< r f ^ c c • <. *< < « v_ r 1 <. t f V < « ( • ;- «* ^- <- . 0-' < € c < i ( ( ■3. «^ ^ • . rmm €. m •<;^ f '4 C" c '5 « 5 *: 5 r c « ^r* f ^H. «r «- c 5^ C ^ c m m > 5. ^ THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Editkd by EicHARD S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. T. HUDKON BKAUK, b.sc, f.h.s., k.u.s.e. George T. BETHUNE-BAKEU, f.z.s., f.l.s. , f.e.s. m. buuk, d.sc, f.z.s., f.i..s., f.e.s. (Rev.) C. R. N. BURUOWS, f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, iii.I).,f.z.h., f.k.6 Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.8. H. St. 0. K. DONIRTHORPE, F.7..S., F.K. Alfred SICH, f.e.s. J. R. le B. TOM LIN, m.a., f.k.s. George WHEELER, m.a., f.e.s. HkNHY J. TUllNEll, F.K.R., Eilitovial Secretary. VOL. XXVI. JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1914. PRICE 10s. 6d. Special Index (with every reference), Is. 6d. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 7, Paternoster Row, EC. BERLIN : R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11, Carlstrasse, N.W. PREFACE TO VOL. XXYI. On April 15th our Magazine will have reached the close of its 25th year, its first quarter of a century. Established by its revered late Editor, Mr. J. W. Tutt, as a Journal of Variation, it has more or less kept its object in view daring the whole of that period, but at the same time its pages have been open for articles and discussions on every subject in which entomologists have been interested. Of the names of those who were contributors to the first two volumes we still have nearly a score who continue to give us notes, articles, or in- formation, on the other hand we note with sorrow that nearly two score of our then helpers have passed away. May we ask our subscribers one and all to help us with notes during the coming year. The great world struggle will take the thought and energy of many of us, and like everything else our study must suffer to a degree, but by mutual aid, even if it be but individually small, we shall do well. Again we have issued 24 plates during the year. For these we are indebted to the continued kindness of Dr. Chapman (10), Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker (9), Mr. P. A. Buxton (1), Mr. B. C. S. Warren (1), and Dr. Burr (1). For the General Index we have to thank Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, and Professor Hudson Beare, Dr. Burr, and Mr. Collin have kindly undertaken sections of the Special Index. The active aid and ready, useful criticism of the Rev. Geo, Wheeler has been at all times a reliable advantage. Kind wishes to all contributors and subscribers for the coming season. Hy. J. Turner. The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation. YOL. XXYI. SPECIAL INDEX. By T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S. (Coleoptera) ; M. BURE, D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Orthoptera) ; J. E. COLLIN, F.E.S. (Diptera) ; and H. J. TUENER, F.E.S. (Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, etc). Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species. Species, Genera, etc., new to Britain are marked with an Asterisk*, those neiv to Science icith two Asterisks**. ACARINA. Acarus . . . . . .61, '' J&, 211 bostocki, Trachyuropoda . . .. 44 comata, Cilibano . . .. 44 cuneifer, Ltelaps .. .. 44 Gamisus .. 189 grandis, Antennophorus . . .. 44 lintearius, Tetranychus . . If )0, 211 pabescene, Antennophorus .. 44 ARANEINA. biovata, Thyreosthenius . . .. 43 cinerea, Cicurina . . .. 43 cursor, Glyciphagus .'. 127 hombergi, Harpactes .. 43 melanotarsus, Metopoctea.. .. 63 mereus, Evansia . . 43 obtusa, Walckenisria .. 63 pallidus, Lephthyphantes . . .. 63 pulicaria, Micaria . . .. 43 reeisus, Tetrilus .. 43 vivum, Gongylidiellum .. 63 COLEOPTERA. Acantbocinus Eedilis .. 103 Adesmia acervatus . . .. 87 biskrensis.. .. .." .. 87 Antbicus bifasciatus .. 147 Apion tiavipes .. 63 frumentarium . . .',. .. 62 Archon centaurus . . . 151 Atemeles emargiuatus .. 41 var. nigricoUis. . . 137 Athcta paradoxa . 62 Attagenus pedio . 62 Batrisus occultns . . . 62 Bembidinm clarki .. . 99 Cantharis paludosus . 99 Cassida vittata . 26 Caulotrypis aeneop.iceus . 99 Cetonia stictica . 211 Ceuthorrbynchus borridus . 151 Claviger longicornis . . 3 7, 230 testaceus . . . 42 Clinocara tetratoma . 99 Clythra 4-punctata . . . 42 Coccidula rufa . 63 PAGE Coccinella 10-punctata var. con- fluens 101 distincta . . . . . . . . 42 Crioceris brunnea . . . . . . 234 lilii 234 merdigera.. .. .. .. 234 Dacne rutifrons , . . . . . 26 Deliphrum tectum . . . . . . 99 Dinarda hagensi . . . . . . 41 milrkeli . . . . . . . . 41 Dorcatoma, chrysomelina. . .. 211 flavicornis .. .. ..211 punctulata . . . . . . 210 Drusilla canaliculata . . . . 42 Epicometis squalida .. 65, 67 Eudectus whitei . . . . . . 149 Geodromicus nigrita . . . . 99 Goliathus kirkii . . . . . . 149 wisei .. .. .. .. 149 Gyrophcena strictula . . . . 99 Haliplus confinis . . . . . . 101 Helopborus granularis . . . . 187 ytenensis . . . . . . . . 187 Hippuriphila modeeri . . . . 99 Hispa atra . . . . . . . . 151 Homceusa acuminata . . . . 41 Hygropora cunetans . . . . 278 Ilyobates bennetti . . . . . . 137 nigricoUis . . . . . . . . 137 Isehnodes sanguinicollis . . . . 116 Lampyris noctiluca . . . . 211 Leptacinus parumpunctatus . . 99 Limnobaris T-album . . . . 99 Lochmwa suturalis.. .. 189, 209 Malthodes atomas . . . . . . 101 brevicollis. . .. .. ..188 crassicornis . . . . . . 188 nigellus . . . . . . . . 188 Medon castaneus .. ..62,63, 230 Mcgacronus cingulatus . . . . 99 Myrmedonia limbata . . . . 42 Neuraplies rubieundus . . . . 62 Notothecta clavipes . . . . 42 (Edemera virescens .. .. 149 Opatrum emarginatum . . . . 66 sabulosum . . . . . . 42 Pacliylopus maritimus . . . . 99 Pffiderus caligatus . . . . . . 63 Paracymus nigroaeneus . . . . 99 SPECIAL INDEX. Philbyclrus fuscipennis halophilus melanocepbalus . . Philonthus pullus . . Pimelia barbara inflata Psammobius sulcicollis Psammcechus bipunctatus Psylliodes cyanopteva Pterosticbus atenimus gracilis minor nigrita parumpunctatus . . Ebagonycha unicolor Rbizophagus cribratus parallelocollis Scarabeus sacer Semiclaviger sikorne Stenolopbus vespertinus Tacbyusa ati'a Thanasimus rufipes Tbiasophila angulata inquilina Tbryogenes scirrhosus Zonitis ebornia PAGE . 147 . 147 147 , 99 . 65 , 65 . 99 . 99 . 101 . 103 , 99 . 62 . 62 . 99 . 99 . 99 . 63 . 66 . 150 . 99 . 99 . 23 . 41 . 41 . 99 . 103 COLLEMBOLA. albinus, Cyphodeirus, Becbia . . 43 CoUembola 43, 75, 150 Podura . . . . . . . . 63 CRUSTACEA. Erioccus . . . . . . . . 74 hoffmanseggi, Platyartbrus 26, 44, 63 Isopoda . . . . . . . . 74 DIPTERA. asgyptiaea, Nemastrina . . . . 87 ^nigmatias.. .. 276,277,278 sestuum, Lininopbora . . . . 189 albocingulata, Hilara . . . . 258 Antbomyidfe . . . . . . 258 Antbomyza . . . . . . . . 258 Apbiocbfeta . . . . . . . . 258 auricollis, Argyra* . . . . . . 211 biarticulata, Nycteribia (Stylidia) 68 bifasciata, Antbomyza . . . . 258 blattoides, Aenigmatias 37, 45, 102, 276, 277, 278 Bombylius . . . . . . . . 65 boreella, Antbomyza . . . . 258 bracbyptera, Peyerimhoffia 62, 102 bras-sicffi, Pegomyia . . . . 209 calopteva, Laglaizia . . . . 124 campestris, Aphiochfeta . . . . 208 ciliata, Fannia . . . . . . 189 clavipes. Aphiochjvta . . . . 208 connexa, Pbora** .. .. .. 208 crabroniformis, Asilus . . . . 189 Cuiicidffi . . . . 120, 122, 210 Diptera . . ., 76, 147, 148, 208 discolor, Bombylius .. ..68 PAGE Dolicbopodidae .. .. 52, 268 dorni, Platypbora (Oniscomyia)** 278 dufouri, Penicillidia . . . . 68 elegantiila, Agatbomyza . . . . 259 elegantula, Callimyia . . . . 258 elongata. Apbiocbfeta** .. .. 208 fera, Tacbina . . . . . . 189 formicarum, Pbora. . .. ..42 formosa, Cbloromyia . . . . 68 Gloasinidffi . . . . . . . . 190 gracilis, Pbora . . . . . . 258 griseola, Macronycbia . . . . 189 grossa, Tacbina . . . . . . 189 guttatus, Syrphus . . . . . . 26 bectoralis, Apbiocbseta . . . . 208 higblandiea (blattoides var.), Aenigmatias** .. .. 277 italicura, Cbrysotoxum . . 68, 87 lasiae, Pbyliomvza . . . . . . 42 lubbocki, Platypbora 102,276,277, 278 medius, Bombylius. . .. 65, 68 meigeni, Apbiochteta . . . . 208 microps, Eceoptomera . . . . 62 morsitans, Glossina . . . . 190 mutabilis, Microdon . . . . 44 myrmecophilus, Ceratopogon . . 43 nicricanda, Tbrypticus . . 52, 258 Oniscomyia = Aenigmatias .. 278 paniscus, Antbrax . . .. .. 87 parva, Pborbia .. .. .. 189 parvicornis. Cbirosia . . . . 189 pedicularia, Nycteribia (Listropodia) 68 Peyerimboffia . . . . . . 62 Pbora 258 Pboridffi 208 Platypbora . . . . 276, 277, 278 pygmtea, Lispe . . . . . . 189 saliciperda, Cecidomyia . . 151, 189 scbineri, Amalopis* .. .. 211 scbmidti, Nycteribia (Listropodia) 68 Simulium . . . . . . . . 52 Styringomyia .. .. 150. 210 submeigeni, Apbiocha3ta** .. 208 subterranea, Peyerimboffia** .. 62 Syrpbidse .. .. .. .. ]26 vestita, Apbiocba?ta** .. .. 208 vexata, Nycteribia (Acrocbolidia) . . 68 viduella, Agatbomyza . . . . 258 vitrea, Pbora 208 zetterstedti, Agatbomyza . . . . 258 ENTOMOSTRACA. Cyclops 76 HEMIPTERA. agilis, Stenocepbalus .. ..87 Aleurodes (Aleyrodes) . . 150, 151 Aleyrodidffi 150, 151 algirica (laciniata), Phyllomorpba 87 Apbidte 38, 44 Apbides 148 atra, Pbylloscelis 209 aurantiaca, Cblorita .. .. 211 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE bidentata, Pygolampis .. 190 bidentata, Typlilocyba .. 211 britannica, Kuwania .. 278 carri, Typhlocyba .. .. 211 Chermes 63, 189 citri, Pseudococcus . . .. 190 Coccidce 43, 150 corticalis, Chermes.. .. 189 Delphacidae . . .. 117 distincta, Typhlocyba .. 211 distinguenda, Psyllopsis** .. 51 di versa, Typhlocyba .. 211 dumosa, Jalla .. 151 fagi, Pbyaphis .. 212 flammigera, Zygina .. 211 floccosa, Newsleadia .. 43 fraxini, Psyllopsis . . 51, 212 invitus, Lygus .. 209 Jassidffi .. 103 laciniata=algirica lanternaria, Fulgoria .. 189 mediterraneus, Margarodes .. 88 neglecta, Zygina .. 211 perniciosus, Aspidiotus .. 207 Phylloxera . . .. 212 pinetellus, Grypotes* .. 75 plebeja, Typhlocyba .. 211 prunicola, Typhlocyba .. 211 Psyllidae .. 256 pulchellus, Arseopus .. 75 punctata. Phylloxera .. 212 speciosa, Euidella . . .. 75 subterranea, Eipersia .. 43 tersa, Typhlocyba . . .. 211 tomlini, Kipersia .. .. 43 Typhlocybidse .. 211 ulmi, Lepidosaphes .. 207 vejdovskyi, Ortheziola .. 43 viridis, Chermes .. 189 HYMENOPTERA. abd-el-kader, Microdynerus 64, 65 aceris, Phyllotoma . . . . . . 125 acervorum, Leptothorax 38, 91, 95, 106, 107 affinis, Lasius . . . . . . 40 affinis (tuberum subsp.), Lepto- thorax 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 106, 107, 108 affino-umbratus, Lasius . . . . 40 agrorum, Bombus . . . . . . 154 albipes (calceatus var.), Halictus. . 154 alieno-niger (niger subsp.), Lasius.. 39 alienus, Lasius 39. 43, 44, 62, 98, 102, 142 alpina (rufa subsp.), Formica 38, 40, 42 amedei (cirtana), Xylocopa .. 66 atroalba, Anthophora . . 65, 85 barbarus, Messor 65, 67, 69, 85 bidens, Scolia . . . . . . 85 bistigmaticus, Euphorus . . . . 42 Bombus . . . . . . . . 65 Braconidse . . . . . . . . 42 PAGE brevicornis, Cubocephalus . . 212 buccata, Pachylomma . . . . 42 caespitum, Tetramorium 39, 43, 94 calcarata, Anthophora . . . . 85 calceatus, Halictus . . . . . . 154 Camponotinffi , , . . . . 39 caroli, Odynerus . . . . . . 67 cerinthius, Amblyteles . . . . 262 Chalcididas 42 chobauti, Chrysis . . . . . . 85 Chrysididee 266 Chrysis 103 eiliata, Elis . . . . . . . . 64 ciliata, Eucera . . . . 67, 69 cincta, Megachile . . . . . . 103 cingulata, Leptothorax . . . . 90 citrana = amedei, Xylocopa .. 69 coarctata, Ponera . . . . . . 42 consobrinus, Odynerus . . 64, 67 corticalis (tuberum subsp.), Lepto- thorax 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 106, 107 dentata, Phanerotoma .. .. 212 Dolicboderinse .. .. ..39 Dorylus 124 erraticum, Tapinoma 39, 42, 43, 67, 85 erythromera, Spalangia . . . . 42 exsecta, Formica 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 9i, 277 flavus, Lasius 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 62, 124 floralis, Mutilla 103 floricola, Monomorium . . 136, 137 formicarum, Conoatigma** .. 117 Formicidffi 38, 90 fugax, Solenopsis . . . . 38, 122 fuliginosus, Lasius 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 62, 137, 142 fusca, Formica 26, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 102, 117, 141, 142, 277, 278 fusco-rulibarbis (fusca var.), Formica 38,41,42.43, 44 gallica(us), Polistes 64, 69, 85, 211 germanica, Vespa . . . . . . 85 gigas, Sirex . . . . . . . . 254 giraudi, Andrena . . . . 67, 69 Gonatopus . . . . . . . . 103 gracilicornis, Osmia . . . . 69 graminicola, Myrmecina . . . . 38 grossorius, Ichneumon . . . . 262 helvola, Andrena .. .. .. 208 herculeanus, Camponotus.. .. 158 hirsuti., Ammophila . . . . 85 horti-deorum, Myrmecocystus . . 45 Ichneumonidse . . 117, 146, 262 ignita, Chrysis . . . . . . 158 interrupta, Episcaphula . . . . 123 interruptus (tuberum subsp.), Lep- tothorax 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 106, 108, 109 iridescens, Neurotes . . . . 102 jonellus, Bombus . . . . . . 154 kollari , Cynips . . . . . . 257 Isestrygon, Creraastogaster 67, 69 SPECIAL INDEX. Lepto- PAGE liiwinodis, Myrmica ..08, 62, 138 laminatorius, Amblyteles . . . . 262 Leptothorax . . 89, 90, 91, 94, 106 Limacis .. .. .. .. 102 lobicornis, Myrmica . . . . 38 luconim, Bombus .. ..67,69, 154 lutorius, Trogus . . . . . . 262 lyncea, Chiysis . . . . . . 103 maculata, Vespa . . . . . . 150 mauietanicus, Odynerus . . . . 85 Mesachile 103 mellifica. Apis . . 65, 67, 69, 85 mixta, Andrena . . . . . . 208 niixto-unibratus, Lasius . . 40, 42 mixtus, Lasius 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 142 molefasciens, Pogonomyrmex . . 45 moiio, Andrena . . . . . . 69 morio, Tipbia . . . . . . 67 Mymaridffi . . . . . . . . 102 MyrnieciniB . . . . . . . . 38 myrniecobius, Apbanogmus** .. 117 Myrmecocystus . . . . . . 124 Myrniica . . . . ■ • . . 45 niger, Lasius 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 124, 142, 158 nigriceps (tuberuni subsp.), Lepto- thorax nigrilabis, Encera . . noctilio (juvencus), Sirex nylanderi (tuberum niibs}). thorax 39, 67, 89. 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 106, nylandero-eorticalis(tuberum var.), Leptothorax . . nylandero - unifasciatus (tuberum var.), Leptothorax . . Odynerus palliatorius, Amblyteles . . pallidula, Pheidole . . parcipeta, Thorictus parvulus, Odynerus Pelopffius Pentartbron pharaonis, Monomorium picea, Formica pimplator, Meniscus Polyergus Pompilus pratensis, Formica., punctulata, Rhodogaster pygmsea, Plagiolepis ranunculi, Andrena Raptiformica rubescens (fusca var.), Formica 41, 43, rufa, Formica 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 91, 117 rufescens, Polyergus . . . . 278 rufibarbis, Formica 41, 42, 43, 158, 278 rufiventris, Andrena . . . . 85 rufo-pratensis (rufa var.), Formica 40, 41, 42 ruginodis, Myrmica 38, 42, 44, 158 ruginodo-l.'evinodis (Isevinodis var.), Myrmica 138 94 65 254 107 94 94 .. 103 .. 262 .. 69 .. 124 .. 85 .. 52 .. 120 .. 88 . 277, 278 .. 212 .. 278 .. 66 .40, 43, 158 .. 154 67, 85 .. 69 .. 142 44 sabuleti (scabrinodisi'rt)'.), Myrmica 38 sanguinea, Formica 39, 40, 41, 42, 91, 102, 141, 142, 277, 278 sanguinea-fusca, Formica. . .. 142 sardoa, Aphenogaster . . . . 67 saundersi, Eucera . . . . . . 69 scabiosae, Halictus . . . . . . 69 scabrinodis, Myrmica 38, 42, 44, 158 scabrinodo-lobicornis (scabrinodis, var.), Myrmica schenki, Cremastogaster . . scutellaris, Cynips . . scutellaris, Cremastogaster senescens, Anthrophora . . Serviformiea sicula, Chalicodoma smaragdina, Oecophylla . . spinipennis, Thrytocera spirifex, Scelipbron sticticum, Anthidium subopacum, Monomorium. subterranea, Aphenogaster sylvaticus, Camponotus Tenthredinidae 38 149 25 67 85 142 64 148 212 103 69 .. 85 .. 124 67, 69 75, 209, 210 66, 67, 148, 99 68 103 94 124 210 120 85 154 67 subs p.), .90, 94, 108 94 94 terrestris, Bombus . . testaceo-pilosa, Aphenogaster Tetraehrysis. . Tetramorium Thorictus Trichiosoma. . Triehogramma tricornis, Osmia trifasciatus, Odynerus trivittata, Eucera . . tubero-atKnis (tuberum Leptothorax . . tubero-interruptus (tuberum sufci^j.), Leptothorax . . tubero-nigriceps (tuberum subsp.), Leptothorax . . tuberum, Leptothorax 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109 umbratus, Lasius . . 39, 40, 98, 142 unifasciatus (tuberum subsj).), Leptothorax 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 95, 106, 109 unifasciato - interruptus (tuberum var.), Leptothorax variator, Bracon vetula, Andrena viaticus, Myrmecocystus viaticus, Pompilus . . violacea, Xylocopa . . virescens, Oecophylla vulgaris, Vespa westwoodi, Stenamma 94 .. 212 .. 69 67, So, 124 .. 65 69 148 154 38 67, LEPIDOPTERA. abbreviata, Eupithecia abencerragus, Turania abietaria, Boarmia . . abruptaria, Hemerophila .. 45 . 160, 164 . . 47 46, 165, 166, 168 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE PAGjE acacisB, Nordmannia . . 20, 244 alcyone, Satyrus 13, 14, 15, 32, 55, 175 aceris, Apatela . . . . 165, 166 alecto, Erebia 3, 37, 47, 48, 77, Acherontia . . 262 131, 132,229,244 246, 248, 250 achine, Pararge 131 alexandroB, Ornithoptera 125, 263 Acidalia . . . . ..50, 85, 126 alexanor, Papilio . . 220, 251, 252 acmon (lupini), RustLcus .. 202 ali, Hesperia 69 Acrffia .. .. .. 181, 183 alni, Aeronieta 167 23*0, 233 acrita, Acrsea . . . . 182, 184 alpestralis. Orenaia , , 58 acritoides (periphaiies rar.), Aevfea alphenor, Papilio . . 268 182, 184 alpicola, Clisiocampa 4 actsea, Satyi'us .. 14,58,241, 251 alpina = byperborea aeteon, Thymelicus 11, 15, 20, altheffi, Erynnis 20, 194 234, 279 alveolus = malva3 addenda (phlseas ab.), Rumicia . . 212 alveus, Syricthus, Hesperia 97 adippe, Argynnia 20, 21, 32, 130, amanda(us), Polyommat us 10, 12, 171, 175, 219, 220, 244 14, 19, 55, 102, 129, 161, admetus, Hirsutina 220, 221, 250 164 248, 266, 268 Adopffia 279 amaryllis, Heliconins 150 adrasta {m^ra var.), Pararge 10, amata (amataria), Timandra 46 11,13,14, 15, 58 amathusia, Brentbis 248 adustata, Ligdia 46 Amauris 182, 183 ffigeria, Pararge 10, 11, 12, 19,64, ambigua (acrita ab.}, Ac •sea 182, 184 66, 67, 70, 83, 143, 233, 260 ambiguata, Gnophos 50 jEgeriidse 74 Ambulicin^ . . 147 asgidion (avgyrognomon ah.), Ple- amenophis, Hesperia 194 beius . . 229 amor, Polyommatus 161 8egon=argus 2, 13, 20, 24, 34, ampbidamas, Loweia 73 147, 174, 177, 260, 270, 279 ampbitrion, Morpbo 266 i)ehaja = sffipiolus amyntLila, Everes . . 202 selianus, Lampides . . 185, 136, 163 ananga = haraldus aeJlo, Oeneis 131 araydon, Agrias 263 eerealis, Pyrausta . . 66 ancilla, Naclia 26 serifrons, Aegeria . . 10 anderida, Heliconius 124 setheria (phcube ah.), Meliteea 268 andrenffiformis, ^Egeria 212', 231 aethiops, Erebia . . . . 36, 248 andromedee, Hesperia 129, 239 afer, Erebia . . 268 angolaj, Amauris 182, 184 affinis, Callopbrys . . 197 angularia, Ennomos 167 atSnis, Xyleutes 263 angustea, Scoparia . . 64 affinitata, Emmelesia . . 46, 232 anisophtalma, Turania 160*, 164 agathina, Agrotis . . 265 anna (argyrotoxus) (cajona). Eus- aglaia, Argynnis 3, 11, 12, 14, 15, ticus . . 202 17, 20, 27, 125, 153, 156, annulata, Epbyra, Zono soma 122, 124 157, 175, 254 anttegon, Rusticus .. , . 202 Agriades . . . . . . 161, 162 anteros, Polyommatus, Aricia 18, Agrodiffitus .. .. .. 161, 162 19, 161 alaina, Cupido . . . . 160, 164 anthe, Satyrus 268 alba (phlffias ab.), Eumicia 212 antbedon, Hypolimnas 149 albiannulata (medon ab.), Aricia. . 267 antbracias, Turania 160', 164 albicillata, Melanthia 144 Antbroceridse (Zygaenidag) . . 52, albicolon, Maniestra 232 211, 233 albidice (daplidice var.), Poutia .. 84 antbyllidis, Anthrocera 54, 238 albimacula, Dianthwcia . . 167 antiacis, Nomiades 200 albimaculata, Amauris . . 182, 184 antico-striata (icarus ab.] , Pol yom- albisfcrigalis = tajnialis matus . . 267 albulata, Emmelesia, Perizoma antiopa, Euvanessa.. 14,' 2( ), 50, 154, 231 130. 145, 221, 237, 244, 260 Albulina 160 antiphus, Papilio . . 268 alce«, Erynnis . . . . 19, 21 antiqua, Orgyia 156, 230 alcedo, Polyommatus 164 apama, Callopbrys . . 197 alceste (silvia ah.) (ilia imr.), Apa- Apatura 171', 174 tura** 25 apicadava, Euceron** 115 alchemillata, Emmelesia . . 46, 232 apiciaria, Epione . . 4*6*, 156 alciphron, Loweia 14, 18, 19, 55, apiformis, Trocbiliutn 9 58, 129, 234, 244 Apocbeima . . 117 alcon, Lyc^na 162, 164, 199, 247, 266 apollinus, Doritis . . 266 SPECIAL INDEX. apoUo, Parnassius 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 23, 50, 55, 58, 113, 114, 124, 130, 212, 240, 241, 244, 266, 267, 269 apollonius, Parnassius . . . . 212 aprilina, A.griopis . . . . . . 103 arbusculee, Eriogaster . . . . 4 arbuti = tenebrata arcania, Cctnonympha 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 243, 244 areas, Lycasna ..162, 164, 242, 266 arcuosa, Miana . . . . . . 46 ardosiella, Pempelia . . . . 85 areola (lithorhiza), Xylocampa .. 45 arete (hyperantus ab.), Aphanto- pus ... 264 arethusa, Hipparchia 221, 251 argali, Scolitantides 160, 164 arge, Melanargia . . 24, 252 argentipedella, Nepticula . . 190 argiades, Everes 9, 12, 15, 159*, 164, 178, 183, 209, 233, 234 argianus = semiargus argiolus, Celastrina, LycaBUopsis 8, 10, 14, 19, 100, 118, 125, 143, 144, 161, 162, 163, 164, 177, 178, 183, 203, 204, 212, 230, 233, 244 argus, Argina . . . . . . 189 argus (segon), Plebeius 2, 10, 13, 14, 20, 24, 34, 57, 147, 160, 162, 164, 173, 174, 177, 183, 233, 260, 270, 279 argus = argyrognomon .. .. 164 argus = icarus .. .. 136, 161 Argynnidse .. .. ..14,53, 254 Argynnis .. 171,172,175,260 Argyresthia . . .. .. .. 116 argyrognomon (argus), Plebeius 2, 24, 34, 75, 153, 154, 157, 174, 229, 262 argyrotoxus = anna Aricia . . . . . . . . 160 arion, Lycsena 2, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 46, 129, 160, 162, 164, 178, 183, 245, 246, 266, 279 arionides, LycaBna . . . . 162, 164 aristolochiffi, Papilio . . . . 268 armoricanus, Hesperia ..19,21, 194 armoricanus (argyrognomon var.), Plebeius 262 arota, Tharsalea . . . . . . 197 armanda, Polyommatus . . . . 268 arsilache (pales ab.), Brenthis 153, 157, 228, 247 artemis = aurinia Artopoetes 162, 164 arundinis (typha;), Nonagria .. 47 ascolius, Papilio . . . . . . 264 asella, Heterogena . . . . . . 232 ashworthii, Agrotis .. .. 265 asteria, Melitsea . . . . 130, 229 asteris, Cucullia . . . . . . 231 astraea, lolana . . . . 162, 164 astrarche ^ medon astur (melas var.), Erebia 53, 77, 79, 80, 105, 106 atalanta, Pyrameis 8, 14, 21, 64, 73, 185. 230, 253 atbalia, Melitasa 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 58, 130, 150 atomaria, Fidonia 102, 103, 127, 152, 166, 168, 190, 264 atropos, Manduca . . 24, 253, 262 attilia, Chastoproeta . . . . 163 atroguttata, Phengaris . . 162, 164 augur, Agrotis . . . . 156, 267 augustus, Incisalia. . .. .. 196 aurago, Ochria . . . . . . 47 aurantia (coridon ab.), Agriades . . 275 aurantiacalis, Sylepta . . . . 209 aurantiaria, Hybernia . . 47, 188 aurelia, Melitaea . . 246, 262, 268 aureola, Morpho . . . . . . 266 aureola = sororcula auretorum, Thecla . . . . . . 195 auriflua = chrysorrhoea aurinia, Melitsea 26, 58, 125, 130, 152, 229, 244, 262, 265, 268 auroraria = muricata. Aurotis . . . . . . . . 134 ausonia (belia var.), Anthocbaris 19, 74 australis, Aporophyla . . . . 212. Automeris . . . • . . . . 123 autuninaria, Oporabia . . . . 47 avellanella, Ornix . . . . . . 190 avellanella, Semioscopis . . . . 257 aversata, Acidalia . . . . . . 232 Azanus . . . . . . 136, 163 azrael, Melittia** .. .. ..74 azurica (pheretes ab.), Albulina** 186 badiana, Argyrolepia . . . . 118 badiata, Anticlea . . . . . . 45 baja, Noctua . . . . . . 156 bajularia = pustulata Bakeria . . . . . . . . 134 balcanica(us), Tarucus 20, 136, 163 ballus, Tomares, Thestor 64, 66, 67, 69, 135, 163, 183 Barbaras . . . . . . . . 174 barrettii (luteago var.), Dianthcecia 26, 122, 265 bartholonifeus (apollo ab.), Par- nassius . . . . . . 7 Basilarehia . . . . . . . . 192 batbus, Papilio . . . . . . 264 baton, Scolitantides, Turania 19, 20, 70, 85, 130, 160, 164 battus = orion bavius, Scolitantides . . 160, 164 bebri, Nomiades . . . . . . 200 belemia, Antbocbaris ..69,84, 89 belgiensis(populii'ar.),Limenitis** 120 belia, Antbocbaris, Eucbloe 19, 30, 31, 66, 67, 69, 74, 84, 89, 237, 268 belia = eupbeno 64, 66, 69, 84, 89 bellargus = tbetis SPECIAL INDEX. bellidice (daplidice var.), Pontia 19, 89, 233 bellezina (belia var.), Anthocharis 89 betulfe, Ruralis, Zephyrus 133, 134, 135, 163, 181, 184, 221 betuli*, Tinagma . . . . . . 257 betularia, Amphidasis 168, 231, 265 bicolor (thetis (((>.), Agriades** .. 187 bicolorana, Hylophila . . . . 46 bicolorata, Mesoleuca, Melanthia 156, 212 bicolorella, Coleopbora 193, 248, 249 bicuspis, Dicranura . . . . 265 bidentata, Odontopera 46, 152, 186, 231 bifida, Dicranura . . . . . . 46 bilinea (trigrammica ab.), Gram- mesia . . . . .231 bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia 22, 126 bimaculata (taminata), Bapta .. 231 Binghamia . . . . . . . . 159 bipunctaria, Ortbolitha . . . . 104 bisetata, Acidalia . . . . . . 46 Biston 97, 117 Bistoninse . . . . . . . . 98 bistortata, Tepbrosia . . . . 212 Bithys 134 biundularia, Tepbrosia . . 104, 212 blattoides, Rusticus .. .. 201 Boarmia .. .. ..14, 97, 125 Boarmiinse . . . . . . . . 282 bcetica (desfontainii var.), Meli- tsea 123 bceticus, Lampides 13, 84, 135, 136, 163, 234 boisduvali, Pseudacrasa . . 120, 122 bombyliformis = tityus boopis (lycaon ah.), Epinephele** 145 boreata, Cheimatobia . . 47, 188 bornemanni, Ornitboptera . . 265 borus, Thecla . . . . . . 195 brassicfe, Pieris 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 21, 23, 31, 35, 52, 64, 66, 67, 84, 151, 156, 176, 187, 233 brassolis, Lypbyra . . . . . . 97 bremeri, Parnassius . . . . 146 briseis, Satyrus 10, 53, 58, 131, 220, 241, 251 brizEe, Anthrocera . . . . . . 14 brookeana, Ornitboptera . . . . 28 brumata, Cbeimatobia . . 47, 188 brunnea (dorilis), Loweia . . . . 248 brunneus (poseidon ab.), Orni- tboptera 266 brunneata, Tbamnonoma . . . . 157 bryonias (napi var.), Pieris 31, 130 bueepbala, Pbalera. . .. .. 220 bucovinensis (populi var.), Limeni- tis 120 buddbista, Cupido .. .. 160, 164 butleri, Cbffitoprocta .. .. 163 cacica, Morpbo . . . . . . 266 cacicus, Papilio . . . . . . 264 caeca, (arge ah.), Melanargia . . 252 caeca (byperantus ab.), Apban- topus 264 caeciiia (manto var.), Erebia 21, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 111, 132, 158, 159, 238 caecodromus (tyndarus ah.), Erebia 132 caerulea (icarus at.), Polyommatus 269 eaeruleocepbala, Diloba, Episemia 47 cseruleopunctata (pheretes ab.), Albulina 130 cieruleopunctata (phlasas ah.). Rumicia . . 85, 270 cassia, Diantbcecia . . 167 csesiata, Entepbria. 154, 156', 157 caja, Arctia . . 52 cajona = anna c-album, Polygonia 15, 20. 153, 157, 219 •240, 260 calderena, Aercea . 182, 184 calif ornica, Tbecla . 195 caligena, lolana 162', 164 callarga (argyrognomon ab.). Plebeius . . 174 156 231 85 10 122 67', 211 26, 167 callidice, Pontia .. 21, 54, 130, 246 Camilla, Limenitis 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 131, 241 canadensis (glaucus var.), Papilio 264 canaria (myrtillata ah.), Gnopbos 55 Candalides . . . . . . . . 164 candalus, Polyommatus .. 161, 164 candelarum, Agrotis candidata, Acidalia candidatella, Heterograpbis caniola, Litbosia . . canteneri (rumina var.), Tbais capsincola, Diantbcecia capsopbila, Diantbcecia Carcbarodus = Erynnis cardaraines, Eucbloe 7, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 66, 126, 143, 144, 225, 267, 268 cardui, Pyrameis 8, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 28, 67, 84, 230 carniolica, Antbrocera . . . . 20 carpinata (lobulata), Lobopbora 45, 144 carpini = pavonia carpophaga, Diantbcecia . . casaicus (argus var.), Plebeius . . caspius, Hyreanana . . 135, Cassandra (polyxena var.), Tbais 19, cassiope (epipbron var.), Erebia . . Castnia castro = balloides catalina, Pbadrotes catena (comma ab.), Urbicola cebennica (apollo var.), Parnas- sius Celastrina 162, 163, 164, 177, 178, 203, 204 celerio, Hippotion . . . . 24, 127 Celerio . . . . . . • . 176 celtis, Libytbea .. .. 131,244 167 270 163 21 229 176 201 154 23 SPECIAL INDEX. cembvffi, Scoparia . . cenea (dardanus var.), Papilio . centaiireata = oblongata eentum-notata (truncata ab.), Ci daiia cerago (fulvago ab. Xantbia . . Ceramidia . . Cerura cervantaria, Acidalia cervinata, Ortbolitba cespitis, Liiperina . . Cethosia ceto, Eiebia PAGE 257 101 Citria. 26, 172, 104 156 101 146 85 47 167 175 268 163 184 233 89 164 134 160 163 184 21 101 229 265 264 144 135 197 173 135 161 4, 48, 123, 126, 132 247, Cbsetoprocta cbambezi, Aeraea . . . . 182, cbapmani (tbersites aest.), Ag- riades** .. cbarlonia, Eucbloe. . .. 84, cbarybdis, Glaucopsycbe . . 162, Cbattendenia (Edwardsia) cbennellii, Bothria.. Chilades 136, chilo, Aci-fea.. .. 181,182, chloridice, Pontia . . chloroplegia, Ceramidia cbiisti, Erebia chrjsantbemi (filipendulas ab.), Anthrocera . . chrysomelas (batbus ah.), Papilio cbrysonuchellus, Crambus CbiysopbanidsB Chrysopbaninas Cbrysopbanus Chrysopbanus = Heodes .. cbrysopis, Polyommatus . . Cbrysoptera = Heodes. chi-ysorrbtea (auriflua), Portbesia, Euproctis Cidaria . . . . . , 50, Cigaritis 135, cinerea, Agrotis . . . . 46, cinxia, Melitiea . . 19, 55, 125, circe, Satyrus 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 171, 220, 221, circellaris (ferruginea), Mellinia circellata, Acidalia . . citrago, Cirrbia citraiia, Aspilates . . clatbrata, fcitrenia . . elavipalpis, Atbetis. . cieodoxa (adippe ab.), Argynnis Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 12, 14, 15, 31, 64, 6(5, 67, 69, 103, 124, 221, 241 Cleora . . . . . . . . 97 clerckella, Lyonetia . . . . 149 clermonii, Cbama}spbecia** .. 74 clymene, Epinepbele . . . . 268 clytia, Papilio 209 clytie (ilia var.), Apatura . . 25, 251 cnicana, Argyrolepia .. .. 118 Coatlantona . . . . . . 150 citlestina, Glaucopsycbe . . . . 268 10 126 163 231 268 251 268 190 46 144 262 85 244 ccelestis (thetis var.), Agriades . . Cctnonympba Coleophora . . . . 209, 248, Coleopboridse . . 193, 257, Colias colliurensis (brassica' ah.), Pieris** Columbus, Papilio . . Columbus = gundlacbianus. comes, Tripboena . . comma, Urbicola . . complana, Litbosia. . complanula = lurideola. concinnata, Cidaria concolor, Tapinostola concomitella, Litbocolletis cozifusella, Nepticula consobrinaria (consortaria ab.), Boarmia consonaria, Boarmia . . 46, consortaria, Boarmia ..46, 73, conspersa = nana constans = gavarniensis = crecilia. constellata (lucina ab.), Hamearis* contaminei, Antbrocera .. contigua, Mamestra contiguaria, Ptychopoda (Acidalia) conversaria (repandata var.), Boarmia convolvuli, Agrius . . cordigera, Anarta . . eordula, Satyrus 14, 131, 241, 244, coretas, Everes coridon, Agriades, Polyommatus 2, 14, 25, 59, 60, 102, 103, 125, 161,162, 164, 187, 212, 221, 225, 226, 227, 234,245, 252, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, coronata, Eupitbecia 46, 231, coronatella, Pbycita corticea, Agrotis eorylata, Cidaria . . . . 46, Cosmodesmus Cossidaj costsestrigalis, Hypenodes. . 47, costalis, Pyralis eostana, Tortrix .. .. 127, costovata (fluctuata ab.), Xan- tborboe (Melanippe) crabroniformis, Trocbilium Crambi(us) . . . . . . 55, crameri = belia .. 31,66,69, craspedontis (mnemosyne ab.), Parna?sius . . crataegi, Aporia 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, eratsegi, Trichiura . . crepuscularia, Tepbrosia 46, 104, cribraria, Euprepria . . 57, cribrellum, Hesperia cribrum, Coscinia.. crinanensis, Hydrcecia crocealis, Ebulea crcesus, Ornitboptera cruda = pulverulenta I'AGE 187 10 249 258 273 187 264 267 154 47 126 125 258 258 73 231 212 167 * 25 238 46 265 125 104 265 251 130 276 232 209 46 231 124 263 232 186 260 267 151 188 89 118 250 262 212 58 268 234 156 232 265 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE cucubali, Dianthcecia 104, 167, '231 cuculJata (sinuata), Anticlea .. 232 cucuUateJla, Nola .. .. 46, 151 Cuciillia 186 culiciformis, Aegeria . . 46, 231 Cupido .. ..160,161,164,178 Curetis 149 curtula, PygEEra . . . . . . 45 Cyanins ".. ..161,162,163,203 cyanochlora, Chaiagia . . . . 263 Cyclyrius .. .. .. 136, 163 cydippe, (Argynnis) 32, 171, 172, 175, 219 cygnus, Thecla . . . . . . 195 cyllarus, Glaucopsycbe 13, 19, 26, 66, 162, 164, 178, 183 cyraat.odactyla, Orneodes . . . . 209 Cymatophoiidfe . . . . . . 259 cymbalaiiie, Omia . . . . . . 4 cynipiformis = vespiformis cynthia, Melitasa 130, 229, 234, 243, 244 cynthia, Philosamia . . . . 234 cytis, Turania . . . . 160, 164 cy tisaria = pruinata daedalus, Cupido .. .. 198,199 dahlii, Noctua .. .. ..47 daitozana, Phengaris . . 162, 164 damon, Hirsutina, Agriades 75, 161, 164 Danama . . . . . . . . 192 danfeidti, Amauris .. .. 182, 184 daphne, Brenthis 12, 13, 17, 20, 130 daphdice, Pontia 14, 19, 69, 84, 89, 221, 233, 237 dardanus, Papilio . . 101, 120, 122 darwiniana (arcania var.), Cieno- iiympha . . . . . . 243 daunia, Phsedrotes . . .. .. 201 decoloiata, Emmelesia . . . . 46 defoliaria, Hybernia . . 47, 188 delamererisis (biundularia var.), Tephrosia . . . . . . 212 deleta (grossulariata ah.), Abraxas 212 deUus, Pamassius 3, 228, 229, 244, 247, 266, 267 delphius, Pamassius . . . . 212 denhami = ?!?/5. Nyssia .. .. 212 dentina (plebeia), Mamestra, Hadena 46 deplana (helvola), Lithosia 47, 126, 212, 232 derennoi (amphidamns ah), Lo- weia** . . . . . . 73 derivata = nigrofasciaria desertoium = evanescens (belemia ah.).. 84 desfontainii, Melifsea .. 123, 125, 145 designata (propugnata), Coremia. . 46 desperatella, Nepticula . . . . 257 detecta (pudorella r«r.), Acia?a .. 184 detersella, Stomopteryx . . . . 209 dia, Brenthis . . 10, 11, 14, 15, 20 Dicranura . . . . . . . . 146 PAGK dietseoides, Notodonta . . . . 232 dictynna, MeUtsea . . . . 130, 243 didyma, Melitsa 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 120, 125, 150, 262, 268 didymata, Melenydris . . 156, 165 digitellus, Crambus . . . . 56 dilutata (aria), Oporabia .. 47, 188 diniensis (sinapis vai\), Leptosia. . 12 dione, Gseides . , . . . . 197 diphilus, PapiUo . . . . . . 268 discobolus, Pamassius . . . . 212 disjunctaria, Larentia . . . . 85 dispar, Liparis, Lymantria 50, 98, 146, 270 dispar, Chrysopbanus . . 50, 102 distentella, Lithocolletis . . . . 257 distincta (belemia ah.), Anthocharis 69 distinctana, Coccyx . . . . 257 divina, Scolitantides . . 160, 164 dolabraria, Eurymene . . . . 46 dolus, Polyommatus . . 119, 120 dominula, Callimorpha 14, 52, 104, 125, 168, 265 donzelii, Plebeius . . 161, 228, 247 dorilis, Loweia, Heodes 10, 19, 129, 135, 248 doris, Heliconius . . . . . . 123 dorus, Ccenonympha 11, 220, 221, 251 dotata = populata dotata (populata ah.), Lygris, Cidaria doubledayaria (betularia var.), Amphidasis . . Drepanulidte dromedarius = phcebe dromus (tyndarus ab.), Erebia 54, 80, 81, dryope, Thecla dubia, Hjpolimnas. . duboisi (hipponous ah.), Papilio** duma, Ruralis dumerilii, Luperina dumetorum, Callophrys .. 196, duponcbeli, Leptosia ■. 12, echeria, Amauris . . . . 182, echinopisella, Mvelois edusa, Colias 8,"l0, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 26, 49, 55, 58, 64, 67, 81, 82, 84, 99, 101, 125, 126, 142, 151, 165, 185, 190, 156 265 258 132 196 149 209 163 279 197 251 184 85 220, 221, 230, 254, 275 Edwardsia = Chattendenia 134 egea, Polygonia . . . . 18, 21, 240 egeria = a3geria egerides (EBgeria var.), Pararge . . 233 egialea, Amauiis 124 eleus (phlseas var.), Rumicia 11, 15, 58, 129, 173, 212 eleusis, Azanus .. .. 136, 163 elinguaria, Crocallis 47 elongata (brassicse ah.), Pieris** - - 187 elongella, Gracilaria 257 elutata = fureata emiliae hi/h. Sphinx 97 eniineus, Perisama.. 263 SPECIAL INDEX. 201 empiformis, Aegeria endymion, (Lycwna) enoptes, Rusticus . . enthea, Chietoprocta Epinephele . . epiphron, Erebia 4, 11, 14, 55, 56 57, 81, 123, 131, 133, 229 237 Epistor epistygne, Erebia . . Eranius erate, Colias. . . . 20, 268, 273 Erebia 48, 49, 77, 105, 111, 112 Erebia; . . 14, 53, 54, 57 eremita (monacha ah.), Psilura erinnys (gorge var.), Erebia eris (niobe ah.), Argynnis 14, 32 125, 130, 153, 174, 175 ergane, Pieris eroides, Polyommatus eros, Polyommatus 2, 57, 130 228, 237 Erschoffia . . erschoffi, Polyommatus erymus = pardalis ? Erynnis (Carcharodus) eryphon, Incisalia .. erythromelas (polychloros ab.), Eu gonia escaleriB (apoUo ah.), Parnassius escheri, Polyommatus 3, 13, 14 150, 238 esmeralda, Tricbura Euchloe . . . . 235, 260 eumedon, Polyommatus . . 161 eupheme, Zegris . . . . 97 eupbemus, Lycsena 162, 104, 220 242 eupheno (belia), Euchloe 31, 64 66, 67, 69, 84 euphenoides, Euchloe 10, 11, 13 14, 15 euphorbiae, Hyles . . euphorbiffi (myricfe), Pharetra euphorbiata = murinata. euphrosyne, Brenthis 8, 25, 26, 54 66, 67, 126, 143, 144, 153 euryades (amaryllis var.), Heli conius euryale, Erebia 36, 37, 55, 58, 102 109, 132, 186 eurybia (hippothoe var.), Chryso phanus eurytus, Pseudacraea evanescens (belemia ah charis Everes . . 159, 160, 164 Everiidffi evias, Erebia evius, Cupido exciEcata, iSmerinthus exigua, Laphygma . . exiguata, Eupithecia exilis (fea), Brephidium eximia, Felderia 58, 129 120 Antho 237 PAGE 10 1G2 202 163 12 240 176 145 262 275 240 81 125 132 244 23 268 250 134 161 194 196 69 114 246 116 279 164 268 266 89 31 97 265 248 150 240 248 122 84 178 159 246 200 176 85 46 202 134 PAGE. .. 196 .. 257 .. 47 .. 85 .. 46 5, 54, 154 .. 208 231, 253 .. 257 exoleta (nelsoni ah.), Theela expallidana, Catoptria expallidata, Eupithecia exsiccata, Tathorhynchus. . extersaria, Tephrosia exulans, Anthrocera fagella, Diurnea falcataria, Drepana. . falconipennella, Gracilaria falcula = falcataria. falloui, Anthocharis famelica (baton ah.), Scolitantides fascelina, Dasychira fascelis (trivia ah.), MelitEea fasciaria = prosapiaria. fathme (ines var.], Melanargia** . . favillaceana, Capua fea = exilis. fedtschenkoi, Thestor . . 179, 183 feisthameli (podalirius var.), Papilio 13, 15, 30 Felderia 134 fennica (vinula var.), Dicranura . . 146 ferrugalis, Pionea . . . . 64, 85 ferrugata, Coremia, Mesoleuca . . 47 ferruginea = circellaris. fervida-CEeca (rubi ah.), Callophrys festiva, Noctua Mia, Satyrus 13, 58, 171, 220, 241, 251 filicata, Acidalia . . . . . . 50 filipendulse, Anthrocera 5, 14, 20, 102, 151, 185, 265 filipluma (megffira aest.), Pararge** 233 fimbria, TriphEena . . . . . . 231 fischeri, Everes (Tongeia) . . 159, 164 Fixenia flava (thaumas), Adopsea 84 85 189 268 24 103 46 .. 134 12, 20, 260, 279 .. 85 flava, Athetis flavago = lutea, Citria flavago = ochracea, Gortyna flavescens (fulvago ah.), Citria, Xanthia . . . . . . 156 flavicornis, Polyploca . . . . 45 flavofasciata, Erebia . . . . 229 flavopalliata (grossulariata ab.), Abraxas . . . . . . 151 flavopalliata-cuneata (grossulariata ab.). Abraxas .. .. 152 flexula. Aventia . . . . 47, 232 fluctuata, Xanthorhoe, Melanippe 267 fluctuosa, Palimpsestis . . . . 232 fluviata, Camptogramma, Larentia 22, 66, 85 forfiealis, Pionea 232 formosa, Euchromia . . . . 189 fowleri (coridon aft.), Agriades .. 234 fraxinata, Eupithecia . . . . 151 fraxini, Catocala .. .. .. 127 frivaldszkyi, Satsuma . . 179, 183 fuciformis= tityus fuliginosa (suasa), Satyrium . . 197 fuliginosa = icarioides .. .. 198 fulla = icarioides fulva, Tapinostola . . . . . . 47 SPECIAL INDEX. •232 97 PAGE fulvago, Citria, Xanthia . . . . 156 fulvata, Cidaria . . . . 46, 232 fumaria(hirtariaa6.),Lycia, Biston 268 fumata, Acidalia . . . . 104, 154 fumida, Trichura*t .. .. 115 fumosa (bicolorata ah.), Mesoleuca 156 furcata (elutata), Hydriomena 157, 232 fusca, Pygmfpna . . . . . . 154 fuscantaria, Ennomos . . . . 47 fuscedinella, Coleophora 193, 248, 249 gabrielis, Papilio . . . . . . 149 galathea, Melanargia 20, 22, 125, 219, 220, 221, 260, 262, 265 galba, Chilades . . . . 136, 163 galiata, Xantborhoe gallipborbise hyb., Sphinx. gallii, Celei-io .. 97, 211, 233 gambrisius, Papilio. . .. .. 149 gamma, Plusia 23, 64, 66, 67, 151 gavarniensis (manto var.), Erebia 21, 22, 37, 47, 48, 49, 109, 110,111, 112, 113, 132, 158, 159 gavarniensis = cajcilia Gelechiidse 257 gelini (tedipus ah.), Ccenonympha 187 Geometridffi 50, 67, 85, 118, 191, 255, 258, 259, 279, 280, 281, 282 geryon, Adscita .. .. 10, 231 gigantia, lolana . . . . 162, 164 gilvago, Mellinia, Xanthia. . 126, 212 gisela. Cupido . . . . . . 160 glaciahs (alectot-ar.), Erebia 3, 37, 77, 132, 229, 244, 248, 250 glandif era = muralis glauca, Hadena glaucinaria, Gnophos glaucon, Eustieus .. Glaucopsyche glaucus, Papilio globulariffi, Khagades glyphica, Euclidia . . Gnophos goante, Erebia gonodactyla, Platyptilia gordius (alciphron var. 14, 55, 58, 129, 244 gorge, Erebia 37, 52, 57, 81, 132, 229, 240, 243, 244, 246, 247, 250 gorgon, Gaeides . . . . . . 197 gorgone (gorge var.), Erebia . . 37 gothica, Tsenioeampa . . 45, 231 gracilis, Tfeniocampa graecaria, Ithysia . . graminis, Charasas . . grisea (suspeeta ah.), Dyschoricta 156 grisearia (prosapiaria ah.), Ellopia 187 griseola, Lithosia . . . . 10, 232 grossulariata. Abraxas 100, 103, 123, 126, 151, 152, 167, 212, 267 gundlachianus (columbus), Papilio 263 grunus, Habrodias . . . . . . 195 gueneei, Luperina . . . . . . 279 halloides (castro), Epidemia .. 197 halterate, Diptilon . . . . . . 150 .. 103 .. 211 201, 202 162, 164, 178 .. 264 .. 231 .. 19 .. 97 .. 282 .. 118 Loweia 45, 231 .. 98 47, 156 PAGE hamula, Drepana . . . . . . 144 hanningtoni (albimaeula var.), Amauris . . . . . . . . 182 haraldus (ananga), Lycsenopsis 162, 163, 164, 203, 204 hardwickii, Parnassius . . . . 212 harrisoni /(?//)., Lycia .. .. 212 hartmanniana, Argyrolepia . . 103 hastata, Eulype . . . . . . 144 hecatseus, Papilio . . . . . . 125 hecla, Colias . . . . . . 117 hector, Papilio . . . . . . 268 hecuba, Morpho . . . . . . 266 hecuba, Ornithoptera . . . . 125 helense hyb.. Sphinx . . . . 97 helice (edusa var.), Colias 20, 49, 81, 82, 151, 190 Helieonius 125, 150 Heliophorus. . .. .. .. 135 helveticalis, Orenaia . . . . 58 helvola = deplana Hemerophila . . . . . . 97 Heodes . . 135, 163, 180, 183 Heodinae 179, 180 heparata = obliterata Hepialidaj . . hera = quadripunctaria hermione, Satyrus 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 32, 34, 131, 171, 175, 220, 221, 244, 251, hermione = syriaca . . . . 18, 19, herzi, Fixenia i Hesperia . . . . 97, 194, 209 hesperica (sephyrus var.), Plebeius I 26, 123 Hesperiidffi . . . . 11, 15, 27, 129 I Heterocera 14,54, 122 heteronea, Cupido . . . . . . 198 hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia . . 46 hippocoon (dardanus var.), Papilio 101 hippocrepidis, Anthrocera. . .. 233 hippomedusa (medusa var.), Erebia . . 132, 240, 246, 268 hipponous, Papilio . . . . . . 209 hippothoe, Chrysophanus, Heodes 33, 34, 58, 129, 135, 153 171, 172, 173, 240, 248 hirtaria, Lycia, Biston . . 98, 268 hispania (tyndarus var.), Erebia. . 80 hispulla (jurtina var.), Epinephcle 10, 11, 14, 244 hispidaria, Apocheima ..52, 190, 231 hobleyi (eurytus subsp.), Pseuda- crsea 120, 122 homerus, Papilio . . . . . . 264 hospiton, Papilio . . . . . . 84 hospitonides(machaon t^ar.), Papilio 84 hostilis, Pempelia . . . . . . 257 hungarica (melas var.), Erebia . . 80 hyale, Colias 26, 55, 58, 73, 83, 220, 221, 230 hyalinalis, Botys . . . . . . 231 hydara, Helieonius. . .. .. 150 hyensis (atalanta ah.), Pyrameis . . 73 263 268 20 134 SPECIAL INDEX. hylas, Polyommatus 3, 10, 13, 173, 246 hyperantns, Aphantopus 8, 10, 14, 15, 26, 260, 264 hjperborea (alpina), Pachnobia .. 265 Hypocbroma .. .. ..97 Hypolyc.tna. . .. .. .. 135 hypopblreas, Heodes .. .. 197 Hyrcanana . . . . . . 135, 163 iantbe = nivalis iapygia, Melanargia . . . . 268 iberica (aurinia var.), Melitsea . . 125 ibericata, Larentia . . . . . . 64 icarinus (icarus ah.), Polyommatus 2, 18, 50, 125, 206, 267, 271 icarioides. Cupido . . 198, 199, 200 icarns, Polyommatus 2, 3, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19. 20. 50, 57, 64, 82, 125, 136, 142, 151, 153, 157, 161, 162, 164, 173, 204, 205, 206, 211, 233, 238, 261, 262, 265, 267, 269, 271, 272 ichnusa (urticEe var.), Aglais . . 145 ida, Epinephele . . 12, 15, 58, 241 idas = rarabun (?) .. 34,35,173,174 Idmais 235 ilia, Apatura .. 25,32,251,266 iliades (ilia rt^.), Apatura .. .. 266 ilicifolia, Gastropacha 149, 150, 211, 265 ilicis, Nordmannia 17, 19, 20, 130, 244 illunaria = bilunaria imbutata (paludata var.), Carsia 154, 157 imitaria, Acidalia . . . . . . 46 immaculata (brassicsE ah.), Pieris 31 immanata, Cidaria.. 154, 156, 265 impar (inuralis var.), Bryophila . . 258 imperator, Parnassius . . . . 212 impluviata. Hydriomena . . . . 46 impudens (pudorina), Leucania .. 46 impunetata (gorge ah.), Erebia* ' 52 ina'cjualis (coridoii ah.), Agriades 212, 221, 260, 266, 267, 272, 275 inalpinus (vir^aurere ah.), Pleodes 34. 172 inca (eaeicus ah.), Papilio. . . . 264 incerta (instabilis), Toeniocampa . . 45, 231 incerta (ninemosyne ah.), Parnas- sius** 118 Incisalia .. .. .. .. 133 indica, Pyrameis . . . . . . 122 ines, Melanargia . . . . 24, 84 infra-extensa (phisBas ah.), Rumieia 270 infuscata (furcata var.), Hydrio- mena.. .. .. ^ .. 157 jnnotata, Eupithecia . . 258, 265 ino, Brenthis . . . . 228, 244 inornata, Acidalia . . . . . . 46 inornata (argus ah.), Plebeius** . . 24 inornata (delius ah.), Parnassius 228, 247 instabilis = incerta PAGE insubrica (arcania var.), Cceno- nympha . . . . . . 244 intercubitalis (mnemosyne ah.), Parnassius** .. .. 118 interjecta, Triphaena . . . . 46 intermedia (costana ab.), Tortrix. . 200 intermedia (dolus ah.), Polyomma- tus** 120 intermedia (lefebvrei ab.), Erebia 78, 80 intermedia (oeellaris ab.), Mellinia 126 intermedia (phlseas ab.), Rumieia 85, 212 intermedia (semiargus ah.), Poly- ommatus . . . . . . 10 interpunctaria, Myinodes . . . . 67 interrogationis, Plusia . . . . 154 ' io, Vanessa 8, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 52, 99, 143, 247, 255 iochalcea (grossulariata ab.). Abraxas . . . . . . 151 lolana 162, L64 iolas, Lycffina ..129, 162, 164, 266 lolaus . . . . . . . . 135 iota, Plusia . . . . . . . . 231 iphis, Crenonympha . . 246, 251 irense /((/t.. Sphinx .. ..97 iris, Apatura .. 32, 34, 131, 243 iroides, Incisalia . . . . . . 196 irregularis, Dianthcecia . . . . 167 irrisor, Cardepia . . . . . . 85 irrorella, Setina, Endrosa.. 55, 231 Ithomiin^e 126, 192 Ithysia 97, 98, 117 itys (sylvinus tvn-.), Thecla .. 195 jacksoni (echeria var.), Amauris 182, 184 jacobasfe, Hypocrita . . 144, 185 janira = jurtina janthina, Triphaena .. ., 47 ' japygiaria, Hemerophila . . . . 67 jasius, Charaxes 13, 31, 32, 174, 242 jason, Apatura .. ..31,32, 174 jesous, Azanus . . . . 136, 163 juniperata, Thera . . . . . . 47 jurtina (janira), Epinephele 10, li, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 32, 126, ]91, 244, 267 justitiffi, Morpho . . . . . . 266 karjala (mnemosyne ab.), Parnas- sius** .. .. .. .. 118 karsandra, Zizeeria . . 161, 164 kindervateri %?)., Sphinx. . .. 97 kirschi (poseidon ah.), Ornithop- tera 266' Klugia . . . . . . . . 134 KoUaria . . . . . . . . 134 krulikowsky (mnemosyne ah.), Par- nassius** . . . . . . . . 118 kuhlmanni (nicbe ah.), Argynnis.. 2t)8 lacertinaria (lacertula), Drepana.. 231 lachesis, Acherontia . . . . 262 lachesis, Melanargia 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 58 SPECIAL INDEX. lactearia = putata lacticolor-cuneata ah.), Abraxas lacticolor-radiata ah.). Abraxas ladon (pseudargiolus) Livosopis iH'ta, Anthrocera, ZygEena laius, Chilades 1-album, Cirphis Lampides lanestris, Eriogaster Langia = Ray wardia lantyi, Scolitantides lappona, Erebia (grossulariata (grossulariata Phaedrotes 136, 135, 136, 151 151 201 133 18 163 85 163 .4, 148, 150 160, 164 53, 57, 132, 243, 239, 268 98, 117 Colias .. 153 ..231 154, 156 lapponaria, Pcecilopsis lapponica (pahtno var. lariciata, Eupithecia lateritia, Agroperina lathonia, Issoria 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, 54, 58 lathyri (sinapis vn?'.), Leptosia .. 31 Latiorina . . . . . . . . 160 latisquama (argiolus aest.), Celas- trina** 233 lavateraa, Erynnis, Carcharodus 129, 194, 250 leander, denonympha . . . . 268 lecheana, Ptycholoma . . . . 151 ledereri, Bakeria .. .. .. 134 Leechia = Strymonidia lefebvrei, Erebia 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 105, 106, 131, 132, 237, 239 leonine /!?//>., Smerintbus .. .. 170 lepidii (brassicse aest.), Pieris** .. 233 ieporina, Acronicta. . .. .. 47 Leptosia (Leucophasia) . . . . 260 leucodes (lueina ch.), Hamearis** 25 leucomelanella, Lita . . . . 189 leucomelas (galathea ah.), Melan- argia 20, 220 leucophtea, Pachnobia . . . . 46 leucophsearia, Hybernia 45, 190, 231 Leucophasia = Leptosia leucotera (rapse ab.), Pieris .. 84 leucothea-clytie (ilia ab.), Apa- tura** .. .. ..25 levana, Araschnia .. 101,242, 243 lewinii, Charagia .. .. .. 263 Ifbythea, Appias .. .. .. 123 liehenea, Epunda .. .. .. 151 ligea, Erebia 36, 109, 132, 153, 156, 157, 186, 240 lilacina (pandora ab.), Dryas 114, 150 liniacodes, Cochlidion . . . . 10 limbaria, Fidonia . . . . . . 55 limbatus, Teracolus . . . . 123 Limenitis . . . . . . . 192 lineago (oceliaris ab.), Mellinia . . 126 linearia (trilinearia), Ephyra .. 231 lineata (livornica var.), Phryxus . . 24 lineola, Adopsea .. .. .. 129 lineolata = virgata litbargyrellns, Crambus Lithocolletis lithorhiza = areola littoralis, Prodenia liturata, Macaria . . litui-atus, Xyleutes . . liverana (costana ab.), Tortrix livornica, Phryxus . . .. 24 lobulata = carpinata kewii, Polyommatus lonicerffi, Anthrocera . . 10 lorquini, Phsedrotes lorquinii, Cupido . . lotteri = podalirius .. Loweia = Heodes lozersti (apollo var.), Parnassius lubricepeda, Spilosoma lucasi (ti'dipus ah.), Coenonymphu lucernea, Agrotis . . lucilla, Neptis .. .. 13i lueina, Hamearis 8, 25, 142, 143 lucipara, Euplexia . . luculella, Gelechia.. lunigera, Agrotis . . . . 232 lunosa, Oinphaloscelis lunulata, Erscbottia lupini, llusticus lurideola (complanula), Lithosi; 221 lutarea, Swammerdamia . . lutea, Ruralis . . . . 181 iutea (flavago), Xanthia, Citria . luteago, Diantho3cia 26, 122 luteata, Asthena lutescens (quadripunetaria ah. Callimorpba. . Lycffina 1, 6, 159, 160, 162, 164 169, 173, 174, 178, 252, 260 Lyc^nidffi 16, 24, 74, 125, 129 164, 194, 195, 203, 244 Lycffininae Lyca3nopsis . . 162, 163, 164, 203 lycaon, Epinepbele. . 58,145 lycea (icarioides var.), Cupido Lycia.. lyeidas (sephyrus var.), Plebeius 123, 160 lycimenes, Papilio . . lycophron, Papilio . . lycormas, Glaucopsyche . . 162 lydia (amandus ay.), Polyommatus lydius, Ornitboptera lygdamus, Glaucopsyche . . 161 lyllus (pampbilus ah.), Cotino nympha lysimon, Zizeeria . . . . 161 macdonnoughi, Syricbtbus macbaon, Papilio 11, 13, 19, 73 84, 220 maeilenta, Amathes macleayanus, Papilio maculosa, Aretia maculosana, Eupiecilia mffira, Pararge 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 19, 31, 32, 33, 58, 175, 237 PAGE 188 188 148 46 263 260 234 161 14 201 160 30 135 114 157 187 103 268 146 46 257 265 47 134 202 232 257 184 156 265 46 262 282 197 204 252 198 117 164 264 263 164 268 265 162 69 164 176 232 47 263 7 257 262 SPECIAL INDEX. magdalena (didyma • 157 pilosaria = pedaria piniaria, Bupalus . . .. 46, 58 pinicolella, Batrachedra 257 piniperda, Panolis . . . • 231 plantaginis, Parasemia, > emophila 24, 104, 126 Plebeiina; . , . . 56, 178, 179, 180 plebeia = dentina Plebeius 160, 161, 164, 174, 177, plexippus, Anosia . . . . 120, plumbata (bicolorata ab.), Melan- thia . . Plusiidfe pluto (alecto var.), Erebia 3, 47, 48, 131, poa, Elachista podalirius, Papilio 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 30, 70, 71, 72, 84, 130, 171, 172, 219, ppdarce (nestos), Agriades. . Raeilopsis . . polaris (urticie nh.), Aglais poliellus, Crambus . . politella, Coleophora polychloros, Eugonia 193, 248, 18, 20, 69, 130, polydsemon, Papilio polydorus, Papilio . . polygonalis, Mecyna . . 64, polytes, Papilio Polyommatus 136, 160, 161, 162, polyphemus, Lycaena, Nomiades 162, 164, polysperchon (argiades vern.), Everes** polyxena, Thais .. .. 19, pomonaria, Piecilopsis populata (dotata), Ligris, Cidaria 46, 154, populetorum, Gracilaria . . populi, Amorpha 102, 125, 147, 167, 212, 267, populi, Limenitis 120, 139, 244. 246. populi, Poscilocampa porata, Ephyra, Zonosoma poseidon, Ornithoptera potatoria, Cosmotriche powelli, Pygffira prasinana, Hylophila prasinaria (piosapiaria ab.), EUo- pia primula (pales ab.), Brenthis procida (galatbea var.), Melanar- gia 20, procellata, Melantbia prodromaria = strataria progemmaria = marginaria promutata, Acidalia pronoe, Erebia . . 105, 106, pronuba, Tripbiena 62, 85, propugnata = designata proisa (levana var.), Araschnia . . prosapiaria (fasciaria), Ellopia 46, prosecusa, Cupido .. .. 160, proserpina, Pterogon protumnus (petalus), Thestor pruinata (cytisaria), Pseudoterpna prunaria, Angerona . . 126, pruni, Strymon 133, 163, 190, pryeri, Artopoetes . . . . 162, 279 150 212 187 132- 184 221 201 117 156 188 249 143 268 268 66 268 164 200 233 21 98 156 257 270 250 47 46 266 232 98 232 187 186 221 47 232 189 205 243 187 164 17 135 46 266 265 164 SPECIAL INDEX. pseudargiolus = ladon pseudegina (natalica var.), AcriBa 182, 184 Pseudohazis . . . . . . 176 pseudonomion (apollo ah.), Par- nassius . . . . . . . . 124 Pseudothecla . . . . . . 134 psi, Triffina . . . . 165, 166, 168 psitticata = siderata .. .. 231 Psodos 97 psyloiita, Polyommatus . . 161, 164 ptei'odactyla, Stenoptilia .. .. 118 Pteropboridae . . . . . . 2G9 pudibunda, Dasychira . . . . 46 pudorella, Acrasa . . . . 182, 184 pudorina = impudens pudorina (acrita var. pulcbella, Deiopeia. . pulcbrina, Plusia . . pulverulenta (cruda), Tasniocampa 45, 231 pumilata, Eupitbecia . . 67, 85 punctaria, Epbyra . . punctulaiia, Tephrosia punctum, Anthrocera . . 18, purpuralis (minos), Antbroceia .. pusaria, Cabera pusillata, Eupitbecia puspa, Celastrina . . . . 178, 183 pustulata (bajularia), Eucblora . . 46 puta, Agrotis putata (lactearia), lodis putnami (sylvinus var.), Tbecla .. puti'escens, Leueania pylaon, Scolitantides pyraliata, Cidaria . . Pyralidse pyralina, Calymnia.. pvrensea (lafebvrei var.), Erebia 77, 79, 80, 81 pyrenaica, Plebeius, Latiorina 53, 237, 238, 239 pyrenaica (epipbron var.), Erebia 55, 56, 57, 81 pyrenaicus, Hepialus 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 pyri, Nepticula . . . . . . 257 pyrrba = ca?cila .. .. 48, 49 pyrrbula (manto ah.), Erebia .. 22 quadrifasciaria, Coremia . . . . 26 quadripunctaria (bera), Callimor- pba .. .. 221, 240, 262 quercinaria, Ennomos . . . . 126 querciTS, Lasiocampa . . . . 221 quercirs, Eurabs, Bitbys, Zepbyrus 8, 134, 135, 163, 179, 181, 184, 221, 251 racbelae, Apocbeima . . . . 52 radiata (pblseas ah.), Kumicia 212, 267, 270 radius, Euxoa . . . . . . 85 ramburi (idas), Lycsena 34, 35, 173, 174 ramburiella, Eromene . . . . 85 ramsayi, Cbaragia . . .. .. 263 Aera?a 182, 184 .. 234 .. 231 232 46 20 5 156 231 267 157 195 232 268 46 259 232 rapae, Pieris 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 21, 23, 31, 64, 67, 83, 84, 99, 143, 170, 233, 237, 243, 265, 267 Rapala . . . . . . . . 133 rascbkiella, Laverna . . . . 190 Raywardia (Laiigia) . . . . 136 reclusa, Plastenis (Pigra) . . . . 231 regia = sonorensis, Pbilotes .. 201 remota (phlfeas a&.), Eumicia .. 212 remutaria, Acidalia . . . . 41 renataHs, Evergestis . . 85 repandata, Boarmia 55, 103, 125, 127, 265 reticulata, Cidaria . . . . . . 152 reticulata (saponarise), Neuria . . 265 rbjea, Pbtedrotes . . . . . . 201 rbamni, Gonepteryx 7, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 31, 143, 232 rbamses, Erynnis . . . . . . 194 rbetenor, Morpbo . . . . . . 266 Rbopalocera . . . . . . 102, 150 rbymnus, Neolycsena . . 34, 163 ridens, Asphalia . . . . . . 231 ripartii (admetus var.), Hirsutina 220, 221, 250 rippertii (cribraria ab.), Euprepia 58 rivata, Xantborboe. . .. ..46 roboris, Lffiosopis 9, 12, 15, 179, 183, 240 robsoni (nebulosa ah.), Aplecta . . 103 romanovi, Parnassius . . 24, 212 rondoui (cribraria ah.), Euprepia 57, 58 rondoui (icarus ah.), Polyommatus 238 rosmarinella, Nepticula**. . .. 188 rossica(dominuIaab.),Callimorpba 265 rotbliebii (tipbon var.), Ctyno- nympba . . . . . . 103 rotbscbildi, Ornitboptera . . . . 263 roystonensis(coridona?;.),Agriades**275 roxelana, Pararge . . . . 18, 20 rubi, Callopbrys 8, 18, 19, 69, 143, 157, 178, 183, 196, 251, 268 rubidalis, Herculia . . . . . . 209 rubidata, Anticlea . . . . 46, 232 rubidus (apollo ah.), Parnassius .. 5 rubiginata = parvula (bicolorata ah.) 156 rubricosa, Pacbnobia . . . . 45 rufa, Cctnobia . . . . . . 47 rufescens, Cupido . . . . . . 199 rufolunulata (tbetis ah.), Agriades 26 rumina, Tbais . . 66, 122, 241 Rumicia = Heodes .. .. .. 135 rupicaprai'ia, Hybernia . . . . 45 RuralidaB (Tbeclidse) 24, 51, 118, 133, 159, 164, 177, 181, 183, 203 Ruralina; . . . . 179, 180, 181 Ruralis . . 133, 134, 135, 163, 183 ruralis (verticalis), Botys .. .. 232 russula = sanio rusticella. Tinea . . . . . . 143 rutilus (dispar iia?'.),Cbrysopbanus 102 ryffelensis, Syricbtbus . . . . 97 sacraria, Sterrba . . . . . . 234 saspiolus (iebaja), Cupido.. 198, 199 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE ssepiura, Thecla .. .. .. 196 sagittigera. Phsedrotes . . . . 201 salicata, Laientia . . . . . . 50 salicis, Leueoma . . . . . . 23 salmacis (medon var.), Aricia .. 272 salvini, Papilio .. .. .. 264 sambucalis, Ebulea . . . . 232 sandosavia, Larentia . . . . 85 sangii, Micropteryx .. .. 257 sanio (russula), Diacrisia .. .. 279 sao, Powellia, Hesperia .. 11, 69 saponariffi = reticulata sapphira, Callithea. . .. .. 263 sareptana (aurinia var.), Melitiea.. 268 sarta, Polvommatus . . . . 161 sarthus, Heodes . . . . 180, 184 sassanides, Kollaria . . . . 134 satellitia, Scopelosoma .. 45, 231 Satsuma . . . . . . • • 133 Satuinia '• 146 satyrata, Eupithecia . . . . 157 Satyridit 131 satyrion, Ccenonympha .. 229, 243 Satyrus 174 scabioPSB, Antbrocera . . . . 10 schamyl (rubi var.), Callophrys .. 268 schmidtii (pblseas ab.), Rumicia . . 33 schulzei (mnemosyne ah.), Parnas- sius** .. .. •• •• 118 scipio, Erebia . . . . 105, 106 scolifeformis, .Egeria .. 26, 212 Scoiitantides . . 160, 162, 164 sebrus, Cupido . . 2, 159, 160, 164 segetuni, Agrotis, Euxoa . . . . 85 selene, Brentbis . . . . 8, 55, 153 Selenia . . . . . . . . 126 semele, Hipparehia, Satyrus 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 55, 58, 131, 152, 220, 251, seruialba (ilia ab.), Apatura semialba (ilia-clytie ab.), Apatura** semiargus, Polyommatus 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 159,161, 164, 229, seminigra (aurelia ah,), Melitaea . . seniirufa, Epbestia . . semisyngrapba (coridon ah.), Agri- ades 25, 59, 102, 125, 212, 225, 265, 266, 267, 269, 272, 273, 275, senex, Nudaria sephyrus, Plebeius, Lycaena 15, 16, 26, 123, 164, 265 25 25 233 268 257 Serena, Hecatera . . sergeji (mnemosyne nassius** sericealis, Piivula . . Sericinus servator, Euceron** servillana, Hedya Sesiinte sesostris, Papilio setosa, Euceron shasta, Rusticus ^bylla, Limenitis ab.), 103, Par- 276 46 168 167 118 46 173 115 257 147 364 115 202 131 PAGE sicilise (apollo rt&.), Parnassius .. 114 sidse, Hesperia . . . . . . 19 siderata (siterata) (psittieata), Ci- daria . . . . . . . . 231 sieversi, Plebeius .. .. 160, 164 silenides, Pronotestra . . . . 85 silaceata, Eustroma . . . . 46 silvia (ilia ab.), Apatura . . . . 25 similis, Porthesia. . .. 74, 102 simpliciata, Anaitis . . 5, 55 simplonia (belia var.), Anthocharis 237 sinapis, Leptosia 9, 10, 11, 12. 14, 15, 19, 31, 58, 143, 144, 251 134, 163 70, 71, 72 .. 231 .. 163 .. 176 .. 157 .. 263 var.), .. 125 .. 156 .. 201 231 47 .. 195 .. 240 . . 46 ..24, 26, 147 . . 97 130, 133, 244 .. 258' 45, 231 .. 263 . . 58 221 194 164 sinensis, Neolycffna sinon = podalirius .. 30, sinuata = cucullata siterata = siderata .. smaragdina, Ruralis Smerinthus . . sobrinata, Eupithecia sociata, Xanthorhoe sodorensium (repandata Boarmia solidaginis, Calocampa sonorensis (regia), Philotes sororcula (aureola), Lithosia spadicea, Cerastis . . spadix, Thecla spectrum, Apopestes spheciformis, Aegeria Sphingid^B . . Sphinx spini, Klugia stabilella, Elachista stabilis, Taaniocampa stacyi, Xylotypia statices, Adscita statilinus, Satyrus . . stauderi, Erynnis .. staudingeri, Cupido steeveni (meleager var matus .. ■ .. '240, 241 stellatarura, Sesia 10, 21, 24, 67, 7a stelviana (nerine var,), Erebia . . 248 sthennyo (lappona ah.), Erebia . . 23& stieberi (hippothoe ab.), Heodes, Chrypophanus .. 153, 172 strataria (prodromaria), Amphi- dasis . . . . . . . . 45 strescmanni, Papilio . . . . 263 striata, Coscinia . . . . . . 10 striata (coridon ab.), Agriades 212, 266 striata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 267 strigata (thymiaria), Hemithea .. 46 19, . . 160, Polyom- . . 240, strigilaria, Aspilates strobilella, Coccyx . . Strymon Strymonidea (Leechia) Strymoninsf . . stryphon, Bithys stubbendorfii, Parnassius 46 ..189 133, 134, 163 ..134 .. 133, 135 ..134 ..212 stygne, Erebia 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 48, 55, 57, 105, 126, 237, 239, 243 styx, Acheron tia . . . . . . 262 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE suasa = fuliginosa, Satyrium .. 97 subalbata(ilia-clytiert/;.), Apatura** 25 subalpina (doiilis I'ar.), Loweia .. 129 subenfolia, Eriogaster . . . . 98 sublustris, Xylophasia . . 46, 231 subobsoleta (iearus ab.), Polyom- matus . . . . . . 267 subsequa = orbona subsericeata, Acidalia . . 47, 126 subtusa, Tethea . . . . . . 46 suffumata, Cidaria, Lampropteryx 149, 231 suffusa, Agrotis . . . . . . 232 sutt'iisa (phlseas (lb.), Rumieia .. 212 superba, Polyommatus . . . . 164 SuperflieJdo . . . . . . 134 suspecla, Dyschorista .. .. 156 suwarovius (japygia var.), Melan- argia . . . . . . . . 268 sylvanus, Augiades. . .. 15, 20 sylvinus, Thecla . . . . 195, 196 symmelanus (machaon ah.), Papilio** 73 symplecta (mnemosyne nb.), Par- nassius** . . . . . . . . 118 syngrapha (coridon ab.), Agriades 59, 102, 125, 187, 234, 269 Syntarucus (Langia, Raywardia) 136, 163 Syntomidse . . . . . . . . 115 syriaca (heimione), Satyrus 18, 19, 20 Syrichthus 97, 176 syrtalis, Constantia ■ • . . 85 tacita, Thecla . . . . . . 195 tsenialis (albistrigalis), Hypenodes 46, 47, 232 tages, Nisoniades . . 19, 104, 143 tagis = belia .. .. .. ..89 taminata = bimaculata taras (malvfe ab.), Hesperia . . 262 Tarueus 136, 163 tau, Aglia 176, 177 tehama = podarce .. .. .. 201 telamon, Sericinus . . . . 173 telicanus, Raywardia, Syntarucus 18, 19, 20, 21, 136, 163 temerata, Bapta .. .. 231, 232 tenebi'ata (arbuti), Heliaca 46, 144 tengstrcemi, Neolycajna 134, 163, 179, 183 tenuiplumosa (eegeria aest.), Pararge** .. .. .. 233 tephrinella, Ephestia . . . . 209 Tephrosia 97 Teracolus 235 terlooti, Neophasia . . . . 147 tersata, Phibalapteryx . . . . 47 teruelensis (urticai ab.), Aglais** . . 145 tessellum, Hesperia . . . . 268 testacea, Luperina . . . . . . 167 testata, Lygris, Cidaria 47, 154, 156 tetra, Thecla 195 tetralunaria, Selenia . . . . 126 tetraquetrana, Phloeodes . . . . 257 tetrica (hermione ab.), Satyrus . . 268 PAGE teucriella, Nepticula** .. 188 thalassina, Mamestra .. 157 thalia, Strymonidia ..134 thaumas = flava thebana, Azanus . . ..136 thebana = ubaldus Thecla . 133, 134 TheclidiB-Ruralidfe . . 24 Theclinse .. 195 Thecliola .. 134 theophrastus, Telicanus, Tarueus 85, 136 thersamon, Chrysophanus. . .. 19 thersites, Agriades 2, 17, 18, 20, 26, 50, 64, 125, 149, 150, 206, 232, 233 theseus, Papilio . . . . . . 268 Thestor 135, 163 thetis (bellargus), Agriades, Poly- ommatus 10, 14, 26, 125, 126, 142, 157, 187, 230, 261, 267, 269 thetys, Heodes .. .. 180, 184 thomeriella, Geleehia . . . . 209 there, Brenthis 130, 228, 243, 246, 248, 268 thymiaria = strigata tiliee, Mimas, Smerinthus 147, 176 Tinagma . . . . " ■ • • 257 tincta, Aplecta . . . . . . 45 tiphon, Ccenonympha 97, 103, 104, 125, 242, 260 tipuliforrais, Aegeria . . . . 46 tithonus, Ephinephele . . 8, 13, 264 Tithorea 264 titus (mopsus), Strymon 133, 163, 179, 183 tityus (fuciformis), Hemaris .. 46 tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris.. 185 Tomares 135, 163 Tongeia ..159 torminalis, Nepticula . . . . 257 torquatus, Papilio . . . . . . 264 Tortrices 257 tragopogonis, Amphipyra . . . . 156 transiens (rhamni ab.), Gonepteryx 31 trapezina, Calymnia . . . . 122 trepida, Notodonta . . . . . . 231 trifolii, Anthrocera . . . . 126, 142 trifolii, Pacbygastria . . . . 166 trigrammica (trilinea), Grammesia 231 trilinea = trigrammica trilinearia = linearia triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia 132, 229, 244, 246 tristata, Melanippe . . •• .. 126 trivia, Melitaia .. .. 19, 268 trochilus, Chilades . . 136, 163 truncata, Cidaria .. 104,126, 154 Turania . . . . 160, 162, 164 turca, Leucania . . . . . . 232 turnus, Papilio . . . - . • 264 tutti (iearus ab.), Polyommatus .. 20 Tuttiola 134 tyndarus, Erebia 54, 57, 80, 81, 132, 237, 247 SPECIAL INDEX. typh8B = arundinis ubaldus (thebana), Azanus 136, 163 ugrjumovi (mnemosyne suhsp.), Parnassius** .. .. 118 ubryki (sepbyrus var.), Plebeius, Lycsena .. ..15, 16, 168 ulceratalis, Cornifrons . . . . 85 umbratica, Cucullia . . 24, 231 umbrosa, Noctua . . . . . . 47 unangulata, Xanthorhoe .. 46, 232 unedonata, Eupitbecia .. ..67 unicolor (arion ah.), Lycsena . . 246 unicolor (satyrion ub.), Coeno- nympba .. .. 229, 243 unidentaiia, Coremia . . . . 46 unipunctalis (costiilis (i/j.), Pyralis 186 urticas Aglais 14, 15, 23, 52, 143, 144, 145, 153, 156, 230, 247, 250 urticalis = uvticata .. .. .. 232 urticata (urtiealis), Eiirrhypara .. 232 vaeciniella, Coleopbora .. .. 118 vaccinii, Orrhodia, Cerastis 45, 47, 231 Vacciniina . . . . 160, 162, 163 vafra, Scoparia** .. .. .. 127 v-albura, Strymon . . . . 179, 183 valentina (poseidon var.), Orni- tboptera . . . . . . 266 vanadis (exulans var.), Anthrocera 154 Vanessa . . . . . . . . 260 VanessidEE . . . . . . . . 14 varia (partbenie var.), Melitsea 55, 125, 130, 229 244, 269 variata (obliterata), Thera 50, 104, 2G5 variegana, Peroiiea. . .. .. 151 variegata, Gnophos . . . . 50 varleyata (grossulariata ab.). Abraxas . . . . 103, vasquezi (brassicse ab.), Pieris velata (edusa ah.), Colias . . venosa, Cbaleosia .. venosata, Eupitbecia venus, Polyommatus venustula, Erastria. . vepretaria(ambigiiatart/v.), Gnophos vernaria, Geometra verticalis = ruralis vespifoimis (cynipiformis), ^Ege- ria . . viaca, Phsedrotes villica, Arctia .. ..46,52, 186 viminetella, Coleopbora . . 248, 249 vinningensis (apollo ab.), Parnas- sius 7, 50 vinula, Dicranura . . . . . . 146 vioise, Teloiiinia . . . . . . 103 viretata, Lobopbora . . 103, 231 virgata (lineolata), Mesotype .. 144 virgaurese, Cbrysoptera, Heodes 10, 14, 33, 34, 135, 163, 171, 172, 240 virginiensis, Tbarsalea . . . . 197 virgularia, Acidalia . . . . 125 viriathus (epistygne var.), Ere- bia** 145 viridana, Tortrix . . 164, 188, 254 212 176 99 151 231 161 46 50 47 46 201 FAac viridis=dumetorum .. .. 196 vitalbata, Phibalapteryx . . . . 47 vitalisi (ilia-clytia ab.), Apatura**. 209 vittata, Pbibalapteryx . . . . 104 vittata (dolus ah.), Polyommatus .. 120 volgensis (cardamines var.), Euch- loe 268 vulgaris (msera ab.), Pararge 33, 176 wahlbergi, Hypolimnaa .. ..149 w-album, Cbattendenia, Strymon 133, 13*4, 163, 179 wardl (villica ab.), Arctia warringtonellus (perlellus Crambus . . webbianus, Cyclyrius weiskei, Papilio wolfensbergeri (maturna MelitEEa woodiana, Ditula . . xanthoides, Gaeides Xantborhoc' . . xantbura, Euceron.. xerces, Nomiades . . xuthus, Everes, Tongeia .. zagreus, Papilio Zepbyrus 186 ab.), .. 55 136, 163 .. 263 var.), 228, 243 .. 257 ..197 .. '^79 ..115 .. 200 .. 159, 164 ..264 133, 134, 135 zeroe (mariposa), Epideniia . . 197 zestos (sesostris var.), Papilio .. 264 zetes, Acrsea .. 181, 182, 184 zetbus = 8elianus zetica, Cbaleosia ziczac, Notodonta . . Zizeeria zollikofferiella, Nepticula* zonaria, Ithysia, Nyssia zobra, Cigaritis zuliema, Anthrocera Zygffinidte = Anthroceridie 135 .. 151 45, 239 .. 164 .. 188 98, 103, 190 . 179, 184 .. 66 MYRIAPODA. guttulus, Blanjulus lagurus, Polyxenus.. NEUROPTERA. auricula, Limnophilus cognata, Panorpa . . communis, Panorpa Coniopteryx digitata, Leuctra Embiidffi . . . . . . 68, Hava, Cbrysopa germanica, Panorpa lacustris, Sipblurus niauretanica, Embia montanus, Philopotamus .. ochraceus, Hodotermes orientalis, Corydalis Panorpa Perlidffi Podagrion radiatus, Halesus . . simile, Cloi'on stigma, Limnophilus vespertina, Leptophlebia . . 43 43 158 122 122 150 158 101 125 122 154 88 158 88 122 122 158 148 158 158 158 154 SPECIAL INDEX. XXI. 158 154 239 75 158 154 ODONATA. ccBrulea, Aeschna .. concinnum, Agrion. . flaveolum, Sympetrum hastulatum, Agrion juncea, Aeschna rubicunda, Leucorrhina . . ORTHOPTERA. ! abnoi-mis, Tomopygia . . 213,214 [ Acriididse . . . . . • • • 191 aculeata, Labia .. .. -. 214 SBgyptiaca, Nemastrina . . . . 87 segyptium, Acridium ..64,66, 86 algeriana, Thalpomena . . 70, 86 algerica, Odontrura . . . . 64 Allodahlia 216 alpina, Chelidura . . . . . . 216 americana, Psalis . . . . . . 217 Ancistrogastrina3 . . . . . . 216 annulata, Prolabia . . . . . . 218 annulipes, Anisolabis .. .. 217 ai'cuata (annulata subsp.), Prolabia 218 asiatica, Anecbura . . . . . . 217 asynamorus (marmorata), Tachy- cines . . . . . . . . 140 auricularia, Forficula 67, 86, 138, 139, 145, 214, 215, 212, 216, 218 bicolor, Stauroderus . . 155, 158 bipartitus, Elaunon . . . . 216 bipunctata, Anecbura . . . . 217 brunneri, Eunapius . . . . 70 Caloptenus . . . . . . . . 86 capensis, Foiticula . . . . 139, 140 cbalybialannulatasubs^J.), Prolabia 218 Cbelisocbidse . . . . 214, 216 cinerascens, Pacbytylus . . 64, 66 croceipennis, Spongipbora. . .. 216 dsemeli, Kalocrania. . .. .. 217 decipiens, Forticula . . 214, 216 decipiens, Loboptera . . 68, 70 dentata. Fab. = auricularia .. 138 dentata, Tbn. =javanu.s .. .. 139 Diestrammena . . . . . . 140 Diplatyinse .. .. .. .. 214 dolichus, Neogaster . . . . 216 doriffi, Allostetbella . . . . 217 dysoni (croceipennis subsp.), Spon- gipbora . . . . . . 216 eburnea (riparia .5!(6sp.), Labia .. 218 elegans, Enkrates . . . . . . 216 elepbas, Pampbagus . . . . 68 Eremobia . . . . . . . . 86 erytbrocepbalus, Diaperasticus . . 139 erytbrocepbalus = capensis .. 140 Esphalmeninffi . . . . . . 216 Eugaster 86, 87 fasciata (nigrella I'ar.), Prolabia . . 216 fasciata (lividipes), Nala .. .. 139 festiva, Psalis . . . . . . 217 llexuosa. Fab., Forficula .. .. 138 flexuosa, Tbn. = auricularia .. 139 forcipata (auricularia var.), Forfi- cula . . . . . . . . 215 Forcipula Forficula frigidum , Podisma . . gagatina, Psalis grossus, Mecostetbus grylloides, Pyrgomorpba guttata, Spbodomantris bespericus, Pampbagus inermis (riparia var.), Labidura insignis, Eremocbaris javanus, Auebenomus kristenseni, Spongovostox . Labia.. Labiidse lapponica, Ectobia . . leonei, Forficula Iherminieri (croceipennis subs}) Spongipbora.. livida, Ectobia livida (riparia subsp.), Labidura lividipes = fasciata .. lividipes, Nala Locustidge longif creeps, Auebenomus. . lugubris, Skalistes . . lurida, Forficula macrolabia (auricularia var. fieula . . maculatus, Gompbocerus . . marginalis, Forficula, Labia marginalis (oebropus), Forficula . marginata, Hololampra marmorata, Diastrammena PA6E .. 216 215, 216 154, 158 .. 217 155, 158 64, 86 .. 87 ■ .. 86 216 .. 86 138, 139 .. 214 .. 217 .. 214 .. 155 .. 214 216 185 218 139 139, 216 86, 87 .. 216 .. 215 214, 216 For- .. 215 155, 158 138, 139 139 68 .. 101 101, 140 68, 70 .. 70 .. 216 215 139 214 217 marmorata = asynamorus mauritanica, Anisolabis . . meridionalis, Botbriomyrmex metallica, Eudobrnia metrica (lugubris ab.), Skalistes minor. Labia miranda, Forficula . . mixta, Ancistrogaster modesta (simulans subsp.), Proreus 216 myrmeca (nigrella var.), Prolabia 217 nasuta, Tryxalis . . . . 64, 66 Nesogaster . . nigrella, Prolabia . . _ oebropus = marginalis .. 139, Opistbocosmiinse orientalis (bipunctata var.), Ane- cbura . . owenii, Labia Pampbagus.. panzeri, Ectobia parallela (croceipennis subsp.), Spongipbora pereberon, Psalis perspicillaris, Ectobia . . 67, pbymateus, Aegrotera pluvialis (riparia var.), Labidura. . Psalinse Psalis pulcbra, Psalis pulcbripennis, Eremobia . . pubescens, Forficula Pygidicranidse 214 216 140 216 217 139 87 185 216 138 86 212 216 216 217 217 86 214 216 SPECIAL INDEX. Pygidicraninae relifiiosa, Mantis . . . . 7 ridens, Labia riparia, Labidura 64, 214, 216 rodziankoi, Forficula rufus, Gomphocerns Bchlagintweiti, Forficula senegalensis, Forficula eeraphis, Caloptenus shelfordi, Adiathetus eilana, Forficula simulans, Proreus . . sinuata, Pseudocbelidura smyrnensis, Forficula Spongovostox etrepens, Epacromia . . 64 sumatranum, Ecbinosoma superba, Cbelisocbella Tacbycines . . targionii, Forficula. . tenebrator, Adiatbetus Troglopbilus unicolor, Diestrammena vicina (lividipes subsp.), Nala viridulus, Omocestus . . 155 vulgaris, Grylotalpa wablbergi,' Ecbinosoma wallacei, Marava . . xantbopus (riparia subsp.), Labi dura . . zubovskii, Anecbura PLECOPTERA. burmeistera, Isopteryx cinerea, Ampbinemura digitata, Leuctra . . grammatica, Cbloroperla griseipennis, Cbloroperla standfussi, Ampbinemura PAGE 217 66 218 217 214 25 216 214 86 216 214 216 216 214 217 69 217 216 140 214 216 140 140 216 158 212 217 214 218 217 154 154 154 154 154 154 PAGE PROTURA. Acerentonion .. .. .. 148 Acerentulus . . . . . . . . 150 Protura . . . . 48, 150, 151, 233 SCORPIONE5. Cbelifer 63, 74 Cbernes . . . . . . . . 63 SIPHONAPTERA. Sipbonaptera THYSANOPTERA. cephalotes, Haplotbrips**. . coUinsi, Hoplandotbrips* . . ellisi, Hoplandotbrips* Japyx major, Cryptotbrips* obscuripennis, Haplotbrips** solifuga, Japyx stapbylinus, Campodea Tubulifera . . TRICHOPTERA. bimaculata, Neureclipsis . . nubila, Pkbyacopbila vittatus, Limnopbilus VERMES. Linguatulidaj Mermis ZORAPTERA. ceylonicus, Zorotypus** .. guineensis, Zorotypus** .. javanicus, Zorotypus** Zoraptera**. . Zoroptypidse** Zoroptypus** 76 52 75 75 65 75 51 65 63 75 154 158 154 76 186 .. 119 .. 119 .. 119 119, 148 .. 119 .. 119 SPECIAL INDEX. CORRIGENDA, &c. p- 64, 1. 13, P' 68, 1. 12, p- 69, 1.45, p- 72, 1. 27, p- 81, 1. 8, p- 85, 1. 9, p- 87, 1. 6 p- 88, 1. 18, p- 124, 1. 20, p- 127, 1. 25, p- 144, 1. 33, p- 160, 1. 26, p- 189, 1.30, p- 193, 1. 44, p- 212, 1. 33, p- 212, 1. 34, p- 221, 1. 25, p- 230, 1. 44, p- 231, 1. 19, p- 232, 1. 21, p- 233, 1.45, p- 242, 1. 22, p- 258, 1. 9, p- 258, 1.17, p- 269, 1.31, for " same " read " semi-." for " schmidti " read " scltmidi.'^ for " Eucara " read " Elis.'" for " doubless " read " doubtless." for " Epiphron pyrenaica " read " Erebia epiphron var. pyrenaica.^^ for " Palaearctie deserts of the region" read "deserts of the Palaearctic Region." for " Nemastriniis aegijptiacus " read " Nemestrina aegyptiaca . for " Maehiliids " read " Machilids." for " Laglasia " read " Laglaizia.'^ for " May " read " Meyr." insert " virgata " after " Mesotype." for "■ panaeoides " read ^^ p)anagaeides." for " Tachinus " read " Tachina." insert " eases " after " both." for " Mr. C. S. Pickett " read " Mr. C. P. Pickett." for " two " read " three." for " Bvralis " read " Ruralis." for " Mackull " read " Mackrell." for " siterata " read " siderata." for " helveola " read " lielvola." for " GALii " read " gallii." for " Miss M. F. Fison " read " Miss L. M. Fison." for " Callimnyia " read " Callimyia." for " Anthomyia " read " Anthomyza." for " coerulea " read " caerulea.^' Subscriptions for Vol. XXVI. are now due. ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION RiCHABD S. BAGNALL, f.l.s., f.e.s. I T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d.,i'.z.n., f e.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.s. H. St. J. K. nONISTHORPE, F.7..S., F.E.S Alfeed SICH, f.e.s. J. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.k.s. Gkobge AVHEELEIl, M.A., f.e.s. Henry J. TUENEB, f.k.s., Editorial Secretary. JANUABY loth, 19U. Piice ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (nkt). (WIIH TWO PLATES AND SPECIAL INDEX.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post fre( (Iiicliidiiigall DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.) SEVEM SHILLINGS. TO liE lOltWAliDKU TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., " Bekteose," Gellaily BoAii, New Cbo.ss, S.E LONDON : ELI>10T STOCK, 62, PAXKRNOSTiiR Kow, E.G. BERLIN : Nearly 300 Parts Ready. 4to. With beautiful Coloured Illustrations. THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD. A BOOK OF REFEKENCE AND IDENTIFICATION, Edited by ADALBERT SEITZ, Ph.D., etc., in coUabonition with Dr. Aurivillius (Stockholm), A. Janet (Paris), Dr. K. JounoN (Tring), L. B. Prout (London), Hon. L. W. Rothschild (Tring), W. W.MUiEN (Tring), Dr. E. Strand (Berlin), G. Weymer (Elberfeld), and many other contributors. Divided into two Divisions ; Division I. PAL.EARCTIC BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, 4 vols, or about 120 parts at 1/- net each. Parts 1 to 111 now ready. Division H. EXOTIC BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, 12 vols, or about 370 parts at 1/6 net each. Part 1 to 181 now ready. Prospectus giving full particulars and specimen plate may he obtained from any hoohseller, or from WILLIAMS & NORGATE, IV/^ZTo^ToVT^ 1 OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepicloptera in the British Isles is H. W. HEAD, ©utomoloaiet, BUKNISXOW, Nr. SCARBOROUGH. h'lill Lint of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, A/ varatiis, (\ibine(s ete., fie)it on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARViE A SPECIALITY. Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, 2, Mount Yernon, Dollymount, DUBLIN^ /^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^iI^^^^^^^^^HJHr'' :'<^Br' '^^^^^^^^^K ^^^H ^"'^^m' ;. ^ <"" '.;: ^^^B ^B ' ^Bm 1 ^^PwUhH J^b JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Vol. XXVI. No. 1. January 15th, 1914. A Visit to Le Lautaret. {With two jjlates). By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN, F.Z.S. It is many years since I paid my first short visit to Le Lautaret, and was then much impressed with the remarkable character, both as to flora and fauna, for which it is celebrated. My memory serves me, however, but badly as to details, and all I clearly recollect is finding cocoons and imagines of Heteroi/i/nis pendla, which I had previously supposed to be near its limit as to combined North Latitude and elevation at Digne. It occurs, however, in the Vosges, at, I believe, comparatively low levels. I visited Le Lautaret again in 1905, along with Mr. Champion, we staj'ed there a week and got about a good deal, yet had a couple of days' experience of what Le Lautaret could be like in the height of its summer, the thermometer fell to 41" as a day temperature with rain and wind, and for this couple of days the only way to keep warm was to get under the bed-clothes. On my visit this j^ear I was favoured by fine summer weather for nearly the whole fortnight of my stay. There are many references to Le Lautaret in our Magazine, but the only account in any detail is that by Tatt, in vol. xiii., p. 253., and in vol. ix., p. 13. There is a passing reference to it by Mr. Pearson, in vol. xxiv., p. 97, but he seems to have been scared by the hotel accommodation there, though one judges from his tale that he went further and fared worse. As a matter of fact, Le Lautaret Hospice gives fair entertainment, and though not perhaps affording all the heart can desire, it compares not unfavourably with the Swiss hotel of 30 or 40 years ago, which one always found so satisfactory when on a walking tour. The remarkably abundant and luxuriant vegetation here took Mr. Tutt's attention, as it must do that of all who take even a mere ramble near the Col. One is inclined to say that one finds here all the alpine plants of Switzerland, especially of Western Switzerland, with many others, and such a statement would not be so far from the truth as might be at first sight supposed, and one is struck to find growing side by side many plants that one has only seen before far away from each other. Whether the agricultural (or pastoral?) arrangements of the district have been arranged to suit the remarkable plant growth, or whether the latter has been conditioned by the farming arrangements, they 2 THE ENTOMOL,()(ilST S KECORD. certainly seem to combine to favour the floral plethora with which one never ceases to be astonished and gratified. The North side (facing South) of the Valley from Villar d'Arene to Lautaret, from some 6,000ft. upwards to 8,000ft. or 8,500ft., is not grazed, but all is cut for hay, and this cutting is not begun till quite the end of July, nor finished till well into September, when the seven or eight months' winter commences. Any grazing is done on only a few awkward places after the cutting is over and this late cutting seems to enable the plants to thrive about as well as if they were not cat at all, though how such luxuriance persists with constant cropping and no return, was a puzzle for which I could not find the key. On the opposite (south) side of the valley, with trifling exceptions in places, the whole slope is grazed, and the different aspect of the vegetation is very striking, due more perhaps to the aspect than to this different treatment. From some 8,000ft. or 8,500ft. upwards, grazing obtains on all available areas. Insects seem also able to maintain themselves in the mowing areas, not usually in profusion like the plant life, but vastly in excess of what usually occurs in the mowed meadows of the lower areas in Switzerland. Mr. Tutt's references to the species he met with is so detailed that it would be superfluous for me to go over the same ground now, and I will only refer to such points as may extend the picture of the butterfly fauna of the district that he gives. I visited this district largely with a view to studying Auriades tliersiti'.'i, and went to Le Lautaret to fill up time till the second brood emerged at lower levels. I was rather astonished to find it at Le Lautaret, but this and other items in reference to that species may be left till I have something to say as to its life-history. I have now got larviB which appear determined to hibernate, so that whether I shall succeed or not in getting them through the winter is my present problem. Mr. Tutt says he took Poli/oiiniatKs icarns var. irarimis here. I do not find these amongst any of his specimens that have come my way ; probably these were Agriades thersites, but icarinns is not very rare at Le Lautaret. P. icarns is common and well dis- tributed, but the commonest "blue " at Lautaret is certainly P. eras, though it is a little localised. It is abundant wherever Oxi/tropis cawpi'stris grows, and also with Antraut/iix eiiphrnni/ne was swarming in Worth Forest (Tilgate) on May 12th, 1912. I failed to take any variations of note, but was more fortunate with B. nelene, which occurs freely in the marshy parts of the forest at the latter end of May and June. I took a very dark aberration on May 26th, 1912, in very fine condition. Celastrina an/iolits was also in some numbers around holly in the neighbourhood of Copthorne during May, one being seen as early as May 1st. ApJiantnpiis hijperantas, although local, was plentiful in some of the woods, and a fine series was taken on July 8th. A perfect iJri/as papJiia was unfortunately missed in Worth Forest on July 20th. 1912, it being the only specimen I have seen since laiy residence in this locality. Along every hedgerow Epinepliele tithonns was hopping from mid-July to mid-August, and lti(micia phlaeas was abundant and in good condition by the end of July, there being a good number with the blue spots on the hindwings, especially during last year. Bit/u/s qnerciiA was common ni Worth Forest by the first week in August, although as usual they were chipped in a good many cases. Persistent beating of the oaks during the latter half ol May in the locality will generally result in a fair supply of larvse. Several Pi/rameis atalanta were occasional visitors to the flowers in the garden during August and September, but it seems an uncommon insect in these parts, and one /'. caidui was seen on August 5th, 1912, also in the garden. A trip to Covvden, near Lingfield, on August 16th, resulted in three or four Vancum to, which were taken on thistles growing beside the lake. I have seen no Coliax edasa in Horley this year at all, although I saw one or two in August, 1912. A trip to Horsley, on May 2J:th, resulted in a good bag of Hamearis lucitia, all in very good condition, also in two or three Callupliri/s rubi. I was fortunate enough not to meet with a game-keeper in this wood, as from what I hear they are very vigilant and turn off anybody as soon as they arrive on the ground. July in the Eastern Pyrenees. By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. Last year's summer holiday was spent in the Pyrenees Orientales the first fortnight being passed at Vernet-des-Bains, and the latter part of the time at the Chalet Hotel on Mount Canigou. The journey to Vernet is an easy one though long, once on the other side of the Channel the only change (if you select the best trains) is at Paris. I arrived there about -1.30 p.m. and had ample time to walk across the river to a comfortable restaurant that I knew of near the Louvre, where I got a good dinner at a reasonable price, after which I walked quietly back having plenty of leisure to catch the 7 o'clock through train, which I suppose is in reality one of the Spanish expresses. I arrived at Vernet on the morning of July 1st, and after lunch took a stroll up the hill at the back of the Hotel des Bains Mercader in the brilliant sun of the Mediterranean. Insects, however, were not plentiful, a few of the commoner " blues " and Melanar\ xemeU less so, but the females were beautifully bright and large specimens. High up the hill near the top I W'as glad to take a single S. hriaeia. Melanarcjia lac/iesis occurred everywhere, as also did Krchia sti/ipie, all being fine large heavily oceliated specimens, decidedly larger than my Gavarnie series and more heavily spotted, whilst they are, of course, quite a different looking insect from the general run of the Swiss form. Quite typical Pij/as papliici turned up here and there, both sexes of hsinia lafhonia, and a single male of Brent/iifi dia in perfect con- dition was taken on July 4th. Of Melitaeae, M. didyiiia and J/, athalia were common, the latter large and darkly marked, whilst M. phoebe was much less in evidence, but the specimens were large. Paran/e niaera and its form adrasta occurred together, and I took a single specimen of P. aef/eria. Aj>ha)itnpits lujpi'rantiix was quite typical, whilst Epinephele jiirtina var. hispiilln likewise occurred, and E, pasiphoe has already been mentioned. Of the genus Coennnymplia the only two species that I took were C. arcania and C. pamphiliiti. Among the Heterocera, Anthrocera {Zuriaena) lonicerae was fairly common, A. srabiosae being much less abundant. Aducita (Ino) f/fri/nn was in good condition, and by no means rare, whilst Heteroqynia penclla was of frequent occurrence. .SVsm {Mocrof/losfta) stellatanim could be seen every day poised in the hot sun over the flowers whose nectar it delighted in. I did not find any of the Lithosiids common except Coscinia striata : this was plentiful, but I found no dark or light varieties whatever. A single specimen of both Lithosia f/riscola and /.. caniola fell to my lot, and I took also one specimen each of Eitprortis cJiri/finrrhoea and of Cocldidion liiiiarodes. Flying in the hot sun I likewise took one specimen of Acyeria (Sesia) empiformh and of yE. aerifroiis. So far as the immediate neighbourhood of Vernet itself is concerned this concludes my list of captures. After I had passed a week's pleasant stay I returned to the hotel JULY IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES. 11 to dinner one evening having had a long and hard day's work — and a ver}' hot one too — in the St. Vincent Valley, and had scarcely sat down in my accustomed place at table, when an evident Englishman and his wife were placed next to me ; the meal proceeded with the usual enquiries as to the weather and the scenery of the neighbourhood, and then a chance remark at desert revealed the fact that the new- comers were bent on some branch of natural history, and on a more minute enquiry I found that I was talking to Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Johnson, of Stockport, both of whom were l)ent on an entomological holiday. Notes were soon being compared and explanations as to hunting grounds given. I believe their first day was spent in the St. Vincent Valley, while I had before arranged for a longish day up the St. Martin Valley with an extension to the Col du Cheval-Mort and up to the Kandais Hut. A most lovely day I had, a description of which will serve for several other shorter excursions in the same direction. The route lies via the little village of Casteil, but there is plenty of work to be done before even that short distance is accomplished. The right side of the valley as we ascend is almost entirely under cultivation, but the left side, though cultivated, has a good deal of rocky bare land and some poor pasture on the hill sides, where insects fly freely. Le/itosia siiia/iis was common, whilst the bright and pretty Enclda'e eupJienoidef; was at this time rather rare, 1 only picked up about half-a-dozen examples on this side of Vernet, and they were not confined to definite spots but occurred singly in different localities, some in the Valley, some well above Casteil. A whitish specimen of the same genus attracted my attention and gave me a sharp race in the hope of securing a female eiiplunioideft, but alas it turned out to be only Kiicldoc rardmnineif. after all. The "blues" and '■ coppers " up in this direction were conspicuous by their absence, the only specimens I took being a single Pob/oiiniiatKs seDnar/jiis and two Ihdiiicia phhieaa, neither of Avhich can be called var. elena, though they must have been of the summer brood. JMelauariiia lach-.sis was abundant everywhere as also was Melitaea athalia. M. pJioebe, however, was much less common, while M. didi/ma was typical but not as common as usual. On a bare hillside I took a single female Aporia crataeip, but perhaps I let them pass as Mr. and i\lrs. Johnson took more, they also took Papilio poihdinKs and I'aniassiiis apollo, which I fear I allowed to pass by unmolested. Of the Pierids, I'ieris brasfiicat.-, P. rapai' and P. napi wete all observed, whilst I took, close by the Church of St. Martin, a beautiful, quite fresh specimen of Papilio iiiacltan)!. Ari/i/nnis aijlaia was not uncommon, though I only netted a couple, both of which are quite typical, and I also took B>e)it/iis iliii, Jssoria lathonia and Vrt/aH paphia. As the wooded hill- sides were reached Sati/nifi cin-c put in an occasional appearance, and ^'. hermione was very frequent. I only observed a single Coenonyinpha daruH, a male which I captured, as also a single female ('. arcania, the specimen having marked obsoletion of spots on the underside. Krehia i^tyt/nc was the only species of the genus I saw in this locality, but Mr. Johnson also took E. epiphmn. The genus Paranje was represented by three species, a single female P. vie/fciera, with F. ae;/eria and P. viaera var. adrasta. P!pinepJu'le Jiirtina var. hispidla was not uncommon, whilst F^. pasipha'e, in both sexes, was in beautiful condition. Of the Hesperiidae I took a quite fresh Poirellia sao, a single Tlnjiiiclicns acteun 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. and a pair of Adopaea jiara (tliauiiias), but I fear I paid little attention to this group. In addition to those I have here recorded, Mr. and Mrs. Johnson took iMeosopis roboria, Pidi/oiiiinatits icarns, P. amanda and Poli/ounnatus scmiariius, Li/caena arion and Even's arj/iades. Having turned out of the St. Martin Valley and begun the ascent towards the Col du Cheval-Mort, whilst however still more or less in the branch valley, a vast bush of clematis was the rendezvous of many species. Linienitis caniilla with its graceful flight settled on the flowers and hovered over them, darting rapidly away only to return, and Anally (after being admired greatly, I having had much pleasure in watching its movements) it made a home in my net and has come to live with me. Most of the specimens had, however, jDassed their best. Then lirenthis {An/i/nnu) daphne put in an appear- ance, and I took several at this spot, it being the only place I took it during this trip. Parnassins apollo was here also, and fell a victim to my avidity, the specimens were by no means the large fine form one is accustomed to associate with this district. As I ascended, Erehia stj/i/iie became very common, all being a large fine form having broad rufous bands and large spots with prominent white centres ; this is quite the finest form that I have taken, being much larger and finer than that obtained in the Hautes Pyrenees. Single specimens of both Colias ediisa and (ionc/iteri/x rliamni were obtained, the former not being uncommon though not in good condition. Leptosia ditpuncJieli turned up twice, and one beautiful specimen of L. .sinapis var. diuiensin, with the wings entirely white above, was also taken. Aif/i/nnis ai/laia Avas the only one of its genus that I saw in the higher regions, it and Melitaea athalia were abundant, and M. phoebe also flew sparingly. The form of Hipparrhia seinele was quite ordinary, not at all comparable with the fine bright tawny female specimens frequenting the hill at the back of the Hotel Mercader. More than one pleasant day was spent in this district, but in no case were insects abundant, the St. Vmcent Valley was on the whole the better collecting ground. On July 11th we (Mr. and Mrs. Johnson and I) took an excursion together to Hie sur Tet, a little town down in the valley of the river from which it takes its name. The town itself did not appear to have very much of interest about it, and after supplying ourselves with peaches and fruit from the market-place, we hastened on. Our way led us over the long bridge crossing the Tet, which must have been at one time a broad fine river, but is now confined to a very narrow channel, though doubtless when the snow is melting on the hills the bed may have a fair volume of water in it ; it was a very hot day and we were glad of some shade on the other side of the river. Immediately on arrival there, however, a chase became necessary, for Gonejdenjx dcopatra sped on his way in front, but was overtaken and captured after a sharp run, as also were several others of the same species. As we wandered along we noticed a little Epinep/ide that flew differently among the undergrowth of the hedges, and we soon discovered that it was E. ida, a nice little series of both sexes fell to each of us, and Pararf/e aei/eria seemed more or less to accompany it. Most of the hills we were among appeared to consist of a sort of calcareous limestone of a yellowish colour, that was honey- combed through and throug-h with caves and water channels ; an JULY IN THE EASTERN PYRENEES. 13 immense amount of detrition is evidently taking place here. As we ascended — for the heat of the valley made our ascent imperative — up the sides of a little water course a fine dark Satyrid, new to me, settled a yard or two out of reach. A few steps among the rocks brought me within its compass, but the balancing necessary on a steeply slanting boulder just gave it a chance and off" it flew only to settle in a more inaccessible place. In its flight, however, it showed its underside for a moment, and that sight inspired the resolution to obtain the specimen if possible. Up I clambered again, and in the end perseverance was rewarded, for I returned with a lovely fresh specimen of the beautiful Sati/riia jidia, and before the day was out a second also fell to my net ; both are unusually black specimens above, whilst the underside is in sharp contrast. As we wended our way upwards several nice Laiiipides boeticiis were taken, and a single Kpinephele ixinipha'f, very much worn, was also captured by me, showing that here it was practically over though at Vernet it was in first rate condition. Melitaea didijtiia was not uncommon and Mela)tariiia lachesia was still quite fresh. Much of the hill-side was given up to vineyards and but little occurred among them; an occasional C. ediisa flew rapidly across, and as we neared the limits of cultivation and were arriving up to the heath-covered summit, M. atJialia would come occasionally within striking distance. Once on the top, however, we were more busily engaged, for Papilio feistlia)iieli was by no means rare, but they took some catching, fortunately all of us were more or less successful with it. During a brief respite with this species I saw a large insect come up the hill-side madly hurtling itself through the air, of course I made for it, but alas without avail, for its pace was quite beyond me, and to my great regret I saw my first Cliara.vcs jauus in its native haunts disappear into the blue ether in front of me. Papilio iiiachann was taken by Mr. Johnson, and M. plioebe was not uncommon, whilst on our way down Drycift paphia, Satj/nis circe, and S'. alcynne were taken, the first and the last by my companions, S. circe by myself. To quite complete the list, by no means a long one, Pararge maera var. adrasta, E. tithuuiis and /'>'. jnitina were also captured. A quiet walk to the railway station finished the day at this interesting little place, and so ended a most enjoyable trip. The following day we (the same trio) spent in the Gorges de Carenca. To get there it is necessary to take the Mont Louis electric railway up the Valley of the Tet and detrain at Thues, at the entrance to the gorge, we, however, being at the very rear of the train did not realise, amid the lovely scenery, that we had arrived there, and so we passed our destination and w^ent on to Fontpedrouse, further up the valley. It being only three miles further on the little detour made no difference to us, nay, as a matter of fact, it added several species to our day's sport. It was a fine walk, down hill all the way. Encldn'e eii/dienoides soon put in an appearance and several nice fresh specimens fell to each of us, then Mr. Johnson caught a single female " blue " we had not seen before, and Glaucopsuclie ci/llco-iis was added to the list. Brenthis (Arifi/nnis) daphne next fell to my lot, and as we wended our waj' down Rioiiicia phlaeas, Plebeiiis aeyon, Poli/oijniiatiis icarus, P. hylas, P. esclieri, Polyommatm seni.iaryiifi as also Lycaena a?7o» were taken. Ere long we came to a steep rocky declivity, up and down which several Satyrids disported themselves and by dint of patience and careful stalking S. 14 THK entomologist's RECORD. alcijone fell to my lot and a couple of specimens of N. octaea. The female of the last is typical, the male, however, is covdida above, but artuea below. Ere long we arrived at the gorge itself, a very narrow defile with the rocky sides rising quite precipitously 100 to 150 feet high, the little rushing stream adding light and viva.eity to the darkness of the gorge, in this very narrow section few insects were seen, except a IJnaniila or two at rest on the rocky sides, here and there, however, the stream widened out in curves and the sunshine made itself felt on both vegetation and insect life. In one of these spots I took P. amanda and a single Af/riailes tlu'ti!< as also A. coridon, whilst P. escheri was not uncommon. It was not very long, however, before we left behind us the narrow defile and emerged into a lovely wooded valley, still narrow, but slowly widening out, and the ascent rapidly became perceptible. P. apollo was not uncommon and was larger than the St. Martin specimens, whilst Mr. Johnson took a single P. wnetunayne. A. cratcttuii, P. .hrassicae, P. napi, and P. rapac also occurred with L. sinapis added to them. Of the Melitaecw, M. phoebe and 21. atJialia contested which was the commoner. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson took also Pontia daplidice and P'ltchloe cardaniine^ in addition to those just referred to, they also took ir. rhamni, and Lr. deopatra, neither of which fell to my lot. Of Vaneasidae, V. io, Pyravwis atalanta, P. carditi, Aylais nrticae and Evvanessa antlopa (one only) were captured, whilst my companions took Satynis alcynne which I did not see. Culiaa edusa occurred and I took a nice palish yellow female. Pararye iiiaera var. adra^ta was common. Of the P^rebiae I took FJ. styyne, decidedly less fine than the Vernet form, and one very heavily spotted form of Melconpias epiphrcii : several species of Arc' continued.) Collecting in Turkey, mainly near Constantinople, in 1913. By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. The autumn of 1912 died away in storm and incessant rain, a fit prelude to the disasters which at the end of October and in early November shook the Turkish Empire to its foundations. The winter round Constantinople was unusually severe. Snow fell often and heavily, and the " Tipi " or IN.E. blizzard, raged for days at a time. 1918, however, proved a very fair year for collecting, and although I had but little time to spare, I was yet able to snatch occasional half holidays in the open all through the summer till August 6th, when I left for England. Spring began unusually early owing to the prevalence of southerly winds. The last half of March was extremely warm and dry. April was on the whole rather cold, North winds having set in again, but May, June, and above all July, were excep- tionally hot. The fact that the whole Tchataldja district was, as it still is, a great fortress, that camps of Kurds and other truculent irregulars were pitched in parts of the Belgrade forest, where there were also not a few armed deserters, and after the Grand Vizier's murder a party of fugitive conspirators and a large number of search parties of gendarmes, who were rather inclined to arrest suspicious " shapKalis " (persons wearing hats), greatly circumscribed collecting on the European side of the Bosphorus. The ground, which I had previously worked at Kiitchuk- Tchekmedje, and where I had taken Af/riades therutes, had been converted first into a cholera camp and secondly into a burying ground for some 2,000 victims of the epidemic. I was therefore com- pelled to restrict my operations mainly to the Asiatic side of the water. In the following notes I propose to deal separately with the European and with the Asiatic localities which I visited, adding a brief account of my observations at Smyrna, which I visited in mid-October after my return to the East. I. BosPHORUs. — European Side. — I did not do any collecting on the European side of the water till June 4th, when I paid a visit of a few hours to the more accessible part of the Belgrade Forest district. I found most of the species one expected to find, out in some numbers, though I only got one Limejiitis ca))nlla, a fine $ , and found the Lycfenids and Urbicolids which emerge in May over or worn out. Coenoiiijinp/ia arcania, Xordniaiinia ilicis, and Brenthis dajiline were freshly emerged and 3 s of Arm/nnis ai, also worn, and nothing else. Everything was already somewhat burnt, the island containing no springs worth mentioning and being out of the " Bosphorus draught," with the result that it misses not a few spring and summer showers. I was unable to visit the island in late June COLLECTING IN TURKKY, MAINLY NEAR CONSTANTINOPLE. 19 when I might have taken Poh/oiiniiatiisiiielear/ey, which Mr. Muschamp has received from the island. I paid my last visit to Prinkipo on August 4th, when I found Eai'irardia telicanns not uncommon on bramble blossom. The only Satyrids seen were many worn N. sijriaca (henirio)ie) and one fresh ^ S. statilinm, unhappily torn. L. Camilla, worn E. jurtina and the common Pierids were the only other things noted, with Pi/ranieis cardiii. Most of my collecting on the Asiatic side was done at Gyok-su. 1 first visited this good spot this year, on March 28th, when I added Tkais pohjxena var. casaandra to my Constantinople list. The specimens from this locality were inclined to be small and dark. They show from one to three crimson spots on the anterior margin and between the apex and discoidal cell of the fore- wings. The usual spring insects were coming out, and Callopkrys rnbi was abundant. I took one Piens napi, never very common at Constantinople in the spring brood, with Pontia daplidice g.v. bellidice, some common things and a fresh I'aeniocaiirpa xdniosa. I saw ray first Eiichloe cardaiiiiiies of the year. On subsequent visits to Gyok-su in April I noted the following dates of emergence of spring butterflies : April 7th, Papilio niachaon, Leptosia sinapis, Coliaa ediisa, Celastriiia arcjiolus ; April 15th, Glaucupsyche cyllanis, one ^ ; when my collect- ing was cut short by a heavy shower. April 18th, Iphididea podaliriiis, Loiccia dorilis 5 s, Nitioniades taf/cs, Erymiis alceae Si,ndi Parar(/. — Lecture. — Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., gave an account of the mimicry exhibited by the Nymphalines of Norch America illustrating his remarks by specimens and lantern slides. Sphingid^ of Trinidad.— Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a collection of the Sphinyidae found in the Island of Trinidad. There were about 40 species in all. Spanish Lepidoptera. — Mr. Sheldon, series of species taken by him near Albarracin, Central Spain, including Plebeius sephyrus var. itesperica, Ayriades tlietis ab. rufo- Innulata, A. thersites and Glancopsyche cyllarus. Dr. Chapman was of opinion that A. tliersites only occurred where sainfoin was indigenous, Irish Lepidoptera. — Mr. L. W. Newman, Lepidoptera from C. Clare, C. Cork and Killarney, including very light Aplecta nebulosa, very dark Luperina cespitis, Aphantopns hyperantus with greenish shade on the underside, Aeyeria scnliaeforuiis, bred Dianthoecia capsophila, D. luteayo var. barrettii, etc. The weather was very bad from April to the end of * Any ant's nest around London will provide quite enough specimens for all ordinai-y purposes, say 40 or 50 per nest. — C. Nicholson. t N. ancilla is common enough in the Ehone Valley and many other places but difficult to see, and frequently passed over. — G.W. ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE. 27 September. Aberration of A, aglaia. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, a specimen of An/ijniiis (u/laia with a strongly marked blotch formed by the coalescence of several spots on the forewings. Alfred Russell Wallace, I823-I9I3. Daily papers, weekly periodicals and magazines of all kinds have repeated the ordinary human details of the life of the great scientist who, for more than half a century, held the world at audience, so that it seems superfluous to repeat them here. But perhaps an attempt to look at his entomological work may be not quite uninteresting to our readers. It has been said that an entomologist should have two lives, one to collect and know his material, the other to bring- out the scientific bearing of what has been so assiduously collected. In his long life of 90 years Alfred Russell Wallace enjoyed these two lives, so to speak, and made use of them both to the full, as well as using a large proportion of his energies in his later years in applying his observations and scientific methods of thinking to the solution of the many difficult social problems of the day. His early efforts in natural history began about 1840, when we find him devoting his spare time to collecting and preserving plants and eagerly reading books of travel. About 1844, when living at Leicester, he met with H. W. Bates, an ardent entomologist, and no doubt, under his guidance, extended his love of nature to insects. The mutual love of natural history and travel at last became so dominant in the desires of both that a joint expedition to the Amazons was commenced in 1848, for the purpose of collecting natural history specimens and to gather facts, as Wallace tells us, " towards solving the problem of the origin of species." After four adventurous years on the Amazons and the Eio Negro, he returned home in 1852, and the following year published his " Travels on the Amazon," a work which contains a vast assemblage of facts, forming a broad basis for suggestion as to the causes and modes of the transformation of species. Scarcely a chapter of this charming work but contains many observations on the magnificent butterflies and beetles of this prolific region. One of his first obser- vations was to note the large number of species of butterflies, while the number of individuals of each species were by no means numerous. In two months 553 species of Lepidoptera were taken, of which more than 400 were Rhopalocera. Of insects of all orders, he met with 1,300 species in the same period. Of the papers written by him at this period perhaps the following were the most interesting : — Remarks on the Habits of the Heaperiidae. 1853. " Zoologist." On the Insects used for Food by the Indians of the Amazons. 1854. " Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond." On the Habits of the Butterflies of the Amazon Valley. 1854. " Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond." In 1854 Wallace was again on bis travels, this time eastward, and the next eight years were spent in visiting and collecting over the larger islands of the Malay Archipelago, not even excepting New Guinea. Although he returned in 18B2 it was not until 1869 that his delightful book of travel, the "Malay Archipelago" was published. 28 THE entomologist's record. But in the meantime no fewer than eighteen important papers were brought out in the Journals of the Linnean, the Zoological and Entomological Societies, and twelve articles to other scientific periodicals, all dealing with some of the special results of his collecting and observation. Among those papers contributed to the last named Society were the following : — On the J'ieridae of the Indian and Australian Regions, 1857. A Catalogue of the (^etoniidac of the Malayan Archipelago with descriptions of New Species, 1868. Notes on Eastern Butterflies, 3 Parts. 1869. Description of a New Species of Ornithoptera [O. hroakcana). 1855. Letters from the Aru Islands and from Batchian. 1858-9. To the pages of the Zonloi/ut he contributed : — Letters from Singapore ; Borneo. 1854-5. Entomology of Malacca. 1855. Observations on the Zoology of Borneo. 1856. In the year 1855 Wallace contributed an important paper to the pages of the Annals and Magazine of Natural HiMoii/, " On the Laws which regulate the Introduction of New Species." This was followed by the brilliant and since famous essay published conjointly with Darwin's essay on the subject of Variation and entitled " On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type." This was published in the Journal of the Linnean Society, in 1858. In 1864 he published a very long and important memoir in the same periodical entitled " The Phenomena of Variation and Geo- graphical Distribution as illustrated by the I'apilionidae of the Malayan Region," which, perhaps is one of the finest pieces of special pleading ever written in support of a theory. The year 1871 saw a collection of some ten essays published previously in various reviews, re-issued under the title of Natural Selection, including " Mimicry and other Protective Resemblances among Animals," and the paper on the Papilionidae of the Malayan Region under another title. The two volumes " The Geographical •Distribution of Animals" appeared in 1876, " Tropical Nature " in 1878, " Island Life " in 1880. All contain niHch observation on Insect Life. From that time onwards, Wallace continued to write book after book dealing more and more as he advanced in life with the social problems of the day and the incidence of natural laws on the human race, for whom he had conceived an intense sympathy during his early wanderings as a surveyor. The Entomological Society he joined as far back as 1863, and became a Life Member, he was twice a member of the Council, in 1866 and 1872, he was a Vice-president in 1864 and again 1869, and in the two following years he was President. He was a Fellow of the Zoological, the Linnean, and the Royal Societies. Our great Universities honored him, Oxford made him a D.C.L., and Dublin an L.L.D. He was the possessor of a Royal Society Medal, awarded in 1868, and in 1876 he was President of the Biological Section of the British Association at their meeting at Glasgow. His signal worth was recognised by the nation in a Pension from the Civil List. Full of honors and at a ripe old age, he passed away without the suffering which is the lot of so many when they go "beyond the bar." — H. J. T. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. I'Jjuii Eiiig Nets, wire or cane, iiicludiug Stick, Ij'd, 2/-, 2/0, 3/-. Fuldiug Nets, 3/C, 4/-, 4/6. Uuibrella Nets (self-actiug), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), (id., 9d., 1/-, I/O. Zinc Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/G, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, J/o' Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/0 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/0, 2/-. Sugaring Mixtuie, ready for use, J/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with can'iphor cells, 2/0, 4/-, 5/-, 0/-. Setting-Boards, Hat or oval, lin., Od. ; IJin., 8d.; 2in., lOd.; 2jjin., 1/-; 3|in., 1/4; 4in., 1/0; 5in., 1/10; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10/0. Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/0; corked back, 14/-. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6. Breeding Cage, 2/0, 4/-, 5/-, 7/6. Coleopterist's Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1/0, 1/8. Botanical Cases! japanned double tin, 1/0 to 4/0. Botanical Paper, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, 2/2 per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2/6 to 11/-. Cement for replacing Antenna; 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1/6, 2/-, 2/6 per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3^, best quality 1/0 per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2/0. Insect Lens, 1/- to 8/-. Glass-top and Glass bottomed Boxes, from 1/- per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d. to ]/-. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, I/9! Taxidermist's Conjpanion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, JO/0. Scalpels, 1/3 ; Scissors, 2/- per pair; Eggdrills, 2d., 3d., 9d. ; Blowpipes, 4d. ; ArtifJcia) Eyes for Birds and Animals. Label-iists of British Butteriiies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds' Eggs, 2d., 3il.. 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d. Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, etc. SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, etc., as well as minute insects of all other families. We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins which have certain advantages over the entomological pins (whether enamelled black or silver or gilt). For instance, insects liable to become greasy and to verdigris like Sediilne, etc., are best pinned on Silver Pins which will last much longer than ordinary pins. We shall be pleased to send pattern cards on application. SHOW ROOM FOlt CA1^>INJCTS Of every description of iNsKyrs, Jjjiu>s' KiiH' KfjGS (Ui;i .Uj, IOuroi)ean, aixJ Kxolic). liirih, Mamiiialx, etc., I'renei ifd (nut SloimUd hij l''ir^t dune ll'orlciiuii. 36, STRAND, LONDON, W C, ENGLAND. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc. F.Z.S., F.L.S.. F.E.S., &c. Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic). Price 3sm net. A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all spe<..e.^ luuna west of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distribution Will he neiit Fast Free on receipt of Pout al (Jrder for 3s. to — A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lev\^isham, S.E. NEW REVISED PRICE LIST OF SET BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. NOW BEING ISSUED. WKITE fOK ONE IF YOU HAVE NOT KECEIVED IT. " My Text Book," the ideal work for collectors ; life-history and food -plants of every ..^.'.cies ; 3 9 post free. Newman's Electric Lamp, specially designed for Collectors, gives 18 hours continuous light. 8,6- ijostage 4d. New batteries, 1/-, postage 3d. Fine bred Yellow Dominula, 5/- each. Corydon var. Semi syngrapha, 5/- each. Irish Artemis, 2; B doz. Irish Minos, 7/- doz. Irish Hippocrepidis, S;- doz. Irish Napi, 3; 6 doz., and many others. Price list of Ova and Pup* for Winter ready. Apply L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent. CONTENTS. PAGE. A \isit to lie linuUxvet. Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.Z.S. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Tbe Prohibition of tbe Capture of Parnassiua apollo, Prof. M. Gillmer . . . . 5 Notes on Collecting Ehopalocera in Horley (Surrey) district for 1912 and 1913, H. Baker- Sly, F.Ji.S 7 July in the Eastern Pyrenees, G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. . . S Life-history of Lycjuna sephyrus var. uhrgki, F. W. Froliawk, F.E.S. , M.B.O.U. 15 Collecting in Turkey, mainly near Constantinople, in 1913, P. P. Graven, F.E.S. 17 Evebia gavarniensis, Warren, and caecilia, lib., G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S 21 Notes on Collecting : — Camptogramma fluviata at Bamsgate, L. W. Newman. Selenia bilunaria (illunaria) in December, Id. . . . . . . .. . . 22 Current Notes and Short Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Societies : — The South London Entomological and Natural History Society . . 25 OiJiTUARY :— Alfred Kussell Wallace, iy. J. r 27 Special Index. Communications have been received or have been promised from Messrs. G. T- Bethune-Baker, G. Wheeler, R. S. Bagnall, C. W. Colthrup, A. Home, P. A. Buxton, D. A. .J. Buxton, H. St. .J. K. Donisthorpe, F. W. Frohawk, H. Baker-Sly, P. A. Graves, Dr. Burr, Dr. Chapman, H. J. Turner, W. E. Sharp, Prof. M. Gilmer, etc., with Reports of Societies and Reviews. Several plates have already been promised to illustrate articles. All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E. We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send us ive'sticai, communications with those they are sending to other magazines. Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page, Bevtrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. EDUCATION IN SWITZERLAND. INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE, STAEFA, LAKE OF ZURICH. 'E GUARANTEE a pupil of Lair abilities to thoroughly master French and German in one year. Rapid preparation for all University and Polytechnikum entrance exams. 80% successes in the last five years. Country life, sports, boating, tennis, skiing, skating, etc. Prospectus on demand. ffead=master: P. A. H. MUSCfiAMP, B.A., F.E.S. LEONARD TATCHELL & Co., Breeders and Collectors of = British Butterflies and Moths, 23, The Arcade, BOURNEMOUTH, OFFER THEIR NEW LISTS OF LIVING LARV7E & PUP>E, :r IMAGINES, LIFE-HISTORIES, AND APPARATUS. :: Many good Vars., and Melanic Forms. 10, 12, 1.5, 20 and 40 Drawers Cabinets in good condition. Full particulars on w Subscriptions for Vol. XXVI. are now due. Vol. XXVI. )■ c No. 2. .i^ X THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORI AND JOURNAL OF VARIATIOr EuiTlCD 1!Y RicHABD S. BAGNALL. r.i..s., f.e.s. | T. A CHAPMAN, bi.d..i.-.z.s., f* i. liVVbV^ L.sc., ;.K.s., F.1..S.E. 11. St. J. K. DONISTHOEPE, Gforge T. BElHUNE-BAKEll, F.7..S., F.L.S., F.E.S. M. BUltn. D.SC, F./.S.. 1 .I,.S., F.E.S. (Rev.) C. B. N. BURKOWS, f.e.s. F.7..R., T. Al.FBEll SICH, F.E.S. J. R. le B. TOMLIN, m.a., f.e.s. Geobgk wheeler, M.A., F.F.I Hekky J. TUENEB, f.k.s., Editoiial Secretary. FEBRUARY 16th, 1914. Price NINEPENCE (nkt). (WITH TWO PLATES.) Subsci-iption for Complete Yolume, post I (Including all ]>0UBI-E NUMBERS, etc.) SEVEN SHILLINGS. to' liE lOinVAltDKD TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., "Bebtbosb.",Gellail\' EoAi', New Cross, S.E. LONDON : ELI;10T^ST0CK, 7, PATERNOSTiiK Kow, E.C. BERLIN : i> Ti'ijnri^T.A'Nnir.R ,\f SOHN. READ THE BACK Nos. OP THE Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation (Practical Hints, Field Work, etc., useful for every yeai^'s collecting). VOL. VI. The TITLES of some of the articles are as follows :— Notes on Butterfly Pupse, with some remarks on the Phylogenesis of the Rhopalocera." — Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.E.S., " Phytophagic Species." — Prof. A. HadcHif'e Giote, M.A. "Varieties and aberrations of Nocture from Dor caster."- -if. H. Corbett, M.R.C.S. "The frenulum of the British species of Smerinthus." — O. C. Qrirtitha, F.Z.S., F.E.S. "Eudrvas stce-johannis.,' — A. Radelijie Grote, M.A. "Parthenogenesis or Agamogenesis." — J. W. Tiitt, F. E.S. " Liarvre."— /{fu. G. M. A. Heiuitt, M.A. " Retrospect of a Lepidopteiist for 1894." — J. fV. Tiitt, F.E.S. " Generic Names in the Noctuidre."— P;o'. A. li. Grote, M.A. " Pupa hunting in October." — J. W. Tiitt, F.E.S. "Polygamy and Polyandry in Moths." "The nature of certain insect colours. "—IK.S. mdimj,M.D.,R.Freer,k.B.,J. W. Tutt,'F.E.S.,Eev. C. R. N.Biirniws,J. Anderson, Jnn. "The Lepidoptera of Swansea." — Major R. B. Robertson. " Caradrina ambigua in the Isle of Wight."— .-1. .J. Hodries. "The insects of Bourg St. Maurice."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Orrhodia erythrocephala ab. glabra from Devonshire and comparison with C). v.accinii." — Dr. W. H. Riding, F.E.S. "Notes on Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes."— J. IK. Tutt, F.E.S. "Entomology and Entomologists, being the Annual Address to the City of London Entom. Society." Notes on Aphomia sociella " (with plate). — W. P. Blackburne Maze, F.E.S. "Apterous females and Winter Emergence "—E. F. Stiidd, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S., L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Collecting Noctuidse by Lake Erie."— ^. EndcUfle Grote, M.A. " Coleoptera at Ipswich." — Claude Morlei/, F.E.S. "Notes on Bombus visurgire." " Synonymic Notes on Acidalia humilata and A. dilutaria." — L. B. Prout, F.E.S. "The Lepidopteia of GriSsy-sur-Aix." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Apatura ii-is."- R«). O. 31. A. Hewetf "Scheme of Cla<: ilication of the Rhopalocera founded on the structure of the Pupre." — T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. "Glimpses of American Entomology."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The Genus Smerinthus."— .(4i Bicot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes Lecture of ISO).' — /. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— J. AUton Moffatt. "On the development of sex in social insects." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The British representatives of the Genus Caradrina."— L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia lutarella and its variety pygmaeola." — J, W. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and its neighbourhood." — C. Fenn, F.E.S. " A hunt for Neuroterus aprilinus." — T. A. Chapman. M. I)., F.E.S. "On the development of pigment in Nemeobius lucina." — F. ,T. Buckell, M.B. "The Maoro-Lepi- doptera of Keswick." — H.A.Beadle. " Varieties of Argynnis selene " (with plate). — S. G. C. Rrssell, F.E.S. " Hadenoid genera with hairy eyes." — Prof. A. R. Gro'e, M.A. '• Zygrena minos and its varieties."—,/. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Notes on the pupre of Castnia and Anthocharis."— T. A. Cli&imutn, M.D., F.E.S. Besides these articles, a large number of short notes are contained in every number under the following titles: "Scientific Notes and Observations," " Variation," " Notes on Larvre and Life- histories," " Notes on Collecting," " Current Notes." The reports of Societies are very carefully edited, and only scientific paragraphs published. The " Practical Hints " and " Field work " for each month are quite unique. The entomologist who will read carefully through the back numbers of The Entomologist's Record will find himself better equipped for the further study of his subject than by any other means. Price 7/6 per volume, of Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose." Gellatly Road, Hew Cross, S.B. OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. W. HEAD, ©iiU-muiUnjiot, sUrNiston, N«*. sct^rboroUgh. F'lill List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARYiE A SPECIALITY. Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. A CRITICAL EXAMINATIOX OF DR. VERITY's PAPER. 29 A Critical Examination of Dr. Verity's Paper on the "Types" of Palaearctic Rhopalocera in the Linnean Collection. By Kev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. Owing to the continuous and constantly increasing pressure of other work, I have been unable hitherto to find time for the critical examination of Dr. Verity's paper on the Linnean "types" of Pabe- arctic Rhopalocera which I undertook some time ago (vol. xxv., p. 233) to make, and meanwhile the ground has been somewhat cleared, not only by Dr. Jordan's note appended to Dr. Verity's paper, to which I then referred, but also by Mr. Bethune-Daker's criticisms published in this magazine (vol. xxv., pp. 251, 272), which made clear the very important point that no such thing as a " type," in the scientific sense of the word, exists at all in the Linnean collection. For, since the idea of a type specimen had never been propounded in Linneus' time, it is obvious that he could never have designated any particular speci- men or specimens as such, and in order that any of his extant speci- mens should now be accepted as "types" it would be necessary to prove the following pomts : — (1) That the original description was drawn up by Linneus from his own specimens. (2) That the Linnean specimens now extant were in his possession at the time when the original descriptions were made. (3) That they were the only specimens in his possession at the time. Now, though these points are in some instances capable of being disproved, there is no instance in which it is possible to prove them, and therefore any of the changes proposed by Dr. Verity in the usually received nomenclature which depend on the assumption that any "types," in the sense in which tiie word is used in matters afl'ecting nomenclature, exist in the Linnean collection, can simply be brushed aside, on the ground that the foundation on which the arguments are built is unsound, and the conclusions consequently impossible of acceptance. Another fact of which Dr. Verity has apparently lost sight is, that, from the point of view of nomenclature, the only thing which is of the slightest importance is what Linneus actually pub- lished, and that neither his MS. notes, nor the suppositions of any subsequent writer (whether in 1813 or 1913 is immaterial) as to what he may or may not have meant, can be regarded as anything more than an interesting contribution to a purely academic discussion. It would be almost impossible to exaggerate the interest and importance of Dr. Verity's paper, regarded as a painstaking, and probably very accurate, catalogue of the actual Linnean speciinens now in the "Linnean " collection, but it has little practical bearing on the" subject of nomenclature, since the possibility, or even the probability, that some of his ingenious surmises are correct (though others can be proved to be erroneous) cannot possibly be accepted as proof, and nothing short of this could justify (even to the most rigorous devotee of priority) the drastic changes which he proposes. Speaking only for myself, I should, of course, decline to recognise any changes in names so long established, even if the proof w.ere over- whelming, unless, or until, the suggestions I put bjgfote'the lastlnter- February 15th, 1914. /^ FEB 28 30 THE entomologist's record. national Congress of Entomology had been definitely rejected by the International Committee ; but happily there is only one case, that of India, to which this position will apply ; in all other cases the proposed changes in specific (though not always in varietal) names must be rejected on grounds universally admitted. With regard to the " nimotypical " races, the specimens in the col- lection again afford no proof on the matter, though, had they been labelled with their localities, they would have been of the utmost importance in this respect, but they do in certain cases supply indica- tions which cannot be altogether neglected. Whenever in the original description a single habitat is given, it follows necessarily that the race inhabiting that locality is the "nimotypical" one (though why the simple word typical is not sufficient for every purpose passes my com- prehension), and an indication may in some cases be given by the Linnean specimens as to the probable form of this race, but even so they cannot, in the absence of locality labels, be taken as proriivi any- thing. In all species originally described in the Fauna Siiecica, whether in the first or second edition, the Swedish form, whatever it may be, might be regarded as certainly the typical, were it not that reference is frequently made in the descriptions to figures not representing this form, which leaves the question somewhat open. It might be super- ficially argued that the "types" of those species which were first described m the Mimeinii Ludocicae Uliicae are to be found in the Queen's collection in the Upsala University, bat a moment's thought will show that there is no possible proof of this, since we have no proof that the specimens now extant there are the same from which the original de:ficriptions were made. As Dr. Verity has pointed out, Linneus noted in MS. in his own copy of the xiith ed. of the Si/iitciiia Naturae the species he then pos- sessed, but, as Mr. Bethune-Baker has pertinently observed, this could not possibly have any bearing on species described before 1767; and even in the case of those described in that year we cannot loioir that they were described from the specimens now extant; indeed a com- parison of the insects and the descriptions would lead to the presump- tion that in some cases they were not. I will now take the species in which Dr. Verity proposes changes (and a few others) in detail. Podaliriits. — This has been remarked on by Dr. Jordan, and has also been so completely dealt with by Mr. Bethune-Baker (vol. xxv., pp. 251, 272), that it is only necessary to refer to his observations to show that there is no ground w-hatever for the changes proposed from /xxlaliriiis to Ki)w)i and from lotteri to podalirius. Consequently the Africo- Spanish species (if it really is a separate species, which I cannot "regard as being yet fully established) must still be called feisthamdii, Dup., this name having a precedence of no less than 57 years over the varietal name lotteri, Aust. Mnei)ioi>i/ne. — Since in his original description Linneus onh' gives Finland as the habitat, it is not only " plausible," but essential, to regard the Scandinavian as the " nimotypical " race. Napi. — This species has also been dealt with by Mr. Bethune- Baker {Inc. eit.), but he has apparently overlooked the fact that the original description is not that in Si/s. Nat., xth ed., but that in the 1st ed. of the Fn. Suec; and though the descriptions in that work are A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF DR. VERTTy's PAPER. 31 of no value for naiiief<, since they were not then given, they are some- times of value in determining the " nimotypical " race. In this case, however, the description in Fn. Snec. would again serve for any iiajd, and reference is also made to figures not of the Scandinavian form, so that the question is again left open so far as Linneus is concerned, but was settled by Ochsenheimer when he separated oft" biyo)iiae in 1828. With regard to the specific identity of these forms, the question has surely been settled by the breeding experiments of Messrs. Harrison and Main, with which Dr. Verity is apparently unacquainted. llapae and Jirassicae. — the same line of argument applies exactly to these cases. It may however be observed that Dr. Verity is not quite correct in identifying nietra, Stphns., with 'uinnandata, Fol., the latter being an extreme case of the former. Bella. — In this case Dr. Verity's conclusion is undoubtedly correct, simply on the ground of the original description. I cannot however follow him in thinl\ing that this might cijualh/ well apply to eiipJienoidi's, " lituris aliquot transversis griseis " seeming to me to stamp it as referring to eiijilieno. " Habitat in Barbaria," especially with the addi- tion " Brander," quite settles the matter, but were farther confirmation wanting, the two Linnean specimens might in such a case, taken in conjunction with the absence of &ny enplwnnidot or oiiijihale,hQ regarded as rorrobnratirt' evidence, since the original description dates from 1767. Dr. Verity's argument against the latter species seems to me incontrovertible. I cannot, as I observed above, accept the change at present, but should of necessity do so if my suggestions are rejected by the Inter- national Committee on Nomenclature, as well as the consequent change from belia, L., to craiiieri, Butl. Sinajtis. — Dr. Verity seems (perhaps onhj seems) to imply that lat/ii/ri, Hb., is the usual spring form of this species. It may be so in Tuscany, but is certainly not so in most localities. During the eleven seasons I resided in Switzerland there were two in which this form was dominant, indeed almost universal, in the spring brood, but during the other nine I do not think that a single specimen of the latlnjrl form was to be obtained. Iihaiiini. — This species was defined in 1758 with reference to various figures not of the specially Scandinavian form, and there is, I think, no room for the name tranxiens, Ver. ( 'It'opatia. — ^Dr. Verity is undoubtedly correct in making the African form " nimotypical." " Habitat in Barbaria " decides the matter. Jasius. — This species is remarkable as being the only one, with the exception of niaera, in which I have detected Dr. Verity in being incorrect as to his facts. He has taken it for granted that the species we know as jasius, L., and v.iiich is described as Jason in Sys. Nat., xiith ed., p. 7-49, no, 26, is the same species as that previously described in the xth ed., p. 485, no. 171, and in Mas. Liid. lir., p. 210, no. 29, and consequently says that "Habitat in Indiis " is "obviously erroneous," whereas in point of fact there is no connection between them. The species described as jason in the xth ed. and in the Miis. Linl. I'lr. is described, also as Jason, in the xiith ed., p. 752, no. 38, so that Linneus has inadvertently (unless it were a printer's error which he had overlooked) described two quite unconnected insects as Jason, a mistake which he rectified among the errata on the last page of the 32 THK, entomologist's record. xiith ed., in the words "pro./'a.soH lese Jasiiis," the former name being of course preoccupied, since the Indian species was first described in 1758 and ouv jasiua in 1767. Even a superficial reading of the descrip- tion of the Indian jaxon should have shown it to be quite unconnected with jaftiioi. Dr. Verity is however perfectly right in taking the African form as " nimotypical," the question being decided by the "habitat in Barbaria." Ilia. — This has been completely dealt with by Dr. Jordan, who points out that the original description included both iris and ilia, and that Schiffermuller settled the matter in 1776 by giving the name ilia to the species ever since called by that name, and thus by exclusion confining iris to the species universally so called. Dr. Verity's pro- posed alteration, far from " establishing nomenclature on grounds not open to criticism," is, in the face of the International Code, simply indefensible. As Dr. Jordan points out, Linneus' MS. note is not only perfectly valueless for purposes of nomenclature, but if it proved an_y- thing would indicate that he did not possess (or know) any specimen of ilia when he published his original description of iris. Xiobe. — Apart from the indisputable fact that the two Linnean specimens now in the collection are both of the eris form, I cannot in the least foUoAv Dr. Verity's argument on this species, for the original description of uiohe distinctly states that the spots are silver — "maculis ar(/enteis " (.S'//.s. Xat., xth ed., p. 481, No. 143). No change is there- fore permissible. Adippe. — In this case again Linneus has described two quite un- connected species by the name of c'plippe, and must assuredly come in as his own "first reviser" when he says (Si/s. Nat., xiith ed., p. 786) that the species he calls adippe (p, 786, no. 212) had previously been called qplippe in the Fn. Snec. (no. 1066) in error. The other ci/ilippe {Si/s. Nat., xiith ed., no. 163) is an Indian species, and not a Fritillary at all. The time-honoured name adippe must therefore stand. Heruiione and alcijone. — This is another case exactly parallel with that of iris. Two closely related species (if they are two) are joined by Linneus under one name, and Schiffermiiller again comes in as " first reviser," and settles the question which species is to retain the name keniiinne by calling the other alcipme. I am still however not satisfied that the shape of the " organe Jullien " {Bull. Sac. Lfp. (ieurre, i., pp. 361 etc., pi. xii), whose functions, if it has any, are quite unknown, is of sufficient importance to constitute a specific ditt'erence. Jurtina. — Dr. Verity has overlooked the fact that the description under this name in Sijs. Nat., xth ed., refers back to the original description in the 1st ed. of the Fn. Snec, and that the description was therefore presumably taken from Swedish specimens, and certainly from northern European ones ; so that this name must hold good for the species, and the varietal nomenclature as generally accepted must consequently follow suit. Maera.-^Dr. Verity says that of the three Linnean specimens of this species "the g has no trace of the tawny bands," and that thej^ are "very rudimentary, if present at all, in the 2 s. They are certainly present in all three, more distinct in the 3 than in some Swiss speci- mens, and none of them really represent var. )iionnt<»iia, Schilde ; the original description is in the 1st ed. of Fn. Sitec, where reference is made to figures not of the Scandinavian form; we are therefore driven A CRITICAL EXAMINATIOX OF DR. VEKITy's PAPER. 33 to later authors to decide which is the " nimotypical " race, and conse- quently the received varietal nomenclature should hold good, to the exclusion of vuhjaris, Ver. Tivf/aiireae and liippotho'i'. — These two species were dealt with by Mr. Bethune-Baker {lar. cit., p. 252), but the ease is so much the most complicated with which we are confronted that it seems important to examine it in detail. The facts are these. Linneus first gave the name riiyanreac in the xth ed. of the ■S//-s. Nat., p. 484, no. 161, where he referred back to the 1st ed. of the bn. Suer., [pp. 247, 248] , nos. 807, 808. On turning to this we find the following descriptions : " 807. P. alis rotundatis fulvis ; utrinque punctis nigris." " 808. P. alis rotundatis fulvis ; infra albo punctatis." The latter must necessarily refer to the ^ of the species we still know as v/n/aun'ae, since it is the only Swedish " copper " with white spots on the underside ; the former might quite well be the 9 of the same, were it not for the further references given under the descrip- tion in the xth ed. of the .S//.s. Xat., viz., Roesel, Iiix. Bdia^t., pi. xxxvii., figs. 5, 6, pi. xlv., figs. 5, 6 ; Merian, Ihk. Kur., pi. clxiv. ; Ray, Hist. Ins., p. 125, no. 20. On looking up these references we find that Roesei's figures on pi. xxxvii. are an excellent upper- and underside of liipi'otlioe, whilst those on pi. xlv. are an equally good upper- and underside of phlaeas, to which species Ray's description also refers, whilst Maria Sibylla Merian's figure is also of p/daeas, but of the ab. schniidtii, unless indeed the colour has faded out, which, in view of the condition of the other plates, is not very probable, though there are one or two instances, notably the " tortoise-shells," in which, it seems to have done so. (His further reference, with a ? to Petiver's GazopJi., pi. xiv., fig, 3, in the 2nd ed. of the Fn. Siiec, p. 285, no 1079, under i-tniaiireae, is unaccountable, except on the supposition that he had never seen the plate in question, for it represents an obvious Geometrid moth ; the description " fnlva, alis limbo nigro insignatis," must have misled him.) It is, I think, obvious that when Linneus wrote his 1st ed. of the Fn. Suec, and also when he wrote his xth ed. of the Si/s. Xat., he was under the impression that vin/aiireae, /li/ipatlioe and p/ilaeas were all one species, those with an unspotted upperside being the ^ s and those with the spotted upper- side the $ s of the same insect. This is certainly supported by his second, fuller, description in " Sps. Xat., xth ed., where he describes the ^ as "alis supra fulvis immaculatis," though he had above spoken of the species as being " punctis sparsis atris." Since he also says of the $ " subtus primores maculis sparsis atris margine albo-ocellatis posticae cinerascentes punctis nigris obsoletis," I feel confident that Mr. Bethune-Baker is taking too much for granted when he supposes that this description was taken from any y of riruatneae whatever. He appears also to take " margine " to refer to the edge of the »■/»//, whereas it should, in my opinion, be taken to refer to that of the black spots, in which case the description is an unmistakable one of many 5 s of Idppotho'e. The black spots on the underside of the forewings of this species are ringed with white, thus forming ('//^'-spots, whereas those of rir(/aitreae are not ; the obsolescence of the spots on the underside of the hindwing is also very common in hippotlmf. It Avas not until he wrote the 2nd ed. of the I'li. Suec. that Linneus separated these three species, giving descriptions of pldaeas and hippothoe for the 34 THE entomologist's record. first time, and even when he wrote the xiith ed. of the Sys. Nat., the confusion in his mind was not entirely cleared up, since he again refers Koesel's figures oi phlaeas to rin/aiireac, for the $ of which he evidently takes them, though he correctly places his previous references to Ray and Merian under jiJilaean. In this ed. of the .S'//.s. AV(^ he only refers back to Ko. 808 in the 1st ed. of the Fn. Snec. under viii/aKreae, and omits the reference to Koesel's figures of hijijiotlid'e (pi. xxxvii., figs. 5, 6) altogether. His continued reference to this description [Fn. Siiec, 1st ed., no. 808), in which the white spots of the underside are specially noted, and his further mention of them (subtus .... posticis serie punctorum albidorum) in .S'//.s. Nat., xth ed., can leave no doubt as to what species he intended by vin/aHicae, however much he may have confused the Js; and this is just a case where the corroborative evidence of his specimens appears to me far too strong to be disregarded. For though these specimens cannot be accepted as " types," the fact that we still possess specimens labelled by him as vir(/aiireae and liipjiuthn'e respectively can leave us m no doubt as to what species he described under these names, since there is no mixture of species in the specimens under either title. It is significant also that the specimens are all 3 s, and it is at least possible that he may never have seen a genuine specimen of the $ vin/aiireae, since he never described any 5 as having white spots on the underside. I only wish that I could agree with Mr. Bethune-Baker that Dr. Verity's name inalpinii.s (a truly terrible word — is it by any chance intended to mean "not alpine"?) cannot stand, but I do not see any pretext for disregarding it. Since the species was originally described m the Fit. Snec, without reference to figures of another form, the Swedish race must be the " nimotypical " one; it is true that there is no noticeable difference between this and many of the higher alpine specimens. Dr. Verity's statement to the contrary notwithstanding, but it differs very considerably in size and colour from the form which he describes as inalpintu^, which occurs in several localities in Switzerland, both at comparatively low levels, such as the Ehone Valley, where it is scarce, and in more elevated situations, such as the southern slope of the Simplon, including the Laquinthal (about 4,500ft.), where it is common. With Mr. Bethune-Baker's observations on the varietal names of Jiip/iot/ioe I am in complete agreement. Ari/ii.^. — I do not feel the slightest doubt that Dr. Verity is right in assigning the blue Linnean J to the species now called arij}jru(/no}iiun. Bergs. If this be the case, my supposition {JJiitts. Snitz., etc., pp. iv., 42) that Linneus had included the two species under one name is proved to be correct, quite independently of whether this is the specimen from which any of his descriptions were made or not ; and in that case I see no excuse for not reverting to the designations "ariitis" and ^'aei/oH" to which the entomological world was so long accustomed, since the case is exactly parallel with those of /*/.s and fiennione, where Linneus described two species under one name, and in point of fact included specimens of both species under the one name in his collection, Schiti'ermiiller again coming in as " first reviser," and confining the name ar;/iis to one species by naming the other aetjon. The specimen in question is not even labelled " /W^.s," and in any case Mr. ]3ethune- Baker's argument on the inadmissibility of this name for either species {loc. cit., p. 253) is irresistible, hlaa is a homonym which cannot be employed for any species. Vol. XXVI. Plate III. Photo. A. E. Tonge. NeCIUTION of ElSEiaA MANTO, E. MANTO VAR. C.TiCILIA AND E. ECRYALE. The Entomologist's Record. Vor,. XXVI. Plate IV. Photo. F. No(i>l Chirk. Appendages or Ereiua manto, vak. cecilia and E. euryale. Tlie EiitomoloijiaCs liccord. EREBIA MANTO, ESP., VAR. CAECILIA. 35 liamhnri. — I have already (Vol. xxv., p. 233) expressed nij accept- ance of this alteration in the place of Idas, Ramb. There is one further point to which I must refer in terms of most energetic protest, though Dr. Verity is in this matter only carrying out to its logical conclusion the hopeless confusion that was initiated when it was decreed that the sub-specific or racial name should follow the specific name without any explanatory connecting word. Probably the authors of this unpardonable blunder failed to see where it must logically lead. Such an expression as " hrassicae brassicae biassicae" (and there is no obvious reason, in view of some of the strings of names already in use, why it should not be repeated twice, if not three times, more) is pure, unmitigated nonsense ; it would be better, as Dr. Dixey suggested to me in conversation, to say "brassicae recurring" and have done with it; when anything beyond the generic and specific names are required, it should always be stated whether it is "sub-species" (or better, local race), or an aberration of the same, or an aberration of the typical form, or whatever is intended ; and when the typical form is meant it is amply sufficient to use the generic and specific names alone or followed by ' type ' or 'f.t. ' ' (forma typica).' Any publications using these unintelligible (and unintelligent) strings of names should be subjected to a rigorous boycott until they desist. Painful as are the unexplained series of names employed by Dr. Verity, his worst sins in this matter are, it is due to him to say, quite venial in comparison with some other cases that we have met with. Erebia manto, Esp., var. caecilia. {With tu-o plates.) By T. A., CHAPMAN, M.D. I owe a considerable debt to Mr. Warren for his paper in Ent. Uec, vol. XXV., p. 273, in that he rescues for me a good intention from the well-known limbo to which it has for a long time been sliding. In my reference to the K. caecilia of the Pyrenees in the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., some fifteen years ago. I stated that the dorsal armature differed in manto and caecilia (Pyrenees). In this, I not long after suspected I was wrong, and that the supposed difference was a matter of the specimens being somewhat differently mounted. My intention to clear up this point has up to the present been in abeyance. In the result, I find that the dorsal spines in inantn can be mounted to look just as those of caecilia did, and rice rersa, and that as regards the appendages there is nothing to distinguish tbe two forms. In both there is variation in the details of the teeth on the clasps, as there is in all the Erebias, where the body or shaft of the clasp carries teeth. Mr. Warren finds a difference in the neuration of the two forms, but on careful examination of the neuration I cannot find any constant difference between the two forms ; in both there is considerable variation. (See Plate III.) To take Mr. Warren's points seriatim : — Forewing. (1) All the veins more curved in caecilia. If there is any difference there is more curvature in vianto, e.i pubescent, Wasm. — On ^ ^ in a nest of L. fiavus, Box Hill, July 80th. Aitti'niiophonis urandis, Berl. — On ^ ? in a nest of Z>. fidigiiiosus at Apse Heath, August 16th. CRUSTACEA. Plati/artJinift hoff'iiiansfin/i, Brandt. — In nests of Mt/niiica rtujinodia and M. scabrinodit!, at Tenby, in April; L. ni(jer, Tenby and Manorbier, in April, Bletchington, in May; /.. olicuus, Tenby, in April, Box Hill, in May; L. /lams, Tenby and Manobier, in April, Bletchington, in May ; L. inixtits, Box Hill, in May ; L. fnlii/inostin, Apse Heath in August ; F. exaerta, Parkhurst Forest, in August ; F. fiisca, Tenby in April ; F. fiisca var. rubescens, and var. fasco-ni/ibarbis, Landslip, in August. Father Schmitz and others, having asked me to publish a further list of my publications, since my last list, which appeared in the Fnto)iinlo(iist's Becord, vol. xxiii., p. 238 (1911), and brought the total up to 50. I therefore here append the following list which brings it up to date : — - No. 51. — " Lcisiiis iiiixtus, Nyl., in Britain," Ent. Record, xxiii., 236-238 (1911). No. 52. — " Ants at Kew," Tinyal Botanic (jardena, Keir Bull., No. xii., li., 367-369 (1911). No. 53. — "A Messmate of Ants " {Loiiiechiisa strumosa, F.), Marveh of the Uiticerse, V., 220-222 (1911) (with photographs). No. 54. — "A Revised List of the British Ants," Fntoiiioloi/ht, xliv., 389-391 (1911). No. 55. — " Experiments on the Formation of Colonies by Lasiiis fulininosus 5 ? ," Tranti. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1912,664-672. (Joint paper with C. Crawley). No. 56. — " Mvrmecophilous Notes for 1911," E)it. Record, xxiv., 4-10, 34-40 (1912). No. 57. — "A Fly that is Born in Ants' Nests" {Microdon nnttabilis, L.). Marvels of the [Jnirersc, xix., 764-767 (1912) (with photographs). No. 58. — " Mites that live in Ants' Nests," Marcels of the Unirerse, xix., 778-780 (1912) (with photographs). No. 59. — '^ Bairyiva A)its" (Ants and Apltidai), Marvels of the Unirerse, xx., 804-806 (1912) (with photographs). No. 60. — " The Founding of Colonies by Queen Ants," Bit. Ent. Con;/. O.cfird, 1912, II., 11-77 (1913). (Joint paper with C. Crawley.) COLLECTING IN THE HORLEY DISTRICT, 1911 AND 1012. 45 No. 61, — "Ants as Honey Pots" [Myrmecocystus Jiorti-cleorum, McCook), Marvels of the Universe, xxiii., 940-943 (1912) (with photographs). No. 62. — " The Wood Ant " [Formica rufa, L.), Marvels of the Universe, xxvii., 1099-1103 (1912) (with photographs). No. 63. — " The Agricultural Ant of Texas" [Poyonomyrmex mole- faciens, Buck.), Marvels of the Universe, xxviii., 1159-1162 (1912) (with photographs). No. 64. — ■" On Some Remarkable Associations between Ants of Different Species," Report Lanes. Chesh. Ent. Soc, xxxvi., 38-56., 1912 (1913). No. 65. — "Some Races of Ants New to Britain," Ent. Pu'cord,xxiw., 806 (1912). No. 66. — " Some Notes on the Genus Myrmica, Latr.," Ent. Record, xxv., 1-8., 42-48 (1913) (with plate and wood-cuts). No. 67.— "Myrmecophilous Notes 1912," Ent. Record, xxv., 61-68., 89-97 (1913) (with wood-cuts). No. 68. — "Ants and Myrmecophiles on Lundy," Ent. Record, xxv., 267-269 (1913) (with plates). No. 69.—" Aeniqtnatias blattoides, Meinert, captured in Scotland," Ent. Record, xxv., 277-278 (1913). No. 70. — " Notes on the capture of Claviger longicornis, Miill., and a Description of the supposed Larva," Ent. Record, xxv., 290-294 (1913) (with plate). Collecting in the Horley District, 1911 and 1912. By H. BAKER-SLY, F.E.S. The following notes, I am afraid, will give but a very imperfect list of the Lepidoptera to be found in our district, firstly as I had no intention of writing any retrospect, and secondly because I have dona very little collecting in our immediate neighbourhood this year. The usual early insects, such as Hybemia rupicapraria, IE maryinaria [proyemmaria), H. leiicopJiaearia (one var. iiiannorinaria taken on February 16th on a fence), and Phiyalia pedaria {pilosaria) were common everywhere during February and March, and Polyploca tiavicornis was fairly common and in good form in Worth Forest. An excursion for " Sallowing " on March 26th yielded but few insects, but Eupithecia ahhreviata was flying amongst the bushes, and I secured some fine specimens. By early April the sallow bloom was attracting freely, and Taeniocampa pidverulenta [cruda), T. yothica, T. yraciUs, T. instabilis, T. stabilis, T. munda, Xylocampa areola (lithorhiza), and Pachnobia rubricosa all fell more or less commonly into the beating tray, as well as the hibernating Cerastis raccinii and Scopelosoma satellitia, and Anticlea badiata was taken commonly on the wing. Brephos parthenias, as usual, was common in Worth Forest on sunny days, and a trip by night, on April 15th, found Lobophora carpinata (Inbiilata) in considerable numbers. On April 13th I went to Worth Forest for Aplecta tincta larvae, but only found three after much searching. In the breeding cages there emerged, towards the end of April, several fine Pyyaera curtida (larvfe from Holmwood Common, August 15th, 1912), one Notodonta ziczac (Horlej? larva, June 30th, 1912) and Pachys strataria [jnodromaria) (Horley larvae, June, 1912). 46 THE entomologist's record. On May 1st and two or three other days during the first half of the month, I went in search of Aei/eria vcspifoniiin {cyidpifornns), which are to he found in considerable numbers in oak stumps all over our district. A day's hard work in Worth Forest, cutting off the tops of birch stumps, yielded about 50 .-E. cuUciformis, two of which were varieties, being orange-banded instead of red. I was also fortunate in securing seven larva) of ^£. s/>/i«'?7o?-H(rs, breeding five imagines from June lOfch to 17th, one unfortunately being a cripple. During May, I took, amongst other things in Horley, Henierophila abniptaria, Coronia iinidentaria, Heliaca tenebrata (arbiiti) (common on some of the roadsides), Epiiyra porata, Coreniia deaiynata (proptignata), Anticlea nif/rofasciaria [derivata), Arctia villica (at light), and larvff" of Ciirhia citraijo, Tethea subtnsa, Miselia n.rijacanthae and IHitsia moneta. In Worth Forest I took Tephrosia consonaria, T. crepuscular ia, T. punctularia (commonly), Acidalia reuuitaria, Evpithecia exU/uata, Pachycnemia hippocastauaria, Hydriomena impluviata, one Hemaris fuciformis, and one Ellopia prosapiaria (fasciaria) pupa. In the breeding cages several Macaria notata (Worth larva;, 1912), one Dasychira pudibunda (Horley larva, August, 1912), and one Hylophila bicolorana (Worth Forest larva, September, 1912). During June in Horley, two or three .Eyeria tipuliforvris, Ktnmelesm ajjinitata, one Kuchloria pustulata {bajularia) s,J. Anderson, Jitn. " The Lepidoptera of Swansea." — Major R. B. Rohertsov. " Caradrina ambigua in the Isle of Wight."— ^. J. Hodties. "The insects of Bourg St. Maurice."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Orrhodia erythrocephala ab. glabra from Devonshire and comparison with (). vaccinii."— Dr. W. S. Riding, F.E.S. "Notes on Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes."— J^. IK. Tutt, F.E.S. "Entomology and Entomologists, being the Annual Address to the City of London Entom. Society." Notes on Aphomia sociella " (with plate).— W. P. Blackburne Maze, F.E.S. "Apterous females and Winter Emergence "—E. F. Studd, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S., L. B. Prout, F.E.S. "Collecting Noctuidie by Lake Erie."— ^. Radclijfe Orote, M.A. " Coleoptera at Ipswich." — Claude Morleij, F.E.S. "Notes on Bombus visurgise." " Synonymic Notes on Acidalia humilata and A. dilutaria." — L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " The Lepiiioptera of (ir^sy-sur-Aix."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Apatura iris."— i?f i'. O. M. A. Hewett- " Scheme of Classification of the Rhopalocera founded on the structure of the Pupse."- T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. "Glimpses of American Entomology."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The Genus Smerinthus." — A, Bacot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes Lecture of 1894."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— J. Altton Moffatt. "On the development of sex in social insects." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The British representatives of the Genus Caradrina." — L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia lutarella and its variety ijygmaeola."— J, W. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and its neighbourhood." — C. Fenn, F.E.S. "A hunt for Neuroterusaprilinus." — T.A. Chapman. M.D., F.E.S. "On the development of pigment in Nemeobius lucina." — F. J. BuckeU, M.B. "The Macro-Lepi- doptera of Keswick." — H.A.Beadle. " Varieties of Argynnis selene " (with plate). — S. G. C. Rrssell, F.E.S. " Hadenoid genera with hairy eyes." — Prof. A. R. Oroie, M.A. '• Zyg£ena mines and its varieties." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Notes on the pupee of Castnia and Anthocharis."— jT. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. Besides these articles, a large number of short notes are contained in every number under the follewing titles: "Scientific Notes and Observations," "Variation," "Notes on Larvae and Life- histories," " Notes on Collecting," " Current Notes." The reports of Societies are very carefully edited, and only scientific paragraphs published. The " Practical Hints " and " Field work " for each month are quite unique. The entomologist who will read carefully through the back numbers of The Entomologist's Record will find himself better equipped for the further study of his subject than by any other means. Price 7/6 per volume, of Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose." Oellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP^. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. Mr. HEAD, ®ittovuoUi0t9t, bUrnistoN, N«*. sct^rboroUgh. full List of Ora, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LiARV^S: A SPECIALITY. Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OP LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. Vol. XXVI. Plate VI. Massif du Canigou. A LOCALITY FOR ErEBIA LEFEBVREI. Le Canigou. Le Grani> Etang. A LOCALITY FOR PlEBEIUS 0RBITULU,S. 'J'lie Kiitomologisl'sf Record. Oh Q ^ 5 a: m o S o EIGHTEEN DAYS ON MOUNT CANIGOU. 53 Eighteen days on Mount Canigou. Pyrenees Orientates. (With tivo plates.) By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. Continuing my Vernet notes, Mr. and Mrs. Johnson and I wended our way to Canigou on July 14th. The day was bright and continued so until well on in the afternoon, when it became cloudy with more or less of a mist. There was but little to record in our captures, unless we make an exception of Sati/nm hriseis. This species we took on the side of the hill in front of the little way-side well and spring, where, no doubt, other pedestrians besides ourselves have often sat down and had their lunch. In that spot one or two of the Anpjnmdae, as well as 8. briseis were disporting themselves in addition to many of the commoner species. The earlier part of the day was spent collecting, so that we did not arrive at the Chalet Hotel des Cortalets till just before dmner time. If the accommodation seemed at first some- what primitive, the proprietors, M. and Mme, Saporte were kindness it- self and showed quite a personal interest in their guests ; twice after the departure of Mr. and Mrs. Johnson did my good host come after me, fearing I had lost my way, as I was an hour or two later than usual. The first time 1 met him 9\'as about an hour from the hotel, and as he was gun in hand, I enquired whether he was after me or an izard, as I feared I had not much in my pockets that he would care for, and he replied, enjoying the fun. that he feared I should not be good for food, as he rather expected I should be a tough morsel. The mornings and early afternoons weie glorious almost all the time, but occasionally the mists rolled up from below and involved an early return to afternoon tea. There were several species I was keen to get : first, I hoped for Flebeiiis pyrenaica, but in this I was disappointed and I suppose- that there is no doubt it does not occur in the Eastern Pyrenees. Then there were Krehia lefehcrel and HepialHs pi/renaicns, about which latter I especially wanted to ascertain something of their habits, and in both of these wants 1 was very fortunate. The first day we all three made for the Canigou glacier, whilst on the second day we explored a rocky gully on the left of the little valley through which we had to go to get to the glacier. In each case Krebia lefebvrei was the object of our search. On the 15th, in the trough of the vale or alpine pasture ./v/vi/Vf lappuna was the first species to be caught. Insects were by no means plentiful, and probably every one was chased. As, however, we approached the rougher ground some black Erebiae were espied, and soon Ave found ourselves among E. lefebrrei, but it was not abundant, and a very different looking insect from the large spotted form I had taken at Gavarnie. Superficially, it was much more akin to var. astiir h'oin. the Picos de Europa. There was also another difference ; at Gavarnie, I only took the species absolutely on the screes en route to the Porte d' Espagne, or on the high track (now only a cattle track) just before the " Porte " is reached, this spot also being entirely screes again, though of a much finer material than lower down. Here,, however, it by no means confined itself to screes, it liked the rocky and rough parts, but we were most successful away from the real screes, though it occurred on them, but less commonly. An March 15th, 1914. 64 THE entomologist's record. occasional Pleheius orhituluK was taken also with a few Anthrocera (Xj/i/aena) e.ridans, whilst I took a single quite fresh Brenthis euphru- Ki/nc. By the tiny little tarn, at the back of which the glacier rests, no insects at all were seen, though on the scree? on the Canigou side one or two Krebiac were noticed, but quite out of reach. The next day we worked the gully already referred to, with considerable success so far as'/ialt(s pyrenaictis, in both sexes, also fell to my lot. Of course, the semi- apterous female was found under stones, and in this respect I was fortunate, for M. Simon, in his search for spiders, brought me more than one female of this species that he had found. I also took one Kuprepia cribraria ab. rondoui. Some people would, I suppose, write " Euprepia cribraria rippertii rondoui," this, however, seems to 58 THK kntojiolouist's record. me entirely unnecessary, as there is only one " inniJoid " belonging- to this species therefore the name of the type form plus the special varietal name is sufficient for all purposes. Of course in the first description it would be quite correct to designate that rondoui might be an extremer form of nppcrtii. I also took this variety on Canigou itself. Colias j)hiro)iuine occurred here, two females that I took being very fresh with beautifully pink fringes. Of Melitaea aiin'nia var. merope I took two specimens, and a single Biipalna piniaria was also captured, whilst earlier in the day, just below the vast screes, I took a single Orniaia lielri'ticalis together with several (>. alpeHralis and the comnion Titanio phrj/f/ialis. Altogether a most exhilarating and delightful day was spent, and others followed with like enjoy- ment, though somewhat shorter, for this one, that I have just given details of, was a twelve hours' day, one's collecting involving naturally double the distance from point to point if not much more than double. I think I have omitted a few species that I took on other parts of this interesting and wild mountain. P. apolln was rare, I took a couple of Loweia alciphron var. f/onHiis and a pair of (JItri/sophani(f< hippntho'e. The female of the last named species was almost var. eiiryhia, but with a very restricted beautiful coppery sheen on the median area, and the underside poatmedian row of ocellations radiated right into the subterminal row, whilst the underside of the right wing has no postmedian row at all, though the left is normal in this respect. In the primaries also the markings are asymmetrical, the radiations being lines in the right wing but heavy dashes in the left. Ilitiin'ria pJdneas typical and ab. dens, both occurred rarely, within two days of each other, and I took a single Adsrites {l>^i>) staticex. The day for my return at last came, for the Oxford International Congress was approaching, so on July 31st I went down to Vernet again and spent the night there previous to my coming straight through. I will only relate what I took in the Balatg Forest and below there. I took Colias ediisa (a large magnificent female), C. Itijale and U. phicunioiw. Leptosia sinapis (type) was still on the wing and Melitaea athalia, as also Issnria latJwnia. Just by the wayside tunnel and the rocky precipice, where such fine views of the Vernet valley are obtained, Epinepliele lijcaon, with some very nice females, was not uncommon, and some line males of Hipparchia semele, whilst a single Ejiinephele ida and Loireia alcip/non var. r/ovdiiis were also taken. Lower down I took a beautiful pair of Parari/e iiiaera var. adrasta and also some Krehia eHTijale. Among some rocky ground well above Vernet, Satifms actaea was still on the wing, and S. fidia in beautiful condition, though, owing to the nature of the ground and the wariness of the species, I missed more than I took. S. briseis was yet in good condition, and I secured half-a-dozen or so, whilst of Melauarf/ia lachesis I took one just for " auld acquaintance sake." Thus ended a most pleasant holiday, and if my captures were fewer in number (as they were) than usual, some were certainly most interesting and so made up for lack of numbers. I shall, a little later on, give a short paper on Krehia lefehrrei and the Canigou forms, when I hope my friend Dr. Chapman will also be good enough to contribute some notes on the male armature of the species. NKW FORMS OF AGRIADES CORIDON FROM HERTS. 59 New and interesting forms of Agriades coridon from Herts. By C. P. PICKETT, F.E.S. A note in the January number of this magazine, under the heading " Societies," refers to the exhibition, by Mr. L. W. Newman, of a series of Ai coridon, including an asymmetrical female with wings of one side smaller than those of the other, and well dusted with blue scaling. These were taken (I presume, in August, 1913) in the Herts district. At first this note strikes one as referring to an aberration but very little out of the ordinary. However, to me it is quite a distinct form, and quite out of the ordinary when one comes to know how few of this particular form have really been taken. This specimen, although I have not seen it, I believe came from the exact spot which I have been working for the past three seasons, and one wonders if it has come from a special stock. During August, 1911, I came across a similar specimen, and Avas much struck at the extreme contrast of the two sides in size and markings, a contrast which gave one the impression that the two sides were from two distinct females. I searched hard in the same spot for a week, and managed to get four further specimens of this form. They all have one side more or less dusted strongly with blue, in the most extreme specimen the contrast of the two sides is very striking. In some specimens the area of the wings on one side is only about half the area of those on the other side. The shapes of the wings are also very divergent in some specimens, the wings on the one side being of the usual square form, whilst those on the other side are more elongated. I am not at all satisfied that these specimens are merely asym- metrical females, and I thmk if they be put into expert hands we shall find out something quite new in /[(jriadea coridon. As I was thus interested so much in this form, I gave the whole of my time during August, 1912, working the same spot day after day, and was rewarded by the capture of eight more specimens, all of which are certainly very fine examples of this form. It would seem that these specimens may originally have come from one brood, and that the strain has passed on from one generation to another. I again visited the same spot in August, 1913, and succeeded in getting another six specimens of this aberration during a week's stay. Thus in the three years I have taken no less than nineteen specimens, and one would like to know if others have been taken besides these and the one recorded by Mr. L. W. Newman. With regard to the form of A. coridon called ab. seiiri-fiijnuropJia, I do not remember ever to have seen it so common as it was in the summer of 1913. The females of the species were certainly in great predommance over the males, and were extremely abundant. One often saw quite fifty at a time flying in a mass and generally one or more ab. senri-ayw/rapha could be seen dodging among them. One curious fact, that was apparent, was, that the seini-si/ni/rap/ia form was always being pursued by the other females, who appeared to take this aberration for a male. In fact this strange habit was often taken advantage of by the collector to recognise and obtain the form. Several of the seini-sijnurapha are almost complete nijnprapha. I wondered what had become of the males in the August of 1913, for 60 THE entomologist's KECORD. they were exceedingly scarce. I captured one example of this sex, which is quite different from anything that I had previously seen. The usual very dark marginal and submarginal area on the forewings is extended right round the hindwings and gives the specimen an iinusual and striking appearance. Another lovely form, a female, is of an intense black on the upperside, without a trace of the orange lunules; really a black form. Another very noteworthy female, I have taken at the same place, is of the usual brownish ground-colour, having a row of Avhitish spots above each of the orange crescents with the lower parts of the crescents only just decernible. These whitish spots are extended along the margin of the forewings as well as the hind. A lovely underside of the ab. obsoleta form fell to my net, in which the underside is quite devoid of eyespots and without the central markings to the outer marginal characters. The ground colour is of a rich chocolate merging into whitish in the discal area. Two female undersides are of an intense smoky brown all over. One female has a whitish underside which could readily be taken for that of a male. Another female was very beautifully striated with long dashes on the underside in place of the usual spots. Two females were very bleached in appearance, having whitish patches, one specimen having half a wing bleached. Taken as a whole, the number of the strikingly beautiful and interesting forms of Aijriades coridnu, which I have taken in the Herts district, quite exceeds my experience in other localities, during the thirty years that I have been working at the variation of the "blues." [Since writing the above I have received several items of informa- tion from other collectors and can now total about 43 females of this curious form, and have also seen a lovely asymmetrical male, which I hope later to be able to more closely exaiiiine. The smaller side of this last is on the left. All the additional specimens just reported to me were taken during August 1913, from the same spot. It will be very valuable information if any other collectors who have visited the same place will report on their captures during the past three seasons, and especially August 1913. — C.P.P.] On the Arthropods inhabiting Molenests.* By W. E. SHARP, F.E.S. It was in September 1906 that Dr. Joy of Bradfield surprised the Entomological world and opened a new chapter for Coleopterists by announcing his discoveries of beetles not only in the nests of moles, but peculiar to such a habitat. Since that time many Coleopterists in different parts of this country have, with more or less success, dug up raolenests and added several species of Coleoptera to the list originally published by Dr. Joy. Nor have the mites, the fleas, and other in- mates of the nests, been entirely neglected ; but, so far as we are aware, no list has ever been published in English, indeed, no materials for any such list have ever, to our knowledge, been gathered together — -of the whole of the Arthropods ever found under any circumstances within any series of British molenests. It is perhaps almost super- * Uber Arthropoden in Mauhourfsneitern von Fr. Heselhaus, S. J. Sittard (Overgedrukt uit het Tijdschrift voor Entomologie , Deel Ivi., 1913). ON THE ARTHROPODS INHABITING MOLENESTS. 61 fluous to state that such a task has been undertaken, and, with a thoroughness characteristically Teutonic, completed by a German, Father Heselhaus of Sittard, and the reprint, which lies before us, contains the result of his investigations. It is, perhaps, curious that, although Dr. Joy's researches had been given to the world at least four years before our present author under- took his investigations, he only alludes to the English Doctor once, perhaps somewhat doubtfully as " der engleschen Forscher," and once by name as among authorities cited by Bickhardt, although he admits in limine that the stimulus to the investigation of molenests came to him, among other sources, through the kindness of a colleague, whereby he was enabled to look through an English magazine, where the good prospects attendant on an investigation of the nests of different mammals were pointed out,''' but that which finally fixed his attention on this subject was information received from Dr. Everts that R. Heinmann, a Coleopterist of Brunswick, had dug up some 100 nests in that district and discovered in them no less than 2,000 beetles referable to 90 species. The theatre of Father Heselhaus' own operations seems to have been principally some swampy land in the immediate vicinity of his own town of Sittard. His digging began in the winter of 1910-11, during which he tells us he found but little. Unlike his English colleagues, he appears to have been able to find and explore molenests to some extent during the summer, but it was during the winter 1911-12 that most of his work was done and the great body of his list compiled. We gather, although we may be mistaken in this, that although Father Heselhaus seems to have noted every arthropod, indeed, every Jiving creature found in his nests, he is not himself a specialist in any group, since other authorities are responsible for nearly all the names ; and to this defect, if it be a defect, is probably due the indiscrimi- nating completeness of the inventory. Put a specialist in any order down to attack molenests, and he will probably become so interested in the manifestations of his own particular group there, that he will be more or less blind to those of any other, but for Father Hesel- haus a Dipteron was evidently as good as a beetle, and an Acarus as either, and hence no one group has been favoured at the expense of any other. In this list then, in addition to a passing notice of a mouse as representing the Vertebrata — four classes, viz. : — Insecta, Arachnoidea, Myriapoda, and Crustacea, are included, and these comprise the following orders : Of Insecta ; Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Suctoria and Apterygota. Of Arachnoidea ; Pseudoscorpionina, Phalangioidea, Araneina, and Acarina. Of Myriapoda ; Chilopoda, and Diplopoda. Of Crustacea ; Isopoda.f * In his list of works consulted, he mentions a paper by L. E. Adams, of Staft'ord, communicated to the Manchester Lit. and Phil. Society (Vol. 47, 1902-3, p. 1-39), but this, on examination, appears to refer entirely to the Natural History of Talpa europaea and to the architecture of their " fortresses," without any allusion whatever to any insects associated with them. t We follow the author's classification of Arthropods. 62 THK entomologist's IliiCORD. Now perhaps the point that first strikes the reader of this list, who has had any experience of molenesting, is its generous comprehen- siveness— Our author is evidently aware that many of the Arthropods found in molenests are there merely as accidental visitors, in no sense, belonging to any specialized molenest fauna, in fact following Bickhardt he divides the total nest inhabitants into three groups, viz. (a) Typical nest dwellers, peculiar to the nests where their meta- morphoses take place, and such as are rarely met with out- side the nests. (/>) Species usually found in the nests and developed there but often otherwise developed. (c) Occasional or accidental guests. Yet in the catalogue itself are included very many species, e.r^., as a Lepidopteron, a larva of A.pronuha, and among the Coleoptera such species as Pterofiticlms niiivUa, P. mi)ior, Attarjenua pellio, and Apion fnimentariitiii — which have nothing to do with moles or their nests, and whose inclusion in this list add nothing to our knowledge of the relations existing between moles and insects. Proceeding to a more detailed consideration of these lists, we note that Father Heselhaiis found but one small Hymenopteron in his nests, and that he had not so far succeeded in naming. He very properly, but somewhat mconsistentlj^ omits the Ants — Lasiim flaviis, L. fnlif/inomis, and Mi/niiica laeinnodi^, which he tells us he found inhabiting certain nests, not reckoning them as true " Maulwurfs- gasten," but in that case we feel the more surprise that he should have included a large number of the beetles. Thus he records a total of 86 species of Coleoptera as found in molenests, but not more than about 20 of these can be said really to belong to his groups («) and (6). Some species, t'.(j., liatrisii^ occiilntiis, and Nen raphes rithicuiuhis, he is careful to note, owe their presence in the nests, more perhaps to association with ants, than with moles. Nearly all the Coleoptera which have been taken in British mole- nests appear in Father Heselhaus' list, exceptions being Atheta paradoxa and jSJedon castaneiiti. For the determination of all the beetles Dr. Everts appears to have been responsible. A single representative of the Lepidoptera we have already mentioned, a larva supposed to be that of Ahi/li)tiis has been named with certainty. The class Arachnoidea is next dealt with. In Pseudoscorpionina {Clielifersi, etc.), a species of Chernes, in several stages of development, was all that was met with. In Phalangioidea (" harvesters "), Metopoctea iiielanotaratin, Herm., and in Araneina (true spiders), Lfphthi/phantex pallid us, Walckmaeria ohtiina, and Goni/i/lidii'lliiiii. cimm, 1 specimen of each are recorded, and for these names Herr Embrik Strand is responsible. The Acarina (mites) make a longer list, Dr. Oudemans has deter- mined them, and records about 45 species belonging to 7 families. Of these, 10 species seem to have been described as new by Dr. Oudemans on these captures by Father Heselbaus. The Myriapoda were named by Drs. Ellingsen and Verhoef. In the order Chilipoda 2, and in Diplopoda 7 species are enumerated. The list of the Arthropods closes with the sole representative of the Class Crustacea, the woodlouse Plati/arthnix hoff'iiiameipji, Brdt. Father Heselbaus adds a list of the authorities which he has con- sulted, among which the only English work is the paper by Mr. L. E. Adams, to which reference has already been made. Finally, a supplement (Nachtrag) ends this remarkably interesting paper, and details the discoveries made by the author during the winter, 1912-13. Of Coleoptera, 37 species are added, but when we say that included among them are such beetles as Paeilems calviatm, Cuccidiila ritfa, and Apion tlaripes, it becomes evident that they have not much more to do with moles than many of the species enume- rated in his first list had. Two, however, are noteworthy : Medon castanetis, which, of course, is a true molenest beetle undiscovered previously by this explorer, a.nd IViizopJiai/im paialleUaiUis, interesting from its supposed association with grave-yards and coffins in this country. Besides these beetles, he adds to his previous list 2 Fleas, 2 Hemip- tera, 30 Acari, about half of which appear to be new ; and 8 Myriapods. We can but congratulate Father Heselbaus on his energy, untiring industry, and careful and methodical treatment of the results as demonstrated in this paper, and if he has perhaps allowed himself too wide a latitude in his interpretation of the remarkable symbiosis which exists between moles and many Arthropods, he must at least have added very considerably to the Arthropod fauna as recorded from the vicinity of the town of Sittard. Notes on Tunisian and Algerian Insects. {^VitJi jdate.) By P. A. BUXTON, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. This paper deals with insects of several orders observed in Tunisia and Algeria between March 19th and April 18th, 1913. The notes are lamentably scrappy, owing to the fact that I attempted to cover very much too wide a field. Not only did I attempt to pay regard to several orders of insects, but I was ill-advised enough to skin birds and even to press a few flowers and pickle a few miscellaneous creatures. This was clearly a mistake. I wish to express my thanks 64 THE entomologist's RECORD. to the following gentlemen who have kindly helped me with the deter- mination or individual insects or whole groups of insects : — Rev. F. D. Morice, Dr. M. Burr, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Sir G. Hampson, Messrs. J. Hartley Durrant, L. B. Prout, C. Oberthilr, Hugh Scott and F. V. Theobald. A few Thysanura and Thysanoptera were collected and are being named by Prof. G. H. Carpenter and Mr. R. S. Bagnall. These are not mentioned here as they are of little general interest. It is probably best to treat the region under discussion as an area composed of four or five " zones." Luckily we were enabled to see something of nearly every sort of country which is found in Algeria or Tunisia, with the exception of sandy desert and clay desert (Sebcha), Both of these formations are confined to the Sahara, and do not occur in the same desert country which I visited. The Tell or Coastal Strip was only visited in the neighbourhood of Tunis. The land is mostly fiat and low, and enjoys a fair rainfall. In spring the vegetation is lush and vigorous, and in character resembles that of the rest of the Mediterranean littoral. Characteristic plants are a rambling Fumitory, a large (Kialis, and a very tall Fennel {Ferula). You may see men hoeing Glailiolus out of their barley patches. Various localities near Tunis were visited between March 19th and 23rd, namely, Sidi Daoud, El Soukra, Sidi Bou Said, Carthage and the Bardo. Among butterflies Pieris hiassicae was numerous — one J practically lacked the black dash along the dorsum of the forewing. Antliocharia eiipheno, L. { — belia, L.), one ^ on March 20th, several on 21st, and so on. No $ s were taken till we had left this district. The specimens of (jioneptenjx deopatra taken here and subsequently point unmistakeably to the species hybernating in N. Africa. Thestor ballns was not taken in good condition. It occurred sparingly in various places. The following species were also noted : — Pieris rapae, Colias ediisa (^s), Pijraineis atalanta, Pararf/e aegeria, P&lijoiiniiatiiH tcar»s* (once only, a J" ), Larentia ibericata, Stgr. (worn g"), Aspilates ochrearia, Rossi, Plusia gamma, Scoparia awjustea, Steph., Mecyna pohji/onalis, and Pionea ferrii«/alis, Hb. The following Orthoptera were taken : — Paclnjtylus cinerascens, Fab., Try.calis nasuta, L. (brown), Pijnjomorpha yrylloides, Latr., Acridium aeyyptium, Linn., and Fjpacrnmia strepens, Latr., among the Acridians ; also one Locustid, Odontnra ah/erica, Br., among rank herbage by Lake Sedjoumi. One J of the earwig Labidura riparia, Pall., was taken on a pump handle at Carthage. I also captured the following Hymenoptera •.—Pollutes yallicas makes its nest commonly on the swollen stems ("leaves") of the Barbary Fig or Prickly Pear [Upuntia, neither a Fig nor a Pear, but a Cactus !). Twice I found two individuals asleep on a nest. I am unable to say that they were of opposite sexes, as one eluded me on both occasions. It would, perhaps, be interesting to find the c? assisting the $ . I found one single nest of Chalicodoma sicida, Rossi, and captured the ? . The nest was on a flat stone in a very hot place, and consisted of a tower-like structure of red clay, containing at its base a little honey. I also took Klis riliata, F. ^, Odynerus (Hoplopus), consobrinns, Duf., 2 > ^licrodyneriis abd-el-kader, Sauss., * This identification is critical. The specimen is emphatically P. icarus, not Agriades thersites. — P.A.B. NOTES ON ALGERIAN AND TUNISIAN INSECTS. 66 Ponipihis sp. near viaticns, Encera nigrilabis, Lep., $ , Anthoj^hora. atroalba, Lep., ^ , and workers of Apis meUifica. I found one colony of Mesmr barbartis, L., in a flowery sand waste near El Soukra. The M. abd-el-kader was observed at flowers of red Lychnis quite commonly. I may, perhaps, mention specimens of a Bonibylins which appear to be inedius, taken near the Bardo. The spots on the wing seem smaller than in typical vtedina. This is a difficult genus, very characteristic, I fancy, of the Barbary countries, and, indeed, of the Mediterranean generally. I took a •fopy.r, which is, presumably, J. aolifiu/a. This Bristle-tail was found under a fallen "leaf" of the Cactus, of which I have already spoken. May I suggest that fallen portions of this plant often harbour small insects, and should be worked carefully. Embiid nymphs occurred in such places, together with many snails, wood-lice and myriapods. I have attempted to mount the Japi/.r in Canada Balsam, but I find it quite impossible to dehydrate the insect without first puncturing its seemingly slight chitinous covering. The insect could not be cleared after many days in absolute alcohol, though, for the seemingly much more impervious thrips, one or two hours are sufficient ! I took a good many other Thysanura here and elsewhere, but shall not again refer to them, as they are not yet worked out. The same applies to about 20 tubes of Thysanoptera, now in Mr. Bagnall's possessioo. Three beetles are noteworthy. A large Carabid discharged an extremely irritating fluid into my eyes from a distance of six inches. A large clumsy black Tenebrionid was abundant in sandy places, such as the railway cutting near Sidi Bou Said. It is Pinwlia in)lata, Herbst., { — barhara, Sol.). It eats dung and dry sticks, and spends much of its time burying its head and body in the sand for no apparent purpose. It certainly was not ovipositing, nor finding any food. Was it possibly attempting to shield itself from a peculiarly hot sun ? The Cetoniid Epiaitnetia sijnalida, L., is a hairy creature, which is found in many flowers, but especially marigolds. It has a flight extremely like that of Boiiibtis, and buzzes sharply on alighting,. but not, I fancy, when actually in flight. On one of the hills of Carthage, Chrysomelid larvae were very abundant. At the same place I captured a very large ocellated lizard [Lacerta ocellata). This I preserved entire, and on my return to England was surprised to find its stomach packed with little else but these Chrysomelid larv^. Yet these might be supposed to be protected ; they belong, I fancy, to a family of beetles, which are often regarded as nauseous ; the larvjB themselves are brilliantly metallic and walk in the daylight over stones, bushes and flowers, where thej- are most conspicuous ; they secrete a yellow fluid from the mouth when handled; and, unless my memory deceives me, they have an unpleasant smell. (I have no note on this last point.) The larvae shrink badly when preserved in spirits, but I judge my specimens to belong to the the genus Chnjaouiela. On March 22nd, we visited Hammam-el-Lif. The country here is so unlike the rest of the Tell that it merits separate notice. The sea- shore merges imperceptably into a flat brackish marsh, of an exceedingly uninteresting, even repulsive nature. From this there rise at once steep dry hills covered with evergreen trees, most of which were newly planted. The resulting scrub consisted of Pines, Juniper, Erica, Ilex, 66 THE entomologist's RECORD. Cistus and other woody bushes. The gullies in the sides of these hills are slightly damper, and here I took ^ ^ Olancoimi/che ci/llanis fresh and worn, and both sexes of Kuvhlo'e cnpheno, in some abundance. P. hrassicae was also observed. I was struck with the fact that on these dry sultry hillsides, the Locustid nymphs, which are so characteristic a feature ot the rest of the Tell, were absent. On this day, and frequently afterwards, I noticed that Bees and Fossors seldom or never survive a day in a chip box in hot weather. This I take to be due simply to the heat. Mr. 0. H. Latter has" described a case of a Poiiijiilns, dying of heat apoplexy through chancing to run over a particularly hot patch of sand-dune. He quotes other instances showing that the Aculeata are extraordinarily subject to heat. Antliidinii} aticticiiiii, F., is the only bee from Hammam-el-Lif, which I appear to have brought home. On March 24th we motored from Tunis to Ferryville, near Bizerta. The country traversed was flat, cultivated and uninteresting, at any rate to an entomologist. Our wish was to explore a large lake called Garaet Achkel, in the neighbourhood of Ferryville. In actual fact, circumstances prevented this, and the dredge and tow-net were scarcely wetted. We devoted three days to exploring the east and south-east corners of this lake, which is brackish, though a wide river runs from it, at any rate in autumn, winter and spring. The country was typical Tell, and quite low-lying. We took worn specimens of Thais rniiiina, (jr. cleoiiatra J s and $ s, l'arar(/e aei/eria J s, and TJwator balltis. Both sexes of Kuchlo'e eupheno, L. { = bdia, L.), were common, the males especially. The flight of the sexes is similar, near the ground and not so swift as that of our K. cardaiinnen. The species is quite easy to net, unless you fail in your first endeavour at capture. We also took a feAV Anthochan's belia, Cr. {craiiwri, Butler), on a stony hill covered with cistus and other scrub, near Ferryville. P. biassicae and Pitiiiiicia pldaeas also occurred, with Plusia t/anuiia and Larentia jiurlata J . The only Burnet we saw in Tunisia or Algeria was a freshly emerged Anthroccra zitlieiiia, 'Pievvet, found drowning in Garaet Achkel. Mecyna jwli/i/onalis, I'ljrauata (wrcalis, Hubn., and Micro ostrina were netted. Oothecte of a Mantid were noticed in large n ambers on twigs, stones and other objects. All those which I collected were so com- pletely parasitized by a Chalcid that not a single Mantid larva emerged. I judge the nests to be those of Mantis rcUi/iosa, Linn. The usual Acridians were taken, all commonly, to wit P. cinerascens, Fab., A. at'iiuiititiin, and T. nasnta. I took no Hymenoptera. The well- known dung-beetle Scarabaeiis sacei- turned up, and a small Tenebrionid, Opatnun eiiiarr/inatinii, Luc, was common under stones. This species shams death to perfection, and is always smeared with clay and covered with dust. I passed several over as dead before discovering that they were merely shamming. A larva of a large Lampyrid species was common. One or two were found inside empty snail shells, and once I witnessed a conflict between a large snail and a Lampyrid larva. 1 found the snail in a dry ditch, bubbling and hissing. The Lampyrid was apparently biting it, and was covered with froth and mucus. Presently the Lampyrid ceased to move and was indeed dead, * " Bees and Wasps," in Carnh. Manuals. Sci. and Lit., p. 120. NOTES ON ALGERIAN AND TUNISIAN INSECTS. 67 as I subsequently found. The snail retreated unharmed. Can it be that the snail mucus is poisonous ? I fancy this must be so. This is not by any means in accord with Fabre's observations, a translation of which will be found in the Century Moi/azine, 1913, p. 105. The discrepancy is most puzzling. Fabre's Lampyrids were invariably victorious first anjesthetizing then devouring the snail. I cannot doubt my own observations, though I am sometimes tempted to fancy Fabre's insects almost too clever. From Garaet Achkel and Ferryville we returned to Tunis, and from thence took train to Hamman Meskoutine, in East Algeria. This extremely pleasant place stands at an altitude of l,500it, among lime- stone hills. The little stream beds are full of a dense jungle of LentiscKs and similar shrubs, while the hills are mostly covered with olives. Among the olives there are small patches of wild, rocky land. There are many interesting birds and beasts here, and not a few insects either. One collecting ground was, perhaps, more favoured than any other. I refer to the wide meadow in the bed of the stream, which runs between the hotel and the railway. The actual stream is frequently buried in "jungle," but this green and flowery spot is frequented by a good many insects. Here, and in the neighbourhood, we took Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, A. belia, Cr., Euchhye enplievn, L., (jroneptenjx cleoj)atra, Colias edusa, Paranje aegeria 2 , Coenu)iyiii])ha pamp/dliis, Pi/rameifi cardtri, T. ballns and Ftiiwicia plilaeas ; also a few moths, Se.sia [Mocro(ilossa) stellatarnin and Plusia (javiDia, both in great abundance. We were undoubtedly too early for most species. The above list is certainly not interesting, except for the apparent absence of Blues. The following Geoinetridae occurred at light. F.upithecia piimilata and F.. ujiedonata, Mill. (?). Mr. Prout says, these are larger and of slightly diflerent tone to his examples from Hyeres. The food- plant, Arbntus iinedo, quite probably occurs, though none of us noted it. Two males of Hemerophila jopj/f/iaria, Costa, also came to light, as did a $ Mijinodes interpunctaria. The last is unrepresented in the National Collection. Orthoptera* were neglected, but not at all abundant. The Blattid FJctobia jierspidllaris, adult and nymph, was taken. An undetermined small Blattid was only found under the bulb scales of Scilla marithiia, where, however, it was common enough. The well-known earwing Forrinda amicidatia occurred, as larvae and adults. The Hymenoptera were more in evidence. I took Kucera ciliata, J , Tiphia viorio, F.2 (under a stone!), (>dy nevus (Hoplopnj;) proha^hly caruli, Moraw, 0. consobrinus,^ , Andrena (jiraiidi, Fncera tricittata, Brulle, S , Boiiibiifi liicoruni, Xylocopa violacea, and workers of Apia inellifica. Ants were abundant, and I captured the following :—Aphenoy aster testaceu- jiilosa, Lucas, Cremastoyaster scutellaris, Oliv., Cainponotns sylvaticiis, Oliv., Messor barbarus, L., Creinastoyaster laestryyon, Emery, Playiolepis piymaea, h-d,iv., Leptothora.v'? nylanderi, Sp. and Aphenoyaster sardoa, Mayr. I also took yiynnecocystiis viotinis, F., with a Lepismid and Tapinoiiia erraticum, Latr., with an Aphid. I hope later to publish a note on myrmecophiles in general. The small chafer Fpicumeth squalida was abundant, but I never troubled to collect any beetles. The following Diptera found their way into my net by accident : — * Cf., Longstaff, Butterfy Hunter in Mdny Lands, p. 168. 68 THE entomologist's KECORD. Chloroi)u/ia foniiosn, Chrifsotoxiiin italiciiiii (very small), Bombijlvts discnlor and B. mediiis (same species as near Tunis). One wet morning we took the boat on the subterranean lake and caught a large number of bats and their parasites. Mr. H. Scott has identified the Nycteribiidae as follows : — On Mijotia oxijiinatlms, Monticelli, PenicilUdia diifouri, Westw., ^ $ 2 , Nycteribia (Acroc/iolidia) ve.fata, Westw., 3' 2 (typical or var.), and A''. {Lhtropodia) pedictdaria, Latr., 3 (J 3 $ . These came from about a dozen of the host species, which was extremely abundant. On Ehinolophus ettryale, Blasius, A. (Stylidia) biar- ticitlatii, Hermann, ^ — only one parasite on a dozen bats. On Minioptenis schreibersi, Kuhl, A". [Lhtropodia) schiiiidti, Schiner, 2 2 ; the bat was not common, and only about three were secured. Some Streblid flies await determination. All the bats were determined by Oidfield Thomas. It is noteworthy that though one host harboured three parasitic species, yet no parasite was taken on more than one host, even though the bats were living in the same cave in large numbers. It is, however, to be remembered that the RhinolopliKs and Miniiiptvrus lived solitarily, or at most in twos and threes, while the yiyotu occurred in extraordinary numbers on the roof of the cave in one place, but did not appear to sleep elsewhere. All the Nycteribiids are known from Europe, though the same is not true of the bats. Mr. Robert Gurney, one of my travelling companions, found a colony of Embiid larvae under a stone. As these insects are still alive, and as they have not yet completed their metamorphosis, I am. unable to give their names. A short note on these and other Algerian Kmbiidae will be found in Proc. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1913, p. Iviii. I cannot turn from Hammam Meskoutine without giving some notice to the plants which characterise this limestone region. The stream beds I have already referred to. The meadow-like spots beside them are full of Borciyo, Cerinthe, Calendula, Adonis, Convolridtta altliaeifolin, besides several Centaureae, and innumerable Leguminous plants. The high country and the ridges between the streams are dry and rather barren. The vegetation does not form a continuous carpet. A great deal of the dryer part of the country is planted with olives. On April 2nd we went by train to Taya and climbed the mountain of that name. This spot is a locim daasicKs for ornithologists, the haunt of griffons and kites, and eagles and choughs in considerable numbers. No Lepidoptera were taken. The ant Aphenoyaster teata- ceopilosa occurred. On the very top (4,000 ft.) I took the earwig- Anisulabis iiiauretanica 2 , the Blattids HolE, :: IMAGINES, LIFE-HISTORIES, AND APPARATUS. :: Many good Vars., and Melanic Forms. 10, 12, 1.5, 20 and 40 Drawers Cabinets in good condition. Full particulars on application . 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STEVENS OF 38, KING STREET, COYENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C, has received instructions to sell by Auction ON APRIL 28th & 29th, The Collection of Lepidoptera Formed by GERYASE F. MATHEW, Esq., including many fine varieties of Villica, Castrensis, Favicolor, Paludis, Irish Bidentata, etc., etc. Catalogues free on application one week before the sale. OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP^. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. ^^r, head, ®^lt0mcrUn^il^t, Full List of Ova, Larvae, ami Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc, sent on apjilication. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARY^ A SPECIALITY. Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. EREBIA LEFEBVRI, BtV., ON CANIGOU. 77 Erebia lefebvrei, Bdv., on Canigou. By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. As already recorded {antea p. 53 et seq.), I found Erebia lefebvrei very plentiful on Canigou in July 1912, and the forms are so variable (within limits) and interesting, that it may be worth while to go into some detail with them. It may be well to state that apparently K. lefebvrei (type form) does not occur there, i.e., out of close on two hundred specimens taken by Mr. Johnson and myself not one of the fine largely ocellated form was captured by either of us. Monsieur Charles Oberthur has very kindly lent me IBoisduval's type specimens, ^ and ? , from his magnificent collection for comparison, as w^ell as others, which have been of great assistance to me. As long ago as 1884, M. Oberthiir dealt very fully and effectively in the eighth volume of the h'ttides, p. 19 et seq., with the various forms of the species, and again also in his Lqndupterolof/ie Comparee, vols. 3 and 4, so that there is very little to be said so far as their localities and differences are concerned. M. Calberla {Iris, ix., p. 357) has shown, by a comparison of the male armatures of FL melos and FJ. lefebvrei, that the two insects are distinct species, whilst Dr. Chapman has strongly emphasised this fact in his " Eeview of the genus Erebia " (Trdtm. Ent. Sue, 1898, p. 225), and again in the same Transactions (1908, p. 307). It is thus abundantly confirmed that the two are not one species, but are two good and distinct species. It is also, I think, correct to saj- that E. luelas does not occur in Western Europe, whilst E. lefebvrei does not occur in Eastern Europe. I do not propose to mention Fl. ulacialis, an allied species, more than to say that it frequents, on the whole, the stoniest and the highest localities of the three species. Erebia melas occurs in very stony localities, from 3,300ft. to about 5,000ft. Erebia lefebvrei occurs, as a rule, though not universally, in yet more stony places from about 6,000ft. up to 9,000ft., whilst Erebia (/lacialis occurs on absolute screes — I have never taken it away from screes and moraines — from probably 6,500ft. to 10,000ft. I have taken it on the top of the Gornergrat, not uncommonly. To return to FJ. lefebvrei. M. Oberthiir, in the Etudes {loc. tit.) described the form astur from the Picos de Europa, from whence my specimens came. It is entirely black above and below, the primaries generally having two small ocellations below^ the apex. I have one specimen with a very small third dot above vein 2, all are visible below, but the latter only as a black dot. Below, however, the secondaries are blacker than the primaries, there is very rarely any trace of the tawny patch in the primaries. I have one specimen showing only the least trace of paleness where this patch should be. The female does not diiier appreciably above from the male, but below it is greyish and often has a somewhat tawny patch in the primaries. The form pyrenaca, Obth., described in the same place, is more variable, and it is common on Canigou, in fact the form figured in vol. iv. of the Etudes (PI. xlvi., figs. 370, 372 and 373) is the commonest form, though we get all the other forms as occasional varieties with the exception of the type race, that is, the large beautifully spotted race of the Hautes Pyrenees. Pyrenaea may be described as black April 8th, 1914. 78 THE entomologist's RECORD. above and below in the male, generallywith two or three small ocellated spots in the primaries, often with two or three decidedly smaller ocellations in the secondaries. There may or there may not be a tawny patch below in the primaries. Generally there is a trace of it — occasionally the wings are absolutely spotless. The form intermedia, Obth., was described {loc. cit.) from the Cambres-d'Ase mountains on the South of Montlouis. It is evidently very rare, I took it on Canigou and have it from elsewhere as I shall show later. It may be described thus (Through the kindness of M. Oberthiir I have the types before me as I write) : — The 3 above and below dark brown, not black, in both wings. The primaries have a faint tawny band in which are two ocellations of medium size below the apex and a black dot above vein 2 ; the secondaries are quite spotless. The colour and pattern below are so close to that above as to need no further mention. The ? is paler than the male above, and in addition to the spot above vein 2 in the primaries, is an ocellation as large as those below the apex, and there are three small ocellations in the secondaries. Below, the primaries are somewhat tawny brown with the ocellations as above — the secondaries are uniformly brownish all over, of a very finely irrorated appearance, with no marks of any sort. krebia lefchvrei (type) is too well known to need a description here again. As I have already stated, I have Boisduval's types through the kindness of M. Oberthiir. It is a species that has always been correctly identified — the most beautiful of the group — it is the largest of the forms with large deep black ocelli in both wings, nearly always in the primaries in a red fascia, whilst in specimens freshly caught there is a beautiful bronzy sheen that gives an appearance quite " distingue " to it. The female follows closely the characteristics of the male, only the red band and all the ocellations are larger and more prominent. I will now proceed to the Canigou specimens. We found them in all suitable spots around and on the mountain. I took them just below the hut, not less than 9,100 feet, they occurred more or less frequently all along the long ridge westward from the Pic, i.e., the route that nearly all the visitors usually take. We found them on the sunny-side of the slopes of that ridge and up to the glacier near the Breche Durier. Again on that vast " sea of stones " below " le Barbet" they occurred frequently, but through that valley a wind always blows, generally furiously, and they were difficult to catch, though I think I must have taken nearly a third of my 120 specimens there, and they occurred all round to the South side, but I should say rarely below 7,000 to 8,000 feet. I think, however, the spot, where they were the most at home and the most plentiful, was a narrow gorge in the dry bed of a stream, which became narrower in its ascent up the hill until it disappeared altogether. Here, and on the grassy slopes directly adjacent, it was very abundant, and they by no means confined their attentions to the rocky bed. The locality and the day quite perceptibly affected their flight, they would probably not rise on sunless days, but on warm days, when the sun was visible or not occasionally, they appeared indifferent to it, and thus showed quite a different habit to E. lefebvrei at Gavarnie, where they would disappear as if by magic, when the sun EREBIA LEFEBVREI, BDV., ON CANIGOU. 79 was shadowed by a cloud. Their flight is certainly quick, and if struck at, very straight, but ordinarily they dart here and there zig- zagging or direct as the case may be, and many a chase up the grassy slopes did 1 have after them, sometimes the reward was a miss or a closer acquaintance with " mother earth," but by no means generally so. I took each of the three forms described by M. Oberthiir. E. lefehvrci var. et ab. astiir. — I have well over a dozen specimens that are quite indistinguishable from any Picos specimens of this form, the special character being the uniform blackness of the underside, com- bined with a rather rough texture, whilst the secondaries are without spots. But this is not quite absolute as already intimated. The form occurs without doubt as an aberration on Canigou, both on the North and South sides of the mountain, and I have a single specimen from the Hautes Pyrenees that is a " transit " between the form and pyrenaea. M. Oberthiir has very kindly lent me a pair of his astur, these are spotless and I did not take a specimen quite spotless, but in his de- scriptions he refers to ocellated specimens that are like mine from the Picos and Canigou. Erebia lefehrrei var. jn/renaea. — This is the Canigou race, but as M. Obei'thiir has shewn long ago it is very variable within narrow limits {he has also very kindly lent me a pair of this form for comparison). The absolutely spotless form of the male figured in the Lep. Co»ip., PL xlvi., fig. 369, is apparently very rare indeed. Mr. Johnson took a ■single specimen, I did not, though I had one or two with only a very minute dot. The commonest form are those figured {lor. cit.) figs. 370 and 371, which are quite black above with two to four ocellations in the primaries only. The four-spotted form is evidently a great rarity for we did not take a single example, though we took plenty with three spots. On the underside the commonest is without doubt entirely unicolorous black, but examples frequently occurred with traces of a red fascia, and others with quite a bright red fascia in the primaries of the males. There are, however, two other varieties that should be referred to. One, by no means rare, is similar to pyrenaea, but has two or three small ocellations in the secondaries. M. Oberthiir referred to this point in his original description in the KtiideH, bat does not happen to have selected one for figuring in the Lep. Coinparee. Both those he has kindly sent me for comparison, however, have three ocellations in the secondaries. The other variety is one of which I took about a dozen specimens, whilst Mr. Johnson took some also. In these there is a red fascia on the upper side of the primaries in which the ocellations are placed. In some specimens it is a trace, in others it is a distinct small fascia, extending down to the third ocellus. In my companion's series there is one in which the fascia is as large as in the females, but generally it is decidedly smaller. Turning now to the females, the type form as originally described is that figured (Inc. cit.) No. 372. This is dark brown in both wings, with three ocelli in the primaries, and none in the secondaries, whilst the red fascia is small ; this character is variable. Equally common with this is that figured at No. 373 with a good-sized bright fascia in the primaries, and three fairly prominent ocelli in the secondaries. I have also some examples in which there are four prominent and large 80 THE entomologist's record. ocelli in the primaries, but not more than three in any case in the secondaries. There remains one very handsome variety of the female to be mentioned, of which I took two examples. It is entirely black above in both wings. The black is very deep ; it is as black as the blackest astur or the blackest melas that I have seen. There are three prominent ocelli in the primaries, rather oval in shape, the very intense black of the " iris " of the spot making itself quite visible. In the one specimen there are no spots at all in the secondaries, thus following out the lines of the male sex, the second specimen, which perhaps is not quite so deep a black, has two very small ocelli in the secondaries. Below, they are very dark brown in both wings, the primaries having a tawny fascia. E. lefebvrei ab. intermedia, Obth. — This is apparently the least common of the named forms. Whether it is really a geographical race remains to be worked out. At present, I imagine, there is not sufficient material to settle the point. The types were taken on the Cambres-d'Ase, Montlouis. I have two specimens from Canigou, and Mr. Johnson has two also. This form is dark brown Avith a small red fascia in the primaries in which are the two ocelli, whilst there is a black dot above vein 2 ; there are no ocelli in the secondaries. The underside follows precisely the colour and marking of the upper. The female is paler, the primaries having a third ocellus, and tlie second- aries three minute ocelli, not visible below. I have, of this form, in addition to those from Canigou, one taken by Dr. Chapman at Gavarnie and two from the Barriere de Lourcide. It will be interest- ing to record that Boisduval's type male, E. lefebvrei, has the very small apical ocellus above the two that are universally present. The range of variation in both Krebia melas and Erehia lefebvrei seems to be along entirely parallel lines. E. melas var. hun;iarica is quite an equivalent of E. lefebvrei type. The larger size of the insect with its large and prominent ocelli — altogether a handsomer form — seems to be quite analogous to Boisduval's type form from the Hautes Pyrenees. Erebia melaa, from the whole of the Isthmian peninsula, including the Balkans, is analogous to the Erehia lefebvrei var. pyrenaea in its two main varieties those from Greece being the duller and less dark variety, whilst those from Herzegovina are blacker and smaller closely similar to the astur race, in fact, so close were they that I hoped they might prove to be melas, ''vera." This, however, was not to be, for I sent specimens to my friend Dr. Chapman, and he very kindly mounted a small series of male armatures, and of the neuration that show, as will be seen by a subsequent paper and plates, they are not melas, but are without doubt lefebvrei, for I quite concur in the Doctor's conclusions. Erebia tyndarus var. dromtis, H.S. — I referred {antea p. 54) to the beautiful race of E. tyiularns that flew on the lower slopes of Canigou. We found it exceedingly common on the pastures about five minutes or so below the Chalet Hotel. The tawny patch on both wings, but especially on the primaries, is very brilliant, and yellowish not red ; the two ocelli are prominent, and the ocelli are moderately prominent generally in the secondaries. Oberthiir (loc. cit., p. 25, Etudes), has likewise referred to the species, comparing it with hispania, Btl. from COLIAS EDUSA IN 1913. 81 the Sierra-Nevada as also with dromus, H.S. In Vol. xx., of the FAndes, p. 38, M. Oberthiir writes of droinns as follows : — " It is certainly the most beautiful and the most brilliant form of Erebia tipidancs that has yet been observed." The Canigou race is without doubt this form, as mentioned before {luc. cit.) it was very plentiful and is quite a good local race. Erebia (lorge, Esp. — I found this flying with E. lefebvrei var. pyrenaea and with Epijihron pyrenaica (the heavily spotted form) on the " sea of stones," on the Barbet (North) side of Canigou. I did not find it very comrnon, but contrary to the general rule as mentioned by Oberthiir in the Etudes, several specimens had no ocelli at all in the secondaries. It seems evident that the high-flying Erebiae find Canigou a good place for the development of special forms, the reason being probably that as the mountain is isolated and is so frequently cut off' from the world below by an ocean of cloud, while it is in brilliant sunshine, that the species have perhaps less opportunity than usual of being blown into the deep intervening valleys, or vice versa, so that very little intermingling can take place. Colias edusa in 1913. By C. W COLTHRUP. Once again have I had the pleasure of renewing my acquaintance with Colias edusa in the field, and still I do not tire of seeing him. Apart from being a decent insect, he is a sport, giving one a good run, and if beaten, one respects him the more. I speak of Jiiiu, because the female does not often travel so fast except with a strong wind or when thoroughly scared, but it is more often to be found lazily sucking at a flower of hawkweed, or busy ovipositing on clover, generally not far from the field where it emerged, where one will probably walk it up. It is a good plan to walk with the wind, as if a female is disturbed it will Hy with it and be seen, whereas, if one is walking against the wind it will often get up under one's feet and fly behind unobserved. On May 29th, 1913, when returning home from Hastings, I saw from the railway carriage window three specimens of ('. edusa, flying in a sheltered corner of the railway l)ank near Bexhill-on-Sea, which gave promise of some good sport later in the year, and I was not disappointed. I arrived at Eastborne on July 19th, but nothing was seen or heard of C. edusa till August 2nd, when my friend Mr. E. P. Sharp heard of two specimens being taken, and himself took two freshly emerged J s on the same afternoon. On August 3rd Mr. Sharp, Commander Gwatkin -Williams and myself took between us five 5 s and fourteen g s, some freshly emerged others worn, so that the species had been on the wing some time before we came across them. We were lucky in finding the field where they were emerging and continued to take freshly emerged specimens up to the time I left on August 24th. All the specimens we saw were feeding on a small yellow flower, a hawkweed I believe, not on clover at all. This probably accounts for Mr. Louis Meaden [antea, vol. xxv., p. 287) finding them in a stubble field, where they were no doubt feeding on a THE ENTOM()LO(JlST S RECORD. similar plant. We tried two or three clover fields at Eastbourne but saw none in them at any time. Lucerne in the Eastbourne district is conspicuous by its absence, but I found one field and with the exception of one stray worn ^ no C. ednsa were seen it it. Mr. Sharp took two var. lielUr, and I took one. Two of these we kept for ova, Mr. Sharp undertaking the rearing. From the helice ova. he bred 31 J s, five 9 s, and eight var. helice. From ova laid by a typical J he bred 71 J" s, 46 $ s, but no var, helice, all of which I exhibited on his behalf at the South London Natural History Society's Variety Exhibition in November last. On August 31st I went to Margate, and on September 2nd, in an interval of sunshine, took three c^s and IjC edii.sa, all worn. I released the former and kept the latter for ova. On September 5th I had arranged to meet Commander Gwatkin- Williams, who was staying at Broadstairs and had found an "emerging" field. We cycled to it, and immediately on our arrival rain began to fall, and came on so badly that we were kept prisoners in a barn for two hours, after which we cj^cled home and got thoroughly drenched. On September 7th I again met Commander Gwatkin- Williams at this field. I had just fixed up my net and was getting some pill- boxes from my satchel when a butterfly flew quite close to my face, and as it went by I noticed it was var. helice. A short chase and I had it in my net. It proved to be a freshly emerged specimen, a piece or good luck, as Commander Gwatkin- Williams had been on the look- out for the variety for three weeks previously without seeing one. I took another on the last day of my stay, these being the only two seen. A north-east gale was blowing, but we managed to take between us during the morning nineteenths and two $ s besides the var. helice. The two ? s and two of the ^ s were freshly emerged, the remainder good, bad and indifferent. Those not worth setting were released with the exception of some that had single notches in one wing, which I set for reference in connection with the attacks by birds theory ; not a single specimen was found during my stay with more than one wing notched. Swallows were flying up and down the sheltered side of a hedge all day, where also Pohjonnnatus icarus and other butterflies were enjoying the shelter and sunshine. I paid particular attention during my stay, but never once saw a swallow attack a " blue " much less an edusa, and Commander Gwatlun-Williams's experience was the same. ( '. edtisa, g s and ? s, continued to emerge daily up to September 15th the last day on which I visited the field. Both were most variable, the S s in size (some were twice the size of others), and also in width of black marginal bands, etc., the 2 s in size of yellow spots in the black marginal band, one specimen being referable to var. obsoleta. On one morning we took between us 35 specimens. Some of the lucerne fields I visited in Thanet had quite a number of (? s in them, all worn, and which made the fields a playing ground, circling round them, engaging in mock combats, occasionally settling on a flower for an instant only, and were no doubt wanderers from the true emerging field. On September 9th I cycled down to Dover and came across a collector who had been taking C. ediisa S s freely in a field there for three weeks, during which time he had not taken a freshly emerged specimen, nor had he seen a single 2 , which to him NOTES ON TUNISIAN AND ALGERIAN INSECTS. 83 seemed quite unaccountable. To my mind the moral is " Don't be satisfied with taking only worn specimens," or come to the conclusion that the species is going over, try elsewhere and you will probably find tresh ^^ s and 5 s too in the field in which they emerge. I should mention that I did not hear of a single specimen of Culias hijale being taken or seen. Notes on Tunisian and Algerian Insects. (Concluded from page 70.) By P. A. BUXTON, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. On the evening of April 8th we moved from Batna to El Kantara. Here I remained till the 18th, and as I collected a good many interesting- creatures, it will be profitable to describe the country worked. There is a range of rocky hills running east and west for many miles, quite impassable except for men on foot. This range is divided by a deep gorge through which runs a river, an ancient highway, and a railroad. The words "El Kantara" signify "The Bridge," in reference to a Roman bridge, which still spans the river. The level of the bottom of the gorge is 1,500ft., and from this the very barest of rocky hills rise, perhaps another 1,500ft. To the north of the gorge lies country which is fairly typical of the high Plateau, to the south you find an oasis, and stony desert. The transformation is abrupt and striking, though travellers have, perhaps, exaggerated when they state that in a few yards j'ou step from a land of pines into a land of palms. Most of our collecting was done in the desert, though the very comfort- able little French Hotel of Madame Bertrand lies on the northern side. The desert is a waste of loose stones of all sizes, interspersed with cushions of the Hawkweed ZolUkoff'eria spiniilom and small bushes of jujube [Zizyplms, sp.) In some places there is a sparse growth of a barley-like grass, Stipa tortilis. This last is a most unpleasant plant ; the seeds are provided with a sharp beak, break easily from the parent plant, and then worry their way through your clothes, and, if you are careless, right through your skin also. Even the Arab's hide is by no means impervious to this pest. This list of plants by no means pretends to be exhaustive, but must give the botanical reader an idea of a flora characterized by spikes, spines and tough woody stems. This forbidding country offers some obstruction to the man with the net unless he wears the local rope-soled shoe, with the aid of which, however, he will soon find himself running over the loose stones. These shoes only last ten days, but then they cost 6id. per pair. They are indispensible. With surprising abruptness the desert passes into the oasis. This is a grove of date palms, some miles long. Here and there you may find a village built of mud and surrounded by a few very barren gardens. To a naturalist the palms and the gardens are most uninteresting. The principal butterfly of the oasis is Paranje aef/eria type form, just as in South Europe. The first spot in the marginal series on the hindwing is always discernable in my short series (all g' s), but never well developed. In the gardens Pirn'^ rapae flies. It is to be noted that Dr. Ernest Hartert found this species as far south as El Golea, on his journey to Insalah. It occurred in the oases, never in the desert. ^''Hothschild has determined Hartert's specimens * Nouit. Zoolog., Vol. xx., p. 110. 84 THE entomologist's record, rather tentatively as var. leucntera, Step. My El Kantara specimens show some tendency to approxinaate to this Saharan form. They are characterised by an almost obsolete black tip to the forewing upperside, in the male at any rate. P. bmasicae also occurs in the gardens, though rarely. Pontia daplidice was common along the edge of the oasis, e.g., in the barley patches. It was in fair condition by April 17th. It appears that there are two well-marKed forms of this species in Algeria, a form in the Tell and mountains, and var,* albidice, Obth., in the real desert. The form from El Kantara is intermediate, though nearer the mountain form, from which it differs in having its underside paler and of a clearer yellow. In fact it is nearer the Spanish variety than that from the Algerian mountains. Papilio podaliriiis was just beginning to appear when I left on April 18th. Out in the stony desert Latnpides hoetica, Pi/ranteis cardiii and Colias edum were common enough, but some interesting species also occurred. The most abundant of these was Euchlo'e charlonia. This singularly unvarying butterfly could be taken ad nauseam all over the desert. It was in good condition at the time of my visit. Various very swift white butterflies were to be seen. If I had read up the butterflies of the place before going thither I should doubtless have cared more for these insects. It is no easy matter to course over stony desert in a hot sun after a very agile insect that may only be Anthodtans bdia. Con- sequently these insects were neglected. However, I took not only A. belia, but also \A. beleiiiia var. eimnescens, Rober. (?) and A. fallnui. Of the last, a rare insect, I captured four males on Mount Lalbatre, a red hill four hours' ride, south of El Kantara. This locality well repays a visit; an Arab butterfly hunter, Boukhsarah Mohammed, who accom- panied me, showed me the food-plant of Teracolus nouna. This butter- fly was not yet flying ; it is remarkable as being about the only truly African butterfly found in Algeria. The mountain side is scored with sharp-cut little oueds (wadis), and the roughness of some of the ground quite beggars description. Such is the haunt of AnthocharU falloui. Papilio iiiachaon var. hospitonides flies over the desert, though its emergence was barely commenced when I had to return northwards. This form is so named by Oberthiir because its larva resembles that of P. lioHpiton rather than of P. viachaon. I suppose this sort of variation to be almost unparallelled in the present state of our knowledge. The imago shows no tendency to assume the facies of P. hospiton. Eiicldoe eujihenQ (belia) was occasionally taken. I fancy that this place must be near ttie southern limit of its range. The few specimens taken are distinctly small. Melanargia ines was taken, but very sparingly, on the base of the crags at the side of the gorge. The ground colour of my ^ is white, of my J creamy. The g has a supplementary hindwing ocellus between the two groups of ocelli, which are normal to the species. This ocellus is very imperfect, and more conspicuous from above than from below. The species is, of course, very conspicuous in flight, and certainly not so strong on the wing as Pieris rapae. In the same place I took the very small form of *Etiides (VEntomologic, VI., p. 47. Cf. also Novit. Zoolog., XX., p. 110, Seitz., Macrolei). of World (Palaearctic Div.), vol. I., p. 49, and pi. 21 f. fProbably an intermediate leading up to var. evanescens (? = desertorum, Tnr.) ■which occurs further south. NOTES ON TUNISIAN AND ALGERIAN INSECTS. 85 ^colitantidea baton, known as var. faiiielica, Seitz. This is simply a dwarf race of var. pa)iuj)tes, Hilbn., which differs from the type in the absence of orange lunules from the outer margin of the hindwing. One of my specimens shows a faint trace of orange. One of the most characteristic butterflies is the small tailed-blue Telicanns tlieoplirastus, which is always taken flitting up and down over a jujube bush (Zizj/pJius). This is one of the thorniest and woodiest of bushes, a perfect terror to one's net. The bush and butterfly are inseparable, and both are highly characteristic of the Palasarctic deserts of the region. Ruinicia phlaeas is not rare. I cannot suggest what it eats ; no place on earth could be more unsuitable for a luscious sorrel ! The specimens were extremely uninteresting. They showed no tendency to blackness, indeed, two females had the pale ground colour of var. intermedia, Tutt. Both sexes showed an occasional tendency towards var. caerideopmictatn. Doubtless the summer brood would be more interesting. I am afraid I have treated the butterflies at some length, •but they are really rather interesting. The lights of the hotel were a great attraction to moths. The following Noctuffi came my way: Eaxoa sef/etum, E. radius, Haw., Af/rotis promiba, Pronotestra silenides, Staud., Cardepia irrisor, Ersch., Cirphis l-albinn, Laphyr/ma exigiia, Atlietis flava, Oberth., A. clavipalpis, Scop., T/uilpochares ostrina, Tatliorhynchus e.csiccata, Led. ; also the following Pyrales : Eromene raiiiburiella, Dup., Peuipelia ardosiella, Rag., Hetero/fraphis candidatella, Led., Mi/elois echinopiaella, Chret., Constantia ayrtalis, Rag., Eceryestis renatalis, Oberth., Noiiwphila nnctuella, Pionea ferrufjalis and Cornifrons ulceratalis. A few Geoiuetridae also came to light, to wit, Gnoplios viiicidaria, Hb., hoihiae S" proved fertile with a 9 i/aUii. A specimen of the result, named lidenae, is figured, and the original account by Lieut. Grosse and a translation of it are given. Lieut. Grosse also reports having bred three other secondary hybrids of Sphmges. These results are very interesting, but fail to be fully grasped, except by those who specialise in these hybrids and know the names given to them, of which a number occur in Lieut. Grosse's paper ; no doubt I might, by some research, learn what hybrids precisely irenae, enriliae, khidervatcri, etc., may be, but 1 should understand them at once were they specified as fjallii X eupJiorbiae, {;/allii x cuphurbiae) x (/allii, or as the case may be. There are more than 100 pp. devoted to the " Distribution and Variation of C'. typhon m the United Kingdom," by H. Eovvland- Brown, with a note of introduction by M. Oberthlir, calling attention to the fact that the habitats of many species are being rapidly destroyed, and that such studies as this should be made about each of them before they disappear. He almost takes one's breath away when he points out that all species, not only in Europe but everywhere, should be studied with equal care, that this is only an essay on dis- tribution and variation in a fraction of the area of the species, and that many questions of biology, of symbiosis, of parasitism, have to be similarly treated in each case. Something of the Life-history of tiphnn is, hov/ever, added to the paper from Zeller, and by Mr. Frohawk ; these additions, however, have no illustrations. The three plates, with 86 beautiful figures of the imagines, give a very complete view of the British forms of the species, notwithstanding that it is one in which hardly two specimens are quite alike. Section VI. is a further addition to the research into the alrens group of Si/ric/ithus [Hesperia), in which Prof. Reverdin is doing such good work ; this is illustrated by two plates. M. Oberthlir inclines to believe that S. ryfelemis is a good species. The short notice of Larche is of much interest to one who has collected there. Section VIL introduces a study of the races of Zegris eupheme, Esp. by M. S. Alpheraky, with interesting reference to various side issues, and is illustrated by a plate drawn by a Russian lady artist. In referring to all these plates, it is difficult to suppress adjectives of approval of their excellence, but the plates are so uniformly of the first quality that to do so would become too monotonous. Section VIII. continues, in correspondence with H3 plates, the revision with figures of Guenee's species of Geometers ; it includes, however, a number of other species and varieties. It deals with the groups, of which prominent genera dealt with are Nyssia, Bi.ston, tlemerupldla, Cleora, Boaniiia, Tvplirosia, Hypocliruiiia, (Jnophos, and Psodos. The notice of the genus Itliysia is identical with that in the Ento- 7nolot/ist, 1912. 98 THE entomologist's record. The remaining 220 pages of the Volume are occupied by an account of " The Hybrid Bistoninae," by J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc, in English and French, in which he deals exhaustively with nine first crosses and four secondary hybrids between Li/cia hirtaria, Poecilopsh ponionario, F. lapponaria, It/iyfsia zonaria, and /. (jraecaria. Though several of Mr. Harrison's hybrids have been obtained previously, bis essay is practically entirely founded on his own experi- ments and observations, and not on reports culled from magazines, etc. The result is to give him a grasp of the whole subject hardly obtain- able in any other way. His concluding remarks occupy fourteen pages and cannot be abbreviated with advantage, but we may mention several of the more important facts which he specially discusses, these are (p. 467) : — 1. The great constitutional strength of the larvse. 2. The variation in sterility of the different primary hybrids reared. 3. The apparent dominance of zonaria and (jraecaria characteristics in the products. 4. Independent of the last point, the greater influence of the male in determining the appearance of the hybrids. 5. The distaste of the hybrid larvae for such foodplants as yarrow, trifolium, etc., i.e, the foodplants of the Ithysia group. 6. The failure to yield females observed in certain crossings. 7. The gynandromorph nature of certain of the secondary hybrids. Not the least valuable of the Plates in Fasc. VII., are 111 Photo- graphs illustrating the Exploration of Algeria (Aures) by Harold Powell, in 1912. Nine of these illustrate the devastations of Liparis dispar on Evergreen Oaks, one interesting point as to these is that one tree may be denuded of leaves and the next one hardly touched, and another that a tree denuded of leaves and looking dead has three weeks later a new and vigorous burst of leaves. The thirty-two following plates are of living larviB and imagines of which the most striking are perhaps these of K. siiberifolia, whose outline renders it barely visible, those of Pipjaera powelli, Obthr., and of C. nouna. The remainder illustrate typical aspects of country and vegetation, and of habitats of particular insects, many of them, though suggesting desert conditions, obviously promise interesting entomologising. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Fertile Queen of Lasius umbratus accepted by Queenless Colony of Lasius alienus. — On August 27th, 1913, at Woolacombe, Devon, I took about 50 workers, about 50 pupa>, and 80 to 100 eggs, of a nest of Lasius alienus. These were placed in a " Crawley" nest the same day. The nest from which they came was situated on the golf links, and could only have been a few yards above the sea at high tides. By the end of August all the pupte had fully developed. About August 15th I had taken a queen of Lasiun uuibratan just after swarming ; she was already minus her wings. This queen was the subject of the following experiment : — September 15th. — Introduced the umbratus queen into the alienus nest. She showed no special nervousness, but nevertheless entered slowly and cautiously. Neither were the alienus workers much excited, but one seized the queen by an antenna for about one minute, the queen was introduced at 8 p.m. ' NOTES ON COLLECTING. 99 8.5 p.m. — No special notice of queen being taken ; any passing ant examines her carefully, but without hostility ; no worker has saluted. 8.10 p.m. — A worker holding queen by antenna. 8.15 p.m. — The queen apparently fully accepted, as several workers are around her, and saluting her. Other workers in the near neighbourhood also giving the usual saluting jerk. September 30th. — Changed the colony to a new and larger " Craw- ley " nest ; the workers dragged the queen in by her jaws, showing the greatest solicitude for her. November 11th. — For some time the queen has been surrounded by a cluster of workers, whilst another cluster surround their own larvae, of which there are now 80 to a 100, the eggs having hatched. (The species of the above ants was very kindly determined for me by Mr. W. C. Crawley, and, at the time of writing, the nest is in a thoroughly satisfactory condition, February 15th, 1914). — D. W. PiNKNEY, 8, Burgess Hill, Finchley Koad, N.W. :ig^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc. C. EDUSA AB. VELATA, Ragusa.— In working out my 1913 captures of the above species with Seitz Pala arctic BntterfHes, Vol. i., I came across the description of the above aberration on page 68 which reads : — "ab. vclata, Ragusa, from Sicily, are specimens in which the black marginal band is shaded with greenish scaling, appearing covered with a veil." As this so admirably describes the condition of freshly emerged J C. cdusa, I think this aberrational name should be dropped. I took a number of . CODLIN, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, r.z..s., F.I Alfiuci) S]('H, f.e.s. ■ J. R. le B. TOiMjI^f^.A., f.e.s. Geobge \VHl!.KJE Henry J. TUENER, r.E..s., Editorial Secietavy. n, M.A,, f.e.s MAY Idih, 1914. Price NINEPENCE (nkt). WITH FOUR PLATES (X., XI., XII., XIII.). Subscription for Complete Volume, post fr (Iiicludijig all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.) SEVEN SHILLIMGS. 'JO ISE I'OnWARDKD TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., " Bebteo.'-e," Gellatly Boat, New Cboss, S.E. LONDON : ,ELIilOT STOCK, 7, PATKiiNObTisK Eow, E.G. Tll?.Or.TTJ . READ THE BACK Nos. OF THE Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation (Practical Hints, Field Work, etc. useful for every year's collecting). VOL. VI. The TITLES of some of the articles are as follows : — Notes on Butterfly Pupse, with Pome remarkb on the Phylogenesis of the Rhopalocera." — Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.E.S., " Phytophagic Species." — Prof. A. liadcliffe Orote, M.A. " Varieties and aberrations of Noctuse from Donoaster." — H. H. Oorhett, M.Ii.C.S. "The frenulum of the British species of Smerinthus." — G. C. GrixIWis, F.Z.S., F.E.S. "Eudryas stre-johannis.,' — A. RaiicUffc Grote, M.A. "Parthenogenesis or Agamogenesis." — J. W. Tiitt, F.E.S. " rjavvse."— iiVr. G. M. A'. Hewitt, M.A. " Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1894." — ,T. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Generic Names in the Noctuidse." — P/or. A. 1{. Orote, M.A. " Pupa hunting in October." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Pcjlygamv and Polyandry in Moths." "The nature of certain insect colours."— fF.S. liidhi!/, M.D., H. Freer, M.B., J. W. Tutt, F. E.S., JRev. C. R. N. Burroios, J. Anderson, Jun. " The Lepidoptera of Swansea." — Major 1{. B. liobertson. " Caradrina ambigua in the Isle of Wight."— .4. J. Hodf/es. "The instcts of' Bourg St. Maurice."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Orihodia erythrocephala ab. glabra from Devonshii-e and comparison with O. vaccinii." — Dr. W. S. Riding, F.E.S. "Notes on Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Entomology and Entomologists, being the Annual Address to the City of London Entom. Society." Notes on Aphomia sociella " (with plate). — W. P. Blackfmrne Maze, F.E.S. "Apterous females and Winter Emergence "—E. F. Studd, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S., L. B. Front, F.E.S. " Collecting Noctuidoe by Lake Erie."— ^. RadcUfie Orote, M.A. " Coleoptera at Ipswich." — Claude Morleij, F.E.S. "Notes on Bombus visurgise." " Synonymic Notes on Aoidalia humilata and A. dilutaria." — L. B. Prout, F.E.S, "The Lepidoptera of (ir^sy-sur-Aix." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Apatin-a iris." — Rev. O. M. A. Hewett' " Scheme of Classification of the Rhoisalocera founded on the structure of the Pupse." — T. A, Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. "Glimpses of American Entomology."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The Genus Smerinthus. "^^1 Bacot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes Lecture of 1894."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— >. Alston Moffatt. "On tlie development of sex in social insects." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The British representatives of the Genus Caradrina." — L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia Intarella and its variety pygmaeola." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and its neighbourhood." — C. Fenu, F.E.S. " A hunt for Neuroterus aprilinus." — T.A. Chapman. M. D., F.E.S. "On the development of pigment in Nemeobius lucina." — F. J. Buckell, M.B. "The Macro- Lepi- doptera of Keswick." — H. A. Beadle. " Varieties of Argynnis selene " (with ijlate). — S. G. C. Itussell, F.E.S. " Hadenoid genei'a with hairy eyes." — Prof. A. R. Uro e, M.A. '• Zygsena minos and its varieties." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Notes on the pupse of Castnia and Anthocharis." — T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. Besides these articles, a large number of short notes are contained in every number under the follewing titles: "Scientific Notes and Observations," " Variation," " Notes on Larvse and Life- histories," " Notes on Collecting," " Current Notes." The reports of Societies are very carefully edited, and only scientific paragraphs published. The " Practical Hints " and " Field work " for each month are quite unique. The entomologist who will read carefully through the back numbers of The Entomoloijist's Record will find himself better equipped for the further study of his subject than by any other means. Price 7/6 per volume, of Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose." Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.K. OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E- The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. W^. HEAD, ©ntoiuoloaii^t, BURNISXON, Nr. SeT^RBOROUGH. F'ull List of Ova, Larrae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatits, Cabinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LiARVJE A SPECIALITY. Photographed from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. >i H a" K IB i-i < _r Vol. XXVI. Plate XII. Photo. F. X. Clark. Neuration 01- Ebebl\, 1, 2, 3, lefebvkei. 4, 5, melas. T}ie Kiitoiiiolofjist's Record. Vol. XXVI. Plate XIII. Photo. F. Erismann, Figs. 1-8 * 10-17 E. manto. Figs. 19-24 E. gavarniensis. Figs. 9, 18, 25, 26, E. ceme. Tlie Entomolofiist's Record. EREBIA LEFEBVREI, BDV., ON CANIGOU. 105 Erebia lefebvrei, Bdv., on Canigou. {With ji re idates.) By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S. Mr. Bethune-Baker has afforded me the opportunity of examining a number of specimens of Krebia lefebvrei taken by him on the Canigou in 1912. He remarked about them that it was practically impossible to distinguish most of these specimens from E. welas from Greece. Staudinger makes the same remark as to the form axtiiT in his Cataloi/. (1901). To this I could only answer that I felt no reasonable doubt that they were lefebvrei, and that they could hardly possibly be vielas,. but must confess that I said this on the assumption that all Erebias of this facies in the Pyrenees were E. lefebvrei, that I had not, how- ever, examined the Canigou form, and that they might conceivably be distinct, though almost certainly not welas. In the result of an exami- nation of the 3 appendages and of the neuration, they agree absolutely with E. lefebvrei and differ, of course, as absolutely as it does from E. melas. I presume the reason Mr. Bethune-Baker referred the matter to me was, that he has a sufficiency of other irons in the fire, as his authority on matters of anatomical detail is unapproachable. I overhauled some of my specimens made some sixteen years ago, and examined also the appendages of some of the lefebvrei from the Canigou and also of astiir from the Picos de Europa. The appendages of lefebvrei c? present so much variation in the armature of the clasps, and Mr. Clark has made such excellent photo- graphs of many of them, that I cannot refrain from presenting figures of some of these. (Plates VIII. -IX.) There is no doubt that many times the number would not show any two precisely alike. I have never met with an exact duplicate. I put with them photographs of the appendages of E. acipio, and of E. pronoe, which species make the nearest approach in this matter to A', lefebvrei. E. scijjio is very like E. lefebvrei, the shoulder of the clasp is less prominent in reality, but is more so in so far that the body above it is more slender. The head in E. scipio is rounded and surrounded by spines, in E. lefebvrei it has a terminal larger spine, after the manner so pronounced in E. xti/ijne. E. pronoe is very similar, it has the terminal head spine like Ej. lefebvrei (and stygne), but the body and shoulder of the clasp are much lower ; E. neoridas is almost identical. To return to the relation of E. lefebvrei to E. melas, I am tempted to quote the chapter on " Snakes in Ireland," and say there is none. In vielas we have no .s(//r/»6-like spine on the head of the clasp and there is no shoulder, it is represented by one very small spine, sometimes b}'' a second, rarely by none, and then it is indistinguishable from nerine, which sometimes has, more usually is without, this spine. In the figure the more usual forms of the head are as in figs. 13 melas, 16 nerine, but melas fig. 14 ]S seen to have the spines on the head disposed precisely as in nerine fig. 16, Plate XI. Nerine is, in fact, not a distinct species, but a geographical race of inelas, more probably vice- versa, but }iielas is the older name. The neuration in Erebia is tolerably uniform and there is nearly as much variation within the limits of one species as between distinct species. The difterence between lefebvrei and melas is slight, and not constant. In the photographs on plate XII. it is not easy to say there May 15th, 1914. 106 THE entomologist's record. is any difference between the foi-ewings of fig. 2 lefehvrei, and fig. 4 inelas. These are in some degree exceptional. In melas, fig. 4 is a fairly usual example and agrees with fig. 5 in having veins 6, 7, and 10 well separate at their origins. In lefehvrei, fig. 2. it will be seen that though vein 10 is well separate, vein 6 is not. The most usual form in lefehvrei is shown in fig. 3, in which veins 7 and 10 originate almost together. But frequently they quite coalesce at their origins and vein 10 may arise from vein 6, even a considerable way along it as in fig. 1. In melai^ the origin of vein 10 is fairly constant as in the figures presented. In the hindwing there is no appreciable difference unless it be that, similarly to the forcAving, veins 6 and 7 are rather closer together in lefebcrei. The essential difference between the two species then is, that in E. iiiela^, the forewing has veins 6, 7, and 10, well separate in origin from the cell, and varies little and rarely from that arrangement. K. lefebvrei may be almost the same as E. nielas but rarely, usually either vein 6 or vein 10 arises in common or almost in common with 7 or even arises out of that vein ; it is more variable than melas. EXPLAXATION OF PlATES. Male appendages x 16. Plate 8. —Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, F. lefebvrei (Canigou). Plate 9. -Fig. 5, -Fig. 6, " ,, —Figs. 7, 8, ,, ,, (Gavarnie). Plate 10. -Fig. 9, !, ,» »» J, -Fig. 10, J> -Fig. 3, ,, ,, (Canigou). ,, -Fig. 4, E. vielas (Herculesbad). " -Fig. .5, " A Revision of the Genus Leptothorax, Mayr., in the British Isles. By W. C. CEAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S. (Concluded from page 96.) MALES. Table of j i being constant. (4) Habitats. Extremely varied in manto, with a great range in altitude. Very specialised in gavarniensis. From this I think it will be seen that there is no sufficient proof for regarding these two species as one, especially when it is remem- bered that both the points in favour of uniting them are to be found in other distinct species, the second one to a very much more marked extent. I have used the name i/avarniensiH throughout, merely for the sake of clearness, not from any wish to crowd another name into the existing mass, if there already is an available one. Explanation of Plate XIII. Figs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 E. manto. Figs. 19, 20, 21. 22, 23, 24 E. gavarniends. Figs. 9, 18, 25, 26 E. 'oeme. Photoiiraph by F. ErUmann Montreux. Lepidopterology. • This Fasciculus is " A propos des races geographiques occidentales de Parnassius apollo," and contains 84 plates with more than a * Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee, par Charles Oberthiir. Fasc. VIII. 114 THE entomologist's RECORD. hundred figures of P. ajiollo, executed with that beauty and finish that one has become so used to in these Ktiides that one ahiiost fails tO' notice how excellent it fs. The text is introduced by some forty odd pages occupied with one of those charming excursions, partly historical, partly biographical, with which M. Oberthiir sometimes favours us. Recalling how in vol. iv., in the dedication to his grandson, he expressed the spirit which animated his later works, he now tells us how 50 years ago he first captured P. apnllo in the Cevennes, and thereon discussed this form with his grandfather, in comparison with those taken in Fribourg. The transition is easy to reminiscences not altogether entomological, and he proceeds to give his fifteen grandchildren the chief points in the traditions left by their forbears. He is certainly correct in believing that his readers will find the presentation of these memories of the family and the family profession, in a work that relates to entomologists almost as much as to entomology, neither irrelevant nor uninteresting. The author's grandfather Francois Jacques Oberthiir was born in Strasburg in 1793. He was an excellent artist, learned in human anatomy, eminent in miniature-painting and as an engraver on copper. At Fribourg, he directed artistic works for the publisher Herder, and there he devoted himself to Entomology. He often told his grandson of the chase of P. apollo in the mountains near Fribourg, and loved to relate to him the delights of collecting in the Black Forest. Did space permit it would be interesting to transfer to the Bhit. llecord much of the account of the invention of Lithography by Aloys Senefelder, and of the association with him of F. J. Oberthiir. There is even a legend that an Oberthiir was the friend of Gutenberg, who had no more devoted fellow-worker. M. Oberthiir exclaims that the most imperative and honourable duty of his descendants is to carry on the art of typographical and lithographic printing which their ancestors practised in company with such illustrious inventors. In this interesting relation we find M. Oberthiir still displays strongly the poetic disposition, which Avas already evident in his report on the Excursion of the Entomological Society of France to the Cevennes in 1863 {Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1864), a report full of an ardent admiration of nature, as of scientific and business detail. The discussion of the western forms of Pamafntiini apnllo is very full. It appears that the race at Vernet-les-Bains is characterised by having a great diversity of forms, forms that are in other localities, local, distinctive and defined. In contrast with this polymorphic race of the Eastern Pyrenees, forms such as cscalerae, lozerae, iiidliciilut< and siciliae have each a very constant and comparatively uniform facias. The discussion of the various western races is very complete, and the figures render the text most easy to appreciate. M. Oberthiir finishes the narrative with a hope of some time dealing with the Eastern forms in similar fashion, but the very large mass of material, which he says is necessary to do this adequately, indefinitely postpones this further monument of scientific ardour. Fasc. IX. (1st Partie) contains further figures of Phalaenites described by Guenee, two figures of varieties of Artn/nniH pandora, one a rather remarkable one, lilicina, Obthr. There are also six plates of the types of Lepidoptera of California described by Boisduval in 1852 NEW SPECIES OF SYNT0MID,1=: FROM VENEZUELA. 115 and 1869 in the French and Belgian Annales. Except in one plate of "skippers," these are all Lycapnids. M. Oberthiir has hastened the appearance of these to assist several American entomologists who find difficulty in being sure of the correct nomenclature of various species. M. Oberthiir very properly observes how much this emphasises the necessity for descriptions being accompanied by figures. New Species of Syntomidae from Venezuela. By W. J. KAYE, F.E.S. EuCEREON MARA, n.Sp. Palpi with basal joint yellow. Collar orange. Legs brown, with the inside of the femur buff. Patagia brownish with some yellowish pubescence. Forewing opalescent with blackish elongated spots. The veins pale yellowish. A large area of blackish around the discocellulars, but broken up by the veins. Three pale yellowish marks on the costa placed equidistantly. Outer margin with a series of elongated blackish spots preceded by minute spots between veins 3, 4, and 4, 5. Inner margin with an indistinct double row of blackish spots which are best defined from base to middle. Hindwing opalescent, with the veins showing brown near outer margin. Abdomen buff below, black above, with yellow spots at sides, uniting on segments 9, 10, 11. The last segment black. Exp., 40mm. Habitat. — Venezuela, Caracas. Close to E. setosa, Sepp., but whiter. EUCEREON APICAFLAVA, n.Sp. Palpi greyish -black. Legs with white patches on outside of femur. Two con- spicuous yellow spots behind the eyes. Collar grey ; patagia brownish-grey with a dark mark in the centre. Thorax whitish-grey. Abdomen dark blackish-grey, the last segment pale yellowish-orange. Forewing grey mottled ; the veins all darkly sealed. Costa with a dark patch above centre of cell, a large blotch covering the discoidal area and reaching to the costa. A much indented apical dark band succeeded by a macular narrow greyish-white band, succeeded by a dark spot and finally a small greyish spot, which embraces the cilia. At tornus an irregular patch of dark scaling. Hindwing dark blackish-grey, slightly trans- lucent in the central area. Underside of forewing dark blackish-brown with a whitish spot wholly within the cell, and a much broken whitish sub-apical band. Exp., 46n\m. Habitat.- —Venezuela, Caracas. Close to E. xaiithiira, Schs. EuCEREON SERVATOR, n.Sp. Palpi second joint brown at base, fawn colour above ; third joint fawn colour. Head and thorax buff, patagia brown. Collar very narrowly red. Abdomen very dark brown, with segments 10, 11, vermillion red ; segments 6. 7, 8, 9, with red scaling on sides only. Last segment dark brown, edged internally with red. Forewing pale brownish-buff, with a dark central longitudinal fascia from base to apex interrupted at veins 4 and 6. Inner margin pale brown. Outer margin with a series of linear dark marks in the interspaces between the veins. Hindwing pearly, semi-transparent. Abdomen below pale buff, except on last segment. Exp., 44mm. Habitat. — Venezuela, Caracas. Close to patroua, Schs., but with hindwings wholly pearly. TrICHURA FUMIDA, n.Sp. Head black, with a few dark green scales in front and behind the eyes. Thorax and patagia black, with some scanty green scaling. Legs black, except for a few green scales on the middle of the femur. Abdomen black. Forewing dark smoky 116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD. hyaline. The costa hyaline for two-thirds the length of cell, narrowly black thence to apex. Diseoidal spot black, outer marginal band black, broader then costal band. Inner margin very narrowly black. Hindwing bluish hyaline with the apex broadly black, tapering rapidly and finishing at vein 2. Inner margin narrowly black. Exp., 34mra. Habitat. — Trinidad. St. Augustin, Nov. 13, 1913 (J. L. Guppy). Close to 1\ esiiieralda, Wlk., but without metallic abdominal spots, and smaller. (MOLEOPTERA. On April 2nd, 1913, my brother caught a specimen of hchnodea sam/iiinicollis, and a few days later I caught another in the same situation, namely, a hollow in an old elm in our garden. We also found remains of a third and some Elaterid larvte, but these may have been of some other species, since there were many elytra of other species found in the hole, together with owls' pellets. We looked again this year, but found nothing but a larva, which may or may not have been Ischnodes. — J. Bateson, The Manor House, Merton. ®URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Mr. T. Bainbridge Fletcher has been appointed Imperial Ento- mologist at the Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa. — M.B. Andre Petrovich Senienoff-Tian-Shansky, Hon. F.E.S., has been elected President of the Russian Entomological Society, in succession to his lamented father, whose obituary appears on page 127. — M.B. In the Fhit. Month. Ma(/. for March, Mr. G. C. Champion has commenced an account of an excursion to southern Tunisia, with notes on the Coleoptera, etc. As the Rev. F. D. Morice was also a member of the party, no doubt we shall have an account of the Hymenoptera of the districts visited. The outlying portions of the Palaearctic area are gradually being explored biologically by our foremost enthusiasts in Entomology. In this connection we understand that Messrs. W. G. Sheldon and A. H. Jones have gone on a long tour to the seldom visited districts of southern Russia. In the PJnt. Neivs for March is an article on North American Tinea, with descriptions of several new species, including an Ari/yrestJiia, by Annette F. Braun. Many naturalisations take place in the western continent, and, we presume, " imagoes " is one of them. In the same periodical a somewhat " tall " story is reproduced. It is stated in the New York Zoological Society's Bulletin that a great many mound-building ants have established colonies near the end of the shooting range at Lawton, Okla., and that the ants had collected the stray shot with the tiny particles of granite to build their mounds. More than 50 pounds of shot have been taken from the mounds investigated. Mr. A. A. Girault sends a communication to the Knt. Xeivs as to the use of Naphthaline as an insecticide. In a powdered state he applied it to both a kitten and an older cat which were badly infested with fleas, and successfully expelled the vermin. The treatment, however, slightly affected the cats, making them refuse their food for a day or two and be somewhat inactive. The powder was rubbed into the fur CURRENT NOTES. 117 and the vermin either went to the head, or dropped off in a comatose state on to paper, where they were readily seen and dealt with. The South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies will hold its Annual Congress at Bournemouth from June 10th to June 13th. It is to be hoped that when the full programme of papers is completed it will be found that Natural History will not be so far in the back- ground as it has been at the last two or three Congresses. The first day, as usual, is the day of assembly and introduction to the town and district. On each of the other days there will be three alternative field meetings, botanical, geological and archaeological, in the afternoon. The Conversazione is intended to be a great feature and combined with it will be the exhibition of a large number of objects of local interest which are in private collections and not usually open to inspection. We hear that the whole of a very famous collection of British butterflies and moths belonging to a well-known Bournemouth resident, will be on view in one of the numerous rooms of the annexe. The Congress bids fair to be an unusually successful one. In the Entomologist for March, Mr, W. G. Sheldon gives an account of the earlier stages of that local and beautiful Arctic butter- fly Colias lieda, from material obtained by him on his trip to Porsanger Fiord, in 1912. In the same magazine Mr. J. W. H. Harrison has begun a series of articles on the species of Poecilopsis, a genus established by himself for lappoiiaria and its congeners. This is an account of a portion of the task Mr. Harrison has set himself, r/:., to revise the " omnibus " genus Biston in Staudmger's Catalog, which he says contains elements from no fewer than six distinct genera: Biston, Leach; Lijcia, Hiib.; Ithijsia, Hiib.; Boecilopsis, Harr.; ApocJieiiiia, H.S.; and Microbiaton, Stgr. Two further publications of the United States National Museum have recently come to hand. One, a ('ontribution towards a Monograph of the Homopteroiis Insects of tlie Fanrihj Delpliacidae of North and South America, by David L. Crawford, from which we quote the following remarks, that are worth repeating, and should be borne in mind by all modern students of systemic entomology. " There is such a thing,, too, as 'splitting hairs' when it comes to classification, that is, drawing the confining lines of generic groups and species so narrow that it precludes any variation, and results in numerous genera and species- with the minutest and often absurd diflerences separating them." Many of our readers will, no doubt, endorse this statement fully. The- second. Type Species of the Genera of Ichneumon Flies, by Henry L. Viereck, which will, no doubt, be indispensable to those working in that order. We note that twelve genera are introduced for the first time,, and the type fixed, but without any diagnosis, and no reference is given in any of the twelve cases, in contradistinction to every other genus referred to. We cannot protest too much against the growing practice of attempting to establish genera by publishing a non-significant name. In No. 4 of this year's Bull. Sac. Ent. France, Mr. J. -J. Kiefier describes two species of Myrmecophilous Hymenoptera, new to science^ discovered by our colleague, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Aphanogmus rngriHecnbi us, from W^eybridge, found with Foriirica fusca, and (Jonostigniua fonuicaruni, from the New Forest and Nethy (wrongly spelt Netly), Bridge, with Formica rufa. Parts III. and IV. of the Ber. Ent. Zeit., the Transactions of the- 118 THE ENTOMOLOaiST'S RECORD. Berlin Entomological Society, like almost every periodical for some years, from the central area of the continent of Eiarope, exhibits Parnasshis-vaama.. Herr Felix Bryk describes Parnattsius iiinoiwsi/ne SLib-sp. u(/rjn))wvi as new from Jelabuga in the Wiatka province of of east-central Russia. At the same time he describes and names no less than five " forms " of the sub-species, mostly characterised by the aberrant disposition of the veins, rlz., ab. interci(hitalis, ab. kriilili-oirshi/, ab. acJtulzei, ab. si'r(/eji, and ab. syDiplecta. In a black and white plate he figures the sub-species 3^ and 5 , the sub-species craspi'dontis, the only form hitherto known from European Russia, with ab. incerta, from the Caucasus, and ab. karjala. The figures of ithe forms with aberrant neuration are also given. In the April number of the Knt. Mitt., our colleague, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, contributed notes on the various species of Riiralidac, from Formosa, and gives descriptions of several new species. Among the species noted from this far eastern island we find " a single speci- men of typical Celastrina ari/iohts taken at Suisharyo in February." The Can. Ent. for January contains descriptions of a number of new species of Xeptioda, and notes on several others, natives of North America, by Annette F. Braun, Cincinnatti. Several figures are given showing the characteristic mines of the species. In an article on the Synonymy of Florida Lepidoptera Messrs. W. Barnes and J. M. Dunnough "climb down " very considerably under "a grilling calcu- lated to prevent less enthusiastic entomologists from ever again •obtruding on the notice of the long-suffering entomological public," as the}^ say. The castigation was at the hands of Prof. Dyar. In the Revue Memnelle Naniiir for December Baron de Crombrugge makes some interesting remarks on the life histories of Aiz/i/iolepia (Plialonia) badiana and A. cnicana, Platyptilia goiiodactyla, Stenoptilia pterodactyla and Coleophora vacciniella. The last a new species to the Belgian fauna. Mr. H. Donisthorpe is engaged in writing a monograph of the British Ants. We understand that there will be full descriptions of all the genera and species, with separate tables of the distinguishing characters of males, females and workers. The orirt, Herbst, from Ceylon. He remarked that the aberration was apparently caused by a sudden change of temperature at the critical period of pupation. Corydalis orientalis, McLach. — Comm. J. J. Walker exhibited a S specimen of the gigantic Neuropteron, Conjdalis orientalis, McLach., taken by a native collector at Chuchow. Aberrant and Hybrid Heterocera. — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited : — (1) Cahjmnia [Cosmia) trapezina. A melanic ? , a worn specimen taken at sugar in Bexley Woods. (2) Zonosoma (Ephi/ra) annnlata and Z. pendalaria ; a long and very varied series of both species, showing extreme light, dark, and inter- mediate forms, and one very pink Z. pendalaria. (3) A series of hybrid Z. pendalaria 2 x annalata J ; specimens showing the markings of pendalaria most pronounced and the coloration of annalata prominent. The following papers were read : — "New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar," by Sir G. H. Kenrick, Bart., F.E.S. "The Caliculae of Australia," by Frank H. Taylor, F.E.S. •' Descriptions of New Species of Staphylinidae from India," by Malcolm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.E.S. " Psendacraea eanjtas var. Jiobleyi, Neave, and its models on Bugalla Island, Lake Victoria, with other members of the same combination;" " Pseadacraea boisd avali, Douh\., and its models, with special reference to Bugalla Island;" " The inheritance of small variations in the pattern of Papilio dardanas, Brown," by G. D. H. Carpenter, B.A., M.D., F.E.S. November Idth, 1913.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair. Wicken Fen. — It was announced that the Council had decided to make an annual grant of two guineas towards the maintenance of Wicken Fen. The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society : — Messrs. B. G. Adams, 15, Fernshaw Road, Chelsea; Barnard Ormiston Dickinson, B.A., 57, Castlenau, Barnes, S.W. ; Alfred Oliver Rowden, 3, Archibald Road, Exeter; Oscar Whittaker, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-upon-Mersey, Cheshire. SOCIETIES. 123 Spanish Rhopalocera. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited specimens of both sexes of Pleheins sephi/rus var. hesperica taken by him in June last at Albarracin. P. aephyrus, type and var. h/cidas, were also exhibited for comparison. Mr. Jones exhibited also from Albarracin, in Spain, Melitaea clesfontainii var. hoetica, Rbr., the Spanish form of M. desfontaim'i, Godt. (an Algerian butterfly) : both sexes were exhibited. An abnormal pairing. — Mr. E. E. Green exhibited two Pierid butterflies, of distinct genera, taken in coith at Aripu, Ceylon, viz., Appias lihj/thea, Fab., ^ , and Teracolas limbatiis, Butl., 9 . Variation in Heliconius doris, L. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a large and very variable series of Heliconinn doris. Mimicry (?) in Erebias. — Dr. Chapman exhibited some Erebias, showing how several species varied in parallel directions in difterent localities when they flew together. The species dealt with were E. melawpus, E. pharte, il. rcto, E. inanto and E. epiphrnn. A considerable discussion followed. Pierids AND THEIR ScENT- SCALES. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited a drawer contain- ing specimens of the genus Pierin, with drawings of their scent-scales. The Method by which Fleas infect with Plague. — Mr. A. Bacot exhibited slides showing the development of Plague Bacilli in the alimentary canal of the Flea, and the method of infection through the mouth, and read an important paper on that subject. A curious Larval Habit. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited some specimens of a lepidop- terous larva discovered by the Rev. A. Miles Moss, F.E.S., who, when collecting near Para, noticed a Saturniid caterpillar with black inter- segmental bands and long branched spines, a species of Automeris, some of the black bands of which appeared to be swollen. To his amazement these swellaigs, when touched, quickly slid over the back of the caterpillar to the other side with the hurried motion of a Pyralid larva, and indeed turned out to be small lepidopterous larvae as black and glossy as the bands of the Aiitdiiwris caterpillar. The following papers were read: — "Revision of the Mexican and Central American Malachiidae and Meli/ridae, with descriptions of new species," by George Charles Champion, F.Z.S. " Four new genera and species of Hipnenoptera from Australia," and "Three new species of AustraUan Hi/menoptera," by A. A. Girault, communicated by A.M. Lea, F.E.S., Govt. Entomologist, South Australia. December Srd, 1913. — Election of a Fellow. — Mr. Walter Ormiston, of Kalupahani, Haldumille, Ceylon, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Presentation to the Library.— -Dr. G. B. Longstafif presented to the Society, on behalf of a number of subscribers, a copy of Hiibner's " Exotische Schmetterlinge," original edition, being the copy selected by the late Mr. W. F. Kirby for Mr. Roland Trimen. Aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata. — Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited two curious specimens of Abra.vas urossiilariata. In the first the fore- wings were asymmetrical in marking, and the left lower wing was wanting. In the other the right lower wing was also wanting, but in its case there was a rudiment of it visible. Butterflies from Sao Paulo, Brazil.— Miss Diana R. Wilson, who was present as a visitor, exhibited a collection of butterflies caught in Brazil this year, during the last week of January and the first week of February. Mr. C. 0. Farquharson's record of Erotylid beetles in clay cells. — Prof. Poulton exhibited eight examples of the Hymenopteron Epismphida interrupta, Lac, found in one clay cell, and eleven examples found in 124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. another, by Mr. C. 0. Farquharsor, B.Sc, at Moor Plantation, near Ibadan, S. Nie^eria. Mr. W. A. Lamborne's observations on the Driver ants (Dorylus) of Southern Nigeria. — Prof. Poulton read notes received from Mr. Lamborn and exhibited the material referred to. South American papilios. — Dr, K. Jordan exhibited a series of species of the two groups of Papilios called by Hasse Connmdestinis and PharviacopliafiuH respectively. The Association of Thorictus and Myrmecocystus. — Mr. Champion exhibited a specimen of T/iorictns parcueta, Wasm., attached to the scape of the left antenna of a worker of an ant, Mi/rmecocj/stus viatirus, F. Mr. Donisthorpe observed that Thoric- tus was always associated with ants, and carried about by them in this man- ner. Three incipient colonies of ants brought up by unaided $ ^ . — • Mr. W. C. Crawley exhibited : (1) Three deillated ? $ of L. nvjer, L., taken in the Isle of Wight, July 1911. These, after rearing § ^ s, fought until only one survived. (2) A ? oi Aphaenoija^ter aubtenanea, Latr., taken August 1912, at Yvorne, with Prof. Forel, after marriage- flight, brought up two '^ ? by September 1918. (8) Six ? ? of L. fiavua, Fabr., taken after marriage-flight at Seaton, July 14th, 1912. They built a cell together and brought up ^ ^ by June 28rd, 1918. Stalk-eyed Flies. — Mr. 0. E. Janson exhibited specimens of Laglasia caloptera, Bigot, one of the curious forms of Diptera with stalked eyes, from the Arfak Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. Gonepteryx cleopatra. — Capt. E. B. Purefoy exhibited two more specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra with gynandromorphous colouring. North American Butter- flies.— Mr. E. B. Ashby exhibited a number of Nearctic Butterflies. Heliconius anderida. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a very large series of specimens of Heliconius anderida, ranging into a number of forms which tended to become fairly definite subspecies in different geo- graphical regions. Scent apparatus of Amauris egialea. — Dr. H. Eltringham gave a preliminary account of the scent apparatus in Awauris ei/ialea comparing the same with that of ^.')rmn«.s, illustrated by drawings, and microphotographs of sections of the brush. The follow- ing paper was read — " New Species of South American Butterflies," by W. F. H. Rosenberg, F.E.S., and G. Talbot, F.E.S. Mr. Talbot made the following exhibits in connection with this paper : — (1) Six- teen new species of S. American Butterflies. (2) A black and brown mimetic combination from Yahuarmayo, S.E. Peru, October and November, 9 species. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society. — iS'oveiither \3th. — Address. — Prof. W. Bateson, F.R.S., gave an address on the " Problem of Species which overlap Geographically," illustrating his remarks Avith numerous lantern slides. Races of P. APOLLO. — Mr. Curwen exhibited specimens of Parnassins apollo from Eclepens and the Laquinthal, mostly very large examples, and including var. pseud ono)inon from Eclepens. Hybrids of Z. annulata and Z. pendularia. — Mr. Newman, long and variable series of Zonosotna annulata and Z. pendularia, with many dark aberrations, and also a series of the hybrid between these two species, showing well the characters of both. Noue)uher 27th. — The Annual Exhibition of Varieties, etc. — Additions to the Society's Collections.— Mr. West (Greenwich), the Hon. Curator, fifteen cabinet drawers of the Society's reference collection of Lepidoptera, with whiuh had been incorporated a portion SOCIETIES. 125 of the Dawson collection. A. thersites and P. icarus ab. icarinus, AND A BLACK A. AGLAiA. — Di'. Chapman, a nearly black An/i/)inis aiflaia from Le Lauteret, July 18th, 1918, and specimens oi Ai/riadcn the)-tiite!<, FohjonDiiatiis icarus, and var. icariniix, with diagrams to show the different alignment of spots. Burmese Moths. — Mr. Edwards, a box of conspicuously coloured Heterocera from Burmah. P. hecataeus. — Mr. H. Moore, the rare Papilio hecataeus from the Solomon Islands. Varieties of Ornithoptera. — Mr. Schmassmann, a series of varieties in the 3 of Ornithoptera heciiha, and a pair of the gorgeous (J. alexandrae from New Guinea. Melanic and xanthic aberrations. — The Rev. G. Wheeler, examples of melanic and xanthic aberrations, including Arf/ipmis niobe ab. pelopia, Melitaea phnebe ab., M. varia ab., M. cin.viaabh., and Melanarfiia i/alathea ab. of the former, and A. niohe var. eris, Calli)uorpha doiuinnla var. persona, etc., of the latter, and referred to many species in which yellow was produced in aberrational forms. Third brood of C. argiolus and aberrations of A. coridon. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series of third brood ( 'elastrina argiolus, and discussed the species as to its appearance during the present season. He also showed long series of Af/riadcs coridon, including ab. syniirapha, ab. seiui-sj/nf/rapha, and many other fine aberrations and series from many localities. Boarmia aberrations and melanic A. virgularia. — Mr. Baumann, a series of Boarmia repandata from several localities, including var. sodorensiuni and var. conrersaria, and specimens of the melanic form of Acidalia virf/ularia, which he was placing in the iS'ociety's collection. Aberrations of British LEPiDOPTERA.^Mr. Bright, a large number of striking aberrations of British Lepidoptera, including long series of undersides of Ar/riades thetis and A. coridon, a white aberration of Ar;/;/nnis paphia, Colias edusa with wings richly shot with purple, a curious Satiirnia pavonia of female coloration with male antennae, etc. Races of C. tiphon. — Mr. Grosvenor, his fine collection of Coenonympha tiphon and its local races. Italian and Swiss Lyc^enid.e. — Mr. Curwen, numerous Lycaenidae taken by him in Italy and Switzerland, and many aberrations of Melitaea didyma. Hybrid Sphinges and aberrations. — Mr. Newman, a varied series of recently- bred Sinerinthus ocellatus ; series of Auwrpha popidi from pale cream to almost black colour, with intermediate and rich pink forms ; and a series of hybrid ocellatus J x popuH ? , two being of the rare ? form. S. American Nymphalids. — ^Mr. A. Gibbs, a section of his collection of S. American Nymphalids, including many of the brilliant species in the genus Perisania. M. desfontainii. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon, his long series of Melitaea desfontainii, taken by him at Albarracin this year, and a series of M. aurinia var. iberica from near Barcelona for comparison. Agriades variation. — Mr. T. W. Hall, cabinet drawers of Ayriades coridon and A. thetis, showing great aberration with very pronounced blue females, and some females curiously splashed with blue. Photographs of Life-histories. — Mr. Main, frames containing series of photographs of the life-histories of Cicindela canipestris (tiger- beetle), ('hrysopa fiava (lace-wing fly), Fhyllotoma aceris (jumping saw- fly), etc. Varied bred series of Lepidoptera. — Mr. Tonge, a bred series of Fsilura monacha, including the black form ab. ereinita: a long series of lapinostola concolor : etc. Assimilation of colour IN species of MelinyEa and Heliconius. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a case of 28 pairs of the S. American genera Melinaea and Heliconius, 126 THE entomologist's record. found flying together and assimilating to each other in colour. Aberrations of British Lepidoptrra from Ireland. — -Commander Gwatkin-Williams, aberrations of British Lepidoptera from Ireland, including KpinepJiele jintina with banded hindwings, $ s, several Cidaria, which possibly may be C. concinnata, Xanthorho'e montanata, with band obsolete, confluent Anthrocera trifolu, Euchlo'e card a mines, 2 s, with ochreous hindwings, etc. Debris from wasp excavations. — Mr. Chas. Oldham, two collections of small chalk stones that he had collected within a small radius of the openings of two wasps' nests, and which the wasps had been unable to carry to a greater distance. Aberrations of British Lepidoptera. — Mr. A. W. Buckstone, for Mr. Archer, a bleached form of A)u/eronct pmnaria, ^ , from Oxshott ; an almost black LitJiosia helvola (deplana) from Wimbledon ; and an Acidolia which was supposed to be a very aberrant form of A. siihsericp- ata. Variation in Melltnia ocellaris. — Mr. H. Worsley-Wood, numerous forms of Mellinia ocellaris, including ab. lineaiju, ab. inter- viedia, with A/, iiilrafio for comparison ; yellow Brephos parthenias from Wimbledon, and lead-coloured males of Agriades thetis from Corfe. Melanic aberrations. — Rev. J. Tarbat, black suffused forms of Brenthis euphrnsijne, ab. nii/ro-sparsata of Abraxas f/rossnlariata and a Cidaria trimcata, with a broad banded forewing. Hybrids and gynandro- MORPHOUS Selenia. — Mr. Haynes, a series of hybrid Seleiiia tetralunaria ^ X S. bilunaria J , with a large preponderance of gynandromorphous specimens ; melanic and ochreous varieties of Ennomos quercinaria, etc. Variation in E. stygne. — Mr. H. J. Turner, a series of Fhehia styiine from the continent, to show the extreme local variation in the Alps and Pyrenees. C. edusa in 1913. — Messrs. Sharp and C. W. Colthrup, many Colias edusa from the south-eastern district representative of the species in 1913. December 12t/i, 1913. — -Mr. Tatchell, of Bournemouth, was elected a member. — The Ithomiin.e. — Mr. W. J. Kaye read a paper, " The Ithoiiiiinae," and illustrated it with a fine selection of examples of the different groups of the sub-family. The Furniture Mite. — Mr. Hall reported a case of the occurrence of the "furniture mite" and asked how the pest could be effectively dealt with. Diptera and the late season. — Mr. Step, a box of Diptera, chiefly St/rplridae, taken at flowers of Michaelmas daisy in October and December. An Autumn bred N. plantaginis. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series of NemeopJdla plantar/inis bred from ova laid hy a Grassmere female in July 1912. One larva fed up and pupated in September, and the imago came out on October 27th. The rest hibernated, several together, in the debris of the cage and emerged in due course the following .June. M. ocellaris. — He also showed four Mellinia ocellaris presented to the Society by Mr. H. Worsley-Wood. A local form of Erebia ceto. — Mr. Carwen, a series of Erebia ceto near the form ab. obsciira, from the Simplon Pass. Variation in British Lepidoptera. — Mr. Carr, a collection of Lepi- doptera from Staffordshire and N. Wales, including very strongly marked forms of Acidalia mariiinepnnctata and some nice banded examples of Melanippe tristata. Report. — Mr. Adkin read a Report of the Annual Conference of Delegates of Societies affiliated to the British Association. Jannarij 8tli. — New Members. — Messrs. D. A. Gotch, of Northampton; A. Leeds, of Knebsworth; W. H. Jackson, of Wimble- OBITUARY. 127 don ; and T. H. Archer, of Southfields, were elected members. Paper. — Mr. Hugh Main gave an interesting account of his holiday in Switzerland in 1918, entitled " The Brunig Road," and illustrated his address with a large number of lantern slides made mainly from his own photographs. The Furniture Mite. — Mr. Step, a photograph by Mr. West (Ashtead) of the " furniture mite," (ThjciphaiiuH cnrsor. Janiiari/ 22iid. — Annual Meeting. — The Balance Sheet and Report of the Council were received and adopted, and the Officers and Council for the coming year were declared elected. Annual Address. — The President read his Annual Address, and after giving an account of the present status of the Society, dealt at considerable length with some phases of his special study of the ova of Lepidoptera, particularly of wild-laid ova. New President. — -The usual votes of thanks were accorded, and the new President, Mr. B. H. Smith, took the chair. Teratological L. fallens. — Mr. Newman exhibited a small specimen of Lencania pallens taken at sugar at Newark, with three well- developed antenn;e, of which one was much thicker than usual, and towards the tip was bifid. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — January 19th, 1914. — Local List. — A discussion upon " Varieties and Species recently added to the local list of Lepidoptera " was opened by Mr. W. Mansbridge. Novelties were confined almost entirely to the Micro-lepidoptera and to Variation. Twenty-six species new to Lancashire and Cheshire since the last published list were enume- rated, one of them, Scoparia vafra, May, being new to science. The increasing tendency to melanism and the spread of melanic forms was commented upon, instances being lioarinia tepandata becoming more frequent at Delamere, in its black form (var. 7iii/ra) ; Fidonia atoinaria, from near Burnley and Chat Moss ; and Tortrix custana, from Liver- pool and Burnley. He also mentioned that the black forms of Aplecta nebulom did not appear to be increasing in relative numbers at Delamere, on the contrary, in 1913 the percentage bred from wild larvae was smaller than usual. Captures of rare species. — ^Mr, S. P. Doudney exhibited a specimen of Hippotion [Chaerocampa) celerio captured at Prescot, and Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a specimen of Catoi-ala fraxini having very dark, almost black, forewings, bred from a Sussex female. I (OBITUARY. Petr Petrovich Semenoff-Tian-Shansky. We regret to announce the death, on February 26th, 1914, last, of Petr Petrovich Semenoft'-Tian-Shansky, from pneumonia, after a very brief illness, in his 88th year. His numerous and important writings were devoted to geography, geology, botany, statistics, and art. Semenoff was born on the family estate Urusovo, in the Govern- ment of Riazan, in January, 1827. In 1849 he joined the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, which he served so faithfully for over half a century. It was in 1856 and 1857 that he explored the then scarcely- known mountain ranges of Altai and Tian-Shan. In the spring of 1858 he returned to Petersburg, having explored 23 passes, measured the altitude of 50 peaks, and brought back 300 rock, and over 1,000 botanical specimens. In honour of this great achievement the title Tian-Shansky was added to his family name. 128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD His earnest desire to undertake a further expedition to these fascinating, and, in those days, mysterious lands, was never executed, for, in 1859, he was appointed a member of the committee entrusted by Alexander II., with the task of elaborating the scheme for the emanci- pation of the serfs, which culminated in the famous Ukaz, of February 19th, 1861. Collaboration in, and the editing of an immense work, Tlie (jfeoj/raiiliical Dictionanj of the RuHsian Empire, occupied his energies from 1860 till 1885. As long ago as 1864 he undertook his last expedition into the field, which resulted in a paper on the Devonian Shales of central Eussia. In the same year he was appointed Director of the Central Statistical Committee, under the Ministry of the Interior, a post which he held till 1880. In 1872 he was elected President of the Permanent International Statistical Commission, and was appointed member of the Senate in 1887. He inspired the great Russian census of 1897, but took no part in working out the results, as he was appointed a member of the Imperial Council, so that he trans- ferred his energies from science to legislation. In 1873 he succeeded Count von Liitke as Vice-President of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society,''' which entered under his auspices, upon the most brilliant phase of its history. In spite of his numerous official occupations, he found time, in the evening of his days, to produce a great work under the title " Russia," in 22 volumes, a detailed monograph of the geography, geology, statistics, ethnography, economy and history of his beloved father- land. His own Geographical Society elected him Honorary Member in 1886, the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1873. The Royal Geographical Society of London awarded him the Founder's Gold Medal in 1897, and the Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, in 1910, awarded him the Ritter-Medal, striking it, as a special compliment, in gold instead of silver. The Tzar conferred upon him a whole series of decorations, culminating in the First Degree of the Order of St. Vladimir, and the German Emperor gave the Order "Pour le Merite','' in recognition of his great services to science. He had occupied his spare moments in forming a very rich collec- tion of Palaearctic Coleoptera, reputed to be the largest private collection in Europe. He had also accumulated an exceedingly fine collection of pictures, entirely of the Flemish and Dutch schools, of which he was acknowledged to be an unrivalled connoisseur. He rejected numerous tempting offers to sell them to collectors, dealers and museums from all parts of Europe, preferring to dispose of his works of art at a nominal price to the famous gallery of the Hermitage, so that it is preserved for the nation. It is characteristic of this Grand Old Man of Russia that he worked up to the very day of that short sharp illness that proved fatal. Those who had the privilege of his a.cquaintance and had enjoyed his hospitality could appreciate, as well as his encycloptedic knowledge and untiring energy, the kindness of heart, genial manner and constant cheerfulness, due to the unbounded optimism which was the keynote of his character. — M.B. * The President, since the foundation of the Society, was the Grand Duke Constant) ne Nikolaievich. WATKINS &. DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1/3, 2/-, '2/6, 3/-. Folding Nets, 3/6 4/-, 4/6. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7/-. Pocket Boxes (deal), 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/G. 'zinc Collecting Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen, 1 gross, 1/6. Entomological Pins, 1/6 per ounce. Pocket Lanterns, 2/6 to 8/-. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1/6, 2/-. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin. Store-Boxes, with camphor cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-. 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SYNOPSIS OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF WESTERN EUROPE. By IVIALGOLM BURR, D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.L.S.. F.E.S.. &g. Bound in Cloth, 160 pp., with good Index (Specific and Generic). Price 3s. net. A pocket handbook for the use of collectors in the field. Covers all species found west of the Carpathian Mts. Description of each species, habits, habitats and distributionj Will he sent Post Free ou receipt of Postal Order for 3s. to — A. H., 41, Wisteria Road, Lewishatn, S.E. GREAT DISCOVERY ! ! I Newman's Water Purifier; — A boon to every breeder, saves endless work and prevents much disease in larvas. No more stinking water and putrid food in your breeding cages. All know that nettles, dock, and most foodplants, when placed in jars of water, become putrid and the water stinks in a few days. I have discovered a preparation which, placed in the bottom of jar or any water receptacle, will keep the water pure and sweet for weeks and the food- plant irom decaying in the water. Price 7d. and 1/1 per packet. Post Free. Spring Price List ready. Write at once for one. Many Bargains. REMEMBER MY RELAXING TINS. L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., Bexley, Kent.} CONTENTS. PAGE. Erebia lefebvrei, Bdv., on Canigou, T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. (With five plates.) . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 A Revision of the Genus Leptothorax, Mayr, in the British Isles, W. C. Crawley, B. A., F.E.S 106 Erebia manto and E. gavarniensis, B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S. (With a plate.) . . 109 Lepidopterology, 2'. .4. C/iaj»??um. il/.D., i''.£.S. 113 New Species of Syntomidae from Venezuela, W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. . . . . . . 115 CoLKOPTERA : — Ischnodes sanguinicollis, J. Bateson , . . . . . , . . . 116 CuRKENT Notes and Short Notices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116 Societies : — The Entomological Society of London ; The South London Entomo- logical Society ; The Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. . .. 121 Obituary : — Petr Petrovich Semenoff-Tian-Shansky, M.B. . . , . . . . . 127 Plates VIII. and IX. will be issued with the June number. Plates X., XL, XII. and XIII. are issued with this number. Communications have been received or have been promised from Messrs. G. T. Bethune-Baker, G. Wheeler, R. S. Bagnall, C. W. Colthrup, A. Home, F. W. Frohawk, Dr. Burr, H. J. Turner, C. P. Pickett, etc., with Reports of Societies and Reviews. Several more plates have been promised to illustrate articles. All MS. and editorial matter should be sent ftnd all proofs returned toHv. J. Torner, 98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, S.E. We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send iis coinmiudcations identical with those they are sending to other magazines. Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. EDUCATION IN SWITZERLAND. INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE, STAEFA, LAKE OF ZURICH. \A/E GUARANTEE a pupil of fair abilities to master ^ ' thoroughly Fbench and German in one year. Rapid preparation for all University and Polytechnikum entrance exams. 80% successes in the last five years. Country life, sports, boating, tennis, skiing, skating, etc. Prospectus on demand. Head=master: P. A. H. MUSCHAMP, B.A., F.E.S. LEONARD TATCHELL & Co., Breeders and Collectors of ============: British Butterflies and Moths, 23, The Arcade, BOURNEMOUTH, OFFER THEIR NEW LISTS OF LIVING LARVAE & PUPiE, :: IMAGINES, LIFE-HISTORIES, AND APPARATUS. Many good Vars., and Melanic Forms. 10, 12, 1.5, 20 and 40 Drawers Cabinets in good condition. Full particulars on application. Subscriptions for Vol. XXVI. are overdue. ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOR JOURNAL OF VARIATIO EicHARD 8. BAGNALL, r.L.8.,F.E.s. |. T. A, CHAPMAN, m.d.,f.z.8., F Jas. E. COLLIN, F.E.s. H. St. J, K. DONISTHORPE F;Z.8., I Alfred SICH, f.e.s. J. R. le B, TOMLIN, m.a., f.b. George WHEELER, m.a., f.i Heney J. TUENEB, f.e.s.. Editorial Secretary. JUNE Idth, 1914. Price SIXPENCE (NJii). WITH TWO PLATES (VIII., IX.) Subscription for Complete Volume, post (Iiichidiiigall DOUBLE NUMBERS, eto.> SEVEN SHILLINGS, TO BE lOmVARDED TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., " Beeteo.'^e," Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 7, Paterkostek Bow, E.C BERLIN : T> T'T)TI?1^T A"'Mri'n't> it, dnVK! STEVENS' AUCTION ROOMS Qt.) TUESDAY. JUNE 30th. Mr. J. C. STEVENS will offer by Auction the Collection of :: :: Sx^itlsli. lVlic]?o - lepicloipt e]:*£i. formed by Mr. C. CAPPER, comprising long series of recently bred examples with data, many inter- esting varieties and hybrids. The Collection of :: :; Si^ii^isli. lVIic]:>o-le]3ido]ptex*a. formed by the late Mr. J. B. THRELFAIiL, including the Tortrices and Tintese, and the'Psychidse and Ptero- phoridse ; together with other properties. Catalogues in course of preparation. 38, KING STREET, COYENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP/E. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. -W. HEAD, @titontola0l0t, jbUrnisxon, Nr. sct^rboroUgH. Full Lint of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., sent on application. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARYiE A SPECIALITY. Photograpbed from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. BUTTERFLIES IN THE TYROL IN 1911 AND 1912. 129 Butterflies in tlie Tyrol in 1911 and 1912. By J. N. KEYNES, M.A., Sc.D., F.E.S. I paid a visit to the Tyrol with my wife in the summer of 1911, and with my wife and son in the summer of 1912;' and the following is a brief record of some of the butterflies taken in these two years. The dates at which the localities mentioned were visited were as follows: — Eggen thai, near Bozen (June 27th and 30th, 1911, June 30th and July 2nd, 1912) ; Sarnthal, near Bozen (June 28th, 1911) ; Trafoi (July 2nd to 6th, 1911) ; Sulden (July 7th to 11th, 1911) ; Karersee (July 8rd to 6th, 1912) ; Madonna di Campiglio (July 8th to 11th, 1912) ; Spondinig (July 12th, 1911) ; Mendel Pass (June 29th, and July 14th to 17th, 1911, July 12th to 15th, 1912) ; Brenner (July 18th to 21st, 1931, July 17th to 20th, 1912). In 1911 the weather was for the most part brilliant; in 1912 it was very broken. There was a corresponding contrast in the productiveness of the two seasons. The insects taken were fresh and in good condition unless mention is made to the contrary. Hesperiid.e. — Eri/nnis lavatcrae. — Exceptionally fine specimens both in the Eggenthal and in the Sarnthal. Hesperia androiiiedae. — One specimen at Brenner on July 17th, 1912, and a fine series at Trafoi in 1911. At Trafoi the insect was flying freely, but over a limited range only, at a height of about 7,500 feet. Adopaea Uneola. — Specimens taken in the Eggenthal are consider- ably larger than any we have met with elsewhere. Lyc.enid.e. — Chrijsophanus hippotlio'e var. eiirijbia. — This insect was very fresh at Madonna di Campiglio on July 11th, 1912, and our captures included some fine and very dark $ s. Loweia alciphroii vsly. pordiits. — Eggenthal and Sarnthal. We took only one 2 • The front wings of this specimen have wider black margins than in the case of specimens we have taken in Switzerland or the Pyrenees, and the hindwings are much more suffused with black. The S s are, on the average, finer than the Swiss specimens^ but do not appear to have any distinctive peculiarities. L. dorilis var. subalpina. — -Brenner and Trafoi. Rmnicia phlaeas. — A s]Decimen taken on the Mendel Pass on July 15th, 1912, having the copper colour much sufl'used with dark, and with very distinct tails, is presumably referable to the form eleus. Lycaena arion. — -A $ taken in the Eggenthal on June 30th, 1911, is one of the finest I have seen. Specimens taken at Brenner and Trafoi are of the form obscura. L. tolas. — Two fine fresh specimens were taken in the Eggenthal on June 27th, 1911, and one in the Sarnthal on the following day. As usual this insect was remarkably rapid on the wing, and captures were difficult. No specimens were seen in the Eggenthal in 1912. Polyommatus amandtis. — ^s common in the Eggenthal and the Sarnthal and on the Mendel Pass. A remarkably fine race, the specimens being, on the average, very much larger than those taken in the Khone Valley, and some quite as large as L. iolas. 5 s were scarce. Two specimens taken on the Mendel Pass on July 13th and 14th, 1912, had evidently only just emerged. These were of a glossy, June 15th, 1914. 130 THE entomologist's RECORD. blue-black shade, and the usual description of the 5 as brown would, in their case, certainly not apply. Judging, however, from one's ordinary captures, it would appear that the colour tones down to brown after quite a short flight. P. nieleaifer. — Eggenthal and Sarnthal, J s only. F. eroii. — Brenner, not common. Latiorina orbitulus. — Sulden, not common. AlhuUna phereteH. — Sulden, Karersee, Brenner, including ab. $ caendeopunctata. The specimens shew great variety in the number of eye-spots on the underside of the front wing. Scolitantides baton. — One J in good condition at Spondinig on July 12th, 1911. S. oriun ab. nii/ra. — One fine 5 in the Sarnthal on June 28th, 1911. I acciniina optilete. — Fairly frequent at Brenner. Everes coretas. — In the Eggenthal, and on the Mendel Pass, in both cases worn. Xonlniannia ilicis. — In the Eggenthal and the Sarnthal, worn. Rlngia spini. — On the Mendel Pass, July 12th, 1912, worn. PAPiLioNiDiE. — Papiiio podaliriiis. — Mendel Pass. Parnassiiis apullo. — Fine dark 5 s in the Sarnthal. Parnassius vineuiosyve. — Madonna di Campiglio, not common. Pieris napi var. J bryoniae. — An exceptionally fine specimen, with deep yellow ground colour, at Madonna di Campiglio. Pontia callidice. — Sulden, Trafoi. Colias pldcomone. — Madonna di Campiglio. NYMPHALiDyE. — Argyiinis adippe. — Mendel Pass. Aryynnis niobe var. eris. — Eggenthal. Brenthis thore. — Two taken at Trafoi, on July 3rd, 1911, and one at Brenner, on July 19th, 1911 ; all rather Avorn. No others seen at Trafoi ; one or two others at Brenner. B. daphne. — Frequent in the Eggenthal. B. pales ab. $ napaea. — Some fine specimens of this form were taken at Brenner. Melitaea cynthia. — Sulden and Brenner; not common at either place, and getting worn. M. aurinia, var. werope. — Sulden, Brenner. Melitaea asteria. — This species occurred in very fair numbers at Brenner. It was getting worn, but in the two years we secured a fine series of both t? s and ? s. It is an inconspicuous insect, not very easy to capture, and might at first be mistaken for a small moth. M. parthenie var. varia. — Sulden. M. athalia. — We took a fine variety of this species on the Mendel Pass, with a bright orange ground colour ; the black markings are heavy, but there are wide central light bands on both wings. M. dictynna. — Generally distributed, and varying considerably in size. On the Mendel Pass we took one specimen expanding only 30mm. Envanessa antiopa. — Eggenthal, Mendel. Eiujonia polyehloros. — Eggenthal. Lviienitis popnli. — We took this insect in excellent condition both in the Eggenthal and on the Mendel Pass. One magnificent 2 expands 84mm. BUTTERFLIES IN THE TYROL IN 1911 AND 1912. 131 I. caniilla. — Eggenthal, Mendel Pass. L. dbijlla. — Eggenthal, Mendel Pass. Neptis hicilla. — -We took a good series of this insect in the Eggenthal, in 1911. In the same locality and at the same date in 1912 it was scarce, and badly worn. On the Mendel Pass we took one good specimen on July 13th, 1912, and saw one or two others. Apatnra iris. — Eggenthal, scarce. Libijthea celtis. — This species was fairly common in the Eggenthal and the Sarnthal, and on the Mendel Pass, and we took a fine series. The specimens are considerably larger than those we took at Hercules- bad, which is the only other locality in which we have met with this insect. It is very constant in its markings, but we have one specimen in which the usual dark orange of the front wing is replaced by much lighter orange. Satyrid.e. — Pararge achine. — Mendel Pass, with larger eye-spots than we have found elsewhere. Sati/rns henitione. — Mendel Pass, a very fane race. S. cordida. — Spondinig. A rather small form, and very difficult to catch. In this respect a great contrast to the same species at Digne, where it is not easy to avoid catching more than one wants. Hipparchia briseis. — Spondinig, specimens smaller and also darker than those taken in Hungary. H. semele. — Mendel Pass, dark and very fine ; difficult to catch. Oeneis aello. — Sulden, Trafoi. Erebia epiphmn. — Sulden, Brenner; generally rather worn. As usual, this species shews a good deal of variation. The eye-spots in the (J s are not, as a rule, very conspicuous. A good many of the specimens are of the form nelanncs, and in one or two, both bands and spots are quite obsolete. There is less variation in the 2 s. E. xulampns. — Campiglio, Mendel, Brenner. E. pharte. — Brenner. Rather worn. E. vinestia. — Madonna di Campiglio. E. alecto. — We took this species at Trafoi, Sulden, Karersee, and Madonna di Campiglio, and the resulting series is an extremely inter- esting one. At Madonna di Campiglio the insect was scarce. The four specimens taken were ^y s in good condition, and all of the form nicholli, which closely resembles E. melas of Eastern Europe, and one of the varieties of the Pyrenean Fl. lefebvrei. There is no trace of mahoganj'^ suffusion, but the white eye-spots in deep black rings are prominent (two close together on the front wing, and three, more removed from one another, on the hindwing). At Karersee the species was more plentiful. Out of nineteen KD TO HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S., " BeETRO&E," GliLLATLV ROAD, New Ckoss, S.E. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 7; Patebnostek Bow, E.C. BERLIN : K. FKlEDLANDEll & SOHN, READ THE BACK Nos. OF THE Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation (Practical Hints, Field Work, etc. useful for every year's collecting). VOL. VI. The TITLES of some of the articles are as follows : — Notes on Butterfly Pupse, with some remarks on the Phylogenesis of the Rhopalocera." — Dr. T. A, Chapman, F.E.S., "Phytophagic Species." — Prof. A. iiadcHffe Qrote, M..4. " Varieties and aberrations of Nocture from Doncaster." — H. H. Cnrbett, M.R.C.'S. "The frenulum of the British species of Smerinthus."— G. C. OriiHthf, F.Z.8., F.E.S. " Eucliyas stie-johannis.,' — A. liaUcUfle'Grote, M.A. "Parthenogenesis or Aganiogenesis." — J. W. Tiitt, F.E.S. " Larvaj."— Rec. G. M. A'. Hewitt, M.A. "Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1894." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Generic Names in the Noctuidse." — Peor. A. ]{. Qrote, M.A. " Pupa hunting in October."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Polvgamv and Polyandry in Moths." "The nature of certain insect colours."— ir.S. liidiiin, M.D., R. Freer, M.B., J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Ser. C. li. N. Burrows, J. Anderson, Jun. "The Lepidoptera of Swansea." — Major li. B. liohertson. " Caradrina ambigua in the Isle of Wight."— -J. ./. Hodiies. " The instcts of Bourg St. Maurice."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Orrhodia erythrocephala ab. glabra from Devonshire and comparison with U. vaccinii."— Dr. W. S. Biding, F.E.S. "Notes on Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Entomology and Entomologists, being the Annual Address to the City of London Entom. Society." Notes on Aphomia sociella " (with plate). — W. P. Blar.khurne Maze, F.E.S. "Apterous females and Winter Emergence "—E. F. Sludd, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S., L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Collecting Noctuidie by Lake Erie."— ^. Badclijfe Grate, M.A. " Coleoptera at Ipsy/ich."— Claude Morley, F.E.S. "Notes on Bombus visurgise." " Synonymic Notes on Acidalia humilata and A. dilutaria." — L. B. Prout, F.E.S, "The Lepidoptera of Gr6sy-sur-Aix." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. " Apatura iris."— iJi^'r. G. M. A. Hewett' " Scheme of Classification of the Rhopalocera founded on the structure of the Pupoe." — T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. " Glimpses of American Entomology."— J. TF. Tutt, F.E.S. " The Genus Smerinthus." — A, Bacot. " Variation considered biologically : Some notes suggested by the Romanes Lecture of 1S!)4."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Wing structure."— J. Alston Moffatt. "On the development of sex in social insects." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "The British representatives of the Genus Caradrina." — L. B. Prout, F.E.S. " Habits and variation of Lithosia lutarella and its variety pygmaeola."— J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. On the gradual disappearance of Lepidoptera from South-Eastern London and its neighbourhood." — C.Fenn, F.E.S. "A hunt for Neuroterusapi-ilinus." — T'.A. Chapman. M.O., F.E.S. "On the development of pigment in Neraeobius lucina." — F. ,T. Buckell, M.B. "The Macro-Lepi- doptera of Keswick."— H. J. B(;«(Z;«. " Varieties of Argynnis selene " (with plate). — S. G. C. Russell, F.E.S. " Hadenoid genera with hairy eyes." — Prof. A. B. Oro'e, 31. A. '• Zygfena minos and its varieties." — J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. "Notes on the pupse of Castnia and Anthocharis."— T. A. Chapman, M.I)., F.E.S. Besides these articles, a large number of short notes are contained in every number under the follewing titles: " Scientific Notes and Observations," " Variation," " Notes on Larvn?. and Life- histories," " Notes on Collecting," " Current Notes." The reports of Societies are very carefully edited, and only scientific paragraphs published. The " Practical Hints " and " Field work " for each month are quite unique. The entomologist who will read carefully through the back numbers of The Entomologist's Uecord will find himself better equipped for the further study of his subject than by any other means. Price 7/6 per volume, of Mr. H. E. Page, " Bertrose." GelatUy Road, New Cross, S.E. OVA, LARV/E, AND PUP^. The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is H. M^. HEAD, ©tiUnnoUniiot, bUrNistoN, Nr. sct^rboroUgH. Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets etc., sent on ap/dication. Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. Lantern Slides in Natural Colours. LEPIDOPTERA & LARViE A SPECIALITY. Pbotograpbecl from life and true to Nature in every detail. SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c., By same Colour Process. LANTERN SLIDES MADE TO ORDER FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARYiE, LIFE SIZE, ON lYORINE TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET. For List apply to — CHARLES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycarney, DUBLIN. LATE SUMMER IN NORWAY. 15P> Late Summer in Norway. By P. A. and D. A. J. BUXTON. I. — Lesje. 'The insects with which the first part of this paper deals were taken about the Romsdal-Gudbransdal watershed between July 25th and August 1st, 1913. This is really much too late in the season for collecting in Norway. The locality was also given a passing visit at, the end of August. The watershed is formed, not of a ridge, but b}^ a lake (Lesjeskogens Vand), at about 2,000ft. Pine forest rises from this level to about 2,700fD., filling tbe whole country below that level, except for a few hay-fields round the farms, and a number of bogs and meres, mainly consisting of sphagnum, moss and cotton-grass. The actual pine forest is not interesting, " reindeer-moss " forming almost the only undergrowth. Above the pines, birch trees [Bftulu alba) extend to 8,000ft. This zone is much more open, and there is an undergrowth of blaeberry ( Vacciniiiiii vnjrtilliif.) supplemented by other plants of the same genus, with I'ljnila spp., Trieittalin ennijuica, (Ji)runs sitecica, etc. In damp places the birch trees and their undergrowth extend down- wards as low as " lake level " (2,000ft.). Above tree-line, which is sharply defined, the birch is replaced by a creeping ally, Betiila nana. A dwarf willow, some two inches high, is found with many Ericaceous and Vacciniaceous plants, such as are described below for the higher zones in the Surendal. About fourteen species of butterflies were still flying at the end of July. Except where otherwise stated it is to be presumed that the species occurred near Lesjevoerk (2,000fc.). C'olias palacno var. lappunica was taken round the edges of a bog ; males were fresh, females had not appeared. One stray specimen was taken above tree-line. Judging from the British Museum series, 2-3, 000ft. is normal for this insect in Scandinavia. A specimen in poor condition turned up at Molmen on August 29th. There was some variation in depth of ground colour and in amount of dark markings. Brenthis selene and B. euphrosi/ne were rather going over by July 25th. B. pales var. arsilache and B. pales were in good condition ; the former from 2,000it. to beyond tree line, the latter attaining an altitude of nearly 4,000ft. The distinctness of the two forms was not grasped at the time, but probably their ranges overlap, and some specimens can hardly be assigned to one or the other form. A form of Avfninniii niohe var. eris $ s was common enough and fairly fresh, in some hay-fields. The Norse form is small, dull, and lacking in red on the upperside, and also on the forewing underside. A. a $> ^^^ nymph), were also taken. "We took the following Caddis-flies : Liinnophihis stigma, Curt., L. auricula, Curt., Halesus radiatiis. Curt., lUnjaciiphila nubila, Zett., and Pldlopotamus viontanus, Donovan. Al^o, umong the Odonata : AeHcItna coerulea, Strom, (common), and A. jnncea, L. Among the Perhd^: Leuctra diijitata, Kempny ; and among the May- flies : Cloeun situ He, Eaton. Erebia manto var. gavarniensis. By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D. One or two correspondents seem to think I ought to make some reply to Mr. *\\'arren's paper on p. 109 of this volume ; though for my own part, having nothing to alter in what I have already said (p. 35), I hardly see the necessity. Mr. Warren notes that I deal with manto and caecilia of nearly equal sizes ; this ought to have prevented his point (8) in which he apparently accuses me of the error that he thinks I had imputed to him. This I certainly did not do, as I supposed his observations were properly made and accurately recorded. As regards (6) angulation of cell in hindwing, I thmk the figures on PI. III. fully justify my saying there is no such difference. (6) Here again Mr. Warren forgets that I was comparing specimens of almost identical size. (7) Falls under the same remark. Now I do not for one moment suppose that Mr. Warren does not report precisely the facts that his specimens show, but I should like him to admit that I do the same. I think our divergence arises from Mr. Warren making his obser- vations on manto from an area in Switzerland, where practically all the races are small. I have manto of larger size than average caecilia : several of my specimens of the latter expand 44mm. only (I have no very small ones), whilst my manto average little less than this; I have a good many of 44mm. and several up to 46mm. in expanse, and have one specimen as small as 34mm. My largest specimens are from Innsbruck, St. Anton, and Chamonix. I also saw a large form near Cogne. Now there was one point as to which my facts were not impartially gathered. In order to easier comparison, 1 selected specimens for examination of the neuration as nearly of the same size in the two forms as might be. In doing so I had no other intention than easy comparability, but I think the result, as far as the questions of neuration go, is to show^ that in comparing manto and caecilia, Mr. Warren was comparing small manto with larger, and, as it happens, found a fair average difference, I was comparing large manto with EREBIA MANTO VAR. GAVARNIENSIS. 159 large nianto, and so found practically no difference. If this is so, it follows that the neurational differences found by Mr. Warren between Diaitto aud caecilia rather prove them to be the same species than distinct. Mr. Warren's small nianto differ on the average from my large )iianto precisely as they differ from caecilia, with which my large vianto agree. The differences, therefore, that he detects would, if of specific weight, divide Alpine utanto into two species, one co- specific with caecilia from the Pyrenees. There appears to arise from this discussion one point of very considerable interest, which it will no doubt require a good deal of further investigation to elucidate and confirm. This is, that, so far as concerns the neuration in Krebia iiianto and presumably in other species, the range of variation in large specimens and races differs from that in the smaller ones in such a way that certain deviations from mean value are more frequent in larger specimens, others in the smaller, so that it is even possible to assert, as Mr. Warren does, that the differences between the large and small forms is of specific value. The difference in vertical range between the two forms is, so far as we know, considerable. That of )naiito is great, but caecilia between Cauterets and (iavarnie, has a range of about 1,500ft., and it must be remembered that we do not know much of its actual range. As to the restriction in each locality, we also know little of caecilia, the Cauterets locality is of some area, and iiianto can also inhabit rather restricted areas. As to their being distinct species, this is largely a matter of personal equation. In many species, forms, much more distinct than these, are held to be geographical varieties. I take these to be so also, the difference between them suggest to me that they would prove to be quite syngamic, if the matter could be put to the test. As the applica- tion of such a test is highly improbable it remains as open to Mr. Warren to take one view of the probable result, as for me to take the other. As to names, my opinion can claim no weight, but I think that caecilia and the names discussed by Mr. Kowland-Brown, )iiorio and petrosiiK, are unsuitable as being applicable rather to aberrations than to a racial variety, and if coustans, Eiffinger, fails on account of the misapprehension under which it arose, though a name is a name no matter how it came to be applied, then iiararniemis, Warren, is the valid varietal name. Synonymic Notes on the Ruralidas. By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. (Concluded from page 136.) This brings us to Staudinger's " omnibus " genus Ltjcaeiia, Fab., in which great subdivision is imperatively necessary. Continuing for convenience's sake the order of Staudinger's Catalof/, the first elimina- tion that is necessary is the aif/iades group, and with them will go the scbriis-iiii)nnniii section, but not seiiiiaiy/iis. These form the iireridae. Eceres, Hb., type (miiades. — I pla.ce in this genus all the argiadea group including (for the present) the brown Eastern section com- prising the fischeri and .cuthitf; allies, for which Tutt has proposed the name ToiKjeia, type lischeri, and I must include Biwjlianiia, type 160 THE entomologist's record. pariiiafiius ; I have yet to discover wherein these differ from Everes. With Botliria clumneUii I need not deal in this paper. Cnpido, Schrank. — Tutt is quite correct in his history of Kirby's selection of vn'ninuis as the type. Kirby himself confirmed it to me, and admitted ic might have been better not to have selected the species named, and he also recognised that, having once selected the type, he had no power to alter it ; this, he said, he did not consider at the time of his suggested revision. Scudder's action in selecting arion as the type, after Kirby had already selected nii)iiiiiiis, is ultra vires. In this genus must also be included sebrioi, B., lorquinii, H.S., huddhista, Alph., standiiu/eri, Chr., alaina, Stgr., guela and prosecuf^a. The next elimination is ar(/iis, L., and all its allies. Pleheius, L. — The type was fixed by Kirby as ar^ed with pale ochreous, and show the whitish neuration of both pairs of wings. The whole surface is covered with very line raised reticulations, which are white on the wings and central surface of the abdomen, and brown over the rest of the pupa. Excepting the wings, the surface is sprinkled with minute brown lenticles and numeious tiny white bristles with brown disc-like bases. The larval honey- gland shows as a small central brownish scar and a very small detached abrasion at each end. 170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. When about eighteen days old, the eyes begin to deepen in colour. and the wings gradually assume an opaque-yellowish hue which very gradually becomes quite opaque and of a deep cream colour, and the thorax brown ; the abdomen by slow degrees turns duller, and the wings deepen into leaden-grey, and finally show the colouring of the imago. The pupa having no ciemastral hooks is unattached to anything, it rests on the surface of the ground surrounded by strands of silk forming a very slight cocoon-like structure, spun to fallen leaves or other suitable objects which partly form a covering. The anal segment remains embedded in the cast larval skin, the hairs of which as well as those of the pupa become entangled in the silk. A larva which pupated on May 28th produced a male imago on June 26th, and another which pupated on May 29th produced a female butterfly on June 27th, the pupal state lasting for twenty-nine days. Note in Answer to Dr. Jordan's, IMr. Bethune=Baker's and the Rev. G. Wheeler's Observations on my "Revision of the Linnean Types of Pala£arctic Rhopalocera." By ROGER VERITY, M.D., F.E.S. Having read Dr. Jordan's note concerning my paper on the Linnean types of Pabvarctic Rhopalocera, I wish to thank hiui first of all for the special interest he has taken in it and for his kind judgment. On the other hand I must frankly state that I am unable to follow some of his arguments. Thus, why should the specimens left to us by Linneus, with the documentary evidence of labels in his own handwriting, be denied the status of "types'?" Should this conclusion be accepted, all the ancient collections left to us by the pioneers of modern nomen- clature would have to be dealt with in the same way, none of those naturalists having ever pinned on their specimens a label with the word " type," as is now the custom. It seems to me there is every reason to believe, on the contrary, that in those days in which such scanty material was available, and descriptions were generally made from one or two specimens only, the specimens left to us were, in most instances, the only ones the author had ever seen, thus resulting types par excellence. Dealing with such minute creatures as insects, it is highly im- probable that Linneus should have been, in the vast majority of cases,! so thoroughly acquainted with them as to be able to describe them from memory, as he may have done with the larger vertebrates and plants, and I do not see any reason why one should believe he discarded the specimens he used for his description to substitute others. On the contrary, we have an actual proof that he carefully preserved his most ancient specimens, the butterflies described in 1758, or before that memorable year, not being set at all, or being set much more roughly than those which were described at a later period. Besides it seems to me nobody can be a better judge of the distinctive * Journal of the Linnean Society. — Zoology, Vol. xxxii. (May, 1913). f Such species as rapae, palaeno, etc., which are abundant in Scandinavia, and liave a very simple pattern, may have been exceptions, and, in fact, we find some evidence of it. NOTE IN ANSWER TO OBSERVATIONS. 171 characters described by the author of a species than that author him- self, SO that I cannot conceive why, when the specimen from which he drew his first description is no more available, another speciiiien in existence named by him should not be accepted as the type of that species, if no reason to the contrary arises. When an author gives a description which can apply to two species, and leaves no specimen of it or, on the contrary, leaves specimens of the two species labelled by himself with the same name, I quite agree that the first subsequent naturalist, who revises the species, has a right to restrict it to the one he chooses. But Linneus has never done so in a single instance. In the few cases of composite species one insect alone bears his label, the other, or others, having evidently only been put in to show what he considered to be varieties, and being very often set so as to display the underside ; therefore there is never any question as to which he meant io be the type. My vieAV on this point is that we should not restrict ourselves to accept as irrevocably consecrated only what has passed through the printer's press, and that documentary evidence of facts, such as those yielded by the Linnean collection, should be recognised as having more weight in the balance than the views of subsequent writers, which are based only on data furnished by literature. They were excellent up to the present day in the particular case of most Linnean lepidoptera, but we should not hesitate to correct them now that more has been added to our l^nowledge. As regards for instance the ApatHrae, quoted by Dr. Jordan, Linneus having actually left us specimens of two varieties of a single species labelled by himself, why should we apply his name to another species ? I fail to see why we should argue that the distinctive character of the existing Linnean specimens must necessarily have been absent in the insect he used for his description on the ground that he did not mention it ; his descriptions are far from being exhaustive enough for us to draw conclusions from negative evidence ; the eye-spot on the forewing is not a striking feature, and, as Linneus was not acquainted with the allied species, in which it is absent, he had no reason to mention it particularly. As regards the name podalirins, I frankly own that the argument of its having been created for Rosel's excellent figure seems sufficient to maintain it, annulling the subsequent description in which Linneus erroneously applied the same name to another species. It must, however, be emphasized that this conclusion can only be applied to this case, in which no description is given, as it would be extremely dangerous to make it a general rule to refer to Linneus's quotations of figures by previous authors with a view to clearing doubts arising from his own descriptions ; the paragraph on herniione in which he quotes good figures of SatijyHs circe and tidia and the one on virf/aiireae in which he quotes figures of hi/iputhoe J and phlai'as, afibrd excellent examples of blunders of this sort, which are carried on throughout the Linnean literature. Dr. Jordan's argument on the AniijniiiK I have answered by givin^^ my views on the validity of types ; suffice it to add that, as the specimen in question bears a label with the name "cijdip/ie'' and not adippe, Ave have a sure proof that the specimen cannot have been 172 THE entomologist's RECORD. inserted in the collection very long after the publication of the first name''' ; besides, the specimen is the only Linnean one of its kind and agreeri perfectly with the original description, so that in this case we have particularly good reasons to believe that it is the very one used by Linneus in 1761. Anyhow I should deem it wise to accept as typical any single specimen bearing a name in the hand-writing of its author, unless it should not agi'ee with the original description or there should be any other particular cause pointing to the contrary. If for every specimen, which can reasonably be held a type, we were to demand positive proofs that it corresponds to the definition of that status, we would be obliged simply on academic grounds to discard an enormous amount of valuable data, proofs of such a nature being generally impossible to furnish. Finally, however, I wish to state that I fully agree with Dr. Jordan that changes of names ought only to be made when necessary to establish nomenclature on definite bases. Having thus summarised my views on the points which have been emphasised by my first critic, I wish to add a few observations regarding what has been said about my paper by Mr. Bethune-Baker,t and by the Rev. G. Wheeler. | The former, 1 think, will be fully satisfied with my declaration concerning podaliriuii. As to his observation that "had Linneus marked his own xth. edition, it would have been more easy to accept at least some of the conclusions arrived at " by me, I am glad to be able to point out that the xth. edition has actually been so marked, and that every one of the species described m it, which are marked in the xiith. edition (except two, probably due to an oversight), are also marked in that volume. Thus we have a sure proof that Linneus did possess the palfearctic species he described in the vast majority of cases, and did not add a single one to his collection after having dealt with it. What's more, I am glad to see that species, specimens of which I had considered Linnean, although they were not marked in the xiith. edition, are, on the contrary, actually marked in the xth., thus showing they had only been overlooked by Linneus in going over the former, and that ray inferences, drawn from the labels, the pins and the setting, were quite correct. As regards the particular use of viniaiireac, the Rev. G. Wheeler has exhaustively gone into the question and amply proved that my conclusions are correct. Concerning ]n]))iot]io'e, I am quite prepared to see the three names of utieberi, Linnean hippotluie and mirm standing together to correspond to orannla, Linnean viriiaiireae and inalpi)ins.% As a matter of fact, in the two Linnean specimens the orange band on the underside of the hindwings described by Linneus does exist, but it is much shorter, narrower, and less bright than in the large, bright * i.e. : after Linneus ebanged the name njiUppe into adippe in his subsequent work, having noticed he had employed the former also for an Oriental Ccthosia. This alteration is not necessary according to modern rules and anyhow the Argynnis has the right of priority. t Tlie Ent. Bee, vol. xxv., p. 251 et seq., and p. 272 et seq. I Ijoc. cit., vol. xxvi., p. 28 et seq. S This name, which does not meet with the approval of the Rev. G. Wheeler is used by Saetonius and by Brutidius in Cicero's Epistidae, and means " inhabi- tant of the Alps." NOTE IN ANSWER TO OBSERVATIONS. 173 Central-European form, for which I have proposed the name of mirns. I am quite aware that male specimens similar to theLinnean Jiippntho'e do occur in many localities besides Scandinavia, but this species having been described in Fauna saecioa, the nimotypical race is certainly the Scandinavian one, and a more exhaustive study of the females will surely show whether it occurs in tuto also in other localities ; anyhow, minis is perfectly distinct from it in some regions, such as those I have mentioned in my first description. /r/rt.s. — With reference to this name both Mr. Bethune-Baker and the Rev. G. Wheeler have, it seems to me, misinterpreted my exhibition of facts and my conclusions, although I have done my best to make things clear in my private correspondence with the former. I will now try and complete the data as well as the inferences I draw from them. The name idafi, as Mr. Bethune-Baker correctly states, first appeared in Linnean literature in St/st. Xat., xth. edit., accompanied, by the following description: " Pajiilio barbariis alifi nifpis concolorihns, piinrtis 10 fiaris oratiii sparsis. Habitat in Indiis." I will waste no words to show what an extraordinary assumption Mr. Bethune- Baker makes in stating that " the description exactly suits an Indian female of P. icanis," and again that " in the absence of the type I (B-B.) look upon that idaa as the female of our icani'i." Surely Linneus has never revealed himself so inaccurate as to describe as "sparsis," "ovatis" and "fiavis" markings, which in icariis female would be quite similar to those he very clearly describes as "fascia terminali riifa Dcellari " in the other idas. I will presently deal with, nor can we be so offensive towards him as to think he would not have detected the similarity of icanis to his arr/nx, instead of placing it amongst the Barhari and right at the end of his group Papilio ( = butterflies) ! For what species Barharus idas is meant, it is difficult to say, and it is useless to make hazardous assumptions about it ; but what interests us in the present case is that we can be pretty well certain it is not a Lycaena, as none of the knov/n species would answer to that description. Idas has been the subject of a special correspondence between Prof. Courvoisier, of Bale, and myself, and I am glad to be able to quote his authority, and say that he is perfectly of my opinion that the groups into which Linneus has divided his insects ought to be considered as genera, this having been the first attempt to create them; so that as the International Code on Zoological Nomenclature does not prevent us from using the same name in different genera understood in the modern restricted sense, there is no reason why Linneus should not have done the same in his widely distinct groups of species. I conclude I cannot follow either Mr. Bethune-Baker's or the Rev. G. Wheeler's arguments by which the former considers the name idas as " pre- occupied in the group" Lycaena, a^ndi the latter as "a homonym which cannot be employed for any species." If this were the case many other well-known names would have to be altered, such as hylas, eleus and tclainon, which are all three amongst the Barbari of Linneus, and have, notwithstanding, been subsequently accepted for a Lycaena, a ChrysophauKs and a Sericiniis, not to mention many others. Hoping to have set out mj views clearly on this point, I will now consider the second Linnean name idas applied to a Pleheins ruralis. This name we first find in the iind. edition of Fauna anecica given as noiiien tririale, to the insect which has the followmg noinen sperAficnm. 174 TiiK kntomolo(;ist"s kkcoud. " Papilio idas alls ccaiKlatis caenilcis : /totitiris /ascia triiin'jiali tufa occlhni : snbtiis inijiillix caenih'n-anicntt'ix." The importance of this definition statin<>: the wings are blue with orange marginal lunules is greatly increased bj' the fact that amongst the older (very large, thick pins and wings not set) Linnean specimens there exists a female l.i/rocna answering exactly to that description. As it is a most typical specimen of what Standinger calls /.. ariinro- (f)io)iioit, Bgstr., female aberi'ation vallariia, Stdgr. (not to mention the other names it has been known by), I suggested in my first paper on this subject to adopt the name idox, thus obviating the hopeless confusion wliich exists in the nomenclat\ire of this species and of its near ally anius. The Rev. G. Wheeler suggests, instead, going back to the names " aniim" and " aft/oii " on the ground that Linneus has, according to him, " included the two species under one name" ; but this assumption is again (juite wrong, for Linneus only subsequently suggested that his uhis might, be the female of his an/iis. V\ g now see quite clearly that he was accidentally right the first time in describing the male specimens under one name and the female ones under another. He also perhaps made a mistake in grouping his other specimen, a brown one, with idas and labelling it with this name, as it may he a female of annis (a point of which I am not certain, as already stated in my previous paper) : but this has no importance, as this mistake would have occurred later, after he had clearly defined idas as blue in the noiiioi xiuriiinoii, a fact upon which Linneus himself could not come back, and which fixes the blue female in the collection as the type of idos and excludes the brown one definitely. Anyhow the name lutjon, ScbitVermiiller must fall before arti'un, L., now we know for cei'tain for which of the two species Linneus mesint the latter ; SchilTermiiller was unfortunate in his choice between the two, just as he was with the aforementioned Afiatmae and Sati/ri. The root of the question as to whether my suggestion of adopting the names nn/iis, L. and idan, L., is to be accepted or not lies in the following propositions : (1) Can the same name be used to designate both a riebeiiis and a liailxxnis .' (2) Is the nomen spcciticinn of a Linnean species to be considered as its first description ? (3) Is the blue Li/roena in the Linnean collection, which in every way seems to be the one from which the itomoi siKrifinnn of idas was drawn, to be accepted as its " type ? " Some of the criticisms of the Rev. G. Wheeler I have answered in an indirect way, dealing with Dr. Jordan's and Mr. Bethune-P)aker's papers ; suffice it then for me to add a few words concerning some species he mentions particularly. His observations about the names ./o.s<'» Siudjasitis are quite correct and I discovered my oversight very soon after my first paper was published. Those concerning nudx' I quite understand he should have made and I was wrong in not being more exhaustive in my first exposition of the matter. I should have stated that I was myself struck at first by the fact that the description and the specimen labelled by Linneus did not agree, the former mentioning inacidis aniruti'ix whereas the latter belongs to the form ois usually, in its most typical form, with no silver at all on the wings. It was only after a closer investigation I was able to understand that the description, and the specimen NOTE IN ANSWER TO OBSERVATIONS. 175 answered each other so admirably as nearly to furnish an absolute proof that the latter is the very one from which the former was drawn. In reading uiacidis arnenteiti one is of course immediately inclined to think^of the specimens in which the silvery spots are fully developed, but ,it must be observed that Linneus in the noDien Hperiiiciuii states that the Hiandia an/enteis are thirteen, and that in the brief descrip- tion which follows it he specifies that there are seven marginal spots {" iiiacidis . . . vy/rt/y/?«ai//>/(.s ") and SIX specks (" /)/mr^/.s ") across the disc of the wing. Now, in the so-called nimotypical niobe, there exist no less than 27 and sometimes as many as 84 silver markings on the hindwing alone. On examining the Linnean specimen we instead, find that the seven marginal sub-triangular spots have a slight silvei'v shine and that the six rust-coloured spots on the light band which crosses the disc have minute, but most distinct, silver pupils. Thus it answers perfectly to Linneus's accurate description. On the other hand the specimen can only be regarded as belonging to the form usually known as eriii, 0., because all the large basal markings are yellow and the aforementioned marginal ones are but very slightly silvery. That is why I do not hesitate to consider the latter as the nimotypical form of the species'''. As to ri/ilip/H', it seems to me there is first of all no reason to accept the change Linneus proposed when he converted it into aclippe, simply because he chose to call another species by that name : cydijijie was the first name given to the Ariiynnin, and cijdippe it must remain : if any- thing, the Oriental (Jethnsia, described some years later, should receive another name, as I have already mentioned ; but njilippe can stand for both, as they belong to entirely different groups and oilippe can be nothing else but a synonym of cipUj)pe as far as tlie genus Aniynnia is concerned ; it is remarkable no entomologist should have noticed this before, independently of my latest discovery that the species first figured by Esper is not the one for which either of these naines was intended. heniiiovc and alnjone. — Here again the Rev. G. Wheeler is not correct in stating that Linneus described the two species under the name lieiinionc : his description may be insufficient to decide which of the two he was dealing with (though I personally think the fulvous band, mentioned as being on the underside of the forewings, is sufficient to designate the species subsequently named alajone, Schiff.), but the specimen now under our eyes, labelled by himself, seems sufficient to eliminate any doubt also on this point, and Schifi'ermiiller's tentative choice between the two, which, as in other cases, turned out unfortunate, must be corrected. Macro. — I own I am very surprised at my critic's observations about this species. There certainly mny exist faint traces of a tawny band on the upperside of some Scandinavian specimens and these bands may, on the contrary, be alxsent in some Cenr.ral-European specimens (these individual variations generally occur amongst all races), but the point of chief interest is that monotonia, Schilde, has the underside of the forewings of a dark chocolate colour with a * It is also noteworthy that Linneus in his descriptions of an^i/)7;e = cyrf;;?/>e compares it to (iglida and not to niohe, which shows the Isitter must have had quite a different look from the specimens with fully developed silver markings, a character to which he evidently gave considerahle specific importance. 170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. mobogany coloured patch and the hindwings thickly shaded with dark scaling ; these characters the Linnean specimens possess to a high dejifree, so that there is no mistaking them for the races from the rest of Europe, for which I have suggested the name nihiarh, g^nd in which all have in common a tawny underside to the forewings iind, usually, light-coloured hindwings. I have thus tried to clear the points in which I had been misinter- preted by my critics and to correct a few others in which they seem to me to have been inaccurate. The alterations in nomenclature I have suggested are, I agree, very drastic ; they have already excited the wrath of some entomologists and met with the approval of others. I must leave it to a jury of authorities to give its verdict on the subject ! Lepidopterology '. By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D. This Volume is prefaced by a statement of the "eminent honour " conferred on the author by the Academic dcs Sciences in awardmg the Cuvier prize for 1913, "a M. Charles Obertliiir, de Rcnnen, pour les Etudes d'Entomologie et les Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee," with an expression of the author's gratitude and encouragement. The first paper is by M. Oberthur on the South American Apaturas, dealing with 25 species, with ten plates containing 37 figures. The next treats of the Lepidoptera of the Sino-Thebetau region, with 38 figures on seven plates, largely of new species and new forms described. A new Castnia from Uruguay has a place on the last plate. We then arrive at the further elucidation of the Lepidoptera of California described by Boisduval ; these are Melitaeids, Argynnids and Satyrids, with 39 figures on seven plates, on the last plate is also a figure of a var. of Pieris bras.slcae, vasquezi, Obtb., J , and on the same plate is a figure of Boisduval's specimen of i'arnassiiis noinion from Eschscholtz, Alaska ''close to the Arctic circle). The figure certainly seems to show a specimen of P. noiuion. The labels on the specimen say "California," "Eschscholtz, Calif, russe." Russian California is Alaska, and is in a dift'erent latitude from California as now understood, though the latter is quoted as the habitat of this specimen by various authors. A new Syrichthus, S. i/iacdomwufiiri, Obth., is also figured on this plate, from Arizona. An interesting paper by Standfuss follows, on hybrid Sinerinthiis, a hybrid, lenniae, Stdfs., between tiliae and ocellatiis, first described by Standfuss in the Annales de la Sac. Ent. Fr. for 1901 (p. 86), is here figured, as also hybrid neojialaearctica, Stdfs., between ocellata and excaecata, Abbot and Smith (described by Stdfuss. in 1907). Further hybrids of the genus L'elerio are also figured, as well as species of the genus Epistor. There is next a paper on the further work that has been done in regard to the variation in At/lia tan, since the preceeding papers in the third volume of the Lcjiidopteroloj/ie comparee. M. Oberthur illustrates certain points b)^ comparison with species {a species ?) of the American genus Pseiid(dia::if!, with two plates, and also six plates * Etudes de L&pidopUrologie comparie, par Charles Oberthur. Fasc. IX (2nd Parti e). ^■1 •^"^^• ^ S \, ON THE CORRELATION OF PATTERN IN RHOPALOCERA. 177 of forms of Ai/lia tan : this is followed by a more detailed account (in German and French), by Dr. Standfuss, of crossing of mutational and other forms, their relative fertility, etc. The first 21 plates in the volume are portraits of eighteen Lepidop- terists, all well-known to English entomologists, the most interesting being, perhaps, the six first, Boisduval, Herrich-Schaefler, Rambur, de Graslin, Guenee, and Milliere, and the two last, Reverdin and Oberthiir. The remaining plates we have already referred to as fully as space permits, being by M. Culot, praise of them is superfluous. On the Correlation of Pattern and Structure in Rhopalocera with special reference to the Ruralidae. {With aeroi idate.s.) By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S. {T]te subject of a paper read before the British Associntion.in Birmingham in 1913.) It is many years ago since Schoyen's discussion on Lijcaena arnus and L. aegon (as the two species were then called) took place, and I only mention it now because it was his papers that impelled me to vmdertake what had till then been a more or less spasmodic investi- gation, viz., a thorough systematic study of the sexual armature of butterflies, and especially of that group of butterflies to which those two species belonged. I felt that we ought not to depend solely upon pattern for the dift'erentiation of closely allied species, and I therefore at once set about making microscopic preparations of all the Palsearctic species of the Ruralidae. This naturally led on to a much wider field of research, extending beyond the Rhopalocera and also beyond the Lepidoptera. The taxonomie value of these organs gradually pressed itself forcibly upon me, until to-day I regard them as necessary to the correct grouping of the Puiralidac, and probably (I do not say certainly) of other families of Rhopalocera, if not of the Lepidoptera as a whole, so that in any cases of doubt after the neuration, I should first investigate the sexual organs. Long continued study of these organs gradually brought to light the fact that a marked change of form in them was also accompanied by a change in pattern in the species and the genus. From the very beginning I had learned that there were small specific difl'erences, but it was only a wide experience that could show their value from the taxonomie point of view, and it is this view, especially, that I want to lay before my readers, viz., that so far as the linralidae in their widest sense are concerned, it is a fact that change of structure is accompanied by change of pattern, or, vice versa, change of structure accompanies change of pattern. As my first instance may I give one of the species already mentioned, Plebeiiis argns (the type of the genus riebeiim), and compare with it an allied genus Celastrina, whose type is aryiolus. The difi"erence in colour is at once apparent, whilst the pattern of the underside is very diverse. These distinctions are followed by an equal change in the male armature. P. anjus (PI. xiv., fig. 1), has the longish clasp, the gently projected (backwards) girdle, the tegumen strongly bifid and very narrow in front with strong falces or hooks, and with the -apical hood fairly broad. In C. argiolua (PL xiv., fig. 2), the clasp is totally 178 THE entomologist's I'tECOKD. different, being sharply excavated beyond the centre and terminating- in a long dagger-shaped point, the girdle is suddenly projected back- wards, and the bifid fore-part of the tegumen has very copious broad cheeks without falces, whilst the apical ridge is much elevated and reduced to a very narrow saddle. The asdoeagus is also quite different in shape. Kceres aiyiades (PL xiv., fig. 4), may be taken as somewhat near to (\ nrf/ioliix, but again the colour and underside pattern show a different development, and this is more strongly marked in the armature, whilst the nenration also differs slightly. The marked difference in the clasp will be seen at once, as also in the tegumen, but the tedoeagus is nearer. At the same time, if we refer to the clasp of an/iolns and also oi piispa (PI. xiv., tig. 3), the process of the development of the clasp of the genus Celaatrina towards Kceren is quite evident, viz., the curving downwards of the long spike of the upper margin so as to form the long recurved hook of the latter [lu-ereH). The tegumen is very diverse being greatly reduced with its greatest development along the dorsal line, whilst the cheeks are much reduced, and have short spikes in place of the falces, these being of the most reduced form of this organ that I know of in the group. The nearest species in pattern to this genus (omitting the genus Cupido, which is an Everid) is perhaps Glaucopsyc/ie cijllaras (PI. xiv., fig. 5,), but the male armature differs and the colour and pattern are in reality different from both though difficult to describe in words. The clasp is large and heavy, and in its termination is a modification of both the previous ones; the tegumen is very near Celastrina, in fact it might belong to it were it not that it has well developed falces, whilst the a3da3agus is nearer to Everes. Our beautiful English large blue Lycaena avion belongs to the same section as Glancopsiiche cijUarns. I only bring it forward now (PI. xiv., fig. 6), to show how a marked development of pattern may be accompanied only by a small alteration in structure when it occurs within its own sub-family. In the former the difference in pattern is well known. In the armature, however, the clasp is yet larger and heavier (squarer), the terminal hook is also more heavily developed, and the tegumen is decidedly further away from the Celastrinid group. The dorsal part of it is not excised to anything like so great an extent, and the lateral cheeks, which are provided with very long and strong falces, are unusually large and square. The ffidceagus does not differ materially from the species last described, this however we should expect, (jrlaiwopsi/che belonging to the Lijcaena group in its strict sense. Scolitantides orioii (PI. xiv., fig. 7), brings in another group of the Plebeiinae with several genera, but the one species will be sufficient for my purpose. The pattern is quite different to any of the others. The prehensores are likewise different, the clasps being very simple, of moderate length and width, and evenly rounded at its termination, not being divided into two sections at its apex, as so many are. It would have (one would imagine) but little grasping power. The tegumen is of a reduced Celastrinid type, but with regular Plebeiid hooks. The sedoeagus is very different, though it has the Everid little spikes at its lower extremitj^ ; the fulcrum, however, is very highly developed, being very long and deeply curved. Callophrijs riihi (PI. xv., tig. 8). — Our common Green Hairstreak is ON THE CORRKLATION OF PATTERN IN RHOPALOCERA. 179 well-known with its plain brown iipperside and green underside. Its male armature consists of a rapidly tapering, wedge-shaped clasp, without any fulcrum (a characteristic of the Uuralmae), the tegumen ample, with broad, lateral cheeks moderately excised, and long- formidable falces, whilst the fedoeagus is very long indeed, and very narrow. The abundance of long strong bristles on the clasp and tegumen is also an important feature in this genus. Very similar,, indeed to it, so far as these organs are concerned is Satstnna frivaldszloji. (PL XV., fig. 9), though much different in pattern, the upperside being blueish, and the underside dull brown and somewhat mottled ; at the same time there are also differences in the prehensores. The wedge- shaped clasps are much broader, the tegumen is less ample and proportionately more excised on the dorsum, whilst the falces are heavier and stronger. StrifiiKDt titiis (the type of the genus) (PL xv., fig, 10), is easily recognisable by its spotteil underside. The genitalia differ also in their erect position in the shape of the clasps, and in two (so far as I know) quite unique shields extending on two strong arms from the girdle (one shield being developed from each side of the girdle). I bring this forward to show a specific difference rather than a generic one. Stri/iiion v-albiiiii (a close relation of our British w-albniii) (PL xv., fig. 11,) is distinct in colour and pattern with its chestnut coloured patch on the upperside and the fine white lines on the underside, but the male armature proves it to be closely allied to the previous genera. It has, however, no saccus at all, which is an important character in this order. Xeob/nina teiujstroemi (PL xvL, fig. 12), is abundantly distinct in its shape and in the someAvhat Plebeiid type of markings on its underside, the genitalia, however, show at once its alliance to this section. The small narrowish clasps and the long aedoeagus bring out this promin- ently, the tegumen however is very different having very unusually copious laterals, the falces are very large with a bold deep curve, whilst the girdle is very short. IlieMor fedtscJienkoi (PL xvi., fig. 14), and all in its genus show great differences in pattern, but again the armature is peculiarly Strymonid. The clasp is much longer and. finer, and the tegumen differs slightly, whilst the neuration also differs, it having an extra subcostal vein in the primaries. Eurali.s qiiercm (PL xviii., fig. 21), is entirely different in pattern and colour as also in the structure of the genitalia, its alliance to the genus Neoli/rnua is shown in the large hooded tegumen, its deviation in the shorter, thicker and differently shaped, fedceagus, whilst the clasps also differ entirely in general pattern. In colour Laeosopis robon's (PL xvL, fig. 15), is very close to the previous species though in the underside pattern it is very distinct. This change is likewise carried on in the genitalia, the tegumen being unique, I believe, in its quite vertical position instead of being horizontally placed. The a^dceagus is shorter still, whilst the clasps are also further reduced, though they are sufficiently near to ijiicrcii^; that if we were to cut off the prolongation at the upper apex of the clasp of that species we should approximate to those we are now considering. I havebrought Cif/aritiszohra (Pl.xvii.,fig.l6),inat this pointto show its correlation with the Heodinac on the one hand in its general colour, and with the Tluralinne and Plebeiinae in structure on the other hand. 180 THE entomologist's RECORD. The erect girdle is quite Strymonid {i.e., Ruraline) its clasps partake of an admixture of the Euralinac and the Pleheiinae, whilst its deeply cleft tegumen approaches the Plebeiid pattern, and it may also show some approximation to the quite peculiar and reduced structure of that organ in the Heodinae. In the pattern of its underside it may have some affinities to the Pleheiinae already referred to, it has much more to some exotic genera, but its colour is very close to that of the genus Heodes to which I will now refer in the species pJdaeas, a species which is found almost over half the world, extending right across Asia into Japan and India, and going westward through the Madeiras over a large part of North America. Its relation in colour is evident, though the underside pattern differs from it considerably. This, however, in the group of insects we are dealing with, is of great importance, both from the phylogenetic and also from the taxonomic point of view. The tegumen (PI. xvii., fig. 17), is very specialised, consisting as it does of two lateral narrow lobes attached to each other merely by the girdle and having no dorsal chitine beyond the narrowest collar, joining the two sides of the girdle. Attached to these lobes are the usual falces, but instead of being connected to the cheeks of the tegumen near the front, they are attached right at the rear. The clasps are very broad, expanding somewhat in the front with an evenly curved and sharply serrated apex, though the serrations are very small. From the base of each clasp in this series, a peculiar super-structure arises of a wedge- shape that inclines forward over the clasp and reaches to near its centre. This is peculiar to, and typical of, the genus Heades, though, in other species, it assumes a very different form. The jedoeagus will be seen to be somewhat bulbous at the base, but very rapidly tapering to its tip, where it ends in a fine point. The tegumen, the tedcjeagus, and the super-structure of the clasp are entirely peculiar to the Heodinae. In Heodea tJieti/a (PI. xvii., fig. 18), the male armature assumes its extreme form, and is in its general lines a very beautiful object. The tegumen is not so bulky, nor are the falces ; the girdle is long and elegantly curved ; the clasps also are more delicate in form, being of a somewhat long pear-shape, the thick end forming the base, whilst the apex is curved upwards and sharply serrated, forming a broad hooked extremity. The super-structure assumes in this species its highest development, and consists of two long, narrow, boldly and beautifully curved arms terminating in a fine tip. The aidoeagus is equally elegant in shape, having a somewhat elliptical base, the tubular three- quarters gradually tapering into a fine point, and being curved and re- curved at its tip. The colour of the insect is brilliant, spotless, lustrous, reddish-copper, whilst the underside is the softest toned design in the group, and is somewhat different to all its near allies. In the same genus is a small section of purplish species, that from their small size and colour look very different indeed, but their underside markings show them to belong to the same genus as the others. The little butterfly Heodes sarthus is found in the Eastern Turkestan, and in the Pamir Mountains. The difference in colour and pattern speaks for itself. We find, however, some change in the male armature (PI. xvii., fig. 19). The tegumen (an important character from a taxonomic point of view) is quite similar in general structure to all its allies, as also is the tedceagus, though in this a modification in shape is to be ON THE CORRELATION OF PATTERN IN RHOPALOCERA. 181 observed, but the clasps are very different, there being a considerable change of shape in them, whilst the super-structure comes nearer to our common British pldaeaa than to the general form. I have mentioned these three species of one genus so as to show- specific variation of armature with also small variation of colour. We will now take three species of marked difference in colour into consideration. Ruralis betiilae with an entirely' brown male and an orange spotted female, R. In tea, which is entirely orange in both sexes, the underside of these two being very closely alike, and a brilliant metallic green species Ruralis on'oitalis wdth a different underside closely allied to Ruralis (jnercua, already referred to (see antea p. 179). R. betulae (PI. xviii., fig. 20), has a very large hooded tegumen, not excised on the dorsum at all, with large strong falces attached to its lower front extremities ; the girdle is broad, strong, erect, deeply excised at rear ; the aedffiagus is small, rather short, straight, somewhat tapering,, whilst the clasps are very small and broadly oval with no processes. This is the type of the genus. In R. lutea (PI. xviii., fig. 20A), the tegumen remains the typical, unexcised, hooded-shape, but it is much smaller in its dimensions, the falces being also much smaller ; the redoeagus is very large and similar in general shape and size to quercus, the girdle and the clasps also are more nearly allied to quercus than to betulae, the clasps having a protruded lobe-like process at their upper apex. In R. orientalis (PI. xviii., fig. 22), with its underside pattern so closely allied to quercim, we find the armature rather nearer to betulae than to quercus. The hooded tegumen is more ample, the tedoeagus is quite close in shape to the small aedoeagus of betulae, whilst the clasps, though larger than betulae, are nearer to that species than to quercus. The variation of species inter se has thus been demonstrated, but it will also be advisable to examine two other cases of specific inter se variation, in cases where species are very different superficially, but where their armature is so close that only a very expert eye would observe anything to raise a doubt in hismmd — and cases where the imagines are exceedingly close superficially, but the male armature is less so. Professor Poulton has drawn my attention to this, and has enabled me to show this little group of African species of the genus Acraea. These species do not affect my main argument, but they are most interesting in shownig that specific variation occurs* also in the genus Acraea, as one would expect, though it seems to proceed on different lines to what occurs in the Ruralidae, In Acraea zetes and A. cliilo we have two species that appear very different superficially, the former with its entirely blackish primaries and heavily marked secondaries, the latter pinkish tawny in both wings. If, however, we examine the spots of the wings we find they are very close indeed. Eltringham in his able monograph places them next each other and we find the armature is so close that it needs a critical examination to discover the differences that, as a matter of fact, do exist. The two species are as nearly the same size as can be,, but the armature of zetes (PI. xviii., fig. 23), is decidedly smaller than that of cltilo (PI. xviii., fig. 24), the uncus and tegumen are * By specific variation I mean vaiiation between species hiter $e of the same genus— not that the same species has differentiation in armatnre, this I have not found. 182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. slightly different in shape, the girdle of zetes is more erect and decidedly slighter, the pilosity of the clasps is markedly diverse from that of chilo, being much longer, thicker and heavier,, whilst the fedoeagus of chiln is longer and ditt'erent in sha.pe in the basal area. The saccus also is quite different in the two insects. The species look very different, they are, however, very closely allied, and the armature follows their specific relationship, not their super- ficial facies. This is as we should expect. Agajn there are two forms A. natalica var. p^t'udci/ina (PL xix., fig. 25), and A. natalica (PI. xix., iig. 26), as also A. acn'ta var. amhii/ita (PI. xix., fig. 27), and A. Mcrita var. jiudarina (PI. xix., fig. 28). Both these two pairs are .decidedly different, but we have in each case natalica and its various , races, and acrita with its various races, so that in the light of Mr. Eltringham's monograph, we might quite properly call them two polymorphic species, with wet and dry forms and intergrades almost all along the line. In these cases we should not expect their structure, such as neuration or armature to change, and so it is, the structure remains true though the colour differs. It is a case of that unknown quantity x in the constitution of the species (would that we could find out what .*■ is) that under different conditions causes the mutability of species, the most interesting factor of it being why some species respond and why others do not. This brings us to the second and last instances I have to draw attention to, viz., similarity of design but difference in structure. In Aciaea peri/ihanes var. acritoides (PI. xix., fig. 29), and A. acrita (PI. xix., fig. 30) we certainly have a superficial, a very superficial, resem- blance, but the armature is very different. At the same time I must say that no experienced entomologist would hesitate in at once separ- ating the two species ; some of the spots in the secondaries assume quite different positions. With Acraea calderena (PI. xx., fig. 31), and A. piidorella (PI. xx., fig. 32), the case is more interesting; they had always been considered forms of one species so exceedingly close were they, and I think it was due to Mr. Eltringham (I speak under correc- tion) that they were discovered to be distinct species, his armature . dissections proving this. At the same time the postmedian line of spots is quite different in the two insects, and it was this, no doubt, that induced the query in Mr. Eltringham's mind. In A. chanibed and A. mansya the difference in the perfect insects, the absence of many spots on the upperside in the latter, would at once lead one to expect the divergence of armature that we see (PI. x}s., figs. 38, 34). Finally I would refer to the genus Aviauris, to the two species A. er/iena Ya,v. jachoni (PI. xx., fig. SI) dnd A. alhimaciila var. hanninrjtoni (Pi. XX., fig. 38), and also to the species A. danfeldti and a new species from Angola that I call A. an(/olae. The first two are separable only , by the size and shape of the sexual brand on the secondaries and by the palpus of the first being spotted, Avhilst the second is streaked. A. .avijolae and A. danfeldti are separable in precisely the same way, but their colour is white and black, instead of being more or less yellowish, as in the other case. The male armature differs likewise (PI. xx., figs. 39, 40), the contour . of the clasps differs in each species, whilst the terminal sternite, which in this genus is furnished with very formidable teeth, differs in the : shape, in the size, and in the abundance of teeth. This last character ON THE COERELATION OF PATTERN IN RHOPALOCEKA. 183 is of much interest, for it is a feature I have not found in any other butterfly that I have examined. [n considering the whole question, however, it must be borne in mind that as there are generic resemblances and specific resemblances so there are both generic and specific differences, and they do not necessarily pass along the same line. Investigation has taught us that in the lluralidii', in its broadest sense, the tegumen is of dominant generic value, that the fedoeagus and the harpagines (clasps), so far as their general form goes, are a'so of generic value, but in both of the latter mutation occurs which is purely specific, rarely with the ffidoeagus but regularly with the harpagines, whilst so far as specific divergences are generally concerned, the clasps are the most sensitive, and it is in these organs that we find the smaller or larger differences that are observable between species and species. 1 have referred to two genera that are evidently in a period of marked mutation, Heodes and Hiiralin. In both cases it was seen that the clasps were altering con- siderably in difterent sections of the genera, and that this had been possibly concurrent with alteration of colour and pattern, but that at present, though colour was already difl'erent, yet the structure of the imagines, in theii' form, their neuration, and other characters had practically changed but little. The male armature, however, showed definitely that mutation was in progress, and that both genera are evidently in the process of splitting up. For the present, however, there seems nothing tangeable, except the colour, whereby it would be possible to divide them, and colour is too unstable a feature on which to break up an otherwise thoroughly homogeneous family. I have said that the altering of the cdasps may have been concurrent with colour; as a matter of fact, I believe that colour is much more sensitive to mutation than structure, and that any mutability in the structure follows, rather than is followed by, mutation in colour and .pattern. My only really thoroughly exhaustive study has been on the Riiralidde, but i<-om a very considerable number of dissections made by myself in other families, the same result occurs more or less in most of the Rhopalocera, and I am now led to believe that pattern is very generally correlated with structure. EXPL.^NATION OF PlATES XIV. -XX. All the figures are magnified x30, except those of the genera Acraea and AiiKinris, which are x 7. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. Pleheius arijus. Fig. 5. Glaucopsyche. cyllarus. ,, 2. Celustriiia urgiolus. ' ,, 6. Lymena arion. ,, 3. Cdastrina puspa. ,, 7. Scolitantides orion. 4. Eoeres' arqiudes. Plate XV. Fig. 8. Callophnjs ruhi. Fig. 10. Strijmon titiis. ,, 9. Satsuvui fiivaldszkiji. ,, 11. Strymon v-albiim. Plate XVI. Fig. 12. N^olycaeiia tevgstroeini. Fig. 14. Thestor fedtschenkoi. ,, 13. 'lliestor hallux, (not mentioned ,, 15. Laeosopis roloris. in text). 184 THE entomologist's record. Plate XVII. Fig. 16. Cifiarilis zohra. off, for clearness, and falces ,, 17. Heodes phlaeas. of tegumen misplaced.) ,, 18. ifpor/es t/;e^?/s, (ajdoeagus upside Fig. 19. Heodes sar thus. down, apex of one clasp cut 22. Ruralis orientalis. 23. Acraea zetes. 24. Acraea chilo. Fig. 28. Acraea acrita var. pxidorina, (uncal extremity broken off). 29. Acraea periphanes var. acri- toides. ,, 30. Acraea acrita. Plate XX. Fig. 31. Acraea caldarena. ,, 36. Acraea pudorella (not referred ,, 32. Acraea pudorella. to in text). ,, 33. Acraea. chamhezi. ,, 37. Amauris echeria v&r. jacksoni, ,, 34. Acraea iiiaiinya. ,, 38. Amauris albimaculata. ,, 35. Acraea pudorella var. detecta ,, 39. Amauris danfeldti. (not referred to in text). ,, 40. Amauris angolae. PL.iTE XVIII, Fig- 20. 20a 21. Ruralis hetulae. . Ruralis lutea. Ruralis quercus. Fig. Plape XIX. Fig. 25. 26. Acraea natalica gina. Acraea, natalica. var. , pseude- Fig. ,, 27. Acraea acrita var, . am higua. i^CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. On Elachista poae. — I have been breeding this Tineid and can add a few points to Stainton's account {Nat. Hist. Tineina, vol. iii., p. 10-4). On May 10th, 1914, most of the larv