dashes of bright blue in the brown of the $ side," etc.
Now these extracts show that here, in one collection alone, is an
excellent lot of material that merely wants carefully recording. Again
we find {FJut. Record, viii., p 272), that, at " Stevens' sale-rooms," on
October 27th, 1896, several gynandromorphous examples of P. aegon
were sold in the " Briggs' collection " at 7s., 6s., 6s., 8s., 8s., and 22s.
per pair. With the exception of one of these, none had been previously
recorded by Mr. Briggs, who, by reference to the sale catalogue, finds
that these lots (106-111) were bought respectively by Messrs. Mason,
Maddison, Booth, Sheldon, Maddison, Booth. Of these. Mason's and
Maddison's have since been resold. The four from the latter's collection
were bought by Mr. L. Newman, and he reports : " two of the aeiion
have the right side 3 , the left J , one is very mixed, and the fourth is
not a hermaphrodite at all." My entomological friends are exceed-
ingly good in giving me information if I write them individually, but
time is wanting to do this. It is simply impossible. Will they not be
equally kind in sending me, at once, details of the gynandromorphic
" blues " in their collections, just noting which side is 3 , which $ ,
or in more complicated cases, the (J and 5 parts, carefully discriminat-
ing what are simply blue-tinted $ s, together with all available data —
the original collection they came from, if nothing further be known ?
These details are important. No doubt some day the specimens
(especially if properly authenticated) will be worth a great deal of
money, as information regarding them becomes more and more
necessary. It is quite impossible to me to write to the owners of all
our best collections, but I should be thankful for detailed information
of the examples, in the collection of anyone, and if they will only just
send me the needed facts, I will make the best use I can of the material
collected. — J. W. Tutt.

®^URRENT NOTES.

Mr. Champion adds Calodera riifencens, Kraatz, to the British list on
the strength of examples taken at Sandown, Isle of Wight, June 1898,
and at Colchester, in 1906.

Mr. E. R. Bankes describes a form of Scoparia anibigtialis from
the New Forest as ab. crossi ; especially characterised by the snowy-
whiteness of the ground colour of the forewings, as seen especially in
the subbasal and subterminal areas, which throw the dark median area
into strong relief, and is exactly parallel with Scoparia mercurella ab.
portlandica, and S. duhitalis ab. piirbccli-eii.sis.

The secretary of the City of London Entomological Society writes
to say that the error concerning the misuse of the name Tephrona
biundida) ia, in the Entoni. lUrord, p. 176, is not his. He complains,
however, of the synonymy, which was unfortunately tangled for us
more than a century ago, and from which Mr. Prout released us in his

CURRENT NOTES. 95

article " The Tephrosia tangle" {Ent. Rec, viii., pp. 76 et seq.). His
conclusions were really very simple, viz., that Tephrosia bistortata,
Goeze = the crepnscnlaria of the British list, whilst Tephrosia
crepuscnlaria, Hb. = hiiindularia, Esp., and the biundulnria of the
British list, so that the insect we had hitherto called crespnrtdaria, became
bistortata, and the one we had called biinuhdaria, became crepnscnlaria.
He further pointed out that the former species was doublebrooded ;
that the first brood was the abietaria of Haworth, Stephens, Doubleday,
etc., whilst the second brood was the consonaria oi Haworth, Stephens,
and Wood, whilst the dark black-brown form of this species was ab.
passetii, Thierry-Mieg. The latter species, it was pointed out, was single-
brooded, and its two dark forms were known as ab. delamerensis, White,
and ab. nigra, Thierry-Mieg.

This was followed up by an extensive article, " A critical resume
of the arguments for and against Tephrosia bistortata {crepi(scularia),
and 2 . crepuscidaria {biundularia) being considered distinct species,"
which was commenced in the Ent. LVc, viii.,pp. 281 et seq. ,d,ndi continued
in vol. ix., pp. 6 et seq., 28 etseq., 55 et seq. This, in its turn, was supple-
mented by a further series of articles by Mr. W. Hewett, Ent. Bee,
vol. ix., pp. 107 et seq.; by notes on their eggs {Ent. Rec, ix., pp. 149
et seq.); by hybrid experiments between the species, by Dr. Riding and
Mr. Bacot [Ent. Rec, ix., pp. 149 et seq.), the details of which we our-
selves summarised, and which were in due course published in the
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. Further notes
were published on the distribution of these species in England,
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, in the Ent. Record, vol. x., also
further hybridity experiments, until, at last, we could no longer
find room for the notes and papers that our contributors continued to
send us on the species, all of which, however, went to prove the
conclusions arrived at in the "Critical resume" already referred to.

It follows, therefore, that there is no need whatever for the merest
tyro ever to go wrong over these species or their names. If it happens,
it must be entirely due to a failure to appreciate the fact that every
lepidopterist of standing uses T. bistortata as the name for the double-
brooded species, and T. crepuscidaria (biundidaria) as the name of the
single-brooded species. We have no space to discuss the rights and
wrongs of the matter, or individual opinions on the species. The facts
of their life-histories and their names have already been fully published,
and are at the disposal of every lepidopterist who cares to borrow the
necessary literature from the library of the society to which he belongs.
At the same time we quite exonerate the secretary from participation
in the error.

Mr. R. Verity has published a most interesting paper {Boll. del.
Soc. Ent. Italiana, 1908) on the Rhopalocera of the Isle of Elba. This
little island seems to have produced 42 species during his visit (July,
1908). The most interesting species are perhaps Goneptery.r cleopatra,
Charaxes jasius, Dryas pandora, Hipparchia neowijris, Coenonympha
corinna, Bithys qitercus, Lampides boeticiis, Raytvardia telicanus, and
Gegenes nostrodamus. Thymeliciis acteon is noted as abundant every-
where. He further gives details of the most productive spots in the
island for collecting purposes.

The meeting of the Entomological Society, held on March 15th,
was particularly well-attended, lepidopterists turning up strongly to

96 THE entomologist's record.

hear lectures by Mr. Tutt and Dr. T. A. Chapman on Plebeim ar(jus
{aegon) and P. argijrognomon, two superficially similar blue butterflies
that are usually supposed to be difficult to distinguish, and one of
which is common in Britain. The lectures were to be followed by a
discussion.

Mr. Tutt discussed in detail the synonymy, the variation and local
races, and the distribution of the species, concluding with a comparison
of the differences in the species that are most patent to the ordinary
observer with the naked eye, or by simple microscopic preparation.
Besides the races of P. argns (aegon) inhabiting central and northern
Europe and the British Islands, divided chiefly into plain, mountain,
heath, and moorland forms, he dealt at length with the Spanish races
hypochiona, Ramb., bejarensis, Chapm., casaictis, Chapm., braiiHelasensis,
n. var., vigensis, n. var., comparing them with the eastern races
koreana (a giant form like bejarensis), micrargus, and pseudaegon : he then
considered the Pyrenean forms, including var. pgrenaica, n. var. (<?
well-banded), and its ab. hypochionoides, n. ab. (^ with narrow
marginal bands) occurring together at Gavarnie, etc.; he compared
var. Corsica, Bell., with the British moorland form var. niasseyi, Tutt, and
then dealt with eastern and central Asiatic forms, including orientalis, n.
var. (with its ab. bella, H.-Sch.), sifanica, Gr.-Cir., etc. Among other
important items he noticed the misapplication of the name aegidion,
Meissn. [=philonowus, Bergstr.), to P. argyrognowon, aegidion being
undoubtedly a form of P. argas (aegon),

Mr. Tutt was followed by Dr. Chapman, who exhibited a large
number of excellent lantern slides, made by Mr. P. Noad Clark from
his (Dr. Chapman's) microscopical preparations. The remarkable
"tibial" spine of P. argiis (aegon), and the variable (yet wonderful
characteristic) ancillary appendages of the same species, were compared
with the same structures in P. argyrognomon (and those of half
a dozen other allied species) ; the structure of the newly-hatched
larvae of both species, and the structure of the eggs, etc., all
pointed to a difference not only of species, but to differences that
might in some respects, almost suggest the bulk of the Plebeiids to
fall between them, although we believe the diflerences may be explained
in other ways. Altogether, Dr. Chapman's illustrated discourse
probably provided more facts for digestion, and mental pabulum for
consideration, than any lecture that has been given in the Society's
rooms for a very long time. It was 10 p.m. before the lecturers had
finished, and the discussion (if any) was adjourned to the next
meeting.

At the same meeting Mr. A. Janet (Paris) and Mr. G. Severin
(Brussels) were present; these gentlemen, with Dr. Horn (Berlin),
having come to London to deliberate with the President, and certain
Fellows of the Entomological Society, concerning the International
Entomological Congress that it is proposed to hold in Brussels next
year.

In the Entom. News (p. 59), Mr. F. X. Williams gives some
interesting details of the life-history of a species called " Pterophorus
baccharides." Larvae were found en Baccharis piltdaris, in San
Francisco, boring a smooth cylindrical passage in the stem, terminated
by an oblique opening, from which a quantity of pale-coloured frass was
extruded ; the galleries may be in the smaller stems or in the main

CURRENT NOTES. 97

trunk ; on tall shrubs the larvae may be found working high up in the
stems. The pupa, which is very active, lies some distance from the
bottom of the gallery, but may move considerably therein. Half -grown
and nearly mature larvae are very plentiful ni winter. The wood-
boring habit of the larva is interesting, but Williams says is not
unique among the Alucitidei>.

Mr. Oscar Schultz sends us his fifth contribution to a " Catalogue
of gynandromorphous lepidoptera," reprinted from the Ent. Zeits.
Guben. The new part contains records of 125 examples — 51 butterflies,
17 Sphingids, 36 Lymantriids, Arctiids, Lachneids, Dimorphids,
Attacids, and Notodontids (still all lumped together as Bombyces), 12
Noctuids, and 9 Geometrids. This brings the grand total of recorded
examples up to 514, 162, 379, 41, and 103 in these groups respectively.

The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held on the
evening of March 12th, at " Wellfield," Lewisham, at 6.30 p.m.,
when the members and friends were received hy Mr. and Mrs. Adkin.
Tea was served by Mrs. and Miss Adkin, and then some time was
spent in looking over some of the special things in Mr. Adkin's
excellent collection. Supper was served at 8 p.m., the following
members and friends being noted. Messrs. R. A. Adkin, Armstrong,
J. E. ColHn, W. Distant', H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, T. Hall, A.
Harrison, H. Main, G. T. Porritt, A. Sich, R. South, and J. W. Tutt.
Many invitations unfortunately had to be declined owing to the ill-
health that appears to be so prevalent just at present.

Mr. Frohawk describes (Ent.) the general features of the life-
history of Ar(j!/nnis laodicr, from which we learn, among other interest-
ing items, that the larva hybernates in the egg-shell, as in the case with
A. aiUppe and A. niobe, and not outside the egg-shell, as in A. aglaia.
The larvi© seem to hatch (February 19th) almost at the same time as
those of A. adippe. The coloured plate illustrating the notes, the
work of Werner and Winter, Frankfort-on-Main, appears to be
exceptionally well done, and does credit to Mr. Frohawk's careful
drawing.

The second volume of "The Moths of the British Isles," by Mr. R.
South, has now been published, and continues the good features of the
preceding one, the plates being on the whole equally well-done, and
letterpress as much as could be got into the limited space at disposal.
Some of the colour- work is very satisfactory, and, of the black and
white reproductions, the half-tones from Mr. Main's photographs, and
the life-like appearance of some of the larvfe drawn by Mr. Sich, are
alike excellent. Mr. South still maintains the unfortunate union of
Tc'phrosia bistortata and 2\ crepiiscularia (biundtdaria), whilst in another
place (p. 116), Mr. South doubts Mr. Prout's determination of Acidalia
dilutaria (misspelt dilataria), Hb. ; he also advances the (tons) unten-
able theory that Anthrocera stephensi (hippocrepidis) may be the hybrid
offspring of Anthrocera trifoUi and A. filipendulae, in which case there
must be, in some localities, every year, hundreds of hybrids, with the
same facies. We took nearly 400 in two days in 1893, in one field,
and have often seen them as numerous in other years. On the whole,
however, the book is remarkably free from these little walks into the
region of doubt, an excellent feature in a book essentially intended for
beginners.

One little paragraph in the " preface " of this book, however,

98 THE entomologist's RECORD.

hardly appears to us to ring true ; it is that which refers to the
reason for not pubhshing a third volume to include an instalment of
the " Micro-lepidoptera." It is, of course, true that these could
not have been put into vol. ii, which is full already, nor into
one volume more, beyond ii ; one learns early in life that the attempt
to put a quart into a pint pot leads to disaster, but, at any rate, the
Crambids, Pyralids, Plumes, Hyponomeutids, Depressariids, and
the groups that make up Chapman's Pi/raloides, would have
made another large enough volume, whilst their reproduction would
have been far easier than some of the Geometrids already pictured.
One suspects that the truth here peeps out in the statement that the
so-called "micro-lepidoptera" are interesting only to a "limited
number of students," and that the series stops, not from any inability
to continue, either on the part of author or artist, but from the doubt
that the next volume might not pay so generously. If so, it is
unfortunate, for all these popular works on lepidoptera that stop short
at the Noctuids and Geometrids, whilst adding to the number of
collectors who kill thousands of specimens of the few superfamilies of
larger moths, offer nothing to attract the " nature study " votary
(whom this series is primarily stated to be intended to help !) into
the paths which lead to the life- histories of the smaller species, which
are less persecuted by humans, and which are entrancingly interesting
once the " nature-student " proper, apart from the collector, learns to
know of their existence.

May we not hope that the great success of vols, i and ii will lead
the publishers to allow Mr. South to give us vol. iii, and that some
of the financial success that vols, i andii have surely earned, be expended
on really supplying "nature-students" with something they want,
and which, at present, they cannot get anywhere ! The reason why so few
study the " smaller fry " {? some of them are pretty large), is certainly
because there is no popularly-written and illustrated book to put them
in the right path. Nowadays it would seem, books are most often not
given to the world by publishers to attract students, but to supply super-
ficial reading for those who are already studying. May we not hope
that the publishers of The Moths of the British Isles will rise in a third
volume superior to this common but undesirable practice ?

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — March 8)v/, 1909. — Mendelism
IN AciDALiA viRGULARiA, Hb. — Mr. L. B. Prout, on behalf of himself
and Mr. A. Bacot, brought for exhibition a very extensive series of
Acidalia virgularia, Hb., bred in ten successive generations from
various crossings of the London and Hyeres races, which had been
undertaken with a view to the further study of Mendelism. The
results showed non-Mendelian inheritance, there being no segregation
with pure and hybrid forms in definite proportions, and thus supported
Mr. Bacot's opinion that such were only to be expected in cases of
hybridisation of forms in which natural selection had virtually
eliminated intermediates, or, in other words, that apparent Mendelian
phenomena were manifestations of selective purity, rather than of
gametic purity. Mr. A. Harrison pointed out that in similar experi-
ments conducted by himself with Mr. H. Main with British Pieris napi

SOCIETIES. 99

X I*, var. bryoniae from Switzerland, carried through three generations,
they had quite failed to obtain Mendelian proportions, but in the case
of Aplecta nebulosa the Mendelian proportions were absolute (see Proc.
Knt. Soc. Lond., 1907, p. liv., etc). Pupal coloration of Pieris. —
Mr. H. M. Edelsten showed a living pupa of Fieris rapae attached to a
blade of Cliria, the deep green pigment assimilating closely to the
coloration of the leaf. Possible Hybrid Anthrocera. — Mr. K. Adkin
exhibited what appeared to be a hybrid between Anthrocera filipendidae
andj A. achilleae, talien by Mr. A. W. Renton in the neighbourhood of
Oban, N.B. Mr. J. W. Tutt expressed doubt as to the specimen being
a hybrid. Birds as a Factor in the Production of Mimetic Resem-
blances IN Butterflies. — Mr, G. A. K. Marshall explained that one
of the chief criticisms directed against the theories of mimicry was to
the effect that, on the whole, birds did not destroy butterflies to any
appreciable extent ; he had, therefore, collected together all the available
evidence bearing on the question. As indicating the extent of such
observations, it was stated that these records refer to a considerable
number of species of both birds and butterflies, as might be judged
from these approximate figures : Palsearctic Region : 33 birds, 34
butterflies ; Ethiopian : 26 birds, 26 butterflies ; Oriental : 27 birds,
46 butterflies ; Nearctic : 46 birds, 20 butterflies. Unfortunately in
the Neo-tropical Region, from which the greatest amount of evidence
might have been expected, such exact observations had been almost
entirely neglected. It was intended that the negative evidence on
this subject, which appeared to have been very generally accepted,
was really of very little scientific value, because in no case had it
been shown that the observer had any adequate knowledge of the actual
food-habits of birds, or that any careful and exhaustive inquiry had
been made into the subject. Instances were also cited to show how very
easilj' destruction of this kind might be overlooked ; while negative evidence
derived from an examination of the contents of the stomachs of birds
might be very misleading, owing to the fact that, in so many instances,
the butterflies' wings are not swallowed, so that any recognition of the
remains becomes extremely difficult. Finally, it was urged that the
large body of evidence resulting from merely casual observations
indicated that the assumption that birds do not eat butterflies to any
extent is certainly premature, and that a fuller inquiry will probably
shoAv it to be entirely unfounded. Mr. W. Sharp maintained that the
actions of the sparrow, as a domesticated bird, were not evidence for
conditions which exist in the case of purely natural species. Dr. T.
A. Chapman suggested that the paucity of observations on the point
was largely due to the shyness of birds eating in the presence of
human beings. Mr. W. J. Kaye said that he had never observed
birds attacking butterflies in tropical South America, and Commander
J. J. Walker gave similar testimony with regard to the many Austra-
lasian and other oversea localities visited by him.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— Fehruartj 25tli, 1909. — Nemoria viridata and Celastrina argiolus.
Dr. Hodgson exhibited series of Nt')iioria viridata taken in 1906-8, in
Lancashire and Surrey, and commented on the forms shown, including
ab. concarilinea. He also showed a third brood specimen of Celastrina
arjiioliis, in which the blue was almost wholly replaced by dull grey.
Yellow ab. of Euchelia jacob.e.e, etc — Mr. Main, for Mr. Baldock,

100 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS KECOKD.

a yellow variety of Euchelia jacobaeae from Norfolk, and three fine
specimens of the rare Papilio mechoirianus from central Africa,
Anaeta cordigeua. — Mr. McArthur, specimens of Anarta cordii/era from
Rannoch, and read notes on its habits and habitat. Gynandromorphous
Papilio.- — Mr. H. Moore, a gynandromorphous example of Papilio
(iearchus (?) from South America, right side ^ , left ? . Aberrations
OF Lepidoptera. — Mr. Newman, Aglais urticae var. ielinusa, with
sagittate blue spots on the hindmargin, Dri/as paphia with much
radiated black markings, " black " Limenitis aibyllu, a straw-coloured
aberration of liiiinicia phlaean, the unique pale grey form of Sinerinthus
ocellatm bred by him in 1902, and several Hesjieria )nalcae ab. taras.

City of London Entomological Society. — March %iil, 1909. —
Variation of Rumicia phl^eas. — Various European and extra-European
series (1) examples lighter in colour, and with black markings less
pronounced than in normal English specimens, from Sicily (? spring
brood); (2) mostly var. eleua, or abs. approaching thereto from Spain
(? summer brood); (3) with' black markings accentuated both in size
and depth of colour, but with the ground colour clear and bright, from
Tenerilfe ; (4) specimens with ground colour, and others with the same
suffused with black, from Japan; (5) with the whole ground colour
completely obscured with smok}' suffusion, from India, Dr. T. A.
Chapman. English specimens wilh copper marginal band on hindwings,
broken up into alternate dashes of copper and black, Messrs. S. J. Bell,
and L. W. Newman. A specimen with hindwings entirely black, from
Darenth, and var. eleus from Bexley, Mr. V. E. Shaw. Camptogramma
FLuviATA, from a south Devon $ . The larvje (all save two) pupated
on one day, and the imagines (save two) all emerged during one day.
Mr. H. M. Edelsten. C. fluviata larv.e, nearly full-fed, having been
reared on dandelion in a hot-house. Arctia caia ab. (for Mr. South);
with usual black markings on hindwings, restricted to three marginal
blotches, Mr. J. Riches. Phigalia pedaria, series bred from wild
Yorks melanic female ; about 10% of the offspring were melanic, a
few light-coloured, and the rest intermediate, forms, Mr. A. J. Willsdon.
MarcJi IQtIi, 1909. Stauropus fagi, taken at Hammersmith in 1863, Mr.
A. W. Mera. Camptogramma fluviata, bred from Bournemouth
female, including many examples with interrupted fascia. The cause
OF the scarcity or absence of a species (of Lepidoptera) which

sometimes FOLLOWS A SEASON OF EXCEPTIONAL ABUNDANCE IN SOME

PARTICULAR LOCALITY : Dr. T. A. Chapman opened a discussion on the
subject, and advanced, as a possible explanation, the theory that abnor-
mal abundance might be due to the temporary inactivity of some selective
or destructive force. Comparatively unprotected individuals would be
thus allowed to escape, and their unprotectedness would be transmitted
to, and accentuated in, subsequent broods, then, when the selective
agency again became active, the race would be exceptionally vulnerable
to its attacks, and the species would be nearly exterminated until it
was gradually selected up to the average of its protective potentiality,
and its normal number so re-established.

Erkata. — Page 56, line 18, for " <? " read " ? " Page 50, line 21, for ''spltegi-
formis" read •' diulreiiifofmis." Page GG, line 11, for " Agloape " read '' Aglaope."
Page 73, line 32, for " Ann. Soc. Eiit. Fr., Ixxviii., pp. 709 et seq." read " Artii.
Soc. Ent. Fr., Ixxvii., pp. 209 et seq." Page 76, line 45, for " Tehprohia " read
" Tephrosia."

1

Vol. XXI.

Plate VIII.

Photo. J, N. Keynen.

Aberkation of Polygonia c- album.
The EntomolouisVs Record, etc., 1909.

Voi,. XXI.

Pl.ATK IX.

\3o "r ^' ' '

X ^0

11

%^^-

^

UaXUaaX^

X »0

^f iti

/.2

»o /3

'V

IjIFK-HIs|(1I;y OF Nf.PTIC'ILA ACKTdS.F,.

The KniomoUnjiM' >i lleci>nl, etc., 1909.

BUTTERFLIES IN SWITZERLAND ISOR. 101

Butterflies in Switzerland in 1908 {>rith plate).

By J. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc, F.E.S., and G. L. KEYNES.

The chief object of our Swiss tour in 1908 was an attempt upon
the Apaturidae at Eclepens, but our efforts elsewhere were also
rewarded by several interesting captures and observations, which it
may be worth while to record.

We began our collecting at Sion on June 24th, and worked on
the morning of that daj' in the valley ; here Poh/umwatus aviandus
was plentiful, but very worn, and it was difficult to get any males
worth keeping. We were somewhat surprised to find both Apatnra
iris and A. ilia among the trees, as we had supposed it to be stiil too
early for these species. This served as a useful Avarning that the
season was ahead of its normal time — at least a week in the lowlands
— and we decided to visit Eclepens some days sooner than we had
originally intended. The only other captures of interest were a
minute specimen of Plebeins argiis {aeiion) var. alpiita (17mm.), and a
very pale yellow form of Coenmujnipha pain)ihiliiR ab. pallida. In the
afternoon we searched above Sion towards Ormona for Melitaea deione
var. berisalcmsis, of which we took five males and four females, all in
good condition. This species appeared to be very local, bat it would
doubtless have been fairly plentiful had not the sun soon become
clouded over. Pontia daplidice was flying in some numbers, but in
very worn condition.

The next day, June 25th, we walked up the Vex road, in the hope
of finding A(p-iades iiielea>/er, but in this we were disappointed ; we
were doubtless too early. On the other hand, we took Folt/oniuiatiia
anuuidiis, in better condition than on the previous day, Nordnunmia
[T/iecla) ilicis ab. cerri, Breiithis daphne, and JMelitaea phoebe. On the
whole, however, this road was found to be unproductive, and we left
it to pay another visit to the valley, where we took Melitaea athalia,
M. aurelia, Limenitis Camilla, and another specimen of Apatnra iris.
In the afternoon we took train to Martigny.

June 26th was spent under the clifls between Martigny and
Vernayaz, and a wonderful hunting-ground this is. Foli/ommatus
aiirandus was very plentiful and in good condition ; it did not seem to
differ from the Sion race in size or colouring. We also obtained a
splendid series of Brenthis daphne, and were glad to get specimens of
Krynnis althaeae, Lou-eia alciphron var. gordius 5 , Polynmmatus hi/las,
Kluijia (Thecla) spini, Apatnra ilia, and Satyrus lieriiiione. Coeno-
nymjiha iphis was plentiful, but very worn. In the evening we moved
on to Lausanne.

During the next three days, June 27th-29th, Ave had our first
experience of the wonders of Eclepens, and we were in no way disap-
pointed. Both Apatnra iris and A. ilia were out, not yet, it is true, in
very large numbers, but they were all absolutely fresh, and we
obtained a very fine series. We Avorked chiefly on the Oulens road,
but on the third day (June 29th) we found A. ilia to be much more
plentiful on the lower road. A. ilia var. clytie or eos, we found to be
A'ery much less common than the type. We took one specimen inter-
mediate betAA^een var. clytie and the type, the hindwing only showing
the brown suffusion. We saw no more than one female Apaturid and
no A. iris ab. iole, but we should, perhaps, have been more likely to
May 15th, 1909.

102 THE entomologist's kecord.

Und these a week later. Mr. Foljambe, who preceded us by a few
days, found the Apataridae to be comparatively scarce ; he also dis-
covered both a fullfed and a half -fed larva of A. ilia on the poplar
bushes. When the first greed of the collector had been satisfied, we
were able to learn much of the habits of these species, but they are too
well known to need description here.

We were also much struck by the habits of several other species
which were plentiful at Eclepens, notably by those of Limenitis sibi/lla.
This species occurred in enormous numbers, and its habits appeared
to be almost identical with those of the Apaturidae : it was to be
found settled in large numbers on the road or on droppings, it was
even more fearless than the Apaturidat', and it would return constantly
to the same place. These habits were shown in a lesser degree by
hAiiionia jiolyc/iloros, by Polij()o)tia c-albiiui, and even by Paranje acliine,
and so remarkable was this resemblance that it occurred to us that it
might be an instance of local mimicry, the habits of the Apaturidae
being mimicked by 1^. aibylla and, though much less probably, by the
other species mentioned. Professor Poulton, on the other hand,
believes Limenitis to be a specially protected genus, and that in respect
of markings the roles of model and mimic as regards Limenitis and
Apatura are reversed. These two views are, however, not opposed,
since, taken together, they fit in with the ^liillerian theory of mutual
benefit. A fair amount of evidence might be adduced in favour of the
views indicated above, but more extensive and accurate observations
are necessary before the former can be accepted. xVdditional evidence
might be obtained by observing the habits of L. caiuilla, which was
only just beginning to appear when we left. Another possible
explanation of the behaviour of L. sibi/Ua may be an exaggerated need
of moisture, as this species is sometimes to be found resting on the
ground in most continental localities where it occurs.

Among the other species taken at Eclepens were ParnassiHs ap<ilU>
var. pseudonoiuiun, Xordwaunia [Thecla) ilicis, and var. cerri, Strijnion
{Tliecla) pruni, S. acaciae, Limenitia canrilla, Brentliis ino, and CoeuD-
nympJia arcania (very abundant) ; the Ruralids (Theclids) were for
the most part worn. The iBOst interesting capture of all was a
magnificent aberration of Polyijonia c-albuui. In this specimen, both
sides of which are figured in the accompanying plate viii., the mark-
ings on the upperside are represented by four black blotches, one of
which occupies almost the whole of the hindwing. The underside is
also peculiar, and the comma-mark takes the form of an F. The
aberration corresponds more or less with the description of the form
called ab. F-album in Mr. Wheeler's book. Mr. Wheeler, however,
informs us that the figures of F-album which he has seen do not
indicate that the black markings on the upper side are more extensive
than in the type, though a certain amount of confluence has taken
place.

It will be seen that the entomology at Eclepens is of an extremely
interesting character, but we suffered a good deal from the heat, and
it was somewhat of a relief to journey on June 30th to the fresher air
of Berisal, where we remained until July 4th.

{To he concluded.)

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF NEPTICULA ACETOS.E, STT. 103

Notes on the Life- History of Nepticula acetosae, Stt. {tilth plate),

(Concluded from vol. xx., p. 252).
By ALFEED SIGH, F.E.S.

If the lai'va of Xepticula acetosae finds a suitable situation for
the cocoon, it commences spinning a very short time after leaving
the mine, but more often it wanders some distance before settling
down to spin the cocoon. At first the larva spins a net-work
of a rather open nature, which probably defines the boundaries
of the structure. This is then filled up from within, and after
some hours a much closer net-work is visible. This is again filled
up, so that after some hours (twelve in one case, I noted)
the larva has completely hidden itself in the white cocoon. The
cocoon, entirely of silk, is rather flat, generally almost pointed at one
end, and rounded at the opposite end. It appears to be formed of two
valves, joined together at the pointed end and up the sides, but less
firmly joined at the broader end. Through a slit in the broad end the
pupa thiusts itself on emergence. At the bottom of the pointed end,
the old skin of the larva may be found. This, from its now contracted
state, gives the settB, which do not contract, an exaggerated appear-
ance, so that the skin appears to have belonged to a quite hairy larva.
In the summer-time the transformation of this species is rapid. Some
larv«, which were still in their mines on August loth, 1908, produced
imagines on August 28th. In warm weather there appears to be a
succession of broods. I took larvje still in their mines on October 10th,
but did not search after that date. This species hybernates in the
pupal stage. I have not yet seen the imago in the held, but those I
had in captivity were fond of hiding out of sight, and very quick in
their movements.

There are yet one or two points concerning the larval mines to be
mentioned. The mine takes the form of a fairly circular patch
containing about seven concentric turns of black excremental lines.
The mines are usually dexti-ally coiled, but may also not rarely be found
sinistrally du-ected. The last three-quarters of the last whorl of the
circular part of the mine, is wider and paler, and develops suddenly
into the serpentine portion, which is variable in length, and terminates
just beyond the semicircular slit by which the larva quits the mine.
If the two cuticles of the leaf be separated where a mine has been
formed, it will be noticed that in the cu'calar blotch-part of the mine,
the excrement is nearly all deposited on the upper cuticle, whereas in
the serpentine or gallery-part of the mine, the excrement is all on the
lower cuticle. The first arrangement is that adopted by the larva
when in any of the first three stadia, and the second, that made use of
in the fourth stadium. The parenchyma of the sorrel-leaf is usually
stained a deep red for some space round the mine, but not all red
blotches in sorrel-leaves are due to Septlcula acetosae. Some appear to
be caused by a leaf-fungus, and others by the natural process of decay.
The leaves, especially of the sheep-sorrel, in autumn, are often entirely
red, and where the plants grow thickly, add colour to the landscape.

Larva. — Fiist iiistar: Head very small, almost enveloped in the
large prothorax. Meso- and metathorax both large, but less than the
prothorax. The abdominal segments are smaller than the metathorax,

104 THE entomologist's kecoud.

and taper gradually towards the 10th abdominal, which is bluntly
rounded. Beneath the mesothorax there is a transverse ridge or
swelling, which seems to be the initial stage of the proleg-like pro-
jections which appear in the last instar. The nietathovn\ is similarly
furnished, but there is no trace of any such prominence on any of the
other segments. Both the meso- and metathorax are swollen dorsally,
and the enlarged state of these two segments, aided by the ridges
beneath them, no doubt offer a good thrasting-block to the larva while
it is feeding, as well as forming, anyhow, part of the means of
progression. Segmental divisions very well marked. The colour of
the head is very pale brownish-ochreous, and that of the body pale
grey. The dorsal canal is light green. Width of head 0-09ram., and
the length of the larva is 0-7mm. No setfe were found, though search
was made by means of a high objective.

Second instar: Larva rather flatter than in first instar. The
thoracic segments are not so large in proportion to the abdominal,
though the prothorax appears wider in proportion in some specimens.
The pads beneath mesothorax are more clearly developed than in the
first instar, but they are more or less connected by a raised ridge, as
are also those on the metathorax. The head is pale brown, with the
usual lines darker. The spinneret is very long. The body is at first
grey, but becomes later bright yellow. The dark ganglia can be seen,
but they are not so conspicuous as in the third instar. The renal
organs (?) are easily seen, and yellow in colour. There is a pair of
curved grooves situated on the anterior portion of the segments in the
subdorsal region. There are no prolegs on the abdomen. The length
of the larva is limm. and the width of the head 0*14mni.

Third instar: Width of head 0'21mm. Length of larva l|-mm.
Head pale brown, body bright golden -j-ellow. The pairs of fleshy
prolongations beneath the meso- and metathorax are distinctly visible,
but there are no abdominal prolegs, although the segments on the
venter of the abdomen are very Avell marked, and the rotundity of the
first abdominal is less conspicuous than the others. (This segment
has no prolegs in the fourth instar.) Some " Bacot's pile " occurs on the
venter, and though something like tubercles were observed on the
dorsum, no setsB could be discovered. Thus, though the development
is comparatively slight, there is a distinct advance towards the active
fourth stadium.

Fourth [last] instar : Width of head O'Smm. Length of larva
3'8mm. Head pale yellowish-brown, with the lines and mouth-parts
reddish. Prothorax and 10th abdominal segment very pale grey, the
other segments yellow, very shining. When in the mine the
alimentary canal is seen as a broad green stripe, but after the larva
has left the mine, no trace of the green coloration is visible. The
head is very broad and very flat, so that its dorsal and lateral aspects
are very different. It can be almost entirely withdrawn into the pro-
thorax. The spinneret is long, and the antenn;e are conspicuous.
There is a very deep notch behind. The prothorax is much wider
than the head, and deep!}- divided into two subsegments. The meso-
thorax still wider, and also divided into two subsegments, but the
division is not nearly so deep, the metathorax wider still, otherwise
similar. The abdominal segments are fairly even in width, though

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF NEPTICULA ACETOS.E, STT. 105

tapering down at the 8th. The 9th abdominal is much narrower, and
the 10th very narrow. In profile the head appears as a thin wedge,
and the prothorax is subtriangular. The mesothorax is heavily and
rather squarely formed, and carries a pair of large prolegs, the meta-
thorax being similar.

The 1st abdominal segment is of lighter make, and does not appear
to carry prolegs, or if it does, the legs are very ill-developed compared
with the rest. The 2nd-7th abdominals (both inclusive) are each
furnished with prolegs, but the 10th abdominal has a rather slender
pair. There are no prolegs on the prothorax, and if there were, I
imagine, they would obstruct the larva when thrusting out the head
and prothorax while feeding. When out of the mine and crawling,
the larva of this species certainly makes use of the prolegs on the 10th
abdominal segment, but the larvte of some Nepticulids hold the 10th
abdominal quite free when crawling. N. centifuliella does so, and the
prolegs of the 10th abdominal are much less developed than in
iV. acetosae. None of the prolegs bear crochets, but those on the
thorax are each furnished beneath with a transverse row of three
tubercles, each bearing a seta directed posteriorly; these six tubercles
are in addition to the ordinary tubercles of the segment. The spiracles,
situated on the usual segments, are small, circular, not raised. In the
10th abdominal segment two rods may be seen. They are 0-09mm.
long, and lie close together at the end of the segment, but their
anterior ends are wider apart than their posterior ends. They occur
in all the four stadia. On the posterior surface of the 10th abdominal
there is a pair of spines, and below these another pair of longer spines.
In the larva of Trifurcnla htuinindella the upper pair of spines forms
part of a frame-work that runs round the posterior portion of the
10th abdomimal. From the inner side of the frame-work a pair of
flanges project, loosely connected with a pair of rods similar to those
above described. The anterior ends of the rods appear to be attached
to strong muscles. I have not seen this frame- work in the larva of
jN\ acetosae, but strongly suspect that it is present. The tubercles are
of moderate size, all simple, and the setsB all taper to a point. There
are no secondary hairs, but many skin-points on the lower parts of
the larva below tubercle iv. Tubercles v and vi are absent. In the
abdominal segments the arrangement of the tubercles is as follows :
i, the largest, is situated about the middle of the segment, taking it
lengthwise, but at some distance from the inedian line, that is to say
that the two i's are rather far apart ; the seta of this tubercle is very
stout, and 0-14mm. in length. Tubercle ii is slightly posterior to i,
and rather low^ down ; it carries also a stout seta 012mm. long.
Tubercle iii is anterior to i, just above, and a little in front of the
spiracle, it is very small, the seta being only O-OSmm. long. Below
the spiracle, and rather posterior to it, iv is situated ; this is rather
large, and its strong seta is O'lmm. in length. Below iv, and slightly
posterior to it, is vii, just above the proleg ; it is single, and the seta
measures 008mm. On the inner side of the proleg, a very small
tubercle, viii, lies, its seta is the shortest of all, being only 0-03mm.
Looking at the prothorax from above, we see two pairs of tubercles,
one on each side of the median line, a pair below each of these, and
then a single one lower still. These are all on the first large sub-
segment. On the second subsegment there is a large tubercle with a

106 THE ENTOMOT.OaiST's RECORD.

very stout seta in the subdorsal region, and a strong tubercle below.
Beneath the prothorax there are, on each side of the median line, four
tubercles arranged quadrilaterally. On the anterior portion of the
mesothorax, there is a pair of tubercles on the dorsum, with a pair
behind, followed by another pair ; on each side below these, are tw^o
pairs of tubercles ; beneath, there is a stout tubercle outside the
proleg, and a smaller one on the inner side, with the row of three
tubercles on the proleg betw^een them. The metathorax is similar,
except that on the dorsum there are only two pairs of tubercles, with
three instead of four tubercles beneath them. The arrangement of
the tubercles, as above described, agrees very well with that I have
seen in Xeptirtda cnj/itdla, and also in Trifitrcula ivumDidclla, but
from what I have seen of other species of Nepticula, I think many of
them would show a different arrangement.

Pupa: The total length of the pupa is about l-6mm. It is rather
stout and ochreous-yellow. The spiracles, which, in the larva, are very
inconspicuous, are here large, and somewhat raised above the general
surface. Most of the abdominal segments have a dorsal row of stout,
brown-tipped spines, about twenty on the anterior of the segment,
and the dorsum of the 10th abdominal carries two long spines directed
upwards, that is at a right angle to the general line of the dorsuna.
These two spines must be very useful in anchoring the pupa to the
silk inside the cocoon, when the pupa is thrust out sufficiently far for
the emergence of the moth. I have seen one or two tubercles with
setas in the subdorsal region, but they do not seem to be present on all
the segments.

Explanation of Plate IX.

Fig. 1. — Newh--laid ova of Nepticula acetosaex 20.

Fig. 2. — Larv'a in first instarxSO, ventral aspect, showing thoracic ridges.

Fig. 3. — Larva in second instar x 30, dorsal view.

Fig. 4. — Larva in third instar x 30, ventral aspect, showing the ganglia,

renal organs, and anal rods.
Fig. 5.— Larva in fourth instar, after leaving mine x 20, dorsal aspect.
Fig. 6. —Outline of larva in fourth instar x 10, lateral aspect.
Fig. 7. — Cocoon X 3.
Fig. 8.— Pupa X 10.
Fig. 9. — Imago x 12.

Fig. 10. — Leaf of Riiviex acetosa, containing four larval mines.
Fig. 11. — Diagrammatic representation of third abdtaninal segment of larva in

fourth instar, showing tubercles and setre.
Fig. 12. — Piece of skin of one of the abdominal segments, showing ventral

prolegs, skin-points, and tubercles. [Note absence of tubercles

V and vi.]
Fig. 13. — Piece of skin of one of the abdominal segments, showing dorsum

and lateral regions, The tubercles and seta:* in figs. 11, 12, and

13, are dra^vn on an exaggerated scale.

Variation of Aglais urticae.

By GILBERT II. RAYNOR, II. A.
I am indebted to M. Lambillion, of Jambes, Belgium, for the
information that he had already named two of the aberrations of A.
urticae included in my paper on this species in Ent. Bee, vol. xxi.,
p. 7. They are ab. luteomarginata ( = my ab. fidvomarginata), and ab.
bolandii ( = my ci(neati))iittata). His names supersede mine by virtue
of their priority. Appended are the original descriptions —

THE GENERIC SUBDIVISION OF THE LYCiENID TRIBE PLEBEIIDI. 107

ab. (et var.?) luteomarginnta , Lmbll. (n. ab.).— Couleur fauve du dessus tres
claire ; faordure marginale des quatre ailes d'lin jaune jDale, et non d'un gris
hlenatre comnie chez le type : taches bleues aux ailes superieures presque efFacees ;
tache blanche apicale fort developpee. Dessous des superieures d'un jaune pale,
sauf la l)ase et les deux premieres taches costales qui restent brunes ; la troisieme
et I'apicale plus jaunes que brunes. Dessous des inferieures ayant la base brune
coiume chez V. urticae, mais avec le reste d'un jaune tres pale marbre de ferru-
gineux, sauf la bande subterminale qui est d'un noir bleuatre. Obtenue d'eclosion,
en jiiin, a Namur (Lambillion. Revue mensuelle Namur., October 25th, 1906,

ab. bolandii n. ab. — <? . Taille d'un exemiDlaire moyen d uyticae. Ailes
superieures ayant la teinte fondamentale tyj^ique, mais avec la bordure marginale
tres large, noire ; points bleus ordinaii'es de cette meme bordure trci< nllonge^t, en
forme de traits ctroits, traversant tout Vespaee noir et avaneant meme dans la
partie fduve des ailes, surtout aux superieures. 'i'ache blanche apicale bien
marquee, traversee par le premier trait hleu. Des trois taches discoidales, il n'y a
que celle de la base qui est assez grande, mais ?zori eelairee de jaune exteriettrement :
les deux autres sont tres petites, la superieure a peine marquee. Ailes inferieures
ne portant qu'une etroite bande fauve, ayant la forme d'un triangle tres allonge,
natteignant ni le hord superieur ni Vangle anal. Dessous des ailes inferieures ne
portant que de legeres traces de jaune brunatre ; dessous des superieures b^aucoup
plus noir que chez urtieae.- Cette ab. comparee aux vingt varietes decrites, ne
correspond a aucune d'elles Cette forme nouvelle, tres remarquable surtout par
ses traits bleus et ses ailes inferieures, a ete capturee a Spa, le 8 aout 1907, par
notre jeune et infatigalile collegue, ^I. P. Boland, qui a deja fait de si belles
decouvertes dans notre region des Hautes-Fagnes. C'est avec le phis vif plaisir
que nous lui dedions cette belle aberration (I^.-J. Lambillion. Revue Mensuelle
Namur., October 25th, 1907, p. 42).

The generic subdivision of tlit Lycaenid tribe Plebeiidi.

By .T. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Nearly three years ago, when our preparatory study of the generic
synonymy of the Lyca?nids was taking shape, a study necessitated by
our contemplated revision of the group, in common with that of our
few British species, we gave (/v»^ lin-., xviii., pp. 129 <'t seq.) a
historical account of the generic names in the group, so far as was
necessary for our purpose, and so that the student might find himself
able to follow up our work, and the ordinary collector be not altogether
out of touch with alterations of names that were sure otherwise to
bother him.

Our studies of the Lampidids (with Lampidi'x bnt'tiriia), of the
Celastrinids (with Celastrina anjiolnx.), and the Everids (with Everes
an/iades and Cupido minimus), have left the purely British collector
exactly where he was, but the collector of Paltearctic butterflies
has already learned that the supposed allies of L. boeticua (judged
liy Staudinger's Catala;/), are quite outside the tribe Lampididi
even, and distributed through several genera {Xat. Hist. Brit. Lep.,
viii., p. 331), and that the Pabearctic Everids fall into several
generic sections (although anjiades remains the type of Ereres),
dealt with at length recently {np. cit., x., pp. 41 et .'ieq.).
But these names, although essentially aftecting the collector of
Palasarctic, need not worry the collector of our few British, butterflies.
We have now, however, in our revision, come to the study of the
f'lebeiidi, a veiy large group comprising the great mass of our small
Palfearctic and JSlearctic species of " blues." Some of the genera in this
tribe have already become pretty generally known to, and used by, our

108 THE entomologist's record.

British collectors, but a few of our Palsearctic collectors, who should,
in a matter of this kind, set the pace, having a greater amount of
material to study and investigate, and hence a broader field for general-
isation, want a little jogging occasionally, to keep them reasonably in
tbe lines of accuracy, from which a little laxity often tempts frail human
nature to stray.

[jjcaena (with ario?!, n)cas, etc.), Scolitaitiides (with ario)!, baton,
etc.), (7laiic()/is>/<'/ic (with ci/llanis, iiielanoi»i, etc.), fall quite outside the
tribe Plebeiidi, being only somewhat distantl)^ related thereto. As
we have already noted, the various references to different species in
this find otber British entomological magazines, have made our
readers conversant with the names of most of the Plebeiid genera
which we propose using in our revision of the tribe, but, as we have
to create certain others, we have here given a reHunie of all the
names we propose using, illustrated by reference to the British, and
some of the better-known Palaearctic, species referable thereto, and shall
be glad, for the sake of convenience in indexing, if those of our
contributors who send notes on butterflies, will, if convenient to
them, use the names in their articles. The Plebeiid genera referred to
are —

Pi.EBEius — Pleheius (trgtis {negon) (type), P. (irgj/rognoiuoii, I', lyculas. etc.

Vaucinhna — Vaceiniina optilete (type).

AuiCiA — Ar'icAa <tHlrarche (tyj^e), .4. ptfyloy'ilu, A. Idas, A. eumedon, A.
donzelii, etc.

Cyaniuis — CyiDiins ■■fcmia7'giis (iype), C pevAephatUi, etc.

Poi.YOMMATUS — Pohjoiiininl lis cros, P. icariis (tyjje), P. amaiida. P. ei^cJieri, P.
hylan, etc.

HiiiSDTiNA — Hiraiitina davion (type), 7/. doln.^, 11. admetitfi, etc.

Ai.iiULiNA — Albiilinti pheretes (type), etc;.

Latiorina — Lotiorbid orbitidui! (type), />. pyrenaica, etc.

AgR[ades — AgriadeK meleiiger, A. corldon (type), A. theti-'i {bellnrgiis), etc.

We have been largely helped in our determinations by Dr. Chapman
and ]\Ir. Bethune-Baker, although Dr. Chapman finds that, on the
genitalic structures, llir.stitijia is not separable from I'olyoiiiiiiatns. It
forms, liowever, such a distinct little lot of species that we retain the
name, and hope to work out some definite differential data when we
come to consider it in detail. This is merely intended now as a pre-
linnnary note to explain the names we have already determined to use,
and which we are using, in the volume of liriti^h Lepidn/dfra now
being published.

Contribution to the life=history of Coenobia rufa {irith plate.)

By H. M. EDELSTEN, F.E.S.
Two or three years ago I was in the Norfolk Broads with Mr.
Bowles, at the beginning of June, and not having very much to do
during the day, we thought Ave would try and find larv* of ('. rufa,
about whose life-history very little appears to be known in Britain.
As regards the continent, Wilde says " larva unknown," but he
describes the pupa, and Hoffmann describes the larva, and says it feeds
in Jinifus lainpnivarpKH, so we went to a spot where there is an
abundance of this rush, and where we had often taken C. rufa in
numbers. We started by looking for sickly rushes, but there were so
many stems of all colours, that it was like searching for a needle in a
haystack, so Ave gave that up, and kneeling down in the fen Ave pulled

CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE-HISTOKY OF C(ENOBIA RUFA. 109

every stem within reach. At last, when we were nearly giving it up,
I happened to pull a sickly-looking one, which come up quite easily,
and, on examining the lower end, we saw at once something was
feeding within. On cutting it open, we found a small, pinky-white
larva of the Nonagriid type, and felt sure we had got the right thing.
We set to work hard after this, going for all the unhealthy-looking
stems, and managed to get about a dozen, some of which duly produced
imagines. Since then several facts have been accumulated, of which
the following appear to be among the most interesting.

Ovum : The ovum is about -|mm. in diameter, round, whitish, and
quite devoid of markings, becoming darker before hatching, when the
pinkish segments of the young larva can be seen through the shell.
The eggs are laid in the centre of old rush stems, and the Avay they are
placed there is most interesting. The ? possesses two sharp spines on
the last segment (see pi. x), with which she makes a longitudinal slit in
the stem ; the spines are then forced apart, whilst the ovipositor is thrust
betw'een them into the pith, and the eggs are deposited in bunches of
three to eight. The ovipositor and spines are then withdrawn, and
the cut closes, and is hardly to be seen without a lens. The eggs
Avere laid from July 20th to August 1st, and began to hatch about
August 10th.

Larva : When first hatched, about 3^mm. long ; shining creamy-
white ; head, thoracic plate, and anal-plate, blackish-brown ; meso-
and metathoracic segments rather flattened, and pinky-white in colour,
other segments rather raised and pinky-brown, giving the larva a rather
banded appearance, the body having a few hairs arising from tubercles;
true legs slightly dark at tip ; ventral surface and legs whitish. The
fullfed larva examined on June 3rd, 1908, measured about 16mm.
long ; head yellow-brown ; prothorax and anal segments with straw-
coloured, shining plate ; colour of body pinkish-white, ventral surface
dirty-white ; head and body emitting some small whitish bristles ;
segments bearing also thirteen to fourteen small blackish tubercles.
The thoracic segments are rather flattened, rest sw^ollen, anal segment
flattened, true legs yellowish, prolegs dirty-white, dorsal line whitish.

Habits of larva : The young larviB remain in the old stems,
making galleries in the pith towards the root, and keep more or less
together. They appear to hybernate in these old stums, and early in
the spring bite their way out, Avhen each one enters a growing stem.
The larva? appear to feed in several stems. They bite an oval-shaped
hole about a quarter of the way up the stem, and, entering, feed head
downwards, ejecting frass through the hole; on reaching the root they
eat their way out, and enter another stem. The infested stems
quickly turn j'ello wish-green and wither. The ejected frass can be
seen on the moss, etc., round the tufts of rushes, and a little searching
reveals the infested stem. When about to pupate the larva enters an
old stem low down just where the sheath ends, beneath the mossy
surface of the fen, eats out a chamber, leaving a thin skin over its
emergence hole, which is just on the fen surface, and pupates head
upwards. They are fullfed from the end of May to the middle of
June. The foodplant is Jimciis laniprocarinis. Mr. Bankes believes it
feeds in J uncus ejf'usus in his district, and it may feed in some of the
other Juncus species also.

Pupa : ll^mm. long, with a distinct " beak; " anal end of pupa

110 THE entomologist's RECORD.

rounded, with dorsal surface ending in two sharp spines ; colour light
brown, segments slightly darker, also the ocellar area (beneath glazed
eye).

Habits of imago : The imago flies just before dark, and the flight
is straight, and just above the herbage ; they frequently settle, and if
alarmed drop to the bottom of the fen and sham death. They fly very
little after dark. The $ is very rarely met with, and seems to sit
about on the rushes, and seldom flies.

Habitats : The insect is very local, even in its favourite haunts,
which are fens and rushy meadows, and it seems to keep to the rushy
patches m the broads, and not to be all over the fen. Mr. Prout tells
me he has taken the species in the Isle of Wight, where there is a
small trickle of water down the clift", with a few reeds and rushes
growing in it, the whole spot being only a few feet square. It occurs
throughout Britain towards the end of July.

Parasites : The following parasites were bred from the larvae :
Barichni'umon lepidns, Aritranifi carnife.r, and Bracon fidvipes.

Variation : The perfect insect varies a good deal, and in addition
to the forms mentioned in Brit. Noct., vol. i., p. 48, viz., (1) the type,
(2) ab. lineola, Stph., (8) ab. pallescenx, Tutt ; there is (4) an interest-
ing reddish-brown form = ab. fiisra, Bankes.

I am indebted to Mr. Main for the photograph.

Explanation of Plate X.
Photo of body of Coenob'ui rnfa ? , showing the cutting spines.

The Lepidoptera of the Dischma=ThaI.

By .T. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The morning of August 1st, 1908, broke wet and chilly at Davos,
and it was not until after noon that a change for the better occurred;
then the sun broke out some\vhat fitfully, and a start was made for
the Dischma-Thal. For a little while towards the end of the after-
noon, the sun got more power, and a few butterflies were soon observed
on the wing. First and foremost was Erehia tyndanis, which is very
abundant throughout the valley, and then Chrijsophanus hippotho'e, a
few specimens in good condition, but the greater part worn. The $ s
appear to be of a dark race, with scarcely a trace of copper in the
upperside colour. With these were Loireia sitbalpina, a most interest-
ing insect, very dark, and in rather better condition than (\ idpimtho'e.
Besides these, Melauipias )itela»ipiis were common, but Krehia tnanto
was over, only a few worn $ s being observed. By the roadside a
few 5 s of Paranic viaera were flying, and, on the nettles, were large
numbers of larvse of !'i/ranieis atahtnta oi all sizes and ages, and Aglaia
urticae from newly-hatched to pupa>, hanging on the stone walls. A
mile or so up the valley the slopes began to take on more of the aspect
of the alpine pastures, and less of that of cultivated meadows, and the
herbage was less wet. Stepping up on these slopes, a fair number of
species were disturbed, among Avhich Coenmuimpha iphis and Hfsperia
alveus were most conspicuous, whilst An/ynnis aylaia, BrentJiis
amathmia, were in fewer numbers, the latter apparently quite over.
But the two species that were most abundant on the slopes were
Adkinia coprndactyla, and Crainhiis cnnchelliis ; the former was in the

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE DISCHMA-THAL. Ill

pink of condition, the g s with their long slender bodies and much
more uniformly-coloured pale grey wings, certainly more conspicuous
on flight than the smaller, more variegated, J , which shows consider-
able variation in the development of the discal spots, the fissural spots,
and the upper lobes of the forewings ; they flew just above the level
of the herbage w'hen disturbed, and hung on the grass and flower-
heads, ('rainbus concliellus fleAV somewhat high for a Crambid, with a
very gentle flight, but very conspicuous, looking whiter on the wing
than might reasonably be expected from its white-streaked golden fore-
wings and grey hindwings. With the exception of EuhoUa memnraria,
nothing else of interest appeared among the larger insects. Near
some sheds, ho'wever, a mass of Solidago vinjaurea was attractive, and
a suspicion that Fredericina calodactijla {zetterstedtii) might be an
inhabitant of the valley, led me to make a careful search. Beside,
the S. virf/aurea grew amongst a large bed of Pctositi^, from which, at
Mendel, I had disturbed some fine giant examples of Plati/ptilia
nenwralix. The herbage being now nearly dry, I plunged into it up to
my knees, and gently working forwards, soon had the pleasure of
seeing a Platyptiliid in my net, a certain Fredericina calodactyla: but
it was too early in the evening, or the insect was rare. I suspect the
former, but a close andcontinuoussearch, in the manner in which British
lepidopterists excel, only ended in fewer than half-a-dozen examples,
enough to shoAV that the species was there, and certainly past its best
condition. This, perhaps, was not to be wondered at, as it was at
least a month later than its time of appearance at Folkestone, although
again it was at some 5500ft. greater altitude. At the same time I
disturbed three examples of Leioptilufi tep/iradacti/la, one of which at
least was quite exposed, sitting on a Se)iecio flower, and these were not
at all in bad condition, but I kept them in confinement alive, fed them,
and pampered them, and was able to get some notes on their habits
for the next "plume" volume, if ever it should be finished. However,
it was getting late and cold, and, as close work produced so little, a
start back was made for Davos. Over the slopes Neweuphila plantaginis
was racing in its well-known, break-neck fashion, a few ]\lerrifieldia
tridacti/la were netted, and a few Tortricids, but this was all, except a
solitary ? of BrentJd^i pales at rest on a flower-head. One of the J
F . calodactyla enclosed in a box laid three eggs, exceedingly small, of a
full oval apparently in outline, much longer than broad, and not sunk
in the top ; under a hand lens the shell looks structureless, of a pale
or yellowish colour, and both ends not equally rounded, but as a
detailed description had already been published of the egg from British
examples {Xat. Hist. Brit. Lep., v., p. 167), I made no other notes at
the time, although I sent them to England for further observation.

The next day, as has already been recorded (rtv(?m, vol. xx., pp. 273 {et
seq.), was spent on the high slopes between the Schatz Alp and the Strela
Pass, and it was not until August 8rd that we again visited the Dischma-
Thal. This time we plunged into the pinewood at its entrance, and
wasted a considerable time. True there were large numbers of Larentia
caesiata, and worn Erebia ligea and E. enryale, both with especially
small spots, in many E. enryale reduced on the upperside of the fore-
wings to mere black dots, although the specimens and bands were of
normal size. A very fine J E. stygne was the only one seen, and an
abundance of FircntJiis awat/nisia, Aryynnis aylaia, some of the former

112 THE entomologist's RECORD.

in not at all bad, and the latter in splendid, condition, but not making
up for the good things Ave thought the outskirts of the wood might
possibly provide us ; so we stepped out over the slopes to the road,
finding the peasants, who were now busy shaving bare every available
inch for hay, not at all adverse to our intrusion, and walking over
plenty of Krehia tyndariis, on the whole rather small-spotted towards
the apex, and Coenonympha iphis, some of the latter very cleanly
marked on the underside of the forewings, Avith a broadish Avhite band
along the whole length of the outer margin, and Avith the usual
metallic line quite absent = ab. albowarfjinata, n. ab., the apical spot
on the underside of these Avings also being absent. Here and there
a specimen of (_'. paiiiplrilits Avas disturbed, but the species was evidently
rare. There were also a good many Erebia inanto, but too Avorn to be of
any service. Striking the path Ave soon passed our corner of the evening
of the 1st, the bed of I'ctasitis badly shoAAing where our heaA'y mountain-
boots had trampled the plants, and we felt sad Avhen Ave thought of the
damage, but Avere somewhat mollified at the knowledge of the Frederi-
cina calodactijla on our setting-boards, and the LeioptUus tephradactyla
that had bustled up and down the window that morning Avhilst we
were setting, and had gone back happily into their boxes just before
we had started. Lots of Melamju'ax tuelanipiia were on the pathway,
but we heeded them not. A steep gully soon came doAvn to the path,
its sides covered with wild flowers, and the latter Avith butterflies. We
thought this could not possibly mean " hay " so up Ave Avent. Here
we found a large number of interesting species, but almost all in such
a condition as to Avarn us that the season in the A^allej' for this year
was practically over. SAvarms of Erebia enryale,Q, few /'.'. iiianto, plenty
of K. tyndarns and Melaitipias welampiis, the last tAVO species in good
condition, the first two worn, Loireia snbalpina, and Chrysoplianus
hippotlio'e, whilst here, too, Avere the only two Heodes viryaii>eae seen in
the valley, the 5 of southern brightness, Avith a marked subterminal row
of white spots on the hindwings, and, also interesting, some worn
Melitaea athalia, and a single example of Melitaea viatitrna var.
wolfensberyeri, the first specimen of the species Ave had ever seen alive.
It sat fanning its wings on a flowerhead of Petasitis, and Avas recog-
nised at a glance, although somewhat worn ; of course it was an
extremely late example, as this is a species one cannot really expect to see
in August. Imagines of Vanrssa to and Ai/lais urticae were also
sunning on the floAA'ers, and an abundance of Aryynnis oylaia,A. niobe,
and Brentliis aiuathiaiia. Of moths, only Melanthia montanata was
disturbed with Eubnlia bipunctaria, and both species AA'ere still in good
condition. Up to this time not a single " blue" butterfly of any kind
had been observed in the valley, and a long tramp through the valley
looked like producing none, until at last the cultiA^ated portion of the
valley was left behind, and, after crossing a bridge, we found a rough
heathy slope that came doAvn to the roadside ; here a little runnel of water
ran down by the side of the road for about 300 yards, and here,
besides a number of Hesperia alreiis, Avere a few specimens of Poly-
ommatus icarns, Plebeius aryyroynoinon, Aricia astrarrJie, Latiorina
orbitulns, Cyaniris setniaryus, Vacciniina optilete, AlhuUna pheretes, and
Ayriades coridon, drinking the Avater, only a few of each, all 3' s, and
but one A. coridon, the only one seen in the valley. Another long
stretch Avith little of entomological interest, and then a change in the

LAKVAL HABITS OF IPHICLIDES AJAX. 113

country gave a fresh impetus to the number of insects that were avail-
able, and the number of Argynnis niobe was most marked. Among
other insects Brenthis selene occuxyqH, always a most interesting species
at this elevation ; HrfivfJn's palea now became very abundant, and, as
the country opened out into the final stretch leading up to the
Diirrboden with the Scaletta glacier in full view, a lai'ge white butterfly
flapped down in front of us, and disclosed at once Far)iassius deliiis,
2 , the first Parnassid seen in the valley. A couple of ^ s were then
successfully stalked as they came down from the slopes towards the
grassy flats that borders the stream that here hustles down the valley
at a rather slower pace than usual. The number of examples of
Pieris hrassicae observed in the valley throughout the day had been
remarkable, and so large were they, that it was not often easy to
discriminate between them and P. delius at a little distance. P. rapae
was also abundant, but of P. najyi only one worn $ was noticed.
Here too Colios palaeno was fairly abundant, swinging along the slopes
at tremendous pace. It was absolutely necessary to examine the
species at close quarters, and, after some energy had been expended,
perhaps half-a-dozen were captured, all remarkably small, but hope-
lessly worn and worthless. The afternoon was now drawing to a
close, so slow had been our progress up the valley, and as there seemed
little more to be done this day, we turned our faces towards Davos,
hoping that, if ever good fortune settled that we should again visit
the Dischma-Thal, we should do so at least three weeks earlier than,
on the present occasion. On the way down the valley we saw a
specimen of Argijnnis aglaia asleep, resting on the underside of a sallow
leaf about 5-|ft. from the ground, very similarly to one observed in the
late afternoon of August 1st, which was resting near the same place on.
the underside of an alder-leaf about 4^ft. from the ground.

Larval habits of Iphiclldes ajax.

By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S.

(1) Piesting -habit ijoiing : The young larva of Iphiclides aja.v rests
usually either on the underside of the leaves of Asiiiiina triloba (papaw),
or upon the dark grey stems of that plant with which its colour exactly
harmonises. Whilst resting, its thoracic legs are not clasped ; and it
does not adopt the " sphinx-like attitude " so frequently presented by
the young larva of Papiiio macJiaon, but is outstretched. When under-
going ecdysis it rests also either on the underside of a leaf, or upon
the stem of its foodplant.

(2) Feeding-habit yoioiii : On emergence from the ovum, the larva
of I. aja.v does not eat the empty egg-shell, contrary to what Scudder
says (JliittK. New Kngl., vol. ii., p. 1273), in fact I have been unable to
discover that it does anymore than make a passage lor its proportionately
verj' large head. It feeds as it rests on the underside of the leaves,,
and generally eats pieces more or less circular in shape, from the young
leaves of Asiviina triloba, the holes made being minute at first, but
increasing with the growth of the larva. It feeds entirely during the
day, and eats its cast skins. Sometimes the newly-hatched larva will
feed on the upperside of the leaf, but it soon loses this habit entirely.

(3) llei^ting-liabit old : On the underside of a leaf of Asimina triloba,
rarely on the stem of the plant, and then only, as a rule, if of the dark

114 THE entomologist's RECORD.

grey variety, which resemble in coloui- the wood. Indifferent (as when
young- also), whether head points towards tip or stem of leaf. Out-
stretched position. Same attitude and position when undergoing
ecdysis.

(4) Feediiui-hahit old : Still entirely on underside of leaf of Jsiiiiina
triloba, but now holding on along midrib. Eats right across leaf,
from tip towards stem, retreating as it feeds. Still regularly eats
exuviae. Feeds entirely by day.

(5) Food-habit : I have neveir been able to get my ajax larvae, of
whatever brood, to feed on anything but papaAV {Asimina triloba).
Asimina (jrandi/lora, however, I have been i;nable to procure. I tried
them with our English kinds of \'acriniii)ii, with Tomato, Melon, etc.,
but could not induce them to feed. Once or twice the imagines have
laid ova, in the absence of Asimina, on Aristolochia aiplio, but after one
meal or so the larva perished.

(6) I have been able to discover no difference between the sleeping-
and the resting-habits of /. aja.c (larva). It keeps principally to the
underside of the leaves of papaw, but occasionally sleeps on the
stem of that plant.

(7) Forirard or lafniard habit : Of the two small broods of I. aja.v
larvae which I had under observation, I noticed that some fed up sooner
than others. All of them, however, in the instance of the first brood,
produced imagines within a week of one another. In the case of the
second brood only two larvte pupated successfully, both of these doing so
withiu three days of each other. One pupa gave birth to an imago in
about three weeks, the other, in spite of attempts to force it, is
hybernating as such (<■/'. Edwards' account of /. aja.r, Biittfi. of Xorth
America).

(8) Movt-moitx : After hatching, the larva of /. aja.r, though
onisciform, displayed great activity. Crawling about the stem and
leaves of papaw rapidly, and letting itself down by a silken thread if
disturbed or frightened. Unlike the larvre of I'apilio marhaon and
Laertias ph lienor, it moves backwards when full-grown whilst feeding.
When older it loses the habit of descending by means of a silken
thread, but remains rapid in its movement till the end. It, however,
will only display its activity if disturbed or in search of food.

(9) Silk-spinnin<i Jiabit : With the exception of the habit of letting
itself down by a silken thread when recently hatched, the larva of
I. ajax makes remarkably little use of silk, even when undergoing
ecdysis. I suppose that this is due partly to its living always on the
underside of the leaves or upon the stems of its foodplant or on the
skin, partly to the fear of betraying its presence which evidently
characterises it.

(10) Unlike the larvae of ['apilio machanii and Lacrtias pltilcnor,
that of /. aja.r conceals itself with assiduity all its life. When young-
it is not content with closely resembling a snuill grey slug, but hides
itself usually either on the underside of the leaves, or upon the stems
of its foodplant. This protective habit seems to grow with age (see
the end of note 2).

When full grown its yellow-banded green-gray shape, swelling
considerably towards the head, which resembles a blunt leaf-tip, and
tapering to a stem-like tail, seen at right angles to the leaf upon which
it feeds or rests, gives it the exact appearance of a l^ent or unfolding

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED RECENTLY IN ROSSSHIRE. 116

young leaf of Asi)iiino triloba, with the sunlight playing on its semi-
transparency.

The larva of 1. aja.r is less inclined to use its osmaterium than those
of L. philenov and P. niachaon, rarely doing so if subjected to rough
treatment when full-grown.

Edwards' account of the stench produced by the acrid secretions of
this larva, is to my mind greatly exaggerated. To my nostrils, though
stronger than that of P. machaon, it is no whit more disagreeable, yet
he talks of " the stench being so strong as nearly to turn one's
stomach " (quoted by Scudder Butts. New Eni/l., vol. ii., p. 1273).

When short of food this larva exhibits cannibalistic tendencies, but
not to an}- great extent. I only lost two larv;*! out of twenty in this
yvB,y, though they were so short of food that several w^ere unable to
pupate successfully. Indeed, difficulty in procuring the foodplant
which had to be sent for from the middle of France, prevented me
from going further into the life-history of this larva. With that of
1. podalirins, I was totally unsuccessful, as I was unable to get the
imagines to pair in the semi-captivity of my butterfly house. The
full-grown larva of IpJiidules aja.v varies considerablj- in colour, one or
two, though kept in the same surroundings as the rest, being almost
of a lamp-black in hue. As the cage they were kept in had zinc sides,
it is possible that they were unusually photographically sensitive to
their surroundings. (I think that this photographic sensitiveness of
the larval skin must vary in individuals, for this year I noticed that
one or two of my P. wachaon pupte were of the green variety, though
in darker places and further removed from green leaves than some of
the brown-black variety''.)

* They had pupated immediately below those on the same branch of the same
Skimmia-bush.

List of Lepidoptera captured recently in Rossshire.

By DOROTHY J. JACKSON.

In the " preface " to the Kntoniohxjiiit'fi Bi'cnrd, vol. xix, is a request
by the Editor for contributions towards a list of the lepidopterous fauna
■of Rossshire and Sutherland. The list sent herewith comprises all
the species that I have myself captured in Rossshire, many of which have,
I believe, not been hitherto recorded for the county. By " Swordale "
I include a radius of about eight miles in everj^ direction, never more,
but, in cases, in which I have found any species to be exceptionall}'
local, I have mentioned the particular locality, such as " Kincraig,
Invergorden," which is only eight miles distant. I have usually put
the locality first, and then the date, and where " Swordale " is not
mentioned, I have not found the species in the eight miles' radius.
Conon Falls are about 20 miles away. I may add that most of the
species have been identified by myself, but that those of which I had
any doubt were submitted to Mr. Grimshaw of the Scottish Museum,
before admission to the list. The following is a list of the species
observed :

DiuRNi. — Pieris brassicae, Swordale, common, June 80th, 1908,
Stirkoke, Wick ; larvae abundant on nasturtium, September 27th,
1907. P. rapae, not common, Swordale. P. napi, abundant, Sword-
ale, April 25th, 1907 ; May 10th, 1908 ; July 24th, 1908. Brentlm

116 THE liMUMUIjUOlS'i'b RECOKlJ.

aelene, Swordale, common, July 16th, 1907. B. euphrosipie, Swordale,
common, July 16th, 1907 ; May 31st, 1908. An/ymns arjlaia, not
very common, Swordale, July 25th, 1907; August 23rd, 1906 ; Falls
of Conon, Stvathpeffer, July 18th, 1908; Loch Maree. Jime, 1905.
Aqlais urticae, common, Swordale, May 10th, 1908 ; October 3rd,
1908 ; May 20th, 1908 ; July 6th, 1908. Pi/rameis cardiii, a few wwn
specimens seen at Swordale on May 9th, 1906. P. atalanta, not very
common, Swordale, October 13th, 1908 ; Loch Achilty, Strathpeffer,
very worn, October 9th, 1908; Stirkoke, Wick, October 12th, 1908.
Sati/riis seiiiele, fairly common in low lying districts near the sea ;
Nigg, August 14th, 1906 ; August 26th, 1908 ; Nairn, July 27th, 1908.
Kpinephele janira, Swordale, common, July 4th, 1908. Coenonyrnpha
tiphoji, Swordale, common, frequenting the damper parts of the moor,
July 3rd, 1908. 0. paniphilia^, Swordale, abundant, May 31st, 1908 ;
Balmacara, West Ross, June 8th, 1905. Callop/trys nibi, Swordale,
common, especially fond of dry heaths with scattered pine-trees, and
in such situations often exceedingly plentiful, but difficult to follow
with the eyes, its colour closely assimilating with the brown and green
'.ihades of the heather, May 13th, 1906; May 8th, 1907; May 12th,
1908; Stromferry, West Ross, June, 1906. Bnun'cio pJdacas, com-
mon, but rather local, Swordale, May 18th, 1908; June 6th, 1908;
Nairn, July 29th, 1908. Pulyomiiiattis icarns, Swordale, common,
June 20th, 1908 ; Nairn, July 27th, 1908. Xisoniades tayex, very
local, Swordale, June 8th, 1906 ; Falls of Conon, Strathpeffer, May
;-iOth, 1908.

Heteroceea. — Amorpha popidi, fairly common, Swordale, July
18th, 1907; reared. May 10th, 1908; Stirkoke, Wick, two larvae
beaten from poplar, September 25th, 1907. Anthrocera ftlipenduloe,
cocoon found amongst heather on a small island close to Kyle of Loch
Alsh, June 14th, 1907, emerged, .June 25th, 1907. Sormthnpiis
uvdnlamts, larvae beaten from oak near Inverness, August 9th, 1907
another larva from oak near Beauly, July 4th, 1908. Nnla cnvfusalis,
larva beaten from oak near Inverness, August 9th, 1907. Nemeophila
plaiitayinis, common, July 16th, 1907 ; July27th, 1907, Swordale. Arctia
caja, larvje sometimes common, Swordale, reared, July 13th, 1906 ; Tain
larva, May 23rd, 1908, imago emerged, July 17tb, 1908. P/miywatobia
fuliginosa var. horealiH, common, larvae abundant, Swordale, imago
reared. May 17th, 1908 ; Dornoch, larva, September 26th, 1906; Stir-
koke, Wick, larva September 5th, 1908. Spilos())iia menthastri, Swor-
dale, larva, common, September 1st, 1908 ; Nigg, larva, September
18th, 1908 ; Kyle of Loch Alsh, imago, resting very conspicuously on a
black piece of ground where the heather had been recently burnt, on a
small island close to the shore, June 14th, 1907. Hepialus hinniili,
Swordale, common, June 26th, 1908; larva, Wick, Stirkoke, Septem-
ber 10th, 1908. II. velleda, Swordale, common, June 25th, 1908;
July 3rd, 1908. Dasyc/iira fascelina, Swordale, fairly common, imago
reared, July 8th, 1906. (Jryyia antiqiia, Swordale, common, fullfed
larva found on heather, September 1st, 1905, pupated, September
5th 1905 : inuigo emerged, October 1st, 1905 ; larva beaten from
sallow, July 22nd, 1907 ; September 1st, 1907 ; Fails of Conon,
Strathpeffer, beaten from birch, July 18th, 1908. Pnecilncanipa popidi,
Swordale, fairly common, larva, May 12th, 1907 ; Falls of Conon,
larva, July 18th, 1908 ; larviv collected in 1907 produced one imago

NOTKS ON COLLECTING. 117

on Novembei' 3rd, 1907 ; but from three pupte passing over the winter 2 s
emerged on October 12th, 1908, October 17th, 1908, and October 30th,
1908. Trichiura crataeiji, Swordale, three larvte feeding on heather,
July 20th, 1906; another larva on heather, June 16th, 1908; larva
feeding on sallow, Loch Ussie, Strathpeffer, June 20th, 1908. Macro-
thylacia rubi. Swordale, common, 2 reared June 10th, 1906 ; eggs
laid on same day produced larv* on July 17th, 1906. Laf^iocawpa
querciis, Swordale, common, larva, June 3rd, 1907 ; July 15th, 1906;
imago, reared, June 16th, 1908 ; June 25th, 1908. Saturnia pamnia,
Swordale, common, imago, reared, May 5th, 1907; Kyle of Loch
Alsh, June 11th, 1905, larva; cocoon, Loch Maree, June 2nd, 1908;
cocoon, Stirkoke, Wick, September 26th, 1907. Drepana lacertinaria,
Swordale, common, larva beaten from birch, August 20th, 1906 ;
July 23rd, 1907 ; Falls of Conon. July 18th, 1908, larva ; Dornoch,
larva beaten from birch, September 28th. 1906. Drepana falcataHa,
Swordale, not common, larva beaten from birch, September 9th, 1907 ;
Falls of Conon, July 18th, 1908. Dirranura furcida, Swordale, fairly
common, larva feeding on sallow, September 19th, 1906; August 30th,
1908. Cerura vinnla, Swordale, common, larva, August 12th, 1908 ;
Stirkoke, Wick, larvae feeding on aspen, September l.'^th, 1908.
Pterostnma palpina, Swordale, fairly common, imago beaten from
poplar, July 9th, 1907 ; larva beaten from sallow, .July 24th, 1908.
Lophoptery.r camelina, Swordale, fairly common, larva, August 31st,
1908 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larva beaten from alder, September 27th, 1907 ;
September 11th, 1908. Leiocawpa ilictaea, Swordale, not common,
larva beaten from poplar. September 1st. 1906; Dornoch, larva beaten
from aspen, September 29th, 1907. L. dictaeoides, Swordale, fairlj'
common, Conon Falls, Strathpeffer, larva beaten from birch, July
18th, 1908 ; Dornoch, larva, September 26th, 1906. Notodonta
dromedarins, Swordale, common, larva, July 30th, 1906 ; Falls of
Conon, Strathpeffer, September 18th, 1908, and October 3rd, 1908,
larva ; Dornoch, larva, September 26th, 1906 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larva,
September 11th, 1908. N. ziczac, Swordale, common, larva, August
30th, 1908 : Stirkoke, Wick, larva. September 11th, 1908. Phalera
hucephala, Swordale, not common, larva, September 11th, 1906 ; Falls
of Conon. larva, October 3rd, 1908. Thyatira batisi, Swordale, fairly
common, larva, August 12th, 1906 ; Inverness, imago, July 4tlj,
1907 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larvae rather common, feeding on wild rasp-
berry, September 6th, 1908. Cymatophnra or, Swordale, common,
imago reared, June 16th, 1908 ; Dornoch, larva, September 29th,
1907 ; Camster Burn, near Wick, larva beaten from aspen, September
7th, 1908. ( '. duplaris, Swordale, common, imago, July 9th, 1908 ;
Dornoch, larva beaten from birch, September 27th, 1906. Asphalia
Jiaricornis, Swordale, common, larva, September 9th, 1907 ; Loch
Maree, larva, June 2nd, 1908 ; Camster Burn, near Wick, larva,
September 13th, 1908. Dewas coryli, Swordale, common, Falls of
Conon, larva, July 18th, 1908 ; Camster Burn, near Wick, several
larvae beaten from hazel, September 7th, 1908.

(To be continued).

118

THK KNTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

First appearances of Butterflies noticed in 1909. — On April
24th, I saw the first Cdastriuo anjiolnH of the year, a ^ hovering over
an elder-bush at the bottom of the garden here, in Lewisham. The
earliest Pierix mpae were observed on April 9th, at Marychurch, A(flais
urticae and Vanessa iu the same day near Marychurch, the first PierU
rapae at Lewisham on April 19th, and the first P. brassicae the next
day. Since then, many examples of both species have been seen. —
A. M. Cochrane, Lewisham. April 26th, 1909.

Eggs of Bombyx mori wanted for school purposes. — An appeal
TO the generous. — May I ask if any of your contributors who may
have eggs of the silkworm moth {Bombyx mori) to spare, will kindly
forward a few for use in the Natural History lessons in this school ?—
E. G. Pease, Portman Place Higher Grade School, Bethnal Green,
N.E. April 22/a/, 1909. i^May we support Mr. Pease's appeal ; and
further, ask for a supply of larvae of Aijlais urticae, or those of an)
other common butterfly or moth, or any common water beetles (living)
during the season for school purposes, addressed either to Mr. Pease
or Mr. Tutt, at the above school address ? — Ed.]

Birds and Insects. — It may be well to place on record the fact
that, on April 3rd, whilst in Epping Forest, I noticed a pair of Great
Tits catching Brephos /larthenias. They were particularly quick at
catching them on the wing. — H. M. Edelsten, F.E.S., Forty Hill.
Enfield. Mat/ 5th, 1909.

PiERis manni in Valais. — It may be of interest to record that 1
captured Pieris inanni at Sierre, where I spent some days recently. I
felt certain that the insect would be found in Valais, since I have
already taken ro.s.s// at Martigny and at Branson, and Sierre seems a
very suitable place for P. manni, being very warm, and its environs
arid and rocky. — (Professor) J. L. Reverdin, M.D.. 48 Rue du Rhone,
Geneva. May 1st, 1909.

Spring Lepidoptera in the Jura. — It was too early for many
butterflies to be on the wing when we paid a short visit to the Jura in
April. The weather had broken, after the delightful spell of bright
sunshine we enjoyed at Easter, when we reached Lons-le-Saimier. the
chief town of the department, on April 17th. On the following
morning, during a walk in the park between the showers, I noticed
Tephrosia ronaonaria on a tree-trunk, and a Pierid was flying which I
was unable to get near enough to say whether it was napi or rapae. but
on the 20th, at Morez, 737 metres altitude, 1 captured the former
species and saw the latter, and next day at the same place several
fjronepteryj: rhamni, all males, and Aylais urticae disported themselves
in the sunshine. On the sallows I noticed a hyberuated Euranessa
antiopa, white-edged and ragged. The 21st was a bright spring day,
and we drove to Les Russes, a fortified frontier post among the snow
patches, at an altitude of 1,100 metres, but at this height no butter-
flies were seen. On the 22nd, on the hills above Morez, the two
" whites" already mentioned, U . rhainni (again all males), /*-'. antiopa.
A. urticae, and a male (elastrina aryiohm, evidently just out, were cap-
tured. The only other species to be recorded is Kuchloe cardamines, of
which I saw and caught one male only at Les Planches-en-Montagne,
altitude 725 metres, on April 24th. After this date the weather again

CURRENT NOTKS. 119

became unsettled, and no more butterflies were noticed. — A. E. Gibbs,
F.E.S., St. Albans. May 1th, 1909.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Notes on the habits ov Leptidia sinapis. — The following note in
connection with the habits of this species may be of some interest. On
September 5th, 1908, near Vernet-les- Bains, I was watchinga 5 L.sinapix,
who was evidently searching for a plant on which to lay an egg. She
flew low down amongst the herbage wMth the weak flappy flight peculiar
to the species. Before long, she came upon an (>)wbrychis growing at
the side of a rock, and after a short examination, settled upon it. At
the same instant a passing J" sina/)is saw her, and came fluttering
slowly down. She was aware of his presence, for she flapped her
wings sharply once or twice but took no further notice of him for the
time being, and going on with the business in hand, curved her body
to lay an egg on the underside of a leaflet. The male settled on the
rock. As soon as the egg was laid she flew oft", the male following.
They settled together on a leaf and the male placed himself in front of
her with his head towards hers. He uncurled his proboscis and with
It struck her left antenna repeatedly, moving his head vigorously the
while, and giving jerky flaps with his wings. He would strike her
with his proboscis 6 or 8 times in succession, then remain perfectly
still for 20 seconds with his proboscis curled, only to begin again. The
female kept her wings upright and closed, but, at every stroking tap
she received upon her antenna, she responded with a little flap. This
went on with great regularity for nearly 5 minutes, the male never
once attempting to pair. He then flew away, leaving the female at
rest. I have not noticed the curious mode of courtship before, either
in the case of Pierids or any other butterflies. The egg laid resembled
in surface and colour that of Pifiris rapae, hnt it was larger and tapered
towards each end. — H. Powell. F.K.S., 7, Rue Mireille, Hyeres, France.
February 5th, 1909.

(CURRENT NOTES.

The Carlisle Natural History Society has, for some time, had in
hand a large number of papers relating to the local fauna and flora,
that have been at various times read before the Society. The Society
has now determined to publish these in Trayixactiom, vol. i of which,
IS now ill press, including one paper on Lepidoptera (by Mr. G. B.
Routledge), and (me on Coleoptera (by Mr. F. H. Day). The price
will be 2s. 6d., and the secretaries ask for the support of naturalists
by taking copies. Information from Mr. L. E. Hope, The Museum,
Tullie House, Carlisle.

A most important paper (in English) " On the classification of
the Dermaptera " has been published in the Oentsch. Ent. Zeitschrift,
by Mr. M. Burr. The suggestions are put forward as tentative, and
Mr. Burr asks for criticisms, observations, and suggestions. He
divides the order up into —

Fam. 1. Apachyid^

f^Subfam. ANAT^LrN.ffl.

Fam. 3, PyoioicBANiDa - " t^ ^

,. Karschiellin^.

I „ PYGIDICBANINa:.

120

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Fam. 3. Labudj.

Fam. -i. LiIlbiduridx.

Fam. 5. Forficulid^

Subfam. ALLOSTEXHlNiE .

,, esphalmenin^.

,, Brachylabin/e.

,, Pyragrin^.

,, LABIDURINiE.

,, PSALIN*.

Subfam. Auchenomin^.

,, Chelisochin^.

,, CHELIDDRINiE.

,, ANECHDRINa:.

,, Ancistrogastrin* .

j ,, FORFICULIN^.

,, Opisthocosmiin*.

This looks healthy. A classification in which the families and
subfamilies are already capable of being definitely separated, suggests
that the further study of the group will soon divulge the characters on
which the genera can be grouped into their respective tribes within
these subfamilies. No doubt Mr. Burr finds his visual grip of the
groups ahead of his power to define the differences he sees in words,
but this is so with everyone who is pushing ahead, and the power of
definition comes with further study and greater knowledge, and one
suspects that we shall soon have a fairly complete and rational classifi-
cation of the Dermaptera on phylogenetic lines. In the meantime,
Mr. Burr asks for criticism, destructive and constructive, especially
the latter.

Dr. Wood, m his revision of l^liora, adds more new species to the
British list and to science ; thus there are Plwra ohsrnripennis, P.
conformu, P. huiiiilis, P. alticolella, P. hortensis, P. nitpipea, P. umjui-
cularis, P. harhidata, P. beckeri, P. fmu/irora, P. alhipennis, P. sordida,
P. altifrons, P. plearalix, P. direraa, P. cariabilis, P. snbpleiiralis, P.
frontalis, P. iufraposita, P. reruaiis, P. rilipes, P. scutellaris, all new to
science, and /'. melanwephala, v. Ros., and P. hitea, Mg., new to the
British list, but already described.

A paper on "The cross-breeding of two races of Aciilalia vinfularia,"
with the statistical results obtained and tabulated, and the bearing of
these results on the question of Mendelism, by Messrs. A. W. Bacot
and L. B. Prout, has just been published in the Proceedings of the
Royal Society, B., vol. 81, pp. 1B3-150. It is a most illuminating
paper, but must be read by those interested to be properly appreciated.
It is already a summary, and further summarising would not leave
any clear mental picture of the results.

We have received from India, from our friend, Lt.-Col. Manders, a
request that reads as follows : •' In the last number of the Trans. Knt.
Soc. Lond., is a paper by Mr. Moulton ' On some of the principal
Mimetic (Miillerian) combinations of Tropical American Ikitterflies,'
and as an addendum to this paper, on p. 608, is a heading ' Certain
Miillerian combinations among the Danainae of the Old World,' illus-
trated by plate xxxiv. The figures are of three common Euploeas said to
form a Miillerian combination. Would you please exhibit on my
behalf, or your own, ' a combination of Pierines from the County of
Middlesex,' riz., Pieris brassirae, P. rapae, and P. napi- If you should
be asked at the meeting what evidence you have of tasting experiments

CURRENT NOTES. 121

by young birds in England, you can reply— the same evidence that
there is in other cases of Mullerian mimicry, that is, none whatever.
1 cannot help thinking that the adherents of this theory are carrying
their ideas to the most unwarrantable lengths."

Most entomologists accept the general principles underlying the
usual explanations of the theories of what are commonly known as
simple instances of ' Batesian," and even of '' Miillerian," mimicry.
When these theories were first propounded, explanations of the
phenomena observed were offered l)y men who knew the habits of the
mimics and their supposed models in nature, and who were in a
position to state the details in favour of, and those against, the sug-
gestions made in explanation.

During the last fifteen or twenty years the question of the explana-
tion of assumed phases of Mimicry has been discussed by a host of men
who have often never seen the supposed models or mimics alive, who
know nothing of their habits, of their times of appearance, or even of
the fact that they inhabit the same places at the same time, the most
snnple necessity for mimicry to be of the least effective value.
In proportion to the ignorance of the authority of the exact locality,
time of appearance, and habit of species supposed to be •' mimickers "
and "mimicked," has been the tendency for the said authority to enter
into a wealth of detail with regard to the assumed origin of minor
points of resemblance in various species, coupled with the manufacture
of a peculiar terminological jargon which appears to have been created
largely for the purpose of making ignorance appear to be knowledge.

The result has been that, at last, we have reached a point when the
study of theoretic mimicry in its own particular language, has reached
the status of a brilliant game of mental gymnastics, far in advance of
chess, in which the names of insects are used as the pieces to move,
the cloth on which the game is played having peculiar insects figured
thereon, but from which game all reference to the habits of real insects
is definitely excluded. Entomology is, as it were, called in as a sort of
table-cloth on which the new philosophic, brainy, develo))ment, is to be
played. A first-class game in this new philosophical, pseudo-entomo-
logy, was played at a recent meeting of the Entomological Society of
London. The game (which was only one of a series) was opened by
Mr. Guy Marshall, who had a sheet on which were drawn five figures
of butterfiies, three of which interest us. One of these had apparently
a red splotch on its forewing. another had a blue splotch on its hind-
wing, the third one had both a red splotch on its forewing and a blue
splotch on its hindwing. The red splotch and the blue splotch were,
we understand, to be called aposemes, the bnttertly with the two
splotches had, therefore, a double aposeme.

Without going into the supposed details that had led up to this special
form of coloration, we will merely note that one of the elements in the
game, was to find out, if it so happened that three species of butterflies,
one nasty to the taste with a red aposeme on its forewing, a second
nasty to the taste with a blue aposeme on its hindwing, and a third
nice to the taste with both a red aposeme on its forewing, and a blue
aposeme on its hindwing, lived in the same place, what chances the
butterfly with the two aposemes would have of escaping from two
birds, one of whom had learned from tackling the butterfly with a red

122

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RFCORD.

aposeme, that butterflies with red on the forewings were nasty, and
the other of whom had learned from tackling the butterfly with a blue
aposeme, that butterflies with blue on the hindwings were nasty.

Mr. Marshall lectured with excellent humour and knowledge,
and gained at once the sympathy of his listeners. He began by
telling the Fellows that he had not the slightest knowledge that
any such butterflies as those he had drawn existed ; he did, how-
ever, show two butterflies that had certain aposemes, that lived in
Peru, and a third butterfly which had in a crude way both aposemes,
but " did not live within a thousand miles of Peru," but which, we
understood, had been taken as the pieces in a previous game, to
prove the effectiveness of the double aposeme to a species living 1000
miles from Peru, and supposed to warrant it against the attacks
of birds that lived in Peru, and had learned the dangers and nasti
ness of the species with the single aposemes living in Peru, all of
which struck us as very funny.

In answer to a question as to whether he had met, in his experi-
ence, in the tropics or elsewhere, any three species, living in the same
place, at the same time, and with similar habits, one of which bore
the possible relation of the double aposeme to the other two with
single aposemes, he stated that he had not. He further stated that
one of the reasons for his lecture, was that he wished to prove that even
if it were granted that these things did happen, i.e. (such insects did
occur together), in nature, then the chances of the success of the double
aposeme would not be what it had been argued it would.

We were sorry that the President of the Entomological Society
was not on the floor of the house to finish the game properly, but
really it did not much matter. What we do want seriously to ask the
Fellows of the Entomological Society, is whether these pseudo-entomo-
logical discussions could not be left to the brainy philosophers to fight
out elsewhere, whilst the meeting-room was available for matters really
pertaining to entomology, and entomological science. It is one of the
greatest pleasures in life for an entomologist to hear a man's first-hand
observations of species that he has watched in the field, mimics or
otherwise, but it is surely high time we clarified our minds and
distinguished fact from fiction, froth from fluid, entomology from
entomological word-fights.

The South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies holds its next
Congress at Winchester, from June 9th- 12th. The retiring President.
Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.R., F.R.S., etc., will open the congress, and
the four days will be occupied with various matters of Scientific
mterest. particularly those relating to Hampshire. Particulars froni
Rev. H. Ashington Bullen, Englemoor, Heathside Road. Woking.

Dr. Chapman has discovered that the foodplant of l.atiorina
(irhitidiis is Andrasare (Grriioria) n'taliaiia. Common ii,s this species is
in the high Alps, the dectection of the foodplant has hitherto baffled
all observers.

Mr. .7. H. Watson describes how a consignment of the cocoons of
Attociis eduardsii, recently sent him from Calcutta, was "opened by
the postal authorities, the cocoons tipped out and tumbled back again
anyhow, not packed as they were before, the lid pressed down tight,
and so crushing the cocoons that only four out of twenty were unhurt.

SOCIETIES. 128

and one entirely missing." His further account of how a box "of
rare hybrid Saturniids was sent to the United States, carefully packed
in a box with a glass lid, so that the contents could been seen, and
provided with a label asking the customs' examiners to be careful with
them, had the cord cut, the box opened, the cord and label placed
inside among the moths, and the box then carefully tied up with
string of their own," is pathetic in its exposure of official ignorance.
Surely there must be, among the entomologists of Britain and the
United States, someone sufiticiently influential to attempt to stop such
wanton destruction.

Both our contemporaries, The Kntotnologist and Ent. Mo. Mag.,
record the exhibition at the meeting of the South London Ent. Soc,
on February 25th, " several A7so«ia</<?.s tages var. taras^ This seems
to be something new to the British list, or something new in the way
of " skipper " mixtures.

SOCIETIES.

The South London EntomoloctIcal and Natural History Society.
— March ll?/i, 1909. — Exhibits.— Mr. South exhibited a short series
of Addidia degenenuia received from Mr. J. Walker of Torquay, and
pointed out that they were lighter in colour than the Portland form.
March 26^/i, 1909 — Exhibits : Mr. G. B. Brown exhibited specimens
of Eubolia bipimctaria from Branscombe and Dawlish, which exhibited
a reddish suffusion compared with specimens coming from Horsley.
Mr. Tonge, an underside of Triaena psi, in which the central black
spot was produced towards the base as a line. Mr. Bowman, a very
pale 5 of Syssia hispidaria from Chingford, and Mr. Coote, ova of
the same species, and a 2 specimen of Atdsopteryx aescuLaria. April
8th, 1909. Exhibits : Mr. Newman, a living $ of Asteroscopus
nubeculosa bred that morning after being four years in the pupal stage.
Mr. Main, ova cases of a leaf insect from Ceylon, each containing one
ovum. The species was parthogenetic, <? s being rarely produced.
Mr. Turner, a series of the delicate Pyrale, (rlgphodes xinnaia, from the
Ja River, Caineroons.

Entomological Society of London. — March 11th, 1909. — Gnan-
dromokphous Euchloe. — Mr. G. Meade-Waldo exhibited a gynandro-
morphous example of Euchloe carda}iiines, bred from a larva found at
Hever, Kent. The wings on the right side showed the <? characters,
on the left the ? , the orange apical coloration showing faint traces
on the latter as seen in E. etiphenoides $ . Oviposition of Coenobia. —
Mr. H. M. Edelsten brought for exhibition a stereoscopic photo of the
anal segments of Coenobia rtifa 2 , showing the spines. These spines
are driven into the dead stems of Jnnciis lamprocarpus making a longi-
tudinal slit, they are then opened, and the ovipositor thrust into the
pith and the ova deposited in small bunches. Ovipositor and spines
are then withdrawn, and the cut, closing up, is hardly visible.
Aberrant form of Chrysophanus hippothoe, L. — Mr. W, Schmassinan,
a curiously marked ? of Chrysophanns hippothoe caught on July 22nd,
1908, at Goschenen. The black spots, forming the marginal row on
the underside of the two forewings and one of the hindwings, were

124 THE entomologist's record.

elongated. The other hiudwing and the wings on the upperside were
normal. Mammoth Scale Insect of Rhodesia. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse
sent for exhibition living 3 s and immature 2 s of the Mammoth
Scale Insect which infests the M'sasa tree in Rhodesia. Also a dead
example of the fully grown 2 scale. These were recently received
from Mr. -J. Cameron of the Department of Agriculture, of Rhodesia.
The g s were in abundance in white cocoons among dead leaves under
the trees. They are what are known in collections under the generic
name Mdnn/ildafbus. The 2 has been named l.nphococcus inaxi>iius by
Mr. Lounsbury. Coleopteka and Hemiptera new to Britain. — Mr. E.
A. Butler exhibited one species of Coleoptera, and five of Hemiptera
recently added to the British fauna, n't., (a) Myrmecopora brevipea,
Butl., from Tintagel, Cornwall, a species allied to M. Kvida, Er. ; {b)
Cyintin obliqiius. Horv., from Ashburnham, Sussex, in the Hastings'
district, a species allied to ( '. (jlandicolor, Hahn. ; (c) Empoasca biitlerj,
Edw., and H. populi, Edw., the former from dwarf sallows on the
sandhills of Carmarthenshire, and the latter from Lombardy poplars,
Highgate; and (d) on behalf of Mr. Jas. Edwards, Tijpfdocyba
frustrator, Edw., and T. fratercula, Edw. (together with a sketch of
the appendages of the a>da?agus in each case), both from Colesborne,
Gloucestershire. These two species were described by Mr. Edwards
in April 1908, but by an oversight they were omitted from the new
catalogue of British Hemiptera which has recently been published.
Mr. Butler also showed the unique example of Mynifmniris yracilu,
Sahib., taken by him at Fleet, Hants, in August 1903. Polymorphic
Papilios and Styx infernalih.^ — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited the polymorphic
Papilio lysithdKK and P. hectorides from Brazil, and the models which
they injitate. The exhibit illustrated a phenomenon observed in
various groups of butterflies, r/c, that a mimetic species may be broken
up into a number of very different-looking individual varieties, which
are all specifically the same, while the imitated models are specifically
distinct from one another. He also exhibited both sexes of the
peculiar Peruvian butterfly, Styx infernalia, described by Staudinger as
a Pierid. Dr. Schatz made a mistake in describing the foretarsus of
the g as being fully developed. The distal segments of this tarsus
are more or less completely fused, and the claws are absent. The
insect is decidedly an Erycinid in the structure of the antenna, thorax,
legs, neuration and the egg. Mimetic Locust. — Di-. .Jordan also
showed, on behalf of the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, an Acrotylu&
which the latter observed in some numbers in the desert on the
Upper Nile. The colour of these small locusts so closely agrees with
that of the sand and the pebbles (also exhibited) that, when settled,
the insects disappear entirely from view. A]>ril 1th, 1909. — Ova of
Tapinostola fulva. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited ova of Tapinoatola
fidia (ill situ) laid within the curled leaf of ('are.c pahtdnsa. Also a
photograph of the anal segments of the 2 showing the spinal
appendages from the ventral side. These, when not in use, are
carried Hat, as in the photograph, but when the 2 is going to lay,
they are folded together and thrust between the curled edges of a leaf
to force it apart ; the fold makes a hollow in which the ova are
deposited ; and the leaf closes over the ova when the appendages are
withdrawn.

Vol.. XXI.

Plate XI.

Plioto. E. A. Cockayne
rERTHSnillE FOIl.M OF TErilHOSl.\ BISTOKTATA.

The Entomologist'!^ EcconI, etc., 1909.

X

Oh

f-^v

fr

'■^^..

'* 1

>'-y-'-

< o

S ^

W

f«wi»- i^»'M»piii|p

I

^f^

NOTES ON BREEDING TEPHROSIA BISTORTATA, ETC. 125

Notes on breeding Tephrosia bistortata and hybrid T. bistortatax
T. crepuscularia {ivith two plates).

By E. A. COCKAYNE, F.E.S., F.L.S.

As a supplement to the interesting hybridisation experiments
recorded by Mr. Tutt in the Transactions of the Entomoloijival Society of
London, 1898, the following notes may be of value. From a $ of
Tephrosia bistortata (crepuscidaria) obtained in Perthshire in April,
1P07, I bred a small number of imagines in March and April, 1908,
all of which had the deep chocolate lines and bold speckling typical
of this race. Two of the bistortata paired, and a S^ bistortata, a
specimen with white ground colour, and not much suffused or speckled,
paired with a small 2 ci-epuscidaria (biundularia), bred from Epping
Forest ova. The ova from both pairings proved fertile, and a
considerable number of the resulting larvae pupated. The pupro were
kept in an unheated room.

The brood of pure T. bistortata emerged in two portions ; nine, all
2 s, appeared between July 25th and 29th, 1908, and twelve, six ^
and six $ , between February 12th and March 23rd, 1909. The
insects of both parts of the brood were large, and differed but little in
colour and markings, none resembling the small white, feebly-marked,
second-brood English T. bistortata.

The 3 s were much suffused with dark brown, though the colour
was not as dark as in the finest wild Perthshire specimens.

The $ s had che dark markings paler and less rich than is usual,
and in some the ground colour was suffused with pale brown. All, but
especially the summer specimens, look rather dull and faded.

The interest of this brood lies in the fact that T. bistortata is
normally single-brooded in Perthshire, and that when a second brood
is artificially produced, it resembles the first, and it is not totally
different as in the English second brood.

The brood of hybrids also emerged in two portions, sixteen, all ? s,
between July 12th and September 25th, 1908, and ten, eight 3 s and
two ? s, between December 17th, 1908, and February 6th, 1909. The
summer and autumn specimens were all small and pale, closely
resembling the ? parent, while the winter and spring specimens were
larger and darker. Though one J is as dark as the $ parent, the)'
resemble T. crepuscularia more than T. bistortata.

The wings look more pointed, and the elbowed line is more oblique,
with but little dark shading outside it ; the speckling is finer, and the
whole appearance neater than that of Perthshire T. bistortata.

The 5 s, though small, are in colour and markings more like
T. crepuscularia than T. bistortata. Owing to the long, drawn-out
period of emergence, I was not able to attempt any further crossing
between the hybrids inter se, or between a hybrid and a T. bistortata.
Explanation of Plate XI.

Tephrosia bistortata from Perthshire ova, two sections — (1) emerged July, 1908 ;
(2) emerged February-March, 1909. Third column captured specimens.

Explanation of Plate XII,

Parents of crossing of Tephrosia bistortata x Tephrosia crepuscidaria. Hybrid

progeny of this crossing, two sections — (1) emerged July-September, 1908 ;

(2) emerged December, 1908-February, 1909.

126 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Random Notes on Lepidoptera, Adkinia graphodactyla, etc.

By Paymaster-in-Chief GERVASE F. MATHEW, E.N., F.L.S., F.E.S.

After what the papers described as the coldest July on record, we
arrived in the neighbourhood of Wimborne, on August 6th, 1907, for
the purpose of having a look for the larvte of Adkinia {Stenoptilia)
(jrapJwdactyla. For the first fortnight the weather, from an entomo-
logical point of view, was as bad as it could be — rain nearly every day,
with high wind — and much of the boggy ground that one could walk
over the previous year was more or less under water. About August
20th things began to mend, and, from that time up to September 12th,
the day we left, it was bright and warm, and the ground rapidly dried up.

The first morning of our arrival I went to the locality where A.
(/raphuilactijla was discovered in 1906, but upon reaching the spot I
found, to my dismay, that the ground had been swept by a tire, and the
whole area was devoid of vegetation, or only vegetation of the scantiest
growth, for I think from appearances, the tire must have occurred late
in the autumn, or very early in the year now under notice. There was
no sign of any marsh gentian, but, on going to another place where I
knew it grew, and where there had been no fire, I noticed that the
plants were only just appearing above the surface, and very few of the
flower-buds were visible, and bog-asphodel, which was very nearly over
by August 2nd last year, was only just coming into bloom. This
was the result of the previous cold weather. It was rather a fine day,
sun and cloud, with a strong wind, and everything was reeking wet
after the heavy rain during the night. Hipparchia semele was
numerous, but all the males I captured were worn, having been
knocked about so by the everlasting wind. Plebeius anjus {aegon) was
just coming out, and in fine condition, but was not as numerous as it
was in 1906, and this remark applies to a good many other species.
Hydrocampa nyinphaealis, (Jia)id)us si/lvellus, and C irarrinytonellus were
common in boggy places, and Pseudoterpna cytisaria, Gnophos obsciirata,
and one Lycophotia [Ayrotis) strigula, were disturbed from the heather
as we walked through it.

The next day (August 8th) there was a little fine rain during the
early morning, and after it ceased it remained densely overcast, with a
moderate gale from the southwest, but in spite of this I went for a
walk to a place where I remembered marsh gentian grew, and where I
thought I should find it tolerably sheltered, and here, after a while, I
came across a few plants which were growing among some rushes, and
while examining them disturbed and captured two A. yraphixlactyla.
These, of course, were of the first brood,* and this told me that it was
probably too soon to look for larvae. By this time the wind had
become too strong for any more outdoor work, so I returned home.
Upon examining the two moths I found they were male and female,
and were very much worn. The latter on being pinned and placed on

* One is inclined to think that this species must be, on the facts here pubHshed,
triple-brooded in this counfriy. The first brood appears in June (see Eitt.liec, xx.,
pp. 174-6) in Anhalt, and one suspects that we average quite as early as this part
of Germany in southern England ; the winter certainly being later in Germany. If
that be so, the imagines met in mid-August would agree with specimens of the
second brood that emerged with us the last week in July, 1906 (see Nat. Hist. Brit.
Lep., v., p. 535). — Ed.

RANDOM NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. 127

a piece of cork laid an egg, which hatched five days after, and the larva
fed up rapidly with others I then had.

August 9th. — A thick drizzle all the morning, and a strong S.W.
wind all day, far too strong to attejiapt any out-door work. In the
evening, about dusk, wtiile I was in my dressing-room, several moths
flew in at the window, attracted by the light. The window faced
east — so was on the sheltered side of the house — and overlooked a
large, rough meadow, and there were heathy moors and fir plantations
beyond. Just outside the window there was a large mountain-ash
tree, which rather obscured the view. As everything out-of-doors was
reeking wet after the rain, and the wind was still high, I thought I
might just as well try and see what a light would produce, so about
9 o'clock I placed a small lamp upon a table just inside the window,
and the result was rather astonishing, for moths came streaming in
at once in scores, and for a couple of hours I was hard at it netting
and boxing. Altogether I boxed forty-two species, but they were
mostly common, the best being PlaUipterijx haiiiula, Lycuphotia
striijida, Acidalia iniitaria, Pachyciieiiiia hippocastanaria, Ht/droecia
nirtitans, Cerigo cytherea, and Crainbiis selasellas — and the most
numerous was Malacosoiiia neiistiia, which was a perfect nuisance,
buzzing into my face, and getting into my boxes, when I was trying
to box something else !

August 10th. — Finer than yesterday, but still a strong westerly
wind. During the day I visited a large marshy meadow overgrown with
sweet-gale, where I found a few J'eronea caleddniana, Tortrix vihurniana,
Bactra lanceolana, etc., but the high wind carried most of them away
as soon as they were beaten out of the bushes, so I had to give it up.

From 11th to 14th August there was a continuance of fine driving
rain with high wind, and very little could l)e done in the Avay of
collecting, so about this time I began searching for eggs of A. yrapho-
dactyla, and had very fair success ; they were not at all difidcalt to
find, for they are large for the size of the moth. I was induced to try
this method on account of having picked a couple of stems of marsh
gentian on the 12th, and upon examining the fiower-buds with a
pocket lens, discovered two ova (hatched) on the outside of the
buds, about two-thirds from the base, and the next day I noticed two
others that I had overlooked. I could see no signs of the larvae, nor
could I detect any holes eaten through the closed petals, but I was
convinced that they were inside. This stem was placed in water, and
in due course the four larvae showed themselves. The parent moth
does not seem to work by any fixed rule, for I found the eggs in all
kinds of positions — on the flowers, both on the outside of the petals,
and sometimes on the inside, when the flowers were open, on the calyx,
leaves, flower stems, at various distances from the flowers, and even
occasionally on dry grass bents near the flowers — and very often the
eggs were laid in pairs. It is a remarkably easy insect to rear. The
flower-stems, with the eggs, were picked with good long stalks, and
placed in a wide-mouthed bottle, with a little sphagnum between the
stems, so that they should not be close together, and then a muslin
hood was tied over — the stems keep for a long time, and when the
larvfe had devoured most of the flowers and flower-buds, fresh stems
were introduced.

August 15th. — With the exception of a couple of sharp showers in

128 THE entomologist's record.

the forenoon, to-day was bright and sunny, with a moderate breeze
from the south-west, and during a ramble over the moors I came across
a fresh locaHty for marsh gentian, and here discovered that the young
larvse of A. (jraphodactyla are in the habit of attacking the very small
flowering-buds and shoots when not more than an inch, or a couple of
inches, above the ground, and so to a certain extent retard the growth
of the plants. Nearly every stem I examined had several empty egg-
shells upon it, so the larvfe should have been abundant, but I did not
see many, though every flower-bud showed traces of their presence,
I gathered some of the flowering stems and placed them in a jar of
water when I got home, and covered them with a muslin hood, and
every one of them must have contained larvje from the number that
appeared in the course of a week or ten days. I saw two full-grown
larvffi on the outside of one of the flowers, one dropped off the moment
I touched it, and was lost in the sphagnum. I also saw one of the moths,
but the wind blew it awaj', so I do not know whether it was a fresh or
worn specimen.

Dusking, on the moors when the weather was favourable, produced
a varied bag, but insects were not as numerous as they were the
previous year. Coenohia riifa ((lespecta) was not uncommon in boggy
places, but was getting worn by the 15th of the month, Nudaria senex,
Triphaena orhona [sHhaeqaa) two only, Xona(/ria fidra, Acidalia oiiutaria,
Hyria auroraria, Hchranhia tiirfosalis, Hypenodes costaestrigalis, Cramhns
sylvellus, C. ivarrinf/tonellun, Hydrocampa nymphaeata, etc., occurred in
the same place, and on the drier part of the moors, Vachycnemia
hippocastanaria, Cidaria testata, Crainbus ha7)it'lliis, and an occasional
Sel'idoseuia pUunaria were captured. Pernnea caledoniana, Bactra
lancedana, and Tortri.v vibnrniana (a very different-looking insect from
the one we get here on the coast) occurred among sweet-gale.

August 18th. — Walking back from church this evening a large
beetle kept buzzing round my head, and upon knocking it down with
my umbrella I found it was a fine specimen of Priontis coriariiis, an
insect I had never seen alive before.

August 20th. — A good many of my larvaB of Adkinia (jraphodactyla
have attached themselves to the sides of the muslin hoods, and changed
to pupae.

August 24th and 27th. ^ — Both days were bright and hot, and, on
the 27th, some heavy clouds rose late in the afternoon, and there was a
feeling of thunder in the air. About an hour before dusk I went to
my favourite boggy place, and found micros flying in goodly numbers,
and took some nice L'lepsis rusticaiw, Penthina maryinana, Peronea
caledoniana, as well as a couple of worn A. yraphodactyla, and some
Coenobia rufa (despecta), but soon after sunset the flight suddenly
ceased, and a heavy dew rose. Before starting I had sugared the trees
in the garden, but on going round on my return found every patch
vacant.

August 31st. — This morning I Avent to the extensive boggy locality
where I have taken and observed most of the larva^of A. yraphodactyla,
and found that the recent hot weather had brought on the marsh
gentian, and a great many more flowers were blooming than when I
was on the same spot a week or ten days before. Upon examining
some of the flowers, I was surprised to find dead larvae in most of
them ; the larvae were nearly fullgrown, and they all had the same

RANDOM NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA, 129

appearance — not shrivelled up — but a dark blotch about the centre of
the body, as if they had been stung by an ichneumon, or bitten by a
spider. It was very curious, for at first sight they seemed to be all
right, and were all in the same position, sitting head upwards in the
flowers, and it was only by close inspection that I discovered anything
was wrong. There must have been dozens in this state. Nothing of
the kind occurred among my larva? in captivity, and so far, I have
noticed nothing the matter with any of them ; it seems a particularly
easy species to manage. I took a worn specimen ; the first brood
appear to be a long time on the wing.

September 1st. — The first A. (/raphodacti/la bred. Have been
taking many insects at light lately, but nothing of any rarity ; the
males of HelLophobus popidaris the most numerous, but run very close
by Luperina testacea, among which there are some very nice dark
examples, and one L. ceajiitis.

September 6th. — ^The first fresh A. f/raphodactijla captured. Found
two new localities to-day, where marsh gentian was growing plentifully,
and most of the flowers had been more or less eaten, but I could not
find any larvae or pupae. The larvae must crawl down into the thick
herbage to pupate, and some distance away from the foodplant, as I
have never seen one on the plant.

September 9th. — A. i/raphodacti/la are now emerging fast in my
muslin hoods ; seventeen appeared to-day ; the greater proportion of
the first bred are females.

Sugar was a complete failure during the whole period of our visit.
I tried it night after night with the same result, nothing but a few
Phlo(/<)pIiora iiieticidosa, Triplweiia pronnha, Noctiia rnbi, N. xantlio-
grapha, and Amphipyra trat/opof/nms. One night I nearly trod upon a
hedgehog that was sitting at the foot of the sugared tree. I think he
was lapping up some of the treacle that had run down the trunk.

Beating for larvae also proved very hot and unprofitable work; very
few were obtained, and most of these were such common species as
Cabera pusaria, C. exantheiiiaria, Dasychira piuUbunda, and Lomaspilis
ynarfjinata ; the best were Acronicta leporina, Apatela aceris, and
Dasychira fascelina, but the latter, unfortunately, perished during
hibernation.

Light was, perhaps, the most successful and interesting mode of
capture in the way of numbers, though poor in the quality of the
insects. On some nights they actually swarmed, and it was exciting
work netting and boxing them, and the sport was varied one night by
the appearance of a spotted fly-catcher, which flew in at the window
about 10 p.m., and was promptly netted, but released after examina-
tion. On another occasion a bat kept following the moths into the
room.

As previously mentioned, the first Adkinia yraphodactyla was bred on
September 1st, and the last on September 26th. T did not notice that
any of the larvae or pupae were attacked by ichneumons, or other
parasites, for I found no dead larvae or pupae, and all the pupae seem
to have emerged in a satisfactory manner ; but on two or three
occasions I observed small ichneumons, and I think a Cynips, in the
muslin hoods, but do not know whether they were bred from the larvae
or from the flowers.

180 fl'HE entomologist's record.

The European species of the genus Glaucopsyche.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Some time ago, we showed {Eitt. Flee, xviii., p. 131) that the
selection of seuiiavf/iis (aris) as the type of the genus Xomiades, Hb., by
Scudder, made the latter synonymous with Vyanirh, Dalm., which
already had the same species for type. We also pointed out that
semiargns was a Plebeiid species and only distantly related to ininimus
on the one hand, and ci/llartis on the other, two species with which it had
previously been assumed to be most closely allied although neither is a
Plebeiid, iimiiiinis belonging to the tribe Ereridi and cyllartis to
Lycaenidi. In spite of this, and, perhaps, partly because Xomiaden had
come into such general use for cyllartis and nitianojis, but more because
we knew of no other generic name rightly applicable to the latter, we
have, in our work, continued to use it for the species, knowing at the
time that the use Avas unjustifiable. Recently the question was raised
in a note to us by Mr. Wheeler, and this urged us to look into the matter.
A short search soon discovered that (HaKco/isyche, Scudder, " Sys. Rev.,"
p. 33 (1872), is the proper generic name for the cyllaruH group. The
type of this genus was fixed at the time that the genus was described
by Scudder, as " lyf/dorniifi, Dbldy.," an evident misprint for lygdamus,
Dbldy., "List Lep.' Brit. Mas.," ii.,p. 45 (1847) nee Dbldy., "Entom."
(1841). This name has, owing to the inclusion of two separate species
under it, had to give way to enuperi, Grote. It appears that conpeu
is quite congeneric with our cyllarus, and that the latter will, therefore,
come under the same generic title. [The specific synonymy of couperi,
Grote, is detailed at length by Scudder, " Butts. New Engl.," ii., p.
953.] We should be glad if those European lepidopterists who send
us communications will make the necessary alteration ; a pencil note
in their "Kane" or "Wheeler" will keep the matter straight when
writing up their captures.

Callophrys avis — a new butterfly from Southern France.

By T. A. CHAPMAN. M.D.
Much resembles Callophrys ridri. C. avis is larger, 32mm. to
36mm. in expanse ; <'. rubi rarely exceeds 32mm. It has hardly any
trace of tails. The upper surface has a ruddy tint, in excess usually of
that of C. rubi var. fervida, and the venation is often, especially veins
three, four, and five of the upperwing in the g- s, marked by rather
broad dark lines as if raised, differing from the narrower flatter lines
seen in C. rtibi. A marked character is that the head has a long
ruddy fur, replacing all trace of the silver lines round the eyes so
conspicuous in ('. rubi. The androconial brand on the 3 forewing is
triangular, perhaps a shade broader than in C rubi, but of only about
half the length along the line of the veins, that it has in C. rubi, in
which it is oval or fusiform. The club of the antenna is red or flesh-
colour, all along the lower inner side, a colour confined in C. rubi to a
few terminal joints of the club, and the same on all aspects of the
antenna. There is rather a different shade of green on the underside,
and the white line has quite a different character from that in C. rubi.
It is narrow, but continuous ; it is, in fact, usually broken by each
vein, but looks continuous compared with C. rubi, in which the line

THE ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA AT THE RECENT MADDISON SALE. 131

breaks up into spots, rather than become narrow as in C. avis. Either
really, or as an effect of its narrowness, it has a suggestion of being
faintly tinted green. It is entirely without the dark scales along its
inner margin that are so constant in C. iitbi. The portion in each
internenral space is curved. It occupies all the spaces on each wing,
from the costa to the space in front of vein two, but is bright towards
the costa (space between six and seven), and fades towards the inner
part of the wing. The row of spots in (J. rubi is much more irregular.
The first spot on the hindwing slopes inwards, in ('. ruhi it slopes
outwards, giving the second spot the appearance of being displaced
inwards in C. rubi, outwards in (7. avis. The <J appendages have only
slight differences. I have not examined sufficiently numerous
specimens to be able to assert that these are constant.

It specialises in its foodplant, instead of being quasi-omnivorous
like 0. rubi.

Habitat, Southern France (Var. and Pyrenees-Orientales), Morocco
(Tangier). The only specimen I have seen, not in my possession, is
one in the Brit. Mus. Collection, ranged with ('. rubi var. fcrrida, and
labelled " Tangier, Elwes Coll."

r

The Abraxas grossulariata at the recent Maddison Sale.

By G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.

In the Rev. G. H. Raynor's notes under this heading in the current
number of the Ent. Record, pp. 87-8, is one statement which I think
calls for comment. Mr. Raynor tells us that the variety lacticolor
is much more variable in itself than in the variety varleijata. No doubt
the very limited (chiefly sale-room) experience Mr. Raynor has had
with the latter accounts for the statement, for the fact is that exactly
the reverse is the case. What a Avide range of variation there is in
var. varleijata, especially in the males, I thought I had clearly shown in
my exhibit of some of the forms at the meeting of the Entomological
Society of London on December 2nd last, and I think I may safely
venture to assert that there is no series of wild var. lactiador in exis-
tence that will show anything like the range of variation that does my
series of wild varleijata. Of course Ave all know that Mr. Raynor, by
selection of the parent moths for many years, has bred some very
curious forms, but these come under the same category as do domestic
pigeons and barn-door fowls ; and, although no doubt A'eiy interesting
as showing what can be done with the species (I am myself making two
somewhat similar experiments with Abraxat^ ijrosaulariata at the present
time), are of comparatively little interest or value to the scientific
lepidopterist. I am not disposed to discuss the monetary aspect of
these things, that is a mere matter of sentiment, and, if any collector
likes to give shillings or pounds for these manufactured aberrations, it
is his own affair. Personally I prefer, and, if you like, consider far
more valuable, recurrent varieties which are taken at large, or bred
from wild larvae, to those which are obtained by combination of cross-
ings, but which could hardly by any possibility occur under natural
conditions.

132 THE ENTOMOLOaiST's RECORD.

Why is Cyaiiiris semiargus no longer a British Insect?

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

There seems to be no evidence that Cyaniris seniianjKs still inhabits
the British Islands. The causes of its extinction do not appear to be
at all known, yet it seems very desirable that we should, if possible,
ascertain sometliing about it. Last summer (1908) 1 reared a few
larvae from the egg, and the survivors are now (October) entering into
hibernation. In noting their habits, I have been led to speculate as to
whether they help us to get nearer some theory as to the extirpation of
the species as a British insect, and I am tempted to state some of the
ideas that have occurred to me, in the hope that they may be criticized
so as to elucidate the subject a little further.

I may say, briefly, that the butterflies would hardly lay on fjjta»
cornictdatiifi, which the larvte would, however, eat, but did so freely on
heads of red clover {Trifolimii praten>ie) on which the larvfe seemed so
much at home and with such straightforward procedure that I enter-
tain no doubt that it is its favourite food. It eats less readily white
clover {Trifoliiiiii repens) and could doubtless exist on other clovers and
less closely allied Le(/iiniinosae. I take it therefore as fairly certain that
red clover is the food-plant wherever it is available. The absence of
the food-plant cannot then be the cause of the decay of the species
with us. Yet, broadly speaking, I think agricultural reasons are at
the root of the matter as in the case of Chrysophanus dispar, but
certainly in some totally different manner. Climate can h^ve nothing
to do with it. C. si'inian/iifi does, no doubt, like a warmer summer than
is necessary, c.y., to Palyoiiiuuitus Icarus, but it is capable of standing any
amount of cold, occurring where the snow lies for several months. It
was once sufficientl}' widel}' distributed in the southern part of Great
Britain to show that it finds nothing inimical to it in our natural con-
ditions, still our earliest information about it suggests that they did not
fully meet its requirements. Some change, however, has occurred in
the last 50 or 100 years that slowly made it rarer and finally extinct.
The question of dates is no doubt important, and, unfortunately. I am
rather ignorant of the changes in agriculture during this period, and
especially of their exact dates.

My general idea, however, is that the butterfly would be inevitably
attracted by clover-fields and would lay most of its eggs on cultivated
clover ; and, if for anj' reason eggs so laid never arrived at maturity,
only those on wild clover would remain to continue the species, and
these would very soon disappear by this migration of so large a propor-
tion to the cultivated fields. The species would be unaffected in
districts where wild clover was abundant and cultivated clover rare,
provided the wild clover was not severely grazed or cut for hay. The
larv* hatching in the flower-heads of the clover, just as flowering is
going over, feed up in a few weeks, till about a quarter of an inch long
and ready to hibernate. These larvae would perish if the clover was
cut before the larviv reached this stage — and also if the clover was
ploughed up during the winter, when the hibernating larv;e would
inevitably perish.

Probably the mowing machine completed the extinction of the
species, by enabling the harvesting of the clover to be done more
rapidly and ensuring that the whole field was cut before the larva? had

ON RECIPROCAL MIMICRY. lo3

done the necessary amount of feeding, whereas under the scythe the
process would often be more prolonged, and portions would remain long
enough for the larvae to mature.

The mowing machine, however, appeared about 1850, and the dis-
appearance of the species had then made much progress, so that we
must look to the first half of the nineteenth century for the primary
agencies.

I have tried to ascertain various dates as to the practical treatment
of the red clover crop without much success ; the introduction of red
clover extensively as an arable crop goes back to the end of the
eighteenth century-, but with what rapidity it became general I do not
know.

If someone versed in the history of English agriculture during the
last 150 years would find precisely how clover was treated and to what
extent it was cultivated in different parts of England from its intro-
duction as an arable crop in the middle of the seventeenth century
down to the extinction of tiemianjus, it would probably throw some
light on the subject. The two leading points appear to be the great
extension of tillage (including clover) about the beginning of the
19th century and the introduction of the mowing machine about the
middle of that century.

On Reciprocal Mimicry.

Summary of Paper read before the Ent. Soc. of Lomlon, April 7th, 1909
(Extracted from Report).

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, on April 7th,
1909, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall read a paper with this title, and in the
course of his remarks the author explained that the main difference
between his views and those of Dr. Dixey as to the development of
Miillerian resemblances might be stated as follows. The latter gentle-
man considers that within the limits of a Miillerian association every
species exercises a mimetic influence upon every other, the amount of
the influence depending upon its dominance, which is determined by
its numbers, distastefulness, and general notoriety. Thus, as between
any two species, the mimetic approach would be mutual, and result in
an interchange of characters. This interchange would be proportionate
to the relative dominance of the two species ; where this is unequal,
the weaker species w^ould take on, to a considerable extent, the super-
ficial appearance of the stronger, while the latter would adopt onl}'
some small characters from its mimic ; but where the dominance is
equal, the interchange would be equal, so that this would constitute
the optimum condition for the production of " Reciprocal Mimicry."
On the other hand, Mr. Marshall contended that this gravitational con-
ception of mimicry was really based on a false analogy, and was at
variance with the real principle of Miiller's theory. While admitting
the theoretical possibility of mimetic interchange, he urged that a
logical application of Miiller's argument would lead to the view that
mimetic approach would be one-sided only, that is, from a weaker
species towards a stronger and even in an opposite direction ; further,
that when the relative dominance of the two species was equal, the
mere operation of Miiller's factor would produce no mimetic effect,
until some other factor had first produced a condition of inequality.

184 THE entomologist's record.

On this view mimetic interchange would never be mutual and
simultaneous, but would only result from a complete reversal of the
relative dominance of the two species during the production of the
mimetic resemblance. For this process he had suggested the name of
" Alternate Mimicry." The author was also compelled to reject entirely
Dr. Dixey's neAV hypothesis as to the " function of the double
aposema," because it completely left out of consideration the differ-
ences and resemblances between the various forms regarded from the
standpoint of general facies ; he contended that resemblance in general
effect was of the first importance in considering mimetic relationship,
and that this new hypothesis Avas liable to be extremely misleading on
account of the exaggerated significance which it attached to the merely
partial resemblance which might be said to exist between two species
possessing a single conspicuous feature in common, but differing
markedly in other respects. Moreover, not only was the theoretical
position of "Reciprocal Mimicry "very unsatisfactory and unconvincing,
but, further, the cases which had been cited as proving its actual
occurrence in nature appeared open to serious criticism. For, while in
some cases the facts did not appear to justify the assertion that an
interchange had taken place, in the others such an interpretation
involved many difficulties which disappeared when the mimetic
phenomena were interpreted as being due to the simple mimicry of
one form by another.

Mr. S. A, Neave said that as a result of his field experience
in Afi'ica, he was unable to accept the theory as to the function of
" double aposemes," but he did not mean thereby to imply that he
rejected every case of " Reciprocal Mimicry-." He suggested that
" Alternate Mimicry " might not be so uncommon a phenomenon as
Mr. Marshall appeared to think.

Mr. J. W. Tutt asked whether Mr. Marshall really knew a single
instance in which two species, supposed to carry different aposemes,
lived in the same place with another species that showed the
aposemes of these species, and occurred with them at the same time.
In his exhibit Mr. Marshall showed two species with different aposemes
occurring in Peru, together with the presumed species showing the
double aposeme which he noted "did not occur within 1000 miles
of Peru ; " was there no instance known in nature which illustrated
the point at issue, and so removed the question from the rank of mere
theory ? Mr. Marshall said that such a case was not known to him.

Butterflies in Switzerland in 1908.

By J. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc, F.E.S., and G. L. KEYNES.
(Concluded from p. 102).
It is always interesting to work over this familiar ground, but we made
few observations at Berisal of special importance. The small bright form
of Lowela {ChrywiAanus) alciphron var. (jordbts was to be found on the
Ganter road, but it was scarce ; Pleheius. zep/iynis var. lycidas, on the
other hand, though somewhat scarce in its special locality above the
Second Refuge, was to be found sparingly on both sides of this road
from the Ganter bridge to below the Refuge, and it was for the most
part in excellent condition. It is perhaps a fortunate thing for the
welfare of the species that its range is apparently becoming less

BUTTERFLIES IN SWITZERLAND IN 1908. 135

restficted than formerly. This species was, as always, difficult to
distinguish on the wing from Polijonttuatus escheri, which was fine and
abundant. P. hylas was also particularly plentiful. Parnassius
mni'm<mine. was still flying in the fields above the hotel, but was
getting over. Besperia cacaliae appeared to be speciallj* common
towards the head of the Steinenthal, as also was Erebia erias, though
the latter was getting very worn. Lycaena alcon, on the other hand,
was scarce in this locality. E. ceto occurred plentifull}' up to a
certain elevation in the valley and was quite fresh ; beyond this point
it was replaced b}' K. erias.

On July 3rd, the younger of us climbed a steep gully on the east
side of the Furgenbaumhorn,- and was astonished at the great num-
bers of G£neis aello and Erebia yorge, with which he met. It was not a
convenient situation for catching butterflies, but among his captures
were some remarkable forms of O. aello 5 , in which the ocellated
spots on the upperside are doubled in size and number. The whole
upperside of these specimens is also dai'ker than usual, the pale
fulvous portion being reduced to a definite antemarginal band.

On July 4th we moved on to Simplon Kulm, but the road from
Berisal onwards was singularly devoid of entomological interest. The
fields at the top, however, were a mass of flowers, and here butterflies
were flying more freely, those most in evidence being Melitaea aiirinia
var. iiierope, and Af. parthenie var. varia. The former is certainly a
brighter form than that which occurs in the Engadine, and of the
latter we took an interesting series, one specimen having a broad black
border in place of the usual series of linear divisions. The females
varied considerably, the greenish tint of the upperside being much
more conspicuous in some than in others. We also found Hesperia
cacaliae, PolyoDnnatiis orbituliis, and Brenthis pales var. isis.

On July 5th we visited the moraine of the Kaltwasser Glacier, but
the sun was unfortunately clouded over soon after we got there. We
were able, however, to show that Erebia alecto var. glacialis was just
coming out by securing two very fresh specimens. We were also very
much interested to take an undoubted specimen of Hesperia andromedae:
this was one of three or four small Hesperiids, which were seen
buzzing together over a damp patch of bare earth, and looking more
like flies than usual. We believe this to be a new locality for the
species.

On July 6th we walked to the Seventh Refuge and back. On the
way we took an earlj^ Colias palaeno, and a fine melanic form of
Brenthis euphrosyne. We were surprised to find Lycaena alcon flying
in quite large numbers over the marshy ground on the right side of
the road as we descended. Its flight was heavy and languid, and it
was consequently easy to catch ; possibly this was owing to the com-
parative coldness of the day. We have previously only found this
species one at a time, but on this occasion w^e might have taken
twenty-five or thirty in as hort while. At the Seventh Refuge, Q^lneis
aello, Erebia mnestra, E. epiphron, and ft', evias were plentiful, but we
took only a single specimen of E. christi.

On July 7th we again visited the Kaltwasser moraine, but wind
and cloud combined to make it too cold for any butterflies to be
tempted out of their retreats.

July 8th, our last day, was spent very happily in the Laquinthal.

136 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Erebia ckristi was very local and getting over, but by working over a
certain steep slope it was possible to obtain a fair series, including one
female. Amongst our other captures were Powellia {Pi/riftts) sao,
Cupido iiiinimm var. also'ides, Paranfe hicra, and a very curious speci-
men of Coenonymiiha arcaiiia var. clanriniana, in vi^hich the white
band on the underside hindwing had completely disappeared. The
males of Erebia ceto in this locality were, as a rule, much darker than
those on the Ganter road, and approached the form var. obscKra.

In conclusion, we should like strongly to recommend to entomolo-
gists and others the Hotel Fletschhorn, at Simplon Dorf.

Coccinella IO=punctata, L, ab. confluens, Haworth, at Darenth.

By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

On May IGth, 1908, I beat, at Darenth Wood, a very distinct
looking " lady-bird," which I have sent to Herr Weise for his opinion.
He returned it to me as C. con/lnens, Haworth. It was described by
Haworth, in " An Account of the Genus Coccinellidac " {Tram. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1807, p. 278), as follows : —

"13. 13-maculata, Haworth.

^. conftueuK, thoracis maculis septem confluentibus, maculisque tribus centra-
lioribus elytrorum, valde confluentibus in maculam magnam lobatam puncta rubro
relicto, earum medio ; caetera ut in priore. Varietas rarissima et persingularis.
Communieavit amicus Rev. T. Shrimshire, Entomologus assiduus."

It is a very beautiful insect and evidently a very uncommon form,
as Mr. Waterhouse states that he has never seen one like it before.

W^ ARI AT 10 N .

Description of an aberration of Pyralis costalis. — This very
pretty little Pyrale is in some seasons excessively abundant in this
neighbourhood, and I think there must be two or three broods during
the summer, for it begins to appear in warm seasons, as early as the
beginning of June, and can be found from thence to early October.
It is very partial to old ricks, especially to those of clover hay,
whence, in response to the beating-stick, it flies out in hundreds, but
most of them do not go far, but seek a hiding-place in some other part
of the rick. It is often accompanied by goodly numbers of Pi/ralis
(jlaucinalis. It is also very fond of sugar, and I have seen as many as
40 or 50 on a single patch on an old pollard willow-tree. One autumn,
some years ago — a Colias edusa and Pyranieis cardni year — I found a
P. cardni sitting by the patch of sugar surrounded by a score or more
of Pyralis contalis. P. custali:i, as most collectors know, is very
constant in its colour and markings, though it varies a good deal in
size. Of the hundreds or thousands I have seen during the last twenty
years, I have only met with one aberration, and of this only two
specimens. It is a very distinct aberration, and I will describe it as
ab. rufescens. The ground colour, instead of being rosy-grey, is
replaced by deep red-brown, or madder-brown, faintly dusted with
grey ; the first line and costal blotch is almost obsolete, and, of the
second or outer line, only the costal blotch is faintly visible, and in the
centre of this is a minute white dot ; the hiudwings have no trace of
either of the lines, and the fringes, instead of being of a bright clear
yellow, are a dull orange-pink. It is altogether a very dark-looking
insect compared with the type. — Gervase F. Matthew, R.N., F.L.S.,
F.E.S. , Lee House, Dovercourt. April 'dOt/i, 1909.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 13T

:]^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVAE, &c.

Egglaying habit of Polygonia c-album. — As there appears to be
some uncertainty as to the position in which the egg of this butterfly
is laid under natural conditions, it may be of interest to record that, of
37 eggs found on Urtica dioica, in Monmouthshire recently, by some
friends and myself, all but two were placed on the upperside of the
leaves, most of them being near or on the serrated edges at some
distance from the stem of the plant. The two eggs found on the
undersides of the leaves were close to the edge, and possibly when
laid were placed on what was really the upper surface, owing to the
curling of the leaves. In only one instance were two eggs found on
one leaf, and these were rather more than i" apart, one on the edge,
and the other towards the centre, both being near the tip of the leaf.
In two other instances two eggs were found on leaves growing on the
same stem, but, in each case, there was one Qgg only on a leaf, and it
appears probable that the usual habit of the species is to deposit its
eggs singly. — A. L. Raywaed, F.E.S., Croydon. April '■l^nd, 1909.

Jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidopterological notes from Portugal. — A friend of mine
visiting south Portugal last March, was good enough to take a net
and bring back a few butterflies. The following were taken at Mont
Estoral, to the south-west of Lisbon, on March 20th. Calloplirys ruhi,
one 3- and two $ s, all are var. intermedia, and one of the $ s comes
very close to var. fervida, and is markedly iridescent ; the g is ab.
caecus, the others are ab. hipunctata, the centre spot being very faint.
Fapilid niac/iaon, Pieris brassicae, two g s one ? , var. chariclea, with
underside hindwings very thickly powdered with dark scales. Pieris
rapae, one g , approaching var. manni, Mayer. Anthocharis helemia,
not uncommon, with silvery ground colour underside hindwing.
Colias edusa, Porar{/e wej/oera and P. efjeria. In addition to these, was a
single S Fidonia jibonistraria.—A. S. Tetley, M. A., 22, Avenue Road,
Scarborough. May 1st, 1909.

Dasypolia templi at Swanage. — It may be worth recording that I
took a fine 5 specimen of />. teiitpliat sugar, on April 23rd, 1909. I&
not this insect of rare occurrence in the south of England ? — Leonard
Tatchell, Kai'enza, Swanage, Dorset. May 2Srd, 1909.

Times of appearance of Limenitis Camilla and L. Sibylla.—
Dr. Keynes' account of a visit to Eclepens, I read with the peculiar
interest of one who has paid the locality a good deal of attention, but
I was surprised at the statement that, while Limenitis sibylla was (as
it always is) extraordinarily abundant, June 27th-29th, L. Camilla
" was only just beginning to appear." In my experience, L. Camilla
is always earlier by some days than L. sibylla. Is not the possible
explanation rather that, at Eclepens, L. Camilla is very scarce .' I have
only taken it at quite the bottom of the lower road. Only a few years
ago it was supposed that it did not occur at all in the locality (vid.
Ent. liec, vol. xix., p. 104).— Frank E. Lowe, M.A., St. Stephen's
Vicarage, Guernsey. May 21st, 1909.

Lepidoptera in May at Cuxton. — Great abundance of Geometrii>

138 THE entomologist's record.

LARv^. — The large amount of sunshine that we have been fortunate
enough to have had since April 13th, seems to have favourably
affected plant and insect life to a much greater extent than the
frequent cool (or even cold) nights have affected them adversely.
Having heard of the abundance of ordinary spring butterflies, and
witnessed in the London suburbs the large numbers of the two
common Pierids, Pier is brassicae and P. rcipae, the chance of
an hour's ramble on the slopes of the chalkhills overlooking the
Medway at Hailing, on May 23rd, was too good to be missed, and, on
as perfect a morning as could be desired, I found myself wandering
through the woods on the summit of the crest of the hills that lie
between Hailing and Bush. There were lots of small fry already on
the wing, Neiuophora schirarziella, Adela viridella, and other interesting
species, whilst in the wood-clearings Eupoecilia macidosanawas abundant
among the blue-bells, which were now in their prime. In the wood-
riding the abundance of Pieris napi and Euchlo'e cardamines were
noticeable, whilst, wherever the clearings opened towards the Medway
slopes, an unexpected abundance of Poli/ouunatus icanis S s was
noticeable, settling on the blue-bell floAvers, in a manner known to be
common in ^ s of Celastrina artiiolns, which also were not uncommon.
On the pathways themselves yisoniades tac/es was in great numbers,
and in good condition, but only a single Hesperia malrae, whilst, from
the bushes by the path-side, Venilia iiiaculata came out in a way that
I had not seen for many years. But the insect of the clearings was
Euchelia jacobaeae, dozens of which flew up wherever the ragwort had
got a hold in the year-old clearings. An occasional Brent/iiseK/dtrosijne
flew in the same chosen haunts, but probably not more than a dozen
were seen during the stroll. They were wonderfully tame though,
sitting in the hot sun, and it was no great trouble to carefuU}' pick
them up with the fingers as they sat with the wings down horizontally
on the ground, getting the full benefit of the exceptional heat. On
the outside of the woods, a few examples of Aridalia ornata and Botiji^
pandalis appeared to be very early, and with these were occasional
examples of Coremia ferriajata. Strangely enough, among the many
3- Encldo'e cardamines seen, not a single 2 was observed. Callnphnjs
rubi was frequently observed on the leaves, heeling over to one side as
if it were to allow the sun to strike its full force on the green of the
underside, which in this position appeared to be the acme of a heat-
absorbent valuable to the insect. In a warm sunny corner a $
('elastrina arfiioliia was observed apparently busy egglaying on
lihamnus franf/ula, and another on Knoiu/iinis eiirapaeiis. We watched
the former for a long time, but its resting-places were quite out of
reach, and impossible of examination. In all the clearings and on the
downs Anaitis plai/iata swarmed, whilst, on the edges of a clover-field,
Cnenonijmpha painphilus was very abundant, as also was Poli/ommatia:
iearm. Only a single Aricia aatrarche was noticed. Almost all the
plants of Arctium hippa were attacked by larva? of Porrittia i/alacto-
dactt/la, the larvae mostly fuUfed, indeed, some had already left the
younger leaves, and had taken up a position on the undersides of the
older leaves, either against the midrib or one of the larger branches for
pupation, some have, indeed, already pupated. But the real purpose of
this note was to record the immense abundance of larvae on the trees
everywhere ; no doubt mostly of common species, but in countless

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 139

■myriads. In the wood some distance beyond the keeper's cottage, a path
about six or seven feet in width is pretty thickly closed in on either
side, with an undergrowth of hornbeam, but with some birch and oak.
Most of the large trees set back from the path, and overshadowing it
in some places, are oak. This path, for about -iOO yards or more, and
on the side facing south-west, presented a sight that I have' rarely seen
equalled, never excelled. From the ground to some seven or eight
feet in height, the bushes on this side were completely enveloped in
thick white silken web spun by larvae that had let themselves down
from every leaf and twig, and got entangled in the Aveb spread below,
t^truggling, falling, spinning silk all the time, and finally, perhaps,
getting up again. There were some Tortricid larviB, but most were
larvfe of Geometrids, and so far as I could distinguish, nearly all were
Cheiiiiatobia brimiata and Hijhernia defoliaria. There were thousands
enveloped in the web, but there were many square yards of thick web
in which were no larvie, the spinners having apparently reascended
temporarily to a place of safety. Many of the bushes were leafless, as
if scorched by a blast, but in reality stripped of every vestige of green ;
others were in a transition stage, the growth made being so exceedingly
rapid, that at present they aflbrded sufficient food for the armies resting
on them, but no doubt a few days will suffice to leave them bare. It
was a remarkable sight, and one worth being recorded. No doubt
similar sights have fallen under the observation of other entomologists
in other districts. We shall be glad to hear if such is the case. — J. W.
TuTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, S.E. May 25t/,, 1909.

Early appearances of Lepidoptera. — A week ago (May 23rd)
Cupido miniums was already out on the downs behind Southsea,
Aijriades bellan/us is now (May 31st) out commonly, whilst Aricia
■astrarche is in perfect condition, and Augiades si/lranns just coming
■ out. I have ah-eady seen worn I'aran/e )iief/aerci, whilst one fine
Hesperia malrae has been taken, only one other being seen. Among other
examples an extremely pallid (.'oeuonympha pauiphilits was captured, and
two beautiful female Folijotiniiatn^ icarus, the latter species being very
-abundant. — A. Sperring, 98, Orchard Road, Southsea. June 1st,
1909.

Abundance of Geometrid larv^. — It may not be too late, by the
time this appears, to call attention to the remarkable abundance of
Oeometrid and Noctuid larvae almost everywhere, and to suggest that
collectors who do not do a few days' beating now, may regret it.
During a walk, on May 80th, between Orpington and Chislehurst,
the trees were in many places denuded, and, on a boundary stone,
about 2-1- ft. high and 1 ft. square at base (from which one learnt that
the parishes of Chislehurst, Orpington, St. Mary Cray and St. Paul Cray
met at this point), situated under a large oak (with an undergrowth of
holly), we counted, on one side of the stone alone, above 120 larva? —
Geometrids, Noctuids, Tortricids, and Tineids — of more than twenty
different species, and the other sides were equally covered. There
were thousands of pupating and starving larvte on the ground, whilst
the cracks in the oak-trunks were full of larvae, hiding or spinning up;
everywhere throughout the wood, on birch, hazel and oak, the larvae were
equally abundant, the numbers of those of Hyheniia aurantiaria and
Cheimatobia boreata being almost incredible. At any rate, a beating-tray
in the wood through which the main road from Chislehurst to Orpington

140 THE entomologist's record.

passes would just now give a marvellous harvest, and no doubt a
lantern after dark on a favourable night next autumn would show
crowds of the two species naiiied, with Himera pennaria and other
species whose larvfe were recognised. — J. W. Tutt. June \st, 1909.

(CURRENT NOTES.

A few entomological friends foregathered at " Delamere," South
Woodford, on the afternoon and evening of May 12th last, at the
invitation of Mr. A Harrison, and spent a most delightful time. Mrs.
Harrison served tea at 6 p.m. ; nearly a couple of hours were then
expended in examining the results of the race- breeding experiments,
which Mr. Harrison and Mr. Main have been conducting with Pieria
napi, ('alias nliisa, Aplccta nebiilnsa, etc. Supper followed at 8 p.m.,
but it was 11.30 p.m. before Messrs. R. Adkin, G. T. Porritt, A. Sich,
R. South, H. J. Turner, and J. W. Tutt, the London portion of the party,
found themselves on Liverpool Street station, on the way home.

It is not often that an entomologist drops the study of his favourite
hobby for considerably over a quarter of a century, and then, the
serious business of life over, sets systematically about seeing the world
in his leisure, and takes up entomology again as a complement to the
mental enjoyment of seeing new places and things. Still more rarely
is it that one is willing to make (even what must always, under the
given conditions, be hurried) notes of what he sees, and to try, at
least, on his return, to overcome the diflSculty of finding names for
the hundreds of butterflies observed, even during a trip in the sub-
tropical parts of the Old and New Worlds, many of which have never
been seen before, and possibly will never be seen again. To do this at
all requires a great amount of pluck and determination. The attempt
to get something scientifically useful out of observations made thus,
deserves success, even if it cannot command it.

Thoughts of this kind at once came into our mind, when we
received from Dr. G. B. Longstaft" a separate copy of his paper
"Bionomic notes on Butterflies," recently published in the Trana. Ent.
Soc. London, and, although the opening words of the author, and one's
knowledge of the difficulties under which the observations were made
(difficulties not lessened, as the author points out, by the fact that he
suffers from " the disadvantages inseparable from the loss of the sight
of one eye, the other eye being both myopic and astigmatic, the
astigmatism being only in small part capable of correction by optical
means "), largely disarm criticism, a word or two may not be out of
place.

The two points that strike one about the bulk of the observations
made are (1) The humanity of the entomology. (2) The huge amount
of uncertainty about most things recorded. One of the most difficult
things in making scientific observations is to oinit, as far as possible^
the human element, i.e., to view things from an external, and not an
internal, standpoint. One may safely say that almost the whole of
Dr. Longstaff's observations are made from the internal standpoint,
and that, therefore, their value is lessened from the purely scientific
point of view, in direct ratio as the observations are internal and not
external. This is excellently illustrated by the conclusions on
"scents." Assuming as practically proved that the scents of butterflies

CURRENT NOTES. 141

are divisible into two classes (1) presumably attractive, (2) presumably
repulsive or protective, he describes in detail the scents of a large
number of insects as " agreeable " or the reverse, finding apparently,
in our human appreciation of the scents, the necessary evidence that
the scents really are "attractive " or "repulsive and hence protective,"
as the case may be. It is just here that the non-enthusiastic, but
willing-to-believe-in-scent entomologist, comes in. He asks for the
outside evidence that the humanly-agreeable scent is " attractive " and
pleasant to the taste (!) of birds, reptiles, and other insects (which are,
possibly, after all the greatest enemies of insects), and the other
" repulsive " to them.

The record of the existence of the scents themselves is most useful,
and the knowledge of their effect on the average human nostril
valuable, but we do not find in the paper a single atom of outside
evidence that the " scents that are agreeable to the average human
perception are presumably attractive," nor that those that are similarly
" disagreeable, or even disgusting to the average human perception,
are necessarily repulsive and protective." Surely even the appreciation
of scents by humans is largely the result of education, and estimated
as agreeable or the reverse by different individuals, for the differing
intensity of the same scent may produce pleasure or nausea in the
same individual. Even the word " attractive," as here used, is open
to objection, as, set in opposition with the word "repulsive," it suggests
.that its mere existence is as superlatively dangerous to the insect
possessing it, as the existence of the " repulsive" scent is assumed to
be superlatively useful to the insect possessing it. Surely " natural
selection " would long since have attempted to get rid of so disastrous
a feature as this " attractive " scent were this so ; but, of course, no
one really believes that it is, and our ignorance concerning these
matters is colossal and still wanting almost entirely in observed facts
in the field. In this, as in most things bearing on entomology, purely
or largely of a speculative nature, it is so easy to believe what we want
to believe, concerning things that are bound, by their nature, to be
quite nebulous in our mental picture.

To read this paper, one might suppose that the details of the
subject were " now so familiar," that it really was " not necessary to
give the new evidence in great detail," and that there was no need for
the observer to " concern himself with the special organs which are
involved in elaborating or distributing the scents," when, as a matter
of fact, it is very necessary to recognise fully how infinitesimal is our
knowledge both of the nature of the scents, and the purpose or
purposes they subserve ; whilst, as to the biological origin of the
scents, we are still in absolute Cimmerian darkness. The human out-
look on entomology is so easy — true natural history so difficult. We
do not wish to belittle the work done by Miiller, Scudder, Packard,
and more recently by Dixey, but after all what has been done is a
mere scratch on the surface of a subject, the extent of which, and the
difficulties of approaching which, we evidently fail to appreciate.

As to the purely speculative side of the observations, one illustra-
tion is as good as a dozen. One section is entitled, " Butterflies
bearing the marks of foes." In this, 14 Neotropical butterflies
are noted as having been captured with symmetrical, or nearly
symmetrical, pieces out of the wings on either side ; 21 others

142 THE entomologist's record.

in Ceylon, 2 in Algeria, and 1 in Hong Kong. Almost all these
injuries are annotated "? by bird," "? by lizard," but we do not notice
that Dr. Longstaff observed a single butterfly attacked by either bird
or lizard. The "observations" here recorded, remind us of one made
directly after Paris had been vacated by the Germans in 1871. In
many of the deserted back streets, every house had the windows
absolutely demolished. It was so evidently the result of the siege,
that it came as a sort of a shock to discover, on instituting enquiries,
that the damage was not done at all b^^ the Germans, but by little
boys who threw stones through the windows as soon as people were
scared out of the houses. We hope that the " birds " and " lizards "
are at least as possible as the " Germans."

We hope that we shall be forgiven for saying that, in our humble
opinion, much more prominence should be given in future papers, to
the doings of insects themselves, and that the human opinions of
their actions should be reduced to as small proportions as possible.

It is with the greatest regret that we have to record the death of
Professor Mark V. Slingerland, of Cornell University, on March 10th
last. His work necessitated him devoting particular attention to
economic entomology, but systematic work found in him a careful and
devoted student.

The last meeting of The Entomological Club was held at the
rooms of the Savage Club, May 20th, 1909, when Mr. H. Rowland-
Brown and Mr. A. H. Jones were the hosts. A strong muster gf
members and their friends took place, among others, Prof. E. B.
Poulton, Messrs. R. Adkin, A. E. Gibbs, T. Hail, A. Harrison, G. T.
Porritt, A. Sich, R. South, W. Sheldon, J. W. Tutt, J. J. Walker, etc.
An excellent supper was served at 7.30, and afterw^ards. Professor
Poulton, in suitable terms, proposed the toast of The Entomological
Club, coupled with the name of one of the hosts, Mr. H. Rowland-
Brown, who, as the promising last-elected member (or as he himself
expressed it, the "baby") of the Club, vigorously replied. The
unavoidable absence of Mr. G. Verrall and Mr. Donisthorpe, "beetling"
in Scotland, prevented a full rally of the actual recognised full
members.

The ProceeditKja of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society, for 1908-9, have just come to hand. It is an
exceptionally good volume, with four most beautiful illustrations from
photographs by Messrs. Tonge and Main. The Society appears in as
tlourishing a condition as ever, and there are the usual large number
of interestmg entomological items scattered through the pages. The
Presidential Address, by Mr. A. Sich, is charmingly readable, exhibit-
ing the president as a litterateur and artist of no mean capacity. The
special papers by Dr. Fremlin, Mr. Sich, and Mr. A. H. Jones, will
prove most interesting and informative to lepidopterists. A great
measure of the success of the Society is no doubt to be ascribed to the
energy of the permanent officers, of whom Messrs. Stanley Edwards,
H. J. Turner, T. W. Hall, and W. West, must come in for a large
share of praise.

One of the most important journals to lepidopterists, that is being
published at the present time, is the Bulletin de la Societe lepidoptero-
ioyique de Geneve, edited by Professor C. Blachier. The fourth
fascicule, completing vol. i., was published on May 20th, and completes

CURRENT NOTES. 143

a volume of 394 pages, with twelve plates, several of which are
beautifully coloured. The Presidential address for 1907-8, by Mr. A.
Pictet, is most interesting. This well-known scientist was followed in
the presidential chair for 1908-9 by Professor J. L. Eeverdin, who is
becoming almost as well-known to British lepidopterists as his
colleague. Professor C. Blachier. Besides the reports of the meetings
for 1908, there are several special papers — " Some forms of Erebia
tyndarus," by Dr. J. L. Eeverdin, " Contribution to the study of
PalaBarctic Sphingid hybrids," and " Catalogue of the Palaearctic
Sphingid hybrids," both by Dr. Denso, " Life-history of Macrot/n/lacia
rubi," by Mr. Arnold Pictet, " The differentiation of Sati/rus heriniont,
S. syriaca, and S. alcyone," by Mr. J. Julien, " On the Glarnisch," by
Mr. P. A. Muschamp, " Note on Leptidia sinapis ab. erysitni," by Mr.
J. Culot, "New or little-known forms of Lepidoptera," by Mr. C.
Lacreuze, " Aberrations of Lycsenids," by Dr. J. Eeverdin, " New
Aberrations of Palaearctic Lepidoptera," by Professor C. Blachier.

The two papers by Dr. Denso are particularly good, and must be
referred to by all entomologists interested in the question of hybridity,
and we must congratulate Dr. Denso not only on the subject-matter of
these papers, but also in publishing the first of them in French, as it
will no doubt find additional readers. There is, however, one thing to
which we hope our Geneva friends will, with ourselves, take objection.
It is to the use of new terms in place of others of prior and old-
established claim, and we hope that they will, with us, insist on the
necessity for keeping to the strict law of priority with regard to the
terms "hybrid" and "mongrel," and to refuse to alter in new
literature these old and well-established names. It is now more than
50 years ago since Darwin differentiated the crosses of two species as
" hybrid," and the crossing of two races of the same species as
"mongrel," and it is at least 38 years since Staudinger strictly defined
a " variety " as a local race of a species, and an " aberration " as a
chance variation, not racial. To speak of hybrids as "hybrid species,"
and mongrels as " hybrid subspecies," is as misleading as to call
mongrels "varieties," neither having the legality of priority or custom
behind it. Nor has the term " subspecies," in place of Staudinger's
term "variety," any real standing. Uniformity of terminology can
only be obtained as uniformity of names, by the application of the law
of priority, and, after all, it is such a little matter (not interfering with
the facts dealt with) to ask, that both Dr. Denso and Professor
Standfuss should follow the usual zoological rules.

The way A)iiorpha hybr. invena {=populixocellata), Tutt, Brit.
Lep., iii., pp. 395-6 (1902), is treated, appears rather absurd. The
name was definitely stated, in 1902, to apply to the cross of populi ^
X ocellata J , and everything known to date is published under this
name. It is still the intention of the author that it should apply to
this cross. Dr. Denso quotes all the records, from the Nat. Hist.
Brit. Lep., iii., pp. 395-6, even to the extracts from letters, in his
synonymy, and then gives precedence to Standfuss' name rothschildi
(1907). We can understand Dr. Denso's admiration for his chief at
Ziirich, but whilst invcrsa^populig x ocellata 'i , we must claim
priority for it by five years over Standfuss' name. Personal preference
cannot over-ride priority. We trust the editor of the Bulletin to look
into the matter as interesting entomologists outside Switzerland.

144 THE entomologist's record.

It was not till a few clays before the sale that we heard that
Mr. L. B. Prout's collection, other than the Geometrids, was to be
brought to the hammer. It seemed a pity when one looked at the
excellent condition of the collection as a whole, that the sale was not
more widely known. Hundreds of specimens in beautiful condition,
sold at less than a halfpenny apiece ; a few things, on the contrary,
attracted the owners of some of our best collections, and sold well.
Among others, three aberrations of Melitaea cin.ria produced £1 Is.,
£1 15s., and £1 5s. apiece ; two fine Ai/riades coridnn var. sijn(irap/ia,
22s.; a specimen of Snierinthns hybr. hybrid us, lis.; some nice Sesiids,
including two 3-Lgeria andrenifonnis, 20s. ; Platypteryx sicula, 24s and
20s. per pair, and 8s. for a ? ; Cerura bicuspis, 20s. for a pair, 7s. only
for2c?s; a pair of Bryopldla impar sold for 3s.; whilst Hyboma
strigosa fetched 12s. and 7s. for 4 and 5 respectively ; Lencania
vitellina went at 18s. and lis. per pair, whilst Lencania albipuncta
var. (jrisea, produced 17s. for 2, and 16s., 15s., 16s., 17s., respectively,
for sets of 5 ; Lencania favicolor produced only 16s. for 5, and 12s. for
4 examples, whilst Nonayria cuncolor went for 18s. and 12s. in sets of
4 ; and a pair of yonayria edelsteni (the new species from Sussex)
produced 26s.: 4 Lnperina luteayo var. ficklini Avent for 12s.; 2 L. var.
barrettii for 12s. ; but a fine example of L. var. barrettii, and a bred
L. var. fickii}ii, produced £2 2s. ; Xylowiyes conspicillaris, went in
fives at 24s. and 22s., and in fours at 18s. and 16s.; Petasia niibecidosa
sold twice over at 9s. for 3 ; (Jucidlia ynaphalii produced 14s., 12s.,
10s. for 3, and 6s. for 2 ; whilst Laphyyina exiyua sold in sets of 7 at
16s., 13s., lis., and 10s. per set; a Shetland Crymodes exidis went for
15s. ; whilst Aporophyla australif. var. inyeniia 3 , went for 20s., 9s.,
and 5s., according to condition, and a fine $ for 26s.

Among the smaller things were three interesting lots. Lot 450, a
bred 3" Bacotia aepiiim, and six Froutia betidina, together with the
larval cases ; lot 451, the type of I'routia eppi ny ella, a,s described in
the Natural History of British Lepidoptera, ii., pp. 298, 569, together
with larval cases of both sexes ; lot 452, three $ Prontia eppinyella
with larval cases. Lord Walsingham visited the sale-rooms in order
to add the first two of these to his collection, soon now to be handed
over to the Nat. History Museum, whilst Mr. Bankes purchased the
third. The prices given for the other lots of small things would
hardly buy the pins on which the specimens were set.

At the Royal Academy Exhibition this year, is a picture that will
charm all entomologists. It is called " The Aurelians," and depicts
two well-known lepidopterists, Dr. G. B. Longstaff and Mr. Selw^'n
Image in a study, cabinet open, at work. The portraits are life-like,
in that of Mr. Image, the artist, Mr, John Cooke, has excelled himself, for
the kindness and gentleness of one of the most delightful personalities
among the Fellows of the Ent. Society of London, positively speak
from the canvas. Those who know Mr. Image feel that the artist
iaious him too. The artist has done full credit to Dr. Longstaff, but
not quite in the same charming way. That he does not knoir the
latter as he does the former, is evident. But it is nevertheless quite
excellent.

Another far-different picture that will attract entomologists for
quite a different reason is that by one of the Fellows of the Ent.
Society of London, Mr. J. C. Dollman. There is nothing for us to

CURRENT NOTES. 146

say, except that ** Am I my brother's keeper ? " keeps up the high
standard of the intensely powerful series of pictures that has become
so widely associated with Mr. Dollman's brilliant genius. The
portrait of Miss Grace Dollman by Mr. Richard Jack, too, is quite one
of the best portraits in the Exhibition.

There is always a great amount of pleasure in receiving the
Annual Report of the Entomoloijical Society of Ontario, the 39th of
which we have just been looking through. There are many interest-
ing things in the volume as usual, but year by year, one misses more
and more, much of the pure science and literary flavour of past
volumes. Year by year the study of entomology per se is becoming-
still more restricted in the number of its votaries ; year by year
entomology, as a branch of biological natural history, becomes
yet more limited in its outlook, whilst a huge number of " professed
entomologists " come into the entomological world as ready-made
suns, bound to justify their existence (and salaries) by writing a
little in a lot of words, concerning a few so-called injurious species,
repeating the same facts again and again, usually in the crudest form,
and in such a way as to get on the nerves even of pachydermatous
people like ourselves ; their remarks are illustrated by the same worn-
out blocks by means of which their predecessors drove home the same
thread-bare facts about the same insects, a quarter af a century ago,
and one somehow wonders why.

The answer is, of course, ready at hand. The society receives about
half its income as government grant, and is published by the Ontario
Department of Agriculture, Toronto. It becomes, therefore, a sort of
medium for the supply of information, on elementary entomological
matters, to the many uneducated persons who require it from the
Agricultural Bureau, and a good deal of this sort of material is printed.
But among this are some of the old-fashioned notes by naturalists for
naturalists. " The farmer's Wood lot," by the Rev. T. W. Fyles,
makes one wonder whether certain notes bearing the same name in
the old days of the F^nt. Wk. Intellitjencer, were the product of the same
hand ; Mr. Lyman gives " The life-history of Euchaetias oregonensis,
Stretch " ; " The Entomological Record for 1908," is by James Fletcher
and Arthur Gibson ; the last, alas, that will bear the impress of
the Canadian master in entomological science. Mr. T. D. Jarvis'
" Catalogue of the gall-insects of Ontario " is a most useful paper.
Other papers worthy of attention are " Some Beetle Haunts," by Mr.
F. J. A. Morris, and " Hydroecia micacea in Canada," by Mr. A.
Gibson.

The volume unfortunately records the loss of one who, by common
consent, has long since been regarded as Canada's premier entomolo-
gist, viz., Dr. James Fletcher, who died on November 8th last. Born
at Ash, in Kent, on March 28th, 1862, he was educated at the King's
School, Rochester, was for some time employed in a bank in the City,
and left for Canada in 1874, to fill the position of clerk in the Bank
of British North America, which appointment he resigned to become
assistant in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa. His spare time
still, as ever, was devoted to botany and entomology, and this, in
time, led to his appointment as honorary Dominion Entomologist and
Botanist, and, in 1887, to his taking up the work of these departments
at the newly-established Experimental Farm. Since then he has

146 THE entomologist's record.

worked continuously with Dr. Saunders, the director, and has well-
earned the reputation of being one of the best scientific entomologists
in Canada.

The various positions of honour that he has held, as President,
Vice-president, Secretary, Member of Council of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, of The Association of Economic Entomologists of
North America, of the Royal Society of Canada, of the Entomological
Society of America, etc., cannot be here enumerated in detail.
Suffice it to say that he was President of the first and last at the time
of his death, and that his decease has left a sad blank in the ranks of
American entomologists. But to us in England, the fact that his first
entomological work was done in Kent — in Chattenden Roughs, at
Upnor, Cuxton, Cliffe, Bluebell Hill, and the neighbourhood of
Chatham — is of the greatest interest. It was a revelation to the
writer to find out, a few years ago, that the renowned Canadian
entomologists knew quite as much of these charming spots as he did
himself, that between 1871 and 1874, they were educating themselves
in the same manner, in the lovely woods, on the breezy hills, and the
dreary marshes, round Rochester and Strood, that glorious country
that Dickens has written up in some of his works so accurately and
delightfully.

Dr. Joy adds, on the strength apparently of a single specimen
captured at " Great Salkeld, on April 11th, 1908, in carrion,"
Homalium brericolli', Thorns., to the British list. It was named by
Deville by comparison with " a Norwegian example of H. brevicolle in
his collection."

Habits of Larvae of Laertias philenor.

By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S.

(1) l!esti)i(i-/iabit young : — In small companies usually of ten to
fifteen on underside of leaf of ArUtolochia, ranged in files like bands of
soldiers, with heads pointing indifferently inwards to stem or outwards
to tip of leaf, rests sometimes with thoracic legs clasped and fore seg-
ments slightly arched (but not nearly so much so as Papilio niachaon),
sometimes outstretched with thoracic legs touching undersurface of leaf
(partial rest). Even when young the time taken for moult by this
species, is longer than that of P. machaun, but as the larva grows it
seems to take longer with each moult before it begins feeding again.

(2) On hatching the larva of Laertias philenur eats a portion but
not all of the ovum — ^its habit in this respect being midway between
that of P. niachaon and Iphiclides ajax (the base of the ovum being left).
It is not particular about devouring its exuviae when young (though it
sometimes does so). It feeds on all occasions on the underside of the
leaf and is gregarious ; each batch of eggs splitting up as a rule into
two companies of larvte [cf. antea). Whilst feeding, the larvfe touch
one another so that if one of them moves it sets the others in motion
by the imparted shock, and if one extrudes its osmaterium the rest
follow suit. I have never observed it to feed at night at any stage of
its existence.

(3) When two-thirds grown it is still gregarious, though less so
than in its earlier stages, and rests usually, but not invariably, on the
underside of the leaves. Its anterior segments are slightly raised and
its thoracic legs not clasped together. When not at rest on the under-

HABITS OF LARV^ OF LAERTIAS PHILENOR. 147

side of a leaf it may be found resting at the end of a stem of a very
young shoot of Arisfnlochia. A noticeable feature of the adult larva is
its helplessness after exuviation, it remains flaccid for some hours, and
does not begin to feed again almost at once as P. machaon does.

(4) When full-grown the larva of /.. philenor, though still exceed-
ingly sociable, is not strictly gregarious. Scudder (quoted A Natural
History British Butterfiies, i., p. 67) is wrong when he talks of the larvae
of the species concealing themselves for protective purposes " beneath
the broad leaves of Ariatolorhia.'" L. philenor only keeps to the under-
side of the leaves when young or when about to undergo ecdysis ; and
the probable explanation of the fact that it does not feed usually, even
when full-grown, upon the upperside of the leaves, is that, being
exceedingly active, and except at times of exuviation, not accustomed
to spin much silk, it is liable to fall oft' the uppersides of the Aristo-
lochia leaves {cf. Scudder, ButterftieH of Keiv England, vol. ii., p.
1249). (I have not noticed it spinning zigzag lines of silk on surfaces
of leaves, though I have often seen it fall off, even when undisturbed).
Otherwise it is difficult to account for the habit of the full-grown larva
of L. /i/tilenor to feed on the stems of the young growth of Aristolochia
siplto rather than the leaves even when there is an abundance of the
latter at hand, whilst fully exposed in companies of two and three, and
its fondness for sunning itself, whilst not feeding, on the topmost stems
of its food-plants or on their bare wooden supports, where it is a most
conspicuous object. In addition to this I have often seen this larva
when full-grown feeding on the upperside of the topmost leaves, often
sufficiently flattened to afford it a foothold, with nothing between it
and the sky above. A noticeable habit of the full-grown larva is that
two or three will simultaneously devour a stem of AriMolochia, com-
pletely enveloping it, so that no green is to be seen, and feeding it
down with their heads almost touching from several sides at the same
time.

(5) Food-habit. — It seems to be confined to Aristolochia, the 5 s rarely
ovipositing on plants of neighbouring families (Scudder, op. cit., vol.
ii., 124). Mine were all fed up upon Aristolochia sipho : but when this
ran short they would eat, though not with the same avidity, the
leaves and stems of A. elcmatidis.

(6) The larvae, at all stages, sleep where they rest or stop feeding,
and their sleeping-position is the same as their resting one.

(7) With regard to Laertios philenor throwing forwards or laggards
in the larval state, I have been unable to segregate the many batches
of larva? sufficiently to have data for passing an opinion, but it is
quite certain that some of the resulting pupae have a tendency to
produce imagines earlier than the bulk. It has been my habit each
year to collect the pupae of L. pldlenor as soon as they are hardened
enough to detach, and to place them in a cool, thatched apple- house.
Of these about ten per cent, will produce a partial second -brood as
with 1'. machaon in the same circumstances, the number varying some-
what with the intensity of the early autumn sunshine, but the imagines
do not always result from the pupae first formed, though the last
formed ones have a distinct tendency to go over the winter as such.
Of this I am sure, as I place the pupae collected at different times on
different shelves.

(8) Laertias pldlenor in its larval state is exceedingly active after
its middle stadium, and will often crawl a distance of two or three

148 THE entomologist's record*

hundred yards in order to find a suitable place for pupation. Like
F. machaon, but unlike /. ajax, it always moves forwards, and turns
completely round rather than go backwards.

(y) Laertias pJiilenor always spins a somewhat large quantity of
silk at all stages of its life in order to afford itself a secure foothold
when undergoing ecdysis, but I have not noticed it doing so at any
other time.

(10) Miscellaneous. — The red brown immature larvae of L. philenor
massed together on the underside of its large leaves of Aristolochia sipho
bear a somewhat striking resemblance to the brown blotches which
form on the sun-burnt leaves, but rather later in life the larvae seem to
court exposure {cf. antea). I have kept them in large quantities out-
of-doors in a kitchen garden full of insectivorous birds, but have never
seen either a larva or pupa attacked by one. Mice will eat the pupas,
but even in winter the birds refuse them. The ichneumon fly which
infests 1\ machaon never stings L. philenor, and, out of all the pupse
which I have received from America, I have never found one containing
Troijus e.resorius, the pest of the Nearctic Papilionids. I have seen
wasps hover round the half-grown larv^ but have never seen these
attacked by them.

The imaginal habit of ovipositing in masses, unlike the other
Papilios with which I am acquainted, probably arises from this
security from foes, and both the imago and larva are less easily
frightened than those of other members of the family. The larvae are
exceedingly sociable in all stages, and it is no uncommon sight for one
to find a batch composed of larvae of various sizes, from one just
hatched, to those two-thirds grown, feeding amicably together in ranks.
It is a curious fact that, whilst the starving larva of this species will
devour the newly-formed pupa, I have never seen it attack another
larva even when quite small and defenceless. Being pharmacophagous
it is probably attracted to the pupa by the latter's protective smell of
Aristolochia, but, though its fellow larvae must be equally impregnated
with the juices of that plant, it evidently recognises them as kinsmen.
When Scudder says that L. philenor is a slow feeder I do not think he
is quite accurate, as this species is not only a more rapid eater but feeds
for longer hours than 1'. machaon, it is one of the most voracious larvae I
have ever watched. Indeed, though the length of the time it spends in
undergoing ecdysis, is far longer than P. machaon, it feeds up in the
same surroundings in a rather shorter time.

■ After changing its skin the larva of L. philenor, particularly in its
later stages, is unusually flaccid and helpless, and takes a longer time
at least in our English summers, before it is fit to feed again, than
either P. machaon or J', asterias. 1 can confirm Scudder's account of the
peculiar habit that the adult larva of L. philenor (4th and 5th stages)
has of drumming with its thoracic legs on leaves both when feeding
or half-resting. I have also seen it do so on the backs of its
companions, or even when suspended for pupation ; but surely he is
w^rongwhen he says that L. philenor cannot extrude its osmaterium when
changing skins (vol. ii., p. 1294). I have almost always succeeded in
inducing it to do so, and it will do so even when it has been suspended
for pupation for two days. I have found L. philendr larvje use their
osmateria readily in all stages. The quiescent time preceding pupation
after suspension lasts, in fine weather, about two and & half lo three
days on an average,

Vol. XXI.

Plate XIII.

A

ra|iae
3

Photo, et Del. J. Jullien.

Ancillary appendages, Androcoma and Normal Scales of j Pieris rap.* and

P. MANNI.

The Entomologist's Becord, etc., 1909.

PIERIS RAP.E, L., AND P. MANNI, MAYER. 149

Pieris rapae, L., and P. manni, Mayer {with plate).

By PROFESSOR J. REVERDIN, M.D., Memb. Lep. Soc. Gen.

The interesting articles by Messrs. Powell and Harrison, printed
in the Ent. Record, have clearly demonstrated that these two Pierids
differ in certain constant characteristics and that they should, therefore,
be considered as distinct species, a conclusion already arrived at by
Count E. Turati in his delightful study on P. majuii and its variety,
or rather summer form, rossii, Stefanelli. It seems to me that an
anatomical study of certain organs confirming this conclusion should
not be void of interest. I have, up till now, only examined the male
genital organs and the androconial scales with the following results.

Male Genital Armature: In the first place I noted a slight differ-
ence in the size of the armature, that of P. rapae being rather larger
than that of P. wauni. The uncus is practicall}' the same in the two
species ; immediately behind its base, attached to either side, stretches
a slight ellipse-shaped membrane ; this membrane is rather larger in
P. rapae than in P. manni. The saecus of P. manni is more regularly
formed and is shaped exactly like a thimble. The difference between
the clasps is more considerable and was constant in every preparation
that I made ; it is easier to seize this difference by a glance at the
accompanying plates than by reading my description. Whereas, in
the case of P. rapae (pi. xiii., fig. 1), the outline of the clasp may be
called a regular curve with its convex and concave parts united in-
sensibly, the outline of that of P. manni (fig. 2) is, so to speak,
harsher ; the extremity of the clasp runs to a point and its upper
surface presents an abrupt protuberance almost entirely absent in
P. rapae.

The difference between the two armatures was striking enough to
enable me to distinguish at a glance to which of the two butterflies
the preparations I was examining belonged.

I have only been able to examine the armature of a single rossii,
and found it absolutely identical with that of manni.

Androconial Scales: The distribution of the androconia seems to me
the same in the two species; they are all situated on the upper surface of
the wings and are in greater abundance on the fore- than on the hind-
wings ; the regions of the discoidal cell and of the apical spot seem
particularly well provided with this class of scales. The scales were
drawn by my colleague, Mr. Jullien, to whom I am also indebted
for the photographs of my preparations. While the drawings show
that these scales are nearly the same in the two species it may be
noted that : (1) The androconial scales of P. rapae are larger than
those of P. manni. (2) Their outline is more regular and symmetrical,
drawn, so to say, with greater elegance in the case of P. manni.

These points of difference have been constant in every preparation
I have made. The androconial scales are represented by the upper
three of each figure. Below them are given the ordinary scales and a
careful examination of the latter seems to point to a greater regularity
in the case of P. manni ; the curved outline leading to the pedicel is
notably more symmetrical in P. manni, more irregular in P. rapae.

It is evident that the examination I have made ought to be repeated
on a larger scale and that a study should be made of the internal, as
July 15th, 1909.

150 THE entomologist's record.

well as of the external, organs. I venture to hope that some more
competent person may be induced to undertake this task.

The conclusion to which my examination has led me is that the
two insects, P. rapae and P. inanni, are, though close neighbours, still
abundantly distinct, i.e., two species in the generally accepted sense of
the word.

Collectors may be interested to hear that P. manni is not confined
to Tuscany, the Riviera, the Oriental Pyrenees, Dalmatia and certain
parts of Russia; we likewise possess it in Switzerland ; my colleagues
and I have netted it at Lancy, near Geneva, at Tongues, on the lake
of Geneva in the Haute- Savoie, near the Swiss frontier, at Crevin (foot
of Mont Saleve), and in the canton of Valais at Martigny and at
Sierre ; I took P. var. rosm in July, 1907, at Branson, and in 1908 at
Martigny. It is, therefore, probable that this butterfly is much more
widely spread than is commonly supposed. Mr. Muschamp tells me
that he has also captured rossii in Geneva, in August, 1901, and July,
1905, and P. manni at Malaga and in Majorca.
Explanation of Plate XIII.

1. Ancillary appendages of Pieris rapae. \ The left clasp of the genital

"2. Ancillary appendages of Pieris manni. \ armature has been removed.

3. Androconia and ordinary scales of Pieris rapae.

4. Androconia and ordinary scales of Pieris manni.

Spring notes on the Lepidoptera of Mucking.

By Rev. C. li. N; BURROWS, F.E.S.

Celastrina argiolus has been unusually abundant. I have noted
it flying from April 15th to June 20th. I have been watching its
rather erratic flight with interest, hoping to find out something more
about its egg-laying habit, as a clue to possible unknown food-plants.
Sweet Bay and Euonymua eiiropaeiis seemed to share the attractions
with Portugal laurel (Cerasns hmtanica) and holly, but only upon the
two latter plants have I found the eggs laid. Upon the Portugal
laurel flower-spikes the eggs are laid in the usual manner, but
generally upon the central shaft. The heavy rains drowned out the
larv&e from the clusters of holly flowers, but has not incommoded
those feeding openly upon the Portugal laurel, which have fed up
rapidly and are now, June 21st, mostly fullfed. They bore into the
buds, as the autumn larvae do.

Phorodesma smaragdaria. — On May 13th I examined my bag of
larvae, which had been hybernating quite successfully upon " Old
Man." I found ona or two larvie preparing to pupate. I removed the
whole batch of larvfe to my large out-door cage, and supplied them
with abundance of fresh food — Artemisia absinthium and Old Man.
NoAV these larvae when taken from the bag had not troubled to renew
their clothing since waking up, and were covered with dead material,
when covered at all. But no sooner Avere they exposed to the full
light of day behind the glass door of the cage, than the whole number
set to work at once and dressed themselves in fresh green.

Spilosoma MENDicA. — A beautiful female bred out of doors. May 8th,
was placed in a muslin cage and exposed in the garden. She lived
until the 31st, and during the whole time scarcely moved an inch.
No male appeared during sunshine, dusk, or dark. But on May 13th

NOTE ON ANTHOCHARIS TAGIS, HB., VAR. BELLEZINA, BDV. 151

I found a male in my study, having been doubtless called by the
female, and, missing his way, flown in at the garden door the previous
night. Placed w4th the female, he lived a few days, but appeared to
be past moving, and the eggs laid appeared to be all infertile. These
numbered 150 in all, but eventually 39 changed colour and 8 hatched,
so that the moths must have paired after all. The species must be,
however, as I have always thought, very rare here.

Ants and larv^. — My out-door cage is probably quite ichneumon-
proof, and all the sides but the one glass door are protected by
a double-muslin cover, the width of the wood frame, half-inch,
separating the covering. But it is not free from the incursions of the
ubiquitous ant. I have not found this insect do any harm, unless it
be l)y disturbing the pupating larvae. I have, however, seen ants
leading off small spiders, earwigs, and such-like vermin, introduced
with the food. Their chief business, however, seems to be carrying
away unripe violet seeds, exposed by the jaws of Arctia c«y« larvfe.
I have not measured the full length of the journey necessary for the
safe garnering of these seeds, but it must be quite 6-8 feet of pre-
cipitous descent.

Interesting foodplants. — In my cage I feed a mixed family ; I
notice that the larvae get confused amongst the variety of foods.
Pericallia syrimjaria has been eating violet, plum, and "Old Man";
Arctia caja, lilac, "Old Man," Sedii))!, and nettle; Orgyia gonostigma,
violet Spiraea, and Sedinii ; Lasioca)npa quercns, lilac, etc.

Note on the distinguishing characters of Anthocharis tagis, Hb.,
var. bellezina, Bdv., and A. belia, Cram.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S.
Some three or four years ago my attention was called by Mr.
Sloper, who was then staying at Aix-en-Provence, to the insufficiency
of the distinction generally given for recognising A. tagis \qx. bellezina
at a glance as compared with A. belia, viz., the presence of a black
spot nearly in the centre of the hindwing on the underside of the
former, which is usually absent in the latter. He had taken several
specimens of A. belia in which this spot was distinctly visible, and in
several cases these specimens were also smaller than var. bellezina. A
short stay at Aix-en-Provence at the end of April has not only confirmed
for me the truth of this observation, but has besides shown me that
this black spot is also occasionally present in the same position in
Eucldo'e eiiphenoides, both g' and ? , and also more strongly marked
in both sexes of E. cardawines. It is, however, sometimes visible in
both sexes on the upper side of var. bellezina, though I have never met
with a corresponding example of any other species. Of course, in the
field, or in cases where a date is attached to the specimen, there is no
difficulty, as the first brood of A. belia, with which var. bellezina is
contemporary, has silver in the place of white on the underside hind-
wing, but in all cases a very sufficient distinction may be found in the
shape of the hindwing. On examining the underside of A. belia it
will at once be seen that the costa of the hindwing is at right angles
to the body, and there is a very conspicuous angle between the costa
and the hind margin of the wmg ; this is entirely absent in A. var.
bellezina, in which there is no break between the costa and the hind

152 THE entomologist's record.

margin, both being in the form of a single continuous curve. This
distinction will, I believe, be found to be invariable.

Cupido osiris, Meig. = Cupido sebrus, Bdv.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The following matter conies outside the scope of my work in A
Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, and, as I have already
finished what I have to say about the Cupidid species in vol. x of
that work, it may be well to note the fact whilst it is in my mind, viz.,
C. osiris, Meig. = C. sebras, Bdv.

I have been recently working through Meigen, an author whom
one would have supposed Staudinger knew very well, and yet whose
work appears to have been a good deal overlooked ; probably this is
due to the fact that, like so many authors who illustrated their work
by hand, the colouring is sometimes wonderfully crude, and, as Esper
and Gerhard love "royal" blue, Bergstriisser "white" blue, so
Meigen loved " pale " blue, and one finds the figures of the " blues "
often running to excess in these directions.

At first I thought that osiris must be a form of ('. sewian/us, but
the figure Avas quite unsatisfactory from this point of view, especially
the spotting of the underside of the hindwing, and it was not till I
obtained a critical translation of the description from Mr. Sich that I
saw, what I ought to have known at once from the underside, that the
species must be sebrus. This description reads as follows : —

Above violet ; fringe white, with black base ; i^ale grey beneath ; in the centre
of each wing is a black transverse streak, then a curved row of small black eye-
spots, cf . The upperside reddish-blue, not so deep and much duller than in the
previous species (acis), the black marginal border is absent, on the other hand, the
fringes are, for half their breadth, deep black (which one might easily take for a
black margin), the other half is white. The nervures are not black, only their
terminations on the outer margin scarcely blackish ; the underside is very pale
reddish -grey, clearer and more delicate than in the previous species (acts) ; the
basal third of the hindwings verdigris-green. In the centre of each wing lies a
black transverse streak bordered with white ; on the forewings there is a curved
row of seven eye-spots and a similar row on the hindwings of six to seven spots ;
between the first and second, as well as between the fourth and fifth, there is an
interval ; at the base on the edge of the green are yet two eyespots, one below the
other. Of this butterfly, I only possess the male, whose country of origin is
unknown to me, it is certainly distinct from acis.

The description and figures together make it absolutely certain that
the species here referred to is that we know as sebrus, Bdv. The
description of the fringes would alone be almost diagnostic, but the
spotting of the underside of the hindwing in the figure is equally so,
and is identical with specimens in our own collection, m which spots
2 and 6 are vv'anting. The only point, perhaps, not in quite full agree-
ment with the species is the colour-tint of the base of hindwings,
which Mr. Sich translates for us as " verdigris-green," but which is
rather "verdigris-blue" in most examples than "green," although a
tinge of the latter colour is sometimes observable ; strangely, Meigen
leaves this out altogether in his figure. The synonymy of the species
will, therefore, in future read —

Osiris, Meig., " Eur. Schmett.," ii., p. 7, pi. xlvi., figs. 3 a-h (1830). Sebrus,
?Hb., "Eur. Schmett.," pi. 172, fig. 8.54 {ante 1832) ; Bdv., "Icon.," p. 72 pro
parte, pi. xvii., figs. 1-3 (1832); Tr., " Die Schmett.," x., pt. 1, p. 65 (1834); H.-Sch.,
" Sys. Bearb.." i.,p. 116i)ii«w( (1843); Dup., " Cat.," p. 31 (1844) ; Frr.,"Neu.

LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED AT CINTRA IN APRIL, 1909. 153

Beit.," pi. 451, fig. 1 (184-5) ; Staud., "Cat.," 2nd ed., p. 13 (1871) ; Frey, " Lep.
der Schweiz," p. 21 (1880); Lang, "Butts. Eur.," p. 128, pi. xxxi., fig. 2 (1884);
Eiihl, "Pal. Gross-Schmett.," i., p. 293 (1891-5); Staud., "Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 88
(1901); Wheel., "Butts. Switz.," p. 24 (1903); Rebel, "Lep. Faun. Balk.," i.,
p. 193 (1903). Saportae, Dup., " Pap. Fr.," supp. i., p. 59, pi. ix., figs. 5-7 (1832).

We refer sebrits, Hb., "Eur. Schniett.," figs. 851-3, to Cyaniris
seiinarf/iis, and so much of Herrich-Schaffer's description {S;/s. Bearh.,
i., p. 116) as refers to Hiibner's figures. The rest of his description
appears really to refer to osiris, M.Q\g. = sehrus, Bdv., and it is possible
that Hiibner's fig. 854 also is sebrus. The date of this figure of Hiibner's
is uncertain, but as Boisduval quotes Hiibner, it was evidently before
18o2, the year in which Boisduval figured the species. We regret
much to have to publish this statement, but there cannot be a shadow
of doubt as to its necessity.

Lepidoptera collected at Cintra in April, 1909.

By The Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S.

BetAveen the 8th and 13th of April, this year, my wife and I made
a small collection of lepidoptera at Cintra. Records from Portugal
seem to be very meagre, and I, therefore, give a complete list of the
specimens secured, hoping that it may prove of interest to the readers
of The Entoinolof/isfs Eeconl. Insects were scarce, both as regards
species and numbers, a curious fact when the astonishingly rich vegeta-
tion of the district is considered. Sugar was a complete failure and
light but partially successful. The species obtained were :

DiuRNi : — Fapilio podalirim, L., rather scarce; Thais nimina, L.,
scarce at low and high elevations ; Pieris brassicae, L., common ;
Kucldo'e cardainines, L., scarce. Only ^ s were secured, in all of which
the orange patch of the fore wing extended beyond the cell spot.
Leptidia sinapis, L., scarce ; Oonepteryx rhanini, L., common ; G.
cieopatra, L., rather scarce ; Parari/e aeyeria, L., var. et/erides, Stgr..,
common ; P. megaera, L., common ; C'allophrijs rubi, L., common ;
Theator ballu.i, F., common at low elevations ; Celastfina aryiulns, L.,
common.

Lasiocampides : — Trichiura ilicis, Rbr. — A. single female of this
species with slightly worn fringes was secured. The specimen in
question was flying very rapidly in the afternoon sunshine over the
heather at a high elevation. In it veins 9 and 10 of the forewing
are on a very high stalk, vein 9 being less than half the length
of the stalk. In this female from Cintra and in another from
Andalusia — the only two females I have seen — vein 9 reaches the edge
before the tip of the wing, as in Poecilocampa populi, L., while, in the
male, the vein terminates on the outer margin, as is the case in both
sexes of Trichiura crataegi. Veins 7 and 8 of the hindwing are on a
short stalk in the male and two females of T. ilicis examined. Macro-
thylacia rubi var. digraiiuna, Meade-Waldo.*- — Nine examples (two
males and seven females) of this very distinct insect were secured at
light at a high elevation. The male is more densely scaled than the
female, and bears, on the underside of both wings, a yello^vish discal
line corresponding with the outer line on the upperside of the forewing.
The genitalia agree with those of M. rubi. This moth might possibly be

* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 390, pi. xix., fig. 10 (1905): " Tetuan to Rabat,
Morocco, on the sea-coast."

154

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD.

treated as a separate species rather than a geographical race of M. vkM.
It has, so far as we know, not been previously recorded from Europe.

Attacides : — Satnrnia pavo7iia, L., common at high elevations.

Dkepanides : — Drepana hinaria, Hufn., common at light.

Arctiides: — Arctia latreillei, God., one specimen at rest at a high
elevation.

Noctuides : — Af/rotis pttta, Hb., at light ; Pachnobia faceta, Tr., at
light; Leticania l-albii»i, Li., Sit light; Orrhodia staiidiiKjeri, Grasl. ab.
scortina, Stdgr., one specimen at light; Cleophana difflnenii, Stdgr., one
specimen at light ; Anarta myrtilli, L., common at high elevations ;
P/njtometra riridaria, CI., at high elevations ; riuaia (jamiiia, L.,
common ; Opldodes lunaris, Schiff., rare at high elevations.

Cymatophorides : — Tlnjatira batis, L., rare.

Geometeides : — Acidalia rittaria, Hb., rare at low elevations;
A. virtudaria, Hb. var. anstralis, Z., at Hght ; A. eugeniata, Mill., at
light ; Zonosoma pupillariix, Hb. ab. gyrata, Hb., one specimen at
light; Anaitis plagiata, L., one specimen ; Chesias riifata, F., rare at
high elevations ; Melanippe Jiuctitata, L., common ; Larentia cnpreata,
H.-S., one specimen at light; L. jiavo fascia ta, Thnbg., one example at
light at a high elevation ; Fvpithecia pulchellata, Stph., a very large
form, one specimen ; Tephroclystis scopariata, Rbr., rare ; T. piouilata,
Hb., rare ; Mctrocampa honoraria, Schiff., rare at light ; Yenilia macu-
laria, L., very common ; He)iiern))hila ahniptaria, Thnbg., very
common ; rachymeiiria Jdppocastanaria, Hb., common ; Gnophos
m.ucidaria, Hb., rare ; G. asperaria, Hb., rather common ; EiirrantJns
phimistaria, Vill., common at high elevations ; Thaiinuvwma gesticu-
laria, Hb., rare at light ; LomaspiUs petraria, Hb., common ; Aspilates
ochrearia, Rossi, rare.

PsYcHiDEs : — E])ick)iopteryx pnlla, Esp., rare.

ToRTRiciDEs : — Tortri.r xinicolorana, Dup.,one specimen ; Concliylis
Jiinwniana, Stgr., one specimen at a low elevation.

The " Large Copper " Butterfly (Chrysophanus dispar).

By G. H. VEEKALL, F.E.S.

As no accepted record exists of the occurrence of this species
in Britain since 1848, I do not think I can be accused of acting in an
unscientific manner by trying to reintroduce it through continental
specimens. I have consequently (through the kindly help of Mr.
J. W. Tutt) turned out a number of the larvt^ of the riitilus form at
Wicken Fen, and I ask the support of all entomologists to preserve
specimens from capture for some years to come, in order to see if this
beautiful species can be re-established. It will also be interesting to
see if, in the course of a few generations, any reversion to the British
form dispar might occur.

I hear that an attempt is also being made to introduce the other
" dispar " (Lywantria) at the same place, so British (?) records of this
will also be valueless.

The Lepidoptera of the Orisons— the Landwasser Valley.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
One of the loveliest days during the holidays of 1908 proved to be
a collecting failure. This was August 4th, when a journey to the

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE GRISONS. 155

Barentrett Gorge was undertaken. It proved a long dusty walk, and
the attempts to discover by side routes, etc., places particularly suitable
for collecting, added to the length of the journey but little to the bag,
coupled with which most of the species met with appeared to be largely
over ; the fields were all mown bare and the crops carried, so that one
suspected that the Landwasser Valley would have proved more pro-
ductive a little earlier in the season. This was particularly the case
near Frauenkirch, where, on a flowery slope among hundreds of Pieris
brassicae, P. rapae, worn Adopaea lineola, Anthrocera achilleae, A. tran-
salpina and Clirusophanua hippothoe, etc., one observed very few species
in good condition, of which Argynnis niobe, A. aglaia, Iswria lathonia,
Alicia astrarche, Heodes virijaureae, Ai/riades coridon, and two quite
freshly emerged Melitaea athalia,vieve perhaps the chief. One delightful
little corner remains an exception to the rule. This was near
Spinabad, where an open space, thinly covered with large trees and
carpeted with flowers, came down to the roadside. Here many common
species were in profusion, Aigj/miis aglaia and A. niobe, in dozens, the

$ s of the latter exceptionally dark on the upperside ; Brenthis ino and
B. amathidiia also had been abundant, but were altogether passe, but
Erebia etiryalewas in first-class condition, whilst Issoria latJiouia swung
from the flowers, ready to dart off like lightning, however, if disturbed,
in all the beauty of fresh emergence from chrysalis ; an occasional
Colias jdiicomone reached here, having been evidently attracted by the
flowers below its usual level, whilst Aporia crataegi 2 s with almost
transparent forewings still sought a place in which to lay what few
eggs remained to be deposited. Low down on the flowers many of
the usual species were common, and Aricia astrarche, Cyaniris
seiiiiaryiis, Heodes viryaureae, Ayriades coridon, of which the J s appear
to be exceptionally dark, both on the upper- and underside, one or two

$ Chrysophanuskipjiothoe (most of the examples of this species in shreds),
Hesperia alveits, Urbicola comma, Adopaea lineola, and Coenonympha
satyrion, made up the greater part of the Rhopalocerous bag. There were
a few other interesting species noted, of which the chief were : —
Larentia caesiata on the tree-trunks, Dasydia obfuscata frequently dis-
turbed here, and in suitable spots all the way down the valley, Crambus
dumetellus, and an Anthrocera, apparentl}' ochsenheinieri, but which I
cannot name with any real certainty. Lower down the valley, towards
the Schmelzboden Hofl'nungsau, the same species largely occurred, but
nothing really worth noting, except, perhaps, a specimen or two of
Cyaniris semiaryas at a runnel by the roadside below Glads. The
failure of an observation on the egglaying of Aryynnis aylaia at
Spmabad may be worth recording if it only attracts someone else to
record a successful observation. As I sat in the shade of a tree at
lunch at a spot where A. aylaia appeared particularly abundant, a

$ was observed in the most business-like way at what I considered
must be the process of egglaying. She hovered an inch or two above
the ground, at a spot where violets were growing, but the grass and
other herbage sparse, dragged herself over the violet plants, abdomen
downwards, and then took up a position among the drier grass, quite
near, but not actually among, the violet-roots, her abdomen was
poised, bent under, and a movement of an inch or so forward made,
when the operation was repeated, and this happened at least four or
five times, until, craning forward to within a few inches of her, I

156 THE entomologist's record.

startled her, and she flew away. I was so certain that I should find
the eggs that the matter troubled me little, but, although I lay there
until I had examined individually almost every bit of grass and dry
material in the path she took, I could find no egg. I followed up
another $ later, and spent altogether quite half an hour, but with no
result whatever. Knowing that the eggs were possibly not laid on any
herbage at all, I examined the surface of the ground, etc., but all to
no purpose. Eggs, however, are easily overlooked, and they may have
been there, but I think not.

Two Generic Homonyms : Aricia ; Trichopteryx.

By LOUIS B. PEOUT, F.E.S.

The investigation of the former of the above names has been made
on behalf of Mr. Tutt ; that of the latter, on my own behalf. They
are but two of very many which will have to be laboriously pursued
before finality in the appropriation of many homonyms can be arrived
at. Bibliographers will find two others published by me in The
Entomohvjifit, xxx.ii., p. 115 {Liiceria and Sara).

Aricia, R.L., Jena. All;/. Litt. Zcif., 1817, vol. i., no. 35 (Feb.,
1817), p. 280. The name is valid, being founded on a "bibliographic
reference,""- i.e., proposed for Ochsenheimer's " Family A " of his
Lijcaena. But the question has been raised by Mr. Percy Grimshaw
in litt.) as to whether I was right in handing the name to Mr. Tutt
as actually available for use, seeing that the nomenclators quote
another " Aricia, 1817," in Vermes. As a matter of fact, a gross and
palpable error has been made in Agassiz ; Aricia, Sav., Vermes, ought
to have been quoted for 1826, not 1817, for Savigny's Systane des
Annelides, though presented to the French Academy of Sciences in
1817, was not published till 1826, and the author of this section of
Agassiz knew it, for he records the fact in his introductory biblio-
graphical list. However, even if Savigny's unpublished name crept into
the literature of his period (as is unfortunately often the case in such
circumstances, though I have no knowledge of its occurrence here), the
early date of " R. L." fully assures his priority.

Trichopteryx, Kirby, in Kirby and Spence's " Introduction to
Entomology," iii., p. 40, note (1826). This name has always
been current among coleopterists, and even forms the basis of
a family ; and although it was badly founded, we cannot reject it as a
nonien nudum. Kirby's footnote to the " Silpha " minntissima of
Marsham, says it cannot remain either with that genus or Dermestes,
Scaphidinnt, or Latridiiis (to each of which it had been variously
assigned), but is "sufficiently distinguished from them and every other
insect by its singular capillary wings," and stands in his cabinet
"under the name of Trichoptert/x, K." However, Hiibner's "Verzeich-
niss " (probably published late in 1825, during 1826, or possibly not
until the beginning of 1827) also ofi'ers a Trichopteryx to lepidopterists
(p. 323, for lobnlata, hexaptcrata, Kcxalata, viretata and decolorata of
Hiibner), which is even better founded than Kirby's, an orthodox
(though brief) "generic diagnosis " being given, referring to the "sup-
plementary wings " on the posteriors; and Meyrick {Tr. Knt. Soc.

* Science, xxvi., p. 522, note B in Art. 25 and of the Introduction Code of
Nomenclature.

GIRDLE-SPINNING OF L.ERTIAS PHILENOR. 157

LojuL, 1892, p. 61) has resuscitated the name for viretata, carpinatn ( =
lobiilata) and others not Hiibnerian, without mentioning the possible
homonjany." The type is carpinata, chosen by Pearsall [Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc, XV., p. 132), even if not earlier fixed by the " Merton Rules"
{vide Stephens' List. Brit. Aniin., p. 199), or by the " first species
rule." Hcar}iinata and viretata Avere really congeneric (which they are
certainly not f) we might evade the question of priority in Trichopteryx,
for viretata is abundantly supplied with generic names — Acasis, Dup. =
Bri/odis, Gppbg. = Ai/ia, Hulst. On the whole, in the absence of
certainty of exact dates, it seems right to leave Trichopteryx to the
coleopterists, and to rename Trichopteryx, Hiibner (Meyr. et Pearsall,
restr. ; there is an excellent characterisation in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
XV., p. 182, to exclude the viretata -viridata section). I propose for this
genus, as defined by Pearsall (type, carpinata, Bork. = lobi(lata, Hiib.)
the name of Nothopteryx, Prout, nov. nom.

I may add that Hiibner' s Trichopteryx was originally almost
equivalent to Curtis's prior Lobophora, and contained its type {halterata,
Hufn.) ; and this would, in the eyes of some Avorkers, debar its use in
sensu Meyrick. Art. 30, Rule 8 of the " Code," enforcing this principle,
has fortunately been cancelled, and we are, therefore, not bound by it,
but I mention the fact because it may win the adhesion of a feAv free-
lances (who still prefer their oAvn hobbies to an international system)
to my proposed change to Nothopteryx.

* It must be borne in mind tiiat when Meyrick wrote, an earlier date was
assumed for Hiibner than is now considered possible — at least for pp. 305 seq.

f As ex cathedra statements do not advance science, I may digress to point
out that, apart altogether from early stages, and from slight differences in shape,
viretata is separated by its long palpi, its hindwing neuration, etc. ; in viretata
the discocellulars of hindwing are biangulate, with vein 5 from near 4, and in its
<? , 8 anastomoses with the cell, whereas in carpinata «r it is separate, connected
by a bar at the end.

Girdle°spinning of Laertias philenor.

By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S.

The following notes are the results of observation of a larva of
Laertias philenor Avhich spun its pupal girdle on the fine hot morning
of July 27th of the past year (1908).

Having completed its anal pad and the silken carpet which, though
obviously the survival of the old cocoon-making habit (the larva still
attempts at times to Aveave in the air and tosses its head about just
like the larva of Satnrnia pavonia {carpini) when spinning its cocoon),
serves now the useful purpose of providing a secure foothold,''' the
larva AA'ith its anal claspers securely fixed just above the pad began
weaving its girdle. This operation had been preceded by a quiescent
interval of about five minutes, at the end of Avhich the larA'a trembled
convulsiA^ely several times.

It started on the left-hand side by fixing down a thread Avhich it
caught just like someone playing catch-cradle, Avith a rapid movement
of the first two pairs of thoracic legs in the suture between the legs,
and then carried it there, bending back its head and segments doAvn
to the first pair of prolegs, which were continually off the surface of

* A larva which I removed from its carpet fell to the floor of the cage, made
no further attempt to affix itself in its normal position, but pupated successfully
in situ.

158 THE entomologist's record.

the box — the second pair of prologs moving round but adhering. It
kept its back concavely arched all the while in order to keep the
thread taut till it reached the right-hand side of the box. This done
it touched the side with the first two pairs of thoracic legs, which,
during the circular movement, it had kept fully outstretched at right
angles to its body whilst feeling about with its mouth for a suitable
spot for fixing the thread. Having fixed it down, for which purpose it
always made a quick movement with the first pair of thoracic legs as
though to guide the girdle and pull it taut, it fixed another thread
outside the former one, and always brought it back insdde by crossing
it about an eighth of an inch from the surface of the box and then
stretched its thoracic legs again out at right angles as it did so.

Each thread was carried below the former one, i.e., nearer the
second pair of thoracic legs in the suture between the two pairs, and
the operation, which took in all one hour and twenty minutes, was
repeated seventy-four times in the individual which 1 had under obser-
vation. By-the-bye, it spun an unusually stout girdle for L. philenor
(quite a third thicker than was the case with most of my larvae).
Under the vitascope I could now see that the complete girdle,
though apparently one to the naked eye, was in reality composed of
close but separate threads.

The larva without making any further pause passed its head
under the left-hand side of the loop (like a man putting on his shirt),
and wriggled, arching its back violently, until the girdle was in its
proper position.

The Lepidoptera of the Orisons — The Fluela Pass.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

With our visit to the Sertig-Thal on August 5th, 1908 (see antea),
we determined to make a move, indeed, the visit to Davos was only
a passing desire to know what the country aroiind was like entonio-
logically and otherwise, for, long before, it had been mentally agreed
that the summit of the Fluela Pass, and the higher slopes of the
surrounding mountains, would prove a very suitable hunting-ground, and
so, no doubt, it would, but, with a portion of the bad luck experienced on
this journey, which arranged itself somewhat perversely and contrary
to our desires, we found ourselves travelling in fine, and settled down
to spy out the country in wet and cloudy, weather. At any rate, the
stay at Fluela was the most unfortunate we had experienced for a long
time. The morning of August 6th was dull and threatening, but rain
did not really fall till we were well in the Fluela- Thai, and then, in
spite of one or two showers of sleet, there were moments when the sun
shone with brilliancy and poAver, and one hoped that the weather
might improve. However, by the time the summit was reached we
were in a steady downpour, the lakes, no doubt lovely in fine weather,
only added to the surrounding wetness and feeling of uncomfortable-
ness ; it poured all day and night, all the next day and night without
intercession, but, waking early on the morning of the 8th, the sun was
shining on the mountain opposite, and hope was revived. Closer
inspection of the sk}-, however, was not too promising, yet, by fits and
starts, the sun promised something brighter, and after an early break-
fast we started out. The tops of the mountains were still shrouded in

THE LEPIDOPTKKA OF THE GEISONS THE FLUELA PASS. 159

clouds, which now and again drifted down to us, so that a start down
the valley, rather than up the mountains, seemed advisable. The air
was keen and chill, and, as we walked along the upper part of the path,
the ground, pictured under a hot sun as alive with the high alpine
Erebias, disclosed not a wing, and it was not until the tree limit was
reached that the sun seemed to have warmed the earth. Then
for about half-an-hour we walked through the scant, sun-lit pines,
and picked up unconsidered trifles by the way — trifles that soon
filled our zinc-box, and made us wish that the sun were at least
equally warm 1000 feet higher, although we noted now with
chagrin that the upper part of the valley was again in cloud. Guessing
what might happen, we walked on, getting as low down the valley as
possible. Swarms of Argynnh niobe and A. aglaia were noted, a still
greater abundance of Erehiagoante, E.tyndanis, and Melainpicifi ))ielaiii]ius,
dark I'ararge iiiaera, and small but fine BrenthU cuuathusia, swift-
winged L'olias pJiicoDione, hundreds of Heodes virgaitreae, the J s much
brighter in the lower part than those taken higher up the valley, the
3 s occasionally with clearly-marked discoidal lunule on the forewing;
darting tiesperia alvtus and Urhicola covima, Coenongwpha satyrion,
worn Melitaea dictynna, and hardly more satisfactory M. athalia, a
single Avorn example each of Cyaniris nemiargus, Albulina pheretes, and
Melawpias epiphron, whilst fluttering across the path were many Fidonia
pinetaria, and Anthrocera transalpina came up to sun on the flowers ;
the rapidity of pairing of this last-named species is very remarkable ; as
I stood for a moment speculating whether I would box a fine, apparently
newly-emerged 2 , a J appeared on the scene, and before even a
thought could pass to prevent it, the insects were coupled, the <? still
and lymg lengthwise on the grass-culm below the 2 without a move
or quiver of its body. Aricia astrarche came to the damp roads, but
this was the only "blue" seen there. An occasional dash up the bank
resulted in MerrifiehUa tridactyla (tetrodactyla), Adkinia graphodactyla,
and Eubolia wensuraria being added to the bag, and then a cold chill
swept down the valley as the sun disappeared and the first rain began
to fall. Yonder, only a mile or so away it seemed, the sun still
shone, but they were the mountains on the other side of the main valley
of the Lower Engadine, and the spots we could see poesibly two days'
journey distant. There was nothing else to be done, and we turned
roimd and walked back, at first slowly, then more quickly, until at
last we took shelter in one of the avalanche galleries, from the pitiless
rain. Here we disturbed numbers of Larentia aptata, L. verberata, L.
caesiata, Lhisydia obfuscata, and a large Noctuid whose name escapes
us, bat the weather only got more and more infernally hopeless. We
looked back, the sun still shone on those mountains "just across the
road," but our traps were upwards, and we faced it and walked on —
on and on up the storm-swept path, without the slightest trace of
shelter which, indeed, now we did not want, for we were too wet to
dare stay anywhere in such wet clothes, and so on, whilst the draggled
diligences with their load of tourists from Nauders, St. Moritz and
Pontresina, via Sus, clinched up slowly behind us ; we took the short
cuts and reached the summit well ahead, and had washed and changed
our soaked clothes by the time lunch was served, and the visitors went,
and we remained. Never before did we feel so much the nuisance of
a restless temperament, nothing to do, nowhere to do it, the clouds

160 THE entomologist's record.

enveloping one. As the afternoon passed, the place became unbearable, a
closed carriage that had been drawn up under shelter of the Hotel, with
its driver inside the latter, was too tempting, and by 6.30 p.m. I found
myself out of the clouds, rain, and wet, comfortably clothed, and
waiting for dinner at the Hotel at Sus, and persuading myself that
there were things in life as important as Erebia gorr/e, E. ijlacialis,
and Anthrocera exulans. The next morning broke — cloudless — not a
wisp on the mountains that surrounded the summit of the Fluela, but
it called me no longer ; the hot sun shone on Sus, and after my
ignorance of its power for some days, I just revelled in it. I required a
sun-bath and R'Ot it.

Lepidopterological Observations in Ceylon in December.

By CECIL FLOERSHEIM, B.A., F.E.S.
The following notes on the butterflies observed in Ceylon during a
brief visit to that island in the December of last year (1908), may be
of interest to some readers of the Ent. Btecord. The species described are
mostly well-known, but, as the eye of the observer was new to the
phenomena of tropical life, the strangeness of the medium may, in
some measure, atone for the familiarity of the subject-matter. My
wife and I arrived at Colombo on the morning of December 6th, and
our introduction to the Sinhalese lepidoptera was not long delayed, as
we had scarcely left the ship's side in the row-boat which was to convey
us across the harbour to the landing-stage, Avhen a large red, black,
and white Pajjilio, resembling somewhat a gigantic Pi/rannis atalanta,
flew across our bows. On the long and glaring way to the Galle Face
Hotel, I saw others of the same species, identified later on as Papilio
hector, as well as many Papilio deiiioletis and Hypolitnnas to^/^m, which,
intermingled with numbers of a small yellow Terias, flew along the
open lawns which border the sea-shore. The butterflies were very
conspicuous against the vivid green of the grass, and its background
of palms and other tropical vegetation which entitle Ceylon, rather than
Ireland, to the name of the Emerald Isle. During the remainder of
my visit I never met with Papilio demoleus again in the same abundance,
but HypoUiiinaH holina I found ubiquitous, and, indeed, next to the
various species of Terias, which seem to take in Ceylon the place which
their cousins, the white Pierids, occupy at home, the commonest
butterfly in that island. A drive in the outskirts of Colombo during
the afternoon brought nothing new in the entomological way, but I was
surprised at the abundance of I'apilio hector, of which gorgeous insect
I counted no fewer than ten in sight at one time on a piece of waste
ground near the race-course. Most of these must have been females,
for those I watched were flying slowly at a distance of some three feet
from the ground in and out of the tangled undergrowth, in
apparent search for the Aristolochia, on which they oviposit.
On the following day we left Colombo for Kandy, and the leisurely
rate at which the train proceeds after leaving the low country,
gave us opportunity both to enjoy the magnificent scenery and to
observe the butterflies by the wayside, amongst whom I noticed
I'apilio agaiiieinnon — remarkable for its swifter flight — and Papilio
polytes and P. aristolchiae, as well as most of the usual Terias and
Hi/polinina.t holina. The first morning of our short stay at Kandy was
spent in a visit to the famous botanical gardens at Peradeniya, and on

LEPIDOPTEKOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN CEYLON IN DECEMBER. 161

the drive thither we saw a large blue and black butterfly which dashed
up from the roadside and proved to be Kallima philaichus. The
gardens themselves are so beautiful and the profusion of flowering
trees and shrubs so bewildering that whatever butterflies were present
passed unnoticed during the first few minutes ; but, on entering the
spice plantation whose culinary virtues proved of more absorbing
interest to my wife than myself, my attention was drawn to a medium-
sized dark brown butterfly {Junonia iphita) with somewhat sickle-shaped
forewings , which settled amongst the dead leaves at my feet, where,
indeed, I had some difficulty in discovering it, and, on looking up, I
saw a magnificent female Tmides {Ornithoptera) damius in the act of
settling on a small evergreen tree at no great distance from me. There
it rested displaying the yellow and black of its expanded wings at a
height of about fourteen feet from the ground, reminding me much in
its choice of position and attitude of Laertiaa plnlennr which I have
often observed acting in a similar manner on the laurels at home.
My nearer approach did not appear to concern it in the least, and it
allowed me to inspect it for quite three minutes before it flew otf
leisurely through the trees. On emerging trom the plantation into
the road, which runs through the gardens, I noticed a tailed, blue
Lycfenid, probably Jmnides bochiis, flying about and resting on the
bushes in the hot sunshine, and, on coming to a tree of some kind of
citrus (unnamed) a little further on, I surprised a female Fapilio pobjtea
in the act of ovipositing, which she performed in the usual Fapilio
manner; with wings fluttering; she laid her eggs singly, flying oft' for a
short distance and then returnuig to the foodplant. She, however,
took fright at my presence, and, though I looked, I was unable to find
either of the two ova I saw her deposit, before she flew away. On
returning to the same tree a week later I made a diligent search for
larvfe, but found only one, and, as that was in its third instar, I
can hardly imagine that it can have been of her offspring, in spite of
the more rapid development of life in the tropics. Before leaving the
gardens I came across several specimens of Papiliu aristolochiae, all
flying very slowly only a few inches from the ground, which was so
thickly carpeted with the sensitive plant that its surface seemed to
shrink as I advanced to watch their movements. In the afternoon we
made an expedition to Lady Horton's drive, Avhich, I was told, was a
good place for butterflies, but we met with nothing of great interest.
Papilio ]iarinda, which I hoped to see, did not make its appearance.
Papilin aristolockiae was in abundance, and I saw several Papilio
aiiatneiiinnn as well as the only specimen of Papilio hector which I came
across during my stay up country. On the following morning we left
Kandy for Nuwara Eliya.

A circumstance which forced itself on my attention at Kandy, and,
indeed, had already begun to do so at Colombo, was that, although I
saw butterflies in a greater profusion, both as regards species and
individuals, than I had been used to at home, I did not notice any
feeding on flowers. The latter were, perhaps, rather less abundant
than in some places in temperate climates, their place being partly
taken by a variety of tall flowering shrubs and trees— about which,
however, I observed no butterflies^but, during the whole fortnight I
was in Ceylon, I saw on three occasions only butterflies, with the
exception of the small yellow Terias, feeding as they do in Europe.

162 THE entomologist's recokd.

These were Danais taprohana on a kind of bramble, and Papilin agamem-
non and Atella phalanta both at a plant with Ei(patoriuiii -like flowers,
all three being at Nuwara Eliya. 1 wonder whether others, who have
had more opportunity than I of observing insect life in the Tropics,
have noticed the same thing, or whether it was mere fancy on my part.
Perhaps the struggle for existence in these teeming regions is so
much keener that insects have little time except to hunt for their
mates and oviposit, and the very fact that so large a proportion of the
successful plants are trees that bear their flowers high up, may point
to a greater reliance on wind-fertilisation than with us.

Nuwara Eliya, a sort of Switzerland where rhododendrons and
other evergreen shrubs and trees clothe the mountain-sides, instead of
pines, promised a fauna quite different from that of Kandy ; but, with
the exception of some additions, the butterflies noticed were much the
same. The morning after our arrival was cloudy, and as there bad
been a hoar-frost during the night, we did not expect to see many
insects on the wing ; but a drive to the botanical gardens at Hakgala
brought us into a region of fitful sunshine, and we came across the
following species : — Danais septeiUn'onis, one or two in the gardens ;
D. chrysip})us, abundant; Junonia iphita, two in gardens ; Hypolimnas
bolhia, common, as usual, everywhere ; Vanessia haronica, one in
gardens ; two kinds of Lycaena, unidentified, in gardens ; Catopsilia
crocale, one on way back to Nuwara Eliya ; Papilio iiiooreaiius, one
specimen, which flew out of the jungle across the road in the gorge
leading to Hakgala ; Papilio teredon, two or three flying rapidlj^ about
in the gardens ; P. denioleKs, several, one of which, when settled on a
shrub, allowed me to handle it before it flew away ; P. afiavieuDion,
also several — this was the Papilio which I saw most frequently in the
Nuwara Eliya district. In the afternoon, the weather having cleared
and the sun come out, I walked to the jungle behind the hotel where
we were staying, and had the good fortune to come across a number of
Danais taprohana, a striking large brown and white butterfly, and one
of the few peculiar to Ceylon, particularly common in the Nuwara
Eliya district according to De Niceville. Those I saw were confined to
a few small clearings in the lowest part of the jungle, and were dis-
porting themselves fearlessly in the hot sunshine, only pausing at
times to rest or feed on a kind of bramble. Their flight was of an
easy floating nature, and they did not appear to be in the least alarmed
at my presence. During the remainder of my stay at Nuwara Eliya,
I returned each afternoon to watch them, and always found them in
the same place. I never noticed any attempt at courting amongst
them, and their behaviour was in marked contrast with that of most
of the species I observed in Ceylon, Avhere even the AriRtolochia-iQeAing
Papilios seemed generally engaged \n the more serious business of life.

The night was a cold one, with a return of the hoar-frost, which I
was told afterwards did much damage to the neighbouring tea-
plantations, and, on walking down the drive leading to the Hotel
before breakfast, I found a fresh and perfect specimen of PapiltQ
agamemnnn lying dead in the road ; a few yards further on I met with
a male Hyjiolimnas holina so numb that it lay on its side and could
not move. Three hours later, after exposure to the sun, it flew away.
The day was now hot, and we spent the morning in Lady Havelock's
walk, near Nuwara Eliya, the shadiest spot we could find, and one of

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN CEYLON IN DECEMBER. 163

great natural beauty. Atella phalanta, one of the two Sinhalese
Argynnids, was fairly common along the banks bordering the walk,
with the usual Terias, and one or two Danais septenrionis : and I came
across the only specimen of Papilio af/anieurnon during my visit to
Ceylon which allowed me to observe it closely. It was feeding Avith
wings quivering almost as rapidly as those of Plnsia gamma, and
dashing restlessly from fiowerhead to flowerhead of a Eupatonum -like
plant in a clearing in the jungle which was hung with the Crimson
Passion-flower.

A visit to Lady Horton's walk in the afternoon yielded one
specimen of the other fritillary native to Ceylon, Arf/t/nnis hi/perbins,
but it was too late for many butterflies to be on the wing. The
following morning broke rainy and cold, but, on the weather clearing
somewhat, we went ofi' in rickshaws to the Rambodda Pass, certainly
the most beautiful of the many beautiful views we saw in Ceylon. As
I stood watching, " The blue haze-cradled mountains spread away," a
familiar friend, in the shape of I'yrameis canhii, settled close to my
feet. Though it was still showery when we returned to Nuwara Eliya
we went to our favourite Lady Havelock's Walk, and, just before
entering the wood in which it begins, I picked up a female Tmides
darsins, evidently killed by the cold of the night before. It was lying
in a ditch and still beaded with dew. It was quite perfect, except for
a patch torn from one of the forewings, and its abdomen was fairly
full of ova. Later on in the day, I found a Junnnia iphita, also quite
fresh, lying dead in the roadway at Queen's Cottage. Indeed, as far
as I could judge, the mortality amongst butterflies at Nuwara Eliya
from cold must be considerable. Yet from other causes it must be
even greater, for, whilst a dead butterfly or part of one is an unusual
sight in England, there, in the highlands of Ceylon, I used frequently
to come across their wings, most often single or several close together,
but sometimes with thorax attached, and sometimes almost the entire
insect. This is of course exclusive of those I found killed by the cold.
All the wings, etc., I found, were under some trees bordering, for about
one hundred and fifty yards, both sides of the road which led to the
Hotel where I was staying, I found none anywhere else, though I
searched diligently in all the neighbouring roads and ditches. Hence
I concluded that something must have devoured them in the trees,
probably birds, for though lizards — geckos — abounded on the lawns, I
could find no fragments there. Curiously enough, among the
" disjecta membra" were Danais septentrionis and Euploea aeola, pro-
tected species, but I noticed that the only cases in which the Avhole of
the bodies had not disappeared was with these. Three Papilios, P.
polytes, P. agame)nnon, and P. demoleus, were amongst the victims ; but
by far the heaviest toll was taken of Hi/polimnas bolina.

We went once more to Lady Havelock's walk on December 18th,
the last day of our stay at Nuwara Eliya, but came across nothing
fresh there except Vanessa haronica, a solitary individual of which we
saw sucking up moisture from the road after a heavy shower, and our
return visit to Kandy proved most disappointing, as it rained almost
continuously from the moment of our arrival, until we left that
beautiful but enervating spot to re-embark at Colombo for our "journey
homeward to habitual self." The single hour's intermission from the
deluge which we were vouchsafed, gave us the opportunity to re-visit Lady

164 THE entomologist's RECORLi.

Horton's drive, and here, amid the reeking moisture, we found a few
butterflies on the wing, Kalliwa philarchus, and Papilio aristnlochiae.
I was fortunate enough to witness the courting of two of the latter. It
reminded me strangely of that of Pieris rapae, only the insects never rose
more than three feet from the ground. They fluttered slowly, one a
foot or so above the other, for some time without any attempt to pair,
disappearing at length into the tangled recesses of the jungle where I
was unable to follow them.

In conclusion I must thank Dr. Willey, the curator of the Colombo
Museum, for the kindness and courtesy he showed me, and for the pains
he took in helping me to identify some of the species I saAV during my
all too brief stay in Ceylon. Throughout this paper I have followed
the nomenclature adopted by de Niceville and Manders — " List of the
Butterflies of Ceylon," Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol.
Ixviii., pt. ii., pp. 170 et neq. — for a knowledge of which I am also
indebted to Dr. Willey.

A Note on the Dispersal of Coleoptera.

By W. E. SHARP, F.E.S.

Possibly some readers of this Magazine, especially such as may be
coleopterists, may remember a graphic account which appeared in its
pages in the year 1901 (vol. xiii., pp. 12, 1901) by Messrs. Tomlin and
Sopp, of a flight of coleoptera which, presumably emerging under the
stimulus of a hot day after cold wet Aveather from the recesses of the
Llanberis valley, rose high in the air, were carried some distance by
the wind, and Anally dropped into the waters of the Llyn dur Arddu,
on the flanks of Snowdon wherein many of them miserably perished.
This scene was recalled with emphasis to my recollection by an
analogous spectacle of which I was a recent witness on the Yorkshire
coast.

It will be reraemembered how, during the early part of last May, a
cold N.E. wind dominated these Islands, if not actually checking insect
life at least rendering it unobtrusive, how, about the middle of the
mouth the wind suddenly veered to the S.S.W. and the temperature
rose 15° to 20° in a day. It was the day after that strong, if transient,
touch of summer that I happened to be near Bridlington in Yorkshire,
and my attention was there arrested b}^ the enormous number of beetles
of various common species crawling on the wet sands or left for
drowned by the receding tide on the shores of that bay. Innumerable
corpses of Gastroidea /loli/noni dotted the beach like minute blue shells,
they fell in clusters from the shaken sea- wrack, and even on the sea-
front of Bridlington, its streets, its wallS; its benches, they suggested
the fourth of the plagues of Egypt.

The explanation of all this seemed not far to seek. The sudden
warmth and sunshine after a week or more of cold and gloom had
impelled innumerable individuals of a few species over all the arable
land that lines the Yorkshire coast, with one accord to take to the wing ;
rising high in the air they had been carried by the S.W. wmd out to
sea and therein, either because of a lull in the wind, or simply through
the exhaustion of the beetles themselves, dropped, to be partially
returned by the-flood tide and cast up on the shore with the weed and
flotsam of the sea.

A NOTE ON THE DISPERSAL OF COLEOPTERA. 165

For it seems only probable that these survivors formed but an
attenuated minority of the original emigrants, vast numbers must have
perished in the open sea and no doubt during that week the fish of the
Dogger enjoyed unusual fare. It was on the beach south of the town
where I observed these ill-starred mariners in greatest abundance — more
precise data as to their numbers here may be of interest. Within
one lineal foot, approximately, measured off on the shore, I counted
eighty-three specimens of G. polyi/oni between the foot of the cliffs
and the sea, and on one fiat stone with a superficial area of some two
square feet sat no less than one hundred and thirty beetles belonging
to about seventeen different species — in fact every large stone on the
shore was covered by them there ; they sat drying themselves in the
hot sunshine rapidly back into life and activity, and it was noticeable
that their disastrous experiences in the deep seem to have stimulated
rather tban damped their amatory fires.

As regards the species represented, all were such as readily occur
on cultivated land, clover fields, and the like. (jr. polij(jnni, already
mentioned, was easily first as regards numbers, then came three com-
mon species of Sitones — S'. jiavescens, S. lineatus, S. crinitus, four or
five Aiiimia, such as A. pisi, A. loti, etc., then, very abundantly, Mantura
rustira : the remainder was made up in much smaller proportions by such
common TachypoH and Tachini as T. ni/ipes and T. In/pnoreae, A}ihodius
ater, Euniaiuis wimNff;."!, sundry common liJiinonclii and Ceuthon/ij/)ichi
and rarely Hi/pera polyijoni, in all, perhaps, not more than twenty
species, although, among miles of beetles such as there were here, no
doubt other and rarer species sporadically occurred.

I have thought the incident worthy of record at some length,
because it appeared to illustrate in singularly dramatic fashion a
factor which must operate very largely in the dispersal and consequent
extension of range of coleoptera. Both it and the Llyn dur Arddu
record as well as observations made on Coleoptera casually occurring
on the summit of Ben Nevis (see Annah of Scottish Natural History,
January, 1895), reported by Kev. A. Thornley, F.L.S., etc., seem to
impl}' that a hot sunny day after cold and wet weather acts on
beetle-life as an extraordinary stimulus to active, extensive, but
apparently undirected, flight.

The operative agent of dispersal is undoubtedly the wind, not miora-
tory instinct, in the proper sense of the term, on the part of the beetles,
and, although at first it may appear difficult to understand how such
a habit (of undirected flight) could have arisen, of which the result
might be to the majority of the participants in it, irretrievable disaster,
still it must be considered that such results are very largely local,
partial, and due to the accident of insularity, and that, in larger
continental areas, such a tendency might be conducive rather to the
welfare of the species by the extension of its range than inimical by the
destruction of a large part of its members.

Moreover, we may, perhaps, I venture to think, obtain some idea of
how largely this habit of impulsive flight may imply the difference
between species which are " common " everywhere and those which,
for no physiological reason which we can detect, are generally rare or
abundant only quite locally — for the former, their environment ceasing
to be adapted to their needs, are in this way involuntarily moved on to
"fresh woods and pastures new," while the latter, owing to their

166 THE entomologist's eecord.

immobility, perish in an environment which can no longer maintain
them.

The Lepidoptera of the Orisons — Sus to Guarda.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The morning of August 9th broke cloudless. Dr. Chapman had
already some years ago made Guarda the centre of a long series of
most successful collecting expeditions, so I thought I would like to see
the village of Guarda, perched up on the side of the mountains, and
overlooking for a long distance east and west the valley of the Lower
Engadine. Two attempts were made to reach the village, both by way
of Lavin and then over the mountain side to Guarda, both failed
lamentably owing to the cupidity of the collector, on these delightful
sunny days of August 9th-10th. They were just glorious. I have
heard similar days described by all sorts of names — blazing, tropical,
unbearable — but they were just glorious ; they dried out all the
accumulated wet and cold of the Fluela and one could at last live.
There were millions of Pieris brassicae everywhere, the thistles in the
cornfields near the town, abundant as they were, could not hold a tithe
what wished to settle there ; the thistles on the roadside and slopes
dropping to the river as soon as one left the town swarmed with them,
they were everywhere. The natives seemed to look on the butterfly-
hunter as a godsend, for the white butterflies were a veritable plague.
The larvffi had devoured much of the garden produce, one suspected
that a month later there was not even the skeleton of a cruciferous
plant left in the district. P. rapae was also abundant, but not in the way
that its larger relative was. Almost before the town was left behind the
sport began. When one is in England, one does not catch lots of insects
for various reasons, t'.f/., Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardni, Vanessa io,
Paniassins apollo, An/i/nnis adii>]>e, A. aj/laia, Colias echisa, C. hyale,
Hipparchia seiiiele, ]'ji(vani'ssa antiopa, Aylais nrticae, Epinepliele janira,
E. It/caon, Hesperia carthaini, and so on ; when one is abroad one does
catch them, and I had caught all these, except R'. antiopa, which I
missed — easily, in less than half-an-hour. One persuades oneself that
it is necessary to get samples of everything one sees, if one is to report
on the fauna of a place, one further persuades oneself that it
is not safe to report anything one thinks one sees unless one
handles it, and so one persuades oneself that one catches it
for every reason except the real one, the pure, sheer, love of hunting.
It was, indeed, a great pleasure to see Parnassius apollo again,
the first I had seen this summer ; it was grand to see Envanessa
antiopa on the wing even if it did prove to you again, that it is far
more alert than 3'ourself, and, as for the large Vanessids on a thistle-
bloom, what can be more lovely ? But, although these and many more
were seen on the steep flower-covered banks near Sus, other things soon
attracted attention ; a hasty bustling moth, with strange flight,
necessitated a dash, and soon one was somewhat surprised to find a ^
Malacosoma castrensis in the net, a little further on some fairly sized
trees rather than bushes covered with webs, from which large numbers
of Hi/ponomeuta (sp. ?) were emerging, this insect being quite one
of the features of the valley ; a steep rocky slope with a number of
trees at its foot, proved the home of a fine large dark race of Hipparchia

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE GRISOXS SUS TO GUARDA. 167

semele, whilst, gliding to and fro on outstretched wing, with scarcely
perceptible movement, was Poh/f/onia c-albmu, sitting almost suddenly
at last on a leaf, drawing up its wings, and then slowly lowering them
in the sun, just, as it were, to show how lovely it could be. From a
thistle-head by the roadside a most interesting capture was made, a
fine freshly-emerged Volyomwatus aniaruhm. From among the bushes
came swarms of Erehia aetJnops, fluttering in and out or resting on the
flowers ia the sun or on the road at the puddles of water left from the
rain of the preceding days. At these puddles by the side of the main
road was quite an abundance of Af/riades coridon, Hirsntina damon,
and a few I'acciuiuia optilete, whilst, in the village of Lavin, the solitary
poplar tree observed had been sadly interfered with by Leucoma salicis,
the imagines resting on the garden wall beneath, whilst the most
lovely Issoria latlionia, in their freshest beauty, settled directly in front
of one, displaying their colours in the sun, and then, at the slightest
approach, snapping up their wings and darting off like an arrow to
return and go through the same manoeuvre, just a few yards in front,
again and again, so that even on the main road there was plenty
to interest one, and even to afford material for observation.
At Lavin, one leaves the main road and makes for the slopes, across
which the path leads to the conspicuous village of Guarda, but we
never reached Guarda, although we struggled hard against adverse
circumstances. Some of these circumstances are here set forth.
Between Lavin and Guarda, three distinct obstacles present themselves
as tending to prevent the entomologist from fulfilling the expressed
wish to reach the next village : (1) Directly outside Lavin, a lane with
flower-covered walls on one side and bushy slopes on the other, leading
to a place where the bushy slopes cross the road and wild-flowers grow
most luxuriantly, ending with a delightful spring which splashed great
wet patches around. (2) A wide stony expanse of wind-swept slope,
covered with flowers in full bloom, over which a breath of air just
caused the flowers to nod in silent happiness, stretched aw^aj^ acre
upon acre, to the foot of the mountains, up which the dark pine trees
swarmed in serried ranks as far as the eye could see from our position
under the mountains. (3) A glorious open larch wood, with a mixture
of birch and an undergrowth of barberry, elder, willow, buckthorn,
etc., great clumps of E/nlobiuin, Centaurea, giant Umbellifers, foxglove,
scabious, and campanulas, and a carpet of golden-rod, Gnaphalium,
Hieracia, clover, trefoils, Ecldum, labiates of difterent kinds, (xalitim,
the lovely lace-edged pinks, and hosts of other flowers in full- bloom.
Through these we slowly and gently struggled from about half-past
ten in the morning till about four in the afternoon, gathering in
lepidoptera, and being gathered in by diptera, until we had to confess
ourselves beaten on both occasions, and returned weary, hungry, and
happy to Sus and dinner. The ground here described was, on the two
days we visited it, swarming with lepidoptera, many common, some
worn, and all most interesting. The lanes beyond Lavin gave an
abundance of Micros, the names of which do not easily recur to one
who is allowing himself to get rusty, but there were Catoptria
candididana, Dicrorhampha, sp. ?, Pijraasta purpuralis, Ennychia
aiKjuinalis, Herbnla ct'spitalis, Crambus falsellus, Phycis suboniatella,
Argyresthia brockella, as well as Acidalia jiaveolaria, A. osseata, etc.
On the slopes an abudance of Merrifieldia tridactyla (tetradactyla), and

168

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD.

Stenoptilia pterodactijla, whilst O.vi/ptilus pilosellae, apparently just
emerged, had to be worked for most assiduously in order to make up
even a very short series. On the banks also Hespena alveits, Adopaea
lineola, Ai/riades cnridon, Hirstitina daman, Erehia aetltiops, Epitiepliele
hjcann, Melitaea didywa, Issoria lathonia, all abundant and in the pink of
condition, whilst LitJtosia coiiiplana was somewhat worn. At the spring
Plebeiii.s ar;itis {aegon), P. argyrognoiiwn, Cyanirh semiarguH, Aricia
astrarclie, Vacciniina optilete, joined Af/riades coridon, Hirsiitina daman,
and Erebia aethiops at the drinking-station. Out on the open, the
white butterflies swarmed again, Avhilst here and there a large Par-
naasiiis apollo flapped among them, without in any way incommoding
them ; here Ejnncpltele lijcaan was in great abundance, the ^ with
two faintly developed spots, the 5 s with bands of two distinct shades,
pale and full fulvous, often stretching quite to the base, and sometimes
with large and supplementary spots, often making 8 and sometimes 4
in the series ; E. janira was less abundant, but Ari/ijums aglaia, and A.
niobe were everywhere and Coliaa ednsa ,- C. Iiyale also occasionally hurried
by. Erebia vielampas was in plenty as was Hesperia alveiis, and more
interesting still were fine dark Mditaca phaebe, only a few of which,
unfortunately, were worth retention; CuenanmiipJia pampJiilus very pale
in colour, but, when we reached the larch-wood the trouble began, the
openings were garlanded with flowers, and the latter with butterflies,
nothing rare, but many species that the eye c\elights to see, and the mind
to follow — Melitaea athalia, M. didyma, Aryynnin adippe, all providing
some nice specimens, the former calling to mind the abundance of the
species in Kent in the seventies, before it was exterminated in its nearest
haunts to London for specimens; with them were a few M. divtynna,
only two or three worth keeping ; Hirsiitina daman ^ s and J s, the
latter jusc emerged, were in thousands ; Pulyommatns hylas, rare, and
Ph'beiiis anjiis [aeyan) var. hilliaxi, most interesting. We sat long and
watched the habits of this charming little butterfly, and have already
detailed them in our Nat. Hist. P>rit. Butts., vol. iii., so that there is no
need to repeat them ; only in one favoured spot did we find Heades
viryanreae, the 9 s of which were most interestingly varied, a few
Loweia alciphran, but worn, and two beautiful newly-emerged Bnmicia
phlaeas of bright colour ; (Jnpido mini)niis also was worn. Issoria
lathonia even invaded the wood, and chased the MiUtaea phaebe, almost
as swift- winged as itself. Pyrameis atalanta to the number of a dozen
or more were sporting round some birch-trees, whilst Hipparchia semele
dashed off the banks for a safer position as we disturbed them. Flubolia
bipunctaria and Aridalia iiintata were frequently disturbed, and the
Deltoid, Herniinia madestalis was just coming out, but already abundant,
in both sexes, and easily disturbed as one walked through the
undergrowth. Anthrocera lonicerae, A. piirpiiralis and A. transalpina
were all in great abundance, the first two, however, going oft" in
colour. Bustling Leitcania caniyera and Dianthaecia campta, occasionally
disturbed the feast, but the finest sport occurred, when, suddenly,
a fine huge hawk-moth stood oft' a flower — probing with its tongue,
whilst its heavy buzz filled up the foreground ; a moment's poise is
sufficient — swish — the flower and moth are in the net, and, in a
moment, the moth is in the box, Celeria yallii, and not the relative
expected, another a few minutes after, bu.t this time hovering some
distance away and refusing to stay a moment to let you get within

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE.

169

striking distance. Yet another up and down the roadside slopes just
before reaching Sus, no possibility of reaching it, however, and after
seeing it disappear and reappear three or four times I start to walk on,
whilst a friend, more patient, waited for yet one more turn, and, as the
big-looking creature swung in reach, quick as lightning it was
struggling in the folds of the net. It was our last recollection of Sus,
for we had arranged on the 10th to be back about 4 p.m., and when
we arrived preparations for going were hardlj' completed before a local
steed was ready to convey us to our next stopping-place.

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe.

By MALCOLM BURE, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., etc.
{Continued from p. 13.)

Genus III : Gryllodes, Sauss.

Brunner remarks that this genus differs from Gryllus more in its
general appearance than in any particular character. The head is
round and prominent : the eyes are small ; the pronotum somewhat
widened behind (in Griillus the pronotum is always a trifle narrower
behind). The elytra, in the $ , are as long as the abdomen, but very
short in the 5 . The front face of the anterior tibite has no
tympanum.

AH the species are natives of the Spanish Peninsula. Owing to
their pale colour, crepuscular habits and great activity, they are
exceedingly difficult to capture.

Table of Species.

Males.

1. Elytra longer than abdomen, with long apical area,
regularly reticulated, narrow and rounded behind ;
mirror of elytra c? transverse oval, divided by a
gently curved vein . .
1.1. Elytra not longer than abdomen, apical area very
short, irregularly reticulated and broadly rounded
behind ; mirror of elytra i trapezoidal, divided by
an angled vein.
2. Elytra truncate behind with no apical area ;

chestnut
2.2. Elytra broadly rounded, with very short apical
area ; greyish.
3. Upper inner spur of hind tibite not surpassing
half the length of metatarsus.
4. Upper spurs of inner side of hind tibite
unequal, the first longer than the second
4.4. Upper inner spurs of hind tibiae equal.

5. Larger and dark ; head no wider than

pronotum.. .. .. .. ..4. panteh, Caz.

5.5. Smaller and paler ; head broader than

pronotum.. .. .. .. ..5. escaler.e, Bol.

3.3. Upper inner spur of hind tibiae more than

half as long as metatarsus.. .. ..6. littoreus, Bol.

Females.

1. Elytra a little shorter than abdomen ; wings short
1.1. Elytra very short, exposing nearly all abdomen ;

wings absent.

2. Ovipositor longer than hind tibia ; elytra, seen
from side, seem longer than pronotum.

1. jiACROPTERUs, Fuente.

IBERICUS, Br.

3. piPiExs, Dufour.

1. jiACROPTERUs, Fuente.

170 THE entomologist's RECORD.

3. Upper and inner spur of hind tibiee as long as

middle one . . . . . . . . . . 2. ibericds, Br.

3. PIPIENS, Duf.
3.3. Upper and inner spur of bind tibife as long
as middle one.
4. Head with 4 yellow lines above ; elytra

longer than pronotum .. .. ..7. boscai, Bol.

2.2. Ovipositor shorter than hind tibia^ ; elytra, seen
from side, seem shorter than pronotum.
3. Head little broader than pronotum ; ovipositor

as long as hind metatarsus.. .. ..5. ESc.vLEiia:, Bol.

3.3. Head much broader than pronotum ; oviposi-
tor little shorter than hind tibife .. .. 6. LITTOREUS, Bol.

1. Gryllodes macropterus, Faente.

Head dark reddish, with no yellow lines ; straw-coloured, with
darker spots. Length of body, 14mm. J , 13mm. $ ; of elytra, lO-Smm.
(5* , 7mm. 5 ; of post-femora, 8mm. g and $ ; of ovipositor,
5 mm. 5 .

Easy to recognise by the very large head and relatively well-
developed elytra and the presence of rudimentary wings in both sexes,
and by the absence of the yellow lines on the head, which are so
characteristic of its congeners. Cuidad Real.

2. Gryllodes ibericus, Brunner.

Colour chestnut ; the elytra of the female are not mere side flaps,
but almost meet along the dorsal line. Length of body 15mm. g and
J ; of pronotum, 2-5mm. g and 2 ', of elytra. 8mm. 3 , 3mm. J ;
of ovipositor, 6mm. 5 .

North Spain, Castroceniza near Burgos.

8. Gryllodes pipiens, Dufour.

Straw-coloured, with chestnut markings. Length of body, 12mm. J
and $ ; of pronotum, 2mm. J and $ ; of elytra, 7"5mm. S , 2-2 mm.
5 ; of ovipositor, 5-4mm. $ .

This species occurs in Southern France, though rarely, at Saint-
Cezaire, quartier des Ciappieres, Draguignan, Bagnols, Port-de-Siagne,
Col de Broves, and Serres. The typical form occurs in Spain at Ucles
and Camprodon ; also in North Aragon, Escorial and Valencia. It
varies considerably in size and colour. The following varietal names
have been given — (1) var. costellantis, Bol.— Ofia near Burgos; (2) var.
liisitaniens, Bol. — Sierra de Estrella, Portugal ; (3) var. valoitiniis, Bol.
— Valencia ; (4) var. jirun'mialis, Finot. — Serres.

4. Gryllodes panteli, Cazurro.

Straw-coloured, with 4 distinct pale bands on the head ; pronotum
somewhat narrowed anteriorly. Length of body, 15mm. J , 18mm. J ;
of elytra, 8-8mm. J , 2-8mm. ? ; of posterior femora, 9-5mm. J ,
0-5mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 6mm. $ .

Taken at Ucles by Father Pantel.

5. Gryllodes escaler.^, Bol.
Straw-coloured ; intermediate between G. panteli, Caz., and Gr.
littoreiis, Bol. ; in form it resembles G. panteli, in colour G. littoreus :
in common with the latter species the 2 having remarkably short elytra
and ovipositor. The elytra of the ^ are perfect, broadly rounded apically
and smoky at the ends. Length of body, 12nim. J , 10mm. J ; of

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 171

elytra, 7-omm. ^, l-5mm. 2 ; of posterior femora, 8-5mm. t? ,
6-5miii. $ ; of ovipositor, l-5mm. 2 •

Sierra Carpetana at Villaviciosa de Odon, near Madrid, Valladolid,
Pielago and el Espinar.

6. Gryllodes littoreus, Bol.

Straw-coloured ; coloration brighter and paler than in the other
species ; posterior feet notably long and slender, especially the spines of
the outer border of the tarsi, the last spine being nearly as long as the
terminal spur. In the shortness of the elytra and ovipositor it
approaches G. escalerae, but these characters are less marked than in
that species. Length of body, 12mm. ^ , 13mm. 2 ; of elytra, 8mm.
^ , l-5mm.-2mm. J ; of posterior femora, 7mm. J , 4-2mm. ? ; of
ovipositor, 3-5mm.-4mm. 2 .

Spain : Talavera de la Reina, near Toledo.

7. Gryllodes boscai, Bol.
3 unknown. $ straw-coloured with chestnut markings. Allied to
G. panteli : from which it may be distinguished by the still shorter
elytra and by the having two yellow lines instead of 4 on the head
above. Length of body, 12mm. ; of pronotum, 2mm. ; of elytra,
l-Smm. ; of ovipositor, 6mm.

Eastern coast of Spain : Jativa and Valencia.

Genus IV : Brachytrypes, Serville.
The single European species is easy to recognise by its great size
and disproportionately large head.

1. Brachytrypes megacephalus, Lefebr.

Very large and robust ; tawny yellow ; head disproportionately
large; elytra and wings perfectly developed. Length of body, 40mm.
S^ and 2 ; of pronotum, 6mm. J , 5mm. ? ; of elytra, 30mm. S^ and
2 ; of ovipositor, 3mm. J •

This giant cricket is a native of Sicily ; it occurs near Palermo on
the southern side of Val de Noto, on the sand-dunes near the sea
between Terra Nova and Bavajo opposite Vittoria. It extends through
North Africa as far as Senegal. Its stridulation is said to be extra-
ordinarily loud and penetrating.

Genus V : Platyblemmus, Serville.

This genus is easy to recognise by abbreviated organs of flight and
the remarkable veil-like appendage on the vertex of the male, and by
the triangular head of the female.

Table of Species.
1. Cheeks produced into horns. Elytra <? white,

leathery, with no stridulating tympanum ; vertex

of ¥ acute . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. lusitanicus, Serville.

1.1. Cheeks not produced ; elytra bordered with whitish ;

and with tympanum : vertex in ? obtuse.. .. 2. caliendkum, Fischer.

1. Platyblemmus lusitanicus, Serville.
Black ; elytra whitish ; easy to recognise by the horns of the cheeks,
by the leathery elytra with no tympanum, by the large appendage of
the vertex of the male, and by the acutely triangular head of the
female. Length of body, 24mm. 3 , 23mm. 2 ', of pronotum, 4-5mm.
(J , 4-lmm. 2 ; of elytra, 4mm. 3 , 0-8mm. 2 ; of ovipositor,
ll-5mm. 2 •

172 THE entomologist's record.

Not common ; under stones in dry places in Central and Southern
Spain and Portugal ; adult from May to July. The var. rainhiiri, Serv.,
with no horns on the cheeks, is recorded from Almadenejos and other
localities. The ab. minor is only 18mm. long.

2. Platyblemmus caliendrum, Fischer.
Easy to distinguish from the preceding by the black elytra having
a tympanum and by the blunter head of the female. Length of body,
24mm. ^ , 17mm. ? ; of pronotum, 3'8mm. c? and 2 ; of elytra,
6mra.-7mm. ^ , 1mm. $ ; of ovipositor, 8-5mm. y . A native of
northern Africa, this species extends into Spain and is recorded from
Cadiz and Chiclana.

Genus VI : Petaloptila, Pantel.
This and the two following genera were discriminated by Pantel as
subgenera ; if they deserve a distinctive name, they must, of course, have
generic rank, but probably it were better to fuse all three into one, as the
differences between them are proportionately less than the distinctions
between the other genera of the family. Members of this group of
genera are easy to recognise by their characteristic appearance, the
presence of a process on the face, by the absence of tympanum on the
anterior tibia and the presence of minute teeth on the second basal
quarter of the hind tibiae. This genus has lanceolate elytra, and the
pronotum is somewhat rugose above at the base.

Table of Species.
1. Small; elytra cf almost rectangular ; grey, with dark

spots .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1. ALIENA, Br.

1.1. Larger; elytra <? oval, ochraceous.. .. ..2. bolivari, Caz.

1. Petaloptila aliena, Br.

Small; depressed; dark testaceous; eyes large; elytra slightly
surpassing first abdominal segment. Length of body, 10mm. <y ; of
pronotum, 2mm. J ; of elytra, 2-2mm. J .

Occurs under fallen leaves and moss in most places in Central and
Northern Spain ; Montserrat and Espinelvas in Cataluna ; Valencia ;
Villalba in the province of Cuenca ; Panticosa. Superficially, it
resembles Nemobiiis sylvestris, but difiers in the generic characters.

Petaloptila bolivari, Cazurro.

Ochraceous ; elytra as in preceding but oval in outline ; recognisable
by its larger size and by its colour. Length of body, 17mm. J ; of
pronotum, 3mm. ^ ; of elytra, 4-5mm. <? ; 5 unknown.

Cabeso near Alicante and Tabernes near Valencia.

Genus VII : Discoptila, Pantel.
Differs from the preceding in its convex, rounded elytra and smooth
pronotum. A single species.

1. Discoptila fragosoi, Bolivar.

Parallel, testaceous. Length of bod}', ll'5mm.-12mm. <^ , 10*5mm.-
12mm. 2 ; of pronotum, 2mm.-2-2mm. 3' and $ ; of elytra, l-2mm.
3 , 0mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 6-5mm.-7"5mm. 5 .

Southern Spain ; los Hermanos near Seville, and Seville, in May
and July. This species is also recorded from Greece, the Crimea and
Morocco.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 173

Genus VIII : Gryllomorpha, Fieber.

As restricted by Pantel, this genus contains a few totally apterous
species ; they are all meridional.

Table of Species.
1. Small (7-lOmm.) 4th external spine of hind tibiae

shorter than the following spur ; subanal plate 3

hardly surpassing supraanal plate . . . . . . 1. uclensis, Pantel.

1.1. Larger (15-19)mm. ; 4th external spine of hind tibiae,

longer than the following spur : subanal plate i

easily surpassing supraanal plate

2. Yellow with dark spots . . . . . . . . 2. dalmatixa, Ocsk.

2.2. Chestnut .. .. [.. .. ..8. longicauda, Ramb.

1. Gryllomorpha uclensis, Pantel.

Small ; dull, lurid testaceous with dark markings. Length of body,
7*5mm.-10mm. <?, 7mm. -10mm. 5 ; of pronotum, l-2mm.-l-8mm. 3-
and 2 ; of antennae, 18mm. 3 and ?.

Remarkable for the pair of long horns on the supraanal plate of the
male ; it is the smallest of the group. Central Spain : Ucles, Sora,
Pozuelo de Calatrava, Cortijos de Malagon and Montarco near Madrid.
Southern France : Salgnes near Lorgnes in Var in October (Azam).

2. Gryllomorpha dalmatina, Ocskay.

Yellow with dark spots ; subanal plate of male emarginate at apes,
the posterior angles inflated but not prominent ; cerci very long.
Length of body, 17mm. -19mm. 3 and $ ; of pronotum, 3mm. -4mm.
3 and ? ; of ovipositor, 12mm. -17mm. J .

Occurs in houses, old sheds, old walks, under stones in hot and dry
localities throughout southern Europe. In France only in the extreme
south : Montpellier, Cette, Beziers (in cellars) ; Avignon, Cannes,
Hyeres (in winter), Draguigan, Montauroux, Bagnols, Xarbonne. In
Italy at Naples, Voltaggio, Pegli, San Quirico.

In Spam it has not been definitely recorded, as it was for many
years confused with the followina; species. It occurs in the South
Tirol.

3. Gryllomorpha longicauda, Rambur.

Differs from the preceding in its chestnut colour with yellow spots ;
the subanal plate of the male is truncate posteriorly with the posterior
angles prolonged into pointed lobes. Length of body, 15mm. 3 ,
17mm. 5 ; of pronotum, 2-2mm. 3 , 8mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 17mm.
2 .

Southern Spain : Chiclana.

Family IV : MybmecophilidvE.
This family contains a few curious little crickets which inhabit
ants' nests in Europe, Asia and America.

Genus I : Myrmecophila, Latr.
Minute, oval, convex, apterous crickets; eyes abortive; thick
antennre ; exceedingly thick hind femora ; ovipositor short ; abdomen
short and broad.

The members of this genus are easy to recognise by their habitat
and their remarkable form, and minute size.

Table of Species.
1. Body depressed, reddish-chestnut, opaque ; pro- and

mesonota with pale hinder border.. .. .. 1. acervoruji. Panzer.

174 THE entomologist's record.

1.1. Body convex, ochraceous, shining ; pro- and

mesonotum smooth .. .. .. .. ..2. ochracea, Fisch.

1. Myrmecophila acervorum, Panzer.

Length of body, 3"omm. $ ; breadth of body, 2mm. ? ; ^
unknown.

Occurs as a guest in nests of various species of ants under stones in
many parts of Europe. In France, recorded from Seres, near
Paris, Montmorency, Montpellier, Hyeres, Bregancjon, and Zormes.
In Germany from Berlin, Halle, Thiiringen, and Pima in Saxony.
In Italy at Pisa. Unknown in Switzerland and South Germany ;
doubtfully recorded from England (Salop). In Spain and Valencia,
Alicante, Cartagena, Algeciras. In Bohemia, and in Austria, at
Modling near Vienna, Anninger Prater and Briick. In Middle Europe
it is found with Fonnica fiisco, F. sam/ninect, Lositts ni(/er, Mijniiica
laeriuotlis, Tetnuiionuni caesjntitm : in southern Europe and North
Africa with ApliaoKxjcster testaceopilosa, Caniponotits lateraliti and C.
dichroiis. A variety of this species is recorded from India with
ButJiroponera sulcata, and the var. fiavocincta, Wasm., is found with
Flai/iolepis loiKjipes,

2. Myrmecophii.a ochracea, Fischer.
Length of body, 2'8mm. J ; breadth, l-Smm. $ .

A south-eastern species recorded from Sicily. It has been taken
in nests of Aphaenof/a.'^ter barbara, and its very young larvae with
Fheiilole pallid ida. An almost indistinguishable species occurs also in
North America.

Family V : Mogoplistid.e.
This family contains a few small delicate elongate crickets, of
purely southern distribution, characterised by tha armature of the hind
tibite, Avhich have only a fine seriulation instead of spines ; the
European species are apterous ; the bodies are clothed with minute
scales like those of butterflies.

Table of Genera.
1. Face with a tumid elevation which is not furrowed. . 1. Mogoplistus, Sauss.
1.1. Tumid elevation of face deeply furrowed . . . . 2. Arachnocephalus,

Costa.
Genus I : Mogoplistus, Sauss.

Antennae very slender, not twice as long as the body.

Table of Species.
1. Testaceous; pronotum shorter than long ; subgenital

plate of (? very broad .. .. .. .. ..1. squamiger, Fisch.

1"1. Chestnut; pronotum longer than broad ; subgenital

plate cJ narrow.. .. .. .. .. ..2. brdnneus, Serv.

1. Mogoplistus squamiger, Fischer.

Length of body, 9mm. J , 12mm. $ ; of pronotum, 2mm. J ,
2-5mm. 5 ; of ovipositor, 6mm. ? .

Under stones, along the coast, in South Europe. In France at
Hyeres and Frejus. In Italy at Ischia. In Spain at Valencia and
Mascarat.

2. Mogoplistus brunneus, Serville.

Somewhat smaller than the last and darker in colour. Length of
body, 6-5mm. g- , 8mm. $ ; of pronotum, 2mm. J, 3mm. $ ; of
ovipositor, 2-3mm. 2 .

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. 175

In July under dry leaves in Southern Europe. In France at
Draguignan, Nice, and Aix ; in Sardinia. In Italy at Naples and in
Sicily. In Spain at Seville, Montserrat and Barcelona.

Genus II : Arachnocephalus, Costa.
Antennae slender, 3 times as long as the body.
Table of Species.
1. Larger ; head and pronotum lurid .. .. ..1. yersinii, Sauss.

1.1. Smaller ; head and pronotum greyish (occurs in

Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. VESTiTCs, Costa.

1. Arachnocephalus yersinii, Sauss.

Ovipositor straight ; pronotum parallel. Length of body, 8-5mm. ^
and 5 ; of pronotum, l-6nim. $ and J ; of ovipositor, 5-lmm. ? .

On small shrubs, grass, etc., in hot, stony or damp places in autumn.
Southern France : Hyeres, Cannes, Saint Raphael, lie de Porquerolles,
BagDols, Nice, Draguignan. In Italy at Pegli : in Spain, Bolivar
discovered it sucking the juice of elms in the Casa de Campo near
Madrid, in August.

2. Arachnocephalus vestitus, Costa { = dalinatinus, Sauss.)
Ovipositor curved ; pronotum narrow in front. Length of body,
6'5mm. J , 8mm. $ ; of pronotum, l-8mm, J , 2mm. ? ; of ovipositor,
5*5mm. 2 ; under dead leaves and on flowers : a south-eastern species
recorded from Naples.

Family VI: Gryllotalpid^..

This family comprises the mole crickets, which have an exceedingly
wide distribution through the world, but differ little in appearance and
structure. The head is small, the pronotum ample, oval with rounded
sides ; the ovipositor is not exserted ; the most remarkable modification
is that of the front legs, which are compressed and very powerful,
admirably adapted for digging. The elytra are oval, the wings generally
long and caudate.

Genus I : Gryllotalpa, Latr.

A single European species.

1. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Linn. { = culi/aris, Latr.).

Large and powerful , chocolate-brown ; wnngs long and caudate,
very rarely abbreviated. There is little difference in the venation of
the elytra in the two sexes, and probably the female chirps too. Length
of body, 35mm. -50mm. <? and 2 ; of pronotum, 13mm. -16mm. (J
and 2 ; of elytra, 14mm.-20mn3. <? and 2 •

Occurs throughout Europe and from Sweden to Spain ; in England
rare, and local ; New Forest, Isle of Wight, Selborne, etc. ; in France,
abundant, often doing damage to gardens by destroying roots in its
subterranean burrows. In Sweden at Landskrona, Rosjeholm, Halland,
Calmar, St. Roi, and Bleking. Common in Belgium. The rare var.
cop/ita, Haan, with abbreviated wings, is recorded from Brindisi.

Family YII : TRiDACTYLiDiE.
This family includes a number of species which look like minute
mole-crickets; like them, the ovipositor is wanting, the forelegs are
fossorial and the head and pronotum have the same form. But they
differ in their minute size and short 10-segmented antennae ; the tarsi are
abortive; the anal segment in both sexes has four hairy appendages.

176 THE entomologist's record.

Genus I: Tridactylus, Latr. { = Xya, lUiger).
1. Tridactylus variegatus, Latr.

Minute; elytra shining, wings caudate; shining bronze with
whitish markings. Length of body, 6mm. g and J ; of ovipositor ;
ofpronotum l-8min. ^ and $ ; of elytra, 2mni. ^ and 2 .

The arrangement of the whitish markings varies considerably but
the white border of the pronotum is constant. Common and widely
distributed ; occurs on fine sand by the shores of rivers and lakes, where
it digs galleries ; it is adult in July and August throughout Southern
Europe. In France on the banks of the Rhone as far north as Lyons ;
the banks of the Adour, Vias, Cannes, Antibes, Nice, Digne, Saint-
Sever, Juan-les-Pins. In Switzerland at the junction of the Rhone
and the Arve ; in Italy at Spezzia and Benvenuto in the south ;
Tirol and Bozen and centre and south of Spain and Portugal ;
eastwards it extends far into Asia.

List of Lepidoptera captured recently in Rossshire.

By DOROTHY J. JACKSON.
(Continued from p. 117).

NocTuiDES. — Tn'acna psi, Swordale, larva beaten from lime, Sep-
tember 10th, 1906. Pliaretra riiiiiicis, Swordale, common, larva, July
4t,h, 1908. /'. iiienijanthidis, Swordale, common, larva, August 26th,
1906. AntoiinjH-is iinjricae, Swordale, larva, August 16th, 1906, Lnteania
/?7A(7)7/vr/rt, Swordale, August 7th, 1908. L. pallen^, Swordale, larva swept
from long grass, June 17th, 1908, imago emerged, July 31st, 1908.
Tajiinostola ftilra, Swordale, imago flying by day, September 19th,
1908 ; Fortrose taken at sugar, September 26tb, 1908 ; imago beaten
from sea-campion on sea cliff, Wallago near Wick, September 12th,
1908. Hi/ilyaecia nictitans, Swordale, common, imago resting on
thistle-head, August 30th, 1908 ; Nigg, taken on ragwort, September
17th, 1908 ; Fortrose, September 24th, 1908. Hydroccia wicacea,
common near the sea ; Nigg, imago feasting on ragwort, September
17th, 1908; Fortrose, imago flying by day, September 25th, 1908.
Xj/hiphasia riirea, Swordale, common, imago beaten from a cbestnut-
tree, June 27th, 1908, flying at dusk, July 3rd, 1908. Xi/lophasia
inoiini/h/pJia, Swordale, common, imago, July 19th, 1908 ; Nigg, taken
at sugar, September 17th, 1908. Charaeaa (iraininiti, Swordale, common,
larva (fullfed), June 17th, 1908, imago, August 20th, 1908. Luperina
testacea, Swordale, pupa found under a stone close to the sea, August
28th, 1908, imago emerged, September 13th, 1908. Maiiiefitra brassicae,
Swordale, common, larva, September 15th, 1906. Apamea hasilinea,
Swordale, imago, July 2nd, 1908. A. (jciiuna, Swordale, common,
imago, June 25th, 1908 ; Stirkoke, Wick, imago beginning of July,
1908. A. (Udipua, Swordale, common, imago, August 15th, 1906,
August 6th, 1907. Miana fascinncida, Swordale, imago resting on
head of an Umbellifer, July 20th, 1908. M. literosa, Swordale, imago
beaten from bush near the sea, August 27th, 1907. Celaena liaunrthii,
Swordale, common, imago feeding on ragwort, September 20th, 1908 ;
a rather large brightly-coloured specimen swept up from herbage in a
bog at Kincraig, Invergordon, August 18th, 1908. Stilbia iDtnmala,
Swordale, taken at light, August, 1907. Caradrina quadri punctata,

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED RECENTLY IN ROSSSHIRE. 177

Swoi'dale, abundant; Stirkoke, Wick, imago, September 8th, 1908.
Peridroina j/psilon, Swordale, fairly common, September 29th, 1908 ;
Fortrose, September 2J:th, 1908 (imago). P. sancia, Swordale, taken
at sugar. September 19th, 1908. A<jrotis e.iTla)i)atio)ii^, Swordale,
flying wildly in sunshine over a field, June 27th, 1908. A. ai/afhiua,
Swordale, common, larva swept up from heather, May 9th, 1908 ;
several moths taken at the lighthouse, Tarbat Ness, during summer,
1908; A(irotis siiinilans, taken at light, Tarbat Ness lighthouse, sum-
mer, 1908. Lycophotia strinula, Swordale, common ; Edderton, .July2nd,
1908 (imago) ; Stirkoke, Wick, larvae, September 27th, 1907. Actebia
praeco.c, taken at light, Tarbat Ness lighthouse, summer, 1908. (Jraphi-
phnra au<ii(r, Swordale, common, imago, July 19th, 1908; larva, May
10th, 1908. Xoctita r/lareosa, Swordale, fairly common, imago feasting
on ragwort by day, September 20th, 1908 ; Tarbat Ness lighthouse,
summer, 1908. N. depuncta, Swordale, larva, May 5th, 1908, feeding
on primrose; imago emerged August 3rd, 1908. X plecta, Swordale,
imago reared, June 27th, 1908. xV. tria7i;ittliiiii, Swordale, common,
larva, April 7th, 1907. A^ brunnea, Swordale, common, larva. May
6th, 1908. jS. festira. Swordale, common. A\ daldii, Swordale,
imago reared, July 25th, 1908. A. rubi, Swordale, common, larva. May
4th, 1908. N. bqja, Swordale, fairly common, larva. May, 5th,
1908. A', xanthographa, Swordale, common, taken on ragwort in the
davtime, September 20th, 1908 ; Nigg, taken at sugar, September
17th, 1908 ; Fortrose, September 25th^ 1908 ; Stirkoke, Wick, imago
taken at light, September 5th, 1908. TrijJiaena janthina, Swordale,
common, larva, May 11th, 1908; imago reared, July 17th, 1908 ;
Stirkoke, Wick, imago taken at light, September 5th, 1908. T.
fimbria, Swordale, common, larva, May 6th, 1908 ; Fortrose, imago
taken at sugar, September 24th, 1908. 1\ comes, Swordale, fairly
common, larva, May 10th, 1908, imago taken at sugar, September
18th, 1908. T. pronuba, Swordale, very common, imago, September
18th, 1908 ; feasting on ragAvort by day, September 20th, 1908 ;
Fortrose, September 24th, 1908; Stirkoke, Wick, September 6th,
1908. A)iipliip!/ra tra;ir)})o//onis, common, Swordale, imago, September
18th, 1908; taken on ragAvort by day, September 20th, 1908; Nigg,
September 17th, 1908; Fortrose, September 24th, 1908; larva,
Balmacara, West Eoss, June 16th, 1907. Xaenia tiipica. Swordale,
larva found beneath some dock leaves, May 16th, 1908, imago emerged,
July 21 St, 1908. I'anolia piniperda, Swordale, common, larva, June
30th, 1907. Taeniocainpa ipithica, Swordale, common, larva, August
7tb, 1906, imago reared. May 6th, 1908 ; Loch Maree, larva, June
2nd, 1908. T. incerta, Swordale, common, larva, June 27th, 1908 ;
Falls of Conon, Strathpeffer, July 18th, 1908 ; Balmacara, West
Ross, larva, June 17tb, 1907. T. stabilis, Swordale, common,
larva, June 9th, 1908 : Falls of Conon, Strathpeffer, July 18th, 1908.
Orfhosia lota, Swordale, larva beaten from sallow, June 8th, 1907,
imago reared, October 4th, 1907. 0. macilenta, Swordale, fairly com-
mon, larva beaten from whitethorn. May 13th, 1908, imago taken at
sugar, September 18th, 1908 ; Fortrose, September 26th, 1908.
Anchiicelis rnfina, Swordale, fairly common, imago taken at sugar,
September 20th, 1908. A. litxra, Swordale, abundant, imago, Sep-
tember 18th, 1908 ; Nigg, September 17th, 1908 ; Fortrose, September
24th, 1908; Balmacara, West Ross, larva, June 15th, 1907. Cerastis

178 THE entomologist's record.

racrinii, Swordale, fairly common, Fortrose, imago, September 25th,
1908. Scnpelosonia satdlitia, Swordale, common, larva, June 6th,
1908 ; Fortrose, imago taken at sugar, September 25th, 1908. Xanthia
fulra(fn, Swordale, common, imago reared, August 16th, 1907 ;
Xanthia rlavago, Swordale, fairly common, imago beaten from a birch
bush amongst a shower of autumn leaves with which its colour har-
monized very beautifully, August 31st, 1908 ; Stirkoke, Wick, imago
taken at heather bloom, September 13th, 1908. Mellinia cirreliaris,
Swordale, common, imago, September 18th, 1908; Fortrose, September
24th, 1908. M. ijilvaiin is fairly common. ('ali/uniia trapezina,
Swordale, common, larva. June 6th, 1908, imagines beaten from beech
and oak, September 1st, 1908 ; taken at sugar, Nigg, September 17th,
1908 ; larva beaten from oak, Balmacara, June 17th, 1907. Polia eld,
Swordale, common, larva, June 18th, 1908, imago, August 28th, 1908 ;
Fortrose, taken at sugar, September 26th, 1908 ; Balmacara, larva,
June 15th, 1907. ]>as!/pnlia teiupli, Noss Head, Wick, thirty-six
specimens taken at light in October, 1908 ; several more taken at
Tarbat Ness lighthouse, October, 1908. Piant/uu'cia cncabali, Swordale,
common, larva feeding on scabious leaves, August 23rd, 1906; feeding
in the seed-vessels of ragged robin (very young), August 21st, 1907.
Epunda httnlenta, two specimens taken at light, Tarbat Ness light-
house, during summer, 1908 ; Swordale, imago taken on ragwort by
day, September 14th, 1908. Epnmla iiii/ra, Swordale, common,
imago taken at sugar, September 19th, 1908 ; Fortrose, September
26th, 1908; Nigg, September 17th, 1908; taken at light, Noss Head,
Wick, September, 1908. Cieoceria viminalis, Swordale, fairly common,
larva, June 25th, 1908. Miselia oxi/acanthae, Swordale, common, larva,
May 17th, 1908, imago taken at sugar, September 21st, 1908; Fortrose,
September 24th, 1908. Ai/riopis apHlina, Swordale, common, larva,
June 6th, 1908, imago taken at sugar, September 28th. 1908 ;
Balmacara, West Ross, larva beaten from oak, June 17th, 1907.
Euple.rla Incipara, Swordale, larva beaten from sallow, August 20th,
1906. PIdofiophora iiu'ticidosa, imago taken at light, Tarbat Ness
lighthouse, September, 1908. Aplecta pramia, Swordale, larva, April
9th, 1907, imago reared (forced), June 9th, 1907. A. tincta, larvfe swept
up from dwarf birches, Falls of Coaon, Strathpeffer, October 3rd, 1908.
Hadena ailiista, Swordale, common, larva, September 80th, 1908. H.
protea, Swordale, common, larva, June 9th, 1908, imago reared
August 2nd, 1908. H. (jlanca, Swordale, common, larva, August
24th, 1906. H. olernrea, Swordale, common, imago reared, June 27th,
1908 ; Nigg, larva, September 16th, 1908. H. pisi, Dornoch, two
larvfB stretched out at full length and sunning themselves in a very
conspicuous manner on the heather, September 26th, 1906. //. tha-
lasftina, Swordale, imago taken at light, June 9th, 1908. Hyppa
rectilinea, Swordale, June, 1907. (Jalocanipa vetiisfa, Swordale, com-
mon, September 18th, 1908; Fortrose, September 25th, 1908: Kyle
of Loch Alsh, larva, June 14th, 1907 ; Noss Head, W'ick, taken at
light, autumn, 1908. C. exsoleta, Swordale, common, imago, Sep-
tember 29th, 1908; taken at sugar, Fortrose, September 28th, 1908.
Gonnptera lihatrix, Swordale, fairly common, larvae beaten from willow,
July 17th, 1907. Hahrostola tripartita, Swordale, common, imago
beaten from an oak-tree to fly wildly before settling on the ground,
June 27th. 1908. Plitsia chnjsitis, Swordale, common, larviB feeding

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED RECENTLY IN ROSSSHIRE. 179

on comfrey, May 25th, 1908. P. hractea, Swordale, not veiy common,
imago taken at light, August 18th, 1908. F. featucae, Bahiiacara,
West Ross, cocoon spun amongst rushes found in a marshy piece of
land, June 15th, 1907, imago emerged, July 5th, 1907. P. pnlchrina,
SAVordale, common, imago emerged, July 11th, 1908. P. (jamma,
Swordale, abundant, numbers taken at Tarbat Ness lighthouse, and
also a few at Noss Head, Wick. P. interytxjationis, Swordale, fairly
common, imago, August 4th, 1907. Anarta myrtilli, Swordale, larva,
August 17th, 1906. P/njto)iu'tra riridana, imago taken at Glen Elg,
Invernessshire, in the beginning of June, 1905. Enclidia mi, one
specimen taken at Balmacara, June 11th, 1905, another at Duart
Castle, Mull, June 16th, 1906, another at Ben Ledi, Perthshire, June
26th, 1906.

Deltoides : — Hi/pena prohoscidalis, Swordale, common, larva. May
25th, 1908, imago reared, July 7th, 1908, Balmacara, larva May 15th,
1907.

Geometrides. — Epinne apiciaria, Swordale, not very common,
imago August 31st, 1908 ; frequenting boggy districts where sallow is
common. Piitmia luteolata, Swordale, abundant, larva. May 13th, 1908 ;
Dornoch, larva September 26th, 1906 ; Stirkoke, Wick, September 7th,
1908. MetrocaDipa maniaritaria, Swordale, common, larva. May 16th,
1908; Falls of Conon,' imago July 18th, 1908, ?, laid eggs which
emerged August 6th, 1908 ; Loch Maree, larva, June 2nd, 1908 ;
Dornoch, larvae, September 26th, 1906. Ellopia prosapiaria, Swordale,
common, imago, August 2nd, 1908. Selenia bilunaria, Swordale,
common, larva, August 27th, 1907, imago reared May 7th, 1908 ;
Stirkoke, Wick, larva, September 7th, 1908. ti. lunaria, Swordale,
iarva beaten from birch, September 10th, 1907; two ?s resting on
grass by the Firth, June 18th, 1908. Odontopera bidentnta, Swordale,
common, imago, June 21st, 1908, larva. Falls of Conon, July 18th,
1908; Dornoch, larva, September 26th, 1906 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larvae,
September 7th, 1908. Crucallis elinguaria, Swordale, not very
common, larvte swept up from heather. May, 7th, 1908. FJiuinma
alniaria, very local, rather common in a bog (Kincraig, Invergordon)
where a number of larvre were beaten from alder, July 24th, 1908,
imagines emerged September 15th, 1908, etc. Himera pcnnaria, Sword-
ale, common, larva, June 6th, 1908, imago emerged September 2nd,
1908; Loch Maree, larva, June 2nd, 1908. Phif/alia jiedaria, Sword-
ale, common, larva. May 21st, 1908; Loch Maree, larva, June 2nd, 1908 ;
Balmacara, West Ross, June 15th, 1907. Bistoji hirtaria, fairly com-
mon. Falls of Conon, Strathpeffer, July 18th, 1908 (larva) ; Kilmorake
Falls, Beauly, larva, July 4th, 1908. Awphidafii/s betularia, Swordale,
common, larvffi, September 4th, 1908 ; Conon Falls, Strathpefier,
October 3rd, 1908 ; Fortrose, larva, September 25th, 1908 ; Dornoch
(larva), September 28th, 1907. Cleora lic/ienaria, Sw^ordale, larva
beaten from a lichen -covered hawthorn, July 9th, 1907. Boarwia
repandata, Swordale, common, larvfe feeding on blaeberry, heather,
and flowers of whin. May 7th, 1908, imago reared, July 6th, 1908.
Teplirosia bistortata {crepuscular ia), Swordale, fairly common, Kihiio-
rack Falls, Beauly, July 4th, 1908. T. punctularia, very local, but
quite common at the Falls of Conon, Strathpefier, where several moths
w^ere beaten from the birch bushes on May 30th, 1908, and a lot of
larvfe on July 18th, 1908. Gcometra papilionaria, one larva beaten
from birch, Rogie Falls, Strathpeffer, September 6th, 1908, and

180 THE entomologist's record.

another at the Coiion Falls, October 3rd, 1908. Zonosoma pcndiilaria,
Swordale, fairly common, larva, September 9th, 1907 ; Falls of
Conon, imago. May 80th, 1908; Dornoch, larva, September 27th,

1906. Vennsia caiiibrica, Swordale, not common, imago, July, 1906.
Acidalia aversatci, Swordale, fairly common, imago, August 21st, 1907,
laid eggs which hatched September 18th, 1907, larvje full-fed in May,
1908, first imago appeared July 21th, 1908. Cabera piisaria, Swordale,
common, imago, June lltb, 1908; Loch Maree, June 2nd, 1908;
Dornoch, larvce, September 26th, 1906. ('. e.mrdheiiiaria, Swordale,
common, imago, June 23rd, 1908 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larva, September
29th, 1907. Macaria litiirata, Swordale, imago, July 21st, 1907 ;
Dornoch, larva, September 26tb, 1906. Halia vanaria, Nigg, imago
resting on cottage wall, July 29th, 1907. t'anai/ra petraria, very local,
several moths flying amongst bracken, Falls of Conon, May 30th,
1908. Xiiineria pnlccraria, Swordale, larva, September 1st, 1906,
beaten from hazel. Scodiona behjiaria, Swordale, imago resting on
bare peat, July 13th, 1907. Fidonia carbonaria, Swordale, one moth,

$ , resting on heather, May 12th, 1906. Kiiiatiir(ja atomaria, Sword-
ale, abundant, imago, May 26th, 1908- June 30th, 1908 ; Loch Maree,
June 2nd, 1908 ; Kyle of Loch Alsh, June 14th, 1907. Bni>alas
jyiniaria, Swordale, abundant, imago. May 31st, 1908 ; Loch Maree,
imago, June 2nd, 1908; larva, Dornoch, September 26th, 1906;
Stirkoke, \Yick, September 28th, 1907 (larvte). Lomafipills )iiar;/ina(a,
Swordale, very common, imago, June 20th, 1908. Hiibeniia rupicap-
raria, Swordale, common, larvt^ beaten from whitethorn, June 20th,

1907. H. aurantiaria, Swordale, imago, October 4th, 1908, 3 , $
November 3rd, 1908 ; Falls of Conon, ^ , beaten from birch, October
3rd, 1908 ; taken at Tarbat Ness lighthouse, October 1908. H.
inari/inaria, Swordale, common, larva, June 1st, 1908 ; Loch Maree,
larva, June 2nd, 1908. H. defoliaria, Swordale, common, larva, June
6th, 1908, (? reared, October 8th, 1908, ? , November 14th, 1908 ;
Tarbat Ness lighthouse, December 23rd, 1907 ; Balmacara, larvae,
June 17th, 1907 ; Loch Maree, larva;, June 2nd, 1908. Anisopteryx
aescidaria, Swordale, common, larva beaten from elm and hazel,
June 18th, 1907. L'heimatubia bnimata, Swordale, abundant, larvas,
May 11th, 1908, imago, October 21st, 1908; larvfe feeding on bog-
myrtle on a small island in Loch Maree, June 2nd, 1908. Oporabia
dilutata, Swordale, abundant, larva. May 11th, 1908 ; imago, Fortrose,
September 25th, 1908; Falls of Conon, October 3rd, 1908; Loch
Maree, larva, June 2nd, 3 908; Balmacara larvae, June 17th, 1907.
Larentia didijmata, Swordale, abundant, larvffi feeding on primrose,
May 10th, 1907 ; Kyle of Loch Alsh, June 14th, 1907 (larva). L.
multhtritjaria, Swordale, common, imago, March 5th, 1906. L.
caeKiata, Swordale, very common, larva. May 10th, 1908, imago, July
7th, 1908. L. salicata, Swordale, flying amongst heather by a mountain
burn, June 26th, 1908 ; flying in mist and rain at an elevation of about
2500 feet, Ben Wyvis, July 16th, 1908. L. olirata, Swordale, common,
but rather local, fond of hiding in bushes, such as whin growing on over-
hanging banks of mountain-burns, and very readily disturbed, August
11th, 1908. L. viridaria, Swordale, common, imago, June 14th, 1908.
EiiDiielcsia ajfinitata, Swordale, larva, September 2nd, 1907, reared
June 16th, 1908. E. alchewiUata, Swordale, fairly common, larva,
August 30th, 1906. £'. albnlata, Swordale, larva, August 21st

THE DARWIN COMJIKMORATfON. 181

1907. Eupithecia pidchellata, Swordale, common, larva?, August 1st,
1907. E. nhlouffata, Brora, Sutherland, larva? feeding on ragwort,
September 25th, 1907, began to emerge, June 18th, 1908. PJ. subfnlrata,
Swordale, October 25th, 1907 (larvae) ; [Invershin, Sutherland,
larva?, October 26th, 1907.] £'. helveticaria, Swordale, larva
beaten from juniper, September 9th, 1906. E. sati/rata, Swordale,
imago. June 14th, 1908. Eupithecia trisifinaria, Swordale, larva,
September 27th, 1908 ; Fortrose, several larva? feeding on Angelica
syh-extria (seeds), September 26th, 1908. /'V. fra.vinata, Swordale, larva,
September 11th, 1907 ; Nigg, larva, September 18th, 1908; Stirkoke,
Wick, larva beaten from ash, September 11th, 1908. E. nanata,
Swordale, common, imago, June 14th, 1908. E. viih/ata, Swordale,
common, imago reared, May 7th, 1908. E. absintliiata, Swordale,
larvae common, September 24th, 1907; Brora, larva, September 25th,
1907. E. assiinilata, Swordale, larva feeding on black-currant, July
17th, 1907, imago emerged, August 23rd, 1907. E. tenuiata, Swordale,
common, larva, May 4th, 1908, imago reared, July 21st, 1908, beaten
in numbers from sallow, August 9th, 1908. E. lariciata, Swordale,
larvae common, September 9th, 1906 ; Dornoch, larva, September
26th, 1906. E. ahhreviata, Swordale, common, larvfe beaten from oak,
•June 27th, 1908 ; Balmacara, larva, June 17th, 1907. E. sohrinata,
Swordale, common, imago, August 29th, 1907. E. totjata, Swordale,
common, larva?, August 23rd, 1907. E. jnoiiilata, Swordale, larv^-e feed-
ing on blossoms of cross-leaved heath, July 24th, 1908 ; Falls of Conon,
larvae, July 18th, 1908. E. rectangulata, Swordale, larvie feeding in
blossoms of apple. May 16th, 1908.

{To he continued.)

The Darwin Commemoration — Thougiits — Species.

The present week (June 22nd-26th) brings us face to face with the
" Darwin Commemoration at Cambridge," and one of our two famous
Universities is celebrating the " Centenary " of Darwin's birth and
the "Jubilee" of the publication of his epoch-making work, Tiie
Oriijin of Species hij means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of
favoured Races in the Struf/gle for Life, a work that has largely changed
the whole trend of human thought during the last half century.
Cambridge University is, during the present week, entertaining-
scientific men from all parts of the world, in honour of the memory
and work of this, one of her greatest sons — greatest one would have said,
were it not that Newton also acknowledged Cambridge as his University.
What Newton did to bring the laws governing matter within the
understanding of the human intellect, Darwin did with the laws
governing life. The order of Commemoration is officially announced
as follows : — •

Tuesday, .June 2'2nd, 8.30 p. m to 11 p.m. — Eeception of delegates and invited
guests by the Chancellor of the University, Lord Eayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., Sc. D., in
the Fitzwilliam Museum.

Wednesday, 10.30 a.m. — Presentation of addresses in the Senate House by
delegates of universities, colleges, academies, and learned societies.

2.30 to 3.45 p.m. — Visit to colleges.

4 to 6 p.m. — Garden party in the grounds of Christ's College. Charles Darwin's
rooms open to visitors.

7 p.m. — Banquet in the new Examination Hall.

10 to 12 p.m. — Masters and Fellows "At Home " in Pembroke College Hall
and gardens.

182 THE entomologist's kecord.

Thursday, 11 a.m. — Conferment of honorary degrees in the Senate House.

12 noon. — Rede Lecture by Sir Archibald Geikie, F.E.S., on " Darwin as a
Geologist."

o to 5.30 p.m.— Garden party by Mr. William Erasmus Darwin, Sir George and
Lady Darwin, Mr. Francis and Misses Frances Darwin, Mrs. Litchfield, and Miss
Darwin, in the Fellows' Garden, Trinity College.

During the celebration there will be an exhibition of portraits, books, and other
objects of interest connected with the great naturalist.

It is not our intention to speak of the immense influence Darwin's
writings have had on entomology, as on every other branch of science,
and every phase of human thought ; suffice it to saj^ that the group of
animals which we study has provided, more than any other, the
material which has been used to demonstrate many of the theories
that have been advanced in connection with the phenomena of life as
well as the subject of the evolution of species by natural selection.
But as we were turning over the pages of one of our entomological
magazines, a short paragraph caught the eye. It reads as follows : —

" CoLEOPTEKA AT DowN. — We three very young collectors have lately taken, in
the parish of Down, six miles from Bromley, Kent, the following beetles, which we
believe to be rare, viz., Liciiius silphoides, Panaqus 4-pustulatus, and Clyttis
myxticus. As this parish is only fifteen tniles from London, we have thought that
you might think it worth while to insert this little notice in the ' Intelligencer.' "
— Francis, Leonard, and Horace Darwin (Ent. If'k. Intelligencer, vi., p. 98, June
25th, 1859).

It will be seen from this that two of the three brilliant sons of
Darwin now officially connected with Cambridge University — Sir
George Darwin, Mr. Francis Darwin, and Mr. Horace Darwin — were,
in 1859, very young collectors, and collectors in the particular branch
of zoology that so fascinated their father in his early days. He, as a
lad, was a most ardent coleopterist, and the early training that he
obtained as a collector of British coleoptera, no doubt stood him in
good stead, when, on the voyage of the Beagle, he was laying up those
stores of knowledge that afterwards blossomed into the great book of
his life, TIw Orujin of Species by means of Natiiirtl Selection. Continu-
ing our researches in the oldest of our entomological magazines, we
came to the conclusion that the position of entomologists with regard
to Darwin's epoch-making work, at the time of, and for some time after,
its publication, was generally one of antagonism. Dr. Bree, a well-
known entomologist of the time (not, however, to be confused with the
Kev. Wm. Bree), published a book shortly after its appearance, entitled
Species not Transiiiutahle nor the Besiilt of Secondary Causes, beiny a
Critical Examination, of Mr. Danrins xeork entitled Oriyin and Variation
of Species, which, apart from the prejudice exhibited, is a remarkable
exposition of his own position. The fact that, in the title of his own
book, he misquoted that of Darwin, and evidently got the latter mixed
up somehow with that of Wollaston's On the Variation of Species,
appears very strange, the opinions of the latter author being very
different from those of Darwdn. Dr. Bree's book was reviewed by
Stainton {Ent. Wk. Intelliyencer, ix., pp. 78-79), and his opinion of
Darwin's work may be at least approximately gauged by the following
quotation —

Dr. Bree's aim appears to have been to follow Mr. Darwin's arguments
chapter by chapter, and to meet assumptions by opposing facts. Occasionally,
Mr. Darwin's propositions are held up to ridicule ; we believe that this will give
great offence to the followers of Mr. Darwin, but is it possible altogether to avoid
4oing BO ?

THE DARWIN COMMKMORATION. 183

In some cases, Dr. Bree, with the keenest irony, adds no comment of his own,
but contents himself with quoting a sentence verhatim. from Mr. Darwin.

All the authorities who have recently written on the subject are carefully cited
in opposition to Mr. Darwin's views, and Agassiz, Owen, and others, are quoted
continually in the pages of this volume.

Two paragraphs, anent " blind cave-beetles," are then put into
juxtaposition, (1) Darwin's statement thereon, (2) Murray's explanation
from the Edinhuriih Xew Philofiophical Journal; Stainton then adds —

Entomologists generally, we believe, will prefer the quotation from Mr. Murray
to that from Mr. Darwin.

But Stainton evidently did not feel that all was right, or that the
last word had been said by entomologists on the question of "the
origin of species by natural selection," even when some of the facts
had been "held up to ridicule," and we find him quoting (Ent. Weekly
Intelligencer, ix., pp. 199-200; x.,pp. 89-40) extracts at length from Dr.
Asa Gray's sympathetic paper, " Free Examination of Darwm's Treatise
and of its American Eeviewers " {Atlantic MontJiUj, 1860) and giving
Gray's summarised reasons for " the persistent recurrence of various
hypotheses that animals and plants have somehow been derived from
others, as gleaned from a study of Darwin's book and a general glance
at the then state of the natural sciences." These reasons (o/*. cit., pp.
39-40) are very well put and are as cogent to-day as when they were
formulated. But the theory was evidently still distasteful to our
entomological friends, and they fixed on a skit that appeared in Black-
iroocVs Ma//a^ine, May, 1861, that should keep backsliders in the old
path. It appeared in the Intelligencer, x., pp. 78-79, and reads as
follows :■ —

The Okigin of Species.
A New Song.
Have you heard of this question the doctors among.
Whether all things living from a Monad have sprung ?
This has lately been said, and it now shall be sung.

Which nobody can deny.
Not one or two ages sufficed for the feat.
It required a few millions the change to complete;
But now the thing's done and it looks rather neat.

Which nobody can deny.
The original Monad, our great-great grandsire,
To little or nothing at first did aspire;
But at last to have offspring it took a desire.

Which nobody can deny.
The Monad becoming father or mother.
By budding or bursting produced such another ;
And shortly there followed a sister or brother,

Which nobody can deny.
But Monad no longer designates them well —
They're a cluster of molecules now, or a cell ;
But which of the two, doctors only can tell.

Which nobody can deny.
These beings, increasing, grew buoyant with life.
And each to itself was both husband and wife ;
And at first, strange to say, the two lived without strife.

Which nobody can deny.
But such crowding together soon troublesome grew.
And they thought a division of labour would do ;
So their sexual system was parted in two.

Which nobody can deny.
Thus Plato supposes that, severed by fate,
Human halves run about each in search of its mate,
Never pleased till they gain their original state,
Which nobody can deny.

184 THE entomologist's record.

Excrescences fast were now trying to shoot ;
Some put out a feeler, some put out a foot ;
Some set up a mouth, and some struck down a root,

Which nobody can deny.
See, hydras and sponges and star-tishes breed.
And flics, fleas and lobsters in order succeed,
While ichthyosauruses follow the lead

Which nobody can deny.
Some, wishing to walk, manufactured a limb ;
Some rigged out a fin, with a purpose to swim ;
Some opened an eye, some remained dark and dim,

Which nobody can deny.
From reptiles and fishes to birds we ascend.
And quadrupeds next their dimensions extend,
Till we rise up to monkeys and men — where we end

Which nobody can deny.
Some creatures are bulky, some creatures are small,
As nature sends food for the few or for all ;
And the weakest we know ever go to the wall,

Which nobody can deny.
A deer with a neck that is longer by half
Than the rest of its family (try not to laugh).
By stretching and stretching becomes a giraffe.

Which nobody can deny.
The four-footed beast that we now call a whale.
Held his hind legs so close that they grew to a tail,
Which he uses for threshing the sea like a flail,

Which nobody can deny.
A very tall pig, with a very long nose,
Sends forth a proboscis quite down to his toes ;
And he then by the name of elephant goes.

Which nobody can deny.
Pouters, tumblers and fantails are from the same source ;
The racer and hack may be traced to one horse ;
So men were developed from monkeys, of course,

Which nobody can deny.
An ape with a pliable thumb and big brain.
When the gift of the gab he had managed to gain.
As a Lord of Creation established his reign,

Which nobody can deny.
But I'm sadly afraid, if we do not take care,
A relapse to low life may our prospects impair ;
So of beastly propensities let us beware,

Which nobody can deny.
Their lofty position onr children may lose,
And, reduced to all fours, must then narrow their views
Which would wholly unfit them for filling our shoes,

Which nobody can deny.
Their vertebrEe next might be taken away.
When they'd sink to a shell-tish or spider, some day,
Or the pitiful part of a polypus play,

Which nobody can deny.
Thus losing Humanity's nature and name,
And descending through varying stages of shame.
They'd return to the Monad, from which we all came.
Which nobody can deny.

These notes, culled from the only purely entomological magazine
of the time, exhibit fairly the negative or opposition state of mind
exhibited by many entomologists, a state of mind never really changed
in ihe following half-century by several of oiir leading systematists.
The difference in the position now is only too marked. We have those
who are willing to tell us that we are able to see species in the making
under our eyes, who see in every form of variation species in the

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 185

making, who have discovered subspecies, and are not satisfied with
varieties (local races) or aberrations, yet, who cannot point to a single
species, illustrations of which were made 200 or 300 years ago, in which
a single iota of change has taken place, who believe that species are as
artificial elements as genera, and who are willing to cry-down the
man who quietly asks for facts instead of froth, and definitions instead
of words. The question of species is as unsettled, as uncertain, as
elusive as ever. The factors that determine a physiological or
structural change, correlated with some external mark, feature, or
shade of colour, that usuallj^ stands for the specific character, are still
as far oft' as ever. We spend our lives in research, and spending them
thus know how little we have done. To the outsider it seems so much,
to the worker so little. In the whole lepidopterous fauna of England
there is no species of really uncertain limits, nor one in which the
peculiar features that stamp it "species" have been altered one iota
in at least our entomological historical time, and, although the
necessity for some superficial change, due to the exigencies of pro-
tection, has, comparatively recently, led to a greater range of
variation that we can see and measure, in some species, the
elements that mark them " species " remain unchanged. And,
in our experimental work, work done in the laboratory, where
we are supposed to be copying nature and attempting to unravel
here and there one of the many vital elements that go to
form the sum total of some organism, by eliminating as far as possible
anything happening under the stress of the experiment to other
elements, we have reached but a little way. The Mendelians only find
in one species a "law " that is upset by the next species experimented
upon, and so on through the whole gamut of our work. In becoming
ultra-scientific we often forget all about nature, and, after all, it is
what is done by nature, under natural conditions, that goes to the
making of the species as they exist in nature, and if our plea for more
real scientific natural history shall lead to more field observation, and
less of the artificial theorising into which we are being more or less
unwillingly dragged, we shall get nearer to an understanding of the true
nature of species, and an appreciation of the manifold elements that
must have accumulated through aeons of time to make the species just
what they are now and just what they seem to us.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND^BSERYATIONS.

Gynandromorphous Saturnia pavonia. — I bred a very remarkable
example of Saturiiia pavonia from a Bexley larva, in May last. The right
wings and right antenna are quite normal, S • The left forewing has
the upper half ? , the lower half ^ , whilst the left hindwing has also
the top half ? , the bottom half ^ , with, however, a few splashes of
2 colour in this 3' area. The ocellated spots on the " mixed " side
are larger than on the ^ side. The antenna on the left side is about
midway between the sexes. The abdomen is very large, but not so
large as that of a normal ? . — L. W. Newman, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.
Jane 2Qth, 1909.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Great abundance of larv.e of Hyponomeuta cagnagellus in
Lewisham. — Last year I remarked {antea, vol. xx., pp. 185, 216) the

186 THE entomologist's RECORD.

occurrence of this species in Lewisham, on Eiionymiis japojiicus. I
have been on the look-out (without searching) for it again this year,
but have never seen a trace of its webs till this morning, when I
noticed some of the bushes in the gardens in Torridon Road, almost
covered with them. This afternoon I observed that almost every bush
in Wisteria Road and Gilmore Road is similarly covered, and the
larvfe therein of very considerable size. Of course, they must have
been some days reaching their present conspicuous stage, but it seems
remarkable that I should not have noticed them before. Their webs
are most unsightly, and the species is here fast becoming on their
adopted foodplant a veritable plague. — A. M. Cochrane, Lewisham.
June 10th, 1909.

Phyexus LivoRxicA AT CARLISLE. — I havc just seeu a fine specimen
of this moth which was taken at rest in a busy part of Carlisle by Mr.
J. R. Dalton, a voung and keen collector, on April 26th last. — F. H.
Day, F.E.S., 26^, Currock Terrace, Carhsle. Mcv/ 2Gth, 1909.

Early' brood of Agriades coridon on the Riviera. — Whilst
walking from Cavalaire to Le Canadel, some few miles to the east of
Hyeres, on May 6th, I met at intervals with a fair number of speci-
mens of A. coridon of both sexes, the majority being by no means
fresh. As I have also taken this species quite fresh, but very small,
in the neighbourhood of Florence (which is a little further north) in
September, I have no doubt that, in these latitudes, A. coridon is not
only double- but triple-brooded. These early specimens are of a
darker, more leaden, blue than the type, and have the characteristic
dark and heavily marked underside of the Riviera race. — George
Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S., Briarfield, Guildford. June 2nd, 1909.

Notes on butterflies. — Pijrameis cardui. — Some years ago my
wife found a few larvae on the top of the Las Vegas Range, New
Mexico, at an altitude of a little over 11000 ft. One of these gave an
imago, which is unusually small (expanse Slmm.) and dark, the dark
colour on the iipperside of the hindwings being especially increased
and suffused. It does not amount to a distinct aberration, but it
shows just the features one might have expected in a specimen from
such an altitude. Anfi/nnis nitocris var. nii/racaerult>a. — This splendid
insect has the least range of any butterfly known to me, amounting
apparently to only a few square miles, within which it is very
abundant. This is in part of the Sapello Canon, and in the Rociada
valley over the hill, on the slope of the Las Vegas Range, New Mexico.
The Rociada locality is now first reported ; my wife and I found it
there in quantity one August 8th. Other lepidoptera obtained at the
same time and place were Colias euri/theuic, Kuranesaa antiopa, Anosia
2)le.cippu>i, Natlialis iole, Satyrns charon, Heliothia ari)ii(/era, and
Deilepltila lineata, a very plebeian collection. At Beulah, in the Sapello
Canon, my wife found a magnificent female (ab. rufescens, nov.), in
which the broad, light marginal areas are strongly suffused with the
red colour of the male. — T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Colorado.

Abundance of lepidoptera and lepidopterous laev^. — I was
much interested in our Editor's note in this month's Ent. Becord re
theabundance of larvfeonoaks, etc. On May 31st, I took out my beating-
tray for a day's beating in a locality near here, where probably no
entomologist's foot ever strays except my own. I found the oaks
fairly cleared of leaves in many instances, and showers of larvfe of

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 187

Clieiwatohia bruwata, Hybevnia defoliaria, H. proijcwmaria, and Phiijalia
pedaria came down, as well as many AiupJiidafujs strataria, whilst Cosinia
trapezina, Amphipyra pyramidta, Dryobota protea, Taeniocaiiipa criida, T.
mininsa, etc., were in abundance ; another species obtained was Cleora
lichen an' a, larvje of which were very numerous on some of the trees.
Some oaks had scarcely any larvfe on them except those of Bithys
qtiercii^, but of these I collected over 300 in less than two hours. I have
never known larvae of this species so abundant here during all the year:^
I have collected. A ^ Stauropus fayi came down into the tray, and I
found two more at rest on oak-trunks. Rylephila prasinana were also
not uncommon. I suppose the trees will throw out a second growth
of leaves as soon as the larvae are gone, but many are as bare now as in
December ! I would also mention that blackthorns are in many
cases denuded of leaves by larvse that I presume are Hybernia pro-
yeni 111 aria. Of butterflies, the common whites swarmed, but I have
not seen Leptidia sinapii^, and, although a large nmnber of ^ Eiichlo'e
cardaiiiines was noticed, I have neither taken nor seen a ? ; CallophryH
rubi also was verj' abundant this year. Venilia macidafa are out in
swarms, whilst, on the moors, Enpithecia nanata, Heliaca arbuti, and
Anarta inyrtilli are very plentiful. Of the latter species, one morning
recently, I came across a number sitting on heather-tops, just freshly-
emerged. A sea-fog crept up, and the moths were so lazy that I was
able to box them as they sat. The sallows are full of larvae of Orthnsia
lota, Hypsipetcs eliitata, Clenceris riminalis, besides a host of Tortricids,
of which I have no knowledge. At the end of April, larvfe of Lasio-
campa qiierciis were in numbers in almost every hedge, feeding either
on young shoots of Galium violltiijo or bramble. About three weeks
ago, great numbers of Pyrameis atalanta put in an appearance
suddenly ; the larvae certainly swarmed on every nettle-patch last
September, but whether those about are now hybernated examples
from those native larvae, or whether they are immigrants like
Pyrameis cardni of a few years back, I am unable to say ; at any rate,
they appear just as perfect and as brightly coloured as freshly-emerged
or bred insects. Celastriva aryiolus was very numerous this spring,
flying round holly trees, but generally higher up, usually well out of
reach. — Ernest A. Eogers, Kabul House, Teignmouth. June
15th, 1909.

Lepidoptera in Oxfordshire and Berkshire. — I have been collect-
ing very energetically this season, and, during the last week, have been
to the Mapledurham beech-woods and taken both sexes of Stauropus
fagi, 2'ephrofiia consonaria, and Ptilophora plnmiyera larvae, etc. I
have also been successful in taking Melitaea cinxia in the Isle of Wight.
I have worked Burghtield for pine and birch species, with some success,
and in the Tubney district captured Melitaea aurinia, Adscita i^taticrs,
Nemeophila plantayinii^, etc. At Birdlip, really a very fine collecting
ground, I captured Adscita yeryon, ISenronia reticulata, Hadena dentina,
and many Geometrids. Axthena blomeri still occurs there, and was
taken by a friend, although not falling to my share. In Pamber
Forest, I took Melanippe hastata, Minoa iiiiiriuata, etc., though Leptidia
sinapis appears to be rather rare there now. I was indebted to Mr.
Holland for an introduction to the "fayi'' woods, but hard and patient
work is necessary to ensure success. — Charles Mellows, Union
Society, Oxford. June IGth, 1909.

188 THE entomologist's record.

Abundance of Cupido jiinijius. — It would appear that Citpidu
mini)iii(s, in common with many other species of butterflies, is very
abundant this year. On the afternoon of June 10th, in one of the hot
gleams of sunshine that broke through the rain-showers of that day,
the species was seen in considerable numbers by the roadside and on
the downs behind Winchester, and a few minutes' search discovered
plenty of eggs on the flower-heads of Ant/njllis rulncraiia. Pub/uin-
iiiatiis icarus, and Cuenuniimplta paiiiphiliis were also common, but the
rain prevented any further observation as to w'hat other species were
about. — J. W. TuTT.

Pi'EAMEis CARDUi AT Beachy Head. — It would appear that, other
things being favourable, we may have another Pynnneis caidiii year.
At least, specimens have evidently arrived, two examples, somewhat
pale in colour, but otherwise wing-perfect, were flying swiftly in the
sun, and in spite of a high wind, round the old lighthouse at Beachy
Head, on the afternoon of June 18th, occasionally settling on the
flowers of Lotui> cormciilatuf; that abound just there. — James Bell.

:iaOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Egglaying of Nemeobius lucina.- — Perhaps it may be of interest to
record that, on June 10th, near here, I found 53 ova of Nemeobius
lucina on one leaf and 22 on another leaf. Each batch had the ova
placed closed together in irregular rows. In all other cases the ova
were found in much smaller numbers on each leaf, sometimes tw^o
adjoining or singly. The ova were found in a wood in the Woodham
Ferris district, Essex. A large number of leaves from diti'erent parts
of the wood were collected. I discovered the ova while picking the
leaves in a small clearing where the primrose plants were few, and I
think that all those on which I obtained ova w^ere in clearings. The
ground on which the wood is situated is flat and the soil fairly heavy.
There was no cowslip, only primrose. Some of the eggs hatched on
the 11th inst., and soine are still (June 16th) unhatched. All were
on the underside of the leaf, and the large batches were laid near the
tip of the leaf. The Kev. G. H. Eaynor, who was collecting with me,
wrote me that he had found 11 on one leaf, which was a record for
him. — E. E. Bextall, F.E.S., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. June
IGth, 1909. [Is it possible that the large batches are those of another
species? — Ed.]

Pupation of Dryas paphia. — June 19th, 1909. The larva having
been suspended for some days, and remaining, as far as I could see, per-
fectly quiescent, the only change observed had been the gradual swelling
of the thoracic segments ; at 8 p.m. on this day, the skin on the back
of the thorax split, the opening not extending beyond the thoracic
segments. By a series of peristaltic motions, the larval skin was
worked backwards ; by 8.8 p.m. the process was completed. A series
of vigorous wriggles succeeded, and at 8.10 the cast larval skin fell into
my hand which I had extended in the expectation of the newly exposed
pupte falhng from its anchorage ; at 8.12 p.m. the whole process w^as
completed, and the pupa became still. The colour pale clay. The
silver spots not quite evident. The double dorsal line of the larva
quite plainly visible. — C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S., The Vicarage,
Mucking, Essex. June 15th, 1909.

The colour-change of the pup.e of Chrysophanus dispar var.
RUTiLus. — The beautiful vivid green of the larva of this species is now too

CURRENT NOTES. 189

well-known to British collectors to need description. When the larvae
first change to pupae, the thorax and wings are of a pale, semi-trans-
parent, sage-green, the abdomen of a yellowish-green, and the head
and head-parts of a pearly-yellowish (this is so both dorsally and
ventrally). In the next stage the ventral area is exceedingly pale
greenish-white, the head-parts being rather paler than the wings
arvl legs, whilst the venter of the abdomen round the cremastral area
is more bone-coloured, the dorsum in this stage being much darker, of
a suffused greyish-green on the thorax, much speckled with fine dark
dots ; the abdomen of a suffused greenish-yellow, with traces of rather
•darker oblique subdorsal lines on each segment, the space between the
supraspiracular and ventral areas being of the darker and more
suffused colour of the thorax, whilst a fine dark mediodorsal line runs
the whole length of the dorsum from the frons to the posterior edge.
In the next colour-change the paler areas, ventrally and dorsally,
become semi-transparent, dirty grey-brown, whilst the darker parts of
the dorsum of the thorax, the mediodorsal line, the sides of the
abdomen, and the speckling of the dorsum of the abdomen, become
dark grey, the five (or six) oblique, subdorsal, abdominal lines, being
very pale. In this sta.ge the pupa has much the appearance of a pebble,
and, as the larvae pupate quite free from cremastral attachment, and
possibly on the ground, the colour is probablj' of great value, from the
point of view of protection. The earliest pupa w^as found on June
6th, one on June 7th, and three between the afternoon of June 7th and
early morning of June 8th. At this time, some of the larvfe sent over
were not more than 6mm. long, apparently having moulted once since
their hybernation. Thev were, however, of the same vivid green. —
J. W. TuTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

CURRENT NOTES.

Dr. D. Sharp notes {Ent. Mo. Matj.) seven British species in
the genus Parniis — -P. prolifencornis, P. auricidatus, Edw., P. (/risens,
P. laiiclus, P. ahiiricns, P. nitidulus, and P. ernesti, Ganglb. [auric a-
latiis, Auct.). He also publishes {Ent. Mo. Ma;/.) a note on Aphodius
nit/er, Panzer, pointing out that the name was wrongly introduced by
Crotch for Ajihodius jilat/iatns ab. concolor, but that he has now a 2
from the New Forest that " answers all the requirements of the insect
Erichson referred to ni'/er, Panz.," and considers that the species
should be reinstated in the Catalogue. The evidence, however, even
now is not too satisfying.

Mr. Bagnall adds the following species of Thysanoptera to the
British fauna, viz., Megathrips nobilis (also new to science) from dried
•sedge in Wicken Fen, Cryptothrips dentipes, Kent., taken at Port-
marnock, near Dublin, and in Wicken Fen, Trichothrips sewicaecns,
Uzel, under the bark of a decaying willow at Greatham, near Hartle-
pool, T. copiosus, Uzel, under the bark of a beech tree in Epping
Forest, April, 1908.

Mr. A. H. Hamm publishes {Ent. Mo. Ma;/.) some most interesting
observations on the pairing of Ewpis opaca, F., from which it appears
that the sexes only copulate during sunshine, that thecJ holds prey in the
middle pair of legs (sometimes for a long time before actual copula-
tion), which it transfers to the J at the time of actual pairing,
the latter taking place in the air, the two insects settling directly after-

190 THE entomologist's record.

wards, the 3 hanging by its two anterior legs to a leaf or grass-stem, and
supporting the whole weight of the 5 by means of them. At the
moment of uncoupling, the 9 drops the prey, and the two insects
fly oft'.

We are in receipt of " A Guide to the Natural History of the Isle
of Wight,"" a bulky volune of 560 pages, Avith a number of good
illustrations, edited by F. Morey, F.L.S. The various chapters
and lists are written and compiled by specialists in their own subjects.
There is a considerable amount of difference in the value of the
chapters, although most ;'each a really good standard. Of the insects,
the chapter on " Orthoptera " is by Malcolm Burr, B,A., F.Z.S., etc.,
the Neuroptera by W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., the Hymenoptera, by
Claude Morley, F.E.S., the Coleoptera, by E. A. Newberj-, A supple-
mentary list of Coleoptera, by H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.,.
F.E.S., Lepidoptera, by Hubert F. Poole, Diptera, by F. Morey,
F.L.S. , Hemiptera, by E. A. Butler, B.A., B.Sc, F.E.S. The lists
are on the whole exceedingly good, and where there is any weakness,
the mere fact of putting on record what is known, makes very clear to
local Avorkers what yet remains to be done.

There is something unsatisfactory in the tone of some of Mr.
Newbery's preliminary remarks on the Coleoptera, and his statement
as to " two insects taken in the Island by a member of the Entomological
Society " (Mr. Newbery, we presume, means a Fellow of the Entomo-
logical Society of London) " and exhibited by him at a meeting of that
body" is as remarkable, as it happily is unusual, in connection with
a compilation of this description. Mr. Newbery must be wanting
in a sense of humour to suppose that, after species have been seen and
accepted by the Fellows of the Entomological Society of London, e.i/.,
Mr. Champion, Mr. Donisthorpe, Prof. T. H. Beare, or any other of
our leading coleopterists, that they must necessarily be submitted to him
before they can be admitted to the fauna of the Isle of Wight, or to a
place in the British List. As Mr. Newbery says, " comment is
superfluous."

It is not surprising that the editor asked Mr. Donisthorpe to
prepare a " Supplementary list of the Coleoptera," and that this list
numbers 125 species besides varietal forms, not included in Mr.
Newbery's list. The combined lists number 1434 species of Coleoptera.
The list of Lepidoptera appears to be an excellent one, as might be
expected when we state that Mr. Poole has had the help of Messrs.
L. B. Prout and E. E. Bankes in its compilation. Considering how
little the other orders are worked the lists must be considered very
satisfactory, but they show the need of workers in orders other than
Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. Every entomologist who goes to the Isle
of Wight to spend an entomological holiday will be certainly wasting
time if he does not consult this book.

The Thirtij-Secoiul Annual Eeport and Prnceedin(/s of the Lancashire
and Cheshire Entoniolotjical Society, 1908, has just come to hand, and,
although interesting, appears to be something below the usual
standard in bulk and quality of contents. There are brief reports of
the meetings held, and a continuation of the " Preliminary Catalogue
of the Hemiptera-Homoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera," by Oscar

* Published by William Wesley and Son, 28, Essex St., IStrand, W.a
Price 8s. 6d. net.

CURRENT NOTES. 191

Whittaker, a most useful compilation, but the addition only extends to
4 pages. Added to this, we note that, at the Annual Meeting, there was
no Presidential or Vice-Presidential address, a sad omission, considering
that the Society boasts a list of Vice-Presidents twice as great as that
of the Entomological Society of London, and from one member of
which at least some pronouncement on the entomological position,
locally or generally, might have been fairly expected.

The Carlisle Natural History is to be congratulated on the issue of
the first part of its Transactions, and deserves praise not only
for the excellence of the contents, but for the first-class stjde
and get-up of the part as a whole, the printing being exceptionally
well done. The character of the papers is exceptionally good, and, if
maintained, the Transactions will hold their own against the publica-
tions of the very best natural history societies. Two papers especially
claim our attention, (1) " The Butterflies of Cumberland,"
by G. B. Eoutledge, F.E.S. (2) "The Coleoptera of Cumberland,"
pt. i., by F. H. Day, F.E.S. As may be expected, the}^ are
both excellent, and written and compiled with a full knowledge of
the county fauna. The authorities are given in every case, and in
critical cases full reference to the literature. To say more wovild be
superfluous. We shall look forward with interest to the continuation
of both these lists. The Anthrocerids, Cochlidids, Lachneids, Attacids,
and Sphingids, worked out in detail, would make another excellent
group (especially if the geographical side of the variation could be
dealt with), but no doubt Mr. Eoutledge has already got the matter
well in hand.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, The Vicarage, Mucking, Essex, who is
at work on the genitalia of the Geometrids, asks for ^ s of Cleora
anrfularia, Asthena sylvata, Venusia cainbrica, Acidalia perocliraria, A.
holosericata, A. circellata, A. straininata, A. finnata, Fidonia liiiiban'a,
Scoria lineata, Aplasia ononaria, and Lythria jnirpnraria for examina-
tion, specimens. British or Continental, condition of no importance, so
long as the specimens are quite correctlj^ named, and have not been
attacked by mites. Perhaps some of our generous collectors will
oblige. Mr. Burrows has now genitalia of the first half of the British
species mounted except for these which he would like to complete if he
can get the requisite material.

We have just received " The Plume-Moths of Ceylon, pt. i.. The
Pterophoridfe," a reprint from Spolia Zeylanica, vi., pt. xxi., March,
1909, by T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S. Considering the state
of our ignorance of exotic plumes this paper is really a very remark-
able one, and forms, not only an excellent summary of what is known
of the " plumes " of Ceylon, but also a basis on which a knowledge of
our oriental plumes might very readily be built. In most cases, as
may be expected, the only stage of the insect known is the imaginal,
but the author has given us a great amount of incidental information
on the early stages of some of the species from his own observation.
These, however, are, in most cases, essentially facts of oecology, and
not structural, as may readily be premised, when one considers the
difficulties under which the author carries on his observations, when
on duty on board ship. This explains fully why the descriptions of
the larvae and pupfe are often wanting in useful scientific structural
details, or even when noted as captured and the imagines bred, not
described at all.

192 THE entomologist's record.

This is, in one respect, unfortunate, for Dr. Chapman and Mr.
Bacot have already shown {A Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. v.) that, whilst
the reduction of the wing-area, by the formation of the clefts, has, in
some instances, apparently reduced to a common type of neuration
species that show amazing structural uift'erences in the larval and
pupal characters, the latter provide a much more abundant supply of
useful characters for the classification and grouping of the species, than
the imagines, a fact that Mr. Fletcher has been obliged largely to
ignore in his grouping. Falling back mainly on neuration and
the structure of the imaginal palpi for his characters, we find him
following largely Mr. Meja'ick's grouping, already criticised somewhat
adversely, owing to its entire omission of any consideration of the
characters derived from the early stages, which do not support the
imaginal indications.

In the same manner Mr. Fletcher largely follows Mr. Meyrick's
names, even when, apparently, proved erroneous, e.g., Alucita, Linn.=
Pterophorus, de Geer, both species having the same type, pentadacti/la.
Does Mr. Fletcher doubt the facts published concerning these, or does
he think the facts of no importance ? If not, was not the name
Pteropliorus still-born, and is it wise to continue it? Similarly
Trichoptiliis was founded for a group of North American species which
we considered not quite the same as the European (and presumably
the Asiatic) allies. Is Mr. Fletcher satisfied that the Asiatic and
American species cited under the name Trichoptilus are identical
generically? We ask in all ignorance, it w^as our opinion that they
were not, and Walsingham and Durrant have accepted our view of the
matter.

Apart from these criticisms, which must be considered as largely
representing the personal equation, and which will come straight when
Mr. Fletcher applies close and searching criticism to the facts, we have
nothing but praise for Mr. Fletcher's work, splendidly helped by his
excellent illustrations. We look forw^ard now to be in the position of
being able to hand over the salvation of our " Plume " soul to Mr.
Fletcher. We mirst try to complete our other volume on the British
species, just to give the entomological world, as it were, all that has
been collected together on the British species of these interesting
insects, then w-e can safely wait till Mr. Fletcher has settled down at
home with time to work over again the life-histories of all our British
species, and his accumulated foreign material, preserved larvae, pupal
skins, etc., and trust him to bring all that is known of the group into
something like order, and make a reputation as the one man in the
world who knows something of the plumes of the world. But we
must have the characters of the early stages considered before this will
be fully conceded. Mr. Fletcher is a born naturalist, and it it as a
naturalist and not as a mere museum worker that his work must be j udged.

At last, after almost two years' waiting, The Survey mid Becord of
Woolwich and West Kent has been published. It contains "descriptions
and records of the Geology, Botany, Zoology, Archaeology, and
Industries of the district, with a brief Photographic Commentary,"
but of these the Botany and Zoology comprise 410 of the 496 pages,
so that it will be w^ell-understood that the groups, other than the tAVO
last-named, are somewhat meagre. The Zoology, of the section of
which Mr. J. W. Tutt was Chairman, and Mr. H. J. Turner, Secretary,
occupies from p. 231 to p. 440, and comprises lists of the local Mammals,

CURRENT NOTES. 193

Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes, False Scorpions, Insects, and
Molluscs. The Insects treated of, are the " Hemiptera-Heteroptera "
and the " Hemiptera-Horaoptera," excellent lists by Mr. W. West ;
"Odonata," by Mr. S. Edwards; " Coleoptera," by Mr. W. West,
another really marvellous list (numbered according to Beare and
Donisthorpe's CataUxjue) ; " Lepidoptera," excellently compiled by
Mr. H. .1. Turner, and " Diptera," by Mr. H. W. Andrews. For so
small an area as West Kent, the complete list is probably one of the
best that has ever been published, extending far beyond the limits of
many complete county lists. Few of the best workers in this part of
the county have failed to respond to the request of the section for
lists, and Mr. H. J. Turner deserves the greatest credit for the
enormous amount of successful work that he has been able to put intO'
it. It is a list that should be supported by every entomologist,
especially if he be a Man of Kent or Kentish Man.

Many old members of the South London Entomological Society
will be pleased to know that Professor T. D. A. Cockerell is now on a
visit to England. His address, until September 1st, is Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge.

Dr. Hemmerling is publishing an extensive illustrated paper on
Pieris napi in the current numbers of the International Ent. Zeitschrift
(Guben); those of our readers interested in this species should make a
point of seeing it.

It is with the greatest regret that we have received intelligence of
the death of William H. Edwards, the renowned entomologist and
naturalist of Coalburgh, Virginia, U.S.A., at the ripe age of 87, on
April 4th, last. Probably, with the exception of Scudder, he stands
unrivalled as the "natiiralist-lepidopterist " of the States, and his
quarto volumes on Tlte lUitterjiies of North America, are not only tha
works of a master of our science, and hence of the highest scientific
value, but the illustrations are, in addition, works of art, as accurate as
they are beautiful. He had not the marvellous versatility of Scudder,
nor the ability to deal in so masterly a way with such a variety of
subjects, but his work is equally thorough, and has left its mark on
the standard expected of lepidopterists who are also naturalists, in the
United States. Indeed, the excellent work of these men, leads us to-
look rather with contempt on the more recent illustrated work done in
the States. Just at present the lepidopterists there are busy amassing,
describing, and differentiating the species belonging to the super-
families other than butterflies, but recent years have not produced a
lepidopterist, who is also a biological naturalist, of the standard of
these men. We are almost in a position now to expect some amateur,
living in one of the outlying districts of the States, away from the
bustle of "cities " and "experimental stations," away from the shib-
boleths of the State Museums, in whose mind systematic, biologic, and
oecologic lepidopterology have their right and proper place, and proper
perspective, to woik out the life-histories of another group — Sphingids,
Arctiids, Lachneids, etc. — in the way that Edwards and Scudder have
worked out those of the Papilionids and Urbicolids. Scattered
elements and observations in sundry magazines want collecting, and
adding to the newly-worked-out life-histories of the species of these
groups, and illustrated in the same excellent way. At present we
do not discern on whom the mantle has fallen, but feel assured that
it has, or will fall. We are, however, the poorer by the loss of one of

194 THE entomologist's record.

the two greatest naturalist-lepidopterists that America has yet
produced.

Our congratulations to Mr. Malcohn Burr, who, on June 23rd,
received at tlie University of Oxford, the degree of D.Sc. for research
work in entomology. Mr. Burr has made for himself such a world-
wide reputation as an orthopterist of the first rank, that the honour is
particularly well-deserved.

Mr. Gillmer describes (Sue. Ent., p. 42) a white aberration (ab.
alba) of Geoiiietra papilionaria, also an ab. dom/rata of Larentia
lii/jnbrata, and refers the ab. jrifirescens, Ckll., of Eubolia jiliDiibaria,
recorded by Porritt from Yorkshire, to the lurUlaria of Borkhausen
(Xatur;/., v., p. 62).

Mr. Malloch adds the diptera, MiltofiraDiiim <iermari, Mg., and
Aiiiaurosn)iia flavipcK, Fin., to the British list, the former taken " on a
sandy path, near Shotover Hill, in which were a number of burrows
of various Aciilmta, on August 7th, 1907," the latter " near Cowley,
on May 16th, 1908, by Mr. A. H. Hamm.

It is with great pleasure that we have to record the capture of
Depressaria pntrida, Hb., in Kent. A full account wull appear in our
September number.

Mr. Newbery adds Ocyiim defecta, Muls. et Rey, to the list of
British coleoptera. He bases the addition on a single specimen taken
by Mr. Eendel among dead leaves in a dry ditch near Tiverton, Devon,
in November, 1908. This specimen has been submitted to Capt.
Deville, who has compared it with a single specimen taken by himself
at Nice. This amount of material for comparison does not appear to
be too overwhelming. No doubt Mr. Rendel will get more specimens
next November.

ji^OCIE TIE S.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— May 21th, 1909. — Extreme Aberrations of Pararge egeria. — Dr.
Chapman exhibited two very extreme forms of Pararge eyeria, in
which the fulvous areas were much enlarged. They were taken at
Amelie-les-Bains. Cucullta chamomill.e in London district. — Mr.
Edwards and Mr. Carr, living specimens of Cncidlia chainouiillae from
south-east London district. T;eniocampa pulverulenta ab. haggarti
at Dover. — Mr. Smith, a melanic specimen, ab. hai/i/arti, of Taenio-
camj)a pulverulenta (cruda), taken at Dover in April. Larv.e of
LucANUs CERVus. — Mr. Edwards, larvae of Lncanns cervus, found in
some rotting wooden palings on Shooter's Hill. Melanic specijien of
Phragmatobia fuliginosa. — Mr. Newman, an unusually extreme
melanic ? of P/iraf/niatnhia fnlifiinom, bred from Sheffield. Rare
Coleoptera. — Mr. West (Greenwich), specimens of the rare Coccinellid,
Dnlyzia IQ-yiittata, taken in the New Forest by Mr. Ashbj' and him-
self, and a series of Casmia fastuosa, taken in some numbers by Mr.
H. J. Turner, at Box Hill, on Inula cony^a.

Entomological Society of London. — Tune 2iid, 1909. — North
American Sawfly in London. — ^Mr. Selwyn Image exhibited an
example of the North American sawfly. Si rex raudatus, Cresson, bred
from a larva found at Highbury in a piece of wood, together with
photographs of the larva and its galleries by Mr. Hugh Main. Re-
discovered Micro-Lepidopteron from South of France. — Lord
Walsingham showed two set examples and pupal cases of Holocacista

SOCIETIES. 195

rivillei, Stn., called by the late Mr. Stainton " The lost Pleiad,"
because originally described in 1750, and not again found before 1870
— mining leaves of the grape vine. The name Holocacista, Wlsm.
and Drnt., is now proposed for a new genus, Mr. Stainton having
placed it in Antispila, Tr., from which it is found to differ materially
in neuration, suggesting a more probable alliance with Heliozela, other-
wise Tinar/iiia, Stn. Rare British Beetle. — Mr. E. C. Bedwell
exhibited examples of the myrmecophilous beetle, Hetaerins ferru-
(jineuii, 01., from Boxhill, a species not recorded from Britain for 46
years. The species was first captured by Mr. E. W. .Janson, in 1818,
at Hampstead, with Formica fusca and F. flava, and again in 1856
{Ent. Annual, 1863, p. 113) ; it was also recorded in 1863 {Fnt.
Annual, 1857, p. 77) as having been taken by Dr. Power at Wey-
bridge with F. rnfa, and by Douglas and Scott near Croydon with
F. fian/jiiinea. Ants from North Britain. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe
exhibited (rt) specimens of Formica exsecta {2 and ^ s), several nests
of which he had discovered near Aviemore in Invernessshire in May.
He pointed out that it had never been recorded from Scotland or North
Britain before, and showed a map of the British Isles to illustrate the
British distribution of the species. The localities at present known
for it are Aviemore, Bewdley in Worcestershire, New Forest, Park-
stone, Bournemouth, as far west as Poole, and as far east as Ringwood,
Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, Bovey-Tracey in Devonshire, and the
Land's End in Cornwall ; also (5) specimens of F. rufa-pratemis, 2 s,
^ s, pseudogynes and micrergates from Nethy Bridge, Invernessshire,
and remarked that this was the chief form there. He described the
nests, and mentioned that a number of them were being extinguished
by the undergrowth. Moss starts to grow round the base of the nests,
then " bilberry " and heather, which creep upwards all round the
hillock, gradually driving the ants to the summit, and eventually
extinguishing the colony. Professor Wheeler, in a paper " On
Relations of Ants to Plants," records similar cases in America and
Europe, and is of opinion that the colony eventually dies off. Abraxas
GRossuLARiATA. — Mr. L. Doucaster exhibited a drawer of Abraxas
{irossidariata and its var. lacticolor, illustrating breeding experiments.
The various pairings give the following results : —

(1) Lacticolor 2 xoyossulariata ^ , gives oSsTgving -aU grossulariata.

(2) Heterozygous firossulariata i and ? paired together, give all g s grossu-
lariata, ? s half grossulariata, half lacticolor.

(3) Lacticolor 5 x heterozygous grossulariata c? , gives equal proportions of
grossulariata and lacticolor in both sexes. The variety is thus transferred to the
male by this pairing.

(4) The converse pairing heterozygous grossulariata i xlacticolor tf , gives all
J s grossulariata, all ? s lacticolor.

(5) Lacticolor ? x lacticolor g , gives only lacticolor in both sexes.

(6) Wild ? X lacticolor s , gives all s s grossulariata, all ? s lacticolor.

These results show — (1) that lacticolor is a Mendelian recessive to
_^jrossi(lariata ; (2) the converse pairings nos. 1 and 6 above, show that
wild (?s are homozygous (pure) (jrossnlariata: but wild 2 s are hetero-
zygous, bearing recessive lacticolor. They suggest that the sex-
determinants also behave as Mendelian characters, femaieness being
■dominant, and that J s are homozygous in respect of sex, 2 s hetero-
zygous. New Irish beetle. — Mr. J. R. Tomlin exhibited examples
of Micropeplus coelatus, Er., taken on marshy ground last April, near
■Ologhane, co. Kerry, by Dr. Norman Joy and himself, an interesting

196 THE entomologist's eecord.

addition to a small genus, so far, reported only from Germany and
Sweden. It comes nearest to M. porcatus, Payk., from Avhich it is
very distinct by its much smaller size, the much feebler raised line
on the vertex of the head, the much more rugose sculpture of the head
and thorax, and in other points. It has the proportions of M. U'^tsenda,
Curtis, but is larger, and has the insterstices of the elytra strongly
punctured. A migration of ladybirds. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff
exhibited a number of specimens of Cnccinella 11-punctata, L., from
the White Nile. On February 16th, 1909, when about 40 miles above
Khartum, numerous lady-birds settled upon the steamer — there were
probably many hundreds ; they all flew from the east against a slight
westerly breeze ; the flight lasted from 4.50 p.m. till nearlj^ 6 p.m., all
those taken (25) proved to be Coccinella ll-pinictata, L., a Avidely-
distributed species, and apparently the common lady-bird of Egypt
and the Soudan, as Dr. Longstaff met with it near Cairo, at Aswan,
at Khartum, and 125 miles south of that city at El Duwfim on the
White Nile. Swarms of lady-birds in England are alluded to by
E. C. Eye (Briti^ih Beetles, p. 228); the occurrence of immense swarms
of lady-birds on mountains was referred to by Prof. Poulton, quoting
Prof. V. L. Kellogg {Proc. Ent. Soc. Land., 1904, pp. 23 et seq.). Kirby
and Spence (7th ed., p. 295) mention having personally witnessed
Coccinellae alight upon a ship at sea. An Arabian Scaeabaeid in
Egypt. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff also exhibited a Srarabaeus since
identified as S. co))ipressic<)r)iis, Kby., an Arabian species. A Brazilian
Castniid Moth in Dorset. — Prof. E. B. Poulton exhibited an example
of the rare Castniid moth, Castnia therapon, Kollar (a Brazilian
species), taken flying in his conservatory at Broadstone, Dorest, by
Dr. A. R. Wallace, F.R.S. The insect was captured on December
26th, 1908, and the empty pupa-case was found among the roots of a
Stanhopea, which had been sent to Dr. Wallace from Buenos Ayres.

W" ARI AT ION.

Cyaniris semiargus ab. initia, Tutt. — I have lately taken several
examples of (_'. se)iiiar(iiii< of a form that I have never yet remarked.
The hindwings are provided with an outer margin of Avhite eye-spots,
seven or eight of them placed as the marginal spots of Poh/oniDiatKs
awandiis are, following the curve of the wing. I have already noted
a few parallel cases in Ciipido ^niniiiuts, and one in C. sebrus. This
tendency to develop an outer row of spots should be atavic, and it
seems advisable to draw attention to the suggestion. (Tlaiicopsi/che
melanops have, very frequently, this outer marginal series in a more or
less rudimentary state, but 1 have never seen a specimen of 6r. cyllarus
showing this tendency, indeed, this species appears to me to be very
specialised.— P. A. H. Muschamp, F.E.S., Staefa. June 28«/(, 1909.
[This form is described at length in A ]Sat. Hist. Brit. Butts., x., p. 268,
together with various stages of development, until, in var. persica, the
full Plebeiid spotting is reached. No doubt the oriental form is the
older, and the various European and Asiatic races without the marginal
series of eyes and lunules, developments therefrom. Mr. Muschamp
(and others) will, no doubt, find in our account of the underside
spotting of this species {np. eit. pp. 259-263) the necessary facts to
bear out the suggestion of atavism, in the persistence of the pale
marginal spots occurring now aberratioually in ab. initia. — Ed.] .

x

b;

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE GRISONS ZERNETZ AND THE OFEN PASS. 197

Aberration of Abraxas grossulariata.

By C. W. SPERRING.
The aberration of Abraxas (jrossulariata figured below was captured
during the third week in July, in a garden at Charlton, by Mr.
Coppeard, when dusking. The antennae are broken off, and the legs badly
set. No yellow appears on the wings, and the pattern of the forewings is
not symmetrical. As Avill be seen by the figure, the forewings are much

more suffused than is usual, even in dark aberrations taken in the
London district. It would be interesting to learn whether similar
aberrations have been taken wild, of course many such have been bred
in past years, and what the range of similar wild-caught aberrations
is, especially within the metropolitan area.

Lepidoptera of the Orisons — Zernetz and tlie Ofen Pass.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

No British collector of lepidoptera appears to have recorded any-
thing of the fauna of the Ofen Pass district, a wild piece of country
lying between Zernetz in the Engadine and the Munster-Thal. It is,
however, well-known geologically as comprising an outlying portion of
the dolomite mountains, and was bound to produce some useful details
as to the geographical distribution of some species if not actually any-
thing new or rare. Time, however, was wanting to do more than
examine that section of the road nearer Zernetz, followed up by such
chances of collecting as the slownesses and stops of a drive over the
Pass finally aftbrded. Fortunately, the morning of August 12th, 1908,
was splendidly sunny, and, after half an hour's walk, the cultivated
districts began to be left behind, and insects commenced to appear. The
first species of interest was Polyommatns awandns, of which a few were
seen, but mostly worn, although a $ and 5 were selected that were
almost newly-emerged, and that appeared to be of good size, whilst,
with them, on the lower part of the same flowery slopes, was a form of
Plebeixs arr/Ks (aerion) with good border, which still provided a few
good specimens that proved to be var. kilUad. With them were
Aijriades coridun and Hirsutina da)iion, both much less abundant here
than between Sus and Lavin, a rather large form of Pohjommatus
teams and Aricia astrarche, whilst Adopaea lineola, Coenony)irpha
pamphilus and other common species were observed, Adopaea ffava
[thaumas) and Heodes virgaureae, the latter with very yellow (^ s, were
going over. Over the steep stony slopes to the left, an occasional
Parnassixs apollo of large size floated down, the specimens in good

September 15th, 1909.

198 THE entomologist's record,

condition, to hang on a (entainea or other flower on the banks below.
F'arar;ie maera, too, was also frequent, though often badly torn. The
two common Pierids — Fieris hraxsicae and P. rapae — were still abundant,
so also was P. napi, but of the most normal form. Higher up, the pine-
wood crossed the road, and among the flowers by the roadside, a few
worn lireiitJiis euithiosi/ue still flew with plenty of B. amathusia and an
occasional B. rnn. A steep flowery bank leading up to the rocks above
suggested a halt for a few moments, for here many species were
common, Parnassiiis apullo fairly so, although the lower Engadine
valleys — at Zernetz, Sus, Lavin — appear to produce this species only
very sparingly, several species of blues, Erebia (joante, captured almost
at the commencement of our walk, and other insects, among which
Erebia aethiops may be mentioned. The best capture here, however,
was Lycaena arion, two small dull-coloured examples, the ^ very thinly
scaled with blue, the 5 greyish, with only a tinge of blue scaling towards
the basal part of the inner margin. It would be interesting to know
if this were the ordinary form of the species in this district, as it is
very different from those we have captured in many places elsewhere,
at any rate we propose to call it var. (or ab.) ofenici. Two or three Aporia
crataefii 2 s, the central area of the forewings quite glassy and trans-
parent with wear, were observed, and Ariii/nnis odippe was frequent.
Of the Anthrocerids, only Anthiorera lonirerac and A. tranmlpina were
observed, but these were very abundant, the former often with a
distinct orange tone in the colour of the hindwings. As one walked
along several moths were netted, Eiib"Ua bipinictaria being especially
abundant, whilst the ^ Dasi/dia obfiiscata were exceptionally large
and dark, and this was so throughout the Avhole length of the Pass,
but more interesting to us Avere examples of E]none res]iertaria,
and Tlu'ia obeliscata, whilst Litlmsia i/riseula and L. Inrideola were
very frequent on flowers. The first rocky cutting was much
patronised by Erebia <ioaitte, but one or two worn Erebias netted
for inspection w^ere puzzling as being not altogether satisfying
for that species, but it was not till a good hour later that we
recognised that we bad netted among the E. tptaiite a worn example or
tw^o of the much rarer and local A', iicrine. Bnt we soon came out on
some meadows where mowing was proceeding, and, in one of these, as
yet uncut, upon the rank herbage growing round the source of a
bubbling spring, BrentJiia ino was very common, although few were
worth a pin, and here a pretty pale form of Eubolia )nensiiraria was
equally abundant. Worn Ci/aidris seiniar(/i(s, too, Avere not infrequent,
but we were evidently much too late for this species in fine condition.
Here, too, we captured a magnificent pair of newly-emerged Melitaea
phoebe, the ? of the large dark mountain-valley form, strangely the
only examples seen on the Pass. Passing a delightful moss-covered
spring where one was tempted to drink, one comes to a bend in the
road where a bridge crosses a stream that comes down a side valley
and here falls rapidly into the main one. On the banks of the
stream, a number of tiny water- rills oozed out, making little wet
patches that crossed a track that evidently indicated a short cut to a
dwelling higher up the valley, and these damp patches proved most
productive, for all the common blues of the valley were assembled here:
Plebeius ari/iis {aegoii) var. Idlliasi, worn, Ct/aniris seiniaryus, Hirsiitina
damon, Poli/onimatus icarus, Aricia astrarche, Ayriades coridon, and.

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE GKISONS ZERNETZ AND THE OFEX PASS. 199

unexpectedly, a single A. heUarijus, with quite a nice lot of Aricia
'lonzelii not before noted in the valley, and more sparingly, J s of
Piilt/onniiotus eras. On the fiower-slopes above the spring just
mentioned, one or two $ A. donzdii were netted, so that the species
Avas evidently quite at home here. Besides Adopaea lineola, Hesjieria
alreiifi was very abundant, and so was Melampias melainpits, indeed, a
very considerable bag was made in this corner in a comparatively
slnort time. Swinging over the bridge the road led through the
larches again, and the common fritillaries were joined by Pi/rameis
atalanta, which sailed under the lower boughs of the larch trees, or
stood Avaving their wings against the bright green of the larch -needles.
The species, however, was less frequent here than above Lavin, on
August 10th, when it affected the birch-trees. The zig-zag soon led
back again, and the ]'arcini uin-coveved ground produced a few nice
Vacciniina optilete, as one walked along. Again and again the path
turned, and soon one saAv ahead the characteristic steep rocks that
had been blasted for the making of the road, but, before reaching the
rocks, an open hollow full of blossoming-thistles was perfectly
covered with swarms of butterflies, mostly the common Pierids, and
the equally common large fritillaries, but comprising, also, Pt/ramns
atalanta, I'anensa io, and Isxoria lathonia, the latter species, how-
ever, being much more abundant as one progressed, settling on the
road and dashing off with characteristic vigour whenever approached.
Just beyond here, one gets one of the most delightful pictures in the
Alps. The steep dolomite rocks rise up almost perpendicularly from
the roadway on one side, Avhilst on the other, a massive stone wall
about 4 feet high protects one from the dangers of the steep skrees
that fall away for probably 1000ft. to 2000ft. in some places, away to
the river that looks like a silver thread winding its way from the
gorge from Avhich it emerges in the bed of the valley far, far below,
whilst here and there the snowy caps of the mountains in the back-
ground make a perfect setting to one of those pictures that tourists
travel the wide world over to see. Hardly had we reached the steep hot
rocks before a black Erehia tumbled doAvn in front of us, lifted itself
gently over the stone wall on the other side, and, before we could look
over, was gently dropping down the steep skrees as safe from the net as
if 1000 miles aAvay. How well I knew the habit. Thirteen years before
I had seen Erebia nfrinc on the Mendelstrasse in hundreds, and had
Avritten up some of its interesting habits (/-'r«r. Sth. Land. Ent. Soc,
1897, pp. 63 et stY/.), and I knew I Avas on the track of this species
again. Specimen after specimen came tumbling down, often to escape,
more often to find itself in the net, or Avas observed sitting tightly in
a cranny of the hot rocks. It Avas a little late, and so many examples
had to be liberated that only a small bag could be made, but how
delightful it was to lounge in the hot sun and watch the habits of
this grand black A'elvety-looking felloAv again, to see the S s drop over
on to the skrees, to AA-atch them battling for a fioAver, or to bag a J as
she sat lazily sucking the nectar from a flower groAving in a cranny of
the rock as high as the net Avould reach. But there were other insects
besides Erebia nerine here. Strangest of all, ^lelitaea dictijnna, that
repeatedly settled on the road, coming, one wonders from Avhere to
such a resting-place. By the roadside, too, Botijs fiaralis Avas not
uncommon, another unexpected species, Avhilst an occasional Ai/riades

200 THE entomologist's kecord.

bellarijus seemed just as much out of place. An observation on a <?
of this species was interesting from the point of view of suggesting that
it was somehow out of its normal habitat here. This 3 , tlying along
he road, on being disturbed, made several attempts to fly over the low
stone wall into the gorge below, but, on reaching a few inches above
the level of the wall, was forced back, apparently by a difference in the
pressure of the air on the tvvo sides, although no wind appeared to be
blowing, showing, however, that there was a distinct difference on the
two sides of the wall, the one exposed to the hot road, the other to a
fall of skrees extending hundreds of feet at an angle of something
between 60"^ and 75°. At the same time Erebia nerine negotiated
without eiibrt this difference of air-pressure (?) that was fatal to A.
bellan/iis and Melitaea dictipina when they tried to pass over ; indeed,
R. nerine appeared not to recognise the unseen barrier that baffled the
other species. A little farther on the rocks fell back again, and the
wooded slopes met the road once more. Here, by the edges of the
larch wood, a well-marked form of Krehia lii/ea was not at all
uncommon, and here, too, Krehia ti/ndanifi and Colias phicoinune
commenced to appear. Among the thyme plants Merririehiia tridactyla
(tetradactijla) was frequent, and a few ('oenonj/iiiji/ia sati/rin)i were
noted, whilst many of the species already recorded re-appeared. Here,
again, ^ Ai/riades bellariiua occurred, together with Varciniina optilete,
etc. A little farther on a heathy piece of ground was reached on
which Erebia ti/ndarits was very abundant, but the sky becoming
somewhat cloudy a halt was called. Cleoijene lutearia appeared, and
PLusia interroijationis was netted. Without having done anything
special, our box was getting pretty full, and it was soon determined to
turn back ; nothing fresh was noticed except a rather large example of
Melitaea flf/zaZm, flitting along the road in the same way as 3/. dictynna
had previously been noted, whilst a number of very characteristic
Setina aiirita were taken as they fluttered from the rocks above to the
skrees below. A quiet walk back to Zernetz brought us to our hotel,
and the setting of our captures commenced. Next morning, August
12th, we booked a seat by diligence to iSanta Maria in the Miinster-
Thal, and, on one of the most magnificent days of the toar, we picked
up, as well as we could from the pace of the diligence, unconsidered
trifles, over the whole distance beMveen Zernetz and Santa Maria.
On the ground traversed the preceding day we saw no new species,
and on the long level beyond to the Ofenburg inn we saw nothing
special, except that E. nerine was common the whole way. Indeed,
on this occasion, the species was noted all the way up the Of en Pass,
being particularly abundant on the slopes at the very summit, and for
a few hundred feet below the summit of the Pass on the Buft'alero side.
On the slopes just beyond the Ofenburg Inn, two worn ? s, very
different in size, of Erebia r/orr/e var. trinpes were taken ; they were
exceedingly well -spotted on the upperside, whilst E. nerine was again
abundant on the same ground. On the slope by the footpath at the
side of the inn, three species of C(dias — C'. phicotiione, C. edii^a, and
C. Ityale — were all observed at the same time. Pieris brassicae, too, was
observed almost to the summit of the Pass, whilst a solitary Pontia
callitlire was seen at some little distance below the summit on the
Buttalero side. A large <? Lasiocawpa quercits was observed to rise
and fly off in its usual headlong manner in the pinewood just beyond

OBSERVATIONS ON A SEXUAL HABIT OF LEPTIDIA SINAPIS. 201

the Ofenbai'g inn, but still more interesting was the fact that Aijiiades
bellart/ii>i was seen flitting by the side of the road to within a few feet
of the summit of the pass, resting on flowers, etc., but <? s only, not a
single ? was observed in the valley, their habits and habitats appear
to be essentially dift'erent here from those of the J s. Soon after
commencing the descent into the Miinster-Thal, the weather changed,
and clouds were the order of the day ; how far down on this side E.
nerine extended could not be observed, but probably for some distance,
although confined apparently to the dolomite mountains. The Ofen
Pass would evidently make a good collecting-ground, and the Ofenburg
inn a good stopping-place, but evidently, in 1908, we were at least a
week too late to catch E. nerine in its very best condition.

Observations on a sexual habit of Leptidia sinapis.

By A. M. COCHKANE.
Whilst walking near the Walensee, on July 30tb, 1909, my
attention was drawn to a $ Leptidia sinapis that was busy eggiaying ;
whilst thus engaged a ^ happened to pass, and, observing her, hovered
over her, flew down closely to her, and apparently forced her to settle
on a clover leaf among the herbage. She took up a position so that
she clung to the edge of a leaflet, ber wings drawn up, her face and
antennae in line with the edge of the leaf, so that the antennte were
thrown one on each side of the costfe of the two forewings, which
were quite close together, the tips of the antennae turned backward ;
in this position the face of the 5 was presented directly to the S' >
who took up a position on the top of the leaf directly in front of her ;
the 2 stood quite still, whilst the ^ , standing before her, commenced
to move his head rapidly from side to side in what appeared to be a
most comical manner. At each movement he appeared to strike the
costfe of the forewings with his antenoje, which were projected directly in
front, but closer examination showed that the antennae fell somewhat
short of the costa? of the Avings, and that the <y had got his tongue
protruded at full length, and that it, therefore, extended some distance
beyond the front of the antennae. Each time that the head of the <?
was moved from left to right, the tongue of the insect was seen to be
drawn quickly up the edge of the wing-costa, and as quickly moved
back again for the operation to be again and again repeated, some-
times 20 or 30 movements Avere made before the ^ took a rest, at
other times as few as half-a-dozen; little by little the 3' kept advancing
his position, until, instead of being as at first almost half-an-inch
distant from her, his face ahuost touched hers, and the movements of the
J then had the distinct appearance of the ^ washing the $ 's face, but, as
soon as this stage of familiarity had been reached, the movements of
the (J that had brought it so close to the ? , caused the waving
tongue or antennfe to touch the antennae of the ? , instead of the
cost^ of her forewings. Immediately she gave a sudden start, flirted her
wings suddenly downwards and back again, and stepped forward as if
to drive back the c? to a further distance. This happened three or
four times in quick succession, that is, in at least as many seconds, by
which time the ? had stepped up on to the top of the leaf, standing,
as it Avere, on her toes, the closed together wings thrown upAvards at
right angles to the surface of the leaf, her antennfe throAvn well back

202 THE entomologist's record.

on either side of the front of the forewings, and, in this position, she
stood immobile in front of the J as before ; he stood in front of her, with
his wings pushed well back, and began again the same peculiar
operation, moving his head rapidly from left to right, his extended
tongue flicking the costte of the wings at each movement, and being
drawn back rapidly as before. Slowly and gradually he got nearer
and nearer to her, until llicldng again her antenna? with his tongue,
she flirted her wings quickly downward again and drove him backwards
as before. The rapidity of the head movements of the 3 was carefully
counted and worked out at about twelve in five seconds. As the insects
had now been under observation foi' over ten minutes, and the move-
ments of the 3' were quite continuous without a break lasting more
than a second or two, I determined to eat my lunch and try to make
out what such a peculiar habit could possibly mean ; it could not
possibly be a courting habit, because both specimens were somewhat
worn, and the ? was busy egglaying before the 3 put in an appear-
ance, and there was no attempt at pairing ; it could not but be
pleasing to the $ , otherwise she could have gone ofi* at any moment,
nor could the 3 be using any mesmeric effects upon her, for the
moment he approached too closely, she drove him back w4th the
swift flicking movements of her wings already described, bringing
about as ah'eady noted a slight relative change in the position of
the two insects ; the performance, as above described, was continued for
47 minutes, Avhen a bungling specimen of Pieris rapae swooped down
upon them, hovered closely over them, and Hew off, but not before it
had disturbed the 3 , which rapidly left the ? and disappeared in
another direction. The $ , now unattended, flew slowly off, and was
soon apparently again engaged in the ordinary duties of egglaying.
So far as finding out the meaning of this strange performance, the
observation was a failure, but, as tending to show that the habit is a
common one in the species, I may add that, about half-an-hour
afterwards, another g was observed to follow the same tactics towards
a 2 he came upon, but this time they were similarly disturbed by
another Pieris rapae before the performance had been more than
two or three minutes in progress ; there will, therefore, no doubt, be
no difficulty in the observation being repeated, when someone more
fortunate than myself may be able to discover the meaning of this
elaborate and strange habit which evidently occurs commonly between
the two sexes.

Polyommatus sapphirus, Meig. = P. escheri, Hubner.

By J. W. TUTr, F.E.S.
In working through Meigen's Si/s. BexrJi. Kiir. SrJimett., vol. ii., I
recently had to form a critical opinion as to his species Pobjonnnatiis
sa/iphinis, pp. 22-23, pi. xlvii., figs. -ia-b. The following, for which I
am indebted to Mr. Sich, is a translation of the description of Meigen's
insect : —

PoJyommafns sapphh'iifi. — Above shining azure-blue, with white- and black-
chequered fringes; beneath, ash-grey, with black eye-spots; the forewings at the base
unspotted, the hindwings with orange-yellow marginal spots ( c? ) (Eapers Schmett., i.,
pi. 55, fig- 2, bellarguH var.). This butterfly is usually considered as an aberration
of the i of the previous one ; I cannot decide whether this is correct or not. I find it
in my collection, and there is doubtless a round dozen of them in the Baumhauer
collection, but all t? s ; I have not yet seen a ? . The upperside is perfectly

POLYOMMATUS SAPPHIRUS, MEIG. = P. ESCHERI, HUBNER. 203

similar to hellargns, but the whitR fringes are spotted with lilack only on the hind-
wings , on the forewings, on the contrary, the bases of the fringes are all along
blackened ('Esper's above-mentioned figure differs in this, and shows also on the
forewings black spotted fringes, on the hindwings, however, black marginal dots).
The underside is ash-grey, and agrees with that of the previous butterfly (bellargus),
except that the eye-spots at the base of the forewings in front of the central streak
are entirely absent, and the orange-yellow marginal spots are also absent ; the
hindwings exhibit no difference (Meigen).

Meigen's reference to Esper led me at first, somewhat thought-
lessly, to suppose that it was a form of Agriades bellargus, the figure
suggestmg an approach to ab. pallida, but the fringes on the upper-
side, and particularly the spotting of the underside showed it to be a
Pohjowiiiatiis, and not an Afiriadea. I at once compared the insect
with my very long series of Poh/nininatKS escheii, to which I, on mature
consideration, have referred it, and found it identical with certain
specimens in my collection, in which the marginal border of the fore-
wings is reduced to a minimum, the nervures marked in black on the
extreme outer margin, the fringe of the forewings white, of the hind-
wings white chequered with black at the termination of the nervures,
the black dashes, however, only extending half-way through the
fringes, the outer half being entirely white. The underside, however,
is absolute ; there can be no doubt whatever that it represents the
underside of Poli/oDimatKs esrheri : it is quite unlike the underside of
any Agriades bellargus. The reason for Meigen's refei'ence to bellargus,
Esp., Die ScJniiett., pi. Iv., fig. 2, is obvious, as the underside figured
by Esper is of the aberration that exhibits no basal spots on forewings,
a specific character in P. escheri ; the upperside, however, is bellargus
of the form jtuueta.

Ihad never, however, comeacross thename (sapphinis) in print (except
in Meigen), and had no idea it had been used, but, strangely, I noticed,
yesterday evening (July 3rd) that, in the current issue of the Iitt. Ent.
Zeits. (.iiiben, iii., p. 78, Strand notes, under bellargus, Rott., the capture
of " an example of ab. sapphinis, Meig., in the Taurus in June, 1907."
Turning over some notes on A. bellargus to-day, sent me by my kind
friend Mr. Gillmer, I observe a further statement by Stollwerck. who
states that he has taken bellargus ab. sapphirus, Meig., in the Rhine
Provinces. The matter, therefore, wants correcting at once, as it is
inadvisable to allow sapphirus, Meig., = escheri, Hiibn., erroneously to
get currency as an aberration of bellargus. We wonder what form of
bellargus taken in the Taurus, Strand refers to sapphirus, Meig., and
what form taken in the Rhine Provinces, Stollwerck refers to it. Are
these merely the form of bellargus without basal spots to the forewings
beneath?

As tending to illustrate the superficial resemblance PuUKvuutatus
escheri bears to Agriades bellargus, we may note that we observed
yesterday (July 3rd) a very fine characteristic <? of P. escJieri in the
midst of the lovely series of A. bellargus in the British Museum coll.,
of course very conspicuous once attention is fixed on it, but easily
overlooked until the necessary attention is given. Similarly, 5 s of
Agriades meleager pass muster in the same collection, as 5 s of A.
coridnn, in spite of the highly crenulated margin of the hindwings of
the former. Very extraordinary, of course, yet one is always finding
just as extraordinary " howlers" in one's own collection.

This does not, of course, alter any names, escheri, Hb. (1819), is

204 THE entomologist's eecokd.

of course, long prior to sapphirns, Meig. (1830), but one wishes, at
once, to prevent the latter being attached to the wrong species.

The habits of Araschnia levana and its summer form prorsa.

By T. KEUSS.

Do Araschnia levana and its seasonal form, prorsa, differ widely not
only in facies, but also in habits and favourite haunts ? If so, has
" mimicry " of other species anything to do with this ?

Many who have seen the beautiful Araschnia levana var. prorsa in
its natural haunts on the continent will have been struck by the
resemblance this butterfly bears to Liuienitis sihtjlla, not only in facies,
but also in a certain peculiarity in the habit of flight when the insect
is at play. Eesting on the leaf of a bush in a wood-clearing, Limenitis
Sibylla launches itself vertically up into the air, towers to the height
of several yards, and then, after soaring an instant, dives and drops
gracefully back to its first resting-place. Several of these fine, white-
banded butterflies shooting up alternately straight as rockets into the
light, and again falling back on to the sun-warmed leaves of the
bushes from which they rose, make a dainty spectacle, and suggest the
elfin dances of the fairy tales to the mind of an observer. I had not
heard, nor had I myself noticed, that any other species ever indulged
in this kind of dance (L. sibi/lla, while visiting puddles on a road, flies
like any other Nymphalid), when, on a bright morning late in August,
a few years ago, I first came across several black, white-banded butter-
flies (prorsa) flying over the bushes on the margin of a wood in
Mecklenburg. I had not expected to see the insect, and was not thinking
of the species, when these specimens appeared (large 2 s) and quite sur-
prised me into mistaking them for L. sibylla , in spite of the lateness of the
season. Thej' danced — exactly as I had seen i>. sibijlla dance — up and
up, straight into the blue, and then came the broad soaring movement, the
dive down, and the fall. I felt mystified. This was, and yet was not,
L. Sibylla. I hastily netted a butterfly, and after a little " rubbing of
eyes " I recognised it to be ArascJinia levana var. prorsa, which form I
had not seen alive before.

When I remembered the brown, fritillary-like A. levana, which I
had caught [also by chance — unexpectedly — while hunting for Melitaea
anriyiia (artemis)'] in the spring of the same year near Potsdam, I felt
forcibly how significant the fact that these two widely different butterflies
should be forms of one and the same species, might prove to be. Last
winter Mr. Merrifield broached the subject, remarking that it would be
interesting to know also whether the spring form levana flies like the
fritillaries it so much resembles.

This instantly reminded me that levana had unexpectedly fallen a
prey to my net Avhile I was on the look-out for M. arteiuis on the
boggy meadows round the Havel lakes. This was on a cloudless
morning in May. i'elastrina avyioliis and Nisoniades tayes made them-
selves conspicuous on the road to the Havel, and I succeeded in
netting a pair of fine Papilio viachaon. The grass of the meadows was
short as yet, but many flowers were blossoming in patches, and these
were well visited hy butterflies and other insects. Melitaca artemis
came rushing along in rapid flight low over the grass, and I netted
several fine specimens, each one costing me a chase and many a splash

SOME NOTES ON FREDERICINA CALODACTYLA (ZETTERSTEDTIl). 205

through the deceptive mossy covering into the brown "Sumpf" of the
moor. I then set mj'self to watch one of the clumps of flowers, and,
after a few seconds, netted what I thought must be some kmd of
fritillary — I had noticed BrentJtis dia on the flowers before — but on
examination I found a strange butterfly in mj^ net — at least, it had
been strange to me till then^ — none other than Araschnia levana, with
its beautiful yellow-veined and lilac-splashed underside. Having thus
"had my eyes opened," I was soon able to distmguish other specimens
of A. levana dashing about over the meadow. They had a more sturdy
appearance than the fritillaries, and flew more rapidly (more like
Toju'ssa urticae, Pyraiiieis cardui, when travelling), but here on the
boggy meadows it was certainly easy to mistake them for fritillaries.
Presently I felt that I should like a tine M. arteiiiis that was just then
flying rapidly past me, in the usual way. I chased and captured it
after a hard run, and then, with the brown mud of the marsh gurgling
up higher and higher round my legs, for it was impossible to stand
without sinking where the chase had led me, I discovered my quarry
to be A. levana again. I have not been able to continue my observations
of levana and proraa in the natural state, and I do not know whether
A. levana ahcai/s haunts meadows or moors together with the fritillaries! ,
for which it may be mistaken by its size and appearance in flight, while
the summer form provsa chooses the wooded parts to disport itself, where
Linienitis sibi/lla resembles it in facies, and even in a striking
peculiarity of flight, and whether, if so, " mimicry " of other species
comes in as an explanation, or whether the difference in facies, together
with the different conditions in the vegetation of spring and summer,
sufflces to account for the change of haunts, just as natural disposition
and dift'erence in temperature certainly play a chief part in bringing
about the change of facies." Mimicry in the case of A. prursa and
L. Sibylla has been upheld b}^ some, e.r/., Weismann, and denied by
others, e.g., Standfuss, O. Prochnow.

Some notes on Frederlcina calodactyla (zetterstedtii) (Avitb plate).

By EDWARD GOODWIN, F.E.S.

Whilst spending a week-end with my friend, Mr. T. Blest of
Woodnesborough, I took advantage of the opportunity to try for the
larva of Fredevicina calodacti/la. On May 10th, therefore, we cycled
to the wood where the species occurs, arriving there about 2.30 p.m.,
and at once started searching along the rides. The foodplant was not
very plentiful, and we carefully examined every one we found, but
only met with a few of my old acquaintance, Leioptilns tephradactijliis.

We then tried where the undergrowth was one or two years old,
but here we found that other Aveeds had smothered the golden-rod, and
we returned to the rides. After about two hours' fruitless search we
reluctantly decided to give up what appeared to be a hopeless quest,
and started back to our cycles.

On the way we had to recross a part of the wood which had
recently been cut down and cleared. As is usual in such cases there
were many small plants of Solidago virgaurea, but when going over it the

t No, I have taken it on a dry road in the Murgthal and also sitting on the
leaves of bushes, when it looks, at a distance, much like a large Nemeobiiis lucina.
— G. W.

* In the latter case mere " paralle m" would account for resemblance to
other species. — T. R.

206 THE extomologist's record.

first time we gave it very little attention, as I thought it most unlikely
that the ova would be laid in the dense wood, which was the condition
of this part in 190S. However, having failed everywhere else, we
decided to give it a trial, and were soon rewarded for our patience.

Noticing that one of the leaves of a small plant was slightly
withered, I pulled the others away from the centre, and found a little
frass, and further down, feeding right into the root-stalk, was the
object of our search. The next two hours were mostly spent on our
knees carefully examining all the little plants in the immediate
proximity, and, when Ave finally had to relinquish the search, we had
found two dozen.

In two or three cases the infested plants exhibited distinct signs —
a general appearance of unhealthiness, and a little web and frass
showing in the middle — in others the only indication was a slightly
withered leaf, but the majority that we found shoAved not the slightest
outward sign whatever, and were only discovered by pulling aAvay the
leaves (more or less unexpanded) from the centre.

Having only small boxes, I Avas obliged in most cases to cut off the
part containing larvae to bring home. These Avere laid on fresh plants,
into Avhich the larvfe soon transferred themselves, each forming a web
between the base of a leaf and the root-stalk into which it fed.

For purposes of obserA'ation I managed to bring home four
infested plants intact, and speedily planted them in a pot. One of
these plants was very small, and in the centre Avas a collection of web
and frass Avhich shoAA-ed signs of increase almost daily, but the leaves
did not wither. The others AA'ere larger plants, and there were no
outAvard signs of the contained larvfe, but, on pulling away the leaves,
the increase in quantity of frass Avas noticeable.

One of the larvfe came out and roamed about for tAvo days. When
craAvling on a smooth surface it spun a Aveb zigzag fashion in order to
get a foothold, in the same manner as the larvae of many other species.

Pupation took place during the last fortnight of May in the tunnels
formed by feeding. On May 24th, at 8.80 a.m., I was examining the
small plant previously referred to Avhen I was surprised to see the
head of the pupa being pushed up through the AA'eb and frass. It
continued to Avriggle about until about 3 p.m., by which time it had
assumed the position shoAvn in illustration (pi. xiv.), in which it
remained until emergence. I eA'entually found that all the other
pupfe had behaA'ed in a similar manner, but, the plants being larger
and the leaA'es more or less erect, they could not be seen Avithout
first pulling the leaves away from the centre.

The first imago appeared on June 9th, and the last on July 4th.
A total of eighteen Avas reared. Emergence nearly ahvays took place
betAveen 1 p.m. and 4 p.m.

[We haA^e to congratulate Mr. GoodAvin on his success. Until
May 1904, the larva and pupa of Fredericiva calodactyla {zetterstetltii)
were unkuoAvn, but we were then fortunate in getting a single larA'a at
Folkestone, the meagre observations concerning the habits of Avhich,
together Avith excellent detailed descriptions of the larva and resulting
pupa, made by Dr. Chapman, Avere published in A Xat. Hiatonj of the
British Lepidapti'ra, vol. v., pp. 167-172. — Ed.]

NOTES ON BRITISH ALUCITIDES IN THE WATERINGBURY DISTRICT. 207

A few notes on some of the British Alucitides observed in 1909
in the Wateringbury district.

By EDWARD GOODWIN, F.E.S.

GiLLMERiA ocHRODACTYLA. — Tliis speciGs sGeiiis to be vei'y local. I
could only iind it at one place, on the Medway, where I took a fair
number of larvte. The first imago emerged Jul}^ 14th, the last
August 7th, practically none being stung.

Capperia heterodactyla (teucrii). — One imago captuied at Boxley
on August 3i'd.

Oxypitlus PARviDACTYLus. — CaptuTcd June 17th at Boxley.

Marasmarcha lun.edactyla (ph.^sodactyla). — The larVfP were
exceedingly common on a small patch of restharrow, near Eyarsh.
The first imago was reared on July 7th, and they were all out in a week.

Adkinia bipunctidactyla. — First captured on August 24th. This
species is uncommon here.

OiD,5:MAroPHORus lithodactylus. — I took small larvae of this
species freel,y in April and May, at many places on the chalk-hills.
First to emerge July 8th, and the}- continued to come out throughout
July and August.

Emjielina monodactyla. — First noticed (a pair) on August 17th.

OvENDENiA septodactyla (lienigianus). — Larv* were very common
locally. Emergence took place between June 25th and July 17th.

Hellinsia carphodactyla. — I was pleased to find some larvae of
this species on the chalk-hills during May and late April. The insects
(first brood) emerged between June 17th and July 19th. Very nearly
all were reared, in fact apparently none was stung. Generally emerge
in the night, occasionally in morning.

Merrifieldia tridactyla (tetradactyla) and M. baliodactyla. —
These were captured at Ryarsh on August Ifith, the only occasion
on which I tried for them.

PoRRiTTiA galactodactyla. — Imagines emerged between June 10th
and July 5th. The larv* were very common everywhere throughout
the district.

Stenoptilia pterodactyl,a and Alucita pentadactyla. — I bred a
number of S. pterudacti/la and A. pentadactyla. The larvae of the latter
were exceedingly common on a pink convolvulus close to my back
door.

Leioptilus tephradactylus. — Larvfe of Leioptilus tejiJiiadactijlns
commenced feeding at the beginning of April after hybernation. At
this time the larva; were, on the average, about one-third grown, but
they varied in size considerably. In colour they were creamy- white or
yellowish-white. At first they would eat one or two irregular round
holes in a leaf, afterwards they ate from the edge of a leaf either fully
expanded or unexpanded. Their resting-place in the da3-time was on
the midrib, generally head downwards on the underside of the petiole
near the base, where they were very inconspicuous. Later on, they
are easily found, their presence being betrayed by the amount of feeding.
They appeared to come up to feed in the early evening — about an
hour before sunset. When feeding they lie on the top of the leaf.
They fall from their resting- or feeding-place at the slightest
disturbance, rolling in a loose ring and often disappearing in the
surrounding herbage and rubbish. Occasionally, but not often, they

208 THE entomologist's record,

eat only the upper cuticle in the same way as they do in the autumn,
but in larger patches. I have even seen full-grown larvfe do this.
Some will crawl on to a dead stalk or leaf to change their skins, other-
wise each appears to remain throughout, on its own original plant.
After the last change of skin they are pale green. By the end of April
a fev,' were nearly full-grown, but the majority were still less than
half-grown. I noticed the first to spin up for pupation on May 10th.
On May 18th several had pupated, always head downwards. They
usually crawl off the foodplant to pupate. By the end of May nearly
all had pupated. The first one emerged on June 2nd, but I had
given away nearly all the early pupse. I bred some daily until July
6th, when the last one emerged.

On breeding Phytodecta pallida, L, from the larva.

By HORACE St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

On June 21st I explored the downs near Chilworth, Mr. Champion
having told me I could find I'lnjtodecta pallida, L., there. The beetle
was scarce, only five specimens being taken after beating much hazel.
I, however, beat a number of phytophagous larvaB from the hazel, which
I concluded was that of the beetle. I took home some eighteen larv?e,
and fixed them up on hazel branches in a bottle of water buried in
sand in a flower-pot with muslin over all. The larvfe fed up quickly,
and all pupated by the end of June. They entered the sand to pupate,
where they make a small cell. Thirteen perfect specimens and one
cripple hatched in the second week in July ; two larvae died, and the
remaining two produced dipterous parasites. Mr. Austin tells me the
flies are Mciiienia floralia, Fall., which has been recorded as parasitic
on Crioceris li-piinctata. The larva and pupa have been described by
von Frauenfeld {Verhandl. znol.-hot. Lrex. Wien., xvi., 2, 1872, pp. 389-
399), but he does not state whether the larva pupates on the leaves or
in the ground. We are now able to state that the latter is the case.
The larva and pupa are emerald-green in colour. When ready to
pupate, the two larvae that produced the dipterous flies turned brown,
and the pupa of th9 dipteron was found inside the larval skin.

The larva of Phibalapteryx lapidata.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
A larva of 1'. lapidata, somewhat shrunk and shrivelled, and some-
what darker in tint than some seen recently at a meeting of the
South London Entomological Society, has been handed me for
observation. The larva, fairly cylindrical, is 12mm. long (a sound
larva probably 15mm.) and nearly 2mm. across, only slightly narrower
forwards, head l-8mm. across front, transverse to body. Colour,
in longitudinal stripes dorsally, pale ochreous and pale fuscous, warm
reddish-oehreous, and the dark lines brown rather than fuscous. The
black points of the hair-bases are also conspicuous. The dark lines
are — a narrow dorsal one, a subdorsal one including tubercles i and ii
(ii being very little further out than i), after a rather wider pale line,
then a rather wider dark one, with a narrow pale line dividing it into
two ; tubercle iii is in the lower dark portion of this, then a pale band
with black spiracles, very like, but rather larger than, hair-bases. This

THE LARVA OF PHIBALAPTEEYX LAPIDATA. 209

pale baud begins the warmer, 'redder, but paler, ventral area. It
is followed by two darker (reddish) fine lines, then after a broader pale
baud, a dark band, and a very fine, not quite so dark, medio-ventral
line.

The subsegmentation is elaborate and complicated, dorsally are
seven subsegments (2nd to 4th abdominal segments), five small, and
two larger, the latter again subdivided each into two, if these be
reckoned separately, then nine nearly equal, subsegments. The large
ones are the first and last. The first large one carries tubercles i and iii ;
the second and third, united laterally into one, bear the spiracle ; the fourth
has a tubercle (iv ?) behind and below spiracle ; the fifth carries ii. Below,
and in front of, the spiracle, is a tubercle on the first subsegment, which
here broadens obliquely backwards to quite below spiracle ; lower, on
two bosses, the anterior of which combines subsegments one, two, three,
and four, and the posterior five, six, and seven, are two hairs ; below
the front of these is a hair on the darker band most ventral (except the
medio-ventral line), and below the other are two hairs, one on each of
the pale bands below, and one therefore dorsal, the other ventral, to
the hair in front of them just mentioned. The hairs are of fairly
uniform length, about 0-25mm. to 0-8mni. long, dark brown, stiff' and
smooth, on the conspicuous black bases already referred to. There are
other very minute hairs or hair-points, one, for example, in front of i,
and one below iii. Behind, just above, prolegs, is a slight dark pro-
jection, but no points. The head is rounded, smooth (at least its
granulations are very fine), ochreous, with brownish marblings, four
eyespots in a semicircle, a hair looks like a fifth, and a central one ; a
good many hairs, rather paler than those on the bodj'.

The prothorax has two transverse rows of four hairs (tAvo on each
side) apparently on a prothoracic plate, and one at each end, with a
smaller companion below it (between the two rows), just beyond plate,
and not far ahnre spiracles. The subsegmentation makes it difficult to
define margins of the meso- and metathorax, but, on a forward subseg-
ment of each, are, in a transverse row, six hairs (three on each side) down
to spiracular level, the two most dorsal in the two most dorsal pale
bands. Laterally, the prothorax has a small hair and accessory in
front of, and hehnv, spiracle; lower are two hairs on a level, just above
legs. On the mesothorax and metathorax, below the three hairs
already noticed, is a rather smaller one in a hollow ; then two on a
level, rather far apart, on a large lateral boss (lateral fiange ?) with
another below the front one, on a process of the same raised boss, then,
after some elevations unarmed, is a hair on a boss above leg. On the
lateral view, the dorsal hairs do not look so much in front as they did
on dorsal view, but the complicated wrinklings, to describe which
would be practically impossible, that denote subsegments, flanges, etc.,
make clear demarcation of a segment difficult in the living larva.

Mr. Buckler's figure of the larva seems rather large, and is much
paler than the specimen before me, those shown by Mr. Newman at
the meeting of the South London Entomological Society (June 24th,
1909) were also (one or two yellow at least) paler — possibly this one is
darkening for pupation.

210 THE entomologist's record,

Lcpidoptera of the Orisons — The Muranza=Thal.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The notion that Santa Maria, in the Mimster-Thal, would prove a
good collecting centre, did not work out altogether satisfactorily in
practice. The weather was certainly not unsatisfactory, but success
was not achieved. The morning of August 13th, 1908, fairly bright,
but with a good many cloudy periods, was spent in exploring the lower
half of the well-known Muranza-Thal leading up to the Wormser
Joch, the valley and the pass that lead from the Miinster-Thal to the
summit of the Stelvio. In the wooded part of the path above Santa
Maria, one was simply astounded at the comparative dearth of butter-
flies— species and specimens. Here and there a sloping bank provided
sport, but to the keen collector this was not altogether satisfying, and
Ai/riadeH coridon, Aricia itHtrarcJie, Krebia i/oante, and K. tt/ndariiH may
be noted at once as the only common species; Paraytie niaera was
fairly large and typical, Ilrenthis aiiiat/iusia, here and there common,
but going over, one <^ with a pale yellow spot below the disc of each
forewing ; hsoria lathonia, now and again, freshly emerged, a single
2 Erehia ceto, and on one slope a nice lot of Heodes viniaid-eae, the 2 s
of the zeriiiattemiti form, but not so suffused as those of the Sulden-
Thal, whilst, at the same place, Coenonijiujiha jiatupliilna was quite
unexpectedly met with, and, as elsewhere in 1908, Pierix rapae Avas
not uncommon. In the lower part of the valley a fine form of
Hipparchla seiiiele occurred sparingly, and Pi/rameis cardid and ^'anessa
in repeatedly intruded themselves on one, but of the larger species
Ari/i/nnh ninhe was the most abundant, and Eiihulia niensiirayla was
frequently disturbed. Only two Anthrocerid species were noticed,
Antltrocera tiamalpina, freshly emerged, and A. imrpKralix, going over,
and somewhat worn. Above the tree-limit one expected to meet a
number of special insects, but one was quite disappointed, for, in spite
of a bright sun, for fally an hour, a keen wind swept from the Stelvio
through the valley, and hardly anything could rise ; on one flowery
slope lirentJds pales and Culias phinmionc were abundant, Avhilst in a
sheltered corner at the foot of the same slope, a sweep of the net
among some quarrelsome or playful blues brought in the strange
combination of three ^ AlbiiUna pherrti's, three J Aip-iadcs candon,
and one 3^ A. bellanjnn, A. coridon being abundant hereabouts, but no
more A. pheretes or A. bellan/us were seen. Here, too, a very worn
specimen of Brenthia eiiphfosi/ne was captured, and XoDiiailes .seiniaripis.
A few newly-emerged Hesperia alvem were netted, but a long grind up
the valley only resulted in finding a single ? Lutinrina orbituliis, a worn
$ Fji-ebia (/on/eweiV. triopes, a few' CrambtiH conchellm^, C. culmellu.t, (Jidaria
populata, Meivifieldia tridactyla {tetradactj/la), and Setina aiirita, whilst
swarms of larvae of A<ilais iirticae occurred on every bed of nettles. By
the time that the inn in the upper part of the valley was reached, the
clouds were gathering on the mountains on either side of the valley, and
when the sun disappeared the keen wind soon took on, at this eleva-
tion, an icy chilliness. A drizzling rain began to fall, and the short
cuts back to Santa Maria were traversed in a hurried manner ; once
back in the woods, hoAvever, the wind was not so biting, but, before
Santa Maria was reached, the rain was falling heavily and persistently
throughout the valley. Our second essay on the Wormser Joch was

ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 211

still more unfortunate, for, starting on the morning of the 15th before
7 a.m. in brilliant sun, the valley was enveloped in clouds and rain
before the limit of the woods was reached, and the upper part of the
valley to the summit of the Stelvio was tramped under the most
depressing conditions. Suffice it to say that, on that day, at the very
summit of the Stelvio, the sun broke through sufficiently for a few
minutes to tempt us on the glaciers, and that we found on the
surface of the ice within 20 yards, three specimens (two J s and one
$ ) of Pieris bramcae, one Fi/rauieis atalaitta, and a whole army of
Diptera and Coleoptera quite dead and numbed, no doubt caught when
flying by a cloud that obscured the sun, forcing them to the earth,
and falling on the snow instead, met with this tragic fate.

Aberrations of British Butterflies.

By T. REUSS.

On May 28th last, in a grassy hollow near Ware, I captured a
blue ? aberration of Pohjoiiunatus icariis, L., which I describe as
follows : —

Upjierside : Colour light blue, whitish along the costa. The black marginal
lunules of the fore wings are marked off against the black margin, with bluish-white
instead of with orange, and this leaves a margin scarcely broader than in ^
Cyaniris semiargns. The hindwings remind one somewhat of ? (^elostrhta argiolus
in the marginal markings, only one of the black (anal) lunules being marked with
orange, though a magnifying glass reveals home orange scales also in the other
lunules. Underside: Lighter than \isual in ? Polyonimatuis icarns, and approach-
ing in ground colour the male butterfly. Tlie orange and black markings are
very bright.

In the same place on June 13th, a brilliant sky-blue Lycaenid flew
up at my feet, and I lost no time in netting the insect, Avhich looked
like Af/ricules bdlargus in flight. However, A. bellariiiis does not occur
in the place, and my capture, I think, is an aberration of S- /'. icani.<!,
recognisable by the pure white outer marginal fringe, as in normal P.
ican(s, but otherwise approaching in the upperside facies A. bellaniits.
It exhibits the brilliant blue so characteristic of bellar<im, and also
the fine pure black margin with a complete chain of well-defined,
jet-black spots on the hindwings as in A. bellan/Kv ab. jmncta : the
whitish nervures become black on the margin. The underside is that
of normal <y 1'. icarus.

The specimen must not be confounded with the northern variety
figured in South's Biitterjiies of the British Isles, which has a few
dark spots on the margin of the hindwings; it is totally different.

Vanessa urticae ab. luna, n. ab. — On July 26th, I bred an aberra-
tion of V. urticae from wild Hertfordshire larvte, which showed the
following characteristics : —

Upperside foreiviiigs : The black marginal band is without blue limules at the
apex. There are only three small blue lunules in the median part, and there is a
large yellowish spot in the inner angle. The yellow spot between the second and
third costal blotches is narrow and crossed with black. Upperside hindicings :
Again, as in the forewings, the four (in the right hindwing three) blue lunules of
the costal and median part are either very indistinct or entirely rei:)laced b)' the
black of the marginal band. The first two lunules of the four in the anal wingpart
coalesce and form a large conspicuous blue crescent, the small lunules in the anal
tips are normally developed. The dark orange belt of colour is clouded with black

212 THE entomologist's record.

in the costal part. Underside : The hindwings are darker than normal, the large
crescent is conspicuously marked.

The parts of the facies not mentioned are normal.

I suggest for this progressive form of V. itrticae the name of ab.
lima, from the large blue crescent enhanced by an otherwise almost
wholly black ixiarginal band. It is, perhaps, of interest to note the
development of the blue lunules in this specimen in comparison with
other aberrations in which, reversely, the costal (apical) markings are
favoured at the cost of the anal lunules ( = ocelliformity, see antea
pt. 4, pi. vii.).

On August 8th, I bred an aberration of Vanessa in from wild
Hertfordshire larv«, in which the ocellus of the hindwings is dis-
integrated into three distinct blue lunules. On the right hindwing a
fourth blue spot is marked (this spot appears also in otherwise normal
specimens), and the place for a fifth is indicated. Thus a chain of
blue spots is suggested as in T'. iirticae. On the forewings the ocellus
is suffused in its whole breadth by bright metallic blue-violet, the
yellow parts are very narrow, and more grey in colour. The under-
side of the hindwings is suffused with yellow scales in the region of
the discal cell in the manner often seen in many aberrations of 1'.
iirticae. The larva had pupated on July 19th.

List of Lepidoptera captured recently in Rossshire.

By DOROTHY J. JACKSON.
[Concluded from p. 181).
Lobnphora halterata, Swordale, fairly common, imago reared May
20th, 1908. L. riretata, one specimen taken at Loch Awe in the
beginning of June, 1908, by Evelyn V. Baxter. L. carpiiwta, Swordale,
common, larva, July 9th, 1908. Thera juniper ata, Swordale, common,
imago taken at light, October 20th, 1908. T. varinta, Swordale, com-
mon, imago, June 28th, 1908. T. jinn ata, Swordale, common, July
17th, 1908. Hj/psipetes niberata, Swordale, fairly common, larva
feeding on sallow, September 19th, 1906 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larva
September 11th, 1908. H. trifamata, Swordale, abundant, imago,
May 29th, 1908 ; Dornoch, larva, September 27th, 1906 ; Wick,
Stirkoke, larva, September 7th, 1908. H. snrdidata, Swordale,
abundant, larvae feeding on whortleberry. May 7th, 1908, imago
emerged, July 28rd, 1908 ; Balmacara, larva, June 16th, 1907 ;
Camsterburn, Wick, imago, September 7th, 1908. Melanthia bicolorata,
SAVordale, common, imago, August 30th, 1908. M. ocellata, Swordale,
common, imago, June 25th, 1908. Melanippe hastata, four moths Hying
amongst bog-myrtle, growing on a small island in Loch Maree, June
2nd, I9O8. ]\L sociata, S^vordaie, common, imago, June 15th, 1908.
M. montanata, Swordale, abundant, krva. May 5th, 1908, imago, June
14th, 1908. M. jiiictuata, Swordale, fairly common, especially
frequenting low ground near the sea, imago, August 7th, 1908.
Antidea badiata, Swordale, common, imago taken at light, April 80th,
1908. A. nirirnfasciaria, Swordale, common, imago taken at light.
May 11th, 1906. Coremia wimitata, Swordale, common, imago,
July 17th, 1908. C. desir/nata, Swordale, imago, July 24th, 1907.
C. ferruijata, Swordale, fairly common, imago, June 14th, 1908 ;
Kyle of Loch Alsh, imago, June 14th, 1907. Cawptogramma

LIST OF LEPIDOPTEBA CAPTURED EECENTLY IN ROSSSHIRE. 213

bilineata, Swordale, common, imago, July 19th, 1908. Cidaria
siterata, Swordale, common. C. miata, Swordale, common, Tarbat
Ness lighthouse, autumn, 1908 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larva beaten
from willow, September 25th, 1907. 0. corylata, Swordale,
common ; Loch Maree, imago, June 2nd, 1908 ; Dornoch, larva,
September 26th, 1906 ; Stirkoke, Wick, larva, September 27th,

1907. C. truncata, Swordale, common, imago, July 7th, 1908.
C. inimanata, Swordale, common, imago, August 16th, 1908. C.
siijfuwata, Swordale, common, imago. May 20th, 1908. C. dlaceata,
Swordale, fairly common, imago, June 11th, 1908. C. prunata, Swor-
dale, larvae feeding on gooseberry, June 24th, 1907. C testata,
Swordale, common, larva, June 25th, 1908. C, popiilata, Swordale,
common, larvae swept from blaeberry, May 7th, 1908, from sallow.
Loch Usie, Strathpefier, June 20th, 1908, imago, July 19th, 1908 ;
Stirkoke, Wick, September 6th, 1908. C, fulvata, Swordale, common,
imago, September 10th, 1907 ; Balmacara, West Ross, larvje feeding
on garden rose, June 14th, 1907. FJnbolia limitata, Swordale, com-
mon on low ground, especially near the sea, Nigg, August 26th, 1908.
E. plumbaria, Swordale, very local, frequenting a certain hillside,
where Genista awjlica grows amongst the heather, imago, June 26th,

1908. Carsia palmlata, Swordale, not very common, frequenting the
boggy parts of the moor, imago, August 6th, 1908. Anaitis pla(jiata,
Swordale, not very common, imago, August 16th, 1907. Chesias
spartiata, Swordale, common, imago taken at the lighthouse, Tarbat
Ness, autumn, 1908. C. rufata, Swordale, imago taken at light, May
11th, 1906.

Pyralides. — Scopidd alpinalis, two moths flying on a dull day on
the higher slopes of Ben Wyvis, on July 16th, 1908 ; several more in
the same locality, July 22nd, 1908, disturbed from the dripping grass
to fly briskly away with usually rather a high flight, and often
disappearing in a tantalizing manner over the edge of a clift' ; one
specimen taken as low down as about 1500 feet. Scopttla lutealis,
Swordale, common, September 8th, 1907 (imago); Stirkoke, Wick,
imago, September 6th, 1908. Pijramta ostrinalis, Swordale, fairly
common, imago, June 21st, 1908. Herbida cespitalis, Swordale, fairly
common, imago. May 31st, June 25th, and August 9th, 1908. Botys
fnscalh, Stratbpeffer, imago, June 20th, 1908 ; Falls of Conon, imago,
May 30th, 1908. Pionea forjicalis, Swordale, taken at light, August,
1907. Botys terrealis feeding on SoUdayo viryanrea, on the sea cliffs
at Fortrose, September 24th, 1908. Hydrocawpa nyniphaeata, Kincraig,
Invergordon, flying over a marsh July 27th, 1907.

Alucitides. — Gilhneria pallidactyla, Swordale, imago, August 6th,
1907. Plattjptilia yonodactyla, Swordale, resting on ragwort, August
30th, 1908. Aiiiblyptilia cosmodactyla (acanthodactyla), imago resting
on heather, Kincraig, Invergordon, September 4th, 1907 ; Swordale,
resting on Michaelmas-daisy, November 3rd, 1908 ; imago swept from
scabious, September 27th, 1908. A. pnnctidactyla, Swordale, common,
larvse feeding in seed-vessels of primrose, cowslip, and polyanthus,
July 13th, 1908. [For foodplants hitherto recorded for this species,
see Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., v., p. 307. — Ed.]

Orneodides. — Orneodes he.vadacti/la, Swordale, larvae feeding in buds
of wild honeysuckle (woodbine) July 21th, 1908, imago reared October
2nd, 1908.

Crambides. — Crambiis pratellus, Swordale, abundant, imago. May

214 THE entomologist's record.

29th, 190S ; Loch Maree, June 2ncl, 1908. C. dmnetelliis, one imago
taken at Nairn flying amongst grass, whin, etc., near tlie sea, July
29th, 1908. ('. furcatelliif;, several moths flying over the high grassy
slopes of Ben Wyvis on a dull day, July 16th, 1908. C. maraaritellKs,
one imago flying over coarse grass in a boggy part of the moor in
bright sunshine, August 6th, 1908. C. piiiellufi, one imago beaten
from sallow, Kincraig, Invergordon, September 4th, 1907. C. perlellus,
Swordale, common, near the sea, imago, July 20th, 1908. C. tristellim,
Swordale, very common, imago, July 18th, 1908. ('. culiiiellna,
Swordale, common, imago, June 28th, 1908. 0. hortuellns, Swordale,
common, imago, June 21st, 1908. I'/iyci^ fusea, Swordale, imago
flying wildly in a boggy part of the moor, June 80th, 1908. Aphoiiiia
sociella, Swordale, fairly common, imago, July 5th, 1908.

ToETRicmEs.— Tor«r/.i- rosana, Swordale, imago beaten from sallow,
August 28rd, 1908. T. ribeana, Swordale, common, imago leared,
July 11th, 1908. T. conjlana, Swordale, imago reared July, 1907.
T. vibarniana, Swordale, common, imago, July 16th, 1908. T. viridana,
Swordale, common, imago (reared) July 7th, 1908. T. miimtrana,
Falls of Conon, Strathpetfer, three specimens beaten from birch, May
30th, 1908. Leptograuima niveana, Loch Achelty, Strathpetfer, one
imago beaten from birch, October 9th, 1908. Peronea ^pojimna,
Swordale, imago, October 10th, 1908; Stirkoke, Wick, September Brd,
1908. i'. nifana, Cannich, Strath Glass, Invernessshire, imago swept
up from bogmyrtle {Mijrica ijale), October 31st, 1908. P. niixtana,
Swordale, common, imago, October4th, 1908. P. schalleriana, Swordale,
fairly common, imago, August 24th, 1908. P. variei/ana, Swordale,
imago, abundant, August 19th, 1908; Stirkoke, Wick, imago, September
13th, 1908. P. haatiana, Swordale, common, imago, October 12th,
1908. P. ferriKjana, Swordale, very common, imago, October 2nd,
1908; Falls of Conon, October 3rd, 1908. P. caledojiicnia, Swordale,
common, imago, August 19th, 1908 ; Camsterburn, Wick, imago,
September 18th, 1908. /'. aspersana, Swordale, common, imago,
July 24th, 1908; Nigg, imago, August 26th, 1908. llhacoilia
caiidana, Swordale, common, imago, August 30th, 1908 ; Stirkoke,
Wick, September 13th, 1908. Teras containinana, Swordale, fairly
common, imago, August 25th, 1908; Stirkoke, Wick, imago, September
13th, 1908. Penthina sauciana, Swordale, taken amongst heather and
whortleberry, at the foot of Wyvis, June 22nd, 1908. P. inari/inana,
taken flying over a boggy heath near Edderton, July 2nd, 1908.
Pardia tripunctana, Swordale, imago beaten from wild rose, July 1st,
1908. Sericoris littoralis, imago flying at the foot of the clifi' amongst
campion, etc., Duncansby Head, September 26th, 1907. N. rinilaiia,
Kincraig, Invergordon, flying amongst heath, July 24th, 1908. N.
lacunana, Swordale, imago, June 27th, 1908. 6'. irriijtiana, several
moths flying overy whortleberry {^'acciniiiiii inyrtilltis) near the top of
Ben Wyvis, July 16th, 1908. Mixodia schiilziana, Swordale, common,
imago, June 1st, 1908. M. pali(striana, Swordale, imago flying
amongst heath, July 28rd, 1908. Kuchrowia )inji/indana, Swordale,
imago reared June 11th, 1908. /'.'. arbutella, Swordale, imago, June
26th, 1908. Cncphada poUtana, Swordale, common, imago, May 28lh,
1908 ; Falls of Conon, May 30th, 1908. C. inuscnlana, Swordale,
common, imago. May 27th, 1908. Sciaiihila i-injaurcana, Swordale,
common, imago, August 5th, 1908. Bactra lanceulana, Swordale,

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED RECENTLY IN ROSSSHIRE. 215

abundant, imago, June 22nd, 1908. Anchylopera unguicella, Swordale,
common, imago. May 25th, 1908. A. inyrtillana, Swordale, imago,
June 4th, 1908. A. Inndana, Swordale, imago, June 22nd, 1908. A.
ranidla, Swordale, common, imago, August 17th, 1908. A. cinerana,
Swordale, fairly common, imago, August 16th, 1908. A. suburellana,
Swordale, abundant, imago, June 20th, 1908. A. triiiiacidana,
Swordale, imago, August 27th, 1908. A. jienJderiana, Swordale,
abundant, imago, August, 1907. A. naevana, Swordale, imago, reared
August 12th, 1908. A. (jeminana, Swordale, imago, reared July 30th,
1908. Phloeodes tertraqiietrana, Falls of Conon, abundant, flying in
numbers from the birch-trees. May 30th, 1908. Hypermoecia anyustana,
Swordale, imago, August 12th, 1908. Poecilochroma corticana,
Swordale, imago reared August 7th, 1908; larvae beaten from oak,
June 27th, 1908. P. ophthalwicana, Camsterburn, Wick, imagines
beaten in numbers from aspen, September 13th, 1908. P. solandiiana,
Swordale, common ; Camsterburn, Wick, abundant, imago, September
13th, 1908. liahmota siiiiilana, Swordale, common, imago reared
August 12th, 1908 ; Camsterburn, Wick, imago beaten from birch,
September 7th, 1908. H. riisiana, Swordale, imago, July, 1907. H.
pfinyiana, Swordale, imago, June 20th, 1908. H. hrunnichiana,
Swordale, common, imago, June 8th, 1908; Edderton, July 2nd, 1908.
Coccyx argyrana, imago bcntcn from oak, Kincraig, Invergorden, June
6th, 1908. C. taedella, Swordale, common, imago, June 16th, 1908.
C. vacciniana, Swordale, abundant, but rather local, imagines swarm-
ing over a patch of whortleberry on a sunny hillside, on May 31st,
1908; on returning to the same place on August 2nd, 1908, I found
almost every shoot tenanted by a larva which had spun the leaves
together, and was quickly turning them to brown, withered, skeletons.
r'anipluiiia niercnriana, several moths flying at an elevation of 2000 feet
amongst short rushes and heather, Swordale, August 6th, 1908.
lletinia resinella, Swordale, common, several of the resinous larval
abodes were found with pupfe on May 10th, 1908, imagines emerged,
June 20th, 1908. Stiymonota pedepidana, Swordale, flying on a sunny
railway bank. May 22nd, 1908. S. intemana, flying amongst whin
(with numbers of C. nlicetana) in bright sunshine, Knockfarrel, Strath-
peft'er, June 20th, 1908. Dicrorawpha herhosana, Swordale, common,
imago, June 28th, 1908. Catoptria idicetana, Swordale, abundant,
imago, June lOth, 1908 ; larva. May 23rd, 1908. C. cana, Swordale,
imago, June 23rd, 1908; Edderton, imago, July 2nd, 1908. Trychiris
anrana, Swordale, imago, July 1st, 1908, fairly common. Simaethis
pariana, Swordale, fairly common, three moths resting on ragwort ;
Swordale, September 20th, 1908. S. oxyacantJiella, L., Swordale, very
common, imago. May 26th, 1908. Eupoecilia angustana, Swordale, the
larger variety frequenting the lower ground (June 8th, 1908, June
17th, 1908) is not so abundant as the small varietj' which frequents
heaths (July 3rd, 1908). E. ciliella, Knockfarrel, Strathpeffer, flying
in a damp, heathy hollow, June 20th, 1908. Argyrolepia hartwanniana,
Swordale, imago, June 20th, 1908, flying amongst damp herbage.
Aphelia ossecoio, Swordale, abundant, imago, July 19tb, 1908.

TiNEiNA. — Diiirnea fagella, Swordale, imago, April, 1906. Se)ui-
osco}ius arellanella, Swordale, imago, March, 1906. Incnrvaria pectinea,
Swordale, imago. May 9th, 1908. iSentopho7-a schuarziella, Swordale,
common. Falls of Conon, May 80th, 1908. Cerustoma viUella,

216 THE entomologist's recoed.

Swordale, abundant, imagines resting amongst lichen on the trunks of
ehn and ash, August 25th, 1907. Cemstovia eostdla, Swordale,
common, larva feeding on bog-myrtle, June 20th, 1908 ; Loch Usie,
Strathpeffer, imago (reared) July 31st, 1908 ; beaten from elm,
Swordale, August 8th, 1908. L'lnhalocera quercana, Swordale, imago
beaten from apple, August 19th, 1908. I>epressaria ocellana, Swordale.
D. cilieUo, Swordale. D. costosa, flying amongst coarse grass by the
sea, Nigg, August 26th, 1908. D. heradeana, Swordale, abundant,
larvae, July 11th, 1908; imago reared September 4th, 1908. Gelechia
ericetella, Swordale, common, flying amongst heather, May 25th, 1908.
G. viir/ella {loutjicornis), Swordale, common, imago distributed from
heather. May 19th, 1908. CJielaria liiihnerella, Swordale, common. Falls
of Conon, beaten from birch, October 8rd, 1908 ; larvfc feeding on birch,
Kilmorach Falls, July 4th, 1908. Pleiirota bicostdla, Swordale,
common, flying in a boggy part of the moor, June 26th, 1908.
Oecophora pseiidospretella, Swordale, abundant. Ar(jyresthia jtipimaeella,
Swordale, common, larvae feeding in spun-together shoots of sallow.
May 19th, 1908 ; imago reared June 80th, 1908. Chauliodus chaero-
phyllelliifi, Swordale, very common, larvae, July 14th, 1908 ; imago
reared August 16th, 1908. Plutellasenilella ((/flZ^'ZZa), Swordale, common,
August 12th, 1908, November 15th, 1908; Stirkoke, Wick, imago
beaten from oak, September 10th, 1908. P. maculipennis, Swordale,
common, imago, June 7th, 1908.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Query CONCERNING Hadena (Mamestra) pisi. — May I ask, through the
medium of the Ent. Record, whether the larva of Hadena [Mantestra) pisi
has ever been noted in May and fullfed in early June, the imagines
appearing in August as a second brood ? The coloration of such
specimens is darker, the undulated line suppressed, the orbicular
smaller, etc. = gen. 2 var. aestiva. It appears to be a distinct race
that separates off from the spring brood, and appears as a partial second
brood. — Max Gillmer, 7, Elisabethstrasse, Cothen, Anhalt, Germany.

A misunderstanding. — Mr. Mellows desires to state that the note
published {antea p. 187), appeared through a misunderstanding. The
note, it seems, was sent to us privately, aud was not intended for
publication, Mr. Holland having given the information concerning all
these localities for private use. We much regret that the mistake
occurred. — Ed,

Doublebroodedness of Eupithecia pulchellata. — Knpithecia
Unariata is, of course, recorded as being occasionally partially double-
brooded, but I can nowhere find the same fact mentioned with regard
to E. pulchellata. When, therefore, in Cornwall at the beginning of
July, I took two imagines, I put them down as belated emergences from
last year's larvae, and so, perhaps, they were ; but, yesterday, I found
in my breeding-cage a freshly-emerged specimen which is undoubtedly
from a larva of this year, one of many of which I collected in
Cornwall, where they were very common. By the way, the Cornish
specimens seem very pale-coloured and pretty, the white being
especially clean and distinct. — Percy C. Reid, Feering Bury, Kelvedon,
Aaniist 1th, 1909.

Occurrence of Emmelesia blandiata in Gloucestershire. — As
the only records for Emmdcsia blandiata in England appear to be from

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 217

Cumberland and Durham (once), besides one record from a southern
county which Barrett quotes as doubtful, it may be interesting to note
that 1 have taken it this year in Gloucestershire. I met with two
specimens only in July, on the 12th and 20th, but since August 7th
have found it rather common locally on heathy land in the neighbour-
hood of its foodplant, F'nphrasia officinalis, in the St. Briavel's district.
I also took one a few nights ago in my dining-room, where it was
attracted by the lamp. — J. F. Bikd, Sylvan View, Brockwier, near
Chepstow. Any list 11 th, 1909.

CoLEOPHORA CHALCOGRAMMELLA IN SuRREY.— When Walking through
Richmond Park, Surrey, on August 14th, I noticed two small un-
familiar insects at rest on the short herbage. On getting a nearer
view of them, I was intensely surprised to find that they were a pair
of Coleophora chalcogranuuclla in cop. This is a very distinctly
marked species, and easily recognisable, but I had no idea that it
occurred so far south. I was unable to discover any of the foodplant,
Cerastium arvense, in the neighbourhood. Three days later, in the
company of Mr. Henry J. Turner, I again visited the spot, but we
failed to find any further specimens. The female moth was kept alive
for a few days, but died after laying a few eggs. — Alfred Sich, F.E.S.,
Corney House, Chiswick.

NocTuiDs AT Light. — On the evening of August 2 1st, 1909, I
noticed a large number of moths on the shop windows in Lewisham.
The greater number of those observed, however, proved to be Triphaena
pronuba and T. ianthina. The latter was especially abundant, eight
being observed on one window. This appears to be a species that does
not usually come to light in this district. Last night (25th) it was again
observed, but in fewer numbers, and apparently much worn. — A. M.
Cochrane, Lewisham. Aiu/xst 26^/i, 1909.

Hyponomeuta cagnagellus, etc., in Lewisham. — Last year {antea
vol. XX., p. 216) I noticed the abundance of this species in this district
in early July. This year it was barely out on July 21st, but has been
very abundant on the fences during the past fortnight, and is still so at
the present time. The beautiful little white Cemiostoma laburnella is
also flying in great numbers ; a fairly large laburnum tree in my
garden has scarcely a leaf that does not show a mine of this species,
and even little seedlings have been attacked as virulently ; the little
white cocoons are on the backs of almost every leaf. — A. M. Cochrane.
September Srd, 1909.

Hecatera SERENA, ETC, ON Blackheath. — Last year (antea, vol.
XX., p. 216) I recorded the occurrence of Hecatera serena on Blackheath,
in July. This year, on a fence, within a few yards of the spot where
the example vras noticed last year, I observed another specimen on the
morning of August 22nd. It was not in prime condition, as might be
surmised from the late date, but it showed that the insect was still
permanently fixed here. Quite close a large 5 Mania inaura and
other common species were also noticed on the fences. — J. W. Tutt.

DicRANURA viNULA IN THE LoNDON DISTRICT. — That the opeu spaccs
of London still help to preserve a large part of our lepidopterous fauna
to us, is well-known. During the past week, quite a number of larvffi
of Dicranura rinida, almost fullfed, have been taken in Meath Gardens,
one of the open spaces under the control of the L.C.C., and situated
near Globe Road railway station in the Bethnal Green district, the

218

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

gardens being now thickly surrounded by houses. Fifty years ago
they formed part of the Globe Fields, a well-known entomological
locality, and often I'eferred to by Machin in the Knt. Wk. InfcUuimri'v.
— Id.

A NEW LOCALITY FOR Erebia flavofasciata. — Whilst collecting-
butterflies on the Alp Veglia, at the foot of Monte Leone above Varzo
(Siraplon), my brother discovered, at an altitude of 2100 metres, a
locality for Erebia flavofasciata, on August 2nd. The lateness of
this capture explains the poor condition of the ten examples taken, in
fact, about July 10th is the best date for this species at Fusio (Tessin).
The specimens from the Alp Veglia, compared with those from Fusio,
are observed to show the same variability as to the width and
coloration of the pale band of the hindwings below, as well as in
the number and size of the spots above and below. This
species, which inhabits very limited localities in the alps of Tessin and
the Grisons, had not before been found in the alps abutting on the
Siraplon. — Professor C. Blachier, Geneva. Atu/iixt 2Qt/i, 1909.

^^ AR I AT 10 N .

Aberrations of Brenthis selene. — On January 11th last, Mr.
Grassby of Chepstow, called my attention to three interesting
specimens of BrentJiis selene which were in his collection. The ground
colour of the wings was white, with the usual markings. So far as I
could see, the undersides were much the same as in normal sjDecimens,
and the only other difference I could observe, was that there was a
blue gloss on the thorax. All seemed quite similar. They were all
three taken by him on June 22nd, 1908, in the saine locality, which is
situated in what we ma}' call " the Forest of Dean District," where he
often goes for entomological purposes. He had never seen any similar
ones there before, nor has he since, though he has searched for such.
Normal specimens of this species, I understand, are somewhat
abundant there. — C. A. Bird, F.E.S., " The Nurtons," Tintern,
Jidy 8th, 1909.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Gynandromorphic form of Lyc^na arion. — Alar expanse of right
anterior wing 21mni., of left anterior 17mm., of right posterior wing
18mm., and of left posterior 14mm. Length of right antenna 9mm.,
of left antenna 7^mn>. The butterfly is of the dark mountain form,
ohsciira, Christ. Ground colour of right ( 5 ) wings is rather paler
than that of the left {^ ) wings, and the very sparse blue scales extend
to beyond the semicircle of nearly round black spots, five in
number. On the darker ground colour of the 3' wings, three, wedge-
shaped, spots only are visible when the butterfly is carefully examined
by a suitable light. The black bar terminating the discoidal is as
clearly marked on the g- as on the ? wings. The marking
of the underside of the wings is fairly normal so far as number
and position of spots is concerned. In shape, however, these vary
considerably, the female wings showing large round, and the male
smaller oblong, spots. Nervures normal. This butterfly, which was
perfectly fresh, attracted my attention by its peculiar lopsided flight.
I took it at Pralogfian, in the Savoy, where the members of the
Geneva Lepidoj)terological Society spent their summer holidays. —
P. A. H. MuscHAMP, F.E.S. Stiifa, August 31st, 1909.

CURRENT NOTES. 219

CURRENT NOTES.

Mr. E. R. Bankes has confirmed the statement in Meyrick's Itanclbook
that the larva of Clepsis rnsticana, Tr., feeds on Myrica, larvcB and pupae
having been found in bunches of spun-together shoots and leaves of
M>/rica <iale,m October, 1901 and 1902, in a heath-bog in the Isle of Pur-
beck, the imagines appearing in early June, 1902, and May, 1903, whilst
Meyrick's further statement that it feeds on " Vacciniam,'" appears to
be probable, as Mr. Bankes has been taking imagines between May
22nd and June 20th, 1909, at Aviemore, among Vacciniuin. ini/rtilliis.
Mr. Bankes further gives a description of the full-fed larva and the
pupa {Knt. Mo. Mai/.).

Dr. Joy and Mr. Tomlin add MicrojiepUis caelatiis, Erichson, to the
British coleoptera. The species was taken sparingly at the end of
April in marshy ground near Cloghane, co. Kerry, Ireland.

A most enjoyable meeting of the Entomological Club was held at
Weybiidge on the evening of July 5tb, Mr. G. T. Porritt being the
host. Many of the members and guests came down in the early part
of the day for a little collecting in this well-known district, some
the preceding day, but comparatively little was accomplished in spite
of hard work. Supper was served at the Hand and Spear Hotel, at
6.80 p.m., when the following members and guests sat down : —
Messrs. B. Adkin, R. Adkin, J. P. Barrett, H. Rowland-Brown, G. C.
Champion, J. Colhn, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, H. M. Edelsten, A.
Harrison, A. H. Jones, W. J. Lucas, A. Sich, R. South, J. W. Tutt,
G. H. Verrall, and C. J. Wainwright. After supper an adjournment
was made to the garden ; a very pleasant evening ended by the
London visitors leaving about 10 p.m.

Mr. Edwards suggests {Knt. Mo. May.) that the light and dark
specimens now combined in British collections as Anacaeim limhata,
Fab., should be treated as distinct species, the pale examples being the
true limhata, Fab., the darker ovata, Reiche. The evidence is not,
however, too illuminating, and one would like to know something
about the earlier stages of these two insects.

Lord Walsingham describes, as Orneodes dohertyi, a giant Orneodid
from East Africa, with wing-expanse varying from 34mm. -49mm., 43
examples having been taken in East Africa by Doherty in 1900 at Ibea.

Mr. R. Stenton records the capture on July 18th, 1909, at Heme
Hill, a specimen of Meijachile willuyhbiella, Kirby, the right side as far
as, and including, the 3rd abdominal segment being $ , the left ^ ;
the remaining terminal segments appear to be <? , only the armature
being of quite the normal form of that sex.

Dr. Wood continues (Ent. Mo. May.) his descriptions of new
British species of Phora, including Phora discreta, F. fusca, P. anynsta,
P. Idrtiventris, P. derasa, P. snbtaiinda, P. ni'diventris, all new to science.

Mr. J. Edwards writes on the specific distinctness of the Homoptera,
AcocephaLn>i tricinctns, Curt., and A. trifasciatitH, Fab., and tabulates
j the most obvious distinctions between the two species.

Mr. C. Morley describes a new Braconid, one <^ five 9 s bred by

Mr. Donisthorpe on May 28th-29th, 1907, from a nest of Formica

faaca, found at Porlock, as Spilomma falconivibrann. Another species

i is described as Euphonis bistiy)iiat.icus, two ? s of which were taken,

I and others seen, July, 1906, hovering over a nest of Formica rnfa at

Weybridge, whilst a ^ was bred April 13th, 1907, from an observa-

220 THE entomologist's record.

tion nest of F. riifa, also from Weybridge. The species was also
captured at Weybridge July 5th, 1909, Bewdley, July 20tb, 1909, by
Mr. Donisthorpe, and in the New Park Enclosure, New Forest, August
9th, 1908, by Mr. Hamm.

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild, on the authority of Prof. A. Schmidt,
notes that the larva of L'hri/soclista biiimciddla feeds under the bark of
SalLv alba. This species, so far very rare in England, was discussed in
the Ent. Mo. Mag., vcl. xxv., p. 169, by Stainton. At the time that we
gave Stainton information concerning the specimen captured at
Chattenden in July, 1886, we suggested " sallow " as the foodplant, as
the example was beaten from sallow, and this seemed, judgmg from
the analogy of the habits of the allied C. linneeUa, the most likely
foodplant in this district. We gather from Mr. Rothschild's notes,
that Prof. Schmidt has not yet actually bred the moth from the
larva. See also F.nt. Ann., 1857, p. 128, and E.M.M., xxviii., p. 79.

Some time since we announced the decease of Mr. F. Lemann
and Mr. F. Freeman within a few weeks of each other. These two
gentlemen had long been connected by entomological, as well as
business, ties, Mr. Lemann capturing, and Mr. Freeman setting, the
specimens and looking after the combined collection. Mrs. Freeman
has now, with the greatest generosity, presented the collection to the
South London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Society. It is complete in all but
a few of the very rarest species, and will enable the rapidly increasing
number of collectors of European butterflies in the society to name
their species without undue trouble.

SOCIETIES.

South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
July 22ml, 1909. — Allied Papilios. — Mr. Edwards exhibited the
closely-allied species Fapilio nireus and F. erinus from Africa, and
pointed out the distinguishing characters. Cupido minimus ab.
minor. — Mr. Turner, two specimens of Cupido mini nuts from
Winchester measuring only 15mm. in expanse. They were taken on
June 12th with normal-sized specimens. Butterfly larv.e and pup^e.
— Mr. Kaye, living larvs of Callophrys ritbi, and pups of Ciiastrina
argiolns. Dimorpha versicolor and Nyssia zonaria. — Mr. Adkin, a
series of Dimorpha versicolor, being part of a brood from Aviemore ova;
the rest were lying over in pupa. He also showed fullfed larv* of
Nyssia zonaria from Wallasey ova, and gave notes on their life-history.
PiERis BRAssiCiE AND SPARROW. — Mr. Adkiu gave a detailed account of
the persistent attempts of a sparrow to get at a Fieris brassicae flutter-
ing along inside the glass roof of his conservatory. Several instances
of birds attacking lepidoptera were given by other members. Anyust
\2th, 1909.— A NEW NocTuiD. — Mr. South exhibited a Noctuid,
captured in Aberdeenshire in July, and believed to be new to Britain.
Pup^ OF NoNAGRiA GEMiNiPUNCTA.— -Mr. Baumaiin, a reed containing
living pupfe of Nonayria yemnipuncta from Lewes, and an ichneumon
bred from a pupa of this species. Lasiocampa quercus var. callun.e.
- — Mr. Main, specimens of Lasiocampa quercus var. callunae from
Westmorland. Possibilities of Tinea biseliella. — Mr. Step, a
Fapilio machaon mounted between glass for artistic purposes, which,
although sealed up some eighteen months ago, had now produced a
living imago of Tinea biseliella.

Vol, XXI.

Pi-ate XV.

Photo. Hugh Main.
Depressaria pdtrij.ella, Schiff.. am. its Allies.-Figs 1 2 3 4 —

DEPRE.S8ARIA PDTRIDELLA X 2. FiGS. 5, 6.-D. YKATIAN.;, Fa^. X 2
D. TMBELLANA, StePHS X 2. FlO. 9.-SaME SPECIES NATURAL SIZE.

The Ent,>moli>;iist\^ lleiord, etc., 1909.

DEPRESSARIA PUTRIDELLA, SCHIFF. 221

Depressaria putridella, Schiff. — A species new to Britain {a-ith

two plates).
By ALFBED SICH, F.E.S.
In the summer of 1906, Mr. E. D. Green, of Lee, gathered some
larvfe off umbelliferous plants growing on the Kentish coast, and sub-
sequently bred from them several specimens of a Depressaria he was
unable to identify. In the autumn of 1908, Mr. Green showed me
the insects which were quite new to me, and he very kindly allowed me
to take them for examination. In Stainton's Natural History of the
Tineina, I found a figure and description of a continental species which
agreed with Mr. Green's specimens. This was B. putridella, Schiff.
This identification was then confirmed by comparing the specimens
with the description of that species in Zeller's monograph of the genus
in the Linnaea Entowologica, yvhich, though written over 50 years ago,
is still one of the best contributions to the study of the genus. Sub-
sequently, Mr. Tutt and myself compared the moths with Hlibner's
figure, and with the specimens contained in the Stainton collection of
European micro-lepidoptera at the South Kensington Museum. Owing
to Mr. Green's further kindness, I was able this year to collect some
larvse myself, and to breed a few specimens. The British specimens
are, as might be expected, of a form nearer to the Parisian and
Austrian examples, than they are to those from the south of France,
where the climatic conditions are more diverse. This species is
probably an old inhabitant of Britain, but, from the very local distribu-
tion of its foodplant, has hitherto been overlooked. The Depressariids,
too, are, as a rule, of very unobtrusive habits, and, probably, this species
forms no exception. Some of the older British authors have used the
name putridella in their writings, but, as will be shown later, they had
not this species before them.

Synonymy.— Species : Putridella, Schiff., S.V., 138; Hb., 244; H.S., 450, v.,
p. 120; Zell., L.E., ix., 218; Hein., 147. Stt., Nat. His. Tin., xii., p. 192, pi.
vi., figs. 3m, 3((, 3b ; Nolck., Stett. e. Zeit., 1882, p. 190. Peucedanella, Mill.,
Ann. Soc. Cannes, 1880, p. 13, pi. 10, figs. 14, 15.

Original description. — Holzbriiunlichter Schabe mit einem
Kleinen weissen Mittelpuncte {S>js. Yerz., p. 188).

Hiibner's figure {Fhirop. Schinett., vol. v., fig. 244), which must be
taken as the type, was evidently drawn from a very well-marked
specimen, and, though the abdomen, as depicted, is more like that of a
male, the wings, on account of the very dark veins and the pale ground
colour, probably represent those of a female. The groundcolour of the
wings is very pale ochreous-brown. The veins, not accurately drawn,
are dark sepia-brown, and a line of the same colour runs along the
hindmargin, on which are placed six black spots. Beyond the spots
the fringes are of the ground colour, terminated by a sepia-brown line.
The discoidal cell is filled up with dark sepia, and, at the end of it, is a
white spot. The hindwings are dull greyish-brown, with the veins
slightly marked in black, and the termination of the wings and fringes
shown by two sepia lines. The palpi, head, and thorax, are of the
same colour as the forewings, the last having a dark brown central
stripe. In this figure the palpi are too long, giving the figure a
Pyraloid appearance. The subcostal vein is much too strongly
■coloured, and the fringes of the forewings should have been dark grey.
October 15th, 1909.

222 THE entomologist's recohd.

The veins of the forewings are only approximately drawn, vein 11
running into the apex of the wing instead of into the costa about mid-
way. There are only eight veins shown on the left wing, and seven
on the right ; the black discal spots are not indicated. The brighter
British examples of the female conform very well with Hiibner's figure,
and, doubtless, he had a specimen from Vienna similar to these before
him, when he drew it. In the figure in another copy of this work of
Hiibner, the subcostal vein is not darkened, and the other veins are
thickly, and rather confusedly, coloured.

Desckiption of British examples of Dephessaria putridella. —
This is rather a small species, and belongs to that section of the genus
in which veins 2 and 3 of the forewings are stalked, or, in other words,
in which the lowest vein from the cell is forked near the base. Head,
thorax, and patagia, unicolorous with the ground colour of the fore-
wings. The face always paler ; second joint of the labial palpi
ochreous, mixed with fuscous, usually lighter internally; terminal
joint pale ochreous, sometimes with dark basal band ; antennae fuscous.
Body ochreous- brown, with a fuscous sublateral stripe on each side
beneath. Anal tuft of the J ochreous-grey. Front and middle legs
ochreous-grey, darker marked, hind legs pale ochreous on the inner
side, darker, and sometimes fuscous-spotted, on the outer side. Fore-
wings rather wide, the costa slightly arched, and the hind margin
obliquely rounded. Ground colour pale ochreous-brown, purest on the
inner margin and costa. Near the base a blackish transverse mark
running from near the inner margin into the fold, well-defined towards
the base. Outwardly, this dark mark expands into a longitudinal
cloud which lies along the middle of the wing, including the discoidal
spots, and sometimes runs nearly up to the apex. The veins of the
wing, except the subcostal (vein 12), are very darkly marked with
purplish-fuscous. On the last third of the costa, and on the extreme
hind margin, is a series of eight or more black spots lying between the
veins, and occasionally connected with them. In some specimens there
is a short dark cloud lying obliquely across the wing before the hind
margin. On the extreme base of the costa is a dark mark, and the
paler parts of the wing are often sprinkled with dark scales. About
one-third from the base of the wing, and situated near where vein 11
rises from the cell, is a black spot. Below this, in the cell itself, but
further from the base, lies the first discal spot, usually black, often
elongate. On the disco-cellular lies the second discal spot, which is
very conspicuous, being black with a white centre. Midway between
the two discal spots, and in a line with them, lies an usually black
spot. These four spots vary much in size, shape, and in the absence!
or presence of white scaling, but the three in the cell are always in al
line. The fringes are dark ochreous-grey, with one central paler line,|
and a second on the extreme margin.

The hindwings dark grey, lighter at the base, the veins somewhat!
darker marked ; some dark spots round apex and hind margin. Fringes]
dark grey or dark ochreous-brown, often bisected by a paler line.

Sexual dimorphism. — The antennae of the <? are stouter than those!
of the 5 . The forewings are more unicolorous than those of the ? ,1
which, even in dark specimens, shows a greater contrast between the]
paler costal and inner marginal areas, as compared with the darker disci
of the wing. The ground colour of the hindwings in the <y is darker,!

A DAY WITH CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR VAR. RUTILUS. 223

and more of a dove-grey than it is in the 2 • The underside of all the
wings and the fringes is darker grey in the ^ , the ? usually exhibit-
ing a strong ochreous admixture in the ground colour of the underside.
The anal tuft of the ^ is distinct, but not conspicuous. In expanse,
the <? s measure 15mm.-17mm., and the $s 16mm. -18mm. The
smallest specimen I have seen is a <? , which expands 13mm.

Desckiption of Plate xv.

Fig. 1. Depressaria putridella i\

2. D. putridella ? .

3 & 4. D. putridella. [ All these X 2

5 & 6. D. yeatiana.
7 & 8. D. umhellana. )

9. The same figures as 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 repeated, but

of natural size.

(To be contimted.)

A day with Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus.

By E. M. DADD, F.E.S.

July 18th, 1909, was a sunny but windy day, bat, in spite of the wind,
I decided to go to Finkenkrug, as I was desirous of getting females of
Lycaena alcon. This species is very local in the Berlin district, as its
foodplant, Gentiana pneumonanthe, is confined to marshy meadows.

The Grosse Laake, at Finkenkrug, is one of the chief localities for
the gentian, and it was here, some years ago, that I discovered the
larv® of Adkinia graphodactyla feeding on the gentian flowers. How-
ever, the search for L. alcon proved abortive, not a single specimen
being seen ; perhaps I was too late. Pohjommatus amandus and
Cyaniris semiargus were perfect wrecks, only a few possible females of
Loweia alciphron and Chrysophanus Idppothoe were left, scarcely a
Melitaca was to be observed, and only the abundance of Brenthis ino
$ from red to deep bluish-black compensated somewhat for one's
efforts. But the wind which continued to increase in strength, soon
made collecting impossible except in sheltered corners.

Having secured a fair series of B. ino $ , I decided to take a look
at the Chrysophanus rutilus ground, which is a water-meadow beside
a small stream overgrown with reeds and sedges, and, generally speak-
ing, impassable. On the way I had to traverse a small portion of
bushy woodland, and here that extraordinary skipper Heteropterus
worpheus was not uncommon ; also a few Araschina var. prorsa and
Euyonia polychloros were about.

On arriving at the meadow where C. var. rutilus is to be found, I
was pleased to see that it was dry enough to work, and it was not long
before the first male rutilus was observed on a thistle-head. Mean-
while the wind so increased in power that flight was out of the
question for butterflies, but, probably owing to this circumstance, I
made a very good bag of the species, seven males and eight females.
"With one exception, they were all seated on thistle, scabious or rag-
wort flowers, and were so intimidated by the wind, that one could
have picked them ofi' with the hand.

Unfortunately, the males were somewhat worn, but the females
were in grand condition. Besides C. var. rutilus, Heodes viryaureae
was in countless numbers, and a few females of C. hippothue, Loweia

224 THE entomologist's record.

alcipJvon, and L. dorilis were obtained. The only blue was Pohjom-
matus mnandus, in wretched condition.

I had the good fortune to notice a female C. rutilas seated on the
foodplant. I presumed that she was ovipositing, and such proved to
be the case. I watched her while she deposited three eggs, and then,
as she was quite fresh, turned her into a specimen. The eggs were all
laid on the underside of a leaf of water-dock, close to the midrib.
Unfortunatelj', a business trip prevented me from breeding these eggs,
but, as a partial second-brood is occasionally reared here in Berlin, it
would no doubt have been successful.

Very little else was about on this July day, a few Eupithecia
dtbiliata, Calligenia miniata and Herininia tentacularia. On the
scabious heads a few Anthrocera viciae [meliloti) and Anthrocera trifolii,
and one A. ephialtes ab. peucedani. Syntomis pJier/ea was also not
uncommon. I believe this species was introduced here from southern
Europe many years ago, but am not sure.

Note on the value of the ancillary appendages in determining the
specific value of the Hesperiines of the " alveus " group.

By Dr. J. L. KEVEEDIN.
I have recently been led, owing to the diflSculties of naming my
Hesperiids, particularly those of the "alceus" group, to study the male
genital armature, and I have come to the conclusion that Ram bur had
a clearer appreciation of this difficult subject than any of his successors,
some of whom, having no knowledge of his work, have added
difficulty rather than solved it. Most recent lepidopterists, at least
among tho?e known to me, admit Hexperia alveus to specific rank, and
look upon carlinae, cirsii, onnpordi, fn'tilluni, and cont/zae, as varieties.
The examination of the ancillary appendages shows, however, that
alveus, onopordi, and fritiUum are three perfectly distinct species, that
carlinae and cirsii have a different armature from those of the preceding,
and on the other hand very similar to each other. 1 have not yet
been able to obtain coytyzae. The conclusion to which I have been led
so far, is that alveus, onopordi, and fritilliim form three species, whilst
a fourth is represented by carlinae, of which cirsii is a variety (or vice
versa). I may add that these four species form a natural group, which
also includes serratulae. Eambur long ago arrived at exactly the same
result, except that he made carlinae and cirsii two very closely allied
species. What is most interesting is, that already, in 1838, this first-
class entomologist, recognising that the characters of form, pattern,
and colour, were insufficient to characterise the species of the genus
Hesperia, considered that the genital armature would give better
specific characters on which to determine them. In his Faune Ent.
d'Andcdousie, he described and figured the ancillary appendages of the
Hesperiids long before the work of Buchanan-White and Gosse.
Unfortunately this work was not finished, and it appears difficult to
procure. After having applied in vain to the Swiss and German libraries,
I have been able to consult it, thanks to Mr. F. Mabille, a nephew of
Rambur. Naturally, at the time of the publication of the work (1838-9),
the means of investigation and the instruments available for work
were in their infancy, and one is less astonished that he did not discover
everything, than inchned to admire how much he did see, with such

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ORISONS SANTA MARIA TO MUNSTER. 225

imperfect means. It is this that makes me think that the value of
the works of Rambur should not remain unrecognised nor passed over
in silence. The terms that he employs are not those that have since
been adopted. He gives the name of " pinces " to what we call
" valves," that of " stiles " to the " harpes," of " dorsal acicular piece"
to the " uncus." He seems not to have recognised the " scaphium,"
which, particularly in the Hesperiid " alveus " group, possesses most
important and well-marked specific characters.

Lepidoptera of the Grisons — Santa Maria to Munster.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The morning of August 14th, 1908, broke cloudy, damp, and chill,
at Santa Maria, and, at 10 a.m., rain was still falling, but the sky was
breaking and suggested a walk down the valley. The implements of
warfare were shouldered, and, in less than half-an-hour from starting,
the sun had broken through the clouds and we were stealthily prowling
among some willows by the side of the stream where a ? Euoanessa
antiopa had been spotted, but, although the latter was not brought to
book, a beautiful newly-emerged Polygonia c-alhum was taken, and
Argynnis adippewas observed sunning itself on the flowers still reeking
with the rain of the preceding night and the early morning. The
clouds, however, cleared rapidly, and the sun had soon dried the
herbage. Some worn Melanan/ia (jalathea and fine Erehia aetliiops
tempted us from the path, and we were soon on some bush-covered
ground that held us for at least five long hours, whilst the sun shone
brilliantly. Erebia aethiops w^as just emerging, and was literally in
hundreds, the freshly-emerged ? s collared by the 3' s almost before
their wings were dry, the latter carrying the J s if disturbed whilst
paired, the 2 hanging freely from the ^ . The 2 s were well-spotted, a
few with five ocellated spots on the forewings, but the greater number
with four, and the <? s also appeared to be well-spotted, at least, a
prolonged search failed to find any with fewer than three small spots
on the forewing, whilst three well-developed ones was the usual
number for this sex ; the underside of the ^ s was sometimes
brightly marked with a grey submarginal band, the 2 s appeared
to be almost equally divided between the vars. lencotaenia andi ochracea.
Epinephele lijcooii was going over, the ^ s of this species appeared to
be all of that form with only one apical spot on the forewing ; the 2 s
were normal, the basal areas of the forewings of the darker ground
colour. E. ianira was very abundant, the 2 s pale, but washed with
rain. Isaoria lathonia was just emerging, the specimens large, and
one is a beautiful aberration with a fine black dumb-bell mark lormed
by the union of the two lower spots beneath the disc of the forewing
and parallel with the inner margin = ab. I-nUirum. Brent/us ino had
apparently been common, as well as Hesperia carthami and Melitaea
didyma, but all were over, and represented now by only poor specimens,
whilst, on the other hand, Colias hyale was only just out, the <? s in
most lovely condition, no 2 s being seen. Heodes vinimireae also was
on the wing, not quite fresh, but the 2 s were in better condition than
the (? s. The 2 s, too, were variable, the ground colour brighter than
usual in the mountains here, yet not altogether of the southern form.
One specimen was exceedingly nice, the hindwings suffused, with a

226 THE entomologist's kecord.

submarginal series of white dots, the forewings with a submedian row
of cuneate spots, the ground colour suffused only along the lower basal
half of the wing, the suffusion extending above along the lower edge
of the discal cell, and ending outwardly so as just to include the lower
portion of the cuneate streaks, thus leaving the discal space and the
outer marginal area of the brighter ground colour. Urbicola comma
was fine in the brightness of new emergence, as also were Polyommatus
icarus and ab. icarinus, Ar/riades coridon, Coenonympha paviphilus, and
Aricia astrarche, but Cyaniris seviiarcius W5,s in poor condition, although
the specimens taken lived for three or four days in confinement, their
habits giving much interest. Adopaea jiava {thaumas) was also going
over, and only a few of the man}' Ar(iynni» adippe, the common fritillary
of the district, were worth keeping. The Melanargia galatliea were large
though worn. Anthrocera lonicerae var. major was abundant, the
spots seemed particularly pinkish in colour, but, as is frequently the
case, Merrifieldia tridactyla was the only plume observed, the common
Cramhus tristelliis the only Crambid, Litliosia hirldeola the only
Lithosiid, and Kubolia mensiiraria almost the only Geometrid. There
was nothing to retain us after 3 p.m., so we wf^lked down the valley
and explored the old coaching- village of Miinster, before returning to
Santa Maria.

A September day's Lepidopterological observations on the
Folkestone Downs.

By JAMES BELL.

The morning of September 11th, 1909, was quite bright and sunny
at Folkestone, following a wet day, or rather many more or less wet
and dull days. A walk over the downs, however, was most interesting
entomologically, and disclosed quite a number of expected and un-
expected species. The white butterflies Pieris rapae and P. hrassicae
were both frequent in the allotment gardens, as well as on the downs,
and the larv^ of the latter in all stages of growth were most abundant,
but proved later to be terribly ichneumoned only six pupge
being obtained out of some fifty larvae. The first species
observed on reaching the edge of the downs was Coenonywpha
jyamphiluR, very pale in colour, followed by Polyommatus icarus,
Ayriades thetis {beUargus), and Rumicia phlaeas, all, of course, partial
second-broods, and all apparently quite recently emerged. So also,
was Aylais urticae, which was somewhat frequent. A long walk over
the downs discovered little else, but this little was surprising, for it
included many examples of Hipparckia semele, some not at all in bad
condition, and Epinephele ianira in all sorts of conditions, many just
newly-emerged, in fact, no fewer than half-a-dozen freshly-emerged ? s
paired were disturbed during the walk. Several specimens of EuboUa
mensnraria and E. bipunctaria were noticed, and one or two exceed-
ingly late worn Anthrocera filipendulae. The Eubolia mensnraria
appeared to be exceptionally small, the E. bipmictaria particularly
white.

The Hipparchia semele were, like the other butterflies, much
attracted by the flowers of thyme and Centanrea scabiosa, for which also
the blue butterflies showed a distinct preference. Both Polyom mat us icarus
and Ayriades thetis {bellaryus) were abundant, the J s of the former being
especially interesting in thier variation — the form with entirely lilac-

LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOLKESTONE DOWNS. 227

blue wings with red marginal spots ; the same form, but with darker
ground colour, so that the blue is less assertive, with pale blue arches
above the orange lunules of the hindwings, and pale spots to complete
the usual row of orange lunules near the apex of the forewings ; the
blue-tinged form with pale discoidal spots, and pale arches on hind-
wings, and pale discoidal spots ; the dark form with more purple-blue,
but limited to the basal and median areas of the wings, as well as
entirely brown with orange marginal lunules, except for a very faint
tinge of blue at base ; whilst, of the underside forms — ab. icannus, ab.
semi-icarinus, and ab. subarcnata, were recognised. But Afjriades thetis
{hellanius) was, perhaps, the most interesting species, as it certainly was
the most abundant. The specimens were mostly freshly-emerged, the
J s showing distinctly the brilliant sky-blue of the form adonis, and
the more purple-blue of the form bellmujus, and, as they hung from the
thyme- or Centaurea-h\o^s,om. with their wings thrown back in the sun,
or chased the P. icarus, looking in comparison, beautiful giants, or
stood with the wrings almost closed, turning the hindwings alternately
wheel-like, they were very beautiful objects. Many examples, too, were
of the ab. puncta, with well-developed marginal spots on the upperside of
the hindwings. The ? s were of dark ground colour, rarely of the brown
form so much more common in the second-brood in hot summers, and
most were well-scaled with blue, although none of those overhauled
were at all extreme in form ; the orange-red lunules of some were very
bright, and examples with the discoidal lunules of the forewings ringed
with blue or white were also noticed. As the afternoon sun set
on the slopes, the blue butterflies took up their normal position of rest,
both species sitting head downwards on the grass culms or stems of
Centanrea. The only other species observed were Pyraweis atalanta,
which was newly out, and seemed to choose the hawthorn bushes on
which to sun, and show off its brilliant colours, and two worn
examples of Melanargia <jalathea, an exceedingly late date it seemed
to me even for worn specimens. Not a single Af/riailcs coridun was
observed, and a single newly -emerged, but small, specimen of Aricia
astrarche closes the list of species noticed. The next morning was
also fine, and a stroll over much the same ground disclosed no other
species, although a few almost full-grown larvfe of Macrothylacia rubi
were picked up. No fewer than five collectors were noted passing
over the ground in about an hour, and some parts of the herbage
looked as if an army might have been encamped there. It is rare
that one sees any scientific or other observations made by entomo-
logists who work the ground, but this would appear to be no proof
that the insects are not very closely hunted in this well-known locality.

Anthrocera exulans ab. pulchra, Tutt.

By p. a. H. MUSCHAMP, F.E.S.
I have taken a specimen of this beautiful insect which may be
described as follows : —

Alar, expans. 34mm. Legs yellow. Thorax thinly covered with ochreous
scales. Ochreous collar. Abdomen black. Anterior wings with bright orange-
yellow costal edge. Orange-yellow subcostal nervure divided into two branches at
the beginning of cell, the upper one again divided into three yellow branches near
apex, and the lower one terminating in the centre of the wing. Orange-yellow
nervure x. The whole of the wing-area is blotched together into a field of red

228 THE entomologist's record.

extending to within rather less than 2mm. from the outer border of the wing,
where it is stumped down into a transparent border extremely thinly scaled with
black. The lower border of the wing, that is the area contained by the nervure x
and the lower edge of the wing, is covered thinly with yellow scales, not, however,
so transparent, or so poorly clad as the outer border. Fringes greyish-yellow, with
a dark inner line. Posterior wing entirely red, with fine dark marginal line and
grey fringes. The colouring of the underside is exactly the same as that of the
upperside, but rather paler throughout.

The insect described is a female. It was taken just as it was
settling down to copulation. It is naturally absolutely fresh. I took
it at St. Antonien in the Engadine, August 12th, 1909.

It seems to be very nearly the same insect as Mr. Tutt's ab. pulchra
{Brit. Lcp., vol. i., p. 448), but I should have surmised, from Mr. Tutt's
description, that pulchra was a form between striata -ft arilinea and my
specimen, since Mr. Tutt speaks of three long red blotches practically
filling up the upper and central area of the wing. My insect has not
three, but one single blotch ; it is not divided by, but split up the
middle by, the yellow nervure ; the inner margin, instead of being
green, is of the same colour as the nervure, with a slight intermixture
of grey. Mr. Tutt, however, tells me that his specimen is very poorly
described, that my description might have been made from his own
specimen, which is also a female, and that the coloured figure I send
him of the Engadine example, agrees absolutely with his Dauphiny
one.

I venture to call attention to this beautiful insect, because, as
everyone who is familiar with A. exidans must have remarked,
blotching of the spots is rare, even ab. striata, Tutt, is only to be
found here in very small numbers, I should say less than 1 per cent.
The form pulchra was named from a single example found at Le
Lautaret, and I qrfestion whether it has ever been taken since.

Lepidoptera of the Tyrol — Trafoi to Sulden.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

After spending a very dull day at Trafoi, the morning of August
17th, broke almost cloudless. It was soon determined to make Sulden
our objective, and by 8 a.m. a start was arranged. This walk meant
a long tramp round the northern foot of the Ortler, which was
magnificent in the sunshine with a layer of fresh snow. The sun had
not yet got into the Trafoi-Thal, and nothing was on the move until
Gomagoi was almost reached. Here, on a sunny bank, were several
interesting species, of which Lou-eia alciphron var. i/ordius, the 2 of
quite flavescent hue, especially on the forewings and the margin of the
hindwings (ab. Jiavescens), was, however, going over. Agriadei
bellart/iis appeared to be only just coming out, as one or two ^ s alone
were observed, but FJpinrphele lycaon was well out, and E. ianira
common, but evidently also going over ; Pararge iitaera, a very small
race, was occasionally seen. On the slopes here HipparcJiia se)nele^\Sia
abundant, and an occasional large Paruassias apollo flopped from the
higher slopes in front of one, but the species was not at all abundant.
Erehia i/oaiite, too, was worn, and only a single 2 of Erehia enryale was
observed, fresh, the upperside well-banded, of typical form, and quite
unlike the ocdlaris race we knew so well from our previous visit to the
Tyrol in 1895, yet we remember Dadd exhibiting the dark form from the

LEPIDOPTEKA OF THE TYROL, TRAFOI TO SULDEN. 229

"Ortler district, at a meeting of the Entomological Society of London
only last autumn (1908). A number of Issoria lathonia, a very small
race, were on the wing, sunning on the paths, and very alert ; these
had evidently only recently emerged, whilst Hesperia alveus was
frequent, Ac^riades coridon and Aricia astrarc/ie more abundant. Here,
too, Erebia nielampus was also on the the wing, and this was found
abundantly also in the Sulden-Thal. Dasydia ohfuscata, Eubolia
bipunctaria, and E. vunsuraria, were common on the banks, and
Cidaria populata often noticed throughout the day's journey. There
was no special abundance of "whites" observed, although Pieris
brassicae, P. rapae, and P. napi were frequent, the latter taken in
hopes of the Tyrolean form, but the 2 s, though fairly large, were
quite typical, and useless to send home to Mr. Main, who wants to
breed the Tyrolean race. A single specimen of the mountain form of
yielitaea athalia, and a fine newly-emerged Papilio inacliaon with the
left forewing slightly incised below the apex, fell an easy prey. In
the lower part of the Sulden-Thal, one expected that insects would
prove abundant. The four large fritillaries — Dryas paphia, An/ynnis
adippe, A. niobe, and A. aglaia — were all common, whilst one was
always pleased to see fine freshly-emerged Vanessa io and Pyrameis
atalaiita. These, with Agriades coridon, Aricia astrarche, and one or
two other common species, made up the chief of the lepidoptera
observed in this part of the valley, whilst AntJirocera transalpina was
the only burnet noted. It may be advisable to record also the finding
of a batch of eggs of Dasydia obfuscata on a leaf of Hippophoe
rhamnoides ; the eggs were laid quite upright, and close together, and,
well as we knew the eggs of this species, laid in a box, it was not easy
to place them, found thus wild. But the Sulden-Thal is not an
entomological paradise. It is far too highly cultivated to be very
productive of lepidoptera, and a long walk only resulted in a few
worn Plebeins aryyroynomon, Lithosia lurideola, Merrifieldia tridactyla
(tetradactyla), and other species on which the British collector would
look with contempt. But the scenery is delightful, and made up for
much that was wanting in the collecting, and, after all, many a person
travels from England to the Tyrol for the pleasure of the scenery with-
out troubling about the butterflies. This thought is always a comfort
when one feels slack in the mountains, even if the idea is a little
Pecksniffian. But, just before reaching Sulden, a little patch of
lucerne surrounded by a rank growth, called a halt, for here were
observed examples of Heodes virgaureae that deserved attention ; the
first example taken turned out to be Chrysophanus hippothoe worn
almost to shreds, but some of the H. virgaureae were, at any rate,
better than this, and finally three ^ s and seven 5 s found themselves
in the collecting box. The <? s are of a bright coppery-yellow tint,
one with strongly-developed discoidal lunules to the forewings ; the
? s approach the zermattensis form, two with the ground colour pale
yellowish, ihe others suffused completely, with only a faint submedian
transverse line on the forewing and submarginal on the hindwing, the
black spots almost lost in the ground colour, and generally tending to a
distinct ciineata form, whilst in one a row of white submedian spots is very
■characteristic ( = var. snldensis) . A few very worn Plebeius argyrognomon
also occurred here, and a fine fresh dark 5 of Loweia dorilis (the only
specimen seen in the valley), whilst a few worn Cyaniris semiargus

230 THE entomologist's record.

only yielded a $ worth a pin for reference. Beyond the village the'
scenery is very fine ; on the level flat laid out by the river, the mow«rs-
were hard at work, but in one or two spots Chrysophanus hippotJw'e was
abundant, and many examples quite fresh. The ^ s appeared to have
a somewhat yelloAvish tone, whilst the ? s were all deep fuscous, with
little or no trace of fulvous in the middle of the forewing. A few
specimens of BrentJds pales sunned with them on the flowers, but this-
was all we noticed except a mad Colias phicomone or two that raced,
headlong down the slopes or over the meadows, and, of which, all those
captured, even the $ s, showed signs of wear.

This was the last day with the net in 1908, although I still had a.
week in front of me, but certain outward visible signs of an inward upset,
due to what the medicals are pleased to call overwork, was startling me,.,
and I thought it necessary to get back to see what they had to^
say, and so cut my holiday short. Of course, the thing I ought to-
have done was to have extended my holiday, instead of shortening
it ; however, this was not done, and the lovely day from Trafoi to-
Sulden finished my work with the net for the, in some ways, not
altogether satisfactory summer holiday of 1908.

Cnethocampa processionea, L, as type of the genus.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D.

So much has been written about this genus, and especially the
remarkable habits and instincts of the larva?, that one is loth to add a
syllable to the mass. I had a brood of these larvfe, C. processionea,.
this spring, and there is one point that appears still to require a word.

In the Proceedings of the South London Entomological Society, 1900,.
p. 90, there is a note in which I described and figured the curious
armature of the head and first tibise of C. pityocampa. In that note
there is probably nothing new, except the explanation of the uses of
these structures, and for all I know even that may not be so. They
are used for tearing a slit in the strong cocoon and enabling the moth
to emerge.

In Hampson's Moths of British India, vol. i., p. 64 (1892),
these structures are entered "frons with a large corneous ridge hollowed
out in front," as generic characters ; C. processionea is quoted as the
generic type.

My observations on C processionea this year are to the effect
that this species is entirely without these special structures. It has as
smooth a frons and as simple a front tibia as any moth I know. The
cocoon is of very similar texture to that of C. pityocampa, but has a.
special weak place m front, so weak that when extraneous matters
(any rubbish the cocoon has been made amongst) are removed, the-
head of the pupa is quite visible. The moth emerges in the very
ordinary way of enlarging this opening by forcing its way through,
and slightly tearing the margins not by any special apparatus, but by
simple pressure.

These remarkable structures, then, in C pityocampa, are to be
classed as specific and not as generic characters. Stephens, in hisr
original definition of the genus, says nothing about these peculiar-
structures, nor does he refer to them in his description of pityocampa.

COLEOPTERA. 281

OLEOPTERA.

Trogophl(eus suetilis, Er., in Durham. — In May last, when staying
with my friend Mr. Bagnall, I took a specimen of this rare species on
the banks of the Derwent at Winlaton Mill. During the same visit
Honialiinn (jracilicorne was taken under bark, and several Agathidiinii
hadium occurred. — Horace Donisthorpe. September 28tli, 1909.

WicKEN Fen re-visited. — My friend, Professor T. H. Beare, and I
went to Wicken on September 14th for a few days, staying to collect
in the Fen. Our best capture, which was the chief object of our visit,
was of course Trechus rividaris, of which rarity three specimens were
taken after much hard work. The late Arthur Chitty is the only other
coleopterist who has taken it for many years. It occurred in sedge
refuse. In the same way we found Enconus hirticollis, Euthia scyd-
viaenoides, not uncommon, Neitraphes carinatus, Agathidiinii laevigatum,
Bythinus bulbifer, Conurus pedicularis, common, and inimaculatus,
Stilicna fragilis, in numbers, llyobates nigricollis, Eiiplecttis anibigiiiis,
Anchomenus livens, Stenus lustrator, binotatus, pabistria common,
exiguus, fuscijjes, and pnsillus, Lathrobinm, fovuliim, and filiforme^
Hypocyptiis apicalis, Evestethus scaber, Silpha atrata ab. brimnea, etc.,
etc. Sweeping in the fen produced Chrysomela grawinis, Stilbus oblongus^
Phalacriis caricis, Galeruca cahnariensis, Longitarsiis castaneus, L.
fiavicornis, and Chaetocnema cnnfasa, in some numbers. Cassida vibex
was swept off thistles, and Longitarsiis ballotae was beaten off Ballota
nigra. With the latter occurred specimens of what must be a
curious small form of Psylliodes affinis. They are rather pale, and
strongly superficially resembled the Longitarsiis. No Solanum, the
proper foodplant of the L-'sylliodes, could be found anywhere near. —
Id.

The Genus Apion. — Having this year taken Apioii stolidum near
Oxford in June, and at Ditchling with my friend Mr. Dollman in
September, and Apion affine in the latter locality, I have now taken
the whole genus myself, excluding, of course, the two doubtful species
opeticinn and ryei. As this is probably a record for any one single
individual, I propose to write some notes on the subject later on. — Id.

Coleoptera near Cambridge. — In the neighbourhood of Byron's
Pool, Grantchester, two or three nice wood-frequenting species were
to the fore. The most productive tree worked was a broken-up and
much decayed elm ; this produced Xantholinus glaber, Nord., Quedins
scitus, Grav., Symbiotes latns, Eedt., Dendrophilns punctatus, 111., and
a fine form of Quedins mesomelinus, Marsh., the thorax, elytra, and
abdomen being of a pitchy-red colour. From a dead ash (killed by
T>aucus) near Madingly, Llypophloeiis bicolor, 01., Dacne humeralis, F.,.
and Mycetophagiis multipunctatas, Hellw., were taken. The Dacne
and Mycetophagiis occurred in great profusion among Boleti, within
the hollow trunk. Around the margins of a large pond near St.
John's College " backs," a very large number of beetles were found.
The most interesting of these was undoubtedly the very rare Barpalus
obscuriis, F., one specimen of which was shaken out from decayed grass
refuse in early May. Other interesting species were Panagaeus crux-
maior, L., rarely at grass roots, Stenolophus skrimshiranus, Steph., in
large numbers among debris close to the water's edge, Deinopsis erosa,
Staph., not uncommon, taken by immersing grass roots, Coccidulascutel-

232 THE entomologist's record.

lata, Herbst, found crawling on reeds and other aquatic plants, and
Bembidiuin assimile, Gyll. This Bemhidiam was by far the most
common beetle around the pond, occurring in the greatest profusion.
— Here WARD C. Dollman, F.E.S.

Anchomenus scitulus, Dej. — Having made several unsuccessful
attempts to turn up this rarity in its old Thames' haunts during
January, I was very much gratified in coming across it while searching
flood refuse near Kew, at the end of March. Some dozen examples
were secured in all, operations being summarily ended by the refuse
being attended to by the municipal authorities ! The refuse also
yielded Bembidium gilvipcs, Sturm, Patrobus excavatus, Payk., Ancho-
menus atiatus, Duft. (in great numbers), and TrogojMoeus arcuatus,
Steph. — Id.

Tychius polylineatus, Germ. — While collecting on Ditchling
Beacon with my friend, Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, we had the
good fortune to take a specimen of this extremely rare beetle. It was
taken on September 9th, by "grubbing " at the roots of Lotus corni-
culatus, our object at the time being Tychius lineatulns, Steph. — Id.

Coleoptera at Ditchling, Sussex.— In spite of continued tempest-
uous gales, south-west mists, and other such uncongenial items, August
and September have not proved quite barren months here in Sussex.
In early August, Chrysomela orichalcia, Milll.,and its ab. hobsoni, Steph.,
occurred in some numbers at the roots of the big hemlock. By
assiduous sweeping of Achillea millefolium on the downs, Cassida
samjuinolenta, F., Ceuthorrhynchus trianyulum, Boh., and Ceuthorrhyn-
chidius clievrolati, Bris., were secured. The Cassida occurred very
sparingly, the greater number of specimens taken being of the unicolor-
ous green form. Cassida vibex, F., swept very sparingly off thistles ;
Tychius lineatulus, Steph., several specimens swept, but always very
scarce; Litarcfus bifasciatus, F., in great numbers under bark of a
fallen ash. Trachys troylodytes, Gyll., and Orthocoetes setiyer, Beck.,
rarely, by grubbing up Lotus corniculatus ; Ceuthorrhynchus trimaculatus,
F., taken on three or four occasions by general sweeping ; Hylesinus
oleiperda, F., in fallen ash twigs, not rare ; Xecrophayus interru/itus,
Steph., several examples in carrion. Hyperaspis reppensis, Herbst,
scarce, by shaking thick moss ; Olibrus pygmaeus, Sturm., in great
profusion by sweeping Filago. A timber yard at Southwick, near
Brighton, yielded Lyctus brunneus, Steph., under oak bark, and
Laeuiosthenus in great numbers under loose bark and stones. — Id.

Scraptia fuscula, Mull., in Richmond Park. — While taking L?/c?t<s
brunneus, Steph., and Baromalus flavicornis, Herbst, from beneath
bark of a large oak, I observed a small beetle running rapidly over the
freshly exposed wood; this on examination proved to be Scraptia
fuscula, Miill. — Id.

Additions to the Apions previously recorded from Ditchling,
Sussex. — Apian schonherri. Boh., very scarce — I have only taken some
half dozen specimens by sweeping herbage. Apion stolid uui, Germ.,
by sweeping the leaves of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum in a meadow.
Occasional examples were swept up as late as September 20th. Apion
ivaltoni, Steph., found in great plenty by pulling up, and sweeping,
Helianthemum and Hippocrepis coiiwsa: 1 have not been able to associate
it with thyme. Apion affine, Kirby, very local indeed, but in some
numbers where found. Taken by sweeping long grass on Ditchling

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 233

Beacon, but restricted to two valleys as far as I have yet ascertained.
I was interested in taking Apion pubescens, Kirby, in some numbers at
the roots of Filaf/o : previously, only odd specimens had turned up
by sweeping long grasses. — Id.

CoLEOPTERA AT RuiSLip RESERVOIR, MIDDLESEX. — While Searching
for Lathrnbiuiii filiforme, Grav., among reed debris and rotten wood in
January, I took several examples of Lathrohinm pmictatum, Zett. In
company with Mr. Donisthorpe, I made another outing in April ; the
best captures were : — Anchomenus livens, GylL, from thick moss ;
E7-irrhini(s scirpi, F., among reed stems, and Bhinoncus (/ramineus, F.,
by sifting dead leaves, rotten wood, and humus mould. — Id.

:iSlOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidoptera in the Teignmouth DISTRICT.— The continuation of my
collecting notes {anted pp. 186-187) will, I am afraid, prove disappoint-
ing reading, for the entire month of June was exceedingly wet, cold,
and miserable, consequently but little out-of-door work could be
indulged in. Having a large number and a great variety of larvae
feeding, however, I was kept quite fully occupied, but one thing that
struck me very forcibly, w^hen gathering food for them, was the number
of dead larvae that were met with under the hedges and trees. At first,
I thought this mortality must be due to the attack of ichneumons, but,
in examining various specimens, I found no trace of any such cause, and
consider now that it was due to the inordinate quantity of honey-dew
on all leaves and plants. This was more noticeable, perhaps, in July.
Larvse of Cerura vinula and Notodonta ziczac were in great force on
sallows this year, and the former I picked up dead, three-parts grown,
in numbers. It seems to me that Euchlo'e cardanunes and Callophrys
rubi were the most abundant of all the butterflies except Pieris
brassieae, P. rapae and P. napi. Strangely enough, although I only
saw two 2 s of the first-named, yet I came across the larvae on taver-
mustard in numbers wherever that plant grew. Webs of Lachneis
lanestris were more plentiful than ever this year, in some parts nearly
every blackthorn bush was adorned with a web, but the majority of
the larviTB were drowned. About the middle of July, Cidaria picata
was the most plentiful Geometrid (except Melamppe montanata, M.
rivata, Cidaria associata, Enbolia viensuraria),yvh.ilst2Iela7ithia unangn-
lata, Acidalia emanfinota, Ephjra porata, and EJ. pnnctaria, w^ere well
represented. Mullein plants, as well as figworfc, were crowded
with larvse of Cucidlia verbasci ; bladder-campion yielded larvfe of
Eupitliecia venosata, Dianthoecia carpophaqa, and, I presume, D. cucnbali,
although the larvas may be those of I), capsincola /, in astonishing
numbers. During the first week in August, Eugoiiia polychloros yvaa to
be met with in goodly numbers. This is an insect that rather puzzles
me down here, as, for some seasons, one will not meet with a single
specimen, and, the next, one will find the broods of larvfe on sallow and
elm quite commonly. Lithosia lurideola, L. f/riscola and its var.
stramineola, and Calligenia miniata, were plentiful all through this
month. Lithosia caniola appears to be practically w^orked out in this
neighbourhood, and I only know of very few taken here this season.
Perhaps burning the herbage along the clift's may account for this,
however. The " mere collector " must not be blamed for evervthino; !

234 THE entomologist's record.

Eupithecia subfidvata was not uncommon. Towards the end of the
month Calliiiiorijha hera, Bryophila muralis, and B. jietia were in
evidence, whilst on the same walls that produced the two last-named,
were numbers of Luperina testacea, but the range of variation was
small. Toadflax being unusually abundant this year, the larvae of
Eupithecia linariata were correspondingly common. I found that one
bagful of this plant produced 257 pupae, when I turned out the cage
recently, although I did not actually see a single larva when I collected
it. Up to the present I have seen no Colias edusa, nor has a nightly
watch on a patch of Nicotiana revealed Ayrius convolvuli. One
morning in June, I beat several imagines of Nudan'a mundana from a
mixed hedge of hawthorn, oak, and maple, but am somewhat at a loss
to guess on what the larvae could have fed there, as lichen was con-
spicuous by its absence, and there are no walls or trees near, only
young growth. — Ernest A. Rogers, Kabul House, Teignmouth.
September 23)t/, 1909.

HeCATERA SERENA AND OTHER LePIDOPTERA AT LIGHT AT WeST

Norwood. — On August 15th, a freshly-emerged <? came in to light at
Upper Norwood. I have taken odd specimens at sugar and light in
the neighbourhood for the last three years. We may conclude from
this, and the record in the September number {antea p. 217), that this
species lingers in the suburbs, despite the extension of bricks and
mortar. It may be as well to record also the following interesting captures :
July 31st, lodis vernana, 2 ', August 11th, Apamea ophioyramma, and
Calywnia pyraUna ; August 13th, Charaeas (iraminis. The insects
were all attracted by an electric bulb let down in front of an open
window, and a looking-glass placed behind it, the space illuminated
being the ordinary garden, about 60 yards long, and surrounded by
similar gardens. — B. Harold Smith, F.E.S., Edgehill, Warlingham,
Surrey. September 21th, 1909.

Dasypolia templi at Swanage. — With reference to Mr. Leonard
Tatchell's note under the above heading {antea p. 187), Dasypolia
teiiipli, though usually uncommon, cannot accurately be called " of
rare occurrence " in the south of England, as he supposes it to be. I
have notes of various captures made in several localities on the Dorset
coast, and, in 1895, eleven specimens were reared from larvae found by
a friend and myself in the neighbourhood of Swanage. In Lep. Brit,
hi., iv., 293 (1897), Barrett writes :".... but it is found,
sometimes not rarely, in the Isle of Wight, at Weymouth, Portland,
Poole, and Chickerell, on the coast of Dorset ; near Exeter, and from
Torquay to Plymouth on that of Devon ; at Land's End, Cornwall ; in
Somerset, Gloucestershire . . . ." Besides the above-mentioned
Dorset localities, the species has also been recorded from Charmouth
in the same county. Mr. Tatchell's note, however, afibrds one fact of
peculiar interest, in that he took his Swanage specimen of D. templi
" at sugar," whereas Barrett {luc. cit.) specially remarks that the moth,
though readily attracted by a strong light, " is not known to frequent
flowers or to pay attention to sugar or food of any kind." — Eustace
R. Bankes, M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle. Auynst drd, 1909.

Manduca atropos at Swanage. — I had the good fortune to
obtain an imago of this species, on September 29th, in a potato field
near here. — Leonard Tatchell, "Karenza," King's Road, Swanage.
October 3rd, 1909.

VARIATION. 285

Staueopus fagi in Leigh Woods. — On September 18th I beat
'from the small-leaved lime in Leigh Woods a full-fed larva of Stau-
rojms fagi. It seems well to place this capture on record as occurrences
of this larva, in this locality, are very rare. Mr, E. Ficklin beat a
larva in 1877, and Mr. W. N. Grigg informs me that he once captured
some larvae, also feeding on lime. This tree does not seem to be
mentioned amongst the recorded foodplants, but the beech is one of
the most uncommon trees in Leigh Woods. — Geo. C. Griffiths, F.E.S.,
Penshurst, 3, Leigh Road, Clifton, Bristol. October 5th, 1909.

Foodplants of Stauropus fagi. — By far the best account of the
life-history of this species published so far, is, in our opinion, that by
Mr. A. F. Bayne, Ent. Record, iv., pp. 29-38, the facts from which,
although borrowed largely by more recent authors, not always with
•acknowledgment, appear to have been overlooked by many lepidopterists
specially interested in this species. Bayne writes (op. cit., pp. 31-32)
of the foodplants of the larva :

Foodplants of Larva : From the number of foodplants given by various
authors, S. fagi would appear to be a general tree-feeder. Stephens gives {Illus.
Brit. Entomology) beech, oak, hazel, birch, lime, alder, and sloe. Bernard-Smith
■(Notes on the Notodontidae), oak, beech, hazel, and birch, and adds that they
"have even occurred on wild rose and hawthorn,'' and " will thrive well on apple."
Holland mentions (Ent. Record) that he finds them " mostly on beech, but some
on birch and oak," and also records that some larvce he was keeping " fed up well,
sleeved on apple." Godart suggests (Hist. Nat. des L4pidopteres) that it may feed
•on elm, as he has twice found the larva at the foot of that tree. We have beaten
them from beech, oak, and sallow, and fed up our larvae on beech, which keeps
very well if the branches are put in bottles of water.

It will be seen, therefore, that the foodplants are very varied, and
that " lime " was recorded by Stephens at least as far back as 1828. —

J. W. TUTT.

^^ ARI AT ION.

RUMICIA PHLiEAS AB. ALBA, TuTT (sCHMIDTII, AUCT.). On AugUSt 28th,

one of the few very fine days of the present autumn, in the course of
a long walk across the various " Charts " from Oxted towards Seven-
oaks, I had the extreme pleasure of seeing a perfect specimen of the
above rare form, sunning its wings in a rough field on the Brasted
Chart. Needless to say I annexed it. It is a 2 , and is a representa-
tive of the ab. alba, Tutt. For years, as Mr. Tutt has pointed out in
his Nat. Hist, of Brit. Butts., vol. i. (viii.), p. 355, all the light-
coloured aberrations have been lumped together as sclunidtii, whereas
this latter name refers properly only to the straw-coloured form. — H.
J. Turner, F.E.S., 98, Drakefell Eoad, New Cross, S.E. September
19f/t, 1909.

Urapteryx sambucaria ab. cusPiDARiA, N. AB. — On July 26th, at
dusk, I netted, at Brockweir, a very handsome specimen of Urapteryx
sambucaria ^ . The colour and markings are perfectly normal, but
the outer margin of the forewings extends into a decided tooth at the
third median nervule, so that they are, in a way, similar in outline to
those of Macaria notata, but the "cusp " is a little more decided and
pointed, both forewings being perfectly symmetrical. On looking at
the specimens of this insect in our cabinet, I find that several show, in
varying degree, a slight indication of a cusp, but none so pronounced

286 THE entomologist's record.

as the example I have described above, which I think deserves a
varietal name, so propose to call it ab. cnspidaria, n. ab. — J. F. Bird^
Sylvan View, Brockweir, near Chepstow. September 13th, 1909.

Aberrations of Polyommatus icarus. — When I re -visited the
locality referred to antea p. 211, a grassy hollow near the village of
Munden, Herts, again, on September 1st, I found a numerous second-
brood of Pohjommatm icarus on the wing. I succeeded in capturing a
5 icarus with a beautiful violet-blue ground colour. There were
large prominent black spots round the margin of the hindwings, but
over these only cloudy traces of the usual red and black markings
remained, so that the hindwings came very near exhibiting the ^
facies (black-spotted variety). Also on the forewings the red spots-
are absent, leaving only a rusty shade in the black margin. On the
next day I captured four fine ^ s, almost pure blue in colour. One, a
transition form to my capture of June 13th, had traces of black spots
on the hindwings (upperside), and one other was distinguished by a
dark grey underside, somewhat like that of A . bellar//us ^ . This specimen
had a startling resemblance to Agriades hellargus in flight by its colour
mixture of sky-blue upperside, and dark grey underside. Of ab.
ica?-tu((s I captured two ^ specimens; of ab. arcua only one ? came
under my notice, but I also took a ^ which showed the corresponding
spots of the hindwings enlarged and united by an arc.^ — T. Keuss,
Libury Hall, Ware, Herts. September 6th, 1909.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Note on Sericoris micana. — In the course of his interesting notes
on the " Habits and Habitats of Melitaea aurinia," published in Ent.
Rec, xix., 273 (1907), Mr. George Wilkinson writes, " The fourth {i.e.,
the fourth field.- — E.R.B.) was the " uiicana " field; I have seen hundreds
of Sericoris micana flying here, and at such times one has only to
sweep the net around, and then pick out the good specimens ; the
females are much larger than the males." Mr. Wilkinson will, I hope,,
forgive me for calling in question the accuracy of this last statement,.
but it appears to be founded on some misapprehension on his part, for
the females of S. micana, instead of being " much larger," as he asserts,
are, on an average, much smaller Jihehia the males. I possess altogether
67 males of this species, but only 5 females, the latter sex being
remarkably scarce in British collections. The following measurements
may be of interest : alar. e.vp. (corrected where the specimen is not set
flat), of largest <? =19mm., of smallest <? =15*5mm. ; of largest $
= 14-3mm., of smallest ? =13-5mm. ; and this same marked differ-
ence in size between the sexes has been noticeable in all the collections
that I have studied, where both males and females have been repre-
sented. In the late Mr. S. J. Wilkinson's " British Tortrices," p. 268
(1859), the alar. exp. of the g" of micana is given as 8 lines, whilst on
the following page the average size of the ? is incorrectly given as
being also 8 Hues. In his Lej). Brit. Isl., xi., 52 (1906), however,
Barrett says, "Expanse <? fin. (mm.) [in error, probably, for "17mm.-
19mm.," though Barrett's precise equivalent in mm. for his approxi-
mate " fin." varies a little in the case of different species — E.R.B.],
and then correctly adds, " Female decidedly smaller, but stouter, the
colour and markings more bright and glistening." If Mr. George

LIFE-HISTORIES. 237

Wilkinson would allow me to exaiaiue a couple of examples of both
his reputed male and female S. micana, I should be pleased to report
upon them, and have no doubt that the mystery surrounding his
captures would be speedily solved. — Eustace R, Bankes, M.A., Norden,
Corfe Castle. September lOth, 1909.

PoLYOMMATus sAPPHiRus, Meigen = P. escheri, Hubner. — There is
no doubt that the conclusion arrived at by Mr. Tutt concerning this
matter [ajitea p. 202) is correct. In the Stett. Ent. Ztg., xii., pp. 309-
10 (1851), Keferstein had already determined Polyommatus sapphirHs,
Meig., as synonymous with P. escheri, Hb., although the latter is
erroneously treated as a variety of Lycaena alexis (=L. icarm). Here
he writes : —

Var. a.— Escheri, Fr., Hb., 799-800, 867-868 ? , Godart, suppl. i.-ii., pi. xi.,
figs. 3-6, Bsd., pi. xii., figs. 4, 5D.

Medon, Esp., tab., xxxii. (supp. viii.), fig. 1. Sapphirus,'^M.e\q,&a, tab. xlvii.,
fig. 4.

— Max Gillmer, 7, Elisabethstrasse, Cothen, Anhalt, Germany.
September l%th, 1909.

:]aOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Strange Egglaying of Arctia villica. — Yesterday, whilst search-
ing fir-trunks near here for Boarmia repandata, etc., I noticed a batch
of ova laid about 20 feet up, and, on climbing up, found that it was a
batch of ova of Arctia villica. Is not this a rather unusual position
for this insect to choose ? I have often found similar batches of ova
on leaves of various low plants, and once on a piece of slate lying on
the ground, but have never noticed them high up a tree-trunk before.
— Ernest A. Rogers, Kabul House, Teignmouth. July 2nd, 1909.

EupiTHEciA fraxinata, Crewe. — As there is some use, as well as
pleasure, in verifying older records, I report that I found eggs of this
species not uncommonly on Coriaria myrtifolia at Vernet-les-Bains in
early May, 1909. The larvje from these were typical E. fraxinata,
long, slender, green, with a little yellowish on the well-marked lateral
flange, well-marked, that is, until being full-fed, the larva becomes
round and plump, and the purple-red anal patch, the remainder of a
red dorsal line being in doubtful evidence. Two moths emerged here,
one at the beginning, the other in the middle, of September ; they would
probably have come out earlier in the Pyrenees-Orientales. Milliere
records in the Iconographie, iii., p. Ill (1896), that he found these
larvae in June, 186B, on the same plant at Amelie-les-Bains (no great
distance from Vernet-les-Bains). The following is a description of
the larva : —

Long and slender 18nim.-19mm. long (or even 21nun. when stretched), l"4mm.
wide, l'3mm. thick, the greater width due to a very pronounced lateral flange along
all the abdominal segments. Of a green colour, very difficult to see sometimes on the
food ; one larva was believed, for some minutes, to be somehow lost, though the scrap
of food-plant it was on was examined over and over again ; it was found by rubbing
and shaking it off. The head is rather paler ; the lateral flange has some yellow, more
evident towards the latter segments. On the dorsum of the last segment is a pink
patch involving most of its area. The abdominal segments appear to be divided
into five nearly equal subsegments, the two last faintly subdivided. The appearance
varies a good deal by attitude, and the 3rd and 4th subsegments seem, at
times, to be one large subsegment. Rather younger the yellow of lateral line is
nearly white. Yellow lateral line on the 1st and 2nd thoracic segments, and a very

288

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORLi.

narrow yellow line along front of prothorax. The dorsum is a darker green and
more free fi-om the minute pale hair-points that are abundant between it and the
lateral flange ; these carry no visible hairs, but there are several very minute black
hairs, apparently those of the ordinary primary tubercles.
— T. A. Chapman, M.D., Betula, Keigate. September, 1909.

Notes on the larval habits of MELiTiEA athalia. — The ova
which are of a pale lemon colour, hatched in from 13-16 days. The
larvae fed in a web on the leaves of a living plant of narrow-leaved
plantain, and, after moulting twice, settled down on September 3rd
for hybernation in the folds of the leaves covering their food, in
companies of from five to fifteen. On March 21st of the following
year, they started wandering about outside their hybernacula, basking
in the sunshine ; the next few days being cold and dull, they re-
entered the same, appearing again on April 2nd, starting to feed on
the 4th. They only move about and feed when the sun is shining,
returning at night to their hybernacula. These larv® moulted on
the 6th and 21st of April, and finally on May Brd. They became less
and less gregarious after each moult, and started pupating May 14th,
remaining 17-23 days in that stage. — E. C. Joy. September, 1909.

URRENT NOTES.

As an outcome of examining the structural details of Celastrina
ariiiolus in order to determine the specific and varietal values of certain
insects which had been referred to this species by various authors, and
that some approximately accurate result might be arrived at in our
treatment of the species in A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera,
vol. ix., Dr. Chapman felt constrained to enlarge the scope of his
studies, and to examine the ancillary appendages of as many Celas-
trinids as were available, and has now published, in a paper entitled
" A review of the species of the lepidopterous genus Lycaenupsis, Feld.
[Cyaniris auct. nee Dalm.), an examination of the male ancillary
appendages " {Proc. Zool. Soc. LoncL, pp. 419-476, August, 1909).

It would appear that Butler catalogued {Ann. May. Nat. Hist.,
1900, p. 441) under the name of Cyaniris, QO species, of which 57 were
Cyanirids (in Butler's sense, ?.c., our Celastrinids) and 3 doubtful, to which
have since been added others that bring the apparent total of species
to 66. Of these, two species are Everids, and belong to an entirely
different Lycsenid group, four others are probably outlying Celastrinids,
and eight have not been examined, whilst the examination of the
ancillary appendages of the remaining 52, has resulted in the establish-
ment of 30 species, and 22 varietal forms of one or other of these 30
species. The ancillary appendages of these species (and a few others
discussed) are illustrated by 72 text figures, photographed by Mr, F.
Noad Clark. The ancillary appendages of the 30 species collected
thus under the name Lycaenopsis, show all the salient characteristics
that have been already described by Dr. Chapman (Nat. Hist. Brit.
Lep., pp. 383 and 390-391), but exhibit great range of difference inter
alia. Some of these, however, appear to group themselves fairly naturally,
e.y,, (1) aryioliis, puspa, etc., (2) haraldus, ripte, etc., (3) corythus, shel-
fordi, nedda, acesina, phillippina, etc., (4) albidisca, tnaryinata, li)iibata,
cardia, dilecta, cossaea, lan/ca, roma, drucei, akasa, camenae, dilectissima,
etc., and so on ; others seem to be somewhat peculiarly isolated, e.y.,
(1) transpecta, (2) albocaerulea, etc.

CURRENT NOTES. 239

To properly group the species, however, requires a knowledge of
their life-histories, and a prolonged study of all the characters offered
by the various stages in order to see how far the different characters
support the gen italic grouping. Without any real knowledge of the
characters here noted as desirable, we have already (1906) separated
group 1, ari/ioliis, piispa, etc., as Celastrina ; whilst Felder, considering
haralduii " not congeneric with anything else," called it Lycaenojisis
(1865). We are not aware whether other authors have provided names
for groups 3 or 4, nor are we at all sure that it would be considered
desirable in the present stage of our knowledge. Dr. Chapman has
treated them all as one group, applied Felder's name (type haraldm)
to the whole of the group, and leaves to some later student who may
work it fi-om another standpoint, to further break it up if he finds
characters that agree with the groups suggested by the ancillary
appendages, and thus support the subdivision.

Some day, perhaps, we may get a revision of the Celastrinids in
their widest sense, including Zizera {maha, etc.), ? Notarthrinus,
Neo/iithecops (zalmora), etc. Dr. Chapman has done the collar work
for this future piece of study excellently; he has shown many supposed
species to be only forms of others, to which their relationship was not
expected ; he has given easy means of defining species (except in the
puzzling dilecta group), he has given a definition of the Lj^caenopsids
or Celastrinids in their wider sense, and turns out some species hitherto
considered to belong to the group ; his paper is a clear, concise, and
masterly summary, and is only not more extensive, because, whilst he
has been at work on this, the present writer has asked his assistance in a
dozen other directions — Everids, Agriadids, etc. — and, forgetful that
there are only 24 hours in the day, now gives the most unkindest cut
of all, by following up his crude criticism of his friend's work with the
Oliver Twist gasp for "more," always "more."

The third volume of the Bolletmo de Lab. di Zoologia Generale e
A(jraria d. Prntici has just come to hand, and maintains the high
position attained by its predecessors. Papers on "Parasitic Hymen-
optera," by F. Silvestri, " Chalcids," by L. Masi, " Thysanoptera," by
P. Baffa, " Material for the study of the Hispidae," by R. Gestro, an
exhaustive account of " Dicrannra vinnla and its parasites," by G.
Martelli, are only indications to some of the chief papers published in
this excellently printed and illustrated journal.

In the Int. Ent. Zeiu., iii., p. 140, Noack records the capture of a
gynandromorph Lymantria vionacha near Stettin, on August 24th.
The left side is J , 26mm. in wing-expanse, of the typical monacha
form ; the right side is J , 22mm. in wing-expanse, of the form
eremita; the antennje, thorax, and abdomen are divided bilaterally like
the wings.

A very interesting personal note occurs in the current number of
the Canadian Entomologist, to the effect that the late Mr. W. H.
Edwards, finding himself without the necessary funds to publish the
third volume of his Butterfiies of North America, contemplated offering
his collection of North American butterflies to the Trustees of the
British Museum, in order to secure the money to enable him to go on
with his work. To prevent the types of his species going out of
America, Dr. W. .J. Holland offered to pay the bills for the publication
of the third volume of the Butter/lies of North America as they became

240 THE entomologist's record.

due, on the condition that the collection should be handed over to him
when the studies were completed. This was done, and to-day Edwards'
entire collection forms a part of Dr. Holland's own private collection,
which is now deposited in the museum of the Carnegie Institute, in
order that it may be made available with other collections for purposes
of study on the part of students.

Whilst fully appreciating the public spirit of Dr. Holland, it does
seem pitiful to think that the best work ever done by an American
lepidopterist, was so ill-supported by the entomological public for
whom it was written, that the author not only had to give his life's
work as a labour of love, but also had to part with his collection, with
all its personal and sentimental ties, in order to give to an entomo-
logical world work that it could not even appreciate to the point of
paying for the actual mechanical labour expended by printers,
lithographers, etc., in its production, an entomological public that
took, in addition, without payment, the years of labour spent by the
author, in amassing material, breeding and curating the specimens,
describing their early stages, etc. Such work is sometimes called, as
we have called it above, a labour of love. This may be excellent
sentiment, but it appears to us also to be amazing nonsense in such
a case as this. A labour that ended in Edwards handing over his
collection under the conditions above described, must have sapped his
entomological life's blood. No wonder we read in the notices of his
death in the American magazines that, for the last 20 years of his life,
Edwards gave up the study of entomology, and took to the study of
Shakesperian literature. Dr. Holland's statement allows us now to
picture clearly what entomology lost by the failure of individual ento-
mologists to support the best work on lepidoptera that America ever
produced. Possibly, at least, two more volumes like the others might
have been produced, had they both been supported, and in their place
we have a wordy warfare as to how Shakespeare's name ought to be
spelt ! !

Dr. Sharp adds {Ent. ]\lo. Ma[i.) Laccohius scutellaris, Motsch., to
the British fauna. The first British example was taken by Mr.
Champion at Chobham, September 22nd, 1878, the second by Dr.
Sharp at Brockenhurst during the past summer. L. Hcntellaris,
Motsch., is most nearly allied to L. muiatus, Motsch., but is much
darker than any other Laccohius found in England.

Mr. J. Edwards describes Drynps [Parniifi) annlicamts, as a species
new to Britain, and to science. It is said to be similar in appearance
to D. (jrheus, Er., but the species is really founded on genitalic differ-
ences when compared with those of D. onriculatiis, Fourc. The
specimens on which the species is founded, are noted as having been
taken at Horning, in May, 1888, when D. attriciilattis was also taken,
and was found again in the same locality during the present year.

Mr. E. E. Bankes describes {Kvt. Mo. Ma;/.) the larva and pupa of
Evetria {Eetinia) sijlres(ra)ia, Curt., and gives some interesting notes
on the larval habits.

Mr. Kenneth J. Morton adds Liinnnphilns fuscinerris, Zett., to the
British Trichopterous fauna, from examples taken near Castlebar (co.
Mayo) on June 17th last, by Mr. J. N. Halbert.

Mr. Malloch adds three species of Diptera to the British list — (1)
Cnewacajitha muacaria, Fin., captured June 9th, 1906, at Bonhill,
Dumbarton. (2) Eccoptomera ornata, Lw., taken at Oxford, in July,

CURRENT NOTES. 241

1909, by Mr. Hamm, and at Logie, in July, 1908, by Dr. Sharp. (3)
Per/omyia scjtenstetteyisis, Strobl, common in one spot at Bonhill.

An " African Entomological Research Committee," has been
appointed by the Earl of Crewe, with " the object of furthering the
study of Economic Entomology with special reference to Africa " ; the
Earl of Cromer will act as chairman. The committee is constituted
as follows: — Colonel A. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of
Tropical Medicine; Mr. E. E. Austen, Natural History Museum; Dr.
A. G. Bagshawe, Director Sleeping Sickness Bureau ; Dr. J. Rose
Bradford, F.R.S., Secretary Royal Society ; Colonel Sir David Bruce,
C.B., F.R.S. ; Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S."' Keeper of Zoology, British
Museum ; Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Entomological Adviser, Board
of Agriculture : Sir John Macfadyean, Royal Veterinary College ; Sir
Patrick Manson, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. ; Mr. R. Newstead, Liverpool
School of Tropical Medicine; Dr. G. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick
Professor of Biology, Cambridge; Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc,
F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford ; Lieut.-Colonel D. Prain,
CLE., F.R.S., Director Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; Mr. H. J.
Read, CM.G., representing the Colonial Office ; The Hon. N. C
Rothschild; Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S.,
Cambridge University; Mr. S. Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer,
Board of Agriculture; Mr. F. V. Theobald, Agricultural College, Wye;
and Mr. C Warburton, Cambridge University. Mr. A. C C Parkin-
son, of the Colonial Office, is acting as Secretary to the Committee,
and Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall as Scientific Secretary.

Arrangements are now being made to send out two entomologists
to East and West Tropical Africa respectively, with the intention of
stimulating local research, and of affording expert instruction in
scientific methods. Although, essentially, the Committee will have to
do with the application of entomology to medicine, agriculture, etc.,
one supposes a fair amount of pure scientific entomology must result.

It was with the greatest regret that we recently observed, in one of
the German magazines, a notice of the death of Lajos Aigner-Abafi, the
well-known Hungarian lepidopterist, in June last. We have been so
indebted to him for information about the Hungarian forms of our
British butterflies during the last few years, information that we hope
has been of use to all those advanced lepidopterists who use our
Natural History of British Lepidnptera for reference, that we feel as if
we have lost a personal friend. We knew that he was in ill-health,
but had no idea that his illness was likely to terminate fatally. His
work in connection with the Rovartani Lrt;;oA- is too well-known to need
more than passing mention here.

So well do the British entomologists know the greater number of
European butterflies, a.nd so easily can they be named by reference to
the better-known private collections, or to the national collection at
the Natural History Museum, where the cabinets are always at the
disposal of students for this purpose, that, when Wheeler wrote his
Buttertiifis of Switzerland, he did not even think it worth while to
describe the usual type, let alone give figures of the species. But, with
the continental Noctuids and Geometrids, the matter is entirely
different. Few Britishers have got any real grip of the European
species, and hardly anyone can name at sight all the species picked up
in an ordinary trip on the continent. A book, therefore, with all the
species well-figured, correctly named, and with sufficient catalogue

242 THE entomologist's record.

descriptive letterpress for reference, would be sure to aid the collector
in coming to a correct and accurate conclusion as to his captures.
That these figures should be well and accurately done, goes without
saying, if the allied species of Affrotis among the Noctuids, or those of
Acidalia and Fhipithecia among the Geometrids, are to be correctly
identified.

Probably no collection in the -world is more complete, or more
accurately named, than that of Mr. Oberthiir, and we have already
drawai attention to the marvellous ability of Mr. Culot to represent in
colour-work the details of our lepidoptera. It is, therefore, with great
pleasure that we learn that Mr. Oberthiir has placed at the disposal of
Mr. Culot his collections, and that the latter has determined to produce
in monthly or bimonthly parts a work entitled " Iconographie des
Noctuelles et Geometres d'Europe," each part to contain two plates
and a corresponding amount of letterpress, and to be published at
3-50 francs per part. The first part published is excellent in the
execution of the hand-coloured plates, and the design of the work. Of
course, the success of such a work must depend on the number of
general subscribers, however much aid is forthcoming from a few
more wealthy lepidopterists. At any rate we would plead that British
lepidopterists should give their support to so desirable a work as the
projected one promises to be. We cordially recommend, therefore,
the work to their notice, and would suggest that those interested should
send for pt. 1 to Mr. Culot, Yilla-les-Iris, Grand Pre, Geneva, when
they will be able for themselves to judge of its excellence.

Mr. F. Enock records the detection of a wheat-pest, Clinodi ptosis
equestris, Wagner, near Tenby, in August, 1908.

Dr. Chapman notes {Knt.) that Soldanella alpina, as well as
Andromce vitaliana, both belonging to the I'rmulaceae, is a foodplant
of the larva of Latiorina orbitulns.

Mr. F. E. Blaisdell has published through the Smithsonian
Institution " A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to
the Tenebriode tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United States, Lower
California and the adjacent islands." The work seems to be especially
well-done, but, like many other entomologists who find their know-
ledge expanding beyond the accepted terminology, and who yet
maintain the necessity of a binomial nomenclature consisting of a
generic and specific name, Mr. Blaisdell divides his genus Elendes into
named subgenera, with full diagnostic details, subdivides these again
into diagnosed groups, and thus comes to a sort of quaternary
nomenclature by the time he reaches the species. His subgeneric names
then seem to be dropped, and he describes the species under the old
group name F^leodes, the binomial used not offering the slightest
suggestion as to the position of the species in any one of the eleven
subdivisions into which the group falls, and of which Eleudcs is
common to both series.

It appears to us that one of the main values of the binomial is to
indicate this relationship, otherwise the specific name would be enough.
At any rate, it is to be regretted that so much labour is spent on the
classification of the group, and then, by this strange application, we
had almost said misuse, of terms, the value and efficiency of the classi-
fication is lost. If a species is to be known by two names, the generic
and the specific, it is clear that Mr. Blaisdell's work loses force by his
methods. He divides the group Eleodes as follows :

CURKENT NOTES. 243

ELEODES — Melaneleodes — dehilis, carbonaria, ampla, obsoleta, etc.
Steneleodes — gigantea, longicollis, innocens, etc.
Hepteropkomus — veterator, etc.
Eleodes — obscura, acuta, suturalis, etc.

and so on, so that Eleodes gets two entirely different classificatory
values in the scheme. If the name is to indicate the position of the
insect in relation to its nearest congeners, it is clear that the species
should be indicated by the name next in value above the species, e.g.,
Melaiieleoden debilis, Eleodes obscura, etc., but to maintain the binomial
shibboleth, Mr. Blaisdell describes the species as Eleodes debilis, Eleodes
obscura, Eleodes veterator, etc., and the main value of the classification
is buried and unused.

It is, of course, much to be regretted, for the sake of authors
themselves, that, so long as naturalists choose to insist on the
necessity of a binomial nomenclature — and the necessity is
undoubted — and so long as they choose to insist that the two
names of an insect shall be the generic and specific— and this is
equally undoubted — authors should go to the trouble of working out
excellent generic diagnoses of the various groups found within the
limits of one of the old heterogeneous lumpings called genera (the best
possible groupings at the time the names were created), and then drop
the new and clearly generic names created for the new (equally clearly
generic) groups, and use the old generic, and what should be the new
tribal, names as the generic, so that the new subdivisions, the real out-
come of so much labour and study, do not even appear in the names
applied to the species at all.

It appears desirable that, so long as we insist on a binomial nomen-
clature consisting of a generic and specific name, the name next above
the specific should be the generic, and a scheme that creates and
diagnoses such names and expounds in detail the relationship of the
species included therein, should be put forward at its full value, and
the names not created and then sunk into obscurity beneath the glory
of the new tribal cognomen which is still forced to attempt to do its
old duty as a generic name. By bis methods, Mr. Blaisdell has done
less than justice to what appears to be an intelligent and intelligible
classification of the group formerly known as the genus " Eleodes."

The South- I'Uistern Naturalist for the current year has just been
published. This journal, the organ of the South-Eastern Union of
bcientific Societies, contains a large number of excellently illustrated
scientific articles, including one relating entirely to entomology, " Leaf-
miners," a first-class paper by Mr. A, Sich. The volume can be
obtained from Rev. R. Ashington Bullen, " Englemoor," Heathside
Road, Woking.

One of the very finest private collections of lepidoptera in Britain,
that of the late Mr. J. A. Clark, is shortly to come under the hammer
at iStevens' sale- rooms. Indeed, the sale of the first part is already
advertised to take place on November 2nd and 3rd. The collection
contains a long series of almost all our rarest and extinct British
species, a very large number of unique aberrations that have been
brought together regardless of expense during the last 40 years. It
will be remembered thot the types of the marvellous aberrations of
several species — Peronea cristana, Mimas tiliae, etc. — described by Mr.
Clark, have been figured in our magazine.

We purpose shortly to bring the subject of the variation of Agriades
voridon and A. thetis (bellargus) under review, at one of the meetings of

244 THE entomologist's record.

the Entomological Society of London. We should be glad of any
details with regard to the variation of these species that any of our
readers can give us.

There can be no doubt that the polonns of Zeller, referred by Staudin-
ger to Af/riades bellaryiis as a variety, is really a hybrid between A<iria<les
coridon and A. thftis {hellargns). There is, besides Zeller's original
type, another specimen from the " Leech coll." in the British Museum
coll., our own example captured at Cuxton in May, 1898, etc. We
believe that Lowe's A. coridon var. calydonum is also to be referred here,
and other examples that have given their captors trouble. We merely
note this in the hope that anyone who has specimens taken with A.
thetis {bellarnKn) in the spring, but looking like^. coridon, yet of approxi-
mately bellarf I m-co\o\iv, will communicate with us. Of course, we are not
here talking of the blue races of A . coridon taken in Spain and Asia Minor.

(DBITUARY.

Lajos Aigner=Abafi.

Born 1840, Died June 19th, 1909.

It was at Buda-Pest Museum, during the early days of June, 1907,
that I first made the acquaintance of the late Herr Lajos Aigner-Abafi,
one of the greatest if not the chief authority upon the macro-lepidop-
tera of Hungary. The trouble he took in showing me (then a perfect
stranger to him) all the specimens in the collection which he thought
would interest me, created a deep impression ; his kindness was limit-
less, and all the moments he could spare from the museum were placed
at my disposal, and the pleasant rambles I had with him m the
neighbourhood of Buda-Pest w'ill always remain in my memory as
some of my brightest entomological excursions ; but I became better
acquainted with the character of this keen naturalist on the two
occasions I visited Peszer, the grand collecting ground about 30 miles
from Buda-Pest. His enthusiasm was unbounded, for, after having
wandered through the forest for many many hours, and arriving at
the inn fairly fatigued, I remember Herr Aigner exclaiming, " I must
be off again," and so he went returning long after dusk with a box
full of interesting lepidoptera. On the occasion of my second visit to
Peszer, he accompanied me, but I had to return to Buda-Pest the same
night ; Herr Aigner, however, determined to remain, saying, "Here lam
among a grand number of lepidoptera, and here T intend to remain."
We parted, and we never met again.

He contributed, I believe, frequently to the Hungarian periodicals,
and I have before me a paper written by him, " Schmetterlings-
Aberrationen aus der Samnilung des Ungarischen National
Museums," a most interesting publication with various illustrations of
the principal varieties in the Museum.

He will be greatly missed by a large circle of friends, and especially
at the Museum, whose collection he so dearly loved, more so, it seemed,
than his own, rich and interesting as it was.

In his home life he was genial in the extreme, and Frau Aigner
shares the same quality.

For some time after my return to England, I kept up a correspond-
ence with Herr Aigner, but long intervals of silence augured some
ailment and the end which has come at last. — A.H.J.

Vol. XXI.

Plate XVI

-fj

III

V

VK

^■

>:<«•

Del. A Sich
Depkessakia putkidella, Schiff. — Details of larval habits, larval structure

AND pupal structure.

Tlie EntomoloqisVs Record, etc., 1909

NOTKS ON THE SEASON AT SANDOWN, ISLE OF WIGHT. 245

Notes on the season at Sandown, Isle of Wight.

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

As collecting notes from the Isle of Wight have not been unduly
obtrusive in the EntoDudoi/ist's Record lately, and as I have had the
satisfaction of making several additions to Mr. Poole's very valuable
list of the lepidoptera of the island (recently noticed in this magazine,
vide p. 190, supra), I think there is sufficient raison d'etre for the
following notes.

I spent nearly the whole of my summer holiday this year at
Sandown, arriving there on July 17th, and leaving on September 4th.
For a few days at the commencement I had the company of my friend
Mr. S. J. Bell; a little later I was joined by Mr. C. Capper, and later
still by Mr. W. B. Pratt, F.E.S. I had not, on the whole, anj^ reason
at all to complain of the scarcity of insects, although — excepting the
one glorious fortnight at the beginning of August — the weather was
decidedly mixed.

I used to visit the locality annually at just about the same date as
this year, and, therefore, I have some good data on which to gauge
the backwardness of the season that has just closed. For instance,
among the insects which were swarming at sugar on the downs when
I arrived, were a number of Xylophasia snbltistris in good condition,
one worn Xeiiria reticulata, a few good Caradrina morpJieus, Leiicania
coiiuna, Aparnea ;/eniina (one very worn was observed as late as
August 3rd), Amathes prirmdae {=Noctna festiva), first broods of A.
c-nii/rutn, A<jrotis segetuni, A. exclamationis, etc. ; all these are species
which have usually been nearly, or quite "over" on my arrival, ^V.
reticulata indeed (and perhaps others), having never presented me with
even a straggler on any previous occasion. X. sublustris continued to
visit the sugar up to August 7th, and was fairly numerous till
August 2nd, whereas my previous total was scarcely half-a-dozen, all
taken at the very beginning of my visits. Similarly by day, some
unexpected species were still lingering on. I netted an absolutely
fresh specimen of lodis lactearia on July 19th, its beautiful green
colouring such as I have never, in over 20 years' experience, matched,
except in a bred specimen. Hewithea aestivaria (stripata) lasted in
irreproachable condition into the beginning of August, while such
occurrences as a Leucania obsoleta in fair condition on July 20th, first
brood of Di/sstroiua trmicata, though verj' worn, on July 24th, Eutricha
quercifolia, in cop., on August 6th, Hijposcotis (Gnophos) obscurata
scarcely out till the end of August, Scapula lutealis, a few worn on
August 26th, and probably others, which I do not call to mind at the
moment, deserve mention in view of the fact that Sandown is usually
a pretty " forward " locality. Perhaps it is also to the lateness of the
season that I owe the addition of 'Iricheris aurana to the Isle of Wight
list, a worn specimen turning up close to the town, in an often-visited
spot, on July 18th ; yet I may easily have overlooked this species on
earlier visits. But what puzzled me most was the abundance, in good
condition, of Hipocrita jacobaeae, from the time of my arrival until
well on into August — at least until the 10th. I do not think I ever
saw the imago on the wing at Sandown before, and it was suggested
to me that this was possibly a case of a second brood, rather than of
retarded emergences. Can any reader enlighten me as to whether the
November 15th, 1909.

246 THE entomologist's record.

species ever throws a second-brood ? I may add that larvte in all
stages of growth were, as usual, much in evidence at the same period.

Sugaring on the downs, in spite of the abundance of common
species whenever the weather was favourable, was not remunerative in
" good things." A few nice Ai/rotis lunitiera were obtained, and a few
good forms of A. corticea, which latter swarmed in July; but the
autumn rarities were either completely absent or retarded until after
my departure, not even the erstwhile " rarity," Caradrina oiiihii/iia,
putting in an appearance. Aporophyla australis was only just
commencing to emerge when I left, and the coveted black form (ab.
ingenaa) did not turn up. The rarest Depressarias were also absent,
though I was pleased to take one D. pallorella, after its disappearance
for a good many years. In one locality Hellinsia {Leioptili(s) carpho-
dacti/la, second-brood, was found in fair numbers on September 3rd,
sitting about on grass and other plants near its foodplant after dark.

Steyne Wood, Bembridge — that "happy hunting ground" of the
late Dr. Wallace — was visited once or twice when it was too windy to
work the downs. Sugar, however, was there a failure, and we were
limited to a little dusking and chance searching. Mr. Bell, on
July 25th, turned up one or two worn Ophium (Toxocampa) paiitinum,
a species for which we have no recent records in the eastern part of
the island, although its abundance near Freshwater is matter of
common knowledge; the rest of the captures were ordinary things
such as Rivtda scricealis, Cieorodes lichcnaria, etc.

But more attention was given to the marshes, and to St. Helens'
sand-hills, both of which I felt were worthy of more work than they
had formerly received ; and it was here that most of the best successes
were achieved. On the marshes the sugaring was not exciting, though
not an entire failure. The visitors included Dynchorista fissipimcta
(upsilo)i), Mamestra disswiilis (snasa), both broods, Hama abjecta,
Hydroecia paludis, and others, but the last-named was much commoner
at light, and some nice aberrations were obtained. There were (as
usual 1) not many really favourable nights for light, yet with the aid
of this attraction, and a certain amount of careful searching among
the reeds, a nice bag of Senta waritima and Leucania straiiiinea was
made, together with a few Scoparia pallida, C/iilo forficellus, Schoeiio-
bius <iif/antelhis, Cramhiis selasellus and C. salinelliis, Tortri.v costana,
Ortlwtelia Kparganella, and other sundries. Noctuids, if we except the
two named and Apamea did y ma, were decidedly scarce in the actual
reed-beds, though Leucania ivipnra was a pest outride ; excepting two
Hama abjecta, one Coenobia riifa, two or three Tapinostola fulva, and a
few Hydroecia micacea and Amafhes iimbrosa, I can recall scarcely any
that we saw there. A pleasant surprise, however, was the appearance
of a perfect J No7iagria sparyanii, which came straight to my light on
August 12th. Naturally, we followed up this clue, and by dint of a
good deal of work managed to discover five or six pupte, besides traces
of others which had been torn from the stems by some of the reed-
frequenting birds. Mr. Capper also, with commendable perseverance,
stationed himself with his acetylene lamp close to the breeding-ground
for long periods during the few succeeding nights, and managed to
attract two or three more imagines. A cocoon of Plii!>ia festncae was
found spun up on a rush, also on August 12th, and produced a fine
imago on August 30th. Some very backward larva- of Leucania obsoleta,

NOTES ON THE SEASON AT SANDOWN, ISLE OF WIGHT. 247

taken on August 31st, bring to a close my list of noteworthy captures
on these marshes.

Nearer to St. Helens, however, the spot was kindly shown to us
where Mr. R. H. Fox had discovered Acidalia enuitaria the previous
year, and Mr. Bell and I each managed to get a short series at dusk on
July 19th and 20th. One $ obliged with about 50 eggs, but only
about 10 of the larv^ have been coaxed into pupating, commencing to
do so on September 27th ; the majority are evidently resolved to
hybernate as larvte, despite the warming to which they have been sub-
jected.

The St. Helens' sandhills were searched in vain for Fachi/f/astria
(Lasioramjia) trifolii, which is known to occur there, but they yielded
some good sport. The Noctuids would not come to the sugared
bunches of marram, and were chiefly obtained at flowers of ragwort
or bramble, or occasionally marram. Af/rotis tritici was, of course, in
great abundance and variety, A. vestigialis became rather common by
August 27th, while of A. ripae and Leucania littoralis, a very few belated
specimens were observed well on into August. Larva of A. ripae were
in the utmost profusion ; three of us collected about 700 in a very
short time, working only a few of the patches of Atriplex, etc., and
leaving the small larvae. Selidosema plaiiiaria was fairly common
among the gorse- bushes, and I was pleased to take both sexes — the
females at rest on the bushes, or on grass close by, after dark ; in the
New Forest, I had taken only males, probably through working for
them in the day-time. The small things are probably very interesting
on the sand-hills, but I did not descend below the Pyralides. Among
these I was interested to make acquaintance with the local Melisso-
hlapten hipunctanux, which positively swarmed in one place, and
Nep/iDptcn/x (/enistella, which was common among the gorse ; but what
pleased me most was to turn up Crambtis contaminelliis and C. alpinellus,
the latter quite commonly in an extremely restricted spot. C. contam-
inellus is given as an Isle of Wight species in More's list (1860), but I
had rashly challenged it and got it relegated to Mr. Poole's appendix,
where Mr. Bankes suggested that " If More's insect occurred in the
salt-marshes, it was doubtless C. salinellus." It appears doubtful
whether More and Dr. Wallace worked the marshes much, as they
were ignorant of the occurrence of several of the species I have
enumerated above ; but they had clearly worked the sandhills, record-
ing Ai/rotis vestigialis, Leucania littoralis, and Selidose)na plumaria,
unless, indeed, these records came from the other end of the Island —
unfortunately, no localities were given.

Calamia phragmitidis, with the beautiful extreme form of ab.
rufescens, Euchlaena apiciaria, Eupithecia coronata, Craiiibns latistrius,
and other old friends, still occurred in their old haunts between
Sandown and Shanklin, but, often though I had worked that
particular piece of ground in former years, I found there were still
new friends to be added to my list ; on August 14th, a Fyralis glau-
cinalis, two Nephoptenja- genistella, and a $ Zonusoma porata came to
my light, and on August 21st, a rather worn Pterostowa palpina,
Brading Down produced many of its accustomed Geometrids in greater
or less numbers — Melanthia procellata, in great profusion, FarencJdoris
chri/snprasaria ( = vernaria), Euphyia picata, Anticlea rubidata, etc. —
but I think nothing novel in this superfamily ; one Tortricid new to

248 THE entomologist's record.

the Isle of Wight list, Peronea boscana, was, however, taken there on
July 24th.

An exploring expedition over the line wooded downs west and
south-west of Newport, resulted in my finding two Avelcome Eupitheda
larvae — E. tn'sifpiata and E. denotata {campantdata). The former, an
addition to the island list, was found in two places on Pastinaca satica;
the latter occurred on its usual foodplant, in Lorden Copse, and gave
deiiniteness to a vague record culled from Meyrick, who gives its
distribution as "Kent and Isle of Wight to Hereford, local."

I subjoin, both for facility of reference, and in order to insert
further detail which has not appeared in the body of this article, a list
of all important additions to Mr. Poole's list, whether of newly-
recorded species, confirmation of old or indefinite records, or supple-
mentary localities for local species. Those marked ■•'■ are actually new to
the list. — 'Nona<fria Hparganii, marshes near Sandown. A(froth vesti-
(fialu, St. Helens' Spit, common. DyschorhtaJissipuncta[OrtIiosia npsilon) ,
marshes near Brading. Rivula sericealis, Steyne Wood, Bembridge.
Ellopia prosapiaria, Sandown, at light. Selidosemo pliuiiaria {ericetaria),
St. Helens' Spit, common. ■•'■ Eiipithecia pnlcluilata, Bordwood, Boni-
face Down (known to me as an Isle of Wight species for many
years, unaccountably omitted from the list). '-'E. trisii/nata, Swain-
stone and Rowridge, larvae on Pastinaca sativa, E. denotata {catnpann-
lata), Lorden Copse, larv« on Campamda trachelium. '■'Pi/ralis
(jlaucinaUs, Sandown. -■'Scoparia basixtrufalis, America Woods near
Shanklin ; Steyne Wood near Bembridge. S. pallida, marshes near
Sandown. Scopida lutealis, Chillerton Down. '''■ Platytes {Crambits)
alpinellus, St. Helens' Spit. Crarnbus contaminellus, St. Helens' Spit.
Ephestia elutella, St. Helens' Spit. Nephopteryx fjenistella, Sandown ;
St. Helens' Spit. '■■'■Rhodophaea fonnosa, near Brading, one at light.
R. suavella, St. Helens' Spit. ■•'Peronea boscana, Brading DoAvn.
■'Paedisca solandriana, Lynnbottom Copse, near Haven Street.
'•'Carpocapsa splendana, Sandown and district (accidentally omitted in
Poole's list). ■''■Tricheris aiirana, Sandown. Nannodia stipella var.
naeviferella, Sandown. '■'Ceratophora rufescens, Sandown.

A Lepidopterist's Summer in Central Italy.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S.
It will be readily understood that the only entomologist in a party
of six, especially if it falls to his lot on most occasions to act as courier
for the rest, cannot give to his subject the amount of attention which
it requires at all times, and more particularly in a district so little
worked as central Italy ; but the length of our stay in Assisi, extend-
ing over more than six weeks, made it possible to devote the hours
between luncheon and tea on most days to collecting, and, by always
having a net ready, walking up hills on all driving excursions, and
snatching an hour or so whenever it was possible, especially " while
others slept " in the heat of the day, a certain amount of information
was to be obtained, and a certain number of specimens were procurable.
My previous experience of collecting in Italy was confined to certain
raids over the northern border in the neighbourhood of the Italian
lakes, a few September afternoons in the old quarries of Fiesole, and
under the walls of Assisi, a couple of hours in the Val d'Ema, outside

A LEPIDOPTERISt's summer in central ITALY. 249

Florence, and about the same length of time on two other afternoons,
one just below Perugia, and the other, in mid-October, in the gardens
of the Villa d'Este at Tivoli. It was, in various ways, an immense
gain to stay so long this year in one place, as it enabled one to note
exactly the coming and going of different species, to make absolutely
sure in certain cases of a double-brooded habit, where it was uncertain
or perhaps unsuspected, and to get at least a good general idea of the
butterfly fauna of one practically unworked locality during the busiest
part of the summer.

We left London on June lith, and, spending two nights at Milan
on the way, arrived at our old quarters at the Porta Rossa at Florence,
on the 17th. As our stay here was to be but short, I made my way
up to my old hunting-ground at Fiesole the following afternoon.
Here I found Pohjommatus escheri and Af/riades coridon fairly common
(for Italj^), the former being very fresh, A. thetis {bellarc/us) just emerg-
ing, as were also BrentJiis hecate, Rumieia phlaeas, and 2Ielanarf/ia
(jalatea var. procida : there were also a few Scnlitantides baton, and a
fair supply of Coenomjwpha pamphihis, the latter somewhat worn, and
one disreputable Pyraineis cardiii persistently sat upon the road in
front of me. The following afternoon I got half -an -hour or so in the
Val d'Ema ; here Poly(/onia egea was common and in fair condition,
Pieris rapae was fresh, as were also Epinephele jurtina and Pararge
megaera : two or three torn Pieris napi of the napaeae form, and a couple
of torn Nordrnannia ilicis were the only other species seen. On the after-
noon of Monday the 21st, I got in a second visit to Fiesole ; here P.
escheri was no longer common, though still fresh, and I took two ? s,
one of which has almost the whole of the lower wings, except the
costa, suffused with brilliant blue, and small patches of the same colour
just inside the orange border of the forewings. All the specimens are
slightly lighter and brighter, and much smaller than those of the
Rhone Valley and the neighbourhood of Berisal. Agriades coridon,
a darkish form, was still common, but A. thetis was in small numbers
only, the 2 s, however, being specially fine, not of the ceronns form,
but with very broad and bright orange borders. Brenthis hecate was
commoner than on the 18th, but there were as yet no ? s to be seen.
It is not an easy species to take, as it flies in and out amongst the
heather and other low-growing plants, and may thus be readily
distinguished on the wing from B. eiiphrosi/ne, which generally remains
above the undergrowth, though the two species look much alike, the
flight of B. hecate being however somewhat slower, as is indeed
necessitated by the habit just referred to. Powellia sao was fairly
common, and Thyinelicns acteon and Adopaea lineola in considerable
numbers. All these species except A. coridon were confined to the
north-east side of the hill, while S. baton was to be found only on the
south and south-east, where I also took one Pontia daplidice, and saw
a few Celastrina argiolus. Colias edusa and Epinephele jurtina were to
be seen in all three places.

On Wednesday the 23rd, we left for Assisi, where on the following
morning Poh/gonia egea was seen to be abundant. In the afternoon I
went down into the plain below the town, and hunted round a field of
purple vetch, where Pleheius argiis {aegou) was common but almost
over ; Melanargia galatea (somewhat lighter than at Fiesole), Leptosia
sinapis (second-brood form) and Adopaea lineola were all abundant,

250 THE entomologist's record.

Epinephele jnrtina &nd (Jolias edusa fairly comnion ; there were also a
few Poh/ouDiiatiis icariis and Pieris rapae, and one specimen each of j\Jeli-
taea (lidipna, Ilai/wardia telicanus, Issoria lathonia, and Aricia astrarche
of the extreme calida form. In the same place on the following day
the same species were again to be seen, but there were several
specimens of It. telicaniis, and, in addition, one Euijonia polychloroa, very
fresh, and some large fresh males of Celastriua ar<iiolu.i. The
specimens of P. aegon (I call it so to avoid confusion) are mostly of
largish size, especially the ? s, the $■ s being of a deep purple- blue, the
border not very broad, and scarcely suffused, but with the nervures
showing blaclv at least half across the wings, and a row of black spots
perceptible on the hindwing ; the underside dull grey, with the white
band clearly visible on the hindwing, the orange band broad on the
hindwing, and visible the whole length of the forewing, the metallic
spots very distinctly marked ; the $ s have the orange border very
distinct on all four wings above and below, a distinct row of black
spots showing between this and the border; on the underside the white
band is generally somewhat less continuous on the hindwing than in
the S , but is more clearly indicated in the form of dog-toothing on
the forewing.

The next day I went some short distance along the road east of the
town, towards the " Carceri." Here Satyrus cordula was just coming
out, 3 s only as yet, a few fine ? s of Celastriua argiolus with very
broad black border were to be seen, a few worn Nordmanniailicis, the,? s,
and sometimes even the ? s, without a touch of orange on the fore-
wing, Ritmicia phlaeas, Polijuoma egea, and TJtyinelicus lineola were
also in evidence, and, as if to mark the lateness of the season, one
Callopkrys rubi and one Euchlo'e cardamines still in good condition.
The two best localities, however, proved to be the cemetery road above
the church of San Francesco, and the north road outside the Porta
Pernici, down to the Piano della Pieve. It would be tedious to go
through the various captures of each day, which were often repetitions
of previous ones, and it will be more to the point to mention only those
of special interest, giving at the end of the paper a complete list of the
species observed, with their localities and dates. The 28th produced
on the cemetery road, amongst other species, Agriades thetis (bellargus)
in abundance, both sexes being very large, and in first-rate condition,
one 2 Lycaena tolas, very worn, which I kept in hopes of eggs, but
which was unfortunately let out by prying hands the same day, a few
worn Melitaea parthenie, evidently stragglers from the first brood, and
a " blue " which I took to be A. coridon ab. calydonius, about v:hich.
there is a good deal to be said. In this particular place I took three
specimens of this form on June 28th, July 1st and 2nd, respectively.
At this time A. thetis was fresh and abundant, but there was no sign
of A. coridon, which did not appear till July 22nd. On the 19th I took
another worn specimen on the north road, and on the 24th another,
perfectly fresh, among A. coridon, A. thetis being, at this time, quite a
thing of the past. Now in spite of all that has been written to the
contrary, my own theory still is that these specimens are probably
hybrids. The fact that they are found among both species at the
time of their respective emergence, seems to point in this direction,
and the two species are admittedly extremely close together, especially
in the early stages. The strongest argument against this theory, viz.,

A LEPIDOPTERIST's summer in central ITALY. 251

that one species is persistently single-, and the other double-brooded,
breaks down entirely in a locality where both are at any rate double-
and probably triple-brooded. Fvirthermore, in a late spring like that
of the present year, it is at least probable that the first brood of the
two species would be nearly, if not quite, contemporary, and in all
years they must to some extent overlap. The only other theory which
would account for the facts, would seem to be that in both species
there is a tendency to throw back to a common ancestor, which must
have been half-way between the two. It would be an interesting
experiment to see whether the first broods of these species would
hybridize in captivity, and, if this be the case, whether the resulting
imagines are of this form. It may be worth while to add, that A.
coridnn at Assisi is, in this brood at any rate, of a somewhat brighter
tint than is usual in this species.

The 28th was also marked by the first appearance of Cnlias hyale.
As this species became more common, C. ediisa became less so, and
when, towards the end of July, the latter became common again, the
former had almost disappeared, and from the time of my leaving
Assisi on August 6th, I saw it no more till August 20th, when a fresh
brood appeared.

The 29th was a dull day, but as we were driving to Spello in the
afternoon, I started before the carriage and walked some four miles
before it overtook me. In spite of the dulness I took the following
species: Adopaea lineola, Erynnis alceae, Fieris manni var. rossii
(or rather a transitional form), P. napi, Cnlias e.dum, Parartje nieyaera,
E pi lu'jihde j iirti na , Bay irardia telicaniis, and ScoUtantidea baton,ihQ latter
of which was certainly the commonest " blue " throughout my stay in
Italy, and appeared to be continuously-brooded, both fresh and wasted
specimens being always to the fore. It was only after my return to
England that I gathered from Dr. Reverdin's paper m this magazine
that rossii is regarded as a variety (or summer form) of P. manni, and
not of P. rapae, as I have not seen Turati's paper, but I had indepen-
dently come to the same conclusion, P. var. rossii and perfectly
typical and considerably larger P. rapae being quite contemporary in
central Italy.

On July 2nd I took the first specimen of Plebeias aryyrognmnon, a
$ , on the cemetery road near Assisi. This species afterwards became
common, and was to be taken in any numbers at the Piano della
Pieve, and in the nearly dry bed of the Tescio from July 19th onwards,
a few coming up as far as the cemetery road, but none being seen in
the vetch-fields to the south of the town. The specimens vary much
in size, but do not average larger than P. aeyon : the black border
of the $ is very clearly defined and narrow, succeeded on the hind-
wing by small black dots, but the nervures show black at their
extremities, and are generally perceptibly dark throughout ; the under-
sides have less white and less orange than P. aegon, but larger metallic
spots ; the $ s vary not only in size, but also in the the amount of
orange and blue on the upperside, some being almost entirely without
one or the other of these colours, and the amount of the one being
almost always in inverse proportion to the extent of the other ; on the
underside they have the ground colour of a clear fawn colour, the
white and orange bands being scarcely less conspicuous than in the
5 s of P. aegon. On the 2nd I also took a torn specimen of Limenitis

252 THE entomologist's record.

Camilla : this belonged to the first brood, and was large, with more
white than is usual further north; later on, from early August
onwards, a second brood appeared ; these were small specimens, and
no whiter than one sees in Switzerland ; it was however scarce. The
same day witnessed the capture of the first pair of Hipparc/iia sciuele.
On the 3rd we drove by Spello and Foligno to Montefalco; just beyond
Spello I saw several specimens of Iphiclides podalirius, and near
Montefalco I took Colias edusa, C. hyale, rontia daplidice, Polyi/onia
egea, Pulyonnnatus icarufi, and T/iyinelicns acteon. The 5th was
noticeable for the capture of Coenonipnpha dorus on the north road ;
this species became common in this locality from the 10th till nearly
the end of the month, but I did not see a single specimen elsewhere.
Polyowmatus weleayer appeared on the 8tb, and afterwards was one of
the commonest " blues " till I left Assisi early in August, but, during
the whole time, I saw but one $ ; this was small, but of the blue form.
In Switzerland, in its few localities, I have found the $ at least as
commonly as the J , so that 1 am quite at a loss to account for its
extreme rarity of appearance here, since it can hardly be put down to
ignorance of its habits, to which I should otherwise have ascribed it,
nor to difficulty in seeing it, since the blue form is almost as con-
spicuous as the S . In Switzerland it is true that it appears in public
a good deal later than the J , but here I had nearly a month in which
to find it after the 3 s first appeared. On the 9th I walked to the
" Carceri," which is nearly 1000ft. higher than the town, where
Hexjieria larthami, smaller than those of the Rhone Valley, was
sitting in numbers at one point in the road. On the way back I saw
a few Dryas paphia, and took amongst other things a $ Ajioria
crataeyi and a magnificent $ Bithys qnercm, the only specimen of
either species that I saw in Italy. On the 10th I took on the north
road the only specimen of Libythea celtis that I came across at all, and
on the same day the first of the very few Cupido niininnis, some four
specimens in all, that it fell to my lot to see during my visit.
Papilio machaon was in some numbers on this day outside the Porta
San Francesco, on the way down to the Perugia road, The only
points worthy of note during the following week, are the appearance
of a fresh brood of i\isoniades tayes on the 13th, when a fresh brood of
Coenonynipha pa)iiphilus also began, and the first appearance of Epine-
phele Ida on the following day ; all these three species were sub-
sequently fairly common. Also on the 17th at the Piano della Pieve,
I took a remarkable aberration of Melanaryia galatea, in which the
whole of the left side, except two largish and four tiny subcostal spots,
is completely black ; there is also a good deal of black suffusion on
the right forewing ; below, the left forewing is almost entirely black,
and there is much black suffusion on the other three wings, the rings
of the eye-spots on the hindwings being of a deep dead-gold colour.
On the 19th the second-brood of Melitaea parthenie appeared down at
the Piano della Pieve, and by the 22nd had come out also on the
north road. There is little or no difference between the two broods;
both are rather heavily marked on the upperside (for partltenie), and
the underside hindwing, especially in the $ , is rather light ; the
ground colour of the upperside is of a slightly yellower tawny than is
usual in Switzerland, but they are very much nearer to the Swiss
than to the Spanish form. On the 19th and 22nd I took the only

DEPRESSARIA PUTRIDELLA, SCHIFF. 253

two specimens of Pohjoinwatus hijlaft that I saw, and on the 23rd my
sole Citpido sebrus : all came from the north road, and all might
equally well have come from the Rhone Valley, though they were a
little smaller than the average of the latter locaHty; all were J s. On
the 22nd I also saw in a garden in the town the only Gonejitcryx
deopatra that put in an appearance during my long stay. On the
23rd I found to my great surprise, in one of my boxes on my return
from the north road, a specimen of Hirsiitina dolus, which I had
boxed under the impression that it was a light Agriades coridon, with-
out paying any special attention to it. This naturally set me off in
search of more ; it proved however to be scarce, and I only took six
more during my stay, viz., one on July 26th, two on August
2nd, and three, including a 2 , on August 3rd ; possibly it may have
become commoner later, but August 4th and 5th were streaming wet
days, and on Au^ist 6th we left. All these specimens came from the
north road, and all within a mile or less of the Porta Pernici ; I saw
none elsewhere. It was on July 22nd that I took my only $
Vobjommatus melear/er, and my only Folt/i/onia c-albn>ii, also my first
specimens of Af/riades coridon at Assisi, as well as the earliest Hippar-
chia hriaeis these two species soon became common, as did Satyrus
hennione on the cemetery road and elsewhere.

(To be concluded).

Depressaria putridella, Schiff. — A species new to Britain {nith

two jilatea).
(Continued from p. 223.)
By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.

Variation. — This species is evidently subject to a large amount of
variation, especially in the ground colour, and in the amount of develop-
ment of the dark markings on the forewings. Besides the type, there
are three other forms quite distinct in their fullest development, but
all connected with the type by intermediate forms.

a. Ground colour pale ochreous-brown, the cell and veins strongly marked in
iuseous =2'>utridella, Schiff.

b. Forewings and fringes almost unicolorous dark brown, the veins
indicated in fuscous, but not conspicuously (Stt., Nat. Hist., vol. xii., pi. vi., fig.
3m). Germany, Stt. coll., Brit. Mus.=ab. brunnea, n. ab.

c. Forewings, except base and basal portion of the costa, entirely suffused with
blackish-brown. On the costa towards the apex, are a few pale dashes. The
stigmata and the dark veins almost obliterated by the dark suffusion = var. peuceia-
nella. Mill.

The specimen above described is a ? in British Museum coll., and
labelled " peucedanella. Mill., n. sp., Golfe Juan. Constant. H.82."
There is also a very dark $ without pale costal dashes, from the same
source. There are also specimens from Staudinger from the south of
France, but, though they belong to this form, they are not so dark, and
the usual markings are quite visible. This appears to be the usual
southern form, and is distinctly different from the type. Through
the kindness of Dr. Chapman I have at last been able to see Milliere's
figures and descriptions of this species given in the Annalea de
la Societe des sciences naturelles, d'c, de Cannes for 1880. This
volume I was quite unable to consult at any of the London libraries.
The following is Milliere's description of var. peucedanella : " Enver-

264 THE entomologist's record.

gure : l5-a-17mm. Ailes superieures d'un brun-noiratre, avec la cote
ocracee par places. La base est tres visiblement liinitee exterieure-
ment par une grande tache noire qui se fond ensuite dans la couleur
generale. La tache ocracee se dirige vers la cote, s'etendant en
point jusqu'au milieu de I'aile. A la base sur la cote, existe un
point noir ; au tiers de I'aile sont places obliquement deux autres
points noirs et en ligae avec le second plus eloigne de la base, il y a
quelquefois des traces d'un petit point blanc cercle de noir. Aux deux
tiers de I'aile, on voit a peine la trace d'une ligne foncee partant de la
cote et formant un angle tres aigu avant d'arriver au bord interne.
Le bord externa est clair et entrecoupe de points noirs. La frange,
en dessus et en dessous, est d'un gris obscur. Les ailes inferieures
sont luisantes, d'un gris fuligineux plus clair vers la base, avec la
frange d'un gris noiratre." Then follows the description of the body
and limbs, which it seems unnecessary to quote. Besides the speci-
men, already mentioned, from Golfe Juan, there is another very
typical specimen in the British Museum coll., bearing the number,
"698," and laltelled " S. France, Staudinger, 7.1.90."

d. Forewings uniform pale brownish-ochreous, the inner margin at the base,
the last third of the costa and the hind margin dark grey. Hind marginal spots
black. The stigmata are normal, and there are a few minute dark scales on the
disc of the wing, which is otherwise entirely of the pale ground colour = ab. esterella.
Mill.

One specimen in British Museum coll. labelled " South France.
Staudniger, 7/1/90." There is also a specimen somewhat approaching
this form from Constant, labelled " Golfe Juan, 8.82." This is
evidently the variety which Nolcken mentions {Ent. Zeit. Stettin, 1882,
p. 190). He says that Milliere wrote (1880) that he was about to
describe his peucedanella, and an aberration in which the forewings,
thorax, and abdomen, were " leather-yellow," instead of brown. The
description, given by Milliere of ab. esterella, runs as follows
with regard to the wings : " Ailes superieures de couleur plus ou moins
ocracee, saupoudrees d'ecailles noires et legerement ombrees de brunjitre
au dessous de la cote. L'espace basilaire de la couleur du fond est
limite par quelques ecailles noires. Un point a la base sur la cote,
deux autres obliquement au tiers de I'aile, et un point blanc cercle de
noir sur le disque. La frange concolore est precedee d'une serie de
tres petits points noirs. Les ailes inferieures sont d'un gris chaad,
avec la frange d'un gris obscur." Milliere states that this aberration is
nearly as abundant as the form described as peucedanella.

Allieo species. — D. putridella is a very distinct species, unlike
any other European species that I have seen. Its rounded forewings,
with the veins darkly marked, and the conspicuous white discoidal
spot, together with the dark grey hindwings, mark it off from the
other species. It may, however, be useful to compare this species with
D. umbellana, which has the veins darkly marked, and also with Z).
yeatiana, which sometimes has the veins dark, and has also the white
discoidal spot.

Comparison of D. putridella, Schiff., with D. umbellana, Stphs. —
D. umbellana is a much larger insect, with narrower forewmgs on which
the markings are worked out in streaks, while in the neater IK putri-
della, the pattern is carried out in lines and clouds. The former
insect measures from 20mm. -22mm. in expanse, whilst the latter
seldom exceeds 17mm. In D. umbellana the first discal spot of the
forewings is conspicuous, and the second discal small, both black.

i

DEPKESSARIA PUTRIDELLA, SCHIFF. 255

These two spots lie in a streak of the pale ochreous ground colour. In
D. putridella these spots usually lie in a dark cloud, and the second
discal spot is large and conspicuous, with a white centre, while between
these two spots there is nearly always a black dash. Z). umbellana has
a very dark line on the extreme inner margin of the forcwings. This
line is absent in D. putriddla. The hindwings of the former are paler,
and the fringes, especially round the apex, are ochreous. The latter
has grey fringes on the hindwings.

Comparison of Depressaria puTRmELLA, Schiff., with D. yeatiana,
Fab. — Of all the British Depressariids, D. yeatiana, though much larger
and of a different ground colour, comes nearest in its markings to the
lighter forms of D. putridella. This is more noticeable in those specimens
of the former which have the veins very strongly marked on the fore-
wings. D. yeatiana expands from 18mm.-26mm., and the ground
colour is pale greyish-ochreous, with a slight admixture of rose-colour
■which gives the wing a ^varm tint, quite different from the ochi'eous-
brown of D. putridella. Whatever the depth of colour on the forewings
of the former, it is always spread evenly over the whole wing, while, in
the lighter examples of the latter, there is a dark central cloud running
from the base towards the apex. The twin black spots, not far from
the base, are prese'nt in both species, as is also the second discal spot,
which is white, with a more or less complete black border. Obliquely
above the white spot in the former, lies a large round cloudy spot,
which is naturally better defined in the darker-marked examples. This
cloudy spot is wanting in the latter, which, on the other hand, has a
small black spot between, and in a line Avith, the white spot and the
lower of the twin spots. The effect is that the four spots in D.
yeatiana appear as two pairs placed obliquely across the wing, one after
the other, while in L). putridella three spots run in a line, while a
fourth at the commencement lies slightly above the line. These two
species are also easily separated by the colour of the hindwings and
fringes. In D. yeatiana the hindwings are pale grey, with a more or
less ochreous tinge, and the fringes of the hindwings are much paler
grey, with a yellow-ochreous, or sometimes bro-wnish-ochreous, tint.
The hindwings of D. pntridella are quite dark grey, and the fringes
dark grey or dark brownish-grey. Occasionally in the 2 s, the fringes
have an ochreous-brown tint, which, however, is different from that
sometimes occurring in the other species.

Comparison of D. putridella, Schiff., with other allied species.
— Among the Palfearctic species, Depreasaria mon(jolicella, Chr., comes
very close indeed to I), putridella. It is a Siberian species from the
Amur, and Christoph, its describer, says {Bull. Soc. Imp. de Nat. de
2I0SC0U, 1882, p. 15): "It differs from D. putridella in its uniform
reddish-grey colour, in the veins being darkly marked only on the
outer portion of the forewing, and the marks on those on the costa,
running into the fringe which is pale reddish-grey, in the hindwings
being shining pale yellowish-grey, and the antennae reddish-brown."
Snellen also describes this species under the name of D. septicella
{Tijdschrift, 1884, p. 162, pi. viii., fig. 8). He says : " This small
Depressaria is evidently a relation of putridella, though the colour is
different, etc. Finally, the very sharp black streaks on the veins of
the last third of the wing and the light fringes, make septicella very
recognisable." The figure accompanying Snellen's paper illustrates

256 THE entomologist's record.

well his remarks. The larva and foodplant appear to be unknown.
Another species D. ramoaella, Stt., from the Caucasus, has a strong-
resemblance to D. p)itridclla. It is, however, a much larger species.
Stainton, in describing it {Tin. Syria, p. 53, 1867) says : " It expands
10 lines (21mm.), and reminds one exceedingly of D. putridella.
Anterior wings greyish-ochreous, with most of the nervures indicated
by fuscous streaks ; a darker fuscous streak runs along the median
nervure ; in it is a black spot before the middle, and above it is an-
other small black spot (corresponding with the white spot of putri<ldla)\
the veining in the apical portion of the wing is not nearly so distinct
as in that species, nor have we the distinct hinder marginal black spots.
Cilia spotted with dark fuscous at the base, then pale greyish-ochreous.
Posterior wings grey, darker towards apex, with pale grey cilia."
From this condensed description it will be noted that T). romo^ella differs
from D. putridella in thediscoidal spot, the apical portion of the wing,
and in the fringes. Stainton had before him only one specimen, a $ ,
Avhich he had from Lederer. In the Ann. Soc. Ent. Behje, vol. xiii., p
43, pi. ii., fig. 14, 1869-1870, Lederer gives a figure of this species, and
a reference to Stainton's description. In the figure we see a dark grey
suft'usion over the cell, which spreads out over the apex and hind
margin ; the veins lying in this suffusion are marked with black. The
whole figure reminds one, however, more of Z>. nmbellcma, perhaps, than
of I>. putridella, as the markings are more streaks than lines. In describ-
ing TJ. ramosdla, Stainton uses the word streak, but line is used when he
makes his description of D. putridella. Staudinger (Hor. Soc. Ent.
Boss., XV., p. 298) mentions only that he took a worn specimen of a
Depressaria which, on comparing it with a specimen in Lederer's col-
lection, he considered might belong to this species.

Milliere compares his D. pencedanella with other Depressariids, two of
which, it may be well to mention here, viz., D. hippomarathri, Nickerl,
and D. cachritis, Stgr. The former is a small species, and in its
darker form bears some resemblance to the southern form of D. putri-
della ab. esterella, but it is of a browner ground colour, and wants the
dark spots and pale dashes along the hind margin. The hmd marginal
dots in D. hippouiaratJiri, which is a much plainer insect, are small
and not very different from those which are scattered over the wdng.
I), cachritis-'- is larger, and in its more usual reddish form, is quite
different from any form of l>. putridella, but there is a dark grey form
which has a certain rather remote resemblance to var. veucedanella,
but the ground colour is more variegated, greyer, and it has a few
dark, rather elongate spots, on the hind margin, instead of the dark
spots and light dashes usually conspicuous in var. peucedanella.

Habits of Imago. — D. putridella appears, so far as is known, to be
similar in habits to the rest of the genus. Most of the specimens in
collections appear to have been bred. In the breeding-cage, they are
fond of hiding under the old leaves on the bottom, and they run
rapidly when disturbed, and easily take to wing. One I noticed tried
to get away by sliding on its back. The authors of the Vienna
Catalofiue probably took the moth in the open, as they say, " Larva
unknown." Mann took a specimen off a garden wall near Vienna.

* D. epicachritis, Ragonot, is still redder in colour.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1909. 257

Description of Plate xvi.

Fig. 1 & 2. Tubular dwellings of the larva; of Depressaria putridella spun in
the leaves of Peucedanum o[fir.inule.

3. Imago of the same at rest.

4. Outline of the 6th abdominal segment of larva, showing tubercles.

5. Outline of dorsum of metathorax.

6. Pupa X 2.

7. Pupa X 4.

8. Outline of thorax of larva showing ichneumon larva in situ.
Figs. 1 & 2 natural size, the remainder more or less enlarged.

(To be concluded.)

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1909.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHOBPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Formica rufa-pratensis, Forel. — The majority of the wood-
ants' nests at Nethy Bridge, in Inverness-shire, belong to this race.
The colouring is darker than that of rufa, L., but they have not the
hairiness of pratensis, De G. {coiKjerens, Nyl.). Last May I investigated
a large number of these nests, which differ also from those of rufa in
being more compact, the dome-shaped surface being smoother and
flatter. The nest material not being so loose, it is capable of being
removed in layers. A point which struck me very much was the way
in which many of the nests were being extinguished by the under-
growth. Moss starts to grow round the base of the nests, then
" bilberry " and heather, which creep upwards all round the hillock,
gradually driving the ants to the summit, and eventually extinguishing
the colony. Most of the hillocks in the valley covered with dense
undergrowth have once been ants' nests. Professor Wheeler, in a
paper [Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxii., pp. 403-418) " On
Relations of Ants to Plants," records similar cases in America
and Europe, and is of opinion that the colony eventually dies off.
The nests were very backward, hardly any having any lavvte, and
some not even eggs, though there were plenty of ? s. Many very
small workers (micrergates) were noticed, and pseudogynes occurred in
most of the nests, being very abundant in some. This must mean the
presence of Atemeles pubicollis, though I was unable to find any, possibly
on account of the backward state of the nests. The weather was very
cold, and it snowed all the first day I was there, May 14th ! The
following species of coleoptera were found in those nests : — Quedius
brevis, Oxypoda Jiaeuiorrhoa, Tkiawphila angulata, Nototliecta flavipes,
N. anceps, Homalota parallela, and Leptacinus formicetorum.

Formica sanguinea, Ltr. — In July I went to Bewdley to study the
nests of this species. I found it present in great numbers, more so
than last year, having spread all over the district. On July 20th I
was fortunate enough to witness a " slave-raid," which I have described
and which will be published in an early number of the Zoologist. I
captured two gynandromorphs on the 20th and 21st, one half ^ half ^ ,
and the other half ^ half $ , a technical description of which, with
a plate, will also be found in the same number of the Zoologist.
Some very small, winged males (micraners) were found in some of the
nests.

Formica exsecta, Nyl. — In 1907, Mr. E. A. Butler swept a single
^ of this ant in Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight. This was a new
locality for it, so, in the spring of 1908, I went dow^n to try and find it

258 THE entomologist's record.

at home, Mr. Butler having told me whereabouts he thought he had
swept it. I was unsuccessful, so this year I visited Parkhurst again,
on April 26th, in company with Mr. Taylor, of Sandown. Mr.
Butler's spot not producing any, we went further, and I found a small
deserted nest, which I knew to be that of F\ eAsecta. We then went on
and came to a place which I surmised was most suitable for the ant,
and immediately afterwards we found four nests. I took a 2 and a num-
ber of ^ s from one, and I have them still, in a combined Fielde and
Janetnest. A large nest near, which, fromitsconstructionandmaterials,
was thought to be that of F. e.rsecta, turned out, on investigation, to
be inhabited by F. rnfa. Here either the former had deserted and the
latter had occupied the old nest, or else the latter had forcibly taken
possession. On May 17th, when at Aviemore, in Scotland, I discovered
two nests of this same ant, which has never been found in Scotland, or
the north, before. The present known distribution of this ant in
Britain is Aviemore, Bewdley in Worcestershire, New Forest, Park-
stone, Bournemouth, as far west as Poole, and as far east as Ringwood,
Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, Bovey Tracey in Devonshire, and
the Land's End in Cornwall.

Formica fusca var, rubescens, Forel. — I discovered a nest of this
var. (which I took at the time to be F. riifibarbia, F.) last year at Bewdley,
in May. I took a number of ^ s, but no ? could be found. This year
I visited the same nest in July. There were many J s present, but
no 2 s could be found. This looks as if the <y s must have been the
offspring of ^ s parthenogenetic eggs. The nest is situated partly under
a large, heavy stone, and partly in the bank which is built up round it.
This is the first time this variety has been recorded in Britain, though
Prof. Forel tells me it is common in Switzerland.

Tapinoma erraticum, Ltr. — On May 9th I discovered a fine nest of
this little ant at Woking, but no ? could be found. As there were a
number of larvte, and large and small pupfe present, I took a number
of them and some ^ s to try and breed the sexes. I kept them in a
small plaster nest. Some of the larvae changed to pupae, but, in spite
of all the food I gave the ^ s — caterpillars and pupfE of
other ants — they devoured all their own larvfe and pupte by degrees.
Then some eggs were laid by one of the ^ s. These were carried
about for some time, but eventually eaten, so the experiment failed.

Myrmecina latreillei. Curt.- — ^^ s of this rare little ant were taken,
one in a nest of Formica fusca, at Rame Head, in April, one with
Lasitis fiaiuis, Meavy Valley, also in April, and five specimens at roots
of herbage, with Ladus niger at St. Helen's, Isle of Wight, in August.
I swept up three winged 2 s and two <y s at Ditchling, in Sussex, in
August, and a winged 2 at Tring in October. Both ^ s and 2 s of
this ant feign death when handled.

Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl. — Lateral gynandromorph. My friend,
Mr. Hereward Dollman, swept up a specimen half <y half ^ , at Ditch-
ling, which he kindly gave to me. Only two other gynandromorphic
ants, besides the two of F. sanguinea I mention above, have been recorded
before in Britain.

Stenamma westwoodi, West. — I took a 2 iii a nest of Formica rufa
at Parkhurst Forest in April, and another with Lasins fuliyinosus at
Darenth Wood in June.

SoLENOPsis FuoAX, Ltr. — It was found in some numbers with

RECENTLY DESCRIBED FORMS OF PALiEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 259

Lasius niger in the cliffs at Sandown. Specimens introduced into a
small plaster nest containing L. flavus were all killed by the flavus ^ s.

{To he continued).

Chastocnema arida, Foud., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.

By HORACE St. J. K. DOMISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

C. arida, Foudras, " Altisides," p. 122 (1859-60). — Ovata,
ciipreo-fenea, labro nigro, obtuso ; antenuarum articulis sex primis
ferrugineis ; thorace angustiori tenuissime punctulato ; elytris
extrinsecus striato-punctatis, punctis dorsalibns duplicatis vel confusis.
2 S alis incompletis. ^ Aedoeagus arcuatus late profundeque
canaliculatiis ; apice acute lanceolatus, leviter trunculatus. Long.
l-75mm. — Larg. 1mm.

This species comes next to C. hortensis, Geof. {aridella, Vk.),
from which it may be known by its narrow thorax, which is
much more finely punctured, the granulation on the vertex being
hardly distinct. My specimens are smaller and narrower than C.
hortensis, and have the shoulders more sloping. I sent a specimen to
my friend, Capt. Sainte Claire Deville, as they did not agree with any
of our species, and he writes, " It is certainly arida, Foud., a neglected
species, but widely distributed in France." 1 swept several specimens
in the Whitefield Woods, near Eyde, Isle of Wight, on August 26th,
1909. It must not be confused with ('. aridula, GylL, or C. aridella, Pk.
(hortensis). In the Ent. Ilecord, 1904, p. 83, Newbery writes of
Chaetocnema confusa, another of our species : "It seems doubtful if the
confusa, Boh., of our collections, is identical with Bedel's species,
which is described as 'blackish-bronze.'" This, however, exactly
describes our species! which I have recently taken in some numbers
in Wicken Fen, and Dr. Joy takes it at Wellington College.

Recently described forms of Palaearctic Lepidoptera.

By max GILLMER.

Owing to the rapidity with which new forms of European Lepidop-
tera are being described, and in some cases redescribed, in the
continental literature, I have been asked by Mr. Tutt to provide a list
of those that have recently come under notice, together with references
to the descriptions. As a first instalment I, therefore, forward the
enclosed : —

From Berne's Schinetterlinqsbuch, new edition, edited by Dr. H.
Eebel, pt. 1 (February, 1909), pt. 2 (March, 1909), pts. 3-6 (June,
1909), p. 20, Pyraineis cardui, L., ab. ocellata, Ebl., n. ab. ; p. 31,
Brenthis pales, Schifl"., ab. pseiidothalia, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 83, Arf/ymiis
aglaja, L., ab. albomaculata, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 34, Argynnis niobe, L., ab.
extincta, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 37, Melanargia galatea, L., ab. aperta, Rbl., n.
ab. ; p. 40, Erebia ceto, Hb., ab. albomacnlata, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 43,
Erebia aethiops, Esp., ab. caeca, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 45, Oeneis a'ello, Hb.,
ab. ( J ) unicolor, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 46, Satyrus hermione, L., ab. australis,
Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 51, Pararge achine, Sc, ab. althaea, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 52,
Epinephelfl jnrtina, L., ab. (?) biocidata, Rbl., n. ab. ; ab. (?) caeca,
Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 54, Cnejumjjiiipha iphis, Schifi'., var. (ab.) e.commatica,
Rbl., n. var. ; Coenonyiiipha arcania, L., ab. (?) schiiiiac, Rbl., n. ab. ;

260 THE entomologist's record.

var. epiphilea, Rbl, (n. nom.) { = philea, Frr. cf. Ann. Natur/iist.
Hofiii., xix., p. 174. not. 1) ; var. orientalise, Rbl. (n. var.) (cf. Ann.
Natnr/iist. Hnfw., xix., p. 174, t. v., fig. 9) ; p. 58, Kluf/ia spini,
Schiff., ab. deleta, Rbl., n. ab.; Xnrdiiiannia ilicis, Esp., ab. latifas<ciata,
Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 61, Heodes rin/aiireae, Lt., Sih. {^) pallida, Rbl., n.
ab. ; p. 62, Loiveia aleiphron, Rott., ab. {$) caerulescens, Rbl., n. ab. ;
p. 63, Loweia dorilis, Hufn., gen. vernalis, Rbl., n. nom. ; p. 69,
Poh/omiiiatun eros, Ochs., ab. ( $ ) senili>i, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 70, Poly-
oniniatus icarus, Rott., ab. bion (Koll. i.l.), n. ab. ; Poli/onmiattts
am and u s, ^chn., ah. (?) caeridea, Rbl., n. ab. ; p, 71, Polyouuiiatus
meleager, Esp., ab. obsoleta, Rbl, n. ab. ; p. 73, Ciipido sebriis, B., ab.
( 5 ) caerulescens, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 74, (Maucopsyche melanops, B., ab.
unipimcta, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 83, Hesperia cartltatni, Hb., var. major, Rbl.,
n. var. ; Poirellia orbifer, Hb., ab. (var. gen. test.) minor, Rbl., n. ab. ;
Powellia sao, Hb., ab. (var. gen. test.) minor, Rbl., n. ab. ; p. 84,
Hesperia alveus, Hb., var. alticola, Rbl., n. var.

From the Entomologische Zeitschrift Stuttgart, xxiii., 1909, p. 17,
Brenthis pales, Schiff., ab. deflavata, Wagner, n. ab. (et var. '?) ;
Polyommatus icarus, Rott., var. sardoa, Wagner, nov. var. ; P. meleager,
Esp., var. dalmatina, Wagner, nov. var. ; Ayriades bellaryus, Rott., ab.
rufomaryinata, Wagner, nov. ab. (et var.?); p. 18, Cloantha liyperici, F.,
var. dilntior, Wagner, nov. var.; Leucania comma, Ij.,\eir. enyadinensis,
Wagner, nov. var. : Taeniocampa stabilis, View., var. dalmatica,
Wagner, nov. var. ; Larentia infidaria. Lab., ab. nigrofasciata, Wagner,
nov. ab. ; Nmneria pulveraria, L., var. saturaria, B.H., i. 1.; Nychiodes
lividaria, Hb., var. dalmatina, Wagner, nov. var. ; p. 23, (Eneis
germana, Austant, ab. depuncta, Austant, n. ab. ; ab. tristis B.H.,
ab. immaculata, Austant, n. ab. ; p. 25, (E. dubia, Elwes, var.
staudingeri, Aust., n. var. ; p. 36, Saturnia pyri, Schiff., ab. inrittata,
Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. fulcescens, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. subdiaphana,
Schultz, n. ab.; S. spini, Schiff., ab. fusca, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. contigua,
Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. oblitescens, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. micropJithalmica,
Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. subhyalina, Schultz, n. ab. ; S.pavonia, L., ah. jiaro-
maculata, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. defiexa, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. ( $ ) ochreufas-
ciata, Schultz, n.ab.; ab. {3' )</<'('ora<o', Schultz, n.ab. ; ab. ( ? )saturatinr,
Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. ( ? ) erythrina, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. ( 5 ) angustata,
Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. ( ? ) conversa, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. defasciata,
Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. indentata, Schultz, n. ab. ; ab. ( $ ) reducta, Schultz,
n. ab. ; ab. makropis, Schultz, n. ab. ; p. 41, Pieris manni, Mayer, gen.
aest., asta, *Fruhstorfer, n. var. ; var. rossi, gen. \evn.farpa, *Fruhstorfer ;
p. 42, Pieris rapae var. leucosoma, Schawenda, gen. vern. raga,
Fruhstorfer ; P. rapae ah. atom aria, Fruhstorfer, n. ab. ; Ncptisthemis,
var. ilos, Fruh., n. var. ; N. sankara var. segesta, Fruh., n. var. ; p. 91,
Erebia ligea, Linn., var. takanonis, Matsumura, n. var. ; p. 121,
Anthrocera astragali, Bkh., ab. flava, Kaufmann, n. ab. ; ah. jiaveola,
Kaufmann, n. ab.

From The Internationale Entomologisclie Zeitsclirift Guben, iii.,
1909, p. 30, Theretra porcellus, L., ab. galbana, Gillm., n. ab. ; p. 64,
Polyo)i\matus icarus, Rott., ab. $ lirida, Gillm., n. ab. ; p. 78, Pieris

* These show the difficulty of dealing with ' ' trade " names ; Fruhstorfer seems
to name everything he gets for sale as " subspecies " or " form." We were under
the impression that rossii and maimi were the spring and summer forms of the
same insect, but apparently Fruhstorfer has re-named them both ! ! — Ed.

NOTES ON THE COCOON-SPINNINCJ OF APANTELES GLOMERATUS. 261

er<iane, Hb.-Gey., ab. niedirrld, Strand, n. ab. ; Pontia daplidice, Linn.,
ab. anastoDiosica, Strand, u.ab. ; Colias cdiisa, Fab.,ab. niediecki, Strand,
n. ab. ; Satijrus briseis, Linn., ab. iiniocellata, Strand, n. ab.; (Tlaiicopfiyche
cijllarus, Rett., ab. siiblagens, Strand, n. ab.

Li the Berlin Ent. ZeiU., liv., 1909, pp. 68-72, Parnassins apullo
var. silesianus, Marsch.; pp. 73-75, Lycaena areas, Rett., ab. g enuitata,
Marsch.; Proc. p. 3, Epinephele jurtina,lj.,&h. $ liertha, Heinrich ;
p. 36, Af/riades coridon, Poda, var. bornssia, Dadd ; p. 89, Parnassius
)iiuc)nos>p}c ab. taeniata, Stichel ; ab. arenaria, Stichel.

In the Pnly.vena Wien, iv., 1902, p. 2, Tephmnia Krpiaria, Hufn.,
ab. nir/ra, Rebel ; var. lepraria, Rebel.

In the Entoiii. Rundschau, xxvi., 1909, p. 59, Lycaena cyanr vav.
tarhayata, Suschkin.

Notes on the cocoon=spinning of Apanteles glomeratus.

By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S.
As I had several larvae of Pier is brassicae just lately, the greater
part of which were ichneumoned, I had the opportunity of watching
through a lens the emergence from the bodies of the larvae and the
cocoon-making of a number of the parasites {Apanteles ylomeratun).
When I first looked into the box in the morning over twenty grubs had
emerged from the body of one caterpillar, 12 on one side, 8 on the
other in compact groups, and 2 separately near the head. The
most separated one began operations by making a pad on the bottom
of the box by means of small circular movements of the head, it then
began to double back on its own body, attaching the threads to it, each
movement forming a loop, only limited in length by the distance to
which the forepart of the body could stretch, this being the only part
moved, but the loops were longer or shorter according as more or
fewer segments were put in motion. These loops often caught in the
course of formation, and were fixed in passing, by their own stickiness,
to whatever they happened to touch, without cessation of movement on
the part of the grub. Those that were in groups fixed many of their
threads to the bodies of their companions. One of the larger group
was turned awaj' from the rest with its head towards the back of the
caterpillar, and kept moving its head backwards and forwards in the
most futile manner, being either unwilling or unable to fix a thread to
the back of the caterpillar, eventually it turned and found itself able
to attach its thread to the cocoons begun by others. The beginning
of the cocoons is a common pad, but after a time each grub begins to
work for itself so as to construct its own cocoon. They had all
emerged and were beginning their cocoons by 9 a.m., and by 11.30
they were mostly covered, but the futile one was far behind the others,
not more than two-thirds of its cocoon being formed. By this time a
second batch was emerging from the body of another larva ; each had
made a circular hole in the larva's skin for itself ; some emerged com-
pletely, but the greater number to about three-quarters of their length
only, using the hole as a fixed point from which to work their bodies.
Whilst I was writing a third larva had produced a batch of ichneumon
grubs, which, in the course of those few minutes, had made consider-
able progress in their spinning. Each of these two batches consisted
of 12 grubs. In the evening, at about 10.30, I happened to look in
the box again just as the first of another batch was protruding from

262 THK entomologist's becord.

the side of another caterpillar, and was able to see how the circular
form of the hole in the larva's skin was brought aboiit. The grub
makes only a ver}' small opening, through which it thrusts its head,
and then works its body backwards and forwards, gradually enlarging
the hole by distension, the skin at first moving in and out eversibly and
retroversibly, until some two-thirds of the grub's body is visible.
Those which make their cocoons from this position must emerge before
the cocoon is finished, as one never finds any part of the cocoon em-
bedded in the body of the caterpillar.

Notes on the Distribution and Variation of Agriades coridon
in tlie Cambridge District.

By G. L. KEYNES.

In England, Aiiriade'^ coridon appears to be almost entirely con-
fined to chalky districts, and, in the neighbourhood of Cambridge, this
is certainly the case, but, even on the chalk, it is not generally
distributed, since it appears only at certain isolated points along the
range of chalky hills, which stretch across the southern part of the
county, from Newmarket, in the east, to Baldock, beyond the south-
west boundary. This localisation is probably only secondary, since
the species seems to occur in most of the locahties suited to it, that is,
in the places, where, for various reasons, the land has escaped culti-
vation.. That there is no communication between the various colonies
of this species seems to be indicated by facts to be mentioned later in
connexion with its variation.

At the eastern end of the chalky range, the species occurs in some
numbers on Newmarket Heath, though here it is to be found chiefly
along the great prehistoric earthwork, known as the Devil's Dyke.
The deep ditch on the western aspect of this earthwork afi'ords the
most complete protection for a species such as A. coridon, whereas
the greater part of the heath itself is in constant use for horse-racing
and exercising. Passing from here south-west along the Icknield
Way, one finds the next stronghold of A. coridon to be another great
earthwork. Fleam Dyke, which runs parallel to, and, in most ways,
resembles the Devil's Dyke. The ground on either side of this dyke is
under cultivation, but in the ditch and on the sides of the rampart A.
coridon is to be found in great numbers. About a mile further on, A.
coridon is to be found again along the course of the now disused
Koman road, the Via Devana. The next point at which the species
appears is some way further to the south-west, namely, on Koyston
Heath ; this heath is of great extent, and may be considered to be- the
most important locality in the district for A. coridon, which occurs
abundantly all over it. Beyond this region the country is all culti-
vated, and my investigations have extended no further.

Taking into account the type of country, the distribution is onlyj
what might be expected, and it is, in itself, of no particular interest ;i
when, however, it is correlated with the variation of the species it at-]
once becomes interesting and affords a striking instance of the,
peculiarities of local races.

The (? is of fairly constant form throughout the district, and!
presents only the usual amount of variation in size, in the breadth and!
intensity of the dark border upperside forewing, and in the shade (from!

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF AGRIADES CORIDON. 263

brown to pale cream) of the ground colour underside hindwing. The
2 , on the other hand, is peculiar in that it is found to be much
more variable on Royston Heath than in any of the other localities.
Thus, considering first the minor variation of the markings on the
underside, one notices that it is usually possible to find at Royston a
pronounced example of ab. an-uata, whereas I have not yet taken this
elsewhe'^e ; at Royston also I have found a very complete ab. obsoleta
and several intermediate forms, but very rarely have I noticed any
approach to this elsewhere. In all the localities a form occurs with
the discoidal spots, fore- and hindwing, ringed with white, but this, too,
is perhaps commonest at Royston. With regard to the conspicuous-
ness of the orange markings along the borders of fore- and hindwing,
there is not much to be said ; every degree of variation in this respect
is found in all the localities.

There is a more striking variation to be found in the ground colour
of the underside forewing. In a typical specimen of L. coridon 2 this
is of a fairly dark brown, and the black spots are ringed with white.
In many specimens in this district the white has spread, until, in a
number of instances, the wing has become, with the exception of the
border and the spots, entirely white, as in the 3- . Occasionally the
colour of the hindwing has become lighter at the same time, and it
would not be easy to distinguish at sight such a specimen from a g-
by the underside alone. This form occurs in all the localities, but is
decidedly more frequent at Roj^ston than elsewhere.

The most interesting variation of all, which it is the chief object of
these notes to record, is found on the upperside, the normal brown of
which is more or less replaced on the lower, or on all four wings, by
the blue of the J . None of these specimens are quite as completely blue
as in the extreme form known as ab. i<y)i(iraplia, but many approximate
to it. The majority of the aberrant forms have the lower wing all
blue, except the upper fifth, and a variable amount of blue on the fore-
wing, and are apparently included in ab. wiiiibrunnea, Mill. It is also pos-
sible to find every intermediate stage between ab. sennbnmnea and the
typical 5 . Now it is very noticeable that these blue forms are found
only on Royston Heath, where they have occurred regularly for the last
four years, and are comparatively common. A rough attempt at estimating
the proportions gave the result that one specimen in about every fifty or
sixty has at least a well-marked blue hindwing. The ab. seiuibrunnea
is very conspicuous and may easily be distinguished when fiying from
an ordinary $ . I have searched carefully for ab. sewibriinnea in the
other localities during three seasons, but without success. I have one
specnnen from Fleam Dyke Avith the left forewing splashed irregularly
with blue, and a few from the Devil's Dyke showing indications of blue
on the hindwings; but that is all.

It is impossible to ofler any explanation as to the reasons why this
local race of blue $ s should have established itself only on Royston
Heath, since the conditions are apparently very similar in all the
localities.

There appears to be no relation between this upperside approxima-
tion to the J form and the underside approximation mentioned above.
Many of the ab. seinibnninea have the white underside forewing, but an
equal number have quite typical undersides.

The ab. sijiu/rapha seems to be found sometimes at Devizes [Knto-

264 THE entomologist's recorl».

nwloiiist, 1896), at Eiugwood {Kntoniolofjht, 1899), and elsewhere in
North Wilts {Kntumolonut, 1902), but I can tind no other English
records of ab. seiftibnoniea having occurred regularly in this way as a
local race.

It would be interesting to breed from some of the blue $ s, and I
hope some day to make the attempt, but it would probably not be an
easy experiment to carry out.

In connexion with the distribution of species on the chalk, the
following facts may be mentioned. Vrhicola comma is abundant on
Newmarket and Koystou Heath, but I have never seen it on Fleam
Dyke. Satynis semele is plentiful both on Newmarket Heath and on
Fleam Dyke, but seems not to occur on Royston Heath. Krcmobia
vchrolenca has the same distribution as the latter, whereas Mesotype
rin/ata is common at Royston, but is not found elsewhere.

:^10TES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Swiss Butterflies. — In looking through a back volume of the
Knt. Hecord I find I stated that Aricia {Foli/ommatns) donziiii was
taken at Eggishorn in 1904 {see vol. xvi., p. 382) ; this is clearly a
mistake, and refers to Aricia [Pobjonrmatm) eumedon, an error which I
hasten to correct with apologies. The year 1909 was almost a blank
as far as butterflies were concerned. We arrived at Fiesch on June
22nd, via Lucerne and the Furka, and walked up the Binnen Thai to
Binn without bagging anything of note. During the night there was
a heavy thunderstorm and hailstorm, with three or four inches of snow
to greet us in the morning ; this, however, soon melted, and in the
afternoon a few Lycaena arion, PohjommatUH escheri, one P. eros and
Parnasaius nmcninsyne were taken. The latter proved to be very
plentiful, both near the village and further up the valley, and w^ere in
very fresh condition. Pier is napi var. bryoniae were also common, and
flying with them were a few of the lowland form. Ercbia ceto was
fairly plentiful, and most of the specimens were so strongly marked as
to be readily picked out from a series, though a few of the var. obsciira
were among them. Though the insects were somewhat disappointing
the flowers w^ere very fine, and, among other good things, such as
Primula lonyifiora, the night-scented stock, etc., a pure white form of
Pri Hilda viscosa was noted. From Binn we went up to the Hotel
Jungf rau, Eggishorn, but the weather grew worse instead of better, and
two or three days of snow and wind did not provide better hunting. On
July 3rd, we moved on to Riederalp, and here Xlelitaea aurinia var.
merope was flying freely in the meadows, and showed a considerable
variation in the depth of the black sufl'usion, but other insects were
scarce, and on the 6th we walked down the steep path to Brigue,
netting a few Satyr us alcyune and S. semele on the way. We hoped to
take a few Pulyummatiis meleaycr at Martigny as a solace, but it poured
in torrents and we packed up and made for Paris in despair. May
1910 provide us with a better season — it cannot easily be worse.—
Douglas H. Pearson, Chilwell, Notts.

CoLiAs VAR. HELicE AT BOURNEMOUTH. — Whilst Staying at Bourne-
month, a Colias helice was seen flying in Durley Chine on August 19th
last. Neither species of Colias has been noticed by my brother, or

CURRENT NOTES.

265

myself, in this locality this season. — Joseph Anderson, Chichester.
October 26th, 1909.

Agrius coNvoLVULi AT Chichester. — An Ac/rius concolvuli was
brought to me alive on October 18th. It is a small specimen,
measuring under 4in. from tip to tip of primaries. — Joseph Anderson.

Leucania l-album at Eastbourne. — I have much pleasure in
recording the capture of a 5 specimen of the above-named species on
October 14th, at ivy. I have obtained a few ova, which, up to the
present (26th inst ), have not hatched. — Edwin P. Sharp, 1, Bedford
Well Road, Eastbourne. (Jctoher 26th, 1909.

CURRENT NOTES.

Mr. Schnepf records {Int. Ent. Zeits., p. 160) the occurrence of an
imago of Limenitis sibi/lla with larval head. In the same paper
(p. 159), Mr. Dziurzynski records a gynandromorph of Bupaliis
piniariiis, at Perchtoldsdorf, in June last, the right side with male
antennae and wings, the left side female.

It hardly seems possible that it is 18 years ago since we helped the
City of London Entomological Society to publish its first Transactiuns
for the year 1891, but we have just received vol. xviii, for the year
1908, and it gives a strong hint as to the time that has passed since
then. We have to congratulate the Society on its evidently sound and
sti-ong financial position, on the excellent paper by Mr. Prout on
" Cidaria tniiicata and <.'. citrata {iiiniicaiota)," as well as that by Dr.
Hodgson on "The notes on the effect of climatic conditions on sexual
dimorphism."

The obituary notice of the late Mr. J. A. Clark (accompanied
as it is by an excellent photograph), strikes a sympathetic note in our
own mind, for, whatever others may have done for the Society,
Mr. Clark was the man to whom the Society has owed most, and the
writer, who was the other member of the deputation that Avaited on
Lord Avebury (then Sir John Lubbock) at the House of Commons
(mentioned on p. 66), will not readily forget his eager excitement
when the question of our getting rooms was being discussed, although
most of the talking was left to the writer. We were hardly pressed in
those days, and Mr. Hanbury deserves all the thanks so freely accorded
in helping us out of our then difficulties.

In turning over the volume one is somewhat struck, and perhaps a
little amused, at the mixture of what we may term the " old world "
and " new world " synonymy found there, and, in the case of some of
the latter names, we feel no shame in acknowledging that they are
quite new to us. On the other hand, and apart from the misspelling
of common words which one may safely put on the shoulders of the
" printer's devil," the volume, although published so late in the year,
shows evidence of hurried preparation rarely seen in any entomological
periodical nowadays. This is most evident in Dr. Hodgson's
iirst class paper, where species and aberrations are written as Aglaia,
Corydon, Si/uijrapha, Iconis, etc., sometimes with small, at others with
capital, initial letters, without any sign of generic names, and when
the latter are suggested, w'e get such indications as B. rhanini, T.
jiapkia, etc., and wonder what it all means. Similarly, the presidential
address is chiefly written with reference only to specific names, a form

266 THE entomologist's KECORt).

of diction that those responsible will surely hardly care to defend. As
opposed to this, on p. 14, the specific and generic names both get
provided with capital initial letters, whilst the names themselves ni
the titles of the papers, rarel}' appear to agree with the notes about
those papers in the Proceedings, e.i/., the " Vanessa Urticae'' paper on
p. 13, is referred to throughout in the Proceedings, p. 5, as " A</lais
tirticae;" the ^^ Gnophos Obscurata,'' paper on p. 14, is referred to on
p. 6 as " Sciadio)i obsciirana ; " the " Grapta c-album " discussion on
p. 14, becomes on p. 7 Polyi/onia c-alhum, etc. One might expect
some uniformity, but we find " Lycaena aeAjon" and " Polyomtiiatm
aeyon," on the same page (12). On p. 7 again, we find " Trochilinm
taba7iifnriiiis," on p. 8, " Sesia tabanifurDus," evidently the same species,
and on p. 4 the heading '^ Zyi/aenidae," and then read in the
following paragraph of '' Anthrocera viinus," a six-spotted " Zyyaeiia,"
''A. jilipendulae,'" etc. We do not know who is responsible for
" Alucita " (jraphodactyla, on pp. 60 and 10, surely (/rap/iodartyla
cannot be Alucita without going baci\ to Linne. It is an Adhinia,
belonging to the Stenoptiliines, on the Plaptyptiliid side of the plume
stirps, not even an Alucitine plume, let alone an '^Alucita." Similarly,
brachydactylns (p. 4) is called a '' Pteropho7us ;" surely these things
should be dead before a volume claiming a scientific position is given
to the public. We may be told that the genera are in a state of flux ;
this may be so, but out of the flux there is surely no reason why, at
least, some uniform method should not be adopted in the same book
and on the same page. No doubt attention only wants to be called to
this for the matter to be put right, but a volume that succeeds in its
essentials should not be allowed to fail for want of attention to details.
We write this with a light heart, not knowing who the members of
the press committee are, or whether each member is responsible for his
own paper, but, at any rate, by the tune the next volume is issued, we
trust that someone will be found to give the necessary attention to the
matter. We wish to withdraw from these remarks, Mr. Prout's paper
above referred to, which is, contrary to the rest of the contents,
excellently edited throughout.

Another popular book entitled Ihitterjiies and Moths of the United
Ivinydom, by Dr. W. Egmont Kirby, published by George Routledge
and Sons, Ltd., London, has been forwarded to us for notice. It is
illustrated by a large number of coloured plates, done by the three-
colour process, the drawing of many flgures of which is exceedingly
poor. So unsatisfactory are some of the figures, that we had to turn
to the index to see what they were meant to represent. We doubt if
anyone could possibly guess what pi. xxxiv., figs. 4 and 17, xxxv.,
fig. 7, xxxvi., figs. 2 and 14, xxxviii., fig. 21, xli., fig. 16, and many
others were intended to be, particularly if tnken from their surroundings
and examined separately. We were specially attracted to pi. Ixvi., fig. 9,
as something we could not decipher, and discovered that there was not
a single species named correctly on the Avhole of the plate ; even of
those that could be made out, wrong names appear to have been
applied to every figure. The figures of the plumes on pi. Ixvii., are
probably as unsatisfactory as anything in the volume. In the course of
our study of this lovely order, we have never seen any plumes quite
like those figured, and that which the explanation says refers to penta-
ductj/la, can only be intended as an amazing caricature of this common,

I

SOCIETIES. 267

but lovely, insect. The letterpress is unfortunately equally weak,
especially the short odds and ends relating to the early stages. Thus
we read that the larva of Papilio machaon feeds upon fennel, wild
carrot, marsh milk-parsley, and other plants, " preferring the flowers."
The larvfe of the species of Arf/ijnuis, live chiefly on violet " in August
and September." and after hybernation in May and June. (Do larvfe
of any of our three British Argynnids — Arfiynnis adippe, A. af/laia, and
A. paphia, live " chiefly on violet in August and September?") The
larva of A. paphia is said to feed on dog-violet, "raspberry, nettle, and
guelder-rose;" the larva of Issoria lathonia to feed on violet, "borage,
sainfoin," etc. ; the larva of Melitaea aininia to feed on scabious, " ger-
mander speedwell, plantain," etc. ; the larva of M. cind'ia, on " hawk-
weed, plantain, germander-speedwell, and other low plants ; " the larva
of Polygonia c-alhwn, on " wild currant, raspberry, hop, hazel, honey-
suckle, nettle, thistle, sloe, elm, willow," etc. ; the larva of Neuieobim
lueina on primrose and " dock ; " the larva of Ciipido minimm on
" vetches and other low plants ; " that of Agn'ades thetis on " difterent
species of vetch," etc. ; of Hesperia malvae, on blackberry, raspberry,
" teazle and other plants," etc. ; Cyclopides palaemon on "plantain,"
crested dog's tail grass, " and other low plants." Such statements as
these, which might have passed muster say 100 years ago, have surely
all been put right in this j^ear of grace 1909, and are not really worthy
of criticism by serious lepidopterists.

There are many other items that are strange to us, e.g., the head of
Fyraiueis cardui pupa is said to have " the two projections usual in
Vanessa pupte ;" pi. vi., fig. 56, certainly does not show them, nor should
it, of course. Callophri/s rubi is " double-brooded," occurring in May and
August. The British " coppers " include " Li/caena dispar, HaAV., L.
rntila, Wernbg. (treated as a separate species from dispar, and noted
as having " long been extinct"), L. phlaeas, Linn., L. hippotho'e, Linn,
(noted as " apparently extinct "), L. virf/aiireae, Linn, (noted as " long
been extinct "); then salmacis and artaxerxes, are treated as species
separate from Aricia astrarche, and so on. We really should like to say
something that would recommend the book to entomologists, especially
as the publishers have evidently been at great pains and expense in its
production ; it will, no doubt, share honours with other books of a
similar type selected by nonentomological parents and friends, as a
gift to a child showing early predilections in an entomological direction,
but for entomologists per se,the book can have no real value whatever.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— September 23/v/, 1909. — Ova of Lepidoptera. — Mr. Tonge exhibited
stereographs of the ova of Nonayria edelsteni, and of t'elastrina aryiohis.
Rare and variable lepidoptera. — Mr. Newman, series of Dianthoecia
conspersa, with black forms from Shetland ; D. carpopliaya, with white
forms from Eastbourne; Dicranura biatspis from Tilgate; L'lieidlia
ynaphalii from East Kent; Cidaria reticulata from Windermere; A'lyeria
andrenaeformis from North Kent, etc. Cymatophorid^, etc. — Mr.
Brown, a curiously-banded form of Cytimtophora Jinctnosa, and Mr.
Carr, examples of (J. fiiic.tiiosa and C. duplaris, and a series of Boarmia
repandata with ab. conrersaria from the Wye Valley. White aberra-
tion OF RuMiA cRATiEGATA, — Mr. Cowham, a white specimen of Ramia

268 THE entomologist's KRCORD.

crataei/ata. Our entomologioal authorities. — Mr, Turnev read a
paper on " Our Entomological Authorities," and exhibited a number of
volumes referred to, published in the first half of the nineteenth
century. October lit/i, 1909. — Aberration of Vanessa io. — A specimen
with the wings on the right side, noticeably smaller than those on the
left, Mr. W. West. Ova of Agriades thetis, etc. — Ova of A. thetis,
in situ, on undersides of leaves of Hippucrepis coinnsa, from Eastbourne ;
also young larvae of Celmtiina cmiiolus, and larvfe, and pup;?, and
cocoons of Nola albalcdiH, Mr. R. Adkin. Coleopteea. — Ajdon ciirtisii,
A. brericolle, A. pomonae, and A. urticariiiin, from Deal, Mr. W. West.
Bred Dryas paphia var. valesina. — A brood of 41 typical ^ s, 2B
typical $ s, and 13 var. valesina, the progeny of a captured 5 var.
valesina, Mr. E. Joy. A doubtful Lupernia. — A series of a Liiperina
taken by Mr. T. Baxter at St. Anne's-on-Sea, the specific position of
which is doubtful, Mr. R. South. Second-brood example of Spilosoma
LUBRiciPEDA. — A Specimen of iS. lubricipeda, bred on September 8th,
from a Deptford larva, Mr. H. Moore.

Entomological Society of London. — October Gth, 1909. — New
NocTuiD. — Sir George Hampson brought for exhibition the unique
example of a Noctuid moth new to science, captured in the neighbour-
hood of Aberdeen by Mr. L. G. Esson, and presented to the National
Collection by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild. It would be necessary, he
said, to constitute a new genus for it, as it presented characters not
known to exist in allied species. Butterflies from Dauphiny. —
Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited examples of Melifaca deione, from la Grave,
and aberrant forms of M. didi/nia from Digne, taken in July last.
This is the first record of the former species occurring so far north in the
French Alps, and the exhibitor deemed it noteworthy that the specimens
showed aneareraflinity to the meridional form than to the var. berisalensis
of the Rhone Valley in Switzerland. The M. didi/ina included one very
fine aberration taken at Digne, Basses Alpes, on July 16th, in which
the black spots in the central area of the forewing were confluent,
forming a broad black band ; the outer margin broadly black, and this
continued to the hindwing. North American Chrysophanids. —
Mr. G. Bethune-Baker showed a series of Chri/sophanus dorcas, which
occurs in North America from Labrador and Alaska down to Michigan,
in marshy localities, and pointed out the peculiar characteristic of the
egg, which was more Theclid than Chrysophanid. He also exhibited
a finely radiated example of Ritinieia [Chnjsoidianns) Inipophlaeas, also
a North American species. Breeding Experimemt with Charaxes. —
Mr. G. F. Leigh exhibited the 2 parent and 21 specimens of the off-
spring of Charaxes zoolina var, neanthes. This result was obtained
from ova deposited by the zoolina form of the ? , and produced 4 (J s
and 2 $ s like the parent, and 16 ^ s and 9 $ s of the neanthes form.
Last year the same result was obtained in a smaller degree, but the
eggs on that occasion were obtained from the neanthes form of the J .
All the specimens exhibited, the breeding of which was undertaken at
the special request of Professor E. B. Poulton, will be placed with
those shown last year in the Hope Department, University Museum,
Oxford. The breeding of the tw^o forms from ova has proved that
they are one species. With regard to the examples exhibited,
Mr. Leigh said that, although the zoolina form is consistent in both
the wet and dry season, there are two quite distinct forms of the
neanthes variety.

SOME EUROPEAN BEES. 269"

Some European Bees.

By PROFESSOR T. D. A. COCKERELL, F.Z.S.

During the past summer, my wife and I collected bees in several
European localities, and, although the season was phenomenally poor,
we were pleased to see in life many interesting species which we had
only known as cabinet specmiens. Our one really good day was at
Troyes, in France, on August 8th. It was extremely hot, and we
found a railway-bank covered with flowers, over which flitted Pontia
daplidice, Colias hi/ale, Pier is brassicae, Vanessa urticae, V. io, and
other butterflies. The following bees were obtained :—Panur(/us
dentipes, 2 (J , one with head extremely large, constituting a form (var.
megacejjhalns, n. vai.) parallel with the variety macroceplialiis of P.
calcaratus ; Nomada lineola, Panz., 1 2 ; Ceratina ci/anea, Kirby, 1 ? ;
Stelis aterrinia, Panz., 1 2 ', Oswia fuloiventris, Panz., 1 J ; Halictns
scabiosae, Rossi, 1 $ ; also another Halictns and a Colletes not yet
determined; Anthidium manicatuin var. nif/rithorax, D.T., 2 ^s',
Anthidiuw obloni/atinn, Latr., 1 <y , eyes in life, olive-green, with the
anterior part reddish-black.

Anthidiuni, as commonly understood in Europe, includes at least
two genera —

(1) Anthidium, type, J. manicatuin, with no pulvillus, using cottony tomentum
in making its nest, and (2) Dianthidium, type, the American D. sayi, having a
pulvillus on the feet, and using resin in the construction of its nest.

Fabre has termed these two groups the "Cotonniers" and the
" Resiniers." The subgenus Proanthidiuni, Friese, consists of a
mixture of Anthidium and Dianthidium, but I propose to take as
the type (none being designated by Friese) the first species, A.
nbloniiatuiu, which, though approaching Dianthidium in some respects
(especially the venation), is a "Cottonier," and has no pulvillus. The
subgenus Pseudoanthidinm (5 species) I have not been able to examine;
but Friese's Pavaanthidiu)ii, according to a specimen of A. interruptum.,
Fabr., in the British Museum, goes with Dianthidium, and having two
years' priority, should perhaps supplant it. It represents, however, a
quite distinct group, with the clypeus much broader in proportion to
its length, and may probably be regarded as a distinct genus. The
Paljearctic species usually referred to Anthidium, so far as known to
me, may be classified as follows : —

Anthidium Series.
Anthidium, Fabr., 1804 (type manicatuvi, L.).

(1) manicatum group.

(2) punctatitin group.

(3) montanum group.

(4) variegatum group.

(5) cingulatum group.

(6) lituratum group.

Proanthidium, Friese, 1898 (type ohlongatum, Latr.).

P. oolongatum, Latr., P. undidatum, Dours., P. vioratvitzii, D.T,

Dianthidium Series.
Dianthidium, CklL, 1900 (type myi, Ckll.).

(1) hellicosutii group.

(2) ferrugineum group.

(3) sticticum group.

(4) septemdentatiun group.

(5) strigatum gvoxx^ = s,\x\)g. Anthidiellum, Ckll., 1904.
Paraanthidium, Friese, 1898 (type interruptum, Fabr.).

December 15th, 1909.

270 THE entomologist's record.

Dinnthiilinin extends even to Australia ; I am greatly indebted to
Mr. Rowland E. Turner for a specimen of Dianthidiinn turneri
(Anthidiiun turneri, Friese, 1909), taken in November, at Mackay,
Queensland.

Other captures of the past summer were—

(1) Wangen, Baden, at the famous (Eningen fossil quarries, Bombus
variabilis var. iiotomelas, Kriechb., August 5th.

(2) Gersau, Switzerland, July 30th, Heriades truncorum, L., Bomhns lapidarius,
L., B. terrestris, L., B. hi^pnorum, L., B. agronan, F&hr. In hard cells on the
face of the rock we obtained Osmia aditnca, Latr., dead.

(.3) Rigi Kulm, Switzerland (summit of the Rigi), August 1st, P.-:ithyrus
rupestris, Fabr., Bomhus lapidarius, L., B. terrestris var. atitiimiialis, Fabr. The
last is not quite true to type, having the first (thoracic) band distinctly tinged with
yellowish. The top of the Rigi was rather disappointing, being much grazed by
cattle.

(4) Kew Gardens, Surrey, July 20th, at flowers of Spiraea japonica glabrata,
Bombus lapidarius, L., B. terrestris, L., Prosopis sp. (annulata ?), and Andrena sp.

Various small species, Halictufi and ProsopU, and a single male
Andrena, have not yet been determined. Not a single Metfochile was
seen during the summer. At Richmond, Surrey, I took a specimen
of Halirtits s)iu'atlnnanell>ts, which resembles a French specimen in the
British Museum, but is not like the British specimens there preserved,
these being not nearly so bronzy. Saunders admits only one British
species which can possibly include these specimens, but if I received
them from some remote country, I should think I had two different
things.

At South Kensington, in the Natural History Museum, I found a
Bombus terrestris var. lucoruvi, L.

Further notes on Abraxas grossulariata.

By (EEV.) G. H. RAYNOR, M.A.
Before recording my experiences in breeding this species during
the last two seasons, I feel that I must make some reference to Mr.
Porritt's article on this same insect in your June number {antea
p, 131). My article {antea pp. 87-8) which he comments on, was
intended to be merely a critiiism of the prices given for " Magpies " at
the recent " Maddison sale," but, unfortunately, I put my toot in it
by concluding with the remark that, although the current value of
normal rarlei/ata and lacticolor seemed to be about 10s. each, better,
and consequently more valuable, aberrations could be obtained of the
latter than of the former. Such a remark I might, perhaps, never
have made had I known about the great variability of the series of
varleyata Mr. Porritt exhibited in London on December 2nd last.
But I must really join issue with him as to the leijitiinacy, and even
the interest, of obtaining specimens from the Qgg, compared with
rearinty them from wild larvae. Surely if Mr. Porritt himself took a
typical female of Tana/p-a atrata at Dcilton, and was lucky enough on
the same day to take a pure white male at Rastrick, he would not
refrain from attempting to pair them ! Personally, I cannot see why
the progeny of such pairing should be less valuable or interesting than
if they resulted from natural pairing between the parents out-of-doors.
The white and black T. atrata, being born fairly near one another, uiit/ht
have paired naturally, but the chances of Mr. Porritt or any other
naturalist discovering the resulting larvag would be infinitesimal.

FURTHER NOTES ON ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA. 271

Well, such a potential pairing was effected by me between ab. liitea and
ab. lacticolor (of Abraxas (irossidariata), obtained from adjoining parts
of the same town in Lancashire, and it is from this pairing that I have
obtained recently nearly all my best forms of lacticolor.

Then, of course, during the ten years I have been breeding this
variety, I have continually introduced fresh blood into the race, so
that [ may be said to have been breeding from several different strains,
and not entirely from tame strains, as is often the case with those who
rear domestic pigeons and barndoor fowls. A more apt comparison
might, I think, be made between the remarkable lacticolor, very
occasionally reared by myself, and the magnificent Narcissi evolved
by Messrs. Barr (among others), as the result of rearing many
thousand seedlings during a course of years. That their efforts are
fully appreciated by horticulturists is proved by the prices they are
able to obtain for their very choicest kinds. When I started growing
Narcissi, in 190B, the price asked for a bulb of "Peter Barr" was fifty
guineas, and nowadays, " Czarina " and " Jaspar " fetch £30 apiece.
Were there as many wealthy cognoscenti among entomologists as
among floriculturists, eight guineas and a half would certainly not be
the highest figure realised by an aberration of our old friend Abraxas
(jrossulariata.

But, setting aside all pecuniary considerations, I will now proceed
to the subject indicated in the heading of my present article by
remarking that larvae of the " Currant Moth " were extremely abund-
ant both in 1908 and 1909. In the former of these years I obtained,
by exchange and purchase, a very large number of larvte, chiefly from
Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the west of England, but beyond a few
nice hazcleiiihensis, and approximating forms, I got nothing of any
considerable interest. So this year, 1909, I determined to confine my
efforts to my own neighbourhood, in which 1 collected some
three thousand larvae. These produced very few moths worth setting,
the best being a pale speckled form near lactea-sparsa, a grand nigro-
sparsata heavily dusted with bluish-black, and a single specimen
approaching albomariiinuta. I am able, however, to report much
greater success Avith my larvje reared from the egg, and think it worth
while to record here, and name, a few of the more prominent forms,
starting with —

Variations of xb. Jiavofasciata ( = lacticolor).

ab. iochalca, n. ab. — A foim with the ground colour entirely suffused with bionzte-
violet, varying somewhat in intensity.

ab. chrysostrota, n. ab. — With ground colour entirely suffused with gold. This,
like the preceding form, first appeared in my breeding-boxes in the autumn of
1908. They both result from the crossing of lacticolor with lutea, and are
surpassingly beautiful.

B.h. nigricostata, n. ab. — With a broad black stripe extending along about three-
quarters of the costa, more rarely reaching the apex. The other black mark-
ings being much reduced, the costal stripe shows up very conspicuously. One
of the rarest forms of lacticolor.

ab. nigrovenata, n. ab. — Remarkable for the blackening of the chief veins in the
central area of the forewings.

ab. gloriosa, n. ab. — A combination of the last two forms, i.e., nigricostata and
nigrovenata. A truly grand insect.

ab. lactea-nigra, n. ab. — With the dark markings on the forewings, and the
marginal spots on the hindwings, black.

The above are all of Lancashire origin.

272 THE entomologist's record.

Variations of grossulariata.

ab. cuneata, n. ab. — Distinguished from the type by a wedge-shaped horizontal
black stripe joining the seventh outermarginal spot to the central fascia on the
forewings. It has also a similar, but less complete, band, extending from the
third outermarginal spot on the forewings, to the central fascia. Three
specimens bred from Hazeleigh, and one from Heme Hill.

ab. cupreofasciata, n. ab. — With fascia of forewings copper-coloured. Bred from
Bristol, 1908.

ab. igneofasciata, n. ab. — With fascia of forewings fiery-red. Occurs in Lancashire,
and does not seem very rare.

ab. radiata, n. ab. — With marginal spots on forewings radiated.

ab. nigrojaaciata, n. ab.— Forewings with broad central black fascia containing but
little orange or yellow.

ab. infrafasciata, n. ab. — With central row of black spots on upperside of hind-
wings coalescing into a more or less complete band. Fairly common.

ab. infrahifasciata, n. ab. — Similar to above, but with an extra black band above
tlae central one. Not uncommon.

ab. nigrocaerulea, n. ab. — A blue-black form of nigrosparsata, very thickly dusted
on all wings, but with white interspaces between the black costal blotches
and between the black outermarginal spots on both wings. Very beautiful
and striking. One specimen, bred in 1908, from a cross between Lancashire
and Yorkshire parents. A very similar one bred this year from a wild larva
found in this neighbourhood (Hazeleigh).

ab. 7-ubrolutea, n. ab. — All wings entirely suliused with bright reddish-orange. A
glorified form of ab. lutea, and is of Lancashire origin.

ab. albispatiata, n. ab. — Forewings with broad white area between central fascia
and outer margin. Bred from larvre received from Leeds, 1908.

ab. albipalliata, n. ab. — Forewings with broad white area (like a mantle) interven-
ing between black basal blotch and discal spot, the area outside the latter
being frequently much blackened. Bred from Huddersfield, 1908 and 1909.

ah. flavipalliata , n. ab. — Same as last, but with luteous mantle. Of similar origin,
but one of the parents being ab. lutca from Lancashire. The mantle in both
these forms often contains one or two small black spots.

Of all the above aberrations I possess more than a single repre-
sentative. Now and then I rear an absolutely unique form of this
protean species, but think it hardly right to assign separate names to
these great rarities. Every year I have succeeded in obtaining a new
form or two (by dint of rearing many thousands of larvip), but so far
I have not been able to produce the pure white form which I named
ab. Candida in my original paper on this species, nor the pure black
form which Mr. W. Beattie bred from Mickleham, and Mr. L. W.
Newman from larvae of ab. rarleyata. This, I think, may be aptly
called ab. nifim, n. ab. Should I be fortunate enough to rear either of
these, I shall not say of Candida, as Virgil did of horses, " color est
deterrimus albis,'' but in praise of nif/ra, I might be tempted to fire off
the famous line " Kara avis in terris, niijroqiie simillima cygno."

Collecting in the Isle of Wight, with some additions to the Fauna.

By HORACE DONISTHOEPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Having taken a house at Ryde for August, I spent the whole of
that month in the Isle of Wight, and was able to do a good deal of
collecting. In the following notes I give the result, and also record
all the additions I know to the fauna of the island. Mr. Champion
has kindly supplied me with a list of some of his additions, as also
one or two made by his son in August. The weather for the first
fortnight was most beautiful, but after that it broke up, in fact we can
only be said to have had two weeks summer this year. The species
marked with an ■'- are new to the 1909 published list.

COLLECTING IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 273

CoLEOPTERA : — ■' BacUster unipiistulatus, Bon. — Several specimens
taken in a ditch, Sandown (Beare). -''Oodes helopioides, F. — Sandown
(G. C. Champion). Harpalus inelancholicns, Dej. — Not uncommon at
roots of tiaUum at St. Helens. Barpalus parallelus, Dej. — At roots of
grass, Niton. '''' Pterostichus dimidiatus, 01. — One specimen on path,
September (Taylor). ■'■Laeivostenns co)iiplanatus, Dej. — Taken by
C. J. C. Pool at Cambourne. ''•'■Ancho)iienus livens, Gyll. — Beating-
carrion, etc., in the Whitfield Woods (Dollman and Donisthorpe).
■••Patrobus excavatus, Pk. — Sandown (G. C. Champion). Dromius
vectensis, Eye. — A specimen was swept by Professor Beare at Sandown ;
this is said to be " not uncommon and generally distributed in the
south of the island," in Newbery's list. This is certainl}' not my
experience, or that of any other collector I know ; I have only taken
four specimens in all the visits I have made to the island. Thi/pta
dentata, Rossi. — Was taken this year at Luccombe, by Jefi'ery, Donis-
thorpe, Taylor, Beare, Mitford, and Pool. It is a good many years
since it occurred before. *i?/V/f.s.s».s (/eminufi, F. — Sandown, August (H.
G. Champion). ■'■A(/abus chalconatns, Pz. — Sandown (G. C. Champion).
■•'Ilybius fidi(/inosus, F. — In ditch, Sandown (Donisthorpe). '''lli/bius ater,
De G. — In pool on cliff, Sandown (Donisthorpe). '''-Helophorns
porcttliis, Bedel. — St. Helens, August (Donisthorpe). *Ochthebu(s
lejolui, Muls. — This interesting species was discovered by my friend Mr.
Hereward Dollman and myself, in numbers, in pools of salt-water in
rocks at Seaview in August. ■■'Cijdonotuin orbiculare, F. — Sandown
(G. C. Champion). ■''Ceiryon qumjiiilius, L. — Sandown (Taylor).
^Oxypoda brachyptera, Steph. — Under seaweed, Fishbourne (Donis-
thorpe). '''Tldasopldla anf/ulata, Er. — In nests of B'ormica nifa, Park-
hurst Forest, April (Donisthorpe). '■■'Calodera rufesccns, Kr. — Sandown,
June, 1898 (G. C. Champion). ''■'C. nmbrosa, Er.- — In sand-pit.
King's Quay, August (Donisthorpe). '■•Ucalea castanea, Er. — Sandown
(Taylor). ■'Dinarda iiiiirkeli, Kies. — In nests of Formica rufa, Park-
hurst Forest, April (Donisthorpe). ■■'■ Dinarda hay end, Wasm. — In
nests of Formica exsecta, in Parkhurst Forest, April (Donisthorpe).
■■'Notothecta flavipes, Gr. — In nests of F. rufa, Parkhurst Forest, April
(Donisthorpe). ■■'Homalota yyllenhali, Th. — In ditch, Sandown
(Donisthorpe). ''H. caesula, Er. — In moss, St. Helens' sand-hills
(Beare). */i. yraiiiinicola, Gr. — Sandown (G. C. Champion). -'H.
vilis, Er. — In ditch, Sandown (Donisthorpe). ''H. euryptera, Steph. — •
In carrion, Whitefield Woods (Donisthorpe). "H. niyricomis, Th. —
In carrion, Whitefield Woods (Donisthorpe). 'H. yermana, Shp. — In
carrion, Whitefield Woods and Quarr Abbey (Donisthorpe). -'H.
intermedia, Th. — In carrion, Whitefield Woods (Donisthorpe). 'H.
aiertima, Gr. — In carrion, Quarr Abbey (Donisthorpe). 'h. fungi vS,r.
clientula, Er. — Sweeping, Whitefield Woods (Donisthorpe). I have to
thank Mr. Elliman for kind help with the names of the Homalotae.
■•'Tachyusa atra, Gr. — On wall, Sandown (Beare). Tachynsa scitula,
Er. — Rather common on damp sand at Luccombe Chine in August.
■■'Gyrophaena ajfinix, Mann. — Evening sweeping, Whitefield Woods,
August (Donisthorpe). '■'Oliyota pusillima, Gr. — In cut grass, Ryde
(Donisthorpe). '■'Hypocyptus laeviiisculus, Mann. — Sweeping, St.
Helens (Donisthorpe). -'H. apicalis, Bris. — On the wing, Ryde (Donis-
thorpe). ■•'Tachinus bipusttilatns, F. — ^At " C'oss»s-infected tree," Ryde
(Donisthorpe). 'T. maryinellus, F. — Sandown (Taylor). '''-Stenns

274

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

(leclaratns, Er. — Sandown (G. C. Champion). ''■'•S. juscicornu, Er. —
Whitefield Woods, sweeping, August (Donisthorpe). "S. pallipes, Gv.
— Roots of reeds, Sandown (Beare). ■■'■S. canescens, Rosen. — Sandown
(G. C. Champion). '"- Platystethua alutaceiif<, Th. — In damp ditch,
Sandown (Taylor). ■'P. capita, Heer. — Sandown (G. C. Champion).
P. nitens, Sahl. — A series was taken in a ditch with P. abttaceux and
nodifrons, at Sandown. BleiUnn lonffulioi, Er.— Was abundant at
Luccombe Chine. '■'■TrofinjMoeKs falvjinosiia, Gr. — On wall, Sandown
(Beare). -'T. pudllna, Gr. — Sandown (G. C. Champion). T. .s/>. ?.
— -Under sea-weed, Fishbourne (Donisthorpe) ; comes in the " texellus
group," with cheeks longer than eyes, and eyes moderate, but
distinct, I think. ■'■'■Hoiiiaiiiini striatinii, Gr. — On wall, Sandow'n
(Beare). Psctidopf^is sulcata, Newn. — Haj^stack refuse, Sandown
(Beare). The only other Isle of Wight record is the specimen taken
by F. Walker in 1834, from which the genus and specimen was
described by Newman {Knt. Ma;/., 1834, p. 13). Cyrtiisa paii.cilla,
Sch. — Evening sweeping in Whitefield Woods. '■'■Amfiotoina fiavicomh,
Ch. — Evening sweeping in Whitefield Woods (Donisthorpe). Xccro-
phnrns interruptus, Steph. — Occurred on carrion in the Whitefield
Woods. •■'Silpha i-punctata, L. — Bordwood Copse (Taylor). Colon
brtinncinii, Lat. — Evening sweeping at Whitefield Woods and at
Luccombe. Actinopterij.v fn cicala. All. — Abundant under sea-weed at
Fishbourne. "Actidinni coarctation, Hal. — A small series under sea-
weed on the beach at Fishbourne, August (Donisthorpe). ■'Trichop-
tery.r iiiontandoui. All. — In nests of F. riifa, Parkhurst Forest, April
(Donisthorpe) [Named by Herr Ericson.] . ■-Cri/ptamorpha dexjardinsi,
Guer. — Introduced species. On bunch of bananas, Sandown (Taylor).
-■■Anisoaticta Id-punctata, L. — Brickfield, Sandown (Taylor) ; I sub-
sequently swept it at St. Helens. Hi/jicraspis reppensis was swept at
Sandown. "'Sojwnns ater, Kug. — Whitefield Woods, sweeping,
August (Donisthorpe). '■■Carcinops li-atriata, Steph. — Haystack refuse,
Sandown (Beare). ■■'■Micropejilns porcatKs, Pk. — Sandown (G. C.
Champion). "■' Pocadius ferriujinenR, F. — Whitefield Woods, sweeping,
August (Donisthorpe). ■'Laemophloeus ater, 0\. — Under bark, Shanklin
(C. J. C. Pool). Antheropha(/m pallens, 01. — Was swept in the White-
field Woods, and at Limpet Run. ''Atoniaria (jutta, Steph. — Burnt
House, Sandown (Beare). ■■'EpJiistennts t/lobostis, Waltl. — Haystack
refuse, Sandown (Taylor). Dermestcs iiinrinus, L. — Occurred in dead
birds, Whitefield Woods. Linniic/iua }n/(/maeitx, Sturm., and (Jeori/ssns
pyipnaem, F. — Were common on damp sand at Luccombe Chine.
■■'■Aphodiiis sci/balariiis, F. — Totland (H. G. Champion). Aiiriliis
laticornis, 111. — A J" was swept in Whitefield Woods. ■'Microcara
livida, F. — Sandown (Taylor). ■'Scirtcs orhicidaris, Pz. — Sandown
(G. C. Champion). Malthinns balteatiis, Suf.^ — A pair were swept
near Ryde. "M. atom us, Th. — Sweeping, Luccombe Chine, August
(Dollman). Stramjalia arinata, Hbst. — Was not uncommon in August
in the Whitefield Woods, and lAopits nebulosus was also swept there.
Poi/unochaerus dentattis, Four. — St. Helens, dug out of ivy stems
(Dollman and Donisthorpe). (jrracilia ininiita, F.^On post near dead
hedge, Sandown. ■'Bruchns atomariiis, L. — Sandown (G. C. Champion).
Cryiitocephalus biptmctatus, L. — Again found this year by Messrs.
Mitford and Pool at Niton. Newbery's record of this species in the
•'Guide" is most misleading and inaccurate. The first two specimens

COLLECTING IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 275

taken of this species were the type form, which was new to Britain in
1907, by Mr. Mitford. It is true I took it in some numbers in 1908,
but by sweeping long grass, not on sallow, birch, or oak, none of those
trees being within a mile of the spot. C. pii^illiis, F, — Sweeping in
the Whitefield Woods. ■'•'•Chrjjsomela lUcIjjmata, Sciib. — Luccombe
Chine (Taylor). ''Galerncella ribiirni, Pk. — Abundant on guelder-
rose, Whitefield Woods, August (Donisthorpe). Lomjitaisiis nater-
housei, Kuts. — Sweeping in the Whitefield Woods. '''L. aeni(/inosiis,
Foud. — On Eupatorinm cannabinum, Luccombe Chine (Dollman).
"^Longitarms balotae, Marsh. — -On Ballota nit/ra, Yar Bridge (Taylor).
Haltica corj/li, All. — Abundant on hazel in the Whitefield Woods.
*/y. pu^illo, Duft. — -Whitefield Woods, August (Donisthorpe).
'■^ Phyllutreta exdawationisi, Thunb. — Brading 1907 (Beare). "'Chaetoc-
neiiia arida, Foud. — Swept in the Whitefield Woods. Much less strongly
punctured than hortensis, but smaller. ''Psi/llioden chn/socejihala, L. —
Sweeping, Ryde (Dollman). "/'. chrijuocep/iola var. amjlica, F. —
Sweeping, Ryde (Donisthorpe). Cassida vibe.v, L. — On thistles,
Whitefield Woods, Ryde, and King's Quay. C vittata, Vill. — Beare
and I found it in the greatest profusion at the roots of Arenaria
maritime at Blackgang Chine. Many specimens were immature
when they were plain green without any stripe. When kept for some
weeks the stripes developed. C. nobUis, L. — Roots of plants, St.
Helens. — C. nobilia, var. — Dollman and I took four specimens of a
Cassida, at roots of Ckeno podium, at St. Helens, green, with a beautiful
crimson horse-shoe on the elytra — the green the colour of the leaves,
and the crimson that of the colour at the joints of the leaves and
branches of the plant. We met Professor Poulton and Mr. Guy
Marshall, and were able to show them how beautifully the beetle
matched the plant in life. Of course, now dead, they are the usual
dirty green colour. It may be a form of nubilis, as the marks on the
head form a Y ; the thorax is dull, and the base of the femora black.
The general shape, however, is more that of rittata. ■'Helnps palliditft,
Curt. — At roots of marram grass, St. Helens, August (Donisthorpe).
Oedemera lurida, Marsh. — King's Quay, sweeping. '''Melae brericollis,
Pz. — Limpet Run (Goldthwait). Apod ems coiyli, L. — On hazel,
Whitefield Woods, August. Bytiscns betnleti, F. — On hazel, Bordwocd
Copse (Poole). Why Newbery should suggest that this insect, recorded
by Guyon on hazel, Shambler's Copse, should be Dcporaeus betulae,
it IS impossible to understand. ''Fl/ii/nchites uncinatns, Th. — Sandown
(Champion). Apion difforwe, Germ., and A.scliunheiri, Boh. — Whitefield
Woods. A. aeneiiiii, F. — W^ooton Church. '■'■'• Pol yd nisKs pteryyouialifi,
Sch. — Whitefield Woods and King's Quay (Donisthorpe). '•'/'. fiavipes,
DeG. — Not uncommon in the Whitefield W^oods, also at St. Helens,
August (Donisthorpe). Sitones )iieliloti, Walt. — Abundant on melilot
at Luccombe. ''Hypera nii/riro.stns var. ononinis, Fow. — Luccombe
Chine (Donisthorpe). Tychiiis scjuanndatus, Gyll. — Roots of Lotiiti
cormciilotKs at Blackgang. T. tomentosns, Steph. — At roots, Luccombe
Chine. "Cioniis hortidaniis, Marsh. — On Scrophnlaria, Whitefield
\Voods (Donisthorpe). ■■'Liiiinobayis pilistriata, Steph. — Whitefield
Woods, August (Donisthorpe). tlyledmis crenatm, F. — Taken in
twigs of ash at Luccombe Common (Dollman, Beare, Taylor, and
Donisthorpe). 'P/doeopht/iorns rhododactylits, Marsh. — Sweeping at

276 THE entomologist's record.

Sandown, August (Donisthorpe). This adds 82 species and 2 vars. to
the hsfc, which brings the total at present known, up to 1516.

Hymenoptera. — Several nests of Formica exsecta, were discovered
in Parkhurst Forest in April. Solowpsis fuyax was abundant, with
Lasiiis niijer and ■■'Formica riifibarbis var. fiiscoru0arbifi, at Sandown.
Myrmecina latreillei was found sparingly at St. Helens. Myrmosa
melanocephala ^ and $ s were taken at Luccombe Chine. Several
small, very dark J s of Methoca iclmenmnnoides occurred in the latter
locality. The following species new to the hst, were taken. One new
bee — '''Xomada alboyuttata. Three sawflies — '■'-Allanttis arctiatits, ■'Athalia
glabricullia, and '''-Emplti/tiis rtifocinctus. Two Chrysids — ■'Hedychridium
roseiim, B.yde, and ■■'•Notozits panzerii, Sandown. ''Pezomachus agiiis-
granensis var. neesi was taken last year in a nest of Myrmica laevinodis
at Sandown. '■' Pachylomma biiccata was captured, hovering over a
nest of Lasiiis niyer, at St. Helens. '■'■'Layynodes pallidum — two specimens
taken in a nest of Formica fiiaca in Parkhurst Forest in April.

Hemiptera. — The following bugs occurred, kindly named for me
by Mr. E. A. Butler — Myrmns viiriforiiiis, Fall., S' and ? . Larva
(nymph) of Syromaster marginatns, L., King's Quay. Dolycoris
baccarinii, L., Ryde. Piezodoms lituratus, P., Sandown. ^Pllia
acuminata, L., Sandown, Ismis colcojdratns, Creoff., Whitefield
Woods. Tcttiyonia viridis, L., 3-, Whitefield Woods. liliyparo-
chroiutiis chirayra, F., St. Helens. (Tnatltocomis picipes. Fall., St.
Helens. Solda Littoralis, L., King's Quay. ■■Corizus subrufus, Gmel.,
Whitefield Woods. Pies)iia qiiadrata, Fieb., St. Helens.

DiPTERA. — '''Phora formicarinn — Hovering over a nest of Lasius
niycr, at St. Helens. '■'■'Phryxe vulyarin. — Four specimens bred from
larvfe which came out of an emaciated Noctuid larva, found in the
Whitefield Woods at roots of flea-bane. '■■Musilltis sitbmltans. —
Abundant on white sand at Luccombe. ''Saryus iridatiis. — Sandown.
'■'■'■ 'The riaplectcs distiuynendiis. — Whitefield Woods [Kindly named for
me by Mr. Collin.] .'

Spiders. — The follow'ing spiders are new to the list. '■Thyreon-
theniu.s biovata, Camb. — Taken in nests of Formica riifa, in Parkhurst
Forest, in April. '''Fpeira ahine, Wal., J , '''Cereidia prominens, West.,
(J, ''''PacJii/yitatha listeri, Clk. , <y s, ''-Xyxticus ulmi, Habs., <? , ■■'Cms-
tulina yiittata, Wid., 5 , and ''■'PJryllonetliis Z<?/>/c?«, W^alck., in the White-
field Woods, August. I captured a young specimen of Myrmaraclme
formicarius, Walck., again with Myrmica scabrinodis, this time at
Luccombe Chine.

Depressaria putridella, Schiff. — A species new to Britain

(^with tiro plates^.

By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 257).

Habits of Larva. — Nothing appears to be known of the egglaying,

ovum, or of the habits of the very young larva. Probably the species

hybernates as an imago, and lays its eggs on the foodplant in the

spring. Nolcken mentions finding the larvas near Cannes, in

various stadia, on May 15th, 1880, and he bred moths from these

between June 13th and 19th. Here the species is not so early, the

larvae not being fullgrown till the third or fourth week in June, and

the moths j^ppearing in the latter half of July and early August. In

DEPRESSARIA PUTRIDELLA, SCHIFF. 277

the penultimate and the final stadium, at least, the larvae form tubular
dwellings by drawing together several of the long very narrow seg-
ments of the leaves of the food-plant, Peucedanum officinale, L. In
the early summer thp plants are not very tall, and the leaves bend
over like miniature weeping willows, so that the larval dwellings hang
vertically, and are well hidden among the very numerous much divided
leaves. These dwellings are lined with white silk and are quite open
at the lower end, out of which the larva protrudes its anterior seg-
ments and eats all the leaf segments within its reach. The larva is
very active, and if annoyed will leave its dwelling by the top, or by
the lower end, and fall to the ground. When full grown it spins a
slight cocoon of brown silk, which, in captivity, is placed on the floor
of the cage among the debris.

Larva. — I have only seen one larva in the penultimate instar, and
this had a shining black head, width 0-9mm., and anal plate of the
same colour. The full-fed larva is 17mm. in length, slender, and
slightly attenuated posteriorly. The head, l-3mm. in width, is
ochreous- brown. The large prothoracic shield is pale ochreous with a
broad whitish anterior margin, a moderately wide central whitish line
and a posterior whitish border. The rest of the prothorax very pale
grey-green. The colour of the body is olive-green, the dorsal vessel
showing darker. The legs are pale ochreous and the prolegs olive-
green. The anal shield large, pale ochreous or, sometimes, black.
Spiracles black-ringed. The tubercles are black, set in pale rings, and
the simple seta; are ochreous. The segments, subsegments and Hange
well marked (Described June 26fch, 1909). On the abdominal seg-
ments the first subsegment carries tubercles i and iii and the spiracle ;
tubercles iv and v, subspiracular, on a common plate, and vii, are all on
the anterior portion of the segment ; vii consists of three tubercles in a
row, on a common plate, the posterior tubercle carrying a seta nearly
twice as long as the other two. Tubercles ii.each with a very long seta, and
vi are placed on the posterior part of the segment ; iii is doubled on the
thoracic segments. The meso- and metathorax have a large additional
tubercle behmd iv ; this is also present on the prothorax, but is
small. The prolegs have a complete circle of crochets.

Pupa. — The pupa belongs to the obtect division, having only the
5th and 6th abdominal segments free. It is rather stout, glossy, and
reddish-brown. The ventral aspect shows us the head and eyes.
Beneath these are two long triangular spaces, which cover the maxillae
and the large labial palpi, and, I think, also, the minute maxillary
palpi. Outside these spaces are the first pair of legs, beyond these
the second pair of legs, and then the antennae, which are continued to
the apex of the forewings, where they turn outwards and allow the
ends of the third pair of legs to appear. The forewings reach to the end
of the 4th abdominal segment. The scars of the prolegs are con-
spicuous on the 5th and 6th abdominals. On the cremastral area are
short hooked bristles. The spiracles are not very prominent, except
the abortive one on the 8th abdominal. There are many short, sharp,
•minute spines round the spiracular area. The tubercles, say, on the
6th abdominal, are the trapezoidals (i and ii) ; one above the spiracle
(iii) and two below (iv and v), and one still further down (vi) on the
posterior part of the segment, and two or three near the foot-scar
(vii). These are all furnished with a seta.

278 THE entomologist's record.

Parasites. — The larvas I had were very much attacked by parasites,
one external and the other internal, both hymenopterous. The larva
of the external parasite is attached to the intersegmental membrane of
the host, usually on the dorsum of the thorax, and, here, it apparently
remains till fullfed. It appears as a shining, whitish, deeply seg-
mented, limbless grub, lying across the dorsum of the host, in the
suture, between two segments. The caterpillar, carrying the parasite
about with it, continues feeding apparently without much discomfort,
and spins its cocoon in the usual way. The parasite, however, does
not cease feeding when its host does, but goes on sucking the juices-
until nothing but the skin of the caterpillar is left. The parasite then
spins its own cocoon, which is cylindrical, with rounded ends. It
seems to me that the caterpillar is only attacked by this parasite when
in the last stadium, for it could hardly undergo successfully an ecdysis
with the parasite attached, and when once the parasite has become
free of the caterpillar (though only half grown), it seems quite unable
to reattach itself. Rarely two occur on the body of the same host. I
have not yet bred this ichneumon. The larvte appear to be still alive
and unchanged in their cocoons ; I have forwarded them to Mr.
Claude Morley. The other parasite, a minute black hymenopteron, has
emerged in hundreds. In this case the caterpillar appears quite
healthy, and spins its cocoon in due course, but no moth appears when
it ought to do so, and when the cocoon is opened the stiffened, and
rather swollen, body of the caterpillar is seen, generally lying at full
length. Inside the body are a multitude of minute whitish grubs,
which pupate inside the larval skin. On emergence the " flies " maka
holes in the larval skin and escape. This parasite was far more com-
mon than the other, and must destroy great numbers of the
caterpillars. Mr. Morley informs me that it is a Chalcid.

Time of appearance. — Larvae, May and June. June 21st, 1909,
nearly all the larvae seen were in the last instar. July 17th, bred first
imago, and the last July 25th.

British localities. — Kent : Whitstable. Possibly also at Kirby,
near Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex, as the food-plant has been noted as
growing there.

Distribution. — Austria: Vienna (Schiffermiiller, Mann). France:
Golfe Juan (Constant), Paris (Ragonot). Germany : Halle (Stange),
Regensburg (F. Hoffmann), Wiesbaden (Roessler). Staudinger
mentions Hungaiy. It seems possible that the species might also
occur in Holland.

Historical account op the species. — We first find mention of
this species in the Wiener Verzeichnixs (1776) under the name of Tinea
putridella. It is there placed under the section with recurved palpi,
and under the group with the forewings broad and rounded, and is
described as " wood-brownish Tinea with a small white central spot."
If we understand by (coorZ-brownish the colour of oak wood, the descrip-
tion, though laconic, is not bad, and no doubt, served the authors of
the catalogue very well for distinguishing this species from any other,
they knew, having the same structure. So short a description is now,
when we know so many species, of no very great value, happily, how-
ever, Hiibner figured a specimen of this species, obtained probably
from the Vienna entomologists. Zeller states that Fischer von
Roeslerstamm was convinced that Hiibner's figure represented the

DEPRESSARIA PUTRIDELLA, SCHIFF. 279

true putridella of the Vienna Cotalof/ue by seeing the Schiffermuller
collection {Linu. Ent., 1854, p. 219). He further states that Fischer
found other Depressariids in the collection {np. cit., p. 334 and p. 342).
Fischer himself, writing from Vienna, in 1842, states that he recog-
nises in the remains of a specimen then in the collection, the Tineid,
Ochseyxhewieria taiirella, and says that Hiibner's fig. 188 is not that
species, but vacculella {Strtt. Ent. Zeit., 1842, p. 205). This proves
that Fischer saw the collection and compared the specimens with
Hiibner's figures, and we may, therefore, accept Zeller's statement
concerning Hiibner's figure of putridella. Illiger, m the second
edition of the Vienna Catalogue, 1801 (p. 100), mentions the species
and cites Hiibner's figure. He did not know the species in nature,
and, therefore, places a \ against it. Charpentier evidently saw the
species in Schiftermiiller's collection, as he makes no note to the
contrary against the name (Charp., Z.W.S., &c., 1821, p. 80).
Although Herrich-Schaefter in mentioning the species adds " Mus.
ScJiiff'.," he gives only a meagre account of the species, because, as he
says, he only knew it from a figure, received from Fischer von Roes-
lerstamm. Indeed, he goes so far as to say, " the position of this
species is very insecure, it should rather be disregarded altogether."
His figure, probably reproduced from that by Fischer, who possibly
drew it from the specimen in Schift'ermiiller's collection, is very fair.
The central shade, however, is curiously broken up into three parts,
the last not reaching much beyond the white discoidal spot, the hind-
wings are much too pale at the anal angle {Sys. Bearb. Sc/nnett. v.
Europa, vol. v., p. 120, pi. 62, fig. 450). As we shall see later,
Herrich-Schaeffer afterwards became better acquainted with this
species. It seems probable that the first German specimens were
taken at Regensburg, and that the food-plant was discovered there.

Zeller gives an excellent description of the species {Linn. Ent.,.
vol. ix., p. 218, 1854) from the only specimen he had seen, a maJe
from Mann's collection, taken near Vienna. He discusses both Hiib-
ner's and Herrich-Schaeffer's figure, and comes to the conclusion that,
as both differ from the specimen he describes, the species probably varies
somewhat. As Zeller only cites "Austria," and had only one specimen
before him, it would seem that the species was, even then, only known
from the Vienna district. It seems also probable that when Zeller wrote
this description he had not then decided on the order in which the
species should follow each other in his monograph, and that he had
contemplated placing D. putridella immediately after D. unibellana.
For the opening paragraph commences with the words " Viel kleiner
als die vorige," and offers other points of distinction. This paragraph
evidently refers, not to the preceding species, which is D. nanatella,
Stt., but to I), vnihellana, and agrees well with Zeller's remarks {op.
cit., p. 210). In the second paragraph, he says, " size of culcitella or
nanatella. Thorax darker than in unibellana." This is further
evidence in the same direction. Roessler mentions that one specimen
was taken, in August, near Wiesbaden {Verz. Schmett. Nassau, p. 230,
1866). In the second edition of this work {Schuppenjlii(/ley, p. 283,
1881) he states that the species is rare, and that, according to Ernst
Hofmann, the larA^a feeds on P. officinale, in tubular dwellings at the
ends of the leaves. The imago seldom observed {Verz. Schmett. Halle,
p. 87, 1869). Von Heinemann, in his usual manner, gives an excel-

280 THE entomologist's record.

lent description of the imago, and cites "Vienna " and " Kegensburg " as
localities {Schmett. Deiitsch., iii., Heft 1, p. 147, 1870).

In vol. xii. of his Nat. His. Tin., p. 194 (1870), Stainton gives a
description, under the name of putridella {i.e., the type), of the ab.
brnnnca of this species and figures it on plate vi., fig. 3m. His figure
of the larva (3a) on the same plate is very good. Perhaps the chief
interest in this account lies in the Latin version of the " geographical
distribution." This was, I believe, written by Zeller, and differs
slightly from those in the other languages. It is here stated that one
example of the species was taken many years before, near Vienna
[ = that in Schiflermiiller's collection] , then the insect was almost for-
gotten, till another example was found in the same district [ = that
taken by Mann] . From this it appears that, anyhow, up to 1854,
when Zeller wrote his monograph on the genus Deprei^saria, there were
only two specimens known. Even in 1861 Stainton did not possess a
specimen. Later it occurred commonly at Eegensburg, whence, in
1865, Stainton received larva? from F. Hofmann (ibid, p. 197). If this
be true, it follows that Hiibner's figure was taken from the actual type
in the Vienna collection. The larvffi of the southern form of this
species, var. peucedanella, and of the ab. eatcrdla, were discovered on
May 5th, 1880, by Baron Nolcken, Constant, and probably Milliere,
when these three entomologists were on an excursion in the Esterel.
They did not then know the name of the plant, on which the larvae
occurred in various sizes, but it was subsequently found to be Peitcc-
daninii officinale. They all took larviB, and, in the June following,
Nolcken bred five moths which he could not separate from D. putri-
della. On the other hand Milliere and Constant, both of whom had
also bred moths, were of opinion that they had a new species before
them. They probably did not know D. piitridella, and, if they only had
Hiibner's figure with which to compare their specimens, it is quite excus-
able that they failed to connect the figure with their specimens. Milliere
wrote to Nolcken, that he would describe and figure his moths under
the name of peucedanella together with a paler variety. Nolcken then
again examined his French specimens, but was quite unable to find
any specific distinction between them and fJ. putridella. He further
states that he received his putridella from Herrich-Schteffer himself,
and that, therefore, they were correctly named. He had also received a
dark example from Mann, as peucedani, Hofmann, in litt., which was
therefore also probably bred from Feucedanum. Whether or no Nolcken
communicated his views to Milliere does not appear {Stett. e. Zeit., p.
190, 1882). In due course Milliere described and figured his peucedanella,
as a new species, but it seems curious that, in doing so, he does not
even mQniion putridella, much less compare his species with that. He
consulted Ragonot, who also apparently ignored its identity with
putridella, and suggested its proper place would be between hippo-
marathri and cachritis. This is curious, too, because Ragonot must
then have known putridella, for he sent specimens to Stainton from
Paris, which are now in the British Museum, and are labelled " Paris,
Ragonot, 3/74." In his description of the larva, Milliere states that
the head of the full-grown larva, as well as the anal plate, is entirely
black. In Stainton's figure, and in all the full-grown larvae I have
seen, the head is ochreous. The anal shield is either black or ochreous,
and I think Milliere mistaken when he suggests that the ochreous-

A LETIDOPTERISt's summer in central ITALY. 281

coloured anal shield is a feature only belonging to theab. esterella. His
description of the imagines is good, and he states that the ab. esterella
is almost as abundant as the form peucedanella. Judging from his
description, and from the specimens in the Stainton collection, his
neat figure of pettcedanella is too light in colour [Ami. 8oc. Sc.
Nat. Cannes, p. 13, pi. x., figs. 14 and 15, 1880*).

A Lepidopterist's Summer in Central Italy.

By GEORGE WHEELEE, M.A., F.E.S.
{Concluded from p. 253).

On July 27th we drove to Gubbio and back across the Apennines,
35 miles each way, starting at 4 a.m. This would be a most interest-
ing district entomologically, but my opportunities of testing it were
very limited. The following species, however, I made sure of, either
by actual capture, or by seeing them too close to be mistaken.
Erynnis alceae, Nisoniades tages, Augiades si/lranus, Tlnjuielicus
acteon, Agriades coridon, Polyoiii)iiatt(s icarus, Flebeiiis aegon, Celastrina
argiolns, Piens brassicae, Pontia daplidice, Leptosia sinapis, Colias
ediisa, C. hyale, Pyrantels atalanta, ^"anessa io, Polygonia egea, Pararge
megaera, Satyrus herniiojie, Hipparcliia bn'seis, H. seinele, Epinephele
jnrtina, Coenonynipha pamphilns, Melanargia galatea, and either Pieris
rapae or P. inafini, as well as a black and white skipper, probably
a large form of Hesperia titalvae or possibly however H. alveus or a
small H. carthami.

On July 28th a fresh brood of Melitaea didyma began to appear on the
cemetery road, at Assisi, both $ s and 2 s being typical, and showing no
tendency either towards the weridionalis or the occidentalis forms ; this
continued to be common throughout August. On the same day 1 took
a very pronounced example of Melanargia galatea ab. leucomclas, which
however is unfortunately far from perfect, having lost a largish piece
of one forewing. On the following day the first specimen of a new
brood of Melitaea phoehe made its appearance, and, on July 30th and
following days, I found it abundantly on the vetch-fields, in the plain
south of the town. It is a smallish, rather lightly marked, form, with
a bright fulvous unicolorous ground, nearer to some of the Spanish
than to the usual Swiss forms, but without any tendency to the
occitanica colouring, except very occasionally a slightly lighter yellow
here and there. These same fields were swarming with Plebeius aegon,
a second-brood, differing in most specimens from the first by its
lighter underside, which in some specimens is quite white. This is
the first time 1 have come across a second brood. of this species, but it
was abundant here, and I found it also common at Perugia, Orvieto,
and Siena. Almost equally common in the same fields, was a new
brood of PolyoiiiDiattis icanis, the J s of a deep rich royal blue, some
specimens being markedly of the celina form, with a row of black spots
round the hindwing ; the undersides are of a smoky-brown, and the
specimens very large; the ? s, on the other hand, are by no means
large, but the orange is well-marked, forming a continuous band on
both wings on the underside, the ground colour of which is a rich

* Milli^re's contributions to this Society have been published separately, under
the title of " Milliere, Lepiodopterologie."

282 THE entomologist's recoed.

coffee- brown ; the form icariiutH is not uncommon in either sex ; the
5 s have rarely any touch of bhie on the upperside. On July 31st, I took
the only Argynnid I saw in Italy, a large specimen oi An/i/nnisadippe
showing no tendency to the deoduxa form, the ground colour, on the
other hand, having a suspicion of a silvery sheen, and the silver
spotting being very pronounced.

On August 6th we left our very comfortable quarters at the Hotel
(jiotto, which I most strongly recommend to anyone visiting Assisi.
The windows command an uninterrupted view of the Tiber Valley and
the mountains beyond, as well as the hill towns of Spello, Trevi,
Spoleto, Montefalco, etc., and in the other direction Perugia stands
out magnificently. It is a most " homey " hotel, and the landlord
and his sons, one or more of whom is always at home, make their
visitors most comfortable. Of Assisi itself and its interests, whether
entomological, artistic, or religious (especially if one can be there for
the " Perdono" at the beginning of August, when it is full of pictur-
•esque pilgrims from the mountains and the south), it would be
impossible to write too enthusiastically — one leaves it with the keenest
regret, and returns to it with the keenest delight.

Our next stopping-place was Orvieto, but, as our train waited for
more than an hour in Perugia station, I took my net into the neigh-
bouring lane, turnmg to the right, and found some fourteen species of
butterflies, including Limenitis Camilla, I'ararye eijeria, Issoria lathonia,
and llaywardla telicaniis. Our first day at Orvieto was spent in visiting
Bolsena ; here Pyraiiieis atalanta was in some niimbers, and on the
way there I took amongst other things Pararge moera and Epinephele
tithoniis. It is a curious fact that I never found K. tithonus and F.'.
ida overlapping. On the hill on which Orvieto is built, I found Fl.
ida only, on the opposite hill going towards Bolsena F:. titliomis only ;
at Assisi and Florence I have only seen the former, at Siena only the
latter. This may be mere coincidence ; has any other entomologist
noticed the same, or an opposite state of things elsewhere ? The only
other capture of special interest at Orvieto, was a ? Fyveirs alcetai>, in
the neighbourhood of the painted Etruscan tombs at Settecamine.
On August 11th we moved on to Siena, where I had not much
opportunity of collecting, but on each of the three days when I did
some hunting in the neighbourhood of the town itself, I took F^. alcetas
mostly in good condition ; I'ohjuiinnatus uarti^ of the relina form fell
to my net on August 14th, on August 17th the only specimen I saw of
Culias edusa var. Jtelice, and on August 19th another specimen of
Fararye moera : neither this nor the Perugia specimen, one being 3" ,
the other $ , are of the adrasta form, as one would have expected
them to be. On August 20th we drove to Monte Oliveto, and by
starting to walk back until the carriage overtook me, I succeeded in
takmg several species, including fresh F'ontia daplidicc and Auriades
coridon, and the only Sati/rus utatilinus which I saw on this occasion.
I also took both Epinep/wle tithonus and Fl. ida, but, as at Orvieto, on
different hills.

We had intended going from Siena to San Gimignano for a week,
and thence for another week to Porto Ferraio in the island of Elba,
but after two nights of earthquake on August 24th and 25th (the
shocks on the former night being really very bad, and one lasting for
fourteen seconds, which seems interminable), the ladies decided on

A LEPIDOPTERISt's summer in central ITALY, 283

returning to England, as the one place was well within the affected
district, and the other had actually been well shaken up; consequently
the Monte Oliveto expedition ended my hunting experiences in Italy
for this year at any rate, experiences which bad been very interesting,
although the actual number of species with which I was not acquainted
in Switzerland was but five, viz., Uirsutina dolus, }\)li/(/imia e;/ea,
Brenthix Jiecate, Epinepliele ida, and Coenonymplia dorus.

I append a list of the butterflies taken by me in Italy on this and
previous occasions, with their localities and dates. Whenever no year
is mentioned, the entries refer to 1909.

Erynnis. lavaterae, Iselle, July 15th, 1905. E. althaeae, Iselle,
July i5th, 1905. E. alceae, Iselle, July 15th, 1905 ; Perugia,
September 20th, Assisi, September 25th, 1907 ; Assisi, Orvieto,
June 28th to August 9th. Hesperia carthami, the Carceri (Assisi),
July 9th. H. alveiis, Assisi, September 25th, 1907, June 26th, 1909.
H. malvae, Assisi, July end and August beginning, Siena, August 14th-
19th. Pyryus sao, Fiesole, June 21st, Assisi, July 2nd, etc., Perugia,
August 6th. Nhoniades tar/es, Assisi, July 19th, etc., Siena, August
14th, etc. Aiifiiades i>i/lranus, Assisi, from June 1st, onAvards, Siena,
August 17th. Vrhicola comma, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906. Thi/nieliais
acteon, Fiesole, Assisi, mid- June to early August, very common. Adopaea
llneola, very common everywhere throughout summer. lieteropterns
niorpheKs, Fondo Toce (Pallanza), in wood close to station, July 25th,
1906, abundant, July 4th, 1907, one only. Gegenes nostradaums, Val
d'Ema (Florence), September 12th, 1907, one only. Heode.s vin/aureae,
Iselle, mid-July, 1905, July 10th, 1906, 1907. Loweia alciphron
var. (jordius and ab. intermedia, Iselle, mid-July, 1905, July 10th,
1906', 1907; Varzo, July 17th, 1905. Btimicia phlaeas, Perugia,
September 20th, 1907 ; Fiesole, June 18th; Assisi, from June 26th,
onwards. Lycnena iolas, Assisi, June 28th, one worn J only. L.
avion var. obscura, Iselle, July 10th, 1907. Cnpido niinimus, Assisi,
mid-July, very scarce. C. sebmn, Assisi, July 23rd, one J" only.
Aricia astrarcJie var. calida, Fiesole, September 4th, 1907 ; Perugia,
September 20th, 1907 ; Assisi, June 24th to July 10th, but not
<5ommon. Ayriades oora/o?*, Iselle, July 10th, 1906; Fiesole, August
27th, 1906, September 7th, etc., 1907, June 21st, etc., 1909 ; Assisi,
July 22nd, etc., 1909 ; Monte Oliveto, August 20th, very fresh. A.
hellanjiifi, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906, June 18th, 1909 (just emerging);
Assisi, June 28th (fresh) to July 10th (worn out). Polyonnnatua
escheri, Fiesole, June 18th and 21st. /'. hylaa, Assisi, July 'l9th and
22nd, two (J s only. P. icarns, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906,
September 4th, 1907; Assisi, September 25th, 1907 (worn), June 24th,
etc., 1909, July 31st, etc., fresh brood, very dark, and Sih. celina :
Montefalco, July 3rd ; Orvieto, August 9th ; Siena, August 14th, and
ab. celina. P. meleayer, Assisi, from July 8th onwards (common, but
only one $ ). Hirsutina dolus, Assisi, from July 23rd onwards, but
scarce. Scolitantides baton, Fiesole, June 18th, etc., Assisi, from
June 28th, to beginning of August, very common. Plebeius aryus
{aegon), Assisi, June 24th and 25tb (worn), July 30th, etc. (fresh);
Piccione, July 27th ; Perugia, August 6th ; near Bolsena, August 7th ;
Orvieto, August 9th ; Siena, August 14th and 17th. P. aryyroynomon,
Assisi, July 8th till 24th. Flveres alcetas, Orvieto, August 9th ; Siena,
August 17th, etc. Eaynardia telicanus, Fiesole, September 4th to 9th,

284 THE entomologist's record.

1907 ; Val d'Ema, September 12th, 1907 ; Assisi, June 24th, 25th,
29th ; Perugia, August 6th. Celastrina arifiolus, Fiesole, June 21st ;
Assisi, June 24th, to end of July. Callophrt/s rubi, Assisi, June 26th,
one J only. Bithys quercus, Assisi, July 9th, one $ only. Nonl-
mannia ilicis, Florence, June 19th; Assisi, June 28th, July 9th.
Papilio machaon, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906, September 7th, 1907 ;
Assisi, July 7th, etc., not common except July 9th. Iphidides poda-
liriiis, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906 ; Spello, July 3rd ; Assisi, July 3rd,
etc. Parnassiiis apollo, Iselle, July 10th, 1908. Aporia crataq/i,
Assisi, July 9th, one 2 only. Pieris brassicae, everywhere, and at all
dates. P. rapae, ditto. P. inanni o^nd var. rossii, Florence, June 19th ;
Assisi, from June 25th ; Perugia, August 6th ; Orvieto, August 9th ;
Siena, August 17th, 19th. P. napi, Ti\o\i, October 12th, 1907 ; Val
d'Ema, June 19th ; Spello, June 29th. Pontia daplidice, Fiesole,
August 27th, 1906, September 4th, 1907, June 1st, 1909 ; Perugia,
September 20th, 1907 ; Montefalco, July 3rd; Assisi, September 24tb,
1907; from July 17th, 1909; Orvieto, August 9th; Siena, August 14th
to 19th ; Monte Oliveto, August 20th. Enchlo'e cardawines, Assisi,
June 26th, one J only. Leptosia sinapis, common till the end of the
first week in August. Colias ediisa, common through summer and
autumn, one ab. helice, Siena, August 17th. C. hyale, from beginning
of July through summer and autumn. Goncjden/.r deopatra, Fiesole,
August 27th, 1906 ; Rome, October 7th, 1907 ;' Assisi, July 22nd,
one 3 only. Dryaa paphia, Tivoli, October 12th, 1907 (worn out);
Assisi, from July 8th, but not common ; Siena, August 17th, one
only, worn. Aryynnis adippe, Iselle, mid-July, 1905, common, mostly
deodoxa or iiitennedia ; Assisi, July 31st, one 5 only, hsoria lathonia,
throughout summer and autumn, but scarce. Brent/iis selene, Fondo
Toce (Pallanza), July 25th, 1906. B. hecate, Fiesole, June 18th and
21st, (J s only. Melitaea phoebe, Iselle, mid- July, 1905 ; Fiesole,
August 27th, 1906 ; Assisi, from July 29th ; Perugia, August 6th.
M. didytiia, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906 ; Assisi, June 28th, and from
July 28th ; Perugia, August 6th ; Orvieto, August 7th and 10th ;
Siena, August 17th. M. parthenie, Assisi, June 28th to July 5th, and
from July 19th (fresh) onwards. M. athalia, Caddenabbia, July 27th,
1904 (worn). Pymnieis cardtii, occasionally, summer and autumn.
P. atalanta, Assisi, occasionally from June 28th, near Gubbio, July
27th, Bolsena, August 7th, common. Vanessa iu, Assisi, occasionally
from July 9tb, near Gubbio, July 27th. Euynnia polychloros, Assisi,
June 25th and 28th. Pulyyonia eyea, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906 ;
Perugia, September 20th and 22nd, 1907 ; Assisi, Orvieto, Siena, etc.,
throughout summer, 1909. /*. c-albuiii, Assisi, July 22nd, one only.
Linienitis Camilla, Assisi, July 2nd (first brood); Florence, September
5th, 1907 ; Assisi, September 24th and 26th, 1907; Perugia, August
6th ; Siena, August 17th (second brood). Libytkea ccltis, Assisi,
July 10th, one only. Pararye nioera, Orvieto, August 7th, one 3
only; Siena, August 19th, one ? only. P. meyaeia, common at all
times and places. P. eyeria, Pallanza (Fondo Toce), July 25th, 1906 ;
Perugia, September 2dth, 1907, August 6th, 1909 ; Tivoli, October
12th, 1907 ; Orvieto, August 6th ; Siena, August 17th. Satynis
herniione, Fiesole, August 27th, 1906; Assisi, from June 28th onwards;
Orvieto, Avigust 7th; Siena, August 17th; Monte Oliveto, August
20th. S. dree, Fiesole, September 9th, 1907. S. statilinus, Fiesole,

MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF BUCKS. 285

September 4th to 9th, 1906, worn ; Monte Oliveto, August 20th. S.
cordnla, Assisi, from June 26th onwards. Enodia dn/as, Caddenabbia,
July 27th, 1903, one <? only ; Pallanza (Fondo Toce), July 25th,
1906 (almost of the sibirica form, with unicolorous hindwings beneath,
(? s only). Hipparchia brims, Assisi, from July 22nd. H. seinele,
Assisi, from July 22nd ; Siena, August 17th ; Monte Oliveto, August
20th. Epiui'phele jurtina, everywhere, throughout summer. E.
li/caon, below Gondo, mid- July, 1905 (very large and dark). E.
tithoniix, Caddenabbia, July 27th, 1906 ; near Orvieto, August 7th
and 9th; Siena, August 14th ; near Monte Oliveto, August 20th. 7*7.
Ida, Fiesole, September 4th and 7th, 1907 (worn out); Assisi, from
July 14th (first 2 July 29th); Perugia, August 6th ; Orvieto, August
9th ; Monte Oliveto, August 20th. Aphantopus hyperanthns, Pallanza
(Fondo Toce), July 4th, 1907. Coenonympha arcania, Assisi, from
•June 28th to July 28th (never very fresh). 0. dorm, Assisi from July
5th to 26fch. C'. panipldlus, everywhere, throughout summer and
autumn. Melaiian/ia yalatea, Fiesole, June 18th ; Assisi, from June
24th, throughout July.

Contribution to a list of the Macro=lepidoptera of Bucks.

By (Professor) E. W. CARLIEK, M.D., B.Sc.

The following is a list of the Macro-lepidoptera taken by myself in
the months of August and September, 1896 to 1900, at Naphill near
High Wycombe, in the county of Buckinghamshire. This hunting-
ground comprises the extensive common known as Naphill Common
towards the south, and as Bradenham Common towards the north,
including Bradenhim Wood, and extending from Walter's Ash on the
east, to Downley on the west, and of the roads and lanes in its
immediate neighbourhood, thus occupying the flat top of one of the
Chiltern Hills at an elevation of 600 ft. above the sea. The soil, Avhich
is chalky, is somewhat unfertile, but oak and beech trees flourish on
the Common, Avith juniper, heather, bracken, various grasses and other
chalk soil plants as undergrowth. Several pools, fed entirely" by rain,
exist among the trees, adding greatly to the sylvan beaut}' of the place,
which, owing to the lack of running water, tends to become rather arid
during the height of summer. The insect fauna of the district is rich,
if somewhat limited in variety, by the nature of the soil, many
varieties of galls being especially numerous upon trees and underbush
alike. The lepidoptera captured are as follows : —

DiuRNi. — Pieris bramcae, F. rapae, F. napi, Colias hijale (1900),
C eduaa (1900), RiDnicia phlaeas, Foli/oiiiniatus icarus, Aylais urticae,
Pyrameis atalanta, Aryynnu adippe, Dryas paphia, Fararye eyeria,
Epinepliele janira, FJ. titlionas, Enodia hyperanthiis, Coeiionyiiipka
parn plains, Adopaea fiava [tJiaiaiias), Auyiades sylvanns.

SpHiNiiiDEs. — Mimas tiliae''' (one only), Theretra porcellus''- (one
only), Sesia steUatariini.

Drepanulides. — CilLv ylaacata.

NoTODONTiDEs. — Lophoptcryx camelina.

Cymatophorides. — Gonopliora derasa, Asp/ialia diliita.

Attacides. — Satiirnia paronia (larva).

NoLiDEs. — Xola cucnllatella, Hylophila bicolorana (one at sugar).

Ijxthosiides. — Lithosia complana (one only).

286 THE entomologist's record.

NocTUiDES. — -Pharetra nief/acejihala, A(/rntis aegetiim, A. ohelisca,
Peridrnwa miffiisa, P. saitcia, Lycnphotia strir/ula, Xoctna glareoaa, X.
baja, X. c-nif/riii)i, X. ditraj>ezin)i}, Iriphaena cowes, T. promiha, T.
fimbria, T. ianthina, Mamestra bramcae, M. pisi, M. dentina, hiiperina
ci'spitis, Dryobota pi-oteiia, Diloba caeruleocepluda (larvae), Cerii/o mat lira,
Apamea secalis, Miana strifiiliff, 2f. bicoloria, Xylophasia -lit/ioxylea, X.
7)}onoylyplta, X. hepatica, PoUa flavicincta, Miselia nxyacanthae and ab.
capifcina, Ayriopis aprilina, Knplexia Uicipara, Hydroecia nictitans,
Leucania pallens, L. litharyyria, L. coniyera, Caradrina quadripunctata,
Avip/iipyra pyramidea, Cosmia trapezina, OrtJiosia viacilenta, 0.
hehola, Anc/iocelis Innnsa, A. lyc/midifi, A. litiira, Tiliacea aarayo
and ab. fncata, Citria liitea, C. fidvayo, MelUnia yilvayo, M. circellaria,
Orrhodia vaccinii, Scopelosoma satellitia, Calocampa exoleta, Scoliopteryx
libatriA-, Plusia yanima, Catocala nnpta.

Geometrides. — Pse>idoterpna pruinata, Acidalia areraata, A. bimtata,
A. dimidiata, A. imitaria, Eiipitliecia absi^itJiiata, K. nanata, E.
sobrinata, Xiniwria jndreraria,''' ZonoRoma (^Ephyra) Unearia, Z. annu-
lata, Anaitis playiata, Lohop/iora viretata (one only), C/iiematobia
brumata, Triphosa dnhitata, Cidaria testata, C. pyraliata, (J. tiioicata,
C. immanata, C. miata, Thera rariata, Larentia olirata, Melaiiippe
sociata, M. nnanyidata, MdantJn'a ocellata, Flmiiieleaia alclie^'-illata,
Hydrioiiiena furcata, Emiouios ei-osciria, Selniia biliinaria, F>naruiia
repandata.

Hepialides. — Hejiialus sylrimis.

Recently described forms of Palaearctic Lepidoptera.

(Continued from p. 261).
By max GILLMEE.

From the Internationale Entoinoloyische ZeitftcJirift Guben, iii., 1909,
p. 20, Aryynnis iiiaja var.f chrysubaryUa, Fruhst. ; Brenthis amatJiiisia
var. blachieri, Fruhst. ; var. 7»//(r>t//rt, Fruhst. ; p. 21, Brentliia dia sh.
leonina, Fruhst. ; var. tetania, Fruhst. ; Hipparchia arethiisa ab.
seynnana, Fruhst. ; H. statilimis var. anasarchiis, Fruhst. ; ab.
anapiis, Fruhst. ; var. euryanax, Fruhst. ; p. 88, Pieria napi var.
leoviyilda, Fruhst. ; var. nesis, Fruhst. ; P. rapae var. viicipsa, Fruhst. ;
var. lyaides, Fruhst. ; p. 88, Minoia avtaea var. serra, Fruhst. ; var.
jt»o(/a>v.'<'»fl, Fruhst. ; ab. crtsfj'Zmjm, Fruhst. ; p. 94, Envanesm antiopa
ab. asopos, Fruhst. ; ab. yedannla, Fruhst. ; Pyrameis atalanta ab.
rtibria, Fruhst.; Limenitis Camilla ab. prodiya, Fruhst. ; var. ylori/ica,
Fruhst. ; ab. piiellula, Fruhst. ; p. 95, L. popiUi ab. eumenim, Fruhst. ;
p. 112, Brenthis pales ab. brnyotarus, Fruhst. ; ab. palustris, Fruhst. ;

* Species marked with an asterisk were caught by my hostess, and sent on to
me afterwards. This hst is veiy incomplete, and has been held back in the
expectation that I might revisit the district at some other time of the year, but as
that is now unlikely, I have ventured to send it in to the journal in the hope that
others may be induced to complete it. — E.W.C.

t Fruhstorfer throughout the following list calls every form of variation a
"sub-species," whether it be a " variety," i.e., a local race, an "aberration,"
i.e., a chance form occurring rarely or commonly with the type, or a seasonal form.
It is difficult to know what some of the names mean, and the forms are often
quite unworthy of notice. Dr. Rebel speaks about Fruhstorfer's names as " salope
(slut) enunciations" (T>r/(. z. b. Ges. Wien, Iviii., p. 272). The receipt of a few
examples of any butterfly from any district in Europe or elsewhere seems to b&
sufficient for a name. — Ei'.

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 190'J. 287

p. 113, B. enphrosyne ab. rnsalka, Fruhst. ; var. densoi, Fruhst. ; B.
daphne var, nikator, Fruhst. ; Heodes virrfaureae ab. osthelderi, Fruhst. ;
p. 120, ab. alexandrae (2), Fruhst. ; Loiveia alciphron ab. isokrates,
Fruhst. ; ab. romanoriun , Fruhst. ; var. r/audeoltis, Fruhst. ; Chryso-
phanus hippotJw'e ab. eisalpina, Fruhst. ; Epinephele lycaon ab. salona,
Fruhst. ; ab. nikokles, Fruhst. ; ap. macropltthalma, Fruhst. ; p. 121,
ae. ephiaius, Fruhst.; E. jurtina ab. phormia, Fruhst.; Aphantopus
kyperanthiisvsbv. r///77n<.s, Fruhst. ; p. 130, Satyruft briseis ab. hataia,
Fruhst. ; ab. turatii, Fruhst. ; p. 133, Pararye tnaera ab. atabyris,
Fruhst. ; ab. ordona, Fruhst. ; ab. herdonia, Fruhst. ; p. 134, var.
silyiiibria, Fruhst. ; P. vieifaera var. depulcerata, Fruhst. ; P. deidamia
ab. interriipta, Fruhst. ; var. thyvia, Fruhst. ; Aranda {Pararye)
Kchrenckii ab. vienalcas, Fruhst. ; Erebia adyte ab. ayrmia, Fruhst. ; ab.
etobyma, Fruhst.

Myrmecophilous Notes for 1909.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHOEPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 259.)

CoLEOPTERA. — Atemeles PARADOXUS, Gr. — Some six specimens were
dug up out of nests of F. rufibarbis var. fitaco-rKfibarbis at Whitsand
Bay, Rame Head, and Tregantle, in April, by ray friend, Mr. Keys, and
myself. The beetle was very scarce, and all the specimens were found
deep in the nests, very many nests being dug up to obtain these few
specimens.

DiNARDA PYGM.EA, Wasm. — This species occurred as usual in these
nests, and we had a most striking illustration of how this beetle is
confined to nests of F. rufibarbis var. fitsco-rufiharbis. All the nests at
Whitsand Bay belong to this species, on the other side of Rame Head
more nests are true F. fusca, and in the Meavy Valley all the nests but
one were found to be those of F. fusca. In this one nest of F . rnp-
barbis var. fusco-rujibarbh, we found Dinarda pyymaea, but never in
the F. fusca nests.

Atejieles emarginatus was found with F. fusca in the latter
locality. F. ftiftca is a cowardly and shy ant ; when a nest is
disturlied they all vanish, this is not the case with F. var. fusco-
rHfibarbis. Mr. Hamm sent me a F. fusca nest from Shotover, near
Oxford, on .July 12th, containing some eggs, ^ s and pupae. In it
I found two larviTB of Ateiueles euiaryinatus. These were carried
about by the ants, as they did their own pupfe, and fed. On July
15th, one of them was placed on the bunch of eggs. I eventually put
them into spirit, as I was using the nest for experiments with F.
sanguinea, $ s.

Lojiechusa strumosa, F. — On May 10th, I noticed a Lo)iiechusa in
a small nest of F. sanyuinea, from Woking, laying eggs on the ants'
eggs in the nest.

Dinarda dentata, Gr. — Occurred as usual with F. sanyuinea at
Woking, and, in plenty, in company with many of its larvae, with the
same ant at Bewdley. I introduced a specimen into a F. rufibarhis var.
fusco-rufiharbis observation nest on July 23rd, it lived in this nest till
September 14th, when I removed it and put it into my F. exsecta
nest, where it is still alive, October 29th.

Dinarda hagensi, Wasm. — On April 26th, I found specimens of

288 THE entomologist's record.

this beetle in a nest of F. e.vsecta at Parkhuvst Forest, Isle of Wight.
This is a new locality for it, as the species has only been found at
Bournemouth up to now, where I first discovered it in Britain.

OxYPODA REcoNDiTA, Kr. — Several specimens of this rare species
were taken with F. rufa at Buddon Wood in May.

OxYPODA VITTATA, MyRMEDONIA FUNESTA, M. COGNATA, and M. LATICOLLIS

were found with Tj. fidhiinosus at Darenth Wood in June and September ;
a new locality for all.

Myrmedonia limbata, Pk. — A specimen was observed at Bradgate
Park, in Leicestershire, on May 3rd, to seize a larva of Lasins jianis
and drag it out of the nest.

Xantholinus atratus, Gr. — Several specimens occurrel with
F. rnf'a at Buddon Wood, in May, and one was swept at Tubney, near
Oxford, in June.

Claviger testaceus. Preys. — On June 1st, Mr. Forsyth sent me
a nest of Lasius flavns from Portland, which contained some 50
specimens of (.'laviger. I put two 5 s, and a number of ^ s, egg-masses,
and young larvaB into a small plaster nest, with many Clavigers,
and frequently saw the Clavigers fed and licked. They ate all the
young larvae and eggs, and also pupre of other ants I introduced. As
many as five or more specimens sat on and crawled about the 2 s,
especially on their abdomina, and I believe they ate the eggs as they,
were laid. Many of the ^ s died, and the Clavigers ate those too
I kept introducing more ^ s and larvae from the main nest. No
Clavigers died, and the $ s lived till August 30th. I took them
to the Isle of Wight, but, unfortunately, on the journey home, all were
killed.

Myrmetes piceus, Pk. — This species occurred in great numbers
in nests of Formica riifa at Buddon Wood, in May ; I brought a lot
home, and introduced them into m}^ different observation-nests. In a
nest of F. rufibarbis var. fiisco-riifibarbis, 1 introduced 12 specimens on
May 6th. I had given these ants pups of F. rnfa to eat. The Myrmetes
bored into the pupje and devoured the whole contents. On May 10th,
I noticed a pair in cop. The <? sits far back on the dorsum of the
? . A ^ was observed to lick one of the Myrmetes.

Cetonia floricola, Hbs. — ^In May I found a number of the larvae
of this beetle in a nest of Fomrica rufa, at Nethy Bridge. I brought
home some 16 specimens in a tin full of the nest materials, on which
the larvae feed. I introduced six specimens into my F. rufa observa-
tion-nest (these immediately bored into the nest and disappeared), some
I preserved in spirit, and the rest I left in the tin. The larva does
not use the legs for walking. When placed on a table, or on the floor,
it turns over on its back, and moves rapidly along by means of the
bristles on the back, the legs being held up in the air. The larvae in
the tin made their pupa-cases from the nest materials and pupated at
the end of July, and hatched out in August. I have them alive now.
Those in my nest hatched out and came up in August.

Diptera. — Phyllomyza formice, Collin. — I bred this species this
year from larvae which I found in some numbers in a nest of Formica
rufa-pratensis, at Nethy Bridge, in May. The larvje occurred in the
chambers of the ants at the bottom of the nest. This proves that the
species is not parasitic on the ants, but lives free in the nests. I put

MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1909. 289

a number of the larv?p in a tin, with mould from the bottom of the
nest, and they changed to pupaj and hatched out in June.

Phyllomyza sp. ? — I took a number of a species with Lasina
fiiliiii)tostis, at Darenth Wood, in July and September. Mr. Collin tells
me this is the same species I took with L. fnlifiinosus on the Birkdale
sand-hills, and is distinct from F. lasiae, Collin, which I have taken
with the same ant at Oxshott, and have bred out of my observation-
nest of that ant from Wellington College.

MiLicHTA LUDENs, Wahl. — This fly, which is new to Britain, I took
in a nest of Lasiiis fnlviinonHn, at Darenth Wood, on June 6th.
Collin has kindly supplied me with the following information about
it. It was described by Wahlberg in 1817, as Ijobioptera ludens
{Ofrersif/t Kom/l. Vetensk. AkaiL, iv., p. 261, pi. vii., fig. 1). In 1873,
Raddatz (Archiv Vereins der Naturgesch. in Mecldenbiuuj, xxvii., p. 102)
records that it lives with Lasius fulif/inosus, and that he had taken it
with that ant in May and June.

Ceratopogon myrmecophilus, Egger. — Collin and I caaght several
3 s flying over a nest of Fonnica riifa, at Weybridge, on July 5th, and
I netted others over a nest of the same ant at Darenth Wood, on
September 24th.

LiMosiNA cuRTivENTRis, Stuh. — This species was again found with
Lasius ftili(fi)iosiis, this time at Darenth Wood, in September.

LiMosiNA sp. ? — A S and $ taken with L. fidujinosus, at Darenth
Wood, September 26th. Collin writes of them, " A most interesting
little Limoaina, new to me ; unfortunately the male is headless, but
the abdomen is so remarkable I think it might safely be described."
I unfortunately broke the S when pinning it.

Phora formicarum, Verrall. — I have at last succeeded in taking
this little species. I found it rather commonly at Bewdley Forest,
in July, with Lasias )iif/er, F^. fiaviis and Fonnica sawiuinea. The little
fly hovers over the ants, flying very steadily, and getting nearer and
nearer to an ant, which it strikes at. I found they would strike at
ants on my hands, when I kept quite still. It was amusing to watch
an ant which had become aware of the presence of the fly, make a
dash for safety pursued by the fly. I subsequently took it over a L.
niijer nest, at St. Helens, in the Isle of Wight, in August. I have also
seen it hovering over L. ftdiginosus at Wellington College and Darenth
Wood.

Phora ^qualis, Wood. — Taken in some numbers in a nest of
Lasias fulii/inosus at Darenth Wood, on September 24th,

Phora sp. ? — I twice captured a very small Phora, with long
posterior legs, in the same nest as the last species. Collin writes,
" Dr. Wood does not recognise it, he says it is remarkable in having a
very long costa and long costal fringe."

Trineura aterrima, F. — ■$ and $ taken with L. fuliginosas,
Darenth Wood, June 6th.

MicRODON DEvius, L. — I netted a specimen of this beautiful fly at
Cothill, near Oxford, on June 80th. The larvse should be searched
for in nests of Formica fnsca, etc.

Araneina. — Thyreosthenius BiovATA, Caiiib. — This species was
found in F. riifa nests at Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, in April,
Buddon Wood, Leicestershire, and Nethy Bridge, Inverness-shire, and
in plenty, ^ s and ? s, and very young, with F. rnfa-pratensis, at

290 THE entomologist's record.

Nethy Bridge, in May. A young <? was taken with F. fiisca at
Aviemore, on May 17tli. This is the first time I have found it with
this ant.

EvANsiA MERENS, Camb. — I took J s and 2 s with F.fuaca, and ? s
with F. saiKjinnea, at Aviemore, on May 17th.

Salticus formicarius, De Geer. — I took this rare species again
this year in the Isle of Wight, this time at Luccombe Chine, a young
^ being captured in company with Mitniura scabriHoilis, on August
29 th.

CicuRiNA cinerea, Pauz. — I found a number of 5 s, young and
adult, in a nest of Lasias fnliffinosus, in October. My friend, Mr.
Cambridge, writes, " I have only met with this here in old disused
drains .... The shelter and accommodation afforded by ants' nests
would probably be very congenial to this species."

Dysdera cambridgii, Thor. — I took specimens of this spider with
F. rii0arbis var. fnsco-rujibarbis at Whitsand Bay, in April, and with
F. sangiiinea at Woking, in May. Van Hasselt recorded it with
Lasiiis brunneiis.

Cryphcrca recisa, Camb. — Two 2 s were taken in nests of F.
fiisca at Bradgate Park, in Leicestershire, in May. Mr. Cambridge
writes, " This is only the second record of the species, the former
having occurred in Sherwood Forest several years ago, swept, I believe,
from heather. The ^ is unknown."

Micarisoma festiva, C.K.^ — This species was taken in April, with
L. nigey, at Whitsand Bay and Rame Head, and with L. /i a tits at
Virtuous Lady Mine.

MicARiA PULicARiA, Suud. — This spider occurred with L. nujer at
Virtuous Lady Mine, and with Tetraiiioriuiii caespitiiiii at Whitsand
Bay, in April, and in May with Fortiiica c.rserta, at Aviemore.

Proctotrupid.e. — Tropidopria fuliginosa, Wasm., was found in
nests of F. rufa at Buddon Wood, in Leicestershire, in May, and a
var., with the same ant, at Nethy Bridge, on May 18th.

Comostigmus testacipes, Kief. — This species, which is new to
Britain, was taken in a nest of Formica rufa at Nethy Bridge, on May
18th.

Lagynodes pallidus, F. — Two specimens occurred in a nest of F.
fitsca, in Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, in April. When this species
meets an ant it tucks in its antennae and feigns death.

Tetramopria donisthorpei, Kief., and T. femoralis. Kief. — Both
these species, which are new to science, were discovered by me in nests
of Tetramorium caespitnm, at Whitsand Bay, in April. In this genus,
which was erected by Wasmann, the hairs on the neck, which are
usually white in other Vroctotruindae, are golden, and are licked by
the hosts. They are on good terms with their hosts, and, I observed,
when they met that they tapped antennj^e with the ants. They are
parasitic on the larvae of the ants.

Planopria pedestris, Kieffer. — A genus and species new to science.
T took several of this little creature running about in company with
Lasius nit/er at Luccombe Chine, in August. They are apterous, and
were rather ant-like in appearance when alive.

Loxotropa n. sp. ? — Taken with Lasius fulii/inosus at Darenth
Wood, on September 29th. Dr. Kiefifer writes that he will send on name

LIFE-HISTORIES. 291

later. Loxotropa tritoiua, Thorns., is recorded iii the nest of Tetra-
inoriaiii caespitinn, " Vic. Hist. Devon," 1906, p. 187.

GoxoTOPUs DiSTiNCTus, Kief. — I swept a specimen in company with
Mijrmica laevinodis, in the New Forest, on June 18th.

[To he concluded.)

:jE10tes on life-histories, LARY^, &c.

Notes on the larval habits of Dryas paphia var. valesina. — In
July, 1908, 1 obtained ova from a New Forest $ ( $ unknown) deposited
on moss; the $ s never deposit on their food-plant. These hatched in
fourteen days, and, after eating their egg-shells, went at once into
hybernation on moss, no food being supplied to them. On March
21st, 1909, I sprayed the moss with lukewarm water and placed same
in the sunshine ; within a couple of hours the larv* started to move,
and within three days some 80 made their appearance. These were
removed to young leaves of Viola canina : after retiring to the under-
side of the leaves, and remaining dormant for six days, they started
feeding vigorously, early morning and late afternoon being their
favourite hours ; they are also fond of the early morning sunshine.
The dates for the moults were April 10th, 19th, 28th, and May 8th,
pupating from May 23rd, onwards. The 77 imagines produced
were: — 41 typical males, 23 typical females, 13 var. valezina. — ^E. C.
Joy, 2, St. Kilda's Road, Stoke Newington, N. October 18th, 1909.

Note on the larval habits of Bkenthis euphrosyne. — Ova obtained
from a Lincoln 2 , captured in June, 1908 ; these hatched in twelve
days, and were placed on growing plants of Viola canina ; after
moulting twice, they settled down for hybernation, in early August.
On March 21st, 1909, only 15 out of 80 larvae had survived the
winter, these appeared w'eak and sickly, and here the great difficulty
with the larvfe arose ; they refused their food ; they would only
wander round, basking in the sunshine ; apparently they lacked
strength to accomplish their moult. On April 3rd only four safely
survived the moult, and these started feeding ravenously, their move-
ments being exceedingly rapid. Except whilst feeding, they never
rest on their food, retiring amongst the moss, but always in the sun-
shine. These moulted again on April 11th ; the first, pupating on
April 19th, produced an imago on May 21st. — Id.

Description of eggs of Lepidoptera. — Metrocainpa war/jaritaria.
■ — Eggs laid by a ? captured near Meran at the entrance of the
Passier-Thal, August 10th, 1909. The eggs are laid in regular rows
in clusters of 50-150. They are of typical Geometrid shape, but
turned up on end, so that the rounded micropylar end is at the top of
the egg. The eggs are pale green in colour when first laid, quite
uniform and homogeneous, but turn to a pinky colour, speckled all over
irregularly with various-sized blood-red dots. The micropylar area is
freest from these dots, except that one or two quite large dots are
usually conspicuous in the position of the micropyle. The eggshell
appears to be quite smooth under a hand lens. The pecuharity of
these eggs is in their being laid as upright eggs (Described August
17th, 1909, under a hand lens).

Thalera fiiiibrialis.— ^ captured August 7th, 1909, in the
Sarnthal ; 6 eggs laid in a box, 2 close together almost

292 THE entomologist's eecokd.

touching on the Hd, 2 a good distance apart, and 2 touching each
other on the bottom of the box ; of these last, one is laid normally
flat, the other is laid against it somewhat on edge. The egg is
moderately bright yellowish -green in colour, oval in outline, depressed
considerably over the greater part of the upper surface. With a
hand-lens the shell appears to be uniformly minutely pitted. The
contents appear to be pale, and one traces without difficulty the
embryo larva inside, lying around the outer edge of the egg, the
central depression apparently almost meeting the base. On August
28rd, 4 eggs empty — larvte dead — eggs transparent ; a cleanly-bitten
circular hole at the micropylar end of each egg. August 25th — the
other two just hatched, and the lovely little yellow larva^ put on knot-
grass, and sent to the Eev. C. E. N. Burrows.

Colias phiconwne. — 2 $ s, caught on the Stelvio, August 15th,
1909, laid a single egg each on a hindwing. Pale yellow
when laid, but had changed by August 17th, to a deep orange-
red, except the extreme base and apex, which remained yellow.
The egg is tall, spindle-shaped, much thicker in the median
part than at either end, ending in rounded point at apex ;
delicately ribbed longitudinally with fine shiny ribs, reaching from
apex to base, and very finely ribbed transversely between the longi-
tudinal ribs ; the general appearance both in colour and ribbing, to a
cob of Indian corn, is very striking. The longitudinal ribs appear to
be 34 (but this number may not be quite accurate, as we have only a
hand-lens for the examination of the eggs). The egg appears to be
about three times as high as is its width, at the widest part. One
of these eggs hatched August 23rd, the egg-shell being absolutely trans-
parent after the larva had left it. The larva was put on a clover leaf
and next morning was seen to have nibbled a little hole in it. —

J. W. TUTT. ^

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidoptekous larv.e. — It may not be inadvisable to note that the
following larvte have been taken in our locality this season, viz.,
Aviorpha jiopuli, Snierivtliiis ocellatiis, Lasiocaiii'i)a qiiercus, Macrnthi/lacia
rubi, Drepana falcataria, Clostera rediisa, Notoclonta droniedariiis, N.
ziczac, Lophopteryx camelina, Cerura fnrcula, Apatela aceris, Pliisia
vioneta (taken on iiionkshood), Anip/n'dasj/s strotaria, and A. betularia
(in large numbers on horse-chestnut). I may add that large areas
of cablDage-plants have been destroyed by the larvae of Pierift brassicae
and /'. rajiac. — G. Hobbs, 37, Alexandra Road, Aldershot, Hants.
November ith, 1909.

LEPmoPTERA IN Essex in 1909. — I have observed the following
not generally common lepidoptera in this county during the past
season: — Enpitlu'cia exit/nata, Macaria litnrata, and Tepliroaia Itiridata,
June 6th, on rushes and fences near Childerditch Common ; Tinea
.leuiifiilrella, June 18th, near Thorndon Park; Bactrn furfurana, July
3rd, flying freely in the evening over Bowers Gifibrd Marsh ;
Arni/rextliia curvella, July 8th, on a fence in Southend ; t'/tiof/matobia
fiiluiinosa, August 11th, at electric light, Westclift' ; Dnri/phora palux-
trella, August 14th, Achroea (jrisella, August 15th, Nonaniia arnndijiis,
August 16th, at electric light, Westclifl"; Enpoecilia alfinitana, August
26th, on apoplar trunk in Southend, no doubt a traveller from the
marshes ; Paraponyx stratAotata, ? , x\ugust 27th, at the electric light,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 293

Westcliff ; Notudonta drniiiedariiis, August 29th, two full-fed larvte on
alder at Coombe Wood, Thundersley ; 8ti(ivionota u-eirana, September
26th, larvfe between beech-leaves near Thorndon Park ; Knnjmene
dolabraria, October 10th, a larva on Scotts-fir trunk near Thorndon
Park. — F. G. Whittle, 7, Marine Avenue, Southend. Xoroiiber 3rd,
1909.

ScoPARiA LiNEOLEA AT LuLwoRTH. — Wishing to SCC TIujIlldicKS
acteon at home, I travelled down to West Lulworth, on
July 29th, but the day was unfavourable and no butterflies were
about. I, of course, had the pleasure of seeing the Cove, which was
alone worth the journey. I got Scoparia lineolea, and one or two
other things, but no T. acteon. — -Id.

Laphygma exigua in Cornwall. — On the evening of September
20th, I had the pleasure of capturing a female specimen of the above
species , in fine condition at sugar, in my garden. — A. T. Spiller,
Godolphin Cross, Helston. October SOth, 1909.

Captures at ivy bloom. — Ivy is a very prolific plant in this
neighbourhood, but the continuous wet weather during October,
interfered greatly with the proper " working " of it. Possibly Xylina
sncia {petrificata) is the best insect taken at ivy here. It comes
likewise to "sugar," and I have taken it in my own garden both at
sugar and ivy bloom. Although it occurs very sparingly over a con-
siderable tract of country, I have never been able to find it in plenty
anywhere. On October 19th, accompanied by a non-entomological
friend, I visited a famous locality a few miles away. It consisted of
a park wall nearly five miles in circuit, and almost the whole distance
covered with ivy. But after beating for a distance of about two
miles, I found my captures of A', socio had amounted to four only.
There is great variation m a long series of this moth ; they vary from
very pallid to dark, in fact I have one specimen so dark that I at
first thought I had A', aemibrunnea. X. socia is sure to be in good condition
at ivy bloom, presenting a great contrast with Kpunda ni<ira, of which
species not more than 50 per cent, can be considered as cabinet
specimens. This species is much commoner than A', socia, as I have
taken from 15 to 20 specimens of an evening. Occurring with E. niijra
IS E. lichenca, although not in such plent}'. PeridruDia {Ai/rotis) saiicia
is also not uncommon in early October. September is possibly the best
time for this species, as I take it then at sugar. It occurs here every
year, and in all the well-known varieties. Peridroma (Af/rotis) sup'iisa is
not so plentiful as the last species; it occurs in October and November,
and I took in 1907 an extraordinary melanic specimen. Other species
that occur at ivy, are Xoctaa ylareosa, including the sui!^used form,
At/rotis segetnni, commonly, Caradrina qKadripunctata, of which
common species I secured a specimen with the forewings quite black,
Xoctiia c-ni(jnun and N. plecta, commonly, Hydroecia iiricacea, Citria
ceracjo, C. silage, Polia flavicincta, Xijlina rhizolitha, scarce, Ancochelis
rujina, A. pistacina and A. lunosa, in many varieties, Cerastis vaccinii,
C. spadicea, Orthosia lota and O. maciloita, commonly. One well-
known species, Scopelosouia satellitia, does not seem to occur at all,
for I have been looking for it for four seasons without success. —
A. J. Spiller, Godolphin Cross, Helston. October SOth, 1909.

Argynnis nitocris yar. nigroc^rulea ab. rufescens. — ^An apparent
ambiguity occurs in Ent. Piec, p. 186, with regard to ab, rufescens. It

294

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECOKD.

is, of course, an aberration of Anjiinnh nitocris, i.e., Arijynnis nitocria
var. nit/rocaerulea ab. rnfescem. — Theo. D. A. Cockeeell, Boulder,
Colorado. Xovetnber SnI, 1909.

Further note on Sericoris micana, Frol. — In answer to my
note (antea pp. 286-237) criticising his statement [Ent. Bee, xix",
273 (1907)] that the females of .Sericnris uu'caua " are much larger
than the males," Mr. George Wilkinson has now kindly written to
tell me that he is unable to send me any individuals of this species
for examination, being separated from his collection, which is in the
public museum at Carlisle, but that he Avill be pleased to supply me
with some in the course of next season. Fortunately, however, we
need not wait till then for a solution of the mystery, for, in the course
of his communication, Mr. Wilkinson writes as follows : — " I have no
doubt my words ought to have been ' the females are much smaller
than the males.' Barrett is quite right Avhen he says the females are
smaller and more bright. I sent him ten of each sex . . . ."
This last fact makes it highly probably that Barrett's statement about
the sexual differences, to which I drew^ attention {loc. rit.) as endorsing
my own observations, was based largely, is not entirely, on specimens
taken by Mr. Wilkinson.— Eustace B. Bankes, Norden, Corfe Castle.
Noi-einher 19tJi, 1909.

Sale of the first part of the late J. A. Clark's collection of

Lepidoptera.

The first part of the collection formed by the late J. A. Clark was
sold at Stevens' sale-rooms on November 2nd and 3rd, 1909.
Although the two days' sale produced roughl}^ some £350, the prices
of most of the insects ruled low. But there were some " lots " that
produced high figures, and that largely helped to swell the total.
Among the butterflies, one dark Pieris napi from Londonderry
produced £1 12s. Gd., Pontia daplidice 3 and J by Lepelley, Dover,
1867, only 5s., whilst one June, 1882 (S. Hart), and another from
Machin's collection, brought £1 2s. 6d., two reputed Dover ones
(Miller) 7s., and one reputed Southend example 6s. A curious
gynandromorphic Euchlo'e canlaxiinefi from the " Mason coll."
w^as sold for 18s., and two other interesting aberrations 16s. ; tAvo
buff forms of (,'. ediisa, lis., and two lemon-coloured ones 10s. ; a
heavily-dusted dark 3 Drt/as paphia, 9s., and a fine gynandromorph,
left side 3 and right 2 , £2 4s., whilst an intermediate form
between typical paphia and valesina, went for 12s. A very fine
Anij/miis ac/laia (figured Ent. Bee.) produced £5 5s., and £7 10s.
was obtained for a 9 taken at Abbott's Wood, 1887. Issoria latlwnia
(Harper) produced 10s. ; one reputed Dover example (Lepelley), and
another from the " Bouchard coll.," produced 10s. the two, whilst
two others labelled as taken by the Rev. T. H. Marsh, of Norwich,
17s. [These captures appear to have been made by the gentleman
■who is reported to have taken Stjrichthns alveus in Norfolk {Ent. Mo.
Mag., xxviii., p. 244), in whose collection St. John found two Everes
nrt/iades taken in Somerset {Proe. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1891. p. xxxi),
by Avhom three J'anesm antiopa of the " Burney collection " had been
taken {Ent. Bee, v., p. 40), etc.] ; another from Bournemouth (1872,
Smith) for 7s. ; a fine aberration of Brenthia selene produced £2 2s.,
one of Melitaea athalia, £1 6s., two others £1 6s., and another from

SALE OF J, A. Clark's collection of lepidoptera. 295

Abbots Wood £6. A fine suffused Ai/lais urticae produced £1 5s.,
and another £1 15s., whilst reputed British Envanessa antiopa went at
10s.. 15s., 6s., 5s., 6s. (2), 8s., and £1 6s. apiece: two nice Piji-ameis
cardui produced 18s., and another [Ent., xiii., p. 73) £12 12s., and
yet another (Ent., vi., p. 345) 10 guineas. Aberrations of Limenitis
sibi/lla went for £1 12s. 6d., lis., and 8s. each, whilst a dark suffused
(J Parari/e uiei/acra brought 18s. Aberrations of Epinep/tele ianira
£1 10s. and £1 Is. (Newman's Butts., p. 92); Chri/sophanus dispar
went at, <? £4, <? £7 10s., S £3, J £1 5s., $ £4 4s., ? £6 10s.,
? £4, $ £3 3s. ^ underside £2 12s. 6d. ; a dark brown ab. of
Riiiiiicia pJdaeaa produced £1 14s., another £5 10s., another £1 123. 6d.,
another 18s., and a set of six others £1 17s. 6d., whilst a gynandro-
morph I'lebeius aetjon (Nat. Bint. Brit. Butts., iii.,) produced £1 Is.,
and a gynandromorphic Poli/owuiatiis icarus, right side ^ , left
side 5 , 13s., another left side $ right $ (Elthani, July 10th, 1894)
lis. ; a leaden-coloured Auriades thetis (bellan/ns) [Ent. liec, iv., 259)
produced £4 6s., and a good A. coridnn ab. .iemisi/nf/rapha £1 Is. ;
Ci/aniris seiiiian/Hs produced 6s., 9s., 83., 14s. per pair, 12s. (3), lis.
(2 (? s), and lis. (3 <? s). A gynandroniorph of Celastrina air/iolns,
right side <7 , left side $ {Xat. Hist. Brit. Butts., ii.,) produced
£5 5s., and a little lot of Hesperia lualvae ab. taras 9s. So much for
the butterflies.

The Sphingids fetched fair prices, although it is evident that this
part of the collection did not contain the beautiful Smerinthid
aberrations we know Mr. Clark possessed. A specimen of Hyles
eii/)horbiae (with a history dating from 1844), only produced 6s. ; one
Phryxus livornica (Kingsland) 16s., another (Bevendean) 24s.; Hippo-
tion celcrio (Hastings) 12s., another (Portslade) 26s., yet another
(Walthamstow) 12s.; an aberration of Euuiorpha elpenor (Tottenham)
£1, whilst the .Egeriids fetched 10s., 9s., 14s., 12s., 8s., and 8s. per
lot. The historical " Romney Marsh," T. vespiformis, taken by " the
mythical Mr. Wigan," produced 7s. each, whilst three aberrations of
Antkrocera trifolii (one ab. lutesccns) produced 9s., two of A. Jilipeiuhdae
10s. The Nolids appear to be valuable now, sets of six X(da ccntonalis
and six N. albnlalis going for 25s., 24s., 28s. a tiixie, whilst a white
ab. of xV. albulalis produced 19s., and an example of Setina irrorella ab.
siynata £1 ; a remarkable (Enistis quadra fetched 14s., and Deiopeia
pulchella (Ringmer) 10s., (Dover) 27s., (Dover) 28s., and others 6s., 7s.,
5s., 4s., whilst an Phichelia jacobaeae, with the crimson replaced by
greyish-black, produced 24s. The "lots" of Arctia caia in order
from lot 194 onwards, produced 6s. one specimen (194), 18s. one
specimen (195), 5s. (196), 6s. (197), ^Is. (198), 4s. (199), £8 8s. one
specimen (200), 22s. one specimen (201), £6 three specimens (202),
8s. (203), 13s. (204), £1 8s. two specimens (205), 7s. (206), £3 10s.
four specimens (207, 208), £2 2s. tbree specimens (209, 210), 3s.
(211), £1 (212), 22s. two specimens (213), 4s. (214), 16s. two
specimens (215), 7s. (216), £3 7s. 6d. one specimen (217), 4s. (218),
4s. (219), £9 one specimen (220), £1 12s. 6d. (221), 3s. (222), £5 10s.
two specimens (223), 28s. one specimen (224), 4s. (225), 16s. (226),
6s. (227), 10s. (228), 16s. (229), 3s. (230), 3s. (231), 3s. (232), 7s.
(233), lis. two specimens (234), 18s. two specimens (235), 7s. (236.
237), 10s. (238), £3 two specimens (239), 4s. (240), 7s. (241-244)^
With the exception of the last combination, none of the lots

296 THE entomologist's record.

contained more than seven specimens, the average about three or
fgur.

The other Arctiids and Lymantriids produced on the whole very
fair prices, the Lachneids, Notodontids, and Drepanuhds, in the case
of varieties, fairly high ones. An aberration of Arctia villica £2 6s. ;
series of moderate Spilosomas, 25s., whilst Laelia coenosa went at 21s.,
35s. 30s. per pair, although two ? s only fetched 9s. ; Gastropacha
ilicifolia produced 20s., lis., 8s., 7s., 9s., 8s., 24s. each, whilst a
magnificent brown-black 5 Saturnia pavonia produced £15 ; and pairs
of Drepana harpai/tda 7s., 9s., lis., and lis. ; Cenira bicuspis, in
threes producing 6s. on three occasions, but a fine black Cenira vinnla
went up to £7 15s. ; a Microdonta bicolor of " Bouchard," produced 17s.,
others 10s. and 6s., with other insects ; a fine light A.yihalia ridens
fetched £1.

The Noctuids and Geometrids, on the whole, produced low prices,
Bnjopldla iiiipar, 9s. for live, on two occasions, Hijbuina striffoxa, 10s.
for seven (twice), a Lencania extranea (Ent., xii., p. 19) only 7s., and
Nonatiria span/anii and Lencania albipitncta, less than 8d. apiece ;
"Brighton" Si/nia i)itisctdosaa,tAs., and "Canterbury" Lencania l-albiun,
4s., with many other specimens, were not excessive prices for those who
want such rarities; whilst 14s. for live Xylomifiea conspicillaris cannot
be considered dear ; £2 was reached for two dark Crijmodea exnUn,
£1 8s. for three light ones, and £2 2s. for three more; Hydrilla
palustris, from Wicken, £1 8s. and £1 each, whilst a curious Ar/rotis
exclai)iationis raised lot 306 to 2 guineas ; a fine example of Triphaena
fimbria produced £4 4s., and ^ A(/rotis snbrosea £2, £1 15s., and
£1 10s., and $ s, £2 15s. apiece, ^ and 5 , lOs. 6d., and <? and two
? s 24s., according to condition ; one little set of Pachnobia hyperborea
var. alpina produced £1 17s. 6d., whilst six successive Ceraxtis
eri/t/irocepiiala produced 6s., 4s., 45s., 5s., 7s., and 7s. respectivel}', the
45s. " lot " being from " J. H. A. .Jenner, Lewes." Three Luperina
barrettii went for £1 Is., and one L. barrettii and one var. ficldini for
18s., and a similar lot for 14s. ; Xylina zinckenii (of which a lot more
than have ever been caught in England seem to be in the market)
went for 21s., 21s., 24s., and 18s. per specimen, and three lots
consisting of one Xylina conforms, and two Cucidlia (jnapludii, went
for 10s., 13s., and 14s. respectively ; a Catocala fraxini (1840), 7s.,
another (captured by a Mr. Lepelley, also responsible in other parts
of the catalogue for P. daplidice and 7. lailionia) 10s., another
(Regent's Park) 6s. A fine ab. of Rmnia crataeyata (also taken by
Lepelley), produced 21s. ; another by the same 15s., whilst an ab. of
Venilia )iiarnlata went for £4 4s., another for £4 ; Nysnia lapponaria, bred,
have sunk to Is. each, but the extinct Cleora viditaria produced 30s., 22s.,
16s., 10s., 12s., 14s., 15s., 20s., 14s., 13s. each, and Boletohia fnli-
yinaria, 42s., 42s., 42s., and 18&. each. The two days' sale produced
roughly £350.

(prURRENT NOTES.

The resignation of Mr. Guy Marshall as a member of the Council
of the Entomological Societ}' of London, has been received with very
great regret, and Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker has been elected on the
Council in his place. A second vacancy on the Council due to the
resignation of Mr. R. Shelford, through ill-health, has been tilled by

CURRENT NOTES. 297

the appointment of Dr. Malcolm Burr, who also takes Mr. Shelford's
place on the " Business and Publication Committee."

It would appear that the Business and Publication Committee of
the Entomological Society of London will this ^-ear bring the publi-
cation of the Transartiuns up-to-date. As well as Parts iii, iv and v
of last year, Parts i, ii, and iii, of the current year have already been
published since January, and, if fairly fortunate. Part iv will be out
shortly, so that the Fellows should be in the happy position at
Christmas of awaiting Part v — the Presidential Address — which
might be published almost as soon as it is delivered.

An unambitious little volume, "The scaly-winged," by R. B.
Henderson, M.A., comes under notice. There are, in this booklet,
some rather startling statements, and, as it is written as a very
elementary text- book, on a knowledge of which the boys of Rugby
School are to be admitted, after examination, to the entomological
section of the School Natural History Society, one would have expected
it to have been accurate as far as it goes, and so, on the whole it is,
and, as it is charmingly written, its errors and blunders read almost
like truth, even when one discovers them. One only hopes that the
youngsters who have read ahead of the master's text-book, will not be
ploughed for writing the true facts, which the master has evidently
not observed. One suspects, too, that any of the youngsters who may
have seen the eggs of Paranje e(/eria and Kpinephele ianira, etc., will
not be satisfied with the sketches on p. 15 (after Furneaux).

We are inclined to ask Mr. Henderson whether he has ever
personally confirmed the statement that " nearly all that part of a
caterpillar's body which is not used for digestive purposes, is occupied
by silk-making apparatus," and particularly, where the "circulatory
system " and "fat body," come in? We would also ask Mr. Henderson
what he thinks, on mature consideration, of his remarkable little
statement on " Melanism ?" Mr. Henderson's complete remark on the
subject reads : —

"It is worthy of remark here, that the colouring of species of lepidoptera
exhibit a distinct tendency to become darker with increased distance from the
tropical and subtropical regions. This is, perhaps, due to the greater prevalence
of dark tree-trunks and undergrowth in the moi'e northerly districts, giving in
consequence better protection to the darker individuals of a species. This
phenomenon is known as Melanism.''

We suppose this must be so, if our author says so, but we hope the boys
will neither be misled by the definition or assumed facts. The remarks
on the selection of a partner by the $ lepidopteron, are written with
such a charming ease and insouciance, that one is apt to think they also
must be true, but, unless our field observations are greatly at fault,
the principal statement is entirely wrong. We should like to challenge
Mr. Henderson to cite a single case that has come under his own
observation, in which the 5 has certainly selected from several (two or
more) the $ that she wishes to pair with her. We have made dozens
of observations that certainly go to prove that the $ is hopelessly and
entirely passive and indifferent, and that the quickest, most active ^ ,
is the one that pairs. When a 5 refuses a 3" it is usually because
she has already been fertilised and no longer requires his services.

One other thing strikes us, why should the Rugby boys be confined to
questions on butterflies and moths for admission into the School
Natural History Society. Equally elementary notes relating to the

298 THE entomologist's record.

other orders, are surely more important ; already the lepidopterists
outnumber the students of all other orders, and not one out of a
hundred of those who commence collecting lepidoptera ever become
really scientific collectors; on the other hand, in the other orders,
with so much more unoccupied ground, a larger proportion of those
who do once start collecting pursue their studies to some definite
conclusion, but the actual number who commence collecting these
orders is small. It may be said that the difficulties of dealing with
this wider subject simply, and in a reasonable-sized booklet, would be
too great, but we have also lying on our table, another volume^ —

"Directions for collecting and preserving insects," by Nathan
Banks, published by the Smithsonian Institution, and which, reduced
to the simple form that Mr. Henderson uses so efiectively, and
illustrated by British species, would do admirably for the purpose.
Mr. Banks' book is elementary but accurate, written by an entomo-
logist for young and budding entomologists, and as one reads on, one
does so with the knowledge that every word that is printed is that of
one who knows, and that the book is written because the writer has
really got something to say, and not really that he must w"rite even if
he has nothing to write about. But, in England, Mr. Banks would
have to go to the public with his work, and being accurate, and not,
in the generally accepted sense of the present superficially-educated
age, popular, one suspects he would not be able to find a publisher to
publish his book. It is, however, exactly the sort of book that the
intelligent Rugby boys want.

It is nice amongst so much poor entomological literature submitted
to us recentlj^ to find such a piece of excellent grind as A deu-iiptive
cataloiiue of the Dobree collection of European Noctiiae, by Horace B.
Browne, M.A., and published for the Hull Museums' Committee by
A. Brown and Sons, Ltd., Hull, London, and York, at the price of Is.
The work is thorough from beginning to end, and reflects great credit
on the author, who, with such a training as the preparation of this
Catalogue has necessitated, must now be one of the best informed
entomologists in this country, at least so far as the European Noctuids
are concerned. "We heartily recommend everyone interested in our
British Noctuides, which, after all, form a large part of the collection,
to purchase this Catalogue, which is not only a Catalogue, but an
exceedingly full and informative text-book on the variation of the
superfamily. During a recent visit to Hull, we ourselves had the
pleasure of examining the Dobree collection, and can bear personal
witness to the care bestowed on it by Messrs. Shepherd, Stainforth, and
H. B. Browne. Its position so near the door and an outside wall, is
the only doubtful element.

Entomology was not altogether absent from the recent Annual
Exhibition of the Royal Photographic Society. Among others w^as
some excellent work by Messrs. A. E. Tonge {Brijophila itiuralh and
eggs of lepidoptera), and Hugh Main {Syrphus balteatus), whilst
Mr. P. J. Barraud showed some promising work [Crbicola comma).
Dr. Duncanson's work (metamorphosis of dragonfly) is wanting in
detail, and Mr. Douglas English's entomological work falls below that
to which Messrs. Tonge and Main have accustomed us ; it is somewhat
stilted, the insects are not of natural size, and altogether very unsatisfy-
ino-, nor does it compare at all favourably with his treatment of

CURRENT NOTES. 299

mammals, in which he gains a distinctly greater measure of success.
Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibits some first class geological photographs
of the Pass of Llanberis and its vicinity.

The completion of vol. iii. of A Natural Histori/ of the British
Ijiitttrjiiex. {A Xat. Hist. Brit. Lep., vol. x.) leads us to ask for further
help in various directions. We have in this issue published no fewer
than 53 full-size plates illustrating the life-histories, variation, and
biological details of the species treated. Although the photographs
have been kindly given us by Dr. T, A. Chapman, Messrs. Main,
Tonge, and other friends, the cost of reproduction and printing
so many illustrations adds a great expense to the volume. We
are anxious, therefore, to enrol as many subscribers as possible for
this and the new volume, which will be at least as fully illustrated.
The volumes, published in monthly parts at Is., less than the
cost of a halfpenny daily newspaper, should fall well within
the means of every lepidopterist, and everyone who can afford to
support the work in this way, is helping to ensure its continuance.
The steady increase of illustrations in the last four vols, published,
they have been 5, 20, 28 and 53 respectively, will give a good idea of
the development in this direction.

Another matter we should like to note. Many of our friends send
us photographs, etc., after we have completed our survey of the
species. We have received many photographs of aberrations of Plcbeins
ariiKs {iU'ijDn) and Ai/riades thetis (bellori/its) since our surveys of these
species have been completed, and when, of course, the plates have been
made up, and it is too late to use them. We are now at work on. A;iria(les
cnriilnn, Foli/oniiiiatiis icarxs, Aricia astrarche, Lycaena arion, and
Hamearis liicina. Pictures and photographs of good aberrations of
these would be very welcome before we make up our plates on the
known forms of the species, and photography is now such a common
acquisition among entomologists that one might reasonably expect
more help in this direction. All figures, however, should be of natural
size, and the figures clearly defined. Good sharp pencil drawings
reproduce exceedingly well.

There are two or three things that we want to beg from our
British collectors : (1) A few representative examples of the various
forms of Aricia astrarche captured in Durham, Northumberland,
Cumberland and Westmorland, or any outlying district of Wales or
the south-west of England ; (2) a few midland, western and northern
examples of Ai/riailes coridvn : (3) a typical ^ and 2 of Lycaena arion
from Devon, Gloucester, and Cornwall. The specimens are wanted for
dissection if need be, and so cannot be returned. If any of our col-
lectors can help us, we shall be greatly obliged.

As we are closing our net around what we have been able to catch con-
cerning Ayriades coridon, we find that we should be glad of further details
concerning some of the less known races of this species. We particu-
larly want data comparing the spring form of the Riviera race (from
Hyeres, Draguignan, Ste. Maxime, etc.), i.e., var. iiieridioiialis gen. 1
vernalis with the summer form gen. 2 hiemalis, if there be any real
difterence between them. One wonders whether the rather smooth,
delicate, but dull, silvery-blue <? with its variable margin to forewings, and
$ with deep brown underside, is merely the spring form of Bartel's
?-^s»/Vf A-/, which he describes in some particulars so differently. Again,
does anyone know anything about the May examples of the Pont du Gard

300 THE entomologist's record.

race, which appears to be apparently a little larger than mer'uUonalis as
we know it. It may be that here again the species is double- brooded,
although, as it is well-known in Britain and Central Europe to extend
its appearance from the end of June to October in different seasons
as a single-brood, it wants breeding to prove the fact.

We also want to find out as far as possible, the distribution —
aberrationally and racially — of the very broad luarginata-ionw of A.
coridon in which the dark margin of the forewing in the <? is not only
very wide, but carried along the costa almost, or quite, to the usually
fairly well-developed discoidal lunule. In the British Museum coll.,
the " Mutzell " examples of this form are labelled " Germany," but so
is everything from the "Mutzell coll.," although it is quite clear in
some cases, that the specimens are not even European. Our best
examples are labelled " Igman (Burr)," and it certainly occurs aber-
rationally in England, the Pyrenees, etc., but it is supposed to be in
its most extreme form a German race, and one would like to know
more about it. We also want information concerning the occurrence
of the addenda, bafiijiincta, and costajiinvta forms in England or abroad.

We should further like to get in touch with anyone who has collected
in the Pyrenees, and can give us any clue to what Keferstein's un-
described nirifera may be. Are the Pyrenean examples, upper- or
underside, anywhere sufficiently peculiar locally to lead Keferstein to
suggest this name ? The Spanish examples have been treated so
hopelessly, that one hardly knows how to ask for help ; the collectors
there appear to have accepted at various times, any name for any
form. .The large pale race of the south, white above, with faint
marginal border, and white below with small spots ( = (7Zi/ca».s, Bdv.), the
smaller whitish race from Aragon, &c., wnth well-defined marginal band,
and well-spotted underside { = aira!/one)isis, Gerh.), the pale blue-grey
form from Albarracin, etc., with weak marginal borders, and fairly-
defined spots on the underside {^caeralesccns. u.n. = albicans, H.-Sch.),
and the beautiful blue hiapana, H.-Sch., to which the name corijdoniiis
has been for years erroneously applied, are all clearly-enough defined
and well-known as races, but have rarely been called by the names
that belong to them.

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, The Vicarage, ^Mucking, Essex, who
is at work on the genitalia of the Geometrids, has now obtained all
his requirements except the 2 of Phibalapteryx lapidata, and both
sexes of P. polyiirammata and Cleora vidaaria. If anyone can oblige
with British or Continental material, he would be greatly indebted.
Other species wanted for examination are Boletobia fnlu/inan'a,
Zanclognatha emortualia, Madopa salicalis, Pi/yalifi lieni;/ialis, Butijs
nnbilalis, Scapula dccrepitalis J , Psamotis pidceralis $ , Margarodes
unionalis, Diaseiiia ranibiirialis, Antitjastra catalaiinalis, and Arentropns
niveus.

j^OCIE TIE S.

Entomological Society of London. — November 8n/, 1909. —
Parnassius APOLLO FROM THE Swiss JuRAs. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs brought
for exhibition a case containing a series of Parnassius apolln taken
by him this year in the Vallee de Joux, Swiss Juras, at 3300 feet,
and at Eclepens. He pointed out that the specimens found in the
Jura, have a tendency toward the form known as ab. psendonowion, and
that this is more strongly marked in examples from the lower level at

SOCIETIES.

301

EclepeiiB. Rare and Aberrant Lepidoptera. — Mr. H. J. Turner
exhibited (a) two extremely small specimens of Ciipido nuniniKs, taken
with normal-sized examples near Winchester, on June 12th, 1909. The
expanse of wings is 15mm.; he also showed similarly small specimens
from Galway and from the Sepey Road, near Aigle, Rhone Valley ; (b)
an example of Anthrocera achilleae, in which the blotches on the fore-
wings are all fused together, giving at a casual glance the appear-
ance of a small A. pnrpuralis : it was captured at Gex, Ain, France, on
August 11th, 1909; (c) a white aberration, ab. alba, of Bionicia
phlaeas, taken at Brasted, Kent, on August 28th. This rare form
has usually been reported as ab. scJmiidtii, but as Mr. Tutt has
pointed out in " British Lepidoptera," vol. viii., the latter
form is straw-coloured ; and (d) examples of Heodes vinjaureae
ab. mieyii, a form of the 3 in which a large discoidal spot, and a
transverse partial row of black dots near the apex of the forewings
are developed, and var. zernmttmsifi, a form of the ? in which the
usual copper colour is suppressed, and much of the area has become
more or less dusky ; they were taken at Zermatt in early August.
The form miegii is said to be unusual outside Spain, but Mr. Turner
has seen quite a number with the spots more or less apparent. The
var. zermattensis has the usual form of the $ at Zermatt. New and
Rare British Beetles. — Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited specimens of
Melanophila acuminata, De Geer, Criocephalns ferns, Muls., and other
coleoptera found on pines near Woking. He called attention to the
numerous interesting forms that had been found on pines during
recent years, not only in the south of England, but in Scotland also.
The Buprestid had probably not been searched for previously at the
right season — during the driest time at the end of the summer and
early autumn — at a period when few insects are to be found. He
stated that he had met with various other Buprestids, both in Spain
and in Tropical America {e.(j., Buprestis sanguinea, F., and Actenodes
chalyheitarsis, Chevr.), in the dry season, or when the trees had been
scorched by fire. New British Coleoptera. — Dr. Norman H. Joy
showed the following : Epipeda nyiricans, Thorns., Pitynrienea trepan-
atm, Nordl., both taken at Blair Atholl, Perthshire, September, 1909 ;
Lathrobiuia diltitum, Er., captured at Dalwhinnie, Inverness-shire,
September, 1909 ; Cryptophagiis pallidus var. arf/entea, var. nov.,
differing from the type form in having silvery pubescence ; he also
exhibited Philonthus trossulus, Nord., from Dalwhinnie ; the penis of
Gnathoncm nidicola, Joy, and G. rotundatus, Kugel, and of Anhotoma
anglica. Rye, and A. cinnamoniea, Er. ; and a series of Snniiis lyon-
essius, Joy, from the Scilly Isles, and he pointed out the structural
characters by which this species may be distinguished from S.
anguatatus. Rare British Dragonfly. — Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited a
very tine $ example of Sympetnim fouscoloiiibii, Selys, exhibited on
behalf of Mr. F. W. Edwards, of Cambridge, who took it on
September 24th, 1908, at Frensham Pond, in Surrey. Probably this
species is always an immigrant with us, and but few specimens have
been recorded. One 2 in Stephens' cabinet, was supposed to have
been taken near London. McLachlan possessed a <? from
T. Desvignes' collection. A S^ was taken at Deal in 1881.
Messrs. Briggs took 17 c? s in June, 1892, on Ockham Common, in
Surrey. In June, 1903, W. C. Boyd secured a ? near Irewoofe

302 THE entomologist's record.

in west Cornwall. Mr. Edwards' insect is therefore only the twentieth
localised and well-authenticated British specimen. A 2 was taken in
Alderney on July 11th, 1899, by Mr. E. D. Marquand, which was at that
time, it is believed, the only dragonfly that had ever been taken in the
island. November llth, 1909. — Nomination of Officers and Council.
— It was announced that the Council had nominated the following
Fellows to act as Officers, and to serve on the Council of the Society
for the session 1910-11 — President: Dr. Frederick Augustus Dixey,
M.A., M.D. ; Treasurer : Mr. Albert Hugh Jones ; Secretaries : Mr. H.
Rowland-Brown, M.A., and Commander James J. Walker, M.A. ;
Librarian : Mr. George Charles Champion, F.Z.S. ; as members of
Council: Professor T. Hudson-Beare, F.R.S.E., Mr. G. T. Bethune-
Baker, F.L.S., Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Mr. H. St. J.
K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. , Mr. Albert Harrison, F.L.S.,F.C.S.,Mr. Selwyn
Image, M.A., Dr. Karl Jordan, Ph.D., Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, Mr.
Alfred Sich, Mr. Henry Jerome Turner, Mr. Rowland E. Turner, and
Mr. James W. Tutt. Obituary. — The decease of Dr. Gustave Kraatz,
of Berlin, was announced, and Dr. Karl Jordan gave a short account
of the services rendered to entomological science by the deceased
gentleman, who was for many years a Fellow of the Society. Tree
attractive to Hymenoptera. — The Rev. F. D. Morice brought for
exhibition a case of Aculeate Hymenoptera, representnig many
different groups visiting a solitary tree of Ochrademnfi baccatm, Del., in
the neighbourhood of Jericho. They showed a remarkable similarity
in points of colour, etc., and neither plant nor insects, in most cases,
were to be found elsewhere in the region. Aberrant Pal-«arctic
Butterflies. — Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited —(a) A $ Melitaea didi/ina,
in which the greater portion of the black pigment had more or less
failed to develop, the usual dark markings being all of a light grey ;
some of the spots had a few scattered black scales, and, when examJned
with a lens, numerous scales were seen to have only the tips black ;
the black markings near the insertions of the wings, were of the
normal density of colour, and the ground colour was about the usual
depth of tint. The insect was captured at Zermatt on August 3rd,
1909. (b) A specimen of Brenthia euphrosyne, taken in the same
locality on July 31st, the spots composing the submarginal line well
developed, and most of them elongated towards the base, (r) An
example of Rirsutina damon, in which there was no trace of the
transverse row of eye-spots on the underside of the forewings, the
discoidal spot only being present. The insect was taken on the road
leading from Aigle to le Sepey on July 29th of the present year, {d)
Two series of Melitaea parthenie var. varia, the first taken on the
Riffel-alp on August 1st, and the second in the Zmutt Valley on
July 31st. It was stated that Dr. Chapman considers rana to be a
distinct species, on account of the distinctive characters of its genitalia.
New Aberrations of Nonagria edelsteni.^ — Mr. H. M. Edelsten
exhibited a bred series of Nonagria edelsteni from Sussex, including
two new aberrations, for which he suggested the names nifescens and
fusca. He mentioned that, as far as he was aware, these two forms
had not been previously noted on the continent. He showed, also,
ova and pupa in situ, with photographs by Mr. Hugh Main, to
illustrate the life-history of the species. Larval Habit of Osmylus.
— Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited two imagines and a larva of the finest

SOCIETIES. 303

of our Neuroptera, Osmijhis rhri/sops. The exhibit was made on account
of the larva having been taken by Dr. D. Sharp near Queen's Bower in
the New Forest. It pierces and sucks dry some small animals, but its
life-history is not well known. The mouth-parts are similar to those
of Heuierobius and Chnjsopa, which feed on the juices of aphides. O.
chrysops is, however, at least partly aquatic. It is nearly related to
Sisyra, of which we have three species, one at least of which feeds on
Spomiilla finviatilis. Colour variation of Aglais pup^. — Mr. A.
W. Bacot showed two boxes containing pupal cases of Ar/lais urticae
collected by Mr. Hugh Main in one locality. Those taken from the
foodpiant were yellowish-white ; those taken from the cage in which
the larvfe pupated quite blick, thus demonstrating the effect of
surroundings upon the pupal coloration.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
■ — -Uctober 2Sth, 1909. — Larv.e of Pharetra rumicis. — Mr. Tonga
exhibited living larvae of Pharetra rutnicis from Hatfield, feeding on
sallow. Variation in Hylophila prasinana. — Mr, South, a series of
Hylophila prasinana bred from Scarborough, in some of which a
brilliant red coloration had developed. Rare Homopteron. — Mr. W.
West, specimens of Idiocerus aurentnlnii from Blackheath, a species
that had only once before been taken in Britain. Racial differences in
Agrotis cinerea. — Mr. Newman, series of Af/rotis cinerea from Kent,
Lewes and Brighton. The Sussex races were much the smaller.
Porthetria dispar captured at large in England, etc. — Mr. R. Adkin,
a 5 of Porthetria (Ocneria) dispar, taken at rest on an elm-trunk at
Eastbourne, and read notes on the unusual occurrence. He also
showed a series of Scapula decrepitalis, taken near Rannoch in June
last. Cross-pairing in Noctuid species. — Mr. Buckstone recorded the
finding of Noctna xant/iof/rapJia ^ , and Luperina testacea ? , in cop.,
on September 27th, and the secretary drew attention to the large
number of similar strange unions noted in A Natural History of the
British Lepidoptera, vol. v., pp. 2-3. Depressaria putridella. —
Mr. Sich, for Mr. Green, this new British species recently recorded,
and its life-history described in detail, in the Ent. Record for October,
November, and December (1909). Xorember 11th, 1909. — Rare Homop-
teron.— Mr. West (Greenwich), the very rare Homopteron, Ulopa
trivia, from Chipstead, and Limotettix stactogala from Deal on tamarisk.
Laggard Agriades thetis. — Dr. Chapman, a living bred example of
Agriades thetis (beUargus). Syrphid pattern. — Mr. Andrews, British
Syrphidae showing how the general appearance of these insects is
"broken up" by the modification of the darkened portion of the wings,
and the light area at the base of the abdomen. Aberrations op
Agriades thetis and A. coridon. — Dr. Hodgson, specimens of
Agriades coridon with white submarginal wedges and partial absence
of spots on the underside of the hindwings, and also examples of A.
thetis (bellargits) without discoidals. Attempted autumn brood of
Pyrameis atalanta. — Mr. Newsman, nearly full-fed larvae of Pyrameis
atalanta from ova laid in August.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — October ISth,
1909. — Annual PJxhibition. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited the follow-
ing species : — Taeniocawpa incerta, T. mimosa, T. niunda, and I'ach-
nobia leucoyrapha, from Lakeside, Windermere ; a varied series of
Cosmotriche potatoria, from Berkshire; a series of Arctia eaia, showing

804 THE entomologist's record.

the usual range of minor variation, Aijlois nrticae, approaching var.
ichnusa, and Dimorpha rersiculor from Aviemore ; DiantJioecia carpo-
pha(/a, pale forms from Brighton ; Apatela aceris from Sandown, Isle
of Wight ; (Jiicullia asiteris from the London district, and Phorodesma
sinaraiidaria from Essex. Major Woodforde, Zonosoma pendularia \&v.
siibroseata, and a new aberration of the same species like si(broseata, but
with the pink area ochreous, which he had bred this year for the first
time. Mr. George Arnold, Hymenoptera, among them being Crabro
aphidum, Forniicoxenus nitiditlus, etc., the last out of nests of F.
rufa from the New Forest. Mr. F. N. Pierce exhibited on behalf of
Mr. T. Baxter, of St. Anne's, a Luperina allied to L. teatacea, and
supposed to be L. nickerlii. This species, only two specimens of which
have been previously taken in Britain, both by Mr. Baxter of St.
Anne's, has occurred again this year, about a dozen specimens having
been captured. Mr. Pierce also exhibited microscopic slides of the
genitalia, showing the characters he relied upon for dift'erentiating
Mr. Baxter's captures from L. teiitacea. The same member also
showed Abra-rasi/rossulariatasih. jiavofasciata, from Wallasey, Nntolophus
(Ornyia) (/(j)i(isti/piia, Celaatrina ar//iuliis from Essex, Tripliaena cuines from
Isle of Eig, and other local species. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a
long series of Boarmia rcpondata var. nif/ra, from Knowsley, ISIelitaea
aurinia from Barmouth, and a series of Enpitliecia valerianata from
Delamere Forest, this being the first record of the latter species for
Cheshire. Mr. C. E. Eaven exhibited lepidoptera from Rye, Sussex,
including a varied series of Mesotijpe vinjata, Aplecta nebnlom ab.
robsoni, from Delamere, and Gnophos obsciiraria ab. fasciata, from
Folkestone. Mr. Robert Tait, Junr., brought two drawers of lepidop-
tera, the result of the season's work, including Aplecta uebidom ab.
robsoni, from Delamere, Polia chi ab. olivacea, from Huddersfield,
Agrotis atjathina, from North Wales, A. ashworthii, very light and
very dark forms from North Wales, Cucidlia reibasci, bred from larvae
found 1907, ('ipiiatojdwra rid ens from New Forest larvae, Kupitliecia
pmnilata from North Wales, and various species from the south of
England, amongst them, Mourn orion from Abbott's Wood.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXI.

PAGE.

Araneina 19,276,289

CoLEOPTEEA 25,43,189,231,257,278,287

CuBEENT Notes . . . . 21, 47, 72, 94, 119, 140, 189, 219, 238, 265, 296

DiPTEBA 17, 50, 276, 288

Hemiptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Hymenoptera 257, 276, 269, 290

Life-histories, Larv.^e, ETC. . . .. .. .. .. 44,137,188, 237, 291

Notes on Collecting, etc. . . 20, 46, 72, 93, 118, 137, 185, 216, 233, 264, 292
Orthoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 40, 169

Scientific Notes and Observations . . . . 46, 93, 119, 185, 218, 236

Variation 45, 136, 196, 218, 235

Aberrations and Varieties of : — Abraxas grossulariata (Wood-cut), 197 ; ab.
varleyata, 131, 270; ab. lacticolor, 131, 270; Aglais urticaf, 4, 83 (plate),
106, 211; Agriades coridon, 186, 262, 299, 300; A. thetis [hellargm),
277 ; Brentlds selene, 218 ; Celastrina argiolus, 99 ; Clirysophanus
hippothoe, 128; Coenohia rufa, 4, 110; Cyaniris lenii'irgus,
196 ; Erebia aethiops, 225 ; Euchelia jacobaeae, 99 ; Heodes vir-
gaureae, 225, 301 ; Lasiocampa qiiercns, larvae and imagines, 45 ; Melan-

CONTENTS. 305

PAGE.
argia galatea, 252; Noctua glareosa, 76; Pleheius aegon, 250; P.
argyrognomon, 251 ; Poli/gonia c-album (plate), 102 ; Polgomniatus icarua,
2l'l', 226, 236; Rumicia^2)hlaeas, 100, 235 ; Vaijessa io (plate), 86, 212;
Zonosoma pendularia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 304

Addi'ions to the British List: — Abraxas grosmlariata ab. albipalliata,
Kaynor, 272 ; ab. albispatiata, Eaynor, 272 ; ab. chrysostrota, Raynor,
271; ab. cinieata, Raynor, 272; ab. cupreofasciata, Raynor, 272; ab.
fiavipalUata, Raynor, 272 ; ab. gloriosa, Raynor, 271 ; ab. igneofasciata,
Raynor, 272 ; ab. infrabifanciata, Raynor, 272 ; ab. infrafasciata,
Raynor, 272 ; ab. nigra, Raynor, 272 ; ab. nigrocaerulea, Raynor, 272 ;
ab. nigra fasciata, Raynor, 272 ; ab. radiata, Raynor, 272 ; ab. rubrolutea,
Raynor, 272; ab. iochalca, Raynor, 271; ab. lactea-nigra, Raynor,
271 ; ab. nigrocostata, Raynor, 271 ; ab. nigrovenata, Raynor, 271 ;
Aglais vrticae ab. alba, Raynor, 7 ; ab. adumbrata, Raynor, 8 ; ab.
angustibalteata, Hsiynov, 7 ; &h. brunneo-violacea, Raynor, 7 ; ab. clari-
rufa, Raynor, 7; ab. cuneatiguttata, Raynor, 7; ab. flavotessellata,
Raynor, 7 ; a.h. fulva, Raynor, 7; ab. fulvomarginata, Raynor, 7 ; ab.
griseomargiuata, Raynor, 7; ab. ignea, Raynor, 7; ab. infraradiata,
Raynor, 8; ab. infiiscata, Raynor, 7; ab. latericolor, Raynor, 7; ab.
lima, Reuss, 211; ah. Intea, Raynor, 7; ab. magnigiittata, Raynor, 7 ;
ab. magnilunulata, Raynor, 8 ; ab. magrdnotata, Raynor, 8 ; ab. magni-
jjuncta, Raynor, 8 ; ab. nigridormta, Raynor, 8 ; ab. nigricostata, JXnynor,
7; ab. ?n/?)iiata, Raynor, 7 ; ah. ohscura, Raynor, 7; ab. parviguttata,
Raynor, 7; ab. parvilunulata. Raynor, 8 ; ab, /Jai-ywofa^a, Raynor, 8 ;
ab. parvipuncta, Raynor, 8 ; ab. polychloroides, Raynor, 7 ; ab. puncti-
juncta, lia,jnor, 8 ; a,h. radiata, Raynor, 7 ; ab. rubrocltiea, Raynor, 7;
ab. strigata, Raynor, 7 ; ab. subtus-lactea, Raynor, 8 ; ab. sitbtiis-rut'a,
Raynor, 8 ; ab. testudinen, Raynor, 7 ; ab. tripuncta, Raynor, 8; ab.
uiiipuncta, Raynor, 8; Amaurosoma flavipeg, Fin., 194 ; Anaspis hndsorii,
Donisthorpe, 60 ; Anaphothrips orchidaceus, Bagnall, 51 ; ApJiodius scyba-
lariiis ab. nigrescens, Muls., 28 ; Araeocerus fasciculatus, de Geer, 27 ; Arctia
caja ab. clarki, Tutt, 88 ; Bledius denticollis, Fauvel, 48 ; Bruchus rufi-
manus var. velutinus, Muls., 27 ; Calodera rufesceufi, Kraatz, 94 ; Carahus
violaceus var. solUcitans, Hartert, 27; Ceuthorrhyncus mogantiacua,
Sehultz, 27 ; Chaetocnema arida, Foud., 259; Clambus punctalum. Beck,
26; Clinodiplosis equcstri^, Wagner, 242 ; Ciiemacantha miiscaria, F\n.,
240; Coenobia raja ab. fusca, Bankes, 4; Corticaria eppelsheimi, Reitt.,
26; C /i»e«rts, Payk., 26 ; C. longicollis, Zett.,26; Comostigmu>i testa-
cipes, Kief., 290; Cryphaloides donisthorjyei, Formanek, 49 ; Cryptophagus
Jiirtulus, Ky., 26 ; C. lovendaU, Gangl., 26; C. pallidas var. argentea,
Joy, 301 ; Crt/ptothrips dentipes, Reut., 189; Gyniux obliquus, How., 74,
124; Depre.fsaria putridella, Hb. (plate), 194', 221 (plate), 253, 276;
Dromimt angustus, Brulle, 25 ; Dryops {Parmis) anglicamis, Edwards,
240; D. luridus, Er., 27; Eccoptomera ornata, Lw., 240; Empoasca
fcwiZm, Edw., 124 ; E.populi, Edw., 124; Epipeda nigricans. Thorns.,
301 ; Eupliorus bistigmaticus, Morley, 219 ; Formica fusca var. nifescens,
Forel, 258 ; Gonatopu.^t myrviecophilus, Kieff, 17 ; Hellephoras griseus,
Hbst., 25 ; Homalota {Acronota)fussi, Bernh.,50 ; H, parens, Muls. etRey,
48 ; H. scotica, Elliman, 33 ; HomaUum. brevicolle. Thorns., 146 ; Idiocerus
ratilans, Kchhin., 48 ; Laccouius scutellaris, Motsch., 240; Lathrohiuni
dilutum, Er., 301 ; Litargus coloratus, Rosen., 27 ; Longitarsus nigerrimus,
Gyll., 27 ; Limnophilusfiiscinervis, Zett., 240 ; Megathrips nobilis, Bagnall,
189; Micropeplus caelatus, Erichson, 219; Milichia ludens,VI-ah\., 289;
Miltogramma germari, Mg., 194 ; Myrmecopora brevipes, Butler, 50, 124 ;
Nonagria edelsteni ab. fusca. Edl., 302; ab. nifescens, Edl., 302;
Notiophilns aquaticus var. strigifrons, Baudi. 27 ; Ocyusa defecta, Muls.
et Rey, 194 ; Oxypoda perplexa, Muls., 25 ; Pcgoviyia scitenstettensis,
Strobl, 241 ; Plebeius argus var. cretaceus, Tutt, 59 ; var. masseyi, Tutt,
59; PJrilontlius concinnus, Grav., 26; Phora aequalis. Wood, 50, 74;
P. affinis, Wood, 50, 74; P. albipennis, Wood, 120; P. aUifrous, Wood,
120; P. alticolella. Wood, 120; P. angusta. Wood, 219; P. armata.
Wood, 50, 74; P. barbulata, Wood, 120; P. beckeri. Wood, 120; P.
ciliata. Wood, 74 ; P. cilipes, Wood, 120 ; P. collini. Wood, 50, 74 ; P.
conformis. Wood, 120; P. crassipes, Wood, 74; P. derasa, Wood, 219;
P. discreta. Wood, 219; P. diversa. Wood, 120 ; P.flava, Wood, 74; P.
iiavescens, Wood, 50, 74 ; P. frontalis, Wood, 120 ; P. fumata, Malloch,

306 THE entomologist's record.

PAGE.

50; p. fungivora, Wood, 120; P, fmca, Wood, 219; P. glahrifrons,
Wood, 50, 74 ; P. hirtiventris, Wood, 219 ; P. hortemis, Wood, 120 ; P.
humilis, Wood, 120; P. infraposita. Wood, 120; P. longUeta, Wood, 50,
74 ; P. latea, Mg., 120 ; P. mallochi, Wood, 50, 74 ; P. melanophthalmu ,
V. Eoss., 120 ; P. minor. Wood, 74; P. nigripes. Wood, 120; P. nudis,
Wood, 74; P. yiiidiventri!-, Wood, 219; P. ohscuripennis, Wood, 120 ;
P. parva, Viood, 50, 7i; P. pleuralis. Wood, 120; P. propinqua,'^^oodi,
50, 74; P. rivalis, Wood, ,50, 74; P. n<dis. Wood, 50; P. scutellarh.
Wood, 120; P. so)-rfid<(. Wood, 120; P. subpleitralh. Wood, 120; P.
suhtumida. Wood, 219; P. surdifrons. Wood, 50, 74; P. iiligijwm,
Wood, 50, 74; P. unguimlaris. Wood, 120; P. variahilU, Wood, 120;
P. vernalis, Wood, 120; Pityoqenes trepanatas,'i>i6rdl., 301; Planopria
pedestru, Kieffer, 290 ; Pgrnlis costalis ab. rufescens, Mathew, 36 ;
Rhoptromeris formicaria, Kieff., 17 ; Scoparia ambigualis ab. croitsi,
Bankes, 94 ; Soxotropa suhterranea, Kieff., 17; Sphaeroluelaps holotJiy-
roides, Leonard!, 20 ; Spilomma falconivibrans, Morley, 219 ; Tetra-
viopria doiiisthorpei, Kieff., 290; T. femoralis, Kieff., 290; Thinohiusi
pallidus, Newbery, 48 ; Trachyuropoda coccinea var. sinuata, BerL, 20 ;
Trichothrips copiosus, Uzel, 189 ; T. semicaecus, Uzel, 189 ; Trichopteryx
intermedia var. thoinaoni, I.B.E., 58; Tychlocyba fraturcula, Edw.,
124; T. frustrator, Edw., 124; Urapteryx samhucaria a,h. cuspidaria.
Bird ' 235

Eggs of: — Coenohia rufa, 109; Colias phicomone, 292; Fredericina calo-
dactyla. 111 ; Metrocampa rnarguritaria, 291 ; Pieris jnanni, 39 ; Thalera
fimbrialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Erkata:— 93,100,264

Larvje of: — Loenobia rufa, 109; Depressaria piitridella (plate), 277;
Eiipithecia fraxinata, 237 ; Nepticnla acelosae (plate), 103 ; Nomiades
{Glai(cop»yche) melanops, 62; Phibalapteryx lupidata, 208; Pieris
manni (plate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Genera, Species, Varieties, and Aberrations New to Science : — Abraxas
gross ulariata ab. albipalliata, Raynor, 272 ; ab. albispatiata , Eaynor,
272; ab. cimeata, Raynor, 272; ab. cupreofasciata, Raynor, 272; ab.
flavipalliata, Raynor. 272; ?ib. igneofasciata, Raynor, 272; ab. infrabi-
fasciata, Raynor, 272 ; ab. infrafasciata , Raynor, 272 ; ab. nigra, Raynor,
272 ; ab. nigrocaerulea, Raynor, 272 ; ab. nigrofasciata, Eaynor, 272 ;
ab. ra(?j«;a, Raynor, 272 ; ab. rubrolutea, Raynor, 272; A. gross tilt riata
ab. flavofasciata( = lacticolor) ab. chrysostrota. Raynor, 271 ; ab. gloriosa,
Raynor, 271 ; ab. iochalca, Raynor, 271; ab. lactea-nigra, Raynor, 271;
ab. nigrocostata, Raynor, 27i ; ab. nigrovenata, Raynor, 271 ; Aglais
nrticae ab. alba, Raynor, 7; ab. adumbrata, Raynor, 8; &h. angustibal-
tctita, Raynor, 8 ; ab. hrtiiinea-violacea, Raynor, 7 ; ab. clarirnja, Raynor,
7 ; ab. cuneatiguttata, Raynor, 7 ; ab. fasciata, Reuss, 86 ; ab. flavotes-
sellata, Raynor, 7; ab. fidva, Raynor, 7 ; ab. fulvomarginata, Raynor, 7;
ab. griseomarginata, Raynor, 7 ; ab. ig)tea, Raynor, 7; ab. infraradiata,
Raynor, 8; ab. infusc.ata, Raynor,?; ab. ioformis, Reuss, 83; ab.
ioprotoformis, Reuss, 86; ab. latericolor, Raynor, 7; ab. latibalteata,
Raynor, 8 ; ab. luna, Reuss, 211 ; ab. lutea, Raynor, 7 ; ab. magnigut-
tata, Raynor, 7 ; ab. magniluniilata, Raynor, 8 ; ab. magninotata, Raynor,
8 ; ab. mriguipuncla, Raynor, 8 ; ab. nigricostata, Raynor, 7 ; ab. nigri-
dorsata, Raynor, 8 ; ab. nubilata, Raynor, 7; ab. obscura, Raynor, 7 ; ab.
paring uttata, Raynor, 7; ab. parvilunidata, Raynor, 8; a,h. parvinotata,
Raynor, 8 ; ab. parvipuncta, Raynor, 8 ; ab. polychloroides, Raynor, 7 ;
nh. panctijiincta, Raynor, 8 ; ab. radiata, Raynor, 7; ab. rubrochrea,
Raynor, 7; ab. strigata, Raynor, 7; ab. subtus-lactea, Raynor, 8; ab.
suMus-rufa, Raynor, 8 ; ab. testudinea, Raynor, 7 ; ab. tripuncta, Raynor,
8; ab. unipunctu, Raynor, 8; Agriades bellargiis {thetis) ab. (? et var.)
rufomarginata, Wagner, 260; A. coridon var. boriissia, Dadd, 261;
var. meridionalis-vernalis, Tutt, 299; var. meridionalis-hieinalis, Tutt, 299 ;
Albulina n. gen., Tutt, 108; Anupothrips orchidaceus, Bagnall, 51; Anaspis
hudsoni, Donisthorpe (plate), 60; Anthrocera astragali ab. flava,
Kaufmann, 260; ab. flaveola, Kaufmann, 260; Aphantopus hyperanthus,
var. rujilius, Fruhst., 287; Aranda {Pararge} schrenckii ab. menalcas,
Fruhst., 287 ; Arctia caja ab. clarki, Tutt, 88 ; Argynnis aglaia ab.
albomacidata , Rbl., 259; A. viaja var. chrysobarylla , Frubst., 286; A.

CONTENTS. 307

PAGE.

nitocris var. nujrocoerulea ab. rufescens, Cockerell, 186, 293 ; A.
niobe ab. extinctn, Rbl., 259 ; Brenthis amathusia var. blacliien, Fruhst.,
286; var. jugurtha, Fruhst., 286; B. daphne var. nikator, Fruhst.,
287; B. dia&b.leonina, Fruhst., 286; var. setania, Fruhst., 286; B.
euphrosyne var. deusoi, Fruhst., 287 ; ab. rusalka, Fruhst., 287 ; B. pales
ab. hrogotarus, Fruhst., 286 ; ab. (? et var.) deflavata, Wagner, 260 ; ab.
palustris, Fruhst., 286; ab. pseudothalia, Ebl., 259; Callophrys
avis, Chapman, 130; Chrysophanits liippothop ab. eisalpina, Fruhst.,
287 ; Cloantha hyperici var. dilutior, Wagner, 260 ; Coenobia
rufa ab. fusca, Bankes, 4; Coenonympha arcania var. epiphilea,
"Rhl. = philea, Frr. n. nom., 260; var. orientalis, Rbl., 260; ab.
? schimae, Rbl., 259 ; G. iphis ab. albomarginata, Tutt, 112 ;
var. (? ab.) exommatica, Rbl., 259 ; Colias edusa ab. niediecki, Strand,
261; G. hyale &h. argyphea, Lowe, 36; Colon zebei, Kr., 26; Grypha-
loides, n. gen., Formanek, 49; G. donisthorpei, Formanek, 49 ; Grypto-
phagus lovendali, Gangl., 26; G. pallidus var. argentea, Joy, 301;
Ciipido sebrits ab. caeriilescens, Ebl., 260; Depressaria pntridella ab.
brunnea, Sich, 253; Dryops {Paryins) anglicanus, Edwards, 240; Epinephele
jurtina &h. ? bioculata, B,h\., 259 ; ab. s caeca, Rbl., 259 ; ab. <? hertlia,
Heinrich, 261 ; ab. phormia, Fruhst., 287 ; E. lycaon ab. ephisius, Fruhst.,
287; a.h. macro2)hthalma, Fiuhst., 287; ab. nikokles, Fruhst., 287; ab.
saZo«<f, Fruhst., 287; Erebia aethiops ah. caeca, Rbl., 259 ; E. ceto ab.
albomaculata, Rbl., 259 ; E. adyte ab. etobyma, Fruhst., 287 ; ab. syrmia,
Fruhst., 287; E. ligea var. taka7ionis, Matsumura, 260; Euphorus bistiff-
maticus, Morley, 219 ; Eitvanessa antiopa ab. asopos, Fruhst., 286 ; ab.
yedamda, Fruhst., 286; Geometra papilionaria ab. alba, Gillmer, 194 ;
Glaucopsyche cgllarus ab. sublugens, Strand, 261 ; G. melanops ab.
nnipwicta, Rbl., 260 ; Hadena pisi var. aestiva, Gillmer, 216; Holocacista
n. gen., Wlsn. and Drnt., 195; Heodes phoebus, 73; H. virgaureae ab.
? flZcxYmrfrae, Fruhst., 287 ; ab. osthelderi,Fxuhs,t., 287; ab. pallida,
Rbl., 260; ab. suldensis, Tutt, 229 ; Hesperia alveus var. alticolor, Rbl.,
260; H. carthami var. major, Rbl., 260; Hipparchia arethusa ab.
segiisiana, Fruhst., 286 ; H. statilinus ab. anapus, Fruhst., 286 ; var.
anasarchus, Fruhst., 286; var. euryavax, Fruhst., 286; Hirsutina, n. gen.,
Tutt, 108 ; Homolota scotica, EUiman, 33 ; Issoria lathonia ab. I-nigrum,
Tutt, 225; Klitgia spini ab. deleta, Rbl., 260; Larentia infidaria ab.
nigrofasciata, Wagner, 260 ; L. lugubrata ab. denigrata, Gillmer, 194 ;
Latiorina n. gen., Tutt, 108; Leucania comma var. engadinensis, Wagner,
260; Loweia alciphron ab. i caerulesccns, Rbl., 260; var. gaudeolus,
Fruhst., 287; var. gordius ab. ftavescens, Tutt, 228 ; ab. isokrates, Fruhst.,
287 ; ab. romanorum, Fruhst., 287 ; L. dorilis gen. vern. vernalis n. nom.,
Rbl., 260; Lycaena areas ab. ,i eniutata, Marsch., 261; L. arion var.
(? ab.) ojenia, Tutt, 198; L. cyane var. tarbagata, Suschkin, 261;
Limenitis Camilla var. glorifica, Fruhst., 286 ; ab. j^rodiga, Fruhst., 286;
ab. puellula, Fruhst., 286; L. populi ab. eumenius, Fruhst., 286;
Megathrips nobilis, Bagnall, 189 ; Melanargia galutea ab. aperta, Rbl.,
259 ; Minois actaea ab. castiliana, Fruhst., 286 ; var. podarcina, Fruhst.,
286; var. serva, Fruhst, 286; Neptis themis var. illos, Fruhst., 260; N.
sankara var. segesta, Fruhst., 260 ; Novagria edelsteni ab. fusca, Edlstn.,
302 ; ab. rufescens, Edlstn., 302 ; Nordmannia ilicis ab. latifasciata,
Rbl., 260; Numeria pulveraria var. sahiraria, B.H., 260; Nychiodes
lividaria var. dalmatina, Wagner, 260; Oeneis aello, ab. <? unicolor,
Rbl., 259; 0. dabia var. staudinqeri, Aust, 260; 0. germana ab.
depuncta, Aust., 260; ab. immaculata, Aust., 260; &h. tristis, B.H.,
260 ; Orneodes dohertyi, Walsm., 219 ; Panurgus dentipes, var.
magacephalus, Cockerell, 269; Pararge achine ab. althaea, Rbl., 259;
P. deidamia ab. inter rupta, Fruhst., 287; var. t/«(/yia, Fruhst., 287;
P. maera ab. atabyris, Fruhst., 287; ab. herdonia, Fruhst., 287: ab.
ordona, Fruhst., 287; var. silymbria, Fruhst., 287; P. megaera var.
depulverata, Fruhst., 287 ; Parnassius apollo var. silesianus, Marsch.,
261 ; P. mnemosyne ab. arenaria, Stichel, 261 ; ab. taeniata, Stichel,
261; Phora aequalis. Wood, 50, 74; P. affinis. Wood, 50, 74; P.
albipennis. Wood, 120; P. altifrons. Wood, 120 ; P. alticolella. Wood,
120 ; P. angusta, Wood, 219 ; P. armata. Wood, 50, 74 ; P. barbnlata.
Wood, 120 ; P. beckeri. Wood, 120 ; P. ciliata. Wood, 74 ; P. cilipes. Wood,

308 THE entomologist's recokd.

PAGE.

120 ; p. collini, "Wood, 50, 74 ; P. conjormis, Wood, 120 ; P. crasaipes,
Wood, 74; P. derasa, Wood, 219; P. discreta, Wood, 219; P. divert,
Wood, 120 ; P. flava, Wood, 74 ; P. flavescens, Wood, 50, 74 ; P. frontalis,
Wood, 120; P. fumata, Malloch, 50; P. fungivora. Wood, 120; P. fusca,
Wood, 219 ; P. glabrifrons, Wood, 50, 74 ; P. hirtiventris, Wood, 219 ;
P. hortensis, Wood, 120; P. Jiumilis, Wood, 120; P. mfraposita, Wood,
120; P. longiseta, Wood, 50, 74; P. lutea, Mg., 120; P. mallochi, Wood,
50, 74; P. meUuiophthalma, v. Boss., 120 ; P. minor. Wood, 74 ; P.
nigripes. Wood, 120 ; P. nudis. Wood, 74 ; P. nudiventris. Wood, 219 ; P.
o^yscjtnpejuiis, Wood, 120; P.parva, Wood, 50, 74 ; P.plewralis, Wood, 120;
P. propinqua, Wood, 50, 74 ; P. rivalis, Wood, 50, 74 ; P. rudis. Wood,
50; P. scutellaris. Wood, 120 ; P. sordida. Wood, 120; P. subplenralis.
Wood, 120; P. subtuinida. Wood, 219; P. surdifrons. Wood, 50, 74;
P. uliginosa. Wood, 50, 74; P. HH(/iticitZrtris, Wood, 120; P. variabilis.
Wood, 120 ; P. vernalis. Wood, 120 ; Pieris ergane ab. niediecki. Strand,
261; P. manni gen. aest. (/s<a, Fruhst., 260; var. rossi gen. vern.
farpa, Fruhst., 260; P. rta_pi var. leovigilda, P'ruhst., 286; v&x. nesis,
Fruhst., 286; P. rapae ab. atomaria, Fruhst., 260; var. Icucosoma,
Schawerda, 260; var. lysicles, Fruhst., 286 ; var. micipsa, Fruhst., 286 ;
gen. vern. vaga, Fruhst., 260; Planopria, n. gen., Kieffer, 290; P.
pedestris. Kief., 290; Plebeius argus ab. branuelasensis, Tutt ; var.
cretaceus, Tutt, 59 ; var. masseyi, Tutt, 59 ; var. orientalis, Tutt, 96 ; var.
pyrenaica, Tutt, 96 ; v&x. pyrenaica ab. hypochionoides, Tnit,^%; var.
vigensis, Tutt, 96 ; P. argyrognomonv&x. corsit-a, Tutt, 59 ; Polyonmiatus
amandus ah. ? caerulea, Uhl., 260 ; P. eros ab. ? «e?)iii,'?, Rbl., 260 ; P.
icarut! ab. bion (Koll i. 1.), 260; ab. <f livida, Gillm., 260; var. sardoa,
Wagner, 260; P. meUager var. dalmatina, Wagner, 260; eih. ob^oleta,
Rbl., 260; Pontia daplidice ab. anastomodca. Strand., 261; PoweUia
orhifer, ab. (var. gen. aest.) minor, Rbl., 260 ; P. sao ab. (var. gen. aest.),
j/ujior, Ebl., 260 ; Pterophorus baccharides,Vs\\\\a,\n5,^Q; Pyralis costalis
ab. rufescens, Mathew, 136 ; Pyramies atalanta ab. rubria, Fruhst., 286 ;
P. cardui ab. ocellata, Rbl., 259 ; Bhoptromeris formicaria, Kieff., 17 ;
Rumicia phlaeas ab. obertliueri, Blachier, 73 ; Saturnia pavonia ab.
angustata, Schultz, 260; ab. conversa, Schultz, 260; ab. j decorata,
Schultz, 260 ; ab. defasciata, Schultz, 260; ab. deflexa, Schultz, 260; ab.
erythrina, Schultz, 260; a.h. Jlavomaculata, Schultz, 260; ab. indentata,
Schultz, 260; ab. makropis, Schultz, 260; a.h. i ochreofasciata, Schultz,
260; &h. 'i reducta, Schultz, 260; ab, safaratto?-, Schultz, 260; S. pyri
eih.fulvescens, Schultz, 260 ; ab. i?ivi««fa, Schultz, 260 ; a,h. subdiaphana,
Schultz, 260; S. spliii ab. contigua, Schultz, 260; a,h. fusca, Schultz,
260 ; ab. microphthalmica, Schultz, 260 ; ab. subltyalina, Schultz, 260 ;
Satyrus briseis ab. bataia, Fruhst., 287 ; ab. turatii, Fruhst., 287 ; ab.
uniocellata, Strand, 261 ; S. hermione ab. australis, Rbl., 259 ; Scoparia
ambigualis ab. crossi, Bankes, 94; Soxotropa subterranea, Kieff., 17;
Spilomma, n. gen., Morley, 219; S. falconivihrans, Morley, 219;
Taeniocampa stabilis ab. dalmatica, Ws.gner, 260; Tephronia sepiaria
ab. leparia, Rbl., 261 ; ab. nigra, Rbl., 261 ; Tetramorphia dojiis-
thorpei, Kieff., 290; T. femoralis, Kieff., 290, Theretra porcellus ab.
galbana, Gillm., 260; Tliinobius pallidus, Newbery, 48; Urapteryx
samhucaria Skh. cuspidaria, Bird, 235 ; Vacciniina, n. gen., Tutt .. .. 108

Notable captures : — Acidalia immorata, 57 ; JEgeria andrenaeformis, 56, 93;
yE. si)hegiformis, 56, 93 ; Agriiis coiivolvidi, 21, 265 ; Atemeles paradoxus,
287; Anchomenus scitulus, 232; Camptogramma fltiviata, 72; Cassida
fastuosa, 194; Coccinella lO-ininctata ab. confiuens, 136; ColiasedusavAV.
helice, 264 ; Cryphoeca recisa, 290 ; Cymatuphora ocularis, 57 ; Dalyzia
16-guttata 194 ; Eupithecia consigiiata, 57 ; Gonotopus distinctus, 17 ;
Harpalus obscurus, 231 ; Hetaerus ferrugiiieus, 195 ; Idiocerus aurentulus,
303; Laphygma exigua, 293; Leucania favicolor, 57; L. l-album, 265; L.
vitellina, 72 ; Limotettix stactogala, 303 ; Manduca atropos, 234 ; Noctuid,
a new, 220; Oxypoda recondita, 288; Phryxus livornica, 52, 72, 186;
Porthetria dispar, 803 : Rumicia phlaeas ab. alba, 235, 301 ; Salticus
formicarius, 290 ; Scoparia lineolea, 293 ; Seraptra fuscula, 232 ; Syrphus
gravidator, 17; Sitotroga cerealella, 86; Stauropus fagi, 187, 235; Sym-
petrum fonscolomhii, 301 ; Tinea caprimulgella, 86 ; Trechus riimlaris,
231 ; Trogophloeus subtilis, 231 ; Tychius polylineatus, 232 ; Uloj)a trivia, 308

CONTENTS.

309

PAGE.

Obituaky : — Lajos Aigner-Abafi, 244 ; William H. Edwards, 193 ; John
Adolphus Clark, M.P.S., L.D.S., F.E.S., 22 ; James Fletcher (Dr.), 145 ;
Gustav Kraatz (Dr.), 302 ; Mark V. Siingerland (Professor) . . . . 142

Pup;e of : — Coenobia riifa, 109 ; Depreasaria putridella (plate), 277; Nepticula
acetosae (plate), 106; Nomiades {Glaucopsyche) melanops, 62; Pieris
manni (plate), 68; P. rapae (plate) .. .. .. .. .. ..70

Reviews and Notices of Books, etc. : — Ants found in Great Britain [Leicester
Literary Society's Transactions), H. St. J.K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.,
51 ; Bolletino di Lahoratorio di Zoolofjia Generale Apraria, vol. iii, 239 ;
British Flies, G. H. Verrall, F.E.S., 72 ; Bulletin de la Sociite lepidopter-
ologique de Geneve, vol. i, (Professor) C. Blachier. 142 ; Butterflies and
Moths of the United Kingdom, (Dr.) W. Egmont Kirby, 266 ; Catalogue of
Gynandromorphous Lepidoptera [Ent. Zeits. Gid>en), Oscar Scbultz, 97 ;
Cross-breeding of two races of Acidalia virgularia, The (Proceedings of
the Royal Socie}7j), A. W. Bacot, F.E.S., and L. B. Prout, F.E.S., 120;
Dermaptera, On the classification of the, (Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschrift),
Malcom Burr, F.E.S., 119 ; Descriptive Catalogue of the Dobrce Collection
of European Noctuae, H. B.Browne, M.A., 298 ; Directions for Collecting
and Preserving Insects {SmitJisonian Institution), Nathan Banks, 298;
Entomological Society of Ontario, Thirty-ninth Annual Report of, 145 ;
Genitalia of the British Noctuidae, The. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., 88; Guide
to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight, A, F. Morey, F.L.S., 190 ;
Hand-book of Richmond Park, The, Coryn de Vere, 48; Iconographie des
Noctuelles et Gi^ometres d'Europe, M. Culot, 242 ; Insect Stories, (Pro-
fessor) Vernon L. Kellogg, 74 ; Moths of the British Islands, The, R.
South, F.E.S., 97; A Natural History of the British Butterflies, vol.
iii, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S.. 299; Plume Moths of Ceylon, The, Part i, T.
Bainbrigge-Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S. 191 ; Proceedings of the South London
Entomological and Natural History Society for 1908-9, Tlie, 142; Report
and Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society for
1908, The Annual, 190 ; Review of the Species of the Lepidopterous genus
Lycaenopsis, an Examination of the Male Ancillary Appendages, A,
(Proceedings Zool. Soc. Lond., August, 1909), (Dr.) T. A. Chapman,
F.E.S., 238 ; Revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the Tenebriode tribe of
Eleodiini inhabiting the United States, etc., A Monograpliic, F. E.
Blaisdell, 242 ; Scaly -ivinged. The, R. B. Henderson, M.A., 297 ; South-
Eastern Naturalist, The, 243 ; Survey and Record of Woobcich and ]Vest
Kent, The, 192 ; Transactions of the Carlisle Natural History Society, The,
pt. i, 119, pt. ii, 191 ; Transactions of the City of London Natural
History Society, The, 1908, 265; Transactions of the Natural History
of Nortliumberland, etc., 51; Voyage, Zoologicjue en Khrouinirie, M.
Heni-i Gadeau de Kerville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Societies' Repobts : — City of London Entomological Society, 52, 76, 100 ;
Entomological Society of London, 98, 123, 194, 268, 300 ; Lancashire
and Cheshire Entomological Society, 303 ; South London Entomological
and Natural History Society 76, 99, 123, 194, 267, 303

PAC4E.

Aberrations of Abraxas gross^ilai'i-
ata (plate), 197; British butter-
flies, 211 ; Palsearctic butterflies,
302; Rumia crataegata. White 267

Abraxas grossulariata at the
Maddison sale, The, 87, 181,
270 ; Further notes on . . . . 270

Absence of dragonfiies from Alder-
ney, 302 ; Scopelosoma satellitia
from Helston . . . . 293

Abundance of Cupido minimus,
188 ; Pieris brassicae in the
Grisons . . . . . . . . 1

Acarina of ants' nests . . . . 20

Activity of Iphiclides ajax larva.
Hi, Laertias philenor \a,rya. .. 147

Adkinia graphodactyla, Notes on. . 126

Aegeriids, Searching for larvre of,

56, 93 ; Ignorance concerning

early stages of . .
African Entomological Research

Committee, An . .
Alucitides, A few notes on some of

the British
Albinism in Brenthis selenc, 218 ;

Rumicia phlaeas . . . . 235, 301

Ancillary appendages of the Hespe-

riines of the " Alveus " group,

Note on value of, 224 ; of the

genus Lycaenopsis
Androconial scales of Pieris rapae

and P. manni (plate)
Anthrocera exulans ab. pulchra . .
Ants, attending larvas of Nomiades

75

241

207

238

149
227

310

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

(Glaucopsyche) melanops, 61 ;
Colonies extinguished by herb-
age, 195, 257 ; Guests, 17, 287;
Treachery of guests of, 288 ; in
breeding-cage, 151 ; Slave-raid of 257

Apion, The genus, 231 ; Additions

to those previously recorded i

from Ditchling 232 I

Aposemes, Single and double . . 121 '

Appeals for entomological material

118, 299, 300

Asymmetrical Litliocolletis con-
comitella . . . . . . . . 87

Bees, Some European . . . . 269

Binomial nomenclature . . . . 242

Bionomic notes on butterflies . . 140

Birds, Attacks of, upon lepidoptera
118, 163, 220; As a factor in
the production of mimetic
resemblance in butterflies . . 99

Breeding Chara.res zoolina, 268 ;
Dryas paphia var. valezina, 268 ;
Phytodecta pallida from the
larva, On, 208; Tephrosia bistor-
tata and hybrid T. histortatax
T. crepuscularia, Notes on .. 125

Broods of : — Adkimagraphodactiila ,
126 ; Agriades coridon, 186, 250 ;
A. thetis, 250; Araschiiia levana
and prorsa from one batch of
eggs, 45; Eupitheciapnlchellcita,
216 ; Hadeita pini, 216 ; Hypo-
crita jacohaeae, 245 ; Nepticula
acetosae, 103; Papllio machaon,
15 ; Pieris maniii, 38 ; Pyrameis
atalanta, 303 ; Spanish lepidop-
tera, 65 ; Spilosoma luhricipeda,
268; Tephrosia bistortata .. 125

Butterflies, bearing the marks of
foes, 141 ; First appearance of,
in 1909, 118; Notes on, 186;
of Switzerland in 1908, 101, 134 ;
Spring, of the Ehone Valley, 53 ;
Swiss 264

Butterfly, A new, from Southern
France, 130 ; The Large Copper 154

Cannibal larvae of : — Ipliiclides uja.r,
115 ; Laertias pliilenor, 148 ;
Pieris manni . . . . . . 40

Cannibalism of Tapinoina erraticum 258
Callophrys avis, a new butterfly

from Southern France . . . . 130

"Carneodes" group of the^jrrottdae,

The 52

Cliaetocnema arida, A Species of

Coleoptera new to Britain . . 259
Chalk, Connection of, with Agriades
coridon . . . . . . 282, 264

Chattenden Woods, Ruined by
Game-preserving.. .. 31, 33

Chin-glands, of larva; of Pieris
7naniii . . . . . . . . 68

Christmas MDCCCCVIII. . . 24

Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus,
A day with, 223 ; in Hungary . . 13

Clothing-habit of Phorodesma
smaragdaria . . . . . . 150

Cnethocampa processionea, as type
of the genus . . . . . . 230

Coccidse of ants' nests . . . . 20

Cocoons of Cnethocampas . . . . 230

Cocoon-spinning of Apanteles glome-
ratus . . . . . . . . 261

Coenohia rufa, Contributions to the
life-history of 108

Cold, Fatal effect of, upon Lepidop-
tera .. .. 21, 162, 163

Coleopliora chalcogrammella in
Surrey 217

Coleoptera, A note upon the dis-
persal of, 164; Pine-frequenting,
301 ; in the Isle of Wight, 272 ;
Rare and interesting species, 28,
43, 44 ; of the Scilly Isles, 28 ;
in Sussex, 1908 43

Coleopterist, Retrospect of a, for
1908 25

Collecting in Switzerland in 1908 77

Colour-change of the pupa of Chry-
sophanus dispar var. rutilus . . 188

Colour-variation of Aglais pupae,
303 ; of larva; 115

" Common everywhere " and
"Local," Suggested explanation
of 165

Comparison of Anthocharis tagis
var. bellezina with A. belia, 151 ;
Callophrys avis with C. rubi,
130 ; Depressaria putridella with
allied species, 254-5 ; Pieris
manni with P. rapae 37, 70, 71, 149

Contribution to a list of the Macro-
lepidoptera of Bucks . . . . 285

" Cottoniers " and " Resiniers " 269

Courting-habitsof Lcptidia sinapis,
119, 201 ; Papilio aristolochiae 164

Cross-breeding of two races of
AcidaUa virgularia . . 98, 120

Cross-pairing of Noctiia xantho-
grapha and Liuperina testacea . . 303

Cultivation, the probable cause of
extinction of Cyaniris semiargus
in Britain. . . . . . . . 132

Darwin commemoration, The . . 181

Dasypolia templi at Swanage, 137,
234 ; fondness for light, 178 ; at
sugar 137, 234

Day-fiying habit of Malocosoma
castrensis, 166 ; Trichiura ilicis ? 153

Defoliation by larvaj 139, 185, 186, 217

Degree ofD.Sc. Oxford, conferred
upon Mr. Malcolm Burr. . .. 194

Depressaria putridella, A species
new to Britain 194, 221, (plate)

253, (plate) 276, 303

Description of Anthrocera exulans
ab. pulchra, 227 ; Coenobia rufa
ab. fusca, 4 ; Dej^ressaria putri-
della, Biitish specimens oi .. 222
Destruction wrought by larvae of
Pieris brassicae, 166 ; of butter-

CONTENTS.

311

PAGE.

flies in Ceylon by birds . . . . 163

Dicramira vinula in Meath
Gardens, in London, E. .. 217

Differentiation of Callophrys avis
and C. ruhi, 130 ; of ¥ Loweia
suhalpina and Chrysophanus
hippothot', 2 ; of Pieris manni and
P. rapae, 37, 149; eggs, 70; larvte,
70 ; pupae, 71 ; of species of the
genus Lithocolletls . . . . 86

Disappearance of Fidonia compicu-
ata 57

Dispersal of Coleoptera, A note on
the 164

Distasteful butterflies rejected by
birds 163

Distinctness (Speciflc) of : — Acoce-
phalus tricinctns and A tri-
Jasciatus, 219; Anacaena limbata
forms, suggested . . . . . . 219

Distinguishing characters of Antlio-
chavis tagis var. hellezina and A.
belia, Note on . . . . . . 151

Distribution and Variation of
Agriades cvridon in the Cam-
bridge district, Note on, 262 ; of
Depressaria 2mtridella .. .. 278

Drinking-habits of butterflies, 112,
159, 163, 167, 168, 198; of
Iphiclidcs podalirhis, 78 ; of
Livienitis sibylla . . . . . . 102

Drumming habit of larva of
Laertiai( pliilenor . . . . 148

"Dusking" 128

Early appearance of lepidoptera,
1909, 139 ; (or late) of Clostem
reclusa . . . . . . . . 21

Ecdyses of the " crickets," Numer-
ous . . . . . . . . . . 9

Eggs of Spilosoma mendica, Small
percentage of living . . . . 150

Emergence-time of : — Fredericina
calodactyla, 206 ; Hellinsia car-
phodactyla 207

Emmelesia blandiata (adaequata)
in Gloucestershire . . . . 216

Entomological Club Meetings, 22,

49, 97, 142, 219

Entomological j)ublications. Low
appreciation of in Canada . . 239

Entomological reception at South
Woodford 140

Entomological Society of London :
Annual Meeting, 47 ; Changes
in Council, 296; Meetings, 95;
Officers for 1909-10, 50; for
1910-11 802

Entomology, Photographic . . 298

Erebia Jiavofasciata, A new locality
for 218

Erroneous records — Aricia donzelii
not captured at Eggishorn . . 264

European occurrence of ISIacro-
thylacia rubi var. digramma . . 153

Evolution and species . . . . 185

PAGE.

Exelusiveness of Dinnrda pyg-
maea 287

Extinction of lepidoptera . . . . 283

Flight of Celerio gallii . . . . 168

Flight-time of Erastria venustula 57

Flower-feeding rare with Kandian
lepidoptera . . . . . . 161

Food of Chrysoclista bimaculella . . 220

Food-plants of Amblyptilia puiicti-
dactyla, 213 ; Arctia caja, 151 ;
Celastrina argiolus, 150 ; Chei-
matohia brumata, 180 ; Chryso-
phanus dispar var. rutilus, 13 ;
Citria cerngo, 56; Clepsis rusti-
cana, 219 ; Coenobia riifa, 4,
109 ; Cyaniris semiargus, 132 ;
Eupithecia consignata, 57; E.
fraxinata , 2S7 ; Iphiclides ajax,
114 ; Laertias philenor, 147 ;
Lasiocampa quercns, 151, 187 ;
Latiorina orbitulus, 122, 242 :
Manduca atropos, 284 ; Mellinia
gilvago, 56 ; Glaucopsyche
(Nomiades) melanops, 61 ;
Orgyia gonostigma, 151 ; Papilio
machaon, 15 ; Pericallia syrin-
garia, 151 ; Peronea cristana,
44; Pharetra rumicis, 306;
Pieris manni, 37. 40 ; Psylliodes, 231

Forward habit of Chrysophanid
larvaj, 21 ; Larvte of Iphiclides
ajax, 114 ; Laertias philenor,
147 ; Payilio machaon . . . . 15

Fredericina calodactyla (zetter-
stedtii). Some notes on, (plate), 205

"Freeman and LemannCollection,"
presented to South London
Entomological Society . . . . 220

Generic subdivision of the Lycaenid
tribe Plebeius . . . . . . 107

Genitalia of Evetria pinicolana and
E. buoliana compared (plate), 3;
Luperinas, 304 ; Lycaenopsis,
238 ; Pieris rapae and P. manni,
(plate), 149; Paedisca naevana
and P. geminana, 51 ; Kambur's
use of . . . . . . . . 224

Giant Orneodid, A 219

Glaucopsyche, The European
species of the genus . . . . 130

Growth of larvae of Pieris manni.
Rapid 38, 39

Gregarious habit of larvae of
Laertias philenor, 146; Melitaea
atlialia . . . . . . . . 238

GynsLndvonTiOYphicBupaluspiniaria,
52, 265 ; Euchloi' cardaminis,
123; Formica sanguinea, 257;
Lepidoptera, Summary of
Recorded, 97 ; Lycaena arion,
218; Lymantria mo)iacha , 2'i'd ;
Megachile willaghbiella , 219;
Myrmica scabrinodis, 258 ;
Papilio clearchus (?), 100;
Plebeius argus, 93 ; Saturnia

312

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

inivoina . . . . . . . . 185

Gynandroniorphs in the "Clark
collection " . . . . . . 295

Habit, Drinking, of butterflies,
112, 159, 163, 167, 168, 198; of
Iphiclides podalirius, 78 ; of
Limenitin dhylla . . . . . . 102

Habit, Feeding- of, Iphiclides nja.v
larvffi, 113 ; Laertias philenor,
147; Odezia atrata, 1; Papilio
(ifiamevmon, 163 ; P. machaon
larvae . . . . . . . . 14

Habit, Forward and laggard, of
Chrysophanid larvas, 21; Iphi-
clides aja.r. 114 ; Laertias
philenor, 147 ; Papilio machaon 15

Habit, Gregarious, of larva of
Laertias philenor, 146 ; Melitaea
athalia 238

Habit, Larval, of Adkinia grapho-
dactijla, 128 ; Brenthis eiiphro-
syne, 291; Coenobia rufa, 109;
Depressaria putrid ella (plate),
276 ; Dryas paphia, 291 ;
Fredericina calodactyla (plate),
206 ; Iphiclides ajax, 113 ;
Laertias philenor, 146; Leiopti-
his tephradactylus, 207 ; Melitaea
athalia, 238 ; Nepticula acetosae,
(plate), 103; Osmylus, 302;
Peronea cristana , 44; Pliorodesma
smaragdaria, 150 ; Pieris manni 39

Habit, Pairing of : — Anthrocera
transalpina. 159; "Crickets,"
9 ; Enipis opaca, 189 ; Erebia
aethiops, 225 ; Leptidia sinajns,
201 ; Myrmetes piceus, 288 ;
Petasia cassinea, 20, A6 ; Pieris
brassicae . . . . . . . . 1

Habit, Easting of — Callophrysrubi,
138; Catocala conversu, 64;
Fredericina calodactyla, 2; Ijihi-
clides ajax, larva, 113 ; Laertias
philenor, 146 ; Melampias melam-
jnis, 79; Papilio machaon, larvn,
14 ; Troides darsius . . . . 161

Habit, Silk-spinning of — larvse of,
Iphiclides ajax, 114 ; Laertias
philenor, 148 ; Papilio machaon 16

Habit, Sleeping- of : — Argynnis
aglaia, 113 ; Iphiclides ajax,
larvae, 114; Papilio machaon,
larva . . . . . . . . 15

Habitats of : — Chrysophanus dispar
var. rutilus, 13, 223 ; Coenobia
rufa, 110; Coenonympha iphio-
ides, 63 ; Laeosopis roboris, 63 ;
Larentia olivata, 180 ; Tiliacea
citrago, 56 ; Perconia boeticaria
var. castiliaria, 64 ; Pieris manni, 37

Habits of: — Adkinia coprodactyla,
111 ; Arasehnia levana and A.
prorsa, 204 ; Brenthis hecate,
249; Coenobia rufa, 110; Crambus
conchellus. 111 ; Danais tapro-

PAGE.

bona, 162 ; Depressaria putri-
della, 256 ; Erebia nerine, 199 ;
Laeosopis roboris, 63; Leptidia
sinapis, 119, 201 ; Limenitis
sibijlla, 102 ; Tinea nigripunctella 86

Hecatera serena, on ISlackheath,
217 ; at West Norwood . . . . 234

Historical account of Depressaria
putrid ella . . . . . . . . 278

Human element, The . . . . 140

Hybernating-stage of : — Argynnis
laodice, 97 ; Brenthis amatJiusia,
93 ; B. euphrosyne, 291 ; Dryas
paphia, 291 ; E uvanessa antiopa,
118 ; Hellinsia carphodact yla ,
30; Pyrameis atalanta .. ..20

Hybrid Agriudes coridonxA. thetis
= polonus, Zell. (? calydonius,
Lowe), 244, 250 ; Anthroceras,
97-99 ; Tephrosia bistortata x T.
crepuscularia (plate) • • . . 125

Ichneumons, Liability of pupsB of
Papilio machaon to, 16 ; of
Pierid larvfe . . . . . . 226

Identity of Charaxes zoolina and
C. neanthes . . . . . . 268

Immigrant Castnia therapon, 196 ;
Sirex caudatus . . . . . . 194

Immigration of: — Plusia gamma,
72 ; Pyrameis atalanta, 187 ; P.
cardui . . . . . . . . 188

" lo-color " and " lo-form " aber-
ration of Vanessa urticae. An
(plate) 83

Irregularity of appearance of
Eugonia poh/chloros . . . . 233

Isle of Wight, 'Collecting in the . . 272

Ivy-blossom, Captures at . . . . 293

Laggard Ayriades thetis . . . . 303

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo-
logical Society, Officers for 1909 49

Larvas of Adkinia graphodactyla.
Fatality amongst wild . . . . 128

Larvte, Great abundance of, in
1909, 137, 139, 185, 187; lepi-
dopterous, at Aldershot. . .. 292

Larval habits of : — Brenthis
eupihrosyne, 291 ; Depressaria
putridella, 276 ; Dryas paphia
var. valezina, 291 ; Fredericina.
calodactyla (plate), 206 ; Iphi-
clides ajax, 113; Leioptiluf
tephradactylus, 207 ; Melitaea
athalia. 238 ; Nepticula acetosae,
103 ; Osmylus, 302 ; Peronea
cristana, 44; Pieris manni . . 39

Late appearance of Anthrocera
filipcndulae, 226 ; Melanargia
yalatea, 221 ; Phlogophora meti-
culosa . . . . . . . . 76

Lepidoptera of : — Bucks, Contribu-
tion to a list of the Macro, 285 ;
The Dischma-Thal, 110; Ditch-
ling district, 233; Essex, 1909,

CONTENTS.

313

PAGE.

293 The Grisons, 1, 154, 158,
166. 197, 210, 225 ; The Jura
(spring), 118; The Tyrol .. 228

Lepidoptera : — Abundance of
spring, 1909, 186 ; captured in
Koss-shire, List of, 115, 176,
212 ; collected at Cintra, April,
1909, 153 ; Over-collecting of,
227 ; Random Notes on, 126 ;
Recently-described forms of
Palffiarctic .. .. 259, 286

Lepidopterist's Diary for 1908,
Notes from a, 30 ; summer, in
Central Italy, A, . . . . 248, 281

Lepidopterological Notes for 1908,
53, 93 ; from West Cornwall,
72 ; observations in Ceylon in
December, 160 ; on the Folke-
stone Downs . . . . . . 226

Life-hiotory of : — Coenobia rtifa.
Contributions to a (plate), 108 ;
21icrodon mutabilis (plate), 18;
Nepticula acetosae, Notes on the
(plate) , 103 ; Pieris rajme and
P. manni .. . . 37, 66, 149, 251

Light, Lepidoptera at, 93, 127, 129,
154, 176, 212, 217, 234,

Localities for : — Depressaria imtri-
ilella (British), 278; Erehia
pavofasciata, A new, 218 ;
Formica exsecta, 257; Pieris
manni

Longevity of Tinea biseliella

"Lost Pleiad, The" {Holocacista
rivillei) refound .

246

150
220

195

Luperina, A doubtful.

268, 304

Macromorphic Pieris brassicae . . 113

Marshes, Collecting on . . 57, 246

Melanic : — Z>r(/«s paphia, 100;
Lasiocumpa querais larvte, 45 ;
Melitaea deione, 37 ; Pliragma-
tohia fuliginosa, 194 ; Phigulia
pedaria, 100 ; Taeniocampa
pulverulenta

Melanism and superficial change. .

Mendelian inheritance, 98, 185 ;
in breeding Abraxas grossu-
lariata

Microlepidoptera, of South-West
London, Notes on

Micromorphic Cupido minimus, 220,
301 ; Lycaena areas, 53 ; Nord-
mannia ilicis var. aesculi, 63 ;
Plebeius argus var. alpina

Midsummer's collecting at La
Granja, A . . . . 34,

Migration of " Lady-birds "

Mimetic locust

Mimicry . . . . 124, 133, 204

Mines of Nepticula acetosae larvte
(plate) 103

Misunderstanding and apology . . 216

" Mongrel " and " Hybrid," Recog-
nised meaning of terms . . . . 143

194
185

195

86

101

62
196
124

Mongrelisation, of Acidalia virgu-
laria, 120 ; of Aplecta nehiilosa .

Monstrous Limenitis sibylla

Movements of larvae of, Cetonia
floricolor, 288 ; Iphiclides ajax,
114 ; Papilio machaon , .

Mortality amongst larvse, ascribed
to honey-dew, 233 ; to rain

Miillerian (mimetic) combinations

Myrmecophilous notes, for 1908,
(plate), 17; for 1909, 257, 287;
Coleoptera . . . . 257,

Nature and Natural History

Neuration of Trichiura ilicis

Noctuid, a doubtful

Nomenclature, Binomial . .

" Ocelliformity " .. .. 85,

Orthoptera of Western Europe,
Synopsis of . . . . 8, 40,

Osmateria (larval) of Iphiclides
ajax, 115 ; Laertias philenor,
148 ; Papilio machaon . .

Oval period of Adkinia graphodac-
tyla, 127; Brenthis euphrosyne,
291; Coenobia rxif a, lO'd ; Colias
pliicomone, 292; Dry as paphia,
291 ; Pieris manni, 39 ; Thalera
Jimbrialis . .

Oviposition of Adkinia grapho-
dactyla, 127 ; Agriades tlietis,
268 ; Arctia villica, 237 ; Chryso-
phanus dispar var. rutilus, 224 ;
Coenobiaru/a, 109, 128; Dasydia
obfuscata, 229 ; Dryas paphia,
291 ; Laertias philenor, 148 ;
Leptidia sinapis, 119 ; Metro-
campa margaritaria, 291 ;
Nemeobius lucina, 188; Papilio
polytes, 161 ; Pieris mamii, 38 ;
Polygonia c-album, 137 ; Tapino-
stola f'ulva

Over-collecting of Lepidoptera . .

Pairmg of Anthrocera transaljnna,
159; Empis opaca, 189; Erebia
aethiops, 225 ; Lepidoptera, 297,
303 ; Myrmetes piceus . .

Pairing habit of crickets, 9 ; Pieris
brassicae, l; Petasia cassinea 20,

Pairing-time ot Nyssia lapponaria,

56,

Palsearctic Lepidoptera, Recently
described forms of . . 259,

Parallelism of Species

Parasites of larvffi of Coenobia rufa,
110; Depressaria putridella,
278 ; Phytodecta pallida

Parnus, British species of the genus

Photographic Entomology

Planting of CIrrysophanns dispar
var. rutilus, in Wicken Fen, 154 ;
Lymantria dispar, in Wicken
Fen, 154 ; Syntomis pheyea, in
Germany (reputed)

Plebeiidi, The generic sub-division
of the Lycsenid tribe

76
265

15

233
120

287
185
153
220
242
212

169

16

296

124
227

288

46

93

2 36
203

208
189
298

224

107

314

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

Polymorphic Papilios . . . . 124

Post-Office risks 122

Presentation of Collection to South

London Entomological Society 220
Priority of names . . . . . . 143

Proportion of var. valezina in brood
of Dryns paphia . . . . . . 291

Protection of Cassida (? sp.) 275 ;
Junonia iphita, 161 ; Papilio
machoon (larva) . . . . . . 16

Pseudo-entomology . . . . 122

Pupation of Coenohia rufa, 109;
Depressaria putridella, 277 ;
Dri/ax paphia, 188 ; Fredericina
i-dlodiictijla, 206; Leioptilm
tephradactyla (plate), 207; Nep-
ticula acet.osae, 103 ; Nola
cristulalis, 31 ; Glaucopsyche
(Nomiades) melanops, 61, 62;
Papilio machaon, 16, 17 ;
Phytodecta pallida, 208; Pieris
manni . . . . . . 40, 68

Pupal armature of Cnethocampa 230
Pupal coloration . . 99, 188, 303

Rain not avoided by larvas of

Papilio machaon, 15 ; by moths 3
Eange, Restricted of Argynnis

nictocrisvav. nigrocaenilea 186, 293
Rearing of Adkinia. yraphodactyla,
127 ; Brenthis euphrosyne, 291 ;
Petasia cassinea . . . . . . 58

Reciprocal Mimicry, On . . . . 133

Resting-habits of Callophrys rubi,
138 ; Catocala conversa, 64 ;
Fredericina calodactyla, 2;
Iphiclides ajax (larvas) 113 ;
Laertias philenor, 146 ; Melam-
pias melampits, 78; Papilio
machaon (larvse) 14 ; Troides
darmis .. .. .. .. 161

Retarded emergence in Asteroscopus
nuheculosa . . . . . . 123

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for

1908 25

Royal Academy Exhibition, Ento-
mological Pictures at . . . . 144
Sales of collections — J. A. Clark,
243, 294 ; T. Maddison, 75; L.
B. Prout, 144 ; Schill . . . . 51
Sand-hills, collecting on . . . . 247
Scales Normal, and Androconial,
of Pieris manni, and P. rapae

(plate) 149

Scarcity, or absence of common
species. Cause of . . . . 100

Scent of Iphiclides ajax larvae . . 115
Scents of insects not to be judged
by human ideas . . . . . . 140

Season of. Early, of 1908, 53, 77 ;
of 1909, notes on, at Sandown,
245; Switzerland, 1908.. .. 101

Sexual dimorphism in Depressaria
putridella, 222 ; Sericoris micana,

236, 294
Shyness of Iphiclides ajax larva.

PAGE.

. 287

16
125

15

35

48

302

153

53
246

114; Formica fuse a

Silk-spinning habit of Papilio
machaon larva

Single broodof Tephrosia histortata
in Perthshire

Sluggishness of Odezia atrata 9 ,
1 ; Papilio machaon larva

Snow, Vegetation set back by

South-Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies, The Congress of. 1909 122

South London Entomological or
Natural History Society, Officers
for 1909

Specific distinctness of Evetria
p)iuicolana and E. buoliana
(plate) 3; Melitaea varia

Specific position of Macrothylacia
rubi var. diyramma

Spiders of the Isle of Wight, addi-
tions to the list of, 276 ; of ants'
nests 19, 288

Spring butterflies of the Rhone
Valley

Sugar in 1907, 129 ; 1909 . .

Synonymy of Aylais urticae abs.
(corrections) 106 ; Coleoptera
(changes), 28; Cupido osiris, 152 ;
Depressaria putridella, 221 ;
Glaucopsyche, 130 ; Polyommatus
sapphirus . . . . . . 202, 237

Synopsis of the Orthoptera of
Western Europe . . . . 8, 40, 169

Temperature experiments . . . . 83

"Tephrosia tangle" revived. The

76, 94, 97

Teratological specimens of Arctia
caja, 75 ; Vanessa io . . . . 268

Terminology of wing-markings of
Aglais urticae, 5 ; the genitalia of
lepidoptera (Rambur's use) 224 ;
the genitalia of Noctuides . . 89

Time of appearance of Depressaria
putridella, 278; Limenitis cam-
ilia and L. sibylla . . . . 137

Type descriptions of Aglais urticae
ab. bolandii, 107 ; ab. luna, 211 ;
ab. lateomarginata, 107;

Chaetocnema arida, 259 ; Depres-
saria putridella, 221 ; D. putri-
della ab. esterella, 254; var.
pcucedanella, 254 ; Cupido osiris,
152 ; Polyommatus sapphirus 202

Types of Plebeiid genera . . . . 108

Uncertainty of scientific records . . 140

Value of study of genitalia 3, 87,

51, 224

Variation in larvae and imagines
(parallel) of Lasiocampa (juerci'is,
45 ; larval markings of Papilio
machaon, 16 ; size of Chryso-
phamis dispar var. rutilus . . 13

Variation of Agriades coridon, 263;
Melanargia galatea, 252 ; Ple-
beius aegon, 250, 281 ; P.
argyrognomon . . . . . . 251

CONTENTS.

315

Variation and distribution
Agriades coridon in the Cam-
bridge district, notes on
Variation, Local, oiErehia tyndarus
Varieties of ; — Agriades coridon,
299, 300 ; Anthrocera uchilleae,
301 ; Celastrina argiolus, 99 ;
Cymatophora Jluctuosa, 267 ; De-
pressaria putridella, 253 ; Eu-
cheUa jacohaeae, 99 ; Hcoden
virganrcae, 301 ; Hylopliila
"prasinana, 303 ; 2Ielitaeapltoehe,
36, 281 ; Polyoiiimatus icarus,

PAGE.

of

262

79

PAGE.

281 ; Eliodostrophia vibiciaria,

66 ; Rumicia phlaeas
Vertical distribution of : — Cramhtis

craterellus , 64 ; Fredericma calo-

dactyla. 111 ; Leioptilus tephra-

dactyla, 111 ; Pieris napi, 118 ;

Pyrameis cardui, 186 ; Scopula

alpinalis . .
Wind, The opei'ative agent in the

dispersal of Coleoptera . .
Wing-markings of Aglais urticae,

Terminology
Wood-boring Alucitid larvae

301

213

165

5

96

Localities :— Aldershot, 292 ; Arpille, 78, 79 ; Asissi, 249, 251, 281 ;
293 ; Barentritt Gorge, 155 ; Bembridge, 246 ; Berisal, 54, 134 ; Berkshire,
187 ; Bex, 53 ; Birdlip, 187 ; Bolsena, 282 ; Branson, 77 ; Bucks, 285 ;
Cambridge (coleoptera), 44, 231 ; Canceri, The, 250, 252 ;
Ceylon, 160; Chatelard, 80; Chexbres, 53; Chislehurst, 139; Cintra,
155; Col de Balnie, 79; Cornwall, West, 72; Conon Falls, 115, 176, 215;
Cuxton, 138 ; Dauphiny, 268 ; Deal, 57 ; Dischma Thai, 110 ; Ditchling
district (coleoptera), 43, 232; Ealing (coleoptera), 43; Eclepens, 101;
Eggishorn, 264; Essex, 292; Fiesch, 264; Fiesole, 249;
Findelen Cascade, 81; Finkenkrug, 223 ; Fluela Pass, 158 ; Folkestone,
226; Forclaz, 77; Frauenkirch, 155; Frenieres, 53; Furgenbaumhorn,
135 ; Glacier de Trient, 78 ; Gomagoi, 228 ; Gondo, 55 ; Gonergrat, 82 ;
Grantchester (coleoptera), 231; Grisons, The, 1, 154, 158, 166, 197, 210,
225 ; Gryonne, 54 ; Gubbio, 281 ; Havel, 204 ; Helston, 298 ; Hermattje,
82 ; High Wycombe, 285 ; Isle of Elba, 95 ; Isle of Portland, 56 ; Isle of
Wight, 245, 272; Italy, Central, 248, 281; The Jura, 118; Kaltwasser,
Glacier, The, 135; Kandy, 160; Kincraig, 115, 176,212; La Batiaz, 54, 77;
La Granja, 34, 62 ; Laquinthal, 135 ; Lavancher, 81 ; Lavey Woods, 53 ;
Lavin, 167 ; Les Rappes, 78 ; Les Tines, 80 ; Llanbedrog, 93 ; London,
S.W., 86; Lons le Saunier, 118; Newmarket, 264 ; Norwood, West, 234 ;
Madinglev, 231 ; Mapledurham, 187 ; Martigny, 53, 78, 100 ; Mexico, New,
186 ; Moiit Esterol, 137 ; Morez, 118 ; Munster, 226 ; Muranza Thai, 210;
Nuwara Eliya, 162 ; Ofen Pass, 197 ; Orpmgton, 139; Oxfordshire, 187;
Pamber Forest, 187 ; Peradeniya, 160 ; Perugia, 282 ; Plan Achat, 80 ;
Portugal, 137, 153 ; Reideralp, 264 ; Rhone Valley, 53 ; Ross-shire, 115,
176, 212 ; Royston Heath, 264 ; Ruislip, 233 ; Sandown, 245 ; St. Helen's,
246 ; St. Maurice, 53 ; Schatz Alp, 111 ; Schmelzboden Hoti'nungsau, 155 ;
Scilly, 28; Sertig Thai, 1; Siena, 282; Simplon Kulm, 135 ; Sion, 101 ;
Southend, 93 ; Southsea, 138 ; Spello, 251 ; Spinabad, 155; Strela Pass,
111; Sulden Thai, 229; Sus, 166; Sussex (coleoptera), 43; Sussex Downs,
56 ; Switzerland, 77, 101, 134, 264 ; Swordale, 115, 176, 212 ; Teignmouth,
186, 233 ; Trift Gorge, 82 ; Trafoi, 228; Tubney, 187 ; The Tyrol, 228;
Val d'Ema, 249 : Vanelot, 79 ; Vernayaz, 54, 77, 101 ; Viilars, 54 ;
Villeneuve, 53 ; Wateringbury (Alucitides), 207 ; Wicken Fen (coleoptera),
231 ; Wimborne, 126; Zernetz, 197 ; Zmutt Valley, 81, 82.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTOBS.

Anderson, .Joseph .. 21,264,265
Bankes, E. R., M.A., F.E.S. 3,

4, 44, 45, 234, 236, 294
Beare, (Prof.) T. Hudson, B.Sc,

F.R.S.E., F.E.S 25

Bell, James 188, 226

Bell, W., M.R.C.S., J.P 45

Bentall.E. E., F.E.S 188

Bird, C. A., F.E.S.

Bird, J. F

Blachier. (Prof.) Charles
Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc,
F.Z.S., F.E.S. ..

.. 218
. 216, 235

.. 218
F.L.S.,
. 8, 40, 169

Burrows, (Rev.) C. R. N., F.E.S.,

24, 150, 188
earlier, (Prof.) E. W., M.D.,B.Sc.,

F.E.S 285

Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S. 93, 130, 132, 208, 230, 237
Cockayne, E.A., M.A., F.E.S. .. 125
Cochrane (Miss), A.M. 118, 185,

201, 217 (twice)
Cockerell, (Prof.)T.D. A. 186, 269, 294

Dadd, E. M., F.E.S 228

Day, F. H., F.E.S. .. ..186

DoUman, Hereward C, F.E.S., 43

316

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE.

(twice), 44, 231 ^5 times), 232, 233
Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S., 17, 58, 60, 136, 208, 231

(thrice), 257, 259, 272, 287
Editorial Notes, 45, 56, 76, 118, 126,

188, 196, 206, 216, 260, 286, 294
Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S. .. 108,118

EUiman, E. G

Floersheim, Cecil, B.A., F.E.S.,
14, 113, 146, 157,

Gibbs, A. E., F.E.S

Gillmer, Max 216, 237, 259, 286

Goodwin, Edward, F.E.S. 46, 205, 207

Griffiths, George, F.E.S 235

Hobbs, G 292

Image, Selwyn, M. A., F.E.S. .. 24

Jackson (Miss) D. J. 115, 176, 212

Joy, E. 0., F.E.S.

Keynes, G. L.

Keynes, J.N., M.A.,D.Sc., F.E.S.,

101, 134
Lowe, (Rev.) F. E., M.A., F.E.S.,

34, 62, 137
Mathew, (Paymaster-in-Chief)

G.F., E.N., F.L.S., F.E.S. 126, 136

Mellows, Charles 187

Muschamp, P. A. H., F.E.S., 20,

196, 218, 227

33

160
118

238, 291 (twice)
101, 134, 262

Newman, L. W., F.E.S. . .

Ovenden, Joseph

Page, Rosa E., B. A.

Pease, E.G.

Pearson, Douglas H.

Porri^t, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S.

Powell, H., F.E.S... 37, 61,

66,

185
30
77
118
264
131
119

FAQE.

Prideaux, R. M., F.E.S 21

Prout, L.B., F.E.S. 46, 156, 245

Raynor, (Rev.) G. H., M.A., 4, 87,

106, 270

Rayward, A. L., F.E.S 137

Reid, Percy C, F.E.S. 21, 55, 93, 216

Reuss, T 83,204,211,236

Reverdin. (Prof.) J. L., M.U., 118,

149, 224
Rogers, E. A. .. 186,233,237

Rothschild, (Hon.) N. Charles,

M.A., F.L.S 13, 20, 153

Sequeira, J. S., M.R.C.S 24

Sharp, E. P 265

Sharp, W.E., F.E.S 164

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., 86, 103, 217,

221, 253, 276
Smith, B. Harold, F.E.S. ..234

Sperring, C. W. (A. by error), 139, 197
Spiller, A.J. . . 72, 293 (twice)

St. Quintin, W. H., J. P., F.E.S. 45
Tatchell, Leonard . . . . 137,

Tetley, A. S., M.A., F.E.S. 53,

Turner, H. J., F.E.S

Tutt, J. W., F.hl.S. 1, 47, 58, 88,

93, 107, 110, 130, 137, 139, 1-52,

154, 158, 166, 188 (twice), 197,

202, 210, 217 (twice), 225, 228,

235,

Verrall, G. H., F.E.S. ..

Wheeler, (Rev.) George, M.A.,

F.E.S., 151, 186, 205 (note),

248, 261, 281
Whittle, F. G. . . 93, 293 (twice)

234
137
235

292
154

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, d-c. (Notice to binder.)

To face Page.
Pl. I. Comparative view of Genitalia of Evetria pinicolana and E,

buoliana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Larva, pupa, and imago of Microdon nuUabilis . . . . . . 18

Male appendages of the species of the Genus Anaspis . . . . 60

Larva and pupa of Picris rapae and P. manni . . . . . . 66

Arctia cnja ab. clarkl, n. ab. . . . . . . . . . . 88

Diagram of male Genitalia of Lepidoptera . . . . . . 89

An " io-color " and " io-form " Aberration of Aylais urticae . . 83
Aberration of Polygonia c-album . . . . . . . . . . 102

Life-history of Nepticala acetosae . . . . . . . . . . 103

Abdomen of Coenobia rufa ? . . . . . . . . . . 108

Perthshire forms of Tephrosia bistortata . . . . . , . . 125

Hybrid Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia . . . . 125

Ancillary appendages, Androconia, and Normal Scales of Pieris

rapae and P. manni . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

FuT^a, oi Eredericina calodactyla, in sitii .. .. .. .. 205

Depressaria j'titridella a.nd its allies .. .. .. .. 221

Depressaria putridella, details of larval habits, and pupal

structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

h}aexx&tion oi Abraxas grossulariata .. .. .. .. 197

Pl.

n.

Pl.

HL

Pl.

IV.

Pl.

V.

Pl.

VI.

Pl.

VII.

Pl.

vni.

Pl.

IX.

Pl.

X.

Pl.

XI.

Pl.

XII.

Pl.

xni.

Pl.

XIV

Pl.

XV

Pl.

XVI

Wood cut.

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation^

YOIi. XX.

SPECIAL INDEX.

By T. HUDSON BEAEE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. (Coleoptera) , M. BURR,
B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Ortuoptei-a), J. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. (Diptera), and
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.).

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species.

APHANIPTERA.

PAGE.

PAGE.

hookeri

..252

IsetitiEe, Ornithopsylla

. 241

humile
hydrolapathi

.. 2.53
.. 253

COLEOPTERA

kiesenwetteri

3, 2.52

Abdera bifasciata . .

229

livescerum

.. 25.^

Actobius villosulus . .

230

loti

.. 2.53

Acupalpus flavicollis

229

marchicum

.. 2.53

Agabus conspersus . .

11

ineliloti

.. 2.53

Agraphilydms

25

nigritarse . .

.. 252

Agrilus biguttatus . .

237

, 268

ononis

.. 253

Aleochara crassiuscula 241

243

onopordi . .

., 252

269

I 310

pisi

.. 252

cuniculorum

34

230

pomonfe . .

.. 252

discipennis

2

pubescens . .

.. 253

fuscipes . .

2

punctigerum

.. 253

lanuginosa

2

radiolus

.. 252

moerens

34

rufirostre . .

.. 2,52

morion

5

gcutellare . .

.. 253

spadicea var. procera

34

semivittatum

. . 6

succicola . .

34

seniculum

..253

Aleocharina . .

5

spencei

.. 2.53

Anaspis garneysi . .

237

striatum . .

.. 253

Anisodactylus binotatus var.

3pur-

subulatum

.. 252

caticornis

230

tenue

.. 253

poeciloides. .

230

trifolii

.. 252

Anisotoma badia

293

ulicis

.. 252

flavicornis

241

unicolor . .

.. 253

Anisoxya fuscula

229

urticarium

.. 2.52

Anthicus tristis var. sehaumi

230

varipes

. 229, 252

Aphodius nitidulus . .

4

vicise

.. 252

sturmi

4

vicinum . .

.. 252

Aphthona nigriceps

229

violaceum..

.. 25a

Apion asneum

252

virens

.. 252

sethiops

253

vorax

.. 253

annulipes . .

21

Arena octavii

.. 6

apricans . .

252

Arhopalus fulminans

.. 62

atomarium

252

Aspidomorpha micans

.. 9

bohemani . .

252

Atemeles pubicoUis

.. 281

carduorum

252

Baris analis . .

.. 286

confluens . .

252

Bembidium affine . .

.. 230

craccEe

252

anglicanum

. . 230

dichi'oum . .

252

concinnum

.. 230

difforme . .

252

Bledius bicornis

.. 230

dissimile . .

229

femoralis . .

.. 185

ebeninum . .

253

Brontes

.. 89

ervi

253

planatus . .

62, 87

filirostre . .

229,

253

Bruchus

.. 88

fuscirostre

3

Byrrhidffi

.. 9

genistfe

252

Bythinus glabratus

.. 283

gyllenhali

253

Callidium diuridiatum

.. 62

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Calodera nigrita

. 241

umbratus . .

.. 7

protensa . .

. 241

Cteniopus sulphureus var. bicolor 5

Carabus auratus

. 89

Cyllene crinicornis . .

.. 34

Cartodere argus

. 3

Cyrtusa minuta

. . 293

elongata . .

. 34

Deiidrophilus pygmtcus . . 5

7, 284

filiformis . .

. 3

Dianous ccerulescens

.. 230

Cassida obtusata . .

. 9

Dichirotrichus obsoletus . .

.. 230

Cassididae

. 9

Dinarda

.. 192

Cathormiocerus socius

23

3, 286

dentata . . . . . . 5

7, 282

Caulotrypis aeneopiceus

. 229

markeli

.. 57

Cerambyx heros

. 62

Donacia dentipes . .

.. 269

Cercyon littoralis var. binotatum .

. 230

simplex

.. 269

Ceutborhynchidius posthumus .

. 6

Dorytomus tremula

.. 6

Ceuthorhynchus campestris

. 230

Drusilla canaliculata

.. 57

parvulus . .

. 241

Dryops luridus

.. 146

triangulum

. 230

Elmis subviolaceus . .

.. 230

Cicindela campestris

. 8

Enicmus fungicola . .

3, 34

germanica

. 230

rugosus

.. 3

Cis alni

. 3

testaceus . .

3

bidentatus

. 3

Enneartbron cornutum

.. 34

dentatus . .

. 3

Eryx ater

.. 237

Cistela ceramboides

. 237

Euplectus bescidieus

.. 56

Clambus armadillo..

. 293

duponti

.. 56

atomarius

. 293

kunzei

.. 56

minutus . .

29i

J, 294

minutissimus . . . . 6,3

3, 34

punctulum

29c

i, 294

signatus . .

.. 34

Clerus foi'micarius . .

23"

J, 268

Exaleocbara. .

.. 5

Clythra

. 208

Gnathoncus nidicola

.. 3

quadripunctata . . 57

106

!, 109

rotundatus

. 3

Clytus massiliensis..

. 270

Gnorimus variabilis

. 306

Coccinella distincta

. 283

Gynandropbthalma affinis

. 208

Codiosoma spedix . .

. 230

Habrocerus capillaricornis

. 229

Cceliodes cardui

. 230

Haliplus fluviatilis . .

. 1

Collyris emarginatus

8

immaculatus

1

Colon latum . .

. 34

ruficollis . .

. 1

Coptocycla circumdata

. 9

striatus

1

Cordylomera suturalis

. 34

Hapalarsea pygmaea

. 34

Coiticaria crenulata

. 229

Harpalus seneus

. 286

Cryptamorpha desjardensi

. 269

cupreus . . . . . . 28

5, 286

Cryptocephalus

. 208

parallelus . .

. 230

aureolus . .

. 209

Helophorus porculus

. 122

bilineatus..

. 209

4-signatus..

. 230

bipunctatus

206

, 286

Heterocerus fusculus

. 230

var. lineola

20g

, 209

Hister marginatus . .

. 6

var. thompsoni

. 208

Homalium pineti . .

. 34

exiguus . .

. 209

planum

. 34

f ulvus

. 209

Homalota aequata . .

. 34

labiatus . .

. 209

boletobia . .

. 229

moraei

. 209

divisa

. 229

ochrostoma

. 209

exilis

. 34

parvulus . .

208

, 209

indubia

. 229

punctiger . .

.

. 209

inquinula . .

. 229

pusillus

. 209

linearis

. 84

querceti . .

20S

, 237

longula

. 34

sexpunctatus

. 209

nitidula . .

. 57

Cryptohypnus pulchellus . .

4

, 7

pallens

. 34

sabulicola

4

, 7

parallela . .

. 283

Cryptophagus

. 7

pavens

. 230

eylindrus . .

. 6

pilicornis . .

. 34

dentatus . .

. 3

subtilissima

. 34

birtulus . .

. 241

Hydaticus transversalis . .

. 27

lovendali . .

. 147

Hydradephaga

. 10

pallidus

. 3

Hydrsena angustata

2, 3

scanicus . .

. 3

britteni

2

subdepressus

. 3

longior

. 2

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

morio

2

marinus . .

. 230

nigrita

2

punctatus . .

. 230

riparia

2

pusillus

2

Hydrobius fuscipes var. 8Bneus

184

viridis

2

ah. chalconatus

184

CEdemera podagrarise

. 270

Hydrochus nitidicollis

6

virescens . .

. 6

Hydroporus incognitus

7

ffidipoda cserulescens

. 270

palustris . .

7

Olophrum alpinum

. 256

Hylotrupes bajulus . .

231

assimile • .

.' 255

, 256

Hypera murina

230

consimile . .

. 256

tigrina

6

fuscum

. 256

Hypnodius riparius

7

piceum

. 256

Hypophkieus bicolor

34

puncticolle

. 256

Labidostomis

208

rotundicolle

. 256

tridentata . .

108,

110

Onthophilus sulcatus

6

Laccobius nigriceps

1,

44

Opatrum sabulosum

. 230

oblongus . .

1,

5

Orthochsetes'setiger

. 230

purpurascens

44

Othius myrmecophilus

. 57

sinatus

1

Oxyleemus variolosus

), 21

Laccoptera chinensis

9

Oxypoda

. 230

Lathridius angulatus

229

confusa

. 230

Lathrimgeum unicolor

256

formiceticola

. 56

Leptacinus formicetorum . .

57

ho'morrhoa

. 57

Leptura rubra

270

longipes . .

. 5

Limnichus pygnifeus

229

metatarsalis

. 5

Lomechusa . .

88

Paracymus £eneus . .

. 2

struraosa . . • . 7, 281,

282,

283

nigroffineus

. 2

Lytta vesicatoria . .

230

Parous luridus

. 146

Magdalis duplicata . .

6

Passalidse

. 8

Malachius barnevillei

6

Pedilophorus

. 9

Malthodes minimus var. margini-

Pelobius tardus

. 27

collis

82

Phalacrus brisouti . .

'. 3, 4, 6

pellucidus

83

brunnipes

2 J

!, 4

Medon castaneus . .

6

championi

". '2. 4

Megacronus cingulatus

237

corruscus . .

. 2, 3, 4

Melunopthalma fulvipes . .

91

humberti . .

3, 4

similata . .

6

hybridus . .

2, 4

truncatella

91

Philonthus corruscus

. 230

Melanotus castanipes

4,

5

cruentatus

. 34

rufipes

4,

5

Philydrus

. 25

Meligethes serripes

35

coarctatus 25,

26,

27, 28, 29

viduatus var. sestimabilis

122

maritimus 25,

26,

27, 28, 29

Meloe proscarabifius

21

melanocephalus 25,

26,

27, 28, 29

Methydrus . .

25*

26

minutus 25,

26,

27, 28, 29

Micrambe pilosula . .

146

nigricans 25,

26,

27, 28, 29

villosa

146

testaceus 25,

26,

27, 28, 29

Micrurula melanoeephala

34

Phyllodecta cavifrons

. 229

Monotoma conicicollis

sV,

284

Phyllotreta diademata

. 191

formicetorum

57

Phymatodus lividus

. 215

longicollis

229

Phytosus balticus . .

. 6

Mordellistena parvula

229

Priobium castaneum

. 282

Mycetoporus angularis

237

Prionocyphon serricornis

lOJ

), 110

Myllaena brevicornis

. ,

230

Ptenidium formicetorum .

. 57

Myrmedonia humeralis

57,

288

Pyropterus affinis . .

". 23^

1, 269

Myrmetes piceus

57

Pytho depressus

. 306

Myrmidoniina

5

Quedius brevis

. 57

Notiophilus aquaticus

146

longicornis

. 6

bigeminus

146

mesomelinus

. 57

hypocrita

146

riparius

. 6

palustris . .

146

umbrinus

. 230

pusillus . .

146

vexans

6

Notothecta anceps . .

57

Ehizophagus coeruleipennis

!

. 6

flavipes

57

parallelocoUis

. 7

Ochthebius exaratus

229

Rhynchites bacchus

.

. 87

margipallens

2

Ehytidosomus globulus

. 215

SPECIA.L INDEX.

PAGE.

Salpingus ater . . . . . . 229

Sibinia arenarias . . , . . . 230

Silpha tristis 230

Silvanus siniilis . . . . . . 34

Simplocaria metallica . . . . 5

picipes .. .. .. .. 5

semistriata . . . . . . 5

Sitones cambricus . . . . . . 229

waterhousei . . . . . . 230

Stenus latifrons . . . . . . 230

Stomis pumicatus . . . . . . 230

Straehia ornata . . . . . . 270

Sunius augustatus . . . . . . 241

lyonessius.. .. .. 229, 241

Taphria nivale . . . . . . 230

Tetropium crawshayi . . . . 5

gabrielli . . . . . . 5, 9

Thiasophila angulata . . . . 57

Thinobius longipennis . . . . 34

Throscus obtusus . . . . . . 229

Trichius fasciatus . . . . . . 270

Tricbonyx sulcicollis . . . . 6

Tricbodes apicarius. . .. .. 270

Trogolinus anglicanus . . 230, 268

Trogopbloeus bilineatus . . . . 230

Tropideres sepicola . .
Xantbolinus atratus

cribiipennis

distans . . . . . . 148,

COLLEMBOLA.

tullbergi, Anurida . .

21
57

184
184

33

DIPTERA.

albicans, Pbora

218

armillata, Amaurosoma . .

147

Asilidffi

7,

45

atramentaria, Rhinophora. .

231,

269

bicornis, Agromyza

241

Bombylidffi . .

45

campestris, Pbora . .

21*8*,

241

Cyrtidre

45

dubitalis, Phora

218

emarginata, Pbora . .

218

esuriens, Pegomyia

147

flavipes, Pegomyia . .

187

fuscinervis, Pbora . .

218,

241

inerme, Amaurosoma

147

inornata, Diastata . .

147

intermedia, Pbora . .

241

Leptidoe

45

livida, Empis

218

melanocepbala, Pbyto

231,

269

microps, Eccoptomera

241

Muscidas

69

nitida, Hyadina

241

paludosa, Pbora

21*8,

241

Pbora sp.

268

Pipunculida>. .

45

Platypezidffi . .

45

quadrivittata, Sapromyza . .

147

radiata, Braebypeza

147

retroversa, Pbora . .

218,

241

rufa, Pbora . .

. .

218

PAGE.

scalare, Melanostoma . . . . 269

Scenopinidffi . . , . . . 45

spinigera, Pbora . . . . 218, 241

Stratiomyidaj . . . . . . 45

Syrpbidee . . . . . . . . 45

Tabanidffi 45, 69

Tberevida? . . . . . . . . 45

unguicella, Antbomyza . . . . 147

univittata, Pegomyia . . 147, 187

HEMIPTERA.

acuminata, Allia . . . . . . 231

alienum, Cryptostemma .. .. 305

Apbis ' 281

boops, Nabis . . . . . , 269

contractus, Notocbilus . . . . 267

denticulata, Coreus . . . . 231

bamulatus, Notocbilus . . . . 267

incarnatus, Piezodorus . . . . 231

punctipes, Metacantbus . . . . 231

quadrivirgatus, Miridius . . . . 231

ornata, Stracbia . . . . . . 270

rubidus, Ortbotylus . . . . 231

scurra, Idiocerus . . . . 243, 269

HYMENOPTERA.

abbreviator, Spilocryptus . .

agra, Ccelioxys

albipes, Tecbnomyrmex

albitarse, Polynema

alienus, Lasius

alluardi, Plagiolepis

Antseon

alorus (azorus), Antffion . .

antbracinus, Pezomacbus

Apanteles

aprilinus, Neuroterus

Aptesis

aquisgranensis, Pezomacbus

arvensis, Mellinus . .

assimilis, Pbygadeuon

atricapillus, Cremnodes

auropunctata, Wasmannia

azorus ( = alorus), Antteon

Betbylidfe

Betbylinae

Betbyli

bilineatus, Meniscus
boerorum, Ponera . .
bracbypterus, Microcryptus
Braconidae . .
brevicornis, Lasius. .
csEcilise, Prenolepis. .
castaneus, Oresbius
Cepbalonomia
cepbalotes, Betbylus
Ceraphron . .
Cerapbronidte
CeraphroninfB
Cerapbronini
Chalcididffi . .
Cborebus
Cbrysididffi . .
cinerea, Formica . .

35

241

71

106

90

71

101

101

284

284

210

35

284

231

36

35

71

101

100

100

101

71

71

36

284

282

71

36

101

.. 101

.. 106

.. 100

.. 101

.. 101

69, 100, 284

., 284

.. 100

,. 90

24,

100,

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

Conostigmus

101

106

nitidulus, Formicoxenus . .

56,

192

contracta, Ponera . .

283

noctilio (s), Sirex . . . .19, 63,

91

Cremnodes . .

35

nylanderi, Leptothorax

282

CryptinaB

34

Obisiphaga . .

35

Cynipidffi

100

obscuricornis, AntiBon

101

divisus, Antaeon

101

Oresbius

34,

35

donisthorpei (fumipennis

var.)

Oxyura

99,

100

Exallonyx . .

106

pallidus, Lagynodes

57,

106

DryininsB

100

101

panzeri, Notozus

215

Emboleminae

100

paradoxus, Apterophygas . .

35

Epyris

101

paradoxus, Cremnodes

35

erraticum, Tapinoma

282

Parasitica (Tarabrantia) . .

100

erythromena, Spalangia . .

284

parvus (parvulus), Antteon

101

falcatus, Apanteles

284

pedestris, Hemiteles

36

fasciatus, Rhabdepyris

101

Pezomachidse

284

flava, Formica

90

Pezomachus..

35

flavipes, Prenolepis

71

Phygadeuon..

35

flavus, Lasius . 90, 231

, 28i',

282

Phygadeuonini

35

f ormicarum , Ceraphora . .

106

Platygaster . .

106

Formicidae . .

281

Ponera

71

fugax, Solenopsis . .

231',

282

Pristoura

101

fuliginosus, Lasius . . 57, 106

, 282,

284

procerus, Phygadeuon

36

fulveolatus, Spinola

35

Proctotrypidffi

9*9*,

100

fumipennis, Exallonyx

106

Pseudlsobrachium . .

101

fusca, Formica

56*

281

punctatissima, Ponera

71

fuscicornis, Bethylus

100

punctulatus, Conostigmus

101

fuseorufibarbis (rutibarbis

var.),

rogeri, Strumigenys

71

Formica

231,

281

rotundipennis, Phygadeuon

36

Gonatopi

101

rufa, Formica 19, 56, 57, 90,

10*6,

Goniozus

101

108, 109, 192, 281, 282,

283,

284

gravenhorsti, Phygadeuon

36

rufibarbis, Formica. .

231,

281

graviceps, Microcryptus . .

36

rufipes, Mutilla

231

grisescens, Plectocryptus . .

35

ruginodis, Myrmica

10*6,

284

Habropelta . .

101

Saleroderma

101

heinemanni, Phygadeuon

35

sanguinea, Formica 56, 57,

6*3*,

hemipterus, Hemiteles

36

119, 192,

281,

283

Hemiteles . .

36

scabrinodis, Myrmica 56,

106,

284

hopei (abbreviator var.).

Spilo-

Scelioninae . .

101

cryptus

35

schlecbtendali, Neuroterus

210

hyalinalis, Bethylus

101

simillimum, Tetramorium

71

Ichneumoninfe

47

Sirex

6*3*,

92

ichneumonoides, Methoca

231

Sirices

63

incubitor, Spilocryptus

35

sociabilis (wasmanni var.), Exal-

indivisus, Antteon . .

101

lonyx..

106

juvencus, Sirex 19, 63, 91, 92

, 215*

243

Spalangia

284

labralis, Microcryptus

36

Spilocryptus

35

liEvinodis, Myrmica

284

striatidens, Triglyphothrix

71

Lagynodes . .

101

Strumigenys

71

longicornis, Prenolepis

71

subzonatus, Hemiteles

36

longulus, Halictus . .

241

sulcinodis, Myrmica

56

Megaspilini . .

101

Tarabrantia ( = Parasitica)

100

Megaspilus . .

101

Thaumatotypus

35

malachurus, Halictus

241

triareolatus, Perisemus

100

marshalli, Phygadeuon . .

36

truncatellus, Litomastix . .

69

Microcryptus

3*5,

36

variabilis, Phygadeuon

36

micropterus, Microcryptus

36

viator, Acoelius

284

migrator, Spilocryptus

35

vividula, Prenolepis

71

mullensis, Conostigmus . .

101

wasmanni, Exallonyx

106

Mymaridse . .

100

Myrmica

281

LEPIDOPTERA

neesi (aquisgranensis var.),

Pezo-

abietella, Dioryctria

210,

211

machus

284

abjecta, Mamestra . .

13

niger, Lasius 90, 231, 281

28*2,

284

Abraxas ( = Phalaena)

205

nigricornis, Antaeon

101

abruptaria, Hemerophila 12, 6J

, 8*4*,

145

nigrocinctus, Microcryptus

36

absynthiata, Eupithecia . .

20,

270

SPECIAL INDEX.

acaciffi, Nordmannia (Thecla) 177, 178
acanthodactyla (punctidactyla),

Amblyptilia . . . . . . •222

aceriana, Hedya . . . . . . 216

aceris, Apatela . . 119, 192, 216

acetos8e, Nepticula 242, 248-252, 271
achatinella, Nyctegretis . . . . 64

achilleffi, Anthrocera 73, 74, 78, 86,

93, 185, 208, 273
achillese (Jonicerffi ah.), Anthrocera 49
Acidaliinse . . . . . . . . 128

acis, Lycsena see semiargus,

Cyaniris
acteon, Thymelicus . . 180, 279

adippe, Argynnis 24, 139, 192, 221,

222. 226, 228, 279, 284
adippellus, Crambus . . . . 278

Adkinia . . . . . . . . 49

Adopa'a . . . . . . . . 16

adrasta (msera var.), Pararge 177,

178, 180
adustata, Lygdia . . . . . . 30

advena, Aplecta . . . . . . 297

advenella, Ehodophffia . . . . 298

aegon ( = argus),Plebeius 90, 98, 116,

126, 140, 148, 180, 309

aello, (Eneis 300

ffiscularia, Hybernia . . . . 61

aesculi (pyrina), Zeuzera . . 210, 211
sestiva (bceticus var.), Lampides 140
aestivaria, Hemithea 128, 129, 130,

131, 133, 134
aetherea (phoebe var.), MelitiEa 106,

169, 170, 171
asthiops, Erebia 125, 127, 136, 137,

138, 206, 221, 243, 279, 280
affinis, Cosmia . . . . . . 297

agathina, Agrotis . . . . . . 271

aglaia, Argynnis 97, 107, 125, 126,

137, 138, 148, 149, 150, 192,

193, 194, 205, 226, 243, 248,

266, 273, 280, 310
Aglossa . . . . . . . . 141

agrorum, Marasmarcha . . 52, 53
alba (myrmidone ah.), Colias . . 192
albicillata, Melanthia . . . . 30

albieosta, Coleophora . . . . 105

albipunctata, Eupithecia . . . . 12

albipuncta (orbitulus var.), Poly-

ommatus . . . . . . 274

albistrigalis, Hypenodes . . 227, 297
albulalis, Nola . . . . . . 310

alceae, Erynnis .. ..76,78,177

alcetas ( = coretas), Everes 77, 78,

79-81, 148, 176, 231-237,

264, 265, 266, 302, 305
alcipbron, Loweia (Chrysophanus)

54, 127, 136, 137, 177, 192, 300
alcon, Lycffina 55, 278, 279, 280, 301
alcyone, Hipparchia 54, 55, 187, 188
alexandrse, Troides. . .. ..71

alexis, Polyommatus see icariis,

Polyommatus
alni, Jochseara . . . . . . 285

alniaria, Ennomos . . . . . . 61

PAGE.

alopecurus (rurea ah,), Xylophasia

17, 42
alpicola (alpina hy error), Malaco-

soma 207, 273

alpina, Pachnobia . . . . 12, 285

alpina (phcebe var.), Melitsea .. 105
alpinalis, Scopula . . . . 208, 274

althsBffi, Erynnis . . . . . . 178

alveus, Hesperia 98, 107, 126, 137,

149, 193, 194, 207, 221
amanda, Polyommatus 77, 78, 177, 300
amataria, Timandra . . 228, 298

amathusia, Brenthis 50, 54, 98,

125, 126, 138, 139, 149, 150,

194, 205, 226, 280, 301
ambigualis, Scoparia . . . . 186

amoena (strigilis a/>.), Miana .. 121
amyntas, Everes see argiades,

Everes
amyntula (argiades var.), Everes 148
andren8eformis,iEgeria(Trocliilium)

11, 24, 71, 148, 187, 270
andromeda?, Hesperia . . . . 207

angularia, Ennomos . . . . 61

angustalis (erigatus), Cledeobia

(Botys) .. .. 141, 142

angustiorana, Batodes . . . . 210

anomala, Stilbia .. .. .. 11

Anthrocera (Zygajna) 24, 185, 208,

218, 273
antiochena (achilleffi rar.), Anthro-
cera . . . . . . . . 74

antiopa, Euvanessa 54, 76, 78, 243,

247, 278, 279, 284
antiqua, Orgyia . . . . 210. 211

apicata, Larentia . . . . . . 208

apiciaria, Epione . . . . 61, 298

apiforme, Trochilium . . . . 12

apollo, Parnassius 77, 78, 91, 97,

107, 125, 127, 137, 138, 149,

172, 173, 174, 176, 221, 270
aprilina, Agriopis . . . . 20, 24

arcania, Ccenonympha 107, 127,

137, 149, 150, 177, 178, 180,

193, 300
areas, Lycwna . . . . 278, 280

archippus (erippus var.), Anosia

237, 238, 248

Arctia 172

arcuatella, Nepticula . . . . 45

arcuosa, Chortodes . . . . . . 297

areola, Xylocampa . . . . . . 29

argentula, Bankia . . . . . . 296

argiades (amyntas), Everes 77, 78-

81, 90, 96, 116. 148, 176,
180, 231-237, 264, 265, 301-305
argianus ( = semiargus), Cyaniris.. 183
argiolus, Celastrina 29, 44, 75, 77,

78, 79, 89, 116, 120, 123,

147, 172, 178, 183, 237, 270,

279, 305, 310
argus (aegon), Plebeius 77, 78, 90,
98, 116, 125, 126, 127, 140,

148, 149, 180, 193, 194, 207, 309

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

avgus ( = argyrognomon), Plebeius
54, 76, 77, 78, 90, 98, 149,

193, 207, 218, 222, 234
argyrognomon, Plebeius see argus,

Plebeius
arion, Lycaena 55, 98, 107, 116,
125, 126, 127, 137, 138, 149,
172, 221, 271, 278, 280, 300, 301
armigera, Heliothis . . 119, 285

arragonensis (achillese var.), An-

throce a . . . . . . 74

arundineia, Nonagria see neurica,

N.
aiundinis (typhse), Nonagria 289,

290, 296
aiundinis, Phragmatcecia . . 295, 296
asella, Heterogenea. . .. .. 13

ashworthii, Agrotis . . . . 148

asiatica, Marasmarcba (Platyptilia)

52, 53

assimilella, Depressaria . . . . 210

asteria, Melitsea . . . . . . 301

asteris, Cucullia . . . . . . 272

asterias, Papilio . . . . . . 255

astrarche, Aricia (Chrysophanus)

21, 77, 78, 90, 98, 107, 116,

125, 126, 137, 176, 194, 222
atalanta, Pyrameis (Vanessa) 19,

40, 41, 172, 186, 192, 246,

254, 278

Atella 22

atbalia, Melitea 50, 54, 78, 98,

107, 125, 126, 136, 138, 149,

172, 177, 178, 193, 195, 280, 301
atianticus (ocellata var.), Smerin-

tbus 203

atomaria, Ematurga 12, 17, 29, 61, 248
atrata, Odezia (Tanagra) 192, 217,

222-225, 260, 264, 271
atrebatensis (urticaj ah.), Aglais . . 24
atropos, Manduca . . . . 239, 296

Attacides 120

aurantiaria, Hybernia . . . . 29

aurelia, Melitsea . . . . 55, 77, 78

auricoma, Pbaretra . . . . 285

auriflua, Portbesia see similis, P.
aurinia, Melitsea 24, 29, 68, 76, 77,

78, 179, 301, 310
aurita, Setina 98, 126, 137, 149,

195, 208
auroraria, Hyria . . . . . . 23

austauti (populi var.), Amorpba

173, 203 i Botys
australis, Aporopbyla . . 238, 243 [ bractaja, Plusia
autumnaria, Ennomos . . 64, 68 ' brassier, Pieris
autumnata (aria), Oporabia (Epir- 193, 207,

rita) . . . . 29, 30, 67, 68

aversata, Acidalia . . 61, 119, 186

badiana, Aigyrolepia . . 91, 92

badiata, Anticlea . . . . . . 192

baetica, Ocnogyna . . . . . . 69

bajularia, Phorodesma see pustu-

lata, P.
baliodactyla, Wheeleria see nivei-

dactyla, Merrifieldia

barrettii, Luperina . .

basilinea, Apamea . .

basistrigalis, Scoparia

batis, Tbyatira . . . . 227,

baton, Scolitantides 176, 177,

bellargus, Agriades 70, 71, 75, 77,

78, 90, 116, 173, 177, 178,

207, 221, 234, 236,

bellidice (daplidice var.), Pieris 178,

bellis (acbille£e var. et ab.), Anthro-

cera . .
bembeciforme, Trocbilium
bennetii, Agdistis (Adactyla)
berberata, Anticlea..
bergmanniana, Dietyopteryx
berisalensis (deione var.), Melittea
54, 76, 78, 172,
betulse, Ruralis 162, 182, 183, 279,
betularia, Amphidasys 41, 61, 84,
85, 217, 242,
betulella, Coleophora
bicolorata, Melanthia
bicolorella, Coleophora . . 23,
bicostella, Pleurota..
bicuspis, Dicranura 24, 242, 285,
bidentata,Odontopera(Gonodontis)
12, 23, 61, 121,
bifida, Dicranura . . . . 119,

bilinea (trigrammica ah.), Gram-

mesia
bilineata, Camptogramma 30, 62,
243,
bilunaria, Selenia . .
binaria, Drepana . .
Binghamia . .

bipunctaria, Eubolia 107, 127,

bipunctidactyla, Adkinia 175, 187,
bisetata, Acidalia . . . . 61,

Biston ( = Dasyphara)
bistortata, Tephrosia . . 64,

Bithys

bitorquata (acbilleae var. et ah.),

Antbrocera . .
biundularia, Tephrosia see crepus-

cularia, T.
bceticus, Lampides 44, 89, 116,

123, 139-141, 159, 160, 162,
173, 180, 182, 183, 304,
bombyliformis (= tityus), Hemaris
bondii, Tapinostola see morrisii, T.
boreata, Hybernia . . . . 20,

boreata, Electra

AGE.

285

64

64

309

300

brevilinea, Leucania
britomartis, Melitaea
brizella, Gelechia .
brumata, Hybernia
brunnea, Noctua
brunneata, Fidonia
bucephala, Pygasra
Buckler ia

19, 69, 78, 173,

239, 246, 254,

273, 309,

.. 271,

20, 29, 61,

210, 211,
53,

243

180

74
210

187
298
242

300
310

309
105

30
105

64
310

146
310

271

271
61
205
302
221
299
119
205
240
183

74

305
128

29
143
141

30

310
307

70
100
210
227
193
296

69

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

buoliana, Eetinia . . . . 64, 210
Bupalus ( = Phaophyga) .. .. 205
burckhaiti (lippei) Injhr., Phryxus

204, 311
caeca (hyperanthus ah.), Aphan-

topus (Enodia) . . 222, 270
casca ( = impunctata) (satyrion ah.),

Ccenonympha . . . . 207

ca>iuleccephala, Diloba . . 20, 243
Cferuleopunctata (pheretes ah.),

Polyommatus . . . . 301

cajrulescens (viridata ah.), Nemoria

132, 133
caesiata, Larentia 17, 18, 29,

casspititiella, Coleophora
cnj^nagellus, Hyponomeuta

107,

208, 221

.. 105
185,

186, 216, 238

caia, Arctia . . . . 86, 243, 295

calbum, Polygonia 22, 23, 36, 75,

78, 125, 172, 178, 278, 309, 310

callidice, Pieris . . . . . . 178

Cfillophi-yidi .. .. 182, 183

Callophrys 182, 183

eallunffi (quercus va?-.), Lasiocamj)a 133

camelina, Odontosia (Lophopteryx) 253

Camilla, Limenitis 172, 177, 192, 222

Campffia (= Tribacis) .. .. 305

Candida (cribrum t>«?'.), Emydia .. 195

carbonifera, Miselia . . . . 94

caidamines, Euchloe 75, 78, 177, 271
cardui, Pyrameis 19, 41, 75, 78,

97, 122, 172, 304

caimelita, Lophopteryx . . . . 13

cainea (nicssa far.), Hyles .. 173
caniiolica, Anthrocera 74, 93, 97,

126, 138, 172
carpbodactyla, Hellinsia 18, 145,

186, 187

carpini, Saturnia . . 67, 70, 192

carrhaiiii, Hesperia 77, 78, 176, 177

cassiope (epiphron var.), Erebia . . 179
castigata, Enpithecia .. ..30

castissinia (nicasa i'«r.), Hyles .. 173

Castnia . . . . . . . . 15

castrensis, Malaeosoma 64, 70,

192, 243, 270, 271
.. 93, 172
22

Catocala
Catopsilia
catulla, Catopsilia
caucasica, Meliteea

Celastrina 182,

Celastrinidi . .

celerio, Hippotion

centaureata, Eupitheeia see oblon

gata, E.
cerago, Citria (Xanthia) see ful

vago, C.

148
170
183
183

284

ceieola, Lithosia

221

ceiisyi, Tbais

70

ceronus (bellargus ah.),

Agriades

173,

178

cerri (ilicis ah.), Thecla

.. 177,

178

certata, Hcotosia . .

298

cespitis, Luperina . .

272

PAGE.

ceto, Erebia . . 55, 150, 300

chaonia, Drymonia (Notodonta) 13, 68
Chattendenia (Edwardsia) 143,

160, 182, 183
chelys (xanthomelas ah.), Eugonia 172
chi, Polia . . . . 18, 20, 272, 285

chimffira, Ornithoptera . . . . 172

chlorana, Earias (Halias) 96, 214, 296
Chloridea (Heliothis) .. .. 119

christiernana, Hypercallia . . 208

christyi, Oporabia .. .. ..30

chrysidiformis, jEgeria . . . . 24

chrysiti's, Plusia . . . . 30, 296

chrysonuchellus, Crambus 64, 242

Chrysophaninse . . . . . . 183

Chrysophanidi . . . . . . 183

Chrysophanus .. 181,182,183

chrysorrboea, Portbesia . . . . 188

cilialis, Nascia .. .. 295, 299

Cilix 205

cinerea, Agrotis . . . . . . 271

cinerella, Brachycrossata . . . . 64

cinxia, Melitaea 76, 77, 78, 172, 177
circe, Satyrus . . . . . . 54

clathrata, Strenia . . . . . . 298

cleodoxa (adippe ah.), Argynnis . . 222
cleodoxa-fulvescens (adippe ah.),

Argynnis . . . . . . 222

cleopatra, Gonepteryx . . . . 86

cloacella. Tinea . . . . . . 105

cloraria (viridata), Nemoria 129, 132
clymene, Pararge . . . . . . 192

clymene (atalanta ah.), Pyrameis 172
coelestis (bellargus ah.), Agriades. . 70
Ca'nonympha . . . . . . 127

coenosa, Laelia . . . . . . 285

Coleophora . . . . . . 163, 211

colonum (sociella), Botys . . 141, 142
colossa, Marasmarcha .. 52, 53
combusta (rurea ah.), Xylophasia 42
comes, Triphaena . . . . 29, 309

comitata, Pelurga . . . . 62, 121

comma, Leucania . . . . . . 297

comma, Urbicola . . 24, 138, 193,

194, 207, 221, 274
comparella, Lithocolletis . . . . 105

compta, Dianthoecia . , . . 285

comyntas (argiades var.), Everes

90, 304
concavilinea (viridaria ah.), Nem-
oria . . . . . . 132, 133

conchellus, Crambus 49, 208, 274

concinnata, Dysstroma . . . . 143

concinnata (russata var.). Poly-
phagia (Cidaria) . . . . 143

conlluens ( = achille8e) (lonicerffi

rt/;.), Anthrocera .. ..49

confusa (phcebe ah.), Melitaea . . 96
confusalis, Xola . . . . . . 30

conigera, Leucania . . . . 297

conjuncta (daphne ah.), Brenthis 172
consolidata (russata var.), Cidaria 143
consonaria, Tephrosia . . . . 148

conspicillaris, Xylomiges . . . . 285

conspersa, Dianthoecia . . . . 30

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

conterminella, Depressaria . . 210

continuata (montanata ab.),

Larentia . . . . . . 121

conversa, Catocala . . . . . . 93

conversaria (repandata ab.), Boar-

mia .. .. 122, 271, 272

convolvuli, Agrius . . . . . . 284

coprodactyla, Adkinia 195, 207,

208, 275, 281
cordula, Satyrus . . . . . . 55

coretas, Everes see alcetas, E.
coronata, Eupithecia 12, 13, 30, 119
corticea, Agrotis . . . . " . . 228

corydon, Agriades (Polyommatus)
20, 49, 55, 90, 97, 98,
107, 114, 116, 117, 125, 126,
136, 137, 138, 149, 150, 172,
173, 178, 180, 193, 194, 207,
221, 222, 236, 240, 270, 271, 280
corydonius (corydon var.), Agri-
ades 178, 180

corylata, Cidaria .. .. 12, 13

Cossus . . . . . . . . 15

costffistrigalis, Hypenodes . . . . 297

costai (atrata var.), Odezia 222, 224
costalis, Pyralis . . . . . . 299

costovata (fluctuataa^.), Melanippe

24, 62
coulonellus, Crambus . . . . 274

crabroniformis, Trochilium

(^geria) 11, 12, 192

cratsegata, Eumia . . . . 61, 86

cratffigi, Aporia 24, 64, 65, 75,
77, 78, 125, 145, 149, 176,

186, 270
cratffigi, Trichiura . . 20, 270, 271

crepuseularia (biundularia), Teph-

rosia 29, 84, 85, 240, 272
cresphontes, Heraclides (Papilio) 255
cretica (cerisyi rt?;.), Thais. . .. 70

cribralis, Herminia .. .. 297

cribrum, Emydia .. .. .. 195

crinanensis, Hydrcecia . . 146, 184
cristatella, Bucculatrix . . . . 64

cristulalis, Nola . . . . . . 213

crocealis, Ebulea . . . . . . 299

cruciana, Hypermcecia . . . . 64

culiciformis, Trochilium (JLgeria)

11, 12, 192

cuneata (adippe ab.), Argynnis
cuprealis, Aglossa . .
cursoria, Agrotis
curtisellus. Prays . .
Cyaniris

Cyaniris (Polyommatus)
Cyclopides 14, 16,

cyllarus, Nomiades 75,

32,

76,

222
299
310
210
182
183
153

33,

78,

173, 176, 179

..11
55, 301

..120

cynipiformis, ^geria

cynthia, Melitaea . .

Cynthia, Philosamia

cytisaria, Pseudoterpna see pruin-

ata, P.
dahlii (euphorbise var.), Hvles

173, 204

damon, Polyommatus . . 55,

daphne, Brenthis 172, 227,

daplidice, Pieris 54, 76, 77, 78,
121, 178,

darwiniana (arcania var.),

Coenonympba 107, 127,

137, 149, 150, 193,

darwiniana mongr. , Smerinthus

Dasyphara . .

daubii hybr. ( = hybridus), Smerin-
thus . .

davus, Cojnonympha see tiphon, C.

debiliata, Eupithecia . . 12,

decolor (argiades ab.), Everes

decolorata (alcetas ab.), Everes
78, 80, 235, 236, 265,

decora (apoUo ab.), Parnassius . .

defoliaria, Hybernia ..20,61,

deione, Melitaa 54, 76, 78, 172,
177, 178,

delamerensis (biundularia var.),
Tephrosia .. ..84,85,

deleta ( = metis ab.), Smerinthus. .

delius, Parnassius . . . . 207,

demodocus, Papilio..

densoi hybr., Phryxus

dentalis, Odontia . .

deplana, Lithosia . .

depuncta (argiades ab.), Everes 80,

derasa, Gonophora

deserticola (euphorbias var.), Hyles

designata, Coremia..

dextroalbescens (jurtina ab.),
Epinephele . .

dia, Brenthis 54, 75, 78, 138, 139,

dictaea, Leiocampa . .

dictynna, Melitsa 50, 70, 77, 78,

99, 107, 137, 150, 175, 178,

179, 207, 248, 280,

didyma, Apamea

didyma, Melitsea 77, 78, 98, 125,

126, 136, 137, 138, 149, 171,

177, 193,

didymata, Larentia . . 12, 20,

dilecta, Catocala

dilutata, Oporabia (Epirrita) 12,
29, 30, 61,

dipora, Everes . . . . 301

diporides (argiades var.), Everes
301, 302, 303,

dispar, Chrysophanus 183, 245,

dispar, Porthetria (Ocneria) 93, 173,

dissoluta, Nonagria 164, 166, 167,
288-291,

dissoluta (neurica var.), Nonagria

distinctella, Bryotropha . .

dives (paphia var.), Dryas

dodoneata, Eupithecia

dolabraria, Eurymene . . 30,

dominula, Callimorpha 86, 136,
243, 269,

donzelii, Polyommatus 54, 55, 194,

dorilis, Loweia 77, 78, 180, 222,
246, 278,

dotata, Cidaria

AGE.

90
300

180

300
203
205

203

13
265

266
174
210

180

272
203

270
22
204
186
296
265
227
173
30

221
226

18

301
30

194
29
93

68
305

304
284
221

309
309
64
70
30
61

271
301

301
62

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

doubledayaria (betularia ab.),

Amphidasys 61, 84, 85, 217, 309
Drepana . . . . . . . . 205

dromus (tyndarus rar.), Erebia .. 179
dryas, Enodia (Satyrus) . . . . 222

dubitata, Scotosia . . . . . . 02

dumeriliellus, Nemotois . . . . 138

duplaris, Cymatophora 64, 227, 228
Dysstroma (Polyphasia) . . . . 143

edelsteni, Nonagria 104-168, 268,

286-293, 309
edentuia (bidentata rt?;.),Gonodontis 121
edusa, Colias 86, 97, 178, 180, 192,

193, 239, 279, 300
Edwardsia see Chattendenia
egeria, Pararge 29, 71, 77, 78, 177,

180, 279
elingnaria, Crocallis 20, 24, 29, 61
elisa, Argynnis . . . . . . 226

elpenor, Eumorpha (Phryxus) 204,

270, 296
elpenor (in error for gallii),

Eumorpha . . . . 204, 311

elutata, Hypsipetes 12, 13, 18, 62, 298
elymi (cardui ah.), Pyrameis . . 172
elymi, Tapinostola . . . . . . 267

emberizwpennella, Lithocolletis 63, 105
emarginata, Aeidalia .. 61, 298

emutaria, Aeidalia . . . . . . 13

epilobii /(yii/-., Phryxus .. .. 204

epiphron, Erebia 24, 150, 179, 180,

193, 207, 273, 274, 300
epixanthe, Epidemia . . . . 94

Erebia 97, 207

ericetaria, Selidosema . . . . 64

Ericbila (Herminia) . . . . 205

erigatus (angustalis), Botys 141, 142
erippus, Anosia . . . . . . 238

eris (niobe var.), Argynnis 126, 150
eros, Polyommatus 194, 207, 221,

300, 301
erosaria, Ennomos.. .. ..64

erynnis (gorge ab.), Erebia . . 169

erythocephala, Orrhodia . . . . 285

erythrogenella, Nepticula . . . . 45

escheri, Polyommatus 54, 55, 177,

179, 236
eucharis, Delias . . . . . . 148

Euchloe 261

eugeni hyhr., Phryxus . . . . 204

eumedon, Aricia . . 54, 127, 173, 301
euphenoides, Euchloe . . 177, 180
euphorbiae, Hyles . . 97, 173, 204, 284
euphorbiata, Minoa . . . . 127

euphrosyne, Brenthis 55, 75, 76,
78, 9S, 107, 126, 138, 149,

150, 207, 226, 243

Eupithecia 102, 103

euryale, Erebia 107, 150, 193, 194,

206, 300
eurybia (hippothoe var.), Chryso-

phanus . . . . 54, 179

Everidi 305

evias, Erebia 76, 78, 177, 178,

179, 180, 300

evonymellus, Hypenomeuta
exanthemaria, Cabera
exBBcata, Smerinthus
exiguata, Eupithecia
expallidata, Eupithecia

PAGE.

210, 211

.. 61

.. 203

.. 30

61, 271

expressata (hellmanni ah.), Non-
agria . . . . . . . . 121

extranea, Leucania see unipuncta,

L.
extrema (fulva), Nonagria . . . . 289

exulans, Anthrocera 74, 108, 193,

195, 270, 274
exulis, Crymodes 242, 243, 269, 285
fagella, Diurnea . . . . 84, 85

fagi, Stauropus . . . . . . 271

fangi (in error for langi) mongr..

Smerinthus . .
farinalis, Pyralis
farinatella, Cedestis
fascelina, Dasychira
fauna, Marasmarcha
fausta, Anthrocera . .
favicolor, Leucania . .
feisthamelii (podalirius

203, 311

.. 299

64, 104

..272

52, 53

..172

13, 168, 242

var.),

30

128
270

Papilio .. 176, 177, 180

ferrugata, Coremia 17, 20, 62, 121, 310
ferruginascens (comitata ab.),

Pelurga 121

festiva, Noctua . . 17, 18, 227

festucse, Plusia . . 30, 121, 295

fibulata (fluctuata ab.), Melanippe 62
filigrammaria, Oporabia 12, 18, 20
filigrammaria (autumnaria var.),

Oporabia . . . . 29,

filipendulse, Anthrocera 24, 73,

74, 86, 218, 248
fimbrialis, Thalera
firmata, Thera
fischeri, Tongeia (Lycajna, Everes)

81, 235
fischeri, Fredericina see tessera-

dactyla, F.
flammatra, Noctua . . 242, 285

flammea, Meliana . . . . . . 297

flava (thaumas), Adopaa 15, 16,

32, 33, 98, 107, 126, 137,

138, 147, 279, 280
flava (achillesB a?j.), Anthrocera .. 74
flava (exulans ab.), Anthrocera . . 270
flava (griseola ab,), Lithosia . . 119
flava (vespertilio ab.), Thaumas .. 173
flavescens (fulvago (j6.), Citria .. 148
flavicinctata, Larentia . . . . 107

flavicornis, Asphalia . . 11, 20

flavidior (simplonia var.), Antho-

charis . . 75, 76, 78, 169

flavimargo (chlorana ah.), Earias 96
flavissima (luteolata ab.), Kumia 121
flavofasciata, Erebia
florella, Catopsilia . .
fluctuata, Melanippe
fluctuosa, Cymatophora
fluviata, Camptogramma
formiciforniis, ^Egeria
franconica, Malacosoma

194

22

24,

62

227

. 148,

270

12

192

SPECIAL INDEX.

fraxinata, Eupithecia 102, 103,

104, 145
fringsi, hyhr. = (hybridus), Smerin-

thus 203

fuciformis, Hemaris . . . . 127

fugitivella, Teleia . . . . . . 64

fuliginosa, Phragmatobia 11, 30, 285
fulva (extrema), Nonagria.. 18, 289
fulvago (eerago), Citria .. 148, 241
fusca, Pjgmaana . . . . . . 274

fuscalis, Botys . . . . . . 299

fuscantaria, Ennomos . . . . 61

fuscantaria (piniariusflt.), Bupalus 121
fuscata (marginalia ^ar. ), Hybernia

84, 85
fuscedinella, Coleophora 105, 210, 211
fuscula, Erastria . . . . . . 227

galathea, Melanargia 55, 78, 97,

125, 136, 138, 221, 242, 247, 270
galiphorbiai hybr. ( = phileuphor-

biffi), Hyles 204

gallii, Celerio (Phryxus) 55, 204,

272, 284
gallii (by e?-ror = elpenor), Phryxus

204, 311
gamma, Plusia . . . . . . 30

gemina, Apamea . . . . . . 30

geminipuncta (paludicola), Nona-
gria 289, 290

Geometra 129, 205

Geometra ( = PhaIa3na) .. 141,205
Geometrides . . 60, 141, 142

Geometrinas . . . . . . . . 128

geryon, Adscita 98, 149, 150, 195, 228
giesekingi ?HOH(;r., Phryxus .. 204

gillyi /ij/i))'., Phryxus .. .. 204

gilvago, Mellinia . . . . . . 241

glabraria, Cleora . . . . 64, 310

glacialis, Erebia . . 192, 206, 207
glandifera, Bryophila see muralis,

B.
glareosa, Noctua . . . . 29, 272

glauca, Hadena .. ..13,17, 272

glaucata, Cilix . . . . . . 205

glaucinaria, Gnophos . . . . 128

glaucus, Jasoniades (Papilio) . . 255
globulariffi, Rhagades . . . . 228

gnaphalii, Cucullia . . . . 13

goante, Erebia 97, 98, 107, 136,

149, 150, 193, 194, 206, 221, 300
gcedartella, Argyresthia . . . . 104

gonodactyla, Platyptilia 18, 206, 238
gordius (alciphron var.), Loweia

(Chrysophanus) 54, 127,

136, 137, 177, 300
gorge, Erebia 55, 108, 169, 207,

273, 274, 300
gorgone, Erebia . . . . . . 151

graminis, Charsas.. .. 18, 195

granitella, Acrolepia . . . . 45

graphodactyla, Adkinia 174, 176,

214, 271
grisealis, Zanclognatha . . . . 227

griseocapitella, Swammerdammia 192
griseola, Lithosia . . . . 119, 296

PAGE.

grossana, Carpocapsa . . . . 63
grossulariata. Abraxas (Phalaena)

17, 24, 30, 61, 145, 173, 205,

242, 243, 270, 272, 310
grutzneri (xanthomelas ab.),

Eugonia . . . . . . 172

gschwandneri /i;/6/'., Phryxus .. 204
haliphron, Troides.. .. ..72

harmuthi hybr., Phryxus .. .. 204

haworthii, Cehiena . . . . 18, 272

helice (edusa. var .) , Colias 178, 180, 192
Heliothis = Chloridia .. ..119

hellmanni, Tapinostola . . 121, 297

helveticaria, Eupithecia
hemerobiella, Coleophora.

285
105

Heodes .. .. 181, 182, 183

heparana, Tortrix . . . . . . 310

hepatiea, Xylophasia . . . . 227

hera, Callimorpha . . . . 86, 246

herbida, Aplecta . . . . 227, 272

hermanella, Chrysopora (Aristo-

telia) 243, 251

Herminia ( = Erichila) .. .. 205

hermione, Satyrus . . . . 187, 188

hessii (neurica ab.), Nonagria 167,

290, 291
Heterocera . . . . . . . . 78

hethlandica (humuli var.), Hepi-

alus 270, 271

hexapterata, Lobophora . . 13, 30
hiberniea (aurinia var.), Meliteea 68
hiera, Pararge 76, 78, 107, 178

hilaris (promissa var.), Catocala 45
Hipparchus = Leptornis .. .. 205

hippocrepidis, Anthrocera 23,

74, 78, 218, 247, 248, 309
hippocrepidis (transalpina), An-
throcera . . . . . . 74

hippophaes, Turneria . . . . 173

hippothoe, Chrysophanus 54, 98,

107, 138, 179, 181, 206, 273, 301
hirtaria, Biston . . . . 120, 121

hispidaria, Nyssia . . . . . . 11

hispulla (jurtina var.), Epinephele

177, 180
huenei (jurtina ab.), Epinephele 121
humiliata, Acidalia.. .. 271,272

humuli, Hepialus 120, 202, 270, 271
huntera (virginiensis), Pyrameis 122
hutchinsoni (c-album var.), Poly-
gonia. . . . . . 23, 3

hyale, Colias 75, 76, 77, 78,

97, 121, 222, 246, 279
hybridus hybr., Smerinthus 203,

242, 268, 309
Hydroecia . . . . . . • • 184

Hydrocampus . . . . 141, 142

hylas, Polyommatus 55, 77, 78,

98, 107, 126, 177, 247, 301
hyperanthus, Enodia (Aphantopus)
119, 222, 243, 246, 247, 248,

270, 279, 280, 284
hyperborea, Pachnobia . . . . 270

Hyponomeuta . . . . . . 185

SPECIAL INDEX.

ianira, Epinephele see jurtina, E.
ibipennella, Coleophora . . . . 105

icarinus (icarus ah.), Polyommatus

221, 274

icarus, Polyommatus 19, 75, 76,

77, 78, 90, 116, 126, 137,

144, 148, 174, 176, 193, 194,

207, 221, 222, 234, 246, 247,

274, 278, 279
ilicifolia, Gastropacha .. 96,285
ilicis, Thecla 177, 178, 180, 300

Ilithyia . . . . . . 141, 142

illuminata (jurtina «?>.), Epinephele 121
illunaria, Selenia . . . . . . 12

illustraria, Ennomos . . . . 243

imbutata, Carsia ,. 193,195,208

imitaria, Acidalia . . . . . . 228

immanata, Cidaria (Dysstroma) 29, 143

immorata, Acidalia 228

immutata, Acidalia 119, 240, 248, 298
impluviata, Hypsipetes ..12,18, 127
impunctata (satyrion ah.), Ccen-

onympha . . . . . . 207

impura, Leucania . . . . 119, 297

incanata (fluctuata ah.), Melanippe 62
incarnata (populi ah.), Amorpha . . 173
incanaria, Acidalia see virgularia, A.
Incisalia . . . . . . . . 21

innotata, Eupithecia 102, 103, 144

ino, Brenthis 54, 194, 205, 227, 280
insignata (viridata var.), Nemoria

129, 132
interjecta, Triphsena . . . . 297

intermedia (rureai'ar.), Xylophasia 42
interpunctella, Plodia . . . . 310

interrogationis, Plusia . . . . 12

interrupta (purpuralis var.), An-

throcera . . . . . . 73

inversa /ii/?jr., Smerinthus .. 203

io, Vanessa 29, 41, 63, 75, 78, 136,

172, 221

iolas, Nomiades 300

iota, Plusia . . . . . . . . 30

iphis, Coenonympha . . . . 300

iris, Apatura . . 127, 160, 280

irregularis, Dianthcecia . . 296, 298
irrorella, Setina 149, 195, 208, 271, 274
isogrammata, Eupithecia . . 119, 128
jacobffiffi, Euchelia . . . . . . 172

jachontovi (daplidice var.), Pieris 121
janira, Epinephele see jurtina, E.
jasioneata, Eupithecia . . . . 285

jasius, Charaxes . . . . . . 189

jucunda (fausta ah.), Anthrocera. . 172
juncicolella, Coleophora . . . . 105

juniperata, Tbera 62

jurassica (carniolica var.), Anthro-
cera . . . . . . . . 172

jurtina (janira, ianira), Epinephele
19,24,84,121, 127,148,177,
180, 193, 221, 240, 246, 247,
248, 254, 271, 279, 280, 284,

299, 310
tnautiata (minutata var.), Eupith-
ecia . . . . . . . . 30

PAGE.

laburnella, Cemiostoma 210, 216, 271
lachesis, Melanargia 177, 178, 180

lasta (sponsa fo/'.), Catocala .. 45

Iffivigatella, Argyresthia . . . . 210

laidion (tiphon var.), Ccenonympba

245, 279
lambdella, fficophora . . . . 64

Lampides . . . . 140, 182, 183

Lampididi . . . . . . . . 183

lanceolana, Bactra . . . . . . 193

lanceolata (hyperanthus ah.),

Enodia (Aphantopus) . . 284
lanestris, Eriogaster . . . . 70

Langia ( = Eaywardia) .. .. 143

langi (62/ error fangi) morigr., Phryxus

203, 311
lappona, Erebia 108, 178, 180, 207, 273
lapponaria, Nyssia . . . . . . 11

lapponica (argyrognomon var.),

Plebeius (Lycffina) . .
laricella, Coleophora
lathonia, Issoria 54, 77, 78, 97,

107, 136, 149, 150, 193, 194, 207
lavandulaB, Anthrocera
lavaterffi, Erynnis . .
leda, Melanitis
Leechia ( = Strymonidia)
lefebvrei, Erebia
leoniffi hybr., Smerinthus
leporina, Acronycta
Leptidia
Leptornis

leucostigma, Helotropha
leucotiEnia (sethiops ah.), Erebia . . 206
levana, Araschnia . . . . 21, 22

leuwenhoekella, Pancalia . . . . 192

libatrix, Scoliopteryx . . 227, 297
lichenaria, Cleora . . . . . . 29

lichenea, Epunda .. ..11, 13, 285

lienigialis, Pyralis . . . . . . 71

ligea, Erebia 49, 107, 221, 273, 280
ligniperda, Cossus . . 210, 211, 266

218
210

218
55, 179
.. 22
.. 143
50, 179, 192
.. 203
.. 272
.. 190
.. 205
.. 297

ligurica (arion ah.), Lycaena . . 172

ligustri, Bisuleia . . . . . . 227

limitata, Eubolia . . . . . . 30

limosipennella, Coleophora . . 105

linea, Adopsea set' flava, A

linearia, Zonosoma . . . . 244

lineata. Scoria . . . . . . 78

lineola, Adoj)8ea . . 98, 126, 296

lineolata, Eubolia . . . . . . 64

lineolata (virgaurese ah.), Heodes

(Chrysophanus) . . . . 195

lippei( = burckharti) hijhr., Phryxus

204, 311

lithargyria, Leucania . . . . 297

Lithocolletis . . . . . . 163

lithodactyla, OidEematophorus . . 299

littoralis, Leucania . . . . 13

hturata, Macaria .. .. 242, 272

livornica, Phryxus . . . . . . 284

lonicerae, Anthrocei'a 49, 64, 86,

97, 107, 126

lotella, Anerastia . . . . . . 64

louristana (cerisyi ah.), Thais .. 70

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

lucens, Hydroecia . . 146, 184, 272

luciani (by error luciens) In/br.,

Phryxus .. •• .. 204, 311

luciens {hi/ error for luciani) hybr.,

Phryxus .. .. "204, 311

lucilla, Neptis 192

lucina, Nemeobius 75, 76, 77, 78,

178, 254, 310
luctiferellus, Crambus . . . . 274

lunaedactyla (phfeodactyla), Maras-

marcha 50, 51, 52, 53, 247

lunaris, Ophideres . . . . 212, 270

lunigera, Agrotis . . . . . . 271

lupulinus, Hepialus . . . . 120

lurideola, Lithosia . . 119, 195, 296
lutarella, Lithosia . . . . 64, 195

lutearia, Cleogene . . . . 152, 159

luteata, Asthena . . . . . . 119

luteolata, Eumia . . . . . . 121

lutipennella, Coleophora . . . . 105

lutosa, Calamia .. .. .. 296

lutulenta, Epunda . . . . . . 285

Lycaenidffi 181, 182, 191, 304

Lycseninffi 182, 183

lycaon, Epinephele 55, 97, 127, 136
lychnitis, CucuUia . . . . . . 121

Lycus 182

machaon, Papilio 75, 78, 97,
107, 125, 172, 193, 240, 254,

255, 266, 279, 296
macularia, Venilia . . . . . . 121

maculiferella, Lita . . . . . . 64

msera, Pararge 49, 54, 77, 78,

97, 106, 126, 177, 178, 180, 300
major (loniceras var.), Anthrocera 49
malvie, Hesperia 75, 77, 78, 173, 177
mannii (rapse var.), Pieris. . . . 253

manto, Erebia . . . . . . 206

Marasmarcba . . . . 51, 52, 53

margaritata.Metrocampa (Tribacis)

61, 205
margaritellus, Crambus 193, 278, 280
marginata, Lomaspilis 12, 61, 298
marginalia (progemmaria), Hyber-

nia .. .. 20, 61, 84, 85

marisola (festucae ab.), Plusia .. 121
maritima, Senta . . . . . . 94

marmorea, Ehodophsea . . . . 310

mathewi (viridata ab.), Nemoria

132, 133
matronalis (plantaginis ab.),

Nemeophila . . . . . . 274

maturna, Erebia . . . . . . 54

mauretanica (euphorbiffi I'ar.),

Hyles 173

medesicaste (rumina var.), Thais

177, 180
medusa, Erebia . . 76, 78, 192

megfera, Pararge . . 76, 78

melampus, Melampias (Erebia)

55, 98, 107, 150, 194, 206, 273
melana (dilutata ab.), Oporabia 61

Melanitis 22

melanocephala (leporina ab.),

Acronyeta.. .. .. .. 272

PAGE.

melanopa, Anarta . . . . 270, 271

melas, Erebia . . . . . . 192

meleager, Agriades . . . . . . 300

melinaria, Nemoria . . . . 129

melissa, Plebeius (Kusticus) . . 90

Melitaea 195

melliculus (apollo ab.), Parnassius 174
mendica, Spilosoma . . . . 86

mensuraria, Eubolia . . . . 248

menthastri, Spilosoma . . .30

menyanthidis, Acronyeta . . . . 13

meridionalis, Ornithoptera . . 172

mesomella, Lithosia . . . . 272

messaniella, Lithocolletis . . . . 210

meticulosa, Phlogophora . . . . 227

metis ( = inversa) /!j/6?-.,Smerinthus 203
miata, Cidaria . . . . . . 30

micacea, Hydroecia . . . . 18

microdactyla, Adaina , . 18, 145
miegii (virgaureas var.), Heodes

(Chrysophanus) . . . . 98

miniata, Calligenia . . . . 148-

minima(us), Cupido 75, 76, 78, 90,

116, 177, 194, 207, 236, 302
minor (trifolii var.), Anthrocera . . 247
minos, Anthrocera see purpuralis,

A.
minutata, Eupithecia . . . . 30

mirabilis (populi, ab.), Amorpha 173
mnemosyne, Parnassius 177, 178

mnestra, Erebia . . 54, 107, 150

monacha, Lymantria . . 95, 221

moneta, Plusia . . . . 214, 243

monodactyla, Emmelina . . 193, 299
montanata, Melanippe (Larentia)

30, 62, 78, 107, 121, 20a
mori, Bombyx . . . . . . 70

morpheus, Heteropterus . . . . 180

morrisii (bondii), Tapinostola 24, 270
mouffetella, Eupithecia . . . . 104

mucronellus, Schoenobius . . . . 298-

multistrigaria, Larentia . . 11, 17
mundana, Nudaria . . 20, 296-

mundata (obscurata ab.), Gnophos 243
muralis (glandifera), Bryophila . . 24
muricata, Hyria . . . . 64, 298

murina (vespertilio var.), Thaumas 173
murinata, Minoa . . . . . . 186

murinipennella, Coleophora . . 105
mutata, Acidalia . . . . . . 107

Mycalesis . . . . . . . . 22

myricae, Acronyeta . . . . 13

myrmidone, Colias . . . . 192

myrtilli, Anarta . . . . . . 20

nanata, Eupithecia . . 20, 29

napaeEE (pales var.), Brenthis . . 20&
napi, Pieris 23. 75. 78, 188, 218,

243, 269, 279, 280
narcissus, Mycalesis . . . . 22

neapolisata (fluctuata ab.), Mela-
nippe . . . . . . . . 62

nebulosa, Aplecta . .
neglecta, Noctua
nemoralis, Agrotera
nemorella, Cerostoma

272, 307
.. 24
.. 270
.. 104

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Nemoria . . . . . . . . 133

neopalsearctica hybr., Smerinthus 203
Nepticula . . . . 44, 45, 72, 252

neurica, Nonagria 164-168, 268,

286-293, 309
neustria, Malacosoma . . 70, 295
nexa, Nonagria . . . . . . 288

nicaea, Hyles . . . . . . 173

nichoUi, Protagrotis . . . . 94

nicholli (glacialis var.), Erebia .. 192
nictitans, Hydrcecia 146, 184, 310

nigra (alcon car.), Lycsena .. 301

nigra (areas ^Hlr.), Lyceena . . 278

nigra (consonaria ah.), Tephrosia 148
nigricans, Agrotis . . 13, 272, 297

nigrofulvata (liturata var.), Macaria

242, 272
nigrolineata (prunaria ab.), Ange-

rona . . . . . • . . 96
nigrorubicla (rurea ah.), Xylophasia 42
nigrosericeata (rectangulata ah.),

Eupithecia . . . . . . 61

nigrosparsata (grossulariata ab.),

Abraxas . . . . . . 242

niobe, Argynnis 97, 107, 125, 126,

127, 137, 138, 139, 149, 150,

194, 205, 273
nisseni ( = theryi) (lavandulse var.),

Anthrocera . . . . . . 218

nitidella, Argyresthia . . . . 104

nivatus (apollo var.), Parnassius . . 173
nivearia, Cleogene . . . . 152, 159

niveidactyla (baliodactyla), Merri-

fieldia (Wheeleria) . . . . 247

niveus, Acentropus . . . . . . 64

Noctua . . . . . . . . 158

Notodonta . . . . . . . . 158

nubeculosa, Asteroscopus . . 285, 310
nupta, Catocala . . . . 86, 93

nymphagoga, Catocala . . . . 93

nymph seata (potamogata), Hydro-

campa (Botys) 141, 142, 247

oberthueri hybr. ( = hybriduB),

Smerinthus . . . . . . 203

oberthiiri (orbitulus var.), Poly-

ommatus . . . . . . 180

oberthiiri (pyrenaica var.), Lycaena

179, 180
obfuscata, Dasydia (Gnophos) 49,

98, 107, 149, 193, 195, 201, 207
oblongata (centaureata), Eupithecia

20, 61
obsc-ura(arion i-ar. ),Lycffina 55,107, 301
obscura (daphne ab.), Brenthis 172
obscura (trifolii ab.), Anthrocera 23, 268
obscurata, Gnophos . . . . 243

obsoleta, Leucania . . 285, 295, 297
obsoleta (castrensis ab.), Malaco-
soma . . . . . . . . 271

obsoleta (corydon ab.), Agriades

270, 271
obsoleta (epiphron ab.), Erebia . . 274
obsoleta (eros ah.), Polyommatus. . 194
obsoleta (hyperanthus ab.), Aphan-

PAGE.

topus (Enodia) . . . . 243

obsoleta (orbitulus ab.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . 274

occitanica (phoebe var.), Melitsea

54, 55, 105, 169- 171
occultana, Psedisca . . . . 210

ocellana, Hedya , . 64, 210, 211

ocellaris, Mellinia . . . . 23, 240

ocellata, Melanthia . . . . 62

ocellata, Smerinthus 203, 210, 309

ocellata (jurtinaab.), Epinephele. . 247
ocellata-populi hybr., Smerinthus

242, 309
ochracea (asthiops ab.), Erebia .. 206
ochracea (pronoe ab.), Erebia . . 206
ochrata, Acidalia . . 13, 64, 270

ochrea (rurea ah.), Xylophasia . . 42
ochroleuca, Eremobia . . . . 270

ochsenheimeri, Anthrocera 93, 126, 138
ocnerostomella, Douglasia . . 64

oetomaculata, Ennychia . . . . 98

cedipus, Ctenonympha 180, 181, 192
a?me, Erebia . . . . 78, 179

olivacea (chi var.), Polia . . 272, 285
olivacea (quercus ab.), Lasiocampa 43
olivaceo-fasciata (quercus ab.),

Lasiocampa . . . . . . 43

olivaceo-marginata (viridata ab.),

Nemoria .. .. 132, 133

olivata, Larentia . . . . . . 13

omicronaria, Zonosoma . . . . 186

ononaria, Aplasta . . . . 123, 128

onosmella, Coleophora . . . . 23

operosa (hybridus var.), Smerinthus 203
ophthalmicana, Psedisca . . 210, 211
Oporabia . . . . . . . . 12

optilete, Plebeius 55. 193, 233, 301
or, Cymatophora . . . . 13, 227

orbitulus, Polyommatus 55, 179,

180, 207, 273, 274, 301,
orichalcea, Plusia . . . . . . 279

orientalis (aurinia var.), Melitaea 78
orientalis (nicsea var.), Hyles . . 173
orion, Scolitantides 144, 176,

177, 180, 272
ornata, Acidalia . . . . . . 99

Ornithoptera .. .. 172, 202

ornithopus, Xylina . . . . 30

orophila, Plusia . . . . . . 94

ossea (nitidella var.), Argyresthia 104
osseana, Aphelia . . . . . . 193

osteodactyla, Hellinsia . . . . 145

ostrina, Micra . . . . . . 285

Ourapteryx ( = Uraptera) . . 205

oxyacanthffi, Miselia . . . . 20

padellus, Hyponomeuta . . . . 185

palsemon, Cyclopides 14, 15, 30,
31, 32, 33, 54. 65, 76, 77,

78, 146
palfeno, Colias . . 149, 207, 300

pales, Brenthis 107, 108, 150,

193, 206, 270, 273, 274
pallescens (pronoe ah.), Erebia .. 206
palJens, Leucania 119. 168, 272, 297

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

. 299

.. 206

, . 272

. . 206

. . 271

. . 69

pallida, Scoparia

pallida (euryale ab.), Erebia

pallida (nebulosa ah.), Aplecta

pallida (pales ah.), Brenthis

pallidactyla, Gillmeria

paludicola, Buckleria

paludicola, Nonagria .see gemini-

puncta, N.
paludis, Hydrtecia 146, 184, 272

paludum, Buckleria . . 53, 69

palumbaria, Eubolia . . . . 62

palurabella, Pempelia . . . . 64

palustris, Anthrocera . . 218, 248
palustris, Hydrilla . . 285, 299

pamphilus, Ccenonympha 19, 78,

86, 121, 193, 194, 222, 240,

243, 246, 247, 279, 280
pantaria (sylvata var.), Abraxas . . 23
paphia, Dryas 55, 70, 126, 127,

136, 139, 192, 221, 222, 226,

243, 246, 254, 268, 280, §07

Papilio 22

papilionaria, Geometra (Leptornus)

61, 131, 134, 205, 298
paradisea, Ornithoptera . . . . 172

Parnassius . . . . . . . . 126

parrhasius, Binghamia . . 301-305
parthenie, Melitea 75, 76, 77, 78,

177, 179
parvidactyla, Oxyptilus
pasiphae, Epinephele
pastinum, Toxocampa
pavonia, Saturnia
pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia

..186

172, 178, 180

119, 296, 297

67, 70, 192

11,

20, 61

151-159

.. 285

29, 61

18, 299

ah.),

.. 18

.. 278

272, 310

.. 204

.. 204

.. 222

.. 272

29, 61

.. 63

peletieraria, Cleogene
peltigera, Heliothis
pennaria, Himera . .
pentadactyla, Alucita
perfumaria (rhomboidaria

Boarmia
perlellus, Crambus . .
permutana, Peronea
pernoldi hijbr., Phryxus . .
pernoldiana hybr., Phryxus
perochraria, Acidalia
petasitis, Hydroecia
petraria, Panagra . .
pfeifferella, Antispila
phseodactyla, Marasmarcha see

lunajdactyla, Marasmarcha
Phalsena (Geometra) . . 141, 205

phalanta, Atella . . . . . . 22

Phaophyga (Bupalus) . . . . 205

phegea, Syntomis .. .. .. 218

pheretes, Polyommatus 54, 207, 301
phicomone, Colias . . 55, 107, 108,

151, 193, 194, 207, 273, 300
philenor, Laertias (Papilio) . . 255

phileuphorbia 7i;/6r., Phryxus .. 204
philoxenus (tiphon var.), Coe-

nonympha . . . . . . 279

phlseas, Rumicia (Chrysophanus)

19, 21, 127, 137, 149, 181,

183, 242, 266, 271

247
13

284
12

299
64

86, 274
183
24
172

PAGE.

phcebe, Melitffia ..54,55,96,98,

105, 144, 169-171, 177, 193, 301
phcenicea (achilleas var.), Anthro-
cera . . . - . . . . 74

phragmitellus, Chile . . . . 298

phragmitidis, Calamia (Nonagria)

94, 289, 297
phrygialis, Titanio (Scopula) 108, 208
picata, Cidaria . . . . . . 228

pictaria, Aleucis . . . . . . 12

Pieris 253

pilosaria, Phigalia see pedaria, P.
pilosellse, Oxyptilus
pimpinellata, Eupithecia . ,
pinastri, Hyloicus . .
pinetaria, Fidonia . .
pinguinalis, Aglossa
pinguis, Euzophera
piniaria(us), Bupalus (Ematurga,

Phaophyga) 12, 121, 205, 210
pinicolana, Retinia.. .. ..64

piniperda, Panolis . . 192, 210, 211

pitho (pronoe var.), Erebia .. 206

plagicolella, Nepticula . . 45, 72

plantaginis, Nemeophila

Plebeius

plumbaria, Eubolia

Plusia

pneumonanthes (graphodactyla

var.), Adkinia . . 174, 176, 214
podalirius, Iphiclides (Papilio)

75, 77, 78, 176, 177, 180, 254
polaris (urticas ab.), Aglais . . 24

polios, Incisalia . . . . . . 21

polychloros, Eugenia 76, 78, 172, 242
polygrammata, Phibalapteryx . . 285
polyeden, Xylophasia . . 18, 24
Polyommatus . . . . . . 183

Polyphasia ( = Dysstroma) .. 143

polysperchinus (parrhasius ab.)
Binghamia (Everes, Plebeius)

302, 304, 305
polypserchon (argiadesafo.), Everes
78, 79, 80, 232, 233, 234,

235-236, 265, 266
popularis, Neuronia . . . . 64

populata, Cidaria . . 18, 193, 206

populeti, Tffiniocampa . . . . 30

populi, Amorpha (Smerinthus)

62, 173, 203, 210, 309
populi, Najas . . . . . . 192

populi, Poecilocampa . . . . 20

porcellus, Phryxus . . . . . . 204

porima (levana ab.), Araschnia 21, 22
porrinaria, Nemoria . . . . 130

perrinata, Nemeria. . .. .. 129

posterogrisea (tiphon ab.),

Ccenonympha . . . . . . 279

potamegata, Betys see nympheata,

Hydrocampa
potateria, Cosmotriche 23, 29,

86, 119, 295
prseangusta, Batrachedra . . . . 104

prseterita (rapse ab.), Pieris . . 121

privata (euphorbia ab.), Hyles . . 173

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

proboscidalis, Hypena . . . . 227

procida (galathea i^ar.), Melanaigia

242, 270
profundana, Predisca . . . . 64

progemmaria.Hybernia see margin -

aria, H.
promethea, Callosamia . . . . 120

promissa, Catocala . . . . 45, 93

pronoe, Erebia . . . . . . 206

pronubana, Tortrix 72, 94, 148,

188, 213, 270
propugnata, Coremia . . . . 62

prorsa (levanai'rtr.), Araschnia 21, 22
prosapiaria, EUopia . . 61, 64

provincialis (aurinia var.), Melitsea 310
pruniana, Penthina . . . . 210

pruinata (cytisaria), Pseudoterpna

61, 121, 128, 270
prunaria, Angerona. . .. 96, 228

prunetorum, Nepticula . . . . 72

pruni, Strymon 54, 162, 182, 183, 245
pseudargiolus, Celastrina . . . . 89

pseudonomion (apollo ab.), Par-

nassius . . . . . . . . 174

pseudospretella, Borkhausenia . . 92
psi, Triaena . . . . 119, 216, 243

psittacata, Cidaria . . . . . . 64

psodea (medusa rar.), Erebia .. 192
pudorina, Leucania. . .. .. 297

pulchellata, Eupithecia . . 64, 272
pulchrina, Plusia . . . . . . 30

pulveraria, Numeria . . . . 272

pumilata, Eupithecia . . 12, 29
punctaria, Ephyra . . . . . . 96

punctidactyla ( = acantbodactyla),

Amblyptilia . . . . . . 222

punctularia, Tephrosia . . . . 61

purpuralis (minos), Anthrocera
24, 73, 74, 86, S3, 97, 107,
126, 137, 138, 149, 150, 309
purpuralis (purpuraria), Botys 141, 142
purpuraria (purpuralis), Botys 141, 142
pusaria, Cabera . . . . 61, 186

pustulata (bajularia), Phorodesma 61
puta, Agrotis . . . . . . 185

putris (rurea r(i;.), Xylophasia .. 42
pygmfeata, Eupithecia . . 13, 30
pygmffioides (fausta var.), Anthro-
cera 172

pygmajola (lutarella), Lithosia 13, 195
pyraliata, Cidaria . . . . . . 298

pyrenaica, Polyommatus ^Lycaena) 179
pyrenaica (atrata var.), Odezia

222-225, 264, 271
pyrenaica (epiphron var.), Erebia

179, 180
pythonissa (camilla ah.), Limenitis 172
quadra, Lithosia . . . . . . 221

quadrifaria, Psodos , . . . 273

quercifolia, Eutricha 64, 86, 295

quercinaria, Ennomos . . . . 30

quercvis, Bithys 93, 162, 180, 182,

1«3, 222

querciis, Lasiocampa 20, 29, 43,

126, 133, 136, 172, 222, 272
radiomarginaria (punctaria ab.),

Ephyra 96

ragonoti (carniolica ab.), Anthro-
cera 172

rapse, Pieris 19, 75, 78, 119, 121,

193. 207, 246, 253, 279, 301, 309
ratzburghiana, Paedisca . . . . 64

ravida, Agrotis . . . . . . 296

Baywardia (Langia) . . . . 143

rectangulata, Eupithecia . . 61, 298
reducta (camilla ah.), Limenitis 172
regiana, Stigmonota . . . . 210

repandata, IBoarmia 12, 29, 61,

119, 121, 122, 271, 272
resinana, Ketinia . . . . 192, 210

reticulata, Neurica . . . . 297

retinella, Argyresthia . . . . 104

rhamnata, Scotosia . . . . 298

rhamni, Gonepteryx 75, 78, 98,

206, 254, 279, 299
rhomboidaria, Boarmia . . 18, 61
rhynchosporella, Elachista . . 64

ribeana, Tortrix .. .. ..210

rivata, Melanippe . . . . . . 62

robertsi (euphorbife var.), Hyles . . 173
roboraria, Boarmia . . . . 24

roboris, Lffiosopis . . 177, 178, 180
robsoni (nebulosa var.), Aplecta

272, 307
rorellus, Hyponomeuta . . . . 267

rosana, Tortrix . . . . . . 64

roxelana, Pararge .. .. .. 192

rubi, Callophrys 21, 29, 75, 78,

162, 182, 183, 218
rubi, Macrothylacia 11, 30, 120,

121, 192
rubi, Noctua . . . . 243, 270

rubi, Papilio . . . . . . 81

rubianus (victorise var.), Troides

(Ornithoptera) . . . . 72

rubigiuata, Melanthia . . . . 62

rubiginea, Dasycampa . . . . 2»5

rubivora, Nepticula . . . . 45

rubricosa, Tseniocampa (Pach-

nobia) .. .. 17, 29

rufa, Coenobia . . 119, 294, 297

rufa (apollo a&.), Parnassius .. 174
ruficineta (trifolii aft.), Anthrocera 248
ruficinctata, Larentia . . . . 13

rufocinerea, Elachista . . . . 105

rufotincta (viridata ah.), Nemoria

132, 1.33
Eumicia .. .. 181,- 182, 183

rumina, Thais

rupicapraria, Hybernia

RuralidiB

Kuralidi

Ruralinffi

Ruralis

ruralis (verticalis), Botys

rurea, Xylophasia

russata, Cidaria (Polyphasia)

.. 177,

180

20,

29

.. 181,

183

. . 182,

183

183

'. . 182,

183

141

'..11, 41,

42

143

SPECIAL INDEX.

russula, Euthemonia
sacraria, Sterrha
sagittata, Cidaria . .
salaeiella, Opostega
salicata, Larentia . .
salicella, Dasystoma
salicis, Leucoma

PAGE.

. 206

. 271

,. 298

. 105

,. 29

.. 63
49, 50, 135, 145,

186, 187, 296
sambuearia, Urapteryx 61, 200,

201, 205

sanio, Diaerisia . . . . . . 78

sao, Powellia 55, 75, 76, 77, 78, 177

satellitia, Scopelosoma . . . . 20

saturatior (elymi rar.), Tapinostola 267

saturnana, Diciorampha . . . . 64

satyrata, Eupithecia . . . . 12

Satyrinee . . . . . . . . 254

satyrion, Ccsnonympha 193, 194,

207, 273

saucia, Peridroma . . . . . . 96

scabiosata, Eupithecia . . . . 298

scabiosellus, Nemotois . . . . 247

scabriuscula, Dipterygia . . . . 23

schalleriana, Acalla . . . . 45

scitella, Cemiostoma . . . . 64

scoliseformis, Aegeria . . 12, 285

Scoparia . . . . . . . . 49

seotiea ( = laidion) ( = tiphon i;ar.),

Ccenonympha . . . . 245

scrophulariffi, Cucullia . . . . 121

scutosa, Heliothis . . . . 242, 285

scutulata, Acidalia . . . . 119, 298

sebrus, Cupido . . 76, 78, 236, 302

segetum, Agrotis . . . . . . 271

segregata (fausta ab.), Anthroceia 172

selasellus, Crambus 278, 280, 298
selene, Brenthis 138, 172, 226, 228

86

).

247

161

semele, Satyr us

semialbescens (hyperanthus ab
Enodia (Aphantopus)

semialbovirgata (w-album ab
Chattendenia

semiargus (acis), Cyaniris . .54, 75,
76, 77, 78, 90, 96, 107, 116,
126, 127, 176, 178, 183, 192,
194, 207, 217, 221, 278, 279, 284

semibrunnea (corydon ab.),
Agriades

semibrunnea, Xylina

semicans ( = phragmitidis), Non-
agria . .

semilyllus (pamphilus ab.), Cceno-
nympha

semipurpurella, Eriocrania

semistriata (exulans ab.), Anthro-
cera . .

senex, Nudaria 119, 148, 294, 296,

Serena, Hecatera

sericea, Lithosia

sericealis, Eivula

seriziata (sericiata), Anthrocera ..

serratulae, Hesperia

sexaUsata, Lobophora

Sibylla, Limenitis

172

285

289

121
105

274
299
216
272
297
218
177
.. 298
192, 310

PAGE.

siceliota, Stangeia . . . . . . 53

sichi (emphorbise ab.), Hyles .. 173
sicula (quercus var.), Lasiocampa 172
siderata, Cidaria . . . . . . 30

similis(auriflua), Porthesia 119, 272, 296
simplonia, Anthocharis 55, 75, 76,

78, 169
simulata, Thera . . . . . . 208

sinapis, Leptidia 64, 75, 77, 78, 97,

98, 126, 136, 193, 228, 246,

279, 280
sinepuncta (orbitulus ab.), Poly-
ommatus . . . . . . 274

sinuata, Anticlea . . . . 13, 24

soeiata, Melanippe . . . . . . 217

sociella ( = colonum), Aphomia

(Botys) 137, 141, 228, 299

solitariella, Coleophora . . . . 105

sorbi, Litbocolletis . . . . . . 105

sordidata (elutata^, Hypsipetes

12, 13, 18, 23, 29, 62, 298
sparganiella, Orthotelia . . . . 64

sparganii, Nonagria 270, 271, 289

sparsata, Collix . . . . . . 298

sphegiformis, iEgeria . . . . 12

spini, Thecla . . . . . . 300

spinosella, Nepticula . . 45, 72

spinula, Cilix . . . . 20, 296

spoliata (aversataa?).), Acidalia 61, 119
sponsa, Catocala . . . . . . 45

stagnata, Hydrocampa . . . . 64

Stangeia . . . . . . . . 53

statices, Adscita . . . . . . 248

staudingeri (populi ab.), Amorpha 173
stellatarum, Sesia . . . . 125, 247

Stephens!, Anthrocera . . 218, 248
sthennyo (lappona var.), Erebia

178, 180
straminata, Acidalia . . . . 64

straminea, Leucania 94, 295, 297

stramineola(griseolaiY(r.), Lithosia 296
strandi (ferrugata ah.), Coremia .. 121
strataria, Biston (Dasyphara) . . 205
striata (exulans ab.), Anthrocera 274
strigata, Nemoria . . . . . . 129

strigilis, Miana .. .. 121, 309

strigosa, Hyboma . . . . . . 285

Strymon 182, 183

Strymonidi 182, 183

Strymonidia (Leechia) . . . . 143

stygne, Erebia 177, 178, 179, 300

suasa, Hadena . . . . . . 297

suaveila, KhodophiBa . . 271, 310

subalpina, Loweia . . . . 207, 273

subrosea, Agrotis . . . . . . 285

subsequa, Triphaena . . . . 227

subtusa, Tethea . . . . . . 30

subtusradiata (argiolus ab.), Celas-

trina 120, 172

suffumata, Cidaria . . 12, 13, 17, 29
suffusa (aurita a6.), Setina .. 149

suffusa (phlseas ab.), Rumicia

(Heodes) 149

suffusa (psi a&.), Trisena .. .. 216

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

suffusella, Phyllocnistis . . . . 249

supercavanea (hyale ab.), Colias . . 121
suspecta, Dyscborista . . . . 272

sylvanus, Augiades 77, 78, 126,

137, 246, 279, 280
sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas 23, 84,

86, 272
sylvellus, Crambus . . . . 64, 280

Sylvius, Cyclopides 14, 15, 30, 31, 33
syringaria, Pericallia (Geometra)

67, 205
syringella, Gracilaria 145, 187, 210
tages, Nisoiiiades . . . . 75, 78

tamarisciata, Eupitbecia 102, 103,

104, 144
taras (malvse ah.), Hesperia . . 173

tarsipennalis, Zanclognatba 65, 227
tau, Aglaia . . . . . . . . 78

telicanus, Raywardia 140, 143, 173

teraerata, Bapta . . . . . . 78

tenipb, Dasypolia . . . . 18, 285

tenoraria (birtaria ail.), Biston .. 121
tersata, Pbibalapteryx . . . . 228

tesseradactyla(tiscberi), Fredericina 195
testata, Cidaria . . 18, 29, 62, 298
testudo, Cocblidion . . . . 64

tetiadactyla, Merrifieldia see tri-

dactyla, M.
tbadia (florella a&.), Catopsilia .. 22

Tbais 70

thalia, Strymonidia . . . . 143

tbaumas, Adopsea see flava, A.

Tbeclida) 181

Tbeclinse ( = Ruralin8e) .. .. 183

tbersamon, Chrysopbanus . . 192

tbervi (lavanduhB var.), Anthrocera 218

Tbestoridi 182

tboinpsoni (nebulosa var.), Aplecta 307

12,

226
64
16

61
203

187

tbore, Brentbis

thrasonella, Glypbipteryx

Tbymelicus . .

tbymiaria, Hemitbea

tibffi, Mimas. .

tiliaria, Ennomos . .

tipbon, Ccenonympba 30, 86, 245,

246, 247, 248, 278, 279, 280
tipuliformis, iEgeria .. .. 11

tiresias ( = alcetas), Everes 233-237

titbonus, Epinepbele . . 24, 86, 310

tithymali (eupborbite ah.), Hyles 173
tityus, Hemaris . . 78, 107, 128

Tortiicidae 190

transalpina, Antbrocera 49, 74,

126, 138, 150, 273
transfuga (rubi ah.), Macrotbylacia 121
tranversaria (macularia ah.),

Venilia
tremuHfolia, Gastropacba .
trepidaria, Psodos . .
triangulum, Noctua
Tribacis
Tricboptilus..
tridactyla (tetradactyla),

fieldia 126, 195, 208, 228, 247

121

96

" 12,

273

227

205

53,

69

Merri-

trifoUi, Antbrocera 22, 23, 78, 86,
218, 247, 248, 268,

trifobi, Paebygastria . . 70,

trigrammica, Grammesia . .

triopes (gorge ah.), Erebia 169,

tripartita (urticse), Habrostola 18,

triplasia, Habrostola

trisignaria, Eupitbecia

tristis (acbillefE a6.), Antbrocera ..

tristrigella, LitbocoUetis . .

tritici, Agrotis . . . . 13,

tritopbus, Notodonta

troilus, Eupboeades (Papilio) 254,

truncata, Dysstroma (Cidaria)

turionana, Retinia . .

turnus ( = glaucus), Jasoniades
(Papilio)

tutti ( = stepbensi) ( = bippocrepi-
dis), Antbrocera

tuttodactyla, Marasmarcba 50,

typbffi, Nonagria see arundinis,
N 289,

tyndarus, Erebia 107, 150, 173, 179,
190, 193, 194, 206, 273,

uliginosellus, Crambus

ulmana, Olinda

ulmata, Abraxas see sylvata, A.

ulmifoliella, LitbocoUetis . .

ulvffi, Senta (Nonagria) . . 289,

unangulata, Melanippe

unea, Hydrelia

unicolor (arion ah.), Lycsena

unidentaria, Coremia

unifasciana, Tortrix

unifasciata, Emmelesia

unimaculella, Eriocrania . .

unipuncta (orbitulus ah.), Poly-
ommatus

unipuncta (extranea), Leucania
18, 242,

unita, Litbosia

Uraptera (Ourapteryx)

urticae, Aglais 19, 24, 29, 36, 40,

54, 63, 75, 77, 78, 106, 107,

125, 172, 173, 207, 221, 246,

275,

urticse (tripartita ah.), Habrostola

urticata, Eurrbypara (Botys; 63,
141,

vaculella, Ocbsenbeimeria

valerianata, Eupitbecia

valesina (papbia var.), Dryas 127,
221,

valligera, Agrotis see vestigialis, A.

varia, Melitaea . . . . 195,

varians hybr., Smerintbus

varians (inversa) hyhr., Smerin-
tbus . .

variata, Tbera

varleyata (grossulariata var.).
Abraxas .. .. 242, 243,

velleda, Hepialus . .

venosa, Arsiloncbe . .

verbasci, CucuUia .. .. 119,

309

86

271

274

30

30

13

74

63

297

147

255

143

210

255

218
53

290

301

298
64

105

296

119

297

172

62

64

13

105

274

285
221
205

278
18

242
92

298

222

13

301

203

203
62

310

18
297
121

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

veris /ij/6r., Gastiopacha .. ..96

vernaria, Geometra .. 61, 128

versicolora, Dimorpha . . . . 145

verticalis, Botys . . . . . . 141

■ vespei'tilio, Thaumus (Phryxus)

173, 204
vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis .. 13
vetulata, Scotosia . . . . . . 297

vetusta, Calocampa . . . . 29

viburuiana, Tortrix . . . . 64

vicise (achilleeea?).), Anthrocera 73, 74
victorise, Troides (Ornithoptera) 72, 172

villica, Arctia 66, 86

viminalis, Cleoceris 20, 227, 297

vimineteUa, Coleophora . . . . 105

vinula, Dicranura (Cerura) 17,

192, 210, 211, 253, 270
virellata (pruinata var.), Pseudo-
terpna . . . . . . . . 121

virgata (euryaleaft.), Erebia •• 206
virgata (pronoe ab.}, Erebia . . 206

virgaurese, Heodes (Chrysophanus)

54, 55, 98, 107, 125, 127,

136, 137, 138, 150, 181,

193, 195, 207, 212, .301
virgaureee, Coleophora . . 243, 310
virginiensis (huntera), Pyrameis . . 122
virgularia (incanaria), Acidalia

61, 65, 86, 119
vulgata, Eupithecia . . . . 61

viridana, Tortrix . . . . . . 210

viridata (aria), Nemoria 128-135, 243
viridella, Adela . . . . . . 105

vitellina, Leucania . . . . 271

w-album, Chattendenia 143, 159-

162, 182, 183, 186
walteri (wetteri by error) mongr.,

Phryxus .. .. 204, 311

wavaria, Acidalia . . . . . . 298

wetteri {reel, walteri) mongr.,

Phryxus .. .. 204, 311

wolfensbergeri(maturnaa6.),Melit£ea 54
xanthographa, Noctua . . . . 24

xanthomelas, Eugonia . . . . 172

xanthomista, Polia.. .. .. 285

xylostella, Cerostoma . . . . 104

zermattensis (virgaureffi var.),

Heodes (Chrysophanus) . . 207
ziezac, Notodonta . . . . 253, 296
zophodactyla, Adkinia . . . . 176

Zyg6ena=Anthrocera ., .. 218

ORTHOPTERA.

Names marked * are synonyms.

abbreviata, Gampsocleis . . . . 142

acanthopygia, Chelidurella . . 117

Acridium 81, 82

acuminata, Euconocephalus . . 16

ffigyptium, Acridium , . . . 82

Agroecini . . . . . . 16, 17

albipennis, Apterygida . . 117, 275

andalusica, Steropleurus . . 60, 112

annffi, Gampsocleis . . . . . . 142

annse, Steropleurus. . .. 59, 110

assoi (glabra var.), Gampsocleis . . 142

asturiensis, Steropleurus

.. 59,

110

azami, Dolichopoda

259

Bffitica

198

balearica, Steropleurus

59,

111

bicolor, Platycleis . .

118

bicolor, Stauroderus

. 275,

276

biguttulus, Stauroderus

118

bipunctatus, Tettix

277

bolivari, Callicrania

. *. 196,

197

bolivari, Pycnogaster

. . 200,

257

bormansi, Dolichopoda

259

brachyptera, Platycleis

277

brevipes, Pycnogaster

'. 200,

257

brunneri, Steropleurus

60,

112

buergeri, Gampsocleis

143

cserulescens, (Edipoda

118

Callicrania . .

195

castellana, Steropleurus

60,

112

catalaunica, Steropleurus

58,

60

cavannae, Steropleurus

58,

60

cavicolus, Troglophilus

. .

259

*cinereus, Thamnotrizon

. 118,

277

citrinum, Acridium

82

Conocephalidffi

16

Conocephalini

'. '. I'e",

17

Conocephalus

16,

17

*coronata, Steropleurus

.

110

cucuUatus, Pycnogaster

. 200,

257

Cyrtacanthacris

82

danicus, Pachytylus

118

dorsale, Xiphidium. .

17, lis".

277

dorsalis, Chorthippus

118

durieui, Uromenus . .

58

Ectobia

117

elegans, Chorthippus

276

elegans, Steropleurus

".59,60,

113

Euconocephalus

16

finoti, Pycnogaster

'. m,

200

fischeri, Stenobothrus

276

*flavicorne, Acridium

82

flavovittatus, Steropleurus

112

fuscum, Xiphidium

118

Gampsocleis..

.

142

geniculata, Dolichopoda .

. 259,

260

glabra, Gampsocleis

. 118,

142

graellsi, Pycnogaster

. 199,

200

*gratiosa, Gampsocleis

143

grisea, Platycleis . .

'. 211,

278

griseoaptera, Olynthoscelis

118,

277

grossus, Mecostethus

117

hssmorrhoidalis, Omocestu

s

118

HomocoryphuB

16

*idomenffii, Steropleurus .

110

inermis, Pycnogaster

] 199',

200

italicus, Caloptenus

118

jugicola, Pycnogaster

'. 2o"o",

258

lapponica, Ectobia . .

148

lesnei, Forficula . . 1

17, 27'5*,

230

linderi, Dolichopoda

259

*lineatum, Acridium

82

lineatus, Stenobothrus 1

17, 276,

276

*lineola, Acridium . .

82

Litroscelini . .

." 1*6",

17

longicornis, Chorthippus .

276

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

maculatus, Gomphocerus . . . . 277

*manclibulans, Conocephalus . . 16

martinezi, Platystolus . . . . 199

martorellii, Steropleurus . . 59, 111

miegi, Callicrania .. .. 196, 198

mikado, Gampsocleis . . . . 143

minor. Labia . . . . 230, 305

*monticola, Callicrania . . . . 196

*mutsohito, Gampsocleis . . . . 143

Neoconocephalus . . . . . . 16

nigrogeniculatus, Stenobothrus . . 276

nitidulus, Homocoryphus . . . . 17

nivea, Panchlora . . . . . . 148

nobrei, Steropleurus . . . . 59, 111

obscura, Gampsocleis . . . . 143

obsoleta, Steropleurus . . 59, 110

obvia, Callicrania . . . . . . 196

Orcbelimum . . . . . . 17

ortegai, Steropleurus . . 59, 110

pachygaster, Prseephippigera .. 198

palpata, Dolichopoda . . 259, 260

panzeri, Ectobia . . . . 275, 276

parallelus, Chorthippus . . 275, 276

pellucida, Callicrania . . 196, 197

peregrina, Sehistocerca . . . . 82

perezi, Steropleurus . . 59, 111

Phyllium 94

Platepbippius . . 198 note.

Platystolus 198

podolica, Gampsocleis . . . . 142

polita, Steropleurus.. 59,111, 113

Praeephippigera . . . . . . 198

pseudola, Steropleurus . . 60, 112

punctatissima, Leptophyes . . 277

Pycnogaster . . . . . . 199

ramburi, Callicrania .. .. 196

religiosa, Mantis . . . . . . 117

reticauda, Gampsocleis . . . . 142

rhombifolia, Dorylaea . . . . 22

riparia, Labidura . . . . . . 117

roeselii, Platycleis .. .. 118, 277

roseuni, Acridium . . . . . . 82

ruficorne, Acridium . . , . 82

rufipes, Omocestus . . . . 275, 276

rufus, Gomphocerus . . 118, 276

rugosicollis, Uromenus . . . . 58

Saga 258

sanchez-gomezi, Pycnogaster 199, 257

*scabricollis, Steropleurus. . .. 112

Sehistocerca.. .. .. ..82

*selliger, Callicrania . . . . 197

seoanei, Callicrania . . 196, 197

serrata, Callicrania . . 196, 197

PAGE.

serrata, Saga . . . . . . 258

serricauda, Barbitistes . . . . 118

siculus, Steropleurus . . 59, 110

spinulosa, Gampsocleis . . . . 142

stall, Steropleurus . . . . 59, 111

Steropleurus . . . . . . . . 58

stigmaticus, Stenobothrus. . .. 118

striatus, Conocephalus . . . . 17

stridulus, Psophus . . . . . . 118

subtilis, Conocephalus . . . . 17

subulatus, Neoconocephalus . . 1(3

subulatus, Tettix 277

surcularius, Platystolus . . . . 199
Synephippius . . . . (note) 197

tamerlana, Gampsocleis . . . . 143

tataricum, Acridium . . . . 82

tetrus, Conocephalus . . . . 17

Tettix 230

Troglophilus 259

ultimus, Conocephalus . . . . 17

Uromenus . . . . . . . . 58

ustulata, Baetica . . . . . . 198

vagans, Omocestus . . 118, 275, 276
varium, Meconema. . .. .. 277

vittata. Saga . . . . . . 259

viridissima, Locusta . . . . 277

verrucivorus, Decticus . . 118, 277
vitium, Ephippigera . . . . 118

Xiphidiini 16, 17

zelleri, Ephippigera . . . . 113

ODONATA.

Anax . . . . . . . . . . 306

cserulescens, Orthetrum . . . . 269

curtisii, Oxygastra . . . . . . 148

depressa, Libellula . . . . . . 269

flaveolum, Sympetrum . . . . 216

fonscolombii, Sympetrum . . . . 269

fulva, Libellula 269

imperator, Anax . . . . 269, 306
isosceles, iEschna . . . . • . 269
metallica, Somatochlora • • . . 269
prasnubila (quadrimaculata var.),

Libellula 307

quadrimaculata, Libellula 216,

269, 306, 307
scoticum, Sympetrum . . . . 306

THYSANURA.

vesiculosus, Anajapyx . . . . 69

TRICHOPTERA.

grandis, Phrygania. . .. .. 306

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI are now due.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

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Dui)Ucates. — Cervinaria*, Dictsea*. De.s/deraia.— Eubricollis, Albicolon, Cursoria,
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and Nearctic species. — J. If. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro\

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MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
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The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
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The Entomologist's Library.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvae, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."

Rambles in Alpine Valleys> Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
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and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &c.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
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(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
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Stray Notes on the Noctuse. Price Is. net. An account of the
classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.

Postal Orders to be addressed to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Eoad, Lady-
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British Lepidoptera.

TUESDAY, January 26th, at 1 o'clock,

Mr. J. C Stevens,

Will SELL by AUCTION, at bis rooms, 38, KING STKEET, GOVENT GARDEN,

London, W.C., the

Collection of British Macro- and Micro-
Lepidoptera,

Formed by C. H. SCHILS, Esq., including several fine specimens of C. dispap, N.
subrosea, L. coenosa, and other rare and extinct species, together with the Two Forty-
drawer Cabinets in which they are contained.

Also the COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. mostly in
very fine condition, formed by A. M. SMALLPIEGE, Esq., containing some important
varieties and some fine C. exulis, together with the Mahogany Cabinets in which the
collection is contained. Also other small collections of British and Exotic Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera, etc., from other sources.

On view day prior 10 to 4 and morning of sale. Catalogues on application.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s« eacSt volume, net, op 17s. 6<#. foa* the three

partSm

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK anl A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.
Also detailed chapters on
" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoj)tera," "Killing," "Pinning," "Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," "Pupas," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sib, — Please lorward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts 1, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 Ts. 6d.

Name

Address

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Bpockley, S.E.

Important Sale of
British Lepldoptera.

Mr. J. C Stevens,

Begs to announce that the first portion of the

Collection of British Lepidoptera

Formed by the late

T. MADDISON, Esq., F.E.S.

(well known by the number of valuable varieties which it contains), will be OFFEKED

for SALE by AUCTION in February.

Catalogues ready one week prior to sale, may be had on application to the Auctioneer,

58, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

THE THIRD VOLUME

OF

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third Yolume of the above standard work, fully and profusely illustrated, will
be published in 20 parts, at Is. per part. These parts will contain a monographic
revision of the British " blue^' butterflies, confessedly the most difficult group of butterflies
to deal with biologically, represented in the British Isles. For this work life-histories of
each British species have been worked out at length, and photographs of the dilferent
stages of almost every species made from life.

Two parts of this new volume have now been published, dealing in the Preliminary
Chapters with " The Family-habits in the Chrysophanid Larvae," and " The Family-
habits in the Skipper Larvae," and in the Systematic part with " Everes argiades," the
rarest of British butterflies.

The work will be fully and profusely illustrated. So much recent discovery has been
made in the structural characters of the "blue" butterflies, that it is possible to illus-
trate this as no other work has been illustrated. It will contain not only full-page
illustrations of the life-histories of the different species dealt with, but details of structure
quite new, and now published for the first time.

To do this, however, to the fullest extent will require real support from all lepi-
dopterists who really make a scientific study of Butterflies. This part of the work will,
of course, be as valuable to Continental and American as to British lepidopterists.

Suhscribers for the 30 parts (in the last volume these extended to 2.5 parts at the
same subscription price) is fixed at 17s. 6d., lohieli must be paid direct to J. Herbeit Tutt.
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To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be seiit direct, and the
following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith: —

Please enter my name as a subscriber for the new series of 20 parts of A
Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order for 17s. 6d.
Naine

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackeath, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
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2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW EOOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, Ac.

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LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic).
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36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

Notes on the ZygaBnidae.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

PRICE ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE.
{Containing ini account of the newly-discovered BritisJi S2)ecies.)
Chapter I. Zygaena exidans and its varieties.
Chapter II. Zi/r/aena carniolica and its varieties.
Chapter III. Zyijaena achilleae and its varieties.
Chapter IV. Zi/(jaeiia transalpina and its varieties.
Chapter V. Zjiyaena medica<iinis and its varieties.
Chapter VI. Z;/i/aena ochsenheiuicn.

Postal Orders to A. H., 11, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMINATIONIS DIGESTIONIS ATQUE DENOMINATONia
SINGULARUM STIRPIUM LEPIDOPTERORUM, &c.

By JACOB HUBNER

(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price Gd. (post free]. Three
copies for Is.
Postal Order to J. Hekbekt Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E.

100 Volumes Sold in a Fortnight.

NOTICE.

GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Our offer, made last month, to supply for a time the back volumes of the lint. Record
at a very much lower rate than has been possible hitherto, has evidently i^roved attractive
and given general satisfaction except to those who became subscribers two, three, or four
years ago, and who consequently do not care to pay as much for 16, 17, 18, or 19 volumes,
as for 20. In order to meet this objection we offer until the next issue (or so long as the
stock lasts), complete sets of —

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation
(Vols. I-XX).

At the greatly reduced price of £5, that is, at the rate of i&. per volume. Single,
two, or three back volumes at 6s. per volume ; four, or five at 5s. 9d. per volume ; any
six, seven, eight, or nine volumes at 5s. 6d. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen,
or fourteen volumes at 58. per volume ; fifteen volumes at is. 6d. per volume ; sixteen
or seventeen at 4s. 4d. per volume ; eighteen at is. 3d. ; nineteen at 4s. 2d. per volume.
[Any number below four at the price of a single volume.] Odd copies of the Magazine
at published price (plus postage).

To obtain this concession the number of volumes must be ordered at one time. The
ofl'er is merely temporary and will soon be withdrawn. It will give entomologists the chance
of obtaining cheaply the finest set of Journals containing details of British and Continental
Collecting ever published.

NOTICE ALSO— FURTHER GREAT REDUCTION

IN PRICE.

The success of our offer of the back volumes of the Ent. Record at a reduced price, in
order to enable our later subscribers to possess themselves of a complete set of this most
useful Journal, leads us to make also, temporarily, an offer to our more recent subscribers
to our large work —

A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

In order to enable entomologists to complete their series of this reference book we
offer (until our next issue) the volumes at the following great reduction : For any single
volume 15s. ; for two volumes 14s. 6d. per volume ; for three volumes 14s. per volume ;
for four volumes 13s. 6d. per volume ; for five volumes 138. per volume ; for six volumes
12s. 6d. per volume ; or the whole set of seven volumes for £4 4s. (i.e., at the rate of
12s. per volume),

This offer, which is considerably lower than the price the work fetches in Stevens'
sale-rooms, is quite temporary, and is only made to enable those entomologists who do
not feel that they can afford to complete their sets at £1 per volume, to do so at this
cheaper rate.

We also offer, in order to allow entomologists to complete their sets of —

The British Noctuse and their Varieties,

the following reductions : For any single volume 6s. ; for any two volumes 5s. 6d. per
volume ; for any three volumes 5s. per volume ; for the complete set of four volumes 18s,
(i.e , 4s. 6d. per volume).

The other three works that complete our series of scientific entomological books we
offer for one month only at three-fifths price, viz. : —

Migration and Dispersal of Insects - - - 3s.
Melanism and Melanochroism in Lepidoptera - 38.
Monograph of the British Pterophorina - - 38.

Postal Orders or Cheques with Order to —

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI are now due.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. AV. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.g.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.s., K.E.s. (Rev.) C. R. ISf. BURROWS

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.

H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.i;.

George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

FEBEUAR.

Price SIXPENCE (m"%;\|^ ot?^^'
Subscription for Coun)lete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLIO NUMBERS, etc.),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FOUWAUIHCIJ TO

J. HERBERT TUT"^

22. Francemary Road, Ladvwei.l Road, BrocrxeT^^S.E.

I,ONI)ON:
ELLIOT STOCK, G2, Pati kno^tkr Bow, E.C.

BKRJilN :

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. ^V. HEAD, ©iitcutolaatet,

BURNISTON, Nr. SCT^RBOKOUGH.

Full List of Ora, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidojitera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

et<\, sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

ID. F- TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Sbiai.t, IIicads and Peufect Points. White, Br,ACic, and Git-t.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be autlientic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

31 n n {'^^ comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.
- Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as]
I received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

If), vi. 97 4. ix. 97 ."5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, 5.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

liEPIDOPXERA & liARViG A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c..

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM |ANY SPECIMEN ;0R COLOUTfKD DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency iu many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing eSect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEEGHAO PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

rr £! ivi p o fs A. R >r JN o rr I c E3 .
The Back Volumes (I-XX) of Tlie Entomolonist's Record, Ac, can be obtained at 6s. per
Volume. Complete set of 20 vols. £4 net. "Special Index" to Vols. III.. IV., V., VI.,
VIL, VIII., IX., X., XL, XII., XIII., XIV., XV., XVI., XVII., XVIII., XIX. and XX.,
are sold separately, price 1/6 each. Single Back Numbers can be obtained at the
published price (plus postage) from 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E. [For
detailed notice see advt. on back cover.]

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe tiiat subscriptions to The'Entoviologist'ii Record, &o., aro
payable iu advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Hr.
J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Koad, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles for Insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of tlie
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill,
Blackheath, S.E.

Duplicates. — H. ruficollis, lineatacoUis, L. obscurus, H. picipes, planus, palustris, A.
nebulosus, conspersus, sturmi, I. ater, fenestralis, K. notatus, D. marginatus, circum-
flexus, H. piceus, P. intermedius, G. vernalis, C. auratus, Alphitobius (both), Tenebrio
(both), P. coriarius ¥ . Desiderata. — Astynomus aedilis. — F. Milton, 22, Granby Street,
Bethnal Green, E.

Duplicates. — Cervinaria*, Dictaea*. Dmderata.— Rubricollis, Albicolon, Cursoria,
Sylvata, Hb. — B. A. Boioer, Langley, Willotv Grove, Chislehurtt.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Margaritellus, Phragmitellus, Hastiana, Kiihniella, Ophtbal-

micana, Funerella, Alternana. Desiderata. — Pyiales, Crambides, Tortrices. — T. Ashtoii
Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middleshoroiigh.

Duplicates. — ^Hectus, Lunaria, Csesiata, Olivata, Apiciaria, Badiata,* Autumnata,*
Deooloi'ata, Affinitata, Fumata, Tristata, Cambrica, Trifasciata (dark), Centaureata, Sub-
notata, Isogrammata,* Subfulvata and ab. oxydata, Succenturiata (6), Bicolorata ah.
plumbata. Desiderata . — Flavicinctata, Co.nsiguata, Pygmaeata, Minutata, Viridata, Vir-
gaureata, Expallidata, Sexalisata, Obfuscata, and many others. — T. Ashton Lofthouse,
The Croft, Linthorpe, Middleshorough.

Wanted. — Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. W. H.
Harrison, 181, Ahincidon lload, Middleshoro\ Eniiland.

Wanted. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycaenids. Offered — Palsearctic
and Nearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middle«boro' .

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in Tlie Natural History of the British
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombc Hill, Blackheath.

Change of Address. — A. W. Bacot to York Cottages, York Hill, Loughton, Essex.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Meetings— March 3rd, 17th ; April 7th ; May 5th ; June 2nd.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.n>., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Meetings — March 1st, "Fruits and Seeds," Hugh
Main, B.Sc. April 5th, " Wanderings in the Savoy," R. Paulson, F.R.M.S. May 3rd,
Exhibition Meeting. Excursions— February 20th, Natural History Museum, South
Kensington (Entrance Hall, 2.30 p.m.). March 6th, The College of Surgeons (at the
College at 2.30 p.m.). May 1st, Excursion to Hayes, Kent (2.25 p.m. train from Cannon
Street). — Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
March 11th, Lecture by Mr. J. W. Tutt, " A gossip about the Blue Butterflies." It is
anticipated that many of our leading entomologists will exhibit their series of Lyceenids,
as well as photos of the early stages, or complete life-histories. [All entomologists
cordially invited both to attend and to exhibit their series of these butterflies.]

North London Natural History Society, The Amherst Club, Amhurst Road, N. —
Meetings. [No notices received.]

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

The . Entomologist's Library.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

too Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvae, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."

Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.

Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes, Freshwater, *c.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobbam,
Clilfe, Cuxfon, the Western Highlands, &c.

Stray Notes on the Noctuae. Price Is. net. An account of the
, classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.

Postal Orders to be addressed to J. Hkbheut Trxr, 22, Francemary Road, Lady-
well Road, Broekley, S.E.

STEVENS' AUCTION KOOMS, Estd. 1760.

IMPORTANT SALE OF

British Lepidoptera.

TUESDAY d- WEDNESDAY, 23rd S 24th Fehruanj, at 1 o'clock,

Mr. J. C. Stevens,

Will OFFER for SALE by AUCTION, at his rooms, 38, KING STllEET, CQVENT
GARDEN, Londorr, W.C, the First Portion of the valuable and extensive

Collection of British Lepidoptera,

Formed by the late

T. MADDISON, Esq., F.E.S.

Comprising the Rhopalocera and the Sphinges and Bombyces. The collection is p'ar-
iiicularly rich in Rare and Extinct Species, pemanka.ble varieties, and Her-
maphrodite and Gynandromorphous Specimens. Catalogues in course of preparation.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s « each volume, net, or 17s. 6 if. for the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.
Also detailed chapters on
-" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," " Labelling," " Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," " Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three pirts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopiedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
«tc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Peak Sir,— Please lorward me a set of FnirticaL Hints, Parts 1, 11, and Jli, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d.

Saiiw

Aiblres.f

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Br^ckley, S.E.

GREAT SALE OF SURPLUS PUP

In fine condition, with data.

p. brassicffi, 6d.; S. populi. Is. 3d.; Elpenor, 2s. 6d.; Jacobasse, 6d.; Falcula, 7d.;;
Lacertula, lid.; Palpina, Is. 2d.; Camelina, lOd.; Carmelita, 5s.; Dicttea, Is. 3d.;
Ziczac, Is. 4d.; Ziczac (fine Scotch form), 2s. 2d.; Conspersa (Shetlands), 16s.; Hirtaria,
yd.; Orbiculaiia, 2s. 3d.; Albicillata, Is. 2d.; Tristata, Is. lOd.; Albulata var. Thules
(Shetlands), 2s. lOd.; Silaeeata, 2s. 5d. — all per dozen. Not less than one dozen of &
species supplied. Full price list on application.

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

THE THIRD VOLUME

OF

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION^

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third Yolume of the above standard work, ftilli/ and profusely illustrated, will
be published in 20 parts, at Is. per part. These parts will contain a monographic
revision of the British "blue " butter fties, confessedly the most difficult group of butterflies
to deal with biologically, represented in the British Isles. For this work life-histories of
each British species have been worked out at length, and photographs of the different
stages of almost every species made from life.

Two parts of this new volume have now been published, dealing in the Preliminary
Chapters with "The Family-habits in the Chrysophanid Larvae," and " The Family-
habits in the Skipper Larvae," and in the Systematic part with " Everes argiades," the
rarest of British butterflies.

The work will be fully and profusely illustrated. So much recent discovery has been
made in the structural characters of the "blue" butterflies, that it is possible to illus-
trate this as no other work has been illustrated. It will contain not only full-page
illustrations of the life-histories of the different species dealt with, but details of structure
quite new, and now published for the first time.

To do this, however, to the fullest extent will require real support from all lepi-
dopterists who really make a scientific study of Butterflies. This part of the work wUl,
of course, be as valuable to Continental and American as to British lepidopterists.

Subsa-ibers for the 20 parts (in the last volume these extended to 25 parts at the
same subscription price) is fixed at 17s. 6d., which viust be paid direct to J. Herbert Tutt.
Copies bought through the booksellers must be paid for at their face value per number.
To ensure delivery as soo7i as published, subscriptions should he sent direct, and the
following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith: —

Please enter my name as a subscriber for the new series of 20 parts of A
Natural History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order for 17s. 6d.
Name » . •

Address »

Date »-

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcorabe Hill, Blackeath, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets

Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per foiu- dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin.,
1/-; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6 ; Sin. , 1/10; Complete Set of fourte"en Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing AntennfB 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3i, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Mk uoscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Biil sh, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammah, etc.. Preserved and Muiinted b;/ F'irst-class W^orkmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

Notes on the ZygsBnidaB.

By J. YI. TUTT, F.E.S.

PRICE ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE.
[Containing an account of the neioly-discovered British species.)
Chapter I. Zi/gaena e.ctilan.'i and its varieties.
Chapter II. Zi/f/oeuo caminlica and its varieties.
Chapter III. Zi/(/aenci ac/iillcae and its varieties.
Chapter IV. Zi/iiaena tramalpina and its varieties.
Chapter V. Zi/f/aena inedicaiiinis and its varieties.
Chapter VI. Zyt/aena ochsen/teinwri.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMINATiONIS DiGESTIONIS ATQUE DENOMINATONIS
SINGULARUM STIRPIUM LEPIDOPTERORUM, &g.

By JACOB HiJBNER
(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price 6d. (post freej . Three
copies for Is.
Postal Order to .J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Boad, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

This offer will be withdrawn with the issue of the next number.

NOTICE.
GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Our offer, made last month, to supply for a time the back volumes of the Ent. Record
at a very much lower rate than has been possible hitherto, has evidently proved attractive
years ago, and who consequently do not care to pay as much for 16, 17, 18, or 19 volumes,
and given general satisfaction. We again offer until the next issue (or so long as the
stock lasts), complete sets of —

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation
(Vols. I-XX).

At the greatly reduced price of £i, that is, at the rate of 4s. per volume. Single,
two, or three back volumes at 6s. per volume ; four, or five at 5s. 9d. per volume ; any
six, seven, eight, or nine volumes at 5s. 6d. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen,
or fourteen volumes at 5s. per volume ; fifteen volumes at 4s. 6d. per volume ; sixteen
or seventeen at 4s. id. per volume ; eighteen at 4s. 3d. ; nineteen at 4s. 2d. per volume.
[Any number below four at the price of a single volume.] Odd copies of the Magazine
at published price (plus postage).

To obtain this concession the number of volumes must be ordered at one time. The
oiler is merely temporary and will soon be withdrawn. It will give entomologists the chance
of obtaining cheaply the finest set of Journals containing details of British and Continental
Collecting ever published.

NOTICE ALSO FURTHER GREAT REDUCTION

IN PRICE.

The success of our offer of the back volumes of the Ent. Record at a reduced price, in
order to enable our later subscribers to possess themselves of a complete set of this most
useful Journal, leads us to make also, temporarily, an offer to our more recent subscribers
to our large work—

A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera.

In order to enable entomologists to complete their series of this reference book we
offer (until our next issue) the volumes at the following great reduction : For any single
volume 15s. ; for two volumes 14s. 6d. per volume ; for three volumes 14s. per volume ;
for four volumes 13s. 6d. per volume ; for five volumes 13s. per volume ; for six volumes
12s. 6d. per volume ; or the whole set of seven volumes for £4 4s. (i.e., at the rate of
12s. per volume).

This offer, which is considerably lower than the price the work fetches in Stevens'
sale-rooms, is quite temporary, and is only made to enable those entomologists who do
not feel that they can afford to complete their sets at £1 per volume, to do so at this
cheaper rate.

We also offer, in order to allow entomologists to complete their sets of —
The British Noctuse and their Varieties,
the following reductions : For any single volume 6s. ; for any two volumes 5s. 6d. per
volume ; for any three volumes 5s. per volume ; for the complete set of four volumes 18s,
{i.c , 4s. 6d. per volume).

The other three works that complete our series of scientific entomological books we
offer for one month only at three-fifths price, rj,:. ; —

Migration and Dispersal of Insects - - - 3s.
Melanism and Melanochroism in Lepidoptera - 3s.
Monograph of the British Pterophorina - - 3s.

Postal Orders or Cheques with Order to —

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI are nov\^ due.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, B.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BURR, B.A.,F.z.s.,F.i,.s., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. burrows

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.

TI. St. J. K. DONISTHORPK, r.7..s., f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

George "WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

MARCH 15lh, 1909.

Price SIXPENCE (nkt). \

(WITH TWO PLATES). \

Subscription for Complete Volume, poJ^t free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FOKWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22. FUANCEIIIARY ROAD, LaDYWEI-L RoAI>, BitOCKLEY, S.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Patiknostik l^ow, E.C.

BERLIN :
R, FlUEDLANDEll & SOHM,

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/C

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. Ml. HEAD, ©utouuiloaist,

BUHNXSTON, Nr. SCT^RBOROUGH.

Fidl List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidojitera, A/ipaiatiix, (Jahiiiets,

etc., sent on, application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

O. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

SaiAiiL Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gir/r.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

( To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. \ P /

J Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as - n /

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. riy

Ranuoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRE5S. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodgfe, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LiARVJE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c..

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES3MADE TO-ORDER PROM ANY SPECIMEN [OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EA5Y

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the Ent. Record, etc., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or ii vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d, each.

Subscribers are lundly requested to observe tliat subscriptions to Tlte Entomologist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (fo»
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, !?t. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westoombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to CoJeoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill,
Blackheath, S.E.

Duplicates. — Edusa, Semele, C. rubi, ^Egon (vars. 9 ), Batis, Derasa, Gemina, N.
rubi, Sufiusa, Saucia, Nigra, Lichenea, Fuscula, Lithoriza, Petrificata. Desiderata. —
Pupae : Palpina, Dicta3a, Curtula, Lunaria, Betularia var. Doubledayaria, and many
imagines. — A. J. Spiller, Godolpinn Cross, Helston.

Duplicates. — Exulis (few), Alpina* (few), Humuli var. Hethlandica, Festiva vars.,
Melanopa, Immanata, Venosata, Blandiata, Albulata vars., Dalella* (in lots of 20 or
more), Atomalis, Pinguinalis, Pvusticana, Thuleana (few) ; all Shetland 1908. Also
Globulariffi, and many others. Exchange now or later (will reserve). Desiderata. — Very
numerous, including many common species for renewal or extension ; full hst on appli-
cation.— B. W. Adkin, 8, Hope Park, Brovdey, Kent.

Wanted. — Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. W. H.
Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Uiddleshoro' , Emjland.

W.^NTED. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycffinids. Offered — Palsearctic
and Nearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro'.

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in Tlie Natural History of the British
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as oppurtunitv offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
J. IF. Tutt, 119, Westcomhe Hill, Blackheath.

Changes of Address. — The Hon. A. C. Rothschild to Arundel House, Kensitu/ton
Palace Gardens, N. Mr. E. Broome to Bo.xM, Hamilton, Bermuda.

"^ MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. ""^

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Meetings — March 17th, Discussion on " Pk/)t'i»s arr/H? {aegon) and P. arggrog-
noino)!,'' opened by Mr. J. W. Tutt. Fellows and visitors are kindly requested to bring
specimens for exhibition. April 7th ; May 5th ; .June 2nd.

The City of London Entoniological and Natural History Society. -London-
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7. SO
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Meetings — March 1st, " Fruits and Seeds," Hugh
Main, B.Sc. April 5th, " Wanderings in ihe Savoy," R. Paulson, F.R.M.S. May 3rd,
Exhibition Meeting. Excursions — February 20th, Natural History Museum, South
Kensington (Entrance Hall, 2.30 p.m.). March 6th, The College of Surgeons (at the
College at 2.30 p.m.). May 1st, Excursion to Hayes, Kent (2.25 p.m. train from Cannon
Street).— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hi henna
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdiir.ys in each month, at 8 p.m.
March 25th, "Exhibition of Lantern Slides"; March 27th, "Visit to the Museum,
Tring." April 8th, " Exhibits and Discussions thereon"; April 22nd, "The Resting
Positions of Butterflies and Moths" (Illustrated by lantern), Mr. A. E. Tonge. May
13th, " The Basingstoke Canal," Mr. E. Step.

North London Natural History Society, The Amherst Club, Amhurst Road, N. —
Meetings. [No notices received.]

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.— Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

The Entomologist's Library.

Books written by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Stray Notes on the Noctuae. Price Is. net. An account of the

classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.
Notes on the Zygsenidaa. Price Is. 6cl. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. 6d. net.

A detailed consideration of the naluie of genera and species.
Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consiileration of t!ie causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscuiaria. Price 2s.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is. tsd.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of iVIetamorphosis. Price Is. od. net. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and IL is. each

part, net. Critical review of tne various scientific uses to which the woik of

entomologists may be put.

Catalogue of the JPalaearctic Psychides. Price 6d. net.

Postal Orders to .1. H. Tutt, 22, Francenip.ry lioad, Ladyweli Road, Brockley. S.E.

Collectors who are commencing the Season's work should
not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by day,
for information as to what can be done in the field
every day in the year. Collectors who are going into
a new locality, at home or abroad, will find the chapter
in the new edition of Part I, " Holiday Collecting,"
particularly useful.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Plaice 6s. each irolu^ne, stQi, os* I7s» 6if. f&i* the three

gisartsm

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. .J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," " Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," '■ The Egg and Egg Stage," " The Larva and Larval Stage," "The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvse," " Pupse," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Pioughly, the number of species of lepidoptela in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three p^irts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), papa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and tlie book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Pnictictil Hints Parts i , II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 T's. 6d.

Name. . .
Addresst.

To Mr. J. HERBERT fUlT. 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E.

GREAT SALE OF SURPLUS PUP)E

In fine condition, v\^ith data.

p. brassico', 6d.; S. populi, Is. 3d.; Elpenor, ^s. 6d.; Jacobseae, 6d.; Faleula, 7d.;
Lacertula, lid.; Palpina, Is. 2d.; Camelina, lOd.; Caiinelita, 5s.; Dictaea, Is. 3d.;
Ziczac, Is. 4d.; Ziczac (fine Scotch form), '2s. 2d.; Conspersa (Shetlands), 16s.; Hirtaria,
9d.; Orbicularia, 2s. 3d.; Albicillata, Is. 2d.; Tristata, Is. lOd.; Albulata var. Thules
(Shetlands), 2s. lOd.; Silaceata, 2s. 5d. — all per dozen. Not less than one dozen of a
species supplied. Full price list on application.

L. W. NEWMAN, Bexley, Kent.

THE THIRD VOLUME

OF

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third volume of the above standard work, fully and profusely illustrated , will
be published in 20 parts, at Is. per part. These parts will contain a mouoyrapltic
revision of the British ''blue " buiterjiieg, confessedly the most difficult group of butterflies
to deal with biologically, represented in the British Isles. For this work life-histories of
each British species have been worked out at length, and photographs of the different
stages of almost every species made from life.

Four parts of this new volume have now been published, dealing in the Preliminary
Chapters with "The Family-habits in the Chrysophanid Larvae," and " The Family-
habits in the Skipper Larva," and in the Systematic part with " Everes argiades," the
rarest of British butterflies, and " Cupido minimus."

The work will be fully and profusely illustrated. So much recent discovery has been
made in the structural characters of the "blue" butterflies, that it is possible to illus-
trate this as no other work has been illustrated. It will contain not only full-page
illustrations of the life-histories of the different species dealt with, but details of structure
quite new, and now published for the first time.

To do this, however, to the fullest extent will require real support from all lepi-
dopterists who really make a scientific study of Butterflies. This part of the work will,
of course, be as valuable to Continental and American as to British lepidopterists.

Subscribers for the 20 parts (in the last volume these extended to 25 parts at the
same subscription price) is fixed at 17s. 6d., ifliich must be paid direct to J. Herbert Tutt.
Copies bought through the booksellers must be paid for at their face value per number.
To ensure delivery as soon as published, subscriptions should be sent direct, and the
following (or a similar) covering note forwarded therewith: —

Please enter my name as a subscriber for the new series of 20 parts of A
Natitral History of the British Butterflies, for which I enclose postal order for 17s. 6d.
Name

Address

Date

J. HERBERT TUTT, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackeath, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Maniifactiirers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets

Plain King Nets, wire or cane, including Slick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/G, 3/-. Folding Nets, 8/6,
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Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6. 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, tlat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/- ; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses. 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing AnteiuiiB 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
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Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have cerrain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like SeHUiae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM hVli CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Bikds' Eggs, Coins, Mhiioscopical OB.nocTs, Fossii.s, ,tc.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Bril fh, Europuan, and hlxotic).
BiriU, Mavimiils, etc., Preserved and Muiiitted hij b'ir.st-cliiix Wuikmini.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

A COPY (QUITE NEW) OF

Forest Entomology

BY

A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S.
For 7s. 6d. (Published Price 1 5s.)

POSTAL ORDER to A. H., 41, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMiNATiONIS DIGESTIONIS ATQUE DENOMINATONIS
SINGULARUM STIRPiUM LEPIDOPTERORUM. &c.

By JACOB HiJBNER
(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price 6d. (post free]. Three
copies for Is.
Postal Order to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XX).
Single biick volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. IIl-XIX, price Is. 6d. each.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution [illttst rated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I and II. Price one guinea each net. Vol. Ill in course of publica-
tion (Monthly parts, 1/-).
A detailed acrount of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palaearctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geogi'aphical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, ill, IV, V, VIII and IX, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,
thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 7 vols., £-5 5s. net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera,. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. 6d. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.
The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
iOO Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
.\ series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvae, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy Bvo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price '6s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &c.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcut'^ and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,

Cliffe, Cuxton, the "Western Highlands, &c.

Orders to be addressed to J. Herbeut Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road,

Brockley, S.E.

^

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EorrED BY

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted bx

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.b.s., f.r.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

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Jas. E. COHLIN, f.e.s. T. a. chapman, ji.D., F.Z.S., f e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONIS'i-RORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s. Alfred SIGH, f.e.s.
George WHEELER, M.A., f.e.s.

APRIL lolh, 1909.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH THREE PLATES).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Incluaiiigall DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS, /

TO I!K l''On\V.\IU'L:D TO

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LONDON :
ELI.IOT STOCK, 62, Pajj ii.N()hTii.K How, E.C.

BERLIN :

h. FKIEDLANDEK & SOHN,

n. Cahlstrassk. N.W.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. M^ HEAD, @»ttouiokH5i«t,

BURNISXON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

h\(ll Li-tt of Ora, T.an-ae, and FHpae, aim Lepidoptera, Apparatna, Cabineti^,

etc., sent on appliration.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

I>. F. TAYLER &, Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

8mai,i, Heads axd Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
lAs supplied to thi British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

nnnn C^*^ comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.! P /

il II II I - Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as - n /

U U U U I received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. j Ijf

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS- — *' Requisites," Cooinbe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, 5.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARViE A SPECIALITY.

Photograijhed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES M.\DE TO:ORDER PROM ANY SPECIMEN ;0R COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

%

For List apply to —

CHARLES D, HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EA5Y

There is a tendency ia many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S tiLLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disoi'dered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 3/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the Ent. Record, &c., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subsci'iliers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to The Eutomoloflist'x Record, <Sc., are-
payfible in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is SeYen Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E^

Cheques and Postal Orders sbould be made payalile to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
tour lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr*
J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, BrocUley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, Ijondon, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be dalayed,.
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Wsstcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to ColeoiJtera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Doni.sthokpk, 58,.
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington. S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill..
Blackheath, S.E.

Duplicates. — Coleoptera : H. piceus, H. rufieollis, lineatacoUis, H. picepes, planus,.
A. nebulosus, A. sturmi, I. ater, obscurus, C. fuscus, D. marginalis, P. eplendens,
intermedius, H. oblongus, N. thoracica, G. vernalis, sylvatica, C. aurata, N. afhne,
Alphitobiua (both), Tenebrio (both), C. cupreus ( d' s), P. coriarius ( $ s), D. semicuprea,
coniari, lemnse, C. auriolus, T. cylindricum. Desiderata. — C. campestris, C. nitens, G.
mutator, C. peetinicornis, C. goetingensis, fastuosa, C. hypochsedris, N. saneum, B.
betuleti, specially Ptiliura and Trichius. — F. Milton, 22, Granby Street, Bethnal Green,
London, E.

Duplicates. — Edusa, Selene, Aglaia, C. -album, Galatea, Hyperanthus*, W-album,,

Artaxeixes (1), Bellargus, Lineola, Atiopos (1 fair), S. liguski, Tilife, Stellatamm,
Porcellus, Geryon, Filipendulre, Lurideola, Caia*, Lubricipeda, Lupulinus, Chrysorrha'a,
Pudibunda*, Potatoria, Pavonia, Dictaea, Bucophala, Deiasa, Rumicis, Coeruleocephala,
Obsoleta, Putrescens, Comma, Impura, Fallens and red vara., Geminipuncta, Putris,
liithoxylea, Monoglypha, Brassier, Persicaiiae, Didyma, Strigilis, Trigrammica, Mor-
pheus, Suffusa, Segetum, Exclaraationis, Ripje, Cmsoria, Prsecox, Glareosa, Triangulum,
Brunnea (good), *P'estiva, lanthina. Fimbria, Pronuba, Pyramidea, Gothica, Stabilis,
Munda, Pistacina, Vaccinii, Fulvago, Trapezina vars., OxyacanthaB var. capucina (1),
Lucipara, Nebulosa, Dissimilis, Oleracea, Moneta, Gamma, Melanopa, Grisealis, Macu-
laria, Pedaria, Abruptaria, Gemmaria, Biundularia, Obscuraria, Luteata, Candidata,
Bisetata, Virgularia, Exanthemata, Atomaria, Ochrearia, Grossulariata, Defoliaria,
Marginaria, Viridaria, Satyrata, Subnotata. Vulgata, Absinthiata, Togata (1), Bicolorata,
Montanata, Dubitalis, Purpuralis, Perlellus, Heracleana*. Desiderata. — Early stages of
Lepidoptera, or will give free the more plentiful species of above to any beginner, on
receipt of their postal hox.—Lieut. J. J. Jacobs, R.E., St. Clair Home, Paget Street,
Gillingham, Kent.

Wanted.— Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc.— J. W. H.
Harrison, ISI, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro', England.

Wanted.— Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycasnids. Offered— Palsearctic
and Nearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middleshoro'.

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in The Natural History of the British
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations* and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
-/. JV. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath.

Change of Address.— Frerferic/c J. Hanhury from Stai7iforth House, Upper Clapton,
N.E., to " Brockhurst," East Grinstead.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

EntomoJogical Society of London.— 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W..
8 p.m. Meetings — May 5th ; June 2nd.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.— The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society.— Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Meetings — May 3rd, Exhibition Meeting. Excursion-
May 1st, Excursion to Hayes, Kent (2.25 p.m. train from Cannon Street). — Hon. Sec,
Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Ciiambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
April 22nd, " The Resting Positions of Butterflies and Moth's " (Illustrated by lantern),
Mr. A. E. Tonge. May 13th, " The Basingstoke Canal," Mr. E. Step.

North London Natural History Society, The Amherst Club, Amhurst Road, N.—
Meetings. April 17th, Excursion for " Sallowing " (Train leaves Liverpool Street 3 p.m.
for Cheshunt) ; April 27th. May 11th, " Exhibition " ; May 15th, Excursion to Bricket
Wood district (Moorgate Street, 2.30 p.m., St. Pancras, 2.45 p.m. to Radlett Station) ;
May 25th, " Mites " (second paper), Rev. C. R. N. Burrows.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion. Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

I DEAL IN GENUINE BRITISH ONLY.

Fertile Ova: — Versicolor, 3s. ; Nubeculosa, 10s. 6d. ; Lapponaria, 7s. 6d. ; Prodro-
maria. Is. ; Carpini, Is. ; all per 50. Larvae: — Paphia, 2s. ; Adippe, 33. ; Villica, Is. Cd. ;
Caja, 9d. ; Syringaria, Is. 6d. per dozen. Pupae : — Machaon, 5s. ; Elpenor, 2s. 6d. ;
Dictasa, Is. 3d.; Ziczac, Is. 3d.; Dictaeoides, 5s.; Silaceata, 2s. 6d. ; Lacertula, Is.;
Falcula, 6d. ; Jacobseas, 6d., per dozen.

FULL PRICE LIST FREE.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

Collectors who are commencing the Season's work should
not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by day,
for information as to what can be done in the field
every day in the year. Collectors \A/ho are going into
a new locality, at home or abroad, will find the chapter
in the new edition of Part 1, " Holiday Collecting,"
particularly useful.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s. each volume, net, or 1 7s« 6cf. for the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK anl A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.
Also detailed chapters on
"The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvse," " Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be lecom mended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 Ts> 6d>

Name. . .
Address .

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Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygsenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.

Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental
reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.
A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to
specific forms and their isolation.

Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.
net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot
in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.
Catalogue of the Palaearctic Psychides. Price 6d. net.
Catalogue of the Palaearctic Lachneides. Price 6d. net.
Catalogue of the Palaearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides,

Brahmaeides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give

all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all

named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.
Stray Notes on the Noctuae. Price Is. net. An account of the

classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.
The Lasiocampids. Price 6d.

Philosophical aspects of Entomology. Price Is.
The Study of Natural History — Variation and the Nature

of Species. Price Is.
Chortodes morrisii, Morris = C. bondii, Knaggs. Price 6d.
Nomenclature — Phylogeny — Synonymy. Price 6d.
A gregarious butterfly, Erebia nerlne ; with notes on

the Lepidoptera of the Mendel Pass. Price 6d.

By other Authors.

Monograph of Peronea cristana and its aberrations.

(Chromo-lithograph Plates.) By J. A. Cl.vrk, F.E.S. Price "is. net. A

complete review of this polymorphic species, with all original descriptions

and descriptions of new forms, and figures thereof.
The Variation of Papilio machaon, by W. Farren, F.E.S. Price 6d.
Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coleoptera, by

W. W Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.
Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,

M.A. Price Is.
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PoBtal Orders to A. H.. 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Maiiiifactiirers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets

Plain Eing Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Fokling Nets, 3/6,.
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Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6. 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready tor use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, .with camphor
cells, 2/6. ^|-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,.
1/- ; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses. 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,.
2/6, 4/-. 5/-, 7/6. ColeopterJst's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps^
1/6. 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killmg Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,.
2d., 3d.. 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful, Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are-
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eog.s, Coins, MunoscopiCAL OsjEars, Fo.s.sils, Ac-

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LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Brillsh, European, and Exotic).
Birth, lilamviah, etc., Preferred and Mounted bij t'irst-cln.is Workmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

- THE - QUITE NEW.

Ichneumons of Britain

-VOT^. I.

CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.
For 1 TSi 6d. Published recently at 2()s. net.

A. H., 41, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMINATiONIS DiGESTIONIS ATQUE DENOMiNATONIS
SINGULARUM STIRPIUM LEPIDOPTERORUM, &c.

By JACOB HUBNER
(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with,
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price 6d. (post free). Three
copies for Is.

Postal Order to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E..

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXj.
Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XIX, price Is. 6d. each.

A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world wide
variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).

(A. text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I and II. Price one guinea each net. Vol. Ill in course of publica-
tion (Monthly parts, I/-).
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palfearctic
species.
■A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the groufi and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world
wide variation and geographical distribution {illui<tmted).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,
thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 7 vols., £5 5s. net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
JVIigration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy Svo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. (5d. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.
The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
SMelanisnn and Meianochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
^OO Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvae, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."
'Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
Svo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes, Freshwater, &c.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown Svo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobbam,

Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &c.

Orders to be addressed to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Koad,

Brockley, S.E.

Vol. XXI.

./•M I No, 5.

A

THE

^

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited hy

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASSIMKD BV

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.!)., f.r.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BURR, B.A.,F.?;.s.,F.L.8., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.«.».

"■ Ja8. E. COLLIN, F.B.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.
H, St. J, K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s. Alfred 8ICH, f.k.s.
Georok WHEELER, m.a,, f.b.s.

MA\ 15(h, 1909.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH THREE PLATES).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(IncludiDg all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BK FORWARDED TO

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•22, Prancemary Roap, Lad-vwell Road, Brooklet, B.E.

LONDO.
ELLIOT 8T0CK, 62, ^i

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. MT. HEAD, mxtomolo&t&i,

BURNISXON, Nr. SCT^RBOROUGH.

Full IJat of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, ('ahhuts,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Pkrfkct Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
{As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

3rjnn (To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. | P /
I II II I •] Ij8,rger quantities 2)ro rata. Orders executed in same order as . m /
UUU ( received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. j M/

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRE5S. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARViG A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDESSMADE TO-ORDER PROM ANY SPECIMEN ;0R COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN

LIVING MADE EASY

i There is a tendency in many depaitments of life towaitls gieatt'r «iuiplicil/y.

i The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really t.o make life less com-

) plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEF.CHAM'S PJfiT/S are

thoroughly modern in this respect, foe their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
' measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil

J spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
I less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the

I digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other

wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAMTPILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens. Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ii (56 pilKsi & 2/9 (368 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Pranceniary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all nnnibers published from January 15th to December IStli,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines sliould lie
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the Eiit. Record, c^-c, can be obtained as follows
Single volumes, 78. 6d.: 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 78. each :
10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Suliscrilif IS are kindly lefjuested to observe that siibscviptions to The Kntomulo:iis('g Uecord, *c., ai»
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheque.s and Postal Orders should lie made jiayable to ,T. W. Tutt.

, ADVEitTisEiiKNTs of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a ininiiuum charge of 2s. 6d. (for
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Subscribers wlio change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. K. Paoh "Bertrose,"
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also to Mr. J. Hkbbkht Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.K.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to .J. W. Tittt, Rayleigh Villa, Wsstcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, wbicb should be .sent to Mr. H. Donistuoupe, 5H,
Kensington Mansions. South Kensington, S.W.-, and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustralions.

All Exchange Magazines innst be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

D((j}^/C()fc«.— Lunigera, Humiliata, Cracca' (fair), red Gracilis,* Monacha.* Desidt-
m<rt.— Wild larvffi of Caja and pupa- of Tilise. — 11 . J. Opden. 1, West Bank, Stdmford
Hill, TjOtidon, N.

Duplicaicn. — Larvae of Leucographa (from wild Dover females). Desiderata . — Very
numerous, hut pupae or imagines (on black pins) only. No early stages. Will send
marktd litit.— Captain P. A. Cardew, St. Aldirynsf, Fork Avenue, Dover.

DvpUcateK.—^Owa, of Zonaria ; Larva of Rurea, Festiva, Comes, and Kepandata
(Yorks). Degiderata. — Larva* or Pupa?. — Tf. (?. Chitten, 1.32. Coal ('ImtgJi Lane, Burnley.
Lancx.

Wanji.u. — Coriespondeuce with anyone interested in Natural History in Britisli
Colonies. -I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. W. H. -m
.'larrisoii, 181, Abingdon Road, Middleshoro' , England. ]

Wantki). — Indian Theclas, Chiysophanids, and Lycteuids. Offered — Paiaaarctic,
i-.i.d Nearctic species. -J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abmgdott Road, Middleshoro'.

W.\NTii:D. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in llie Xutitral History of the British ^,
Butterflies^. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations and Gynandro'niorphs of other
>/roups that may be used later as opportunity offers. TSpeciniens not necessarily British.": '
'. W. Tnit, 119, fVestconibe Hill, Blackheaih.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. ~"

Entomological Society of fcondon.— 11, Chandos Street, Cavendisli Square, W..
8 p.m. Meetings June 2nd. Next meeting not till October 6th.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. -London
Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.G. The first and third Tue.sdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m.— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Black-
heath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, HibemiH
Chambers, London Bridge. The second and fourth Thursdavs in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings— May 27th, " Scotch Fir," by W. J. Lucas, F.E.S." June 10th, " Exhibition."
Field Meetings — May 15th, Excursion to Holmwood. June 19th, to Mickleham Downs.

North London Natural History Society, The Amher.st Club, Amhurst Road, N. -
Meetings— May 25th, "Mites " (second paper). Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. June 8th.
"Catkins," Miss Nicholson. Field Meetings— May 15th, Excursion to Bricket Wood
district (Moorgate Street, 2.30 p.m., St. Pancras, 2.45 p.m. to Radlett Station). .Jum-
19th, Woodridden and Copthall (Liverpool Street,. 2 p.m.).

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October. to April. Hon. Sec.
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

The South-eastern Union of Scientific Societies. — Annual Congress, June 9th
r2tb, 1909, at Winchester. — Members of Natural History Societies can obtain tickets for
3s.— Annual Address— Dukin field H. Scolt, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Guildhall, Winchester.
June 9th, 8.30 p.m. Papers every morning ; Field excursions, every afternoon ; Con-
versazione and Papers, every evening, from June 9th-12th. Tickets from Rev. R.
A.shington Bullen, "Englemoor," Heathside Road, Woking, Surrey.

BRITISH ONLY STOCKED AT BEXLEY.

May and -lune Piici^ List ready. If you send for one at once you are sure to
find some you want.

Larvae, per doz., Paphia, is. (id.; Aglaia, 2s.; Adippe, 2s.; Sibylla, Is. 6d.; Semele.
Is.; T. quercus. Is. 6d.; Caja, ia.; Dominula, Is.; Gonostigmii, 3s. 6d.; Qutrcifolia, 4s.;
Carpiiii, 9d.; Vetusta, Is.; Prunaria, 2s. 6d.; and many others. Pupae. — S. andreni-
formis, 8s.; Bicuspis, 7s. 6d.; C. reticulata, 6s. each, and I guarantee every one, and
will replace with fine set specimens any that fail to emerge or that produce ichneumons.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first importance
to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and contains the following
chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odouata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a small number of copies have been printed. It is trusted that all entomologists
wUl, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it to any libraries in which they
are interested or with which they are connected.

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Collectors who are commencing the Season's work should
not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by day

for information as to what can be done in the field
every day in the year. Collectors who are going into
a new locality, at home or abroad, will find the chapter
in the new edition of Part 1, " Holiday Collecting,'
particularly useful.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

I*rioe 6s- each volume, net, or 17s- Scf- for the throe

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER. F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLMiK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

■' The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," '• Pinning," '• Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larv«e," "Pupaa," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete eucyclopaBdia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three pirts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stagey. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopa?dic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
ubservations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, wliilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hinta Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d.

.\iime. . .
Adtlrt'Ss.

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Conrelation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6cl.

Reviewing the ov.al, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygsenidse. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price 1b. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.
Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species^

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.

Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. \Price Is. An essay on th«

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.
Catalogue of the Palaearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides,

Brahmaeides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give

all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all

named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.
Stray Notes on the Noctuse. Price Is. net. An account of the

classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.
The Lasiocampids. Price 6d.

Philosophical aspects of Entomology. Price Is
The Study of Natural History -Variation and the Nature

of Species. Price Is.
Chortodes morrisii, Morris^C. bondii, Knaggs. Price 6d.
Nomenclature— Phylogeny — Synonymy. Price 6d.
A gregarious butterfly, Erebia nerlne ; with notes on

the Lepidoptera of the Mendel Pass. Price 6d.

By other Authors.

Monograph of Peronea cristana and its aberrations.

(Chromolithograph Plates.) By J. A. Clakk, F.E.S. Price2s.net. A
complete review of this polymorphic species, with all original descriptions
and descriptions of new forms, and figures thereof.

The Variation of Papilio machaon, by W. Farren, F.E.S. Price 6d.

Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coleoptera, by
W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote.
M.A. Price Is.

Mimicry in insects, by Roland Trimen, F.R.S. Price Is.

Influence of temperature on Insects, by Frederic Merrifield,
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
relation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S. Price Is.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
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Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2Jin.,
1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennte 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per (iozen sheets. Brass
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from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all. other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

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Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGQS (Briiish, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First-clans fVorkmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

_ THE - QUITE NEW.

Ichneumons of Britain

^VOX^. I.

liY

CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.
For 15s. Od. Published recently a,t 'Mis. net.

A. H., 41, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMlNATiCNIS DIGESTIONIS ATQUE DENOMiNATONIS
SINGULARUM STIRPIUM LEPIDOPTERORUM, &c.

By JACOB HUBNER
(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price 6d. (post free]. Three
copies for Is.
Postal Order to J. Hepbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XX,i.
Single back volumes of the above can be obtainecl at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. Ill XIX, price Is, 6d. each.
A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution (ilUoftrdted).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. 1 and II. Price one guinea each net. Vol. Ill in course of publica-
tion (Monthly parts, 1/-).
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palaearctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. 1, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,
thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 7 vols., £5 5s. net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. Gd. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific pui'poses.
The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
'28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvse, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price ils. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes, Freshwater, &c.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and lOo woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2>. 6d. net. De.-criptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Clilft-, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &c.
Orders to be addressed to J. HKUHKur Terr, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road,

Brockl.v, S.K.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORI

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. Ml. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, r.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

M. BURR, B.A.,F.z.s.,F.L.s., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. burrows, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.
8 Mic George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

'JUNE 15th, 1909.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

^ (WITH TWO PLATES).

^Subscription for Complete Volume, post t're

(Incluaiiigeall DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.),
;SEVEIM SHILLINGS,

TO BE lOKWAKDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22, Feancemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

LONM«,> orif-^.r '~-5
:ELL10T stock, C2j^w«l»isd'^jRfl?"Mv^^Z

JRLlisr :

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E-

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, m%iUmxolOi%i&i,

BURNISTON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

r>. F. TAYLER <& Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Blusewn.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential tliat every specimen, to be autlientic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

fl n n fl f^^ comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities, j P /

ill I 11 I j Ij8,rger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as I n /

U U U U ( received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. j {if

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARViE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Vernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difticulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, mayappearhard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more oi a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM^ PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

NOTICE.— Nos. 7 and 8 will be published together in
one cover on July 15th. There will be, therefore,
no number issued between July 15th and Septem-
ber 15th.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th>
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the Ent. Record, Ac, can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 68. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold sepai'ately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly recjuested to observe that subscriptions to TJie Entomologist's Itecord, &c., are
payable in arlvance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E>

Cheques and Postal Orders should he made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a niinimunj charge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
J. Herbert Tutt, '22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses nuist report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,'
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed^
also to Mr, 3. Herbert Tutt, '22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Wsstcombe
Hill, S.E., excexjt notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donibthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

Desiderata. — Crambus salinellus. — N. C. Bothschild, Arundel House, Kensington
Palace Gardens, London, W.

W.ANTED. — Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. W. H.
Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middleshoro\ England.

Wanted. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycsenids. Offered — Pal^earctic
and Nearctic species. — J. IF. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro' .

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
■etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in 21ie Natural History of the British
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blnckheath.

Change of Address. — W. J. Petlier to 4, Willow Bridge Road, Canonbury, N.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W..
8 p.m. Meetings—October 6th, 20th, etc.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Black-
heath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings— June 24th; July 8th ; July 22nd ; Exhibitions. Field Meetings— June 19th,
Mickleham Downs ; July 10th, Coombe Wood ; July 24th, Reigate.

North London Natural History Society, The Amherst Club, Amhurst Road, N.—
Meeting— June 22nd, " How the caterpillar escapes its enemies," A. Bacot, F.E.S.
Field Meetings— June 19th, Woodridden and Copthall (Liverpool Street, 2 p.m.). June
29th, Sugaring Expedition to Chingford (Liverpool Street, 6.33 p.m.).

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. E. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

BRITISH ONLY STOCKED AT BEXLEY.

Healthy Larvae.— Per doz., Nubeculosa, 10s. 6d.; Lapponaria, 6s.; Adippe, 3s. 6d.;
Aglaia, 3s. 6d.; Paphia, 2s. 6d.; Sponsa, 4s.; Ridens, 2s. 6d.; Quercifolia, 4s.; T.
crataegi, 2s. 6d.; Prodromaria, Is.; many others.

Fertile Ova.— Bicuspis, 10s. 6d.; Myrica?, 9d.; E. extensaria, 2s. per doz.

Fine Pupae. — Paphia, 3d.; Paphia bred from Valezina. 8d.; Aglaia, 5d.; Adippe,
-od.; Sibylla, 3id.; Elpenor, 3d. Andreniformis, guaranteed to produce fine insects, Ss.
•each. Full list on receipt of P.C.

Have you got my New Relaxing Tin ? If not you are without the greatest blessing
to a collector, only 2s., postage 4d. You can keep insects in splendid relaxed condition
for weeks and no mould.

li. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.
FOR SALE.

... A SUPERIOR MAHOGANY . . .

entom:olooical cabinet.

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

"Size 18in. by 16in. Camphor cell all round. Ebony knobs. Sunk panelled sides to
-carcase. Moulded top and plinth, and enclosed by half plate-glass panelled doors. Own
make. PRICE £40.

T. GURNEY, 50, The Broadway, London Fields, N.E.

FOE SALE

A few Z. ACHILLEA,

Taken in North Argyleshire.
For prices apply to W RENTON, Doune Road, Dunblane.

Collectors who are commencing the Season's work should
not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by day

for information as to what can be done, in the field
every day in the year. Collectors who are going into
a new locality, at home or abroad, will find the chapter
in the new edition of Part 1, " Holiday Collecting,'
particularly useful.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepldopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s> each volume, net, at* 17s« 6if. for the three

partsm

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNEE, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

*' The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larva," " Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepldopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopffidic from the field lepldopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 78i Gd,

Name. . .
Address .

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygsenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.
Catalogue of the Palaearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides,

Brahmaeides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give

all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all

named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.
Stray Notes on the Noctuse. Price Is. net. An account of the

classiticatiou of the Noctuid moths, etc.
The Lasiocampids. Price 6d.

Philosophical aspects of Entomology. Price is
The Study of Natural History— Variation and the Nature

of Species. Price Is.
Chortodes morrisii, Morris ==C. bondii, Knaggs. Price 6d.
Nomenclature— Phylogeny — Synonymy. Price 6d.
A gregarious butterfly, Erebia nerlne ; with notes on

the Lepidoptera of the Mendel Pass. Price 6d.

By other Authors.

Monograph of Peronea cristana and its aberrations.

(Chromo-lithograph Plates.) By J. A. Clark, F.E.S. Price 2s. net. A
complete review of this polymorphic species, with all original descriptions
and descriptions of new forms, and figures thereof.

The Variation of Papilio machaon, by W. Farren, F.E.S. Price 6d.

Protection and Mimicry as afl'ecting the Coleoptera, by
W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Mimicry in Insects, by Roland Trimen, F.R.S. Price Is.

Influence of temperature on Insects, by Frederic Merrifield,
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
relation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S. Price Is.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/-; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourte"en Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopicai, Objects, Fossils, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Brit sh, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

. THE - QUITE NEW.

Ichneumons of Britain

BY

CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.
For 1 0s. 6di Published recently at 26s. net.

A. H., 41, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMiNATIONIS DIGESTIONiS ATQUE DENOMINATONIS
SINGULARUM STIRPIUM LEPIDOPTERORUM, &g.

By JACOB HUBNER
(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price 6d. (post free). Three
copies for Is.
Postal Order to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Eoad, Ladywell Read, Brockley, S.E-

The Entomologist's Libpary.

By J. YI. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXj.
Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XIX, price Is. 6d. each.
A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I and II. Price one guinea each net. Vol. Ill in course of publica-
tion (Monthly parts, 1/-).
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each Biitish species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palasarctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,
thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 7 vols., £5 5s. net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist {illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, ifs. Gd. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.
The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvae, pupsc
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., IGl pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown^
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, r;hattendcn. the Medway marshes, Freshwater, etc.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, etc.
Orders to be addressed to J. Heebekt Tutt, 22, Francemary Boad, Ladywell Koad,

Brockley, S.E.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing etTect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy , will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordeied liver", sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 {168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the Ent. Record, &c., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or ii vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe tliat subscriptions to The EntoinulogiKl'.i Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or witliout the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent, to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Clieques and Postal Orders sbould be made xjayable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale will be inserted at a minimum cbarge of 2s. 6d. (for
four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series. Particulars of Mr.
J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers wbo change their addresses must report tlie same to Mr. H. E. Paoe "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Heebe^t Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should hie sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Wastoombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthoupe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations. •

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blaokheath, S.E.

Duplicates. — Carthami, Sao, Gordius, Mnemosyne, Euphenoides j and ? , Daphne,
Aurinia, Phoebe, Cinxia, Didyma, Deione, Dictynna, Antiopa, Egeria, Pasiphae.
Desiderata. — Alcon, Meleager, Pheretes, Donzelii, Dolus, Callidice, Cynthia, Varia,
Alcyone, Hermione and other Satyrs, Oeme, Ceto, Gorge, and many other European
butterflies. — A. S. Tetley, 22, Avenue Road, Scarborough..

Wanted. — Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. IV. H.
Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middleshoro' , England.

Wanted. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycaenids. Offered — Palsearctic ''.
and Nearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro' .

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawii^gs of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs, ]
etc., of any British "Blues," for rej»roduction in The Natural History of the British i
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcomhe Hill, Blackheath.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Meetings— October 6th, 20th, etc.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. — Hon. See., Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Eoad, Black-
heath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings — Sept. 23rd, " Our Authorities, pt. ii. An introduction to Entomological
Literature," by H. J. Turner, F.E.S.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

BRITISH ONLY STOCKED AT BEXLEY.

Healthy Larvae.— Per 25: Falcula, Is.; Lacertula, Is. 3d.; Ziczac, Is. 3d.
Palpina, Is. 3d. ; Camelina, Is. ; Derasa, Is. 6d ; S. populi. Is. 6d. ; Illustrara, Is. 3d.
Illunaria, 9d. ; Albicillata, Is. Bd. ; Silaceata, Is. 6d.; P. napi, l3. ; Dict^oides, 6s.
Quercifolia, Is. 3d. ; Prunaria, Is. ; Prunaria (banded form). Is. 3d. ; Papi'ionaria.
Is. I'd. ; Gonostigma, Is. 6d.

Ova. — Per 50 : Adippe, Is. 6d. ; Corydon, Is. 3d. ; Fuscantaria, Is.; Angularia,
9d. ; Cratasgi, Is. 9d. ; Box postage 2d. extra ; many others.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

N.B. — Don't forget Newman's Wonderful Relaxing Tin, 2s. 4d. Post Free.
FOR SALE. PRICE £40.

... A SUPERIOR MAHOGANY . . .

ENTOIVIOLOOICAL CABINET,

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

Size 18in. by 16in. Camphor cell all round. Ebony knobs. Sunk panelled sides to
carcase. Moulded top and plinth, and enclosed by half plate-glass panelled doors. Own
make.

T. GURNEY, 50, The Broadway, London Fields, N.E.

FOR SiLJL.E.

A 14-DRAWER ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND CONTENTS, consisting of

BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

MOSTLY VARIETIES.

Also a number of Store-Boxes, Setting-Houses, (&c.,*c., and a quantity of Entomological

literature.

Particulars R. DUTTON, Fishergate, York.

Collectors who are commencing the Season s work should
not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by day

for information as to what can be done in the field
every day in the year. Collectors who are going into
a new locality, at home or abroad, will find the chapter
in the new edition of Part I, " Holiday Collecting/
particularly useful.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

PriGO 6s. Bach volume, net, or 17s. 6f#. foi* the three

parts m

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," " Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Listructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," " Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopasdia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Deab Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 Ts. 6d>

Name. . .
Address .

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Franceraary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers
on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal cha,racters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygaenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to
specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising
Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.
net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Eiding and Mr. Bacot
in hybridising these allied species.

The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on th«

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. ajid II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.
Catalogue of the Palaearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides^

Brahmaeides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give

all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all

named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.
Stray Notes on the Noctuse. Price Is. net. An account of the

classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.
The Lasiocampids. Price 6d.

Philosophical aspects of Entomology. Price Is.
The Study of Natural History— Variation and the Nature

of Species. Price Is.
Chortodes morrisii, Morris^C. bondii, Knaggs. Price 6d.
Nomenclature— Phylogeny— Synonymy. Price 6d.
A gregarious butterfly, Erebia nerlne ; with notes on

the Lepidoptera of the Mendel Pass. Price 6d.

By other Authors.

Monograph of Peronea cristana and its aberrations.

(Chromo-lithograph Plates.) By J. A. Clark, F.E.S. Price 2s. net. A
complete review of this polymorphic species, with all original descriptions
and descriptions of new forms, and figures thereof.

The Variation of Papilio machaon, by W. Farren, F.E.S. Price 6d.

Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coleoptera, by
W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Mimicry in Insects, by Eoland Trimen, F.K.S. Price Is.

Influence of temperature on insects, by Frederic Merrifield
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
relation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.E.S. Price Is.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

The next number will be issued on September 15th.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AN])

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editkd by

J. AV. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEAEE, u.sc, f.e.s., k.r.s.e.

Geokge T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

INI. BURR, D.sc, F.z.s., F.L.s.,F.K.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. burrows, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f e.s.

H. St. J. K. IIONIS'JHORPK, f.z.^^.. f.e.k. Alfeed SICH, f.e.s.

George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

JULY 15th, 1909.

Price ONE SHILLING (net).

(CONTAINING TWO NUMBEE_S WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all LOUBLE NU>IBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO UK FOinVAEDED 'JO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22, Francemary Road, LADYWjttjrjloA»i^-B»ocl5i.Ey, S.E.

ik^ONDON :
ELLIOT stock; 02, PaJi^^ostj k Eow, E.G.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. Mr. HEAD, mntoxxxoloi,\x&t,

BURNISTON, Nr. SeKRBOROUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

O. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(An supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! I

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

(To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.^ P /

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as I H /_

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I yj/

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,^
Westcombe Park, 5.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LiEPIDOPTERA & L,ARVJE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYCRINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EA5Y

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/i^ (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

NOTICE. — Nos. 7 and 8 are herewith published together
in one cover on July 15th. There will be, therefore,
no number issued betw^een July 15th and Septem-
ber 15th.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the Ent. Record, etc., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 7s. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 78. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or ii vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d, each.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

Desiderata. — Crambus salinellus. — N. G. Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington
Palace Gardens, London, W.

Duplicates. — A few larvffi of Smerinthus hybr. hybridus (ocellata and populi). What
offers in good species ? — V. E. Shaw, 8, 3Ioss Hall Grove, North Einchley.

Wanted.— Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc.— J". W. H.
Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesloro\ England.

Wanted. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycsenids. Offered — Palsearctic
and Nearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro' .

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in The Natural History of the British
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
J. W. Tutt, 119, Westco7nbe Hill, Blackheath.

Changes of Address. — C. P. Pickett to 28, Colworth Road, Leytonstone, Essex.
V. E. Shaw to 8, Moss Hall Grove, North Finchley.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Meetings — October 6tli, 20tii, etc.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London

Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society.— Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m.— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Eoad, Black-
heath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings— July 22nd, Exhibition; August 12th, 26th Exhibition; Sept. 9th, "Seed
Vessels," by H. Main, BSc. ; Sept. 23rd, " Our Authorities, pt. ii. An introduction to
Entomological Literature," by H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Field Meetings— July 24th,
Eeigato, Mr. A. Sich ; Sept. 4th, Westerham, Mr. H. J. Turner.

North London Natural History Society, The Amherst Club, Amhurst Road, N.—
(No notices received).

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

BRITISH ONLY STOCKED AT BEXLEY.

Larvae. — Per doz., Machaon, 3s. ; Versicolor, 5s. ; Bicuspis, 25s. ; DictsGoides, 43. ;
Ziczac, Is.; Palpina, 9d.; Batis, Is.; Orion, Is. 6d.; Rumicis, Is.; Croceago, 28.; Orbi-
cularia. Is.; Silaceata, Is.; E. extensaria, 7s. 6d.; Fluctuata (from grand selected Shetland
parents), 3s. 6d. ; many others.

Ova. — per 50, Paphia, Is. ; Aglaia, Is.; Valezina, 2s.; Gonostigma, Is. 3d.; Querci-
folia, Is. 3d. ; Smaragdaria, 4s. ; Dictajoides, 2s. ; Dictsea, Is. ; Syringaria, Is. 3d. ;
Prunaria, Is.; Papilionaria, 2s. 3d.; also many others and Pupae.
Write for lists, mention paper —

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

N.B.— Don't forget Newman's Wonderful Relaxing Tin, 2s. 4d. Post Free.

"^FQR SALE.

Five 5s. size white wood airtight store boxes . . . . . . 3s. Od. each.

Three 6s. size (ditto) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3s. 6d. each.

Two four-drawer glass-top white wood cabinets . . . . . . 5s. Od. each.

Very good Condition.

SLY,
KnoU Rd., SIDCUP.

BARRETT'S

" Lepidoptera of The British Isles" (coloured plates).

STAINTON'S

" Natural History of Tineina."

HALF PRICE.

A few British P. dispar, L. coenosa, A. nubeculosa, etc.

A. F. FORD, '< South View," Irving Road, BOURNEiVIOUTH.

"The Entomologist,"

1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. Unbound, clean.

1888-4, 1885-6, 1887-8. Each two years bound together.

" Entomologist's Record,"

Vols. II. & V. Unbound, clean. What offers?

SINCLAIR, 164, Trougate, Glasgow.

Collectors \A/ho are commencing the Season's work should
not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by day

for information as to what can be done in the field
every day in the year. Collectors who are going into
a new locality, at home or abroad, will find the chapter
in the new edition of Part 1, " Holiday Collecting,'
particularly useful.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

JRriGO 6s. each volume, net, or 17s« 6ef. for the three

partSm

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," "Pinning," "Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvae," " Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc.- — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
•entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts 1 , II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 78. 6d.

Name. . .
Address .

"To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygaenidse. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Kiding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.
Catalogue of the Palsearctic Dimorphides, Bombycides,

Brahmseides, and Attacides. Price 6d. net. These give

all the family, tribal, generic, and specific names, as well as those of all

named varieties and aberrations most useful for labelling.
Stray Notes on the Noctuae. Price Is. net. An account of the

classification of the Noctuid moths, etc.
The Lasiocampids. Price 6d.

Philosophical aspects of Entomology. Price is
The Study of Natural History — Variation and the Nature

of Species. Price Is.
Chortodes morrisii, Morris^C. bondii, Knaggs. Price 6d.
Nomenclature— Phylogeny— Synonymy. Price 6d.
A gregarious butterfly, Erebia nerlne ; with notes tHt

the Lepidoptera of the Mendel Pass. Price 6d.

By other Authors.

Monograph of Peronea cristana and its aberrations.

(Chromo-lithograph Plates.) By J. A. Clark, F.E.S. Price 2s. net. A
complete review of this polymorphic species, with all original descriptions
and descriptions of new forms, and figures thereof.

The Variation of Papilio machaon, by W. Farren, F.E.S. Price 6d.

Protection and Mimicry as affecting the Coleoptera, by
W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.

Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie (with photograph), by A. Grote,
M.A. Price Is.

Mimicry in Insects, by Eoland Trimen, F.R.S. Price Is.

Influence of temperature on Insects, by Frederic Merrifield
F.E.S. Price Is.

The utility of specific characters and physiological cor-
relation, by Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S. Price Is.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisbam, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; Uin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/- ; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6 ; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourte'en Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OP INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (British, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammals, etc.. Preserved and Mounted by First-class IVorkmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

_ THE - QUITE NEW.

Ichneumons of Britain

BY

CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.
For 1 0s. 6d. Published recently at 26s. net.

A. H., a, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM; S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMINATIONIS DiGESTiONIS ATQUE DENOMINATONIS
SINGULARUM STIRPIUM LEPIDOPTERORUM, &c.

By JACOB HUBNER
(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price 6d. (post freej. Three
copies for Is.
Postal Order to J. Hekbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Eoad, Ladywell Eoad, Brockley, S.E.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XX).
Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XIX, price Is. 6d. each.
A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution (illtist rated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I and II. Price one guinea each net. Vol. Ill in course of publica-
tion (Monthly parts, 1/-).
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
- and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palaearctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,
thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 7 vols., £5 5s. net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Ijepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, ifs. (id. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.
The British Noctuse and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvos, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each describedunder a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price '6s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes, Freshwater, &c.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &c.
Orders to be addressed to J. Heebekt Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road,

Brockley, S.E.

Vol. XXI.

\^

No. 9.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOF

AMD

JOURNAL OF VARIATIO]

Edited i?y

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEAKE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.h.s.k.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. r.L.s., f.e.s.

lVI BURK, d.sc.f.z.s., F.L.S., f.k.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., i-.z.h., p.e.s.

H. St. J. K. LONISTHORPK, f.z.s.. f.e.s. Alfred SIGH, f.e

George "WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

SEPTEMBEB 15th, 1909.

tf^r?

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post

(Incluaiiig all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.),

SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE I'OKWAKDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22, Frakcemj^ry Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, b

LONDON : ( Wt5iv]^

ELLIOT STOCK, 63,' Patkenoster Bow, E;f

BERLIN :

a»

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP^.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ®«tmvtala0t»t,

BURNISTON, Nr. sct^rboroUgH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

r>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

'To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.] P I

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as I n /

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. 1 Ij/

Rannoeh New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 i. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LtARVJE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EASY

e is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make lite less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy , will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/i| (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Yol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please obhge ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the £7it. Record, &c., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 7b. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. ffich ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to I'he Entomologist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minirauin
charge o£ 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page " Berlrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J, Herbert Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles lor insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthobpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

Duplicates. — Carthami, Sao, Gordius, Mnemosyne, Euphenoides cT and ? , Daphne,
Aurinia, Phoebe, Cinxia, Didyma, Deione, Dictynna, Antiopa, Egeria, Pasiphae.
Desiderata. — Alcon, Meleager, Pheretes, Donzelii, Dolus, Callidice, Cynthia, Varia,
Alcyone, Hermione and other Satyrs, Oeme, Ceto, Gorge, and many other European
b^itterflies. — A. S. Tetley, 32, Avenue Road, Scarborough..

Duplicates. — Grossulariata var. Varleyata, Acidalia strigilata, and other rarities.
Desiderata . — Livornica, Celerio, Achillese, Ilicifolia, Musculosa, Extranea, Neuriea(true),
Palustris (female), Lucens, Crinanensis, Xerampelina var unicolor, Ocellaris, Satura,
Ni, Fraxini, Fuliginaria, Roboraria (black var.), Innotata, Salicalis, Unionalis, Semirufa,
Splendidella, Terebrella, Verrucella, Rubrotibiella, and fine varieties and local forms. —
Geo. T. Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield.

Desiderata. — Ova of O. filigrammaria. — N. C. Rothschild, Arnndel House, Kensington
Palace Gardens, W.

Duplicates. — Ova of P. saucia ( ? of nigrocosta form). — Capt. P. A. Cardeiv, St.
Aldioyyis Park Avenue, Dover.

Duplicates. — Pupae and Imagines of Abruptaria* (black form). Desiderata. — Wild
pupje of Tilise. — W. J. Ogden, 1, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

Duplicates. — Davus, Salicis,* Baia,* Festiva, *Chi and vars., Kumicis,* Prsecox,
Capsincola,*Kurea* and vars., Tripartita,* Elutata*(vars.), Strigillaria, Fumata, Caesiata,
Bidentata and vars., Filigrammaria,* Eepandata (vars.), and Impluviata (dark). Desider-
ata.— Numerous to extend. — W. G. Glutten, 132, Goal Clough Lane, Burnley, Lanes.

Wanted. — Pupee S. Ligustri, Vinula, Trepida, and many others. Liberal exchange
or cash. — L. W. Newmayi, Bexleij, Kent.

Wanted. — Con'espondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every braneh-=-Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. W. H.
Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro' , England.

Wanted. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and LycEenids. Offered — Palaearctic
and Nearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro\ '

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in The Natural History of the British
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawing%of Aberrations and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. ~

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Meetings — October 20th, November 3rd, etc.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Nov. 1st, Coral Reefs. Lantern. A. M. Davies, D.Sc.
Dec. 6th, An Underground Excursion. Lantern. T. W. Reader, F.G.S. Jan. 10th,
President's Address. Excursions. — Oct. 23rd, 2.45 p.m., The Horniman Museum, Forest
Hill.— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings— Oct. 28th, Diptera, by W. H. Andrews, F.E.S. Nov. 11th, Exhibition of
Lantern Slides (Members are kindly requested to bring anything interesting to exhibit by
means of the Lantern). Nov. 25th, Special Exhibition of Varieties (will members please
invite friends?).

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. K; Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

WANTED, a copy of BUCKLEK'S LARV^.

Address, stating price, to PERCY C. REID, Peering Bury, Kelvedon.
THE

"CLARK GOLLEGTiON'oF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Tuesday 6t Wednesday, Nov. 2nd & 3rd, at I o'clock.

Mr. J. C. 5TEVEN5

Will Sell by Auction at his Rooms,
38, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C,

THE FIRST PORTION of the UNRIVALLED COLLECTION

Formed by the Late —

JOHN ADOLPHUS CLARK, Esq.,

M.P.S., L.D.S., Eng., F.E.S., etc.

Compi'ising extensive reared series, rare and extinct species, many unique and remark-
able varieties, aberrations, local forms and hermaphrodites ; all in the most perfect

state of preservation, and representing the life work of the owner.

On view day prior and morning of Sale. [^Catalogues ready ten days prior to the

Sale. May be had on application.

Collectors who are busy with autumnal \A/ork should
not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by day,
for information as to what can be done in the field
every day in the year. Collectors who are going into
a new locality, at home or abroad, will find the chapter
in the new edition of Part I, " Holiday Collecting,'
particularly useful.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s. each volume^ net, on 17s- 6f#« for the three

partsn

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing refarences to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK and A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," "Pinning," "Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvas," "Pupas," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole Biitish fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of thdr stages* The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopseJic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints oh sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
eto. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set &f Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 Ts. 6cl.

Name. . .
Address .

To Hp. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well .Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygaenidae* Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.
Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Elding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metaonorphosis. Price Is. An essay on tht

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

FOR SALE. PRICE £40.

... A SUPERIOR MAHOGANY . . .

ENTOlVEOLOOICAI-i CABINET,

Of 40 Interchangeable Drawers.

Size 18in. by 16in. Camphor cell all round. Ebony knobs. Sunk panelled sides to
carcase. Moulded top and plinth, and enclosed by plate-glass panelled doors. Own make.
Also an Excellent BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE by Crouch, with mechani-
cal stage, 2 eye-pieces, condenser, and 3 powers — 2in., Jin., and Jin., in oak case.

Price 8 guineas.

T. GURNEY, 50, The Broadway, London Fields, N.E.

BRITISH ONLY STOCKED AT BEXLEY.

Fine Healthy Larvse. — Prices per 25: Derasa, is. ; Illustrar'a, Is. 3d.; Ziczac, Is.
3d. ; Orbicularia, 2s. 6d. ; Conliua, Shetlands, 3s. 6d. ; Quercifolia, Is. 6d.; Dominula, Is.

Pupae. — Per doz. : Chamomillfe, 63. ; Ridens, 4s. 6d. ; Elpenor, Bs. ; Tiliaj, 3s. 6d.;,
Ocelliitus, 3s. 6d. ; Orbicularia, Is. 6d. ; P. napi, 9d. ; Flavicornis, Is. 9d. ; Flavicornis
Rannoch, 3s. Many others. Lists free.

Write at once for NEW PRICE LIST of Set Lepidoptera, just issued. Prices
greatly reduced in many cases.

5s. Boxes of fine set insects, all on black pins and with data. A great bargain —
worth 10s. at least.

li. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

N.B.— Don't forget Newman's Wonderful Relaxing Tin, 2s. 4d. Post Free.

WATKINS 8c DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain lling Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zino
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2iin.,
1/- ; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourte"en Boards, 10/6. Seating
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to" 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Biil sh, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammals, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class IVorkmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

- THE - QUITE NEW.

Ichneumons of Britain

BY

CJLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.
For 1 0s. 6d. Published recently at 26s. net.

A. H., 41, WISTERIA ROAD, LEWISHAM, S.E.

REISSUE OF

THE TENTAMEN DETERMiNATIONIS DIGESTiONIS ATQUE DENOMiNATONIS
SINGULARUM STIRPIUM LEPIDOPTERORUM. &c.

By JACOB HiXBNER
(1806).

This paper, one of the most important, and certainly one of the rarest, of those with
which students of lepidoptera have to be conversant, has been reprinted from one of the
only two known existing copies, and may be purchased, price 6d. (post free). Three
copies for Is.
Postal Order to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XX).
Single baqk volumes of the above can be obtained at 78. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XIX, price Is. 6d. each.
A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I and II. Price one guinea each net. Vol. Ill in course of publica-
tion (Monthly parts, 1/-).
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palaearctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illitst rated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,
thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 7 vols., £5 5s. net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of Insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. 6d. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.
The British Noctuse and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvte, pupae
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each describedunder a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price '6s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &c.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &e.
Orderst o be addressed to J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Koad,

Brockley, S.E.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOP

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATIO;

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., i.h.s.e.

dvn^n-p T BETHUNE-BAKER, r.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

BURR B°tc!Fz:s:F.i.t:.F.K.s. (rev.) b. r. n. burrows, F

• JasE COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN h.d., ^■■^^■^^■^■^
H St J K DONIBTHORPE, F.z.s.. f.e.s. Alfred SIOH, F.e
George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

OCTOBEB Idih, 1909.

ir.

.v/?T

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post

(Incluaiiig all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)

SEVEM SHILLIMGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22, Fhakcemary Road, Lad\-5\ell Road, Brockley,

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster EowT

BERLIN :
E. FEIEDLANDER & SOHN

11 PAnTjSTWAcnii: N-W.

m

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. AV. HEAD, ®tttamolO0t0t,

BURNISXON, Nr. SCT^RBOKOUGH.

Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

O. F. TAYLER & Co., X^tcl.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Smai-l Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

3000 (To comprise equal numbers of nob more than ten localities.] P I
I 1 1 1 1 I 1 ■'-'^I'B^'^ quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as I n /
[J [J (J I received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I M/

Kannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodgfe, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

lepidoptera & LARV^ A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tni, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; l^in., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2^in.,
1/- ; 3Jin., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage,
2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennae 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3J, best quality 1/6 per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Egus, Colns, Mi. noscoi'ic.w. Objects, Ij'ossn.s, Ac.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Bfi: fh, European, and Exotic).
Birds, Mammnlx, etc., Preserved and Hloiiiited bi/ /''(r,^^c/a.>s tl'urkmeii.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third volume of this important work is now nearing completion. It is still to be
obtained in Is. jDarts, a price that was fixed to bring, what might otherwise appear to be
an expensive book, within the means of every lepidopterist. Only a limited number of
copies are made up in parts, and as all parts remaining after the issue of the last are sent
to the binder with the other sheets, they are practically unobtainable later. We have
received so many applications for Vols. I and II in parts, since they have been completed,
and customers do not seem to understand that the parts are only made up in about the
numbers likely to be sold at the time and are not easily obtainable afterwards, that we
think it advisable to publish this notice. We are always willing to supply any odd
copies that we may happen to have in stock (through unequal sales) and will always try
to make up customers' requirements, but cannot undertake to do so.

Dear Sir, —

Please forward me Parts of .:! Natural Hhtori/ of the Brilitih Butterflies,

lie, at Is. per part, for which I enclose Postal Order . . . .s.

Name

Addre.ts

Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Lady well Roa(J, Brockley, S.E.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XX).
Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XIX, price Is. 6d. each.
A Natural History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I and II. Price one guinea each net. Vol. Ill in course of publica-
tion (Monthly parts, 1/-).
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palaearctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Alucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-history of every British species ; fall historical
account of the grou|i and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illustrated).
(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy 8vo.,
thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 7 vols., £5 5s. net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of insects. Demy 8vo. Price 5s. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Ajihides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist (illustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. 6d. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes.
The British Noctuae and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. Full account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price Is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvas, pupse
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles in Alpine Valleys. Crown 8 vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities — Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &e.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobbam,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, etc.
Orderst o be addressed to J. Hebbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Koad, Ladywell Boad,

Brocklev, S.E.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and ditSculties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy , will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAMT PILLS

Prepared only by THOiMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Yol. XXI (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige?
[This subscription, includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1909.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the Eiit. Record, &c., can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 7s. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 78. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to Tlie Entomologist's Record, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to J. W. Tutt.

Advektisejients of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of "28. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. E. Page "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tdtt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. W. 'J?utt, Rayleigh Villa, Westoombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Mr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to .J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

Duplicates. — Grossulariata var. Varleyata, Acidalia strigilata, and other rarities.
Desiderata. — Livornica, Celerio, Achilleae, Ilicifolia, Musculosa, Extranea, Neurica (true),
Palustris (female), Lucens, Crinanensis, Xerampelina var. unicolor, Ocellaris, Satura,
Ni, Fraxini, Fuliginaria, Roboraria (black var.), Innotata, Salicalis, Unionalis, Semirufa,
Splendidella, Terebrella, Verrucella, Rubrotibiella, and fine varieties and local forms. —
Geo. T. Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton, Hiiddersjield. y

Desiderata. — Ova of 0. filigrammaria. — N. C. Rothschild, Arnndel House, Kensington
Palace Gardens, W.

Duplicates. — Pupae and Imagines of Abruptaria* (black form). Desiderata. — Wild
pupae of Tiliae. — TT^. J. Ogden, 1, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

Duplicates. — Davus, Salieis,* Baia,* Festiva, *Chi and vars., Eumieis,* Prsecox,
Cai^sincola,* Eurea* and vars., Tripartita,* Elutata*(vars.), Strigiilaria, Fumata, Csesiata,
Bidentata and vars., Filigrammaria,* Kepandata (vars.), and Impluviata (dark). Desider-
ata.— Numerous to extend. — W. G. Clvtten, 133, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley, Lanes.

Duplicates. — Cilialis, Inquinatellus, Margaritellus, Similana, Caledouiana, Hastiana,
Variegana var., Conwayana, Sordidana, Dorsana(4), Fceneella (3), Angustana, Ustomacu-
lana, and odd specimens of other species. Desiderata. — Very numerous. Deltoids, Pyralids,
Crambids, Plumes, Tortrices, etc. — T. Ashtoii I^ofthoiise, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middles-
brough.

Duplicates. — Iviibniella,* Fusca, Templi,* Viminalis* (black), Pulchrina, E. autum-
naria,* Mundana*. Desiderata. — Numerous. — JS. Morleij, Wiiid Mill, Skelmanthorpc, nr.
Huddersfield.

iJuplicutes. — xEgon (unicolorons dusky-black, and blue marked ? s), Edusa, Argiolus,
Corydon, U. comma, L. quercus, Batis, Derasa, Luctuosa, Promutata, Petrificata, Nigra,
Lichenea, Glareosa, Lunosa, Ziczac, Pudibunda, Cardui, Semele. Desiderata. — Very
numerous imagines and pupse. — A. J. Spiller, Godolphin Cross, Helston.

Wanted. — To exchange fresh unset southern forms of common insects with North
Scotland collector for the same. — J. E. Eastwood, Enton, Witley, Surrey.

Wanted. — Pupa3 S. Ligustri, Vinula, Trepida, and many others. Liberal exchange
or cash. — L. IV. Neioman, Bexley, Kent.

Wanted. — Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. W. H.
Harrison, 181, Abingdon Road, Middleshoro\ England.

Wanted. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycaenids. Offered — Palaearctic
and Nearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrison, ISl, Abingdon Road, Middlesboro\

Wanted.— Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British "Blues," for reproduction in Tlie Natural History of the British
Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations and Gynandromorphs of other
groups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not necessarily British.]
J. W. Tutt, 119, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath.

Change of Addkess.^ — H. Wood, from 9, Church Rood, Ashford, Kent, to "Elim,^' Ken-
nington, nr. Asliford, Kent.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. Meetings — November 17th, December 1st, Discussion on " Agriades coridon and
A. thetis (hellargus)," opened by Mr. J. W. Tutt. Lantern Exhibition of Structural
Affinities of these species, by Dr. T. A. Chapman. Fellows and other lepidopterists are
kindly invited to make exhibitions of these species.

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society. — Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Dec. 6th, An Underground Excursion. Lantern.
T. W. Reader, F.G.S. Jan. 10th, President's Address.— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk, 8,
Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings — Nov. '25th, Special Exhibition of Varieties(Will members please invite friends?).
Dee. 9th. — " Notes on Chrysopora hermannella," by Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the i5rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. R. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

BRITISH ONLY STOCKED AT BEXLEY.

Fine Healthy Pupae.— Albulata, Shetlands, 2s. 6d. doz., 50, 7s. 6d.; Elpenor, 3s.;
Tiliae, 3s.; Illustraria, Is. 3d.; Albicillata, Is. 3d.; Derasa, Is. 9d.; Flavicornis, Rannoch,
2s. 6d.; Lacertula, Is.; Silaceata, 2s. 6d.; and many others.

Newman's Relaxing Tins now made in two sizes : — 9" x 9", 3s. 6d. each, postage od.;
and as before, 4^" x 6", 2s. each, postage 4d. The large size is very useful.

FULL WINTER PRICE LIST NOW READY.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

Collectors who are busy with autumnal and winter work
should not fail to refer to Practical Hints, day by

day, for information as to what can be done in the field
every day in the year.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Pfice Ssm each volume^ netf oi* 17s« 6i#. fog* the three

parts-

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK anu A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

" The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," " Pinning," " Entomo-
logical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larvas," "Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
l.pidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepidopterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopaedic from the field lepidopterist's point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
T enclose Postal Order for 1 Ts. 6cl.

Name

Address

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

THE

"CLARK COLLECTION "of BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.

Tuesday & Wednesday, Dec. 7th & 8th, at 1 o'clock.

Mr. J. C. STEVENS

Will Sell by Auction at liis Rooms,
38, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.,

THE SECOND PORTION of the UNRIVALLED COLLECTION

Formed by the Late —

JOHN ADOLPHUS CLARK, Esq.,

M.P.S., L.D.S.Eng., F.E.S., etc.

Comprising extensive reared series, rare and extinct species, many unique and remark-
able varieties, aberrations, local forms and hermaphrodites ; all in the most perfect
state of preservation, and representing the life work of the late owner.
On view day prior (10 to 4) and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net.

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first importance
to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and contains the following
chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. 6. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a small number of copies have been printed. It is trusted that ail entomologists
will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it to any libraries in which they
are interested or with which they are connected.

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc..

By J. VI. TUTT, F.E.S.

Goppelation of the results anrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Eeviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygaenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.

Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Biding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Farts I. and II. Ig. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

No. 11.

^^

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. ^^. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.

George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.

.BURR, r).sc.,F.z.s.,F.L.s., f.e.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.e.s.

Jas. E. COLLIN, f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., f.z.s., f.e.s.

H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s., f.e.s. Alfred SICH, f.e.s.

aEOBGE WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S.

NOVEMBEB 15th, 1909.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)

SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO HE 1'0BWABI>KD TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22. Fkancemaey Road, Ladvwell Road, Bhockley, S.E.

Ly^DON:
ELLIOT stock; ,62>Pateenosteb Row, E.G.

BElRLli/:

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, ©ntmnuloatet,

BUrNISTON, Mr. SeT^RBOROUGH.

h^nll List of Ova, Larrae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

r>. F. TAYLER & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heaps and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As supplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential tliat every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

(To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.'
Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as]
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Eannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRE5S. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, 5.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LARVJE! A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARY^, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII are now due.

Vol. XXI.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. ^V. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by
T. HUDSON BEARE, B.sc, f.e.s., f.r.s.e.
George T. BETHUNE-BAKER, f.z.s. f.l.s., f.e.s.
M. BURR, D.sc.,F.z.s.,F.L.s., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, f.]

Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, h.d., f./.s., f.e.s.
H. St. J. K. DONISTHOBPE, f.z.s., f.b.s. Alfred SICH,' f.e.;
Hekry J. TURNER, f.e.s. George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s.

DECEMBER 15th, 1909.
Price ONE SHILLING (net).

(WITH INDEX).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(IiicUidiiig all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.)
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO liE lORWAEDED TO

J. HERBERT TUTT,

22. Francemary Road, Ladiwell Road, Bbockley, 8.E.

-^ . -^^S|
LONDON ^ *.4. r ,

ELLIOT STOCK, 62,^PA^"ERNnsaKK Kow.^X.

OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E.

The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is

H. W. HEAD, mi\iomolo(ii&t,

Fidl List of Ova, Larrae, ami Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets,

etc., sent on application.

Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale.

I>. F. TAYIL-ER & Co., ]L.td.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Smam. Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.
(As sujjplied to the British Museum.)

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

iTo comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.
Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as |
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Rannoch New Forest Shetland

16. vi. 97 4. ix. 97 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," Coombe Lodge, Mycenae Road,
Westcombe Park, S.E.

Lantern Slides in Natural Colours.

LEPIDOPTERA & LiAKVJE A SPECIALITY.

Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail.

SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.,

By same Colour Process.
LA.NTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING.

PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE
TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.

For List apply to —

CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN.

LIVING MADE EASY

There is a tendency in many departments of life towards greater simplicity.
The aim of the most enlightened civilisation is really to make life less com-
plex, less strenuous, and less unsatisfactory. BEECHAM'S PILLS are
thoroughly modern in this respect, for their unfailing effect is to cure those
disorders of the Stomach, Liver, and Bowels, which so greatly increase the
measure of our troubles and difficulties. Existence which, under the evil
spell of ill-health, may appear hard and gloomy, will become bright and pleasant

BY TAKING

BEECHAM'S PILLS. However much human ingenuity may do to make life
less of a struggle the man who is suffering from any derangement of the
digestive organs will always find living a heavier burden than he would other-
wise do. To him life will always be more of a painful duty than a delight.
It is, indeed, a mystery why he should continue to allow dyspepsia, biliousness,
disordered liver, sluggish kidneys, and the accompanying loss of nerve-power
to overshadow his happiness, when a certain remedy for all his troubles is to
be found in

BEECHAM'S PILLS

Prepared only by THOMAS BEECHAM, St. Helens, Lanes.
Sold everywhere in boxes, price i/ij (56 pills) & 2/9 (168 pills.)

Subscriptions for Vol. XXII (7 shillings) should be sent to J. Herbert Tutt, 22,
Franceraary Road, Lady well Road, Brockley, S.E. Will subscribers please oblige ?
[This subscription includes all numbers published from January 15th to December 15th,
1910.]

Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers' magazines should be
notified to Mr. H. E. Page, "Bertrose," Gellatly Road, Hatcham, S.E.

The Back Volumes (I-XX) of the £nt. Becord, ttc, can be obtained as follows —
Single volumes, 78. 6d. ; 2 or 3 volumes, 78. 3d. each ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 vols., 7s. each ;
10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 vols, at 6s. 9d. each ; 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 vols, at 6s. 6d. each.
Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus postage). Special
Indexes to Vols. III-XIX, sold separately, price Is. 6d. each.

Subscribers are kindly requested to observe that subscrixjtions to The E>domologUt'« liecord, &c., are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Special Index) is Seven Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.
Cheques and Postal Orders should be made xjayable to J. W. Tutt.

Advertisements of Books and Insects for Sale or Books wanted will be inserted at a niiniiaatn
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer .Advertisements in proportion. A reduction made for a series.
Particulars of Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. K. Page "Bertrose,"
Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park, London, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,
also to Mr. J. Herbert Tutt, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Articles for insertion and Exchanges should be sent to J. \V, Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Wsstcombe
Hill, S.E., except notes relating to Coleoptera, which should be sent to Mr. H. Donisthorpe, 58,
Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, S.W., and of Orthoptera, to Dr. Burr, Eastry S.O., Kent.

Articles that require Illustration are inserted on condition that the author defrays the cost of the
illustrations.

All Exchange Magazines must be forwarded to J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill.
Blackheath, S.E.

Diqilicates. — lo,* Elymi,* Suasa,* Rumicis,* Brunnea,* Saucia, Lunigera (fair),
Craccse (4), Nigra, lanthina,* Chi, Graminis, Captiuncula, Fulva, Sylvinus, Spadicea,
Hectus, Glareosa, Macilenta, Ambigua, Unanimis, Lunaria,* Caesiata, Cervinata,*
Tiliaria,* Badiata,* Prunaria, Russata,* Isogrammata,* Succenturiata,* Mendica,*
Lignata, Subfulvata,* Bicolorata and var. Plumbata, Olivata, Cambrica, Fluviata, Tri-
fasciata,* Propugnata, Affinitata, Opthalmicana, Iviihniella, Cilialis, Sordidana, Bimacu-
lana, Inquinatellus, etc. Desiderata. — Tiliffi (pupse), Betuhi', Bombyliformis (narrow),
Ligniperda, Tincta, Cassinea ? s, Obelisca, Brevilinea, Muscerda, Simulata, Glabraria,
Curzoni, Punctaria, Emutaria, and many others including to end of Tortrices. — T, Ashton
Lofthoitse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middleshorough.

])csideratu. — Ova of 0. filigiammaria. — N. C. Rotliscinld, Arundel House, Kensington
Palace Gardens, W.

Duplicates.— J'a-px and Imagines of Abruptaria* (black form). Desiderutti. — Wild
pupa; of Tiliaj. — T-V. J. Ogden, 1, ]Veit Bank. Stuinford Hill, London, N.

Duplicates. — Davus, Salicis,* Baia,* Festiva, *Chi and vars., Rumicis,* Praeeox,
Capsincola,* Kuiea* and vars., Tripartita,* Elntata*(vars.), Strigillaria, Fumata, Cffisiata,
Bidentata and vars., Filigrammaria,* Eepandata (vars.), and Impluviata (dark). Desider-
ata.— Numerous tb extend. — IF. G. Clutten, 132, Coal Clough Lane, Burvleii, Lanes.

DurtUrates. — Kiihniella,* Fus■^a, Tcmnli,* Yimina!is* (black), Tulchrii!:!, E. aulum-
naria,* Mundana*. Desiderata. — Numerous. — B.Morley, Wind Mill, Skelmanthorpe, nr.
Huddersfield.

Duplicates. — ^Egon (unicolorous dusky-black, and blue-marked ? s), Edusa, Argiolus,
Corydon, U. comma, L. quercus, Batis, Derasa, Luctuosa, Promutata, Petrilicata, Nigra,
Licbenea, Glareosa, Lunosa, Zlczac, Pudibunda, Cardui, Semele. Desiderata.'^Yerj
numerous imagines and pupae. — A. J. Spiller, Godolphin Cross, Helston.

Wanted.— To excbange fresh unset southern forms of common insects with North
Scotland collector for the same.— J. E. Eastwood, Enton, Witley, Surrey.

Wanted. — Pupa; S. Ligustri, Vinula, Trepida, and many others. Liberal exchange
or cash. — L. IF. Nervman, Be.dey, Kent.

Wanted. — Correspondence with anyone interested in Natural History in British
Colonies. I can assist in nearly every branch — Entomological, Botanical, etc. — J. W. H.
Harrison. ISl, Ahingdon Road, Middlesboro\ England.

Wanted. — Indian Theclas, Chrysophanids, and Lycsenids. Offered — Palsearctie
andNearctic species. — J. W. H. Harrimn, 181, Ahingdon Road, Middleshoro' .

Wanted. — Good photographs or careful drawings of Aberrations, Gynandromorphs,
etc., of any British " Blues," not yet treated for reproduction in The Natural History of
the British Butterflies. Also photos and good drawings of Aberrations- and Gynandro-
morphs of other jiroups that may be used later as opportunity offers. [Specimens not
necessarily British.] J. IV. Tutt, 119, Westcomhe Hill, Blackheath.

Wanted. — For breeding experiments in heredity and sex determination, pupae of
Spilosoma mendica and its (Irish) var. rustica.—L. Doncaster, Zoological Laboratory,
University, Birmingham.

Wanted. — Larvae of pupa; of Crahroiiiformis and Bembeciformis. — N. Charles
Rothschild, Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W.

Changes of Address. — Capt. P. A. Gardew to 50, Melbury Gardens, Cottenham Park,
Wimbledon. G. 0. Sloper to South Kensington Hotel, Queen's Gate 'Terrace, S.W. H.
Willoughhy Ellis to " Holly Hill," Berksivell, Warwickshire.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.— 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8- p.m. Meetings — January 19th (Annual I\[eeting).

The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.— London
Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.— The first and third Tuesdays in the naonth, at 7.30
p.m., except in July and August.

Toynbee Hall Natural History Society.— Held at Toynbee Hall, Commercial
Street, E., Mondays, at 8 p.m. Jan. 10th, President's Address.— Hon. Sec, Owen Monk,
8, Shooter's Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.— The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at 8 p.m.
Meetings — January IBth, "iTth.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.— Meetings at the Royal Institu-
tion, Liverpool, on the 3rd Monday in the month from October to April. Hon. Sec,
H. E. Sweeting, 2, Halkyn Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

BRITISH ONLY STOCKED AT BEXLEY.

Fine Healthy Pupae.— Albulata, Shetlands, '2s. 6d. doz., 50, 7s. 6d.; Elpenor, 3s.;
Tihse, 3s.; Illuatraria, Is. 3d.; Albicillata, Is. 3d.; Derasa, Is. 9d.; Flavicornis, Rannoch,
2s. 6d.; Lacertula, Is.; Silaceata, 2s. 6d.; and many others.

Newman's Relaxing Tins now made in two sizes :— 9" x 9", 3s. 6d. each, postage 5d.;
and as before, 4J" x 6", 2s. each, postage 4d. The large size is very useful.
FULL WINTER PRICE LIST NOW READY.

L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.

Collectors who are busy with winter work should not fail
to refer to Practical Hints, day by day, for infor-
mation as to what can be done in the winter to their
collections, apparatus, etc., as well as in the field every
day in the year.

Practical Hints for the Field
Lepidopterist (Illustrated)

By J. ^A^. TUTT, F.E.S.
PARTS I II & III

(Interleaved for Collector's own notes.)

Price 6s. each volume^ net, or 17s. Gdm for the three

gaartsm

Containing about 4000 Practical Hints of the form so well known.
Together with

General and Special Index to Parts I II & III.

(Containing references to nearly 1600 British species)

By H. J. TURNEE, F.E.S.

Together with Chapters on

Preservation, Mounting, and Photographing of Eggs.

By F. NOAD CLARK anl A. E. TONGE, F.E.S.

Also detailed chapters on

■ The Collection and Conservation of Lepidoptera," "Killing," " Pinning," " Entonio-
ogical Pins," "Setting," "Labelling," "Holiday Collecting," "Collections," "Collect-
ing," "The Egg and Egg Stage," "The Larva and Larval Stage," " The Pupa and Pupal
Stage." Instructions on the technical description of " Eggs," " Larv»," "Pupae," etc.

The whole comprising the most important book on the subject ever offered to the field
lepidopterist, and forming a complete encyclopaedia of Field Lepido'pterology.

Roughly, the number of species of lepidoptera in the whole British fauna amounts to
about 2100 species. It was not until the three parts were carefully indexed by Mr. Turner
that it was suspected how wide a field the "Hints" covered, and how comparatively few of
the British species, other than the very commonest, received no " hint " as to their mode
of capture in one or other of their stages. The long general index shows that the work is
encyclopedic from the field lepidopterist' s point of view ; nothing so complete as the
hints on sallowing, light, sugaring, egg-laying, larva-hunting (in all its forms), pupa-
hunting, and the various phases of rearing lepidoptera — breeding-cages, treatment, food,
etc. — having ever been attempted. In addition to these points, many chapters, simple
enough for the beginner, and yet advanced enough to teach the expert something, have
been added, with the intention of suggesting to the field lepidopterist how to use his
observations and work, not only to his own advantage, but also to the advantage of
entomological science, and the book can be recommended as being of first value to all
field entomologists, whilst the chapters on the preservation, mounting, measurement, and
photographing of eggs, will appeal to a very large class of entomologists.

Dear Sir, — Please forward me a set of Practical Hints, Parts I, II, and III, for which
I enclose Postal Order for 1 7s. 6d.

Name

Address

To Mr. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Gentleman travelling .in these Islands will be glad to make
collections of insects for such as desire.

For Terms applij

A. A. JACKSON,

5, Thistle Street, Edinburgh.

The Migration and Dispersal of Insects.
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Demy 8vo., 132 pp. Price Five Shillings net. \

This book, the only one published on this interesting subject, is of first importance 5
to all students of the geographical distribution of animals, and contains the following
chapters : —

1. General Considerations. 2. Coccids and Aphides. 3. Orthoptera. 4. Odonata.
5. Lepidoptera. (5. Coleoptera. 7. Diptera. 8. Social Insects — Hymenoptera, Ter-
mites. 9. Final considerations.

Only a small number of copies have been printed. It is trusted that all entomologists
will, besides supporting the book themselves, recommend it to any libi'aries in which they
are interested or with which they are connected.

Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera

(Demy 8vo., bound in Cloth. Price 5/-.)
Deals exhaustively with all the views brought forward by scientists to account for the
forms of melanism and melanochroism ; contains full data respecting the distribution of
melanic forms in Britain, and theories to account for their origin ; the special value of
"natural selection," "environment," "heredity," "disease," '.'temperature," d'c, in
particular cases. Lord Walsingham, in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the
Entomological Society of London, says, " An especially interesting line of enquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects is that which has been followed up in
Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and Melanochroism.' "

J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

Entomological Pamphlets, etc.,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Correlation of the results arrived at in recent Papers

on the Classification of Lepidoptera. Price Is. 6d.

Reviewing the oval, larval, pupal, and imaginal characters used by

various Lepidopterists.
Notes on the Zygaenidae. Price Is. 6d. An account of the habits, etc.,

of several species of the Alpine Burnet moths.
Some considerations of Natural Genera and incidental

reference to the nature of Species. Price Is. net.

A detailed consideration of the nature of genera and species.
Some considerations of the Nature and Origin of Species.

Price Is. 6d. net. A detailed consideration of the causes that have led to

specific forms and their isolation.
Some results of recent Experiments in hybridising

Tephrosia bistortata and T. crepuscularia. Price 6d.

net. Full account of experiments conducted by Dr. Riding and Mr. Bacot

in hybridising these allied species.
The Drinking Habits of Butterflies and Moths. Price Is.

An interesting essay on the habit as observed in many parts of the world

and its possible meanings.
The Nature of Metamorphosis. Price Is. An essay on the

nature of the various forms and degrees of metamorphosis in different

orders of insects.
The Scientific Aspects of Entomology. Parts I. and II. Is. each

part, net. Critical review of the various scientific uses to which the work of

entomologists may be put.

Postal Orders to A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewisham, S.E.

WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain King Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, 2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6,
4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Zinc
Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6.
Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with
brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor
cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. Setting-Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2iin.,
1/-; 3^in., 1/4; 4in., 1/6; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/6. Setting
Houses, 9/6, 11/6 ; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breetling Cage,
2/6, 4/-, .5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/6, 1/8. Botanical Cases,
japanned double tin, 1/6 to 4/6. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect
Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antennse 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality l/6.per dozen sheets. Brass
Chloroform Bottle, 2/6. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes,
from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to 1/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1/9.
Taxidermist's Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10/6.
Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair ; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; Artificial
Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs,
2d., 3d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc.

SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of
all other families.

We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages
over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt).

For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sesiidae, etc., are
best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins.

We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application.

SHOW KOOM FOR CABINETS

Of every description of Insects, Birds' Eggs, Coins, Microscopical Objects, Fossils, &c.

Catalogue (100 pages) sent on application, post free.

LAEGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS (Brilish, European, and Exotic).
Birds, MamviaU, etc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.

36, STRAND, LONDON, W.C, ENGLAND.

A NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES,

THEIR WORLD-WIDE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.,

The third volume of this important work has now been completed. It is still to be
obtained in Is. parts, a price that was fixed to bring, what might otherwise appear to be
an expensive book, within the means of every lepidopterist. Only a limited number of
copies are made up in parts, and as all parts remaining after the issue of the last are sent
to the binder with the other sheets, they are practically unobtainable later. We have
received so many applications for Vols. I and II in parts, since they have been completed,
and customers do not seem to understand that the parts are only made up in about the
numbers likely to be sold at the time and are not easily obtainable afterwards, that we
think it advisable to publish this notice. We are always willing to supply any odd
copies that we may happen to have in stock (through unequal sales) and wiil always try
to make up customers' requirements, but cannot undertake to do so.

Dear Sir, —

Please forward me Parts of ^ Natural History of the British Butterflies,

(tc, at Is. per part, for which I enclose Postal Order . . . .s.

Name

Address

Mf. J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Francemary Road, Ladywell Road, Brockley, S.E.

The Entomologist's Library.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Back volumes of

The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XX).
Single back volumes of the above can be obtained at 7s. 6d. per volume ; any
two or three volumes at 7s. 3d. per volume ; four, five, six, seven, eight or
nine at 7s. per volume ; ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fourteen at 6s. 9d. per
volume ; fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or twenty at 6s. 6d.
per volume. Back copies of the Magazine at double the published price (plus
postage). Special Indexes, Vols. III-XIX, price Is. 6d. each.
A Natur>al History of the British Butterflies, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution (illustrated).

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II and III. Price one guinea each net. Vol. IV will be commenced
shortly (Monthly parts, 1/-). [Subscription to include 20 parts, 17s. 6d.]
A detailed account of the biology and variation of each British species,
and a consideration of the literature and classification of the Palsearctic
species.
A Natural History of the British Aiucitides, their world-wide
variation and geographical distribution.

(A text-book for Students and Collectors.)
Vol. I. Price one guinea net. (To be completed in two volumes.)
Full details of the life-hislory of every British species ; full historical
account of the group and its classification.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, their world-
wide variation and geographical distribution {illustiuted).
(A text-book fcr Students and Collectors.)
Vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, IX and X, Price £1 each volume, net. Demy
8vo., thick, strongly bound in cloth. Complete set of 8 vols., £6 net.
The most concise and thorough work on Lepidoptera ever offered to the
entomological public.
Migration and Dispersal of insects. Demy 8vo. Price ds. net.
A detailed account of the migration of the Aphides, Orthoptera, Odonata,
Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist lillustrated).
Three parts, 6s. each net. Complete set, 17s. (3d. A detailed set of some
4000 practical hints. Full information for collecting, preserving, and
using the material for scientific purposes. -

The British Noctuse and their Varieties. Complete in 4 volumes.
28s. per set net. Demy 8vo., strongly bound in cloth. P'ull account of
the typical and all known described forms, with original descriptions.
Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.
Demy 8vo., bound in cloth. Price 5s. A full account of all the facts
known bearing on the subject, and a closely reasoned explanation of
probable causes.
100 Practical Hints on the British Eupitheciids. Price is.
A series of hints on the method of finding and rearing eggs, larvse, pupss
and imagines of the " pugs."
Monograph of the British Pterophorina. Demy 8vo., 161 pp.
Bound in Cloth. Price 5s. net. An account of every British species and
its life-history — each described under a series of detailed headings.
Rambles In Alpine Valleys. Crown 8vo. Bound in Cloth. With map
and photographs. Price 3s. 6d. net. A graphic account of the rambles
of a naturalist on the Italian side of Mont Blanc.
Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill. Crown
8vo. Bound in Cloth. Price 3s. net. A detailed account of the fauna
and flora of some well-known British natural history localities— Wicken,
Deal, Chattenden, the Medway marshes. Freshwater, &c.
Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh. Crown 8vo. Bound
in Cloth. 242 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page illustrations. Price
2s. 6d. net. Descriptive account of well-known natural history localities
(botanical, entomological, geological, ornithological), including Cobham,
Cliffe, Cuxton, the Western Highlands, &c.
Orders to be addressed to J. Hekeeet Tutt, 22, Francemary Koad, Ladywell Eoad,
I r^n.^ in Rroeklev. S.E.

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