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THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL’ OF VARIATION

ibitkhD BY

Ricuarp 8. BAGNALL, F.t.s.,r.u.s. | EH. A. CO. KAYNHE, ™.D., F.E.S.
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side F.L.S., F Z.S., F.E.S. | H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPE,
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VOL. XXXII.

JANUARY ro DECEMBER, 1920.

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Journal of Variation

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CONTENTS.
AGE
‘The fa aa pitlons Lady-bird, Coccinella distineta, Fald.; H. Donisthorpe, F.Z, S., F.B.S.
(with two plates). . 1
; oes Polymorphism and “Races of seme Buropean Guypocers and Rhopalocera, Roger
Verity, M.D: . rs g 3
‘The Sydney Webb Collection of British Rhopalocera, 8.G.0.R. Es ce ate ee 8
‘Remarks on Hiibner’s Tentamen, J. ES Ph. oy ae aa Sas aie 4 il
Note by G.7.B.-B. : 12
‘Nores on CoLnEcTING :“Marriage Flight of Ey rare ee in London, W. ‘6. Create ies F. E, ‘Ss
' _ Gloucestershire ong ae W. B. Davis ; Sat ertne in France and Abaly in 1917- 18
(concluded), Lieut. H. B. Ashby, F.H.S. .. 13
Reon Nores axp Sxorr Norices ; 17
Socmertes :—The South London Entomological ‘Society ; The Lancashire ‘and Cheshire
| Entomological Society . : oe 21

‘Reviews ‘— Proceeding of the South London Entomological Society, C, R.N.B. e re 23
‘Spnorn INpex.
Trrne Pace or Vou. XXXI.

JANUARY “Toth, 1920.
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if Ae R. 8. Bagnall; Hy. J. Turner, Parkinson) Curtis, H. Donisthorpe, A. Sich,
le Dr. Verity, C. W. eae Rey. C. BR. N. Burrows, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Capt. Burr,.
5 Oke T. Bethune-Baker, E. B. Ashby, P,.A. H. Musehamp, J. H. Durrant, Orazio
: Querci, W. B. Davis, Prof. McDunnough, with Reports of Societies and Reviews.

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JOURNAL oF VARIATION.

Nous SOX Xt No. 1. . January 15rH, 1920.

The Myrmecophiloiwts Lady-Bird, Coccinella distincta, Fald., its
Life-history and Association with Ants.
(With two plates.)
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc,
(Concluded from Vl. xxxi., p. 222.) -

The most difficult problem in connection with C. distincta is to
explain why it is always associated with ants. The beetles, as we
have seen, do not as a rule hibernate in the nests; nor do the larve
and pupee live in the nests, nor are the eggs dropped on to them, as is
the case with Clythra quadripunctata. The lady-birds (and their
larve) will feed on any plant-lice and could often obtain a richer
supply of food by visiting trees far away from the rufa nests, as do the
ants themselves. Therefore it is not a question of food. It
cannot be to obtain protection ‘from the ants because its near
ally the seven-spot lady-bird is much more common and occurs
everywhere miles away from F’, rufa nests. The fact that the
latter sometimes occurs with distincta on the trees over rnfa
nests, and also alone in such situations—at Oxshott I frequently find
septempunctata on fir trees over rufa nests, but have never been able
to discover distincta there—serves to show the kind of variation in
habit which may lead to a myrmecophilous mode of life, and not why
it lives such a life. Wasmann?* considers that distincta has
adapted itself to such a life through a spontaneous variation, which
embraced and retained, gave to the species a new direction in evolution,
and this in spite of the limitation in food-supply which was incidentally
brought about through this new habit. He believes that it has
differentiated itseli—not through, but in spite of the operation of
natural selection—into a true morphological species. This again does
not explain why it lives with ants, but only how the habit started ;
moreover | am more inclined to think that the habit was brought
about gradually, by its ancestors experimenting in a myrmecophilous
existence, aS we see septempunctata doing at this day. [For other
examples of a like nature—see my paper “On the Origin and
Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera.” Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1909 413-29]. I consider the reason for its association with F.
rufa is that it is a Mullerian mimic of Clythra 4-punctata. In 190024
I wrote of the latter—‘“I am inclined to think that this beetle is
a mimic of Coccinella distincta, as it has a strong superficial

January, 1920.

¢

2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

resemblance to a ‘lady-bird, and the Coccinellide are known to be
distasteful to insectivora.”’ Again in 19012° I repeated this statement,
but added—<“ At the same time Clythra may be distasteful on its own
account, and thus provide an example of Miillerian mimicry, a
question which | hope to settle this year.’ As mentioned in my paper
on “The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata, L.” (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1902 11-28) I proved the Clythra to be distasteful by
experiments with various birds, lizards, marmosettes, etc., at the
Zoological Gardens. We therefore see that it is a case of Mullerian
mimicry, and I now think that the Coccinella is a mimic of the
Clythra, aud not vice versa as I originally suggested. The Clythra’s
eggs, larve, and pupe occur in the ants’ nests, and it is a commoner
and more widely distributed species—it ranges from Sutherland in
Scotland to Cornwall and the Isle of Wight. This suggests that the
Coccinella is of comparatively more recent phylogenetic development ;
and it is also highly specialized as regards the male genitalia.

It has been suggested that as the shape of C. distincta is very
different from that of Clythra, it can not be a mimic of the latter; but
mimicry can be valuable in spite of differences in shape, furthermore
that shape may be very stable and difficult to alter, as probably here,
for it runs through many allied species. Everyone will agree that C.
distincta is more like Clythra than is the common CU. 7-punctata, as the
shape is aciually a little longer, and the spots much larger than in the
latter. I have also been told that as the size of the spots varies in other
species of Coccinellida—for example my subspecies boreolitoralis of the
common eleven-spot Lady-bird, C. undecimpunctata, L., which occurs
on the coasts in the north and west—these also ought to be mimics of
Clythra. Variation occurs independently in different species and may
produce the same results for different reasons, and one might just as
well maintain that C. distincta ought to occur on sandy coasts!
Coccinella distincta and Clythra quadripunctata are frequently found
together on the trees over, and flying round the nests, and it must be
admitted that by those who are not Entomologists, Coleopterists, or
specialists, they might well be mistaken for each other.

My friend Professor W. M. Wheeler writes in one of his charming
papers [‘‘ The Parasitic Aculeata, a Study in Evolution” Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc. 58 1-40 (1919)}—‘* There is undoubtedly much to be said in.
favour of the opinion commonly held by entomologists that the fruit-
fulness of their investigations is apt to be directly proportional to the
intensity of their specialization, but it is also true that this very
specialization may often preclude an adequate appreciation or even a
recognition of phenomena that would profoundly impress the worker
who possesses more general biological interests.”’ This statement is
not inapplicable to the subject in question.

Both species are distasteful, both exhibit warning colours, and it
would be an advantage to the Coccinella to have shared any experi-
mental tasting by young birds, etc., with the Clythra, which would help
to protect it in the winter when birds are hungry and will sometimes
eat insects they would not otherwise touch.

The Clythra dies off in the summer, whereas, as we have seen, the
Coccinella passes the whole winter on the trees over the rufa nests.

If it be admitted that it is an advantage to the latter to resemble
the former, then natural selection would have seized on any small

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 3

variations that arose, the larger size of the spots, etc., and gradually
increased the same. Ihave submitted this part of my paper to my
friend Professor Poulton and he considers that the above arguments
are quite sound, but would not exclude the possibility of some
additional advantage being gained by the selection of trees in the
neighbourhood of the ants’ nests, and therefore presumably visited more
freely than others by the ants.

The life history of this insect may be briefly recapitulated as
follows :—

Coccinella distincta passes its whole life in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of ants’ nests. Copulation takes place in May and June, and
the female lays her eggs on the underside of pine needles, and leaves
of trees, over the ants’ nests. The eggs are long, bright yellow in
colour, and arranged close together two and three abreast, varying in
number from seven to some twenty odd. The eggs hatch in five to
seven days, and the young larve feed on the Aphids on the trees on
which they were born. ‘There appear to be four moults, and the full-
erown larva fastens itself up ready to pupate, having spent some
twenty-five to twenty-nine days in the larval condition. It pupates in
three to five days and about nine to eleven days elapse before the
imago emerges from the pupal skin. The whole process lasting some
forty to fifty days. The perfect insects feed on the plant lice on trees
close to the nests, and the majority of them pass the winter on these
trees; a few individuals only entering the nests for hibernation.
Usually there is only one generation, but in some years, when ‘the
weather is favourable, there may be two.

Finally I consider the reason for its occurrence with Formica rufa
is that it is a Mullerian mimic of Clythra 4-punctata.

Expuanation oF Puarte I. |

Eggs of Coccinella distincta on pine-needle.

Pupa of Coccinella distincta.

Empty pupa case of Coccinella distincta on pine-needle.

. top. Coccinella distincta, Fald., subsp. labilis, Muls.

. middle. Form with spots 1 on elytra very small, showing a disposition to become
effaced and approaching the type form L. distincta.

. bottom. Coccinella distincta, Fald., subsp. labilis, Muls., ab. domiduca, Weise.

He He He Oo bo be

Exxpnanation oF Prats II.

1. Small larva of Coccinella distincta.

2: Full sized larva of Coccinella distincta.

5&3. Male genitalia of C. distincta (5. median lobe, etc. ; 3. tegmen, etc.).
6&4. Male genitalia of C septempunctata (6. median lobe, etc.; 4. tegmen, etc.).

Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera
and Rhopalocera.—Additional Notes.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Continued from page 201.)

Hesperia serratulae, Rbr., and H. carthamt, Hub. The races of the
Sibillini Mountains in Central Italy do not seem to differ from the
Alpine ones, judging by a comparison with those of the Baths of
Valdieri, although the former locality is separated by such a distance
from the Alps, and both the species are not known to occur in any
other intermediate one. |

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Hesperia alveus, Hiib., race cENTRALITALIAE, mihi. What has
been said of serratulae concerning the distribution may be repeated
here, but in this case individual variation is distinctly different and
clearly constitutes a different race. The size varies much less than in
the Alps and the Pyrenees, keeping constantly to the lesser size known
(23mm.-25mm. in expanse) ; the wings are narrow and elongated ; the
extent of the white spaces varies on the contrary very much more than
usual, specimens with a well defined band-like space of a distinctly
white tone on hindwing being quite frequent in both sexes, and much
more so than the oppositecextreme variation, in which those wings are
uniformly grey; the underside of hindwings varies widely, ranging
from the form with dull greyish-green, and with extensive white spaces
having their outline rather shadowed, to the form with bright yellowish-
green and with white spaces limited in extent and sharply outlined. The
latter, when combined with the very white spaces on upperside of
hindwing, mentioned above, go resemble foulquieri that Querci and I
have not been able to detect a way of separating them from it, and we
only know they are alveus from the verdict of Reverdin, who has
examined their genitalia microscopically. Notwithstanding these
exceptional specimens, which might well be called rouLquimRiFrormis,
mihi, alveus and foulquiert keep, on the whole, distinct in the Sibillini
mountains, as in other regions, and can be separated with a little care
and practice, so that we do not doubt they are distinct species, as sup-
.posed originally by Oberthtir, and confirmed very emphatically by
Reverdin on examining the genitalia.

Hesperia foulquizrt, Obth., race prcena, mihi. M. G. Foulquier has
kindly collected for me a nice series of the nymotypical race from St.
Zacharie in the Var; on comparing it with the Sibillini Mountains
one, I find they differ’considerably: the Italian insect 1s much frailer,
and its narrow wings give it a much smaller appearance than would
seem from actual measurements of the expanse (about 24mm. as com-
pared to the 26mm. of the French one) ; the colour is a little duller
and inclining more to brownish, more suffused with grey scaling on
the forewing, and with more extensive white spaces on hindwing,
which culminate in the very white belliert, Obth. This was suspected
to be a distinct species, but the genitalia gave no evidence in this sense,
having been found identical with those of fouwlquiert; although in the
locality of the “‘types”’ (Larche) it greatly predominates, it evidentiy is
but a distinct mountain race; the material collected in the Sibillini by
Querci distinctly points to this conclusion. In 1919 the captures
were as follows: gs foulquiert, 15; transitions to bellieri, 8; belliert,
4; 2s respectively 17, 4, and 4. I have called “transitions ’’ those
specimens which on the upperside came very near the extent of white
of belliert or reached it entirely, whereas on the underside they had the
limited white spaces, broken up into separate spots, of foulquiert, and
not the broad band-like spaces of bellieri; this form might be called
SUPRA-BELLIERI, mihi.

Heteropterus morpheus, Pall. This species was discovered in Italy
by Calberla at Monte Rotondo, 165m., near Rome, and no other
locality had been discovered since, to my knowledge, in peninsular
Italy. It has now been found in June, 1919, in the Mainarde Moun-

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 5

tains (prov. of Caserta), at 500m. altitude, near Villalatina. These
isolated colonies, in the south, of species proper to Central Europe, and
separated by hundreds of miles from their congeners, are interesting to
notice.

The other species found in Central Italy under the same conditions,
are the following :—Gegenes nostrodamus (collected by Rostagno round
Rome, and pronounced by Reverdin to be this species, distinct from the
widespread lefevburet) ; Hesperia alveus, H. foulquieri, H. serratulae, H.
carthami* (all four found as yet in the Sibillini mountains only) ; Hryn-
nis boeticus (Sibillini and Oricola, on boundary between Latium and
Abruzzi; only two or three specimens known) Hirsutina dolus (Sibil-
lini and Abruzzi); Polyommatus tithonus (=eros) (Sibillini and Abruzzi) ;
Aricia eumedon (Aurunci mountains and Aspromonte in Calabria) ;
Tolana jolas (Bologna, Rome, and Aurunci mountains) ; Lycaena arcas
discovered by Querci at the end of June, on Mt. Cairo, above Monte-
cassino, at the junction of the paths from Colle 8. Magno and Castro-
cielo) ; Lycaena alcon (discovered by Turatiat Sestola on the Modenese
slopes of Mt. Cimone, in July, and said to have been found in the
Abruzzi by Standfuss) ; Alugia spini (Sibillini, Aurunci, and Mainarde
mountains) ; Anthocharis euphenoides (at Filettino, in the Simbruini
mountains, in S. Latium); Coenonympha dorus (Assisi, discovered by
Wheeler, and Sibillini); Hrebia yorye (Sibillini and Abruzzi); Melitaea
aurinia (Aurunci mountains); M. trivia (said to have been found by
Stauder in Calabria); M. parthenie (Sibillini and Abruzzi); Brenthis
pales (Abruzzi).

Rumicia phlaeas, L., race NiIGRIORELEUS, mihi, race vaRI-
ELEUS, mihi, and its other European races. Tutt, in brit.
Butts., 1., has made a remarkably accurate and exhaustive critical
analysis of the bibliography of this species. From it, and from
a few further observations on phlaeas in the South, I think
the following synthetical conclusions can be drawn concerning
seasonal polymorphism and races in Europe. These are invariably
produced by variation in the shape of the wings, and especially by
different degrees of melanism (in the summer and autumn broods),
which constitute a progressive series along one single line. The fol-
lowing grades are clearly discernible and broadly correspond to geo-
sraphical areas in their distribution, as will be seen when dealing with
the races they produce: (1) form phlaeas, L.; (2) form initia [=caudata] ,
Tutt: no black suffusion over copper ground-colour of forewing, but
broader dark bands along the three margins; I should add that the
external margin of forewings is straighter, that the black dots are
larger, and that the band-like copper space of hindwings is reduced in
extent, Just as it ig in all the following forms ; (8) form eleus, Fabr.: a

* H. alveus is a species about which one may be easily mistaken, but H.
serratulae certainly occurs at Palona in the Abruzzi, and at Subiaco. JH. car-
thami occurs at Rocearaso and Villala in the Abruzzi on Monte Subasco, Assisi,
where I have taken several specimens at the side of the path leading to the
**Carceri.”” H..dolus and L. idas also occur at Assisi; the former on both sides
of the road leading to Piano della Pieve, and of the latter I have taken one worn ¢
only (being too late for the species) just above the Cemetery road. J. spini also
occurs in the Abruzzi, near Aquila, at Sulmona, and at the Lago di Scanno, as
well as at Subiaco. (See Hnt. Rec., xxi., pp. 250, 252, 253; xxii., pp. 258, 276,
286.)—[G.W.]

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

black suffusion, always abundantly mixed with copper, covers the hind
part of forewing more or less up to cubital nervure, and to its anterior
branch ; Tutt has called suffusa the corresponding form with no tails
to hindwings; (4) form aestivus, Z.: like the preceding, but with a
much denser and slightly more extensive suffusion ; (5) form fuscata
[—caudata], Tutt, the whole of the copper replaced by dark scaling,
except, in less extreme specimens, two small areas ‘‘ before and beyond
the discal spot”? showing very faintly. Melanism and all these
characters are far less marked in the female. The seasonal and geo-
graphical distribution of these forms in Hurope can be tabulated as
follows :— .

Race. First GEN. SEeconD cen. THR» cen. Fourra
Lapland, EXTRAORD.GEN.
hypophlaeas, Boisd. (one generation only)
Extreme N. Europe,
phlaeas, L. phlaeas. phlaeas. (none)
N. Europe,
initia, Tutt. philaeas. initia. phlaeas.
Southern N. Europe,
sujjusa, Tutt. phlaeas. suffusa. initia.
Central Hurope,
initia-caudata, Tutt. phlaeas. initia- initia.
and caudata.
elews, Faby. phiaeas. eleus. initia- initia
Northern $8. Kurope, caudata. [-caudata] .
nigrioreleus, Vrty. philaeas. nigrioreleus. eleus. imitia
Southern 5. Europe, [-caudata].
aestivus, Z. philaeas. aestivus. eleus. initia-
caudata ?
fuscata-caudata, Tutt, phlaeas. fuscata- eleus. initia-
caudata. caudata ?

It will be noticed that the highest degree of melanism is always
produced by the second gen., which consequently characterises the
race..

The race hypophlaeas, B., of Lapland, is very distinct and stands
apart from the single line of variation of the others; it is like the
American one. The nymotypical race is said by Linnaeus to “ habitat
in pratis Westmanniae.” The race initia initiates seasonal dimorphism
in the second gen., and perhaps in the third, which differ from the
first in most individuals. The race sujffusa of the South of England
resembles eleus, but only has marked tails quite exceptionally. In the
two Central European races the forms initia-caudata and eleus are
found mixed together in the second gen., one or the other predominat-
ing, and a few aestivus appearing now and then amongst them. I
have found it necessary to create the new name of niyrioreleus for the
next grade, as it could in no way be joined cn either to eleuws or to
aestivus; the form initia-caudata is frequent in the second generation
amongst the precocious sporadic emergences of May and in
early June, but later it nearly entirely disappears, and some
individuals are elews, whereas more than half the individuals
belong to transitions from the latter to aestivws, which is
frequent even in its most highly characterised form, although
percentages fluctuate according to localities; the third generation con-
trasts sharply with the second only in the tardy families (in Florence,
after September 15th, early ones emerging from the end of August),
because in these it retrocedes of two grades to tnitia-caudata, whereas

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 7

early families belong chiefly to elews with still quite a good percentage
of aestivus; the fourth extraordinary generation comes still nearer
phlaeas, the tails becoming very short and often as in the northern
initia, which it resembles furthermore by its small size; there thus
exists in Tuscany the entire scale of variation, completed by the
existence of fuscata-caudata as an extreme variation in the race aestivus
of the Isle of EKlba: in my series of 34 males from this locality, five
are perfect specimens of it; the rest vary much less than on the conti-
nent, and, more or less, all belong to the form aestivus except early
specimens of May. Zeller first described’ the very dark summer brood
of southern Europe from series of ‘‘the mountains above Messina,”
and Tutt rightly points out (page 371) that this name, although un-
fortunate for a race, must be used for the southern one. I now add
the suggestion that it should be restricted to races similar to the
Sicilian one, in which aestivus largely predominates and fuscata-caudata
makes its first appearance as an extreme individual form, whereas race
nigrioreleus never produces it. Finally, when fuscata-caudata is abun-
dant or predominates the race should take this name: it is more likely
to occur in the eastern Mediterranean, as suggested by Tutt, but two
out of three specimens collected by me during a short excursion in
a little marsh near Tempio, in Sardinia, belong to this form; I was
deterred from enquiring further into the matter by the presence of
several bulls nervously inspecting me and my net.

I need scarcely say that the geographical areas mentioned above
are set down on broad lines, for, locally, one may.find in each, races
which come near the races of other regions. In the hottest Alpine
valleys the form aestivis is frequent, but 1t occurs mixed with the
extreme opposite variations ; thus, the medium is brought back to the
elews grade in these very variable races, such as are those of many species
in the Alps: varieleus. On the contrary, at the highest altitudes of
phlaeas in the Apennines, melanism is as limited as in Central Kurope,
and the same names elews, and even initia-caudata, are well suited to
it. As a general rule, at equal temperatures, dampness increases
melanism, so that it often increases markedly in the Alps and con-
stantly in the Islands and in marshy localities.

The table given above shows that in this species seasonal and geo-
graphical variations are identical. In the production of race-charac-
ters in the Lepidoptera, phenomena of two orders generally combine:
heredity and surroundings. It is clear that in this species the latter
alone produce them by their action during the development of each
individual ; even here, however, a slight hereditary difference seems to
have been produced, because Weismann [Fnt., xxix., p. 75] claims to
have proved by experimental breeding that extreme northern races
respond more to cold, and southern races to heat. The races hypo-
phlaeas and chinensis show, besides, some characters which seem
hereditary; they might be called ‘‘ paynocunertic” races, as compared
to the ‘‘ ontocEnetic’’ European ones described above, which alto-
gether consist of only one phylogenetic race, equivalent to hypophlacas
or to chinensis. A high degree of ontogenetic variability is perhaps a
prelude to phylogenetic scission or differentiation ; it evidently is an
index of sensitiveness to surroundings, and one would naturally take
it to mean a state of instability. Most Lepidoptera produce individuals
or entire generations which resemble other kindred races, but a periodical

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

return to a constant type, such as takes place in phlaeas in its first genera-
tion, is very unusual. It seems obvious that in a case of this sort the
thought of instability must be discarded, and the hypothesis of an
unusually high degree of “individual elasticity’ is more likely to be
correct; this would allow the species, or one of its races, to move into
very different surroundings without being compelled to modify itself
for adaptation, by recurring to its “specific elasticity” (see introduction
to Rhopalocera Palaearctica).

That individual elasticity, if drawn too far, must issue in a phylo-
genetic split (to use the mechanical image of the process further), and
in the establishment of two new centres of balance, seems to be
shown by the fact that allied genera carry on variation along the same
line either in one direction or in the other. In this case of the Chry-
sophanidi sexual dimorphism brings it to its extreme limits both ways
in the male: in Thersamonia, Chrysophanus, and Heodes, the reduction
in the extent of the dark scaling of nymotypical phlaeas is pushed to
its total or nearly total obliteration; in the Loweia the dark suffusion
of fuscata goes so far as to cover the whole of the wings. It will be
noticed that the Lycaenidi vary in broad lines in an exactly parallel
way; the Lycaena correspond roughly to Rumicia, and still better to
Kasyapa, Moore; the Raywardia to the Thersamonia, the Aricia and the
females of Polyommatus, Agriades, Plebeius, etc. to the male type of
pattern of Loweia dorilis, whilst the males of the three genera last
mentioned take up and develop to its highest degree the male
refracting scaling which is golden in virgaureae, dispar, etc., and
which becomes violet in hippothoé, alciphron and amphidamas, ete.,
besides the uniformly black ground colour, which is seen in ewmedon,
and which acts as a background in thetis, icarus, etc., and gives the
reflected light its brilliancy, thus also greatly due to extreme
melanism. In the genus Lycaena and others the blue, on the contrary,
is equivalent to the copper of Rwmicia and of the females of other
Chrysophanidi, and originates from the so-called ground colour of the
wing, so that it increases as the dark pattern diminishes in extent, in
a way exactly inverse to that of the blue mentioned before. All this
constitutes only one of the countless examples offered by the Lepi-
doptera, which tend to show that variation occurs according to defi-
nite plans ; these are seen on a lesser scale in the individual variations
of races and species, and reappear in a magnified form when allied
species or genera are compared to each other, besides repeating them-
selves more or less completely and constantly in each equivalent and
collateral branch.

(To be continued.)

_ The Sydney Webb Collection of British Rhopalocera.

This famous collection, rich in aberrations, was sold at Steven’s
Auction Rooms on the 21st October and 9th December last.
Admittedly the collection was one of the best in private hands in the
country, and a short description of the principal lots and prices
‘obtained, should be of interest. The first sale commenced with
the Piertdi and ended with the Argynnidae as far as Brenthis
selene, a fine lot of 15 Chrysophanus dispar coming as @ finale.

Lots comprising 1 to 8 Papilio machaon, nearly all being minor

THE SYDNEY WEBB COLLECTION OF BRITISH RHOPALOCHERA. 9

aberrations, fetched from‘5s. to 18s., and one lot, including a specimen
of deep ground colour, realised 30s. The Aporia crataegi caused more
competition, and a male with a broad dark colour from the Bond
Collection realised £3 15s. Another dark bordered male with 7 others
realised £1 5s. Considering the rarity of aberrations in this species,
the purchaser of these two lots undoubtedly obtained a bargain. A
female var. of Pieris brassicae with very large united spots realised
£2.10s. Minor aberrations and forms of Pieris rapae and P. napae in
lots of over 20 were sold for prices varying from 5s. to £2 5s. The
Pontia daplidice prices varied from 16s. for three to 45s. for lots of one
and two. With the arrival of Huchloé cardamines prices began to soar,
a pale orange form and a specimen with all the black scales on the
upperside and underside absent went for £5. Specimens with pale
orange tips realised 25s. and 60s. each, and a perfect gynandromorph
was bought for £5. Other gynandromorphic specimens realised 90s.,
80s., 65s., 65s., 110s., and 50s. each, and a specimen with white spots
in orange, with disc of wings and underside pale pink 120s. A perfect
gynandromorph of Gonepteryx rhamni was acquired for £9, and other
gynandromorphic specimens realised £7 10s., £7 10s., 25s., £2 2s.,
£2 15s., and £1 8s. A specimen of Colias edusa with suffused disc of
forewings and black markings, figured by Newman, was bought for
£2 5s., and one rayed and suffused with black for £5. A perfect
gynandromorph went for £9. Lot 88—-Three wings helice and the
fourth hindwing edusa, was accused of being a manipulated specimen
and had to be coupled with the next lot. Various forms of this species
and Colias hyale, in lots of 1 to 16, realised from 5s. to £2 5s. The
outstanding specimen among the Melanargia galathea was a fine light
var. from the Harper Collection figured by Barratt, p. 28, fig. 1, c.,
sold for £8 10s., and one with buff ground for £3-.15s. Lot 103 was
challenged as being a type of a Continental species resembling galathea.

A really beautiful specimen of Pararge aeyeria, nearly unicolorous,
brought £5, and a Pararge megera, with unicolorous pale hindwings, the
ocelli on a fulvous band, was acquired for £5. Another entirely brown
with clear fulvous disc to forewings was sold for £3 10s., and a nearly
unicolorous light female for £4 4s. A white female was cheap at 16s.,
-and a curiously marked female, figured in Barrett, p. 32, fig. 1d., from
the Cox collection, went at the bargain price of 16s. Lot 112 was
challenged as being a Continental insect closely allied to P. megera,
and was not competed for. Bleached and pale specimens of Hpine-
phele jurtina and E. tithonus, in lots of 1 to 22, realised from 15s. to.
30s. each. A white male of Hipparchia semele and a female without
spots was bought for £8 5s., and a gynandromorphous specimen, taken
at Ipswich in 1868, in excellent condition, was acquired at the absurd
price of 10s. A specimen of Aphantopus hyperantus ab. lanceolata,
realise £2, and pairs of white Caenonympha pamphilus, 14s. to 18s.
Apatura iris, with white bands and spots more or less absent, fetched
£3 10s., £6 10s., £5 10s., £10 10s., and £16 16s. each, and one with
white bands absent on forewings, in good condition, for the curiously
low price of 12s, A specimen with buff marking and pale band near
margin of hindwings, £3 10s.

Limenitis sibilla with white bands more or less obliterated, realised
from 8s. to £2 10s. each, and one entirely black, figured in Newman,
p. 67, £6 6s. Highteen Huvanessa antiopa fetched from 10s. to 60s.

10 THE HNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

each, according to condition. Two aberrations of Pyrameis cardut,.
similar to one figured in Newman, p. 64, brought £7 each. A very
long series of Pyrameis atalanta produced nothing higher than 16s.,.
there being no striking aberrations. The series of Vanessa io, includ-
ing forms of ab. belisaria, produced £6 10s., £11, £11, £6, £3 10s.,.
£1 4s., £4 10s., £4, £2, £2 53., and £12 12s., this last being an ex-
ceedingly beautiful specimen with green ocelli. A very curiously
shaded example was sold at an absurdly low price of 10s. Some very
varied Aglais urticae realised £6, £2 5s., £8, £2, £2, £7, £2 15s., and
£11. The gem of the series was a light specimen with the black
markings mostly absent, and was run up to £18. Three good aberra-
tions of Polygonia c-album realised £2, £3 10s., and £1 7s. 6d. each.
The Fritillaries now came to the table, and included really
beautiful forms. Dryas paphia with cells black and a broad band
through the wings and rayed margins brought £7 10s. Two extremely
pretty aberrations, one figured in Newman, p. 22, and one similar,
were surely not dear at £2 15s. and £2 10s. each. A female with dark
forewings and one with a cluster of large spots on the forewings
together produced £7 7s. A dark female with suffused spots reached
60s., and one with bluish spots or blotches on all the wings and described
as half valesina and halt paphia brought £4 10s. The valesina-like
male figured in‘ Mosley’s Varieties,’ a rather worn specimen, was
acquired for £9. The series of valesina did not shew anything out of
the usual, which was surprising considering the number of paphia
varieties. Some fine Argynnis cydippe (adippe) now appeared, and a
very suffused specimen figured in Barrett, p. 28, fig. lc., cost the buyer
£14. Another with half of forewings suffused fetched £11. Lot 284
with forewings almost entirely black, produced a sensational first bid
of £20, and was secured by the next bid of £22 for a Museum. It
seemed rather a dear purchase. This price, I believe, created a record
for a specimen of a British butterfly. Another cydippe, greatly
obscured and with silvery spots at base of hindwings, and figured in
Barrett, p. 28, fig. 1b, went for £17. Suffused Argynnis aglaia realised
£2 5s., £4, and £8 each, and a var. charlotta figured in Newman, p. 26,
realised £8. Hight Issoria lathonia realised 20s. to 40s. in lots of one
or two, and a variety with three spots in inner margin fetched £2 10s.
Five cream and yellow or buff Brenthis euphrosyne realised from £2 2s.
to £8 3s. each, and one light variety with band of large spots near the
margin £5 10s. A very lovely B. euphrosyne figured as Brenthis selene
in ‘Mosley’s Varieties,” plate 5, fig. 4, with light forewings and broad
band on hindwing margins, and one very similar brought £11 11s. each.
Another almost entirely suffused fetched £11, and other heavily
marked examples realised £2 2s., £8, £3 10s.. £2 15s., and £3 each.
A golden yellow Brenthis selene figured in “ Mosley,” plate 5, fig. 2,
reached £2 10s., and arayed underside figured in Newman, p. 387,.
£8. Another with tawny forewings realised £38, and one almost
entirely black upper and underside cost the purchaser £21, the second
highest price in the sale. Fifteen Chrysophanus dispar completed the-
sale, and these, which were all very fine and in exceptionally good
condition, went for prices varying from £5 10s. to £7 for the males,
and £4 10s. to £12 10s. for the females. A pupa case realised £5.
The total amount realised by the first day’s sale was about £920,
constituting I should opine, a record, and there were 3852 lots.

REMARKS ON HUBNER'S TENTAMEN. 11

contained in 16 cabinet drawers. Most of the specimens were in good
condition although somewhat faded as might be expected as the
collection was an old one, numbers of the insects being from the Bond .
and other contemporary collections. It was noticeable that all the
insects described as being figured in well known Entomological works
realised good prices. The majority of the extreme aberrations were
acquired for the Perey Bright Collection, and Mr. Horne, of Aberdeen,
also made many purchases. Messrs Newman and Janson were also
buying, presumably on commission.
(To be concluded.)

Remarks on Hubner’s Tentamen.
By J. McDUNNOUGH, Ph.D.,. Ottawa, Canada.

In the May number of the Hnt. Record for 1919, the second instal-
ment of Baker and Durrant’s comparison of Jacob Hubner’s Tenta-
men with his Verzeichniss, elucidating his system of Lepidoptera, is
prefaced by a few remarks by my good friend Mr. Bethune-Baker, who
strongly supports the view that the Tentamen creates generic names
perfectly valid for use by systematic workers.

As my name is mentioned as one of those opposing the adoption of
the ‘“‘ Tentamen ” terms as valid genera, perhaps a few brief words,
explaining my views more explicitly than I have heretofore done, may
not be amiss.

The question of the validity or non-validity of the so-called
“‘oenera’’ of the Tentamen has already been the subject of much con-
troversey, and no one is more anxious than J am to arrive at a definite
decision regarding this perplexing pamphlet. Until this is done it will
be impossible to introduce stability into the generic nomenclature of
Lepidoptera as, owing to the early date of issue (1805), the Tentamen
terms, if accepted, will take priority over numercus long-established
generic names.

Since the publication of the brief statement in the introduction to
Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of North American Lepidoptera,
I have given the matter considerable further study, and I am now
perfectly willing to agree with Mr. Baker that we must consider the
Tentamen to have at least been published, and that it certainly will
not be sufficient to discard the terms therein proposed as ined. This,
however, does not settle the matter to my mind, and we are still faced
with the question as to whether Hubner created what can be termed
modern genera in the aforesaid work or not.

It is a well-known fact that Hubner did not employ the term
‘‘eenus” to signify the category immediately above a species. The
Hubnerian “coitus”? as used in the Verzeichniss has been, however,
generally accepted as typifying the modern “ genus” and as fulfilling
the requirements of the International Code in respect to generic
validity. Turning to the Tentamen, we at once see from the title that
Hubner is not dealing with coiti but with stiryes, and that, in fact, the
Tentamen is but the merest skeleton of a system which was amplified
ten years later in the Verzeichniss, where the stirpes of the Tentamen :
are employed only in a plural sense and correspond with our modern
ideas of a subfamily, or even family. The unfortunate fact remains
that, in the Tentamen, Hubner, besides his plural usage, actually has

ive THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

employed the stirps name in the singular in connection with a valid
specific name. To an unbiased mind it must seem evident that the
intention was merely to cite a species considered by the author to be
typical of each stirps, and the usage of the term in the singular num-
ber was probably merely to conform to the rules of correct Latin ; one
of the strongest arguments in favour of this view is the fact that in
the Verzeichniss each and every specific name used in the Tentamen
is placed by Hubner in a coitus not identical in name with the term
employed in the Tentamen (as would naturally be the case if he had
intended creating coiti in this pamphlet), but for which he either uses
a generic name created by one of the early writers (Fabricius, Schrank,
Ochsenheimer, etc.), or, failing this, actually proposes a new term.

The vital question then is, briefly stated: Did Hubner by his em-
ployment of a stirps name in the singular, along with a valid specific
name actually—-even if unintentionally—create a valid generic name ?
Common sense would seem to tell us, No, but on the other hand there
is nothing in the International Code which would definitely forbid the
use of these terms as genera, nor,can I find any ruling under the
Opinions rendered by the International Committee which would cover
this case. Under the Code the sole absolute requirements for generic
validity would appear to be uninominality and association with a valid
specific name.

I would, therefore, offer the suggestion that the decision be left to
an International Committee. I, for one, would willingly abide by
their ruling, and I am sure that most systematic workers in Lepi-
doptera would be glad to see the end of a vexation question which,
while affecting considerably the nomenclature of Lepidoptera, has,
after all, no vital bearing on the larger problem of the interrelation-
ships of the various species.

[I am very glad to see my friend Dr. McDunnough’s paper and to
read his views on the Tentamen. Especially important is his view that
it is no longer possible to consider the publication referred to as ‘‘ ined.”

I cannot however follow him in his effort to reconcile the exact
terminology of the Tentamen with the Verzeichniss. It is to me
immaterial whether “ stirpes’’ and “coiti” have any relation to the
Tentamen or not, because such relationship would not invalidate the
nomenclature of the latter. Priority of publication is the all important
point and this being so the nomenclature of the Verzeichniss falls to the
Tentamen.

Dr. McDunnough says of the Tentamen: ‘Did Hubner by his
employment of a stirpes name in the singular along with a valid
specific name—eyven if unintentionally—create a valid generic name?”
He replies to his question by saying ‘Common sense would seem to
tell us No.”

Here I differ entirely from my friend. It is years ago since Tutt’s
reprint of the Tentamen came into my hands, and I then studied the
question quite independently and came to the same conclusion that
Mr. Durrant had already come to. At that time I had no knowledge
that Durrant had worked out the two schemes in tabulated form as
they have appeared in the pages of this journal, it being only last year
that I discovered this, when I asked him to help me tabulate the two
works. »He then told me he had got the whole thing worked out. I

NOTES ON COLLECTING, 13

mention this now merely to show that I had come to the same con-
clusion as he had from an independent and unbiassed standpoint. But
to reply to Dr. McDunnough. Why does he insert the word “ stirpes ”
in his question, this confuses the issue, “stirpes”’ and “coiti””’ have
nothing to do with the issue, the Tentamen does not refer to them at
all. It uses “ Phalanx ”’ and “Tribus” and it then splits up the latter
into sections, and in my judgment the use of the singular name with
the specific name definitely creates what we now call a genus or a
generic name. Let me give a few examples.

The Tentamen in Phalanx I., Tribus I., says ‘“ Neréides—Neréis
Polymnia.”

The Verzeichniss divides Neréides up into four families, Familia
A. B. C. D. Familia A., “ Vitrex,’ is divided into six genera,
“coiti.” Familia’ B., ‘‘ Fulve,’’ is divided into five genera of
which the third is ‘‘ Mechaniten—Mechanite”’ with three species
“ Mechanitis eucrate, Mech. lysimnia, Mech. polymnia,’ but Nereis
polymnia of the Tentamen has priority, and Mechanitis theretore falls as
a synonym to Neréis.

In all cases the author gives the vernacular equivalent of the Latin
name, in all cases he gives the plural in the first instance and the
singular with the specific names. Let us consider a couple more
examples. In Tribus II. the Tentamen gives ‘‘I. Rustici—Rusticus
argus” ; the Verzeichniss drops the use ‘ Rustici’’ and adopts that of
“« Adolescentes,” which it divides up into eleven genera or “ coiti,” the
fifth of these is ‘“ Lyceide,” the first species of this genus being
* No 670 Lycaetdes argus, Linn.” It is quite evident that the name
Lycaeides must sink as a synonym to the earlier Rusticus whilst
“«Adolescentes’”’ should also fall to “ Rustici’’ should such a super group
name be necessary.

Again in Phalanx II of the Tentamen, the first citation is
“T Zygaene—Zygaena filipendulae.”’ The Verzeichniss divides Zygene
into Familia A and Familia B. A is subdivided into two genera
and B is subdivided into six genera (coiti) of which the fourth is
*« Thermophile,” No. 1273 being Thermophila filipendulae. Here again
as was the case with Rusticus, the name Zyyaena aS a genus or
“ Coitus’ is dropped in favour of Thermophila by the Verzeichniss ;
this, however, is inadmissible, and the genus Thermophila must sink as
a synonym of the earlier Zygaena.

Throughout both works the plural is first used and the singular
then follows with the citation of the specific name, so that if common
sense says ‘“no’’ to the adoption of the singular use in the Tentamen it
must without any question do the same with the Verzeichniss as well.

Taking into consideration all these facts it seems to me quite clear
that in the Tentamen Hubner was dealing with what we now call
genera quite as much as in his later work, only in the latter he had
had time to develop his terminology to a greater extent.

The more healthy criticism we get (like this of my kind friend) the
better, for it is only thus that we shall arrive at the correct solution
of the matter.—G.T.B-B.|

YOTES ON COLLECTING, Ete.

MarRIaGE FLIGHT OF A RARE Ant In Lonpon.—The ant, Myrmecina
graminicola, Litr., is one of the rarest of our British species, and there-

14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

fore its appearance in a back garden at Kensington is unusual. In the
afternoon of September 9th last I found seven alate females on the
flagstones in my garden, and later the same day I actually saw others
coming out of a hole between the stones. The next two days about
twenty more appeared, so that altogether I captured about thirty.
Several climbed up some steps and attempted to fly. It is curious that
no male or workers were seen. It is clear that the nest must be under
the stones, as the ants kept coming out and going into the same hole.
My first acquaintance with this species was in August, 1897, also under
flagstones, but in a garden in Oxfordshire, where both workers and a
déalated female were found. Two of the females taken last September
were confined in an artificial nest, and removed their own wings, so I
am in hopes they are fertilised and will succeed in founding a colony.
—W. C. Crawtey, 29, Holland Park Road, W.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE Leprmoprera.—In continuation of my notes on
unrecorded Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, I find I can add the following
species, all from the neighbourhood of Stroud. Catoptria nimbana,
June 6th, 1912, taken off a beech trunk; Ochsenheimeria vaculella,
July 11th, 1919, by brushing with a sweeping-net the dead twigs of a
large oak; Aristotelia unicolorella, July 8rd, 1916, and Coleophora
paripennella. June 11th, 1910, netted early evening; Nepticula
atricollis, June 8rd, 1918, and N. wlmivora, May 80th, 1918, bred from
larve on Crab and Elm, respectively.

The Tortrix had been forsome time among my puzzles, but getting
another example this year I showed it to the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, and
he recognised it as nimbana, and subsequently compared a specimen
with his own types. This interesting insect has previously, I think,
‘only been captured in Bucks., but its presence here is not surprising
as the food-plant, beech, may be considered the typical forest tree of
the district—W. B. Davis, 8, Rosebank Villas, Churehfield Road,
Stroud, Glos. September 15th, 1919.

Cottectinc iN France anp Itaty in 1917-18 (concluded,)—
September 17th.—The precious days of this busy month are flying
fast. This afternoon the collecting weather conditions in the bed of
the Scrivia were again perfect, and the presence of a fairly strong
wind lessened the heat of the sun on one’s back, and also compelled
insects to settle frequently. But a sun helmet is still an essential even
at this date, as the glare of the sun on the stony white river bed 1s
very strong. FPlusia ganma was in abundance on the hawkweed
flowers, and Sesia steliatarwn was swarming. Two mere summer
form of males of Mantis religiosa and one male of the brown autumn
form were taken at widely different altitudes, and the sight of another
in the wood near the ‘‘ Bluff”’ shows that the species is well established
in this rich entomological district. Among the numbers of C. edusa
and C. hyale seen to-day was a good yar, /elice, which | took, the first
I have met with here.

September 21st.—After some rather windy weather this afternoon
was an entomological opportunity, and under a blazing sun I again
collected among the flowers up and down the river bed. The females.
of C. edusa were as numerous as ever and I secured two more var.
helice. A fine female Issoria lathonia escaped me, but Polygonia

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 15

c-album was captured. The large dark race of P. brassicae were still
on the wing, and | saw two Catocala nupta on the rocky clefts where
C. electa was so numerous in July and August last. Amongst the
Orthoptera swarming in the dry river bed I took two males and a female
of the brown autumn form of M. religiosa, and after some patience
secured three fine Stethophyma fuscum with a number of Qidipoda
caerulescens. In the garden I took a fine female of the dragon-fly
Aeschna cyanea, which had been haunting it for some days, and a male
' Gryllus sylvestris.

September 26th.—After “the heavy thunderstorms on September
29nd and 23rd, the Scrivia was flowing again for the first time since
July, but after another storm on the 25th the sun came out again
brilliantly. The recent rain brought down a good deal of water, which
was decreasing to-day, and had left considerable deposits of mud in
the bed of the river, around which insect life was teeming in the after-
noon. Orthoptera rose at every step. I took three more var. helice
and the brown form -of the Mantis, as well as a fine female U. nupta,
on the rocky cleft. Pyrameis cardui were in scores on the hawkweed
flowers, while Pontia daplidice was lessening in number, females J.
lathonia were common with a few of Pararge megera. The great heat
prevented one from doing much.

September 80th.—In the teeth of a strong equinoctial gale this
afternoon I roamed along the river bed, and although the water is now
continuous, the beds of “flowers are still quite accessible. The Colias
species were still plentiful and fresh. As the Orthoptera were in
thousands, I was led to pay considerable attention to this group during
‘October.

October 2nd.— Last night some very fine dark brown, almost black,
imagines of Xylophasia monoglypha came to the electric light. This
‘species is usually on the wing in June and July, and those taken in
‘October would appear to be a second emergence. It is not common
in N. Italy. I was given a fine larva of Agrius convolvuli, which fed
‘readily on both Convolvulus sepium and C. arvensis. This species is
quite common in North Italy, and is on the wing in April and
September and October.

October 6th.—This afternoon of a perfectly still day with a bright
sun all nature in the wide river bed was alive. The Scrivia was
flowing in three separate streams since the recent thunderstorms, but
I was able to ford them all by stepping-stones. Again the Orthoptera
rose at every step, conspicuous among them being OV. caerulescens and
Sphingonotus caerulans. P. cardut were getting worn, P. daplidice
were abundant, C. edusa, though less numerous, was very perfect,
mostly females, only one Mantis was noted, the large S. fuscwm rose at
intervals, and under the C. electa clefts I took two Deiopetia pulchella
among low plants. C.nuwpta was on the tree trunks in the outskirts of
the wooded bottom quite plentiful, fluttering from trunk to trunk and
settling a short distance from the ground. Just outside the wood here
a few dragonflies were seen, and I took S. striolatwn male, and
S. scoticum female. I had a larva of Dasychira pudibunda brought me
to-day, which spun up immediately among the leaves of apple which it
readily feeds upon. Just inside the first gorge near Vocemola the
beetle Adimonia tanaceti was taken.

October 8th.—-Despite the strong wind to-day a number of butter-

16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

flies were flying in the bed of the river. C. edusa, P. daplidice, the
Orthopteron 0. caerulescens were taken here. In the wood
Phaneroptera falcata was captured. Summer and autumn forms of
Mantis were in the dry bed of the stream behind the woods. On the
top of the bluff and on the way down the beetle Meloé proscarabaeus
was taken. At night thunderstorms again affected the flow of water
in the Scrivia river.

October 17th.—We have had continuous rains and thunderstorms
day and night since October 12th, and the ground is very sodden,
the three main channels of the river are now getting very full of water.
Last night Calocampa exoleta came to light accompanied by several
Miselia oxyacanthae, and one specimen of Hnnomos alniaria (tiliaria).

October 20th.—Last evening Triphaena pronuba came to light.
This afternoon collecting was done in a very strong breeze on the high
ground near the cemetery behind Vocemola. A male and a female of
C. edusa were found resting on young oak-trees with their wings closed,
exactly matching the half changed leaves around them, thus rendering
them practically invisible. The Xylocopa bee was noted on the sunny
side of the gorge with P. brassicae.

October 23rd.—Along the main road running through the village
of Rigoroso, this afternoon, I found the larve of Macrothylacia rubi
walking about in all directions. A J”. brassicae was seen asleep resting”
sideways on a stone wall, and thus rendered particularly visible by its
general light coloration contrasting with the much darker stone,
whereas had it rested at right angles with closed wings it would have
been quite invisible. The heavy rain came on again this evening, and
fine fresh Miselia oayacanthae, a couple of Himera pennaria, and the
late emergence of Noctua plecta came in to the electric light.

October 25th.—The sun broke through in the afternoon and it
was pleasant walking. I crossed the river and turned down the right.
bank, where a worn specimen of the Orthopteron Acrida nasuta was
taken. In the first stage I took a pair of Sympetrum striolatwn in cép
flying up and down the stream in full current again. C. edusa were
resting among leaves on the dry pasture, perfectly resembling them
with their closed wings. Among some small trees I took the smaller
dragon-fly Ischnura pumilio. A female Gryllomorpha dalmatina was
taken in the dry pasture.

October 26th.—A glorious summer afternoon after the torrents-of
rain. I crossed the bridge over the river and turned up the river bed
for some distance. Only a few blossoms of the hawkweed remain, but
even these attract the few C. edusa tothem. The Orthopteron Stauro-
derus morio were numerous among the stones and low shrubs, and I took
the large yellow-brown Orthopteron Chorthippus pulvinatus as ib was
sitting on a stone facing me asI turned suddenly. Leaving the stream
past the village of Vocemola I turned up. through the clump of trees
on the lower hillsides where P. rapae and a solitary specimen of Pararge
meyera accompanied the C. edusa.

October 28th.—There is very little insect life left along the river
bed now, the additional species to-day was a Pontia daplidice. Quite _
a number of dragonfiies were flying along the little stream which
comes down from behind the “bluff.” Sympetrum striolatum were
taken in cop, and the females were easy to take as they were.
ovipositing on the young shoots and blades of grass just below and on
the surface of the water.

October 29th.—The thermometer down to 51° F. in the shade, but
a bright sun and no wind afforded a pleasant afternoon’s walk up the
river bed, where Stanroderus morio was stirred up to be caught arnong the
Calluna growing on the bank. Pieris rapae appeared to be a fresh
emergence in number, and C. hyale in poor condition was among the
abundant CO. edusa. Rumicia phlaeas were in good order and a female
P. megera turned up with P. daplidice. The interest of the afternoon
was the capture of two good specimens of Lampides boeticus, an addition
to my list of the butterflies of this district. Evidently I missed the
summer brood (possibly the middle of June) owing to the great heat,
as the place where I met with the species to-day would then have been
practically unbearable.: This morning on.a stone wall in the sun
behind the villa Vittoria I found a specimen of the Noctuid Chariptera
vividana, a rare moth in N. Italy, probably a second brood, the usual
emergence being June and July.

October 31st.—South wind and a warm sun produced a perfect
afternoon. Another L. boeticus was taken in the same place, but I saw
no more. R. phlaeas and C. hyale with the usual C. edusa were the
chief Lepidoptera seen. A specimen of Oedipoda miniata fell to my
net. This morning a fresh example of S. stellatarwm was handed to
me by my friend, Major Broadmore, which he had taken at Bordighera
on the Italian Riviera.

November 4th.—lLast night both sexes of Himera pennaria came to
light in abundance at the villa Pisano during the heavy rain with a
few Hnnomos alniaria (tiliaria), Odontopera bidentata, and Kpirrita
(Oporabia) dilutata, all in good condition.

November 6th.—Last night the pretty Orthopteron Phaneroptera
faleata jumped into my bedroom, and a Phlogophora meticulosa came in
to light.

November 9th.—I left for England and before concluding I wish
to express my indebtedness to the following authors, whose books
were consulted constantly.

Italian Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, and Orthoptera, by Dr. A. Griffini.
Ulrico Hoepli. Milan. 1897. ¢
A Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe, by Dr. Malcolm
Burr, London. 1910. ;

British Dragonflies—Odonata, by W. J. Lucas, F.E.S., London.
1899.

Le Farfalle, by Proff. Ferdinando Sordelli. Ulrico Hoepli. Milan.
1912.

Iblibro det Coleotteri, by Dr. Achille Griffini. Ulrico Hoepli. Milan.
1896.—Liszvr. EH. B. Asusy (F.E.S.), Hounslow.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. i\'7/

GJURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Rey. G. H. Raynor is publishing “ A Compendium of Named
Varieties of the Large Magpie Moth” accompanied by a Label List.
Hxamining an advance copy we are struck by the enormous amount of
really scientific labour which it records. One is perhaps tempted to
look upon the insect concerned rather from a commercial than from a
scientific point of view. Mr. Raynor’s brochure contains descriptions
of two classes of variation, those taken wild in Britain, and these

- produced by careful breeding experiments. As lone as a form has

18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

been named, it finds a place in the “Compendium,” which becomes
thus a sort of “ Bradshaw” for the species. Further it is a record
which (as far as we know) has no parallel in Entomology, or other
branch of Natural History, unless it be Domestic Animals—a record
of the possible modifications in appearance, which may be produced
by the patient continuous working out of a system of scientific experi-
ment. There is probably no other insect of which a catalogue of 55
different forms could be compiled. Alike to the Collector of Varieties
of Lepidoptera, and to the student this list should be indispensable.—
C.R.N.B.

The following Fellows have been nominated by the Council of the
Entomological Society of London as Officers and Council for the
Session 1920-21 and will be elected-at the Annual Meeting to be held
on January 21st, 1920. President: Comm. J. J. Walker, M.A., R.N.,
F.L.S. pedvarer JW. G. Sheldons EEZIS: Secretaries 3 Ree G.
Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S.; 8. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8. Librarian:
G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.8. Council: H. H. Andrews; G. T.
Bethune-Baker, F.L.8., F.Z.S.; K. G. Blair, B.Sc.; Surg. Comm. M.
Cameron, M.B., R.N.; J- Hartley- ‘Dramas - H. Eltringham, M.A.,
D.Se.; A. D. Imms, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S. ; G. A. K. Marshall, Disch
_ PiZ.8.; Rev. EF. D. Morice, M/A. E:Z.S8. ; i. E. Pages Rt. Eonble,
Lord Rothschild, M.A., F.R.S., etc.; Capt. Rev. J. B. Waterston,
IBID ss lexis a

The following is a List of Members recommended by the Council
of the South London Entomological Society to be appointed Officers
and Council for the Season 1920-21 at the Annual Meeting to be held
on January 22nd, 1920. President: K. G. Blair, B.Sc., F.H.8. Vice-
Presidents: Ki. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.K.S.; 8. Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.5.,
F.E.S. Treasurer: A. EK. Tonge, F.H.8. Librarian: A. W. Dods.
Curator: W. West. Assistant Curator: §. R. Ashby, F.E.8. Hditor
of Proceedings: H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Hon. Secretaries: 8. Edwards,
F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.E.S. (Corresponding), and H. J. Turner, F.E.S.
Recorder of Attendances: B. S. Williams. Hon. Lanternist: A. W.
Dennis. + Council = “RB: Adkin, (EL Es.: RR. TT Bowrvantaeeeee
Dunster; F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U ; Lachlan Gibb, F.E.S.;
Meg Ne Hall, shel disiSin 3 Ki. D. Riley, EE. Sp Dr. G. C. Robertson, M.D.;
K. Step, F. es.

While searching iihoudh “volumes of forgotten lore’ we recently
came across the following poetical (sic) gem apropo of the malarial
guest. Dr. Koch, the German Professor, had gone to Java and the
fact was thus reported in the Singapore Free Press.

Koch has settled down in Java for to find a febrifuge ;

I fancy these Dutch Doctors find the joke exceeding huge,

Trotting round the swamps malarious ; laying in a buzzing stock

Of the Javanese mosquito for the febrile Doctor Koch.

I have oft gone butterflying for the beetle in his lair :

Even hunted ‘‘irritations ’’ in my puppy’s curly hair:

But these pleasurable pastimes all must go into the shade,

When compared to catching skeeters to find how fever’s made.

In my mind’s eye I can picture each Dutch doctor setting out,

For the hotbeds of the fever where the skeeters fly about ;

Having tended to the dying and interred their dead,—en bloc

They troop out to catch mosquitoes for the festive Doctor Koch.

Well! I fancy, if our Governmental medicos were told

To undertake such duties, that they’d quickly quit the fold:

That e’en though it were for Science, they’d be likely thus to mock—

‘©Go and catch your own mosquitoes and be blowed to you, old Cock.”’

CURRENT NOTES. 19

Prof. Morel says that throughout the summer of 1919 he found
Butterflies to be very scarce both at Hyéres in late April and in May
and at Allos in the Dauphiné Alps from June to August. The same
report is sent to us by Signor Querci whose wife and daughter spent
the whole summer collecting in many places in Central Italy, butter-
flies were scarce everywhere. Reports from our own islands are quite
the reverse. Have any of our readers continental experience as to
scarcity in other parts? Lieut. Ashby certainly found quite the
reverse in the northern slopes of the Apennines.

The Vasculum for the earlier half of 1918 contains further
contributions towards the elucidation of the hitherto much neglected .
Orders. In “ British Hydracarina” Chas. D. Soar says that ‘‘ the
Acarina or Mites are divided into eight super-families, of which
Hydrachmoidea is one. This is divided into two families, Halacaride
usually found in the sea, and Hydracarina usually found in
fresh water.” He says that in the British area about two
hundred and fifty species of forty-two genera have been recorded
so far. The writer deals with the general life-history in detail,
describes the method of preparation for microscopieal examination,
and adds a plate with numerous figures to illustrate his remarks.
Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall, F.L.8., and J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sce.,
contribute the sixth portion of their ‘Talk about Plant Galls,” on this
occasion dealing with the Wasp Galls of the British Oak. They
briefly consider (1) the outward forms and position of the galls; (2)
the internal form; (8) uninvited guests and others —inquilines; (4)
alternating generations; (5) economic considerations, and (6) details
of the species found in the Northumberland and Durham area. There
are in addition Records of insects occurring locally, short accounts of
some eight Field Meetings of the North. and Durh. N.H.S. in
1918, with other matters dealing with Ornithology, Geology, History,
and Literature.

Many Annuals have been late in appearance and curtailed in size
this year, no doubt caused by the excessive expense in all matters
dealing with the production of books and papers. The Transactions of
the London Natural History Society for 1918 is one more record added
to the work which has been going on for more than sixty years. In
Extracts from the Minutes only the most important items of the
Proceedings of the meetings are given, including ‘‘ Mosquitoes” by
Mr. Bacot, ‘‘ Notes from Gloucestershire’? by Mr. C. Nicholson, and
“Notes from N.E. Ireland” by Mr. H. B. Williams dealing with the
Insecta, and various papers and notes on Ornithology and Botany. A
“« Pocket Box Exhibition” was as usual held in February and many
aberrations and local species were shown, particularly of Ayriades
coridon, Abraxas grossulariata, and Rumicia phlaeas. Much of the
work of the Society is carried on by individual effort collected into
subject sections, each with an active chairman and secretary. Some
ten pages are devoted to reports from these branches. Two papers are
printed in full and the Transactions end with biographies of three
members who passed away during the year. No reports of the Council,
Annual Address, and business statement for the year are printed.

In the Hnt. News for November is an interesting article by
Hi. C. Van Dyke, “ The Tendency of Insects to Collect on Ridges and
Mountain Snowfields,” giving the writer’s experiences on the high

20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

mountains. Among other species and other Orders he notes the
fondness of Papilio zolicaon and the Alpine Pierids to favour the
highest ridges and points, as also vast quantities of Coccinellidae.
This recalls to mind how certain one is to meet P. machaon on the
topmost ridges of the Rigi, the Burgenstock, and other like places in
Switzerland, while the Alpine Pierid P. callidice frequents the steep
ridges near the Higer-glacier station of the Jung Frau Railways.
Prof. Skinner records a fine gynandromorph of Papilio turnus, the left
side wings normal and the right side wings those of the black female.
H. B. Weiss records another immigrant from Europe in Tinea cloacella,
of which a number have been bred from Polyporus gathered from
telegraph poles in more than one locality in New Jersey, Dr. Howard
furnishes a list of the Hymenopterous Parasites of Kermes, a useful
compilation for practical economic purposes.

In the Hnt. Mo. Mag. for November Mr. H. Mace contributes an
article on ‘‘ Balkan Butterflies.”’

In the Rev. Mens. Namur for November, M. T. Derenne records
two unusual assemblages of Amphipyra tragopogonis under loosely
attached bark on trees which had been thrown down in the citadel of
Namur. On one of the occasions in August, 1918, he counted between
30 and 40 specimens massed in one group. The aberration of Papilio
machaon recorded by Dr. Reverdin in Geneva in 1910 as ab. melanostida,
with a black streak in the discoidal cell of the forewings, has been
bred in some number in Belgium, near Ganshoren.

A new species of British Aphis is recorded in the Ent. Mo. Mag.
for December, by T. Laing, M.A., as Aphis tripolii ; it was taken at
Shoeburyness on Aster tripolium in August. The same writer also
contributes a note on ‘“ Insects damaging Lead.”

In the Ent. for November, Prof. T. D. A. Cockcrell describes
several insects found in Burmese Amber; Mr. W. J. Lucas writes on
“Orthoptera in Captivity” and “Preserving Orthoptera”; and
Mr. Sheldon tackles some more of the problems in the Genus Peronea
dealing with P. maccana and P. lipsiana, of which the larva were
obtained from Rannoch. .

In his researches into the Biology of the sand Ammophila (Hym.),
detailed in the Bull. Soc. ent. Belg. M. Descy deals in a very
interesting manner at some considerable length with the Theory of
Paralysation. 5

Mr. Cyril T. Carpenter, F.H.S., is shortly starting on a tour to the
Andes. He writes to say that he is proceeding in a few days to
Panama, and from thence proposes to go down the 8.W. coast and
enter Colombia. The first town he will touch will be Medellin, where
he proposes to stay for about a month. From there he will make for
Bogota where he will probably stay some time. Then he proceeds to
Purificacion ; after leaving which he will pass down through Neiva,
Popagan, to Pasto, and will enter Ecuador at Ibarra. Then he will go
on to Quito, Latacunga, Riobamba, Cuenca and Loja, and pass into
Peru at Pongo de Mansericke. From there he expects to go towards
the coast and continue on to Lima, from whence he will reach Cuzco
and enter Bolivia at La Paz. He then intends to make a bee-line for
Vilia Maria, Brazil, and to work through the district of the Matto
Grosso to Cataldo and on to 8. Rondo, thence following the River San
Francisco to its mouth and to embark at Bahia for Colon. Mr. John
Ward will forward correspondence.

SOCIETIES. Fi

SOCIETIES.
Tae Sourn Lonpon EnromotoaicaL and Naturat History Soctery.

October 9th.cNew Memper.—Dr. T. R. Leeson, M.D., J.P., F.L.S.,
of Twickenham, was elected a member.

ZyeaEnips From §. Irary.—Mr. Curwen, Zygaenids from S.
ltaly, 7. rubicundus, Z. erythrus, Z. stoechadis, and ab. dubia, and Z.
oxytropis ; aberrations of 4. filipendulae from Deal ; and Z. tripolii ab.
minoides from Swinley Woods.

Ay Iuuicrant Loneicorn.—Mr. Moore, Monohamus titilata (Col.)
from Rotherhithe.

P. 1cARUS, FEMALES OF Two BRoopS.—Mr. Barnett, series of the two
broods of female Polyommatus icarus, Surrey.

S. American Lepmoprera.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Dione vanillae var.
maculosa, Calthodes ethlius, and Basilona imperialis, all from Cordoba,
Argentina.

October 23rd.—EHxHIBIvION OF AND DISCUSSION ON THE VARIATION IN
Aeuais urtican.—The President introduced the subject by referring to
the establishment of the genus Ayglais by Dalman in 1816.

Mr. Hy. J. Turner read a series of Notes dealing with (1) the
features available for variation, (2) the lines of actual variation, (8)
the various named forms which fall ito these groups, (4) less fre-
quently occurring forms, (5) extremely rare aberrations, (6) a reference
list of the named forms, and (7) short diagnoses of these forms.

Mr. Sperring read a series of Notes dealing with (1) racial series
from §.E. London, Essex, Cambridge, Lincoln, Tyrone, Inverness,
Kineardine, Paisley, and Arran, (2) aberrational and racial variation,
(3) characteristics of various named forms which he exhibited, and (4)
colour aberration caused by applied chemical action.

8. gigas.—Mr. Curwen exhibited Sirex gigas from Twickenham.

Variation 1n C. Graminis.—Mr. B. S. Williams, aseries of Charaeas
graminis with variable ground colour and a specimen with coalesced
marking.

Menanic O. autumnaria.—Mr. Tonge, a series of Oporabia autum-
naria from Langridge Fell and near Preston, including a strongly
melanic form.

Aperration oF British Nympnanips. N. TYPHAE TWO. YEARS AS A
LarvA.—Mr. Frohawk, a small living larva of Nonagria typhae, already
fourteen months old; a series of Limenitis sibilla showing gradation
from type form to ab. nigrina ; Dryas paphia with somewhat radiated
hindwings, and others showing coalescence and suffusion of spots ;
and Argynnis cydippe, a series showing gradation in extension of the
spotting and one with only three spots in the row on the hindwing.

November 18th, 1919.—Dxcrasz or a Memper.—The decease of Mr.
W. J. Ashdown (1895) was announced.

Appition To THE Socrety’s Co~nEections.—On behalf of the Rey.
C. R. N. Burrows, a series of larval cases of various species of British
Psychides were presented to the Society’s collections.

IixHIBITION AND Discussion oF N. xanrHoGRAPHA.— Series of Noctua
wanthographa were exhibited by Messrs. R. Adkin, A. E. Tonge, B. 8.
Williams, Hy. J. Turner, etc., and a discussion took place.

29. ' THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Mr. H. J. Turner gave a list of the named forms with short
descriptions, and mentioned the characters which were available for
variation as the ground, the stigmata, the transverse markings, and the
scale textures.

Several members remarked on the extremely large numbers of this
species which came to sugar.

ABERRATIONS OF OC. XERAMPELINA AND E. ancuLaria.—Mr. Newman,
a very dark banded large form of Cirrhoedia xerampelina from Sligo
and males of Ennomos angularia from Regent’s Park with considerable
contrast between the light central band and the dark outer-marginal
area.

LaNncasHIRE AND CHESHIRE EwromonocicaL SociEry.

October 20th, 1919.—LepibopTreRaA TAKEN aT CartweL.—Mr. R.
Wilding had a large number of Lepidoptera from Cartmel including
long series of Argynnis aglaia and Brenthis selene, the latter included a
very fine underside variety; he also shewed Plusia festucae from the
same district.

Nores on B. muratis.—Mr. W. A. Tyerman exhibited, on behalf
of Mr. H. M. Hallett of Penarth, a series of Bryophila muralis from
Cardiff, also Polia flavicincta, and contributed notes.

Aserrations oF British Lepmoprera.—Mr. 8. P. Doudney shewed
series of Hrebia blandina (aethiops), with a xanthic aberration, Argynnis
cydippe, very strongly marked underside, Zephyrus quercus and Anaitis
plagiata from Arnside ; Plebeius aegon race massey?, xanthic aberration,
Agriades coridon, Bryophila muralis and Gnophos obscurata from
Folkestone.

Locat Species anp Forms or British Lepmoprera.—Mr. R. Tait
brought Celastrina argiolus from Penmaenmawr, and reported the
presence of larve of Plusia moneta in the same locality; Strymon
(Thecla) pruni and Aplecta advena from Monks Wood ; he remarked on
the great scarcity of Lepidoptera in 8. Devon and at Wicken.

Mr. J. W. Griffin, Tephrosia biundularia, Ellopia prosapiaria,
Hupithecia coronata, Aplecta nebulosa, and Brephos parthenias from
Delamere ; Notodonta camelina, N. dromedarius, N. ziczac, Hylophila
prasinana, and Huclidia mi from Simonswood; Tvrochilium crabroni-
formis and Agrotis nigricans from Wallasey.

Mr. 8. ‘Gordon Smith exhibited a large number of Lepidoptera,
including the type specimens of the recently described aberrations
Crocallis elinguaria ab. signatipennis, Newst. and Smith, Nyssia zonaria
ab. ochracea, N. and §., Amphidasis strataria ab. ochrearia, N. and §.,
and Tephrosia biundularia ab. venosa, N. and 8. From Chester, chiefly
taken at light, Coenobia rufa, Cirrhoedia werampelina and Calamia
lutosa; from Delaware, Nonagria geminipuncta, captured by Prof.
Newstead and new to the L. and C. List. A series of Callimorpha
dominula from Aberhosan, N. Wales; from Prestatyn, a series of
Cosmotriche potatoria, including two dark females and a male having
three of the wings dark, the other, right forewing, being yellow.

Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a long series of Sarrothripus revayana
from the New Forest, which included the aberrations variegata, adusta,
afzeliana, fasciata, fusculina, melanosticta, ramosana and stoninus ;
Plebeius aegon from Holker and Witherslack, Hydrelia unca from
Holker, Cydaria truncata and Cosymbia (Zonosoma) pendularia

REVIEWS. 28

var. decoraria (subroseata) from N. Staffs, also a fine radiate aberration
of Rumicia phlaeas from Ainsdale.

Mr. Prince had a very fine lot of Agriades coridon comprising ab.
semisyngrapha, ab. striata, and other forms.

November 17th, 1919.—New Memper.—Mr. H. M. Hallett, F.E.S.,
of 64, Westbourne Road, Penarth, Glam., was elected a member of
the Society.

Near Kastern Lerrpoptera.—Mr. A. W. Hughes brought an
exhibit of Lepidoptera from Palestine and Egypt, and described the
difficulty of collecting under service conditions and also of getting the
insects safely home.

ABERRATIONS oF A. THETIS AND SERIES OF Exotic SPHINGIDAE
sHown.—Mr. H. B. Prince exhibited a large number of Agriades thetis
(bellargus), which included abs. striata, arcua, and other forms; also a
collection of Sphingidae bred by the Rev. A. Miles Moss in Colombia,
S. America. ;

JIREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Proceepines oF THE SoutH Lonpon EntomotoeicaL anp NaturaL
History Society, 1918-19. 124+ xv. pp., 2 plates and Text figure.

The Volume presented for Review is a very substantial one,
marking, one presumes, the end of War-stress, the increased supply of
(excellent) paper, and above all, the return of our men and Members
of Societies to their pre-war occupations.

The pagination of the present issue 124+ xv. pages, compared with
85-+xy. in the last, is indeed rather startling when one puts the
volumes side by side.

The Society’s Membership has been again well sustained, totalling
157 against 158 of last year’s return, in spite of the loss of 5 by death
and 2 by resignation. This maintenance of numbers betokens a
healthy life and abundant vigour.

The Report of the Council chronicles the renewed activities. Hight
formal Papers read, two special Lectures and five Field Meetings
provide ample material for interest and observation.

There is a difference between a Critic and a Reviewer. The Critic
is Supposed to, indeed generally does, find fault [wisely has it been
written that a Critic is one who is bereft of the power to construct],
the Reviewer, to commend and praise. This Reviewer is therefore
anxious to be understood when he begins his remarks by picking a
little hole in Mr. H. J. Turner’s Paper upon Ematurga atomaria, L.,
which it need scarcely be said is in itself a most interesting, instructive,
and lastingly useful contribution to Entomological Knowledge. Mr.
Turner has allowed a little confusion to escape his notice and forgot
that his Paper would come under the notice of “one who knows.”
The trouble is concerning the inclusion of a form var. glarearia as a
variety of H. atumaria. It would appear from his words that he was
completely certain himself that the suggestion was incorrect, but does
not quite make his position clear. The writer has not had opportunity
to examine the material at the British Museum, or elsewhere, so
cannot say how “or why”’ the mistake arose. Probably there is some
considerable resemblance between the species, but as a matter of

94 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD.

fact glarearia is not in any way related to Hmaturga, but a very well
defined Macariid, allied to clathrata and to Macaria. As our friend
notes, glarearia, in Staudinger’s Catalog, 1901, is placed next to
clathrata in the genus Phasiane. Where the reference to Haworth
comes in is a mystery, as glariaria is not a British insect. It was
submitted to the writer some years ago, probably by Mr. Prout, for
investigation, doubtlessly on account of this confusion, and was at
once placed in its proper position. So much for genitalia. “But to
return to our muttons.”

Perhaps after this outburst of criticism, our senses are quickened,
but to find Alfred Sich describing himself as a ‘‘ Beginner” in the
study of Tortricina, does seem a “‘ bit thick.” Maybe we are wrong on
this point, but in our ignorance we have thought that our old friend
knew as much on the subject as most students of the group long before
some of us were born.

Here a very serious trouble meets the Reviewer. The volume
under notice is thick, but the editor of The Record is urgent. Time
(and also space) is short. We don’t like the appearance of ‘‘scamping,”’
and don’t want to appear careless or unappreciative. This must be
our excuse for brevity.

The Paper by the Rey. G. Wheeler on the variation of Hpinephele
tithonus, with two nice photographic plates, is more than a mere
catalogue of known forms, as the title suggests, but is a careful com-
parison of this species with other allies.

The Presidential Address [Mr. Stanley Edwards] forms a useful
compendium of facts about injurious and beneficial Jnsecta under the
title of “ Economic Entomology.”

The Abstract of Proceedings is too extensive to summarise, too
varied to deal with in detail. The exhibits continue to be numerous
(increasingly so), especially at the Annual Exhibition, thirteen pages
of the Proceedings being occupied by the list of objects, with brief
explanatory notes thereupon.

We notice in turning over the pages numerous very interesting
notes on various species of Lepidoptera. Mr. L. W. Newman on the
variation amongst bred specimens of Cosymbia pendularia. Mr. B. W.
Adkin on the genus Spilosoma. Mr. Sperring’s Notes on Mimas tiliae,
practically a life history—with notes on the variation. Mr. Blair’s
table of differentiation between Coccinella 7-punctata and C. distincta.
Mr. Bowman’s “ record” of four successive broods, including the wild
mother, in one year, of Dysstroma truncata, is of peculiar interest, in
connection with the usual complaint as to deterioration resulting from
inbreeding, and also on account of the disappearance of variation.

The Annual Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera must not
escape notice, and appears to have been loyally supported, as it well
deserves to be, if only to remind Lepidopterists that there are forms of
life other than butterflies and moths.

The Reviewer’s own practical experience of the aggravating, soul
disturbing, nature of the work of index making (usually within a
strictly limited period of time) inclines him to bear gently with those
who undertake a most thankless business, and discount criticism upon
the accuracy thereof, desirable though that be, until he knows that the
critic is one who is capable of constructing himself.—(Rey.) C. RB. N.
Burrows.

_ Subscriptions for Vol. XXXIl. (10 shillings) should be sent to

_ Mr. Herbert E. Page, “‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross,

§.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from

_. January 15th to December 15th, 1920.)

_ -Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, * Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross, §.E, 14

_ . Subseribers are kindly requested to observe that subscriptions to Whe Wntomologist’s Record, &e.,are
payable in advance. The subscription (with or without the Spacial Index) is Ten Shillings, and
must be sent to Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, §.E.14 Cheques
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i RE EE I EE ES TE OS ET > a er ee cee

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Duplicaies.— A. immorata, P. affinitata, E. venustula (4), S. andrenaeformis (7), S.
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renew old series. Good Tortrices and Tineae.—Geo. T. Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton,
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- Duplicates.—Grossulariata var. lutea, lacticolor, varleyata, fulvapicata, ete. De-
‘siderata.—Other extreme forms of Grossulariata, or good vars.) of Diurni.—Rev. G. H.
Raynor, Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Hssex. — .
Desiderata.—Kuchloé cardamines from Ireland; also types of E. cardamines from
Switzerland, Italy, 8. France; var, turritis (S. Italy), var. volgensis, var. thibetana, and
- of EB. gruneri, F. euphenoides, H. damone, and any palearctic species of the genus.
‘ Duplicates.—Loweia dorilis and vars., a few minor vars. of R. phleas (British), and many
_.. British lepidoptera.— Harold B. Williams, 82, Filey Avenue, Stoke Newington, N.
Pig Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from aj] parts of the
~ world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
indispensable. Liberal return made.—W. G. Pether, ‘* Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1. :

; . Duplicates (all Clydesdale).—Aithiops, Selene; Icarus, Phleas, Hectus, Mundana,
Perla, Fulva, Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata, Cambrica, Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,
_ Pristata, Boreata, Mercurella, Angustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Truncicolella, Derepitalis,
Kuhmella, Fusca, Margaritellus, Hortuellus, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana, Solan-
drinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, Stramineana, Rivulana, Urticana, Octomaculana,
Perlepidana; Vaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana,.Myllerana. Desiderata—Numerous,
especially —d. A. Dalglish, 7, Keir Street, Glasgow. :

_ Duplicates.—T. pruni (very~fair); Moneta (bred); T. crateegi (bred) ; Lucipara
(bred); Juniperata (bred) ;- pups of Bucephala; ova ‘T’. crategi. Desiderata.—Very
numerous, to renew and extend.— Wm. Foddy, 39, York Street, Rugby.
u CuAanes or Appress.—H. W. Andrews, Woodside, Victoria Road, Hitham; S.E. 9.

oe MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

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CO N tT E N “ES:
: PAGE.
= ‘The Zygaenac of Poninailar ltaly; Or aZ10 Queret.. oe ay aoe eae Ane aes : 25
Geographical Variation of Zygaena loti, Dr. Verity a ap ee Bee Ec 28
The Sydney ‘Webb Collection of British oe (continued), S.G.C.-R.~. fe oe 33
Rovisonal Notes. oe Re Prem hE Mle a i ee ae

E 4 Ne for. 1919, Dale Donischorge, # MSs PR. BS; ene trifolii again, G.7.B.-
Biker, P.L.8. etal at at ee ah ae pur oe esaueronca ese oes

_)

Cornent. Nomes AND SHorr ‘Notices at ner aes oe sf + ce ES 40

ft ‘SocteTims Phe: South London Entomological Soviety ; ae Lanenktte and peeebus
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FEBRUARY loth, 1920...

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id

ZYGAENAE OF PENINSULAR ITALY. 25

Comparative data and statistics on some Zygaenae of Peninsular
. Italy.

By ORAZIO QUERCI.
I, ZyGaENa TRANSALPINA, Hsp.

The Italian Zygaenae have been made the subject of accurate
studies by many entomologists, who have described species, races, and
many individal forms. Being in possession of abundant materials I
propose to furnish, above all, exact statistics, and to make observa-
tions in order to establish, on real numerical bases, the frequency of
the particular forms in the races of Central Italy, leaving to Dr.
Verity the synthetic comparative study of the same races, and their
nomenclature. .

The specimens which I possess come chiefly from the following
localities, in which my family have collected during the last ten
years :—

1. Florence, Tuscany, Central Italy.—Gvassy clearings in the oak
coppices of the Pian di Mugnone (600 ft.) and of the Fiesole hills
(1,700 ft.).

2. Fonte-buona, Florence.—Meadows on the slopes of Poggio
Conea (1,200 ft.), near Monte Morello.

3. Palazzuolo di Romagna, Tuscany.—Meadows at about 1,000 ft.,
amongst the oak woods on the slopes of Monte Carsolano.

4, Montefegatesi, Lucca, Tuscany,
ground on the slopes of Monte Pratofiorito (3,000 ft.).

5. Firenzuola, Florence.—Clearings at about 1,500 ft. above the
sea, in the locality called il Palasaccio.

6. Macerata, Marche, Central Italy.—Clearings in the oak woods of
Colle Torri (900 ft. above the sea).

7. Bolognola, Macerata.—Bare slopes and clearings among the
beech woods on the Sibillini mountains (3,600 ft.).

8. Formia, Caserta, Campania.—Grassy hills near the Gulf of
Gaeta (150 ft.).

9. Pollecca, Caserta.—Clearings among the oak woods on the
Monti Aurunci.

10. Villalatina, Caserta.—Meadows and thickets along the road
which borders the Mollarino river (1,500 ft.), in the Mainarde hills.

11. Aspromonte, Calabria, South Italy.—Clearings and meadows
on the plateau of Carmelia (2, 000 ft.).

12. 8. Martino, Palermo, Sicily.—Grassy dells among the bare
slopes of Monte Cuccio and Monte Pietroso (2,500 ft.).

I begin with 7%. transalpina, which is the most interesting of the
Italian Zygaenae, on account of the numerous varieties and individual
forms which it produces, and I give the data and statistics of the four
varieties of which I possess a sufficient number of specimens.

Zygaena transalpina, Esp. flies at the end of June or in the first
days of July at Florence, Fontebuona, Palazzuolo, Firenzuola, Mace-
rata, Polleca, and Villalatina; at Formia it begins to appear in
January and flies in March ; at Bolognola it first appears in July and
re-appears in September. It has not been found in the other localities
above mentioned.

Fesruary 157rx, 1920.

26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

In the following synopsis the principal characteristics of the varia-
tion of each race are indicated, and for each characteristic the num-
ber of specimens found in each of the four localities above mentioned
is marked. For the locality of Villalatina I have divided the data into
three columns according to the colours, red, yellow, or rose, of each
specimen. (See table I.) -

The numbers in large letters of table I. are the ordinal numbers of
the forms, and refer to the following list, in which are mentioned the
names which have been ascribed to some of the different individual
forms.

Besides the 58 different forms to which I have alluded in the table,
Z. transalpina produces also other. accidental forms the following of
which deserve to be noted :—

The abdomen, generally of dark blue colour, may be adorned by a
red circle (annulata, Trti). Of this aberration I have found four
specimens amongst about 4000 examined at Formia, and one amongst
500 individuals examined at Florence. [The existence of this form is
to my mind important, because it seems to shew that the Asiatic Z.
dorycnti, O. is but a sub-species of 7. loti, just as transalpina is
another. It will be noticed that, but for the abdominal belt, doryenwt
is identical with some forms of transalpina, including position of red
spots on forewing.—R. Veriry.|

Upon the dorsal margin of the hindwings and on the external
angle of the same, there may be a shading more or less intense of
~ golden scales (adflata, Trti). I have found twelve specimens with this
characteristie well-marked amongst the Z. transalpina of Formia, and
one amongst about 400 specimens examined at Polleca, on the Monti
Auruncl.

The upper basal spot may extend along the costa until it joins the
median upper spot (anticeconjuncta, Vrty.). One specimen out of more
than 300 examined at Bolognola, on the Monti Sibillini.

Whether in the plain or on the hills 7. transalpina has only one
and continuous period on the wing, and then disappears. On the
high mountains, on the contrary, it flies in July, ceases to fly in
August, and then re-appears in September. The September specimens
are generally smaller and more faintly coloured than those of July. I
think I can explain this phenomenon excluding the hypothesis of a
second generation. In the higher parts of the Apennines the grass is
cut in the middle of July; the less grown larve of Z. transalpina are
thus deprived of food and must travel about to find it. In this way
their development is retarded, and the chrysalid is overtaken by the
period of intense heat and absolute drought, during which nearly all
the species of Lepidoptera cease to fly. After the rains the surviving
chrysalidscomplete their development, but having suffered the difficulties
of life, are of reduced dimensions and poor in scales. Similar speci-
mens have often been produced amongst those which I had neglected
in the breeding cages.

The appearonce of not a few specimens of Z. transalpina, which
happens in January and February at Formia, as well as their normal
period of flying in March, is most extraordinary, and all the more
notable when you consider that in northern Africa the Zygaenae fly in
May and June.

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98 THS ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Nomenclature of the variation mentioned in Table I.
[The ordinal numbers and letters correspond to those in the
Table.]
A. Race of Florence: intermedia, Rocci.
B. Race of Bolognola: altitudinaria, Turati.
« C. Race of Formia: transiens, Rocei :—

1-3. Unnamed forms transitional to emendata, Vrty. (15%).

4-6. Forms similar to those of race maritima, Oberthur
(56%).

7-8. rte of form pseudomaritima, Turati (10%).

12-13. Form maritima-trimaculata,, Obthr. (149%).

14. Form depuncta, Trti. (2%). ~

15. Form psendosorrentina, Trti. (2%).

16. Form pseudosorrentina-depuncta, Trti. (only one speci-
men amongst about 3,000 individuals which have
been examined).

Race of Villalatina: latina, Vrty :—
D. Bright red colour :
4-6-8. Variations of form sorrentina-seamacula, Dz. (4%).
9-10. Unnamed red forms (31%).
11. Form calabrica-hexamaculata, Trti. (4%).
13-15. Form sorrentina, Ster. (1%).
17-19. Unnamed red forms (26%).
20-22. Variations of form calabrica, Calb. (6%).
E. Yellow colour :
6. Form dava, Dz. (2%).
8-10. Form aanthographa, Germ. (12%).
15. Unnamed form.
17-19. Form botsduvali, Costa.
20-21. Variations of form zicherti, Hoff. (5%).
F. Pinkish colour:
9-11-18. Form rhodomelas, Trti.

On the Geographical Variation of Zygaena loti, Wien. Verz.
subspecies transalpina, Esp.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.

The magnificent material collected during the last few years in
Central and Southern Italy, by Querci and his family, has been more
or less a revelation as regards the geographical variation of several
species of Zyaena in that region. They are extremely variable, and
far too many fancy names have been given to individual forms with-
out a notion of their frequency and distribution. Querci has just
drawn out a very instructive statistic of the forms of transalpina in
several races, utilising thousands of specimens he has at hand.

I will now try and make out a brief summary of the races which
have proved to be discernible in Italy, making a clear distinction
between them and individual variations. This does not seem to have
been achieved by any of the authors of Monographs on this genus,
such as Dziurzynski and Seitz, who give interminable lists of names
of minute variations without furnishing any information as to their
frequency and importance.

The nomenclature of this genus is unfortunately extremely intri-

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION OF ZYGAENA LOTI. 29

cate, owing to the difficulty of distinguishing even the species from
each other and the blunders which have ensued. Even at the present
time it needs quite a long practice to utilise the knowledge that has
been acquired on the subject; for instance, I rarely receive a series of
filipendulae and of Joti from localities where they fly together, in
which the specimens have been properly separated, and in as recent a
work as Die-schmett. Huropas. of Spuler, onefinds at pl. 77, fig. 18a, a
transalpina figured under the name of stoechadis var. dubia! An un-
mistakable character which distinguishes all the subspecies of /ili-
pendulae from all those of transalpina, no matter how similar to each
other they may be in certain regions, is the position of the hind row
of red spots of the forewing as compared to the corresponding spots of
the fore-row ; the former in transalpina are always situated more out-
wardly; and a line drawn parallel to the direction of the body through
these spots does not pass through the spot which stands in front of it,
as it does in filipendulae and in its subspecies stoechadis. No author
seems to have noticed this character, which is the only really constant
and reliable one, to my knowledge, the thickly scaled and extensive |
red patch of the underside of the forewings of loti, which distinguishes
the two species in Central Europe, being so often reduced or absent in
the Italian transalpina.

I must take this occasion to note first of all that, if I am not
wrong, the specific name of the Zyyaena in question has not yet been
established correctly according to strict rules of priority! It has always
been called transalpina, but in the second vol. of his Hur. Schmett., in
which Esper creates this name, this author also publishes the figure of
a Zygaena under the name of loti, which certainly is the little Central
European subspecies of the same species, and he says in the text (page
224) that the latter name was given to specimens from Vienna by
“the Authors of the System. Verzeichniss der Wiener Schmetterlinge.”
This can leave no doubt that the name existed in this well-known list,
from which several specific names have been drawn in other instances,
some time before Esper published his second vol. with the name trans- -
alpina. Also Hiibner refers the name loti, not to Esper, but to “ d.
Ther.,” that is to say to the Theresians, who are the authors of the
Vienna List. I conclude that the specific name should be Joti, and
that the nymotypical group of races of Central Europe should bear the
same name, whereas the name transalpina should be restricted to the
- South European subspecies or group of races.

The name astrayali is purely a synonym, created fancifully by
Borkhausen, and so is hippocrepidis, first used by Hubner in his text,
and then taken up by Stephens and by Herrich-Schifter.

I do not intend dealing here with the group of races of Central
Europe, distinguished by their small size, frail build, and extent of red
scaling, especially on the underside of the forewings; suffice it to
mention that the following races have been distinguished: occidentalis,
nymotypical, centralis (provincialis), and atpicoua, mihi. The name
last mentioned I propose using instead of the name alpina, which
Boisduval has given first to a filipendulae and then to a loti; the other
races mentioned have been described by Oberthiir. The Alps and
Pyrenees race alpicola, evidently belongs to the same subspecies, on
account of the development of the red scaling on the underside of fore-
wings, but by its stouter build and larger size it is clearly a transition
to the subspecies transalpina. :

30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Race emendata, Vrty.:—Of the transalpina subspecies one race
comes nearest to aupicoua by the extent of the red scaling on underside
of forewings; the red spots of upperside are more extensive and the
blue-black border of hindwings narrower than in any other race of
transalpina; on the other hand it unmistakably belongs to it by its
larger size, robust build, very bright colouring, the scaling being thick.
I have called it emendata [Bull. Soc. Ent. It., xlvii., p. 76 (1915)],
because at one time it was thought by Turati and others to be the
nymotypical transalpina, whereas I have pointed out that Ksper’s
fioure clearly, though roughly, represents either altitudinaria, Trti., or
intermedia, Rocci. (vide antea). It is widely distributed in the Po
valley and lower localities of the Alps (Como-Brunate, Valcamoniea at
Cogno, Limone in Piedmont), and even extends to Central Italy along
the Adriatic (Macerata

From this race transalpina may be described as branching off into
two groups: (a) the small, frail, thinly scaled and less bright moun-
tain group of races. and (b) the maritime group, with exactly opposite
characters. In each of these two groups the races may be classified,
ascording to the extent of the blue-green scaling, as follows :—

(a) intermedia, Rocei.; altitudinaria, Trti.; sorrentina, Stdgr. ;
latina, mihi; calabrica, Calb. (to this group seems also to belong
hispana, mihi).

(6) maritima, Obth.; transiens, Rocci.

Race intermedia, Rocci.—Between emendata and altitudinaria,

there exists a race which is intermediate in build and which, in extreme
individuals, is identical either with emendata or with altitudinaria, accord-
ing to localities, thus leading gradually up from one to the other. Also
its distribution proves it is intermediate. It spreads all over the Po
valley, especially south of this river, where it is less localised than
emendata ; in Liguria, Rocei found it at median altitudes, above mar?-
tima, Obth., and below altitudinaria, Trti.; in Tuscany it is the only
representztive of the species, both on the sea coast (Leghorn) and in
the plains and low hills of the hinterland, so that it constitutes there
a very definite race, only blending with altitudinaria, Trti., in the
higher mountains. Roeci has called it intermedia.

Race altitudinaria, Trti.—Small, reaching the smallest size of
transalpina in extreme individuals, such as those who emerge late
(autumn), but are probably not at all a second brood [autumnalis,

Vrty.] ; antenne thin; body frail; wings narrow; red spots pale; -

red patch on underside of forewings generally absent in male and very
reduced in female; dark scaling of a decided green tinge, and light
enough to show off black circles round red spots; dark band along
margin of hindwing very narrow. This race extends from Liguria to
the Abruzzi, all along the tops of the Appennines, and also in lower
mountain localities, when they are particularly cold.

The race described above vary comparatively very little in single
individuals ; they all belong to the six-spotted form, with narrow dark
margin to hindwing ; only occasiona!ly does it get a little broader and
diffused in intermedia and altitudinaria; Costantini has observed in
the Modenese that this happens chiefly in early emergences and he has
called these specimens form praecow.

These races are equivalent to the nymotypical group of races
of 4. filipendulae, L. The following ones are characterised by a

te oe Ve, a ee

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION OF ZYGAENA LOTI. 31

greater extent of the dark scaling, which often reduces the spots
of forewing to five, and which tends to invade the whole hindwing
and the underside of the forewing, confering a much more variable
look to the individual forms of each race. They correspond to
the dark stoechadis sub-species of filipendulae and group 6 also has
the same robust structure. The mountain melanotic forms of
transalpina have been called sorrentina, Stdgr., and calabrica, Calb.,
the latter having the whole of hindwing darkened and the former
being a transition, with a broad space left free of dark scales. These
forms occur together and occur mixed with transitions to altitudinaria
in very variable proportions, according to localities, so that local races
are produced having on the whole very different aspects. To give a
name to every gradation would be impossible and quite useless, but we
can agree on a few names to designate the principle types of variation
and then use statistical data to better define the races of the various
localities.

Race sorrentina, Stder.—There are regions in which variation
extends from altitudinaria to sorrentina, extreme specimens of these
forms being frequent, but the majority consisting of a form similar to
altitudinaria with the difference that the dark border of the hind-
margin is broad, or very broad, and sends out rays towards the dorsal
margin, such as are never seen in altitudinaria; the five-spotted form
also occurs occasionally ; the size of the insect is on the whole a little
larger and the very small individuals of altitudinaria are not produced.
To these races I should give the name of sorrentina, extending it to
those in which calabrica does occur, but in a very small percentage.
This is the case in the Sorrento Peninsula; at Polleca, in the Aurunei
Mountains, calabrica does not exist at all. This race is proper to the
extreme southern portion of Central Italy and to Southern Italy, and
we were very surprised when Querci in 1915 found it-as far north as
Northern Tuscany on Pratofiorito, 1,000 m., and at Montetfegatesi,
700m. (Lucca). Here altitudinaria has an unusually broad marginal
band and extreme specimens are identical with nymotypical sorrentina.

Race calabrica, Calb.—The races in which this form is found in
a very high percentage, which sometimes is over 50%, and the remain-
der consists of sorrentina, should, I think, bear this name.

Race narina, mihi.—In the Mainarde Mountains, at Villalatina, and
along the road from Atina to 8. Biagio Saracinasco, a magnificent
race is found, more variable than any other; Querci’s statistical table
illustrates it better than any words. It will be noticed that the extent
of the dark scaling corresponds to calabrica, but what makes it quite
distinct and peculiar is the variation of the red scaling to pink and to
yellow in more than half the individuals. In some localities the two
preceding races do produce the yellow form constantly and not merely
as a very rare aberration, but in no other has it been found to pre-
dominate. Most specimens thus belong to the yellow calabrica, called
zickerti by Hoffman, but I think that to use the name of a single very
special form for such a variable race would only lead to confusion, and
both Querci and I have agreed to give it a geographical name. It is
worthy of notice that in peninsular Italy also Callimorpha dominuta, L.,
produces a race characterised by yellow scaling, instead of red, and by
the variability and occasionally very great extent of the black pattern.

Race hispana, mihi.—In the Ruhl collection, preserved in Florence

32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD,

in the R. Stazione d’Entomologia Agraria, there exists a very inter-
esting specimen labelled: ‘ Valenzia,’’ which I must take this occasion
to mention. It is quite similar to nymotypical sorrentina, as described
above, but each one of the six spots of the forewing is surrounded by a
white ring; this character is extremely rare and never so marked in
Italy. Does transalpina, then, occur in Spain and does it produce
quite a distinct race ?

The races of group b hereunto described are the two following :

Race maritima, Obth.—Similar to emendata, but with brighter
colouring and with the dark scaling tending to expand; red spots.
smaller; the sixth often absent; hindwing with a broad dark margin;
sometimes very broad and never as narrow as in emendata; red patch
of underside forewings always narrow and occasionally entirely absent.
This is the race of the south of France, which extends in Italy, along
the Riviera, as far as is known, up to Genoa.

Race transiens, Rocci.—So called because in extreme specimens the
dark scaling is as extensive as in sovrentina, invading the whole dorsal
margin and anterior portion of the hindwing, and thus believed to be
a transition from maritima to sorrentina. This view however is not
correct, for the structure of transiens is even more robust than that of
maritima, Whereas areal transition to sorrentina should come nearer
the frailer build of the latter. The right way of putting it is that
transiens stands to maritima as sorrentina stands to altitudinaria or
intermedia, being the most melanotic race of the robust maritime
group. Rocci says at Genoa it flies quite near the sea, lower than
maritima. The race, found by Querci at Formia, in the province of
Caserta, at low altitudes and considered as maritima by Oberthiir and
Turati, has turned out to be identical with transtens on comparison with
a series from Genoa sent to me by Rocci.

I think the following diagram will help to clear the connections
between the different races, if it be borne in mind that the robustness
of their structure increases from above downwards and the extent of
dark scaling from left to right :—

occidentalis—loti altitudinaria

centralis inter media—sorrentina—latina—calabrica
emendata

alpicola maritima—transiens
Comparison of four races of subspecies transalpina, Esp. :—
Locality Re Florence. Bolognola. Formia. Villalatina.
Name .. ..intermedia,Rocci. altitudinaria, transiens, Rocci. latina, Vrty.
Trti.
Body .. bc Thick. Thin. Very thick. Thick.
Antenne Ss Thick. Thin. Very thick. Thick.
Density of scal- Thick. Thin. Very thick. Thick.
ing
Light coloured Bright red. Pale red. Bright red. - Bright red or
scaling. yellow, occa-
sionally pink-
ish.
Dark sealing .. Indigo. Greenish-indigo. Dark indigo. Dark blackish
indigo.

Spots of upper- Constantly six Constantly six Fiveorsixspots, Five for six
side of fore- welldeveloped welldeveloped thesixth being spots, the
wings. spots. spots. - anyhow much sixth being

reduced in the anyhowmuch

majority of in- reducedin the

dividuals. majority of
individuals.

THE SYDNEY WEBB COLLECTION OF BRITISH RHOPALOCERA. 33

Dark marginal About 1mm.in About 1mm.in Variable: 1 to Usually exten-
scalingofhind- width. width. 3 mm., but sive,andoften
wings. often extends so muchsoas

to dorsalmar- to cover the
gin and fore- whole wing.
part of wing.

Wing

Spots of under- Always six, Always six, Five or six, Five or six, al-
side of fore- often more or often more or confluent or ways distinct-
wings. less confluent. lessconfluent. isolated. ly isolated.

usual .. ¢ 31mm. ¢ 27 mm. $ 31 mm. $ 29 mm.

2 ? 31mm. ¢ 28 mm. 2 31 mm. 230 mm,

= maximum ¢ 36 mm. g 29 mm. ¢ 36 mm. ¢ 31mm.

m g 33 mm. 2 33 mm. ? 36 mm. ? 33 mm.

® | minimum ¢ 27 mm. ¢ 26mm. $ 26 mm. $27 mm.

2 29 mm. 2 26 mm. 2, 29 mm. ? 28 mm.

Breadth of wings Narrow. Very narrow. Broad. Narrow.

Sydney Webb Collection.—2nd Day’s Sale. December 9th, 1919.
(Concluded from p. 11.) °

This sale comprised the remainder of the Fritillaries and all the
remaining species, finishing with the Skippers.

The first insect of note was a dark brown var. of Melitaea athalia
with markings almost obsolete which realised £12 12s. Another var.
eos figured in Newman, p. 46, fig. 3, and asimilar var, with many bands
of distinct spots on the underside fig. in Newman brought £6 10s. A
third specimen somewhat similar also recorded £6 10s. A Melitaea
aurinia with broad buff bands fetched £2, and two similar £4 the pair;
a very dark specimen cost £5 10s. and one nearly all black £7; other
good forms realised £1 1s. to £2 in lots of 2 to 20, various localities
being represented. A very fine underside of Melitaea cinxia realised
£5, and various underside forms from 8s. to 60s. in lots.

Fourteen Chrysophanus dispar were next produced, but were not
nearly so fine as the series sold in the first sale and were priced at
£2 5s. to £8 according to condition. Lot 45 a fine female C. dispar
with coppery hindwings, a really good variety, was remarkably cheap
at £10, and in my ‘opinion was one of the best insects in the sale.
Aberrations of this species are not often met with even in Covent
Garden. Rumicta phlaeas was represented by a splendid lot of varieties,
the best realising £12 12s., being a specimen with the black replaced
by golden brown and figured in Barrett, p. 9, fig. 2e. Another one
figured in Barrett, p. 9, fig. 2c, with large confluent spots, realised the
exceptionally good price of £12. A specimen with forewings without
spots except discoidals, figured in Barrett. p. 9, fig. 2d, went for £7 10s.
The silvery white (ab. alba) and pale golden coloured (ab. schmidtit)
aberrations were not in the best of condition, but fourteen specimens
ageregated £13 1ls. Three fine and perfect pale golden vars. were
well worth £3 5s. Two rayed and four with hindwings all black were
cheap at £2; a lot of 11, including five others, realised £5, and a
similar lot £2.5s. The remaining noticeable specimen with spots on
forewings absent realised £3 5s. The Chattendenia (Thecla) w-album
underside with broad white fascia figured in Newman, p. 108, cost the
purchaser £5, but although in poor condition itis a unique variety and
of much interest. Two Bithys quercis females with the blue shading
almost absent, and one with orange spots were undeniably cheap at
12s. the two lots. Callophrys rubi and Celastrina argiolus were not

34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

very conspicuous examples and went for a few shillings only, the only
exception being a C. argiolus with whitish forewings which brought
coe lose

Twenty-five Polyommatus semiargus realised £17 6s., the best two
pairs fetching 60s. and 80s. each. A long series of Agriades coridon
now appeared, and many fine varieties were included. A pair of pale
males fetched 60s. and a very dark or brown male £10. Three true
gynandromorphs were sold each for £7, £7, £5 10s., but the last was
in very poor condition, and none in the fine condition of the gynandro-
morph of dgriades thetis (bellargus) sold later for £12 10s. A dark
leaden blue male realised £4, and a fine female var. fowleri £6.
Numerous other forms of this species were sold at prices varying from
20s. to 63s. It was curious to note that no fine examples of var.
fowleri except the one female (were included in the series), and there
was only one gynandromorph of the type now so commonly taken in
Herts. Recent years have seen great developments in obtaining
aberrations of this species. Five of the once great rarity v. synyrapha
only realised 20s., although they were quite historical specimens. A
specimen of the Continental species Jorylas labelled Folkstone, 1863,
was not very keenly sought after and only realised 25s. with another
lot included. Aygriades thetis now claimed attention, and several
beautifully coloured silvery-grey males could not be sold owing to their
very poor condition and were included with a male having the outer
half of wings dusky; with the aid of this specimen £6 was realised
for the lot. A white underside, with broad black streaks on forewings,
from the Bond collection, being in beautiful condition was keenly
competed for and cost the buyer £11. A lilac-blue female figured by
Barrett, pl. 138, reached £3, and a similar one and one dusky blue
£2 15s. A leaden male figured in Barrett, pl. 138, only fetched £2. A —
very rich blue female with dark marginal spots was bidden up to £8,
and a female with blue hindwings and seven others were cheap at 24s.
An underside with broad streaks on forewings figured in Barrett, pl.
13, fetched £4, but was not in the best of condition. A very fine
gynandromorph, one side being heavily shot with male coloration
realised £12 10s. A pale brown shot blue Polyommatus icarus and
three silvery-blue males realised £3 5s., and two good undersides.
(defective) £6. The underside figured in Newman, p. 88, was cheap:
at £3. Seven lots each of three eynandromorphs fetched 26s., 85s.,
30s., 60s., 60s., 90s., 65s. each, but all the lots contained one or more
insects in poor condition. A good underside, all the spots forming a
broad band of dashes, realised £4 10s., but was defective. Plebeius
aeyon was represented by a series of colour variations from lilac-blue
to purple and many undersides, and were sold very cheaply. Five
gynandromorphs realised £9 10s., and there were a score of other
gynandromorphous specimens. The remaining species consisting of
Aricia medon, Cupido minimus, and the Skippers did not exhibit
marked variation, but two Urbicula (Augiades) comma, cream coloured,
and an underside figured in Barrett, p. 39, realised £8 10s. the two.
Nine Hesperia malvae var. taras and five intermediates fetched only 9s..

This completed the day’s sale and yielded a total of about £480,
which added to the sum of the first day £920 made a total of £1,400,
surely a record for Rhopalocera alone. As at the last sale the
majority of the extreme aberrations were acquired for the Bright

REVISIONAL NOTES (LEPIDOPTERA). 3)

collection, Messrs. Newman and Janson again buying freely. Taken
as a whole the condition of the smaller insects was not so good as
those in the first sale, in fact quite a number were more or less
defective. The cataloguing of the collection by Mr. Janson was well
and painstakingly done and favourably affected the financial result of
the sale.

Thus has been dispersed a fine collection accumulated by one of the
old time collectors over which a vast amount of time and patience
must have been expended, adding much to our knowledgs of the
particular species and their distribution: every insect appeared to be
labelled. The Lycenidae were mostly obtained from Dover and
Folkestone, and a collector named Bailey seems to have possessed a
keen eye for aberrational forms. The writer has seen only two private
collections that excel the one sold, viz., those belonging to Mr. P. M.
Bright and Mr. A. B. Farn.—S. G. C.-R.

Revisional Notes (Lepidoptera).
_By Jno. HARTLEY DURRANT, F.E.S. ns
(Published by permission cf the Trustees of the British Museum).

AG
Phalaena Tortrix fasciana, L.

In 1864, Werneburg (Btr. Schm. 1. 224-5, 263-4, no. 82) wrote a
critical note on Tortrix. fasciana, L., and arriving at the conclusion that
the insect described by Linné was the well-known Erastria which had
also been described as fuscula, Schiff., Tr., and pygarga, Hin., he sank
these later names as synonyms, writing: “ Ich glaube nicht zu fehlen.
wenn ich fasciana, L. fiir fuscula, Tr. erklare.” Staudinger and
Wocke, who in the first edition of their Vatalog (1861) called the species
Erastria pygarga, Hin. (=fuscula, Schiff.), adopted Werneburg’s views
in their second edition (1871) and “ fasciana’”’ came definitely into use
for this Hrastria. In Staudinger and Rebel’s Cataloy (1901), for some
reason unknown, pygarga is omitted from the synonymy of “ fasciana,
L.,” and Hampson, who also adopts “ fasciana, L.,’ refers 1t to
Lithacodia, Hb., likewise omitting pygarya from the synonymy.

Linne’s description is as follows ;—

Phalaena Tortrix fasciana, L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) 842 sp. 1304 (1761).

“Ph. Tortrix fasciana alis fusco cinerascentibus : fascia alba.

Habitat in Pomariis.

Deser. Media. Alae siuperiores obscure cinerascentes margine
exteriore albo nigroque maculato; fascia lata, albida recurvata.
Inferiores alae nigricantes : margine ciliari albido.”

If the above description be compared with specimens of Hrastria
fuscula (2264) and 22387 Pamimene juliana, Crt., it will be at onee
observed that the “fascia lata, albida recurvata”’ is present in juliana,
while no such marking is to be found in fuscula, which is white only
around the tornus. Also FW. costa “albo nigroque maculato”’ and
HW. ‘‘nigricantes: margine ciliari albido”’ refer obviously to juliana
and not to fuscula. Should any doubt remain, this will at once
vanish after an examination of Linné’s type at Burlington House,
which is undoubtedly juliana. We must therefore adopt the following
corrected synonymy :—

36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

2237 Pammene fasciana, L.
n.syn.=juliana, Crt.
Phalaena Tortrix fasciana, L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) 342 sp. 1804 (1761).
= Philalcea juliana, Crt. Br. Ent. 18 583 (1836). + Pamene juliana,
Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Lp. Pal. 2 124 sp. 2237 (1901).

We are now left with the Hrastria, which requiresa name. There
can be no reasonable doubt that this is the insect described by
Hufnagel and by Rottemburg as Phalaena pygarga, and as this name
is older than Noctua fircula, SD., the synonymy will be :—

2464 Lithacodia pygarga, Hfn.
Phalaena pygarga, Htn. Berl. Mag. 3 408 sp. 85 (1766); Rtmbg.
Naturf. 9 136-7 sp. 85 (1776).
Erastria pyyarga, Ster.- Wk. Cat. Lep. Eur. 59 sp. 847 (1861).
= Noctua fuscula, $.-D. Schm. Wien. 89 sp. 6 (1775); Bkh. Eur.
Schm. 4 192-3 sp. 87 (1792). :
=*fasciana (nec li.), Wrnbg. (=pygarga, Hin.; =fuseula, Te:);
Wrnbg. Btr. Schm. 1 224-5 263-4 no. 82 (1864).
=FKrastria *fasciana (nec L.), Ster.-Wk. Cat. Lep. Hur. 134 sp.
1901 (1871); Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Lp. Pal. 4 231 sp. 2464 (1901).
Lithacodia *“fasciana (nec L.), Hmsn. Cat. Lp. Phal. B.M. 10 516,
539-40 sp. 5807 (1910). ;

Sir George Hampson refers pyyarya (=*fasciana [nec. L.} Hmsn.)
‘to Lithacodia, Hb. 1818, employing Hrastria, Ochs. (1816) for trabealis,
Sep., while Hrastria is used by Stg.-Rbl. for pyyarga and its allies. There
is, however, an earlier Hrastria, Hb. Tent. (1805), Geometr., which
will in any case justify the adoption of Lithacodia for the species under
discussion.

TOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

REFERENCES FOR Locaities.—GavaRNIE.—Hnt. Rec., xx., 50, 179;
xxi), WOO sexx, £50) Loy hh xxvis Zor

GuitHErRy.—Fint. Rec., xxv., 83.

Pyreners.—Hnt. Ree., xxil., 57, 108; Ent. Mo. Mag., xx., 205;
KxXx., 20s Hnt., xxxviil., 243; 273; xliv., $845 xlv., 57%

Vernet-Les- Bains.—Fint. Rec., xx., 176; xxil., 58; xxv., 28, 227;
KXVI., Sl; Hut; xxxvii., 277; 299.

AMELIE-LES- Barns.—Fnt., xlii., 120.

Dorkine, Surrey.—Hnt., xxxiv., 110, 205, 228, 258; xxxv., 118,
B28 f RXKVIL 21 Ob eR RR VII, Oo 7 RxRIRe ioe Oar

Box Hitui.—Ent. Rec., xv., 8307; Hnt. Mo. Mag., i., 119;° Proc. S.
Lond. Ent., Socy. (1907), 67; Hnt., xii., 297; xvi., 268; xvii., 201;
xix., 101, 293.

Ranmore Common.—Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Socy. (1902), 46; (1906),
29; (1914), 90.

Leira Hinz.—Proc. 8S. Lond. Hnt. Socy. (1906), 21.

Prrrecr Gynanpromorpus.—I should be very glad to have
particulars of any examples of perfect gynandromorphs of British
Rhopalocera, i.e., specimens in which the wings on one side are

p ? ? to)

+ \

NOTES ON COLLECTING. a7

typically male and on the other side typically female, existing
in our collections at the present time. In the KHnt. Ree.,
Vol. 27 is a much more comprehensive list, but in this are
included mainly Continental examples. I am anxious to compile
as complete a list as possible of British specimens. Any information
will be very gratefully received. So far I have particulars of some
examples in the following species—Pieris rapae, Huchloe cardamines,
Colias hyale, C. edusa, Gonepterya: rhamni, Bithys quercus, Ayriades
thetis (bellargus), A. coridon, Plebetus aegon, Celastrina argiolus,
Polyommatus icarus, Dryas paphia, and Polyyonia c-album.—H. G.
Castie-Russety (F.E.S.), Monkswood, Woking.

A Frew EwtomotocicaL Nores rrom Putney For 1919.—In 1917
[Ent. Rec. 29 235 (1917)] I recorded some dates of insects noticed at
Putney, chiefly in my garden (and elsewhere). By a printer’s error
these were signed “Ibid,” instead of with my name; thus making it
appear that they were written by Mr. Sich! I have since 1917 always
jotted down in my pocket book dates when insects were first noticed at
Putney. Unfortunately I lost my last year’s book, so was unable to
publish the dates for 1918. Putney at one time was a very good
locality (the late E. C. Rye recorded many rare beetles for it as he
lived here for many years), and probably is so still if properly worked.
Before giving my 1919 dates, I may mention that a fence near my
house is riddled with the borings of Hylotrupes bajulus. I have
watched it for the last three years, but have not seen the perfect insect.
Putney is one of the old records for this fine Longicorn. As may be
seen elsewhere [Hnt. Rec. 84 (1919)| I have taken a nice series of it
through the kindness of my friend, Mr. R. 8. Mitford, near Weybridge.

February 21st.—The honey bee (Apis melifica) out in road.

March 24th.—The Churchyard Beetle (Blaps mucronata) on foot-
path. I have several times found this beetle in roads in Putney.

April 6th.—The first Queen Wasp (Vespa vulgaris) seen out. In
1918 I saw the first on the wing in January. ¢ 3S appeared end of
October and beginning of November. .

April 7th.—The Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx vrhamni) in
my garden.

-In May (I forgot to put the date) the Solomon’s Seal Sawfly
(Phymatocera aterrima) was flying about over the Polygonatum, and
subsequently the larvee occurred in profusion on the plants. This was
also the case in 1918.

May 8th.—The small White (Pieris rapae) was seen on the wing
in the High Street.

May 12th.—The Holly Blue Celastrina (Cyaniris) aryiolus in
my garden.

May 29th.—The Lace Wing Fly (Chrysopa sp. ?) in my garden.

June 28th.—My neighbour brought me a specimen of the Currant
Clearwing, Sesia tipuliformis ; a few days later I saw another specimen
in my own garden.

July 18th.—I saw and chased a black and white Butterfly in the
Hazlewell Road. I believe it to have been a foreign species intro-
duced in some way, or bred by someone and allowed to escape. It
appeared to be striped black and white, to have long narrow wings,
and it flew very fast and straight.

38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

July 28rd.—The Stag-Beetle (Lucanus cervus) in my garden. I
frequently saw specimens (mostly females) in Hazlewell Road and the
roads near by during July.

August 24th.—I captured a fine specimen of the House Cricket
(Gryllus domesticus) in a coal bin. This bin is not warm, as it is out
in the yard, not near the kitchen. It is the first time I have seen a
Cricket alive for over forty years. It used to occur behind the
wainscotting in the large old-fashioned kitchen in my father’s house
at Earls Shilton in Leicestershire.

September 7th.—Longitarsus jlavicornis was in abundance on
Convolvulus in @ voad near here: the plants, which were growing beside
a fence near some waste ground, being riddled with holes. The ab.
fumigatus occurred sparingly.- Fowler gives the foodplant as Eupa-
torium ; but in the supplement we give Convolvulus, which is the proper
foodplant of the beetle.

September 18th.—The Red Admiral (Pyrameis ata was flying
in the High Street.

September 26th.—I noticed the little moth (Tortrix pronbana)
in numbers hovering about a fence in Upper Park Fields. The
time was 10.80 a.m., and the moths were evidently ‘“‘sembling,” as
about 50 were fluttering over and settling on one board in the fence ;
running up and down and flying off the board again. When I returned
in half an hour’s time only a few specimens were to be seen, but always
on the one board. Mr. Durrant tells me that this moth has only been
in Britain for a few years, having been introduced from the
Mediterranean coast lands.

September 27th.—The Small Tortoiseshell (Vanessa urticae) flying
in my garden.

_ October 1st.—Captured some specimens of Hupterya melissae on a
clump of garden sage in my front garden. This little frog-hopper,
which is coloured exactly to match the leaves of the sage, has occurred
all the summer in some numbers. Even to-day, December 12th, a few
are present, in spite of the rain, snow, and frost we have had lately.
Specimens taken on November 2nd and put in a bottle with a few sage
leaves, laid eggs, or at any rate produced young, as very tiny larve
were found in a day or so. I do not know if anything of the life
history of the species is known, or not.

November 19th.—Alewrodes lonicerae, Walker. A neighbour told
me that a small white insect was destroying some honeysuckle in a
cold conservatory and asked me to come and see it. I secured

specimens and ran it down as a species of Aleurodes, in the Cambridge

Natural History, The insects are breeding still (December) in spite of
the very cold weather. The nymph does not show the segments and
limbs of.the insect as is figured in the work referred to abavel Very
little is known about these little creatures, and I had thought of
breeding them and working ont the life-history. I found, however,
that Mr. Laing of the British Museum wanted to do this, so I have
turned them over to. him.—Horacr DonisrHorPE.

ZYGHNA TRIFOLII AGAIN (ante vol. XXill., p. 28).—Last summer |
spent a few weeks in the Malvern district and in my wanderings I came
across an interesting colony of %. trifolii; the colony was interesting
from its environment and its very close proximity to a large filipendulae
area rather than from a varietal point of view.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 39

On June 80th I was passing through a meadow path in a fairly
wide valley, when I came across a locality with an abundance of
Zygaena filipendulae. It was a nice ordinary dry meadow pasture of
considerable extent, and /ilipendulae was abundant, many in good con-
dition, many decidedly ‘“‘ passé.” After watching them for a time I
passed on up a steepish hill; when just at the edge of the wooded
summit in a pocket of slightly damp ground with rushes and the lke,
I found a trifolii, then another and another, it at once became
apparent that I had struck a small colony of this (to me) interesting
species, the slight depression was of very limited extent and not three
hundred yards from the filipendulae meadow.

I kept the colony under close and continuous inspection for nearly
three weeks, and during the emergence period I never saw one outside
their special area, though as they increased in numbers and age they
wandered further afield, but I did not see one ‘‘five-spot”’ actually down
in the meadow already referred to.

_ On June 30th the species was absolutely fresh. I watched them
drying their wings on that-and the few following days. by the dozen,
but I did not discover one emergence on the dry ground fifty or a
hundred yards below their own little damp depression. After the first
ten days the emergences became very considerably reduced; I might
see one or possibly two in a day, whereas during the first four or five
days I have no doubt I witnessed a dozen to two dozen each day, for
the species was abundant.

What especially interested me was the almost complete separation
of the two species. I was particularly on the watch for the mating of
the two, but I did not see a single instance, and it was most rare to see
filipendulae among the trifolti colony; I counted about half a dozen —
such cases. At the bottom of the hill was a ditch or a hedge which
we might perhaps consider the boundary line, for I only found two
trifolii on the other side of that hedge, 7.e., in the filipendulae area, and
those two had evidently been on the wing a long time. There was,
however, an intermediate district much nearer the colony, a rich bit of
pasture on the side of the hill, where both species met, but even here
the “six-spot ’’ was very much commoner than the “ five-spot.” This
would, however, be more or less what one would expect, for as the
meadow land became dryer jilipendulae would naturally be attracted by
the flowers further up the hill, whereas ¢trifolii did not need to be
attracted downwards, having all they needed in their own locality.

In this district also, as in others in my experience, /ilipendulae was
probably on the wane when trifolii began its emergence ; the race here
is a fine ohe, the specimens being fine, fairly large ones, uniform in
type, with good large spots and very little variation—very different
indeed from what [ have found in several of the Devon localities. I
must have examined hundreds and hundreds of specimens in the
Malvern colony, and I only found ten with the least inclination to the
extension of spots and this but very slight, but two of them have the
upper median spot almost connected with the fifth spot by a narrow
red line on the right wing only, whilst I took one only with these two
spots confluent though separate from the lower median spot.

The race found here is I think the most uniform and stable I have
ever met; out of a very large series there is not one of the type race,

40 THH KENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

all are of the orobi race, i.e., with the median spots separated, 1 must
have examined several hundred and I did not meet with one true
trifolii, Ksp., with the median spots confluent, neither did I meet with
one var. minoides, Selys., the nearest being the one speclmen that
has the fifth spot confluent with the upper median only. The almost
strict uniformity I might almost say rigidity to the var. orobi, Hb., is
extraordinary, aS my experience in Hneland has led me to expect a
considerable amount of variation whenever a really flourishing colony,
such as this was, has been found. The Malvern race is not quite so
large as the Devon one, but the bronze colour is brighter and clearer
though this may possibly be owing to the fact that I discovered them
at the very beginning of their emergence, but the almost rigid
constancy of the form is perhaps the most interesting character of the
colony.—G. T. Bernune-Baxer, January, 1920.

Tue OccurRENCE oF Strymon pRuNI, L., 1n Surrey.—The larve
of this species were beaten out from sloe in May, 1919, by Mr. A. A.
Tullett, F.E.S., of the staff of this Museum. Six specimens were
hatched and are in the “ Joicey’’ collection. We believe this to be
the first record of S. prunit as occurring in Surrey. For obvious
reasons the locality cannot be given, but is within 12 mules of
Haslemere.—Grorce Tatsor, The Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey.
January 26th.

Q\URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Parts III. and LV. of the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. have just been
issued and contains (1) “ Notes on Exotic Proctotrupoidea,” by Alan
P. Dodd; (2) “The Scent Scales of Pinacopteryx liliana,” by F. A.
Dixey, M.A., F.R.S., with one plate; (3) “A new Hydroptila, H.
simulus,’ by M. EH. Moseley, F.H.S., with one plate; (4) ‘‘ Scent-
organs in the Hydroptila (Trich.),” by M. E. Moseley, F.E.S., with
two plates; (5) ‘‘The male abdominal segments and edeagus of
Habrocerus captllaricornis (Col.),” by F. Muir, with a plate; (6) “On
the Mechanism of the Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera,’ by F. Muir,
with one plate; (7) ‘‘A new family of Lepidoptera, the Anthelidae,”
by A. J. Turner, M.D., F.E.8.; (8) ‘“ The Histology of the Scent-organs
in the Genus Hydroptila,” by H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., with one
plate ; (9) ‘‘ New Moths collected by A. Avinoff in W. Turkistan and
Kashmir,” by Sir Geo. Hampson and J. H. Durrant, F.E.S.; (10)
“Cocoon softening in some Agrotids (Noctuae),” by Dy. T. A.
Chapman, F.R.S.; (11) “ Notes on Lycaena alcon,” by Dr. T. A.
Chapman, F'.R.S., with six plates, one coloured; (12) ‘ Contributions
to the Life-history of Lycaena euphemus,” by Dr. T. A. Chapman,
F.R.S., with eight plates, one coloured; and 48 pages of Proceedings
at the ordinary meetings. This last contains some very important
items, among which may be mentioned (1) The announcement
of a saw-fly new to Britain, Lygaeonematus wesmaeli, by the Rev.
F. D. Morice; (2) “The Association of Formica rufa (Hym.) with
Coccinella distincta,” by H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.; (8) Many observa-
tions communicated by Prof. Poulton, on Neotropical Insects; (4)
Mendelian Heredity in Papilio dardanus, by C. F. Swynnerton ; (5)

CURRENT NOTES. 41

Androconia in a Bee, by the Rev. F. D. Morice; (6) The differentiation
of British Dianthoecia barrettii from the Continental D. luteago, by
H. Edelstein, with a plate; (7) A Hemipteron, Megacoelum beckeri,
was announced as new to Britain by H. Donisthorpe, F'.Z.8.; (8) A
Tineid, Ancylis tineana, was announced. as new to Britain by
J. H. Durrant; (9) A discussion of the races of Plebeius aegon,
especially of var. masseyi, by J. J. Lister.

The New York Agricultural Experiment Station regularly issues
Bulletins of the work it is carrying on. The last two to hand are :—
1. “ The Rosy-Aphis in relation to abnormal apple structures,” with
two coloured and six other plates; and 2. “ Experiments for the control
of the grape root-worm, the larva of a beetle Hidia viticida,”’ with ten
plates and numerous figures.

In the Rev. Mens. for December, M. Chas. Cabeau describes a new
aberration of Melitaea aurinia as ab. semifusca in which the forewings
are suffused with brownish to such an extent that all the yellowish
markings have disappeared and most of the markings are practically
indistinguishable ; at the same timé he describes a new aberration of
M. cinwia as ab. leucophana; the upperside of the wings had the typical
black markings, but the ground of the forewings is of a slightly
’ yellowish white, that of the hindwings of a whitish yellow; the under-
side of the former is very pale; the three bands of markings of the
latter are white ; and the two other bands scarcely show yellow.

In the Irish Nat. for November-December the Rev. W. F. Johnson
gives a series of Entomological Notes for 1919 mainly from Poyntypass
and Portnoo. He records a Pyrameis atalanta, Cupido minimus at
Portnoo, a scarcity of Melitaea aurinia where it was abundant last
year, Callophrys rubi among heather, ete. His further records are of
Coleoptera, several species of which order had invaded a_ beehive,
the occupants of which had succumbed during the previous
winter; Diptera, recording interesting captures by the Empid Fly
Rhamphomyia cinerascens; and Hymenoptera, which had evidently been
affected by the long spell of cold and wet weather.

In the Scottish Nat. for November-December are several records of
the occurrence of Colias edusa in the Edinburgh and Forfar areas,
including the capture of var. helice in June. June, August, and
_ September are the months of the records. In the same number is a

record of a large number of the larve of Caradrina cubicularis being
taken in bundles of flax.

On January 20th was held once more the ‘“ Verrall’’ Supper, when
about a hundred entomologists from all over the country assembled to
recall the memory of the genial host of years gone by, at the invitation
of the ‘“‘ Association of Entomologists.”’ The meeting took place at
the Imperial Restaurant, Regent Street, where the arrangements were
earried out quite satisfactorily. Among those present we noted Messrs.
Adkin, B. W., Adkin, R., Andrews, H. W., Ashby, E. B., Ashby, 8. R.,
Arrow, G., Bagwell-Purefoy, Capt., Bethell, EH. G., Bethune-Baker,
G. T., Blair, K. G., Box, L. A., Carr, F. B., Cameron, M., Cant, A.,
Carr, Prof. J. W., Champion, G. C., Collin, J. E., Colthrup, C. W.,
Copeman, Col. S. M., Dixey, Dr., Dods, A. W., Edelsten, H. M.,
Edwards, F. W., Edwards, Stanley, Ellis, B. Willoughby, Eltringham,
Dr. H., Elwes, H. J., Fagan, C. E., Frisby, G. E., Frohawk, F. W.,

49, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Gahan, C. J., Gibb, Lachlan, Green, HE. E., Grosvenor, T. H. L.,
Hamm, A. H., Harwood, B. 8., Hodge, H., Hunter, Dr. D., Image,
Prof., Imms, Dr. A. D., Janson, O. E., Jones, A. H., Joy, Dr. Norman,
Joy, E. C., Kirkpatrick, T. W., Leman, HE. Curtis, Leman, G. Curtis,
Lister, J. J., Lloyd, R. W., Lofthouse, T. A., Lucas, W. J., Lyle,
G. F., Main, H., Mera, A. ‘W., Morey, F., Morice, Rev. F. D.,
Marshall, G. A. K., Neave, Dr. S. A., Newman, L. W., Nicholson, C.,
Nicholson, W. E., Nurse, Col. C. G., Pierce, F. N., Porritt, G. T.,
Poulton, Prof. E. B., Riley, N. D., Rothschild, Lord, Rowland-Brown,
H., Sich, A., Scott, H., Shaw, V. E., Sheldon, W. G., South, R.,
Step, E., Stiff, Rev. A. T., Tomlin, J. Le B., Tonge, A. E., Turner,
H. J., Wainwright, C. J., Walker, Comm. J. J., Wheeler, Rev. G.,
Wyse, L. H. B., Yerbury, Col. J. W.

SociEeTvigEs.

Tur Sourg Lonpon EromonocicaL and Naturat History Society.
November 27th, 1919.—Annuat Exuipition.—Mr. 8. G. Castle-

Russell exhibited aberrations of the following British Lepidoptera :— |

Dryas paphia, rayed and suffused, varied valezina forms, intermediate,
bleached, blue shade below, etc.; Limenitis sibilla ab. nigrina under-
side; yellow tipped Huchloe cardamines; Brenthis euphrosyne rayed,
cream coloured, etc.; Coenonympha pamphilus, a very pale series ;
Aphantopus hyperantus, a long series of bred ab. lanceolata ; CU. tiphon,
long series of aberrations, pale, ab. lanceolata; Celastrina argiolus, a
perfect gynandromorph, and colour forms; Agriades coridon, a perfect
gynandromorph, ab. syngrapha, ab. striata, ab. obsoleta, ete.; Plebeius
aegon, 80 aberrations, ab. striata, ab. obsoleta, etc., and 40 females with
one wing, the smaller, shot with male blue coloration; all taken or bred
in the last two or three seasons.

Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, a pair of Attacus atlas form edwardsi from
the Khasia Hills and a large number of Scorpions taken in the Punjab,
N.W. Provinees, ete.

Mr. B. 8. Williams, a series of Lomaspilis marginata from Finchley
showing an extreme range of variations.

Mr. EK. KE. Green, (1) Papilio bianor taken at Camberley; (2) a
series of Parascotia fuliginaria, taken at light at Camberley; (8) two
Agrotis saucia ab. maryaritosa taken at sugar; (4) aberrations of
Luperina testacea and Himera pennaria; (5) Stephanitis rhododendri an
introduced pest of rhododendrons; (6) the rare Hemipteron Corizus
maculatus from birch ; and (7) a contrivance of an iron ring and muslin
for covering cylinders, jars, etc., for breeding.

Mr. A. KE. Tonge, an Amorpha populi entirely devoid of marking ;
and the very rare Noctuid Cloantha polyodon (perspicillaris) from
Worthing.

Mr. Leonard Tatchell, two very dark Arctia caja, one having
scarcely any traces of cream on the forewings.

Mr. R. Adkin, series of the British species of Nolidae and
Nycteolidae, illustrating their range of variation.

Mr. L. A. Box, examples of the more common species of the
parasitic Chalcids.

/

- SOCIETIES. 43

Mr. C. W. Sperring, a selection of aberrations of Mimas tiliae,
Brenthis euphrosyrte, Agriades covidon, and Plebeius aegon.

Mr. Percy Bright, very long series of aberrations of Brenthis
euphrosyne, B. selene, Chrysophanus dispar, and Rumicia phlaeas with
the rare ab. alba.

Mr. K. G. Blair, the black form ab. nigra of Cetonia aurata from
St. Mary’s Scilly, 1919.

Mr. Johnston, a series of aberrations of D. paphia and L. sibilla
from the New Forest, July, 1919.

Mr. H. A. Leeds, a large number of aberrations of P. icarus,
A. medon, and A. coridon, named by Tutt’s Brit. Lepid., no less than
18 being of the last species, and of A. hyperantus, H. malvae, H. jurtina,
S. prunt, ete.

Mr. R. South, aberrations of B. selene, confluent and suffused ;
C. pamphilus, pale splashed and dark; silvery-grey Tortrix crataegana
and dark suffused 7. wylosteana.

Mr, Curwen, a very fine selection of “Zyyaenidae from Italy,
including many striking races and aberrations of Z. transalpina from
Central Italy ; races of %. stoechadis, Z. achilleae, Z. oxytropis, and Z.
carniolica, and Z. punctum, Z. erythrus, ete.

Mr. Clifford Craufurd, aberrations of D. paphia and L. sthilla.

Prof. Bateson, drawings of flowers produced by plants propagated
as root cuttings, to compare with flowers produced by normal plants
grown from seeds.

Mr. H. Moore, various forms of Danaida chrysippus and Hypolimnas
misippus, and read notes on the association of the two species.

Mr. A. W. Mera, bred series of Tephrosia crepuscularia and T.
biundularia with melanic and hybrid races.

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, aberrations of Colias edusa, dark and pale
ground ; Callophrys rubi, pale blotched ; Pierts brassicae, green lined ;
Triphaena fiinbria; T. comes; ab. niyrofulvata of Semiothisa liturata, etc.

Mr. C. W. Colthrup, aberrations of many British butterflies taken
in 1918-19, including C. edusa, B. euphrosyne, EH. tithonus, extra
spots, H. semele, A. urticae, R. phlaeas, EK. jurtina, A. coridon, ete.

Mr. Newman, bred ab. walkeri of Spilosoma menthastri ; yellow and
salmon coloured Zygaena filipendulae; 7%. achilleae from N. Britain, ete.

Mr. C. H. Wiliams, aberrations of Agriades coridon ; and a series
of named forms of A. yrossulariata, including ab. radiata, ab. iochalcea,
ab. lacticolor, ab. fulvapicata, ab. nigrisparsata, ab. semilutea, ete.

Mr. H. O. Wells, two perfect gynandromorphs of Plebeiws aegon
from Berkshire.

Mr. Edwards, exotic Papilios.

Mr. Garrett, /. jurtina with one wing suffused black, and Ochyria
desiynata with curiously irregular markings.

Mr. H. J. Turner, a collection of Lepidoptera sent to him from
S. America, including the Ceratocampid, Citheronia vogleri, with a
photograph of its hitherto unknown larva, an unnamed local form of
Propona chromus, the rare Protoparce bergi, several other Protoparce,
Attacus maurus, several species of Hesperidae, Libythea carinenta, etc.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk, aberrations of Vanessa io; L. sibilla, gradation
to complete dark suffusion; 1). paphia, various forms of confluence of
spots upper and undersides; A. cydippe (adippe), partially albinistic,
leaden coloured markings, etc.

44 THE ENTIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Mr. W.. J. Kaye, long varied series of Melitaea cinaia and M.
athalia, great reduction of dark markings to héavy extension of
markings, on both upper and undersides.

LaNcASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EwromoLoGicaL Socrsty.

November 17th, 1919.— Paper on PERONEA CRISTANA AND ON §.
REVAyANA, ETc.—Mr. Wm. Mansbridge read a short paper on
Peronea cristana and Sarrothripus revayana in the New Forest.
The paper was a description of a few days holiday at Brockenhurst
in pursuit of these variable moths, and was illustrated by the
insects captured. Some twenty varieties of P. cristana and fifteen
of S. revayana were exhibited. Mr. Mansbridge also showed a
long series of Bryophila perla from Wavertree, takén from about
300 yards of red sandstone wall which was only sparsely covered
with light grey lichen. The moth was in unusual plenty in
August, 1919, and was exceptionally variable. The exhibit comprised
bright yellow, orange-mottled forms with the black markings reduced ;
bright green mottled with darker, the black markings normal; speci-
mens with the usual ochreous ground colour of a greenish grey; also
some with all the markings very much intensified; and finally, a few
almost unicolorous, pale ochreous examples. There was no orange
coloured lichen on the wall, neither has any been seen elsewhere in the
district. Several members brought their series of B. perla for
exhibition.

Some Winter Morus.—Mr. 8. Gordon Smith shewed a fine brick red
variety of Himera pennaria from Chester, an apparently wingless
female of the same from Delamere, and uncommon forms of Hibernia
defoliaria also from Delamere.

Locat British Lermorrera.—Mr. W. A. Tyerman exhibited bred
Melanthia albicillata from near Prescot; Odontopera bidentata ab. nigra
and typical Amphidasis betutaria from Simonswood; Cidaria immanata
from Prenton, and Hupithecia abbreviata from Llangollen.

December 15th, 1919.—Annuat Meetinc.—The usual reports were
presented and the following were elected as Officers and Council for
the ensuing year. President: Mr. S. P. Doudney. Vice- Presidents :
Messrs. R. Tait, F.E.S.; R. Wilding ; and Dr. C. B. Longstaff, M.A.,
P.E.S. Hon. Treasurer: Dr. John Cotton. Hon. Librarian: Mr.
A. W. Hughes. Hon. Secretary: Wm. Mansbridge, F.B.S. Council :
Messrs. W. A. Tyerman; W. Buckley; Prof. R. Newstead, M.Sc. ;
F.R.S.; G. F. Mathew, F.L.S.; L. West, M.I.M.E.; A. W. Boyd,
M.C., M.A.; Dr. A. R. Jackson,; W. J. Lucas, B.Sc., F.E.S.; S.
Gordon Smith; Alfred Newstead, F.E.S.; Rev. F. M. B. Carr; and
EK. F. Studd, M.A., F.E.S. Mr. F. N. Pierce, of Warmington, Oundle,
Northants, was elected an Honorary Member of the Society.

AnnuaL Appress.—The President read an address entitled ‘* Notes
from Cartmel Fell.” ji

Subscriptions for Vol. XXX11. (10 shillings) should be sent to
Mr. . Herbert E. Page, “‘ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, New Gross,
SE. 14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from .*
January 15th to December 15th, 1920.)
Non-receipt or-errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be
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BS Subscribers who shange their addrasses must report the seme to Mr. H. i. Paau “ Bertrose,”
fies Gellatly Road, New BI London, 8.l., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

es New Cabinets and Apparatus.—Note : Finest make only, and” best
~ material only used. ~
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and prices on application.
‘Standard make Store Boxes, 10x8, 5/6; 18x9, 7-5 14x10, 8/-; 16x11, a ;
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LEONARD TATCHELL, Lepidopterist, 43, Spratt Hall Road, Wanstead, E. 11.

emi meme amaaaamaaaaaaaaaaacamanataa maaan ata aaa
_ Duplicates.—Varleyata and other varieties of Grossulariata. Desiderata.—Good
' varieties and local forms. Spilosoma urtice, Advenaria, and other ordinary species to
- yenew old series. Good Tortrices and Tineae.—Geo. 7. Porritt, Elim Lea, Dalton,
, Hudder. sfield.
Duplicates. er eanienigt var. lutea, lacticolor, varleyata, fulvapicata, etc. De-
siderata.— Other extreme forms of Grossulariata, or good vars. of Diurni.—Rev, G. H.
Raynor, Hazeleigh Rectory, Matdon, Essex.
Desiderata.— Huchloé cardamines from Ireland; algo types. of B. cardamines from
- Switzerland, Italy, §. France; yar, turritis (8. Italy), var. volgensis, var. thibetana, and
of B. gruneri, F. euphenoides; EH. damone, and any palearctic species of the genus.
» Duplicates.—Loweia dorilis.and yars., a few minor yars. of R. phleas (British), and many
.. British lepidoptera.— Harold B. Williams, 82, Filey Avenue, Stoke Newington, N:

: Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars, and abs. trom all parts of the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
_. indispensable. Liberal return made. —W. G. Pether, ** Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge

» Road, London, N. 1.
Beto Duplicates (all Clydesdale). —AXthiops, Selene, Icarus, Phlwas, Hectus, Mundana,

Perla, Fulva, Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata, Camibriea, Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,

. Tristata, Boreata, Mercurella, Angustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Truncicolella, Derepitalis,

~ Kuhmella, Fusca, Margaritellus, Hortuellus, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana, Solan-
-dvinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, Stramineana, Rivulana, Urticana, Octomaculana,
_ Perlepidana, Vaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana, Myllerana. Desiderata—Numerous,
especially. —A. A, Dalglish, 7, Keir Street, Glasgow,
ee -Guanees or Appruss.—H. Baker Sly, ‘‘ Kingston,’’? Homestead Road, Edenbridge,
5 Kent. Dr. BE. A. Cockayne, to 65, Westbourne Terrace, W. 2. P.A. Buxton to 81; Grange
- Road, Cambridge. W. H. Jackson, to ‘* Pengenna,’’ 14, Woodcote Valley Road, Purley,
Surrey. Sars

Mr: Donisthorpe will still be glad to receive ants and Myrmecophiles from all parts
of the British Isles, and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough to send them to
him. He would however suggest that ants from any other parts of the world be sent to
his colleague, Mr. W. C. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14. Mr. Crawley is
specialising on the ants of the world, and it is a matter for congratulation that we should

possess an Entomologist in this countr y whose whole attention should be concentrated on
_ this branch of Entomology. ‘

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

“Entomological Society. of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8p.m. 1920, March 10, 24th; April 7th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Mdwards, 15, St. German’s Place,
~ Blackheath, 8.B. 3.

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of Tioadon

- Entomological and Natural History Society and.the North London Natural History
‘ Society).—Hall 20, Salisbury House Finsbury Cireus, B.C. The First and Third
. Tuesday in the month, at mM; ret ‘Visitors invited. Hon. Sec., J. Ross, 18, Queens
a Grove Road, Chingford, N.E

<a,

- a

- Differentiation of Welitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—

5 AMS. ad eiditoxial matter saat be sent ane eal prota retuned 0
98, ee Road, New. Cross, London, 8. B. oe. bee ‘A

with ehoue they are eaniding to otlior magazines. ;
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; is ale. 3 sent on eae Spas
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=< ‘COMPENDIUM

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“ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA or,
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‘By the Ruy. G. H. RAYNOR, M.A.
Dbtetnane only from the Author, Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Hiscox.
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IMPORTANT ©
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.
BACK VOLUMES OF |
The cntomologist’s Beco: foo
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXII.)

CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important onty mentioned.) ¥ sae
Genus Acronyttw and its allies.—Variation of Smerinihus tiliae, 3 coloured plates San

Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— ~
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist ~
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, er ca rg me ae
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II. e
MELANISM AND Mpraxocuitorsi—Bibliography-—Notes on Colleedita “ayia ‘on
Varration (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa optima
—Collesting. on. the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys =
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thacias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, §. London—Generie nomen-
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes :
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of ee: oh
derasa, etc., efc., 312 pp. 4

To be obtained from—
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“13,720 ’ | No. 8.

che & Ne ¢ entom moloaist's Record

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oe CONTENTS... oe ena
PAGE

The Swiss Species of the Genus Hesperia, B. C. S. Warren, F.H.S. .. de ; mei 45
ear ‘Notes and Observations on the Lepidoptera of the Witley District from 1912 to 1919, A. A.
- Pullett, FBS. Peer: ne ve se : 9 beth hanG Ae a ae 52
OIENTIFIC Nores AND OnsERVATTONS :—Gynandromorphism, Dr. Cockayne. . ae va 2 OS
ae on ContEcrine :—-Palatability of Vanessid larve, P. A. Bucton, F.H.S.; Notes on

‘Collecting i in Ttaly, H. B. Ashby, F.H.S. ; Records, (Miss) E. Miller; Geotrupes and
_ Sparrows, G. B.C. Leman, F.E.S. ; Early C. argiolus, A. J. Winn; The Harly

Season, H.J.7. Ge es 3 a Me ra fe: as ne as ef 59
Cornzns Norss anv Suort Novices riper dapat we 2 af a S48 ‘ie 63
Socnnms mS South London Entomological Society Baca a Sp 5 See 64

, y eae shares Me MARCH Tdth,° 1920.
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H. B. Ashby, P. A. H. Muschamp, J. H. Durrant, wih Reports of Societies and

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ak

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 45

The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.

In recent years thére have been great changes in the classification
of the Palwarctic Hesperiidae. The defining and separating of species
and varieties, which has been worked out in detail, both in the structural
and superficial characteristics of the various forms, has gone far to
simplify the task of the collector interested in the genus Hesperia.
These changes are, by now, probably familiar to most collectors inter-
ested in the subject, while recently Dr. Chapman has given (nt. Ree.,
vol. xxix. and xxx.) a review of Prof. Reverdin’s hévision du Genre
Hesperia, accompanied by some useful plates. Although the separat-
ing of the species in the genus may always be a matter of some diffi-
culty, yet we now know that it is nothing like the impossibility it was
so long considered to be; and with a certain amount of experience
the European species will be found to offer no greater difficulty than
do the closely allied species of Melitaea. One must of course except
the case of malvae and malvoides, for it is not possible to separate these
two species with certainty, by their superficial characteristics. It is
easy enough with a series of the two side by side, to note certain
differences (such as the colour of the palpi and the antenne; the
presence or absence of the white sub-marginal spots on the upperside
_ of the forewing) which are more prevalent in one species than the
other, but they are, unfortunately, not constant to either, and are also
subject to individual variation. As a general rule the locality will be
sufficient to determine the species, but in places where the two are
known to approach, this test will also fail. Then, again, there will
always be the possibility of finding both species in the same locality in
some district, from which they have not yet been recorded. There-
fore, the identification of specimens, taken near the northern or
eastern limits of the area inhabited by malvoides, can never be reliable,
unless the genitalia have been examined. The mutilation of speci-
mens is of course the principal objection to this method of identifica-
tion ; but, when one wishes to examine the genitalia merely for the
purpose of identification, it is not necessary to remove the body. This
I fancy is not generally known. When dealing with fresh killed
specimens it is quite possible, with the aid of a strong hand lens, to
determine the species by their genitalia, without removing the body,
or injuring the specimen in the least. Of course the greater the
power of the lens the better, but a very high power is by no means
essential, and when examining species in which the differences in the
genitalia are pronounced (as they are in most of the Hesperias) it is
not only possible, but a perfectly simple matter. The collector who
identifies his captures of malvae and malvoides by this means, will only
have to examine one or two specimens from each locality ; as, up to
the present time, the two species have never been found to overlap.
I may add here, however, that my subsequent records of the distribu-
tion of these two species are not based on any such casual examina-
tion; for, while I was endeavouring to ascertain the exact extent of
their habits in the Rhone Valley and elsewhere, I examined two-thirds
of all the specimens taken. Of course it is quite impossible to deal
with old and dry specimens in any way except by removing the body.
Collectors who have no previous knowledge of the genitalia of the

Marcu 15rxn, 1920.

46 THE ENTOMOLOGIS'’’S RECORD.

Hesperiid species, but who wish to check the identification of their
captures in the manner described above, will doubtless find it con-
venient to take the plates from Dr. Chapman’s articles which illustrate
the genitalia with them for reference on their continental butterfly
hunts. The plates of the species themselves, however, I would recom-
mend them to leave behind. Many of the special characteristics
exhibited by the species of Hesperia are very small, and consequently
difficult to memorise; but enlarged figures, though theoretically an
advantage, are very apt to be misleading. If some small spot happens
to be in question, as being slightly different in two species, and one
has studied the difference on a magnified illustration ; on examining
the insects themselves, the feature we are looking for appears so much
less pronounced than what we have been accustomed to in the illus-
tration, and consequently so alike in both species, that a doubt is at
once raised in our minds. But, if one has been accustomed to these
slight differences, as shown by two natural sized figures, on seeing
them in nature they are immediately recognised. I therefore advise
collectors not to trust much to enlarged figures, even the perfect
photographs accompanying Dr. Chapman’s papers. .

Of the seventeen (eighteen if foulquieri and belliert should prove to
be distinct) Huropean species belonging to the genus Hesperia (sens.
restr.) no fewer than twelve are to be found in Switzerland, and they
can all be taken in the cantons of Vaud and Valais; while several
more occur in central and southern Europe. In spite of this many
collectors in recording the results of their continental trips, ignore the
existence of the Hesperias; or, just casually mention the capture of
carthami, alveus, or malvae, the names of the other species being but
occasionally to be seen in the pages of our entomological magazines.
The fact remains, I am afraid, that there are but few English col-
lectors who have taken the trouble to make themselves familiar with
the various forms of the Hesperias, or have any definite idea what the
names fritillum, armoricanus, onopordi, ete., should be applied to.
This is Faun villas to be iibaed to the two following causes: firstly,
the fact that all the systematic works on the European butterflies
which are at present in use, were published before Prof. Reverdin’s
researches cleared matters up, ‘and secondly, the difficulty in identifying
the frequently occurring minor aberrations. Generally speaking, the
typical forms of each species can readily be identified by anyone who
has studied the genus at all carefully; but the slightly aberrant speci-
mens which do not vary on any constant lines (but which deviate
slightly from the type, often assuming a likeness to some other species
while at the same time losing some of their own distinctive features)
often become puzzling, and are almost invariably responsible for
mistakes in identification. The range of this transitional variation is
probably not surpassed in any other genus of European butterflies, but
up to the present little or nothing has been published on the subject.
I hope, therefore, the following notes (which although of a most frag-
mentary nature are the result of careful observations made during
many seasons) on the Swiss species in the various localities where I
have come across them will be of interest to those who collect abroad,
and will help to dispel some of the difficulties of identification arising
from this transitional variation.

There is one more point which I must mention before coming to

ee oe ee

ae

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THH GENUS HESPERIA. AT

the species themselves. In the first vol. of Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera of
the World all the palearctic black and white “skippers” are massed in
the genus Hesperia. The reason for this ‘lumping ”’ matters little ;
but it is interesting to note that to treat this swarm of species in an
intelligible fashion, Mabille had to divide them into sections and sub-
sections, more or less corresponding to the specialised genera in which
the species have been placed by modern writers. ‘Thus we find the
restricted genus Hesperia approximately represented by section ‘ C,”
divided into two sub-sections: (a) Those species. having the ‘‘ white
discocellular spot of the hindwing beneath straight and without a
projection towards the base,” and (b) those species having the ‘“‘ white
discocellular spot on the underside of the hindwing prolonged towards
the base.” The species of the genus fall naturally into these two
groups, and, it is safe to say, that if, in the past, writers had always
so divided the genus, much of the confusion which has so long
enveloped it would have been avoided. The characteristic features of
these two groups have been noted by many authors, but only as
applicable to individual species. I have therefore, in the following
notes, placed the species in their respective groups, “‘ A” and “ B,” as
designated by Mabille, hoping that I may help to bring them into more
general use, and so demonstrate their practical value. The majority
of collectors will appreciate the fact that by identifying the group to
which their specimen belongs, they are reducing by half the difficulty
of naming it. Further, if it is desired to make any detailed study of
the variation of the species of the genus, it is absolutely necessary to
familiarize oneself with the characteristics of each of these groups, as
one of the most important lines of variation is that in which the
features of one group are assumed by an individual of a species
belonging to the other. This division of the species, apple! to the
Bharopen n species, gives one the following results :—

I. Those species in which the inner edge of the median band
underside hindwing is rectilinear, the central spot not
projecting towards the base of the wing=group A, and
includes :

alveus, vryjfelensis, armoricanus, belliert, carlinae, fritillum,
serratulae, cynarae, and melotis. ,
“II. Those species in which the inner edge of the median band
underside hindwing is not rectilinear, the central spot pro-
jecting sharply towards the base of the wing=group B, and
includes :
carthami, andromedae, centaureae,, cacaliae, onopordi, sidae,
malvae, and eineiiee
The position of melotis is, perhaps, doubtful. Mabille places it in
group A, and in M. Culot’s excellent figures (Bull. Soe. Lep. de Gen.)
such remnants of the median band as are visible seem to justify his
doing so.
Group A.
H. alveus, Hb.

Alveus is one of the most interesting species of the genus, owing
to the fact that it is so prolific in local races. Many of these so-called
races have turned out to be distinct species, and probably in the future
more of them will be found to be so too. In very few instances, how-

48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ever, do these local forms entirely replace the type. In Switzerland
many localities produce some specialised form, which occurs - with
more typical examples in about equal numbers, such a form being, as a
rule, difficult to describe on paper in a manner useful to anyone
unacquainted with it, but which looks very different when placed with
specimens from other localities. The two chief races in Switzerland
are, to a certain extent, divided by altitude; the one typical in Alpine
and sub-Alpine regions, the other in the plains; each being subject to
considerable variation, and frequently. appearing in the converse
localities in small numbers. The typical mountain alveus are darker,
with the white spots on the upperside of the forewing, small in size,
and the ground colour of the underside of the hindwing of a
yellowish tone, while in the plain form the white spots are much
larger, and the ground colour of the underside of the hindwing is
usually of a darker shade, and sometimes greenish. In this last
particular, however, the plain form is exceedingly variable. _Alveus is
well distributed throughout Switzerland, being more frequently met
with in the mountains, where it is one of the commonest (though not
the most widely distributed) species of the genus. In the plains,
although occurring less universally, it is by no means rare. I have so
far come across it in five lowland localities, namely, Follaterre,
Vernayaz and Aigle, in the Rhone Valley, a little above Clarens, and
Kclépens, and seen a few specimens from the lake of Thoune. The
specimens from Kelépens, and some from Vernayaz, are worthy of
special notice. While very obviously belonging to the plain
form, they are remarkably similar to the mountain race of alveus
from the Pyrenees. This southern Alpine race makes an extraordinary
contrast with alveus of the Swiss Alps, and some years ago when first
reading Prof. Reverdin’s description of foulguiert, I was struck with
the resemblance between that (then) newly-described species and the
Pyrenean alveus. The likeness was so great that I sent some specimens
to Prof. Reverdin, who subsequently informed me that it was not the
first time his attention’ had been called to this race of alveus, M.
Oberthiir having suggested it was foulquieri, or a distinct species. The
genitalia, however, do not differ from alreus. The Swiss form is
racial in the Jura, but, as already noted, it occurs as an aberration at
Vernayaz, and I also have a couple of specimens from the Grisons.
Alveus is single-brooded, and is to be found on the wing by July,
appearing just as early (sometimes earlier) at moderate altitudes as in
the plains, though, of course, at great altitudes it is later, but
never very much. ‘The existing records of the time of flight of alveus
in the plains are almost useless, as it is impossible to tell whether they
are referable to alveus or to armoricanus, and since the separation of
this latter species, many collectors apparently hold the quite erroneous
idea that alveus is entirely a mountain species. Of course, as a
general rule, it will be perfectly safe to assume that the specimens
recorded as taken in May and early June are armoricanus, particularly
if any number have been taken, there can be no doubt on the subject ;
but, while the facts just mentioned are undoubtedly correct, and alveus
_is beyond question a single-brooded species, on very rare occasions a
few prematurely emerged specimens have been taken in the spring,
always, so far, isolated examples. I had the good fortune to take such
a specimen once, on May 24th, at Branson, in the Rhone Valley. It

THE SWISS' SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 49

was, superficially, most distinctly alveus, the only other possibility
being that it was a hybrid alveus x armoricanus, an idea which was
fostered more by the extraordinary date of capture than the appearance
of the specimen. As it was, unfortunately, a ? , anatomical proof of
its identity was difficult to come by, so I sent it to Prof. Reverdin.
Unfortunately, even in such expert’ hands, the dissection was not quite
a success, and failed to give the desired information ; nevertheless, the
Professor remarked that the superficial characteristics were so pro-
nounced that he felt no doubt whatever that the specimen was alveus.
He further informed me that two other $ specimens of alveus,
captured in May, had come to his notice, one from Locarno, the other
from the Grand Saleve, which latter was taken by M. Rehfous of
Geneva. When one recalls that Prof. Reverdin receives material from
all over the Palearctic Region, and that, in spite of this, previous to
the capture of my specimen, only two others had come to his notice, °
it will be readily realised how extremely rare this spring emergence of
individuals of alveus must be. This then, being the ease, the fact that
these few specimens have been taken, and the probability that in time
others will be recorded, does not appear to be any sufficient reason for
regarding alvens as anything but a single-brooded species.

July, as has been already noted, is, in the majority of localities,
the normal time of emergence of the species, but I have taken it on a
few occasions in late June, more often (curiously enough) in sub-
Alpine regions than lowland ones, and once at over 5,000 feet, but only
three times in more than single specimens. Once, on June 28rd, at
Verossaz, above St. Maurice, where I took two gs; once in the
Ueschinen Tal above Kandersteg, when I took three 7s, on June 30th,
and once at Lenzerheide, in the Grisons, where, between 5,000 feet
and 5,300 feet, the species commenced to emerge on June 2ist, and
_from the 23rd on was seen daily in increasing numbers. Other June
specimens that I have taken come from Vernayaz, Caux (this latter on
June 10th), and the hills behind Clarens. In these latter localities,
between my capture of the single specimens and the subsequent
emergence of the rest of the brood, there was a period varying from a
week at Vernayaz to nearly three at Caux. In early seasons it is
probable that the species is often out by the end of June, and I hear
from Prof. Reverdin that in some southern localities, such as St.
Martin de Vésubie, the time of emergence is late June, but otherwise,
in his experience, it is always July. At altitudes over.5,500 feet it is
safe to say the species will never be found before the first week in July.
But, although alreus in the plains appears no earlier than it does some
thousands of feet higher up, it also (strangely enough) remains longer
on the wing in its mountain habitats. The duration of the period of
flight of the species is difficult to ascertain exactly, on account of its
very irregular emergence, and necessitates constant observation for
quite two months in one locality, if any useful result is to be obtained.
In its lowland habitats the species is normally over by early August,
but some years it is often to been seen well on in the month, while on
one occasion I have taken a 9d in quite fair condition on September 2nd.
The longest period of time I have noted alveus on the wing is seven
weeks. This was at Lenzerheide (Grisons), between 5,000 feet and
5,300 feet, from June 21st to August 9th, at which date, when I left
the locality, it was still about in some numbers, and would certainly

50 | THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

have lasted for another week or ten days. This would give a period
of flight of from eight to nine weeks, and exceeds the greatest length
I have recorded in the plains: six-and-a-half weeks; 7.e., from
July 18th to September 2nd. My observations, on the whole, lead me
to think that the abundance or rareness of the insect in a given locality
is more the deciding factor as to the length of the period of flight,
than altitude or climatic conditions, though, of course, the latter,
indirectly, may be said to be partly responsible, in as much as it helps
to determine the abundance, or otherwise, of the species. The actual
life of the individual does not last more than half the total period, if
one may judge by the time which elapses between the first appearance
of the insect and the first really worn examples seen. Hence, when
there is a plentiful supply of individuals, three-fourths of which
probably emerge in the first ten days of their season (which is the
* moment of greatest abundance), and the remainder continue to emerge
periodically, we get an extended period of flight. The converse, I have
noted, too, on more than one occasion. This irregular emergence is
common to all the species of the genus, in several instances to a much
greater extent even than shown by alveus. But it should be most
carefully noted that the irregularity only applies to that fraction of the
brood which does not appear with the majority, for the first instalment
of all species of Hesperia appears with the regularity of clockwork.
So much go is this the case that at any given altitude one can foretell
what the next species of Hesperia to emerge will be with complete
certainty. For instance, between 5,000 feet and 6,000 feet, the first
species of the season met with will be either malvae or malvoides,
according to the locality, between May 15th and 25th. By the first
week in June a large species will be noticed—andromedae. About a
week later two more species appear at different elevations—cacaliae
and serratulae. Ten days to a fortnight later, by which time the first.
species will be past its prime, and serratulae flying with the others up
to 6,000 feet, while they have emerged still bigher, and alveus will
appear ; or, if it is a locality where carthami occurs, it will precede
alveus by a few days. About a month will then elapse before carlinae
puts in an appearance, and about the same time ryffelensis will also com-
mence. The same regularity will be found at any level, high or low,
I have tested this repeatedly and never found it otherwise: in the
plains, too, even the double-brooded species appearing in the most
perfect rotation.

The variation shown by alveus, as we at present knee it, is con-
siderable. Many races are in their extreme form very different, but
the transitional forms are always numerous. In spite of this, aberra-
tions of alveus are not often very troublesome to identify. Difficulty is
only experienced when dealing with aberrations which resem ble species
very nearly related to alvews, which have, as it happens, all been
previously treated as varieties of the latter. There are among the
Swiss members of the genus only two such species, namely: arnrori-
canus and ryffelensis (for the latter will, I think, undoubtedly prove
distinct). Armoricanus, though it bears, in a general way, a closer
resemblance to alveus than any other Swiss species, can always, with a
little care, be distinguished. Typical alvews is a decidedly larger
insect, and the white markings are proportionately heavier; the ground
colour of the hindwings, underside, is not usually so bright in alveus ;

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GRHNUS HESPERIA. 51

and finally, alveus is single brooded. These are well known facts, and
throughout these notes I have made it a point, as much as possible, to
avoid descriptions of typical forms, but in this case it was necessary ;
for both species in question vary on similar lines, and so two aberra-
tions are often best distinguished by the differences which mark the
types. Alveus, strange to say, rarely produces aberrations suggestive
of armoricanus, a specimen reduced in size being extremely rare ; but
the latter frequently approaches alvens. (These will be mentioned in
notes on aymoricanus.) - From the remaining species, typical alveus is
easily distinguished, only with the following aberrations will any
difficulty arise. The form in which the central spot of the median
band on the underside of the hindwings, projects towards the base of the
wing, thus assuming the characteristic feature of the B. group species,
is not very uncommon ; but it is, as previously noted, quite the most
important form of variation occurring in the genus, for, with one
exception, I have found it in every species. of the A. group, and no -
matter what the species, a specimen of this form usually resembles
some member of the B. group. The extent to which the projection
from the central spot towards the base of the wing is developed, varies
in alveus indefinitely ; ranging from a mere excrescence, just sufficient
to break the straight edge of the band, to a well pronounced tooth, half
as long as the spot itself. I have never seen it of exactly the same
formation in any two specimens, a feature worth noting for purposes
of identification ; as in group B., this projection has a more or less
distinctive formation in each species. ‘To this form of variation I give
the name extensa, for it is found throughout the group in the form of
more or less pronounced aberrations, which in themselves it would be
useless to name, as they never develop the same formation twice in any
given species. However, in order to avoid a great amount of repeti-
tion with each species it is necessary to name the form of variation,
and I do so in a collective manner, to cover it in all stages of develop-
ment, the diagnosis being, any aberration of an A. group species, pre-
senting to a greater or less extent, the features of the median band
(underside hindwing) characteristic of group B. Conversely, I give
the name reducta to those aberrations of the B. group species which
assume the even inner edge to the median band, as in group A., or have
their typical markings so modified as toapproachit. The ewtensa forms
of alveus are to be found wherever the species occurs. | have taken more
than a dozen of these aberrations both in the lowlands and mountains,
in the Valais, Bernese Oberland, and Grisons, and I must acknowledge
having recorded as onopordi, in the Entomoloyist for 1911, such aber-
rations of alveus, which I had taken in the Pyrenees. I can only hope
that my record has not misled many collectors in the past; and add
that at that time I was not acquainted with genuine onopordi, the only
condition which could have made such a mistake possible, for with its
much greater size, and totally different character of markings, alveus
never can be said in the least to resemble onopordi. There is one
species which some of these aberrations must resemble very closely,
namely, numida. It does not come within the sccpe of this paper, but
it would be interesting to know if the projection from the ceritral spot
in that species (?) has a constant formation, which would enable it to
be distinguished from the fluctuating formations of the ewtensa aber-
rations of alveus ; especially as there is no difference in the genitalia of

\

52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the two species. There is another aberration of alreus in which the
median band is not rectilinear (but which is quite distinct from the
extensa form), which is worth noting; for though it resembles no other
Species in particular, it destroys the typical alveus-like appearance of
the specimen. In this aberration the costal spot of the median band
is lengthened basewards. So far I have seen no specimen in which
this spot and its corresponding basal one, are joined, but it is more
than likely that such a form does occur ‘occasionally, for I know it to
do so in other species.

The ground colour of the underside hindwing is somewhat variable,
especially in the plains ; but in this respect alveus has nothing like the
range of variation shown by other species.

(Zo be concluded.)

Notes and Observations on the Lepidoptera of the Witley District
from 1912 to 1919.
By AUSTIN A. TULLETT, F.E.S.

The following notes and observations were made from field-work
undertaken by Mr. Joicey and his assistants.

The Joicey Collection of British Lepidoptera was arranged in 1917
by Miss N. Prout, after South’s Butterflies and Moths of the British
Isles, and we are indebted to Mr. L. B. Prout for his assistanee in
arranging the Geometridae. The majority of specimens recorded are
in the Joicey collection.

Both night and day collecting was at a standstill from 1914 until
1919, though every opportunity was taken on “ collecting days” to add
to the collection, and the tree-trunks have been well worked.

Collecting has been done principally by Mr. Joicey, the late Mr. A.
Noakes, sen., the late Mr. A. Noakes, jun., Mr. G. Talbot, Mr. L. B. Prout,
Miss N. Prout, Mr. W. Hawker-Smith, in 1919, and the writer.

The district worked by us comprises the parishes of Witley, Hamble-
don, and Chiddinegfold, though very little work has been done around
Witley village and none on Witley Common.

The following species taken by us are not recorded in * “ A List of
the Lepidoptera occurring within six miles of Haslemere,” by F. A.
Oldaker, M.A., F.E.S., June, 1913 :-—

Ruralis (Zephyrus) betulae, LL. 2 recorded by H. Watkins from
Hindhead, September 8th, 1917 ; Strymon (Thecla) prunt, L., Lymantria
dispar, Li., Nola cucullatella, L., Palimpsestis octogesima, Hb., Agrotis
vestigialis, Rott., Apamea ophiogramma, Esp., Caradrina ambiqua, F.,
Geometra vernaria, Hb., Mupithecita satyrata, Hb., Hupithecta absin-
thiata, Cl., Oporabia autiwmnnata, Gn., Thera obeliscata, Hb., Lygris
populata, L.

The most interesting record in this list is undoubtedly that of
Strymon pruni, which has never been recorded from Surrey before.
Hight larve were beaten from sloe by the writer in May, 1919, and of
these Six were reared to the imago.

Papitionip#®.—Sub-family Pierinae.

Pieris brassicae, L.—Common, May. Larve common in June and
July. -

* Science Paper No. 5. Printed and published for the Committee of the
Haslemere Natural History Society.

‘

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 53

P. rapae, u—Common, April, June, July. Larve common June and
September.

P. napi, .—Common, May and August. Larve common June and
September.

Euchloé cardamines, .—Common, May and June. lLarve common
on charlock, July and August.

Leptosia (Leucophasia) sinapis, L.—21st May, 1912; 9th May, 1918 ;
2nd May, 1919. This species quite plentiful in 1912.

Colias edusa, Fabr.—One g, September, 1913; one g, July, 1913,

. Witley ; one ?, July, 1912, Enton, Witley, A. Noakes, jun.

Gonepterya rhamni, L.—Common, September to May. Larve in June-
July.

Apaturip®.—Sub-family dpaturinae.

Apatura iris, L.—One 3, one 2, 1912. Three gs, one 2, July 27th,
1917. One g, July 27th, 1917, taken by J. J. Joicey. Two
$s, one ¢, July 27th, 1917, including pair captured at one
swoop by W. Hawker-Smith. Several seen flying same day.
One g, July 9th, 1919, in perfect condition, A. A. Tullett.
July 16th, 1919, fine specimen seen flying near Hambledon
Common, A. A. Tullett.

Nymenatip#.—Sub-family, Nymphalinae.

Limenitis sibilla, .—Very common at Hambledon and in Chiddingfold
district, June and July. Larve found on honeysuckle in
Hambledon Woods, May and June. In abundance July 9th,
near Chiddingfold. Observed settlin’s on horse-droppings
near Chiddingfold, on July 11th, 1919.

Eugonia polychloros, L.—Not uncommon, July and August. A good
series bred from larvee found on poplar at ‘‘ The Hill,” June
28th, 1918.

Aglais urticae, 1. Common, June to September. Larva common
May and July.

Vanessa io, L.—Common, August-September. Larva very common in
June and July, on nettles.

Pyrameis atalanta, L.—Not common. Several were taken during one
September.

Pyraineis cardui, lu.—One, Witley, May 16th, 1912. This is the only

: specimen observed.

Dryas paphia, 1.—Common in woods, Hambledon and Chiddingfold
districts in July, Larva unobserved.

Argynnis cydippe (adippe), L.—Not common compared with paphia.
Can be taken by the brook at Chiddingfold. July 14th, 1919,
fairly common.

Brenthis euphrosyne, u.—Very common in May at Hambledon and in
Chiddingfold Woods.

Brenthis selene, W.V.—Very common in Hambledon and Chiddingfold
Woods district, in May and June.

Satyrip#.—Sub-family Satyrinae.

Satyrus semele, i.Not uncommon on Hambledon Common in June.

Pararge aegeria, L.—Not uncommon in woods in May and August.

Pararge megera, L.—Common in May and August. Can be taken
anywhere in the district; plentiful on Hambledon Common.

54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

E’pinephele jurtina, L.—Very common. in the district June to Septem-
ber. July 9th, in swarms near Chiddingfold.

Epinephele tithonus, L.—Common in July and August. Hambledon
district.

Aphantopus hyperantus, L.—Very common in July and August. July
9th, in abundance at Chiddingfold Woods.

Caenonympha panphilus, L.—Common from May to September.

Lyca/nip#.—Sub-family Lycaeninae.

Ruralis (Zephyrus) betulae, L.—One ¢ , October, 1919, in “ The Hill”
Gardens. A series of both sexes bred from larve beaten from
sloe trees end of May-June, 1919. The adults emerged
during July and August. lmago rarely seen on the wing.

Bithys quercus, L.—A series taken one July. Five larve beaten from
oak in May, 1919. Three emerged July, 1919. One taken
on wing by W. Hawker-Smith, 1919.

Strymon prunt, L.—EHight larvee beaten from sloe, in May, 1919. Six
emerged in July, 1919.

Callophrys rubi, L.—Not uncommon on Hambledon Common in May
and June, flying round brambles.

Rumicia phlaeas, L.—Common on Hambledon Common. First brood,
May. Second brood, July, August.

Plebeinus aegon. (argus), Esp.—Very common on Hambledon Common
during June and July.

Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—Common in meadows May to September.

Celastrina (Cyaniris) dryiolus, L.—Common at Witley April and May,
July and August.

Cupido minima, Leech.—Rare in this district, three specimens at.
Witley, 1918. .

Erycinip®.—Sub-family Nemeobiinae.

Hamearis (Nemeobius) lucina, L. —Five, May, 1919, in meadows. One
larva found in June, on primrose; spun up end of July. Six,
June, Humbledon Woods. Two, taken 19138 or 1914, by A.
Noakes.

Hesperup®.—Sub-family Hespertinae.

Hesperia malvae, L.—Very common in meadows in Hambledon and
Chiddingfold, May and June. One, July 20th, 1918, Witley.
Nisoniades (Thanaos) tages, L.—Common in meadows in May and June.

Sub-family Pamphilinae.

Advpaea flava (thaumas), Hufn.—Common in Hambledon and Chid-
dingfold in July.

Auyiades sylvanus, Esp.—Common, Hambledon and Chiddingfold in
May and June.

SPHINGIDE.

Smerinthus populi, L.—July 17th, from larvee taken off poplars at ‘* The
Hill,” in August and September. About 30 larvee were
obtained in 1912, but it has not turned up so plentifully
since.

Sphinw ligustri, L.—One on June 18th, 1912, on a fence. One in
August, 19183 (? bred). One larva found at Chiddingfold,
August, 1919.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 55

Macroglossum stellatarum, L.—One larva taken off hedge-bedstraw,
July 12th. This died at pupation. July, 1919, moth seen
flying on Hambledon Common.

Hemaris fuciformis, L.—One in May, 1919, at ‘The Hill,” hovering
over rhododendrons. July, 1919, over 100 larve taken near
Hambledon, on honeysuckle, but nearly all parasitised.—
A.A.T. July 7th, 1919, larvee taken in three stages, and also
ova found. Four specimens pupated July 12th, 13th, 14th, and
21st.—A.A.T. |

Hemaris tityus, L.—Common, Chiddinefold, beginning of June. A
series of 42, June 7th, 1918.—A.A.T. A series of 16, May
29th, 1919. Larve found on field scabious, Chiddingfold, in
July.—A.A.T.

NotropontTip.

Cerura bifida, Hb.—One taken at light, July 7th, 1914, at“ The Hill.”
One larva taken on poplar, at ‘‘ The Hill,” September, 1918,
emerged, June, 1919.

Dicranura vinula, L.—Two at Witley, 1915. One larva on poplar,
August, 1918, at “The Hill.” One brought in from Chid-
dingfold by a boy, July 20th, 1919.

Stauropus fagi, L.—Oneon June 20th, 1918, bred from larva found by
Li. B. Prout, at Witley, in August, 1917.

Notodonta dromedarius, L.—One, August 16th, 1912, Witley.

Drymonia trimacula, Esp.—One, June 4th, 1918, Witley.

Jotodonta trepida, Esp.—Hight, Witley, in May and June, 1912.
Bred from larve taken on oak at Witley, in July, 1911.

Lophopteryx camelina, li.—Two in June, 1912. Three in July, 1912.
Taken at light. One in May, 1914. .

Pterostoma palpina, l4.——One, March 10th, 1918. ‘One, April, 1918.
Two, May. One, June, 1912. Two, August 1st,1912. All
taken at light.

Phalera bucephala, L.— Common in June and July at light. Larve
very common in August and September, 1919, on a lime tree
at “The Hill.”

Pygaera curtula, .—Four-on May 20th, 1919, bred by L. B. Prout
from larve taken in Hambledon Woods, September, 1918, on
aspen.

Pyyaera pigra, Hiifn.—One, May 20th, 1919, from larva, Hamble-
don Woods, September, 1918, on aspen.

THYATIRIDE.

Habrosyne derasa, lu.—A good series taken off sugar at Hambledon
Woods, end of June and beginning of July, 1914.

Thyatira batis, L.—Kight, June, 1914. One, July, 1914. At light,
Hambledon Woods. One, July 15th, 1918, “ The Hill.”

Palimpsestis octogesima, Hb.—One, July 2nd, 1914, at Witley.

Palinipsestis or, F.—One, July 6th, 1914, Witley.

Palimpsestis duplaris, Li.mOne, July 28rd, 1914, Witley.

Asphalia dilita, F.—A series, September 6th, 1912, at sugar in
Hambledon Woods. One, August Ist, 1913.

- Polyploca fiavicornis, L.—One, May 1st, 1914. One August Ist, 1912,
Witley.

Polyploca ridens, F.—One, April, 1918. A series of larvee beaten from

56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

oak, near Chiddingfold, in June, 1919; spun up in July,
1919. One @ emerged February 6th, 1920.

LymaNtTRIIDS.

Orayia antiqua, L.—Not uncommon on the wing in October, fiying in
sunshine. Larve common on most trees from May to
September.

Dasychira pudibunda, .—Common from May to July on fences, twigs,
ete. Larva common on hawthorn, ete.

Porthesia similis, Fiesl1—Very common on fences and at light in July.
Larve very common in May on hawthorn, oak, etc. Pup
on most fences, trees, etc.

Stilpnotia salicis, L.—One, July 80th, 1912. Three, August 20th,
1918. One, September 10th, 1912. At light near
Hambledon.

Lymantria dispar, L.—One, bred August 20th, 1912, Witley.

Lymantria monacha, L.—Not uncommon on tree trunks, and at leght,
in July, August and September.

LasiocaMPIpD®.

Malacosoma neustria, L.—Common in July and August. Larva very
common on fruit and oak trees.

Trichiura crataeyi, L.—One 3, Witley, September Y7th, 1919. One
g,two @s, bred from larve found on sloe in June, 1919,
emerged September, 1919.

Poecilocampa populi, lu.—One 3, November, 1911. One g , Novem-
ber, 1913. Two 3s, February, 1914. One 3, April, 1916.
One ¢°, November, 1918. One 2, December, 1913. Larve
taken June, 1919, on oak.

Lasiocampa quercus, L., £. callunae.—One g, June 1912. One 3,
July 1st, 1912. Probably bred from larve taken at. Hamble-
don.

Macrothylacia rubi, l.—Moth common, flying at dusk on Hambledon
Common in late May and June. Larva to be found on
bramble from August to October.

Cosmotriche potatoria, L.—Twelve gs, four ?8, Witley, July. Larve
taken in May and June.

SaTURNIIDAE.

Saturnia pavonia, L.—Seven gs, May. Two ?s, May 1918. One
@, April, 1919. Larva on Hambledon Common, July and
August, 1919, feeding on heather.

Mr. Smith reports the finding of one larva in the last instar in
1919, which carried three ova of a Dipteron (probably a Tachinid)
fixed on the dorsum near the head.

I have bred Diptera from the pupe of this species some years ago.

DREPANIDE.
Drepana jaleataria, L.—Twelve, at Witley, May, June, July, and
August.
Drepana binaria, Htifn.—Three gs, May 10th, 1912. One 9°, May
4th, 1912. One ?, August 16th, 1912. One 9, May, ~
GIS),

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 57

Drepana lacertinaria, L.—One 9, May 1914. Two ?s, May, 1918.
Two 9s, 1915. Two gs, July, 1916.

Cilix glaucata, Schiff.cSeventeen, at Witley, May, June, July, and
August.

Nowip2.

Nola cucullatella, Li.—Larva beaten from sloe in June, 1919, near
Chiddingfold.

‘Nola strigula, Schift.—One, Witley, May 27th, 1918. One, Witley,
July 2nd, 1918. One, Witley, June 1919, taken on pine
tree, opposite ‘‘ The Hill.”

CHLOEPHORID®.

Hylophila prasinana, L.—Three, Witley, 1915, Witley, May 20th;
— 1914, and Witley, June 11th. 1912.
Aylophila bicolorana, Fuesl.—Two, Witley, July 1912. One, Witley,
June, 1919, bred from larva taken off oak, May, 1919.

SARROTHRIPINA”.

Sarrothripus revayana, Tr.—Four, Witley, August. One, Witley,
March 28th, 1918.

Arctup®.—Sub-family Arctiinae.

Spilosoma menthastri, Ksp.—-Moth plentiful at Witley in May and June.
Larve common in August and September.

Diaphora mendica, Cl.—Three gs, Witley, May 1912. One 3, Witley,
May, 1919.

Spilosoma lubricipeda, Kisp.—Three gs, June, 1912. One g, May,
1914. One g, June, 1914. Two ¢?s, May and June, 1912.
Larve reared from ova laid by a @ taken in June, pupated
in September.

Phraymatobia fuliginosa, L.—One 2 taken at Witley in June, 1917.
A series was bred from this specimen. ‘Two or three taken
in 1912.

Diacrisia sannio (russula), L.—Twenty-four gs, June, 1912. Three
2s, June 1912. Thirty-one g's, June, 1919. Moth plenti-
ful in afternoon sunshine on Hambledon Common, June,
1919. Thirteen 9s, June, 1919. Larva not observed. One
g, July, 1919, with broad forewings.

Arctia caja, L.
One or two damaged moths taken at Witley, in July. Larva not
plentiful, a few found in Witley district in May and June.
Description of a @ form, bred at ‘The Hill Museum,” Witley,
April 2nd, 1918, from a @ taken wild at Witley, 1917.
Forewinys.—Gyround colour a rich cream, with the brown markings

greatly reduced; on right forewing the marginal band disappears
altogether, likewise the submarginal, excepting two small posterior
spots, and on the left forewing the marginal band is represented by a
smudge of brown, submarginal by a small spot in cell 5, overlapping
into cell 4, and two small posterior spots. Second and third transverse
bands united, forming a heavy V-shaped mark. The first band well
separated from the second and third, The brown blotch near base
very small.

58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Hindwings. —Ground colour a pale scarlet with distinct blue-black
spots edged with yellow, central spot shaped after a bird’s head, a
small spot nearer the hindmargin, a row of three spots.

Hipocrita jacobaeae, L.—Moth common in June. Larva common in
July and August, where ragwort is plentiful.

Ar:tia villica, L.—Larva found near Hambledon in April, 1919.—W.
H.-Smith. One, June 4th, 1912, taken near Brook Village.
Three, June, 1914.

(To be continued.)

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

GynanpRomorpHS.—As there seems some uncertainty in the general
use of the terms ‘“‘Gynandromorph” and ‘“ Hermaphrodite,” I have
asked Dr. Cockayne if he would kindly write out a full explanation of
their application in our scientific communication. He has very kindly
sent me the following, which shows that we should restrict the use of
the latter term to those specimens of which we have actual evidence
that both male and female generating organs are functionally perfect
in one and the same individual.

“The terms hermaphrodite and gynandromorph are still used as if
they were synonymous and this practice is supported by the definitions
given in the larger dictionaries. In the interests of science it would
be better to confine the term hermaphrodite to genetic hermaphrodites.

«Tn these one gonad is an ovary and one a testis, or a gonad in one
or both sides consists of a mixture of ovarian and testicular tissue
forming an ovotestis.

“The term gyandromorph has a wider meaning and is applied to
insects showing both 1aale and female characters in its somatic tissues.

“« A gynandromorph may have secondary sexual characters inter-
mediate between those of the fully developed male and female, or it
may have them in some parts completely male and in others
completely female.

“Tn the latter case the secondary sexual characters of the one sex
may preponderate greatly, those of the other being present merely on a
small area of wing surface, or in one antenna, or they may be almost
equally represented in the form of a fine or coarse mosaic on both
sides, or they may be completely or nearly completely segregated to
opposite sides of the insects, one half having the secondary sexual
characters of the male, the other those of the female. The term
‘intersex’ is sometimes apphed to insects which show intermediate
sexual characters on both sides, or a mosaic of those of the two sexes.

«““Some of the mixed or halved gynandromorphs are genetic
hermaphrodites, but these cannot be recognised from their external
appearance. Unlike those of mammals the secondary sexual characters
of insects are not influenced by an internal secretion derived from
the gonads.

«Thus the term ‘hermaphrodite’ should be restricted to insects
possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue, whereas ‘ gynandromorph ’
can be applied to any insect showing both male and female sexual
characters irrespective of the nature of its gonads.”’ .

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 59

JOTES ON COLLECTING, Ete.

PaLaTABILITY OF VANESSID LARVH.—On 30th April, 1919, I found
larye, from which I subsequently bred Pyrameis (Vanessa) cardui,
extremely abundant along the shore of the Caspian Sea at Enzeli, in
N.W. Persia. Large numbers of female House Sparrows (Lasser
domesticus, Subsp?) were collecting the larve and feeding their
fledged young upon them. This seems remarkable: not only are the
larvee covered with branched spines, but all sorts of other insects were
certainly abundant.—P. A. Buxton (M.A., F.H.§.), 31, Grange Road,
Cambridge. i

Notes on coniectine in Iraty (1918 anv 1919).—December 8th,
1918.—I returned from England to Arquata Serivia and found the
place enveloped in a sea of fog, which was general in the whole
district among the mountains ; the mud, too, on the churned-up roads
reminded one again of Northern France. On the evening of
December 10th two specimens of Cheimatobia brumata came to the
electric light at the Villa Pisani, and proved to be in fresh condition.

December 16th. Walking past the village of Vocemola, and
ascending the grassy slopes amongst the vineyards opposite the village
of Rigoroso, I found many specimens of the grasshopper E’pacromia
thalassina, which took readily to flight when disturbed. In northern
Italy this species is very common throughout the summer, and is
found late into the winter, to-day’s specimens being in good condition,
and the only insects of interest on the wing, notwithstanding the
warmth of the sun.

December 29th.-—Below the village of Vocemola to-day, on the hill-
sides above the right bank of the Scvrivia, I found a fine female
specimen of the beetle Meloé brevicollis slowly crawling amongst the
dead leaves on the ground. In northern Italy it is rare in the plains,
though frequeut in the higher altitudes. The four different beetles of
the genus Meloé found in Italy, viz., M. proscarabaeus, M. violaceus, M.
vartegatus and M. brevicollis are collected to form medicines used in
veterinary work. Continuing my walk among the fields and vineyards
on the hillside, | came across a specimen of the Hymenopteron Cercasia
quadrifasciata, which collects beetles of various families and carries
them to its own nest. Practically all plant-life appears dead, Clematis
vitalba is every where in seed, and Rosa canina and Huonymus europaeus
(the European spindle-tree) are in fruit.

January 1st, 1919.—One doesn’t expect to find much stirring in
northern Italy at this date, but to-day, just above the village of
Vocemola, I found a specimen of the dragon-fly, Ischnura pumilio,
which flew on to a post in the bright sunshine, and settled there just
long enough to be netted.

January 10th.—On the Vocemola side of the river Scrivia I found
a specimen of Gryllus campestris busily crawling along the damp ground
amid fresh grass. ‘The catkins of the hazel were everywhere beginning
to be in evidence, and walking along the slopes towards the large
fir wood I heard the well-known “ buzz” of Xylocopa violacea. Ag I
stood motionless it settled on the trunk of a small tree quite close, and
then entered a hole in the tree-trunk. A few minutes later another
““buzz’’ announced that the female had arrived, and she, too, disap-
peared in the tree. This bee seldom ventutes far from its winter

60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

quarters at this time of the year, but from the middle of February
onwards these bees are to be seen everywhere throughout southern
Europe.

January 20th.—A few fresh primroses and the glossy, star-like
blossoms of Ranunculus ficarta, the Lesser Celandine, have apparently
just burst into flower.

January 21st.—I left Arquata Scrivia to-day for Vicenza, which I
reached the following afternoon. En route I visited the famous
Certosa di Pavia, some twenty minutes by steam tram from Pavia
Station. This magnificent monastery is one of the wonders of
northern Italy, in some respects surpassing even Milan Cathedral.

January 24th.—Nature is more advanced here, at Vicenza, than at
Arquata; Helleborus viridis, Ranunculus auricomus, Galanthus nivalis
and Vinca minor are all well in flower, but the feature of the day is
the purplish-blue blossom of Anemone coronaria everywhere on the
hill-sides around the Villa Pagello, on the top of Monte Berico.

January 26th.—l took my walk this afternoon on the further
slopes of Monte Berico, where in May last I found the hill-sides
crowded with summer flowers and insect life. More flowers are out
to-day, but space forbids me to enumerate them all, except the
beautiful blossoms of Corydalis cava, hiding in the hedges.

January 29th.—A walk as far as Tormeno, nestled amongst the
foothills of a further range of the Monti Berici, convinces me that it
is a perfect holiday resort in the season for the naturalist or botanist.
The sunset to-day reflects a brilliant glow on the red-tiled roofs and
campanile of Vicenza. This glorious city seems unknown to travellers
in general from western Europe. Small lizards are running about
along the stone walls round our villa under the glare of the hot sun.

February 5th.—To-day Signore Cav. Barrufaldi, of the Vicenza
Post Office, brought me a fine large cocoon eontaining the chrysalis
of Saturnia pyri (the great peacock moth), which files commonly in
northern Italy from the end of April and throughout May. Signore.
Barrufaldi also brought me a cluster of eggs of the parasitic
Hymenopteron Microyaster glomeratus.

February 16th.—The warm sun which rose so strongly this.
morning, yielding a warmer temperature, announcing that spring had
really come, brought out what insect life there was, and to-day I saw
a hibernated specimen of Hugonia polychloros as it sailed over the
garden walls. Amid the ivy leaves around tree-trunks on the warm
slopes of Monte Berico, bright yellow male specimens of the Brim-
stone butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni were flying in some numbers, and
in such fine condition as to support the contention that this must be
a first fresh brood, and not the hiberated specimens of this butterfly
that one looks for in early spring in more northern climes, especially
as No female specimens were on the wing to-day. The Carpenter bee
(Xylocopa violacea) has now come out of hibernation, and is busy
flying along the hot walls, where the lizards are basking in the sun.
Along one of the stone walls, among some dead briars, I found a
hibernated male specimen of the Orthopteron Pachytylus danicus, one
of the migratory locusts. It so happens that to-day, through the
kindness of Major A. H. Keenan, I have received a very fine female
specimen of this same species, which was found in hibernation at the
British headquarters at, Tressino. This insect is common in many
parts of northern Italy. The female is considerably larger than the:

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 61

male in the nieasurements of the body, pronotum and elytra. Large
black ants, the workers of the species, Camponotus ligniperdus (I
believe), are swarming in great numbers over our supply of wood at
the Villa Pagello, conspicuous by their longish lees and rather short
antenne.

February 19th.—After two days of rain and ae the sun was very
hot. this afternoon, making us begin to think of sun helmets.
Descending the slopes of Monte Berico on the western side, I found
the fresh males of G. rhamni in perfect condition and in greater
numbers, with no females flying as yet, thus further pointing to my
belief that these males are all an early spring brood, and not hibernated
specimens. If anything, they appear to be slightly smaller than the
usual July emergence. Grasshoppers were numerous and many were
apparently in freshly emerged condition, especially Stauroderus bicolor, -
which is perhaps the most abundant and widely distributed Huropean
grasshopper, and very variable in colour; the prevailing form here is
brownish, though one fine fresh specimen I took to-day was strongly
marked with red. A fine brownish-grey larva of Phragmatobia jult-
ginosa was enjoying the hot sun at the very top of a high wall. A
few of the solitary bees were flying about the hill-sides and settling on
the pretty purple blossoms of Anemone coronaria. Amongst these |
took specimens of Nomada solidaginis. This insect frequents the
flowers of the fields and deposits its eggs in the nests of various
other species of its own order, the Hymenoptera. I also took a
specimen of the allied solitary bee Coelioays quadridentata. This
Species is not rare on the flowers of the Papilionaceae, on the large
umbelliferous tribe, and on some of the Labiate tribe, and lays its
eggs in the cells of other solitary bees. A considerable number of
specimens of Coccinella septempunctata were crawling about on various
plants. It is very common everywhere in Italy, in fields, kitchen
gardens and cultivated lands.

February 24th.—The very hot sun has brought out the apparently
fresh females of G. rhamni, and I took two in the most perfect con-
dition, one of which was surrounded by four males as she settled
on the ivy leaves round a tree stump. Four males and one female,
all in perfect condition, in my net at one stroke, is my record, for
this butterfly, at any rate. Odd bright yellow flowers of Ranunculus
bulbosus are standing out noticeably erect to-day on the hill-sides after
the fresh rain, and will shortly be out in profusion.

February 25th.—This morning, on the well in the garden of the
Villa Pagello, I took a specimen of the small apterous Megoplistus
brunneus, a small elongated insect of delicate appearance, with very
slender antenne, and distinguished among crickets by the armature
of the hind tibiw, which bear a fine serrulation instead of spines; it
has oval-shaped eyes, and general chestnut colour. This afternoon the
imagines of Apis mellifica were crowding to the purple-blue blossoms
of the beautiful Anemone coronaria. A grass snake of grey-black colour
scuttled away under a mass of dead leaves before I could diagnose it
further, and as | was returning home in the duller part of the after-
noon before rain fell, two specimens of Macroglossum stellatarum were
swiftly searching the blossoms of Anemone coronaria, but I was unable
to observe the condition of the wings of this moth, which appears in

Italy very commonly throughout the fine season in two or more
broods.

62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

February 26th.—Single perfectly fresh males of Pararge megera
and of Pieris rapae were flying to-day in the gardens towards the
summit of Monte Berico.

February 28th.—This morning an Italian peasant brought round
skins of some animals which were all found in the mountains around
Schio, a cathedral town of some 11,000 inhabitants, some 154 miles
N.N.W. of Vicenza. I found the skins were of the following animals :
viz., Volpe (fox), Puzzola (pole-cat), Donnola (weasel), Fuina (stoat),
and Martora (marten).

March 1st.—This afternoon, on the slopes of Monte Berico, I took
two fresh specimens of Pieris rapae, and hibernated single specimens
of Macroglossum stellatarum, and of Polygonia c-album. I saw also a
hibernated specimen of Vanessa io sunning itself on the rocky sides of
the road which winds up through the gardens—this last insect was in
such good condition that it was worth taking, had I been able to reach
it. The bees were swarming at the blossoms of Corydalis cava, and I
got a fine specimen of Bombus hortorwn, which is everywhere common
in northern Italy. This bee greedily visits the various wild flowers
daily, but flies off rapidly to some distance at a good height, on any
shght disturbance.

March 6th.—The bees Bombus hortorum are as busy as ever at the
blossoms of Corydalis cava this sunless afternoon, though there is no
other insect life visible on the wing, but the hibernated velvety cater-
pillars which will later on produce the moth Bombya rubi, are crawling
about the roads, before deciding to enter the chrysalis state. Amid
our wood supply to-day I have found specimens of the beetle Carabus
hortensis, which is found in northern and central Italy in hilly and
mountainous districts.

March Tth.— Pieris rapae is now out commonly in both sexes, and
G. rhanni is swarming. Hibernated specimens of Vanessa io and of
Polygonia c-album are numerous, and many of the latter especially are
in excellent condition. Hibernated specimens of Aylais urticae, on the
other hand, seemed too worn to take. Yesterday, in the Biblioteca
Bertoliana at Vicenza, I came across a copy of a book entitled ** Ento-
mologica Vicentina ossia Catalogo Sistematico deel’ Insetti della
Provincia di Vicenza,’ by Francesco Dott. Disconzi, a priest of
Vicenza. This book of great interest, published in 1865 at Padua,
though now out of print, and (it seems) extremely difficult to purchase,
deals with various orders of insects found in the Provinee of Vicenza,
with copious lists, etc. The following more interesting butterflies are
quoted, among others, in this Italian book, as occurring in the
Province of Vicenza, viz., Papilio machaon var. sphyrus, Hub.; Thais
hypsiphyle, Fab., and var. demnosia, Dahl.; Parnassius mnemosyne, L. ;
Pieris callidice, Esp. ; Rhodocera cleopatra, L.; Colias palaeno, L.; C.
phicomene, Eisp.; Melitaea cynthia, Fab.; M. maturna, L.; Argynnis
pandora, Esp. ; Nymphalis populi, L., and var. tremulae, Dup.; Apatura
ilia, Fab., and var. clytie, Hub.; Grapta L-album, Hwb., and yar.
V-album, Esp.; Libythea celtis, Fab.; Neptis Lucilla, Fab.; Limenitis
aceris, Lepech ; Satyrus ida, Ksp.; Arye galathea and var. leucomelas, Ksp.,
and var. procida, Herbst.; Lycaena boeticus, L.; L. amyntas, Fab. ;
L. telicanus, Herbst.; Thecla betulae, L.; T. pruni, L. (Italian=
“Tecla del pruno”); 7. w-album, Il. ; Polyommatus hippothoé, Fab. ;
P. virgaureae, Li. ; Steropes paniscus, Fab., etc., etc. J have copied the

CURRENT NOTES. 63

names as they stand in the work.—H. D. Asasy, I'.H.8. (To be
continued.)

Recorps.—It may be of interest to the readers of the Mint. Record
to know that I saw a specimen of Gonepterya rhanni fluttering along
a hedgerow, on Wednesday, February 18th, at Danbury, Essex. It
had rather torn wings and was, I believe, a female. It was a glorious
day and quite warm, and for three weeks it has been very mild, dry
weather, with a large amount of sunshine in this part of the country,
and Aglais urticae has been flying here at Chelmsford. The sallow
bloom is out also, for I saw a branch in almost full bloom, which a
lady had picked, together with some wild primrose blossoms, on
February 17th, at Danbury. As these are early records I thought you
might like to hear of them.—(Miss) EH. Miztier, The Croft, Rainsford
Lane, Chelmsford, Essex. February 21st, 1920.

GrorruPEes AND Sparrows.—On January 16th, at about 12.0 p.m.,
as I was leaving the riding school at Putney, in Lytton Grove, my
attention was attracted by some sparrows which were flying about in an
erratic manner. On looking over the fence I saw that the cause of
the disturbance was a ‘“‘ Dumble-Dor,’ which was being pursued ky
about six sparrows.

Although flying sluggishly he managed to elude them and
eventually settled on the ground; but unfortunately I could see no
more as the sparrows were alarmed at my presence and had flown off.
—G. B.C. Geman. January 28rd, 1920.

Harty Apprarance or CeLastrina arcioLus.—In the hope that it
may interest your readers, I have to report that I have this day seen a
specimen of C’. argiolus flymg in bright sunshine in Bellenden Road,
Peckham, §8.Hi.—A. J. Winn, EK. Dulwich. February 17th, eo

Tar Haris Szason.—Quite early in February the ae was
reported to be out in various places in the South of England. On
February 16th the Viburnum blossoms were showing, as were the green
buds, and in several parts of Kent on the 20th the damson trees were
reported to be in full blossom.—H.J.T.

GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

In the Hnt. Mo. Mag. for January, Mr. K. G. Blair announces a
beetle, Abaa (Pterostichus) parallelus as new to Britain. It was taken
on the island of St. Mary’s, Scilly, in July, 1918. It is closely allied
to A. ater (P. striola) and not uncommon in Central and Western
Kurope. Mr. H. A. Newbery announces another beetle, Medon
obscurellus as new to Britain. It has hitherto been confused with J.
obsoletus in British collections, and has been identified by Col. St.
Claire Deville. The specimens were taken in haystack refuse in
Surrey many years ago. There are also several interesting communi-
cations on the subject of insects damaging lead and other metal-work.

In the Hnt. for January is recorded a new aberration of Plusia
pulchrina in which the “usual golden Y-mark is replaced by a large
wedge-shaped golden blotch.” The specimen is unusually brilliant

G
64 THY KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

and has an increase of the pink shaded area. It was taken on the
hills near Gloucester by Mr. C. G. Clutterbuck. Mr. F. G. Whittle
announces a species of Vortria new to Britain, Ancylis tineana, taken
by him at Rannoch last June among Hrica and Vaccinium, It appears
_ to be common in Central and Northern Europe.

The Hnt. News for January contains a most interesting article,
“An unusual Case of Parasitism on Clastoptera obtusa (Hem.), by a
Dipteron, Drosophila inversa.” The Hemipteron is one which forms
spittle masses on alder. These masses are frequently found to be
inhabited not only by the larva of the Hemipteron, but by the larva of
the Dipteron as well, some lying loose in the mass, but most attached
to the host by their caudal end. ‘It seems to be parasitic only in so far
that it utilizes the excess of sap drawn from the plant tissues by
the spittle insect.”

SOCIETIES.
Tue Sour Lonpon HnromotoaicaL and Naturat History Society.

December 11th, 1919.—Dr. Boulanger, F.R.S., read a Paper on
‘‘ Batrachians,” illustrated with lantern slides.

January 8th, 1920.—Nrew Mempers.—Messrs. T. H. Grosvenor of
Redhill, F. W. Cocks of Reading, O, R. Goodman and A. de B.
Goodman of Goswell Road, H. L. Gauntlett of Putney, R. Swift and
H. Garrett of Bexley, were elected members.

Races or P. arcon.—Mr. Lister exhibited his local races of
Plebeius aegon and gave an account of his observations on the mosses
of Witherslack, where the race masseyi is the dominant form.

Local series and special forms of the same species were exhibited
by Messrs. Buckstone, Mera, Sperring, B. 8. Williams, A. E. Tonge, and
Swift. |

A discussion ensued. The problem was ‘“‘ What are the causes
which produce the masseyi form and make it dominant in the small
area at Witherslack ? ”

A further considerable number of species from the Digby collection
of Tinea about to be placed in the Society’s cabinet were exhibited.

ABERRATION OF R. BETULAE.—Mr. Tonge, an underside of Ruralis
betulae with a curious perfect circle beside the normal narrow silvery
band.

Rare Papinio.—Mr. Moore, the very rare Papilio nobilis from E.
Africa.

Pupation 1n Nympnatips.—Mr. Bunnett read notes on, and showed
photographs of, the act of Pupation in the Nymphalidae.

January 22nd, 1920.—Tur Annuat Merrinc.—The Balance Sheet
and the Report of the Council were presented and passed. The
Annual Address was read by the retiring President, Mr. Stanley
Edwards. Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Se., F.E.S., the new President, then
took the chair, and the usual votes of thanks to the retiring officers
were passed. At the Ordinary Meeting which followed, Mr. H. Morell,
of Wallington, and Mr. 8. W. Harvey, of Sydenham, were elected
members.

oo

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est, RUS ee De ce Ore sa Ric r : : i ‘

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- Duplicates—Varleyata and other varieties of Grossulariata. Desiderata.—Good
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indispensable. Liberal return made.—W. G-: Pether, *‘Thelma,”’ 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1. see

_.. Duplicates {ali Clydesdale),—Aithiops, Selene, Iearus, Phloas, Hectus, Mundana,
Perla, Fulva, Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata, Cambrica, Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,
-Tristata, Boreata, Mercurella, Angustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Trancicolella, Derepitalis,

‘Kuhmella, Fusca, Margaritellus, Hortuelius, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana, Solun-
drinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, Stramineana, Rivulana, Urticana, Octomaculana,

*Perlepidana, Vaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana, Myllerana, Desiderata—Numerous,
-especialiy.—A. A. Dalglish, 7; Keir Street, Glasgow,

_ Duplicates.—Phigalia pedaria, melanic and intermediate forms in great variety.

: Desiderata.—Numerous common species.—U. Corbett, 3, Thorne Road, Doncaster:

-_-Mr. Donisthorpe will still be glad to receiye ants and Myrmecophiles from ali parts
of fhe British Isles, and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough to send them to
‘him, He would however suggest that ants from any other varts of the world be sent to
his colleague, Mr. W. C, Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14. Mr. Crawley is
specialising on the ants of the world, and it is a matter for congratulation that we should
ossess an Hntomologist in this country whose whole attention should be concentrated on
this branch of Entomology,

3 MERTINGS OF SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W,, |
8pm. 1920, March 24th; April 7th. eta

_ The South Londen Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
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- Blackheath, S-H. 3.

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OVA, LARVAE, AND PUPAR. Pat
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ations IDENTIOAL

=X COMPENDIUM

of Named Varieties of the Large Magpie Moth ae
ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA .
with Label List.

By the Rav. G. H. RAYNOR, M.A.
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IMPORTANT
ae ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETIES and. MUSEUMS.
BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record — —
and Journal of Variation. |

(Vols. I-XXXIL.)

CONTENTS OF Vol. i. (Most important only BS east

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalic, parthenie, and auwrelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taenocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and .Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus it acts
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

MELANISM AND Buta Nocunorm = bihhomienuivics Nels on Calléeting--Atticlos: on
Vaniarion (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thocias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the dcr onyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Sncthete
derasa, etc., efe., 312 pp.

To be obtained from— ; i
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ON EMERGENCE OF THE GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA.. 65

On Emergence of the Grypocera, and Rhopalocera in relation to
§ Altitude and Latitude.

Illustrated chiefly by the Sibillini Mts. (Central Italy) and by the Baths of
Valdieri (Maritime Alps).

By ROGER VERITY.

Orazio Querci kindly undertook in 1918 to take notes regularly of
the abundant material which the Signora Clorinda and the Signorina
Brilda collected during all the good season in the Sibillini Mountains

Piceno) at Bolognola and in the surrounding mountains. at a height
of 1200 to 1800 m.1_ This has allowed me to form a sufficiently exact
idea of emergence at the highest altitudes at which an abundant and
varied lepidopterous fauna exists, and has allowed me to complete
other observations made by me in some localities of Tuscany (Abetone,
1300 m.2, Vallombrosa, 1000 m., Prato Fiorito, 1000 m.), and
at the Baths of Valdieri, 1375 m., in the Maritime Alps. By this
comparison I have obtained an agreement of data really notable, and
I believe that the following rules derived from them may be applied to
what occurs in all the great mountain ranges of Kurope.

As regards the mountains of the Italian peninsula we have
generally a tendency to an exaggerated idea of the modification
produced by altitude in the emergence of the different species; this
is chiefly owing to the exaggerated value given to the number of
broods in the plain by mistaking the graduated emergence of some
common species for a series of generations. (Vide my paper on “ The
Various Modes of Emergence, etc.,” in Wnt. Rec., xxxi. p. 66).
It is found instead that reproduction greatly resists the elfect of
altitude and of the resulting shortness of the good season, partly
by shortening the period of emergence of the different broods:
‘‘ oraduated ” emergence is almost abolished and ‘“‘long’’ periods of
emergence are often reduced to “ short’’ ones. The altitudes at which
the Quercis have collected are the highest reached in our region by the ,
species which extend to the plains; the mountains round Bolognola
are a good example and a proof of it; all the trigenerates, except
rhamni, and all the bigenerates, except hylas, conrpletely disappear
above 1300 m., at which height a zone begins inhabited only by strictly
mountain species and by acteon and arivn amongst the other annuals.
Up to 1800 m. no species seems to meet with conditions which prevent
it from producing as many broods as it produces in the plains.

The contrary is the case in the Alps, as we shall see, where nearly
all the species emerge so late in summer that they would not have
time to complete another cycle in the same season. In Central Italy
the I. brood of the trigenerates emerges a month late compared with

1A Catalogue and Description of the Lepidoptera collected in this region in
1912 and 1913 has already been published by me in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xlvii.
pp. 45-78 (Dec. 16th, 1915). \

2«« Hlenco di Lepidotteri Ropaloceri dell’ Alto Appennino Pistoiese.’’ l.c.
xly. pp. 139-154 (1914).

3 Blenco dei Lepidotteri della Vallombrosa (Appennino Toscano). 1.c.
EXXviii. pp. 20-51 (1906).

4urati and Verity. ‘‘ Faunula Valderiensis nell’ Alta Valle del Gesso.”’

lc. xlii. pp. 170-265 (1911) and xliii. pp. 168-235 (1912).

Aprit 157TH, 1920.

66 : THS KNYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the end of emergence on the plain, and in the case of precocious
species of the plain even three months late compared with
the commencement, but the II. brood in the case of the greater part
of these species flies, notwithstanding, in the second part of July, with
only a delay of one month compared with those of the plain, and
leaves ample time for the III. to be produced, as in fact is verified in
various species. There is no delay as in the first two broods, but it
appears simultaneously with the III. of the plain; in fact, in napi it
is clearly in anticipation, flying together with the other species at the
end of August and the beginning of September instead of in the
second half of September, after the other species, as in the plain.
Therefore, what happensjin these mountains is a simple “ suppression ”’
of one or two broods, similar to the suppression in many localities of
the plain and in many seasons, but more frequent and more marked.
That it is a case of suppression simply for local reasons and only
indirectly by reason of altitude is shown by the fact that often even
the suppressed broods are represented by a few sporadic individuals,
who appear at the season at which the entire brood ought to emerge,
and also by the fact that the suppression follows, more or less, the
same order as in the plain, beginning with the tertiary brood, and
then reducing or abolishing the secondary brood. A fair idea of it can
be drawn from the material collected by Querci in the Sibillini
concerning the 25 trigenerate Italian species, which are also the
European ones!, bearing in mind, however, that local and annual
factors intervene; to these is doubtless to be attributed the absence of
alceae, cleopatra, manni, machaon and dia, and that only a single
individual of argiolus and of aegeria was found, because I have
observed some specimens of cleopatra and of manni in other localities
equally elevated (Vallombrosa and Valdieri), of dia at Vallombrosa,
and the other species mentioned are not rare in many mountains ;
ergane has been collected in the Sibillini, but has not been searched
for continuously. Of Hrynnis boeticus only one or two specimens were
found at the end of June. I must note that Foulquier was certainly
led wrong by the ‘‘summer pause” when he attributed four broods to
this species in Oberthir’s Et. Lép. Comp., xvi., p. 255. It has three
like altheae.

The remaining trigenerate species can be divided as follows :—

The first and second broods suppressed or almost suppressed:
Croceus (edusa), daplidice, rivularis (camilla).

The second and third broods suppressed : podalirius.

The third brood suppressed : medon, rhamnt, hyale, sinapis, brassicae.

With three broods: altheae, phlaeas, dorilis, napti, rapae, megera,
lathonia.

With regard to double-brooded species it may be remarked that

1 The fact should be noted that all the trigenerates, except ergane, have a very
extensive distribution in the Palearctic region ; vice-versa the much localised and
characteristic species of limited faune are all annual, except corinna and two or
three of the double-brooded non-Italian. The bigenerates have also in the great
majority of cases a great diffusion. The European non-Italian species, which
probably have three broods, are only: G. farinosa, P. krueperi and P. chloridice,
Colias chrysotheme, C. erate, and C. myrmidone, P. feisthameli and Leptosia
croatica.

ON EMERGENCE OF THE GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 67

various species of the 41 of peninsular Italyt never ascend the
mountains, and therefore are absent in the Sibillini (dispar, aragonensis,
ilia, jasius); three others on the contrary are always limited
in peninsular Italy to the high mountains, and to only one
brood (carthami, parthenie, euphrosyne). To the local causes
mentioned above for the triple-brooded must be ascribed the
absence of thersamon, idas and liqurica, and the extreme scarcity of
didyina and phoebe, found once only in August: these specimens had
the characteristic appearance of II. brood. For phoebe this is explained *
because the II. brood is specifically the primary one, but in the case of
didyma, which has a partial summer emergence as a rule even in the
plain, the phenomenon seems abnormal; of alcetas one 9 of the I.
brood has been found. It is worth noting that sporadic individuals,
like these, or aryiolus and aegeria above-mentioned, or aeyeria and
megera found once only at Valdieri, are nearly always females and bear
on their wings the signs of a certain age. It will be interesting to
observe by multiplying the observations, whether there is not found to
be a migration to some distance of some fecundated females more
frequently than has hitherto been suspected, and that would explain
the mysterious disappearance and abundant re-appearance of some
species in some localities from one year to another. ‘The other
bigenerate species of peninsular Italy are found in sufficient abundance
in the valley of Bolognola and can be divided as follows :—

The 1. brood suppressed : onopordi, armoricanus, carthamt,

The II. brood suppressed: malvoides, sylvanus, baton, semiargus,
argus, sebrus, lucina, arcania, maera, cinxia, parthenie, cardiut.

With two broods: tages, foulquieri, sao, thetis, hylas, thersites,
iearus, minimus, pamphilus, to, urticae, polychloros, c-album, egea,
and probably celtis, which was collected in June but which
seems to behave like some Vanessidi, emerging also in the autumn and
hybernating. It is to be noted that the suppressed brood is always
the second brood of the plain, and in many cases is often suppressed
also in the plain. The only exceptions are maera and cardui; where-
ever I have collected the first in high mountains I have found that the I.
brood was primary or only the I. brood existed; the contrary to what
happens in the plain; as to the second we have in 1917 observed the
suppression of the II. brood, even in the environs of Florence, there-
fore this phenomenon does not appear to be related to the altitude.
We have just remarked that the time of emergence of the I. brood of
the trigenerates did not at all impede the development of the other
two broods. With still more reason can we say this of the bigenerates.
The species which in the plain have a compact emergence in the
second half of the spring emerge instead in the district of Bolognola
at the beginning of summer, with about a month’s delay (thetis,
arcania, maera). The graduated emergence of the plain is shortened
and becomes compact, so that the beginning is displaced even by
two months, receding from April to June (tages, malvoides, sao, thersites,

1The rest of the Italian non-peninsular bigenerates are: orbifer, orion,
argiades, theophrastus, duponcheli, belemia (Sardinia? if a bigenerate at all!),
corinna, trivia, selene, levana. The other European species are: marloyi, proto,
tessellum, cribrellum, ottomanus, amphidamas, fischeri, balcanica, aceris, deione,
azanthomelas, l-album (II. ?).
icarus, pamphilus), or from the beginning of May to the end of June

68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

(cardut) ; an exception is sylvanus, which preserves its graduated
emergence of about two months duration, and flies from the end of
June to late August, instead of from May to the beginning of August.
This is not surprising because even in the plain this species is mostly
annual and almost essentially produces the second brood partially. It
is, therefore, natural that in the mountains it should follow the rule
of theannuals. Finally, the double-brooded species with a late I. brood
in the plain (June and beginning of July) emerge at the same epoch even
in the high mountain (bigenerate Vanessidi, except cardui, and
L. celtis). As regards the II. brood it appears that it does not suffer
like the I., a delay in the epoch of emergence and a shortening in
duration, but that instead it emerges, species by species, at the same
season as in the plain. The short and precocious emergence of tayes
takes place during the first days of August, that of sao, of hylas, and of
minimus during August, that of thetis in the first decade of September,
those of foulquieri, and of the bigenerate Vanessidi in September ;
the graduated emergence of thersites, of icarus, and of pamphilus are
also graduated but only from the end of July to the beginning of
September.

The annual species follow the simple rule of emerging at the epoch
which in the high mountain best corresponds with the season in the
plain, therefore the species which in the plain begin to emerge
precociously in April fly in June or during the first days of July
(cyllarus, rubti, cardaminest) ; those of May fly from the end of June to
about the 20th of July (ducina, crataegi, cinvia) ; those of June fly from
July till the beginning of August (lavaterae, flava, acteon,
alciphron, amandus, spini, ilicts, acaciae, jurtina, galathea, japyyia,
cydippe=espert ; thus the delay is reduced from two months to one
month or less, until the species proper to July (arion, quercus, dorus,
atalanta, antiopa, io) fly contemporaneously at all altitudes. The same
happens for those species proper to July-August (meleayer, tithonus, L.,
semele, hermione Li. [=alcyone], paphia), and for those proper to
August only (comma, coridon, brisets), in the same way as at this season
the II. brood of double-brooded, and the III. of triple-brooded species
do not suffer modifications, when not entirely suppressed. ?

The annual species exclusively of the high mountain, or which are
such in Central Italy? can be divided into several categories, according
to the epoch in which they emerge :—

June and beginning of July: stygne, euphrosyne.

End of June to 20th July: serratulae, hippothoé, mnemosyne, tiphon,
_ ceto, parthenie, niobe.

1 This species was not found by Querci without doubt, because it has a short
and very precocious emergence at the beginning of June, corresponding to April of
the plain, as has been observed in other localities of the high mountain.

2 The annual species of peninsular Italy which have not been found in the
Sibillini ave the following: Existing in the high mountain and probably wanting
only for local reasons: lineola, boetica, L., telicanus, betulae, circe, major, daphne.
Very local or belonging to more southern regions :—nostrodamus, morpheus, fritillum,
Hb.?, curlinae?, aleon, arcas, iolas, pruni?, euphenoides, iphts, arge, aurinia, pandora.
Never found above 1000 m.: lefebvrei, sidae, escheri (it is to be noted that this
species in peninsular Italy is scarce in the mountains, whereas in the Alps it is
abundant at great heights), w.-albwm, cramert, hypermnestra, ida, Lupinus, dryas,
statilinus, hecate.

8 The remaining species not found in the district of Bolognola are: cacaliae,
eumedon, medusa, euryale, glaciulis, goante, pales.

ON EMERGENCE OF THE GRYPOCERA .AND RHOPALOCERA. 69

Ist to 20th July: epiphron, gorge, liyea, aglaia.

15th July to 10th August: tithonus (=eros), apollo, lycaon, cordula..
End of July to late August: virgawreae, damon, dolus, tyndarus.
15th August to beginning of September: alveus, carthami, neoridas.

A study of the modes of emergence with respect to altitude in a
vast and varied mountain range like the Alps would doubtless furnish
interesting data, but I must leave it to those who have a better know-
ledge of that region than I have. I must limit myself to some
observations on the only locality which I have explored sufficiently
well during various years: the Baths of Valdieri’in the valley of the
Gesso (Maritime Alps). The altitude is the same as that explored by
Querci in the Sibillini, but the climatic conditions are very different,
both on account of the more northern latitude, and of the neighbour-
hood of the great Alpine glaciers. The fauna offer ‘¢ high-mountain ”
characteristics much more marked on account of the morphological
appearance of the races and on account of the much greater number of
species proper to the great altitudes, and of the very small number of
individuals or the total absence of many species of the plains. The
favourable season for the perfect insect is limited to little more than
two months, and that in which larval activity is possible to little more
owing to the early and late snowstorms. Therefore the Baths of
Valdieri precede very little that zone of highest altitude at which the
normal development of Grypocera and Rhopalocera is possible, and
which igs inhabited almost exclusively by its own proper species,
analagous to the arctic. Turati and I have found this glacial
fauna a little higher than the Baths, in the Vallasco Valley, at 1700m. ;
in peninsular Italy it does not exist at all, not even on the tops of the
mountains which surpass that height, and the corresponding zone is
inhabited by mountain species, which in the Alps descend much
further down. It is natural therefore that in conditions with such
special environment emergence should take place very differently from
what happens in the mountains of peninsular Italy. The phenomena
produced by altitude as regards the broods no longer consist of simple
reduction of the number of individuals or in suppression of one or two
broods in the sense above indicated, but consist in the reduction to one
single annual cycle of all the species (except a few rare trigenerates)
owing to the impossibility of producing a greater number during the
very short favourable season. Besides, whilst in other climatic
conditions the annual species are partly precocious and partly tardy,
here their emergences all group together so as to adapt themselves to
the short period above mentioned, and between the beginning of such
extremes as cyllarus, cardamines, euphrosyne on the one hand, and of
virgaureaée, tyndarus, neoridas on the other, there remains but little
more than three weeks, from the end of June to the end of July.
Apropos of this I must allude to the really notable delay which
meleayer suffers, emerging much later than the other species (in the
second half of August) instead of ina middle period compared with
the others, as in the plain (July), or in the Sibillini (end of July to
late August). Ido not know of other examples of this phenomenon,
but I have observed that in Tuscany this same species tends to
reproduce it: in the lower hills of Florence it emerges in July;

70 , THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

instead, in the Apennines, at about 700m., it begins to emerge only at
the end of the month or at the beginning of August, whilst we have
seen that the other annual species of July do not suffer any delay. It
is not a question of adelay of the same kind in the case of other
annual species, such as alciphron and escheri, because the beginning of
their emergence is only retarded from June to July, which is the
general rule for the June species; if the end of the emergence is
delayed actually for two months in the Sibillini for alciphron (beginning
of September), and for six weeks at Valdieri in the two species, this
happens because in those localities the emergence from being short
becomes very long, the greater part of the males emerging from the
first to the last days of July and the females from the last days of July
to the last of August. In localities less elevated (M. Senario, 700-
800m., near Florence) and even at the height of 1,000m. and more,
above Covieliaio, I have found that the males of alciphron emerge in
June and the females in the first half of July ; escheri at Covighiaio
appears at 900m. in very small numbers at the same time, whilst in
the plain, and on the hills near Florence, it emerges during a period
of twenty daysin June. All this proves that alciphron in Italy in
the high mountains finds conditions better adapted to its development,
and that the summer heat and drought staps its development lower
down. The same may be said of lineola and flava (=thaumas). Ihave
just mentioned that Alpine escheri behaves in the same manner, whilst
on the contrary escheri, race splendens, of peninsular Italy behaves in
exactly the opposite one. ‘The species which evidently have a greater
development in the higher zone than in the lower might be called
“spmi-mounrain.” Other annual Italian species with this specific
biological character are: avion, coridon, daphne. Amongst the
bigenerates the following have it; hylas, semiargus, argus, maera,
urticue. Amongst the trigenerates only altheae and lavaterae. The
other intermediate grades between the purely mountain species and
those proper to the plains, are represented by those above mentioned
which inhabit also the mountains at moderate heights, but become
scarcer as the altitude increases.

Returning to the question of the change of the epoch of emergence
in the high Alpine localities, such as 1 am illustrating in the example
of the Baths of Valdieri, we remark that of the 49 bigenerate species
of Northern Italy there exist in this locality only the followmg 22:
tages, carthamt, sylvanus, sao, orton, hylas, tcarus, semiargus, argus, idas,
minimus, lucina, pamphilus, arcania, maera, cinwia, phoebe, enphrosyne,
cardut, urticae, polychloros, c-album. Of these some have been found only
in the cases of two or three individuals, very old, probably immigrants
from the less elevated part of the valley: sao, pamphilus, phoebe, cardut.
All these species, except wrticae and c-album have only one brood in July
(semiargus, minimus, and arcania), or in July and beginning of August,
and therefore in the intermediate epoch between the emergences of the
broods when two exist. The appearance of the’insects is always that
of the I. brood. Of the 25 trigenerate Italian species three only are
absent at the Baths of Valdieri: eryane, because it is excessively local
in north Italy, podalirius and dia. The following six have been found
only as sporadic individwals: cleopatra, croceus, daplidice, megera,
aegeria. The others are found :—With one brood : alceae, altheae,
dorilis, medon, machaon, rivularis, lathonia. With two broods: phlaeas,

THE ANTS OF FRANCE AND BELGIUM. vg

rhamm, sinapis, rapae. With three broods: argiolus, napi, brassicae.
The first lot mentioned emerges either in July (altheae, machaon), ov in
August (dorilis, medon), or during these two months; they have the
characteristics of the I. brood, except rivwlaris, which has those of the
II. brood. The second lot emerges first at the end of June and in the
first days of July, then again in August, but precocious individuals
appear sometimes even at the end of July, when the old ones of the I.
brood are still flying ; thus it happens that the I. emerge when in the
plain the II. is flying, and that the II. emerges between its own epoch
and that of the ILI. brood. In rapae the morphological characteristics of
the two last broods of the plain are found mixed in the II. during all
the emergence. Of the species with three broods the II. begins towards
the 10th July, when the late individuals of the I. are still numerous ;
the III. begins towards the 10th August, and 1 have both seen it
flying and reared it from the 15th to the 25th from eggs laid towards
15th July by a female of the II. brood of napi; the three broods are
distinguished by the same characteristics as those of the plain. I
have observed at the Abetone, in the Pistoia Appennines, that napi
had three broods brought near to each other exactly as at Valdieri and
at the same epochs, owing to the delay of three months of the
beginning of the I. as compared to Florence, of two months of the
II., and owing to one month’s anticipation of the III. The heat and
drought probably delay this last in the plain.

(Lo be continued.)

The Ants of France and Belgium.*
' By H..DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S,, F.H.S.

‘Tt is practically impossible up to now to determine with certainty
any European ant.’”—With this astounding statement Mons. Bondroit
begins his work! It would thus appear that the work of all those
myrmecologists who have come before him is of little, if any,
value, and it has been left to the author of the Ants of France and
Belgium to set the matter straight! We can only say at once that
for our part to name any Huropean ant with certainty by the aid of
Mons. Bondroit’s book is not only practically, but absolutely
impossible.

Let us consider for a moment the work of three of the greatest
authorities on ants in the World—Hmery, Forel, and Wheeler, and
see how far they have dealt with the Huropean species. Forel in 1874
published his celebrated Fourmis de la Suisse whicb, in spite of the
fact that it is naturally a little out of date, after all these years, is still
justly regarded as one of the best books ever written on ants; more-
over in 1915 he brought the systematic part of the work up to date.
Emery in his Palaearctic Ants, 1908-1912, has dealt with most of
the Huropean genera; and in 1916 he published a fine systematic
work on the ants of Italy. Wheeler has published various notes and
papers on Huropean ants; and in 1913 a revision of the ants of the
genus H'ormica, which of course embraced the Kuropean species. In
none of the works of these authors are Bondroit’s fancy species to be
found.

* Les Fourmis de France et de Belgique, par J. Bondroit, Ann. Soc. Ent.
France 87 1-174 J-figs. 83 (1918).

42. THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

The two following quotations (taken from Wheeler) justly describe
the aims and sentiments of myrmecologists “up to now.’ ‘‘ Myrme-
cology has been more fortunate than many other branches of
entomology in the men who have contributed to its development.
These have been actuated, almost without exception, not by a mania
for endless multiplication of genera and species, but by a temperate
and philosophical interest in the increase of our knowledge.” [Ants
1910 123).

“The myrmecologist is being so constantly impressed with the
great structural variations that may exist in the same colony of ants,
and often therefore among the offspring of the same mother, that he is
apt to be a ‘lumper’ with a vengeance.’’ [Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 58
26 (1919)].

Alas! Bondroit has done all he can to. prove himself totally
unfitted to be included in these quotations. In his book he describes
no less than 24 new species and 12 new varieties; often from a single
specimen, and not taken by himself, and consequently he can know
nothing whatever about the colony whence it sprang. Furthermore
there are also 6 new species and 2 varieties which he had described
before, thus making a total of 80 new species and 14 new varieties for
France and Belgium! Hither these countries must be much more
favourable for ants than any others in Europe; or collectors elsewhere
must be much less skilful; or students of other faunas d) not possess
sufficient acumen to detect the differences between Bondroit’s species
and those heretofore recognised as occurring in Europe!

Let us now return to the Introduction of this unique work. As
the author does not approve of the terms “ race’’ or ‘‘ subspecies,”
terms which are recognised by all myrmecologists (and whose use is
thoroughly explained by Wheeler in his Ants, page 181), he proposes
to drop them ; and he also substitutes the termination itae instead of
tae to the subfamilies, which is not only contrary to the usage of all
other myrmecologists, but is in direct contradiction to the rules laid
down by the International Code of Nomenclature. His suggested
classification of the ants as a whole is still more bewildering; it is as
follows :—

“ Sous-famille Formicitae {tribu Dovgiinins
-(tribu Formicini.
tribu Ponerini.
Sous-famille Myrmicitae+tribu Myrmicini.
edi Dolichoderint.”
Thus the “ Ponerini” and ‘ Dolichoderini” -with a one-jointed
pedicel are put in the same subfamily as the “ Myrmicini’’ which -
possess a two-jointed pedicel. Furthermore no notice is taken of the
fact that the gizzard in the ‘“ Dolichoderini” is quite unlike those of any
of the other subfamilies. Comment is superfluous.

Next follow certain *‘ generalities ” on ants, which consist of three
pages of crude statements, often quite inaccurate—thus the wings of
female ants are said ‘to fall off naturally at the end of a few days”’;
as is well known to all those who have taken the trouble to study the
habits of ants, the fertilised female removes her wings by working
them backwards and forwards, pulling them with her legs and
mandibles, or rubbing them against twigs, grass stems, or
anything handy—WMessor barbarus is placed in a category of ants

THE ANTS OF FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 73

which are said to possess monomorphic ¥ %, on page 11 Bondroit
figures a large and a very small % of this species, and the inter-
mediate forms are known to exist; this does not appear to be
exactly monomorphic, but rather distinctly polynmorphic—for Wheeler's
_ useful and recognised term ‘‘ gynaecoid %,”’ the unnecessary and
objectionable name of ‘gynoides’’ is invented—pseudogynes are
said never to exceed in size that of the ordinary %; whereas, as is
well known, both macro-*and micro-pseudogynes occur—Tetramorinm
is given as an instance where the different size between the 9?
and % is considerable; this is by no means always the case in this
genus—Formica sanguinea is said to occur only accidentally without
slaves; Forel and Wasmann have both shown that when colonies of
sanguinea have reached a certain age, and size, they may give up the
keeping of slaves altogether, and certainly not by accident.

Similar inaccuracies are not infrequent in the very short account
given of the ‘foundation of the nest and population ’’—‘ Formicina
flava” is said to possess another ‘‘ yellow ant”’ as a parasite; this’ we
consider to be highly improbable, numerous experiments by Crawley,
myself, and others go far to prove that this ant will not accept strange
females even of its own species—DPonera coarctata is said to have only
some 20 individuals in its colonies; various records occur of more
populous colonies—Myrmecina graminicola is stated to consist of only
a few more individuals than Ponera; very large colonies of Myrmecina
are found—Formicina fuliyinosus is said to make its carton nests in
hollow trees; as is well known this ant builds its nests quite as
frequently in the ground, as in trees, and sometimes in cellars and
roofs—Forel is said to pretend that the presence of a large number of
myrmecophiles, such as Lomechusa and Atemeles, in an ant’s nest will
cause the extermination of the same; it was not Forel at all who
proposed this theory, moreover Bondroit has evidently got mixed up
over Wasmann’s well known ‘“‘ Pseudogyne theory,” which he does not
understand.

The external characters are next dealt with, and it is a pleasure to
be able to praise the author’s drawings (both here and throughout the
book) which are undoubtedly the best part of the work. -Under
‘“‘ Nervation”’ the author gives names to the cells and nerves of the
wing which do not agree with the systems used by André, Cockerel,
Emery, Forel, Jurine, Mayr, Saunders, Sharp or Wheeler. There can
be no object in inventing a system different from that used by anyone
else.

We now come to the systematic part of the book—in all recognised
modern works on ants the order of the subfamilies is as follows :—
Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae and Camponotinae.
This is not a haphazard arrangement, but the final conclusion drawu
from the study of ants since the time of Latreille to the present day,
the Ponerinae consisting of the most ancient and primitive forms of
ants, dominant in Australia, being first ; and the Camponotinae, which
is the highest subfamily, last. Bondroit begins with his “ Dorylitae,”
and then follow his ‘‘ Formicitae,” ‘‘ Poneritae,” ‘* Dolichoderitae,’ and
“ Myrmicitae”’; an arrangement without reason, or order!

We are also quite unable to follow his tables—a species which has
already been separated off in a previous section, is again introduced
into a subsequent part of the table ; which surely contradicts itself.

74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

Space will not allow us to deal at much greater length with the
rest of the work, and before concluding only a few points here and
there can be mentioned.

Bondroit uses the name Formicina, Shuckard, for the genus Lasius,
F. (nec Jurine), and drops the subgenera—Dendrolasius, Ruasky,
Chthonolasius, Ruzsky, and Donisthorpea, Mor. and Durnt., altogether.
We will not say much about this, since Emery, Forel, and Wheeler vary
from each other in names they use for this enus and the subgenera ;
only that it seems to us when Wheeler in 1911 designated the type
of Formicina as Formica rufa, L., it precluded any further use of the
name Mormicina.

Bondroit’s new species and varieties of ‘‘ Formicina”’ appear to us
to be chiefly founded on ants from individual colonies of flava, and
inetrmediate forms between wmbrata and mixta which come under
Forel’s mixto-wnbrata; his microgyna seems to.be nothing else than
bicornis, Forst. The differences given between Cataglyphis cursor,
Fonsc., and C. tibialis, Bond, do not appear to us to be specific.

In the table on Formica—picea and rufa are said to be alpine or
subalpine species; the former which is only found in sphagnum bogs,
is not alpine at all, and the latter is widely distributed. Under the
descriptions of each species, ’. picea is said to nest in turf-pits
(“tourbiéres”’), and damp meadows; not exactly alpine localities.
September is given for the appearance of the sexes; these however are
found in July and August, and Bonner, who found the species abundant
in sphagnum bogs at Lyngbymoor, distinctly states the sexes were
never to be found in September. Bondroit named two deilated
females taken by us in a large colony of F. fusca under stones in a
field near Tenby as F. picea. This, and the above statements, appear
to suggest that he does not know the species.

The nests of F’. glebaria are said to be subterranean and scarcely
visible from outside. As a matter of fact glebaria nests frequently
consist of raised earth mounds, covered with low debris of cut grass,
gorse, pebbles, or anything handy, which are very conspicuous. The
sexes often occur before the middle of July, and not at the end of the
sumer.

No localities are given for I’. rufibarbis and no mention is made of
its interesting and rather distinct habits.

The fusca group has always presented considerable difficulties, and
this is only enhanced by the creation of four new species (and one new
variety) which do not appear to us to possess specific characters ;
moreover /’. fusca var. fusco-rujfibarbis, Forel, which is called ** Formica
fusco-rufibarbis,” is retained, although ignored by both Emery in his
Palearctic species, and Wheeler in his revision of Formica. It has
also been shown to be a synonym of F’. fusca var. rubescens, Forel.

i. glebaria and I’. rubescens are treated as species and are said to
possess one or two hairs on the pronotum. We have examined
hundreds of specimens of these two varieties of I’. fusca, and we have
never found them to possess hairs on the pronotum. ‘ormica
piuiphila, Schenck, and F’. polyctena, Férst, which have long been sunk
as synonyms of F’. rufa, L., are reinstated. (When we first discovered
H. rufa var. alpina, Santschi, in Scotland, and sent specimens to
Bondroit, he returned them as /’. piniphila, Schenck!) They are at
most forms of FP. rufa var. rufo-pratensis, Forel, which is left out, and

THE ANTS OF FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 75

. which embraces the intermediate forms between F. rufa and F’.
pratensis.

Two new varieties—var. gronvellei of F. rufa and var. cordiert of
F. pratensis are brought forward on female specimens only! It would
be easy to go to any locality where large colonies of F’. rufa occur,
such as Weybridge for example, and take specimens from the different
nests, or even from the same nest, and describe new species and
varieties from the extreme forms, but no good to the study of ants, or
indeed to entomology could arise from such a proceeding.

A new species near F’. easecta—F. dalcqui—is described, but its
characters are differentiated from I’. easecto-pressilabris, Forel, which is
itself a variety intermediate between I’. easecta, Nyl., and F’. pressilabris,
Nyl.!

The table for the genus Myrmica is quite: incomprehensible to us,
the same species appear several times under the different sections in
the most bewildering manner—thus the new species (?) roland? is first
said to have the frontal area smooth and shining. and then finely
striate! In the description it is given as sometimes a little shining
and sometimes dull and striate. He compares it with specioides,
another new species (?), which he has already pointed out is probably
the J. sabuleti, Forel !

Under M. rugulosoides, Forel, and M. sabuleti, Meinert, he says
that the former is the sabuleti, Forel, not Meinert; and that specimens
he considered to be the latter, Emery said were schencki, Hmery; and
leaves it at that !

M. sulcinodis in the description is correctly said to have the scape
stronely bent at the base, whereas in the table it is said to be only
‘slightly bent ! <

M. lobicornis, a variable species, is given as an alpine species only ;
though it occurs in Surrey and other lowland localities.

M. arduennae, Bondroit (of which he describes a new variety) is in
our Opinion only a form of M. lobicornis, Nyl., and M. wesmaeli a form
of M. scabrinodis, Nyl. Myrmecina kutteri, Forel, is an aberration, not
a ‘“oynoide,” of M. graminicola, Latr.

The difficult genus Leptothorax ig rendered still more complicated
by the creation of no less than 10 new species and 4 new varieties !

A new variety of LL. niyriceps, Mayr, is given as “ var. pyrenaeus,
n.var. (=tuberwm, Nyl.),” which is absurd. If the tuberin, Nyl., is a
variety of nigriceps, Mayr., which we do not admit for one minute,
then it should be written Leptothorax niyriceps, Mayr., var. tuberum,
Nylander, and not with anyone’s new fancy name.

L. cordiert, n.sp., is described from a single worker!, and its new
variety rougeti from numerous specimens in the Museum at Brussels
determined by Rouget as“ L. tudbernm. The probability is that both
this so called new species and its variety are nothing but L. tuberwn,
Nyl. Under Messor a variety of M. structor, Latr., is mentioned as
‘var. vel. sp.?”, and is said to be the J/. sordidus, Forel, and the M.
structor, Hmery (nec Latreille); and M. bowvier’?, Bondroit, is written
“ M. bouvier’, nov. nom.—capitatust auct. (nec Latr.).” Apparently
all previous authors are wrong, and he fails to see why Emery should
eall it the Formica capitata, Latreille, which is common in the environs
of Bordeaux.

It is with much regret that we have had to express such an

76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

unfavourable opinion on Bondroit’s work (for whom we have .
personally nothing but the most friendly feelings); but it appears to
us to be absolutely necessary, in the interests of the study of ants,
that such reckless creation of new species, and so many inaccurate
statements, should not be allowed to be published without the strongest
protest being recorded.

Zygena loti, Wien. Verz., versus Z. transalpina, Esper.
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Zygaena loti, Wien, Verz.

Dr. Verity (ante p. 28 and 29) suggests that this name takes
precedence over Z. transalpina, Esper.

I am unfortunately unable to understand from his remarks why he
comes to this conclusion—-he merely says it “ certainly is the little
Central European subspecies of the same species,” viz., transalpina,
This is his statement, but he does not tell us why he thinks so.

Now what is loti in reality? It was created by Schiffermuller in
the Vienna Cataloyue, was referred to by Hiibner and again by Haworth,
whose labelled specimen is now in the Tring Museum. There is little
doubt, however, that Esper’s figure, pl. 35, fig. 1, represents what he
then considered to be loti, but other authors did not fake his view.
The species figured by Hiibner, pl. xvii., fig. 82, is almost universally
put down as meliloti. It is, however, quite different from Esper’s figure,
which is without doubt a six spot species.

Is it possible to consider that that figure represents any form of
transalpina ? ;

In my judgment Fam quite convinced that it has nothing to do
with Hsper’s species (¢ransalpina). I have no doubt whatever
that it is not transalpina. I have little doubt that it is
jilipendulae, the shape of the insect and the hindwings point
without any question to Linné’s species and not to LEsper’s
—it represents a small specimen of the form in which each pair of
spots is confluent, v7z., cytisi, Hb., and I have a specimen almost as
small and just like it. Dr. Verity himself, in the paper I am
discussing, gives us ‘an unmistakable character, . . . uno matter
how similar to each other they may be,” viz., the position of the hind
pair of spots which, he says, ‘‘in transalpina are always situated more
outwardly, and a line drawn parallel to the body through these spots,”
that is I suppose between them, “ does not pass through them, but in
filipendulae it does pass through the outer spot.”

This character settles the point at once, for regardless of
the fact that the two spots are confluent in loti, Esper, their
position is certainly that of jilipendulae -and not of transalpina.
Again the hindwings, not only as to their margins, but taking
into consideration the whole wing, are those of jfilipendilae, not
of transalpina. It is over thirty years ago since I took my first alpina
specimen of transalpina and also my first Piedmontese specimen, and
it had from the beginning a fascination for me, so that I have always
paid it extra attention, and I regret that I cannot possibly accept Dr.
Verity’s proposal.

In his last Catalog, 1901, Staudinger refers Esper’s loti to astragalt,
Bkh., but the figure does not suit Borkhausen’s description. In the

°

ZYGHNA LOTI, WIEN. VERZ., VERSUS TRANSALPINA, ESPER. ts

same (ataloy Staudinger refers loti, Hb., to meliloti, but in as much
as Htibner himself at p.118 of the Verzeivhniss puts achilleac, Esper,
as a synonym of loti, it is evident that both references cannot be
right.

Let us, however, turn to some of the old authors. Fabricius (fMnt.
Syst. p. 387) calls it lott, Wien. Verz., and he places as synonyms
fulvia, (Mant. Ins.), and lonicerae, Ksper’s plate 24, fig. 1. He does not
however refer at all to Hsper’s plate 35.

Haworth’s lott is a five spot species and his type (if I may call it
so) is now in the Tring Museum.

Stephens also considered loti to be a five spot species, which he
* placed after trifolit, Hsp., and described it as considerably larger than
that species, while his diagnosis is an excellent one of lonicerae.

Samouelle in his Calendar calls it the five spotted Burnet and
quotes Haworth.

Stephens in his systematic catalogue revises his illustrated
work, for at p. 29, vol. ii., he refers the loti of Hubner to
meliloti; under his No. 5908 he gives loti as a species, referring to
it the records of Fabricius, Haworth, Stephen’s Ill., Donovan, and
Ksper’s plate 24 in vol. i1., figs. 1, a and b, which latter Esper called
lonicerae.

On the same page he, Stephens, gives hippocrepidis as bis next
Species and under it gives loti, Hsper, pl. 35, fig. 1, as a synonym.

Herrich-Shaffer in vol. i1., p. 387, quotes loti as a synonym of
angelicae.

It seems almost needless to go further. We evidently have two
species under the name loti. The original of the Vienna catalogue
and of Hiibner seems to me to be correctly referred to meliloti, whilst
that of Hsper is certainly something different and after comparing all
that I can find on this species I feel sure we shall be right in referring
it to filipendulae form eytist, and as I said previously | have a speci-
men from which the figure might almost have been taken.

In the same paper Dr. Verity (p. 29) proposes to supersede trans-
alpina var. alpina, Boisd., by alpicola, Verity, but by so doing he is
creating a pure synonym, for it 1s quite valid to have Zygaena filipen-
dulae, race alpina, and Zygaena transalpina, race alpina. The two
insects are two quite distinct species and therefore the name alpina
can be correctly used as a sub-species of each. It may be, however,
that Dr. Verity considers transalpina 1s merely a form of filivendulae ;
as I believe be does with lonicerae and trifolii, but in this case I come
into direct conflict with his conclusions, for the genitalia prove quite
conclusively that they are not the same species, the tegumen is very
different in shape and structure, whilst the armature of the edoeagus
is also markedly diverse.

In another case, that. of transalpina ab. zickerti, Hoffman, Dr.
Verity apparently proposes to sink the name zickerti to his latina.

He says ‘‘most specimens thus belong to the yellow calabrica,
called zickerti by Hoffman, but I think that to use the name of a single
very special form for such a variable race would only lead to confusion,
and both Querei and I have agreed to give it a geographical name.”

If, as I understand from this paragraph, zickerti is the same form
as latina, and if, as I also understand from the same paragraph (for I
have been unable to trace any reference to Hoffman’s name; it is not

78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

in Staudinger’s last Cataloy, nor yet can I find any reference to it in
the Zoological Record from 1901 till now) zickerti has priority over
latina, this proposal is absolutely contrary to the Code and cannot be
followed; whilst apart from the Code it is obvious that such a pro-
ceeding will lead to endless confusion, if insects are distributed to
friends and others as latina, when they really are ztckerti.

I understand zickerti, from my correspondence with Querci, tobe
the beautiful dominant small yellow race, and from Verity’s whole
paragraph, ante p. 41, I understand his latina to include the red, the
pink, and the yellow forms; it is therefore self evident that itis much
more convenient to call the yellow form zickerti than to have to say
the yellow race of latina, and this quite apart from the question of
priority.

P.S.—Since writing my note on Zygaena loti | have had to turn up
some references to Ochsenheimer’s second volume, and I find that he
had no doubt as to what was understood in those early days, by loti,
for he places it, referring to figures, quite definitely to Hubner’s
hippocrepidis, and he likewise refers Esper’s figure 1, plate 35, to the
same species, whilst in an addendum at the end of his description he
most carefully goes into a cormparison of Esper’s transalpina and lott,
and he comes to an emphatic conclusion that transalpina does not
belong here, 7.e., to hippocrepidis, of which he makes loti a synonym.

Also since writing the above I have looked up Seitz and find that
he says zickerti, Hoffm., ‘‘is similar to boisduvalii, but the hindwing
is all black, being without the yellow central spot,” but in the Fnt.
Zeit. Int. Ent. ver., xviii. (1904), p. 9. Hoffman says ‘‘ Vorderfiugel
mit 5 kleinen gelben Flecken, Hinterflugel ganz schwarz oder nur mit
einem kleinen gelben Fleck.” Mr. Turner has kindly sent me this
extract taken from Dziurzynski’s Synopsis in the Berliner Ent. Ver.,
1908, as I do not possess the serial quoted, and it seems not
improbable that botsduvalii, Costa, and zickerti, Hoff., may possibly
prove to be the same insect, as Costa’s insect came from Naples and
Hoffman’s variety is said to occur “in Mittel und Sud-Italien,” so
that it seems to ine probable that both may be the yellow form of the
large race of transalpina. ‘This, however, does not affect the principle
for which I am contending, that it is quite inadmissible for one
author to sink the name of an earlier writer and create another name
to take its place, merely on the plea of its being ‘‘a very special form.”

The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 52.)
H..ryfjelensis, Obth.

It is still doubtful whether it is correct to treat this insect as a
distinct species, but the opinion of those most competent to judge
seems to incline that way, and I can add one biological item of interest,
hitherto unrecorded, which appears to be a further reason for doing so.
I have only once taken ryffelensis, and on that occasion only two
specimens; a g and @ paired, in perfect condition, doubtless
emerged that day. Unfortunately shortly afterwards I missed two
other specimens. The locality was the Alp Scharmoin on the
western slopes of the Parpaner Rothorn in the Grisons; the date

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. Te,

August 8th. This record is of particular interest for two reasons; it
is the first occasion on which the species has been recorded from Eastern
Switzerland ; and it is the lowest altitude at which the species is as
yet known. I captured it in the open fir forest on the lower slopes of
the Alp, at (as near as [ can ascertain) an altitude of 5800 ft. I had
visited this spot seven days before and had not seen any sign of this
miniature alveus; so, having regard to their perfect condition, I feel
sure that the species was only just beginning to emerge. Much to my
regret, I could not visit the locality again. At first sight, perhaps it
seems that this capture of ryffelensis at so low a level, points to its
being a var. of alveus; but 1 think it can be shown that this is not
the case. I do not know what the extreme limit of altitude reached
by alveus in the Alps is, but in my personal experience the highest
point at which I have found alveus was on the Gemmi Pass, where it
ascended to something over 6300 ft. Now we have already noted that
even at considerable altitudes, alvews emerges but little later than it
does lower down; and at the height mentioned on the Gemmi it
commenced to emerge between July 6th and 12th. The usual time of
emergence for ryffelensis is, | understand, the end of July, that is at
levels as a rule over 7000 ft. It would be quite natural to suppose
that if ryffelensts occurred lower down, it would appear correspondingly
earlier. But, as already noted, at 5800 ft. I found it just emerging on
August 8th. This altitude is 500 ft. below that to which I know
alreus to rise, at the same time maintaining its normal habit of
emergence ; while itis certainly 1300 ft. lower than the hitherto known
haunts of ryffelensis, and yet that latter holds to its own, somewhat
remarkable, time of emergence; for andromedae and cacaliae at ereat
altitudes emerge a month or more earlier. (I took cacaliae the same
season and district, at over 7000 ft. on June 1sth.) It seems to me
then, that if ryfelensis was a form of alveus, when it occurred in the
alveus zone it would certainly commence to emerge at the same period
as the latter; but, even allowing a week for a retarded season, we see
that alveus commences to emerge, 500 ft. higher, a full three weeks in
advance of ryjfelensis. As long as ryffelensis was only known at
altitudes over 7000 ft.,.dates gave but little to work on that might
not be supposed to be accounted for by the differences of level between
the two species; but in the present circumstances it is different.
Further, those who maintain ryfelensis to be an alpine race of alveus,
can no longer attribute its diminished size and markings to be due to
its elevated habitat, for it maintains these unchanged in the zone of
typical alveus; and though really small alvevs do occur with the type,
they are in my experience extremely rare, and never so small as
ryffelensis. 'The above facts, I think, go near to supplying the missing
quantity in the proofs required to separate these two insects.

Of the variation of ryffelensis | cannot say anything. The pair I
possess are just a little smaller than normal armoricanus, but the white
markings on both sides of the wings are much finer than the corres-
ponding ones in that species. This will give an idea of the great
difference in the size of these markings between ryffclensis and alveus.
The fringes of my g specimen are very dark, almost shaded over
altogether ; but I cannot say if this is a constant feature of the species,
or whether it produces any aberrations of the extensa form. I expect
these do occur, as in every other species of the A. group.

80 THE ENTOMOLOGIS!’S RECORD.

H. armoricanus, Obth.

It is not many years since this species was separated from alveus,
and so was rescued from the oblivion of that all-embracing phrase,
which has gradually become (metaphorically speaking) a sort of asylum
for unidentified Hesperias, ‘‘some form of alveus.” Armoricanus
probably deserved the fate more than the majority of other species
that met with it; for in its typical form it resembles alveus to a
certain extent; but on occasions it also resembles one or two other
species somewhat closely, principally onopordi, fritillum, and carlinae.
Despite this I have never found a specimen of armoricanus which
I could not identify superficially. ‘The species (at any rate in
Switzerland) cannot be considered so variable as alveus; but all
the same it shows a considerable tendency to transitional
variation, which causes individual specimens to assume a likeness
to one or other of those species already mentioned. ~The coloration
of the underside of the hindwing is the most variable feature;
indeed in this respect it varies more than any other species of
the genus. Armoricanus is known. to occur in various parts
of Switzerland, but I have only taken it at Branson and Follaterre in
the Rhone Valley. From these localities, however, I have a long
series ; which I think gives a fairly complete idea of the normal range
of its variation. The var. evtensa is more often met with in this species
than any other, and is responsible for the most confusing forms, which
are always a good imitation of onopordi. In its various habitats at
Branson and Follaterre (and other localities in the Rhone Valley too)
armoricanus is found in company with onopordi; hence, any extensa
form will be the more likely to get identified as the latter. The
ground colour of the hindwing underside is normally much yellower in
armoricanus than onopordi; but the former in this respect varies
endlessly, and.one not infrequently sees specimens exactly similar to °
onopordi. A specimen showing. this combination of vaciation (colour
and shape of markings) requires careful examination to prevent
mistakes, but still can always be identified without recourse to the
genitalia. In onopordi the anvil-shaped central spot of the median
band projects in a very characteristic way, both towards the hind
margin as well as towards the base of the wing, and both it and the
hooked spot next the inner margin are bordered by a very fine sharply
marked black line, most striking in fresh specimens and still fairly
visible in worn ones. ‘These lines are never found in armoricanus; the
projection from the central spot is never the true onopordi shape ; and
thirdly, the spot on the inner margin is never similar to that specialised
feature of onopordi.

Ot the other aberrations, we get examples which are slightly sug-
gestive of carlinae, particularly so in the beautiful coloration of the
underside; but this form can never cause trouble, if the collector has
taken care to label his captures accurately, armoricanus being quite a
lowland species. ‘lhe fritillwm-like form too is an interesting one,
which might easily get recorded as fritillwn. That this has happened
in the past on more than one occasion is shown by the var. cirsiv,
Rmbr., recorded from Salquenen and Martigny by Favre and Wullsch-
legel respectively (Butts. of Switz., p. 4, Wheeler) which almost
certainly can only have been this aberration of armoricanus. This

a

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 81

particular aberration is a little larger than the type, the ground colour
underside hindwing is of the fine reddish tone characteristic of fritil-
lum, and the nervures of the same colour stand out very con-
spicuously. In these three respects then, size, coloration, and
prominent nervures, this aberration is remarkably like fritillum, but
the white markings on the upperside will always enable it to be
identified. The white spots on the forewing of armoricanus, although
sometimes a little enlarged, never approach the heavy square markings
of fritillim, and the intradiscoidal spot, although rarely rectilinear,
never assumes the solid proportions of the well known “signe de
Delahaye.”” Further, the amount of white on the hindwing is rarely
(if ever) developed to the extent it is in fritellum. The latter is also
a squarer insect in build. This form can be found in both broods of
armoricanus; but, of course, it will only be in the case of those
exawiples taken in the second brood that any question as to their
identity can arise.

The general likeness between the type forms of armoricanus and
alveus has been already commented on. The two species occur to-
gether at Follaterre. With a series of each side by side, they are
separable at a glance; but if a single specimen of either is taken it is
not so easy. ‘The date, when considered in connection with the con-
dition of the specimen, is, however, an excellent means of identification.
The second brood of armoricanus appears in late August and Septem.
ber; the earliest date on which I have taken it being August 20th,
and by this date alveus is very nearly over. I have taken both species
together on August 22nd, armoricanus in numbers and quite fresh,
and a few worn alveus, which made a quite unmistakable contrast.
Occasionally, a retarded specimen of alveus will be met with in very
fine condition ; and in such cases the collector (unless he employs the
genitalia) will have to depend on the characters previously mentioned.
In one respect, size, the difference is much more marked than one
would be led to suppose by a comparison of measurements of a series
of each species. If a specimen of alveus is seen on the wing among a
number of armoricanus it immediately catches the eye as being some-
thing different. .I have thus on several occasions picked out an alveus
while it was flying among a number of armoricanus. I am inclined to
say that nine times out of ten size alone will be sufficient to determine
the species; for Nature in this instance comes to the help of the col-
lector. It isa well known fact, that in many species of butterflies
that are double-brooded, the individuals of the first brood are larger
than those of the second ; and although there is no constant difference
in size between the individuals of the two broods of armoricanus, yet
there is a strong tendency to an increase in size (aberrationally) in the
first brood. Such specimens, although still quite characteristic of
armoricanus, might in the second brood be difficult to separate from
alveus; but, occurring with the first, there is hardly any question as
to their identity. Further, as already noted, a small specimen of
alveus is an extreme rarity.

Before leaving the subject of the distinguishing features of armori-
canus and alveus, 16 must be noted that the prominence or otherwise of
the nervures, on the underside of the hindwing, which is supposed to
be a valuable character, is quite unreliable ; these nervures often being
as pronounced in alveus as in any example of armoricanus.

82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Dr. Verity finds a difference between the individuals of the two
broods of armoricanus in Italy, which he considers of sufficient import-
ance to merit a separate name. Among the Rhone Valley specimens
I cannot detect this. If my specimens were mixed it would be im-
possible to separate them again, except by their labels. The species,
which is very abundant at Branson and Follaterre, is equally well
represented in both broods. I once took a specimen at Vernayaz,
which must have strayed there from elsewhere, as I never saw
another.

H. carlinae, Rbr.

I have only had the pleasure of taking this species once; not that
it is by any means rare in the Valais or Bernese Oberland, but princi-
pally because of its late period of emergence. Its time of flight is,
normally, August, and this is the more remarkable as it is apparently
confined to altitudes between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. Where I found it,
in the Ueschinen Tal, above (and at) Kandersteg, it commenced to
emerge on July 20th. This was at the lowest altitude from which I
have seen the species recorded, 7.e., 8,800 ft. to 4,300 ft.

The species varies on the usual lines. The extensa forms are not
very rare, and are sometimes very finely developed, while examples
showing a slight tendency to this variation are of very frequent oc-
currence. These aberrations, owing to the size of the species and
beautiful coloration of the hindwing underside, are very like onopordi ;
and if this latter species turns out to be an inhabitant of a wider area
in the mountains than is at present known, will give trouble to col-
lectors who take both, and are not really familiar with each species.
From what is known, however, it is probable that onopordi will be
over, or nearly so, before carlinae emerges. The method of examina-
tion of the genitalia, already described, is very applicable in this ease,
for the specialised formation of the valve and scaphium (or what used
’ to be called the scaphium) in onopordi differs so completely from these
structures as found in carlinae (or indeed any other Hesperia) that
they can be distinguished at a glance. Superficially it will not be so
easy, the difference being very slight, but, at the same time they are
perfectly constant, and can be relied upon to give an absolutely correct
identification. The fine black lines which border the spots of the
median band in onopordi are never present in carlinae; in this latter
the white markings on the hindwing underside are outlined by the
ground colour, and the spot next the inner margin is never of the
characteristic shape which in onopordi has earned it the name of
the “signe de Blachier.” Lastly, in carlinae, the somewhat elongated
spot, which projects from the outer margin of the wing, and is with
the exception of the spot at the anal angle, the only trace of the mar-
ginal band to be seen in this species, forms a very readily recognized
feature.

There is a strong tendency in carlinae to a reduction of the white
markings on the underside, always, however, without these markings
becoming obsolete. A specimen in my possession has all the white
reduced to nearly half its normal extent, the formation of the markings
remaining unaltered. In any other species of the genus, such a -
reduction is usually accompanied by the loss of a part of the markings.

Carlinae may be suid, on the whole, to be one of the most easily

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 83

identified species in the genus. This is partly because the fine colour

of the underside of the hindwing is not at all variable. The two

species which approach carlinae nearest in this respect are fritillum

and armoricanus ; but neither of these occur at all in Alpine regions.
(Lo be concluded.)

jWHOTES ON COLLECTING, Kte.

ZycaENa Pupation.—l have to record a curious collection of sites
for pupating that I met with at Malvern last year. Whilst taking a
walk one day I saw several cocoons attached to some barbed wire
fencing, and they became so numerous that I counted them. The
wire fencing was the boundary to a considerable pasture for cattle
alongside one of the roads, and the grass had grown quite long the
whole way underneath the barbed wire, so that the larve had evi-
dently crawled up the grass stems on to the wire. The cocoons were
placed both horizontally and vertically. In a distance of perhaps a
couple of hundred yards, or somewhat more, I counted about one
hundred and forty cocoons on the wire compared with twenty-five on
the stems of the grass. The latter was evidently of very mature
growth, so that is was not for lack of suitable positions that this
curious selection was made.—G. T. Berauns-Baxer.

“« A LITTLE KNOWLEDGE IS A DANGEROUS THING.’’—Another wonderful
example of ‘‘Newspaper Entomology” from the Daily Chronicle,
which you may like to print in next convenient Record. ‘ The First
“Peacock” ? Walking in Devonshire this afternoon (February 18),
writes a correspondent, I saw flying low and falteringly what I first
thought was a Wood Argus butterfly. It alighted on a twig on a
bank, and as it clung to it, slowly raised and spread its wings in the
warm February sun. As I looked I saw that the insect was a freshly
emerged ‘‘ Peacock.’ The colours deepened, the dark brown dried to a
warm copper, and the white wings became clearer. After watching it
for ten minutes I left it, with wings flat and perfect and apparently
quite dry. I never before saw a butterfly of this species with such
brilliant colours or more definite markings.” There was a subsequent
letter giving more or less concise details of io’s life history, but not
correcting any of the above howlers.—C. NicHouson, 35, The Avenue,
Hale End, Chingford, E. 4.

G)URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

<=}

«Tum STEALING OF THE CoMMON FROM THE GoosE”’ acain.—We
hear that there. is to be a Bill introduced into Parliament with
the object#ot securing the enclosure of portions of Wanstead Flats and
Epping Forest for the purpose of permanent allotments. This attempt
if successful will completely nullify the Act of 1878 when these areas
were supposed to be secured to the public for ever. Will all help against
this proposed misappropriation. The Hssex Field Club, The Entomo-
logical Society of London, The South London Entomological and Natural
History Society, etc., are sending strong resolutions against this pro-
posal to the Prime Minister, the London Members of Parliament and
the City Corporation (the Conservators of the Forest).—Hy.J.T.

84 CURRENT NOTES.

The Rev. Mens. Namur. for December and January contains
descriptions of the following new aberrations from M. C. Cabeau.—
(1) Melitaea aurinia ab. semifuscata in which the upperside of the fore-
wings is covered by brownish to such an extent that all the yellowish
spots have disappeared and the markings are for the most part
obscured. (2) M. cinvia ab. leucophana in which the ground of the
forewings is white lightly suffused with yellowish, that of the posterior
wings a whitish fawn. (3) Pararge meyera ab. transfuscata, in which
the two median bands of the forewings on the upperside are united by
deep brown coloration into a wide and irregular band. This has
already been named ab. mediolugens by Fuchs, and there seems no reason
to rename what is already christened simply because it happens
to occur in a new locality. That Seitz in his Mac. Lep. Erde has
localised it on the Rhine seems but a weak argument to rename a form
which is met with here and there throughout “the range of the species.
It is occasionally met with in Britain.

In the Canad. Ent. for January the Popular and Practical monthly
article deals with ‘‘Cottonwood Leaf-mining Beetles in Southern
Alberta,” chiefly referring to the attacks on the various species of
poplar by Zeugophora scutellaris and Z. abnormis. The controls are
(1) A Mymarid (Hym.) which stung a large percentage of the eggs of the
beetle and (2) the spraying of infested trees with Lead Arsenate or
Paris Green. It is suggested that the spraying should take place early
and that the majority of the trees of the district should be treated,
thus poisoning most of the beetles while they were feeding before
oviposition.

It is a pity that the writer of the Notes in that excellent magazine
the Naturalist should amuse himself by making invidious remarks
upon contemporary magazines, including .the Ent. Record. The
February number contains some very ungenerous remarks upon us,
which induced a few enquiries. But as we were seriously informed
that the -writer “can’t help it,’ we leave it at that. “ He can’t
help it.’ Poor man.

SOCIETIES.
Tue Sours Lonpon Enromonocican anp Natrurat History Society.

February 12th, 1920.—New Memsers.—Mr. Withycombe, of
Walthamstow, and Capt. Crocker, of Bexley, were elected members.

EXHIBITION OF THE GENUS HIBERNIA AND ITS VARIATION.—The Rey.
F. M. B. Carr introduced the discussion and exhibition. Messrs.
A. W. Buckstone, R. Adkin, A. E. Tonge, H. E. Leeds, B. §. Williams,
8. Edwards and Hy. J. Turner exhibited the various species and joined
in the discussion. Mr. R. T. Bowman especially dealt with H.
defoliaria as it occurs in Epping Forest.

ABERRATIONS OF British Lepmnoprera.—Mr. Newman, a box of
aberrations from the Sydney Webb collection, including remarkable
specimens of Arctia caja, Hipocrita jacobaeae, etc. It was reported
that Phigalia pedaria was out full near Huddersfield on Jan. 17th and
one specimen as early as Dec. 4th, 1919.

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LEONARD TATCHELL, Lepidopterist, 43, Spratt Hall Road, Wanstead, E.11.

“Duplicates —Varleyata and other varieties. of Grossulariata, Desiderata. —Good
ss varieties and local forms. Spilosoma urtice, Advenaria, and other ordinary species to
~~ -tenew old series. Good Tortrices and T:neae.—Geo. 1, Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton,
| ae Huddersfield.

& ‘Duplicates. —Grossulariata var. lutea, lacticolor, varleyata, fulvapicata, ete. De-
: Sideratae Other extreme forms of Grossulariata,-or good: vars. of Diarni. —fev. G. H.
~ Raynor, Haszeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex.

; Desiderata: —Foreien> examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all paris of the
world of any putterflies included in the British list. Setting’ immaterial; exact data
indispensable. ‘Liberal return made.—W. G. Pether, “ Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

Duplicates (all Clydesdaic). SS maope. Selene, Icarus, Phicas, Heetus, Mundana,

Perla, Fulva, Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata, Cambrica, Beleiarin, Immanata, Olivata,
- Tristata, Boreata, Mercurella, Angustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis; Trancicolelia, Derepitalis,
' -- Kuhmella, Fusca, Margaritellus, Hortuelius, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana, Solan-
- drinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, Stramineana, Rivulana, Urtieana, Oectomaculana,
Perlepidana, Yaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana, Myllerana, Desiderata—Numerous.
SA A. Dalglish, 7, Keir Street, Glasgow.

- Duplicates. —Phigalia pedatia, melanic and intermediate forms in great variety.
Desiderata. —Numerous common species.—M, Corbdeit, 3, Thorne Road, Doncaster.

Mr. Donisthorpe will still be glad to receive ants and Myrmecophiles from all parts
of the British Isles, and to name any such for anyoue who is kind enough to send them to
“him. He Would however suggest that ants from any other parts of the world be sent to
his. colleague, Mr. W. ©. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14.. Mr. Crawley is
~ specialising on the ants of the vorld, and it is a matter for congratulation that we should
possess an Entomologisi in this eo whose whole ces should he concentrated on
_ this branch of Entomology.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

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-. Gunus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 Swen ees 4
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Glature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
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Genus Acronycta and its allies (continued)—Scientific Notes—The British Coccinel-
lidae—Notes on Breeding—Notes on Conxortera (very many)—Dates of appearance of =
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Contents of Vol. IV. nen

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cashire and Cheshire Entomological Society—Autumnal collecting at Freshwater, Isle of
Wight—Captures of rarities—Collecting. beetles—Critical notes on certain Noctuae—A
day’s collecting in the Western Highlands—Apparent dearth of Diurni—Double-brooded ”
species—The early stages of certain Geometrina—Sensibility of larve to. sound—Collectin:
in North Kent—How to obtain and preserve ova—Retrospect of a: Lepidopterist for 189
~-Stridulation—Varteby breeding—The runele and ak wee of cota ete.
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ree CONTENTS.
59: , PAGE.
' The Swiss Species of the Genus Hesperia, B. C. S. Warren, F.H.S. .. peat ae aes 85

Notes on the Lepidoptera of Witley, 1912-1919, 4. A. Tullett, F.E.S. Re. eo ss 89
; Acalla reticulata, Strom. =contaminana, Hiib., Hy. J. Turner, F.H.S. 8 pace ea ee OS

” Novas. oN CouLzctine :—Nepticula fletcheri in Somerset, A. Sich, F.H.S.; Notes on
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B. B. Cruikshank ; The Wicken Fen Fund .. a 0 a ANS Bie om 97

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THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 85

The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. 8. WARREN, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 83.)

AL. fritillum, Schiff. (cirsti, Rbr.)

There are, among the Swiss Hesperias, but two species which are
confined entirely to the plains, armoricanus and fritillum. Of these
the former is double brooded, but fritillwm is not. In spite of this, it
is seldom to be found on the wing before the first days of August, and
in backward seasons it frequently does not appear before the middle
of the month. I have never seen a specimen from the Valais, and
have so far only taken it in its well known locality of Hclépens, where
it is abundant all along the hill side above the marsh. All the grass
on these slopes is burnt brown by the middle of August, it being only
in certain hollows and places sheltered by the undergrowth and trees
that any vegetation is left. These places are the most frequented by
such butterflies as are still about, but frztillum is only a very occasional
visitor to them. So much so is this the case that the first season I
worked the locality for fritiilwn I only got three specimens and came
to the conclusion that its headquarters must be elsewhere. The fact
is, however, that fritil/wm prefers the more arid spots. Any place on
the hillside where the vegetation is completely burnt up there one will
surely find fritillwm, and though one seldom sees more than one or
two specimens simultaneously, a half hour spent on one of these
barren stretches will produce a fair number. Almost all the speci-
mens thus captured will be gs, the @, most likely, hides among the
long withered grass, and so is very difficult to find.

Fritillwm is an easily recognised species; the heavy square white
markings, and the broad and straight-edged intra-discoidal spot on the
upperside of the forewings, the broad white band on the upperside of
the hindwings, the deep coloration and prominent nervures of the
underside, all combine to make the species unmistakeable. It is never
likely to be mistaken for any other species, being, in my experience,
one of the least variable species of the group. The amount of white
on the upperside shows some tendency to vary, and the basal spots on
the underside of the hindwing are lable to a certain amount of
variation too; as one, not unfreqently, finds specimens in which they
are somewhat rcduced in size. Such examples, if the rest of the white
markings on the underside are also slightly reduced, have a certain
resemblance to an aberration of malvae or malvoides, in which the
white markings are enlarged. I do not think that a careful observer
could be led into the error of identifying such an aberration as any-
thing but fritillum; but the converse might quite possibly happen.
This aberration will be mentioned again, in connection with matvotdes.

The var. eatensa is but poorly represented by the specimens from
Eiclépens, being both rare, and seldom, if at all, ofa pronounced formation.
Still, as I am only acquainted with the species in one locality, it is
quite possible that in others it may be less rare, and more developed.

H. serratulae, Rbr.

In Switzerland, serratulae develops two distinct forms, which have
been called the plain and mountain races; though neither form is by
any means confined to either the plains or the mountains. Still, the

May, 1920.

86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

terms are convenient; so we continue to eall the form most prevalent
in the lowlands the ‘ plain form”; even if we happen to find it, as I
have done, at an altitude of over 6,000 ft. !

The differences between these two forms are too well known to need
description. So far, in the lowlands, I have only come across
serratulae once, at Eclépens; but it is known to occur in many other
similar localities. I have seen one somewhat interesting note on the
occurrence of serratulae at Branson. The late Mr. J. Alderson, in an
account of a butterfly hunt in the Rhone Valley in 1910, recorded the
capture of serratulae at Branson, on May 18th (Ent. Rec., vol. xxi.,
p. 185). In spite of frequent visits to that locality in May and June,
during several consecutive seasons, I have never found serratulae there ;
indeed, until I saw Mr. Alderson’s record, 1. felt sure that it did not
occur there. Now, anybody who reads Mr. Alderson’s paper will notice
at once that he gave more attention to the Hesperias than was usual ;
therefore, I should have had no doubt that his identification was
correct, and concluded that I had somehow missed the species; only
the late Canon Favre records serratulae from Branson too (Wheeler,
Butts. of Switz.), and gives the date July and August. This is quite
impossible, and shows that Favre’s specimens were not serratulae; for
in a locality such as Branson, June 15th would be a very late date for
the species, and it is not double-brooded. Mr. Wheeler’s book is in
general use among Enelish collectors, and one wonders if Mr. Alderson,
having, possibly, some difficulty in identifying his captures of Hesperias,
was not influenced by Favre’s record. It would be interesting to know
if serratulae has ever been taken at Branson, or anywhere in the plain
of the Rhone Valley ; possibly it has; but I feel more than doubtful,
and cannot help thinking of armoricanus.

Serratulae seems to have been chiefly regarded as a mountain
species in the past; Kirby records it as inhabiting hilly and mountainous
districts; and Kane says it is not found in the lowlands of Switzerland.
We may conclude from this that it is much more widely distributed in
the mountains; but where it does occur in the plains it is quite
abundant.

At Eclépens it appears about the middle of May, but seldom lasts
more than three or four weeks; specimens taken in the beginning of
June are usually not worth keeping.

In the Alps I have found the species very common in the neigh-
bourhood of Kandersteg, on the Gemmi Pass, and near Lenzerheide
(Grisons), and less abundantly in many other localities. It shows a
considerable range of variation, but seldom in a way which would be
likely to obscure the identity of the specimen. Among the large
number I have taken I find only one which would be at all trouble-
some. In this specimen, the basal spots on the underside of the hind-
wing are not of the formation characteristic of serratulae (i.e., more or
less separated and rounded), but are practically united, and square in
shape ; giving the insect a decided look of alveus. The other markings
of the hindwing are, however, typical, therefore it was still possible to
identify it without reference to the genitalia. (The latter were
examined afterwards.) The median band of the underside hindwing is
much less broad and more disconnected in serratulae than in alveus ; also,
the former is, as a rule, a much smaller insect. In the plains of course
there would be no question, as serratulae is over before alveus emerges ;

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 87

but in the mountains they overlap. In the latter case, if any number
are taken, the condition of the specimens will be helpful.

Another form of variation in the basal spots is not uncommon.
These spots are normally three in number, but the centre one shows a
strong tendency to decline in size, and is, not unfrequently, absent.
The two remaining ones, however, retain a perfectly typical appear-
ance. Yet another variety of these spots is occasionally observed.
The costal one is much elongated, projecting towards the median band,
always, however, being rounded at the two extremities; there is also
an increase in width in the median band, so that the spot is nearly
united to it. In the extreme form of this aberration, the costal spot
and the median band are joined, the spot diminishing in width towards
the point of junction; the upper, or basal end of the spot, being still
rounded. This extreme form is very rare, I have only seen the one
example in my own collection ; the transitional form, however, 1s more
frequently met with. Any form of the var. eatensa is rare in serratulae.
Out of the large number of the species I have taken or examined, from
a variety of widely separated localities, I have only found a few speci-
mens showing a tendency to this form of variation; and in most
instances the projection from the central spot of the of the band is very
slight, just sufficient to break the even edge of the typical formation ;
but in a few cases it is strongly developed. It is interesting to note,
however, that the tendency to produce these aberrations does exist in
serratulae, although to a less pronounced degree than in any other
species. ©

Of varieties of the upperside the ab. caeca is the most striking, and
transitional specimens, with the white spots very much reduced but
still present, are not uncommon, particularly among the 9s. I have
taken both sexes, however, quite without markings. The ab. tara-
soides I have not seen, but specimens with enlarged white markings
occur both in the plains and mountains.

Grove B.
H. carthami, Hb.

Carthami is found more frequently in sub-alpine regions than in
the plains. It can be taken at moderate heights throughont the
Valaisian Alps, but seems not to occur in the Canton Vaud. In the
lowlands I have only taken it in the Rhone Valley (Martigny district).
It is, without doubt, the best known species of the genus; yet, on
looking it up in various works, I was surprised to find the. greatest
divergence of opinion as to whether it is double- or single-brooded.
According to the late Canon Favre it is double-brooded in the Rhone
Valley, occurring there in April and May, and again in July and
August (Wheeler, Butts. Switz.). Mr. Wheeler adds, however, that he
has taken it at Follaterre, quite fresh,on June 12th. Kane (Hurop.
Butts.) records it as double-brooded, flyimg in May and June, and July
and August, and adds, “earlier brood smaller and browner than the
second ’’; while Mabile (Seitz, Macro-lepidop. of the World) notes it in
May and June, and again from July until the autumn. Kirby (butts.
of Europe) states that it flies from May to August, implying one
extended brood; which from my own observations I am sure is the
correct solution. Favre's dates are probably the extremes he noted in

88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

a great number of years. April, in my experience would be a most
unusually early (? possible) date for carthami. Possibly it applied to a
single early specimen, captured several weeks before the real emergence
of the species ; and, as for August, only the last 2s survive to that
month, except in very late seasons. Kane’s date, May to August, is
more normal, but his note about the size and coloration of the ‘earlier
brood” is, to me, quite incomprehensible. The earliest specimens, so
far as Swiss ones are concerned, are very fine and large and heavily
dusted with grey. The 9s are, of course, always somewhat browner
than the gs, but they never emerge as early as the latter; nor do the
g sever produce anything that could be called a brown form, except-
ing when very worn. Even in localities where a small race of carthami
is found (not in Switzerland) I have never noted a tendency among the
gs to lose their normal greyish-black colour. Mabille’s dates, if the
result of personal observation, and not just a repetition of previously
published records, must be founded on the capture of fresh specimens
in the May, June, and July of separate seasons. Kirby’s date concurs
with the emergence of the species in the Rhone Valley. ‘The earliest
record I have is a single g captured at Branson, on May 1Sth. Asa
rule I have found the g's appear during the last ten days of May, only
once have I seen a ? in that month; these latter usually emerge in
early June, and are seldom abundant before the middle of the month.
At that date the gs are still in excellent condition, and occasional
freshly emerged specimens still to be had. By the end of June both
sexes are getting worn. Throughout July they continue in diminish-
ing numbers; until at the end of the month the g's are only repre-
sented by a few very worn examples, though then usually a fair
number of ¢s are left. Amongst these latter one can generally pick
up a few in moderately good condition, but they are obviously not
freshly emerged. The ?s continue into August, but in a week or
fortnight they have usually disappeared. One very late season I took
two 2s on August 22nd, but they were so worn as to be scarcely
recognisable. ‘These dates show the ordinary emergence and duration
of the species in the Rhone Valley, where it is, beyond doubt, single
brooded. The period of flight is probably longer than in any other
species of Hesperia, which has doubtless given rise to theory of two
broods existing. Further, it is worth noting, that the species of
Hesperia which are double-brooded, occur regularly much earlier and
later (7.e., in April and September) than carthami, and there is an
appreciable time between their broods when one cannot find a single
specimen.

All through the Canton Valais one finds a very fine form of
carthami, equally large at all levels; considerably Jarger than speci-
mens from more southerly localities, such as Digne, and close on
twice the size of carthami from the Pyrenees, where the smallest race
of the species, | know of, occurs.

In variation carthami offers little of interest, being quite the most
constant species of Hespéria. The var. reducta occurs not uncommonly,
but it makes very little difference in the look of the specimen, even
when the inner edge of the median band is perfectly straight; and
apart trom this there is little variation worth mentioning.

(Lo be continued.)

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 89

Notes and Observations on the Lepidoptera of the Witley District
from 1912 to 1919.
By AUSTIN A. TULLETT, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 58.)
Miltochrista miniata, Forst.—Kight, Witley, July, 1912. One, Witley,
labelled 7th/10, possibly 10/7.
Cybosia mesomella, l.—Four, Witley, June, 1912.
Tithosia griseola, Hb.—Three, Witley, July 25th, 1912.
Lithosia lurideola, Zk.—Fourteen, Witley, July, 1912.
Lithosia complana, L.—Six, Witley, July, 1912.
Lithosia sororcula, Hufn.—One May and one in June, 1912, Witley.

Nocrurpm.—Sub-family Acronyctiinae.

Demas coryli, Li.—Larva found near Hambledon and Chiddingfold,
June, 1919.

Acronycta leporina, L.—One, June 20th, 1918. One, June 15th, 1919,

on tree trunk in The “ Hill’’ Woods.

Acronycta alni, l1.—T wo larve taken at Witley early August, 1919,
one on willow at Witley Park, one on sallow (¢ ) near Chid-
dingfold. Pupated in tin box, and made a slight cocoon.
Ignored raspberry cane placed in the box.

Acronycta tridens, Schitf.—Three, Witley, June Ist, 1918. One, July
9th, 1914. One, May 20th, 1912. Larva not observed.

Acronycta pst, L.—Moth not uncommon on fences in June and July.
Larva not observed.

Craniophora ligustri, F.—One, July 18th, 1919, Witley. Not common.

Bryophila perla, F.—Hleven, Witley, July. Two, Witley, June. One,
Witley, August. Not common here. Larva unobserved.

Nocruipm.—Sub-family Trifinae.

Agrotis seyetum, Schift.—Fifteen, Witley, June. One, Witley, Novem-
ber. Moth notcommon. Larve not obsérved.

Agrotis vestiialis, Rott.—One, Witley, June 13th, 1912.

Ayrotis corticea, Hb.—Three, Witley, July, 1912.

Agrotis puta, Hb.—Fifteen, May, June, July, August, and September,
Witley. Larve not observed.

Agrotis tritici, li.—One, July 21st, 1912, Witley. Two, August, 1912,
Witley.

Agrotis exclamationis, L.—Twenty-one June, two May, Witley, not
uncommon.

Agrotis ypsilon (suffusa), Rott.—One, November 8rd, 1918. Taken on
ivy at “ The Hill.” :

Agrotis strigula, Thnb.—One, June, thirteen, July, three, August,
Witley, not uncommon.

Noctua augur, Hb.—One, July 6th, 1914. Does not appear to be com-
mon here.

Noctua castanea, Esp.—Three, July, 1912, Witley. One, August,
Witley.

Noctua c-nigrum, L.—Twelve, September, 1912, on sugar at Hamble-
don. One, August, 1914, Woods.

Noctua triangulum, Hufo.—One, July 6th, 1914. One, July 15th,
1914. Four, June. Witley, not common.

Noctua brunnea, F.—Twenty-two males, July 1st and 2nd, 1914, at

- 90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

sugar in Hambledon Woods. One male, June 30th, 1914,
Witley. One male, June 26th, 1912, Witley.

Noctua primulae (festiva), Esp.—Thirty, Witley. Common in June at
sugar. Larve not observed.

Noctua rubi, View.—Five, Witley, in June. Two, August. Six,
September.

Noctua xanthographa, F.—Ten males, August, Witley. Two females,

August. Three males, September. One, April, 1913.

Noctua plecta, L.—Three,. May, Witley. Two, June. One, August.
One, September. Not uncommon at light.

Axylia putris, L.—One, July, 1912.

Triphaena comes, Hb.—Nine, June. Five, August, Witley.

Triphaena pronuba, L.—Common at Witley, June, July, and August.
Larvee found on ivy, but not numerous.

Triphaena fimbria, .—Five males, June, 1912. One, July ist, 1914.
Witley, not commen.

Triphaena ianthina, isp.—Three, Witley, August 1st, 1912.

Hurois prasina, Fb.—Hight males, June, 1914, Witley. One male,
June, 1914. One male, June, 1919, taken on pine tree
opposite ‘* The Hill.”

Aplecta tincta, Brahm.—One male, June 21st, 1918. On a fence.

Aplecta nebulosa, Hubn.—Typical moth, common on fences in June
and July. Larve not observed.

Barathra brassicae, l4.—Moth common in June and July on fences.
Larve common from August to October, on cabbage, ete.

Mamestra persicariae, li.—One, July, 1913. Two, June, 1919, Witley,
taken on fence.

Mamestra oleracea, L.—One, June 9th, 1914. Two, July 2nd, 1914.

Mamestra genistae, Bleh.—Four, June, 1914.

Mamestra thalassina, Rott. - Nine, June, 1912, Witley.

Mamestra dentina, Esp.—Sixteen, June, 1912-13.

Dianthoecia cucubali, Fuesl|—One, June, 1912, Witley.

Dianthoecia carpophaga, Bkh.—One, June, 1913.

Hecatera serena, F.—EKight, Witley, June, 1913. To be found fre-
quently on fences.

Neuronia popularis, F.—Two males, September, 1912. One male,
November, 1913. One male, August, 1912. .

Hadena (EKumichtis) protea, Bkb.—Seven, Witley, September, 1913.

Oleoceris (Bombycia) viminalis, F.—Twelve, in July. Fairly common.

Diloba caeruleocephala, L.—Larvee common on apple, sloe, and black-
thorn in May and June.

Luperina testacea, Hb.—Four, August,1912. Two, September, 1912.

Apamea gemina, Hb.—Three, June, 1912. Four, June, 1914. Found
on fences during the day, not common.

Apamea basilinea, Fb.—Hight, Witley, June, Found on fences, and
not uncommon.

Apamea secalis, L.—Moth common in July on walls and fenees.

Apamea ophiogramma, Esp.—One taken July 30th, 1919.

Miana strigilis, Cl.—Common in June and July, both light and dark
forms at sugar and on fences.

Miana fasciuncula, Haw.—Ten, Witley, June.

Miana bicoloria, Vill.—Two males, July, 1912, brown var. One male,
August, 1919, typical.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 91

Xylophasia rurea, F.—Moth common at Witley in May and June on
fences.

Xylophasia lithorylea, Fb.—Not uncommon on fences, etc., in June
and July.

Aylophasia monoglypha, Hutn.—Very common on fences and tree
trunks in June and July.

Xylophasia hepatica, Hb.—Common in June and July on fences and
tree trunks.

Dipteryyia scabriuscula, L.—Common on fences and tree-trunks in
June and July. One, April, bred.

Miselia oxyacanthae, L.—Not common at Witley. Appears to be com-
mon everywhere but here.

Agriopis aprilina, L.—One, at Brook, June, 1916. Twenty larve
found on oak trunk nearly full fed, June, 1918, but all para-
sitised.—A.A.T.

Euplexia lucipara, L.—Common on fences, walls, etc., in June. Taken

_. at sugar.

Phlogophora meticulosa, L.—Common on ivy in September and
October.

Mormo maura, L.—Common in Hambledon Woods. Taken at light
and sugar in June and July.

Hydroecia nictitans, Bkh.—One, Witley, July 15th, 1912.

Hydroecia micacea, Esp. —T wo, August and September. Not common.

Gortyna ochracea, Hb.—Six, Witley, September. Larvae very com-
mon. On almost all thistles in Hambledon district; prefers
thistle to burdock, though have found three or four in
burdock stems.—A.A.T.

Leucania pallens, Fr.—Common in July. Taken at light in Hamble-
don Woods.

Leucania impura, Hbn.—Six, June and July.

Leucania comma, Li.—Ten, June, 1914. Three, June, 1912.

Leucania litharyyria, Esp.—Twelve. Not uncommon at heht.

Leucania coniuera, F.—Three, July 17th-22nd, 1912.

Grammesia triyrammica, Hin. —Common in May and June at sugar
and light.

Caradrina morpheus, Hufn.—One, May, 1913. Two, July, 1912-13.
Two, August, 1912-13.

Caradrina taraxact, Hb.—Common in July; taken at sugar and at
light in Hambledon Woods.

Caradrina ambiyua, F.—One in May, 1912.

Rusina tenebrosa, Hb.—Common in July; taken at sugar and light in
Hambledon Woods.

Amphipyra pyramidea, L.—Common. Taken in July, August and
September, at sugar, in Hambledon Woods. Larve com-
mon in May and June.

Amphipyra trayopogonis, L.—Common in July and August; taken on
fence and at sugar in Hambledon Woods.

Panolis griseo-variegata (piniperda), Gz.—Common on sallow in March
and April, and lasts well into May.

Pachnobia rubricosa, Hb.—Not common. Two in April and one in
May, on sallow.

Taeniocampa gothica, L.—Common April and May, at sallow.

Taeniocampa miniosa, Kb.—One taken at sallow, March 21st, 1918.
Not common here.

92 ' THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Taeniocampa pulverulenta, EKsp.—Very common at sallow in March.
Larve common on oak in May and June.

Taeniocampa stabilis, View.—Very common at sallow in March. Six,
July 10th and 15th, 1912. One, August 9th, 1912. Larve
to be found on oak chiefly in May and June.

Taeniocampa incerta, Hufn.—Very common at Witley in February and
March. Also April. One, July 12th, 1912. Larve com-
mon on oak from April to June.

Taeniocampa munda, EKsp.—Very common at sallow in March and
April. Variable. Three, July, 1912. One, June, 1912.
Larve common on oak, May and June.

Taentocampa yracilis, F.— One, April, 1912. One, May, 1912.

Calymnia trapezina, L.—Taken commonly at sugar and at light.
Larva very common on sallow and oak, April to June.

Dyschorista fissipuncta, Hw.—Two, July, 1912. Two, June, 1913.

lastenis retusa, L.—One, August 29th, 1912.

Amathes lota, Cl.—Six, October, 1913, at ivy bloom.

Amathes macilenta, Hb.—Seventeen, October, at ivy. Common.

Amathes circellaris, Hufn.—T wo, October, 1913, ativy bloom. - One,
October, 1918, ab. ferruginea.

Ochria aurago, F.—One, October, 1914.

Xanthia lutea, Strém.—Six, Witley, September and October; taken
at sugar.

Xanthia fulvago, Li.—E leven, September, 1912, at sugar in Hamble-
don Woods. Four, October, 1912. ,

Orrhodia vaeciniti, L.—Very common at ivy bloom, October and
November, and at sallow in March and April. Larva found
on oak, but not frequently.

Orrhodia ligula, Exsp.—One, November ist, 1918, at ivy bloom. Not
common.

Dasycampa rubiginea, F.—One, November, 1918.

Scopelosoma satellitia, L.m—Common at ivy in October and November,
and at sugar and sallow in February and March.

Xylina semibrunnea, Haw.—One, November, 1913. Taken at ivy
bloom.

Xylina socia, Rott.—One, January 15th, 1918, and one, April 16th,
1918, on a fence.

Xylina ornithopus, Roth.— Three, March. Two, October, one Novem-
ber, at ivy bloom. One, November 24th, on a fence, 4 p.m.

Xylocampa areola, Eisp.—Common on fences in March and April.

Cucullia verbasci, L.—One, Witley, April 20th. Twenty larve on
verbascum in “‘ The Hill Gardens,”’ June, 1919.

Cucullia asteris, Schiff.—Seven, Witley, July 29th, 1919, larve taken on

3 golden rod, and bred by L. B. Prout.
Cucullia wmbratica, Li.—Three, June, one, June, not common.
Anarta myrtilli, L.— Common on Hambledon Common in June.
- Laarve common on heather on Hambledon Common in
August and September.

Heliaca tenebrata, 8c.—Not uncommon during May in meadows. |

Erastria fasciana, li.—Sixteen, June, 1918. ‘This series taken by L.
B. Prout, at Chiddingfold Woods, on tree trunks.

Heliothis peltigera, Schiffi—One, June, 1912.

Rivula sericealis, Scop.—Not common. Three, July 11th, 1918. One,
August, 1919.

ACALLA RETICULATA, ITS HISTORY AND ITS VARIATION. 93

Phytometra (Prothymnia) viridaria, Cl.—One, June 4th, 1918. Three
July 11th, 1918. Not common.

Sub-family Gonopterinae.

Scoliopteryx libatrix, .——Common in June and July ; also occurs less
frequently in March, April, May, and August.

Sub-family Quadrijinae.

Plusia moneta, F.—Three, June. Three, July. One, August. Not
uncommon.

Plusia chrysitis, L.—One, June, 1912. Four, July. One, August.
Taken at ight in Hambledon Woods.

Plusia pulchrina, Hw.—Four, June, 1912. One, July 12th, 1912.
Taken at light in Hambledon Woods.

Plusia gamma, L.—Common from May to September.

Abrostola triplasia, L.—August 29th, 1912, one specimen.

Abrostola tripartita, Hufn.—One, May, 1919. One June, 1912. Two,
July, 1912. Two August. Taken on fences at ‘The Hill.”

Euclidia mi, Cl—Common in meadows in May.

Euclidia glyphica, L.—Common in May and June.

Catocala nupta, Lu.—Two, Witley, one from larva taken on poplar at
«The Hill,’ June, 1919; emerged in August. One, on a
wall at ‘“‘ The Hill,” October 8th, 1912.

Sub-family Hypeninae.

Laspeyria flecula, Schiff.—One, June. One July, 1918.

Zancloynatha tarsipennalis, Tr—Not uncommon, April. May, June,
and July.

Zanclognatha grisealis, Hb.—One, April, 1914. One, May, 1912.
Very early. Can find no other records of such early captures.
Four, July.

Pechipoyon barbalis, Cl.—One, Witley, 1915. This species is not
common here.

Bomolocha fontis, Thanb.—Very common on bilberry in June and early
July.

Hypena proboscidalis, Hb. Very common in June and July. Larve
common on nettles in May and June.

Hypena rostralis, L.—One, May, 1912. Two, September 12th, 1912.
One, Wormley. Not common here.

(Lo be concluded.)

Acalla reticulata, Strom.=contaminana, Hub.—Its History and
its Variation.
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
(Continued from vol. xxxi., page 164.)

[Strém’s Torrrix reticutata.—Mr. Turner, who has so ably given
us the result of his researches into the literary history of the moth we
have known as contaminana, bas asked me for a note on certain points I
have raised with regard to Strém’s description of his reticulata. My
only knowledge of this is based on Schoyen’s German translation as
given by Mr. Turner (Hint. Kec., xxxi., p. 16a), with one correctior
with which he has since supplied me. In English Schéyen’s words

94 THE ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD.

run as follows :—‘ Phalaena tortrix (reticulata), wings yellowish-rust
colour, reticulated, with a curved fuscous marginal spot. It is some-
what smaller (than the preceding species called Tortria maculata),
basally broader than usual, of yellow-brown colour on the forewings
which have many brown lines longitudinally and transversely, and on
the costal margin, just in the middle, a dark brown spot, like an angle-
hook of which the lowest branch is, however, quite slender and little
recognisable in contrast to that broad one.* The hindwings are
whitish as well as the body and the legs. It resembles Phalaena
Tortrix modeeriana.” .

To my mind this description applies to that form of the species in
which the costal spot is for a short distance outwardly oblique and
rather broad with the margins parallel, it is then bent inwardly and
dwindles away in the centre of the wing. This form we know as
ctliana, Hb. Here we have the angle-hook with the upper part broad
and distinct, the jenem breiten (=that broad one), while the lower part
is little noticeable. This description cannot apply to the V form
which we e¢all contaminana, for the lower part of the V could not be
described as slender and little recognisable, nor does the V answer to
‘“macula curva.” Again here we have three branches, while in
reticulata there are only two, a broad one and an indistinct one.
Schéyen’s words put into Latin would read, “ Alis ferrugineis, fusco
reticulatis, fascia media abbreviata obliqua costali saturatiore.” All
these words I have taken from Haworth’s description of ciliana.
There seems no reasonable doubt that Strém’s reticulata is that species
which we have so long known as contaminana, Hb., and that it
represents the form known as ciliana, Hb.—Atrrep SicuH. |

Stephens Sys. Catalogue [1829], contains the following which
were subsequently included in his J/lus. in [1834].

Tortrix rhombana. Sys. Cat., vol. ii., p. 189. (Haw. 418; Hub.
Tort., 173.)

Tortrix contaminana. (Hib. Tort., 1422; Harris Expos. 94,
xxvill. 2-3; Haw. Prod., 82. aylosteana.)

Tortriz ciliana. (Haw. 419; Hub. Fort., 171; Don., xi. [xii. in
error] 40, pl. 374, 2, obscurana; Harris. V. M., 49.)

Leras contaminana. Treitschke. Schm., viii. 250. [1880.]

‘“As an introduction to almost all the following species of this
family it is necessary to make a general statement here, that they vary
extremely in definition of colour and markings, more than any other
Tortrices. A sufficiently large number of specimens put me in the
position of changing many existing names as varieties with much
assurance, or of passing them over.

“In contaminana we find a good illustration of the above remark.
This species is deep yellow and brown, in which coloration it much
resembles plumbana. Or red yellow when it resembles our corylana.
(Here belongs Hiibner’s ciliana.) Then it appears dull yellow and
suffused with lead colour grey, like Hiib. 142. Fimally there is a
variety very distinct from all of these; it is brown gray, like the next
Species aquilana, and only differs clearly on head and thorax from the

+ eee :
* Schoyen uses the word ‘‘ jenem.”’

ACALLA RETICULATA, ITS HISTORY AND ITS VARIATION. 95

latter, in which these parts are white. Single specimens resemble
either the one or the other form; all are united by the closest
gradations. What is to be said about the rosana of Schiffermuller’s
collection, also a contaminana form, has already been done by us under
T. ameriana, and also by Charpentier.

«The usual and little variable size is that of 7. plumbana. Palpi,
head, thorax and antenne agree with the darker portions of the fore-
wines, the lees and abdomen are brownish gray, clear grey, or whitish,
the anal tuft of the male is yellow.

«The forewings, as we said, vary extremely, have, in the well-
marked examples, an appearance of reticulation with darker colour.
Next the base stands an elbowed line, dividing the first area, in the
middle of the wing an imperfect or even quite perfect transverse band,
in its middle a raised tuft of hairs. Further towards the apex, on the
costa, a sharply defined or obsolescent spot. The apex of the forewing
extends falcate. The fringes, beyond a dark line, are first whitish and
then dark grey.

“The hindwings are white or white-grey, the fringes always
white.

«On the underside of the forewings one sees traces of the reticula-
tion, the middle band and the line before the fringe on the upperside ;
the hindwings are glossy, silky white, the fringes are wholly white,
dark bordered at the base.”

Stephens in his J/dus. [1884] considered there were three closely
allied species and dealt in considerable detail with their variation. A
summary of his remarks are appended. As he was unable to deal with
the results of previous continental study his work was to a large extent
independent and original. He established the genus Dictyoptery« tor
his species contaminana, ciliana, rhombana, plunbana, loeflinyiana and
_ forskaleana, dividing it into two sections. The first, characterised by
the ‘anterior wings with hinder margin subfalcate, acute,” and which
he said was Hiibner’s (?) genus Anvelia (“ Verz.”), contained the first
three of his species. As has been noted above, Amelia, Hub. (Verz.)
was applied to rhombana only. It should have been Acalia which was
the first generic name including a member of this group of forms,
viz., ciliana.

Summary of the variation given by Stephens.

Dictyopteryx contaminana. Steph. Jllus., vol. iv., p. 169. (Amelia,
Hub.) <Alis anticis stramineis rufo-pulcherrime reticulatis, costa
basi fasciaque media sinuosa bifida ustulatis, ciliis albis.” 7-84 lin.

Ground: Forewing, pale straw; yellowish; reticulated reddish-
brown.

Markings: Streak at base; broad fascia behind middle darker
brown, bifid at costa.

Margin: extreme hind margin reddish-brown ; cilia white. Hind-
wings whitish. ;

Vatiation: broadly brownish at base; ground ferruginous or
reddish.

Dictyopteryx ciliana. Steph. [llus., vol. iv., p. 169. (Amelia, Hutb.)

‘‘Alis anticis ferrugineis fusco rufove reticulatis, fascia media
obliqua costali saturatiore.”” 7-9 lin.

Ground : forewing ferruginous ; faintly reticulate fuscous or red.

96 THE KENYTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Markings: obscure; short waved dusky fascia in middle of costa,
darkest towards disc.

Margin: extreme hind margin dusky; cilia white, hind portion
dusky. Hindwing whitish or pale brownish.

Variation: more or less deep reticulation sometimes; lighter or
darker ground or straw colour; sometimes an oblique dusky fascia
towards base.

Dictyopteryx rhombana. Steph. Illus., vol. iv., p. 170. (Amelia,
Hub.)

‘Alis anticis ferrugineis subreticulatis, fascia completa sinuosa
media nigricante.” 7-9 lin.

Ground: forewing dark ferruginous; reticulations fuscous obso-
letely.

Markings: obscure streak before middle; much waved fascia in
middle ; colour spot on costa nearer hind margin; all markings dusky
brown. Sr

Margin: cilia whitish; hind portion dusky. Hindwing whitish
or pale brownish.

Variation: central fascia interrupted or wanting, ?.e., obsolete ;
costa ferruginous only, rest deep rusty brown.

Duponchel. Hist. Nat. Lep., vol. ix., p. 172, pl. 244, fig. 10.
[1834.]

Teras contaminana. A good figure. Reticulation hardly clear
enough; hindwings too smoky. Not the ‘‘spotted’’ form and no trace
of the ciliana form. No other markings than the Y developed.

Duponchel. Hist. Nat. Lep., vol. ix., p. 174, pl. 244, fig. 11.
[1834.] =Tort. rhombana, W.V., Lllig., Goetze, and Hub. 175 2,
Treit= viii. 71.

Teras rhombana. A good figure of a dark ciliana ferruginous form,
and certainly not rhombana, as understood by Hubner’s figure. The
figure is very like a specimen in my collection, with the central fascia
very dark not Y shaped, the basal spot not centred nor extended ; and
with the apical area filled by a large blotch to the inner angle; the
reticulation is shown.

“The forewings, of which the costa is entire, are above of a testaceous
ferruginous colour, reticulated with brown, and crossed in the middle
by a blackish band which forms a very pronounced angle with the costa
externally and gives origin exteriorly, toa line of the same colour
forming an elbow and joining the costa near the top of the wing,” and
so on more or less in disagreement with the figure.

“This description is that of the female only, the male is unknown.”

We next deal with the three figures of Wood. Ind. Ent., |1839].

fig. 1107, Dict. contaminana. [A good figure of the common form.]

fio. 1108, Dict. ciliana. [A good average figure of the ferruginous
form with the basal dark spot which is not centred. There is also an
irregular spot in the middle of the marginal area. |

fig. 1109, Dict. rhombana. [A good average figure of the dark (not
the darkest) form with very obsolescent central fascia. |

Herrich Schaeffer refers to a form from Lapland as a contaminana
form. [Syn. List., iv. 10 (1856 2).]

(Z'o be concluded.)

NOTES ON COLLECTING. om

JOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

StiegmMeELLa (Nepricuna) FLETcHERI, Turr, in Somerser.—On July
31st, 1917, I bred a specimen of S. /letcheri from a mine gathered off
a rose bush growing in a hedge at Bathford, near Bath. The late Mr.
J. W. Tutt says of this species, ‘‘ Probably widely distributed all over
the British Islands” (British Lepidoptera, vol. i., p. 213). Owing to
this species not having been distinctly differentiated previously to the
publication of that volume, where it is described for the first time,
Tutt was only able to cite six counties in which it had certainly occurred.
Somerset is an addition.—Atrrep Sicu, F.K.S. April 19th, 1920.

Notes on Connective in Iraty (1918 anp 1919).—(Continued from
page 63.)—March 8th.—To-day the two “‘ Bumble” Bees, Bombus terres-
trisand Bombus hortorum, with their pretty stripes of yellow, black and
white, have been crowding to the blossoms of Corydalis cava and I have
taken for the first time this year Bombus agrorum variety pascuorum
(Scop.), which is generally distributed throughout northern Italy and
frequents the blossoms of the Labiatae, Umbelliferae, and Papilionaceae..

March 10th.—I spent to-day at Padua. In the Instituto Zoologico,
a branch of the Royal University, where Doctor G. Teodoro, a professor
of the University, kindly showed me the Natural History Collections
which are housed there, there apparently being no Natural History
Collections in the Museo Civico. Here I saw a good type collection of
Huropean Butterflies and Moths which had, however, rather faded from
exposure to light ; also a collection of Exotic Butterflies and Moths in
good condition, with small general collections of Coleoptera, Diptera,
Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera. In a separate collection of Italian
Lepidoptera, somewhat neglected, I noticed specimens of Coenonympha
oedipus from Piedmont, Chrysophanus thersamon from the Bologna
district, and the large Dragon-flies deschna formosa and Libellula
quadrimaculata, both of which species are found along the canal banks
which intersect Padua. 1 also visited the Orto Botannico which is
close to the glorious church of Santa Guistina. This fine old
botanical garden, founded in 1545, contains several large hot-houses,
and in the wilder portions are many trees and plants, of which I made
a list of seventy different species in flower on this beautiful spring
morning. The main building contains a good library and portraits of
distinguished botanists of all countries. I was especially struck in the
gardens by the bright pink flowers of the Heath, “rica carnea, which
were out in mass under the hot sun, with Honey Bees and hibernated
specimens of Polyyonia c-album crowding to them.

March 12th.—The females of Pieris rapae were fresh on the wing
up and down the green slopes of Monte Berico, accompanied by the
males aud females of Pieris napi, which were also fresh and abundant.
One male of Hesperia malvae fell to my net, apparently just emerged.
The largest yellow-green lizard I have ever seen in western Kurope
scuttled away to its rocky home from among the herbage, and
Ematurga atomaria was flying over the grass.

March 13th.—This afternoon, at the top of the winding slope
which leads up through the gardens towards the top of Monte Berico,
I saw three specimens of the large Orthopteron Acridium aeyyptium,
and managed to secure one male with my hand as it settled on a tree

98 THE ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

trunk. The day being dull, the insect was rather listless and not
inclined to fly far, though this species is difficult to approach on bright
days. This Grasshopper is found in every province of Italy, and is
also frequently common in Sicily and Sardinia. The male is from
32mm. to 47mm. in length, and the female varies from 50mm. to
66mm. I also took a fresh specimen of Pararye megera at the top of
the hill; later this species will be abundant here.

March 15th.—After several days of wet weather and thunder fresh
butterflies have emerged and the sun is shining with great power on
the slopes of Monte Berico. ‘The males of Pieris brassicae were flying
and some that I have caught are rather small and remarkable for deep
grey tips on the forewings instead of the usual black colour. I took a
fine large hibernated specimen of Huvanessa polychloros, which species
is abundant in this district, though not always easy to catch. A freshly
emerged female specimen of the first brood of Celastrina argiolus was
fluttering over the green herbage and seeking the young shoots and
budding leaves of the Common Bramble and other bushes on which to
rest. A single specimen also of Coenonympha pamphilus flew up and
down a small grassy path in the bottoms of Monte Berico, and I
secured a fresh specimen of the common Rumicia phlaeas. This
outterfly is by no means so generally common in northern Italy as in
the south of England.

March 17th.--This afternoon on the higher slopes among the
shrubs planted in the gardens of Monte Berico, Acridium aegyptiun
was now very plentiful but unapproachable on this bright day, and I
was unable to secure even one. They fly from shrub to shrub or from
tree to tree, where they alight on the stronger twigs or stem, and
remain as a rule quite still, but always ready for the next flight if
approached closely. They make a decided noise with their elytra and
wines when in flight, and are difficult to see when settled on twigs or
tree stems as they so much resemble the dull colour of the
twigs, etc., on which they rest. A single male specimen of Pararge
aegeria, Li., was caught on the winding grassy road leading through
the gardens, and a single hibernated male of Colias edusa was found to
be in good order, but of pale colour, when I took it near the grassy
bottoms of Monte Berico. A hibernated male specimen of Jssorta
lathonia was in good order though small. Later in May, the fresh
specimens will be common on these hillsides. At the bottom of the
walk below the seminary on the hill-top, a small tree that was exuding
sap was a feast of joy for several specimens of EF’. polychloros in various
conditions. The imagines of &. phlaeas were more plentiful to-day
and a study in variation; the majority of this first spring brood are
smaller than the usual type, whilst the markings and colouring vary
considerably. ,

March 19th.—For some days the males of the Emperor Moth
(Saturnia pavonia) have been dashing about in the hot sun, and this
afternoon I found a freshly emerged female of this moth sitting up on
a twig drying her wings, on the lower slopes of Monte Berico. ‘This
moth is found commonly up to 1500m. in Italy, in spring, but is more
addicted to the northern than the southern portion of the kingdom.

Some of the hibernated specimens of Aglais urticae were worth
taking, but the majority were unfit for the cabinet; not so those of
Polygonia c-album which are fairly numerous and in excellent condition

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 99

after their winter rest. In the bottoms of the valley below the Villa
Pagello I took a male specimen of the grey-brown Skipper Carcharodus
alceae, apparently freshly emerged. This species is very common every-
where in Italy from spring to autumn, and frequents gardens, fields,
and other cultivated places, both in the plains and on the mountains.

During the whole of March the Hemipiteron Ihapiyaster sagittifer
has been very abundant, entering our Villa Pagello, where it has a
great partiality for the open window sills, and also the interior and
exterior walls of the Villa. This insect, which belongs to the Emitteri
and which is extraordinarily abundant in Italy, frequents currant and
gooseberry bushes and many fruit-bearing trees. It is not a welcome
visitor as it emits a most repugnant odour, especially after the least
touch. In length it is 15mm.-16mm., of yellowish-grey or brownish
colour, and is completely covered with dark spots. The antenne are
black ringed with white. Another of the “Solitary”? Bees, Psithyrus
rupestris, is now common on the hillsides of Monte Berico. It is found
chiefly in the mountainous districts of Northern Italy, where it settles
often upon rocks or on the flowers of the fields. The perfect insect,
in general appearance on the wing much resembles Bombus agrorum
var. pascuorum (Scop.), and they both look very handsome under the
strong light of the sun.

March 23rd.—The weather for the past three or four days has been
so bad that it has been almost impossible to make any fresh observa-
tions worth recording. We have had a succession of high winds, rain,
a slight fall of snow, with frequent changes of temperature,
necessitating a frequent return to overcoats. In the covered arcades
leading down towards Vicenza, I found this afternoon a freshly
emerged specimen of the moth Taentocampa incerta. On the high
slopes of Monte Berico near the gardens I also found to-day the bright
fresh blossoms of Forsythia viridissima, a pretty garden shrub; also
those of the charming Anemone coccinea, which grow singly on certain
parts of the hillsides.

March 25th—The weather has considerably recovered, though
“March winds”’ are in evidence as in England. I have to-day taken
the following species of Hymenoptera on Monte Berico, viz., the Wasp
Polistes gallica, and the Solitary Bee Nomada succincta’; also the
Rhynchota Hysarcoris aeneus; and the Beetle Anthaxia manca (Fab.),
of the family Buprestidae. Lastly I have taken a specimen of the
Dipteron which is common here, and noisy as well as conspicuous,

, Volucella pellucens, a parasite of the Bombus Bees.

March 27th.—This morning Signore A. HE. Barutfaldi of Vicenza
most kindly brought me a small nest of the Wasp Polistes gallica
found in a rather curious place—between the folds of a small woollen
bag upon the kitchen chimney of his house. Signore Baruffaldi has
been most kind in helping me to name the various species of Hymen-
optera, Coleoptera, etc., which I have found during my stay at Vicenza
and in many other ways.

This afternoon I netted on the slopes of Monte Berico a fine speci-
men of [phiclides podalirius apparently just emerged.

I left Vicenza for good at the end of March, 1919, for Turin.

The following are a few more species of various orders found
during the month of March at Vicenza not mentioned in the previous
notes, as I was unable to name them for various reasons until after my

final return to England in October, 1919.

100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

R#opatocera :—Pieris napi var. 2 bryoniae, Brenthis dia, Hveres
argiades, and Nisoniades tages.

Puants, Erc., Iv Brossom:—Of these I recognised 24 different
species during March at Vicenza.

Hymenoptera :—Bombus ligusticus, Osmia cornuta, Ophion obscura,
and Bombus lapidarius.

Dretera :—Fristalis tenax, Catabomba pyrastri, Brachypalpus vulgus,
Chrysotoxum. italicum, and Nomada succincta.

Nevroprpra :—Phryganea flavicornis (?), Phryganea grandis (?).

Coteoprrra.—Carabus granulatus, Lema brunnea, Blaps similis, and
Meloe proscarabaeus.—Lieut. Ki. B. Asupy, F.H.S. (To be continued.)

A Breepineg Resutt.—The following occurrence illustrating the
unexpected prizes which now and then crop up for entomologists may
be of interest for your readers.

On April 26th last I placed in a cardboard box, with lid partly cut
away and the space very carefully covered with muslin, a larva of the
common Arctia villica found that day. This larva duly spun up in
about a week’s time, and a day or two ago showed signs of pupating.
To-day (May 2nd) on going to inspect the box I found not only the
pupa of villica, but also resting on the muslin cover inside the box a
freshly emerged Alder Moth (Acronicta alni), a somewhat uncommon
species.

I am absolutely certain I placed no other larve or pup in the box
than the villica, and it was obviously impossible for the alni to have
crawled into the box. The box was on a shelf in the greenhouse.

I have exhaustively searched the box and can find no trace of any
empty pupa case, and the box contained nothing else than a little fine
earth and a piece of cork attached to which is the cocoon and live pupa
of the villica.

I have never seen a larva of alni, nor have | heard of the moth
being taken in this neighbourhood or ever come across a live speci-
men of the perfect insect until to-day.

Probably you will think this story ought to have been sent either
to Messrs. Maskelyne and Cook, or to Mr. Vale Owen and not to a
serious scientific entomological publication. The facts nevertheless
remain.—B. Barnarp CrurksHank, Gosport, Hants. May 2nd, 1920.

Tue Wicken Fen Funn, 1920.—It wonld seem hardly necessary
to say more than to remind our readers that the Treasurer of this most
useful fund, Mr. W. G. Sheldon, Youlgrave, South Croydon, is at the
“receipt of custom,” and to ask all.to send him thei annual
contributions at an early date, and to obtain further subscribers from
their fellow entomologists.

GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria, Vol.
xili., 1919, has just come to hand and contains investigations of the life
histories of various insects of economic importance, including the genus
Anastrepha (Dip.), the Ayaonini (Hym. Chal.), the Coccid (Sphaerole-
canium prunastri) of the plum-tree, and that of the nut-tree (Hulecanium
coryli), and a long article with many illustrations of an irruption of

CURRENT NOTES. 101

species of field mice in Puglia doing enormous damage to all the crops,
in 1911 and again in 1916.

In the Ent. News for February, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell gives an
account of the species of Halictus (Hym.) which visit evening flowers,
with a large number oi personal observations carried on for many
years. He reports some species as flying about the flowers earlier in
the evening before any signs of opening was visible. W. L. MacAtee
writes on “ Specific, Subspecific and Varietal Categories of Insects and
asserts that ‘‘ Entomologists will do well to profit by the experience of
workers in ornithology and mammology,” a remark which to ento-
mologists is like asking that the “ mountain go to the molehill.” The
writer sums up the forms which up to a few years ago were lumped
together under the term “variety.” We quote his remarks—‘ A
variety in entomology, actually of less than specific rank, may be one
of three things: (1) It may be a true subspecies or geographic race,
present material being insufficient to decide the point; (2) It may be
a colour phase, that is, albinistic, melanistic, erythroic or the like, an
appearance it may assume anywhere in the range of the species that
may affect all subspecies alike (proof of its nature) but which usually
is recognisable as a phase of a simple colour gradation, often as the
alternative of two colour states as albinism and melanism, and it
should not have a name which will have to be reckoned with in
scientific nomenclature ; and (8) It may be a variety such as is known
in many insects that cannot be subspecific in its nature, because
unrelated to distribution, that does not answer to the definition of
colour phase, here given, but the real nature of which admittedly is
not understood. It seems to the writer that these varieties have the
importance, and in a way the attributes of subspecies except correlation
with geographical distribution, and that they should be named. From
a purely nomenclatorial point of view the fact that we do not know
what colour varieties really are is unimportant, and the writer’s
contention is that we shall be much longer learning what they are,
unnamed, than if named.” We would add, what has always been our
contention, that each name.after the species name should have its
nomenclatorial rank prefixed, to inform readers and subsequent
students the position of mind of the writer as to the gradation of the
form. Much of the article gives food for thought on the vexed Nomen-
clatorial question. We note that a duplication of names, to which we
called attention some months ago, has now been corrected. The
Coleophora apicella being a pre-occupied name, C. apicialbella is
proposed for the species described in Ent. News, xxx. 109 (1909).

The Irish Nat. for March contains an article on the “ Coleoptera
in Co. Kerry,” by Oliver EH. Janson, ¥.E.S., giving an account
of a holiday spent there in June, 1919. He records eight species not
recorded in Johnson and Ga lerts Trish List, and mentions a number
of species in which melanism was much pronounced. The Rey.
W. T. Johnson gives a series of further notes on “ Irish Jehnewmonidae
and Braconidae,” and Sir Charles Langham, Bart., deals with the
occurrence of Odonata in 1919 in Co. Wicklow. Practically the
whole number treats of Entomology.

The Hnt. Mo. May. for March gives a very interesting account of
the life of Lord Walsingham from the pen of Mr. J. H. Durrant, who
for so many years was associated with him at Merton. Dr. R. ©. L.

102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Perkins writes a series of “Notes on British Psammocharidae
(Pompilidae),” giving an analysis of the species dealt with. Mr.
T. Laing deals with the Aphid genus Atheroides, and gives detail
figures of the various species in Britain.

The New York Agricultural Experimental Station continues to add
to its admirable series of Bulletins from the Geneva station. The
latest, “The control of the Green Apple Aphis in Orchards,” deals
with the Aphis pomi of De Geer, which has, like most of the immigrant
aliens in the New World, increased and multiplied abundantly in some
fruit growing areas. The life-history and methods of attack of the
aphis are dealt with in detail. It is stated that the fruit is also much
disfigured by the sooty fungus (fwmago vagans) which thrives upon
the excretions of the aphis. The conclusions drawn from the
experiments carried out are that in regions known to be annually
attacked reliance should be placed on “ the delayed dormant” treatment
with lime, sulphur, and nicotine sulphate, together with a supple-
mentary spraying during midsummer with nicotine sulphate and soap
‘‘when the aphis threatens to develop in destructive numbers.”
There are several plates of figures showing attacked foliage and fruit.

The Entomologist for February contains another very useful con-
tribution to the biology of the more or less unknown life cycles of the
smaller Lepidoptera from the pen of Mr. W. G. Sheldon. This time
he deals with Lobesia permiatana, the larve of which he found fed well
upon oak and refused birch and golden rod upon which it had
previously been stated to have been found. There are articles on
Crimean Lepidoptera by V. V. Nabokoff, on South Hants and 8. Devon
Lepidoptera by A. E. Burras, on Butterflies in Macedonia by H. Mace,
and on Norfolk Lepidoptera by G. H. Gurney. - Leonard Tatchel has
a capital ficure of a striking aberration of Arctia catia recently bred by
him.

The Report and Trans. of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society for 1917
has recently come to hand, and contains a deal of matter of local
interest and a continuation of the records and observations made in the
various sections. The article in which we are more particularly
interested is the “‘ Lepidoptera of Glamorgan,” by H. M. Halleti,
F.E.S., who has collected all the records from various authorities and
with his own personal records has compiled a most useful annotated
list of over forty pages, which no doubt should be much larger had
there been more devotees tothe micro-lepidoptera. We know thatinsome
quarters it is customary to sneer at “county records,” but it is only by
such periodical gathering together of local observations, a work which
is usually undertaken with considerable enthusiasm, that questions of
distribution can be advanced and general progress in our study made.
Especially is this so when a short note is added on the geographical
conditions of the area worked, soil, aspect, vegetation, rainfall, etc. The
arrangement is that given in those admirably illustrated volumes on the
British Butterflies and Moths by R. South, a wise proceeding perhaps,
as these are so universally used by beginners, and are found in most
public libraries, while at the same time the author recognises the fact
that ‘various changes’? have been made in nomenclature since the
issue of these volumes. More than fifty species of butterflies have
been recorded for the county. Still there is much to be done, only
seven species of “‘ Plumes,” two species of Coleophora, four of Scoparia

SOCIETIES. ° 1038

(sens. lat.), two Argyresthia, eight Depressaria, one Micropterya, etc.,
have up to now been recorded. This List wanted doing, and will be
quite indispensable to all future workers in the order in the county.

SocIETIES.

Tue EnromontocicaL Society or Lonpon.

february 4th, 1920.—EHuection or Frettows.—Miss Winifred EH.
Brenchley, D.Sc., F.L.S., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpen-
den, Herts; Messrs. Alfred Ellis Burras, 3, Connaught Road, North
End, Portsmouth ; Albert Krnest Hodge, 14, Astonville Street, South-
fields, 5.W. 18: Rev. Melville Jones, 16, New Bridge Street, E.C. 4,
and Hope Fountain, Box 283, Bulwayo, Rhodesia; Messrs. George
Beddome Curtis Leman, George Curtis Leman, Sydney Curtis Leman,
Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney Heath, S.W. 15; and Frank
Reginald Mason, Oxford, Harpenden, Herts, were elected Fellows of
the Society.

Nomination or Vicz-Presipents.—The President announced that
he had nominated Dr. A. D. Imms, the Rt. Honble. Lord Rothschild,
and Mr. W. G. Sheldon, as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing session.

THE PROTECTIVE MOVEMENTS OF THE CONSPICUOUS LARVA OF THE
CatocaLIne motTH, CocytopEs c@RuLEA, GuER.—Prof. Poulton exhibited
a coloured figure of the moth taken in Fiji; also the moth bred from
one of the larve by the same naturalist.

Morus FLYING, BUT NOT AT REST, CAPTURED BY Bars.—Prof. Poulton
drew attention to an observation by Mr. W. Feather at Kibwezi, B.E.
Africa, that he had watched the bats flying in the room and taking
moths, mainly Cyligramma latona, Cram., and C. limacina, Guér.

Musca autumnatis, De G. (corvina, F.), HYBERNATING IN A LOFT
at St. Hewen’s, Iste or Wicut, as in 1914-15 anv 1917-18.—Prof.
Poulton said that he had visited the loft on December 16th, 1919, and
found one long narrow patch of many hundred flies and another small
one of several dozen. A few were swept by hand from the former
patch into a small box, and, when examined, were found to consist of
11 gsand 24 sof M. autumnalis.

OpHIoN UNDULATUS, Grav., BRED FRoM Bompyx quercus, L., cocoons,
From N. SrarrorpsHire.—Prof. Poulton exhibited six examples of this
fine Ichneumonid, said by Mr. Claud Morley to be common.-neither
here nor on the continent (Brit. Ichneumons, vol. v., Ophioninae, p.
279).

OBSERNATIONS ON THE RED (GREGORYI, Dist.) AND GREEN (SPECIOSA,
Metic.) Forms or THE Homoprexon Ityrma nigRocincta, WALK., at
Kiswezt, B.K. Arrica.—Prof. Poulton reported the detailed observa-
tions made on this subject by Mr. W. Feather.

Hixoric Ruopatocrra.—Mr. G. Talbot exhibited the following species
on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey :—Dasyophthalma rusina, Godt. A melanic
aberration of the female in which the bands are only present as vestiges.
Papilio ridleyanus, White. Dark aberrations of the male in which the
red spots of the forewing are obscured by dark scaling, which have
received the name of fuwmata, Niep. Papilio phidias, Ob. A male
example of this very rare and extraordinary species from Tonkin.
Heliconius from Matto Grosso:—-1. A distinct form of elevatus, Nold.,
probably undescribed and connecting this form with bari, Ob. 2. A

104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

species of melpomene race thelaiope from Para, showing its great likeness
to the elevatus form. 3. Fivestriking forms of melpomene race penelope,
Ster. 4. Forms of melpomene race amandus, Gr.-Sm. 5. H. erate
race phyllis, Fbr. This form chiefly resembles the amandus form above.
6. A form of erato race phyllis which resembles the hydara race. This
is probably new. 7. A form of erato similar to the erythraea form from
Guiana. 8. A form of erato near ottonis, Riff. 9. A form of erato near
tellus, Ob., with a yellow discal spot on the hindwing. 10. A series of
erato race tellus, Ob., showing variation in the yellow patch of forewing
similar to what is seen in specimens of this form from French Guiana.
11. H. xanthocles race melete, Feld. A form with the yellow pateh
showing a larger black spot than in typical specimens from Upper
Amazons and Peru. 12. A form of aeode showing condensed yellow
patch in forewing, and thereby exhibiting a transition to astydamia,
Hrichs. 18. Huetdes, sp. nov., allied to eveidina, Ob., also shown. It
is evident that the Matto Grosso district around Cuyaba would yield
some very interesting results in Heliconius if a large collection were
made.

Europrran OrtHoptera.— Lieut. EK. B. Ashby exhibited many species
chiefly from Arquata Scrivia, N. Italy.

Larva and Pura or a Moreno.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a
tinted photograph of the larval habit of assembly, when not feeding, of
Morpho laertes (2) sent to him by Mr. F. Lindeman of Sao Paulo,
Brazil, and also a coloured photograph of the pupa in situ showing its
close protective resemblance, and read a long detailed note from his
correspondent.

Some Iranian Races or Zycmna TRaNSALPINA, Esp.—Mr. Hy. J.
Turner also exhibited several races of the very variable Zygaena trans-
alpina from peninsular Italy, sent to him by Signor Querci, and stated
the relationship of the various forms as explained by Dr. Verity of
Florence. He questioned whether the relationship of the forms as at
present suggested would stand when the races occurring in other parts
of the peninsula had been studied.

Lord Rethschild observed that the same range of variation was
exhibited in Z. ephialtes.

An Autograph oF CxHartes Darwin.—The Rey. F. D. Morice
exhibited a book of Charles Darwin’s (Descent of Man) given by the
author “with kind regards” (autograph) to the late Mr. Roland
Trimen.

RemaRKABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE HIND LEG OF A F'emate Bex.—Mr.
Morice also called attention to the very abnormally developed hindlegs
of a ? bee of the genus Megachile from Mesopotamia, apparently
belonging to a section of the genus in which no character at all similar
had yet been described in either sex.

Aprrrant Prustas.—Lord Rothschild exhibited two aberrant speci-
mens of the genus Plusia in which species remarkable aberration is
very unusual.

Hast Arrican Fratipm.—Dr. C. J. Gahan exhibited specimens of
the East African Flatidae named /tyraea patricia, Melich., J. speciosa,
Melich., J. electa, Melich., and J. gregoryt, Dist., and said he believed
them to be all forms of the South African species /tyraea nigrocincta,
Walk., with which they agree in structural characters.

Mr. Herbert Ee. Page, ‘** Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, New. Cross,
s.&. 14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from
_ January 15th to December 15th, 1920.) ©

-_Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ ssa ganitieh should be
notified to Mr. Herbert HE. Page, “Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.E. 14
° “Apyzprisemens of Books and Insects fcv Salo, or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
= charge of 28. 6d. (for four lines), “Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A reduction made for a series,

~ Particulars of Mr, Herbert E. Page, ‘*Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.B. 14
: Subseribers who change. their add@resses must report the same to Mr. Ii. It. Paas ™ Bertrose,”
Ee: | Gellatly, Road, New Sees London, 8.E., otherwise their magazines will probably bs delayed,

Ae

a Naw Gabinets and Apparatus.—Noie: Finest make only, and best
- rfaterial only used.

+ 12,20, 30 and 40 drawer eee in polished deal or mahogany. Specifications
and prices on application.
‘Standard take Store Boxes, 10x38, 5/6; 13x9, 7-3 14x10, 8); 16x11, 9/-3
ee 12, 10/-; postage 6d. extra. Special price by taking 12 or more of oné size.

“Insect and Ege Cases, Jointed Nets, Pins ones 8), Zine Collecting Boxes, Setting

~ Boards, Killing Tins, etc., etc.
Write for complete lists of set specimens, apparatus, laxvee and pupe.
LEONARD TATCHELL, Lepidopterist; 43, Spratt Hall Roa, Wanstead, E.11.

e ' Duplicates.—Varleyata and other varieties of Grossulariata.
— varieties and local forms. Spilosoma urtice, Advenaria, and other ordinary species to
~tenew old series. Good’ Tortrices and Tineae.—Geo. T. Porritt, Hhn Lea; Dalton,
~ Huddersfield.
ets Desider dta:—Cratexgata., Geenbnoaben paNdibipa immaterial. Duplicates. —Dominula,
~ mendica, and numerous common Species: —E. A. Cockayne, 65, Westbourne Terrace, W.2,

Subscriptions for Vol. 200K. a6 shillings) should be sent to

Desiderata.—Good ;

Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the —

~~ world of any butterflies included in the British list. Settine immaterial; exact data
_ indispensable. Liberal. return made.—JV..G. Pether, ‘* Thelma,” 4, Witlow Bridge
-- Road, London, N. 1. © :
Swe Duplicates. (all Clydesdale).— Avthiops, Selene, Icarus, Phlceas, Hectus, Mundana,
- Perla, Fulya, Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata, Cambrica, Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,
Pristata, Boreata, Merecurella, Angustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Truncicolella, Derepitalis,
Kuhmella, Fusea, Margaritellus, Hortuellus, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana, Solan-
drinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, Stramineana, Rivulana, Urticana, Octomaculana,
Perlepidana, Vaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana, Myllerana. Desiderata—Numerous.
—d, A. Dalglish, 7, Keir Street, Glasgow.
Duplicates.—Phigalia pedatia, méelani¢ and intermediate ae in great variety.
Desiderata,. —Numerous couimon species.—M. Corbett, 8, Thorne Road, Doncaster.

Mr. Donisthorpe wiil still be glad to receive ants and. ‘Myrmecophiles from all parts

of the British Isles, and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough te send them to
him. He would however suggest that ants from-any other parts of the world be sent to
his colleague, Mr. W. C. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14. My. Crawley is
Specialising on the ants of the world, and it is a matter for congratulation that we should

possess an Entomologist in this country whose whole attention should be concentrated on
this branch of Entomology.

Pa MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

~ Entomological Society of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W,,
8 p.m. 1920, June 2nd ; October 6th and 20th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hiber nia
Chaniberd London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.—
Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H. 3.

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i eee : PAGE,
: Collecting in Turkey in 1919, Major P. P. Graves, F.E.S... pe: Migs ne Secs Loe
On Emergence of the Grypocera and Rhopalocera, Roger Verity, M.D. be Fo ee LOT,

Notes and Observations on the Lepidoptera of the Witley District, A. 4. Tullett, PES, 110
The Swiss Species of the Genus Hesperia, B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S. .. Se ap Pye AY
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COLLECTING IN TURKEY In 1919, 105

Collecting in Turkey in 1919.
By Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.

My chief captures of the past year—Hamearis lucina, Lampides
boeticus and Melanargia larissa —all new to me at Constantinople have
already been noted in the Hint. Record. A fourth—Hipparchia briseis,
of which I caught a damaged male early in September at Kiathané, is
also an addition, but I am sure this insect occurs in some of the very
suitable dry areas, which I have not yet worked in July and August.

Butterflies—with the exception of a few species, e.y., Plebetus aeyon,
Polyommatus icarus, and at one locality Agriades thersites—were not
very common, save in the first half of August, when I found quite a
number of species in large numbers at Kiathané—notably Mrynnis
orientalis, Hesperia armoricanus and Scolitantides baton. 1 took on
Aueust 16th at Kiathané in a damp spot, which in the spring had
given me what I took for H. malvae, a 3 specimen either of this
species or of H. malvoides. As soon as postal communications with
the outer world are reasonably secure I shall have the genitalia of this
specimen examined. So far the only Constantinople H. malvae, which
has been sent by me for microscopic examination, proved to be
HA, malvae—neither H. pontica nor H. malvoides. Is it possible that
malvae in this latitude has a partial second-brood ?

Many normally safe localities near Constantinople were unsafe. A
few days after I had paid a visit to Gyék-Su, “ brigands ’—who bore a
most curious resemblance, so I learnt, to some missing gendarmes,
carried off three market gardeners, whose families had to pay up a
trifle of 1500 Turkish pounds—paper pounds, praise be to Allah !—
before they were released. Several evildoers haunted the Alemdagh
Forest during the summer and committed a series of horrible crimes
that shocked even the case-hardened gendarmes, who at last rounded
up the band and shot fourteen out of fifteen of them. Their last
exploit had been to torture a man and woman, whom they found
tramping along the roads in search of work, till both went mad.
They were a mixed crowd, Turks and Albanians. So I failed to hunt
for Bithys quercus, Melitaea athalia var. mehadiensis and Argynnis
cydippe in these fine woods this year.

I paid a good deal of attention—inspired by Dr. Verity’s fascinating
paper—to the subject of the emergence of various Rhopalocera and
Grypocera, and having found my collection and notes practically
intact was able to look up past records. My deductions, which are
still provisional in some cases, are the following :—

1. The quies aestiva in this region lasts from about July 10-15 to
July 25-31. This state is more marked in dry and open, than
in moist and wooded, areas.

2. Frost so seldom occurs with any intensity before Christmas,
and November and early December are so frequently warm and bright,
that I am inclined to consider that the offspring of the P., tcarus and
Coenonympha pamphilus, which appear late in October and differ. little
from the vernal specimens, have a very fair chance of survival, and
that their parents should be deemed a true, if partial third brood.

8. Of the Urbicolids and Lycenids (sensu lato), the following are
certainly triple brooded:—Hrynnis alceae, Rumicia phlaeas, Loweia
dorilis, Aricia medon, A. anteros and P. icarus (partially). I have not

June 1drx,. 1920.

106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

yet made up my mind as to whether the long summer emergence of
Chrysophanus thersamon represents one or two ‘broods.’ My dates
cover a period beginning at the very end of June and terminating in
mid-September. The following are certainly double brooded :—
Nisoniades tages, Hrynnis orientalis, Hesperia armoricanus (seemingly
triple brooded at Smyrna), Powellia orbifer, Plebetus aegon, Ayriades
thersites and Cupido sebrus (ostris), I am not certain whether
Scolitantides baton has two or three broods. So far I have remarked
with this species, two periods of relative abundance—late April or
early May according to season being the first, and the end of July and
first half of August being the second. But fresh or comparatively
fresh specimens may turn up according to my records in June, early
July, and late September.

Celastrina argiolus has certainly two broods. Specimens taken in
September have not been fresh enough for me to assume the existence
of a third brood with complete confidence.

Turning to other groups—Papilio machaon has three broods, the
main emergence of each being in April, late June and early July, and
September in normal years. Pieris brassicae has’ certainly three
broods, possibly four, and except in May, when it is rare and ragged in
ordinary years, may be found in good order any day between March
20th and November 15th. Pieris rapae first appears somewhat later
and can be taken fresh and frequent in early November. Pvteris napi
seemingly emerges in the last 10 days of March and the first half of
April in normal years. Its second brood is well out by June 12th, and
“forwards’’ showing the characteristic features of that brood may
ocecasionally be taken in the last days of May. A third brood appears
in September. .My only Pontia chloridice was taken at a date, which
suggests a third brood, viz., September 8th.

Iphiclides podalirius may be, and Brenthis dia certainly is, triple-
brooded. Other possibly triple-brooded species are Melitaea trivia and
Leptosia sinapis, while Pararge megera, Colias edusa, and Pontia daplidice
are regularly triple-brooded. On the other hand I have not yet taken
“second brood” specimens of Melitaea cinaia, or Cyaniris semiargus .
in this ‘neighbourhood. Worn ¢s of Satyrus circe and Epinephele
jurtina appear, as noted in Tuscany by Dr. Verity, in late August and
early September. This seems to be the case with Hipparchia semele as
well, though here gs are to be found with ¢s in early September.

Kury Yawova.

From August 21st to August 28rd last year I stayed at this place,
but my collecting was badly disturbed by the bites of flies—one
species which regularly bit between eye and ear being peculiarly
inimical—and I spent part of August 22nd in bed with a touch of
fever and a face in which eyes and other features required some
looking for. I took or noted the following species :—Nisoniades tages,
Erynnis alceae (worn), Hesperia armoricanus ?, Chrysophanus thersamon
1 g, Loweta dorilis 1 g just out, Nveres ? alcetas (worn), P. icarus, P.
aegon near Yalova port, Raywardia telicanus, Aricia medon {very worn),
I. podalirius, P. rapae or P. manni one worn ¢ only, P. brassicae,
Colias edusa, G. rhamni, L. sinapis very fresh and large, Polygonia
c-album, Pyrametis carduti, P. atalanta, Limenitis camilla, Dryas
pandora, D. paphia (worn), Melitaea didyma (fresh), S. circe (worn), S.

ON EMERGENCE OF THE GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 107

syriaca (worn), S. statilinus var. fatuaeformis (a few fairly fresh gs
seen, one ? taken), HL. jurtina (worn 2s), Pyronia tithonus (worn),
Pararge megera, P. aeyeria (a few), and C. pamphilus.

One expected better results from a well wooded valley in Bithyria
even so late as the third week of August, but I had not really the time
to work the vicinity of the hotel, and if I visit the place again late in
the season, I must try to explore the neighbouring mountains, which
run up to about 3,000 feet and are well supplied with pine-woods. But
‘a remedy or a protection against the local fly ‘‘ imposes itself’ as the
French say, and without either I fear Kury Yalova in Autumn.

On Emergence of the Grypocera and Rhopalocera in relation to
Altitude and Latitude.
Illustrated chieflygby the Sibillini Mts. (Central Italy) and by the Baths of
Valdieri (Maritime Alps).
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Concluded from p. 71.)

The two localities above-mentioned offer examples of the greatest
modifications which altitude can produce in the emergence of Lepi-
doptera. Itis needless to add that in intermediate altitudes, generally
speaking, lesser modifications are found, but on the other hand local
causes have notable influence. Thus, on the hills in the neighbour-
hood of Florence alone sensible differences are observed both in the
epochs of emergence and in the aspect of the species. Mount Fanna,
600m. high, is identical with the plain below; Mount Conca, above
Fontebuona di Vaglia, which rises on the northern slope of Monte
Morello, at only 400 m., offers a different fauna from that of the plain,
and a later emergence.

In the mountains the annual meteorological conditions are felt even
more than in the plain, especially with regard to precocious emergence.
I need only mention the example of Parnassius mnemosyne, which in
1918 was found very abundantly by Querci at the end of June and at
the beginning of July at Bolognola, whilst in 1913 only a few old in-
dividuals had been found, and the inhabitants of that locality assured
him that the species had emerged in great quantities at the end of
May and at the beginning of June, which in that year were exceptionally
mild. -

Novres ON THE EFFECTS OF LATITUDE.

Above all, one can repeat in a general way what has been said with
regard to altitude, namely, that, taking into account the number of
broods, the differences between the different latitudes are much less
than might appear at first sight. The data offered by entomological
literature are very vague and confused, and those of Southern Europe
almost nil with regard to the trigenerate species, because the two sum-
mer broods have always been treated as a single one, or on the contrary
as an indefinite series of overlapping emergences. I will limit myself,
therefore, to a few observations on the material collected from April
20th to June 20th, 1918, by the Querci family at S. Martino delle Seale,
in Sicily, which is a good example of one of the least elevated latitudes
in Iiurope, and on the very exact indications which the Enelish ento-
imologists have furnished about their own country, which is an example

108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

of the highest latitudes and of the extreme limits in which various
bigenerate and trigenerate species exist and produce more than one
annual cycle.

It might be objected that S. Martino is 700 m. high, and that at
that height emergences might differ less from the northern ones than
is the case in the Sicilian plain. This difference, however, between
plain and hills is reduced to a fortnight, which is not surprising, -
because already in Tuscany it is very small at that height, and because
as one proceeds further south the effect of altitude, as we have seen,
always tends to diminish.

Let us note, therefore, that at S. Martino the first brood of the
trigenerates is seen to extinguish itself at the same epoch as in Florence,
except croceus, already extinguished on April 20th, instead of being
prolonged into May. ‘The second brood of this last as well as that of
daplidice, emerges from May 5th to June 20th, rather than respectively
from the end and from the middle of June to the middle of July, as in
Florence. Of phlaeas and brassicae the second brood has been collected
at the same epoch as in Florence; of rapae it had not yet appeared on
June 20th, from which it would seem later than in Florence, and this
need not surprise us, because the first brood was more abundant in
May than at Florence, where it chiefly emerges in April and very
sporadically in May. Also in the case of the following species the
second brood had not appeared on June 20th; there is no doubt that
they emerge at the same epoch as in Florence, a little after this date,
because Ragusa says of some of them that the ‘‘ summer” brood begins
in June: medon, cleopatra, machaon, and podalirius. Of the bigenerate
species, pamphilus and cardui emerge until June 20th; the first always
has the characteristics of the first brood; it follows that its second
brood does not commence certainly sooner than in Tuscany. The
second brood of icarus has instead appeared since June 10th instead of
at the end of the month. Of the annual species atulanta has appeared
fresh during the first days of May instead of at the end; jurtina
- is in advance with regard to Florence, and it is an entire month in
advance, because the g begins on May 12th and the @ on the 28rd; the
others emerge contemporaneously with Florence: minimus, rubi,
crameri, cardamines, crataegt, ida, galathea, cinvia, and didyma ; the last,
however, ceased to emerge on June 10th, whilst at Florence it lasts
till July 20th. Unfortunately precise data are wanting as to the third
broods, but, as Ragusa alludes to various trigenerates in August, Sep-
tember, and October, and we have seen that the first two broods
correspond with the greatest exactitude to the Tuscan ones, it is to be
presumed that the brood corresponds equally, or is somewhat delayed
by a more prolonged ‘‘ summer pause.”

It is not yet possible to follow the behaviour of all the species with
regard to the increase of latitude because the data concerning the tri-
generates, which are naturally the most interesting, do not distinguish
accurately between the two summer broods, which are nearly always
confused into one only. We cannot, therefore, decide at what latitude
their restriction really happens. This must be very different in the
different species; it is enough to say that phlacas and aeyerta emerge
three times a year and at the same epochs from Sicily to central
England, and that rhanmi instead has only one brood all over England.
The other trigenerates have two broods in the greater part of Central

ON EMERGENCE OF THE GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 109

Europe as far as England, which emerge contemporaneously with
those of the bigenerates: the first from April to June (according to the
locality and the years, which are more variable than in the south), and
the second, often very partial, from the end of July to the beginning
of September. Brassicae generally follows this rule, but in very
favourable years produces a third brood, which is abundant when the
second brood has emerged precociously from the end of June to the
beginning of July. Sporadic individuals of various species are fre-
quently seen in October, but it is the case of precocious autumnal
individuals of the first brood, which do not constitute in the British
Isles a third brood, as in analogous cases they do not constitute a fourth
brood in Italy.

Brassicae offers, on the contrary, in England a good example of
the true transformation of a trigenerate into a bigenerate, which
gradually shows itself in more or less favourable years. This recalls
the analogous phenomenon produced by altitude observed in the Alps,
and contrasts with the phenomenon of simple ‘‘ suppression ’’ of one
brood, without changing the epoch of the others, which happens in some
localities and years in peninsular Italy. To suppression is generally
to be attributed the missing emergence of the second brood of machaon
in England. It is already constantly reduced to two broods, but in the
colder summers the second brood is missing altogether; in those less
cold a greater or lesser number of individuals complete a summer
cycle, and their progeny succeeds in becoming chrysalids in time to
winter with the remainder of the spring generation. This division of
families into a group of rapid development and into one of slower
development, which leaps over a brood, has been frequently observed
in nearly all the species by the entomologists of northern countries,
and there is no doubt that it happens also very often in the south,
where it explains also partial and suppressed broods.

The bigenerates of the South of Europe nearly all remain such up
to the latitude of central Mngland, simply reducing the length of their
epoch of emergence, which are identical with those above recorded for
the two northern broods of the triple-brooded. Only polychloros is
already reduced to one single annual cycle in the whole of the British
Isles. The fact is worth noting that on the contrary urticae succeeds
in very mild autumns in producing a small number of individuals in
October, because some of those of the brood of August-September,
instead of preparing to winter, copulate and produce progeny ; thus
the third partial extraordinary brood winters consequently together
with the second brood, and together with a few individuals from the
first brood of June, who retire to winter and fall into lethargy for ten
months until the following April. All this shows what an extra-
ordinary power of adaptability, and what great resources, are possessed
by Lepidoptera to adapt themselves to different meteorological condi-
tions and to survive even sudden changes, which to them must be
catastrophic !

In England the annual species follow the same rules as those
mentioned with regard to altitude: the spring species emerge every
year according to the climatic conditions, owing to which a precocious
species like curdamines can be delayed until June when the winter is
prolonged, or crataegi until July; the species proper to June in Italy
emerge normally in July or at the beginning of August; the species of

110 THE ENTOMOLOGIS£ S RECORD.

July and August emerge exactly at the same epoch from England to
the South of Europe.

Finally let us remark that at higher latitudes than that of central
England, all the bigenerates and trigenerates become annual, emerging,
according to the usual law of such real transformations, at an epoch
intermediate between those of the broods, where two exist. Bearing
in mind also that the transformation from triple-brooded into double-
brooded takes place through the substitution of one emergence only for
the two summer emergences between the epoch of the second and that
of the third, it is possible to have a synthetic conception of the broods
with regard to the latitude. We have already alluded to the fact that
some bigenerate and trigenerate species remain such in all regions
whilst others diminish their annual cycles precociously with the
increase of latitude. It remains to establish where the transformations
of each species occur, bearing in mind that we are not, however, to
expect the number of broods always to decrease northwardly, as intense
summer heat and drought are just as apt to suppress them as the
winter cold, or at least to reduce one brood to an extremely smail
number of individuals. For instance, not a single individual of H.
lucina* or of M. cinaia has, to my knowledge, ever been observed to
emerge during the summer in central or northern Italy, whereas it is
well known that a partial second brood of the former is often produced
from England to Switzerland, and that the second brood of the latter
from Switzerland and the south of France has even been described and
named. Never does wrticae produce more than two broods in central
Italy, and in the plain probably not more than one, whereas in England
it may even produce an exceptional third one, as I have mentioned.
Each species evidently has an “optimum” latitude, where all the
broods are abundant.

Notes and Observations on«the Lepidoptera of the Witley District
from 1912 to 1919.
By AUSTIN A. TULLETT, F.E.S.
(Concluded from page 93.)
Brephos parthenias, L.—Common in March and April flying in
sunshine around sallows. Three taken on a tence, April, 1918.

Gxrometrip#.—Sub-family Geometrinae,

Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hufn.—Common on Hambledon Common
in July.

Geometra papilionaria, L.—A series of seventeen, mostly from larve
obtained on alder in April, May and June (Hambledon and
Chiddingfold.) Larvae from this district will not eat birch
in confinement. There is plenty of birch growing in the
vicinity and even close where the alder grows.

Geometra vernaria, Hb.—Two, Witley, July 12th, 1912. Taken at
heght.

Huchloris pustulata, Hufn.—Very common at dusk in June and July
in Hambledon Woods.

Todis lacteavia, L4.—Common in June in Hambledon Woods.

* Dr. Christ took it at Lecco in Aug., 1879, and Miss Fountaine at Olgiate in
Sept., 1893 (See my ‘“‘ Butt. of Switz., ete.,’” p. 51.)—G.W.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF. THE WITLEY Districr. 112

Hemithea striyata, Mull.—Common at dusk, and can be beaten from
hedges in June and July at Hambledon Woods. Larve
beaten fully grown from hawthorn in May, 1918, in
Hambledon Woods.

GromEtTRiDm.—Sub-family Acidaliinae.

Ptychopoda (Acicalia) viryulavia, Hb.—One, May. One, April, 1918.
One, June 25th. Three, July, 1912.

Ptychopoda (A.) straminata, Tr.—One, July, 1912. Two, July 26th,
RO elo: se rout:

Ptychopoda (A.) interjectaria, Bdy.—One, Witley, June, 1919.

Ptychopoda (A.) subsericeata, Vw.—leven, taken at dusk near
Chiddingfold, in June, 1919.

Ptychopoda (A.) inornata, Hw.—One, July, 1912. One, July 16th, 1918.
Ptychopoda (A.) aversata, L.——Common in Witley district in June and
July.
Ptychopoda (4) bisetata, Hufn.—Common generally in the district in

July.

Ptychopoda (A.) dimidiata, Hufn.—Ten, July, Witley. One, June,
Witley. Beaten out of bramble bushes.

Ptychopoda (A.) trigeminata, Hw.—Not common. Three on June 26th,
1918; beaten out of bramble bushes.

Leptomeris (Acidalia) remutaria. Hb.—Very common in the woods in
May. lLarve to be found commonly on Sallow, July to
September.

Leptomeris (Acidalia) imitaria, Hb.—Not uncommon in the hedges
and woods in June and July. 6

Ania emarginata, L.—Two, July, 1912. One, July, 1919, beaten out
of bushes.

Timandra amata, l.—Common in Hambledon district in June and
July.

Kphyra porata, F.—Three, August. Five, June. One, September.
Three, May. Beaten out of bushes or found on tree-trunks
in Hambledon Woods.

Iiphyra punctaria, L.—Seven, May. Two, June. Beaten from
bushes or taken from tree-trunks in Hambledon district.

Hphyra lineavia, Hb.—One, Witley, June 2nd, 1912. Not common
here.

Ephyra annulata, Schulze.—Five, May, Four, June, Witley. One,
July. Beaten out of bushes in Hambledon district.

Cosymbia (Hphyra) pendularia, Cl.—Five, May. ‘Two, June, Witley.

Sub-family Hydriomeninae.

Ortholitha plunbaria, ¥.—One, June 21st. One, June, 1912, taken on
Hambledon Common ; beaten out of heather.

Ortholitha limitata, Scop.——Common in July in meadows during
the day.

Minoa murinata, Scop.—Two, June, 1918. ‘The Hill,’ Lower
Woods, beaten out of brambles. Seven, May, 1919,
Chiddingfold Woods.

Odezia atrata, Li.—One, Witley, September, 1913.

Anaitis playiata, L.—Not uncommon in May and June in Hambledon

Woods.

112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Chesias spartiata, Fuesl—One, Witley, October 15th, 1911.

Lricopterya (Lobophora) carpinata, Bkb.—Not uncommon on fences in
April and May.

Tricopteryx rivetata, Hb.—Two, May, 1919. One, June. Taken on
pine trees opposite ‘‘ The Hill.”

» Lobophora halterata, Hufn.—Two, May, 1919. At dusk in fields near
Hambledon Church. L. B. Prout.

Mysticopterya (Lobophora) sevalisata, Hb.—Rare. One, near Hamble-
don, 10th June, 1919. Mr. H. Smith.

Cheimatobia brumata, L.—Common in November at ivy. Taken in
December on fences.

Cheimatobia boreata, Hb —Common at ivy and on fences in November
and December.

Triphosa dubitata, Li.—One, April 15th, 1912. One, October 15th,
1911. One, July 30th, 1914.

Hucosmia certata, Hb.— One, May 8rd, 1919. Taken while resting on
Museum onter door 2 p.m. Rare.

Hucosmia undulata, L.—Common on bilberry opposite ‘The Hill,”
July, 1912, but bas not turned up so frequently since.

Eustroma silaceata, Hb.—Not uncommon in May and June on tree
trunks, and was also beaten out of bushes.

Lygris prunata, L.— One, Witley, July 12th, 1912.

Lygris testata, L.—Five, 27th August, 1918. Chiddingfold. Specimens
from Northumberland agree very well with these.

Lygris populata, L.—Three, August. Two, September, 1913.

Lygris associata, Bkh.—Three, June. Three, July, 1918. One, May,

e 1919. Chiddingfold, beaten from bushes.

Cidaria pyraliata, Hb.—Not uncommon.

Cidaria corylata, Thun.—Not uncommon on pine-tree trunks opposite
“The Hill,” May and June.

Cidaria fulvata, Yorst.—A series of twenty-two in June, 1914.

Cidaria truncata, Hufn.—Not uncommon on tree trunks or at light.
May and June. Three specimens taken in September.

Cidaria citrata (immanata), Hw.—Not uncommon in July, August and
September ; beaten from bushes.

Thera obeliscata. Hb.—Not uncommon on pine trunks in May and June.

Thera variata, Schiff.—Not uncommon in May and June on pine trees.

Thera firmata, Hb.—Three, June, 1918. One, September, 1912.

Lampropteryx suffumata, Hb.—One, April, 1918. Two, May. One,
female, June 13th, 1919. Four eggs obtained and three larve
reared to pupal stage by L. Bb. Prout.

Ochyria (Coremia) wnidentaria, Hw.—Common May and June and
again in August and September, by beating from bushes.

Ochyria (Corenia) ferrugata, Cl—Common in May and June.

Ochyria (Coremia) designata, Rott.—Not uncommon in May and June;
slightly variable.

Amoebe viridaria, F.—Not uncommon in June and July.

Malenydris multistrigaria, Hw.—One, March, 1913, Witley.

Malenydris didymata, L.—Not uncommon in Hambledon Woods, June
and July.

Oporabia dilutata, Bkh.—Not uncommon at ivy bloom and on fences,
etc. Late October and November.

Oporabia autwunata, Bkh.—Three, November, 1918, at ivy bloom.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 113

Taken at same time as O. dilutata, but not so plentiful as
latter.

Xanthorhoé montanata, Schiff—Very common everywhere in June.

Xanthorhoe fluctuata, L.—Very common in May and June.

Xanthorhoe sociata, Bkh.—Very common near Hambledon in May and
June, and occurs again in August and September, but not so
plentiful. Very variable in this district. One male, May,
1919, with central band very narrow. Two females, May, 1919,
with grey-ereenish extra wide band, and hindwing not so
heavily marked. The small white band in outer greyish
area not so prominent as in typical specimens. One female,
May, 1919, approaching ab. obscurata.

Xanthorhoé unangulata, Hw.—One, June. One, August, 1919.

Euphyia picata, Hb.—One, June 12th, 1912. One, June 18th, 1918.
Two, June, 1919, taken by Mr. Prout at dusk in fields near
Hambledon.

Eulype hastata, L.—Not uncommon in May and June. A high flier.
A fine female with the black markings reduced, and the white
much clearer than in typical specimens, May, 1919. This
appears to be the rarer form from this district.

Mesoleuca albicillata, 4.— Common in June and July in Witley district
on tree trunks, and at light, ete.

Mesoleuca bicolorata, Hufn.—One, Hambledon, July 10th, 1919,
W. H. Smith.

Mesoleuca ocellata, L.—Not uncommon in May and June on tree
trunks, and beaten out of hedges.

Perizoma affinitata, Stph.—Not common. Three, May, 1912. Four,
June, 1913.

Perizoma alchemillata, L.—One, July 10th, 1912. One, June 4th,
1918, Chiddingfold.

Perizoma flavofasciata, Thun.—Not uncommon near Hambledon and
Chiddingfold in May and June.

Perizoma albulata, Schiff:—Very common during May and June in
meadows near Chiddingfold.

Camptogramma bilineata, L.—Very common in June and July.

Hydriomena impluriata, Hb.—One, May, 1912. Four, June. One,
July, 1919.

Anticlea badiata, Hb.—Not uncommon on fences and tree-trunks, in
March and April.

Anticlea nigrofasiaria, Gz.—Common on fences and tree-trunks in
April, and flying at dusk. 4 pres

Euchoeca obliterata, Hutn.—Not uncommon in Chiddingfold Woods
near the alders in late May and June and early July.

Asthena candidata, Schift.—Occurs more or less frequently in Chidding-
fold Woods in May and June.

Asthena luteata, Schiff—One, June, 1912. Three, June 4th. Two,
June 26th, 1919. One, July 2nd, beaten out of brambles in
“The Hill” lower woods.

Eupithecia oblongata, Thun.—Two, July. Two, August, 1912.

Eupithecia pulchellata, Stph.—One, May. One, July, 1912. Six, May
28th, 1919, from larve bred by L. B. Prout. ‘Twenty-five
larve obtained near Hambledon in July, 1918, six emerged
and the remainder were parasitised.

114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Hupithecia pusillata, ¥.—Five, May 15th-17th, 1918.

Hupithecia indigata, Hb.—Four, May, 1919.

Kupithecia expallidata, Gn. —Five, bred July, 1919, by L. B. Prout,
from larve found on golden-rod in Chiddingfold district,
September, 1918.

Kupithecia assimilata, Gn.—Four, May, 1912. One, September, 1918,
Witley.

Hupithecia absinthiata, Cl.—One, May 6th. Two, June 29th. One,
July 9th, 1919. Bred from larve on golden-rod at Chidding-
fold. September, 1918.

Hupithecia albipunctata, Hw.—One, April. Thirteen, May, 1919.
Bred from larve on angelica in September, 1918, Witley,
L. B. Prout.

Hupithecia vulgata, Hw.—Not uncommon in April and May on tree

trunks and fences, ete. Also beaten from bushes.

Hupithecia lariciata, Frr.—One, May 27th, 1918.

Hupithecta castiyata, Hb.—Not uncommon in May and June.

HKupithecia satyrata, Hb.—One, May 27th. One, June 4th, 1919.

Hupithecta subfulvata, Hw.—Seventeen, bred by Mr. Prout from larve-
on yarrow, September and October, 1918.

Hupithecia haworthiata, Stt.—One, June 12th, 1912.

Kupithecia plumbeolata, Hw.—One, from Woods near Chiddingfold,
May, 1919.

Hupithecia tenuiata, Hb.—One, June 28th, 1918.

Hupithecia sobrinata, Hb.—Three, Witley, July, 1912.

Kupithecia abbreviata, Steph.—Common on fences and tree trunks in
April and May.

Hupithecia nanata, Hb.—Very plentiful on Hambledon Common at
dusk in May.

Perenoptilota fluviata, Hb.—One, June. Two, July, 1912.

Ciloroclystis coronata, Hb.—Seven, May, 1918, beaten from brambles,
“The Hill” lower woods,

Chloroclystis rectangulata, L.—Ten, June, Witley, on fences, ete.

Gymnoscelis pumilata, Hb.—One, March. Four, April. Four, June.
Two, July, 1912.

Sub-family Boarmiinae.

Lomaspilis marginata, L.—Common. May, Juneand July in Chidding-
fold District. Ab. pollutaria, Hb. One, July 4th, 1912.
One, June, 1919.

Ligdia adustata, Schiff.—One, June, 1912.

Bapta binaculata, F.—One, May 22nd. One, June 17th, 1919.
Beaten from brambles in ‘‘ The Hill” lower woods.

Bapta temerata, Hb.—Two, May, 1912. One, May 20th, 1919, taken
off tree-trunk at ‘‘ The Hill.” Six, June.

Cabera pusaria, L.—Common in May, June and August. Larve
plentiful on alder in July and September.

Cabera exanthemata, Scop.—Common in May, June and July. Larvee
common on alder July to September.

Numeria pulveraria, L.—Three, May, 1912. One, June, 1914. One,
June, 1919. Not common. ‘Taken in pine wood.

Ellopia prosapiaria, L.—Common in pine wood on tree trunks during
day, in June.

a
,

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 115.

Metrocampa maryaritaria, L.—Fairly common in Hambledon and
Chiddingfold Woods. June and July.

Ennomos alniaria, L.—One, September 15th, 1912.

Selenia bilunaria, Ksp.—First brood more or less common in March
and April on fences, tree-trunks, ete. Second brood at
light in July.

Hygrochroa syringaria, L.—Not uncommon in Hambledon Woods.
Late June and July at dusk.

Gonodontis bidentata, Cl.—F airly common in June and July on fences
and tree-trunks.

Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn.—One, July 22nd, 1912.

Himera pennaria, Li.—Five males, November, 1911. Four females,
November, 1919, bred from larvee taken at Chiddingfold
Woods, June, 1919.

Orocallis elinguaria, L.—Two, August. Two, July, 1912. One
female, July, from larvee taken at Chiddingfold, April, 1919.

Angerona prunaria, L.—Very common in Hambledon Woods in June ;
some good vars. taken, one exceedingly dark male and also.
mottled forms; one banded male taken July 2nd, 1918, and one
in June, 1919.—A.A.T.

Ourapterya sambucaria, L.—Quite common in July at dusk and at
light.

Eurymene dolabraria, L.—Not common. One, May, 1912. One, June,
1913. One, June, one, July, 1914.

Opisthoyraptis luteolata, Li.—Very common in May, June and August.

Epione advenavria, Hb.—Common on bilberry in May and June.

Venilia maculata, L.—Very common in most woods in the district in
May and June,

Semiothisa liturata, Cl.—Plentiful in pine wood in May, June and July.

Hybernia leucophaearia, Schiff.—Males abundant on fences in February,
females are scarce on fences, but can be obtained by beating
oak trees bearing oldleaves. Males are very variable. Larve
common on oak in April and May.

Hybernia aurantiaria, Ksp.—Not uncommon on fences and also at ivy.
November.

Hybernia marginaria, Bkh.—Very common on fences and tree trunks
in February and March, Larve common on oak in April
and May.

Hybernia defoliaria, Cl.—Males and females abundant on fences and
tree trunks. Males are very variable November, December,
January and February. Most common in December and
January. lLarve plentiful on oak in May.

Anisopterya aescularia, Schiff.—Not plentiful, but can be taken on
fences and tree trunks in February, March and April.

Phigalia pedaria, F.—Males were abundant in January and February,
1918, on fences. One melanic male was taken by Mr. Joicey
February 11th, 1918. Four females, February,1918. Larva
common on oak in May.

Apocheima hispidaria, F.—One male, March 5th, 1918, on fence.
Four males, March 20th, 1919, on fence.—A.A.T.

Pachys stratavia, Hufn.—One, March, 1912. One, April, 1918.

Pachys betulavia, L.—One, May, 1913. One, June 18th, 1918.

Hemerophila abruptaria, Thunbg,—Not uncommon on fences in May.

116 THE KNTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Boarmia gemmaria, Brahm.—Not uncommon at light in July and
August. Occasionally taken on fences.

Boarmia abietaria, Hb.—T wo, July 7th, 1918, on a fence.

Boarmia repandata, L.—Common in June and July.

Boarmia roboraria, Schiff—Not common. Seven, June. Two, July.
Hambledon Woods.

Boarmia consortaria, F.—Not uncommon in May and June in Hamble-
don Woods.

Tephrosia bistortata, Gz.—1st brood extremely common on fences and
tree trunks in February, March and April. 2nd _ brood
common in May and June, much smaller than 1st brood.
Larvee very common on oak, etc. 2nd brood July 11th, 1919.
One male taken February 4th, 1920, on fence. Very early
appearance, can find no other record of this species so early.
—A.A.T.

Tephrosia lividata, Bkh.—Not uncommon on fences in June and July.

Tephrosia consonaria, Hb.—Not uncommon in May and June. Turned
up plentifully in 1919.

Tephrosia crepuscularia, Hb.—Not common, a series of seventeen from
Witley, mostly from a fence.

Tephrosia punctularia, Hb.—Common on Birch trees and fences in May.

Gnophos obscuraria, Hb.—One, Witley, August 2nd, 1912.

Pachycnema hippocastanaria, Hb.—1st brood plentiful on Hambledon
Common on heather, in May. 2nd brood plentiful in July.
A series of fifteen taken May 20th, 1919.

Ematurga atomaria, L.—Very plentiful on Hambledon Common in
May and June. We have one male taken in April.

Bupalus piniaria, .—Plentiful in pine woods opposite “ The Hill,” in
May and June.

Thamnonoma vauaria, Li.—A series of sixteen bred from larve found on
currants and gooseberry foliage, May and June; emerged
June, 1919. Not uncommon in July in the fruit garden at
pauive mls:

Lozogramma petraria, Hb.—Very common in the district wherever
bracken occurs. May and June. ~

Chiasmia clathrata, Li.—One, May, 1912. One, August 10th, 1912.

Perconia strigillaria, Hb.—Not uncommon on the heaths in June, in-
cluding ab. grisearia, Ster.

ZYGENIDR.

Zygaena trifolii, Hsp.—Abundant in certain meadows. ‘Typical form,
very common. Ab. orobi, Hb., common. Ab. eatrema,
Tutt. One taken by Mr. Joicey, June 18th, 1919. Ab.
minoides, Selys. Four taken June 13th, 1918. One, June,
1919. Ab. glyctrrhizae, Hb. One, June 7th, 1918.

Zygaena filipendulae, L.—Typical form. Plentiful in meadows.

Cossipm&.

Cossus cossus, L.—One, May, 1913. Bred from larva brought in by a
boy, 1912. Larva pupated in sawdust. One, June, 1918.
One, 1915.
Srsup&.

Sesta spheciformis, Gerning.—One, June 14th, 1918. Six, June 20th,

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA, 17

1919. ‘Taken in the afternoon flying round buckthorn bush.
Miss N, and Mr. L. B. Prout.

HEPIALIDA.
Hepialus humuli, L.—Plentiful at dusk in most meadows. June
and July.
Hepialus sylvina, L.—Four males, August. One female, September,
1912.

Hepialus lupulina, L.—Plentiful at dusk in most meadows. Late
May and June. Also found on fences.

Hepialus hecta, L.—Abundant at dusk in June anywhere that
bracken grows.

The record of the following species hag been supplied by Mr.

Oldaker since the publication of his List in 19138 :—

Agriades coridon, Pod.—Recorded from Chiddingfold, 1911. KH. G. R.
Walters. And Witley, 1905.

Petilampa arcuosa, Hw.—Witley Common, 1910. E.G. R. Walters.

Taeniocampa opima, Hb.—Witley. April11th,1916. G. E. Hastwood.

Calymnia diffinis, Li.—Witley Common, 1911-1912. EH. G. R.
Walters.

Tholomiges turfosalis, W.R.—Witley Common, 1912. E. G. R,
Walters.

Hupithecia subnotata, Hb.—Witley, 1910. E.G. R. Walters.

Phibalapterya tersata, Hb.—Wormiey, 1910. E. G. R. Walters.

The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 88.)

H. andromedae, Wallengren.

Andromedae has acquired the reputation of being one of the rarest
Central EKuropean Hesperias. This reputation has been gained by false
pretences; and is quite undeserved. In any Alpine locality where I
have collected, in the cantons of Vaud, Valais, Bern, and Grisons,
I have found andromedae to be much more widely distributed than such
species as serratulae, alvens and cacaliae. Andromedae has a great
range in altitude, and may be found on the wing from the end of May
onwards, according to the height. The idea that July is the month to
look for andromedae is probably the principal factor that has helped to
maintain the species’ reputation for rareness. The vertical range of
andromedae probably exceeds that of any other species, and is far
ereater than that of any of the other three purely Alpine Hesperias,
i.e., carlinae, cacaliae, and ryffelensis. Andromedae may be found from
3700 ft. to over 9000 ft. and very likely higher. I have taken it near
Caux at 3700 ft. and at Kandersteg at 3850 ft., while in the Ueschinen
Tal (also near Kandersteg), where it is unusually plentiful, it occurs
from just 4000 ft.

The duration of the period of flight of andromedae is, like that of
alveus, most uncertain; and the emergence irregular. It is one of the
first Alpine Hesperias to emerge, I have taken it on May 23rd near
Kandersteg, and it is not unlikely that in an advanced season it would
be found even before this. At higher levels it is proportionately later,

118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

but not as much as might be expected. I have taken it at 5200 ft. on
June 6th (Bernese Oberland), and over 5200 ft. on June 8th, slightly
worn (Grisons), and over 6000 ft. on June 24th (Bernese Oberland).

If one was to draw conclusions from the results of a short visit at
a given altitude, one would probably conclude that the duration of
flight was very short; whereas, it is in reality of considerable length.
The individuals themselves wear very badly, and scarcely a week alter
the first emergence of the species, worn specimens are to be found.
This, together with the fact that only a few specimens will most likely
be seen in a day (except in a very favourable locality), gives the
impression that the insect is nearly over. It is, however, only the
result of the irregular emergence; fresh specimens may continue to
appear throughout a period of as much as eight weeks. The following
dates illustrate this, and notes from other localities give the same
results.

In a marsh near Kandersteg I took a fresh g on May 25th a few
more on the 27th and 31st, several on June Znd and 8rd, some a little
worn; no more until June 29th (worn), and on July 3rd another fresh
specimen, and again on July 8th, also fresh, the last I found in this
locality. Throughout this period, May 25th to July 8th, I visited the
locality almost daily. Again, from the Ueschinen Tal, when
andromedae was more abundant than is usual, I have notes on its
emergence at altitudes between 4000 and 7000 ft. The following dates
apply to one locality, no part of which was below 4600 ft. or above
5200 ft. First seen, May 23rd; June 6th, common, both sexes ; June
Sth, some worn; June 13th, worn; June 19th, only one quite fresh ;
June 24th, abundant, fresh and worn; July 2nd, a few yery worn;
July 6th, one worn; 7th, none; 9th, none; 13th, none; 15th and
16th, afew fresh and worn; 19th, one a little worn; 20th, one fairly fresh;
and 21st and 22nd, one each day, both worn; the latter being the last
time I visited the locality. Had Ileft on the 15th, without having seen
a single andromedae for eight days, considering it had already
been on the wing for six weeks, I should naturally have concluded
it was over. At that date, too (July 15th) it was abundant 1400 ft.
above the ground when I made these notes. I regret that I was
unable to remain longer and note when the species finally disappeared,
but it is not likely it can have lasted much longer. The latest date I
have noted, at a similar altitude, was August 2nd. This was at
Lenzerheide, where it appeared at the commencement of the season a
little later, so one cannot assume that in the Ueschinen Tal
andromedae would have survived until August. In the neighbourhood
of Lenzerheide it was more abundant than I have ever seen it
elsewhere. It would often have been possible to take two or three
dozen specimens in one morning had one wished to do so.

Andromedae ig very strong on the wing, and restless; seldom
remaining long on the same spot. Itis very fond, like most Hesperiidae,
of settling on moist patches of ground, and even on stones in the middle
of a rushing mountain stream, This isa remarkable babit, which I
have not observed in any other species. In the Schwarzbach on the
Gemmi Pass, I frequently saw andromedae alight and settle on stones
in the middle of the stream; in some instances the stone selected being
scarcely raised an inch above the surface of the water. It 1s never to
be found far from water, and often inhabits very barren areas in the

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 119

mountains ; flying up and down the edge of precipitous torrents, where
its only Lepidopterous companions are a few small moths. One may
walk for hours over a rhododendron-covered Alp, where cacaliae and
numerous other species of Alpine butterflies abound, and if there is no
water about, never see andromedae; but on coming to a little stream,
or even a small pool, such as is frequently seen in districts where there
are many cattle, a few moments search will almost certainly
disclose it. I have experienced this many times, and have often gone
considerable distances out of my way to verify the fact. It requires,
however, a certain amount of practice to catch, or even mark with the
eye, this lively species in such localities.

Andromedae is a very distinctly marked species, and is not one
which the collector is ever likely to find difficult to name; but,
I believe the feature most usually trusted to for identifying the species
is the presence of the three small white lines, nearest the base, on the
inner margin of the forewing upperside. Now this character when
taken in connection with the formation of the median band underside
hindwing, gives a combination of markings characteristic of
andromedae, but has this drawback, the three white lines are, not
infrequently, wanting, or reduced to two or one. In such gases,
anyone wholly dependent on these marks would probably record the
species as cacaliae. The underside hindwing, however, offers a sure
means of identification. The two light spots next the inner margin
form a more or less perfectly shaped exclamation mark, on a dark
eround. This is found in no other species (see notes on cacaliae) and
with the characters of the group makes the species unmistakeable.

Andromedae is not a very variable species, such variation as I have
observed being principally the result of enlargement of the white
markings of the underside. The only aberrations of the upperside I
have seen are a tendency to a great increase of grey scaling, giving the
species an almost silver appearance; and the aberration already
mentioned in which the white lines on the inner margin of the
forewing are wanting. The extreme form is rare, | have seen about a
dozen, but transitional ones, with only one or two lines present, are of
frequent occurrence.

Of underside aberrational forms the commonest is that in which
the two spots of the exclamation mark are joined, owing to the
elongation of the basal one, they never, however, lose their character-
istic shape; nor, therefore, their value as a distinguishing character.
This aberration is found in both sexes.

An apparently very rare form (in my Swiss series of about a
hundred specimens there is only one, and I have never seen a second)
is that in which the costal basal spot is practically joined to the costal
spot of the median band. I have only noted a tendency to this form
of variation in one other species, namely serratulae. In my specimen
the spots do not absolutely meet, but they so nearly do so, that it is
probable that very rarely one would find a specimen in which they do.
In another rare aberration, we find the central spot of the median band
joined to the costal basal one. The extreme form of this Is usually
accompanied by the union of the two spots of the exclamation mark ;
transitional forms, with the central spot of the band considerably
extended towards the basal spots, are fairly common.

The var. reducta is found in several degrees; the extreme aberra-

120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

tion in which the inner edge of the central spot is level and in a line
with the rest of the band, is very rare. Specimens with the projection
so modified as to be of less than half its normal size, are much
commoner. None of the aberrations mentioned, however, make the
identity of the species the least doubtful.

HA. cacaliae, Rbr.

Cacaliae is one of the true Alpine species; in fact, excepting ~
ryffelensis, it is more completely confined to high altitudes than any
other Central Kuropean species. It is most frequently recorded from
altitudes over 6000 ft., where it is well distributed and normally
abundant. It ascends to very great altitudes, possibly higher even
than andromedae, but cannot apparently establish itself in sub-alpine
regions, as does that latter, which is undoubtedly most abundant
between 4000 and 6000 ft. Cacaliae is occasionally recorded at low
levels, but these records are not satisfactory, and I strongly suspect
are based on the capture of single examples, which have strayed from
higher levels. I have myself taken such isolated examples in the
Ueschinen Tal. In this valley above 6000 ft. cacaliae is common; but I
found a g at 4500 ft. and a ? at the same level a month later. I
had collected on this ground continually between the two captures
without finding another specimen, so concluded they were the result of
egos laid by a @ strayed from higher up the summer before. In such
a case there would, of course, have been a considerable number of eggs
laid, and the fact that only two specimens were found, suggests that
conditions at these lower levels are unsuitable to the species. I should
add that when I found the first specimen, the g, the species had not
- yet emerged higher up. In most sub-alpine regions, particularly if
surrounded by mountains of greater height, it is not unusual to take
single specimens of Alpine butterflies, and cacaliae, with its wild flight,
would seem a likely enough species to stray from its natural zone.

Cacaliae is not at all so universally distributed in the Swiss Alps
as andromedae, but, when it occurs it is usually much more abundant.
T have found it in many localities in the Valais, Bernese Oberland,
and Grisons ; but not in the Vaud, though it is probably found in some
of the higher parts.

Cacaliae is a very distinctly marked species. It varies, however, to
a considerable extent, and thus sometimes assumes a certain likeness
to andromedae. This is particularly the case when the two spots next
the inner margin hindwing underside take the same shape as the
exclamation mark in andromedae. They can, however, always be easily
separated, for in andromedae the exclamation mark is always on a
black background; while in cacaliae it is on a coloured one. In other
words, the black coloration which borders the hindwing from the base
to the anal angle, is twice the width in andromedae it is in cacaliae.
Another feature which distinguishes cacaliae from all other species, is
the bright brownish-orange colour of the hindwing underside. More
valuable than the colour, which unfortunately fades a little in worn
examples, is the character offered by the basal spots, underside hind-
wing. Normally three in number in all other species, in cacaliae the
central one is almost always absent; only on rare occasions it is partly
developed, and never, in my experience, wholly.

On the upperside cacaliae shows a greater degree of transitional

OURRENT NOTES. 121

variation than any other species of the group; the white markings
being often completely absent, and often as strongly developed as in
andromedae; while any number of intermediate formsexist. The heaviest
development of the white markings is the rarest, and is principally, if
not entirely, confined to the 9s. The other extreme, which is much
commoner, is found in both sexes. On the underside the costal basal
spot of the hindwing is the most variable feature; sometimes being
rounded as in serratulae, and sometimes square as in alveus.

Many interesting aberrations of the reducta form occur, to the
extreme form with the inner edge of the band absolutely rectilinear,
which is rare. Transitional forms, in which the formation of the
central spot is considerably altered, are fairly common.

(To be continued.)

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The volume of the Ray Society for 1919, British Orthoptera by
W. J. Lucas has now been issued.

In the Rev. Mens. Namur. for February is an interesting obituary
of M. l’abbé Léon de Joannis, the brother of l’abbé Joseph de Joannis,
an ex-president of the Entomological Society of France. For more
than thirty years M. L. de Joannnis had devoted himself to the
rearing of larve.

In the Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. for renee M. J. Bondroit gives a series
of notes on the “Ants of France and Belgium,” which our colleague,
Mr. Donisthorpe, and others have noticed so adversely, and attempts to
answer some of the strong criticisms advanced in several letters written
to him by the eminent Belgian myrmecologist, M. Emery. The number
also contains the Annual Address read by the President, M. Lameere,
who took for his subject the life and work of their last President,
M. Charles Kerremans, who-died in 1915 during the occupation.

Ss oOociETIEsS.
Tue Soutn Lonpon EntomontoeicaL anp Naturat History Sociery.

February 26th, 1920.—New Mempers.—Mr. F. Lindeman, of Sao
Paulo, Brazil, and Mr. S. Abbott, of Catford, were elected members.

Exarertion oF Lanrsrn Suipres.—Mr. W. T. Lucas, Oxshott before
and after ‘‘ devastation ”’ caused by the cutting of the trees.

Mr. Main, illustrating details of the Life-histories of the beetles
Lytta vesicatoria, Cetonia aurata, Dorcas parallelopipidus, Lucanus
cervus, Necrophorus humator, Nebria brevicollis, Pterostichus madidus,
and Rhayitum inquisitor.

Mr. Bunnett, ova of Chrysopa sps., resting attitudes, a record of
changes of form in the Ameeba during six minutes, the ege-breaker of
the larva of Stenopsocus cruciatus, etc.

Mr. Dennis, the plants noted during a holiday on and around
Snowdon.

Mr. Roberts, various birds, views of Selborne and Folkestone
Warren.

122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Variation in H. pennarta.—Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a
long bred and captured series of Himera pennaria from various
localities, and read notes on the forms included.

XantHic C. pampuiius.—Mr. Garrett, an extremely pale xanthic
example of Coenonympha pamphilus, taken at Wicken.

March 11th, 1919.—New Memper.—Mr. A. C. Jump, of Wands-
worth Common, was elected a member.

ApERrRaTions oF BritisH BuTTERFLIES.—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited
aberrations of Pyrameis atalanta, yellow instead of red coloration, and
of Vanessa io, without eyespots on the hindwings.

Tuectipm.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, several striking species of South
American Theclidae.

ABERRATIONS OF S. SEMELE AND P. aGon.—Mr. Barrett, series of
Satyrus semele, showing much aberration in the spotting of the fore-
wings; a series of Plebetus aegon underside aberrations, and of
Polyommatus icarus undersides.

Tur Surrey races or A. cortpon.—Mr. A. W. W. Buckstone, the
1919 specimens of the three forms of Agriades coridon from Shere,
Surrey, and read notes on these races.

AseRrations oF P. rcarus.—Mr. lL. EH. Dunster, underside aber-
rations of Polyommatus icarus with ab. obsoleta and ab. icarinus.

Some Aquatic Larv=.—Messrs. Blair and EH. Main, living larve
of Corethra sp., Mochlonyx sp., Ochlerobatus nemorosus and Anopheles
bifureatus all denizens of water, and made remarks on their habits in
captivity.

Metanic D. truncata.—Mr. P. S. Williams, a bred series of the
melanic form of Dysstroma truncata from Finchley.

Jamaican Liprpoprers.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a large number of
Lepidoptera taken in the latter part of 1919 in Jamaica by a member,
Mr. D. Pearson.

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HINTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

January 19th, 1920.—New Memper.—Mr. J. Davis Ward, Lime-
hurst, Grange-over-Sands, was elected a member.

Annuat Report or Leprpoprera.—Mr. W. Mansbridge read his
report as Recorder for Lepidoptera for 1919. Five species new to the
Lancashire and Cheshire List were mentioned, viz., Nonagria gemini-
punctata, Hatchmere ; Depressaria cnicella, bred from sallow, Formby ;
Retinia purdeyi, Burnley ; Lithocolletis sorbi, Delamere, Kastham and
Woolton; Hlachista magnificella, Sales Wood, near Prescot. Crambus
uliginosellus, new to Lancashire, from Holker Moss. In support of
the paper, Mr. W. A. Tyerman exhibited a number of his most
interesting captures daring 1919.

February 16th, 1920.—The evening was devoted to a discussion of
the rules of the Society.

_ Exarsrrs.—Mr. 8. Gordon Smith, a case of very fine varieties of
Vanessa to, Aglais urticae, Huvanessa polychloros, Apatura iris, Aphant-

SOCIETIES. 123

opus hyperantus, and Arctia caia, many being from the collection of
the late Sydney Webb. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a long series of
Leptogramma literana and its varieties from the New Forest, and a
series of Elachista magnificella from near Prescot. .

March 15th, 1920.—Parer.—Mr. F. N. Pierce read a paper entitled
“Notes on American Tortrices.”’ In his interesting communication
Mr. Pierce described the affinities of a small collection of North
American Tortricidae, with certain British species, as shown by their
genitalia, and exhibited the specimens. If there were any longer
doubt as to the value of the genital ancillaries in questions of relation-
ship it would be dispelled by the facts brought forward in the paper.
Mr. Pierce conclusively demonstrated that generic, as well as specific
limits, could be recognised by a study of this branch of insect
morphology. An animated discussion followed the paper.

Exureits.—Spring Lepidoptera were exhibited by Messrs. P. J.
Rimmer, W. A. Tyerman, and the Rey. F. M. B. Carr. It was noted
that melanism in Phigalia pedaria and Hybernia leucophaearia seemed
to be more marked at Delamere and Hastham than usual. Mr. Wm.
Mansbridge brought some curious short-winged specimens of Coeno-
nympha pamphilus and Selenia bilunaria from Grange and Torquay
respectively.

Tue EwnromotocicaL Society or Lonpon.

March 8rd, 1920.—Euection or Kei.tows.—Messrs. H. H. Black-
more, President of the British Columbia Entomological Society, P.O.
Box 221, Victoria, B.C.; Ernest Hargreaves, Zoological Dept.,
Imperial Collegeof Science, South Kensington, §.W.7; Arthur
Loveridge, Nairobi, British Hast Africa; and John George Rhynehart,
Harristown, Taghmon, Co. Wexford, were elected Fellows of the
Society.

ProposeD ALTERATION OF THE Byx-Laws.—It was announced that
a Special Meeting would be called to consider alterations in the Bye-
laws proposed by the Council, and these were then read for the first
time. It was agreed that the Special Meeting should be held immedi-
ately before the ordinary meeting on May 5th.

Derats or a Frttow.—The President announced the death of Dr.
Gordon Hewitt.

Seasonat Dimorpuism in AnpRoconta-—Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited
some outline drawings showing variation in form between the scent-
scales of the spring and summer form of several butterflies, including
Teracolus evagore, Agriades thersites, Pieris (Ganorts) rapae, etc.

Butrerriirs From Cyprus.—Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited many of
the Cyprian Butterflies with which his paper (read later in the
evening) was concerned, and explained their characteristic features.

Oponata FRom Macrponta.—Capt. J. Waterston exhibited a set of
Macedonian Odonata collected by himself in 1917-1918. Annotated
lists of them have been published in vols. li. and hii. of The Entomoloyist.
He recalled the leading facts in the history of one of the species, vz.,
Selysiothemis nigra, Lind. (Libellulidae).

124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Forms oF Heticonius poris.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Heliconius
doris, Linn., from Trinidad, of the blue, green and red forms, and from
Columbia a specimen of an amathusia form uniting the blue and red
form in one, to show the disposition of the hindwing streaking of the
blue, green or red forms.

LiycamnIDAE From Cxryton.—Mr. Riley exhibited some Lycenids
from Ceylon on behalf of Mr. W. Ormiston of Kalupahani. The
specimens included aberrations of :—1. Zizera lysimon, Hb. A female
with extra spots added irregularly on underside of forewing. 2. Zizera
gaika, Trimen. A similar aberration. 38. Catochrysops pandava,
Horsf. ¢. 4. Yarucus telicanus f. plinius, Fab. Aberration with
coalescent spots. 5. Nacaduba noreia, Feld. 9. This insect described
by Felder in 1864 has never since been: correctly determined.
6. Nacaduba dana, de Nicé. §. Aberration with the markings of
underside almost entirely absent. 7. Nacaduba atrata, Horsf.
Aberration with forewings with dissimilar markings. 8. Nacaduba
nora, Feld. 9. Chilades laius, Cram. 10. Aphnaeus nubilus, Moore,
and 11. Other species of Aphnaeus.

Hornep Bretrtes.—Mr. G. J. Arrow showed a series of lantern
slides to illustrate different types of armature occurring in Lamellicorn
Beetles.

Ruopatocera FRoM Crram.—Mr. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. Joicey,
exhibited several new and little known Rhopalocera from Central
Ceram.

E\VIDENCE THAT THE vioLa, Buru., 2? F. MIM. OF CHARAXES ETHEOCLES,
Or., FLIES WITH ITS MODEL C. EPiyastus, RetcHe.—Prof. Poulton said
that at the Meeting of last December he had shown a lantern slide
representing these two species captured in the same locality and within
a few days of each other. He now communicated a confirmatory letter
he had received from Lt.-Col. R. 8. Wilson, Governor of the Western
Desert Province of Egypt.

THE ATTACKS OF BIRDS ON BUTTERFLIES WITNESSED IN NyYASSALAND
py W. A. Lamporn. THE MARKS OF A BIRD'S BEAK RECOGNISABLE ON
REJECTED wines.—Prof. Poulton exhibited and illustrated by lantern
slide the examples enclosed in a letter from Mr. W. A. Lamborn. The
method of transport had not caused any deterioration, and the marks
of the bird’s beak at the base of the wings were quite clear.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENEMIES OF THE LARVE OF THE PYERINE
BUTTERFLY CATOPSILIA FLORELLA IN East Arrica.—Prof. Poulton said
that he had also received a series of interesting notes by Mr. Lamborn
on the the larve of C. florella and their enemies.

Paprers.— Butterflies of Cyprus,” by H. J. Turner, F.E.S. “An
undescribed Lycaenid from Cyprus, Glaucopsyche paphos, n. sp.,”’ by
T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.R.S., ete.

eae ‘Binactiitions PES Vol. XOOXHL. (10 shillings) snould be sent to
Mp. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gallatly Road, New Cross,
_ §.E.14 [This subssription includes all numbers published from
e = January 15th to December 15th, 1920.)

ie ro Mee or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be
# notifie to Mr. Herbert E, Page, “Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Orogs, §.H. 14 < -

Apysnrisements of Books and Insects for Sale, or Booka wantell will be inserted,at a minimuin

a ~ charge. of 2s. 6d. (for four limes), Longer Advertisementsin proportion, A reduction made for , series.
ie: - Particulars. of Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,”? Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.6. 14

Poe Subsoribers who change their addresses inust report the same to Mr. H. Bi, PAGE iNBererdse,”
ek Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 5.4., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed,

wt

_ New Gabinets and Aeeanstie ono: Finest make only, and best
material only used.

Dae - 12, 20, 30 and 40 drawer. Cabinets in polished deal or mahogany. Specifications
and prices on application.:
“Standard make Store Boxes,. 10x8, 5/6 ; 13X9, 7/-; 14x10, 8/-; 16x11, 9/- 5
~1TRX 12,-10/- ; postage 6d. extra. Special price by taking 19 or more of one size.

Insect and Hgg Cases, Jointed Nets, Pins (Taylex’s), Zinc ponpening Boxes, Setting
= Boords, Killing Tins, ete., ete.

aoe for complete lists of set specimens, apparatus, larves and pup.
~ LEONARD TATCHELL, Lepidopterist, 43, Spratt Hall Road, Wanstead, E.1f.

~ Duplicates. —Varleyata and other varieties of Grossulariata. ~ Desiderata:—Good
“-yarieties and local forms. Spilosoma urticw, Advenaria, and other ordinary species to
“renew old series. Good Tortrices and Tinene.—Geo. Porritt, Hlm Lea, Dalton, .
i Huddersfield.
Desiderata.—Crategata, eons, gondiien immaterial. Dip? eaten. —Dominula,
“mendica, and numerous common species. AeA! Cockayne, 65, Westbourne Terrace, W.2.-
> Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars, and abe. from all parts of the
~~ world of any butterflies included in-the British list. Setting inimaterial; exact data
indispensable. Liberal veturn made.—W. G. Pether, “Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1
mea By!) lieutes (all Clydesdale). —Aithiops, Selene. Tearug, Phileas, Heche: Mundana,
Perla, Fulva; Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata; Gambrica, Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,
Tristata, Boreata, Mereurella, Angustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Truncicolellay Derepitalis,
Kuhmella, Husea, Margaritellus, Horttellus, Hyemana, Phryeanella, Ferrugana, Solan-
~ drinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, | Stramineana, Rivulana, Urticana, Octomaculana,
ties Perlepidana, YVaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana, Mylerane: Desiderata—Numexous.
=A. A. Dalglish, 7, Keir Street, Glasgow.
~ Duplicates. —Phigalia pedari ia, melanie and intermediate forms in great variety,
' Desideratad.— Numerous common species.—M. Corbett, 3, Thorne Road, Doncaster,

Beers Mr. Donisthorpe will still be glad to receive ants and Myrmecophiles from al! parts
- of the British Isles, and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough to send them to
him. He would however suggest that ants from any other parts of the world be sent. to
“his colleague, Mr, W. C. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14. Mr. Crawley is
- »specialising- on the ants of the world, and it is a matter for congratulation that we should
~ possess an Entomologist in this dountry eagle ophale attention should be concentrated on

this branch of Ue a ;

MERTIN GS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society, of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. 1920, October 6th and 20th. ~
vy The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia,
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at.7 p.m.—
Hon. Sec., Stanley Hdwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H. 3.

The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
a Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street, H.C. 2, first and
= third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 pm. (No Meetings in say or August.) Visitors
- weleomed. Hon. Sec., W. E. Gunae, 4b Belfast Road, N. 16.

ee a a aR RA
-.. AI! MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Tunnmn,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.E.14
We must earnestly request our correspondents nox to send us communications iENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.
Liste of Durzicares and Dusipmrara should be sent direot to Mr. H. E.. Page,
perm, cee aoe New Ae 8. E, 14

OVA, LARVAE, AND. PUPAE.
The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British ini is”

FL NV, dl ee, ene

BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH.

Pull.. List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparat, ey,

etc., sent on application. res:
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. eva

STEVENS’ AUCTION ROOMS Ce).
TUESDAY, JUNE 22nd, at 12.30.

Mr. J. GC. STEVENS will include i in his sale as 5 ahieees

T he Collection of British Lepidoptera

Formep BY THE LATE A. U. BATTLEY, Esq:

Arranged in two Mahogany Gabinets .

eS

(one of 40 and one of 80 drawers) by Gurney, , including ~

Livornica (Barmouth, 1900) and Palustris (Wicken, 1894) taken by

himself ; long series of scarce species with full data. Duplicates in store
boxes, apparatus. Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Isles and other
Books. The Entomological Library of the late Rev. H. §. Gorham,
including long series of Transaction of Learned Societies, Zoological
Record, Periodicals and important works on Coleoptera.

On view day prior and morning of sale. Catalogue on application
to the Auctioneer,
38, King Street,’ Covent Garden,
London, W.C.2.

Woodside, Burnside, Hillside, and Marsh.

Crown 8yo., Illustrated, 224 pp. and 103 woodcuts and full-page LURE xia . Pe

in Cloth. (Price 2/6).
Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known entomological and eer

history localities, with description of botanical, geological, ornithological as well as ~

entomological matters of interest to be found therein. The places dealt with inelude
Cobham Woods, Cuxton Downs, the Western Highlands, Cliffe—all well known for their
rich entomological fauna.

To be obtained from J. Herserr Torr, 22, Franeemary Road, Lalipwell Road,
Brockley, §.E.

05) Seip Bods lg sei roe ae ores eri Agee oh ete *

‘The next issue will be on September 15th.
ol. ok , ‘ae Sr } Nos. 7&8,

Che Entomologist’s Record
ournal of Variation —

ae WowEp py -

Rrowanp 8. BAGNALL, hh Oa ee T. A. CHAPMAN, u.p., F.2.8., F.u.8.

| Grones ig BETHUNE- BAKER, » Jas. E. COLLIN, r.z.8.

a (SES. , FZ.8., FEB. |, H. Sr#J. K. DONISTHORPR, r.z.s., F.z.8.

OME ‘BURR, D.8C., Fr. L8., F.Z8., FES. JoHn Hartiuy DURRANT, ¥.2.8.

Bev.) €. R. XN. BURROWS, DES. Aurrep SICH, #.z.s. :
Cie sey hag / (Rev.) Gzorce WHEELER, w.a., F-2.8.,

PS AM are and

Hunry J. TURNER, ¥.us., -
Editorial. Secretary.

a. CONTENTS.
a sehen mates ‘ Ben . PAGE.
~ The Swiss Species of the Genus Hesperia, B. C. S. Warren, F.H.S, (with plate) .. ws: 2-125
Further Notes from Palestine, H. 1, Andrews, FES... 4.) sews 180
i Seasonal Polymoxphiem, te Verity, MD... oe. a ieee eee TAD

Contmonine: Norss :—Abraxas sylvata, Rev. G. H. Raynor, M.4.; A new locality for D.
anobioides (Col.), etc., H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.; Some Lepidoptera from Hast Tyrone
in 1919, 2. Greer my} oe ae a ae te oe nS Hi fected Hf)

CUM ee er ee bee ae ek, 188

JULY—AUGUST, 1920.

~ Price TWO SHILLINGS (nur),

_ Subseription for Branptoke Volime,* post free
(Including all DOUBLW NUMBWRS, eto.)
TEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

HERBERT BP AG Eyer E. S$.

ae} ““ BERTROSE,’” Gaius Roap, New Cross, §.0,14.

munications have been received or have been promised from Rev. G. Wheeler,
Ri. Bagnall, Hy.-J. Turner, H. Donisthorpe, A. Sich, Dr. Verity, C. W.
: pytev. C. R. N. Burrows, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Capt. Burr, G. T, Bethune-Baker,
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THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. ? 125

The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia. (Plate iii.)
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 121.)
H. onopordi, Rbr.

"This interesting species occurs in several localities in the Rhone
Valley, but I have only taken it between Branson and Follaterre ;
where it flies in the meadows by the Rhone canal, at the former place ;
and over a considerable part of the hillside at the latter.

It is double-brooded and has the distinction of being the first
Hesperia to appear in the spring and the last to disappear in the
autumn; its only rival in this respect being armoricanus. In a
normal year onopordi emerges in the middle of April, most of the other
spring species not appearing before the end of the month.

The first brood is a much shorter time on the wing than the
second, and is usually over by May 20th; never, to my knowledge,
surviving until June: the second, commencing in the middle of July,
lasts to the end of September. The emergence of the second brood
is more extended, which explains its long duration. I have taken
single fresh examples with quite worn ones as late as September 2nd
and 16th. Curiously enough, although the g's are just as abundant
in both broods, the ?s ave extremely rare in the summer and autumn.
Tn fact, I have only taken 2 ?s of the second brood, in the course of
four seasons, though they are plentiful in the first. When I say
‘plentiful,’ I do not mean they were in numbers likethe gs. Ihave
only noted two species in which the number of the two sexes seem to
be approximately equal; cacaliae and carthami; in the latter at
Follaterre sometimes the ?s were more numerous than the gs.

The distribution of onopordi in the Follaterre district is remark-
able. At Branson it is confined to the water-meadows along the edge
of the Rhone canal, where it never leaves the long grass. The
collector who searches the neighbouring vineyards or road, will not
find a single specimen. Yet goine towards Follaterre the small
patches of uncultivated ground in and round the vineyards produce
it, and just before getting to Follaterre it is found abundantly on a
patch of bare and precipitous rocks. About a hundred yards beyond
these rocks we find it again on the canal banks in company with such
species as M. didyma, P. manni, A. lineola, etc., and many “ blues.”
On the sandy hillside at Follaterre it flies over most of the lower parts,
but only ascends about 400 ft. In these various habitats, some
of which are of very considerable area, and others very restricted, the
insect is confined to certain limits; though considering the diverse
nature of the country within those limits, it seems remarkable that it
does not occur everywhere on the right bank of the Rhone.

I have always regarded onopordi as a lowland species, and was
therefore much imterested and surprised when first I saw Mons.
Oberthur’s record of the occurrence of var. conyzaeat Zermatt, the only
other suggestion of an Alpine habitat for this species which I had noted
being a single specimen in the collection of a friend, which was
supposed to have come from Bérisal, many years ago. As it was only
a single specimen out of a good number of Hesperiidae from the same
locality, I was inclined to think it might have been taken a little above

Brigue, and so got mixed with specimens from a little higher up; but
JuLy, 1920.

126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

in view of the Zermatt record it is quite possible it came from Beérisal.
Why, and how, onopordi came to ascend to these levels in this one
district, it is impossible to say ; nowhere that I have collected in the
Alps have I ever seen the species, and Prof. Reverdin tells me that his
experience has been the same. Dr. Chapman notes the occurrence, of
onopordit at Spondinig on the Stelvio, at 2800 ft. This is about
1000 ft. higher than the summit of its vertical range at Follaterre, but
is still much below the Bérisal level. It is to be supposed that when
onopordt does occur over 5000 ft. it will be single-brooded.

Onopordi is, on the whole, an easily identified species; the
characteristic feature of the group, together with the hooked spot of
the median band underside hindwing, give it an appearance easily
recognised. and distinctive. There is no: appreciable difference
between the individuals of the two broods of onopordi in the Rhone
Valley (though, as in the case of armoricanus, Dr. Verity finds
distinctions which he considers important enough to merit a name,
between the broods in Italy), but, curiously enough, some ¢s of the
second brood are larger than any $s or @?s of the first. .

The ground colour of the hindwing underside shows some
variation, not unfrequently being of a fine tonedeeper even than carlinae;
but it is not so constant as in that species. It wears badly, and after
the species has been a week or two on the wing, it is difficult to find a
specimen not considerably faded. Unfaded examples, in which the
colour is much paler and yellowish, are found occasionally ; and in this
connection mention must be made of var. conyzae, Guénée. It is still
doubtful whether this form is only an aberration, in which case it was
absurd toname it; as no man living could determine what constituted the
limits of one shade in this variable colour. In answer to a question of
mine, Prof. Reverdin, with much kindness, sent me all the information
he had concerning this form, in detail. The type specimens were not
taken in Switzerland, but some distance on the French side of the
frontier. Whether the form was racial in that locality remains the
chief question; but, unfortunately, it has never been re-discovered.
The type conyzae only differed from onopordi in the grey tone of the
ground colour underside hindwing; so it is to be presumed, by M.
Oberthir giving the name to the Zermatt specimens, that a pale
coloration is racial and constant there. Judging by the unstable
nature of this colour in onopordi, I find this difficult to credit; also
the specimen from Bérisal was of as fine and deep a colour as any I
have seen. That is how the matter stands. There always remains,
of course, the possibility that in the future, a race of onopordi with a
distinctive coloration underside, will be found in some distant locality.

The var. reducta occurs in various degrees in onopordi. The
extreme form, in which the ‘“ anvil-shaped”’ spot has its inner edge
level with the band, is not at all so rare as in andromedae, and
occurs in both broods; it does not seriously affect the identification
of the specimen, as the other characters (black outlining of spots,
hooked spot, etc.) remain unchanged. This form too, never looks so
like carlinae or armoricanus, as the converse aberrations of these
species look like onopordi.

H. malvae, L.
In this species and the next (malvoides) we find a greater tendency

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 127

to transitional variation than in any other species of the group. They
are also remarkable in that they are the only species of the B. group in
which the reducta aberrations occur really commonly. The most
usual form of the median band is one with only a slight projection
towards the base of the wing from the central spot, while the formation
ef the other spots comprising the band, varies in an almost endless
manner. Consequently aberrational forms occur which are slightly
like onopordt, fritillum, carlinae, and armoricanus. Such forms might
oceasionally be difficult to identify, were it not for the basal spots. By
these one can, almost always, distinguish malvae and malvoides from
any other Huropean species at a glance. In malvae and malvoides the
basal spots (hindwing. underside) are very small, and approximate in
size and character the spots located near the hind margin of their
wing; while, in the other species of both groups, the basal spots are
large, and approximate in size and character. to the spots of the
median band. .

When Dr. Reverdin published his acconnt of malvae and malvotdes,
he noted that at that time no specimen of malvae had been found
among those he examined from the Canton Valais. Now I cannot say
that I have taken malcae in the Valais, but I have no doubt it can be
taken there. It is common round Bex, and in many places between
that place and Villeneuve, and in this stretch of country there can be
little doubt that it occurs on both sides of the Rhone. Ii flies in places -
actually on the right bank, and as conditions on both sides are the
same, there is but little cause to suppose malvae to be restricted to the —
side of the Canton Vaud. But even if malvae is, in the future, found
in this part of the Canton Valais, there is no doubt it is absent from
the rest of it. The chain of mountains, which as it were crosses the
Rhone Valley at St. Maurice, appears to have barred malrae from the
plain of the valley above that place. It occurs along the hillside on
the north side of the valley, almost as far as Lavey les Bains; being
quite abundant in spots through the wood, but never descending to the
flat of the valley.

Malvae is on the wing in late April or early May, according to the
altitude ; but it is not by any means over before malvotdes emerges, as
one often hears it said to be. Any day during the first fortnight of
May the collector could take both species on the same day, in the
Rhone Valley, if he wished to do so.

Malvae varies considerably. The ab. taras is well known and widely
distributed, it needs no further comment. Another marked aberration
of malvae is the ab. bilineata, Rev. In this form, described by Prof.
Reverdin, from two gs from Asia Minor, the two last spots of the
discoidal series, next the inner margin, forewing upperside, are united
to the two basal spots; forming two parallel white lines along the
inner margin of the wing. These spots, in forms transitional to ab.
taras, are often found united into a single blotch of white; usually,
however, taking in one or more of the upper white spots of the dis-
coidal series as well. Such aberrations are common; but the ab.
bilineata, in which the confluent spots form two separate white lines,
is somewhat rare. Only one Kuvopean specimen was known to Prof.
Reverdin at the time he named it. I have a fine example,
which I took in the neighbourhood of Caux. It is the only Swiss
specimen I have seen or heard of.

128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

The underside varies greatly. As already noted, forms of ab.
reducta are of common occurrence. In these aberrations, however,
there is nearly always a general reduction of the white markings.
Occasionally this reduction is so extreme that the band is reduced to a
single spot at the outer margin of the wing. The costal basal spot,
too, is occasionally wanting. Both these forms are rare.

H. malvoides, Klw. and Edw.

Speaking roughly, malvoides may be said to be confined to Europe,
west of the Adriatic, and south of about 45° N. lat.: occurring in
Spain and Portugal, Italy and Sicily, Southern France, and a very
limited part of southern and eastern Switzerland, where it attains its
most northerly habitat. Malvae only enters this area in one or two
places in south-eastern Switzerland and north Italy. Perhaps I ought
to apologise for repeating these facts, which are, of course, well known
to the few that study the Hesperiids ; but I have seen notes announcing
the capture of malvae at Vernet-les-Bains in 1913, and-of another
alleged malvae at Aix in Provence, in 1914, which seems to suggest
that a little repetition may still be of some use.

Knowing that malvotdes was recorded from Martigny and malvae
from Gryon, I spent a good deal of time looking for these species, in
order to find out how closely they approached one another in this
district, and whether they overlapped at any point. I may at once say
that so far as the Rhone Valley is concerned, I am quite sure that they
-do not overlap; but they are found in closer proximity there than any-

where else that has at present been recorded. I found malroides at
Branson, Follaterre, Vernayaz, and Salvan; higher up the valley it is
found in many places, but Vernayaz is the nearest point to St. Maurice
reached by the species. As previously noted, malrae occurs on the hill-
side at Lavey-les-Bains; so that in actual distance there is only some
nine kilometres between the two species at this point.

With regard to the general distribution of these species in Switzer-
Jand, it is interesting to note the following. The areas inhabited by
both are sharply divided by a natural barrier. The great chain of the Alps,
of the Bernese Oberland, Uri, and Glarus, which run across the country
in a more or less straight line, from the N.E. to the S.W., divide the
two species. Although both occur in the mountains they do not seem
able to rise to a greater elevation than 6,000 ft. I have seen instances
of this with both species. In the Grisons, at Lenzerheide, malvoides
occurred all through the neighbourhood, between 4,800 ft. and 5,600
ft., in great numbers, and more rarely up to about 6,000 ft., but above
this it failed to appear. Similarly, in the Bernese Oberland, at Kan-
derstee, malvae, though very common, never occurred much, 1f at all,
over 5,300 ft. In the Vaud I have taken it at a slightly higher level,
but never quite up to 6,000 ft. Consequently along this range of
mountains, bordering the valleys of the Rhone and upper Rhine, we find
malvae on the northern slopes, and malvoides on the southern. How
malvae surmounted this barrier and got down to the southern Grisons,
where a single specimen was taken, it would be hard to say; for
although it has turned the north-western corner at St. Maurice, it
apparently is not inclined to extend along the flat of the valley.

Malvoides appears early in May in the Rbone Valley, but seldom
lasts more than three or four weeks. It is double-brooded in most

THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 129

localities, and I fancy in some southern ones it is triple-brooded. In
Switzerland the second brood is very partial, and possibly in many
seasons non-existent. The only second brood example I have taken
was a 2, at Follaterre, on July 18th. I have collected in the various
localities where the first brood flies. through several consecutive seasons
late into September, without ever finding another specimen that could
have been a second brood one. In the mountains there is, of course,
only one brood; but this, in my experience, is of much longer duration
than any brood in the plains. The emergence, however, does not take
place much later than the first emergence in the plains, even at the
highest altitudes. It has been often recorded as not appearing until
July in the Alps, but this is quite a mistake. At Lenzerheide (Grisons),
at a little over 5,000 ft., I found it on the wing by May 20th, and it
was still to be seen on the wing until mid July. Some seasons it should
be found even earlier, for it was a late spring the season I was there ;
but collectors do not often visit such altitudes in the middle or
beginning of May, which is doubtless the origin of the July supposi-
tion. The same applies to malvae, which I have taken at just over 4,000
ft. on May 10th, indeed the same can be said of any species of Hesperia
which occurs both in the lowland and alpine regions. The date of
emergence is never changed by a rise of 2,000 ft. more than eight or
ten days; anda rise of from 4,000-5,000 ft. rarely retards emergenca
more than a fortnight.

On the habits of malvoides, Prof. Reverdin gave some interesting
notes, from several well known entomologists. It was suggested that
malvoides inhabits moist, or even swampy, localities, while malvae shows
a preference for dry ones. My own experience has given me similar
results, as far as malvoides is concerned; I have never found it except
in damp and swampy places, often in marshes, on the banks of streams,
ete.; but with malrvae it has been different. I have taken it usually in
dry localities; but on three occasions | found it in absolute swamps.
The first, a single specimen in the St. Triphon marshes ; the second,
in the swampy locality on the bank of the Veraye Torrent at the foot
of the Rochers de Naye, famous for L. amphidamas, where malvae is
abundant every year; the third, in the Wageti marshes at Kandersteg,
where malvae is common, flying with such water-loving species as P.
delius, B. ino, and andromedae. I am afraid then, the nature of its
habitat will never be evidence enough to determine the identity of the
species by; but all the same, malvoides seems to be only located by or
near water.

The transitional variation of malvoides is of some interest, and
particularly so when it affects the basal spots. The value of these as
a distinguishing characteristic has already been mentioned, and though
they are just as subject to minor variation as any other marking of the
hindwing, there is only one development which robs them of their
value. When the basal spots are considerably eniarged the species
assumes some likeness to an aberrant specimen of fritid, mm which
these spots are somewhat smaller than in the type. Now, this
aberration affects malvoides only, for although it occurs in malrae also,
as that species is single-brooded and over at least two months before
fritillum emerges, there can never be any question as to its identity.
In the southern area, however, where fritillum and malrotdes both
occur, the second (? third) brood of the latter would coincide with the

130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

one brood of the former. Even so if any number were taken it would
be easy enough to separate them; but if a single aberrant malvoides
wich abnormal development of the basal spots, was taken with some
number of fritillwm, it might be difficult to identify superficially. In
such a case one would have to depend on one or more of the following
characters of »alvvides, none of which are really constant, but one or
two are always present, so far as my experience goes. (1) Small size
and less prominent development of white upperside; (2) the neryures
and ground colour of hindwing underside of different shades; (3)
general irregularity of all white markings of hindwing; and (4)
browner ground colour. In Switzerland, however, fritillwm does not
occur in the area inhabited by malvoides.

As in malrae, the var. reducta is frequently found, but an increase
in size of the basal spots never coincides with a reduction of the spots
of the median band, and therefore the various aberrations of the
reducta form never confuse the identity of the species.

This completes the list of the Swiss species, but some mention
must be made of H. centawreae, for Mr. Wheeler included it in his
Butts. of Switzerland on the strength of a record of Ratzer’s, recording
the capture of it in the Steinen Tal (Simplon Pass) in June and July.
That this record was the result of an error in identification there can
be no doubt. Prof. Reverdin tells me he believes it to be so, and that
he has neyer seen a Swiss Specimen of centawreae. I may also add,
that I have never met anyone who has, or heard of, any capture.
What species Ritzer took in the Steinen Tal, one cannot say, but I
strongly suspect it must haye been the ubiquitous andromedae ; the
only alternative being cacaliae; for the date, June, at that height
excludes the possibility of alrews, and it seems impossible that he could
have mistaken serratulae for centaureae.

I cannot end these notes without acknowledging the kindness and
promptitude with which Professor Reverdin has always been ready to
give me the benefit of his great experience in detail, whenever during
the past few years I have asked for his opinion on any obscure point

The accompanying plate illustrates some of the very variable
extensa and reducta formations, of a few species of each group, with
one or two typical specimens for comparison. The figures are exactly
natural size, so may be useful as an indication of the features which
may be developed in species of either group by this convergent line of
variation.

Expnanation oF Prate III.
A.
1. H. alveus, type. 2-6. H. alveus, extensa formations. 7. H. serratulae,

type. 8-9. H. serratulae, eatensa formations. 10. H. carlinae, type (larger than
normal). 11-12. H. carlinae, extensa formations.

B.
1. H. andromedae, type. 2-4. H. andromedae, reducta formations. 5. H.
cacaliae, type. 6-8. H. cacaliae, reducta formations. 9. H. onopordi, reducta
form.

Further Notes from Palestine.
By H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.

The following notes are in continuation of those that appeared in
a former number of this magazine and deal with further entomological

FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. 131

observations up to the close of the campaign in Palestine and Syria.
In addition, I have incorporated a good many general remarks which
I trust will prove of sufficient interest to warrant their intrusion in a
scientific periodical. The opening paragraph of the former notes
pointing out their necessarily indeterminate character may be taken to
apply equally to these, as although I had some apparatus sent out
from England it arrived too late in the season of 1918 to be of much
use and during the active military operations in the latter part of the
year had to be ‘‘dumped”’ with all other baggage. I have had the
advantage, however, of access to the collections in the Entomological
Section of the Ministry of Agriculture in’ Cairo, and have to thank
Mr. G. Storey and Mr. HE. W. Adair of that Department for their
kindness and courtesy to a mere ‘‘other rank” in helping him to
identify several of the more common insects referred to in the course
of this article.

During the summer of 1917 my unit remained in Lower Palestine
facing the Turkish lines below Gaza with but little doing beyond the
daily shelling and occasional raids on our part. Hverything was very
dried up, and except for grass-hoppers, ants and house-flies, insect life
was scarce. In August the camp was moved down to some fig-groves
on the coast, the fig-trees growing out of the bare sand. Here I
noticed a few Pierids and a fair-sized sand-wasp with a grey black-
marked abdomen and lemon-coloured legs and mandibles, a silvery
sand-frequenting species of ant, and among the Diptera a small
Trypetid (? a Carphotricha) which was abundant, a Chrysophilus (2)
and an Asilid (Philonicus?). On our return to the downs inland I
was laid up with a bout of fever and sent down the line to Cairo.
Here in a small garden attached to the barracks at Abbassia I noted in
Diptera a species of Siccus, Catacomba pyrastri, a Syrphus and an
Eristalis; a small skipper butterfly was not uncommon, and the
common Hastern hornet (Vespa orientalis) was abundant round about
the refuse tubs. I rejoined my battery in October and remained until
the end of the month when I had ten days leave which I spent in a
hasty visit to Luxor. I spent all my available time visiting the
marvellous ruins, but noticed one or two specimens of Danaida
chrysippus, a very handsome dragon-fly with a deep red body and
wings, a number of webs of some gregarious caterpillar on the mimosa
trees, and also a large number of spiders’ webs on some telegraph
wires! On my return from leave I was detailed to take over the
charge of a baggage dump at Belah, some eight miles south of Gaza,
where I spent a somewhat monotonous time until the beginning of
- February. There was not much vegetation and insects were scarce.
At times it was even difficult to find house-flies in sufficient numbers
to feed the chameleons which were kept as pets in many of the tents.
Towards the end of January scarlet anemones and a pretty little iris
appeared in flower, and I noticed some humble-bees, a small Syrphid
fly and odd specimens of Pyrameis cardui.

At the beginning of February I left Beleh and rejoined my battery
at Mulebbis, a good. sized village situated some six miles inland and the
* samme distance north-east of Jatta, and I remained there until mid-July.
Mulebbis is one of the oldest Jewish colonies in Palestine, having been
founded in 1878, and is surrounded with extensive orange groves and
orchards, interspaced with well grown belts of eucalyptus planted for

132 ’ THE ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD.

drainage and (?) febrifugal purposes. Between Mulebbis and Jaffa
lies the coastal plain of Sharon watered by the River Auja, and a few
miles to the east is the commencement of the range of limestone hills
that form the backbone of Palestine. The soil was dry and sandy but
appeared to be very fruitful where cultivated. The numerous orange
and lemon groves were separated by lanes over-shadowed by tall hedges
of mimosa on either side, with an occasional stretch of cactus; and
these lanes, with the red-tiled roofs of the majority of the houses as
well as the European dress of the colonists, formed a great contrast
to the flat-roofed, mud-built villages and the universal eastern costume
met with in the districts below Gaza, and gave quite an English
aspect to tho landscape, reminding me more especially of some of the
fruit-growing districts of Kent. Oranges and lemons were very
plentiful as might be expected, and although sundry regulations were
issued prohibiting the troops from picking them, these were more
honoured in the breach than the observance, at any rate by troops
quartered im the groves. Units less happily situated had as a rule an
orange ration issued to them, but our own men had as many as they
liked to eat for the picking—with the full acquiescence of the owners
be it said.

Each grove had its own well for irrigation purposes ; not such wells
as we have in England, but consisting of a masonry shaft some 50
feet deep and 18 feet or so in diameter, the piping for the water being
carried down the centre into the ground and braced by iron girders at
intervals. When in use the water was pumped up by stationary steam
or gazogene engines into fair-sized reservoirs of stone or cement (which
formed admirable open-air swimming baths), and let out thence into
the stone or gutter-piping drains which intersected the groves in all
directions. There was almost always a shallow pool of water at the
bottom of the well-shafts varying in depth from a few inches to a
couple of feet, and these pools, the reservoirs, and the numerous little
subsidiary basins in the gutters, formed favourable breeding grounds
for mosquitoes; moreover the locality was known to be malarious.
The R.A.M.C., however, proved equal to the task of tackling this
daneer. The whole area was marked out into districts; all wells,
pools, etc., marked ; samples of the water taken and inspected for the
purpose of detecting the presence-of mosquito eggs or larve; and in
every case where the presence of mosquitoes was proved, the water was
treated to a mixture of crude oil and paraffin well stirred in, and this
treatment was renewed where necessary at periodical intervals. In
Mulebbis Culea: larve were found more commonly than those of
Anopheles; but at Medjal-Yaba, in the foothills some miles further
inland, where the water-supply was derived from cave wells, dnopheles
was the prevalent genus. Another anti-malarial measure was taken
by cutting down the vegetation near the bridges and bathing places on
the River Auja and the ways leading down to it. This necessarily
entailed a good deal of labour, but when there is an Army available
such work can be carried out to an extent impracticable to local effort
and hired labour. Mosquito nets were issued to the troops, and
carefully drawn up instructions sent to all units. One unavoidable
evil lay in the fact that practically the whole resident population was
infected with malaria, but as a result of the above mentioned precautions
there was nothing like an epidemic among the troops quartered in the

FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. 133

district, although a certain number of cases occurred. Incidentally it
may be remarked that the Turkish armies were reported to have
suffered far more severely from this insect-borne disease than the
British and Indian forces opposed to them. I did not myself see an
Anopheles mosquito during my stay at Mulebbis, although Culev was
not uncommon.

From March to the end of May there was a great wealth of wild
flowers in the groves. These gradually withered away in June and
July until in the latter month the plains became a waste of dried up
thistles and Unmbelliterae. I noticed that these latter flowers when
fresh did not attract insects to anything like the extent they do in
England, and another feature that struck me as curious was the fact
that the wild flowers around and under the trees might be alive with
beetles, flies, and occasional butterflies, but they one and all neglected
the orange blossom, and I did not understand how fertilisation was
carried out. I asked one of the proprietors and he told me that bees
were the agents, but they were very seldom seen at the blossoms, and
I only remember noticing one row of hives. It may be that nocturnal
Lepidoptera have something to do with the fertilization, but I have no
notes of seeing any moths at the flowers and any systematic night
work was out of the question.

All the undergrowth of flowers and weeds in the groves was cut
down and the ground dug over during the month of April prior to
irrigation. While they lasted these flowers attracted many insects but
not a very large number of species. My observations were confined to
the orange groves and lanes near by, and I had no opportunity except
on one occasion of going out on the plains or to the hills. In this
cultivated area butterflies were but poorly represented and I saw
nothing in the nature of the large flights referred to in my previous
article as occurring in the spring of 1917 near Belah. It is possible
that the latter district lies in a migration track or there may have been
some exceptional weather conditions. Colias edusw and one or two
species of Pierids (Huchloé belemia and Pieris brassicae) were generally
common. A small blue (Zizeeria karsandra) was also very common ; a
larger blue was once or twice seen, but not closely enough to identify
it with any certainty. Rwmicia phlaeas was not at all uncommon and
a small skipper (Carcharodus altheae) fairly frequent. I saw one
brimstone and every now and again caught a glimpse of a swallow-tail.
The only occasion on which | saw a variety of butterflies on one day
was on May 16th, when J had a holiday and followed the course of a
wady, down to the River Auja. Here, especially towards the river end
where the vegetation was almost tropical in its density, | saw more
insects at once than at any other time during my stay in Palestine
including most of the butterflies mentioned above and in addition
several Satyrids closely resembling Meadow-browns, and two or three
Danaida chrysippus.

With regard to moths, Macroglossa stellatarwn was common at
Mulebbis, and three or four specimens of the fine Atlas moth Saturnia
pyri were brought to me for identification. Geometers of several
species came to light or were disturbed from the undergrowth during
the daytime ; amongst others a small emerald (Nemoria faustinata) on
the 16th April and on several subsequent occasions, also a Hubolia (?)
resembling /, plumbaria and two or three species of Hupithecia. The

134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

only Noctuid that I recognised was the well known Plusia gamma.
During May a handsome Burnet moth (Syntomis mestralii) was often
seen. My observations of moths were very scanty as it was distinctly
unadvisable to go about with lights at night and anything like
sugaring was out of the question. On the whole lepidopterous life
was disappointing.

Dragonflies were not common at Mulebbis, but by the River Auja
on the 16th May they were present in considerable numbers and
variety, one species with mauve wings and body being specially notice- _
able for its translueent beauty in the sunshine. Several species of
small ant-lions ‘occurred, first noticed on the 8th May and subse-
quently quite common, and a much larger species with variegated wings:
was not uncommon later in the season. In April I noticed a small
Trichopteron in some numbers round one of the basins in the
irrigation channel of an orange grove. A lacewing fly (Chrysopa
vulgaris) (?) was brought to me for identification once or twice.

I did not observe many Coleoptera, but I know nothing of this
order and probably passed over many species. Those noted are as
follows: a densely pubescent species (? Tropinota squalida), probably
identical with that noted in my previous article as occurring at
Kantara in March, 1917, was extremely common on flower heads in
the latter half of February and during March. Its place was taken
later by another day-flying species, bright red in colour and about the
size of a honey bee which was as common on tbe flowers as the.
familiar soldier beetles Velephoridae are on Umbelliferae at home. A
Scarabeus with a rhinoceros-like horn, Phyllognathus silenus, was
brought to me on the 15th March, attracted by light, and from time to
time other species of this genus turned up. Large dung-rolling
beetles (Pimelia) were also seen. On the 16th May I noticed tiger
beetles at the River Auja. Fireflies were not at all uncommon and first
noied at the end of April, and water beetles occurred in some of the:
tanks in the eroves.

Crickets (Liogryllus bimaculatus) were almost as common as in.
Egypt; mole-crickets were not uncommonly found in the irrigation
tanks, which seemed to have a fatal fascination for them; a large-
variety of grasshoppers and some locusts seen, but no swarms of the
latter occurred. The large size and clumsy flight, of a large species of :
locust (Pachytylus danicus) when disturbed caused me more than once
to, mistake it for a startled bird. Two or three kinds of Mantidae
occurred.

Hymenoptera were abundant both in numbers and species. Ants.
of three or four species were very common and some of their “ runs”
plainly visiblein the short grass and extended some twenty yards or more..
A shining black species (? Phetidole megacephala) about half as large
again as our common garden ant in Hngland, was noticed swarming in
small columns about four feet high just over its nests. These
swarms were first noticed on the 21st May and at a little distance looked
like so many columns of smoke from small fires. They were only in
flebt from about 7 to 10 in the mornings, and continued for a-
fortnight or three weeks. Among other Aculeates, solitary bees of
numerous species were abundant; the dry sandy soil seemed well
suited for them and they flourished accordingly. On the 18th February a.
species of mason-bee was very busy exploring the walls of the shed in.

FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. 185

which we were quartered and the large clumsily built ant Doryllus
juvencus @ came to light every now and again.

Respecting the social Hymenoptera several large bumble-bees were
seen at the River Auja on the 16th May. Lhave remarked above on Honey
bees ; their place and that of wasps was taken by the common hornet
of Egypt and Palestine (Vespa orientalis). A large kind, possibly
queens, were quite common from the middle of March to mid June,
when they gave place to smaller ones (? workers). I once came across
a ground-nest in the open plain (as a rule they do not nest in the open
ground but on roofs of sheds, etc.) it had rather a wide exit of some
two inches in diameter. The hornets did not seem at all vicious and
only two cases of stinging came under my notice; one of a man who
unfortunately for himself disturbed a nest while bathing and got badly
stung ; the other occurring on the trek up from Haifa to Beirut when
one of the horses of the Battery Staff must have trodden on a nest.
There was a considerable disturbance and a relaxation of march
discipline for the time being on the part of the staff, and the guns and
wagons following made a discreet detour, but the only sufferers were
one or two of the staff horses. I did not see the common wasp (Vespa
vulyaris) until we were at Beirut in November, 1918, when it took the
place of the hornet, but probably owing to the lateness of the season
was not common. A handsome thin-waisted wasp (Sceliphron spintfea)
first noticed on the 16th April, wassubsequently very common in the dug-
out telephone pit in the gun line at Mulebbis taking little or no
notice of the operators and indefatigable in building its httle clusters
of mud cells and storing them with small spiders. Sundry sawflies
were noticed.

Diptera were numerous but unevenly distributed as regards families.
This order being my speciality I naturally devoted extra attention to
it. I have already mentioned the anti-mosquito campaign in the
earlier portion of the article; Culex was quite common and Anopheles
also occurred, although I did not myself come across any whilst in
in Palestine. A smallish Nemocera (a Chironomid ?) was also very
common coming to light at dusk. I frequently had specimens brought
to me as possible malarial mosquitoes. I have no notes of any
Tipulidae, but a minute midge, I do not know of what genus, was a
great torment. ‘These midges first appeared about the middle of June
and lasted for a fortnight or more, they had an irritating bite but
contrary to our English midges they were most troublesome in the
daytime and in sunshine and disappeared at dusk. A species of Bibio
(? maxci) was common for a few weeks from February 12th onwards.

Dolichopodidae were not at all common, a species of Psilopus was
seen on the eucalyptus leaves at Mulebbis, and another species (genus
uncertain) in some numbers on the 14th May at the muddy margin of
some small pools in the vicinity. These were all I noted.

E’mpis tesselata first occurred on the 16th March.and was very
common whilst it lasted, a Tachydromid was common in the orange
groves towards the end of March and a few small Empids occurred in
April, but this family as well as the Dolichopodidae seem to be poorly
represented.

The families mentioned in vol. v. of Verrall’s work on flies
(Strationyidac, ete.) were the best represented of any. A small
Bombylinus, first noted on 27th March (B. flavipes, Wied.), was very

136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

common on flowers and the dry sandy borders of paths in the orange
groves; and much less commonly a larger species of Bombylius
(2 exoprosopa) with darkened wings and black tipped copper coloured
abdomen. A small Stratiomyiid was to be found on the banks of the
lanes from April 8rd. I noticed the first Tabanid on the 15th April
and from thence onward they were common and a source of annoyance
to the horses: a black-winged, black-bodied species ; a small species
resembling our Vabanus bromius; and an Atylotus (non-British) were
the most common. I did not see any T. bovinus or T. autumnalis. A
species of Haematobia also occurred. The first Asilid (? Dysimachus)
was noted on the 27th of March and another large reddish species
resembling Hutolmus rufibarbis was extremely common in the fields
and on the undergrowth of the orange groves for about three weeks
from the 21st April. A species of Thereva was seen on the 16th of
April and again on the 22nd May on the eucalyptus leaves. The
genus Authrar was well represented as might be expected from the
numbers of their larval hosts the burrowing bees. I haye a note on
24th April of the occurrence of six different species, none of which I
had noticed previously; at least two of these were more or less
common for some weeks.

In the Syrphidae, Evristalidae were common, and I more than once
noticed their ‘‘rat-tailed maggots” in dirty tanks near the wells.
FHristalis tenav, EF. pertinay and EF. aeneus were noted on 16th-20th
February. A Chrysogaster occurred on 16th March as well as one or
two species of Syrphidae proper. A Sphaerophoria and Syrphus
balteatus were abundant on flowers in the undergrowth of the orange
groves from 27th March cnwards. A single specimen of a very hand-
some black and white marked Volucella was seen on 26th May. On
the whole this large family was not well represented.

Apart from Musca domestica, Stomoxys caleitrans and one or two
species of bluebottle, Muscidae were absent, but the first named species
easily predominated over all other kinds of inseets in numbers and
persistence as it occurred all the year round. Zachinidae did not seem
common except for Sarcophagi, some species of that genus being very
frequent round about the kitchens and latrines. A few flower
frequenting Tachinids were seen. Anthomytidae were also very scarce
in species and individuals compared to an English standard.
Anthomyia pluvialis occurred and was first noticed on 18th February ;
a species of Hylemia? on 20th March; Alelanochria riparia was not
uncommon round some of the irrigation tanks, it was noted first on
29th March. A species of Hyetodesia was abundant near the latrines
from 12th April onwards; on the 29th of that month I noticed a
small Anthomyiid fly in some numbers on the trunks of eucalyptus
trees and a deep blue species (Ophyra’?) was in great abundance on the
leaves of a mulberry tree on 15th June. The above mentioned species
were the only Anthomyiids noticed. In the Acalypterate group of
Diptera I have only records of a Sepsis, very common around the
latrines in the orange groves from February onwards, and two species
of Jetanocera which used to occur on eucalyptus leaves. I do not
recollect ever noticing a Scatophaga. A species of Hippobosca was
..common among the horses and first observed on the 15th April.

I noticed that tree trunks which in England afford favourite
resting places for many species of Diptera did not seem in the least

FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. : 137

attractive in Palestine. The only case that came under my notice was
that of the small Anthomyiid mentioned above; it must be borne
in mind, however, that trees of any kind except eucalyptus, a recent
importation, were very scarce, and another factor of some importance
was the presence of numerous lizards. The eucalyptus is generally
supposed to act as a deterrent to mosquitoes, but this was not the case
with Oulew at any rate, nor did it affect the biting midges I have
mentioned. I had good opportunities to test this theory, as from the
middle of May to the end of June my quarters by day and night were
situated in a belt of eucalyptus between the orange groves and the open
plain. As the road on the belt towards the plain was in view as well
within gun range of the Turks, it was desirable to keep well inside the
eucalyptus belt, and a considerable number of the Diptera recorded
above occurred on the leaves of these trees. On the 15th June I noticed
what I took to be a case of honeydew attraction. There was a large
mulberry-tree in one of the groves adjacent to an irrigation tank, and
on that date the leaves—the fruit was barely ripe—were crowded with
Diptera, mainly Musca domestica and a deep blue Anthomyiid fly, and
hornets. I only noticed this once. The irrigation tank just mentioned
seemed to have a great attraction for mole-crickets (Gryllotalpa
vulgaris). We used to go to it vetween 5 and 6 a.m. for a bathe, and
there were usually half a dozen or so swimming round and round the
smooth concrete margins which gave them no foothold to get out. I
do not know whether they were attracted by the moisture or if they
were allured by the moonlight shining on the water. I was carrying
one in a handkerchief one morning and was surprised at the strength
it exerted in trying to get out. I had to keep my fingers tightly closed
over the handkerchief to prevent it forcing its way between them. -
On the 1st July the lattery left the Mulebbis gun lines and moved
to a training centre on the plain. The ground was parched and few
insects except grasshoppers were to be seen. In one spot I observed
some rather large sandwasps (Anmnophila). We stayed bere for three
weeks and then were ordered to proceed to the Jordan Valley to relieve
some R.H.A. units. After two days’ trek we got to the hills and began
the ascent to Jerusalem. On the western side these hills have a fair
amount of vegetation and olive trees are numerous. As soon as we got
into the hills butterflies appeared with more frequency and I saw
Teracolus for the first time. Whites also were fairly common. Four
days after leaving the plains we reached the top of the crest and
passed through the suburbs of Jerusalem, catching tantalising elimpses
of the Holy City en route. The next two nights—as day travelling
was now inadvisable owing to enemy aeroplanes—we spent going down
to Jericho. The eastern slope of the hills was a great contrast to the
ascent from the west. The gradient was extremely steep (within 20
miles the ground falls from 8000 feet above to 1300 feet below sea level)
and although we went by the newly made motor road, hairpin curves
were frequent and there was only a fragile stone parapet of about 8
feet in height between the roadside and the deep rock-stewn ravines.
Instead of the semi-cultivated ground with occasional hamlets there
was nothing but arid sun-scorched rocks with one or two ruined
buildings at long intervals, and the chalky dust that we stirred up in
our passage reminded me of the windward side of a cement factory on
the lower Thames. We got to Jericho on the 26th-27th July. The

138 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

plain of Jericho and the Jordan valley generally in the summer months
takes a good deal of beating for unpleasantness, and anyone who has
experienced its oppressive, dust-laden atmosphere will not be inclined
to condemn anyone to “go to Jericho” without grave provocation. As
stated it lies some 1000 feet below sea level, sinking to 1300 feet below
at the Dead Sea, and is inches deep in loose dust which rises in clouds
at the passage of animals or motor lorries, The heat was most
oppressive both by day and night. A fringe of dust-covered bushes
that bordered a little perennial stream running down from the Judean
Hills and.a number of dead-looking thorn bushes were the sole
specimens of vegetation, except in the gardens of Jericho itself, which
consisted for the most part of squalid mud-built houses with a few
modern stone edifices and a solitary mosque with a tall minaret. The
district has a bad name for malaria and house-flies abounded. There
was a story current that the Turks had sent a message in June to the
effect “‘ this month flies die, next month men die, we will come and
bury you in the autumn.” like other Turkish prophecies it proved
false in all particulars.
We lay one night at Jericho and the next night started on the final
stage of our destination. As seen from Jericho the plain appears to be
practically level to the opposing wall of the hills of Moab, but after
proceeding for a couple of miles or so along a gentle decline the road
suddenly dips without any preliminary warning into a chaotic series of
gullies and valleys carved out of the white crumbling limestone below
the general level of the plain. We wound our way through these for
another mile and finally reached the narrow belt of vegetation that
borders the river Jordan on both sides. There were numerous trees on
the. river banks (willows, acacias, tamarisks, oleander and poplars are
mentioned in a Guide book) and plants that on the plains only grow
to a couple of feet or so were present here as quite large shrubs.
There was an undergrowth of coarse grass and reeds and we lived in
reed-wattled shelters. It was very hot and dusty despite the vegetation
and we all suffered more or less trom prickly heat at night. The
Jordan here was a mud-coloured turgid stream some 50 or 60 yards in
breadth flowing with a very strong current between high banks.
When bathing, even at daybreak, its temperature was tepid and not at
all refreshing. As to insect life, butterflies represented by Teracolus
fausta, whites, a small blue, and the small copper were very common
and there were usually one or two D. chrysippus sailing leisurely about
on the river banks at the bathing place. Dragon-flies were also a good
deal in evidence. I did not notice many flies or mosquitoes but a
small inidge, nocturnal this time, added to the worries of the hot
nights. I several times saw a very large Anthrax almost the size of a
humble-bee. After a few days stay in this jungle the guns were moved
out, to our great relief, and sent back into one of the valleys of the
maze of broken hills, through which we passed on our way. Life
was more endurable here though the heat was still great. Where the
gullies opened out there was usually a scanty undergrowth of stunted
brushwood, and the floors of these valleys in the early morning would
be damp and sticky with the moisture that oozed out of the surrounding
hills. ‘The damp line could be traced on the chalky slopes as plainly
as on the walls of a newly built house. As soon as the sun gained
strength all was dried up into crumbling dust. A little stream ran

FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. 139

through our particular gulley with a fringe of bushes, and the trough
of the valley acted as a sort of funnel for the wind which used to spring
up every afternoon usually bringing a dust storm with it. The
summits of these hills were weather-worn into all sorts of fantastic
shapes and I longed for an artist’s gifts to sketch some of the curious
outlines. The ground was pitted with the little burrows of ant lion larvee
but there were not many insects. Some of the bushes by the stream
were in flower, a lavender coloured blossom of a Spiraea type, and what
insects there were came to these. A skipper butterfly used to frequent
them and an occasional P. cardut would put in an appearance but the
most constant visitors were large humble-bees with black wings and
bodies and a conspicuous yellow thorax ; Xylocopa aestrans and one or
two solitary bees and wasps also occurred. Mosquito nets were “ de
rigueur,” but I did not see any mosquitoes, though we had several cases
of malaria or what was diagnosed as such by the M.O. during our stay.

The Battery remained in the Jordan Valley for some six weeks and
then we were relieved in our turn and went back to the coastal sector in
time to take part in General Allenby’s great advance in September. We
subsequently followed up the victorious cavalry, treking across the-
plain of Esdraelon, which consisted mainly of a sea of very prickly
thistles, distinctly unpleasant as bivouac sites, and reached Haifa on
the Ist October. Here we made another three weeks stay and a few
Lepidoptera were observed, Macroylossa stellatarum, an ‘oak eggar”
moth, and ‘“vapourer” moths both in the larval and imaginal states.
Silver-fish insects were noted in the building in which the Battery
office was situated. The swampy nature of the hinterland of Haifa
was probably responsible for a good many cases of malaria that
occurred during our stay.

On the 22nd October we received orders to move up to Beirut, and
a nine days march along the coast passing Acre of crusading and
Napoleonic fame, and Tyre and Saida (Sidon) taking the memory
back to the earlier days of the Phoenicians and Biblical history. The
gradual change in the character of the vegetation, the buildings and
the dress of the inhabitants as we proceeded on our route was very
interesting. Between Tyre and Sidon we passed by a deserted cliff-
village with a number of caves and rock dwellings, reached by roughly
hewn flights of steps cut out of the rock. A fact that specially struck
me was the startling contrast between the barren, rocky slopes of the
hills on one side of the road and the luxuriant growth of vegetation
and fruit trees in the cultivated areas on the seaward side; these areas
only oecurred in the vicinity of the towns and I suppose were the
result of generations of culture, as nothing looked more unpromising
than the slopes of these hills. The only insects noted were Colias
edusa and Pyrameis cardui. These two species seem to be the
commonest kinds oecurring in Palestine, they were noticed everywhere
and seen more or less all the year round. We arrived at Beirut on
the 31st October and took part in the formal march of the 54th
Division through that town at the hour at which the Armistice with
Turkey was signed.

Almost as soon as we had reached Beirut the rainy season set in,
and this coinciding with an outburst of “Spanish flu’’ had disastrous
consequences on the health of the troops, who were tired out with the
strenuous work of the pursuit of the remnants of the Turkish Armies.

140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

I saw only a few insects, A fine specimen of a Doritis apollinus was
brought to me on the 9th December,* and the usual edusa and cardui
occurred. I noticed some common wasps (V. vulgaris?). In the
Diptera a Stegomyiid mosquito and a red-bodied Tachinid were both
common, the latter to be found running about on the stone walls of
the houses. The Battery left Beirut by sea for Egypt on the 11th
December, and my last impression of Syria was the wonderful rose-
coloured sunset glow on the snow summits of the Lebanon range
overlooking Beirut, for although the vegetation round the town itself
was of a semi-tropical nature the hilltops had been covered with snow
for some days.

On arrival in Egypt we were stationed in a large camp just outside
Heliopolis, one of the suburbs of Cairo, and on the opposite side of the
City to Mena where we had quartered on our first arrival in Keypt
nearly three years earlier. Here I noticed a true malarial mosquito,
Anopheles pharoensis, rather to my surprise, as the camp, a newly
formed one on the desert, was at least a mile from from the nearest
standing water. During our stay here I had the opportunity of
visiting the interesting collections in the Entomological section of the
Ministry of Agriculture at Cairo, though I could not spend as much
time there as I should have liked. In the middle of March I got my
demobilsation papers and was fortunate in getting away just before
the first of the native risings. I had an uncomfortable but uneventful
three weeks going home via Taranto and Le Havre, and arrived in
England again after three and a half years’ service abroad just in time
to spend Haster at home.

Allowing for the limited opportunities I had for entomological
observations I should think a collecting trip to Palestine would prove
interesting, but more so to Hyimenopterists and Dipterists than to
students of other orders. The Jordan Valley in the spring would I
believe well repay a collector, and the plains and more fertile portions
of Palestine would likewise be attractive, but one would have to go in
the earlier months of the year, and I certainly endorse Major Graves’
general remarks in his article on page 64 of the Hntomologist’s Record
for 1919 as to taking precautions against malaria and snakebite.

Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera
and Rhopalocera.—Additional Notes.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Continued from page 8.)

Ayriades coridon, Poda, form samson1, mihi, and A. thetis,
Rott., ab. prwrrr, mihi, and polonus, Z.—-Some years ago Ing.
Samson of Lyons sent me two male Ayriades, which he had collected
on June 16th, 1907, at the ‘“ foot of the Grand Saléve,” near Geneva.
As nothing has been published about them, to my knowledge, and as
I cannot come in touch again with Samson since the war, I think it
advisable to make this extremely interesting form known from the
specimen which has remained in my possession. At first sight the
upperside colouring, of a brilliant electric blue, similar to the brightest
and less violet specimens of the southern races of thetis, and the early

* The specimen referred to was in perfect condition. Mr. A. H. Jones, who
kindly identified it fur me, stated that the date was of interest as according
to Seitz the species emerges in February and March.

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 141

date of capture, answering to the first generation of the latter, would
strongly suggest its belonging to it. A more accurate inspection, on
the contrary, quite satisfies one that it is nothing but a coridon, similar
to the Asiatic race caucasica, Led., and that it exhibits no traces of
thetis characteristics, except the two mentioned above. It differs
markedly in this both from the description of polonus, Z., and of
ealydonius, Lowe (Wheeler, Butt. of Switz., p. 31); the former is
described as having the underside of thetis, which, in Central European
races especially, is very different indeed from that of coridon; the
description of the underside of the latter points to the same conclusion.
The underside of my specimen on the contrary does not differ in the
least from that of other coridon collected higher up on the Grand
Saléve in August. The shape of the wings and the fringes are also as
in this species and so is the marginal black pattern of upperside,
although, in coridon, specimens with this pattern as reduced in extent
are scarce; the premarginal spots are quite large on both fore- and
hindwing ; they nearly stand out completely from the narrow marginal
streak even on the forewing and the latter extends along the neuration
in thin sharp points. Except for the epoch of emergence, there would
be no reason to suspect a hybrid; the existence of caucasica in the Kast.
seems to point to a phenomenon of hypermorphism rather than to any
other; precocious emergence supports this view. I leave it to the
numerous and clever Lepidopterists of Geneva to find out whether
this form is constant or frequent and to better work it out, as it
well deserves.

The two specimens founa by Keynes in the Pyrenees in June seem
from his description (Hnt. fRec., xx., p. 178), to be like the
Geneva ones.

A stroke of luck gives me a chance of comparing the specimen
described above with what seems to be exactly Zeller’s polonws :
O. Querci, collecting in the Alpi Apuane (N.-W. of Tuscany) and
precisely at Careggine (m. 1000), captured a few days ago (mid-June,
1920) two abnormal male specimens, which were flying with no more
than half a dozen normal 4A. thetis; no others of this species have
been seen in that district and no coridon has, of course, appeared yet,
its period of emergence only beginning at the end of July. These
specimens are smaller than samsoni, corresponding to the size of thetis
in their locality ; the wings have exactly the rounded shape of the latter
and the underside pattern does not differ from it either: the fringes
on the contrary are a little longer than in thetis and are also chequered
more as in coridon ; the marginal black pattern above is fundamentally
as in samsoni, but the narrow marginal streak gradually shades off in
zone of sparse black scaling, mixed with the blue ground-colour which
reaches beyond the pre-marginal black spots and on the hindwing
vaguely shadows a series of pre-marginal lunules; thin nervural
streaks stretch far beyond it on all the wings; the spots are large and
shade gradually in the said blackish zone ; the ground colour is not as
brilliant as in samsoni or caneasica, but duller and heavy, and the blue
is of an extremely cold tinge, distinctly greenish. As Zeller’s polonns
in the original description is said to have “on the upperside a ground
colour combining the blue of both species (‘midway between adonis
and corydon’), but with the marginal markings of corgdon, whilst on
underside the colouring and marking is that of adonis,” that name

142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

seems to suit my specimens admirably. I must, however, state my
distinct impression that they are in no way hybrids, but simply an
aberration of thetis; the diffused marginal pattern and the tone of blue
probably recall the aspect of coridon by some factor having interfered
with their normal development ; it will be remembered that a greenish
colouring and a broad shadowed marginal band and nervural streaks
are to be seen on the wing in the chrysalis of thetis before emergence.

I should thus conclude that most of the supposed hybrids are
either hypermorphic coridon, having progressed towards thetis, or hypo-
morphic thetis, having stopped in their development at a stage
resembling coridon.

A third aberration, quite distinct from the two just described, is
represented by two specimens collected near Florence many years ago
by the late Prof. Pietro Stefanelli and now in his collection ; they are
mentioned by him in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xxxii. (1900); one he
found at the end of July in the plain, where thetis and aragonensis have
a generation in June and one in August-September ; the other he found
on Mount Fanna, 600m., where, besides these two species, there exists
coridon on the wing in August, at a time just preceding their second
emergence; the aberration in question was captured at the beginning
of this month. Never has Querci nor have I found another specimen
amongst the thousands of the three species examined from these
localities. By their size and rounded wings these two specimens quite
agree with thetis; the fringes instead are longer and chequered as in
arayonensis and coridon; the marginal streak is extremely narrow and
sharply defined; the premarginal spots are entirely absent on forewing
and very minute on hindwings; thus, the marginal pattern is just like
that of thetis; the ground colour is very glossy, but with a very pale
colouring; in certain lights it is pale blue, somewhat as in the corydonius
of coridon, in others it is silvery white, with a greenish tinge. As
regards the underside, it must be remembered that thetis race etrusca,
aragonensis race florentina, and coridon race apennina differ much less
from each other on that surface than do these species in other regions,
and that specimens occur which it would be impossible to ascribe to
the right one, without the aid of the upperside characters. Stefanelli’s
aberrations belong to the latter, but, if anything, resemble aragonensis
and coridon rather than thetis, on account of the thickness of the
premarginal black lunules; the forewings are whitish, the hindwings
pale fulvous, as in most Tuscan Agriades of the second generation. I
propose naming this lovely aberration preTRr in memory of its
discoverer. It seems to come nearer being a hybrid than samsont and
and Querci’s polonus, both by its aspect and time of emergence, but in
this case the specimen found in the plain, where cordon does not
exist, would show that the cross had been between thetis and
aragonensis.

With calydonius, Lowe, the ambiguous polonus, Z., of past authors
bas thus now been split up into four distinct European aberrations.

[I have received from Dr. Verity a request to add a note with
regard to the five specimens which I| took at Assisi in the summer of
1909 and which I described as polonus, Zeller, dnd regarded as hybrids
between the two species coridon and thetis. The upperside of all five,
though slightly differing in shade (due, I think, to their different
degrees of freshness), is of a colour about midway between the blue of

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 143

the two species. The black marginal line is sharply defined, as in 4.
thetis, though somewhat broader, but two of the specimens show traces
of black spotting within, but detached from, the border of the fore-
wings, and similar traces are discoverable with a lens in the other
three, these spots are more definite on the hindwings, in varying
degrees, but resemble those of thetis rather than those of coridon. The
fringes are distinctly those of thetis. The underside resembles that of
coridon in the difference of ground colour between the fore and hind-
wings, but this difference is less marked than in specimens of coridon
from Assisi. The spotting of the underside, except at the border is on
the whole nearer to that of coridon, whilst the border is somewhat
nearer to that of thetis, but the five specimens differ slightly in both
these respects. The wings of all are decidedly nearer in shape to those
of coridon.

‘It must be remembered that of these five specimens three were
taken on the slope above the cemetery road on June 28th and July 1st
and 2nd, amongst numerous specimens of thetis, and the other two on
July 19th and 24th on the road to Piano del Pieve amongst com-
paratively few specimens of coridon, thetis then being quite over. The
freshest specimens were those taken on July Ist and July 24th. I
never saw thetis on the cuortdon ground nor vice-versa, but the two
are scarcely half a mile apart. The dates of capture and the accom-
panying species would seem to point to three of these specimens being
aberrations of thetis, and two being aberrations of coridon, but as they
are practically indistinguishable, I am still of opinion that probably
all are hybrids. The date of capture of Dr. Verity's Geneva specimen
seems to me to preclude the possibility of its being an aberration of
coridon, and I have little doubt that all the specimens he mentions are
actually hybrids, the differences between them being just what might
be expected (judging from hybridism in other eases) on this
supposition. Otherwise, the only plausible theory would seem to be
that all are instances of atavism, in which gase three of my five Assisi
specimens would actually have thetis as their immediate proprietors and
the other two would be the direct offspring of coridon. This is no
doubt a tenable theory, but the other seems to make a less demand on
our credulity.—G. WHEELER. |

Agriades thetis, Rott., race srrusca, Vrty., mixed gynandromorphs.—
I must record the capture of two specimens last summer in Central
lialy: one on June 10th in the Mainarde Mts. (Caserta), the other in
August near Florence. In the first the right hindwing is quite female
with large lunules ; the forewings and the left hindwing are a little
smaller ; they have no premarginal lunules and they are streaked with
bright blue male scales, including androconial ; the underside is
entirely male. The second specimen may be described as a normal-
looking female on both surfaces, but with abundant blue male scaling
above, chiefly on right fore- and left hindwing, which is nearly
entirely blue and has no lunules as far back as the median nervure
and then abruptly becomes female beyond.

Gynandromorphs are still raver in the South of Kurope than they
are northwardly. O. Querci in 34 years, collecting on a large scale,
has only met with a Celastrina aryiolus near Milan, now in the
Rostagno coll. in Rome, and with a Plebeius aryus in the Sibillini

144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Mts., now in the Oberthiir coll. ; Stefanelli in 40 years has only found
one thetis similar to the ones described above; and I have never come
across any specimen, except a Polyommatus icarus sent to me from
Modena. This is probably due to the much greater scarcity of
aberrations in general : Querci has only met with cases of nearly total
mejanism in an Issoria lathonia, captured in Rome when he was a boy
and sent to Staudinger, and in two Melitaea athalia from the Isle of
Elba, now in my possession.

Agriades *hylas, Esp., race conrEpTa, mihi.—The nymotypical race
is from Saxony; it is large (82-34 mm.), the markings of the
underside are prominent, the background is dark gray in the male and:
of a very dark blackish-brown in the female; examples exactly
corresponding to Esper’s figures are found also in the Alps. In
Central Italy, instead, there exists a variation similar to that of other
Species ; the size is smaller, the build frailer, the underside is never as-
dark as in the nymotypical form, the markings are slightly reduced.
and the female never shows traces of blue scaling above ; except for
the size, these characters, however, are not as marked in a general:
way as in other Agriades of the same region. The first generation, in:
Tuscany, in the Sibillini and in the Mainarde, varies from 25 to 29"
mm. in expanse; the second rarely reaches 25 mm., generally
measures 22 to 24 and often is as small as 21; the latter corresponds
exactly to Hibner’s golgus, although his “ type” was from Spain ; for
the Italian first brood I propose the name correpta, the second should,
I think, be called golgus. If both the broods of Spain and Italy are.
found to be identical, the name golgus should, of course, be used for
the race and correpta limited in both regions to the first brood.

Agriades *escheri, Htib., race aLtIvoLans, mihi.—At high elevations.
(m. 900) and also in localities less high, but in which mountain races-
occur, in Tuscany and Central Italy generally, there exists a race of
- escheri distinetly different from the one of the plains, although extreme
individual variations here may resemble it. It recalls the race-
rondowi, Obth., of the Pyrenees, by its small size and by the minute
spots and lunules of the underside ; it differs from it, however, by the:
more vivid blue of the male, similar to that of race spLENDENS, Stef.,
of the Italian plains, by the orange lunules of the upperside of the
female, which are just as extensive as in splendens and not reduced or
absent, as in rondowi, and finally by the very clear and often perfectly
white underside of the male. “Types” from Firenzuola, m. 500,.
near Florence. Females with a blue suffusion are more frequent in
the mountains, just as is the case in France. In splendens the under-
side has usually the same gray tinge in the male and the spots are
about the same size as in Hubner’s figures, but the upperside is of a
much colder, clearer and more vivid blue.

Polyommatus meleager, Hsp., race macra, mihi.—In the lower
localities of Tuscany this species does not differ from the nymotypical
race of Saxony. At very high altitudes, such as Prato Fiorito, m.
1000, it is smaller; the females are notably darker, the dark scaling

* Hylas and eschert are not generally considered Agriades.—Hy.J.T.

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 145

being much more diffused, but the extreme form steeveni, Tr., has
never been met with in Tuscany. The race of the Sibillini Mountains,
at 1200-1800 m., has all the characters mentioned more markedly,
and besides here a few females have been found with characters inter-
mediate between the form steeveni of the Alps, entirely covered over
by brown scaling, and the form ignorata, Stdgr., of the Hast, in
which the background is white and there are brown nervural
bands; in my Italian specimens the white shows through a thin
veil of brownish-gray scales and there exists no trace of blue:
form squatipa, mihi. The race macra is also found in the Mainarde
Mts. in South Latium and in the Madonie in Sicily. One of the
males from the locality last mentioned, sent to me by Ragusa, is
identical with versicolor, Ruhl, of Asia Minor, by its very pale milky
blue and by its underside with marginal spotting extremely indistinct ;
transitions to this form are met with in Tuscany as individual
variations.

Polyommatus icarus, Rott., race ZELLERI, Vrty., subrace rasa, mihi.—
From July 10th to 18th, 1919, in the Mainarde Mts., at 500m.,
several males of the second generation were collected of a form quite
new both to Querci and myself, although we have examined thousands
of specimens from all sorts of localities; in some of these individuals
the usual grey colouring of the underside of the wings is entirely
absent, leaving the pure white ground colour quite uncovered; the
result is that the white rings round the spots and the triangular space
of hindwing, etc., where usually the white only shows, do not exist; in
other individuals the grey is more or less faintly present. This
evidently is the corresponding form to ab. detersa, Vrty., of A. thetis
(except for marginal black spots not absent, as in the latter) and to
form infracandida, Vrty., of Aricia medon. I do not think the
Mainarde specimens are simply due to an aberrating family,
accidentally hit upon by the collectors, for in the same locality all the
Agriades are remarkably light-coloured on the undersides, so that some ~
geographical factor probably exists.

Aricia medon, Hiifn.—This species produces tolerably marked
variations according to latitude and altitude and a few characteristics
proper to certain regions, but individual variation is always very broad
so that races are always undefined. Its variations can be summarised
and described with comparative ease, but, unfortunately, the literature
dealing with them is so vague and confused that we are met by
considerable difficulty in making use of existing names. Tutt has,
with admirable patience, collected all that has been published on the
subject, but one feels the need of a brief synopsis and conclusion,
definitely fixing the races which can be discerned at the present
moment, I will attempt to expose what I have made of it as shortly
‘and clearly as possible:

Tutt’s conclusion that the specific name should be that of
Hufnagel is evidently correct; the nymotypical race is consequently
the one of Berlin. Besides the two distinctly characterised and
localised races artaverawes, Fabr., with the transitional salmacis, Steph.,
from N. Britain, and montana, Ruhl] (=nevadensis, Obth.), from high
altitudes in §. Spain, there only exist in Hurope, broadly speaking,

146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

two races: one in Central and one in §. Europe. The proportion
between the numbers of the various individual forms varies however a.
creat deal in the different localities and changes distinctly the aspect
of series of specimens from each, so that several seconDaRy races are
discernible in both the primary ones mentioned above. As elassifica-
tion is mostly conventional and only a practical way of memorising the
complexity of facts (so much so that even a satisfactory definition of
“ species ’’ has not yet been given), I think the terms of “ primary,”
“secondary,” etc., races or groups of races can very well be used to
express the successive subdivisions which are met with in nature in
certain species, when regions gradually lesser in extent are considered,
such as in this case; the term “subspecies” J should restrict to
particular groups of races which only just fall short of the definite
eroup we call ‘‘species’’; species axiomatically are supposed never to
blend, subspecies sometimes blend, races always blend (see “ Intro-
duction’ to Rhopalocera palaearctica).

(a) The race or group of races of Central Europe is distinguished
by its elongated and pointed wings, with the external margin straighter,
by its fringes of a purer white, by the more or less frequent occurrence
of the individual form with no orange lunules above, which is never
found in the South, by the average lesser extent of these lunules, by
the underside nearly invariably grey, vaguely tinted with fulvous, and
thus much less variable than in the South except in aestiva and in
gallica ; it only has one or two generations.

The nymotypical individual form is one of small size, “with the
upperside entirely brown” and no orange lunules, described presumably
from the second brood (July) of Berlin. The extreme opposite-
individual form is agestis, W.V. (‘‘types”’ from Vienna), “ with
complete border of spots,” to use the words in the original description ;
astrarche, Brgst., is a synonym of this. The group of races of Central
Europe consists in these two forms and in all the intermediate
gradations, including semi-allous, Harrison [Ent. Rec., xvili., p. 236
‘(1906)] (‘‘types”’ from Durham) with “the row of red spots above
becoming obsolete,’ but otherwise ‘‘ as in P. astrarche.” According to
localities one of these forms predominates and gives series of specimens
a characteristic aspect, which may be designated by the name of that.
form. A fourth race makes its appearance when the second generation
acquires a distinctly different look from the first, owing to the under-
side being markedly fulvous in tinge. Staudinger has given [ Hor. Soc.
Ent. Ross., vii., p. 52 (1871)] the name “ aestiva meridionalis to those
specimens of the second brood of Greece and of the rest of 8. Europe,
especially of female sex, which have the underside of a deep grey-
brown colouring.’ Staudinger in his Catalog of 1901 makes of his
aestiva a synonym of calida. Rihl keeps it distinct and gives Baden
and Haute Garonne amongst its localities. Tutt notes that Staudinger
does not mention the broad orange lunules of upperside, which are a
characteristic of calida, so that his name can quite well be adopted
for summer specimens with lunules not extensive, which are much
more abundant in the South than might seem from Staudinger’s
words, which is not rare in the warmer parts of Central Hurope
and which reaches, as a rare aberration, even the North of England.
I should call aestiva the race in which this form is abundant in the
second brood, even if still mixed with agestis, and in which gallica

“SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 147

never occurs and still less calida. Finally Oberthur has named gallica
|Et. Lép. Comp., iv., p. 252 (1910) and x., fig. 2374-6], using as
‘types’ specimens from Cancal and from the Morbihan of the second
generation, that form in which-the lunules above are very extensive,
considering it is of the Central Europe race, and the underside of the
female is of a more fulvous gray than usual in that region ; its rather
large size and the shape of the wings also show that gallica is a
transition to the southern race and this name will no doubt be useful
to designate that particular race and intermediate grade, although,
strictly speaking, it would be included in the descriptions of ayestis
and of aestiva, and it would only be their culminating form;
Oberthiir, creating his name, has unconsciously restricted the other
two to the common, less marked, forms. Concerning the Alpine races,
let us observe that the form with no orange lunules above gets more
abundant as altitude increases and that the underside becomes of
a darker gray. Ever since Staudinger in 1871 restricted the name of
allous, Hiib., to this author’s figure 990, which has no trace of lunules,
the name has been used for the Alpine form with this characteristic.
The revival of the name medon reduces allous to a synonym, but Tutt
would evidently like to save it by observing that medon is particularly
stated to be small, whereas allows may be largé or even very large; as
size is very variable and never acquires racial. importance in this
species the distinction seems rather too subtle. The commonest
Alpine form is semi-allous, Harr., and it is mixed with different
proportions of individuals without lunules or with broader lunules,
according to localities. Tutt proposes to use the name alpina, Stdgr.,
for those individuals found at high altitudes and in tae far North,
which are of a particularly deep black and small, because Staudinger
says that ‘“‘a small Alpine form is interesting, in which the male
is always quite dark on the upperside.’ In my opinion the “ quite
dark” means devoid of lunules, and the proof of it is that
Staudinger in 1901 classifies it under allows with a “var.” which
probably was suggested by the small size; alpina, I think, is but
another synonym of medon. Why not admit that the revival of this
name has rendered two of the former ones useless, rather than try and
refer them to races and forms which their authors never had in mind ?

(6) The race of Southern Europe, broadly speaking, is characterised
by the broader and rounder shape of the wings, by the external
margin being more convex, by the fringes being more markedly
brown, by the complete absence of individuals with no orange lunules
above, by the more or less frequent occurrence of some with very
extensive lunules, so that the medium extent is markedly greater, and by
the underside, which exhibits a distinct dimorphism between the first
brood and the two summer ones: these two seasonal forms branch off
in opposite directions from the Central Hurope race, because in the
first brood the-underside becomes of a very cold grey tinge (with no
trace of fulvous), except in rare individuals, and the gray is often pale
and sometimes very pale or nearly white, showing it 1s a transition to
sarmatis, Gr., of Russia, to infracandida, Vrty., of Syria, etc., whilst in
the second and third broods the underside becomes markedly fulvous
in both sexes and the basal suffusion of bluish scales disappears, as in
icarus, thersites, thetis, etc.; in all the broods individual variation is
much greater than in Central Hurope; three broods are produced at
all altitudes.

148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Local varieties consist, just as in Central Europe, but more
markedly, in the extent of the orange lunules and in the colour of the
underside ; the different grades of these two characters produce a few
secondary races by combining in different ways.

I think one should in the study of European races, leave aside
the Erschh. (1821), which was given to the race of the Canary
Islands and which is figured and described in a different way,
so that it is impossible to fix the brood it belonged to. Broadly
speaking the name of ornata, Stdgr., is, in consequence, valid
for the first brood and that of calida, Bell., for the two others of the
South. More exactly one finds that the firss has been given to the
individual form from Tunis with the underside of a “light grey, as in
ordinary astrarche’’ and ‘with a wide reddish band of marginal spots
above,’ found together with other forms ‘‘ scarcely differing from the
usual form.” Staudinger adds that this special form was abundant in
Sardinia and that he possessed it from Cadiz and Corsica. From this
one can conclude that the name should be used for those races whose
first generation has the broadest lunules; it is met with precisely in
those localities and to it belong also nearly all the Sicilian specimens
collected by the Quercis at Monreale, 800m. above Palermo, during the
whole of May, and by Ragusa on Mount Pellegrino, at the beginning
of April. Oberthur’ figures 2381-2 [Et. Lép. Comp., x.] show well
the extent of the lunules, but the underside is darker and the size
greater than in the Sicilian specimens. In Florence and other
localities of Tuseany and Central Italy the culminating form never
occurs and the average extent of the lunules is distinctly less; the
whitish underside on the contrary does not differ from that of the
Sicilian examples. I should name this form sugBornata, taking as
typical my series of the Pian di Mugnone and more exactly that
individual form in which the first lunule is absent, so that five are left
on the forewing. In Syria (my ‘‘type” is from Beyrouth) and in
Asia Minor (see Tutt, p. 254) the prevailing or only form is the most
extreme variation in the ornata line, on account of the extent and
brightness of the lunules on both surfaces and on account of the
underside being of a perfectly pure white. JI should name it
INFRACANDIDA. In sarmatis, Gr., from §.E. Russia the underside is of
a less pure white tinge, there are no lunules above and the wings are
more elongated. It is well worth naming inrraLBens those individuals
(types ”’ in my coll. N. 10 and 24) which have a whitish underside
and differ thus from the nymotypical form of ornata, in which it is of
a comparatively dark gray colour, similar to agestis, and such as was
described by Staudinger and well figured by Oberthir. Needless to say
that no confusion is possible between form infralbens and ab. albicans,
Aur., a true aberration.

In the two summer generations there exist two principal forms,
which constitute very distinct races. Form calida was described in
1862 by Bellier, from Corsican specimens; in his description the
following points must be emphasised: ‘‘the darker colouring of
upperside,’ ‘‘the larger and brighter orange spots,” ‘the darker
fringes ’’ and the ‘“ underside of both sexes, but particularly of female,
which is striking on account of its very marked brick-red tinge.”

Ruhl, in Pal. Gross-schmett., p. 759 (1895), gives the name of “ var.
montana” to “large specimens with very little red on upperside, and

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. . 149

with a rather light underside,”’ which fly in Andalusia. Tutt remarks
that this can only be the fine race, well described and figured by

‘Oberthiir under the name of nevadensis (Et. Lép. Comp., iv., p. 250,
and x., fig. 2372-3], which in consequence sinks in synonymy. This
form stands exactly opposite to calida by its extremely reduced lunules
and by its poor colouring on both surfaces.

In Tuscany there exist precisely two extreme opposite races, which
correspond to the two variations just mentioned (the series in my
collection which better represent them are respectively from the Isle of
Elba and from Florence) and intermediate gradations, according to
localities. Tio the Elban race the name calida, Bell., is well suited,
and so it is to the similar one I have collected in August at Tempio in
Sardinia. The underside variations are at Elba very extensive in both
sexes, but more marked in the female: besides the nymotypical
individual form of calida, which I should describe as being of a very
bright reddish fulvous, rather than of a “ brick-red,’’ as does Bellier,
and besides the pallidefulva form (described below), the following are
noteworthy: A form of a dark leaden gray, nearly entirely devoid of
fulvous mixture, found in both sexes in June, at the beginning of the
second generation and which I should call 1rrrapLumBea (types N. 61
and 79, easily distinguishable from late individuals of the first
generation by the absence of bluish scales at the base of wings) ;
a form of a very dark chocolate-brown, evidently produced by the
combination of the fulvous of calida with the gray of the preceding
(form inFRacacaotica ; types N. 64 and 78 of my series); a few other
specimens are identical with gallica and with aestiva, as regards under-
side colouring, and many correspond to them by the extent of the orange
lunules on both surfaces.

Most of the individuals of the two summer generations from
Florence differ markedly from the Elba race by their slightly larger
size and by the much paler and duller colouring on both surfaces,
which produces, in extreme examples, a strong resemblance to
nevadensis, as figured by Oberthiir (fig. 2372-3*) ; from the latter they
differ however by their smaller size, by never being equally pale and
dull and by the breadth of the lunules above, considerably more.
- extensive than in calida trom Elba, instead of much more reduced, as
in nevadensis. The Florentine specimens, compared to the Elba ones,
can be described as follows: the upperside is not of a blackish-brown,
but of a brown inclining to fulvous; the lunules are not of a bright
reddish-orange, but of a more yellowish and duller tinge on both
surfaces ; they are markedly more extensive in both sexes ; the under-
side is of a very pale café-au-lait inclining to fulvous in the majority
of the males, and of an extremely pale fulvous (sometimes slightly
pinkish) in the extreme examples of that sex and in the majority of
the females. It must be noted that this pure and light fulvous colour
is evidently due to the absence or the paleness of the gray, already
described in the form infralbens, Vrty., of the first generation, who's
“types ”’ belong precisely to the same race. I should adopt for the
entire race the name of panuiperuLva, which I give to the summer

* Judging by these figures, my impression is that this montana, Riihl
(=nevadensis, Obth.), should be grouped with dricia ramburi, Vrty. (=idas,
Ramb.), if the latter be a distinct species from medon; Chapman, however, has
not found a marked difference between ramburi and medon even in the genitalia.

150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

generations. Specimens of the other forms described above, when
speaking of calida, are found in small numbers also in the neighbour-
hood of Florence and vary according to localities. Form calida seems
to be produced by damp heat and form pallidefulva by dry heat.

In many Tuscan localities a race is found certainly very different
from pallidefulva, but which, on the other hand, cannot be referred to
calida either, because individuals with a very bright underside are
wanting. It may be described as an intermediate grade between
gallica, Obth., and calida, Bell., mixed with a few individuals
transitional to pallidefulva. I propose calling it supcatipa, taking as
typical my series from the Valleys of the Fegana and of the Camaione,
m. 350-550, near Lucca. It is probably the commonest and most
widespread race in Central and Northern Italy.

At the highest altitudes reached by medon in the Tuscan Apennine,
such as Prato Fiorito, m. 1000, and Abetone, m. 1800, the two
summer generations correspond to grade gallica, Obth. In the
Sibillini Range, at m. 1200, where the fauna has a more Alpine aspect
than in the arid Tuscan mountains, also medon displaces itself of
one grade in variation and produces a perfect agestis, with only two
generations, with elongated wings, with the underside of a gray
inclining to fulvous in many specimens of the second or summer
brood, and with bluish scaling at the base of wings also in the
latter brood, which consequently often differs in no way from
aestiva, Stder.

The following Table summarises what has been said above. It will
be noticed that the leading characters of the races are very limited in
number. I have endeavoured to show at a glance, by letters and
fioures, how the various combinations of their different grades
characterise the races ; their meaning is explained below.

Annuals: Northern Europe, North of the Isothermal line of 49°.

C,.B,.A,. 0-Il. Race artaxerxes, Fabr. (Scotland).
C,.B,.A,. 0-Il. Race salmacis, Steph. (Northern England).
C,. Bo. A. 0. Race medon, Hiiin. (=allous, Hiib., fig. 990).
C,.B,.A,- I. Race semiallous, Harrison.
High altitudes in the great mountain ranges of Central Europe.
Cr. Bo. Ay: 0: Race medon, Hiifn., (=allous, Hiib., fig. 990, = alpina, Stdgr.).
C,. By. A,- I. Race semiallous, Harrison.

Bigenerates: Northern Europe (South of isothermal line of 49°) and Central
Europe. Also high altitudes in the great ranges of Southern Kurope.

(C,) ? 0. Race sarmatis, Gr.-Gr., I. gen. sarmatis. II. gen. &
C,. Bo. A,.-0. Race mzdon, Hiifn. », medon. Po medon.
Cy Be Ag: I. Race semiallous, Harr. », semiallous. ,, semiallous
C,.B,.A,- I. Race agestis, W.V.(=astrarche, Brg.) agestis. ,, agestis.
C,.B,.A,. Ill. Race aestiva, Stdgr. agestis. ,, aestiva.
C,.B,.A,. IV. Race gallica. Obth. aA agestis or

subornata. ,, gallica.

Trigenerates: Southern Europe and Mediterranean Region.

C,.B,.A,. V. Race subcalida, Vrty., I. gen. swbornata, Vrty., Il. and III.
subcalida.
1a Ua VI. Race calida, Bell., I gen. ornata, Stdgr., II. and III. calida.
1)? Ay. VI. Race infracandida, Vrty., I. gen. infracandida, II. and III. ?
o)B,. Ay. VI. Race pallidefulva, Vrty., » subornata, II. and III.
pallidefulva.
Ay. I. Race montana, Riihl. =nevadensis, Obth. (S. Spain).

SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. isl

The ordinals in Roman figures represent the various grades in the
extent of the orange lunules on upperside, which cannot be indicated with
more accuracy, by stating the actual number of lunules present, because
their size varies more than their number and has more importance:
in the look of the insect. In this, as in the following characters, it
- should be understood that the grade indicated is that of the medium
individual variation, but that the latter is, as a rvle, so
extensive as to include various grades. The different variations of the
underside of the wings, which constitute the leading characters of the
various races, are represented by letters and the different grades
of each by arabic figures, beginning by O where the character is
absent: A—size of black dots; B=brightness of fulvous tinge of
underside in the single generation of artaxerwes and of salmacis, and
in the second and third generations of the other races; the gray
colour, with which it is generally mixed, may be more or less dark, or
even absent in the various individual variations ; C=medium of the
different individual variations in the intensity of the gray of under-
side; the total absence of gray (C,) as well as of fulvous (B,) does not
figure in the table, because this combination only occurs in extreme
individual forms, exactly as the extreme nymotypical form of
infracandida does not occur as a race, because the medium intensity of
the race corresponds to grade infralbens (C,); in the case of race
sarmatis and in that of race infracandida the grade of the first brood
figures in brackets in the Table because the following broods are
unknown to me, and in the case of race pallidefulva that of the Il. and
Ill. brood is also in brackets, because in this race seasonal
dimorphism is more marked than in the others, in this particular
character (C), and the first brood has a different (C,) grade of
gray, so that the grade indicated does not refer to all the broods, as in
the case of the other races.

This Table shows clearly that the vast majority of the more
widespread races consist in gradations of only one series of variations,
from medon to infracandida, similar to those of A. thetis, of P. icarus,
etc., and that only a few local races stand apart. Experimental
breeding would probably show, as in the case of R. phlaeas, that the
series only consists of ontogenetic races produced by the direct action
of surroundings on individual elasticity, or perhaps that a slight
degree of hereditary differentiation exists between the extremes of the
series; a positive fact is that no sign of a ‘transverse scission ”’
is perceptible at any point of the series. On the contrary scissions are
clearly discernible, which might, by a material image, be called
“longitudinal ’’ in respect of the direction of variation just mentioned,
and which cause a division of the two extremes of the series in
“eollateral’’ divergent branches. That artaverves is not simply
produced by a further continuation of the variation which leads up to
medon seems to me clearly shown by the fact that it is never found as
extreme individual variation even in localities where form medon is
most abundant as compared to the other forms, and by the fact that
the fulvous colour is often more accentuated than in the latter both by
the extent of the lunules and by the tinge of underside, which can
reach the grade of agestis and even of aestiva; at this level in
consequence one suspects that the branch of semiallows and medon, and
that of salmacis and artaweraes have separated. It must be noted that
the disappearance of the black dots below cannot be entirely due to a

152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

degenerative cause, for in other Lycaenidi it is found elevated to the
rank of a specific character (pheretes, etc.) ; it would rather seem an
indication of a state of organic equilibrium adapted to live in Arctic
‘or very damp climates.

Race sarmatis, Gr., is from the mountains of Southern Russia; it
has no orange lunules above and the underside is light gray.
Staudinger and Seitz make what would be an infracandida, Vrty., of
it, but Tutt has examined the “ types” in the Brit. Mus. and cleared
up what Grum meant.

Anyone can easily see that pallidefulva and montana stand outside
the gradation which leads from medon to calida; in this continuous
series there exists a tolerably constant proportion, in the medium of
individual variation, between the grades of the different ¢haracters,
both when they progress in a parallel fashion (extent of lunules,
brightness of fulvous, etc.) and when there is an inverse proportion
(characters just mentioned and intensity of gray below), although
individual variation is broad. Form pallidefulva may be found in
certain localities mixed with individuals belonging to the main series,
but in others it constitutes a distinct race, not very variable; it stands
out sharply on account of a very accentuated difference in the
proportion between the grades of the different characters: by the extent
of the lunules it is equivalent to the higher grades calida and
infracandida ; by the entire, or nearly entire, absence of grey mixed
with the fulvous it is also equivalent to the latter or to infralbens, as
also to the individuals of calida with a very bright, but very pure,
fulvous underside ; on the contrary by the tinge of the lunules on both
surfaces and by the tone of the fulvous of underside it is equivalent to
the lower grades gallica and aestiva and to this it adds an exceptionally
light and reddish upperside on account of the strong reduction of the
black. In montana=nevadensis these characters are still more
accentuated, except the extent of the lunules, which is extremely small
on the upperside and also on the underside, so that a form transitional
to A. ramburi, Vrty.=idas, Ramb., is the result, although this is
considered a species distinct from medon.

This example of medon seems to show that individual varia-
tion may include differences in the proportions between the
erades of the different characters, but that in such cases ‘‘ specific
elasticity’ gradually comes into play and tends to produce
stable phylogenetic races, which by a further displacement of the
centre of balance may originate subspecies and perhaps even species.
Although this last conclusion would have such an enormous import-
ance in the vewata questio of the origin of species that one scarcely dares
admit its possibility, I must say that the more my acquaintance
with variation in the Lepidoptera increases the more examples I find
of extraordinary resemblance between species. I find that related species,
perfectly distinct at one end of their series of geographical variations
or in one of their annual generations, often are so similar in the
opposite variation or in another generation as to be quite difficult to
separate from each other. As, for the present, we are only able to
establish specific distinction on the ground of morphological characters,
such resemblances at one end of divergent series may, I think, be worthy
of careful consideration.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON COLLECTING, 153.

WOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Apraxas syivata.—l shall be glad of any hints as to rearing this
species from those of your readers who have been successful in the
matter. Under what conditions can one get the pupe safely through
the winter? With me they invariably die.—(Rev.) G. H. Raynor,
M.A., Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon.

A NEW Locality FOR DRYoPHILUS ANOBIOIDES, CHEVR., AND SOME
OTHER COLEOPTERA FROM F’REcKENHAM AND Barton Mixuis.—Early in
May, 1916, Dr. Nicholson discovered Dryophilus anobiotdes, Chevr., in
abundance on a patch of broom at Freckenham, Suffolk; and three
weeks later Mr. Allen visited the place in his company and found the
beetle still present but less plentiful. They having kindly told me
where to look for this rare insect at Freckenham, I went there on May
17th last; but found most of the broom dead. I only secured two
specimens of the Dryophilus from a single plant which was broken, but
still living. Remembering that I had seen a fine large clump of broom
at Barton Mills I determined to try there, and on May 18th I found
the beetle to be in great abundance in this new locality. This beetle,
judging from the few records of its capture with us, appears to be very
rare in Britain. Fowler only gives Plumstead, Coombe Wood, and
Chobham, which are all very old records. Rudd recorded it from
Coombe Wood in 1834 [Hnt. Mag, 2 112 (1834)]. The only recent
capture known to me, previous to Nicholson’s was made by Dr. Joy at
Bradfield.

It may be worth while to mention some of the other beetles
observed at Freckenham and Barton Mills. In the former locality:
beating some large Scots firs in bloom produced Brachonya pineti, Pk.
(this northern species is evidently spreading in Suffolk; a few speci-
mens had been taken near Mildenhall, Allen found it at Brandon, and
it occurred to me in abundance at Barton Mills in 1917); Cryphalus
abietis, Ratz.; Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh.; Pityogenes bidentatus,
Hbst.; Rhinomacer attelaboides, F.; Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. ;
Homalium rivulare, Pk.; H. conctnnwn, Marsh ; Calodera nigrita, Man.
(two specimens were taken, a very curious situation for this marsh
insect): Apion pomonae, F., HKumicrus tarsatus, Mull.; Atomaria
linearis, Steph.; and asmall narrow Hpuraea, which I have not yet
been able to determine.

In some pits, whence sand had recently been dug, beetles swarmed ;
some of these are usually only found on the coast. Harpalus
picipennis, Duft., not uncommon (the only other inland records known
to me are Hendon, Lakenheath Warren, and Brandon. Retaken by
Allen at Brandon in 1917); Harpalus serripes, Schon. (taken inland
previously at Dartford Heath, and Harleston, Norfolk); Philopedon
geminatus, F. (other inland records: Wellington College, Sherwood
Forest, Bewdley, and Kidderminster) ; Microzoum tibiale, F.: Ortho-
cerus muticus, L.; Baris picicornis, Marsh.; Trachyphloeus scaber, L. ;
T. scabriculus, L.; Strophosomus faber, Hbst.; Syncalypta hirsuta,
Sharp; Notoxus monoceras, L.; Homalota ignobilis, Sharp; A. caesula,
Hr.; and H. sericea, Muls. (Dr. Cameron kindly identified the
Homatlotae for me) ; ete.

Harpalus punctatulus, Duft., was taken running on the road.

154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Beating dead gorse stems produced Phloeophthorus rhododactylus,
Marsh, and its parasite Laemophloeus ater, Ol. ; Pityoyenes bidleutatus,
Hbst., and Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh (these two last species are
usually found in fir).

At Barton Mills the -Phloeophthorus and the Laemophloeus were
abundant in dead broom stems, and nearly all the broom feeders were
present in numbers: Tychius venustus, F.; Apion rufirostre, F. ;
Gonioctena olivacea, Férst.; Bruchus loti, Pk.; and Micrambe villosa,
Heer., in plenty; ete.

A specimen of Vetropium gabrielli, Weise, was beaten off broom ;
and Cveeliodes ruber, Marsh., off oak. This last insect, in my
experience, is decidedly rare. In all the years that I have been
collecting I have only taken four specimens.—H. DonistHorps.

Some Leprpoptera FRoM Hast Tyrone in 1919.—A cold late
spring following a fairly mild winter; the sallows were not in bloom
until the middle of April; the usual spring Noctuae (with the exception
of Taenivcampa munda) were all remarkably searce.

On April 21st (a fine mild night) on the bogs near Tranmere,
Lough Neagh, I did not see a single 7. opima at the bloom, although
several were netted as they flew wildly round the lamp; these and a
few reddish J’. gracilis were the total result of the trip.

Among the birch scrub at Killymoon, Tvicopteryx (Lobophora)
carpinata was much more abundant than usual at dusk.

The last week of April came in warm and sunny, and from that
date till the middle of August only a few passing showers fell,
although the weather for days together was dull and stormy.

In May Huchloé cardamines was more abundant than I ever
remember and I was lucky to get some nice aberrations, including a
pale yellow g¢ with the veins of posterior wings rayed with sulphur-
yellow, almost a combination of abs. flava, Williams, and sulfwreo-
venata, Keynes; although the colour perhaps is not quite as deep as
the latter aberration ; a g with twin discoidals to the anterior wings ;
several with the orange blotch suffused with dark scales and a band of
dark scales along the eosta into the discoidal spot; a few examples
with the marginal dots on anterior wings united to each other and to the
apical blotch, producing the effect of a dark border to the outer edge of the
wing. By the way, there is a mistake in my last notes (H’ntom. Record,
vol. xxxi., page 72); in recording this aberration I wrote “ posterior ”’
wings ; what I intended to write was “ anterior,” thus entirely altering
the meaning.

Mr. H. B. Williams in the splendid paper on this species (Z7ans.
London Natural History Society) describes this form, but gives no
locality ; for this very distinct aberration I would _ propose the
name maryinata.

Nearly all the females are of the var. ochrea, Tutt, although a few
in lividuals have only the discoidal area of hindwings yellow; and on
May 22nd my ‘better half” brought to me a beautiful suffused
specimen of the ab. radiata, Williams ; on the 27th I found a specimen
streaked with orange on both forewings. The greater number of these
aberrations were found at rest on Cardamine pratensis in the evening
and on dull cloudy days.

At the same time Pieris napi was also abundant and a number of
nice banded females occurred as well as several pale yellow forms.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 155

More Hemaris tityus were seen than ever before, but owing to the
hot weather very shy and almost untakeable.

On May 27th, a fine still day, on the bogs at Tamnamore I found
Hydrelia uncula flying in abundance among the sedges, together with
Euclidia mi and Strenia clathrata, the latter varying a great deal; a
very few Melitaea aurinia were also observed on another part of the
bog flying over the heather; a day or two later a little moth was
noticed at rest on a flower of Cerastium in a damp meadow—-this was
Eupithecia pygmaeata, and searching around, they were found in
numbers at rest on flowers or flying a few inches above the short grass,
unfortunately a great many were more or less worn, but 1 managed to
pick out a series of a dozen in beautiful condition; the few local
specimens I had previously were captured flying along hedges, in the
afternoon sunshine, where the Great Stitchwort, Stellaria holostea
grows; on June 14th, another afternoon was spent on the bogs,
when Jno statices was found at rest on Ragged Robin, and a number of
the females of H. uncula were netted as well as Aspilates strigillaria
and Coenonympha tiphon, an early date for the last insect here. About
the middle of the month a search for the cocoons of Zyyaena lonicerae
was undertaken, but owing to the wind they were hard to spot in the
‘grass, and when found often minus their contents, but all the same
the wind helped to discover the robber; walking slowly among the tall
grass and rushes, a Reed Bunting suddenly got up a few paces ahead,
going to the exact spot I found a cocoon just torn open, but no pupa
could I find. I had often suspected this bird, having seen it many
times previously hovering over and then alighting in the grass, in the
locality where the cocoons used to be so abundant, but was never able
to detect it actually in the very act, until this season.

During the month of July several excursions were made to the
Lough Neagh district especially for Selidosema ericetaria, but not a
single example could be found after miles of bog-trotting ; the only
Lepidoptera seen were numerous worn and tattered Hmaturga atomaria
and some Bupalis piniaria in a like condition among the pines.
' During one of these trips, a number of Lepidoptera were found in the
clutches of the Long-leaved Sun-dew Drosera intermedia, growing in a
bog drain, these ‘‘ poor unfortunates”’ included P. napi, C. tiphon, E.
jurtina, and <Anarta myrtilli, many were quite dead, an almost
undistinguishable jumble of wings, others fluttering feebly, and some
just entangled, which on being released were able to fly away seemingly
not much the worse.

The bogs at this time were as dry as a board and covered with sun
cracks; no doubt the globules of apparent moisture secreted by this
plant had tempted these deluded insects to their doom; at any rate
my good friend “ the Doctor” and I would have fared badly had he
not taken the precaution of bringing liquid refreshment in the shape of
lemonade.

In its locality K)inephele jurtina ab. addenda was not rare; I also
‘captured several males of this aberration.

Sugar is seldom of much use hereakouts owing to the counter-
attraction of numerous grasses and rushes, and this year honey-dew
was everywhere, but by searching the leaves of birch trees after dark I
took a number of beautifully fresh Geometra papilionaria as well as
Dyschorista suspecta and hosts of other commoner insects.

156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

A very few Hupithecia succenturiata were bred this month, and a
few were observed flying at dusk among the foodplant, but not
captured ; it appears to be not uncommon locally judging from the
abundance of the larve ; but these are terribly infested with parasites,
the few (four) I bred, being the sole survivors of about two dozen fine
larve taken in the autumn. In early August Stilbia anomala was
numerous flying over the moors at dusk in one restricted locality and
a little later Hydroecia crinanensis fairly swarmed at honey-dew on
thistles, Cnicus palustris, near Killymoon, as many as twenty being
observed on one thistle stem, but the thistle spikes played havoc with
the scales and wings, consequently only about one in ten was in good
order. Sue
About the middle of the month Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas
was in swarms in a flax field, attracted by the honey-dew on the flax
stems, in fact the whole of ‘the little copper” population seemed to
be congregated in that field, and although I was only able to examine
the edges, I captured a nice lot of aberrations, the best being one partly
ab. schmidtii and partly ab. intermedia, Tutt, several brassy. forms,
examples with pear-shaped spots, and numerous abs. caeruleopunctata,
Gerh.

On August 23rd, a beautiful summer day, I went with “the
Doctor” to see Sptranthes romanzoffiana which he had found on the
shore at Lough Neagh; we found this rare orchid, which in Hurope is
almost confined to the Lough area, abundant for some miles along the
shore and growing only in boggy ground; Aglais urticae was very
abundant at mint flowers and I took a nice variety with chalky-blue
apex to forewings and the blue lunulets on hindwings obsolete.

It was remarkable to observe on the shore that the vegetation
growing in the sand was burnt up and dead whereas that growing in
the bog was green and fresh.

At ivy in the late autumn Xylina socia was abundant and Agrotis
saucia put in a welcome appearance after an absence of some years ;
other autumn species were rare or absent.—THomas Greer, Carglasson,
Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone.

GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A number of the parts of Seitz Lepidoptera are now obtainable from
the English agents Messrs. Williams and Norgate. Seven parts are:
of the Palearctic Geometrae, which is almost finished now; the com-
pletion of the Palearctic Noctuae is also ready, and in addition some
five parts of the Exotic portion. The price is now doubled, with an
occasional double number.

Signor Querci of Florence writes to say that he has been collecting
for the last month in the Alpi Apuane (Carrara), N.W. Tuscany, and
that his wife and daughter have spent two months on the coast
ranges of Calabria and are shortly joining him in Tuscany. He says
that the Alpi Apuane is “ the most interesting country I have ever
met.” Dr. Verity proposes to do some collecting while on his visit to
the Italian Tyrol.

We hope to publish an account of the breeding of Phryaus livornica
in the succeeding number from the pen of Mr. Hedges, who has
obtained ova this spring from British-captured imagines.

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Duplicates.—Varleyata and other varieties of Grossulariata. Desiderata:—Good
yarieties and local forms. Spilosoma urtice, Advenaria, and other ordinaty species to
renew old series. Good Tortrices and Tineae.—Geo. T- Porritt, Kim Lea, Dalton,

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Perlepidana, Vaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana, Myllerana. Desiderata—Numerous.
—A. A. Dalglish, 7, Keir Street, Glasgow.
™~ Duplicates.—Phigalia pedaria, melanic and intermediate forms in great variety.

Desiderata.—Numerous common species.—M. Corbett, 8, Thorne Road, Doncaster.

“Mr. Donisthorpe will still be glad.to receive ants and Myrmecophiles from all parts
of the British Isles; and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough to send them to
him. He would however suggest that ants from any other parts of the world be sent to
his colleague, Mr. W. C. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14. Mr. Crawley is
specialising on the ants of the world, and it is a matter for congratulation that we should

possess an Entomologist in this country whose whole attention should be concentrated on
this branch of Entomology.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
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The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
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ee SS SR SR SSDS
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BACK VOLUMES ; OF |
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- and Journal of Variation.

(Vols, I-XXXII.)

GGNTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) es ep
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Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday eollection—_
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for 1690—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus ee 25
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., eic., 360 pp. :

GONTENTS OF VOL. II. . op

Munanist and MrtanocHroism—Bibiiography—Notes on Collecting—Artioles on
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derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

Contents of Vol. Ill.

Genus Acronycta and its allies (continued)—Scientific Notes—The British Coccinel- .
_lidae—Notes on Breeding—Notes on Couroprmra (very many)—Dates of appearance of
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ee CONTENTS.
PAGE,
_ Fagin latirostris, F., near Bristoly and its larva, H. POnITIe De, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{with a plate) .. .. Bee areata + «157
On Zygrena rhadamanthus, Esper, hier Ver ate UL D.. RY Pie See LOS

Ants from Mesopotamia, and N.W. Persia, W. C. Craabten Ue Diath R. 8. (with a plate) aa EOS
| Counmerme Norus :—Notes from the Hill Museum; A. cydippe on Reigate Hill, Hy.

_ Speyer; A. ivis in February, G. Talbot, F.H.S.; Epuraea bickhardi a British insect,

_H. Donisthorpe; Z. ri oie H. H.Winser .. Ke os ae ie >. 166

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SEPTEMBER 16th, 1920.

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PLATYRHINUS LATIROSTRIS, F., NEAR BRISTOL. 157

Platyrhinus latirostris, F., near Bristol; and a description of its
larva (previously unknown). (With plate IV.).
By H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

On June 7th last I went down to Bristol, and my friend Mr. G. T.
Gimingham very kindly conducted me to a wood in that district where
he had previously taken the rare Anthribid beetle Platyrhinus lati-
rostris, F. Suitable old ash trees were scarce, and the fungus Daldinia
(=Spheria) concentrica affected by the beetle, still scarcer. ‘The tree on
which was the most fungus, and where Gimingham had recently
captured a specimen, having drawn blank, we tried further on in the
wood, and eventually I found two specimens of the Platyrhinus which
were sheltering under the bark of an old ash, on which was some of
the fungus. A third specimen occurred sitting on a patch of fungus
high up on a tree, but where it could be distinctly seen from the
ground below. My companion was so obliging as to climb the tree for
me, to obtain the beetle. A day or two later I took one more speci-
men; again under bark.

Fowler gives the following localities for this rare beetle :—
Cheltenham ; Salford Priors; near Chudleigh; Swansea; Scotland,
Tay district, extremely rare ; and he remarks: “I know of no captures
of recent years.’’ In the supplement we add Porlock. The Rey. T.
Wood took it there in 1898.

In lumps of the funeus)a number of whitish larve (superficially
like small Scarabaeidae larvee) were found to be present; some very
small, others larger, and one which I should judge to be about half
grown.

As it was certain that this was the larva of Platyrhinus (no other
beetle large enough feeding in this fungus), I took this specimen home
with me. I find the larva of Platyrhinus is unknown (this being also
the case with nearly all the Anéhribidae), and therefore it seems
important to describe and figure it. The only other insects found in
and about the fungus were Diphylus lunatus and Mycetophagus atomartus
in abundance ; Cryptophayus ruficornis, very rare; anda Bracon, which
might be parasitic on any of these, but was perhaps too small to be a
parasite of Platyrhinus.

The following is a careful description of the larva. I dissected out
the mouth parts; and am indebted to Miss Tassart for the drawings.

Superficially like a small Scarabaeid larva; mandibles dark brown, apical
marge of frontale of head brown gradually becoming yellow, rest of head lighter
yellow. Prothorax and last two joints of legs light yellow; rest of body and legs
dirty white. Body very elastic and deeply creased; usual position bent double.

Head strongly chitinous, rounded and fiat on dorsal surface ; frontale rugously
wrinkled, divided triangularly from parietale by a fine suture ; parietale divided by
a deeper straight suture; frontale and sides of parietale furnished with a few
scattered hairs; labrwn transverse, anterior margin unevenly rounded, with
rounded apical angles, somewhat narrowed posteriorly, furnished with long bristle-
like hairs ; clypews broader than labrum, transverse, with rounded sides and apical
angles, broadest at posterior border, anterior border emarginate; mandibles
massive, very hard, with three teeth, the two apical ones long and pointed, smooth
at apex, longitudinally rugose at base, the basal tooth short, blunt, rounded and
smooth; maaillae: cardo short and narrow, stipites long, broadest anteriorly,
furnished with many bristles, lacinia sharp, chitinous, longitudinally striate,
maxillary palpi three jointed, basal joint (‘‘ palpiger’’) broadest, apical joint
narrowest, pointed; labial palpi small, three jointed, similar in shape to maxillary

SePpremMBer, 1920.

158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD

palpi; antennae entirely wanting ; ocelli small, situated near base of mandibles at
apex of parietale. Thorax: prothora« chitinous, the prothoracic spiracles situated
just above intermediate pair of legs; meso-, and metathorax soft, similar in
construction to segments of abdomen. Abdomen fleshy, deeply creased, rounded
on dorsal surface, flat on ventral surface, considerably bent in middle, with nine
visible segments present, tapering towards apex; eight pairs of spiracles present,
which are circular, large, and deep; anus round, surrounded by three round
prominences ; all the segments of the abdomen are covered with very fine widely
scattered hairs (which are not shown in the figure). Legs three-jointed (similar in
shape to maxillary and labial palpi), basal joint large, broad, furnished with a
number of long bristle-like hairs, apical and intermediate joints narrow with a
ring of bristles at apex.
Long.—about 12 mm. if stretched out.

On Zygena rhadamanthus, Esper, with special reference to the
races of its subspecies oxytropis, Boisd.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.

Oberthiir, in his Et. de Lépid. Comparée, vol. iv., p. 586 (1910),
maintains that rhadamanthus of the South of France and Spain, and
oaytroptis of Italy belong to the same species. I quite agree with him;
when two insects resemble each other as much as these do and inhabit
two different regions, and when furthermore these regions are in close
proximity and the insects do not keep distinct, but overlap and blend
on the boundary, I think there can be no doubt that they are both repre-
sentatives of the same species. I do not see why the red collar of the
rhadamanthus larva, absent in that of owytropis, should necessarily be
anything more than a variation, similar to those one observes in the
imago. Oberthtir observes that the +rhadamanthus race of the
Maritime Alps differs less from owytropis than it does from other races
of the former; the existence of this transition seems quite conclusive.
T would only add that the French and the Italian races might very
naturally be grouped into two subspecies, such as there are in
most species of Zyyaena when their specific limits are established on a
wider scale than has hitherto been done. On companjng yraslini, Led.,
of W. Asia with the Zygaenae in question, I find such a perfect
identity of structure and wing-markings that I feel quite confident this
is but a third subspecies, which completes most admirably the series of
variations of the species, from yraslini with dark scaling extremely
reduced in extent, especially in its form confluens, Obth., to oxytropis
race laterubra, and race oaytropis, and then on to rhadamanthus race
ovytropiferens, and race rhadamanthus, culminating in the melanic
form kiesenwettert, H.S. All the wide-spread and variable species of
Zygaenae show this scale of variation when their real, broad limits are
established ; see, for instance, the variations of 7. loti from the form
niltosa, Cand., of its race occidentalis, Obth., to the extreme melanism
of calabrica, Calb., in its subspecies transalpina, Esp. Another remark
I must make is that no author seems to have noticed the close resem-
blance of 7%. anthyllidis, Boisd., of the Pyrenees with rhadamanthus.
I am in no way prepared to include it as another subspecies of the
latter, but I certainly think it should be classified next to it and that
it connects it admirably to what one might call the lowest group of
species of the genus (evulans, purpuralis, etc.), whereas otherwise
rhadamanthus would stand alone with davandulae or would only vaguely
be connected to distant Asiatic species, such as cambysea, Led., through

ON ZYGHINA RHADAMANTHUS, #SPER. 159

graslint. The globular shape of the cocoon points to the same con-
clusion and one can deduct a closer relationship than has as yet been
recognised between the group purpuralis-erythrus and rhadananthus
also by the following observation: Italy is in most species of Zyyaenae
the country of melanic forms and races, but in those just mentioned,
as well as in Z%. sarpedon race dystrepta, F. d. W., exactly the reverse
takes place. The group purpuralis produces rubicundus, Hb., which is
the most extensively red-scaled Zygaena in existence; purpuralis pro-
duces the race fiorti, Costantini, which in many females is as red as
the rare aberration polyyalae, Kisp., of Central Hurope, whereas the
most melanic purpuralis are produced in the coldest Alpine and
Northern regions; the Italian races of sarpedon produce the extreme
red form and race dystrepta, F.d.W., whereas that species produces the
most melanic forms in France and Spain. All this is exactly as in
oxytropis compared with rhadananthus, for never has even a melanic
aberration of the former been found, whereas the latter produces very
dark individuals freely in the Maritime Alps and in Catalania.

Subspecies ovytropts is proper to Italy, except for individual varia-
tions similar to it in the Maritime Alps and in Catalania; it spreads
from Piedmont to Sicily, but it has a tendency to localise. It usually
flies in May; in the highest mountains it emerges in June. It varies
very little as compared with rhadamanthus, both individually and
geographically ; however, a very distinct high mountain race exists
and a few minor races are also discernible; they can be described as
follows from large series collected by Querci, part of which I will
preserve as “‘typical.”’ ‘The localities mentioned have been described
in Quereil’s paper on 4%. loti subsp. transalpina, Esp. (nt. Ree.,
page 28).

In all these races the antennae are larger and thicker in the male
sex, but vary markedly; the females in Florence often show faint
traces of a white collar and epaulettes, which are extremely rare and
never aS marked in the other sex; the red scaling is more extensive,
but a little paler in the former and the dark scaling inclines more to
greenish. Variation in both sexes only affects the upperside of fore-
wings, for the red patch resulting from the confluence of the red spots
on the underside and the thin-dark marginal band of the hindwings
on both surfaces offer but very slight differences.

Boisduval in his HMssai d’ une HOD Ne des Ayyénides, where
_owytropis is first described and named, gives ‘‘ Piedmont and Italy ’’ as
its habitat and adds that it has heen collected in Rome (Querci has
never found it in the neighbourhood of this city), and by Passerini in
Florence. In his Hur. Lep. Ind. Meth., published at the same time
(1829), Boisduval only mentions “‘ Tuscany.” It is very likely his
‘‘ types ’ were got from Passerini. In Florence there exists a race of
ovytropis with the red spots more reduced in extent and consequently
tending to separate from each other more than in any other locality
Querci or I know of. In Boisduval’s original figure they are reduced
to an extent which is very seldom seen, but which anyhow only the
Florence race approaches in its extreme form : ; that author figures and
mentions particularly spot 3 (anterior median) as exceedingly small ;
spot 6 is confluent with spot 5, but it has very little extent too; the
to basal spots ave as short and as isolated from each other and from
the median | Olles as they are eves met with, 1 this, spegigs.. : I.think, gn

bia- aS DIVO

160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

the strength of these observations the Florentine race on the whole
can be considered the “‘ nymotypical’’ one; dealing with individual
forms the name conspicua, Rocci, can be used, when necessary, to -
designate particularly the individual variation standing opposite to
Boisduval’s by its larger size, more extensive red spots and brighter
look generally. The Florence race is one of the most vividly coioured,
of a bright indigo (with no trace of green) and deep red in the male.
In 64% of the specimens one finds the median spots are separated
from each other, or only just touching at one corner, and in 20% also
the apical spots are distinctly separate, which is quite a feature of the
race. In only 1 or 2% of the males has the anterior basal spot been
found to extend along the costal margin so far as to blend with the
median one. No specimen of either sex has ever been found with all
the spots united; in a few very rare females the median and apical
spots are united by a streak. The Ligurian race of Genoa,
described by Roeci, seems quite like the Florence one /[ Atti. Soc. Lig.
Sc, Nat. e Geogr., 1918].

Race pumila, mihi. At the highest altitude recorded for the species
in Tuscany (Traversa, 2700 ft., on the Futa Pass road to Bologna) the
smallest race known is met with; it looks still smaller than might
seem from the figures mentioned below on the table of expanses, on
account of its narrow wings and frail build; otherwise it is quite
similar to the Florentine race and in no way approaches sibyllina, as
might have been expected. J do not think the name minima, Rocci,
given to dwarf aberrations of any locality should be used in this case.

Race laterubra, mihi. In the race of the Mainarde Mts. of Southern
Italy (near Villalatina at Vallegrande, 1500 ft.), cne finds some
characters which distinctly remind one of stbyllina, and notably the
red colouring, slightly paler than in Tuscany, and the dark scaling less
bright and inclining more to blackish. The distinctive character of
this race is, however, the tendency of the red scaling to expand so that
the spots become coenfluent. In one specimen alone out of 115 are the
apical spots separated from each other and even then not completely.
The two basal and the two median spots blend respectively in 74% of
cases. The confluence of spots 1 and 8 along the costal margin in
62% of the specimens is remarkable (form wnita, Rocci); magnificent
examples of form confluens, Zick., with all the spots united, are com-
paratively frequent. Size much more variable than at Florence.

Race quercii, mihi. This is the largest race of ovytropis. It has
been collected by the Quercis on Mt. Cuccitiello, 2000 ft., near 8S.
Martino delle Scale (Palermo). Size very constant, from 26 to 30 mm.
It shows mountain characters still more markedly than laterubra,
especially with reference to thin scaling. Its other distinctive
characters are the decidedly green tinge of the indigo scaling in both
sexes, so that this comparatively light colour makes a deep black
marginal band vaguely discernible also on forewing. The red scaling
is decidedly of a pink hue in the female and pale also in the male.
Variation is small; apical spots always confluent; median ones not
markedly so.

Race sibyllina, Vrty. [Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, xlvii., p. 77
(December, 1915)]. I have described from a series of Bolognola, -
2700 ft., in the Sibillini Mts. (Marche), the most distinct race of
oxytropis as yet known, being evidently its high-mountain variation.

ON ZYGHNA RHADAMANTHUS, ESPER. . 161

It is not as small as on the arid and barren slopes along the Futa road
in Tuscany, but its mountain characteristics consist in the very thin
scaling, which makes it much more translucent and shows off a diffused
black marginal band also on the ferewing, and in the dull colouring,
which is very different from the gaudy metallic one of the other races ;
the dark scaling is of a blackish indigo and the red one is pinkish;
the extent of the latter is on the whole greater than in Florence and
about the same as in Sicily. Rocci has found this race also on the
highest Ligurian mountains.
The following tables, drawn out from measurements of the wing

expanse made by Querci, shows the individual variations of each
race :—

Expanse. Florence. Traversa. Villatina. S. Martino. Bolognola.
o 2 ef 2 of 2% g z o 2
mm. 22 to 23 i 1

»,. 23 to 24 2 AB 1 1

, 24 to 25 2 na al 14 6 7

», 25 to 26 Bir aA ae (Ge 13 1S 2

5, 26 to 27 22 10: 1) 1S} 2 20 2

», 21 to 28 Sy We ig) TLL 8) ae IY

» 28 to 29 i Bees) ean Qe aL

ne 29) to 30 eee

The races and many striking individual forms of the very variable
subspecies rhadamanthus have been admirably described and partly
fioured by Charles Oberthiir in his Ht. Lép. Comp., vol. iv. (1910),
where he summarises also what had been published before by himself
and others. I can do no better than refer the reader to this work. I
am sure M. Oberthur will pardon me if I take this occasion to mention
my personal impression that he should have fixed by a name some of
the races he has so well described, and if I take the liberty of suggesting
the following for those of rhadamanthus :—

Race pyreneza, mihi, for the race of La Traucada d’Ambouille in
the Pyrenees (page 590), which corresponds to sibyllina of owytropis.

Race barcina, mihi, for the race of Barcelona (Spain), (pagé 590),
small, very bright, with body covered with white hair, in which speci-
mens quite similar to oxytropis (I have seen a Spanish one too) occur
together with form kiesenwetteri.

Race oxytropiferens, mihi, for the race of the Maritime Alpes
Départment (page 592), particularly beautiful and variable, ranging
from individuals indistinguishable from oaytropis to the darkest
kiesenwettert and producing the lovely form with a white streak along
the cubital nervure of forewing, which should be called albovittata,
mihi.

Finally I think the name grisea, Obth., given to a form with indigo
scaling replaced by very pale gray, which is the prevailing one at
Digne, should be extended to the entire race (page 591).

Synoptic table of characters in the different races of oxytropis :—

Locality .. Sibillini Mts. Florence. Futa Pass. Mainarde Palermo.
Mts.

Name ..sibyllina, Viy. nymotypical. pumila, Vrty. laterubra, Vty. quercti, Vriy.

Usualexpanse 25-28mm. 26-27mm. 23-25mm. 25-27mm. 27-29 mm.

Density ofsca- Very thin. Thick. Moderately Moderately Thin.

ling e thick. thick.

162 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Locality .. Sibillini Mts. Florence. Futa Pass. Mainarde Palermo.

Mts.
Lightcoloured ¢ dull red. Bright red. Red. Red. Light red.
scaling .. ? red. Bright red Red. Pale red. Pinkish.
rarely pink-
ish.
$ blackish Indigo. Indigo. Indigo. Greenish in-
indigo and digo.

Darksealing- dull.
¢ greenish Greenish in- Greenish in- Greenish in- Very pale in-

| indigo. digo. digo. digo. digo.
Extent of Very limited. Limited. Limited. Very exten- Limited.
spots us sive.

Apical spots Confluent. Often sepa- Confluent. Confluent. Confluent.
(5 and 6).. rate.

Confluence of Never occurs. Very rare. Never occurs. Frequent. Never occurs.

' spotsland3
along costa

Statistical table of variations of upperside of forewing in different
races :—

Basal Median Apical Sibillini Florence. Mainarde Palermo.
spots. spots. spots. Mts. Mts.
é 2 g g sf z g g
Isolated .. Separate. 6thobliter- 1 ‘
ated.

isolated .. Separate. Separate. 9 1
Isolated .. Confluent. Separate. 1
Confluentalong Confluent. Separate. 1

costa: with

median ; Li
Ditto .. .. Separate. Separate. 1
Isolated .. Separate. Confluent. 54 5 15} U5} 1 Fal 7 13 10
Isolated .. Confluent. Confluent. 1 1) 12 5
Confluentalong Separate. Confluent. 10 10

costa with

median

Ditto .. Confluent. Confluent. an 3} 18 17 2
Isolated .. Confluent. Confluent 1

with
median. ie

Confluentalong Confluent. Ditto. Bil

costa with

median ..
Confluentalong Separate. Diffused. 1

costa with

apical

Total of spec. examined 56 6 Ai. al 56 57 18 ° 12

Ants from Mesopotamia and North-West Persia. (IVith plate I.)
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.

The following paper contains a list of some thirty species, sub-
species and varieties of /’ormicidac taken in Mesopotamia and North-
west Persia by Mr. P. A. Buxton and Lieut. W. E. Eyans, principally
during the years 1918 and 1919. Though the number of forms is
small, it contains two new species, one new race, and four new
varieties, in addition to a new species and a new variety described by
Mr. H. Donisthorpe in 1918. I have included in the paper the record
of three South African species taken by Mr. Buxton.

It is interesting to note that among Lieut. Evans’ Mesopotamian

ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA, 1638

ants is a single specimen of Polyrhachis simplex, Mayr, a species very
common in India, and the only member of this large genus that is
found so far west in Asia as Mesopotamia.

My thanks are due to Professor C. Emery for his help and for the
loan of examples of several species not represented in my collection.

Sub-family I. Ponsrina, Lep.

Anochetus ghiliani, Spin. 8.
Sar-1-Pal, Persia, 1919 (vans).

Sub-family I]. Doryrinm, Leach.

Dorylus (Typhlopone) fulvus, Westw. g. Tigris, 1918 (Evans). -
8 Amara, 1918 (Buxton).

Sub-family II]. Myroicinm, Mayr.
Myrmica bergi, Ruzsky, var fortior, var. nov.
8 L. 5:0 mm.

Head broader than in bergi, and sculpture of head and thorax coarser and
more broken, and that of nodes much coarser than in the type. Entire body -

darker than in bergi: in all other respects similar to bergi. Enzeli,. N.W.
Persia, 1919. (Buxton).

Comparison made with an example of beryi from the author
himself, kindly sent me for the purpose by Prof. Kmery. This
specimen came from Aral.

Aphaenogaster sp. N.H. of Baghdad, 1918. A single ¥ mounted
on a card with specimens of Monomorium qracillimum, Sm., with
which it was apparently taken.

Messor arenarius, F. % Baghdad, 1918. (Evans).
Messor platyceras, sp. nov. Fig. 3 and 8a,

8 Major. L. 75mm.

Black; mandibles, apex of scape, the funiculus, joints of legs and the tarsi
reddish-brown. Whole body covered with a yellowish pilosity, longest on prono-
tum, short on antenne and legs.

Head as broad as long, narrower in front, occipital border feebly concave, eyes
situated behind middle of sides. Scapes do not quite reach occipital border. First
joint of funiculus longer than 2nd, flattened so as to be twice as long as broad with
parallel sides, and much wider than 2nd joint when viewed on its flat side,
whereas viewed the other way it is thinner than 2nd joint. From the 2nd to the
6th the joints decrease slightly in length and increase in thickness. The whole
antenna and the joints are shorter and thicker proportionately than in the var.
amphigea, Por. of vertzent, For., which has a very similarly shaped first joint. A
medium-sized tooth at base of scape. Clypeus flat, the anterior border slightly
excised. Promesonottum much arched, shoulders evenly rounded. Base of
epinotum nearly twice as long as declivity, their junction forming a sharp angle in
profile, but without teeth. Petiole in profile with a rather thin scale, concave in
front; postpetiole rounded and lower.

Mandibles entirely coarsely and evenly striate. Whole of head longitudinally
striate ; there are no curved strie in the antennal socket; the strie are broken on
the occiput where there are a few long shallow punctures; head shining.
Pronotum anteriorly transversely rugose, the ruge curving round the sides;
posteriorly, irregularly longitudinally rugose above; .mesonotum irregularly
transversely rugose; epinotum evenly transversely striate above; sides of
mesonotum and epinotum transversely rugose. Petiole smooth anteriorly, trans-
versely rugose above and behind; postpetiole longitudinally rugose anteriorly,
transversely rugose posteriorly. Base of gaster longitudinally striate for a short
distance, the rest smooth and shining.

164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

8 Media. L. 6°5 mm.

Dark reddish brown, gaster black, the rest asin % major. Pilosity as in &
major. The scapes just reach the occipital border. Sculpture somewhat finer
than in 8 major, otherwise similar. N.W. Persia. (Hvans, No. 50).

This species is characterised by the broad and flat 1st joint of the
scape, the only other species, as far as I know, that has a similarly
shaped joint being oertzent, For., var. amphigea, For., but, apart from
the colour, is readily distinguished from amphigea by the much shorter
antennee and the sculpture.

Messor platyceras, Crawley, var. rubella var. nov.
8 Major. L. 8:8mm.

Differs from the preceding as follows:—Colour: reddish-brown; mandibles,
cheeks and iegs paler. Eyes in middle of sides of head ; first joint of funiculus
similatly formed, but 2nd rather shorter in proportion; pro-mesonotum less highly
arched ; pronotum smooth and shining incentre. The whole thorax and epinotum
less coarsely sculptured ; postpetiole irregularly transversely rugose and very matt;
gaster entirely smooth and shining. Pilosity similar, but somewhat shorter on the
pronotum.

8 Minor. L. 5-Omm.
Entirely castaneous ; gaster somewhat darker. Entire sculpture finer than in
% major.

eee lis Weomun:

Black; legs dark brown, joints and tarsi lighter. First joint of funiculus not
flattened, equal in length to the 2nd, and slightly thicker (shorter than 2nd in
arenarius, barbarus, structor, etc.), and both 1st and 2nd longer than the following
joints. Mandibles 7-8 dentate, striate ; clypeus irregularly rugose, head irregularly
longitudinally rugose. Scutum shining in front, feebly longitudinally rugose
‘in centreand at sides. Scutellum irregularly rugose, shining in centre; epinotum
matt, feebly transversely rugose; nodes rugose; gaster shining.

Body covered with a long golden pilosity, most abundant on mesonotum and
apex of gaster.

N.W. Persia, at 4,000 feet. 1919 (Buxton).

Messor barbarus race semirufus, And. &%. N.W. Persia, 1919
(Buxton) ; Baghdad, 1918 (Kvans).
Messor barbarus race semirufus,E. André, var. obscurior var. nov.

8 Major. LL. 7:5-8-0 mm.

Differs from semirufus:as follows :—Colour dark-brown, in some specimens
almost black, the colour being uniform except for the mandibles, tibis, tarsi and
scapes, which are a dull dark reddish-brown. In other examples the promesonotum
and underside of head are a dull dark red, considerably darker than in the darkest
examples of the type species.

Sculpture of head, especially on occiput, somewhat coarser than in the type,
and on the pronotum, instead of being feebly and irregularly striate transversely,
is evenly and regularly striate transversely on neck, and on the rest, coarsely
irregularly striate transversely, and the striz in the centre often run longitudinally.
Sculpture of rest of thorax and nodes similar to, but coarser than in semimufus.
Pilosity similar but darker.

3 Minor. lL. 3°5 mm.

Has the same corresponding differences as the % major. Amara, 1918
(Buxton) ; Baghdad 1918 (vans).

M. barbarus race semtrufus, And., var. ebenina, For., N.E. of
Baghdad, 1918. A single 8 on a. card with M. barbarus race
seuvirufus var. obscurior.

As far as can be judged from a single 8 minor, this specimen
belongs to Forel’s var. ebentna.

ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA. 165

Pheidole pallidula, Nyl., subsp. arenarwm, Ruzsky, var. orientalis,
Em. 2 ¢. N.W. Persia, 1919 (Buxton); Baghdad, 1918 (Kvans).

Donisthorpe (Ent. Rec., xxx., 10, p. 165, 1918) has recorded this
form from Mesopotamia as pallidula isp. Hmery, however, (Rev.
Zool. Afr., iv., 2, p. 229, 1915), states that pallidula i.sp. is not found
in Asia, where the form that occurs is a variety, which he there calls
ortentalis.

Orematogaster scutellaris, Oliv., subsp. schmidti, Mayr. %. Caspian,
N.W. Persia, 1919 (Buxton). This subspecies is stated by Kmery to
differ, apart from its colour, from scwtellaris i.sp. by its habit of nesting
on the ground, and visiting herbaceous plants instead of trees. Taken
attending Aphis punicae, Pass., on wild pomegranate.

C. scutellaris, Oliv. ? var. %. N.E. of Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).

I cannot detect any difference in these specimens from the typical
scutellaris, though the ants were found under clods of earth (whether
or not in a nest is not clear), whereas according to Kmery true
scutellaris nests and lives on trees.

Cardiocondyla nuda, Mayr., subsp. mauritanica, For. Tigris, 1918.
On a card with Playiolepis pygmaea and Prenolepis sp.

Tetramorium caespitum, L. %. Enzeli, Caspian, March and June,
1919 (Buxton).

Monomorium gracillimum, Sm. ¥%. Baghdad, 1917 (Buxton) ;
1918 (Evans).

_M. salomonis, LL. %. Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).

M. buxtoni, sp. nov. Fig. I.
Onn bh. 2-5-2-6 mm.

Dirty yellowish-brown ; gaster darker. Pilosity as in abeillei, Hrn. André.

Head longer than wide, sides feebly convex, no broader in front than behind,
occipital border slightly concave. Mandibles 4-dentate. Clypeus as in abeillet.
Hyes in middle of sides of head. Scapes just reach occiput. Thorax incision as
in abeillei, very slight; base of epinotum almost straight, but not quite so straight
as in abeillei, forming a more rounded angle with the declivity ; upper surface of
epinotum feebly impressed (strongly so in abeillei). Petiole higher than in abeillei,
and not so broad proportionately at base.

Head, thorax and pedicel entirely opaque (head, pronotum and pedicel shining
in abeillei) ; head entirely matt, the sculpture being densely and deeply reticulate ;
and scattered punctures very few. Gaster feebly shining, the first segment
superficially reticulate.

Though coming near to Mon. abeilleit, rn. And., the new species,
besides differing as indicated above, is readily distinguished by its
colour, André’s species being reddish-brown, with gaster nearly black,
and by its matt opaque appearance. The head again is not quite so
broad proportionately in buatoni, and is no broader in front, whereas
in abeillet the head is wider in front, finely superficially reticulate with
scattered punctures, besides being shining. The comparison was made
with an example of M. abeillei kindly lent me by Prof. Emery.

Kumait, Mesopotamia, 1918. (Buxton).

166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

M. (Holecomyrmex) dentigerwn, Rog. 8, 2 Baghdad, 1918
(Evans). ;

M. (H.) evansi, Donisthorpe (Hnt. Rec., xxx. 10, p. 165, 1918)
dé, 2%, %. Tigris and Amara, 1918 (Buxton) ; Amara, 1918 (Evans).

Many of the ¢ g and 2 2 were taken tn cop.

All of the numerous 8 % I have received from both Mr, Buxton
and Lieut. Evans, as well as those received by Mr. Donisthorpe, are of
uniform size. The ¥ ¥% of the sub-genus Holcomyrmex, as defined by
Hmery (Bull. Soc. Ent. F’r., p. 189, 1915), are ‘‘ very dimorphic.” It
is extremely unlikely that no % major should have been captured
among the large series that has been examined, if a % major actually
existed ; therefore it appears likely that this new member of the sub-
genus is an exception to the general rule.

%. The head is slightly broader than long (without the mandibles), widest
at eyes, slightly broader in front than behind, sides feebly convex. Occipital
border slightly concave ; in centre of occiput is a distinct impressed longitudinal
line ; a feeble impression also on vertex. The scapes do not reach the occipital
border by a little more than their width. Anterior border of clypeus strongly
concave between the teeth.

: ae few striz on cheeks; the semi-circular striation in antennal socket very
eeble.

Thorax strongly constricted at meso-epinotal suture; tbe latter in profile
deeply impressed. Arch of epinotum regularly curved, showing hardly any
division between base and declivity. Stalk of petiole shorter than the width of the
node at its base. Second node seen from above wider than first, and produced at
each side into a sharp angle.

Antenne and legs with erect hairs.

Sub-family IV. DottcHopsrin», Forel.

Tapinoma erraticum, Ltr., subsp. nigerrimum, Nyl 8. S.W.
Caspian, 1919; Amara, 1918 (Buxton). N.E. of Baghdad, 1918
(Hivans).

The §.W. Caspian specimens were taken by Mr. Buxton attending
Aphis punicae, Pass., on wild pomegranate.

(To be concluded.)

TjHOTES ON COLLECTING, Ete.

Norres From tHE Hit Muszrum.—Mr. J. J. Joicey has recently
acquired the important collection of Lepidoptera formed by Mr. H. J.
Elwes, F.R.S., and the large collection of Heliconius formed by the
late H. Riffarth.

The Elwes collection contains most of the types of species of the
Indo-Australian fauna described by Elwes, as also some types of
Doherty, de Nicéville, Christoph, and Staudinger. There is also in-
cluded the material which formed the basis of the famous monograph
on the Oriental Hesperidae by Elwes and Edwards, and also the
material for the papers by Hlwes on the genera Vpthima and Cineis,
and on the butterflies of Chili. This collection is especially rich in
Lycaenidae, and students of this group will find at the Hill Museum
one of the largest collections.

The Riffarth collection of Heliconius, upon which was based the
_- monograph by Riffarth and Stichel, contains over 2000 specimens, and
includes 860 types and paratypes of species described by Riffarth and
Stichel.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 167

The collection of Heliconius now at the Hill Museum, is perhaps
unrivalled. :

The Museum has in progress papers on the Lepidoptera of Hainan,
of the Schouten Islands, of Dutch New Guinea, Misol, Aru, Key, Obi,
and Sula Islands, and of Central Ceram.

Mr. T. A. Barnes, F.Z.S., has recently returned from an expedi-
tion of twelve months’ duration through little-known parts of Central
Africa, undertaken on behalf of Mr. Joicey. A very fine collection of
Lepidoptera was obtained, and Mr. Barnes has recorded many valuable
biological observations. A report on this collection is in progress.

Mr. Barnes was accompanied by his wife on the trip of over 8000
miles. Cinematograph films were taken en route, and some of im-
portant scientific interest.

Consignments of Lepidoptera are shortly expected from Dutch
New Guinea, where Mr. Joicey’s collectors, the three brothers Pratt,
are at work in the mountainous interior of an area entomologically
unexplored.

It is proposed to publish a catalogue of all types of Lepidoptera
existing in the Hill Museum, as these are now very numerous, and
' concern many different authors.

Students desirous of comparing specimens and types are invited to
write to The Curator, The Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey.

ARGYNNIS CyDIPPE (aDIPPE) on Ruiaare Hrnx.—I took a fine male
specimen of A. cydippe last week on Reigate Hill. J] hear that this
species has not been seen at Reigate for many years.— Henry Speyer,
Highbury, Reigate, July 21st, 1920.

APATURA IRIS IN FEBRUARY.—Some time ago when in Paris I was
informed that a specimen of A. iris was caught in February last by a
Mr. Bishop some few miles from Paris, surely a most unusnal
occurrence at that time of year.—-Gro. Tatpor, The Hill Museum,
Witley, Surrey.

Epurava picknarpi, Dry., a Britis Insecr.—According to Mons.
P. de Peyerimhoff, the lance mentioned by me (antea, p. 158) is Hf.
bickhardi, Dev. I hope to write a note on ane insect shortly.—
Horace Donistvores.

ZYGAENA TRIFOLU.—On June 6th, 1920, when breaking fresh
ground in a favourite collecting wood that I visit, I discovered.
two adjacent meadows at the edge of the wood that have been '
allowed to become rough, and as there were plenty of flowers in bloom
I walked them over, putting up a number of Z. trifoliitmy luck was
in for I had struck a colony much given to aberration, quite 66 %
being abnormal—from ab. orobi to ab. minotdes, as illustrated in
South’s Moths of the British Isles; the latter form was the rarest, but I
secured a few quite good. On June 9th I saw the first 7. filipendulae
in the same spot; from. that day onwards both were flying together,
but although I searched carefully, I failed to find any cross pairings.

Since that time until August 22nd Z, filipendulae hag been flying
there freely, but none that I have netted of this species show any signs

168 THE ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

of aberration, nor do any show any results of a cross pairing that I can
trace.

Is 4. trifolit much more given to aberrations than Z. jilipendulae ?
It strikes me as strange that in a secluded spot where one insect
varies so much—another (also given to variation) breeds so strictly on
normal lines.—Haroup EH. Wiser, Cranleigh, Surrey, August, 1920.

GJURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Can. Ent. for March contains “ A Soldier’s Collecting Day in
France,” (Col.) ; ‘‘ A remarkable case of Homing Instinct” (Hym.),
giving minute observations of the behaviour for more than half an
hour of an Ammophila and its prey, a Lepidopterous larva; Notes by
J. McDunnough, on “ Phyciodes batesii and P. tharos,” with a plate;
descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and
Coccidae, ete.

In the Hint. News for March several new species of Bucculatria,
from the U.§.A., are described with other species of Tineina, and the
article on specific names, etc., is concluded.

The Hnt. Mo. Mag. for March contained descriptions of the follow-
ing new species: Aprophora maculata on Salix, from the New Forest,
Oneopsis carpinicola on hornbeams, at Colesbourne, Macropis scotti
(common), Anoscopus kirschbaumt, Ewhurst, Pevensey, ete., and Limo-
tettix persimilis from Tintagel, on grass, all Cicadina new to science, by
James Edwards; and Loderus gilvipes, a sawfly new to Britain, by the
Rey. F. D. Morice, from Lancashire.

~ The Bulletin Soc. ent. de Belg. contains a continuation of the Notes
on the early stages of the Trichoptera, including an interesting account
of the water-snares of the Hydropsyche species, with several figures and
observations of the habits of the larve, by M. J. A. Lestage. M.
Lestage also gives a table of the Belgian species of the genus Perla.
M. Ball records the capture of the havercamp/fi form of Brenthis aphi-
vape, at Horkay, Belgium. M.-Lemeere notes the extreme abundance
of Melolontha hippocastani (Col.), and the occurrence of numerous
examples of the black aberration of the female, at Genck, Belgium.
M. Lestage gives a list of the Coccinellid aberrations, met with by
himself and M. Guilleaume on the dunes at Blankenberghe, where
several species, including Adalia 10-punctata (variabilis), particularly
the last, were in extreme abundance. ‘The list contains 39 aberrations
of this species, of which seven have not hitherto been recorded. In
another contribution M. Lestage records new observations on the ovi-
position of Clocon dipterum (Ephem.), and concludes that the laying
only takes place when the female is in actual contact with the water.
The eggs are agglomerated in a ball at exclusion, but immediately on
contact with humidity separate, and the larve emerge.

The Ann. Soc. ent. Belyique contains a series of notes on the species
of Bombus (Hym.) found in Belgium, listing the various known forms
of each species, and referring in detail to the less known. As most of
the species found in Belgium are also to be obtained in Britain these
notes will no doubt be useful in this country They are written by M.
Ball.

The Scottish Naturalist contains in recent numbers Notes on the
Diptera of the Forth Area by A. E. J. Carter, Notes on the Insect

CURRENT NOTES. 169

Fauna of 8S. Uist by Percy H. Grimshaw, recording the larvee of Nyssia
zonaria in thousands, abundance of pup of Abrawas grossulariata lying
in the crevices of rocks, the larve having fed on heather, and the
prominent banded form of Camptogramma bilineata ; and the descrip-
tion by F. W. Edwards of a species of Mosquito new to Britain, from
various localities in Scotland, to which the name Theobaldia arctica
has been applied provisionally until more be known of its northern
congeners. Among the smaller items one finds recorded the occurrence
of Cetonia aurata in Argyllshiré, of the melanic form of Aphodius
scybalarius (not mentioned in Fowler’s Col. Brit. Is.), a second Scotch
example of Balaninus villosus, etc.

The recent numbers of the Bull. Soc: ent. France contain the de-
scription of a new aberration of Melitaea parthenie undér the name ab.
- faivrei, by M. Le Charles, in which the antenne and fringes of fore-
wing are entirely black, the forewings above typical, the hindwings
with less emphasis of markings but more suffusion basally, while the
striking character is the broad blackish transverse band across the disc
of the hindwing below, from costa to inner margin, replacing the
yellowish white band of the type, obtained from Fontainebleau in May,
1916; a critical account of a collection of Microlepidoptera from St.
Saens (Seine-Inferieure), and describing two new species, (1) Cne-
phasia crassifasciana (Tort.), near C. sinuana, (2) Scythris hypotricha
(Tin.), near S. inspercella, by M. Abbé J. de Joannis; by the last
named author a series of remarks upon the constitution of the genus
Scythris as understood by various authors, both in its sens. lat. and its
sens. strict; an account of some insects destructive to vines in 1919, by
M. Picard, includes Tanymecus palliatus (Col.), attacking the buds in
the high Val de l’Hérault, a species usually met with but little away
from the coast, the larvee of Calocampa exoleta, near Beziers, in a humid
area, the larvee of Deilephila lineata var. livornica, in considerable num-
bers near St. Tropez, where much loss was sustained, and other pests.

We would ask those of our readers who have the very useful
Compendium of Named Varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, by the Rev.
G. H. Raynor, to read the critical remarks made in the Naturalist
by Mr. G. T. Porritt.

In the Rev. Mens. Namur, M. H. de B. Walcourt names a female
example of Pieris brassicae in which there is a black point between
neryure 3 and 4 on the hindwings upperside as ab. nigropunctata, so
that it may be in-accord with the similar aberration in P. rapae and in
P. napi, and he applies this name to the spring form lepidit (rapae) as
well as to the summer form. Subsequently, however, he points out
that the name posteromaculata had been applied to the similar aberra-
tion in P. napi in both generations, and chat thus his name niyro-
punctata would not apply to the last-named species. It will be remem-
bered that the male of P. brassicae has a similar aberration of the
forewing, which is known as ab. nigronotata.

In the same periodical recently the following new names have been
bestowed on aberrations by M. l’Abbé Cabeau, (1) Of Papilio machaon
ab. benevittatus, in which the apical marginal yellow spot of the hind-
wing is absent, resulting in the black and blue band becoming of
practically uniform width throughout. (2) Of Agriades coridon ab.
tarasina, in which on the underside of the forewings the ocelli, except
in the submarginal area, run together, forming a single spot, showing

170 : THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

very strikingly on the light ground. (3) Of Nisoniades tages ab. poliodes,
which is difficult to recognise as this species, except that an aunteapical
subcostal white point is seen clearly on the forewings, it is scarcely
possible to distinguish the small marginal spots, the black marginal
border on the disca! markings, the whole surface of the forewings is of
a pale brown, and of the hindwings almost entirely whitish with white
fringe, the whole underside is of a pale yellow with the normal mark-
ings scarcely apparent. (4) Of Brenthis euphrosyne ab. chloroyrapha,
in which the internal space between mervures 1 and 2, in the median
region on the forewing’s upper surface, contains a well developed
whitish-yellow cloud, and is homologous with ab. chlorographa of B.
selene (Rev. Mens., 1912, with fig.); and (5) Of Coenonympha arcania
ab. evocellata, in which the forewings have no subapical spot below.

In the Doings of Societies Section of the Hnt. News, we read that.
Dr. Skinner exhibited at the Entomological Society of Philadelphia a
wonderful gynandromorph of Papilio turnus, baving the right wings of
a yellow male and the left of a black female form, captured in July,
1919, at Merion, Pa. In the same magazine E. G. Smyth gives an
account of the insects which are pests of cotton in Porto Rico; so far
the presence of the dreaded pink boll worm, Pectinophora gossypiella,
has not yet been found, yet the list of enemies is formidable enough.
Werner Marchand writes on ‘“ Thermotropism in Insects,” giving the
results of his observations and experiments. Among the characteristic
cases of this phenomenon are included those of the cockroach, and
particularly mosquitoes, which are attracted by the heat of the human
skin.

In the Wnt. Mo. Mag. Mr. J. H. Keys describes a new sub-genus of
the Staphylinidae (Col.), named Playiarthrina, and in it places a species
new to science, which he describes and names P. furdhamiana from
specimens sent to him by Dr. Fordham, who found them in flood-
refuse, at Selby, Yorkshire, in January, 1919. It resembles the genus
Metaxya.

The Canadian Intomologist, in its “ Popular and Practical Ento-
mology,” contains an interesting account of a day’s collecting Longi-
corn beetles in the wocds near Peterborough, Ontario, a full account of
the ‘‘ Imported Currant Worm,” Pteronis ribesti, and some fragments
of the Life-histories of a few Manitoba Insects. There is an obituary
of the late Dr. Gordon Hewett, who, to our surprise (knowing of him
by repute alone), was only 35 years of age at his decease. It was as
recently as 1909 that he left Mngland for the Dominion, and yet in
that short period of eleven years he had initiated and carried out such
excellent economic work, that the Council of the Entomological Society
of Ontario said of him that they ‘desire to place on record their high
appreciation of his eminence in this branch of Science, and of the
notable work that he carried on by establishing field laboratories, which
he directed at the central office in Ottawa.’ He had already passed
the chair of the Society. Dr. McDunnough writes some notes on the
larvee and pup of several Pterophorids and gives a plate of figures
(enlarged) of the pup of four species. There are several papers on
Myriapoda, which order seems to be attracting some amount of atten-
tion lately from the readers of the magazine.

Under a “Plea for Definitiveness,” a correspondent of the Ant.
News points out that many contributions, dealing with a species,

SOCIETIES. 171

genus, or restricted section, give no indication as to the systemic
position of the object or objects described, and that thus the younger
student, the more specialised student and the ordinary readers, who
may be many in number, cannot be familiar with all orders, yet wish
to know something to bring them in touch with the writers of such
articles. At present such workers are often absolutely ‘‘at sea’ as to
the family, etc., under discussion. The aim of every describer should
be to ‘ place his findings in such a position that they will be readily
available to others.” ‘The long list of synonyms in our Catologues in
all orders should stand as a warning to these slipshod authors; in
fact one would almost wish for a drastic rule. ‘A specialist should
bear in mind that everyone is not up-to-date in his particular field, but
a great deal more interest would be taken if greater definition were
given.”

We would like to call the attention of Fellows of the Entomological
Society to the recently passed rule, Chap. xiv., Clause 3, ‘‘ Except in
the case of those who have already compounded, every Fellow elected
before January 1st, 1921, shall pay the Annual Contribution of Two
Guineas unless he does not desire’ to receive the Transactions of the
Society, in which case his Annual Contribution shall be one Guinea
per annum.”

SS CCIETIES.
THe Ewyromonocican Society or Lonpon.

Mareh 17th, 1920.—Exvection or Fettows.—Messrs. Christopher
Arthington Cheetham, Wheatfield, Old Farnley, Leeds; G. 8. Cotterell,
Newlyn, Gerrard’s Cross; Harry Leon Gauntlett, F.Z.S., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P., A.K.C., 45, Hotham Road, Putney, 8 W.15; Thomas
Frederic Marriner, 2, Brunswick Street, Carlisle; C. Smee, 6, Wild-
wood Road, Golders Green, N.W.4; and Dr. B. Uvaroff, the Georgian
Museum, Tiflis, Transcaucasia, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Proposep ALTERATION oF Byg-Laws.—The proposed alterations in
the bye-laws were read for the second time.

Varieties OF British Lerroprera.—Prof. Poulton exhibited, on
behalf of Mr. F. C. Woodforde, the following varieties from the col-
lection of British insects in the Hope Department at Oxford.

1. Chrysophanus phlacas, i., ab. schmidtii, Gerh., Burnt Woods,
Market Drayton, N. Staffs.: September 8th, 1917. F.C. Woodforde.

2. A variety of the same species with the coppery area of the
forewing replaced by a smoky ochreous. The same locality:
August 5th, 1918. H. F. Onions.

3. The var. eleus, F., of the same species, Milford, Surrey :
July 29th, 1908. From the collection of the late Lt. R. J.
Champion.

4. Celastrina argiolus, L., var. with radiate spots on the hindwing
underside, the forewing spotless. Near Ashurst Lodge, New
Forest: May 8th, 1915. F.C. W.

5. Catocala nupta, L., var. with the red of the hindwings replaced
by a dark maroon colour. Taken at light, Guildford : September 2nd,
1917. From Coll. R. J. Champion,

THe Srratiomyip Fly Beris VALLATA CAPTURED WITH ITs TEN-
THREDINID MopELS.—Prof. Poulton exhibited a series of six examples of

172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Beris vallata, Forst., captured with the following Tenthredinidae—2%
2 Dolerus aericeps, Th.; 1 § Selandria serva, F.; 4 3 Athalia lineo-
lata, Lep., by Mr. A. H. Hamm, on July 13th, 1907. All thirteen
insects were taken from flowers, chiefly Umbelliferae, growing over a
small area of Hogley Bog, Cowley, near Oxford. The first-named
sawfly was far less perfect as a model than the other two, the last-
named being the most perfect.

THnromotoeicat-MetrorotocicaL -Recorps.—Major H. C. Gunton
exhibited a diagram referring to Macrolepidoptera of the 1919 season
in order to suggest a graphical method of recording observations of
the appearance and habits of insects in relation to weather conditions.

On a sheet of squared tracing cloth (each square having sides one-
tenth of an inch) the names of the species of insects are tabulated
vertically on the left-hand side in the order in which they appeared
on the wing, while along the top and bottom the dates are written,
so that there is one horizontal row of squares for each species and
one vertical row for each date. By means of different symbols
representing sallow, sugar, ivy, light, “settled” and ‘‘in flight,”
the circumstances in which each observation is made are recorded
in the appropriate square.

The lower portion of the same sheet is devoted to particulars of
the weather for each day, plotted to convenient scales and including
rainfall, humidity, barometer, maximum and minimum temperature,
direction and strength of wind, and general character of weather,
using the same conventions as those employed by the Meteorological
Office. The quarters of the moon are also indicated.

Brrps and Burrerrims.—Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter said that since
many naturalists believe that birds do not eat butterflies, no case of
such an occurrence should be left unrecorded ; on February 15th of this
year about mid-day he saw a male Brimstone butterdy fly through the
garden at Oxford, and three sparrows that were on the ground leapt
into the air and, fluttering clumsily, attempted to catch it; the butterfly
easily evaded the birds.

LIFE-HISTORIES OF some ConLEoprera.—Mr. H. Main exhibited
lantern slides illustrating the life-history of the beetles Copris lunaris,
Onthophagus vacca, and Necrophorus humator.

Paprers.—The following papers were read :—‘‘ A contribution to
our knowledge of the Life-history of the Stick Insect, Carausius
morosus, Br.,” by George Talbot, F.1.8.; “A Record of Insect
Mieration in Tropical America,” by C. B. Wiliams, M.A., F.E.S.;
“The Geographical Factor in Mimicry,’ by F. A. Dixey, M.A.,
M.D., F.R.S., ete.

Tue Souta Lonpon HKnromonocicat Socrmty.

March 25th, 1920.—Locat Racks or B. partHenras.—Mr. A. A. W.
Buckstone exlibited series of Brephos parthenias from Wimbledon,
Oxshott, W. Wickham, and Darenth, and pointed out local charac-
teristics; also ova of Apocheima hispidaria.

New Form or C. rruncata.—Mr, B. 8. Williams, a striking new
form of Cidaria (Dysstroma) truncata from Finchley, the basal third.
black margined by a conspicuous white line. ;

Tue species or Ureruersa.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, three species of

SOCIETIES. 173

Utetheisa, U. pulchella, several localities : ab. candida, Natal; ab. lotria,
Assam and New Zealand ; ab. thyter (?), Cyprus. U. ornatrix, warmer
parts of America, and U. bella, sub-sp. venusta, Jamaica.

Gattis iv Aspen.—Mr. Blair, galls of larve of Saperda populnea
(Col.) in stems and twigs of aspen.

Harty Caprores.—Mr. Barnett, reported for March 21st at
Oxshott, B. parthenias (abundant), X. areola, 7’. crepuscularia, T.
punctularia, T. carpinata, and G. rhamni, and at Ashtead, EH.
polychloros.

Tur Szason.—Reports showed general scarcity of spring larve ;
larvee very small, larvee of A. catia in fair numbers, B. parthenias in
swarms, H. lewcophaearia scarce, E. cardamines out, and EH. poly-
chloros in various places.

April 8th.—Nrw Mermeers.—Mr. 8. Gordon-Smith, of Boughton,
Cheshire, was elected a member.

Wanstgap Frars.—A resolution was passed strongly condemning
the proposal to enclose portions of Wanstead Flats and of Epping
Forest for permanent allotments.

Exursition anp Discussion op D. truncata.— There was a special
exhibition and discussion of Dysstroma (Cidaria) truncata ; Messrs.
Bowman, Turner, Newman, Mera, Tonge, Williams, and others took
part. Mr. Bowman dealt particularly with the race (new) with which
he and Mr. Williams had met; Mr. Turner summed up the variation
of the species and its differentation from D. citrata (tmmanata).

GynanpromorpH oF H, mareinarta.—Mr. Newman, a specimen of
the curious gynandromorph of Hybernia marginaria taken at Chaily,
Sussex, and reported an oak at Bexley as partly in leaf on March 31st

Aserrations or A. urticm, ntc.—Mr. Harding, the aberrations of
Aglais urticae bred or captured by him during the last forty years,
with a chrome-yellow banded P. atalanta and a chrome-yellow
F. jacobaeae.

A xantHic HK. titHonus.—Mr. Tatchell, a fine xanthic Epine-
phele tithonus from Dorset, and a living larva in sitti of Trochilium
crabroniformis in a willow stem.

Psyeuip cases and D. torrrix (Cou.).—Mr. Bunnett, imagines
and larval cases of the Psychid Taleporia tubulosa from Farnborough,
and the beetle Dorytomus tortriw bred from poplar catkins.

Puusia tarva2.—Dr. Robertson, larvee of Plusia iota.

April 22nd.—Tenaris anp OpsrpHanes.—Mr. §. Edwards exhibited
Tenaris honrathi from Java and T. selene from N. Guinea, Dynastor
napoleon from §. America, and several species of Opsiphanes.

Varieties oF British Hetrroceranw—Mr. Newman, the pale
Cheltenham form of Gonodontis bidentata, unusually large Tephrosia
luridata, curiously radiated forms of T. bistortata, and variod series of
Hydriomenaimpluviata, H. furcata, ete.

Rare Boox.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a copy of Mouffet’s “‘ Insectorum
sive Minimorum Animalium, Pheatram,” 1634, and numerous species
of the genus Plusia.

Vartation 1x R. puraas in 1911.—Mr. B. 8. Williams, Rumicia
phlaeas, heavily spotted, dusky, with pear-shaped spots, ab. kochi, with
dark nervures, with wide borders, etc., all from Finchley, in 1911
chiefly, a hot season.

es THE ENYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

N. Frencu Leprpoprera.—Capt. Crocker, a collection of Lepidoptera
representative of what he had met with in the battlefields of N.W.
France, chiefly in 1919, mcluding Issoria lathonia, Melitaea cinwia
from a very wet marsh, Nordmannia ilicis, Colias hyale, ete. Among
the moths were Aglia tau, Lymantria dispar, Notodonta tritophus,
Sciopteron tabaniformis, bred from poplar stumps, Senta maritima in
great variety, ete.

THE Season.—Various notes on the season were communicated.

May 138th, 1920.—Exurerrion oF OrDERS OTHER THAN LEPIDOPTERA.
—Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a collection of Exotic Coleoptera
and Orthoptera.

Mr. 8. R. Ashby, British ground beetles, Lamellicorns, Buprestids,
Hlaterids and many Weevils from his collection.

Mr. Barnett, part of a gate-post excavated by a leaf-cutter bee, one
cavity containine fifteen cells; an exceptionally brilliantly marked
young viper; and the body of a large lizard taken from the stomach
of another viper.

Mr. Cocks, Coleoptera characteristic of the Wellington College area
including the fire-beetle Melanophila acuminata which was quite
abundant there.

Mr. Step, for Mr. Carr, the local Crucifer Dentaria bulbifera from
near Chalfont.

Mr. H. Moore, many species of Orthoptera collected by Mr.
Grosvenor near Bangalore, India, and read notes on the exhibit.

Mr. West, four drawers of his collection of British Hemiptera.

Mr. Step, the weevil, Balininus nucum, from Wimbledon.

Mr. H. W. Andrews, many species of British Diptera showing
wing-pattern and coloration, and read notes on the exhibit.

Mr. Coppeard, the Palmated Newt (Molge palmata) and its ova.

Mr. Priske, the shells of Helix virgata, including white aberrations
from Tenby, and the red form of the slug Arion ater.

Mr. Withycomb, a cultivated plant of the Butterwort, Pinguicula
yrandiflora and described its capture of insects.

Mr. Main, examples of various species of Mosquito and a series of
preserved larvee of the same, with a cage which he had made for
breeding mosquitoes.

Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, the eggs of various species of Indian Birds
from the N. Punjab, including six clutches of the Common Kite
showing great variation.

Mr. Dennis, on behalf of Mr. R. 8. Bagnall, species of Protura and
Symphyla shown under the microscope.

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

April 19th, 1920.—New Memsper.—Prof. Leonard Doneaster,
D.Sc., F.R.S., was elected a member.

Visiz to tHe ScHoot or Tropican Mrpicinse.—Robert Newstead,
Ksq., M.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Entomology in the Liverpool
University, welcomed the members to the School of Tropical Medicine
and gave a short account of its history and objects; the new buildings
have only recently been entered, during the war they were used as a
military hospital. Full suites of rooms and laboratories are arranged
for the requirements of each subject :—Tropical Medicine, Entomology

4

OBITUARY. 175

and Parasitology, with a staff of professors and assistants highly
qualified for the special work of the school. The building includes a

_ museum and lecture theatre. The efficiency and completeness of the

school was rendered possible by the foresight and liberality of the late
Sir A. L. Jones, who fully recognised its value to the empire.

Professor Newstead and his assistants then shewed the members of
the Society over the building and made the following special
exhibits :—

Mosquitoes (a) Stegomyia fasciata, a Culicine mosquito responsible
for the transmission of yellow fever. Examples of the fly were shown
and a case illustrating phases in the life-history of the species. (0)
Anopheles maculipennis and other Anopheline mosquitoes concerned in
the spread of malaria. (c) Living larve of the rot-hole breeding
mosquitoes, Anopheles plumbeus and Ochlerotatus geniculatus, which had
been taken from the water in rot-holes in trees at Aigburth and other
districts near Liverpool.

Tsetse flies :—A large collection, containing all the known species
of Glossina, was on view. The most important species are Glossina
palpalis chiefly responsible for the transmission of sleeping sickness,
and Glossina morsitans which spreads trypanosomiasis among horses
and cattle.

Acarids” affecting flour.—Specimens of the Acarid Alewrobius
farinosae and samples of flour in various stages of deterioration owing ©
to infestation with this mite.

Plague fleas.—Specimens of the Indian plague flea, Xenopsylla
cheopis, and the common rat flea of temperate countries, Ceratophyllus
fasciatus, were shown.

Tabanidae.—A collection of blood-sucking flies of the family
Tadanidae, chiefly African species was on view.

BITUARY.
William West (of Greenwich),

By the death of William West there passes away one who was
known to a past generation of entomologists as well as to many of
those of the present time. When Newman and Stainton were the
mentors of entomological work W. West was actively collecting ; we
hear of him as a regular attendant of the former’s ‘‘ at homes” on
Friday evenings in the sixties, and he was a frequenter of Stainton’s
famous Burnt Ash Lane, now no longer a “ locality’ for entomolo-
gists. He was one of the small circle of friends at these meetings
whose efforts founded, in 1872, that well known and popular Society,
the “‘South London,” with Messrs. J. Platt-Barrett, Bowden, C. G.
Champion, and a few others. Unlike many who have passed
through the membership of this Society, he continued from first
to last to take the same -enthusiastic interest with which he
helped to found it so many years ago, for only some six or seven years
ago he put forward the proposal to hold a second Annual Exhibition
to be devoted to ‘other orders” exclusive of Lepidoptera, a scheme
which his energy made a successful innovation. As the “ South Lon-
don”’ grew it became necessary to have a reference collection, and who
could be a better keeper than the plodding, steady, field-worker W.
West. He became the Hon. Curator of the Society, and the Honorary
and honoured Curator of the Society he remained until the day of his

=

176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

death. A Lepidopterist at first, he seems always to have had a liking
for the smaller forms of life, and after making a good collection of the
larger British Lepidoptera, he passed on to work the Micros, which in
turn he came to know equally well, successfully working out the habitats
of many then rare species. Finally he settled down to collect the
British Coleoptera and Hemiptera, in both of which orders he amassed a
very complete collection, including many rare species, and several whieh
when he found them were new to Britain. He had a wide correspon-
dence and did a considerable amount of exchange; he was ever free
and generous in the disposal of his well-set duplicates. In fact a very
large proportion of the nucleus of the reference collections was com-
posed of specimens placed in the cabinets by himself. With an exten-
sive knowledge of British insects and of practical field-work, he made
one of the most useful members a Society could wish to haye, and but
few of those who have passed through the membership have not at_
some time or other had specimens, information, or other help from our
old friend. Enjoying general good health he was rarely absent from
the bimonthly meetings except when taking his annual holiday; he
was present, and apparently quite well, when we spoke to him on July
22nd, the last meeting before his sudden death on July 50th.

W. West was born in Rotherithe, in 1836, and early in life went to
live in Greenwich, within easy reach of Greenwich Park, “Blackheath,
- then a wild waste, Lea, Lewisham, and other now house-covered areas,
but then haunts of many local insects. He was apprenticed in the
firm of John Penn and Son, marine engineers, and for nearly 50 years
worked in the brass foundry of that company, latterly as foreman of
the shop. He retired in 1899, spending the latter years of his life
largely in his favourite pursuits. It has been his custom to go down
to the New Forest for several weeks each year, and more recently he
has also spent a few holidays near Yarmouth with one of his daughters,
always on the look out for some rare or new speciality.

He contributed but little to our magazines, most of his information
was readily given to his fellow members of the S. London Society and
to his friends in general. When the Woolwich Surveys was in compila-
tion he was induced by our late Editor to place the whole of his local
records in the hands of those responsible for the werk, and in fact the
lists of localities and species made by him formed the basis for the
sections devoted to Coleoptera and Hemiptera. There is also a long
article in the Hnt. Record, vol. xviii., giving an account of the Lepi-
doptera met with in and around Greenwich and Lewisham.

His collections of the Lepidoptera were sold when he began to work
Coleoptera in earnest ; first the Macros, and subsequently the Micros.
Last November he presented his collection of Hemiptera to the British
Museum (8,468 specimens), and at the same time he gave his Coleoptera
to his great friend, and the eompanion of most of his later rambles,
Mr. 8. R. Ashby. The few books he had passed to the 8. London
Society. On the evening of July 30th, ho had been sitting alone in his
room, when his daughter going to call him, found that he had passed
away in his chair without a struggle. He was in his 85th year.—
Eda

Errata.—p. 45, line 4 from bottom, ‘‘ habits” should read “habitats.”
p- 118, line 21, ‘‘ when” should read “ where.”

Mr. ‘Herbert: E. Page,

: charges a Qs,'6d. (for four lines). ..onger Advertisements in proportion,

: fo Road, New. Seeks London, Bi., otherwise their wagazines will edged ba dslayed,

M11. (10 shillings) stiould be sent to
ose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, .
.E. 14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from

January 15th to December 15th, 1920.) . ss

_Non-veceipt. or errora in. the sending of Subscribers’ mag gazines should be

notified Mr. Herbort EH. Page, * Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.8.14 -

~ ApyERT sEMENntTS of Books and Insécts for Sale, or Books wantad will be inserted at. 9, mininium

A segeenee made for a series:

Particu ars of Mr. Herbert 2. Page, “* Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.H. i

‘Subscribers who change thelr addresses must report the same $o My. H. id are “ Bartrose,””

New. Gabinets and ‘Apparatus.—Note : Fines St aes only: and. best

2% = material only used.

‘12, 20, 30 and 40 drawer Cabinets in polished ek or mahogany. Specifications

3 and prices on application.

Standard make Store Boxes, 10 x8, 5/6; 189, Tay 1410; 8/-; ‘16x11, 9/- $5

: z 17412, 10/-; postage 6d. extra. "Special price by taking.12 or more of one size.

4

ee ryaneties and local’ forms. Spilcsoma ‘urtice, Advenaria, and other
. vehew. old series. Good Tortrices and Tineae:—Geo. T. Porritt,

‘Insect and Hgg Cases; Fone Nets, Pins (Tayler’s), Zine Eoleating Bones, Setting

‘ Boards, Killing Tins, ete., etc.

sare for complete lists’ of Set spécimens, apparatus, larves and pupe. :
_ LEONARD TATCHELL, Lepidopterist, 435 Spratt Hall Road, Wanstead, E, 1}.

Trdives. —-Vasleyate and “other varieties of ‘Grossulariata. Desiderata. —Good

ordinary species. to

Him Lea, Dalton,
Huddersfield.

- Desiderata.—Cratagata, Sambucaria, condition immaterial, aunlicater —Dominula, --

Des mendica, and numerous common species.— H, A. Cockayne, 65, Westbourne Lerrace, W.8.

a world of any butterflies included in the British Nist.. Setting. immaterial ;

Desiderata.-—Foreien examples, local races, vars. and’ abs. from ail parts ‘of the
exact data

. > indispensable. . Liberal return made.—-IV...G.- Pether, © Phelma,’” 4, Willow Bridge
Road, London, N. 1.

“Duplicates (all Clydesdale). —/“Athiops, Selene, Icarus, Phloas, Hectus, Mundana,
Perla, Fulva, Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata, Cambrica, Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,
Tristata, Boréata, Mercurella, Anoustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Truncicolella, Derepitalis,

Kuhmella, Fusca, Margaritellus, ‘Hortuellus, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana, Solan-
- drinana, Spongana, Conwayana, -Stramineana, Rivulana, Urticana, Octomaculana,
Perlepidana, ” Vaccinane, Geminana, Herbosana, Myllerana.

Desiderata—Numerous,
—A. A. Dalglish, 7, Kew Street, Glasgow,

_ Duplicates. —Phigalia pedaria, melanic and intermediate forms in great variety.
- Desiderata.—Numerous common species.—_M, Cor bett, 3, Thorne Road, Doncaster.

Mr, Douisthorpe will still be glad to receive ants and ‘Myrmecophiles from all paris

; of the British Isles, and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough to send then to -

him, He would however suggest that ants.from any other parts of the world be sent to

his colleague, Mr. W. C. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14. Mr. Crawley is
specialising on the ants of the world, and if is a matter for congratulation that we should.
possess an Hintomologist in this country whose whole attention should be concentrated on

Z as pease of foe ese

~ MEETINGS OF. SOCIETIES.

SY ataramogicat i douiety of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. 1920, October 6th and 20th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.—
Hon. See., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, §:H. 3.

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CONTENTS.

_ Ants from Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia, W. C. Crawley, B.A,, F.E.S. (concluded)... cr
a, new species of Ant imported into Bugland, Jd. (with fig.) - Be a th Spt tol 8)
a The Phoresy_ of Antherophagus,’’ H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.., P. E, S255 Hs es ern 18h
is New species and sub-species of S. American Lepidoptera, W. Js cee BBS... Ree eased 42
The Lepidopterist Abroad, L. R. Tesch... Ee - a5 ASO
, Connzcrina Novus :—Z. trifolii and Z. filipenduls, R. B. Critehehons P.icarus var., Id.;
_P. ealbum in Nottinghamshire, D. H. Pearson, F.E.S.; Note on Melanargia arge,
oe is Simes, F.E.S.; A Breeding Result, CO. Nicholson; Nese in N. Italy in 1819,
Lieut, #. B. Ashby, F.2.S. As Pal a ange ae BS verse BOO.
cae Nores = .. : * SEER oe uh poe wa eras waged DA

- Socrurres i The Boul Landon Hntomological Society PAs ee << ap bee 195%

OCTOBER L5th, 1920.

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a,

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i Rta H. L, Grosvenor, A. Hédges, J. A Simes, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. -

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ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA. 177

Ants from Mesopotamia aud North-West Persia (concluded).
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.
Sub-family V. Camponorinm, Forel.

Acantholepis frauenfeldi, Mayr. 92° %. N.E. of Baghdad, 1918,
and several other localities (Hvans).

Plagiolepis pygmaea, Latr. %. Amara, 1918 (Hvans).

Prenolepis (Nylanderia) jaegerskioldi, Mayr. Baghdad, 1917, Amara,
1918 (Buxton). N.E. of Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).

Lasius alienus, Forst. %. N.W. Persia, 1919 (Buxton).

L. emarginatus, Ol., var. nigro-emarginatus, For. 3 29 3. N.W.
Persia, 1919 (Buxton). Attending Aphis buxtoni, Theo., on Umbel-
liferae.

These examples of this intermediate variety come nearer to
emarginatus than to niyer.

L. brunneus, Latr. %. Hnzeli, Caspian, 1919 (Buxton). }

Though somewhat paler than the typical brunneus, and having the
frontal eroove less distinct, they appear in all other respects identical
with the type. —

Cataglyphis albicans, Rog., subsp. viaticoides, And., var. lutea, Km.
8. Amara, 1918 (Evans).

C. albicans, Rog., subsp. viaticoides, And., ? var. N.E. of Baghdad,
1918 (Evans). ‘These specimens seem to vary slightly from the typical
viaticoides, but not sufficiently to constitute a true variety.

C. bicolor, F., var. turcomanica, Km. 9%. Tiflis, 1919 (Buxton).

Cataylyphis bicolor, F., var. protuberata, var. nov. .

8 Major. L. 9:0 mm.

Colour (type), dark brown-black; funiculi and tarsi reddish-brown, gaster
with a faint metallic lustre.

The colour in head and thorax varies from dark brown, almost black, to a
dark red, lightest on head, deepening along the thorax to the petiole which is dark
brown. In the red forms the articulation of the legs, the antenne and mandibles,
arered. ‘he apex of each segment of gaster has a pale yellowish border.

Fourth joint of maxillary palpi slightly longer than 3rd, the 5th much longer
than the 6th. Palpi fringed with moderately long hairs, not so long as in bicolor.
Head quadrate; clypeus with central portion raised and with a slight keel. the
anterior border feebly concave. Hyes situate in posterior 3rd of sides of head.
The scape passes the occiput by a 3rd of its length. Mesonotum in profile feebly
convex or quite flat; on each side, just below the centre, the mesonotum bears a
short blunt protuberance, slightly sloping forwards. These protuberances vary in
size, are largest in the largest 3 , absent or barely discernible in the % media, and
entirely absent in the small 3. Node of petiole viewed from above, rounded,
slightly broader than long ; in profile it is broad and low, rounded above, convex
anteriorly and nearly straight behind. Legs very long.

Mandibles coarsely striate. Head entirely matt and microscopically reticulate
with a few punctures on cheeks. Frontal area somewhat shining. Sculpture on
thorax and node similar to that on head, but moré shining. Gaster micro-
' gscopically reticulate.

A moderately long beard under chin ; a few long hairs on clypeus; a few short
ones on pronotum, epinotum and scale. A grey pubescence on thorax, epinotum
and scale, most abundant on epinotum. Antenne without hairs.

% Minor. UL. 6:0 mm.

Head red, thorax and node darker red. Anterior border of clypeus more
distinctly emarginate. Scapes proportionately longer ; mesonotum saddle-shaped
and without protuberances, the node lower, and the whole insect more slender.
Otherwise resembles the § major. Length of scapes and shape of mesonotum in
3 media intermediate between ¥ maxima and minima. Amara, 1918 (Buxton).

I have given a somewhat detailed description of this variety of
Ocroper 157TH, 1920,

178 THE: ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

bicolor as the presence of the blunt projections on the mesonotum is,
as far as | am aware, unique in this genus. ‘The end of the process is
obliquely cut off, and has no resemblance to the spines in e.q., the genus
Polyrhachis. The ant, according to the specimens I received, is some-
what smaller than bicolor, i.sp., which, in specimens I took in Egypt,
-attains a length of 12-Omm.

Evans captured a few examples of this variety, two of which were
sent to me, with the note that both specimens were found coming out
of the same hole in the sand. ‘The 8 major is typical, but the ¢
minor is entirely orange yellow, with the gaster paler, and is altogether
a stouter insect than the % % minor taken with Buxton’s examples.

Formica rujibarbis, F. %. N.W. Persia, March, 1919 (Buxton).

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus, F'., subsp. thoracicus, F.. var.
werves, Hor. 829 g. Amara, 1917and1918. g and ? (Buxton).
Evidently extremely abundant.

C. (Myrmoturba) maculatus, F., subsp. thoracicus, F., var. 2. A
single ¥ minor. Probably var. vasiwm, For., or possibly var. fellah,
For., but impossible to determine without a % major.

Polyrhachis simplex, Mayr. %. Burragh, Mesopotamia, 1919
(Evans).

Caniponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus, F., subsp. evansi, subsp. noy.

8 major (? media). L. 8:5-9°Omm. Width of head 2°3mm.

Castaneous; scale darkest, head slightly darker than thorax, legs palest;
gaster shining black, borders of segments rimmed with castaneous yellow.

Whole insect robust, legs short. Head slightly broader than long, widest just
behind the eyes, narrowing abruptly in front of eyes, which are well helind the
middle of sides of head. . Occipital border widely and shallowly emarginate.
Mandibles 7 toothed. Clypeus carinate on its posterior two-thirds only. anterior
border straight. Scapes extend just beyond occipital border. Hyes large. flat.
Thorax in profile short, regularly arched as far as the meso-epinotal suture whence
the base of epinotum slopes down in a more or less straight line to meet the
declivity, making a very abtuse angle with the latter, which is quite straight and
somewhat shorter than the base. Tibiz somewhat flattened. Scale narrow at
apex, convex anteriorly and straight behind. Gaster ova!, hardly larger than the
head.

Mandibles shining, with coarse punctures. Head dull, with a reticulate ground
sculpture pitted with irregular somewhat elongate punctures, most abundant on the
clypeus, cheeks, and between the frontal carine. Vertex and occiput with only
scattered shallow punctures. Thorax with a finer reticulate ground sculpture, and
more shining than the head; scale, legs and scapes with a similar reticulate
sculpture. Gaster shining, with a superficial transverse reticulation. Declivity of
epinotum shining, microscopically transversely reticulate.

Head, thorax and gaster with rather long scattered yellowish hairs, whitish on
gaster ; no pilosity on scapes or legs. Pubescence nil.

% minor.

Differs only in size, slightly smaller head proportionately, and greater length
of scape. =

In dead palm trunk, N.H. of Baghdad, 1919 (Evans).

Apprenpix I.
Pheidole meyacephala, subsp. punctulata, Mayr. 2 8 Durban, 1917
(Buxton).
Ph. capensis, Mayr., ? var. dreyet, Hm. 2 8 Natal, 1917 (Buxton).
Prenolepis (Nylanderia) traeyaordhi, var. natalensis, For., 8 Natal,
1917 (Buxton).

Appenpix II.
Monomorium (sensu stricto) pallidum, Donisthorpe. Figs. 2 and 2a.

ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA. UGS.

[Monomorium (Paraholcomyrmex) destructor, Jerd., var. pallidus,

Donisthorpe (Ent. Rec., xxx. 10, p. 166, 1918).|
Sy) lu: 2-Ohmm:

Monomorphic. Entirely pale yellow, in some specimens the apical half of
first segment of gaster and the following segments very slightly darker:

A few stiff hairs on clypeus, head, pronotum, nodes and gaster; antennz hairy
‘but without exserted hairs. Short scanty adherent hairs scattered over head
and legs.

Mandibles 4-dentate. Anterior border of clypeus straight, the central portion
concave and bounded on each side by a well-defined carina. Head elongate-oval,
posterior border almost straight. Hyes just in advance of middle of sides. The
scapes extend barely beyond occipital border. Club of funiculus 3-jointed, all the
joints much longer than thick ; the second is much longer than the first, and the
apical joint is longer than the two following taken together. The rest of the joints
are approximately equal except the first.

Thorax with a fairly deep incision; the angle between base and declivity of
epinotum rounded ; dorsum of epinotum flat, not longitudinally impressed. Stalk
of petiole rather short; first node hardly higher than second, broad at base; the
second broader, rounded.

Mandibles striate along the flattened outer border, smooth and _ shining
towards apex. Clypeus smooth and shining. Head entirely smooth and shining,
with a few minute piligerous points, pronotum also smooth and shining; rest of
thorax and epinotum closely thimble-punctured, pedicel less so. Gaster entirely
smooth and shing.

@ (Hitherto undescribed). L. 4:5 mm.

Yellow, but a deeper shade than the ¢ : a narrow V-shaped mark on scutum,
a patch on each side of mesonotum, the wing insertions and borders of ocelli
brown ; a band, broadening at the sides, along the apical border of first segment
of gaster, and the whole of the remaining segments of gaster dark brown; extreme
apical borders of segments yellow. Pilosity as in 3, but longer. Head longer
than broad, but shorter proportionately than in 8; occipital border shallowly
excavated ; scapes somewhat shorter proportionately; eyes large, slightly in
advance of middle of sides. Dorsum of thorax almost horizontal; epinotum
descends abruptly with hardly any division between base and declivity.

First node narrower in profile than in %. Gaster large, oval. Head with a
superficial longitudinal striation ; thorax shining, with a few small punctures,
epinotum and pedicel asin %; gaster shining.

3%, Amara (Buxton) 1918; N.E. of Baghdad (Evans) 1918, witha
single deiilated °.

Recorded in 1918 by Donisthorpe* as a colour variety of M.
(Paraholcomyrmex) destructor, Jerd. The characters of the subgenus
Paraholcomyrmex, however, as defined by Emery (Bull. Soc. ent. Fr.,
p- 191, 1915) are: ¥% 8 somewhat dimorphic, first and second joints
of club of antenne visibly equal. Pallidum has the first joint of club
considerably shorter and narrower than the second, and its § 8 are
monomorphic; it will therefore rank as a species belonging to the sub-
genus Monomorium (s.str.).

* Specimens were sent by me to Mons. Emery as I was unable to make it
agree with any known species and he returned them to me asa pale form of M.
destructor. J therefore described it as a new variety of that species. I entirely
agree with Mr. Crawley that it is a new species.—H.St.J.D.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Thorax and pedicel of Monomorium (s.str.) buxtoni, sp.n.

. 30 2 oe 90 ns, pallidum, Donisthorpe.
,, 2a. Funiculus of antenna of =f
R Thorax and pedicel of Messor platycerus, sp.n.
,, 3a. End of scape and first 3 joints of funiculus of same.

Errata.—Pl. V., figs. 2 and 2a, mariae, sp. nov. should read pallidum, Donisthorpe.

bh) ”?

180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

A new species of Ant imported into England.
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.H.S.
Cardiocondyla Britteni, sp. nov. Fig.
8. Length 1.8 mm.

THORAX AND PEpICEL oF CARDIOCONDYDA BRITTENI, SP. NOV.

Colour red-brown, shining; scape, lst joint of funiculus, mandibles and legs,
yellow; rest of funiculus, the epinotum, and gaster, dark brown; head, thorax,
and pedicel, reddish, front of head darker.

Pilosity. A few short adpressed hairs on body, principally on head and gaster ;
legs and antennee without hairs.

Structure. Head, excluding mandibles, } longer than broad, widest at eyes,
which are placed at anterior third of sides of head ; sides feebly convex, occipital
border slightly concave. Scapes reach the posterior + of head. Club much longer
than rest of funiculus, the last joint alone equalling the following eight ; joints 2-8
of funiculus thicker than long.

Thorax somewhat stout; seen from above very slightly constricted at meso-
epinotal suture, which is almost obsolete. In profile the dorsum presents an
unbroken slightly convex line, with only the faintest suggestion of an impression
at the junction of meso- and epinotum.

Epinotum. First half of base of epinotum in a line with dorsum of thorax’
thence descending in a gentle curve to the spines, which are short and thick,
slightly directed outwards, as long as broad at their bases.

Pedicel. First node from above longer than wide, the sides almost parallel ;
second node nearly twice as wide as first, + wider than long, widest in centre, the
anterior border almost straight ; in profile the stalk of the petiole is not quite so
long as the rest of the segment, and bears a minute tooth underneath in front ;
the first node is higher than the second, and rounded.

Gaster oval.

Sculpture. Head covered with a fine puncturation which grows sparse and faint
as the occiput is reached; the sculpture does not dull the surface. Mandibles
smooth and shining.

Thorax very sparsely and shallowly punctured, similarly to the occiput, the
punctures almost disappearing towards the epinotum.
~Epinotum. Sides finely granulate, the rest smooth and shining.

Pedicel almost impunctate.

Gaster entirely smooth and shining.

A single % was taken by Mr. H. Britten among butter beans, at
West Didsbury, on May 12th, 1919. It is highly probable that the
ant was imported with the beans, in which case its place of origin
would be tropical America, but beyond this there’is no clue.

It is remarkable for its smooth and shining integument, not even
the head being rendered opaque by the sculpture. The petiole is
narrower than in emeryi, For., the postpetiole is wider in proportion to
its length and the sides more angular, and the spines on the epinotum

66 n me 1 81
THE PHORESY OF ANTHEROPHAGUS. ib

shorter and thicker; compared with nuda, Mayr., the postpetiole is
wider still in proportion to its length. The shape of the pedicel, as
seen from above, appears to come nearest to batesi, For., but both
nodes are higher in profile.

“The Phoresy of Antherophagus.’’
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc.

In 1919 my friend Professor W. M. Wheeler published a most
interesting and able paper on the Phoresy of Antherophayus. The fol-
lowing is a resumé of this paper, together with a few notes, and addi-
tions to the facts ard literature of the subject, known to me.

On August 16th, 1919, while collecting near Colebrook, Wheeler
observed a worker Bombus vayans behaving in an erratic manner on
the flowers of golden-rod. The Bombus repeatedly attempted to insert
its proboscis into the flowers, but did not succeed because a female of
Antherophagus ochraceus, Mels., was firmly attached by its mandibles to
the right maxilla and the tongue. It did not release its hold in the~-
cyanide jar, and Wheeler. shows it in its original position in the
accompanying figure to his paper. He failed to find any record of
such behaviour in the American Antherophagi (ochraceus, convexulus,
and suéuralis), but a perusal of the accounts of the Kuropean species
(niyricornis, silaceus, aud pallens) yielded a satisfactory explanation.
In 1896 Lesne called attention to insects that ride on larger ones, and
applied the term ‘tphoresy” to this phenemenon, showing that it is
distinguished from ectoparasitism by the fact that the portee does not
feed on the porter, eventually dismounting and having no further re-
lations with the latter. Janet, in 1897, expanded the concept, dis-
tinguishing six different categories ;

(1) Cases like that of the small flies of the genus Limosina, which
ride on the dung-beetle, Atewchus, and represent phoresy in its typical
form as conceived by Lesne.

(2) Cases in which the portee is conveyed to the nest of the porter,
like the triungulin larve of certain beetles (Sitaris, Melo, etc.), and the
triungulins of the Strepsiptera.

(3) Cases like a few myrmecophilous beetles (Thorictus), which
attach themselves to the antenne of ants for the purpose of accqm-
panying them on their peregrinations.

(4) Cases like the mites of the genus Antennophorus, which are not
only carried but fed by the ant. These and the cases under (3) might
be referred to ectoparasitism.

(5) Indirect phoresy, as exhibited by certain mites that cling to the
surfaces of ant larvee and pupz, which are in turn transported by the
ants. ,

(6) The case of ants that carry in their mandibles their own young,
other members of the colony. or guests.

In 1911 Banks published some 17 cases of phoresy collected from
the literature, others being recorded by Warren (1903), Braes (1917a,
1917b), and Rabaud (1917). These authors cited cases of parasitic
Hymenoptera which attach themselves to the abdomens of Orthoptera,
or the wings of Mantoidea, in order to be on hand to oviposit in the
eges of their porters; such cases representing a seventh category.

Lesne and Janet cited the case of Antherophayus (overlooked by

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Banks), which attaches itself to the legs, mouthparts, or antenne of
humble-bees, for the purpose of being transported to their nests. The
earliest observation of this habit was made by the British Coleopterist,
T. J. Bold, in 1856. He wrote: ‘‘Mr. Smith, in his admirable work
on British bees, records the finding of Antherophagus glaber in the nest
of Bombus derhamellus. This season | met with an instance of the
manner in which such insects may be transported thither. When
hunting Bombi in September last, the peculiar motions of a neuter of
B. sylvarum attracted my attention; it was clinging to a thistlehead,
and wriggling and twisting its legs about in all directions. On getting
hold of it I found that a large specimen of Antherophagus nigricornis
had seized the tarsus of a hind leg between its jaws, and was holding
on like grim death. I put both into my bottle, and the Antherophagus
retained its hold until both were killed by the fumes of the laurel.”

Redtenbacher (1858) recorded taking three A. nigricornis, together
with a number of its larve, in a humbie-bee’s nest. In 1868 Carus
and Gerstaecker published the following note on the genus Anthero-
_phagus: *‘The species live on flowers, attach themselves to humble-
bees, and permit the latter to transport them to their nests, probably
for the purpose of oviposition; at any rate. small larve resembling
those of Cryptophagus are sometimes found among the beetles in the
nests of humble-bees.”’

Hichoft (1866) found that A. nigricornis was nearly always present,
and single specimens of stlaceus and pallens occurred in Bombus nests.

Gorham (1869) captured A. pallens in a nest of Bombus pratorum.

Perris (1869-’70) took in the Pyrenees A. niyricornis attached to
the antenna of a B. montanus.

Buenion (1869-70) took a Bombusin the Alps of Vaud, in August,
1866, which had an A. pallens attached to its proboscis.

Seidlitz (1869-’70) records the occurrence in a museum collection
of three Bombi, each with an Antherophagus attached to an appendage.

In 1875 Perris published a description of the larva of A. silaceus
taken from a nest of B. sylvarwm.

Hoffer (1883), Fowler (1889), Sharpe (1899), Wagner (1907),
Reitter (1911), Sladen (1912), and Reuter (1913), give brief notices,
and Wagner published a figure of A. nigricornis attached to the bee’s
proboscis.

Of the North American A. ochraceus, Wheeler points out that
Packard (1864) recorded its capture by Putnam in Bombus nests in
Massachusetts and Vermont, and J. B. Smith (1909) noted its
occurrence 1n Bombus nests.

Wheeler says that though possessed of well-developed wings and
able to fly about and take up their position on flowers, Antherophagus
does not seek out the Bombus nests, but compels the bee to carry it to
the place in which its eggs and larvee are developed, and quotes Sharp
(1899) : ‘“‘ We must presume that its senses and instincts permit it to
recognise the bee, but do not suffice to enable it to find the bee’s nest.”
Wheeler states: “The structure of the mandibles and the peculiar
notch in the clypeus are clearly adaptations to firmly grasping the
more or less cylindrical joints of the bee’s appendages, and the red
color of the integument and investment of golden-yellow hairs, so
very suggestive of conditions in many myrmecophilous beetles, may
account for the fact that the Antherophayz live unmolested in the
Bombus nests.”

‘¢ THE PHORESY OF ANTHEROPHAGUS.”’ 1838

Wheeler, after quoting the different views expressed by authors on
the feeding habits of Antherophagus and its larvee, concludes that the
larvee of these beetles are in all probability merely scavengers in the
Bombus nests.

PuHoRESY.

I would attribute the case of the myrmecophilous mite Laelapsis
equitans to category (1). This species was described by Michael in
1891 from specimens taken by him in Italy in nests of Tvtramorium
caespitum. On 22nd April, 1907, I discovered it in a nest of the same
ant situated under a large stone at Whitsand Bay, Cornwall. The
mites were riding on the ants, and every now and then would jump off
an ant, and spring on to another whilst in motion, with great agility
aiter the manner of a circus-rider. This was again observed in the
same locality on 17th April, 1909 (1910) and on Lundy Island 11th
April, 1913. On July 9th this year, this mite was observed in a nest
of the same ant at Porthcothan Bay, Cornwall. They were riding on
the ants, resting on the heads or on the gasters of the porters; but on
this occasion they were not seen to jump on and off, which led me to
think they might belong to another species. The Rey. Hull, however,
tells me they are L. equitans- without doubt. Whether this difference
in behaviour was on account of the day being dull without sunshine,
or the time of year being later, 1am unable to say. In every case,
however, the mites were adults, and not immature forms.

Laelaps oophilus, which occurs witb ants of the genus Mormica, may
be classed in the 5th category, when it nests on and among the egg
masses of the ants. It is fed however when the ants lick their
eges (Syntrophy), and is of course carried about by the ants, when they
move their packets of eggs. (This species was unfortunately recorded as
L. equitans in 1902, from specimens taken by me on and among the egg-
masses of Formica rufa at Oxshott and the Blean Woods in May, 1901.)
Later in the year when the ants’ eggs have hatched it may be found
on the bodies of queen ants (1907), when it comes under the first
category.

Beetles of the genus Claviger may also come under two classes.
They are placed in the sixth category by Janet (1897) when they are
carried by their hosts ; but they might also be put in the second. The
first specimen of C. testaceus taken in Britain was captured by Westwood
in Oxfordshire in 1888, in a nest of A. (CU.) flavus. It was attached to
a winged ant (g\) on the underside. ‘This, as pointed out by me in
1909, suggests a possible method of being taken out of the old nest to
new ones.

The little blind beetle, Leptinus testaceus, is placed by Janet in the
first category when lodged in the fur of little mammals to enable it to
be carried to the nests of species of Bombus. Ruschkamp however
(1919) who made a careful study of its habits, is doubtful if it should
be considered a case of Phoresy or Ectoparasitism.

ANTHEROPHAGUS.

It may be suggested that the reason why Antherophagi, instead of
seeking out the nests of Bombi, lie in wait for the bees which come to
flowers and seize hold of them, thus compelling the latter to carry them
to their nests, is not so much that they lack the instinct to find the

184 THE ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD.

bees’ nests, but rather that it gives them protection from their hosts
when they arrive there. In the case of the permanent social parasiti¢
ant, Aneryates atratulus (1915), as shown by Crawley and myself in our
experiments when introducing it into nests of its host, Tetramoriun
caespitum, the Aneryates female seized hold of, and held firmly on to,
the antenna of a Tetramorinm worker; and as long as the grip was
maintained, this action appeared to render it safe from the attacks of
the owners of the nest. As with the ant, the beetle may thus obtain
the nest ‘‘aura’’ of its hosts.

The notch in the clypeus of the Antherophagus, so well explained by
Wheeler, reminds me of the notch in the clypeus of the slave-making
ant Formica sanguinea. It has also been suggested that this is an
adaptation to carrying the cocoons captured from the nests of the
slave species.

I can add the following facts in connection with Antherophagr
being found in Humble-bees nests, to those mentioned by Wheeler.

In 1896 and 1897 Tuck records finding specimens of 4. pallens in
nests of B. agrorum, B. lapidarius, and B. sylvarum, and A. nigricornis
in nests of B. latreillellus and B. terrestris, in the Bury district,
Suffolk.

In 1898 Bouskell when recording the Gapture of A. niyricornis on
low parsnip blossoms, ete., in Buddon Wood, Leicestershire, remarks :
«The fact of the beetle frequenting flowers like the fox-glove, infers a
desire to be conveyed to the nest jof a Bombus], probably for the
purpose of oviposition.”

In 1900 Buckle took specimens of A. niyricornis im a nest of
B. terrestris in the Foyle district in Iveland.

In August; 1904, I found a nest of Bombus muscorum near
Lyndhurst in the New*Forest. The comb was in a hollow in the
sround and was covered over with bits of cut-up leaves and grass. On
digging up the nest a specimen of Antherophayus silaceus was found
in company with a number of Cryptophayus setulosus and a few
other beetles.

On August 21st, 1906, I found larvee of Antherophagi in a Bomous
nest at Kingsclere. ‘These were never recorded.

In 1909 Dollman and I dug up a nest of Bombus muscorum
at Sandown, I. of Wight, in which u specimen of A. pallens was found.
This was on August 15th, 1908, and the actual locality was the foot
of * Limpet Run.”’

Cottam records in 1909 finding A. pallens and its larve in nests of
B. muscorum in Derbyshire. .

On August 28th, 1911, Dollman found a large nest of B. hortorum
situated quite 8 ft. down in w large complex rabbit-burrow, and after
digging it up with considerable difficulty captured a specimen of
A. pallens in it.

In 1920 Scott in-an interesting paper on some inhabitants of a nest
of B. derhamellus received from Hoo near Rochester in 1918 records
among other insects, the presence of three Antherophayus larve. Two
of these he reared which proved to be 4. pallens, and he gives some
valuable notes and detailed observations on the punation, etc. He
was unfortunately unaware of Bold’s records, and apparently of
Wheeler’s 1919 paper; as he credits Perris (1877) with the first
observation on an Antherophagus clinging to a Bombus, and secondly

66 > ara 7? 185
THE PHORESY OF ANTHEROPHAGUS.

Trautman (1915), who recorded finding A. niyricornis on a living

humble-bee.

LireRATURE.

The Literature given by Wheeler in his paper is marked here with
“W”’; and the references by Scott in connection with Antherophayus
with ‘ 8.”

W.
W.

Ww.

Iai

1910.

1856.

et Br t.

1898.

ISH

IST

1900.

Banks, N. ‘Cases of Phoresie.”” nt. News 22 194-97
(MO)

Blatchley, W. S. ‘An Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue
of the Coleoptera or Beetles (Exclusive of the Rhyn-
chopora) known to occur in Indiana.” Nature Publ.
Co. Indianapolis, 1910.

Bold, T. J. “Note on Antherophagus nigricornis and
Bombus sylvarum.” Zool. 144 5008 (1856).

Bold, T. J. ‘A Catalogue of the Insects of North-
umberland and Durham |Revision of Coleoptera] .”
N.H. Trans. North. and Durh. & 60 (1871). :

Bouskell, F. “Leicestershire Coleoptera in 1897.”
Ent. Rec. 10 19-22 (1898).

Brues, C. T. “Adult Hymenopterous Parasites Attached
to the Body of Their Host.” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. 8
136-40 (1917).

Brues, C. T. “Note on the Adult Habits of Some
Hymenopterous Eege-parasites of Orthoptera and
Mantoidea.” Psyche 24 195-96 (1917). |

Buckle, C. W. ‘ Beetles collected in Lough Foyle
district, Cos. Donegal and Derry.” Irish Nat. 9 2-11
(1900).

1869-70. Bugnion, FH. (Letter to Perris on Antherophagus)

1863.

. 1900.

1909.
1912.
1902.

1904.
1907.

1907.
1909.

L’ Abeille 7 xxvi-vii (1869-70). .

Carus, J. V. and®Gerstaecker, A. Handbuch der Zoologte
2 Leipzig. W. Engelmann (1863).

Casey, T. L. ‘ Review of the American Corylophide,
Cryptophagide, Tritomide, and Dermestide, with
other Studies.” Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 8 51-172 (1900).

Cottam, R. “ Antherophayus pallens in Derbyshire,
Lanes.” Nat. 2 266 (1909).

Dollman, H. ‘Coleoptera taken at Ditchling, Sussex,
during 1911.” Hint. Rec. 24 20-23 (1912).

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘Notes on the British
Myrmecophilous fauna (excluding Coleoptera).” nt.
Rec. 14 14-18, 87-40, 67-70 (1902).

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘Coleoptera in the New
Forest in 1904.” Ent. Rec. 16 825-26 (1904).

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘“ British Myrmecophilous
Acarina.” Hastings and HK. Sussex Nat. 1 65-67
(1907).

Donisthorpe, H, St. J. K. ‘* Myrmecophilous Notes for
1907.” Ent. Rec. 19 254-56 (1907).

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. Kk. “On the Colonisation of
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera.”
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909 418-29.

186

1909.
1910.
1913.
UNG.
W. 1866.
W.S. 1889.
1913.
1899.
W. 1869.
W. 1911.
S. 1911.
W. 1883.
W. 1897.
W. 1896.
1891.
W. 1864.
WW, Wee.
W..1873.
W
W.S. 1875.
Wie litte

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘‘Morey’s Guide to the
Natural History of the Isle of Wight.” (Coleoptera)
391 (1909).

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘* Myrmecophilous Notes for
1909.” Hnt. Rec. 22 15-17 (1910).

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘Ants and Myrmecophiles
on Lundy.” Ent. Rec. 25 267-69 (1913).

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘* British Ants, Plymouth.”
Anergates 87-95 (1915).

Hichoff, Sammelberichte. Berlin Ent. Zeits. 10 293-95
(1866).

Fowler, W. W. ‘ The Coleoptera of the British
Islands.” London, 1889. 3 311-13 (1889).

Fowler, W. W. and Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ‘The
Coleoptera of the British Islands.” (Supp.) London
1913 6 264 (1913).

Ganylbauer, L. ‘ Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa,” Vienna.
1899. 3 703 (1899).

Gorham, H. S. ‘* Leptinus in bees’ nests.” Hnt. Mo.
Mag. 6 89 (1869).

Grouvelle, A. “ Coléoptéres Cryptophagides recueillés
au Mexique par M. L. Diguet dans les nids du
Bombus ephippiatus, Say.” Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris. 19441 97-100.

Growvelle, A. ‘ Description d'un Antherophagus de
Java et de sa larve.’”’ Notes from the Leyden
Museum 33 117-20 (1911).

Hoffer, Ed. ‘Die Hummeln Steiermarks”’ 1 Halfte
46 (1883).

Janet, C. ‘ BHtudes sur les Fourmis, les Guépes, et les
Abeilles.” Note 14. Rapports des Animaux Myrmé-
cophiles avec les Fourmis. Limoges 1-99 (1897).

Lesne, P. ‘“Mceurs du Limosina sacra. Phenomenes
de transport mutuel chez les animaux articules.
Origine du parasitisme chez les insectes Dipteres.”
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 45 162-65 (1896).

Michael, A. “On the Association of Gamasids with
Ants.” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 4 688-58 (1891).

Packard, A. S. ‘The Humble-Bees of New England
and Their Parasites, with notes of a new species of
Antherophorabia, and a new genus of Proctotrupidae.”
Proc. Essex Inst. 4 107-40 (1864).

Packard, A. S. ‘* Guide to the Study of Insects.” 3rd
Ed. Salem. Naturalists’ Agency (1872).

Packard, A. 8S. ‘Our Common Insects.” Salem.
Naturalists’ Agency (1878).

. 1869-70. Perris, Edm. (Note on Antherophagus nigricornis).

L Abeille 7 ix.-x., xxv.-vil. (1869-70).

Perris, Hdm. ‘ Larves des Coléoptéeres.” Ann. Soc.
Linn. Lyon. 22 259-418 (1875).

Rabaud, Kt. ‘Sur les Hyménopteres parasites des
oothéques d’ Orthopteres.” Bull. Soc. Ent. France
1917 178.

NEW SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF S. AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 187

W. 1858. Redtenbacher,L. ‘Fauna Austriaca. Die Kifer.” Wein.
Carl Gcrold’s Sohn. 860 (1858).

W. 1911. Reitter, Edm. ‘“Wauna Germanica. Die Kifer des
deutschen Reichs.” Stuttgart K. G. Lutz (1911).

W.. 1918. Reuter, O. M. ‘‘ Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der
Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte.”
Berlin, Friedlander und Sohn (1913).

1914. Riuschkamp, F’. ‘Zur Biologie von Leptinus testaceus,
Mull. Pbhoresie oder Ektoparasitismus ? Neue Beo-
bachtungen.” Zeitz. wiss. Insektenb. 9139-44 (1914).

1920. Scott, H. “Notes on the biology of some inquilines
and parasites in a nest of Bombus derhamellus, Kirby ;
with a description of the larva and pupa of Hpuraca
depressa, llig. (= aestiva, Auctt.: Coleoptera, Niti-
dulidae).”’ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1920 99-127.

W. 1869-70. Seidlitz, G. (Note on Antherophayus niyricornis)

W. 1899. Sharp, D. “Insects.” Cambridge Natural History 6
235 (1899).
W.S. 1912. Sladen, fF. W. L. “The Humble-Bee.” Macmillan &
Co. (1912).
W. 1909. Smith, J. B. ‘Insects of New Jersey (1909).”
S. (1915) Trautmann, G. “ Hin aussert seltener Fund: Anthero-
phagus, Latr., nigricornis, Fabr., an einer lebenden
Hummel.” Intern. ent. Zeitschr. Guben. 9 59 (1915).
S. 1896. Tuck, W. H. “ Inquiline and other inhabitants in nests
5 of Aculeate Hymenoptera.” nt. Mo. Mag. 32 153-55
(1896).
8. 1897. Tuck, W. H. ‘Coleoptera, etc., in the Nests of Aculeate
Hymenoptera.” Hnt. Mo. Mag. 33 58-60 (1897).
W. 1907. Wagner, W.. “ Psychobiologische Untersuchungen an
Hummeln mit Bezugnahme auf der Frage der Gesel-
ligkeit in Tierreiche.”” Zooloyica 19 145 (1907).
W. 1908. Warner, W. V. (Note on Dichromorpha viridis.) Proc.
Ent. Soc. Washington § 308, 809 (1903).
1919. Wheeler, W. M. “The Phoresy of Antherophayus.”’
Psyche 26 145-52 (1919).
W. 1877. Xambeu, P. (Note on Podagrion pachymerus.) Bull.
Soc. Ent. France 1817 \xix.

New species and sub-species of S. American Lepidoptera.
By W. J. Kayn, F.E.S.
Faminy Heiconipar.

Heliconius xanthocles, Bat., flavosta, sub-sp. nov.

Very like the figured form of H. wanthocles sub-sp. cethosia, Seitz
(Mac. Lep. v. pl. 77a), from which it differs in that instead of having a
discal patch of yellow beyond the cell it has it extending inwards and
occupying about one-third of the cell area. The discocellular strongly
black. Hindwing with the red rays only extending half-way across
wing as in cethosiu.

Habitat. E. Colombia, Villavicencia, Feb., 1919, 3.

Susamuco, Sep., 1917, °.

Type from Villavicencia, in coll., Kaye.

188 THS KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Heliconius vulcanus, Btlr., tenuistriga, sub-sp. nov.

Forewing with the discal red band greatly reduced in width, being
about one half the width of vuleanus sub-sp. cythera, Hew. The red only
on outer half of band, inner half white. Hindwing with the marginal
white band broad as in cythera. ;

Habitat. Ecuador, Balzapamba.

This may be only an aberration as cythera is found at Balzapamba.
The two may occur at different elevations.

Type ° in coll. Kaye.

Famity Preripae.

Hesperocharis nera, Hew., potara, sub-sp. nov.

A strongly marked race with a heavier black border than in typical
nera, and with strong orange dashes between the veins and also orange
at base. Forewing below with some orange dashes on the inner edge
of black margimal band in the apical area. Hindwing below with a
broad blackish margin with a pair of yellowish streaks at anal angle
within the*band. Inner area of wing wholly creamy white ground
colour with intra-nervular orange streak and a double orange streak
within the cell.

Habitat. Central British Guiana, Tumatumari.

- Type in coll. Kaye.

Hesperocharis lamontt, n.-sp.

Forewing above white with a slight creamy shade (but much less
so than hindwing). Costa at base slightly orange. Apex rather
broadly black, strongly toothed internally. The black is extended
down outer margin gradually lessening to tornus where it disappears. -
The black is heaviest at the veins and receding between them.
Hindwing above creamy white with an orange patch on costa at base.
Outer margin very narrowly edged with black, and most conspicuous
at anal angle. Forewing below with costa and apical area (covered by
the black above) washed with orange extending as a still paler wash
of orange to cell. Hindwing below cream colour, but nearly covered
with broad streaks and dashes of pale orange between the veins and
within the cell. A minute pink dot at base. Exp., 56mm.

Habitat. Trinidad, Morni Diable, 2 3 g, 6-iv.-1917 (NV. Lamont).

Type in coll. Lamont. ;

Glutophrissa drusilla, Cr., jacksoni, sub-sp. nov.

g above completely white with glistening scales at base of forewing.
Faint yellow at base of forewing below. @ except for shorter wings
much like the male and with only a trace of black at apex of forewing.
Ground colour creamy white, not dead white, as in g. Glistening
scales at base of forewing strongly developed and occupying a larger
area than in g. Hindwine with faint yellow scaling at base above.
Below entirely shiny creamy white as in the apex of forewing beneath.
Exp. o Commies °° Sorin.

Habitat. Jamaica. 800 ft. (Dr. F. W. Jackson.)

Type in coll. Kaye.

This Jamaican race of Glutophrissa drusilla is quite distinct from
the Cuban race (ilaire, Poey), or the St. Domingo race (poey?, Butl.).
The whole species is very variable both geographically and individually

THE LEPIDOPTERISL ABROAD. 189.

and most probably seasonally. In Trinidad the 9 @ vary from having
hardly a trace of black outer margin of hindwing to a very heavy black
band, while the ground colour varies from white to a fairly strong
yellow. These extremes belong most probably to different seasons of
the year.

Famity Syntomrpag.

Mydropastea disparata, n.-sp.

Forewing black with hyaline patches. Tegulae black with metallic »
green spots and a white point below. Patagia black. Frons black.
Femora with conspicuous paired white patches. Abdomen below (in
3) with large elliptical valve edged with white scales. Last four
segments edged with orange. Abdomen above with metallic green
stripe and broader lateral green stripes. Forewing with a long wedge-
shaped transparent spot within the cell and another beneath the cell.
Beyond the cell three or four transparent spots in series vertically ;
first or second or both sometimes absent. Hindwing black with a
large central area chiefly below cell transparent. In the 3 the space
is divided at the lower discocellular. Exp., 42mm.

Habitat. ‘Trinidad, Rock, 1-i.-18, Palmiste, 9-1x.-17 (. Lamont).
Lig eee

Type in coll. Lamont.

The Lepidopterist Abroad.
Dedicated to my erstwhile entomological mentor and companion.
H. E. WINSER, Esq.

The tropic day ends and my toil is done
Until the morrow, when it starts again,
And sitting by my tent I watch the sun
Die down across the bush and o’er the plain.

It seems a link with England, in a way,

Just now when all the world is calm and still,
Because I know that at this hour to-day

This very sun is red on Hascombe Hill.

As stands that cottonwood* in towering might
Emblazoned on the purple of the sky,

So stand the oaks in Slythurst Woods to-night
—Nor shall they see my lamp go gleaming by!

No! for this year I may not wander there,
My net astream upon the whispering breeze.
(Nor sheltered, like a wizard in his lair,
Prepare my potions to anoint the trees.)

Sibylla flaunts her beauty unafraid ;
Huphrosyne may flit adown the dell.

Not mine to follow paphia up the glade
Or chase—unknowingly—a battered ‘ shell.”

* A cottonwood is an enormous tree of the outline of an oak, but at least three
times as high. Very common here on the Gold Coast.

190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

And on the hill may flavicornis lie
All undisturbed upon some ‘twig of birch ;
No longer need parthenias mount on high,
Nor swift petraria elude my search.

No more shall Ralli’s Clearing hear the shout
Of vict’ry, as I take some treasured thing,

Or Smithwood see me slowly prowl about,
Intent on rubi, or what Fate may bring.

Crepuscularia now may find retreat
Is fairly safe within her favoured grove,

That crowns the heights of old St. James’ Seat ;
And in her glen prunaria may rove.

The sallows now may freely open wide

Their luscious blooms to all the Quaker clan,
And miniosa may drink her fill, nor hide

Her rosy pinions from the sight of man.

My lamp no more shall cleave the tangled brake,
Endeavouring to trace some errant bug.

Nor shall [ stalk from tree to tree and take
Leporina or derasa—or a slug !

Nor shall I patient watch the lighted sheet,
Or scour the reed-beds in a humid state,
Or steal with pockets full of ancient meat
Y'o plant it near a parson’s garden gate ! !
e :
For such pursuits are over for a time,
And I am far away from Surrey’s weald.
My net I flourish in a torrid clime,
And take whate’er the virgin bush may yield.

Exotics with a wondrous wealth of wing
In every rainbow colour flutter by,

In green and gold and purple sheen they bring
Their fairy visions to the mortal eye.

Across me flits a flash of jewelled light,
Metallic blue and silver in the sun,

And though my eye can scarce observe its flight,
I strike—and thus I miss another one!

Tis true I’ve gained my heart’s desire to be
Among these gems that sparkle up and down
Like living fire—but much I’d give to see
A common Garden White or Meadow Brown!!!
January Ist, 1920. L. R. Txscx.

YW oOTES ON COLLECTING, Kte.

ZYGENA TRIFOLU AND Z. FILIPENDUL®.—In “ Notes on Collecting ”
of the September issue, a correspondent writing from Cranley, Surrey,
suggests that Z. trifolid is much more lable to aberrations than Z.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 191

filipendulae, and I have observed the same thing with regard to these
two species in South Hants (Alverstoke and Portsmouth districts).

In the rough and open part of a wood in which I had previously
noted a strong colony of Z. trifolii, I took on June 29tn, 1919, some
ab. orobi. In the present year I first observed Z. trifolii there on June
18th, and on June 19th I took (but in one particular spot only) a good
series of ab. minoides and one ab. glycerhizae. In this locality minoides
appears to be the most frequent of the aberrations and I saw many
other specimens of this variety at the same time.

I have not noted 7. filipendulae at the same spot, though no doubt
it occurs there; but on the chalk hills rather nearer to Portsmouth
- where it swarms in thousands, the large majority are, so far as I have
been able to observe, to type, the only varieties [ have met with being
occasional specimens having the two outer spots joined, or the middle
pair joined.—R. Barnarp CruicxsHank, Alverstoke, Hants.

Potyommatus icarus, vaRteTY.—I took in this neighbourhood on May
29th this year a perfect specimen of the variety figured in South’g
Butterflies, plate 119, fig. 5, the whole underside except the outer
margins being entirely free from spots, and exactly as figured in
South’s book ; the latter does not however mention any name for this
variety, and I should be glad to learn from any of your correspondents
what this is.—Ip. [This form is usually identified with ab. persica,
Bienert, but in Tutt’s Brit. Lep. (iv. 156) it is separated tentatively as
ab. obsoleta, Clarke (G.W.).|

Potyeonra c-aLBuM IN NorrincHamsuire.——Yesterday, September
19th, I took a specimen of P. c-albuwm in my garden here. This is
the first specimen I have ever seen in the Midlands, though I see it ig
recorded from the Mansfield district.—Doucnas H. Parson (F'.E.S.),
Chilwell, Notts. :

Norz on Mewanareia arce,—In Hint. Rec., vol. xxxi., p. 110, Dr.
Roger Verity states that contrary to the general rule in butterflies that
the males greatly outnumber the females the opposite is the case in
Melanaryia arye. He proceeds to base, in part, on this statement
another to the effect that the ‘‘ increase in the relative number of the
females is often proportioned to the localisation and to the scarcity of
the species,” and he conjectures, therefore, that we have here an
example of effort to conserve and enhance generative capacity in the
case of a species which-is on the way, to extinction. I do not know
upon whose observations the statement about Melanargia arye is based,
but it is certainly a most amazing statement and in my experience
very wide of the facts. I have observed Melanargia arye in the
greatest abundance for several years in succession in its haunts near
Brindisi; and, if I may judge from what has been published, my
acquaintance with the species in life is vastly greater than that of any
other European lepidopterist, and I can affirm most positively that so
far as the Brindisi district is concerned the statement is not true. On
the contrary in that area the relative proportion of the sexes is
approximately the same as in the case of other Melanargias, the males
outnumbering the females in the proportion of at least 5 to 1! My
observations are based on times when Melanaryia arye had reached the

192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

high-water mark of its emergence—when it was possible to observe
hundreds in the course of a single day. At Brindisi that point is
reached about the 10th of May in a normal season ; and the text books
which give June, and even July, as the time of emergence of this
species are, as I have previously pointed out, utterly incorrect. It
occurs to me that Dr. Verity’s observations may have been made at a
time when the species was fast ‘‘ going over’’; that time is the only -
time in my experience when, amongst the survivors of an emergence,
it would be possible to find more females than males.—J. A. Sms

(F.E.S.).

A Brespine Resutt.—Nothing having appeared under this heading
since the original letter (p. 100), may curious readers be enlightened -
as to the conclusion (if any) arrived at by Mr. Cruickshank. Since he
says he placed no other larva in the box with the villica, and the alni
could not have crawled into it as a perfect insect, two alternative ex-
planations occur, viz., either someone else put the moth into the box,
or the larva had spun up in the piece of cork, before the latter was
introduced for the benefit of the villica, and was therefore not noticed
by Mr. Cruickshank.—C. Nicuotson, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, HE. 4.
September 25th, 1920.

Norrs on Enromonocy 1x Nortaern [tary my 1919.—On arriving
at Turin at the beginning of April | found Nature perhaps rather less
advanced than at Vicenza, but still a considerable number of plants
were in flower; and during the month I collected at the following
localities in the neighbourhood of Turin: the Lakes of Aviglana (A),
from the village of Sassi up to the Soperga on the Colle Torinese (S),
at the Wood of Stupinigi (St.), and at Montealieri (M), a place on the
bank of the Po about half an hour by the electric tramway, where I
had the good fortune to visit Dr. Festa of the Museo Civico di Storia -
Naturale, Turin, where I saw his small “‘zoo” and his interesting
collection of European butterflies. It was Dr. Festa who told me of
the Stupinigi Wood, which is reached in about half an hour from
Turin by steam tramway ; it surrounds the Royal Palace at the village
and proved my best collecting ground while in this part of Italy.
I was only able to get one day at the Lakes of Avigliana, which are
reached from the station on the Turin-Modane line, and can be “done”
in one day’s excursion leaving by the first morning train. Sassi is
reached by another steam tramway starting also from the Piazza
Castello.

During the month of April the following butterflies were noted,
the letters attached indicating: the localities :— Papilio podalirius, 8 ;
P.machaon, M, 8; Thais polyxena ab. meta, St; Pieris brassicae, 8 ;
P. rapae, M; P. napi, M, A, S; Euchloe cardamines, A, 8, St;
Leptosia sinapis, M, A, 8, St; Gonepterya rhamni, M, 8, St; Issoria
lathonia, M; Brenthis selene, St; B. dia, M, A, St; Huvanessa
antiopa (hiber.), S, A, M, St; Vanessa io (hiber.), S, A, M, St;
Polygonia c-album, M, 8, St; Pararge aegeria, M, 8; Coenonympha
pamphilus, A, St; Rumicia phlaeas, A, 8S, St; Callophrys rubi, St;
Everes argiades, M; Celastrina argiolus, M, A, 8; Hesperia malvoides,
M, A, St: ab. taras (one), M; and Nisoniades tages, M, A, 8, St.

I shouid say that I first hit upon TZ. polywena ab. meta on April

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 193

24th, by which date many of the males were getting very worn
although the females were in excellent order. They were quite
confined to one quarter of the Stupinigi Wood, just after the river
Sangone is crossed hy the bridge of the road from Mirafiore. Crossing
this bridge, and continuing on the main road, another stream is
reached in a few minutes. Crossing this stream, and taking a narrow
path to the right alongside it, in a few minutes a partial clearing is
reached, about 150 yards from the road, which, as far as I could
discover, is the only real home of this species near Turin. Only a
few stray specimens were met with in the neighbourhood of this spot.

During the whole time at Turin I was only able in a general way
to get the day-flying moths, the following occurring in April :—
Saturnia pavonia, A.M.; Plusia gamma, M.; Heliaca tenebrata, M.;
Euclidia glyphica, M.; Ematurya atomaria, M. A. §.: and Lozo-
gramma clathrata, M. A. St. : .

In the other Orders the following is a list of species noted :—

NeuroptErRa.—Panorpa communis, St.

Oponata.— Libellula depressa, St; Gomphus vulgatissimus, M.

Hymenoprera.—Vespa crabro, St: Apis mellifica var. ligustica, M;
Bombus terrestris, M, A, 8, St; B. agrorum var. pascuorum, A, S, St;
B. hortorum, 8, St; var. harriselius, A; B. pomorum, 8, St; B.
lapidarius, M; B. ligusticus, M, 8; B. sylvarum, St; Xylocopa violacea,
M,A,8S; Hucera longicornis, M, St; Anthophora acervorum, M, St;
A. dispar, M; Osmia aenea, M; Andrena thoracia, A; Nomada
succincta, M, St; Melecta luctuosa, A.

Dietpra.— Hristalis aenea, M.; C. arbustorum, M.; Chrysotoaum
maculatum, A.; Bombilius medius, 8.

Cotzoprera.—Cicindela campestris, M.; Cetonia aurata, A.; C.
hirtella, A. M.8.; Melolontha vulgaris, M.; Synaptus filiformis, M.;
Chinen fusca, M.; Lema brunnea, 8.; Lina. populi, M.; Meloé
proscarabaeus, St.

OrtHoptera.—Gryllus campestris, A.

In and around Turin I recognised during April 88 different SEE
of plants in flower.

With the advent of May much hotter weather was experienced,
and many fresh species of insects and plants in flower were noted.
Of the latter, 56 fresh species were recorded in blossom in the month.
The banks of the river Stura (Str.) was a fresh locality, reached from
the Municipio by electric tram in about half-an-hour.

Ruopatocera: Aporia crataegi, Str.; Brenthis cuphrosyne, S.;
Melitaea conaia, St.; M. athalia, St.; M. phoebe, 8. St.; var. occi-
tanica, St.; <dglais urticae, Str.; Limenitis camilla, 8.; Epinephele
jurtina, St.; Coenonympha arcania, St.; Chrysophanus dispar var.
rutilus, Str. (one perfect g on May 8th); Loweta dorilis, St.; Plebeius
aegon, Str. St. M.; Glaucopsyche cyllarus, St.; Polyommatus icarus,
Str.; Agriades “ie St. ; Scolitantides baton, S.; Hamearis lucina,
Shi Hesperia carthami, Str. ; Augiades sylvanus, S. St.

HreRocera. Waeehie pudibunda, in Turin; 8S. pavonia, in
Turin ; Heliothis dipsacea, Str.; Idea. ornata, St.

[Seg gruthawrape amma aA = Pls pean, Str.

Oponata.—Calopterya virgo, St.; C. splendens, Str.; Pyrrhosoma
nymphula, Str. ; Agrion pulchellum, Str.; A. puella, Str.

Hymernoprera.—Bombus hortorum, St.; Clavellaria amerjnae, St.

194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Vespa vulgaris, St.; V. germanica, St. Str. ; Polistes gallica, St. M. ;
Anthophora grisea, St.; Halictus seafasciatus, 8.
Dietera.—Pachyrhina crocata, St.; Volucella pellucens, St. ;
Chrysotoxum elegans, 8.
ConreoptrrRa.—Lacon murinus, St.; Trichodes alvearius, St. ;
Hammaticherus cerdo,$.; Aglastica alni, St.; Chrysomela menthastri, St.
Ruynewora.—Cercopis sanguinolenta, St.; Meracurus marginatus, St.
OrtHoptTERA.— Locusta viridissina, S.—Lieut. E. B..Asusy, 36,
Bulstrode Road, Hounslow. (To be continued.)

G)URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

John Taylor, of Sandown, Isle of Wight, passed away on July 21st,
1920, after several years’ illness, at the age of 56. Always deeply
interested in Nature he, eventually, became an ardent collector of
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and we owe much of our knowledge of the
epecies inhabiting the Isle of Wight to his strenuous work. ‘Of a quiet
and retiring disposition, he did not contribute much to the literature
of the subject, but some valuable notes on captures may be found in
the magazines. He was always ready to supply fellow workers with
information on the subject, and his own cabinets were the poorer for
the many generous gifts to others, often comparative strangers. With-
out the cares of a business he would, doubtless, have become one of our
leading Coleopterists.—H.F.P.

Entomology in the United States has been largely, in fact pre-
dominantly, worked from an economic standpoint, supported mainly by
the governments of the different states. A result of this has been that
the National Collections of Insects have been made from that point of
view, and hence are very deficient in specimens from other parts of the
world, and although an excellent mass of material from the Western
Hemisphere has been accumulated, there is little from the rest of the
world ; a student who wishes to take up a line of study more extended
than a knowledge of his own fauna, is so handicapped that he must
come over to Europe to complete his study, and for comparison of
faunas. This want has been under consideration for some time, and
recently there has been discussions between the committees of the
Entomological Society of America and of the American Association of
Economic Entomologists. These two bodies have now issued a com-
bined report which, no doubt, will result in active means being taken
to remedy the defect.

A Revision of the Nearctic Termites, by Nathan Banks, issued by the
Smithonian Institution, is a valuable summary of what is known up to
the present. It contains notes on the biology and geographical distri-
bution of the various species, and is illustrated with 25 plates,
numerous figures in the text, and a series of maps showing the range
of the more important species. The biological notes deal with nests,
subterranean species, wood-inhahiting species, food, damage (character
and extent), remedies, preventatives, function of the “swarm” (colonis-
ing flight), diurnal swarming, nocturnal swarming, variations of swarm-
ing, foundation of new colonies, loss of wings, courtship, mating, ege-
laying, metamorphosis, castes, parasites (fungi, protozoa, nematodes,
mites, predators, termophilous insects, and association with ants.

Other recent publications of the Institution deal with ‘ Forest
Lepidoptera with descriptions of larve and pupe,” illustrated by 13

OURRENT NOTES. 195

plates, ‘‘ New species of Lepidoptera from Mexico and Guatemala,”’
described largely in the noncomparative style, ‘‘ Descriptions of the
Larve of N. American Cleridae (Col.),” with 12 plates and a few bio-
logical notes, several papers dealing with North American [chneumon-
idae, and “ EKocene Insect from the Rocky Mountains,” with 5 plates.

Parts I. and II. of the Trans. int. Soc. Lond. for 1920 were issued
in August. They contain ‘A Contribution to the Classification of
the Coleopterous family Hndomychidae,” with one plate and numerous
figures, by Gilbert J. Arrow; ‘‘ Pseudacraea eurytus race hobleyt, its
forms and its models, etc.,” by G. D. H. Carpenter, with two coloured
plates and a map; ‘‘Notes on the Biology of some Inquilines and
Parasites in a nest of Bombus derhamellus, etc.,” by H. Scott;
“ Notes on Fig-insects,’”’ by Jas. Waterston; ‘The Terminal
Abdominal Structures of the Primitive Australian Termite, Masto-
termes darwinensis,’ by G. C. Crampton, with a plate; “ Records of
Insect Migrations in Tropical America,’ by C. B. Williams; “ An
undescribed Lycaenid Butterfly from Cyprus, Glaucopsyche paphos,” by
Dr. T. A. Chapman, with a plate and several figures; “‘ The Butterflies
of Cyprus,” by Hy. J. Turner; “The Geographical Factor in
Mimicry,” by Dr. T. A. Dixey, with one plate; ‘‘New Species of
Staphylinidae from Singapore,” by Malcolm Cameron; “A Contribu-
tion to our knowledge of the Stick-insect, Caraustus morosus,”’ by
Geo. Talbot ; and forty-eight pages of the Proceedings.

The Annual Report of the United States National Museum for the
year ending June, 1919, just received, is very interesting in its detail
and contains various illustrations of the Museum. There is an Obituary
of the late Dr. Rathbun, who was Assistant Secretary in charge of the
Museum for so many years. Then follow details of the work carried
on by the Museum during the year in its various activities, finance,
building, collections, publications, library, meetings, etc. Probably the
most interesting matter is that contained in the Reports from several
of the Departments, viz., Anthropology, Biology, Geology, and Arts
and Industries. These are followed by a list of recent acquisitions
which include only a few additions to the Insect collections, but among
these are the Hemiptera collected by the late G. W. Kirkaldy. An im-
portant feature of the work of the Museum is the share which it takes
in many natural history expeditions to various parts of the world.

SocikrkTiIEs.

THe Souta Lonpon Entomouoeican Socrety.

May 27th.—New Memper.—Mr. A. W. Richardson, of Southall,
was elected a member.

EXHIBITION OF Livinc Oxssects.—Mr. H. Main exhibited the Cali-
fornian Hesperid Hpargyreus tityrus, bred from a pupa sent by Miss
Fountaine, also Adscita statices, larve of Meloé sp., and of Galerucella
lineola, all from Eastbourne.

Mr. Blair, males and the very rare female of Siphlurus armatus
(Ephem.), from Middlesex, Odynerus pictus (Hym.), and Cassida equestris
with ege-clusters.

Mr. H. Moore, Callophrys rubt, from Westerham, and Clytus arietis
from Bromley.

Mr. Dunster, larve of Melitaea aurinia from Somerset.

Mr. Barnett, two vipers, one unusually dark-coloured, and a
Raphidia sp.

196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Mr. Withycombe, Donacia sp., from Epping Forest, Osmylus sp.,
from Sevenoaks, and Melolontha vulgaris, from Richmond Park.

Mr. L. W. Newman, ab. radiata-lutea of Abraxas grossulariata, an
almost black ab. vanleyata, larvee of Calymnia pyralina on elm, four
forms of larve of Saturnia carpini, a Dryas paphia bred indoors, a Cal-
limorpha dominula, varied larvee of Trichiura crataegt, ete.

Mr. Sich, imagines of Nepticula septembrella, from Hindhead, and
larvee of Salebria betulae, from Richmond; also abnormal growth of
flowers of the Fox-glove.

Reports of the Season were submitted.

June 10th.—Sprciat Exurpition oF C. rrapezina.—An exhibition of
Calymnia trapezina, Messrs. R. Adkin, B. Adkin, Stanley Edwards, A.
KE. Tonge, Hy. J. Turner, etc., taking part. Mr. Turner read notes on
the variation of the species, and gave a summary of the characteristics
of the various named forms. Mr. “R. Adkin showed a very fine example
of the rare ab. nigra, and Mr. B. Adkin, a very dark-banded ab. nigro-
virgata, Tutt, and a clear slate-coloured example.

OTHER pxeerrs.—Mr. Withycombe, an immature Ledra aurita
(Hem.), from oak.

Mr. Bunnett, living larve of Hnnomos illunaria.

Mr. Main, larval tracks of Phyllotoma aceris (Tenth.), in sycamore
leaves.

Mr. Step, the Yellow Balsam, Impatiens parviflora, from Wimbledon
Park.

June 24th.—Sproian Exurpition or H. Frurcata.—Exhibition
and Discussion of Hydriomena furcata, Thun. (elwtata). Messrs.
Turner, Barnett, etc., exhibited series. The first-named showed a
copy of Thunberg’s ‘“ Dissertations,’ 1784, containing the original
fizure and description of the series, and read Notes on the Lines of
Variation and pointed out the named forms. In Mr. Barnett’s series
was a very fine example of the infuscata form.

Capture oF Li. Eritcasoni (Cox.).—Mr. §. Ashby, specimens of the
rare beetle Lema erichsont taken by Mrs, Ashby and himself near Rye
in April last.

Harty staces oF A. nrrens (Con.) anp L. aurira (Hem.).—Mr.
Bunnett, series of the Rhyncophorous beetle Attelabus nitens (curculio-
noides) with leaves of oak rolled by the larve; and also larve and
pup of Ledra aurita (Hemip.).

July 8th.—Larva or P. tivorntcax—Mr. Newman exhibited living
larvee of Phrywus livornica from ova laid by a female captured in
Dorset in May, and made remarks on their habits.

Various ExHBits.—Mr. Withycombe, a larva on hawthorn of
Saturnia pyri from a batch of ova from §. France; also the liver-wort
Marchantia polymorpha and the rare Roman nettle Urtica pilulifera.
Mr. Dunster, a series of Melitaea aurinia taken in Somerset in May,
and of Hpinephele tithonus showing additional spots on the fore-wings.
Mr. Carr, series of Brenthis euphrosyne from Crockham Hill.

Brep C. paviesana (Hym.) anp C. Germanica (Cot.).—Mr. K. G.
Blair, bred specimens of the bee Colletes daviesana from Shanklin with
five species of inquilines and parasites; also living examples of
Cicindela germanica bred from larve found May 4th.

ee

bscriptions fan Vo t XOX. re shillings) ghoiiid be pane to

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S.E. 14- [This subseoription includes al! numbers published from
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Non-receipt or errors in: the sending of Subscribers’ snasectes should be

notified to Mr. Herbert EH. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Grogs, 8.H. 14

_ Apynarisumunts of Books and. Insects fer Sais, or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
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- material only used.

12, 20, 30 and 40 drawer Cabinets in polished deal or mahogany. Specifications
and prices on application.
Standard make Store Boxes, 10x8, 5/6; 139, 7J- + 14x10, 8/-5 16x11, 9/-;
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Insect and Higo Cases, Jointed Nets, tag fayler’s), Zine Collecting Boxes, Setting
Bonds, oe Tins, ete., ete. a 5

ite for complete lists of set specimens, apparatus, larvee and pups.
oe, Tah LEONARD TATCHELL, Lepidopterist, 43, ‘Spratt Hail Road, Wanstead, ELE.

ee etapa ta and other’ “vaiioties of Grossillariata. Desiderata. “Good”
; “arteties and local-forms. Spilosoma urtiem, Advenaria, and other ordinary species to
- yénew old series, -Good Toxtrices and Tineae. — Geo. P. Porritt, Hlm Lea, Dalton,
~ Huddersfield.
- Desiderata. —Crategata, Sambucaria, condition immaterial. Duplicates.—Dominula,
“mendica, and numerous conimon species. 5 5 A. Cockayne; 65, Westbour ne Terrace, W.2.,
Desiderata.—F oreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. ‘from ail parts of the
ae of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
indispensable.. Liberal return made. ales ‘G. Pether, “Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge
‘Road, London, N. 1. :
~ Duplicates (all Clydesdale).—Atthiops, Selene, Icarus, Phileas, Hectus, Mundana,
Perla, ‘Pulva, Nictitans, Evitici, Chi, Boreata, Cambrica, Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,
Tristata, Boxeata, Mereurella, Angustes,, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Truncicolelia; Derepitalis,
_ Kubmella, Fusea, Margaritellus, Hortuellus, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana,; Solan-
-“drinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, Siramineane, Rivulana, Urticana,: Octomaculana,
Perlepidana, Vaccinana, Geminana, “Herbosana, Myllerana. Desiderata—Numerous.
ee A. Dalglish, 7,. Keir Sireet, Glasgow.
- Duplicates—Phigalia pedavia, melanie and infermediate forms in great variety.
- Desider ata.—Numerous common species.— lv. Corbett, 3; Lhorne Road, Doncaster.

‘Mr. Donisthorpe will still be glad to receive ants and Myrmecophiles from ali parts
of the British Isles, and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough to send them to
him. He would however suggest that ants from any other parts of the world be sent to
his colleague, Mr. W. €. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14.. Mr. Crawley is
Se pouiane on the ants of the world, and it is a matter for congratulation that we should

possess an. Bntomologist i in this counti y whose whole attention should be coneentrated on
_ this branch oe ee

“MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
8 p.m. 1920, October 6th and 20th.

The South London Entomological ' ‘and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.—

/» Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.

The London \Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House,.Old Broad Street, H.C. 2, first and
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (No Meetings in July or ee Visitors
welcomed. Hon. Sec., W.E. Gurca, 44g Belfast Road, N. 16.

‘AIDMS. and éditorial matter should be sent and all proots returned to Hy. J. TURNER,
°98,' Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.4.14
We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor fo send.us communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.
Lists of Durricarms “and Dursipmrata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page,
ertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.3. 14

BURNISTON, Nr. ae :RBOROUGH.

Full Last of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepilehiatt, Apparatus, Cabinets

eic., sent on application. —
a Rave British Species ae Pa ‘Varieties: for. Bele.

IMPORTANT ay :

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

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to whom eae and Postal Orders should he made eee

Lepidoptera ¢ ge eof Fall

raunas (No. 58). 2

Contains 28, 000 Lepidoptera, with a complete. regiaker i Families, |

Species, and Authors. me ee ae

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Another series of collecting expeditions into well-known sntonaalaeue a ‘avert.
history localities, with description of botanfeal; geological, ornithological as well as
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eee x i,
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No. 41,

Journal of ‘Variation.

URAL ae Wprrmp sy

ees 8. BAGNALL, ¥:t.s., ¥.u.8. . T. A. CHAPMAN, .p., ¥.R.8., F.2.8.

-Grones TT: BETHUNE- BAKER, ie Jas. EH. COLLIN, ¥-.n.8.
Fs PALS, BZ8-, 2. ES, H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPH, v.z.8., ¥.5.8.
3 M, BURR, DSC.) B. LB, fogs, WL a Jonny -Harriny DURRANT, ¥-E.8.

mae c. R. N. ‘BURROWS, TE. é Aurnep SICH, ¥,z.s.

: m eae ks (Bev.)- Geores WHEELER, u.a., F.ESS.,
nr et and

Henry J. TURNER, F.u.s.,
- Editorial Seoretary.

CONTENTS.

Gonepteryx aleouatia, L. Hasit more than one brood per annum ?, J. A. Simes, F. ES... 197
- Coleoptera at Freckenham and Barton Mills again, H. Doptsthor ‘pe, F.Z.S., FES. ech
The’ Bhopalocera of the Bangalore. District, India, T. H, L. Gr osvenor, F.H.S.— .. s2 ~ 200
_ Scmyriric Novus :—Life-history of Gastroidea viridula, De. G., R. Bech .. o 206
Contmcrine NovEs ;—A Breeding Result, R. Barnard Cruickshank ; Notes on Collecting in inka
re Italy (contigued), ); Lieut. &. B. Ashby, F.E.S.; Rosalia alpina at Chichester, Joseph
~ Anderson; Lytta vesicatoria at Chichester, Id.; Sirex gigas at Chichester, Id.; A

st Ramble i ina Mansfield Wood, Wm. Daws ... 3a a Bae Heh name Sees er 209
Conner Norns Anp Snort Novices a yy oy ane & ‘s ee)
Socrerms +The Entomological Society 5 The South London Entomological Socisty .. 211

Onmrpiny?—A. EL Hndd, BE.S., , FSA. Se aes Hes oe aia + mar UG

NOVEMBER Lbth, 1920.

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Bexley) L. W. NEWMAN — ee

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‘phbihates

GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA, L. LOT

Gonepteryx cleopatra, L. Has it more than one brood per annum ?
By J. A. SIMES, F.E.S.

Not very many years ago it was almost universally held by British
lepidopterists that (Gonepterya cleopatra, L., produced only one brood
per annum, and that the individuals of this brood, emerging as they
did shortly after mid-summer, hibernated as imagines and reappeared
in the following spring to pair and lay their eggs. Latterly, however,
there has been a tendency to depart from this view; and we find in
current literature definite allusions, by lepidopterists whose standing
and reputation carry much weight, to the second and even the third
brood of the species. Dr. Roger Verity, for example, has gone so far
as to distinguish the second and third generations of cleopatra with
separate names (Hnt. Rec., xxxi., p. 67); while more recently our
Editorial Secretary, Mr. Turner, in his interesting paper on ‘‘ The —
Butterflies of Cyprus” (Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond., 1920, p. 183), shows
an inclination to accept Dr. Verity’s view, being impelled to that con-—
clusion, apparently, by the facts recorded and brought to his notice by
his Cyprian correspondents.

It was in 1903 that I first made the acquaintance of G. cleopatra
in its native haunts; and in the years which have elapsed since, I have
had abundant opportunities of studying its habits in many different
localities. Holding at the outset the one-brood theory, the extraordinary
freshness of the spring specimens almost induced me to accept the
theory of a new emergence ; but the attention which I have since paid
to the species, and the careful observations which I have carried out
over a number of years, have led me back to my original faith —a faith
which I now hold more strongly than [ ever did. I concur absolutely
in the views of Rober (Seitz), to the effect that it is very doubtful
whether any Gonepteryx ever produces more than one brood in the
Palearctic region. To prove a negative is admittedly an impossible
task; and all I can hope to do in support of my view is to place on
record the observations and considerations which lead me to hold the
one-brocd theory.

It is I believe common ground that there is a fresh emergence of
G. cleopatra about midsummer. ‘The actual time of appearance of this
fresh emergence varies considerably. [I have met with this summer
emergence at Brindisi as early as the first week in June; and I have
known its appearance in the same locality to be deferred until nearly
three weeks later. In the south of France this emergence takes place
generally just about midsummer ; and it was shortly after that time
that I had an opportunity of studying G. cleopatra last summer at La
Sainte Baume, Var, in company with Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker and
Mr. Hugh Main. Arriving on July 4th, I found G. cleopatra well out
and abundant ; its numbers increased very considerably for a few days
until it could be described as extremely abundant in both sexes; but
when I left La Sainte Baume, on July 13th, its numbers had fallen
markedly, and the flight was evidently on the wane. Throughout these
days of flight G. cleopatra had but one object in life, namely, to feed.
Both sexes devoted themselves to this task with great assiduity, and
rarely flew further than was necessary to carry them from one clump
of lavender to the next. Once or twice Isawa ¢ try to flirt with a
2; but his attentions were absolutely ignored and he soon desisted.

Novemper, 1920.

198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

No real courtship was ever noticed and never did any one of us see a
pair in copula. What I did see was something quite different. From
about July 7th onwards I observed at all times of the day—morning
and afternoon alike—examples of both sexes wandering away from the
flowers and seeking out dense brakes of Cistus and scrub oak. On
several occasions I observed individuals actually enter these brakes in
the brightest sunshine and take up a resting position underneath a leaf.
I visited some of these brakes day after day and found the butterflies
still there ; and several times when tramping throngh the scrub in the
day time I kicked up examples of cleopatra. I entertain no sort of
doubt that these butterflies were in fact choosing and taking up their
hibernating quarters, and that the rapidly declining numbers of the
species were to be explained by withdrawal into hibernating quarters.
The butterflies were all absolutely fresh and showed no signs of wear
—as indeed they should not since they had not been on the wing for
many days.

At Digne, which I visited from July 13th to 18th, G. cleopatra was
comparatively rare and becoming rarer, only a few males being met
with ; and here I may perhaps say that in my experience the stragglers
from this summer emergence which are reluctant to go into hibernation
are always males. I have met with such belated individuals as late as
the middle of August at Brindisi, Naples, Capri, Amalfi, and Sorrento ;
and I found one or two in the first week in August at Corfu. Once in
October I took a male at Brindisi, flying over the Cistus scrub. I
imagine this had either been disturbed by the herds of goats, or had
been deceived into flight by the spring-like character of the late
autumn.

The observations made at La Sainte Baume, which I have recorded
above, only confirm earlier observations, which I had made at Brindisi,
and seem to prove conclusively that the individuals of the summer
emergence retire into hibernation, the bulk of them within a few days
of emergence, and that withdrawal into winter quarters is complete by
about the middle of August. The bulk of the individuals have retired
by the end of July—most of them considerably earlier ; and the few
which stay on unduly are to be regarded, I should say, either as belated
emergences of the summer flight, or as normally-emerged individuals
in which the instinct of hibernation is faulty. (Similar ‘faults’ are
not unknown in other hibernating species).

Now in the South of Europe there occurs almost regularly a period
in the late autumn when, as the result of rains followed by a spell of
tempered sunshine, the conditions approximate very closely to those of
spring. This corresponds, I take it, to the ‘“‘Indian summer” of
American and other authors. It is marked by a recrudescence of
growth and flowering in many low plants, especially in the case of
those which are of early spring-flowering habits; and there is also a
marked recrudescence of song on the part of birds which have been
long silent. It would not be surprising if in the case of butterflies,
which require spring-like conditions to call them forth from hibernation,
a certain small proportion of the whole should have the hibernating
instinct so imperfectly developed as to be lured out by the counterfeit
spring. I suggest that this is the explanation of the October examples
referred to by Mr. Turner in his paper referred to above. In the
normal course, had they not been deceived by fair appearances, I suggest

COLEOPTERA AT FRECKENHAM AND BARTON MILLS AGAIN. 199

that these butterfles would, with the rest of their relatives, have stayed
in hibernatien until the following February or March, when they would
have come forth to feed and to pair, and to oviposit, until by the middle
or end of May they completed the span of their existence. Their eggs,
laid in February, March, or April, would mark the first stage of the
succeeding summer—and in my view the only—emergence, which in
Cyprus, apparently, is on the wing as early as the end of May. This,
at any rate, is how I should account for Mr. Turner’s facts.

The condition of the food plant during the summer months has an
important bearing on the question of the single-broodedness or other-
wise of G. cleopatra. In most of the areas where I have worked the
food plant is Rhamnus alaternus—an evergreen. Its period of annual
growth is short, and in my experience ceases as soon as the sun is
powerful enough to burn up the countryside, say at latest by the end
of June. After that the leaves become hard and dry; and I should

say they would be utterly impracticable as food for a Pierid larva until
the next period of growth supervened.

So far as I can gather, the lepidopterists who hold that G. cleopatra
produces two or three broods per annum, base their views on the time
of appearance of the butterfly, and on-that only. In the case of such
a genus as Gonepterya, with its known habits of hibernation, I suggest
that ‘time of appearance ”’ is not of itself a sufficiently sound basis on
which to form a conclusion. What we want is evidence of the copula-
tion of butterdies of the summer emergence during say late June or
July, of the deposition of eggs by such butterflies, of the discovery of
such eggs, or of larve, on the food plant in July or August, or of pupe
in the late summer or autumn. In other words we want facts; we
want proof that anything beyond one brood is, or ever has been, pro-
duced. It may be that when we are certified of the facts some new
names will be useful to connote the biological actualities : but I suggest
that until such actualities are established the conferring of names on
unidentifiable insects can only serve to hamper the progress of students
of the living insect, to the detriment of our science.

Coleoptera at Freckenham and Barton Mills again.
By H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Having made several successful visits to Freckenham and Barton
Mills [vide Hnt. Record 30 28-29 (1918); Hnt. Mo. May. 54 55-56
(1918) ; Hnt. Record, 32 158 (1920)| previously, I determined to go
again, and accordingly I spent some five days, from September 29th
last, collecting in that district.

A number of Lycoperdons were collected from both localities and
brought home. ‘These I have put on damp sand in large glass bowls,
tied over with muslin, and hope to breed out some of the ‘ puff-ball ”
species later on.

At Freckenham several specimens of Coenocara bovistae were taken
crawling on the outside of large puff-balls. Psylliodes chiysocephala
occurred in vast numbers by sweeping a field of turnips in flower, but
unfortunately neither of the two well-marked aberrations were found.
In the sand-pits mentioned by me (antea p. 153) before, and where so
many species usually found at the sea-side turned up, Broscus
cephalotes was present, adding. to the number of such species.

200 THE BNLOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

Xantholinus tricolor, Lathrobium maltipunctum, Agathidiwn margin-
atum, and Adimonia tanaceti in great abundance, were found in the
sand-pits ; also a specimen of Chrysomela eimai The best find
however was a nice series of Chrysomela marginata ; this rare species,
which is a new record for Suffolk, was taken in the different sand-pits-
and also in rabbit-holes by careful and diligent searching. Fowler
gives the British distribution as Southend; Pegwell Bay; Swansea ;
Barmouth ; Northumberland ; Cheviots, ete.; Scotland, Edinburgh,
Knockleith, Braemar, ete. In the supplement we add—Devil’s Dyke,
Brighton ; and Cleethorpes, Lincs.

At Barton Mills Hippodamia varieyata was as abundant on smail
fir trees as it was in 1918, and I examined a great number of
specimens, to see if I could add more of the known aberrations to our
list. The following forms occurred :—

(1) Six spots on each elytron and the scutellary spot present; this
appears to be the type form.

(2) One spot on each elytron and scutellary spot=ab. inhonesta, Weise.

' (8) Two spots on each elytron and scutellary spot=ab. quinguema-
culata, F.

4) Three spots on each elytron and scutellary spot=ab. constellata,
Laich.

5) Four spots on each elytron and scutellary spot=ab. carpini, Foure.

6) Five spots on each elytron and scutellary spot=ab. neylecta, Weise.

7) Fourth and fifth spots confluent=ab. ditylotus, Donisthorpe, Knt.
Rec. 80 29 (1918).

Of these seven forms nos. (2) and (6) have not been recorded from
Britain before, as far as 1 am aware. It is perhaps as well to mention
that I have not looked up the original descriptions ; these being the
interpretations given by Ganglbauer. It is probable that Hey will
require revision “when this has been done.

A nice series of Anisvtoma cinnamonea, including some very well
developed $ ¢, was swept off long grass in rides between fir trees.
About three o'clock in the afternoon, the sky clouded over, and a fine
drizzle came on, when the first specimen was swept, and the last was
taken about five o’clock. Morley only records this fine species from
Suffolk on the authority of Curtis.

Other species swept at the same time were—a very fine really jet
black example of Rhizobius litura, only the tarsi and extreme apex of the
elytra being lighter ; a dark form of Micraspis 22-punctata ; Phalacrus
substriatus; Olibrus corticalis ; and Apion rubens, no Rumea bemg
present; ete. Homalota divisa, H. parva, and H. laevana were shaken
out of a dead hedge-hog.

Numerous other common species were taken or noted, which it is
unnecessary to mention here.

The Rhopalocera of the Bangalore District, India.
By T. H. L. GROSVENOR.

Having been asked by the Editor of the Entomologist’s Record to
give an account of the Lepidoptera met with during the course of my
wanderings since August, 1914, I will do my best to comply, but am
afraid that these notes will leave a lot to be desired, as army life does
not lend itself to Entomology. Of course I know the old saying that

THE RHOPALOCERA OF THE BANGALORE DISTRICT, INDIA. 201

if work interferes with entomology give up the work, and although
quite willing to carry out this precept, each battalion has a treasured
possession in the person of the Sergeant Major, who prefers a long
parade state to a long series.

In many ways I was fortunate, especially in my Colonel, who
readily granted many little privileges, which enabled me to obtain
species that without his goodwill I should never have taken. In other
ways I was unfortunate, as when I had made arrangements to apply
for leave to go on long journeys, something always occurred to prevent
my going; for instance, in 19171 was going to Lahoul to try for
Parnassius and other Palaearctics that occur in great number in that
remote region. The Mahsuds started raiding on the Dera Jat
frontier, and the Government deciding on punitive measures, my
battalion was ordered to Waziristan.

In 1919, thinking everything quiet, I decided to apply for leave to
go to Northern Sikkim to see if Armandia lidderdalii and 2 Teino-
palpus impertalis were to be found, but the Amritsar riots, and Afeban
war, called me elsewhere; yet as I am not writing an account of
frontier warfare I will return to August, 1914, when I joined the
London Cyelists, and in accordance with the scheme of coast defence,
we were ordered to the south coast; after a few months here we were
moyed to the Norfolk coast, when one day orders were issued to hand
in our cycles, and we were hurriedly moved to Chisledon Camp en
route for Kast Africa, but after being there for several weeks these
orders were cancelled, and we were sent to Devonport and shipped on
board the H.M.T.S. ‘* Ceramic”’ for an unknown destination, but the
days at sea passed without our landing at any of the theatres of war,
and we reached Port Said, where two visitors came on board, viz., a
hoopoe and our old friend Pyrameis cardut. Finally on February 28th,
1916, we landed at Bombay, and immediately entrained to Bangalore.

To one landing in India for the first time, the journey through the
Western Ghats is very deceptive, as one immediately fancies this very
beantiful range of hills to be typical of India, but one soon learns that
this is the exception. I did not get an opportunity of coilecting in
this part of the Peninsula, and judging from the varied and tropical
vegetation, it should be a most productive collecting ground. Butter-
flies were swarming along the railway banks, but beyond a few common
species, I could not identify them, which was perhaps as well for my
peace of mind. After three days in the train we arrived at Bangalore,
but still I had to restrain my enthusiasm, as every regiment arriving
in the country has to be in quarantine for a period of 14 days, at the
expiration of this time I started entomology whenever I could manage
to obtain any spare time. Thursdays were anxiously looked forward
to as this day is a holiday for all troops in India, and the following
notes show the results obtained.

Menelaides (Papilio) hector.—Abundant everywhere, especially in a
smali sandal wood plantation at the back of the Hebbal rifle ranges,
apparently continuously brooded, as from March to December they
were always to be found in every possible condition. This was the
only Papilio I found of which both sexes were commonly taken. For
several weeks I despaired of ever being able to take this striking
butterfly, but finally I found they could be taken in any number
between the hours of 4 to 6 p.m., when they cease flying high and

202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

settle on a small green daisy-like flower; they may then be taken
without a net; at the approach of dusk they settle for the night
usually in small colonies of 5 or 6, and apparently return to the same
tree each evening. I watched one for over a fortnight, having
selected it for observation on account of a crippled hindwing, so that
there was no chance of mistaking it. One afternoon I saw this insect
at the farther side of the plantation at least a mile away, but it came
back to its usual tree for the night; on several occasions I found the
pupa attached to twigs or small branches of various bushes, but failed
to find the larva.

Menelaides (Papilio) aristolochiae.—Not nearly so abundant in the
Bangalore district as P. hector, but in the Central Provinces it is in
great numbers, and there replaces P. hector. Whilst travelling north
I saw it in hundreds flying round the trees, preparatory to settling for
the night. The larve were fairly plentiful round Bangalore feeding
on a species of Aristolochia, but I only managed to breed a few, the
majority being ichneumoned, which perhaps accounts for its being so
uncommon in this district.

Papilio demoleus.—Very abundant but very fast on the wing and
difficult to obtain in good condition, but as the larve and pupe may
be found in numbers on orange and allied species of shrubs, and-are
easily reared in captivity, one need not worry about the imagines.
This butterfly is gregarious at night, and when their headquarters are
found they will be seen by dozens, usually 8 or 4 sitting on a grass
culm. They always frequent the same spot at night and apparently
come from long distances to a selected locality, which will only extend
for a few yards; outside this area not a single specimen will be seen,
until one comes to the next roosting ground perhaps 3 or 4 miles
away. I only found four of these spots in the Bangalore district in a
radius of about 10 miles, it seems impossible to assign a reason for
this excessive local tendency at night, as in the course of a ramble
hundreds of similar spots will be noticed. Of course, this nightly
gathering is general among the Papilios, but in no other species is it
carried to such extremes. :

Iliades (Papilio) polynmestor.—Very scarce; I only managed to
take a single g, and only saw three others; it flies very high
and swiftly.

Laertias (Papilio) polytes.—Perbaps the most general and abundant
species of the Indian Papilios. The male is to be seen everywhere,
but the interesting polymorphic female is very difficult to find, as it
seldom if ever flies in the open, and has to be searched for in dense
bushes, and when found is generally torn to rags. By hard work
I was rewarded by three forms in perfect condition.

(1) Resembling the g but considerably larger.
(2) Mimicking P. hector.
(8) Mimicking P. aristolochiae.

It is difficult to see what advantage is gained by Mimicry, as the
habits of polytes, hector and aristolochiae are entirely different, and one
never has the slightest doubt as to which species one sees, although so
closely resembling one another in colour and markings. It certainly _
does not protect polytes, as I have on several occasions seen the King
Crow (Dicrurus ater) not only attack, but eat it. The prevailing form
is that resembling aristolochiae.

THE RHOPALOCERA OF THE BANGALORE DISTRICT, INDIA. 203

Pathysa (Papilio) nomius.—Very scarce. I only saw a single male
which I took at a puddle of dirty water.

Zetites (Papilio) agamemnon.—Not very abundant, and difficult to
obtain, as it flies very high and when feeding chooses the top blooms
of the highest Lantana bushes.

This brings to an end the list of Papilios that I obtained in
the Bangalore district, I of course took several other species in different
parts of India, but as Kipling says ‘“‘ that is another story.”

Nychitona (Leptosia) xiphia.—I only saw a single male of this
delieate little insect, although I made a careful search in the district
where I obtained my only specimen.

Delias eucharis. Generally scarce, only 2 or 3 seen in June when
it was very wasted. |

Anaphaeis mesentina.—By far the most abundant butterfly in India.
The larve are to be found by thousands ona small thorny bush of
which I do not know the name. I think my record for numbers was
a branch slightly under 18 inches in length with five side shoots each
slightly under 6 inches, which had 64 pupz attached to it. This was
in the Punjab, where generally it is more abundant than in the South.
In 1918 I collected many thousands of these pupz and bred a most
variable series, the females especially ranging in colour on the under-
side of the secondaries from a deep orange to buff and creamy white ;
but I never had the pleasure of setting this series, as the worst enemy

of the entomologist in India attacked the three large cigar boxes in
_ which they were, and in less than a week they had cleared every
butterfly out. This enemy isa very small almost transparent ant,
which believes in the German method of attack in mass formation with
thousands in reserve, and will absolutely ruin a box of insects in a
few hours. The method I used finally to keep these pests away was to
get a tray of paraffin, stand a tin in the centre of this and then place
my box of butterflies on the top. By this method I was able to keep
the ants away and to a lesser degree the small beetles that are also
very destructive. This species has 8 or 4 broods per annum, but the
larvee are never so abundant asin May. I could not find any trace of
seasonal dimorphism, the wet season producing a form that could be
readily matched in the dry season.

Pieris canidia.—Local and scarce in the Bangalore district, by no
means a well marked form and showing little variation.

Ixias pyrene and I. marianne. —Both common and generally dis-
tributed in bushy country; difficult to net owing to their habits of
flying through thorny bushes.

Catopsilia crocale, C. pyranthe and C. florella.—All three very
abundant and much given to migration. In June, 1916, I noticed a
migration which lasted three days and was composed mainly of
C. pyranthe with smaller numbers of the other Catopsilia species.
They were all travelling from east to west across an area north and
south of not more than 14 miles; outside this belt very few were to
be seen, during these three days many hundreds of thousands must
have passed. So conspicuous, even to non-entomologists was the
continuous passing of these butterflies that nearly every man in the
camp passed some remark about them. There was a slight breeze
blowing from the §.W. so that they were travelling practically against
the wind. They did not stop at any blooms or even puddles of dirty

904 THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. —

water,. which in the ordinary course of events are a certain attraction,
and it is a common sight to see dozens of Catopsilia, especially C.
crocale, and I am not exaggerating when | say, scores of Yertas
swarming over a patch of wet mud. At the end of three days this
migration ceased, and the Catopsilias behaved in a normal fashion,
and did not seem to be increased or decreased in numbers. During
the migration the hours of flight were from sunrise to sunset, and
during these hours the kites and mynahs levied very heavy toll, while
after dusk the mongooses carried on the work so that the ground was
covered with wings.

Terias libythea, T. hecabe and T. sari.—Wete generally abundant,
but I will not say anything about these, beyond that I took a long
series, for so far they have beaten me in the matter of identification,
as they vary to a considerable extent, especially 7’. hecabe, so that one
species overlaps the other, and until I get time to examine the
genitalia, I should not like to give a definite opinion as to which is
which. The other species, 7’. laeta, was rare, but is easily identified by
the different shape of the primaries.

Colotis amata.—Generally scarce. I only saw about half-a-dozen,
and these were restricted to a compound with a piece of rough ground.

Colotis eucharis.—This beautiful little insect was abundant on the
plains and was very conspicuous on the wing, its favourite localities
being barren country with a few thin blades of grass. It is apparently
single brooded but is on the wing for a considerable period, viz., from
early July to middle of September. During this period they may be
found in every possible condition.

Hoboiotia glaucippe race australis—Generally common flying
swiftly round the tops of mango trees, but I was only able to secure a
single male.

Pareronia hippia.—A single, male only seen flying in a small wood.

Cyaniris puspa.—A few males only taken in a small wood.
Generally, with a few exceptions, I found the Lycenids scarce in the
Bangalore district. I believe them to be more abundant in the hills
round, but as I did not get an opportunity to go more than 10 miles
from barracks, I was not able to sample that country, and could only
look on the distant hills with envy.

_ Zizxra maha and Z. gaika.—Both species fairly abundant on the
surrounding plains.

Azanus ubaldus and A. wranus.—Fairly plentiful in the district,
although I spent considerable time working the Lycznids I could not
find any variation, compared with that in the British species.

Talicada nyseus.—Searce. I only saw 3 or 4 males.

Lampides bochus.—This beautiful little butterfly, which rivals the
Morphos in colour if not in size, was very abundant in July flying
round acacia bloom, but difficult to obtain in good condition.

Lampides celeno.—Abundant on any small flowers.

Catochrysops strabo and C. enejus.—Both abundant.

Larucus theophrastus ?—Very abundant in restricted areas flying
round and settling on Zisiphus jubata ; it was most abundant on the
parade ground of Baird Barracks. JI am very doubtful as to the
‘identity of this insect, as in northern India I found another butterfly
‘similar in appearance but averaging at least 2mm. larger in expanse.
Also the coloration of the male of the latter is similar to that of the

THE RHOPALOCERA OF THE BANGALORE DISTRICT, INDIA. 205

“British Polyommatus tcarus, and the markings on the underside blackish,

whereas the Bangalore males are lilac with underside markings
reddish-brown. The females from both north and south are somewhat
‘similar, but the northern race is considerably larger. I have a fairly
long series of both, and after labelling I mixed both races indiscrimin-
ately and then sorted them without reference to the data, and found I
had not the slightest difficulty in differentiating the two races; this I
did without hesitation and without a single error. I have not yet
examined the genitalia, and if they do not prove to be distinct species,
they are at least well marked races, and more worthy of a name than
some of the local races, which have acquired them for some reason
best known to the person who named them. I have several of both of
‘these races to spare and if any entomologist is interested in the genus
Tarucus I shall be pleased to hand them over.

Castalius rosimon.—Very local and not common. I only found
about a dozen in a small sandalwood plantation at the back of Hebal
ranges.

Polyommatus boetieus.—Abundant everywhere. This was perhaps ©
the most plentiful Lycenid.

Curetis thetis—Abundant in wooded country. Although most
conspicuous on the wing, with the bright copper colour shining in the
sun, when settled on a leaf it becomes almost invisible, the reflected
glare of the sun on the leaves harmonising with the silvery white
underside.

Iraota maecenas.—I never saw this insect on the wing; the two
males that I have were taken, one larva and one pupa, on a trunk of
a very large banyan tree.

Badamia exclamationis.—Very abundant on flowers, especially on
acacia blooms. Hesperiidae generally were very scarce and I reeret to
say the few I have taken are not yet identified.

Danaida plevippus.—Generally distributed, but tending to be
gregarious ; when one came across one others would be certain to be
found in the near neighbourhood. It was not found in the open like
D. chrysippus, but was generally found in woods or bushy country. At
night they collected together with D. limniace, Euploea core, and EF.
coreta, and these four species could be found in hundreds in low
branches of trees.

Danaida chrysippus.—Very abundant everywhere from 8. India to
‘Afghanistan and Waziristan, and is practically the only butterfly I
observed in the latter country. It is apparently continuously brooded,
as imagines can be seen from Jan. Ist. to Dec. 81st., also ova,
larve, and pup can always be found together, whenever one takes
the trouble to look for them.

Danaida linniace.—Abundant in wooded country and like chrysippus
apparently continuously brooded.

‘Huploea core.—Abundant in woods all through India.

Huploea coreta.—Apparently abundant in the Bangalore district,
but unfortunately I did not recognise the fact that I had taken a distinet
species until my return to England, but as at least half the Kuploeas
taken in this district are this species, it must be equally common.

Mycalesis perseus.—Common in the ricefields.

Melanitis ismene.—Abundant in the ricefields, I could not
distinguish any difference between the wet and dry reason forms, for

206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

one thing it is difficult to take two alike, and the alleged dry season
form occurs commonly in the wet season and vice versa.

Charaxes fabius.—Apparently of rare occurrence, I only observed a
single specimen.

FEulepis athamas.—Fairly common, but very local, I only found ©
one small district where it could be found, and generally congregated
on a single Lantana bush, although this plant was growing everywhere.

Euthalia garuda.—Generally common, it was particularly fond of
sitting on wet mud at the edge of a tank or stream.

Athyma perius.—Not common, I only saw a few odd specimens
at Hebal.

Cyrestis thyodamus.—A single specimen seen.

Junonia iphita, J. lemonias, J. orithya, J. hierta, and J. almana.—
All common and generally distributed; very fond of sunning them-
selves on hot stones.

Pyrameis cardui.—Odd examples everywhere.

Hypolimnas bolina.—Very abundant especially in September.

Hypolimnas misippus.—Abundant. The female, although closely
resembling chrysippus, cannot be mistaken on the wing, owing to the
latter flying in the open, misippus female never leaves the vicinity of
bushes and is given to flying through them. The female is not often
seen although the male can be seen in hundreds.

Atella phalantha.—Very abundant everywhere from June to
September.

Telchinia violae—Very abundant in moist woods. I was fortunate
in taking a rather nice aberration of this species, the spots of which
are joined together forming a black discal blotch.

This, I think, completes the list of butterflies taken in Bangalore,
a total of 60 species, I do not pretend that this by any means exhausts
the resources of the district, as my time was limited and facilities for
visiting some of the more promising districts were wanting. I
feel confident that if some of the hilly and jungle districts were
visited this list would seem a very meagre one.

SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Lire History or GastRomDEA viripULA, Dre. G.—1920. May 29th.
—Walked to Challacombe (1570 feet above sea level) about 6 miles
south of Lynton (N. Devon). Hundreds of G. viridula § and 2 on
leaves of Rimea obtusifolins (Common Dock) and on underside of leaves
thousands of eggs.

Eees.—Are 1mm. long x ‘5mm. wide, bright yellow in colour and
very conspicuous. Laid in irregular clusters in two or three places on
underside of leaf: sometimes as few as 15 and as many as 60 in a
bunch.

May 81st.—Small dark spot appeared at one end of the egg.

June 1st.—Dark spots appeared all over and hairs appeared to be
growing through shell of egg.

June 2nd.—Larva emerged: ate portion of egg-shell.

Larva.—June 2nd, 1st day.—Larve are grey with black heads.

June 3rd, 2nd day.—Larve are black all over, with 6 4-jointed
legs and 2 knobs for antenne. Commenced to feed at night, biting a
round hole on underside of leaf.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 207

Inne 4th, 8rd day.—First moult. Larve now 2mm. long. Leaf
eaten right through. - They can erect and propel themselves by means
of a tubercle at base of last segment.

June 11th—They are now 4 mm. long and thicker in body.

June 16th.—They are now 7 mm. long and drop to ground
to pupate.

Pura.—I was curious to find out whether the.larve would pupate
on the leaf like the 2-spot Ladybird (Adalia bipunctata), but not one
could I find—all had dropped to earth.

July 6th.—Three imagines emerged.

July 7th.—Five imagines emerged.

July 9th.—Dug up and sifted out all the earth, but only one pupa
to be found. This one had no outer-casing, but the larva had made
a smooth circular cell—pupa is bright yellow in colour; wings or
wing cases (undeveloped as yet) plainly to be seen, also antenne.
Pupa 6 mm. long. Several bristly hairs on head and abdomen.

July 9th.—Six or seven imagines in breeding cage.

_Imacines.—The perfect insect is so well known that it needs no
description. Gastroidea is no doubt a good name for the insect, but
it does not become “ pot-bellied ”’ until after copulation.

I hope next year to work out the Life-history of Chrysomela
fastuosa. The larva feeds on the hemp nettle and is found at the
same place.—R. Brcx, Barnstaple, 9th Oct., 1920.

JOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

A Bresepinc Resutt.—Referring to my previous letter under this
heading (p. 100), the second alternative suggested by a correspondent:
in the October number (p. 192), eventually proved to be the solution of
the matter.

That the A. alni pupa must be somewhere in the piece of cork,
naturally occurred to my mind at the time, but as there appeared upon
inspection to be no apparent aperture or means of exit, the idea was
dismissed.

A week or two later, happening again to come across the piece of
cork, I started to cut carefully into it at what appeared to be a perfectly
natural crack or fissure in the cork, and some distance in I came to the
empty pupa case in a comparatively large cavity, hollowed out to the
exact size and shape of the pupa, the empty case of which filled it
perfectly.

That it was possible for the imago to emerge through the extra-
ordinarily small aperture in the face of the cork, and for the larva to
have bored out the shaped cavity inside, without leaving a larger and
more apparent opening, is certainly wonderful.—R. Barnarp Crutcx-
sHank, Alverstoke.

Norges on Coxxectine 1 [rary (1918 anv 1919).—(Continued from
page 100).—Appalingly hot weather throughout June, 1919, in the
Turin District, in addition to my military duties, made collecting
sometimes a work of difficulty, however, the following list of species
captured by me in the district will perhaps be interesting. To economise
space I use the following abbreviations, viz., R.=Rivoli, a short and
pleasant trip by electric train from the Stazione Porta Susa; T.=the:

208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

immediate environs of Turin including the Valentino Gardens, along
the River Po; §.=Sassi; St.=Stupinigi Wood.

Raopatocera.— Papilio machaon, T., St., Aporia crataegi, R., Pieris
rapae, St., P. napi, R., St., Leptosia sinapis, R., St., S., Colias hyale,
R., Gonepteryx rhamni, R., St., S., Dryas paphia, St., 8., Argynnis
aglaia, St., A. cydippe (adippe), St., A. niobe, St., Issoria lathonia, R.,
St., Brenthis selene, St., B. dia, R., St., 8., Melitaea didyma, R., M.
athalia, R., St., 8., Vanessa to, St., Hugonia polychloros, R., St., Poly-
gonia c-album, R., St., 8., Apatura ilia ab. eos, St., Limenitis camilla, R..,
L. sibilla, St., Pararge aeyeria, R., 8., P. megera, 8., P. achine, St.,
Hnodia dryas, St., Epinephele jurtina, R., St., S., Aphantopus hyper-
antus, St., Coenonympha arcania, R., C. pamphilus, R., C. dorilis,
St., Melanargia galathea (var. procida), St., R., Rwmicta phlaeas, St.,
S., Cupido minima, R., C. sebrus, R., St., Celastrina aryiolus, S., Poly-
ommatus semtargus (acts), R., Aariades thetis (bellarqus}, R., P. tearus
(alexis), R., Callophrys rubi, R., Chattendenia w-album, St., Nordmannia
dicts, St., Augiades sylvanus, St., Adopaea flava, St., S.

I wish here to correct the mis-statement that | made previously in
this magazine, pages 170, 172, and onwards of vol. 31, that I captured
Strymon prunt at Arquata Scrivia.

I never captured S. pruni, nor saw it during the whole of my two
years’ collecting in Northern Italy—with apologies to your readers, I
quite mistook the species owing to the absence of English illustrations
at the time.

Heterocera.—Amorpha populi, T., Macroglossa stellatarum, T.,
Zygaena filipendulae, S.. Z. carniolica, 8., Syntomis pheyea, St., 8.,
Pterostoma palpina, T., Apatela aceris, T., Cucullia verbasct, T.,
Ayrophila trabealis, T., Grammodes algira, T., Angerona prunaria, T.,
Toxocampa lusoria, T.

During June I recognised forty-eight species of plants in blossom
in Turin and at Rivoli.

CoteorrErRa.—Copris lunaris, R., Trichodes apiarius, R., Chrysomela
menthastrt, R., Clythra laeviuscula, R., Leptura hastata, St., Cantharis
rufa, St., Polyphylla fullo, T., Purpruricenus koehleri, S.

Oponata.—Libellula depressa, T., St., Corduleyaster annulatus, St.,
Gomphus culgatissi¢mus, St., Calopterya viryo, St., C. splendens, St.

Hymenoprera.—Aminophila heydent, St., Bombus lapidarius, B.,
Anthophora acervorum, R.

Ruynenora.— Redurvius personatus, R., Graphosoma lineata, 8.

Dretera.—Asilus dastpogon, R., Tipula yiyantea, R., Volucella
inflata, St., Mytatropa florea, St.

OrrnoprERa.—Locusta viridissima, T., Forficula auricularia, St.
(To be continued. )—Lixur. E. B. Asnpy, F.E.S., 36, Bulstrode Road,
Hounslow.

Rosaria ALprna at Cuicnester.—A fine specimen of this handsome
Longicorn beetle was taken in a garden not far from my home. It is
a male and was identified for me by my friend Mr. Guermonprez, of
Bognor, who gave me the following particulars :—‘‘ As a larva it is
said to live on the decayed wood of copper beech trees, and is found in
South Sweden, through Germany and France to Italy, Hungary and
Turkey.”—JoserH Anperson, Chichesteér.

CURRENT NOTES. 209

Liyrra vesicatoria at CuicHester.—Several specimens of Jytta
vesicatoria were noticed here during July. One of them in my
possession deposited a quantity of eggs, which | sent to be reared by
Mr. Guermonprez of Bognor.—In.

SIREX GIGAS aT CHicHusTER.—One of these Giant Sawflies was
taken in our neighbour’s (the Misses Jarman) conservatory on August
13th last.—Ib.

A Ramere ww a Mansrienp Woop.—October 7th being a splendid
day, the sun shining with great force, a regular treat at this time of
the year, I paid a visit to my favourite wood in quest of two species of
Lepidoptera, Oporabia dilutata and Hibernia defoliaria, which generally
occur in plenty with some good local forms, but I only took one of the
latter and two of the former. When I visited the same wood in spring
there were thousands of young larvee of the common species found in
woods ; I did not trouble to collect any then, intending to get some
later on, when nearer full grown to save trouble of feeding up. But
on paying a visit later I did not get above a dozen larve, and most of
these were stung. There had been a fortnight’s bad weather and very
heavy rain storms, which had no doubt washed the young larve off
their food plants. Cheimatophila hyemana was common, but late.
T had not got very far into the wood when my attention was taken up:
by the mad flight of two moths round the top of a birch tree, and I.
saw at once that they were specimens of Brephos parthenias. They
reminded me of the antics of moths flying around gas and electric
lights at night. They were out of reach of the net, but suddenly one:
made a nose dive to earth similar to an aeroplane, did not settle but
again mounted up ard flew around the tree. Shortly after they both
went away over the tops of the trees. One came down just out of
reach but near enough to make sure that it was B. parthenias. The
species is common in the wood in March and April, but in my sixty
years of collecting this is the only occasion on which I have seen the
species in Autumn.— Witt1am Daws, 39, Wood Street, Mansfield, Notts.

GX{URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Annual Exhibition of Varieties promoted by the South
London Entomological Society is usually a feature of the winter
session and there has been for many years a large gathering of
followers of the ‘‘net and pin.’ The Meeting will take place this.
year on the evening of November 25th at 7 o'clock, and already
promises of varied exhibits have been made. It is understood that
the genus Peronea will be again to the fore, there will be a collection
of butterflies made this year in the Pyrenees shown, a considerable
number of forms of Huropean species and species closely allied from
the Asiatic portion of the Palearctic Region -will be on view, some
interesting items in the life-histories of insects found in the 8. of
France this year, and numerous breeding results have also been
promised. Visitors and friends are cordially invited to be present and
the Council would be pleased to have exhibits from those who attend.

The Mosquito Investigation Committee of the South-Hastern
Union of Scientific Societies have just issued, with the assistance of a

210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

grant from the Ministry of Health, a comprehensive circular containing
an account of the British mosquito Anopheles plumbeus so far as known,
particularly the further details of its life-history and of its distribution

in the British Island, which it is desirably should be more thoroughly _

investigated and known. There are figures of the structure of the
species as an aid to its identification and of the peculiar habitat in
which it breeds. This last is in the rot-holes in the trees, either in
the trunks themselves or in the water holes often found among the
exposed roots at the base of large trees such as beech, elm, sycamore.
Entomologists are earnestly requested to get all the facts they can an@
report to the Secretary of the Committee, the Rev. T. W. Oswald-
Hicks, B.A., “ Lesware,” Linden Road, London, N. 15, who will send
copies of the circular and any further particulars helpers may require.

The Entomological Society of London is increasing its number of
Fellows by leaps and bounds. At a recent meeting no fewer than
twenty-one were elected. These came from all over the world. In
fact the prestige of the Society is now so great that all who wish to
keep apace with what advance is being made in entomological science
cannot afford to stand aloof.

Coupled with the rapid increase in its membership is the fact that
at last the Society has obtained a permanent home. A large freehold
residence near the §. Kensington Museum (Nat. Hist.) has been
purchased and in due course the Society will enter into these new
premises. An initial amount of £10,000 was asked for to be made up
by donations and loans, and a greater part of this has already come in,
sufficient, we understand, to more than pay the purchase price.
However, a very considerable outlay will be needed before the Society
can hold its meetings there, and to defray the expenses of the necessary
_ fitments it is hoped that every Fellow will forward his contribution at
the earliest possible.

In their new quarters the Society will have ample room to make
the Library much more usable than it is at present with the congested
book-cases at Chandos St. Since the Library is a very extensive one
it is necessary that it should be disposed in such a way as to render it
available for research with the least amount of trouble. This is all
the more necessary as a portion of the premises, not at present required
for the purposes of the Entomological Society, will be occupied by the
recently formed Imperial Bureau of Kconomic Hntomology, whose
staff will thus have a very considerable amount of literature close at
hand for any urgent matters of research.

We hear that the Society is the only Entomological body in the
world with its own freehold premises. This has long been a desire of
some of the older Fellows to whom must be a great gratification to see
their wishes fulfilled. The thanks of all the Fellows are due to the
persistent efforts of the present Council and particularly to its Hon.
Treasurer, Mr. W. G. Sheldon, whose marshalling of the finances of
the Society has been so successful as to bring about the realisation of
the aim, which a few years ago was thought to be quite impossible.

In the Canadian Entomologist for August is an article on a matter
which is always a subject of divergent views, entitled ‘‘ Remarks on the
Basic Plan of the Terminal Abdominal Structures of the Males of
Winged Insects,” and illustrated by a series of explanatory diagrams. .

The Rev. Mens. Namur., July to September, contains some impor-

SOCIETIES. 211

tant articles, one on the variation shown in Polyploca ridens and with
its various named forms, another discussing at length the adrasta
forms of Pararge maera, and another on the genus Acronicta dealing
with the three species most closely resembling each other 4? psi, A.
cuspis and A. tridens. ;

The Report and Trans. of the Cardiff Nat. Socy. for 1918 has
. recently come to hand. It contains the usual annual local records
and the reports of the doings of the various sections, together with
three original papers read during the year, of which one is entomo-
logical. ‘‘The Diptera of Glamorgan,” by Colonel J. W. Yerbury,
R.A., F.Z.8., F.H.S., is a most important memoir of 32 pages, mainly
the results of the author’s personal efforts, to which a few records
have been added by Mr. H. W. Andrews. Dates and localities are
given and in many cases short notes are added. About 650 species are
included.

We have received a long and interesting communication from
Major P. P. Graves, F.1.8., giving an account of his recent collecting
in the Hastern area with many interesting remarks on Smyrna and
Brussa. Dr. Verity is also sending an article dealing with the common
Zygaenid Z. filipendulae and its various forms and local races.
Signor Orazio Querci has promised to give us a note on the collecting
done by his wife and daughter during the past season in Calabria and
at Garfagnana. In the December number we hope to give the final
portion of the supplement which was commenced many months ago
on Hubner’s Verzeichniss.

Can anyone help our colleague the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows with
Psychides ? At present he is particularly in want of specimens of
Luffia lapidella. We were recently looking over his collection of
imagines, cases and microscopical mounts and find that there are still
a number of desiderata. It may be mentioned that the whole of the
specimens will eventually be placed in the cabinets of the British
Museum. Will readers on the continent please note.

The Transactions of the London Natwral History Society (late City
and North London) for 1919 has recently been published. It is a
modest volume, as all annuals have to be now, nevertheless it is a
useful record of the year’s exhibits, reports of the various sections,
abstracts of papers read, and several papers are printed in full. One of
the latter was an extremely interesting summary of what is known on
the *“* Wing Colour in Butterflies and Moths.” This was read as an
Annual Address by the President, Dr. Cockayne, F.E.S. Another was
“Parallelism in Variation in Butterflies,” by H. B. Williams, LL.B.,
F.E.S. Among the abstracts of papers are paragraphs dealing with
“The Oak and its Insects,” by Messrs. Bishop, Bowman, and Hall.
There are several obituaries.

SocikTiIisEs.
Tue Entromontocicat Society or Lonpon.

April Tth, 1920.—Deatu or a Frttow.—The death was announced
of the Rev. Stephen Henry Gorham, the oldest Fellow of the Society,
who joined it as{far back as 1855.

Euection or Fertows.—Mr. C. F. C. Beeson, Indian Forest Service,

Di, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Forest Recorder Institute, Dehra Dun, U.P., India; Capt. Bushell,
Imperial Bureau of Entomology, Natural History Museum, 5. Kensing-
ton, S.W. 7; Major H. C. Gunton. M.B.E., Hobart, Gerrard’s Cross,.
Bucks; Messrs. Owen Huth-Walters, M.A., Knoll Cottage, Ufford,
Woodbridge, Suffolk: Perey I. Lathy, Curator to Mme. Horrack-
Fournier, 90, Boulevard Malesherbs, and 70, Boulevard August-
Blanqui, Paris; and Prof. Benedicto Raymundo, Director of the:
Museum of the Agricultural Society of Rio di Janeiro, 76, rua Senador
Alencar, Rio di Janeiro, Brazil, were elected fellows of the Society.

Rare British Beette.—Mr. Bedwell exhibited a specimen of the
beetle Otiorrhynchus ligustici, L., taken near Ventnor, one of the rarest
of the British weevils, of which there has been no recent record.

Fiuorescence in Leproprera.—Drs. J. C. Mottram, F.Z.S., and
HK. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., gave a demonstration of fluorescence
in Lepidoptera by ultra-violet radiation. In view of the interest which
physicists have taken in the brilliant coloration of many birds and
insects in an endeavour to explain them on a physical basis, 1t occurred
to us that an examination in ultra-violet radia would go far to
decide whether or no fluorescence played any part in these brilliant
colours. A number of representative British and Tropical Lycaenidae,
some Pyrales which showed a mother-of-pearl iridescence, etc., were
examined, but none of these showed any fluorescence. Most of the
British moths and a large number of Tropical butterflies and moths
belonging to widely different groups had been examined, but only a
very small proportion proved to be fluorescent. ‘The glistening yellow
hindwings of Troides (Ornithoptera) helena and 1’. darsius, Gray, were
very fluorescent, as were the yellow markings of 7. haliphron and T.
remus. The duller yellow of the females was less fluorescent than that
of the males. The yellow on the abdomen of the males of 7. alexandrae,.
T. poseidon, T. urvilleana, Guér., and T. croesus, Wall., and the thin
yellow areas on the hindwings of the last-named species were fluores-
cent, but the other brightly coloured portions were non-fluorescent.
Other fluorescent species were Opisthoyraptis luteolata, Dup., Scoria
lineata, Scop. (dealbata, L.), Aspilates gilvaria, F., Ourapterya
sambucaria, li, Hepialus humuli, L. (male), Hylophila bicolorana, Fuesl.
(white hindwings), Halias prasinana (white hindwings of female),
Cyaniris argiolus, Li. (undersides slightly fluorescent). It is interesting
that the white males of H. humuli from the Shetlands are much less flu-
orescent than English ones, those with red markings on a white ground
only very slightly fluorescent, and those coloured like females are non-
fluorescent. It is so light when the males fly in the Shetlands, that
the white coloration and fluorescence are not of much use. In the
case of the Geometers both sexes are equally fluorescent. All are
light-coloured and therefore conspicuous on the wing at dusk, and
their fluorescence must add to their visibility.

Hering Forrst.—The Secretary read a letter from the Essex Field
Club protesting against a Parliamentary Bill for the permanent aliena-
tion of parts of Wanstead Flats and Epping Forest for allotments, and
on his motion, seconded by Lord Rothschild, it was unanimously
resolved to send a letter in similar terms to the Prime Minister, and
others who might be interested in supporting the protest.

May 5th.—Spsctan Mertinc.—The Requisition of the Special

SOCIETIES. 9138

Meeting signed by the President and six other members of the Council,
was read from the Chair.

Mr. Bethune-Baker proposed that the suggested alterations in the
Bye-laws be received—seconded by Lord Rothschild and carried. The
suggested alterations were then put separately before the meeting from
the Chair.

Orpinary Meetinc.—Eiuection or Frntows.—Mons. F. le Cerf,
Curator of the Lepidoptera in the Paris Museum, 13, rue Guy de la
. Brosse, Paris; Miss Alice Ellen Prout, Lane End, Hambledon, Surrey ;
and Messrs. W. H. Tams, 8, Whitla Road, Manor Park, EK. 12, and
Alfred EH. Tonge, Ashville, Trafford Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire,
. were elected Fellows of the Society.

ZYGAENAS OF THE TRANSALPINA GRouP.—Lord Rothschild exhibited a
long series of Zygaenas of the transalpina group together with a series
of Z. ephialtes showing parallel variation, and Mr. Bethune-Baker in
illustration exhibited with the epidiascope a number of slides showing
the differences in the genital armature of the various species.

A METHOD OF COLLECTING AND STORING INSEGTS, ETC., FIXED TO LEAVES,
‘WITHOUT PRESSURE.—Mr. C. B. Williams showed the following method :
—A small round shallow pill-box, with or without a glass lid, is taken
and the inner cardboard ring separated from the rest of the box. For
collecting the lid of the box with this inner ring in it are placed over
the specimen on the leaf and the rest of the box beneath. On pressing
the two halves of the box together the leaf with the specimen on it is
pressed to the bottom of the box, where it is protected and kept into
position by the cardboard ring, which is pushed back into its original
position.

New AND LirTLE-KNown Austrauian Insecrs.—Mr. Denquet, who
was present as a visitor, exhibited a number of Australian insects of
various orders, many of which were still undescribed and unnamed.

Tue Souta Lonpon Entomonoaicat Society.

July 22nd.—A Bat Parastre.—The President exhibited Cimea He
strellus, a Hemipteron infesting the bat.

Inpian Leprpoprera.—Mr. Turner, a box of Lepidoptera collected
by Mr. Grosvenor chiefly at Bangalore, India.

A cURIOUS EXPERIENCE.—Mr. Priske, recorded that in five of six
traps set in Richmond Park for Coleoptera, five species of Necraphorus
were caught, a different species in each trap, the sixth trap contained
two species of Silpha.,

SeasonaL Notes: FAILURE TO BREED P, Livornica.—Mr. Newman.
. an alien plant Buplewrwm fruticosum, growing in abundance near
Darenth. He also reported non-success in getting the larve of Phryaus
livornica to pupate, abundance of Aryynnis aglaia, fair numbers of
Plebeius aegon, the apparent disappearance of Melanargia galathea from
W. Kent, and that nearly everything in captivity was making a second
brood.

August 12th—Drcrasz or W. West (or Greenwica).—The death
of Mr. W. West (of Greenwich), on July 80th, was announced. He

914 |. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

was one of the original members of the Society in 1872, and the Hono-
rary Curator from the beginning.

Frenca captures.—Mr. H. Main exhibited from the 8S. of France,
larvee of Ascalaphus sp., Euvanessa antiopa, Papilio alexanor, P. poda-
lirtus, and Myrmelion sp., with ova of Parnassius apollo and Mantis
religiosa, with parasites of the latter.

A LocaL cockroacu. —Mr. Priske, the cockroach KE ctobia persptcil-
laris, with its egg cases and the larva of Microdon sp. (Dip.) from an
ant’s nest.

Axserration oF P. arananta.—Mr. B.S. Williams, Pyrameis atalanta
having the lowest subapical blotch absent.

Recorps.—Mr. Step, living specimens of Dorcas parallelopipedus
(Col.) from Wimbledon Park, and reported the Mountain Polypody,
Polypodium phegopteris plentiful near Lyndhurst, Hants.

THREE RECORDS OF Micro-LEprpopTERa.—Mr. Sich, pupal cases of
Aphelosetia (Hlachista) cerussella and the larval mines in a leaf of Phrag-
mites communis, gathered at Byfleet during the Society’s Field Meeting
in July; and also the three British species of the genus Uchsen-
hetmeria.

S. retraLunaria.—Mr. Bunneit, Selenia tetralunaria from Farn-
borough, Kent.

August 26th.—Hasirs, rrc., or M. reniciosa.—Mr. H. Main
exhibited the early stages of Mantis reliyiosa from 8. France, and several
spiders, and gave notes on their habits as observed by him.

ABERRATION OF P. pLANTAGINIS.—Mr. Bowman, a male Parasemia
plantaginis in which the right hindwing was suffused. It was of a
brood of which 55 out of 60 pup emerged in four days.

Variation in H. rurcata, Erc.—Mr. Barnet, series of Hydriomena
furcata, including green, light banded, variegated, and very light forms,
from §. Devon, very yellow forms of Hmaturga atomaria from Limps-
field, and a Plebeius aegon from Oxshott, with an unusually wide white
submarginal band on the underside.

Hasirs or C. rrpEneLia.— Mr. Sich gave details of the habits of the
newly hatched larva of Coleophora ibipennella.

PotymoreHism oF P. memnon— Mr. Edwards and Mr. Grosvenor,
many forms of the polymorphic species Papilio memnon from the Indo-
Malay Region.

Mr. Edwards then read a series of notes on the species.

Tur South Lonpon EnromonoGicaL anp Natrurat History Socisrty.

September 9th.—Mr. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., Vice-President, in.
the chair.

Mr. J. B. Farmer, of Brixton, was elected a member.

Mr. Bowman exhibited a series of the spring-emerged half of a
brood of Ephyra porata from ova and remarked on their close resem-
blance to the allied EH’. punctaria.

Mr. Main, larve of three parasites (Hym.) which attacked the
Longicorn (Col.) Rhagium inquisitor in Epping Forest.

Mr. Turner, many species of Heterocera taken by Mr. Grosvenor in

SOCIETIES. 915

India, chiefly Bangalore, including Attacus edwardsi, Trabala vishnu,
Crishna macrops, Zygaena cashmirensis, ete.

Mr. H. Moore, Mutilla europaea (Hym.) from Bournemouth, with
other Mutilla species from Egypt, Upper Amazons, Indiana, and the
Ionian Isles.

Mr. Carr, pupe of the cheese-mite, Piophila casei (Dip.).

Mr. Bunnett, the black aberration of Coccinella hieroglyphica (Col.)
from Keston with the type.

September 23rd.—Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Sc., President, in the ehair.

An Exhibition of Lantern Slides.

Mr. R. Adkin, views of old Selborne.

Mr. Tonge, resting habit of several British Geometers.

Mr. Main, seasonal forms of Pieris napi, stages and pupal chamber
of Timarcha laevigata (Col.), ravages and metamorphoses of Donacia
sp. (Col.).

Mr. Bedford (Eastbourne), rare species (Lep.) captured in Sussex,
local birds, rare and local orchids, abnormal growths, ete.

Mr. Withycombe, Chrysopa, Hemerobius, Syrphus, and Str atiomys.

Mr. Colthrup, positions of rest of butterflies and moths, and habits
of birds.

Mr. Dennis, Windermere and its flora, mosses from Windermere
and H. Horsley.

Genera Hxureits.—Mr. Grosvenor, many species and forms of the
genus Tertas from India.

Mr. Bowman, a bred series of Tricopterya carpinata from Oxshott
with numerous forms having well-emphasised transverse lines on the
forewings.

Mr. H. J. Turner, three species of Hacles (Lep. Het.), H. imperialis,
N. York, “. grandis, Sao Paulo, and #. sp. ? from Cordoba, Argentine,
sent by Mr. Lindeman, with coloured photographs of the larvee of the
two last.

Oct. 14th.—Donation.—Mr. J. B. Farmer presented a box of
British Odonata to the Society’s collection.

ABERRATIONS OF British LeprpoptEra.—Mr. Riley, on behalf of
Mr. South for Mr. Dolton, aberrations of (1) Agriades coridon, between
ab. albicans and race apennina ; (2) Hibernia leucophaearia conspicuous
wavy lines on a clear ground; (3) dark grey-brown Bupalus piniaria.

A smaLL SurRREY Race oF Z. FiLIpENDULAE.—Mr. Turner, a small
race of Zygaena filipendulae from Box Hill, with 6th spot very feebly
developed, including ab. cytist and other aberrations.

H. pinaster Larva.—Mr. Newman, living full-fed larva of Hylotcus
pinastrt from Suffolk.

Aprerrations oF P. rapar.—Mr. B. §. Williams, three Pieris rapae
showing a discal spot on the hindwings, and a striate, asymmetrical
torm of Rumicia phlaeas.

Irish P. napPl; GYNANDROMORPH OF P, Rapazn.—Mr. Johnson,
banded females of Pieris napt from Ireland, one being yellow suffused,
confluent Zygaena trifolii from Folkstone, and a gynandromorph of
P. rapae.

216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

Inpran Pierips sHown.—Mr. Grosvenor, Pieris canidia various
forms, P. krueperi and P. rapae from India.

P. cur anp irs Varration.—Mr. Mera, Polia chi closely approach-
ing form olivacea.

Pootz Cornnortera.—Mr. Blenkarn, Carabus nitens and other
Coleoptera from Poole.

Sreasonat Norses.—Seasonal notes from several members.

BITUARY.
A. E. Hudd, F.E.S., F.S.A.

The death of A. E. Hudd of Canford, near Bristol, is announced.
He is known to entomologists for his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera
of the Bristol District’ published in 6 parts from 1877 to 1884. From
the Bristol Times we understand that he was a man of many parts. A
founder of the Clifton Antiquarian Club and for long its Hon.
Secretary, an original member of the Bristol and Gloucestershire
Archeological Society and a vice-president, an original member of the
British Naturalists Society and on its Committee, on the council of
the Photographic Society, for 16 years he superintended the excavation
of the Roman station at Vento Silurum, Caerwent, took a great
interest in Egyptology, frequently visiting the Nile basin during the
excavations by Prof. Flinders Petrie, and was much interested in old |
Bristol and its historic monuments as well as working on behalf of the
Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. From a letter before us written to
our late editor in November, 1900, we read ‘“‘ The ‘ Bristol’ records in
Staintom’s Manual were all contributed, I believe, by Mr. Geo. Harding,
then of Stapleton, and Mr. P. H. Vaughan, then of Redland, both of
whom are still living. The latter looked through the MS. of my list
and made many additions of exact localities and especially of the
Tineina ; he and Mr. H. Grigg were my chief recorders of these.” He
was instrumental in early investigation of the Psychides, see Tutt Brit.
Lepid., vol. ii., p. 248. He sent a while ago to the Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows one of the sets of specimens upon which Harding (#.M.M.,
ix. p. 91-98, xii. p. 163) based his theory as to the @ Luffia
ferchaultella, being the parthenogenetic ? of N. monilifera. He was
a Fellow of the Entomological Society and of the Society of Antiquaries.
—H.J.T. (communicated).

ws

LS easiptlons for Vol. XXXII. (10 shiltings) adie be sent to

Mp. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘Bertrosa,” Gellatly Road, New Gross,

§.E.14 [This subscription includes ali numbers published from

- January 15th to December 15th, 1920.)

- Non-receipt or errors in the sending ‘of Subscribers’ magazines akould be

i notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New: Cross, 3.H. 14

“ADyHRTIsEMENTs of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be inserted at a minimum
charge of 2s, 6d. (for four lines), Longer Advertisements in proportion.. A reduction made for a series,
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Pago, Boertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 5.H. 14

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the. same to Mr. H. 1. Page “ Bertrose,”
Geéliatly Road; New Cross, London, 8.H., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed.

New Gabinets and Apparatus.—Note: Finest make only, and best

~ material only used.

12, 20, 30 and 40 drawer Cabinets in polished deal or mahogany. Specifications

and prices on application:

Standard make Store Boxes, 108, 5/65. 13x9, 7/-; 14x10, 8/-; 16x11, 9/-;
174 X12, 10/-3 postage 6d. extra. Special price by Cah 12 or more of one size.’
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3 Boards, Killing Tins, etc., ete.

_- Write for complete lists of set specimens, apparatus, larve and pupe.
- LEONARD TATCHELL, Lepidopterist, 43, Spratt | Hall Road, Wanstead, E.11.

Duplicates. _Varleyata and other varieties of Grossulaviata. Dasiderata: = Good

‘varieties and local forms. Spilosoma, urtice, Advenaria, and other ordinary spécies to

renew old series. Good Tortrices and Tineae.—Geo. T. Porritt, Elm Lea, Dalton,

-. Huddersfield.

Desiderata.—Crategata, Sambucaria, condition immaterial. Duplicates——Dominula,
mendica, and numerous common species.—H..A. Cockayne, 65, Westbourne Terrace, W.2.

Desiderata.—Foreien examples, local races, vars. and abs: from “all parts. of the
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data
indispensable. Liberal return made.—lW. G. Pether, “ Phelma, 4, Willow Bridge
Road, Lendon, N. 1.

Duplicates (all Clydesdale).—Authiops, Selene, Icarus, Biroae. Peet as! Mundana,

‘Perla, Fulva, Nictitans, Tritici, Chi, Boreata, Cambrica, ‘Belgiaria, Immanata, Olivata,
“Tristata, oreata, Mercurella, Angustea, Dubitalis, Ambigualis, Truncicolella, Derepitalis,

Kuhmella, Fusea, Margatitellug, Hortuellus, Hyemana, Phryganella, Ferrugana, Solan-
drinana, Sponsana, Conwayana, Stramineana, Rivulana, Urticana, Octomaculana,

~Perlepidana, Vaccinana, Geminana, Herbosana, Myllerana. Desiderata—Numerous.

—A. A. Dalglish, 7, Keir Street, Glasgow.
Duplicates. —Phigalia pedaria, melanic and intermediate forms in oreat variety.
» Desiderata.— Numerous common species.—M. Corbett, 3, Thorne Road, Doncaster.

~ Myr. Donisthorpe will still be glad to receive ants and Myrmecophiles from all parts —

of the British Isles, and to name any such for anyone who is kind enough to send them to

him.- He would however suggest that ants from anyother parts of the world be sent to

his colleague, Mr. W..C. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.14. Mr. Crawley is

_, Specialising on the ants of the world, and it isa matter for congratulation that we should

' possess an Entomologist in this country whose whole attention should be concentrated on

this branch of stuanatare

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

paneceaeel Society of London.—11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.,

-8p.m. 1920, November 17th.

The South Londen Entomological and Natural History Bonieey. Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge.. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.—
November 25th, Annual Hxhibition, of Varieties.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, st.
German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.

~The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street, H.C. 2, first and
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (No Meetings in July or August.) Visitors
welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. EH. Gunea, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16.

een inc SR ST = SS SNS SS i NSS MSSSRECSSUCSEARSSSURRNNREN
All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turnur,
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §..14

We must ear nest y request our correspondents Nor to send we communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Lists of Durricarws and Drsrpwrata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E.. Page,
er rose, early Road, New Cross, 8.H. 14

*

“OVA, LARVA, AND PUPAE

Ago. ‘The Largest Breéder of Lepidoptera in the British Telos ie

H.W. EEEAD, ‘Gutohiaana a4
BURNISTON, Nr SCARBOROUGH. | .

Full List of Ora, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, a os Cabinets : =
etc., sent on application.
Many Rare British: Species and eee Varieties for Bale.

TO ENTOMOLOGIOAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

: BACK VOLUMES OF
The Eintemolontate Recont =
and Journal of Variation. ae

(Vols. I-XXXII.)

To be ohiniaen from—

Mr. H. E. PAGH, “ Bertvose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross: Lond, 8. E. 14 ere =
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. €

Lepidoptera Catalogue of a
Faunas (No, 58),

Contains 28,000 Lepidoptera, with a complete ee Families,
. Species, and Authors. ——

REPLACES DEAR SUIENTIFIC Works anp CATALOGUES.
Indispensable to every Collector.

The price, of five shillings, will be compensated in orders of butterflies, fk
‘Lists of Lots, used Cabinets, her, gratis. oer

Dr. 0. STAUDINGER & A. BANG-HAAS, Dresden- -Blasewitz, S
FOR SALE, .

Lucas’ “ British Dragon-flies ” ; Swanton’s “Fungi and
how to know them”; Forel’s “Senses of- Insects i igen
translation). :

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PANN Loca i ah it hic he a OE eGR eS oc el

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“The Entomologist’s Record
ournal of Variation

3) Worrep py
% ee S. BAGNALL, ¥.u-s., ¥.2.8. T. A. CHAPMAN, u.p., F.n.8., ‘EELS.
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‘ (Rzy.) Grorce WHEELER, m.a., F.z.s.,
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: CONTENTS.
PAGE.
4B x Go hedi idan of Monomorium floricola, Jerd., W. C. Crawley, B.A,, F.E.S. et tee Se kG
_ The Flying-habit of Butterflies when paired, B. C. 8. Warren, F.E.S. ay Bi Sen oher ee
“Lepidoptera in Peninsular Italy during the year 1920, Orazio Querci.. gh oi 2. aaa
Sorenrirtce: Norus Tae the Thife- oy of POONA E popu, Cope EH. B, Pur ays
H igsd hca Mae 227
‘Cormecrine Norzs ee on ate Tntompissiaal aanas in the Turin district i in 1919, Lieut.
EB, B, Ashby, F.E.S. ; eo meee Does it sometimes sie Re to us?, Capt. H.B.
-<\ Purefoy, F.E.S. .. 5 ; : wean 228
- Socrrrms :—Lancashire and ‘Cheshire eaten Shei Ae Ee ae OME BE
is Revimws ;—The Proceedings of the §. Lond. Hnt. Soc., 1919- 20, C.R.N.B. By epee
~ Coxtents or Votumz XXXII. es Hf ae, ae Ae at vs ay Beet Dad
Last? or Coyrrreurors, ete. . ry “fe YE ; 236

(The completion of the Supplement on Hiibner’ 8 nian | ig Ese for the Janta namber with
the Special Index.

Fi DECEMBER 16th, 1920.

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Colthrup, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Capt..Burr, G. T. Weteaaie Baker,
BH. B. Ashby, J. H. Durrant, Major P. P. Graves, Orazio Querci, B. €.-8. Warren,
W. Daws, Alfved O. Hedges, with Reports of Societies and Reviews.

g

7

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A GYNAMDROMORPH OF MONOMORIUM FLORICOLA, JERD. 217

A Gynandromorph of Monomorium floricola, Jerd.
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S. .

Jn 1903 Wheeler published a list of all the known cases of
Gynandromorphs among ants, with descriptions of six more, which
brought the total to 23, and in 1914 the same author gave an account
of seven additional ones described during the decade 1908-138, these
bringing the total up to 80. In 1915 Donisthorpe gave a list with a
description of two gynandromorphs of Myrmica scabrinodis, Ny].
These, together with one of Monomorium floricola, Jerd., and Formica
rufibarbis, F., described by Donisthorpe previously in 1914 and 1915
respectively, brought the total to 34. Recently Santschi (1920) pub-
a note, ‘‘ La 39me. Fourmi hermaphrodite,’ with a list of four
described since Donisthorpe’s 1915 paper, viz., Phyracaces singaporensis,
Viehm., Myrmica rugulosa, Nyl., Acanthomyops latipes, Walsh., and
Camponotus (Colobopsis) albocinctus, Ash., and added a fifth, Tetra-
morium simillimum, Sm. He overlooks, however, three cases described
by Donisthorpe, viz., Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl. (1917), M. lacvinodis var.
ruginodo-laevinodis, For. (1918), and M. sulcinodis, Nyl. (1919). The
total, therefore, at the date of Santschi’s paper was 42, not 39.

Among the collections of the late Dr. H. Swale, from Samoa, is a
gynandromorph of Monomorium floricola, Jerd., the second from
Samoa found by Dr. Swale (the other being the Tetramorium similli-
mum described by Santschi), and the second of the species to be
described. As will be seen, however, from a comparison of the two
descriptions, the new specimen, which brings the list to 48, is quite
different from the former, since, though a lateral gynandromorph, the
thorax is entirely g in shape.

Description.—Length 38mm. (normal ? found in same colony
measures 3.6mm., and a normal 2.8mm.).

Colour more or less that of a 3 (though slightly paler), except the
gaster, which is coloured more like that of a 9, z.e., less dark than in
the g. The left side (viewed from behind) of the postpetiole is paler
than the right side.

Head.—Lett side, including the four-toothed mandible, the clypeus,
the compound eye and left ocellus, 2, but the whole side of head is
shorter than anormal ? head; left antenna ¢?, but both scape,
funiculus, and joints of funiculus in proportion to their width, shorter
than normal. Right side ¢, the mandible and right half of the
clypeus being somewhat distorted; compound eye, right and centre
ocelli g ; right antenna 3’, size normal.

Thorax, including legs, epinotum and pedicel, 3; the left side of
2nd node more developed than the right. Gaster almost entirely 3,
though the left side of first segment is more ? in form, and the left
side of apex is 9. Wings normal.

The right side of the apical segments contains a perfectly formed
and quite normal half of a g genital armature. The dried state of
the body rendered it impossible to examine the gaster for @ organs.

Sculpture.—Clypeus more finely striated, and rather less so than in
the g. The g side of head has normal 3 sculpture, and the @ side
normal ? sculpture. The rest of sculpture 9.

Lotopa, Samoa, April 29th, 1917 (H. Swale).

Decemeber, 1920.

918 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

LITERATURE.
Mr. Donisthorpe has very kindly collected for me all the references
quoted in this paper.
Donisthorpe, Hint. Rec., 26, 186 (1914).
5 British Ants, 323 (1915).
i Ent. Rec., 27, 258-259 (1915) ; 29, 31 (1917); 30, 22
(1918); 31, 1 (1919).
Santschi, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sct. Nat., 53, 175-178 (1920).
Viehmeyer, Arch. Neturg., 81, 111 (1915),
ss Fint. Mit., 6, 71 (1917).
Wheeler, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 19, 65-8-83 (1903) ; 48, 49-56
(1914).
4 Psyche, 26, 2-5 (1919).

Some records of, and observations on, the Flying-habit of
‘ ___ Butterflies when paired.
By B. C. §. WARREN, F.E.S.

During the last few years many interesting notes on the flying-
habits of butterflies when paired, have appeared in the Hntomologist’s
Record ; and having myself, in the same period, made observations on
seventy-nine pairs belonging to forty-four species of butterflies, I
naturally was much interested in comparing other collectors’ records
with my own. In the June number of 1917, Mr. C. W. Colthrup
suggests that certain species exhibit different habits on the
Continent and in England. I may note at once that this is not so,
but only a misconception arising from a want of sufficient data.

Some very interesting observations of Donzel’s, written in 1837,
were given by Mr. H. J. Turner (Hnt. Rec., vol. xxviii. p. 88.) In
these Donzel advocates the theory that the carrying habit is the same
for all the species of a genus, and is therefore a valuable characteristic
in determining the limits of genera. All my observations, and the
records I have seen, have given such complete confirmation of this
theory, that in the future should any apparent exception be noted, I
should feel no doubt that it was merely our conception of the genus in
question which was at fault. The fact that there are some few species
in which both sexes are able to carry, is not the least antagonistic to
the theory; it being merely the case that all the species of the genera
concerned, exhibit this unusual habit. It may well be though, that
this habit is more general than is at present known, only we have
not sufficient data to establish the fact.

The following are the instances which have come under my
observation ; in each case notes were ey on the spot and not trusted
to memory.

Genus. Erynnis.

E. lavaterae, observed once. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 7th,
1917. ¢@ carried 3.

Genus Hesperia.

H. ryffelensis, observed once. On the Parpaner-Rothorn, 'Grisons.
_ August 8th, 1919. 9° carried ¢. * |

H. serratulae, observed once. In the Val Sporz, Lenzerheide,
Grisons. July 12th, 1919. I took a pair, but unfortunately they

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLYING-HABITS OF BUTTERFLIES. 919

separated before I could induce them tq fly. The ? kept its wings
open and showed an inclination to crawl about, the g keeping its
wings folded tightly. (Suggests that the 9 would carry.)

Genus Nisoniades.

N. tages, observed three times. At Follaterre, Valais. July 29th
1916. 9? carried §. At Caux, Vaud. June Ist, 1917. ¢ carried
3. In the Stockenwald, Kandersteg, Bernese Oberland. May 22nd
1918. © earried g.

Genus Chrysophanus.

C. hippothoé var. ewrybia, observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 19th, 1919. @ carried 9.

Genus Loweia.

L. subalpina, observed once. At Spoina, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 4th, 1919. ¢ carried ?.

Genus Rumicia.

R. phiaeas, observed once. At Vernayaz, Valais. August 22nd,

1916. @ carried S.
Genus Lycaena.

L. arion, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Oberland.
June 13th, 1918. ¢ carried g.

This is very interesting in view of the fact that among all the
“blues” (with one other exception, so far as is at present known) the
g carries. Records of the habits of arcas, euphemus, alcon, mnelanops
and iolas would be most instructive.

Genus Cupido.
C’. sebrus, observed once. At Follaterre, Valais. May 9th, 1916.
é carried °.
Genus Everes.

Bhs lenis. observed twice. At Branson, Valais. May 18th, 1916.
gf carried 9. July 29th, 1916. ¢ carried 9°.

Genus Glaucopsyche.

G. cyllarus, observed ones. By the Gryonne River, St. Triphon
Vaud. May 2nd,1916. ¢ carried 9°.

Genus Cyaniris.
O. semiargus, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese
Oberland. June 380th, 1918. 9? carried g. The only ‘“‘blue” beside
arion as yet recorded with the @? carrying.

Genus Aricia,

A. eumedon, observed once. At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 8rd, 1919. I took a pair but could not make them fly. While
falling to the ground after being thrown into the air, the ? expanded
her wings, but did not try to fly, the ¢ did notmove. Is this another
‘‘blue”’ species of which the ? carries? Unfortunately I have not
had the good fortune to observe medon or donzelit.

920 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Genus Hirsutina.

H. damon, observed once. Between Solis and Obervatz, Grisons.
July 31st, 1919. gf carried 9°.

Genus Agriades.

A. coridon, observed five times. At Champéry Valais. July 11th,
1915. 3 carried 9?. 26th, 1915. § carried 9. 28th, 1915. ¢g
carried @. At Kclépens, Vaud. August 16th, 1915. ¢ carried 9.
In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Oberland. July 19th, 1918. ¢
carried 2.

A. thetis, observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons. June 28th,
HOO Sieh icarnied: Oy

Genus Polyommatus.

P. icarus, observed five times. At Follaterre, Valais. May 9th,
1916. g carried 9. At Branson, Valais. May 9th,1916. ¢ carzied
?. 18th, 1916. ¢ carried 9. At Follaterre, Valais. July 18th,
1916. Two pairs observed, g carried 2 in eaeh case.

P. hylas, observed four times. At Verossaz, Valais. June 23rd,
1916. ¢ carried 9. At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons. July 5th,
1919. 3 carried @. 6th, 1919. <¢ carried @. Val Sporz, Len-
zerheide, Grisons. July 12th,1919. ¢ carried 9.

Genus Lattorina.

L. orbitulus, observed four times. Val Sporz, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 11th, 1919. Three pairs observed. g carried ? in each case.
At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons. July 17th, 1919. $ carried ¢.

Genus Parnassius.

P. apollo, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Ober-
land. July 9th, 1918. Founda pair but was unable to make them
fly. When in the grass the @ crawled about dragging the g¢, which
remained immovable. It is therefore probable that, the ? carries
should they fly.

Genus Aporia.

A. crataegi, observed eight times. At Branson, Valais. May 2i1st,
1915. ¢@ carried g. At Sion, Valais. May 25th, 1915. Four
pairs observed. ? carried g in each case. At Hclépens, Vaud.
June 2nd, 1916. ‘Three pairs observed. @ carried 3 in each ease.
This suggests a closer connection with Parnassius than with Pieris.

Genus Pieris.

P. napi var. bryoniae, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Ber-
nese Oberland. June 30th, 1918. 3 carried 9.
P. manni, observed once. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 10th, 1914.
& carried 9.
Genus Dryas.

D. paphia, observed twice. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 7th, 1917.
2? carried g. Between Aigle and Sépey, Vaud. July 12th, 1917. I
saw a pair in flight, but could not catch them. @ carried g I should
say, but I could not be certain. Previous records leave no doubt that
both sexes can carry in this genus, as they can in the following.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLYING-HABITS OF BUTTERFLIES. 221

Genus Argynnis.

A. aglaia, observed three times. Val Sporz, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 22nd,1919. 3 carried 9. 28th,1919. carried 9. August
Qnd, 1919. @ carried g. This establishes the fact that both sexes
of this species can carry ; previous records have only noted the ¢ as
carrying.

A. niobe, and var. eris, observed onee. In the Ueschinen Tal,
Bernese Oberland. July 9th, 1919. I took a pair. The g type, and
the 2 var. eris. On liberating them the 3 carried 9. On starting
them a second time the 3 again flew; but they fell into some long
grass where I found both struggling. Subsequently the @ crawled up
a grass stem and took to flight for a short distance. On my reaching
them for the fourth time the ? again flew, and this time so far that I
was unable to find them again.

Var. eris, both sexes, observed once. At Follaterre, Valais. June
16th, 1915. ©¢ carried g. ' Mr. Turner’s and the late Mr. Tutt’s
records, have already shown that both sexes of niobe could carry ; but
the above note is, I think, the first record of both sexes of a given pair
flying alternately. Of cydippe Mr. Wheeler has recorded the ? carry-
ing (Hnt. Rec., vol. xxviii,, p. 204), and Dr. Dixey that the g can
carry (Proc. Hint. Soc. Lond., 1915). So this habit is common to all
three species.

Genus Brenthis.

B. euphrosyne, observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons. June 18th,
1919. I found a pair at rest, but failed to make them fly. When
thrown in the air the ? fluttered her wings slightly, the ¢ remaining
still. On the ground both made endeavours to walk, the ° being the
most animated. (Suggests that ¢ would carry if flight took place.)

B. ino, observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons. July 26th, 1919.
Unfortunately separated before flying.

Genus Melitaea.

M. athalia, observed once. At Eclépens, Vaud. June 2nd, 1916.
© carried g.

M. didyma, observed twice. At Follaterre, Valais. July 29th,
TGS 2 carried B.. At Vernayaz, Valais.” July 7th, JOLT." 9
carried gf.

Genus Pararge.

P. hiera, observed once. At Kandersteg, Bernese Oberland. June
13th, 1918. ¢ carried g.

P. maera, observed once. At Salvan, Valais. July 1st,1916.
carried g.

P. megera, observed once. At Eclépens, Vaud. August 16th,
L915 § carried 3.

Genus Fnodia.
E. dryas, observed twice. At Eclépens, Vaud. August 7th, 1916.
9 carried ¢. August 14th, 1918. ¢ carried 3.
Genus Hpinephele.

E. jurtina, observed once. At Sierre, Valais. June 12th, 1915.
9 carried 3.

99.9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

E. tithonus, observed once. At Eclépens, Vaud. August 7th, 1916.
2 carried 3.

Genus Coenonympha.

C. satyrion, observed once. At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
June 29th, 1919. ¢ carried g.

C. tiphon, observed once. At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 17th, 1919. @ carried g.

Genus Hrebia.

E.. oeme, observed twice. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Oberland.
July 7th, 1918. Two pairs observed. @ carried g in each case.

E. imanto, observed twice. At Champéry, Valais. July 29th,
1915. Two pairs observed. @ carried 3 in each case.

E. euryale, observed once. At Champéry, Valais. July 20th,
1915. @ carried g.

E. aethiops, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese
Oberland. July 22nd, 1918. ? carried g.

E.. gorge, observed three times. On the Grammont, Valais. July
19th, 1917. ‘Two pairs observed. ¢ carried ¢ in eachcase. Urden
Firkli, Grisons. August Sth,1919. © carried g.

Genus Melanargia.

M. galathea, observed three times. At Champéry, Valais. July
Sthid915., . e:earried: gy... 9th, 1915. 9 veanried. gy aul ray eons
@ carried 3.

It will be noticed, if looking over the last six genera mentioned,
that in the case of every Satyrid species noted, the ? carries. Also of
all previous records, all except two, give this result. It is, therefore,
of particular interest to enquire into those two cases. The first is a
note of the late Mr. Tutt’s, quoted by Mr. Colthrup (nt. Rec., vol. xxix.
p- 17), which states that the g of M. galathea always carries the 2.
If this is so, then Melanaryia is a third genus in which we find both
sexes carrying. In view, however, of the considerable amount of data
available on Satyrid species, I cannot help wondering if this record
is the result of a lapsus calamt; ov perhaps a printer’s error. Possibly
some of Mr. Tutt’s personal friends could throw some light on the
matter.

The second instance was a casual statement in the course of other
remarks by Dr. Verity (Wnt. Rec. 1919, p. 68), that the g S. circe
carried the @. I wish Dr. Verity would let us know if this is the
result of personal observation, or merely a quotation ; if the latter, was
the source one to be relied on? In this case should Dr. Verity
confirm the record, not having any other data of the habits of this
species, we must await further observations to ascertain if both sexes
ean carry in the genus Satyrus, or only the g. This last seems most
improbable, but of course it may be so; it is even possible that a small
section composed of S. circe and those species most closely connected
to it, may have developed this habit independently of the other species.

Any one who has read this paper must have noticed how
fragmentary our knowledge of these flying-habits is, and how much
further records are to be desired. ‘To obtain such records is, however,

LEPIDOPTERA IN PENINSULAR ITALY DURING THE YEAR 1920. 223

not at all so simple a matter as it would appear; and to establish with
absolute certainty, which sex of a pair is flying, is often.a difficult
matter, and one not to be done at a glance. This is perhaps why
there still remain so large a number of species of whose habits we are
in ignorance.

Lepidoptera in Peninsular Italy during the year 1920.
By O. QUERCI.

From the month of March till October of 1920 my family and I
have uninterruptedly collected Lepidoptera in Italy. The emergence
of the species has been so different from that of the preceding years
that I think it would be useful to note the phenomena observed with a
view to furnish data concerning the influence of the season on .the
development of insects.

The winter of 1919-20 began with excessive cold, but after some
days the weather became fine and the climate very mild. In the
month of March vegetation in the country was in full progress, and
I made an excursion into the Tuscan Maremma to see if, with such a
favourable season, there would be a precocious emergence of insects to
be collected at the beginning.

On the 25th of March I left Florence on a bicycle in order to be
able to stop at localities which seemed promising, and I visited all the
uncultivated spots on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, from Cecina
to Follonica, but 1 only saw examples of Leptosia. sinapis and
Coenonympha pamphilus.

Seeing that it was useless to continue my journey, I returned to
Florence and began to examine the hills near the city, but though the
weather was beautiful, the Lepidoptera didn’t begin to emerge till the
second half of April, and continued (not very abundantly) in May,
and disappeared completely at the beginning of June. After the
winter rains no water had fallen, the plants were dried up at their
birth, and the life of insects was evidently impossible under such
conditions.

The species collected in the environs of Florence, from April 17th
to June 3rd, are the following : —

Nisoniades tages, .Lu., race clarens, Caradja, I., gen. tages, L.—An
abundant emergence on April 17th, after which all the specimens were
spoilt. The females which, in preceding years, were very scarce, were
instead very abundant.

Hrynnis altheae, Hb., race australiformis, Vrty., I. gen. aliheae, Hb.
—Always scarce, only four specimens this year.

Hrynnis lavatherae, Ksp., race australior, Vrty.—One sole specimen.

Hesperia onopordi, Ramb., race fulvotincta, Vrty., I. gen. onopordi,
Ramb.—Hven scarcer than in the preceding years; only five
specimens.

Hesperia armoricanus, Obthr., race fulvoinspersa, Vrty., I. gen.
armoricanus, Obthr _—The males emerged from the lst to the 22nd of
May ; only one female collected on April 28th.

Hesperia malvoides, Klw. and Kdw., race pseudomalvae, Vrty., I. gen.
pseudomalvae, Vrty.——Kmerged from April 28th to May 8th; scarce.

Hesperia sidae, Esp., race occidentalis, Vrty.—HKmerged in excep-
tional number during the month of May.

294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Powellia sao, Hb., race gracilis, Vrty., I. gen. sao, Hb.—In May
the females, as always, very scarce.

Adopaea lineola, Ochs., race clara, Tutt.—Always scarce; six
specimens only in May.

Adopaea flava, Brunnich (=thaumas, Hufn.), race iberica, Tutt.—
Very scarce this year from May 22nd to 30th.

Thymelicus acteon, Rott., race acteon, Rott.—Abundant in the past
years. A few specimens from May 18th to 23rd, and one female only.

Augiades sylvanus, Esp., race sylvanus, Esp., I. gen. sylvanus, Esp.
—Two males only on May 8th, and no female. The males were most
abundant in preceding years.

Rumicia phlaeas, L., race nigrioreleus, Vrty., 1. gen. phlaeas, L.—
The first generation is never abundant at Florence; this year I
only saw one specimen.

Loweia dorilis, Hufn., race italorum, Vrty.—The first brood
missed altogether this-year.

Loweia alciphron, Rott., race mirabilis, Vrty.—This splendid race,
has hitherto been found only on the Monte Senario, 2,400ft., near
Florence. We look for it carefully every year, but have never succeeded
in taking more than one or two females a year. After several trips
to Monte Senario we collected this year five males and one female on
May 30th.

Glauccpsyche cyllarus, Rott., race pauper, Vrty.—From April 16th
to May 4th.

Scolitantides baton, Bgstr., race baton, Bgstr., I. gen. praecocior,
Vrty.—The first brood was relatively abundant this year, from April
17th to May 22nd. The blue females a good many.

Agriades aragonensis (Gerh.), Vrty., race florentina, Vrty., I. gen.
florentina, Vrty.—Numerous in May. Few specimens of radiata.

Agriades thetis, Rott., race etrusca, Vrty., 1. gen. maja, Vrty.—Very
scarce in May.

Agriades escheri, Hb., race splendens, Stef.—Rather abundant from
May 20th to 380th. On the 29th of this month I collected a mar-
vellous female with the upper surface of the forewings entirely
covered by shining blue scales.

Agriades thersites (Gerh.), Chapman, race meridiana, Vrty., I. gen.
hibernata, Vrty.—F rom April 17th till May 30th. In some females
the upper surface of the wings more or less covered by blue scales.

Polyommatus icarus, Rott., race zellert, Vrty., 1. gen. zelleri, Vrty.
—A few specimens emerged from April 28th to May 28th. Only two
specimens of the tcarinus, Scriba, form.

Cyaniris semiargus, Rott., race cimon, Lewin.—In Florence it has
never been so abundant as this year. I collected nine specimens, whilst
in the past 1 never found more than one or two in the year.

Aricia medon, Hufn., race pallidefulva, Vrty., I. gen. subornata,
Vrty.—A few males from April 16th to May 6th.

Plebeius aegon (argus), Li., race apenninicola, Vrty.—A few specimens
at Monte Morello, 2,000f¢., from May 23rd to May 30th.

Lycaenopsis (Celastrina) argiolus, L., race calidogenita, Vrty., I. gen.
calidogenita, Vrty.—The first brood is always very scarce; I have
found only five specimens in good condition.

Cupido minimus, Fuessl., race minimus, Fuessl.—A few from April
28th to May 8th.

LEPIDOPTERA IN PENINSULAR ITALY DURING THE YEAR 1920. 225

Cupido sebrus, B., race sebrus, B.—Also this species, always rare,
has been abundant this year from April 28th to May 22nd.

Everes alcetas, Hb., race alcetas, Hb.—Two males only.

Callophrys rubi, L., race virgatus, Vrty.—Scarce from April 17th
to May 8th. A very beautiful male, has strange splashes of light
colour on the forewings. ;

Nordmannia ilicis, Esp., race inornata, Vrty.—Nearly always
extraordinarily abundant, but this year only a few specimens at end
of May.

Hamearis lucina, L., race lucina, L.-—Did not emerge at all, whilst
in 1918 and 1919 it was abundant.

Gonepteryx rhamni, L., race transiens, Vrty.—Only one specimen,
whilst generally it is seen in hundreds.

Gonepteryx cleopatra, L., race europaeus, Vrty.—No specimens.

Colias croceus, Fourc. (=edusa, F.), race croceus, Foure., I. gen.
vernalis, Vrty.—A few males in April; one female only in May. In
some years also this first brood is abundant.

Colias hyale, lu., race calida, Vrty., I. gen. vernalis, Vrty.—During
the 85 years which I have collected Lepidoptera, I have never seen so
many of the first brood of C. hyale as I have collected this year.
There was a gieat emergence in the middle of April, and I continued
to find very fresh specimens until the middle of May.

Leptosia sinapis, Li., race bivitatta, Vrty., I. gen. lathyri, Hb.—
Rather abundant in April and May.

Anthocharis cardamines, L., race meridionalis, Vrty.—Rare in
April.

Euchloé ausonia, Hb., race romana, Calb.—Always very rare at
Florence.

Pontia daplidice, Li., race daplidice, L., I. gen. bellidice, Ochs.—
Three specimens only. The first brood is never abundant, but this
year even the succeeding broods were wanting.

Pieris napi, Li., race vulgaris, Vrty., 1. gen. vulgaris, Vrty.—A few
specimens in April.

Pieris rapae, L., race rapae, L., gen. metra, Steph.—Very scarce
this year.

Pieris manni (Mayer), Turati, race rossii, Stef., I. gen. farpa,
Friihst.—Only one specimen in May, and only this one was found
during the whole year.

Pieris, Mancipium, brassicae, L., race catoleuca, Rob., 1. gen. chariclea,
Steph.—Of this species, always very common, | only saw a few
specimens flying over the gardens.

Aporia crataeyi, L., race meridionalis, Vrty.—Completely wanting.
I only saw four specimens in May.

Coenonympha pamphilus, L., race australis, Vrty., I. gen. australis,
Vrty.—Emerged in April and May, but not so abundant as usual.

Coenonympha arcanius, Li, race tenuelimbo, Vrty., I. gen. tennelimbo,
Vrty.—Frequent from May 23rd to 30th.

Pyronia ida, Esp., race neapolitana, Obthr.—Totally wanting in
all the regions of Italy visited by us this year.

Pyronia tithonus, L., race etrusca, Vrty—Abundant in June. The
females appeared, as always happens, when the males were already old.

Kpinephele jurtina, L.—Dr. Verity was of opinion that this race
was identical with the race phormia of Frihstorfer, but having him-

226 THE MWNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

self collected in the Tyrol the co-types of the phormia, he is convinced
that it is a case of distinct races. The H. jurtina has always been
the commonest butterfly in the environs of Florence, but in June,
1920, the epoch of greatest emergence of this species, only very few
specimens were to be seen in the dry and burnt-up country.

Melanargia galathea, L., race florentina, Vrty.—T he emergence of this:
common species was also very scarce.

Pararye megera, L., race megera, L.A few specimens in the second
half of April.

Pararge maera, L., race appenina, Vrty., I. gen. apennina, Vrty.—
Only five specimens.

Pararge aegeria, L., race italica, Vrty., I. gen. italica, Vrty.—One
specimen.

Limenitis rivularis, Scop. (=camilla, auctorium), race reducta,
Ster., I. gen. reducta, Stgr.—Seven males and no females.

Melitaea didyma, Esp., race protea, Vrty., I. gen. protea, Vrty.—
Scarce from May 8th to the 80th.

Melitaea phoebe, Knoch, race tusca, Vrty., 1. gen. tusea, Vrty.—
Very scarce.

Melitaea cinaia, L., race australis, Vrty:—Much more abundant in
May than in the other years.

Melitaea athalia, Rott., race tenuis, Vrty.—A few males at the
beginning of June. The females ought to have emerged at the time
when. there occurred the phenomenon of the cessation of all species,
and they therefore did not appear.

Issoria lathonia, L., race emiflorens, Vrty., I. gen. lathonia, L.— .
Entirely missed.

Brenthis hecate, Schiff., race florida, Vrty.—The males of this fine
race, hitherto found only near Florence, and so different from the
typical race of Austria, emerged in unusual abundance on May 30th,
and we were able to make a good collection of them, but with June Ist,
from some cause not to be explained, all the Lepidoptera ceased to
appear, as I have already said. The continual search by my son-in-
law, Dr. Romei, to find the females of B. hecate, had no result. In
the country, which was burnt up as if a fire had passed over it, with
a sky perfectly cloudless, and a sun burning hot, there only flew a few
remnants of EH. jurtina and P. tithonus.

‘Brenthis dia, L., race laetior, Vrty., I. gen. laetior, Vrty.—The first
brood of this species is considered by us to be a real rarity of
Florence. This year, on the contrary, there was a great emergence
on April 18th.

The Papilionidae and the Vanessidi were quite wanting. A few
individuals of the Zygaenides emerged as Proeris cognata and P-
statices, Z. achilleae, race triptolemus, Hb., 24. stoechadis, Bkh., Z. .
transalpina, race intermedia, Rocci, Z. oaytropis, B., Zygaena
erythrus, Hb., Z. punctum, O., Z. scabiosae, Schey., and even the very
common 4%. carniolica race florentina, Vrty., did not appear at all.

I have delayed mentioning the emergence of the different species
to draw from them biological conclusions, which to me are most
interesting. For seven years we have collected continually in the
environs of Florence, and what has struck us the most in the researches
of last spring is that the most common species as A. thetis, P. icarus,
G.rhammui, C. eroceus (edusa), P. napi, P. rapae, M. (P.) brassicae, A-

x

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 22:°7

crataegt, C. pamphilus, E.jurtina, P. megera, and M. galathea had become
the scarcest, whilst others which are always scarce, such as H. sidae, A.
eschert, CU. semiargus, C. sebrus, N. acaciae, C. hyale, B. hecate, and B.
dia appeared in abundance. To be noted also is the almost total
suppression of F. lavatherae, H. onopordi, R. phlaeas, N. ilicis, G.
rhamni, G. cleopatra, P. manni, A. crataegi, the Papilionidae and the
Vanessidae,

The emergences of the species was anticipated by about 15 days in
comparison with what happens in normal years. The females felt the
adverse condition even more than the males. It would seem that their
development, necessarily longer and more complicated from the forma-
tion of the organs of egg production, was decidedly impeded, and the
greater part of the chrysalids died in the larval state.

Worthy of note also is the sudden emergence of N. tayes and B.
hecate, which took place on one day only, and then ceased suddenly.
Most notable of all was the sudden cessation of emergences of all Lepi-
doptera which happened in the plains at the beginning of the month
of June, and in the mountains at the beginning of July. The “Sum-
MER PAUSE,’’ which we consider due to excessive heat and the absolute
dryness of the Italian peninsula, and which generally occurs from July
20th to August 5th, lasted this year instead from June 12th to Sep-
tember 5th on the Florentine hills.

(To be continued.)

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

On tHe Lire History or GonepreRyx cLEOPATRA.—I was very
interested to read the letter on this subject from Mr. Simes, and, as I
have experimented with this beautiful insect for the last eleven years,
I may perhaps be permitted to make some observations. I stocked
my covered-in butterfly garden at Hast Farleigh with this insect in
1909, obtaining my stock from two different localities. Some four
years later, with the kind assistance of Dr. Chapman, I introduced
some fresh blood from a third locality. As all the butterflies have
acted in precisely the same manner, I think we may accept their
actions as the true life history of the species. It is as follows :—The
females (I am going principally to speak of them) pair invariably before
hibernation. They retire under ivy leaves and other evergreen leaves
and remain tight till about April. Last season, being unusually early,
ova were laid in March. ‘Two years ago I noted one 2 who remained
tight till May 14th. The big summer brood begins to emerge, as a
rule, about the middle of June, while many of the hibernated @ 2 are
still on the wing. These old ? ? sometimes pair for a second time
with one of the younger generation. The fresh 9.9 pair at once. I
think it was three years ago that Mr. Frohawk was with me in the
garden in mid-June. I pinned out three freshly emerged 2? 9,
hanging to their pupa cases and drying their wings. When we passed
the spot about half-an-hour later we noticed that all three were paired
up, never having flown. This very frequently happens. 1 often go
round the garden with a lamp at night at mid-summer and count
fifteen to twenty pairs in cop on shrubs and creepers where they are
almost invisible by sunlight. We carried out an elaborate experiment
one year in order to find out what proportion of them laid at once and

998 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

what retired for the winter first. Forty healthy females were
employed, and by means of ink marks, black and red on the wings,
we got the following results. All paired, fourteen laid at once, twenty-
six started hibernation. Some of these, of course, came to grief later.
Therefore, about one out of every three lays at once, and, as this
happens again with a later brood, it is only fair to eall cleopatra
continuous brooded, as far as the climate permits. When I left Hast
Farleigh on October 25th last there were about sixty 2 2 in hiberna-
tion, also some g g ; and, in addition to these, there were a few
restless @ 9 who came out whenever the sun permitted and laid. I
noticed this happening very shortly before I left. There were a good
many nearly full fed larve on bushes of Rhamnus alaternus, R. alpina
and R. hybridus, and plenty of ova. Had these larve been taken in
and fed under glass a good proportion would have pupated and the
pup would have lived till about the end of the year and then “ gone
off.” In one instance only can I positively assert that a pupa lived
through the winter and produced a fine g about the middle of April.

A few years ago I showed about a dozen nearly full fed larve on
or about November 20th at a meeting of the Entomological Society of
London. If we are all alive next August or September I shall be very
pleased to send Mr. Simes ova, larve, pupz and imagines, but IJ shall
be still more pleased if he can spare the time on a hot July day to run
down to East Farleigh, Maidstone, to see G. cleopatra in her glory.—
(Capt.) EK. B. Pursroy, F.H.S., 87, Oakley Street, Chelsea.

(2OTES ON COLLECTING, Ete.

Appitronat Notes on THE EnromonoegicaL Fauna AND ON THE
FLoRA OBSERVED IN THE TurIN District FROM JULY TO OcToBER,
1919, iNctustve.—The heat at Turin in July and August being
greater than that at Rome, the collecting of flowers and insects was
difficult work to carry out, however, by making up one’s mind to
«stick it,’ I managed to do a fair amount during these two months,
although the summer heat this year, 1919, was considered abnormally
hot by the Italians. The second brood of Brenthis selene was abundant
and fresh at Stupinigi, July 19th. By the middle of July the females
of the butterfly Hnodia dryas, a species addicted to damp woods,
moors, and heaths, as well as dry hilly districts in many parts of
Central and Southern Europe, were out in Stupinigi Wood in full
abundance to accompany the males which had first appeared on June
27th. The beautiful Limenitis sibilla in small numbers, was soon
replaced by the perhaps more beautiful Limenitis camilla, of similar
habits of flight. These latter became abundant at Stupinigi, also at
Sassi and above Madonna Del Pilone, all of which villages are only a
few kilometers from Turin, and are easily accessible by tram.

The males and females of Dryas paphia were common at Stupinigi,
but much more common were both sexes of Syntomis phegea, which
swarmed in Stupinigi Wood and was at its best in the middle of July.
Argynnis aylaia occurred regularly in the clearings of the wood, and
the Blues, especially Polyommatus thetis (bellargus) and Cupido sebrus
seemed to have endless families and vied with the Five-spot and the
Six-spot Burnet Moths (Zygaena lonicerae and Zygaena filipendulae)
for the possession of the flowers. Space will not allow me to mention

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 929

more of the commoner bntterflies, moths and other insects abundant
in July and August in the environs of Turin.

During the latter part of August the specimens of Rumicia phlaeas
were numerous along the wooded banks of the River Stura towards its
confluence with the River Po, east of Turin. The tendency of this
particular brood was distinctly towards the ‘aberration suffusa, Tutt,
the copper colour of the wings being suffused with dark tinting and
also in many instances specimens tended towards the aberration eleus,
Fabr., in which the copper is entirely suffused and the hindwings are
distinctly tailed.

In the same locality towards the end of August both sexes of
Everes argiades were out in abundance, in fact literally swarming,
amongst the copses of Acacia italiana. Above the village of Madonna
Del Pilone, a few specimens of the second brood of Hamearis lucina
were on the wing in good order from August 11th to 18th. The males
and females of Pontia daplidice, Colias hyale, and Colias edusa were
becoming common, and were in excellent condition both in the dry
valley of the River Scrivia at Arquata Scrivia and on the banks of the
River Stura at Turin, from August 26th onwards.

In the Val San Martino across the River Po, leading gradually
uphill, among the Colli Torinesi, away from Turin, I took a male and
female of Leptosia sinapis, both in freshly emerged condition in the
last week of August.

Brenthis dia, which swarms around Turin, was still quite fresh on
the banks of the River Stura on August 28th.

Enodia dryas was in fresh condition much later at the River Stura
than at Stupinigi Wood, the fine large females being quite perfect still
on the wooded banks of the River Stura on August 26th.

I found the elegant butterfly Hipparchia statilinus again in quantity
and in excellent condition in the wooded bottoms of the “ Bluff” at
Arquata Serivia on August 26th this year. A fine form of the butter-
fly Epinephele tithonus was abundant at Stupinigi during August, the
first male that I saw being on July 18th.

The Diptera taken were:—Volucella zonaria, Sassi, July 26th.
Hristalis tenax, Sassi, July 27th. Helophilus pendulus, L., River Stura,
Turin, August 28th. Sphoerophoria dispar, W.V., River Stura, Turin,
October 6th. Milesia crabroniformis, Stupinigi Wood, June 6th.
Tabanus ater, Fabr., Moncalieri, August 8th. Sarcophaga carnaria, L.,
Madonna del Pilone, between Turin and Sassi, August 10th.

The Odonata taken were:—Sympetrum fonscolombti, Selys., Stupinigi,
September 29th. Sympetrum sanguinea, Miull., Stupinigi, October
12th. Sympetrwm scotica, Don., Sassi, July 27th. Aeschna cyanea,
Miull., Val San Martino (between Madonna del Pilone and Turin),
August 380th. Onychogomphus forcipatus, L., Stupinigi, July 18th.

With the advent of September the heat of the sun at Turin became
bearable, though during the first fortnight of the month the sun at
mid-day was very powerful. From the middle of August, right through
September and well into October the pretty little Dragon-fly, Libellula
pedemontana, flies in great abundance along the small streams that fall
into the River Stura near its confluence with the River Po, and I also
found it in much smaller numbers along the River Sangone outside
Stupinigi Wood towards the end of September. This Dragon-fly,
whose length is only 28-80 mm., is easily distinguishable on the wing

930 THW KENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

by an ample dark brown transverse fascia towards the extremity of its
wings. The insect is reddish in both sexes, and its mouth is
yellowish. The wings are limpid, somewhat tinted with yellow at the
base, the fascia across the wings is rather arched in shape, the stigma
is yellowish or reddish, the nervature of the wings is reddish and the
lees are black externally and partly yellowish internally. This pretty
Dragon-fly which inhabits Northern Italy, is generally addicted to
places rather elevated, though sometimes as round Turin, it is found in
the plains. As a rule the insects are found grouped together in
considerable numbers where they occur. Their flight is weak and
they frequently settle on the bushes or reeds along ithe banks of
streams, and are therefore extremely easy to catch.

Towards the end of September I found the Dragon-fly, Libellula
erythraea, in fair numbers at Stupinigi, where it flies along the River
Sangone settling continually on this or that plant, or on the stones of
the dry river bed. This insect, common in Northern Italy, is 42-44
mm. in length, its head is large, the body of the male is a vivid red
and that of the female is yellow-olive. The wings are limpid, with
the base tinted with yellowish-red chiefly at the base of the hindwings,
the stigma is yellow, and the principal nervatures are red. The top of
the head is bright red in front and the legs are partly yellowish or
reddish.

At the same period of the year the wasps Vespa crabro and Polistes
gallica were swarming in great numbers at the sap on tree-trunks on
the main road that runs through the centre of Stupinigi Wood. On
September 20th I chanced across the second brood of the beautiful
Copper butterfly, Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus. I had seen and
taken one perfect male of this species on May 9th, near the banks of
the River Stura, but here outside Stupinigi Wood to the right
approaching from Turin, where the bed of the River Sangone opens
out considerably, among Dock, Bur-dock, and many other aquatic
plants, on the left “bank” of running water and in a cireumseribed
area, I found both sexes in fair numbers, though the males were
beginning to be ragged in some cases and probably September 8th
would have been a better date to have found the species at its best.
By September 30th they were all apparently over and the River
Sangone was in full flood, though until that date it had been fordable
the whole summer.

During the latter part of September the imagines of the moth
Macroglossa stellatarnm were frequent at the blossoms of Saponaria
officinale on the opposite side of the River Sangone to the dispar-
rutilus ground, and in the late afternoon of September 25th one fine
specimen of Deilephila livornica flying with them, fell to my net.
The males and females of the Copper butterfly, Chrysophanus dorilis,
were in good numbers and fresh condition at Stupinig: at the same
period.

Pyraneis cardui apparently does not occur, or in very small
numbers, round Turin. I have not seen one throughout the fine
season. About the middle of September I found the first male
specimen of the Orthopteron Acrida nasuta on the banks of the River
Stura, and from that period it has been in good numbers in both sexes
there. The Orthoptera Oedipoda caerulescens and Spinyonotus caerulans
have swarmed in both sexes at the River Stura and at Stupinigi all

SOCIETIES. 231

‘September. At the Stura on August 28th I netted a fine female of
Papilio podalirius, and on September 13th I noticed several fresh males
of small size of what I took to be a third brvod of Papilio machaon,
flying in the same locality.

_ I now conclude my Notes on Collecting in Northern Italy in 1918
and 1919, the two most interesting years of my life from many points
of view, but before doing so I wish to record the great kindness I
have received from many members of the Entomological Section of
the South Kensington Natural History Museum, as also of the
Entomological Society of London for their invariable kindness in
assisting me to name species of insects which I caught in N. Italy.
Where one and all have been so uniformly kind it would be invidious
to mention names, but I thank them all most eratefully.—Limur.
E. B. Asusy, F.E.8., Hounslow, June 21st, 1920.

AporIA CRATAEGI, Dons 1T SOMETIMES MIGRATE TO Us ?—Some years
ago a friend of mine, who is an entomologist, reported having seen
three or four A. crataegi feeding on flowers of the fieid scabious in
Cornwall near Mullion. I sent the note to one of the journals but it
was not published. Last week I was dining with a friend who is
thoroughly up.in butterflies. Both he and his wife told me they had
watched three black veined whites on the coast at Lewis for quite a
long time last summer. There was no mistake about it, neither was
there any mistake about the first report. Is this insect in the habit of
coming over from France in certain years ?—-(Capt.) EK. B. Purnroy,
F.EH.S., 87, Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W.

SOCIETIES.
LANCASHIRE AND CursHirE H|\nromoLoaicaL Society.

October 18th, 1920.—This being the opening meeting of the session
‘was devoted to an exhibition of the work of the past season.

Mr. 8. P. Doudney shewed :—Papilio machaon, Nonagria typhae
(arundinis ,, Arsilonche albovenosa, Senta maritima, Acontia luctuosa and
Bankia argentula from Wicken. Semiothisa (Macaria) notata, Hupi-
thecia plumbeolata, Lobophora halterata and Hulype (Melanippe) hastata
from Burnt Wood. Argynnis cydippe from Arnside, and from Holker,
Plebius aeyon, Coenonympha tiphon and Carsia paludata.

Mr. W. A. Tyerman brought Lepidoptera from Tan-y-Bwlch, N.
Wales, including :—Brenthis -selene, Adscita (Ino) statices, Perizoma
(Hmmelesia) adaequata and Ptychopoda (Acidalia) subsericeata, and from
Llangollen, a fine dark series of Tephrosia biundularia var. delamerensis,

Mr. R. Tait had spent his holiday at Wicken and exhibited from
that locality nice series of the following :—Leucania pudorina and L.
straminea, Agrotis obscura, Calymnia affinis, Bombycia (Epunda) vimin-
alis, Aplecta advena, Lithosia griseola, Ania (Acidalia) emarginata, also
specimens of Polyploca Cymatophora octogesimaand Arsilonche albovenosa.

The Rev. F. M. B. Carr had a specimen of Hesperia malvae from
Delamere, this being a new record for Lancashire and Cheshire, also a
specimen of Argynnis cydippe, a species which had not been recorded
for Cheshire for many years although common in N..Lancs. Other
interesting species in Mr. Carr’s exhibit were :—Mellinia (Xanthia)
gilvago, Chester; some very dark Kpirrita (Oporabia) dilutata,

932 THE ENTOMOLOGIS£ S RECORD.

Alvanley, and fine varied series of Noctua ylareosa and Himera
pennaria from Delamere Forest.

Mr. S. Gordon Smith shewed long and varied series of the
following :—Dryas paphia from the New Forest, including var. valesina
and aberrations of the male with wedge-shaped marks instead of the
usual black spots: Melanargia galathea from Market Risborough ;
several nice aberrations of Aglais urticae, bred from Prestatyn larve ; -
from Delamere, two fine aberrations of Polyploca (Cymatophora)
flavicornis, a fine varied series of Apocheima (Nyssia) hispidaria,
including quite black forms, and a series of Noctwa neglecta and var.
castanea. By using electric light at Chester Mr. Smith had added
Thamnonoma (Halia) brunneata (2) to the L. and C. list, by the same
method he had also taken a fine black variety of Acronicta alni, he
also shewed a fine aberration of Vosmotriche potatoria, a female having
normal male colouring.

Mr. W. Mansbridge exhibited two examples of Coenonympha
pamphilus trom Crosby sand-hills which were without the usual black
spot on the forewings, also four specimens of Sarrothripus revayana
from N. Lanes.

Mr. H. B. Prince had a box of Agriades thetis {(bellarygus) from
Kent, which included some good underside aberrations.

FRWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society, 1919-20, 104+ xvi. pp., 2 plates and text figure.

The Council is to be congratulated once more upon the yolume,
which it has produced in the face of the many difficulties which still
meet all ventures in printing and illustrating scientific publications.
The paper (a great trouble in these days) and the whole “ get-up”’
are excellent. The book, we notice, is somewhat smaller than the last
by some twenty pages, brought about, doubtless, by the stringency of
conditions, certainly not by lack of matter, for some of the matters
dealt with would have allowed of an amount of expansion. But
tho shortage of pages is quite compensated by the contents, which
prove to be quite up to the standard set by this Society.

The first point which the reader notices is the record of the
wonderful “esprit de corps” exhibited by the members in providing
for the publication of the volume, and also for the restoration of the
Society’s funds to a sound, or more than sound, basis. Many another
body would, we think, welcome with open arms a committee, official
or unofficial, which could convert a balance of 10s. 11d. into one of
£77. Nothing more need be said after this to prove the vitality of
the Society.

In spite of losses, the membership has risen slightly from 157 to
162. Some of these losses strike one as having been quite tragic in
their suddenness.

The gifts of the Microlepidoptera belonging to the late Rev. C. R.
Digby, and the Natural History books of the late Mr. W. J. Ashdown,
as well as the other specimens, are recorded.

The Hon. Librarian is able to report the doubling of the number
of books borrowed during the year; evidence this that there is growing
interest, and more leisure for study.

REVIEWS. 233

The Annual Address of the President, Mr. Stanley Edwards,
touches upon many subjects, some of great interest and importance.
Glancing through, we notice the statements, culled from the Journal
Heonomic Entomology, that the annual damage in the United States
to animal and vegetable products by insect pests is reckoned at 1,400
million dollars, or 10 per cent. of the total. value of the crops, that
the spread of the ‘‘ Gipsy Moth” in the same country, which has been
a matter of conjecture, has been traced to the presence on the young
larvee of certain inflated balloon hairs, enabling the little insects to
travel long distances with the wind, and also that the supply of
Tachinid flies has been found very successful in combatting this
destructive enemy. The Address concludes with instances of the
medical and (locally) gastronomic uses of insects. The first paper,
printed ‘‘in extenso,”’ is.a short one by Mr. EH. J. Bunnett, who set
himself to find out: how some small larve manage to walk upside
down upon the underside of a glass plate, and gives a photograph of
a part of the quickly constructed road by which they travel in that
position. Mr. Bunnett has another paper (with a plate) on the
pupation of some Vanessids. The old, old question, as to how the
pupa gets rid of the larval skin without falling here meets with an
- answer, and the athlete ‘‘ jump,” which we seem to have read of some-
where, is, one hopes, finally killed.

Mr. R. Adkin’s paper upon Scopula (Acidalia) marginepunctata
brings together pretty well all that is known in Britain of the history
and nomenclature of this erratic insect; erratic, that is in the ex-
perience of the writer, who, having once or twice in his lifetime taken
it in abundance, has observed its absence during long intervening
periods.

Mr. B. W. Adkin, dealing with “some insects injurious to
Forestry,” invited a remark upon the instance of gross and ignorant
carelessness on the part of the authorities responsible for the felling
of timber for war purposes, in leaving the debris rotting on the
eround, to harbour the enemies of trees, and keep the races in form
to destroy, or at least to injure, the new growth.

We are bound in common fairness to recall the cry of objection
when these waste branches were burned, as destructive and inexcusable
when the country was suffering from shortage of fuel. The real
trouble probably being that transport was not available.

Then there is a paper on “ British Fern Varieties,” by Mr. F. W.
Thorrington, which opens ones mind to the limitations of insular
situations. There are, it would appear, but 43 recognised species of
Fern, indigenous to Britain, yet the recorded varieties of these 43 quite
outnumber those of any other part of the globe. :

Mr. Frohawk has a paper upon the ‘‘ Migration of Birds,” in which
he observes the probable causes, the sense of direction, and the
enormous speed at which our winged neighbours are able to travel.

The papers conclude with one by Dr. Boulenger upon “ British
Batrachians,’ which would appear to be very inclusive, and of great
interest to those who study these animals.

In the Abstract of Proceedings, there is a very exhaustive account
of the variation of Aglais urtieae. _ Though we had our suspicions,
we had no realisation of the number ‘of named. forms of this species.
Doubtless Mr. Turner’s painstaking note will be of great interest and
service to those who specialise in this insect.

(234

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

The Meetings of the Society have evidently been well supported,

and the exhibits well maintained in number and quality.

The

Exhibition of Other Orders was repeated during the year under review,
and appreciated. Four Field Meetings were held, two of which would
appear to have been favoured by decent weather.

The Annual Exhibition of Varieties is always an event with the
‘* South London,” and appears to have been as successful as ever.
The list of exhibits would appear to be as lengthy as in other years.—

C.R.N.B. November 30th,

1920.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXII.

By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

ee
PAGE PAGE
Aberrations of Sydney Webb collec- 153, 190, 207; in Turkey, 105;
tion, 8; N. Forest S. revayana, Hinton .. 13
22; C. graminis, 21; C. xeram- Collection, The Sydney Webb 8
pelina, 22; EH. angularia, 22/5 Colonies of Z. trifolit oon. Bis!
E. aethiops, 22; P. aegon var. Comparative data on Zygaenae of
masseyt, 22; R. phlaeas, 23, 171; Italy me
M. aurinia, 41: M. cinxia, 41; Comparison of races of Z. frans:
Lepidoptera at the S. London alpina : 32
meeting, 42; A. caja, 57; P. Current Notes 17, 40, 63, 83, 100,
pulchrina, 63; R. betulae, 64; WE aoe 168, 194, 209
Heliconius, sps., 103, 124; H. Definitiveness 170
pennaria, 122; P. atalanta, 122, Description of, races of Z. trans-
214; D. truncata, 122, 172; Ei. alpina, 30; races of Z. oxytropis, —
cardamines, WByls 4; rhadaman: 160; new species of ants, 162,
thus, 158; A. 10- att, 168 ; if 3 eileen of WM.
C. nupta, 168 ; C. argiolus, 168; floricola Sa ZAlife
E. tithonus, 173; P.icarus, 191; Distinction between Ea armoricanus
C. trupezina, 196 ; EH. planta- and H. alveus, 81; H. fritillum
ginis a .. 214 and H. malvae 2s Aso
A. cydippe at Reigate 167 | Double brood of B. parthenias 209
A. iris in February . .. 167 | Duration of flight period in Hes-
Altitude and Emergence 65, 107 periids 49
Annual, Exhibition §. London Soc., Early appearance of, C. argiolus,
42; Meeting S. London Soc., 64 ; 63; Season, 63; spring species 173
species, Emergence of 68 | £. bickhardi, a British insect .. 167
Ants, of France and Belgium, 71; Economic items . 84, 99, 100,
from Mesopotamia and N.W. 102, 194
Persia, 162,177 ; Destructiveness Elasticity, individual, 8; specific.. 8
of, in India .. 203 | Emergence, in relation to Altitude
Assemblage of A. tragopogonis 20 and Latitude, 65, 107; of C.
Association of Ants and Beetles 1 cleopatra, 198; of butterflies in
Bats capturing moths 103 Ttaly in 1920 Be 228
Bibliography, Arquata 17 | Entomological Notes from. Putney,
Bigenerate species of Italy.. 70 1919 a 37
Bird attacks on insects 124, 155, 172 | Entomological Society, London 210
Book, Rare .. c .. 178, 196 | Fluorescence in Lepidoptera 212
Breeding contrivance, A,42; Result, Flying habit in butterflies when
A a3 100, 192, 207 paired 218
Broods in G. ‘cleopatra : 197 | Genitalia, Value of, in classification 123
Classification of Swiss Hesperias .. 47 | Genus Hesperia, The Swiss species
Coccinellid aberrations .. GSS sot 45, 78, 85, 117, 125
Collecting Notes 13, 36, 59, 83, 97, ' Geographical Races of, R. phlaeas 6

Geographical Variation of Z. loti=
transalpina :

Geotrupes and Sparrows

Glacial fauna F

-Graduated emergence sé

Gregarious habit, of P. demoleus..

Gynandromorphs of, E. cardamines,
9; G. rhamni,9; C. edusa, 9;
H, semele, 9; A. coridon, 34, 42;
A. thetis, 34; P. icarus, 34; P.
aegon, 34, 43, List of, 37; C.
argiolus, 42; G. in study of
insect life, 58; P. turnus, 170;
H. marginaria, 173; P. rapae,
215; MW. floricola, 217; Recent,
ants :

Hibernation of, Beetles, ile flies ae

High-mountain characteristics

‘¢ Hill’? Musenm, The

Isolated Colonies of Butterflies

Latitude and emergence ..

‘« Vepidopterist Abroad, The ”’

Life-history of, C. distincta, 3; G.
viridula, 206; G. clecpatra

List of Officers and Council, Lanca-
shire and Cheshire Soe..

Literature of, Phoresy, 185; Gynan-
dromorph of Ants :

Marriage flight of WM. gr aminicola..

Melanic R. phlaeas, 6; O. awtwmn-
ania, 20; DD. mabe. i@ pis 12%
pedaria .

Meteorological Records in Entomo-

logy é

Migration of Catopsilias, 203 ; - 2 of
Ars crataegt

Mimiery, in Charaxes sps. a 124;
Sees ova Fly, 171;
butterflies . = :

Mosquitoes

Mullerian Association of Ants and
Beetles Re

Myrmecophilous Lady ‘Bird, C.
distincta, The .. zt; be

Newspaper entomology ae 3

New species and forms 84, 160,

162, 168, 169, 170, 177, 180,

Nomenclature of Z. lott=transal-
pina, 28; P. fasciana, 35; L.
pygarga (fuscula). . ;

Notes, Entomological, from Putney,
37; on Lepidoptera from Witley,
57, 89, 110; on A. reticulata, 93;
from Palestine, 130; on M. arge

Obituary, William West (of Green-
wich), 175; Dr. Gordon Hewett,
170; John pee 194; A. BE.
Hudd

Occurrence of ‘8. pruné in Surrey.

Ontogenetic races ee

Indian

Locanities :—Arquata, 14, 59;

Amelie-les-Bains,
Belgium, 71; Barton Mills, 153, 199; Bristol,
Calabria, 25; Constantinople, 105 ; Ceylon, 124 ; Dorking, 36 ;

36 ;
157;

Boxe Eillhaeobr
Bangalore, 200 ;
Edin-

INDEX. 235
PAGE | PAGE
Original description of, A. reticu-
28 lata, 94; larva of P. latirostris.. 157
63. | Paired butterflies in flight .. 218
69 | Palatability of Vanessid Larvee 59
65 | Parasitism, Unusual case of 64
202 | ‘‘ Phoresy of a at 181
Phylogenetic races .. 7
Preponderance of one sex .. 191
Prices, of Webb Collection, 8, 33;
Record 5 ‘ 10, 33
Pupation of Zygaena 83
Races of, Z. transalpina, 30, 104 ;
Z. iv ifolii, 38, 190; Swiss Hes-
perids, 50 ; Flatidae, 104; Sum-
mary of, showing seasonal varia-
217 tion in Italy, 150; Z. rhada-
103 manthus, 158; Z. trifoti, 167 ;
69 Ties theophrastus . 204
166 | Ramble in Mansfield Wood 209
5 | Review: ‘‘ Proceed. S. Lond. Ent.
107 Soe., 1918, 23; ditto, 1919 = 232
189 | Revisional Notes ‘(Lep. Vitae Wee: .. 85
Rhopalocera of the Bangalore
227 district 7, .. 200
Scarcity, of spring larvae oo so Slt
44 | School of Tropical Medicine . 174
Scientific Notes and Observations
218 58, 209
13 | Seasonal, Polymorphism in HKuro-
pean Rhopalocera, 3, 140; Notes 213
Societies, S. London Ent. Soce., 21,
123 42, 64, 84, 121, 172, 195, 213;
Lancashire and Cheshire Ent S8.,
172 22, 44, 122, 174; The Entomo-
logical Soziety, 103, 123, 171, 211, 213
231 | Statistics of Z. transalpina in Italy 27
‘Stealing of the Common, from —
the Goose”’ 83
200 | Suppressed second and third broods
175 5 {Or
Synopsis of Z. oxytropis races 162
1 | ‘* Tentamen,’’ Hiibner’s Tks) = 1
Termites, Nearctic .. 194
1 Trigenerate species, Emergence of 66
83 | Two years in pupa, N. typhae 21
Variation in, European butterflies,
187 3, 140; A. grossulariata, 173; A.
urticae, 21; N. sxanthographa,
22; Z. transalpina (loti), 28;
36 British lepidoptera, 8, 33; B.
perla, 44; Genus Hesperia, 45:
A. reticulata (contaminana), 93;
A. coridon, 140; A. thelis, 143 ;
191 J2y brassicae, etc., 169; H.
penis .. 214
Variety = : elon
Verrall ee che . 41
. 216 | Zygaena loti v. Z. transalpina, 76;
40 4. rhadamanthus and races of Z.
7 oxytropis . 158

236

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

PAGE

burgh, 41; France, 71; 174, 214; Freckenham, 153, 199; Florence, 223,
226 ; Gloucester, 14; Gavarnie, 36; Guethery, 36: Glamorgan, 102 ;
emdhend 57; Italy, cya 21 ey, pon bo, 97, LO, 140. 190, 207, 220 ;
Jordan Valley, 138 ; Kury Yalova, 106; Leith Hill, 36; lbareneni ani
Cheshire, 122; fuxor, 131;- Matto Grosso, 103 ; “Mullebbis, 133 ;
Mesopotamia, 162, ibrv6s Mansfeld, 209; New Forest, 42, 43; Pyrenees,

36; Poyntypass, 41 ; Portnoo, 41; Palestine, 130; Persia N.W., 162,

177; Putney, 37;

Ranmore Common, 36,; South America, 20, 43, 187 ;
Sicily, 25 ; Switzerland, 45, 78, 85, 117, 125, 218;

Tuscany, 25; Turkey,

105 ; Tyrone, 155; Turin, 228 ; Vernet-les-Bains, 36; Witley 57, 89, 110, 166

EIST. OK

PAGE
Ashby, Lieut. E. B., F.E.S. 17, 59

97, 192, 207

Andrews, H. W., F.E.S. .. .. 130
~_ Anderson, Jos. 208, 209
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.L.S.,
An Sis bs er 13, 39, 76, 83
- Burroughs, Rev. C. R. N., F.E.S. 24
Buxton, P.A., M.A., ¥.E. S. So a)
Beck, R. ; oe .. 206
Crawley, W. C., 1B Se, F.E.S. 13,
162, 177, 180, 217
Cockayne, Dr. E. A. ae .. 08

Cruikshank, D. B. 100, 190, 207
Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.S., F.H.S.

4: 37, (1. ¥5a, 157, 167, 181, 199
Davis, W. B. Be .. 14
Durrant, J. H., FE. ‘S. ee J4 3)
Daws, Wm. a .. 209
Graves, Major P. pi BE. S, vee 105
eGreer ore. .. 154
Grosvenor, T. HS F.E. S. .. 200
Kaye, W. J BRS = soe ASM
Leman, G. B. ©., Jai igSoueoe sn GB)

CONTRIBUTOBRS..

McDunnough, J., Ph.D.
Miller, Miss EH, -

Nicholson, C. ‘ 83,
Pearson, D. H., F. E. ‘Ss. Ae
Querci, oe es ni
Russell, 8. G. C., FE. S, 8, 33,
Raynor, Rey. G. i, M.A.. a
Sich, A., F.E.S. Ai 2 93;
Speyer, Hy. ae ae
Simes, J. A. F B.S. 192,
| Talbot, ene: E.S. ie
Tullett, A. a F. E.S. 52, 89,
Turner, Ene cp me datsic 63, 93,
| Tesch, cf _ ,
Verity, Roger, M. D. 3, 28, 65,
107, 140,
Warren, B.C. 8., F‘E.8. 45, 78

85, 117, 125,
Winn, A. J... oe ze 5
Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.E.S.
| 143,
Winser, H. E. Bn

LEST OF “LELUSTRATIONS, de.

Pu. ‘ Coccinella distincta .

PL.

Pu. i The Genus Hesperia :
Pu. 1V. Platyrhinus latirostis, larva.
Pu. V. New Ants from Mesopotamia

(Notice to Binder.)

To face PacE.

roy:
: 162:

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* The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation.

VOL. XXXII.

Se 2e@rTAL. (NDE xX

_ By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species.
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new
to Science with two asterisks.

PAGE PAGE
--ACARINA. Cantharis fusca... fe .. 193

. l rufa : ae .. 208
Antennophorus ae a ee Carabus eranulatus. . ap .. 100
casei, Piophila We bc .. 215 Hartera 62
equitans, Laelapsis . . oe 5 lf} ee BO bi, By fs 216
oophilus, Laelaps .. ts -- 183 | Cassida equestris .. a Ape Ao]3)
farinose, Aleurobius a5 -» 175 Cetonia aurata .. 43, 121, 169, 193
Halacaride .. as aD eral AG ab. nigra 43
Hydracarina - pale a epibartcliay We, Wee 1 pen age
Chrysomela distinguenda bs .. 200

_ COLEOPTERA. fastuosa .. ee Bs .. 207
*Abax, ater (striola) 5 .. 63 marginata .. ae ae .. 200
parallelus .. -... ne .. 63 menthastri ae .. 194, 208
Adalia bipunctata .. se .. 207 | Cicindela campestris a -. 193
10-punctata (variabilis) .. .. 168 germanica.. te a =.) 196
Adimonia tanaceti. .. as 15, 200 | Claviger testaceus .. 58 on dls
Agelastica alni ... oe .. 194 | Cleride Ne ae se .. 195
Agathidium marginatum .. .. 200 | Clythra Ws ke ee aii.
Anisotoma cinnamonea .. .. 200 leviuscula .. be 38 .. 208
Anthaxia manea 99 quadripunctata .. Le iL, 2B}
Antherophagus 181, ‘182, 183, 184, 185 | Clytusarietis. . Sis bi .. 195
convexulus ue 181 | Coccinella distincta iL, 3}, BAL
glaber : ae 182 ab. domiduca ... ats eho
nigricornis 181, 182, 184, 185, 186 subsp. labilis Re Me oY 3
ochraceus .. os so ASL, ey hieroglyphica a fs .. 215
pallens -.. 181, 182, 184, 185, 186 septempunctata 1, 2, 3,24, 6h
silaceus .. re 181, 182, 184 undecimpunctata a ais 2.
saturalis .. -.. ms .. 181 subsp. boreolitoralis a Wer den 2:
Anthribide-.. -.. mM .. 157 | Coccinellide .. ao HA 2, 20
Apion pomons 3 3c .. 153 | Coeliodesruber ... 26 .. 154
rubens 3.0 ate fe .. 200 | Ccoenocara boviste ... AG ao LOE:
rufirostre .. 30 .. 154 | Copris.lunaris fe -. 172, 208
Aphodius seybalatius no .. 169 | Cryphalus abietis .. ae .. 153
Atemeles .. as .. 73 | Cryptophagus eis as .. 182
Ateuchus.. we 00 so Ifeit ruficornis. .. oi ot Je lon
Atomaria linearis .. 153 setulosus.. he 50 .. 184
Attelabus nitens (curculionides) 196 | Diphyllus lunatus ... fe .. 157
Balaninus nucum -.. ts .. 174 | Donacia ns -. 196, 215
villosus -:. <+.. he .- 169 | Dorcus parallelopipidus -. 121, 214
Baris picicornis .. ae .. 153 | Dorytomus tortrix .. 56 -. 173
Blaps mucronata .. ae .. 37 | Dryophilus anobioides oi .. 153
similis 50 bye Me -. 100 pusillus .. : "0 .. 153
Brachonyx pineti .. SE .. 153 | Endomychidsa Be Ws .. 195.
Bracon ne 40 .. 157 | Epurea és Ae 56 .. 153
Broscus cephallotes ss os so) USS) Er bickhardi ate oh solo gy
Bruchus loti . «Nata ae .. 154 depressa ... g0 ae we LOH
Buprestide ... ae O0 -. 99 | Eumicrus tarsatus .. ap .. 153
Calodera nigrita .. 30 .. 153 | Fidia viticida ba ee mera

ii.

PAGE
Gallerucella lineola .. 195
Gastroidea 207
viridula 206
Geotrupes é 63
Gonioctena olivates! 154
Habrocerus capillaricornis. . 40°
Harpalus picipennis 153
punctatulus .. 153
serripes so la)
Hammaticherus cerdo -. 194
Hippodamia variegata -- 200
ab. carpini.. .. 200
ab. constellata .. 200
ab. ditylotus 200
*ab. inhonesta .. 200
*ab. neglecta 200
ab, quinquemaculata 200
Homalium concinnum 153
rivulare ae : 153
Homalota cesula .. 36 153
divisa ae 200
ignobilis 153
levana 200
parva 200
sericea é oe 153
Hylotrupes bajulus . 37
Lacon murinus : 194
Lemophleus ater .. 55 154
Lathrobium multipunctum -. 200
Lema brunnea 3 100, 193
erichsoni . v1 396
Leptinus testaceus . 183, 187
Leptura hastata .. 208
Lina populi .. 193
Lomachusa .. 2 73
Longitarsus flavicornis 38
ab. fumigatus -. 38
Lucanus cervus 38, 121
Lytta vesicatoria 121, 209
Medon obscurellus .. 55 08
obsoletus .. ae 63
Wie re acuminata ae -. 174
Meloé.. Be 59, 181, 195
brevicollis . Eph d ac OD),
proscarabeeus 16, 59, 100, 193
variegata .. 50 ae 55 at)
violaceus... es 59
Melolontha hippocastani so .. 168
vulgaris ee 93, LOG
Metaxya od a5 URW
Micrambe villosa sik so Ua
Micraspis 22-punctata a5 -. 200
Microzoum tibiale .. Sk LOS
Monohammus titilata ap Pall
Mycetophagus atomarius .. 50) lsi7/
Nebria brevicollis .. ie <n (DT
Necrophorus 33 ; .- 213
humator .. a aie, eee SLT
Notoxus monoceras. . ei ay oes}
QOlibrus corticalis .. \s -. 200
Onthophagus vacca.. Sc srt is. 2
Orthocerus muticus, . = Seals
Otiorrhynchus ligustici . -. 212
Phalacrus substriatus ae

Philopedon geminatus 5c

SPECIAL INDEX.

Phlceophthorus rhododactylus
Phyllognathus silenus
Pimelia

Pityogenes bidentatus
Pityophthorus pubescens ..
**Plagiarthrina fordhamiana
Platyrhinus latirostris
Pterostichus madidus ae
Polyphylla fullo

Psylliodes chrysocephala . .
Purpuricenus koehleri
Rhagium inquisitor. .
Rhinomacer attelaboides
Rhyzobius litura .. 50
Rosalia alpina 35
Saperda populnea

Scarabeide ..

Scarabeus .. o6 53
Silpha easiat coo 35
Sitaris : ae 26
Staphylinidee even
Strophosomus faber 4

Synaptus filiformis . .
Syncalypta hirsuta...
Tanymecus eee
Telephoride ..

Tetropium gabrielli :
Thorictus _.. 3 Se
Timarcha levicata . Sc ae
Trachyphlceus scaber =:
scabriusculus :
Trichodes alvearius. .
apicarius .. ‘ ee
Tropinota squalida, xe se
Tychius venustus .. - ..
Xantholinus tricolor ot
Zeugophora abnormis =n
scutellaris .. fe
DIPTERA.
seneus, Hristalis
Anastropha .. se
Anopheles 132,
Anthomyiide sc AO
Anthrax Se =

arbustorum, Chrysotoxum ..
arctica, Theobaldia .

ater, Tabanus ne <r
Atylotus 36:0

autumnalis (corvina), Musca

autumnalis, Tachina ce
balteatus, Syrphus .. o:
Bibio, . =
bifurcatus, Anopheles

Bombylius ay: PAC = 5

bovinus, Tachina
bromius, Tabanus
calcitrans, Stomoxys
carnaria, Sarcophaga

Carphotricha
Chrysogaster. . S
Chrysopilus 3
cinerascens, Rhamphomyia

Corethra .. 22

ee

153,
153,

121,

136,
133,
136,

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
crabroniformis, Milesia .. 30 eA)
crocata, Pachyrrhina 194
Culex . oe - 182; 133, 135, 137
dasipogon, Asilus... 208
dispar, Spherophoria 33 2. 229
Dolichopodidex 90 B06 .. 135
domestica, Musca .. so SH} SY
Dysmachus ae 55 LEYS
elegans, Chrysotoxum ae .. lg4
Eristalide .. as st .. 136
Eristalis 20 So .. 131
exoprosopa, Bombylius Hes .. 136
fasciata, Stegomyia. . a oo WT)
flavipes, Bombylius. - sé .. 135
florea, Myiatropa .. 36 .. 208
geniculatus, Ochlerobatus .. .. 175
gigantea, Tipula .. Ss .. 208
Glossina Be a a oe LS
Hippobosca .. 50 25 .. 136
Hyetodesia .. a ae a5) eB)
Hylemyia .. oe ae .. 136
Heematobia .. BD a2 .. 136
inflata, Volucella .. ae .. 208
inversa, Drosophila. . oe w- 164
italicum, Chrysotoxum .. .. 100
Limosina 6a fe ees:
maculatum, Chrysotoxum. : oes (LOS
maculipennis, Anopheles .. .. 175
marci, Bibio.. ae a _. 135
medius, Bombylius .. sis so 1G
Microdon .. 30 Be .. 214
Mochlonyx .. ae .. 122
morsitans, Glossina = Bese avi)
Muscidze A ess a a. 136
Nemocera .. AS .. 135
nemorosus, Ochlerobatus ae qa 22
Ophyra ae ny Bi Be36
palpalis, Glossina .. ae -. Avo
pellucens, Volucella, as 99, 194
pendulus, Helophilus es .. 229
pertinax, Hristalis .. ies =. 136
pharoensis, Anopheles’... .. 140
Philonicus .. ae ¥5 131
plumbeus, Anopheles .. 175, 210
pluvialis, Anthomyia 50 -. 136
Psilopus ae ae .. 135
pyrastri, Catabomba -. 100, 131
riparia, Melanochila ae 55 IBS
rufibarbis, Hutolmus of .. 136
sacra, Limosina As Pe, .. 186
Sarcophaga .. aye ie -. 136
Scatophaga .. be sh w= 36
Sepsis Bee a a .. 136
Sicus .. me ae «2 131
Spherophoria ae ae .. 136
Stratiomyiide Age ae .. 135
Stratiomys... oe =e .. 215
Syrphide ... ahs be -. /136
Syrphus ae Ne .. (131, 215
Tabanide .. “S50, ECO «» 175
Pachinide .. ... of .. 136
tenax, Hristalis 100, 136, 229
tessellata, Hmpis .. tes .. 135
Tetanocera .. a St .. 136
Thereva Sn ar ee iG oe) L3G

Tipulidee

vallata, Beris
Volucella oe
zonaria, Volucella ..

HYMENOPTERA.

abeillei, Monomorium
aceris, Phyllotoma ..

acervorum, Anthophora

znea, Osmia
aericeps, Dolerus
aestrans, Xylocopa ..
Agaonini oe
agrorum, Bombus-
albicans, Cataglyphis

bopsis
alienus, Lasius

193,

97, 98, 184,

' albocinctus, Camponotus,

alpina (rufa race), Formica

amerinz, Clavellaria
Ammophila ..

Calle:

90, 137,
Messor

amphygea (oertzeni race),

Anergates
Antherophorabia
Aphenogaster
arduenne, Myrmica
arenarius, Messor

dole 5
atratulus, Aner gates”

aterrima, Phymatocera

barbarus, Messor
batesi, Cardiocondyla
bergi, Myrmica :
bicolor, Cataglyphis
bicornis, Formica

soe 1G
arenarum (pallidula See: Phei-

72,

177,

owioe oS). 168, 181, 1 182, 183,

bouvieri, Messor
Braconide

**britteni, Cardiocondyla . .

brunneus, Lasius

**buxtoni, Monomorium
cespitum, Tetramorium 165, 183,

Camponotus ..
Camponotins D0
capensis, Pheidole ..
capitata, Formica ..
Chthonolasius
coarctata, Ponera
cordieri, Leptothorax

cordieri (pratensis var.), Formica...

cornuta, Osmia
erabro, Vespa
cursor, Cataglyphis. .
dalequi, Formica
daviesana, Colletes ..
Dendrolasius

dentigera, Monomorium ..
derhamellus, Bombus 182, 184, 187,

destructor, Monomorium

dispar, Anthophora. .

165,

193,

Dolichoderinse (83
Donisthorpea 50 ore
Dorylins 73,

dreget (capensis var iy Pheidole ..

iv. SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
ebenina (barbarus var.), Messor .. 164
emarginatus, Lasius Bi so ae
emeryi, Cardiocondyla 50 -. 180
ephippiatus, Bombus ae .. 186
erraticum. Tapinoma 06 -. 166
europea, Mutilla .. be eee ley
evansi, Monomorium -. 166
**evansi (maculatus subsp. ), Cam-
ponotus .. He ae oo Alri}
exsecta, Formica .. oo Oe)
exsecto-pressilabris, Formica oo, US
fellah (maculatus var.), Campo-
notus oe ue 50 50 Ize)
flava, Formicina .. oe siden (03
flava, Formica 35 50 2. 4
flavus, Acanthomyops Be -. 183
floricola, Monomorium .. 60 PAL?
Formica bis es mi 71, 183
Formicina .. ae 3-6 oo. (es
Formicide .. ae .. 162

**fortior (bergi var.), Myrmica -. 163
frauenfeldi, Acantholepis .. so. LCT

fuliginosus, Formicina .. oo, - (a3
fulvus, Dorylus Bie do .. 163
fusca, Formica 9 se Bice 4s
fusca-rufibarbis, Formica .. 74
gallica, Polistes 98, 194, 230
germanica, Vespa .. ate .. 194
ghiliana, Anochetus as oo NGS
gigas, Sirex .. si, i 21, 209
gilvipes, Loderus .. Me .. 168
glebaria, Formica .. es Baie (Cl
glomeratus, Microgaster .. -. 60
gracillimum, Monomorium 163, 165
graminicola, Myrmecina .. 13, 73
grisea, Anthophora .. 5 .. 194
grouvellii (rufa var.), Formica .. 75
Halictus aie -. 101
harrisellus (hortorum var.), Bom-
bus. an Bie Bo)s)
heydeni, Ammophila re .. 208
Holcomyrmex ays 5:0 .. 166

hortorum, Bombus 62, 97, 184, 193
Ichneumonidee re ee LOT LOS

jegerskioldi, Prenolepsis .. ao Iyy
juvencus, Dorylus .. es -. 135
kutteri, Myrmecina.. O10 50 8)
levinedis, Myrmica 217
lapidarius, Bombus 100, 184, 193, 208
Lasius 74
latipes, Acanthomyops 36 oo ZAUly
latreillellus, Bombus He .. 184
Leptothorax .. oO o¢ 5a
ligniperdus, Camponotus .. 36 Gil
ligustica (mellifica var.), Apis .. 193
ligusticus, Bombus .. .- 100, 193
lineolata, Athalia .. Hf a Aly}
lobicornis, Myrica .. 30 So) 105)
longicornis, Eucera. . ane eels
luetuosa, Melecta .. 193
lutea (albicans var.), Categlyphis.. 177
maculatus, Camponotus .. . 178
mariz = pallidum Ne 179
mauritanica (nuda ee , Cardio-
condyla .. : a .. 165

PAGE
megacephala, Pheidole 134, 178
Megachile .. ae .. 104
mellifica, Apis .37, 61, 193
Messor ; 15
microgyna= bicornis, Formica ena
mixta, Formica =e z tt WE
mixto-umbratus, Formica . .. 74
Monomorium Bs se selie9
montanus, Bombus.. 3 ~2 2182
muscorum, Bombus.. oe .. 184
Mutilla es 90 36 215
Myrmecine .. as Alo 73, 163
Myrmica : 2S9
natalensis (tregaordhi var. ), Preno-
lepis o0 36 Ee eS
niger, Lasius we 50 oo Lue
nigerrimum (erraticum subsp.),
Tapinoma. . 29 .. 166
nigriceps, Leptothorax = so. Ue
nigro-emarginatus (emarginatus
var.), Lasius 2 36 ae LET
nuda, Cardiocondyla seo ditt: Its
oasium (maculatus var.), Campo-
notus oe me as 5 oc bTts)
obscura, Ophion .. as 1 FL00
**obscurior (barbarus var.), Messor 164
oertzeni, Messor .. pe lGSe aloe
Ophioninge .. uu nd -. 103
orientalis, Vespa .. 131, 135, 140

orientalis (pallidula var.), Pheidole 165
pallidula, Pheidole .. ; 165
pallidum, Monomorium .. 178, 179
pallidus (destructor var.), Mono-

morium .. 6 29 -. 179
Paraholeomyrmex .. 26 sq Ue)
pascuorum (agrorum var.), Bombus

97, 98, 193
picea, Formica HA aN iis GA
pictus, Odynerus .. at Sin JI)55
piniphila, Formica .. 55 Sere:
**platyceras, Messor 163, 164, 179
polyctena, Formica. . 3c ania
Polyrhachis .. fs as sor dt yi’
pomorum, Bombus . ao ulite3
Pompilids = Psammocharide .. 102
Ponera 56 vc ate Siren (io)
Ponerins as ee a 73, 163
pratensis, Formica .. fe saailo
pratorum, Bombus . sé .. 182
Prenolepis .. 30 .. 165
pressilabris, Formica. 36 yee
Proctotrupidee 186
**protuberata (bicolor var. a, Cato-

glyphis.. 5) lee
Psammocharidse (Pompilide) .. 102
punctulatus War var.),

Pheidole .. = elds
pygmea, Plagiolepis | So ts, abreey
pyreneus (nigriceps var. i Lepto-

thorax 30 : ato
quadridentata, Coelioxys ae emo!
quadrifasciata, Cercasia .. se RRo8
ribesii, Pteronus .. be .. 170
rolandi, Myrmecina. . ae SEO

rougeti (cordieri var.), Leptothorax 75

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE |
**yubella (platyceras var.), Messor 164
rubescens (fusca var.), Formica 74
rufa, Formica 1, 2, 3, 40, 74, 75, 183
rufibarbis, Formica. . 74, 178, 217
rufo-pratensis (rufa var.), Formica 74
rugino-levinodis (levinodis var.),
Myrmica .. ae O° yey 2
rugulosa, Myrmica .. 4 Biz
rugulosoides, Myrmica 66 18
rupestris, Psithyrus.. 99
sabuleti, Myrmica 15
salomonis, Monomorium oo. G5
scabrinodis, Myrmica WH, Bile
sanguinea, Formica 73, 184
schencki, Formica .. of oo US
schmidti (scutellaris var.), Crema-
togaster .. a 165
scutellaris, Crematogaster es .. 165
semirufus (barbarus var.), Messor 164
serva, Selandria on Le
sexfasciatus, Halictus 194
simillimum, Tetramorium.. =a PIG
simplex, Polyrhachis 163, 178
singaporensis, Phyracaces .. sa Mle
solidaginis, Nomada 61
sordidus, Messor 75
specioides, Myrmica 75
spinifex, Sceliphron no. lat)
structor, Messor - 75, 164
sulcinodis, Myrmica 75, 217
succincta, Nomada .. 99, 100, 193
sylvarum, Bombus 182, 184, 185, 193
Tenthredinidse é ae so A
terrestris, Bombus .. 97, 184, 193
Tetramorium Ss 73, 184
thoracica, Andrena. 56 1B}
thoracicus (maculatus subsp. Ne Cam-
ponotus .. . oc 178
tibialis, Cataglyphis 74
treegaordhi, Prenolepis so Lae
tuberum (nigriceps var.), Lepto-
thorax ia Me oa He)
turcomanica (bicolor var.), Cata-
glyphis 50 ba UCT
umbrata, Formica . Arm lalel
undulatus, Ophion .. on LOB
vagans, Bombus so Wil
viaticoides (albicans subsp. Ih Cata-
glyphis Oe so LAT
violacea, Xylocopa .. Mao 60, 193
vulgaris, Vespa so BY, UBB), UB, get
wesmali, Lygseonematus 40, Tod
xerxes (thoracicus var.), Campon-
otus o9 a co rts}
Xylocopa 16
LEPIDOPTERA.
abbreviata, Hupithecia 44, 114 |
abietaria, Boarmia .. wis a5 UNG
abruptaria, Hemerophila . peeled
absinthiata, Eupithecia 52, 114
acaciz, Nordmannia 68, 227
Acalla a0 : 50 OB
aceris, Apatela (Acronicta) 208

v.
PAGE
aceris, Limenitis : 62, 67
achilles, Zygena .43, 77, 226
achine, Pararge 208
Acidaliine 111
acis = semiargus
Acronicta 211
Acronyctine .. at =9 tg)
acteon, Thymelicus. . ..65, 68, 224
adeequata., Perizoma wis oo. ill
addenda (jurtina ab.), Epinephele 155
adflata (transalpina ab.), Zygena 26
adippe =cydippe te be
adonis=thetis ae
adrasta (mera race), Pararge 211
adustata, Ligdia ‘ Bis oo ililé!
adusta (revayana ao.), Sarrothripus 22
advena, Aplecta 3 wi). Vasil
advenaria, Hpione .. a: .. 115
ggeria, Pararge 9, 53, 66, 67, 7U,
98, 107, 108, 192, 208, 226
zgon (argus), Plebeius 22, 34, 37,
41, 42, 43, 54, 64, 67, 70, 105,
106, 107, 122, 143, 193, 213, 214,
224, 231
szeode, Heliconius w2 aq Me
sscularia, Alsophila, Anisopteryx 115
zstiva (medon var.), Aricia 146,
147, 149, 150, 151, 152
zstivus (phleas race), Rumicia 6, 7
ethiops, Hrebia ae bic 22, 222
affinitata, Perizoma oo ila}
affinis, Calymnia so MB
afzelianus viewer ene ab. ), " Sarro-
thripus 22
agamemnon, Papilio. -. 203
agestis (astrarche)=medon 146,
147, 148, 150, 151
aglaia, Argynnis 10, 22, 69, 208,
213, 221, 228
Aglais ov o0 6 on. all
Agriades 8, 140, 142, 144, 145, 220
alba (phleas ab.), Rumicia 33, 43
albicans (coridon ab.), Agriades .. 215
albicans (medon ab.), Aricia 148
albicillata, Mesoleuca, Melanthia
44, 113
albipunctata, Kupithecia .. 114
albovenosa, Arsilonche : 231
**albovittata (hedemaniaue ab.),
ZAygeena 6 so Ufa!
albulata, Perizoma . aeaelyliss
alces, Erynnis, Garchenadae 66,
70, 99, 105, 106
alcetas, Everes . 67, 106, 219, 225
alchemillata, Perizoma By

alciphron, Loweia

8, 68, 70, 22

alcon, Lycsena 5, 40, 68, 219
aleyone=hermione .. be so fos!
alexandrew, Troides .. 212
alexanor, Papilio 214
alexis=icarus 208
algira, Grammodes .. -- 208
allous (medon race), Aricia 147, 150
almana, Junonia .. ae OG
alni, Acronicta 89, 100, 192, 207, 232

vi. SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
alniaria (tiliaria), Hnnomos 16, 17, 115
**alpicola=alpina = (transalpina

race), Zygena 29, 30, 32, 77
alpina (alpicola) (transalpina race),

Zygena 29, 30, 32, 76, 77
alpina (filipendule race), Zygena
alpina (medon race), Aricia 147, 150
altheze, Erynnis, Carcharodus 66,

70, 71, 133, 223
altitudinaria, Zygena 28, 30,31, 32
**altivolans (escheri race), Polyom-

matus : ae 50 .. 144
alveus, Hesperia 4, 5, 46, 47, 48,

49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 79, 80, 81, 86,

117, 121, 130
amandus, Polyommatus so (ote!
amandus (melpomene var.), Heli-

conius .. 104
amata, Colotis 204
amata (ria), Timandra 111
amathusia, Heliconius .. 124
ambigua, Caradrina SA, wil
Amelia a 2. 9d
ameriana, Tortrix bis =3 5 95
amphidamas, Loweia co S, OY, NAD
amyntas, Everes an Bie nn Od
andromedz Hesperia 47, 50, 79,

117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 126, 129, 130
angelice, Zygrena UE
angularia, Hnnomos
annulata, Ephyra : So Jlilal
annulata (transalpina var. ), Zy-

geena oe Fe 20
anomala, Stilbia 156
anteros, ’Aricia 105
Anthelide 40
anthyllidis, Zygena : 158
antice-conjuncta (transalpina ab. A

Zygena 26
antiopa, Huyanessa.. 9, 68, 192, 214 |
antiqua, Orgyia au 50, OS
Apaturide ae ae to OB)
apennina (coridon race), Agriades

142, 215
apenninicola (zgon race), Plebeius 224
aphirape, Brenthis .. é .. 168
Aphneeus ad 36 .. 124
apicella (Braun) = apicialbella

(Braun), Coleophora so NO
apicialbella - (apicella, Braun),

Coleophora 5 so JL
apollina, Doritis Bis 56 NAH)
apollo, Parnassius .. 69, 214, 220
Aporia 220

appenina (mera Jt gen. ), Pararge.. 2

aprilina, Agriopis on

aquilana, Tortrix .. 94 |
aragonensis, Agriades 67, 141, 142, 224

arcania, Cenonympha 67, 69, 70,

170, 198, 208, 225 |
arcas, Lyceena a 56 By (te, Pall)
Arctiide ats ae 57
arcua (thetis ab, ), Agriades 2
arcuosa, Petilampa’. . aS Beh JUG
areola, Xylocampa .. akc 92, 173

26

arge, Melanargia .. Le 68,
argentula, Bankia .. ae 22,
argiades, Hveres . 67, 100, 192,
argiolus, Celastrina 22, 33, 34, 37, 42,
54, 63, 66, 67, 71, 98, 106, 143,
171, 192, 208, 212,

argus, Rusticus (Linn. )

argus=segon.. 54, 67, 70, 143,
Argynnide .. 8,
Argyresthia .. ae Ha
Aricia. oe 8,
arion, Lycena 65, 68, 70,

aristolochia, Papilio
armoricanus, Hesperia 46, “AT, 48,
49, 50, 67,79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 35,
86, 105, 106, 125, 126, 127,
artaxerxes (medon race), Aricia
145, 150,
arundinis=typhe . oe
assimillata, Kupithecia
associata, Lygris
asteris, Cucullia vad Se
astragali, Zygena .. be 29,
astrarche (agestis) =medon 146,
astydamia, Heliconius e
atalanta, Pyrameis 10, 38, 41, 53,
68, 106, 108, 122, 173,
athalia, Meliten 33, 44, 105,
144, 193, 208, 221,
athamas, Eulepis
atlas, Attacus : ae ie
atomaria, Ematurga 23, 97, 116,
155, 193,
atrata, Nacaduba ad ib
atrata, Odezia
atricollis, Nepticula. .
augur, Noctua ‘ i
aurago, Ochria (Tiliacea) ..
aurantiaria, Hibernia ee
aurinia, Melitea 5, 33, 41. 68, 84,
155, 195,
ausonia, Anthocharis ae
australiformis (althez race), Erynnis

australior (lavathere race), Hrynnis 22

australis (cinxia race), Meliteea
australis (glaucippe race), Hebomoia +‘
australis (pamphilus race), Cceno-
nympha ..
autumnaria (ata), Oporabia 21, 52,
autumnalis (transalpina var.),
Zygena . :
aversata, Ptychopoda, Acidalia
badiata, Anticlea af
baleanicus, Tarucus
barbalis, Peehipogon :
**barcina (rhadamanthus
Zygena ‘
bari, Heliconius : a Fir
barrettii (luteago race), Dianthcecia
basilinea, Apamea
batesii, Phyciodes
batis, Thyatira

race),

baton, Seolrnnnidest 67, 105, 106,
1WES.
belemia, Anthocharis fi 67,

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
belisaria (io ab.), Vanessa . . 10
bella, Utetkeisa i ke neelives
bellargus=thetis 23, 34, 37, 208,
. . 228, 232
bellidice (daplidice race), Pontia .. 225
bellieri, Hesperia 4,46, 47
benevittatus (machaon ab. ), ‘Papilio 169
bergi, Protoparce -.. .. 43
betule, Ruralis 52, 54, 62, 64, 68
betuls, Salebria oe .. 196
betularia, Pachys 44, 115
bianor, Papilio ¢ bo. 24
bicolorana, Hylophila 57, 212
bicoloria, Miana oo OY)
bicolorata, Mesoleuca 9 113
bidentata, Gonodontis, Odontopera
17, 44, 115, 173
bifida, Cerura s 55
bilineata, Camptogramma .. 113, 169
bilineata (malvee ab.), Hesperia 127
bilunaria, Selenia hae 1235
bimaculata, Bapta .. .. 114
binaria, Drepana .. 56
bisetata, Ptychopoda, Acidalia 111
bistortata, Tephrosia 116, 173
biundularia, Tephrosia 22, 43, 231
bivittata (sinapis race), Leptosia .. 225
blandina=ethiops .. . og 2}
Boarmiine 114
bochus, Lampides .. 55 AOE
boeticus, Hrynnis .. 5, 66
boeticus, Lampides 17, 62, 68, 105, 205
boisduvalii (transalpina race),
Zygena ‘ 28, 78
bolina, Hypolimnas .. 206
boreata, Cheimatobia 112
brassice, Barathra .. ae 90
brassicee, Pieris, Mancipium 9, 15,
16, 43, 52, 66, 71, 90, 98, 106,

108, 109, 133, 169, 192, 225, 226
Brenthis 221
briseis, Satyrus 68, 105
brumata, Cheimatobia 59, 112
brunnea, Noctua ae Saeatise)
brunneata, Thamnonoma .. 65 ey
bryonize (napi race), Pieris.. me 220
Bucculatrix .. é 168
bucephala, Phalera.. 55
cacalie, Hesperia 47, 68, “79, 17,

119, 120, 125, 130
creca (serratule ab.), Hesperia 87
csruleocephala, Diloba po SiO)
ceruleopunctata (phleas ab.), Ru-
micia ae se che 56
caja, Arctia .. 42, 57, 84, 102, 123
calabrica (transalpina race), Zygena
98, 31, 21, 32, 77, 158
calabrica-hexamaculata (trans-
alpina ab.), Zygena oom ee)
c-album, Polygonia 10, 15, 37, 62,

67, 70, 97, 98, 106, 191, 192, 208
calida (yale race), Colias .. e225
calida (medon race), Avicia 146,

147, 148, 149, 150, 152
Se One 2

callidice, Pontia

vii.
PAGE
callidogenita (argiolus J. gen.),
Celastrina .. .. 224
callunse (queretis race), Lasiocampa 56
calydonius (thetis ab.), Agriades
141, 142
cambysea, Zygeena .. .. 158
camelina, Lophopteryx 22, 55
camilla (rivularis), Limenitis 10,

66, 70, 71, 106, 193, 208, 226, 228
candida (pulchella ao.), Utetheisa 173
candidata, Asthena .. 5 113
canidia, Pieris ae Be 203, 216
cardamines, Huchloé 9, 37, 42, 53,

68, 69, 108, 109, 154, 173, 192, 225
cardui, Pyrameis 10, 15, 53, 59,
67, 68, 70, 106, 108, 131, 139,

140, 201, 206, 230

cavinenta, Libythea.. i 43
carline, Hesperia 47, 50, 68, 80,

- 82, 83, 117, 126, 127, 130

carniolica, Zygena . 43, 208, 226
carpinata, Tricopteryx, Lobophora

112, 154, 173, 215

carpini=pavonia 196

carpophaga, Dianthecia .. 90
carthami, Hesperia 3, 5, 46, 47,

50, 67, 69, 70, 87, 88, 125, 193
cashmirensis, Zygena .. 215
castanea (neglecta var.), Noctua 89, 232
castigata, Hupithecia .. 114
Catopsilia ; 208, 204
catoleuca (brassicz race), Pieris .. 225
caucasica (coridon race), Agriades 141
caudata = initia oe race), Ru-

micia : ve We TEL
celeno, Lampides .. 204
celtis, Libythea é (G2, 67, 68
centaurez, Hesperia eo 47, 130
centralis (provincialis) (transalpina
race), Zygena 29, 32
centralitalica (alveus race), Hesperia 4
certata, Hucosmia Oc 112
cerusellus, Elachista ~. 214
cethosia (xanthocles subsp.), Heli-
conius a bc 6 oo Alissy/
ceto, Hrebia . .. 68
chariclea (brassicee T. gen. iN Pieris 225
charlotta (aglaia ab.), Argynnis 10
chi, Polia fe 50 PALE
chinensis (phleas race), Rumicia.. 7
Chloephoridee ; een nal,
chloridice, Pontia 5 66, 106
*chlorographa (euphrosyne ab.),
Brenthis oo Liz(a)
**chlorographa (selene ab.), Bren-
this. re 170
chromus, Prepona .. 43
chrysippus, Danaida 43, 131, 133,
138, 205, 206
chrysitis, Plusia ae Np mai
Chrysophanid ors ES
Chrysophanus Sn re 8, 219
chrysotheme, Colias Ne 3. 166
ciliana (reticulata var.), Acalla 94,
95,

Vili.

PAGE

cimon (semiargus race), Cyaniris..
cinxia, Melitea 33, 41, 44, 67, 68,
70, 84, 106, 108, 110, 174, 193,
circe, Satyrus 68, 106,
circellaris, Amathes ste
cirsii (fritillum race), Hesperia 80,
citrata (Immanata), Dysstroma 44,
112,
clara (lineola ab.), Augiades
clarens (tages race), Nisoniades

clathrata, Chiasmia, Phasiane,
Strenia, Lozogramma 24, 116,
155;

cleopatra, Gonepteryx 62, 66, 70,

108, 197, 198,
cloacella, Tinea i
elytie (ilia ab.), Apatura
cnejus, Catochrysops
enicella, Depressaria do
c-nigrum, Noctua :
Ccenonympha
ccerulea, Cocytodes ..
cognata, Procris .. Sc
Coleophora
comes, Tripheena
comma, Leucania
comma, Urbicola
complana, Lithosia.. atc oe
confinens (graslini ab.), Zygena ..

199, 225, 227,

204,

43,

34,

confluens (oxytropis ab.), Zygena |

conigera, Leucania ..

consonaria, Boarmia

consortaria, Boarmia te ae

conspicua (oxytropis ab.), Zygena

contaminana=reticulata 93, 94,
95,

convolvuli, Agrius, Sphinx ‘
conyze (onopordi var.), Hesperia
125,
cordula, Satyrus Ae
core, Hupleea
coreta, Huploea ¢
coridon, Agriades 19, “22, 23, 2B. 34,
37, 42, 43, 68, 70, 117, 122, 140,
141, 142, 143, 169, 215,
corinna, Ccnonympha . 66,
coronata, Eupithecia, Chloroclystis
**correpta (hylas ab.), Polyommatus
corticea, Agrotis ae o0
corydonius (coridon ab.), Agriades
corylana, Tortrix oe
corylata, Cidaria
coryli, Demas
Cossidee 3.0
cossus = ligniperda : ace
craboniformis, Trochilium . 22),
cramer (belia), Anthocharis 68,
**crassifasciana, Cnephasia
crategana, Tortrix .. 56 3.0
crategi, Aporia 9, 68, 108, 109,
193, 208, 220, 225, 227,

crategi, Trichiura . a 56,
crepuscularia, Tephrosia 43, 116,
WS}

224

226
222

; diluta, Asphalia

SPECIAL INDEX.

cribrellum, Hesperia ate -
crinanensis, Hydrecia .. we
cristana, Peronea Ae E
croatica, Leptosia, Leptidia .

crocale, Catopsilia . 203,

croceus=edusa 66, 70, 108, 225,

ereesus, Troides .. oe

cubicularis, Caradrina sa
cucubali, Dianthecia als ee
cucullatella, Nola a 52,
Cupido ae

curtula, Pygera

cuspis, Acronicta

Cyaniris Sc oe 26

cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 10, 21,
22, 43, 53, 68, 105, 167, 208, 221,

cyllarus, Glaucopsyche 68, 69,
335 lS)

cynare, Hesperia .. a oS
cynthia, Melitea is dé
cythera (vulcanus subsp.), Heli-
conius 5 BS Ee
cytisi (filipendule ab. i Zygena 76,
damon, Hirsutina .. oe 69,
dana, Nacaduba uf
daphne, Brenthis 68,

daplidice, Pontia 9, 15‘ 16, 17, 66,
70, 106, 108, 225,
dardanus, Papilio Re af
darsius, Troides_ .. De
dealbata =lineata ay ae
decoraria (subroseata) en deie
ab.), Cosymbia

defoliaria, Hybernia “Ad, 115,

deione, Melita

delamerensis (biundularia ab.),
Tephrosia .. Sr

delius, Parnassius .. ae Ae
demnosia (polyxena race), Thais ..
demoleus, Papilio .
dentina, Mamestra .
Depressaria .. : Se
depuncta (transalpina ab. Is Zygena
derasa, Habrosyne . 59,
designata, Ochyria . z 43,
detersa (thetis ab.), Agriades ee
dia, Brenthis 66, 70, 100, 106, 192,
208, 226, 227,
Dictyopteryx
didyma, Melitra 67, ‘106, 108, 125,
208, 221,
didymata, Melenydris se
diffinis, Calymnia

dilutata, EKpirrita (Oporabia) 17,

mp2 2098
dimidiata, Ptychopoda me
dipsacea, Heliothis .. SE cs
dispar, Chrysophanus 8, 10, 33;
43, 67, 193,
dispar, Lymantria .. §2, 56,
**disparata, Mydropastea .
dolabraria, KEurymene as
dolus, Hirsutina ae A 5,
dominula, Callimorpha ..22, 31,

SPECIAL

PAGE

donzelii, Aricia : 43 ee A)
dorilis, Loweia 8, 66, 70, 71, 105,

106, 193, 208, 224, 230

doris, Heliconius .. 124
dorus, Ceenonympha ae 5, 68
doryenii, “Zygena .. oe sn 20
dorylas =hylas 3 Be .. 34
Drepanide .. ae -. 56
dromedarius, Notodonta Be 22, 55
drusilla, Glutophrissa of .. 188
Dryas a = -. 220

dryas, Enodia 68, 208, 221, 228, 229
dubia (stcechadis ab.), Zygena 21, 29

dubitata, Triphosa .. sc an. LIP
duplaris, Palimpsestis ae .. 455
duponcheli, Leptosia ae so OL
dystrepta (sarpedon ab.), Zygena . 159
Hacles o¢ oo lL

edusa (croceus), Colias 9, 14, 15,
16, 17, 37, 41, 43, 53, 66, 70, 98,
108, 108, 133, 139, 140, 225, 226, 229

edwardsi, Attacus ais 49, 215
egea, Polygonia a6 oe so Gi
electa, Catocala AG ae eee altey
eleus (phlzas race), Rumicia 5, 6,
ts LG 229
elevyatus, Heliconius -. 103, 104
elinguaria, Crocallis es 22, 115
elutata=fureata .. a0 ao IMs
emarginata, Ania .. 26 dul, Zell
Ematurga .. ue re .. 24
emendata (transalpina race),
Zygena o6 .28, 30, 32
emiflorens (lathonia race), Issoria 226
Enodia ae Bs eee alt
eos (athalia ab.), Meliteea .. a3
eos (ilia ab.), Apatura ge .. 208
ephialtes, Zygena .. -. 104, 213
epijasius, Charaxes .. as .. 124
Epinephele .. ee a oe Zul
epiphron, Erebia ~.. cfs G9
Erastria Ss a6 a 35, 36
erate, Colias.. Ae rie ih 66
erato, Heliconius .. ae co Ls
Erebia or 516 aie -. 222
ergane, Pieris ae # 66, 70
ericetaria, Selidosema se loo
eris (niobe race), Argynnis 36 ZPAl
eros (tithonus), eee 5, 69
Erycinide .. : b0 .. O4
Erynnis 8b 218

erythrza (erato race), Heliconius.. 104
erythrus, Zygena .. 21, 43, 159, 226
escheri, Agriades 68, 70, 144, 224, 227

esperi = cydippe 06 ; 68
etheocles, Charaxes.. 2¢ .. 124
ethlius, Calthodes .. 2% pani:

etrusca (thetis race), Agriades 142,
143, 224

etrusca (tithonus race), Beenie,
Epinephele Io Be .. 225
Eubolia ec 4c be 55 1B)
eucharis, Delias A Ba so AB
eucharis, Colotis .. a, .. 204

euchrate, Mechanitis ad Ae Aig}

INDEX.
Eueides
eueidina, Eueides oe 5
eumedon, Aricia .. 5, 8, 68,
euphemus, Lycena.. Ea 40,
euphenoides, Antkocharis. . 5D,

euphrosyne, Brenthis 10, 42, 43,
53, 67, 68, 69, 70, 170, 189, 193,
196,
Kupithecia ae aS
europeus (cleopatra race), Gonep-
teryx 56 0 O° 20
eurybia (hippothoé race), Chryso-
phanus Fe ae 20
euryale, Hrebia me = 68,
eurytus, Pseudacreea Fie
evagore, Teracolus ..
Everes
exanthemaria, Cabera ars
exclamationis, Agrotis (Badhamia)
89,
**exocellata ay ab.), Coeno-
nympha 66 :
exoleta, Calocampa. . se 16,
expallidata, Eupithecia
extensa (alveusab.), Hesperia 51, 52,
extensa (armoricanus ab.), Hesperia
extensa (carlinze ab.), Hesperia 82,
extensa (fritillum ab.), Hesperia ..
extensa (malvoides ab.), Hesperia. .
extensa (ryffelensis ab.), Hesperia

extensa (serratule ab.)}, Hesperia 87,

exulans, Zygena

fabius, Charaxes

fagi, Stauropus we oe

**faivrei (parthenie ab. ), Melitza..

falcataria, Drepana.. ins

farpa (manni I. gen.), Pieris

farinosa, Gonepteryx

fasciuncuJa, Miana ..

fasciana, EHrastria He Be

fasciana, Tortrix .. we 35,

fasciata (revayana var.), Sarro-
thripus 4 a6

fatuzeformis (statilinus race), Hip-
parchia ae

fausta, Teracolus

faustinata, Nemoria

ferchaultella, Luffia

festucz, Plusia . a Ae

feisthamelii (podalirius race),
Papilio :

ferrugata, Ochyria, Coremia :

ferruginea (circellaris var.), Ama-
thes 3c

festiva=primule .. Se

filipendule, Zygena 13, 21, 29, 30,
Bile tats ah 23), 1G) in 116, 167,

168, 190, 191, 208, 211, 215, 2

fimbria, Triphena .. th 43, 90
fiorii (purpuralis race), Zygena 59
firmata, Thera 112
fischeri, Kveres 67
fissipuncta, Dyschorista so We
flava (thaumas), Augiades 54, 68,

7C, 208, 224

Ke SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
flava (cardamines ab.), Euchloé .. 154
flava (transalpina ab.), Zygena 28
flavago=lutea ‘ os 92
flavicincta, Polia oe Nip) Oe
flavicornis, Polyploca 55, 190, 232
flavofasciata, Perizoma : so Je
**flavosia (xanthocles subsp.),
Heliconius. . 50 UE
fletcheri, Stigmella, Nepticula 97
flexula, Laspeyria =e) S83
florella, Catopsilia .. 124, 203

florentina (aragonensis race), Agri-

ades 4 142, 224
florentina (carniolica race), Zy-
gena 226
florentina (galathea “ race), “Melan-
argia 226
florida (hecate race), Brenthis 226
fluctuata, Xanthorhoé 113
fluviata, Percnoptilota 114
fontis, Bomolocha 93
forskaleana, Tortrix BS SOOO
foulquieri, Hesperia 4, 5, 46, 48,
67, 68
**foulquieriformis (alveus ab.),
Hesperia ae ete heh pig Vice
foulquieriformis (alveus race),
Hesperia Pepee.) 5A
fowleri (coridon ab. Ny Agriades 34
fritillam, Hesperia 46, 47, 68, 80,
81, 83, 85, 127, 129, 130
fuciformis, Hemaris : . O95
fuliginaria. Parascotia Seni a2
fuliginosa, Phragmatocera. . 57, 61
fulvago, Xanthia so. Oe
fulvapicata (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas emygiees
fulvata, Cidaria 112
fulvia — loti ; Hh
fulvotincta (onopordirace), Hesperia 223
fumata (ridleyanus ab.), Papilio.. 103
furcata (elutata ab.), Hydriomena
173, 196, 214
fuscata (phleas ab.), Rumicia 6, 8
fuscata-caudata (phleas ab.),
Rumicia Ag “ts 6, Tl
fuscula=fasciana 35, 36
fusculina (revayana ab.), Sarro-
thripus seh) Be,
gaika, Zizera 124, 204
galathea, Melanargia 9, 62, 68,
LOST 20S 2S 22252265 22 Zor
gallica (medon race), Aricia 146,
147, 149, 150, 153
gamma, Plusia 14, 93, 134, 196
garuda, Kuthalia 202
gemmaria, Boarmia 116
gemina, Apamea oo GY)
geminipuncta, Nonagria 22, 122
geniste, Mamestra . en 6) SX)
Geometree (-ide) 52, 120, 156
gilvago, Mellinia ie so SB
gilvaria, Aspilates 212
glacialis, Erebia : OS
glarearia, Phasiane.. Ws}, Bul

PAGE
glareosa, Noctua .. a sm. Zoe
glaucata, Cilix a 5T
glaucippe, Hebomoia 204
Glaucopsyche F aoe BUG |
eglycirrhize (trifolii ‘ab.), "Zyeena

116, 191
elyphica, Euclidia .. 93, 193
goante, Hrebia 68
golgus (hylas race), Polyommatus 144
Gonepterine. . ai as 93
Gonepteryx .. 2: 197, 199
gorge, Erebia 2 D,, 693, 222
gossypiella, Pectinophora .. - UO
gothica, Teniocampa wee GN
gracilis, Tzeniocampa 92, 154
gracilis (sao var.), Powellia 224
graminis, Chareas .. P Seal
grandis, Hacles me: Ree lave als
graslini, Zygena .. 158, 159
grisea (rhadamanthus ab.), Zygena 161
grisealis, Zanclognatha 93
grisearia (strigillaria ab.), Perconia 116
eriseovariegata pe ee) Panolis 91
griseola, Lithosia .. ANOBII
erossulariata, Abraxas 19, 43, 169, 196
haliphron, Troides .. 212
halterata, Lobophora 112, Dear
| hastata, Eulype .. iar Qe
havercampfi (euphrosyne ab.),
Brenthis : ae Gs
haworthiata, ‘Eupithecia 114
hecabe, mene oe .. 204
hecate, Brenthis 68, 226, 227
hecta, Hepialus c pom LZ,
hector, Papilio 201, 202
helena, Troides ec ae eee al
helice (edusa var.), Colias 9, 14,15, 41
Heliconidse(ius) 103, 104, 166, 167, 187
Heodes : 8
hepatica, Xylophasia 91
Hepialide 117
hermione, Satyrus .. 68
Hesperia (-idee) 43, 45, 46, 47, 50,
54, 78, 82, 85, 88, 117, 118, 125,
129, 166, 205, 218
hibernata (thersites J. gen.), Agri-
ades Ae fe fe .. 224
Hibernia ale ec 84
hiera, Pararge 221
hierta, Junonia 206
hippia, Pareronia 204
hippocastanaria, Pachyenema 116
hippoecrepidis, Zygeena oe ln VAs
hippothoé, Chrysophanus 8, 62, 68, 219
Hirsutina 220
**hispana (transalpina race), Zys-
pena 30. 31
hispidaria, Apocheima 115, 172, 232
| hobleyi (eurytus race), Pseudacreea, 195
| honrathi, Tenaris “ Broad Lys
humuli, Hepialus ae edly Baits
hyale, Colias 9,14, 17, 57, 66, 174,
208, 225, 227, 229
hydara (erato race), Heliconius 104
Hydriomeninse 111

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
hyemana, Cheimatophila .. . 209
hylas, Polyommatus 34, 65, 67, 68,
70, 144, 220
hyperantus, Aphantopus 9, 42, 43,
54, 123, 208
Hypeninee se oo 8}
hypermnestra = polyxena ale oo | Gs}
hypophleas (phleas race), Ru-
micia oc Gy
**hypotricha, Scythris .. 169
hypsiphyle=polyxena ce 62
iberica (flava race), Adopea 224
ibipennella, Coleophora 214

icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyommatus
122,

icarus, Polyommatus 8, 21, 34, 37,
43, 54, 67, 68, 70, 105, 106, 108,
122, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151,

152, 191, 193, 205, 208, 220, 224, 226
ida, Epinephele 62, 68, 108, 225
idas, Lycerena ~. oO, 6%, 70
idas=ramburi 66 149, 152, 159
ignorata (meleager race), Polyom-

matus Ne ae .. 145
ilaire (drusilla subsp. ), Glutophrissa 188
ilia, Apatura.. oie ..62, 67, 208
ilicis, Nordeoennicl 68, 174, 208,

225, 227
illunaria, Ennomos.. ao dS
imitaria, Leptomeris oo dtilil
immanata—=citrata .. 44, 112
imperialis, Eacles, Basilona Qe aS
imperialis, Teinopalpus 56 PAIL
impluviata, Hydriomena 113, 1738
impura, Leucania Be wai
incerta, Txeniocampa 3 92, 99
indigata, Hupithecia E .. 114
**infracandida (medon race), Aricia

145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152
**infracacaotica (medon race),
Aricia . 149

infralbens (medon race), Aricia 148,

149, 151, 152,

**infraplumbea (medon race),
Aricia a .. 149
infuscata (furcata ab. ). Hydriomena 196
initia oat) (phleas wb.), Ru-
micia ne Bcaabia sO jscueah
initia-caudata, (phleas var.), Ru-
micia : ae a 7
ino, Brenthis 5, 6) 129) 221
inornata, Ptychopoda oo tila
inornata (ilicis ab.), Nordmannia 225
inspercella, Scythris 6 169
interjectaria, Ptychopoda .. 6 dill
intermedia (phleas race), Rumicia 156
intermedia (transalpina race),
ZAygena.. .. 28, 30, 32, 226
lo, Vanessa 10, 43, 53, 62, 67, 68,
122, 192, 208
iolas, Lyczna, Iolana .- 0; 68; 219
iochalcea (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas oe : .. 48
iota, Plusia .. : 173
iphis, Cxnonympha 68

Ke
PAGE
ipbita, Junonia 206
iris, Apatura.. Su "53, 122, 167
ismene, Melanitis 205
italica (segeria I. gen.), Pararge . 226
italorum (dorilis race), Loweia .. 224
**jacksoni (drusilla eel Gluto-
phrissa 00s ¥. 88
jacobeeee, Hipocrita . 58, 84, 173
janthina, Triphena _ sal)
japygia, Melanargia 68
jasius, Charaxes ac 67
juliana = fasciana o2 36
juliana, Pammene .. : 30, +36
jurtina, Epinephele 9, 43, 54, 68,
106, 107, 108, 155, 193, 208, 221,
225, 226, 227
karsandra, Zizeeria. . 5k . 133
Kasyapa oc aopiys ts)
kiesenwetteri (oxytropis ab. iy Lygee-
TOR oo ao dlésts}, aIGiL
kochi (phizas race), Rumicia 5 ge
| krueperi, Pieris 66, 216
lacertinaria, Drepana ao Oth
lactearia, Iodis Ee ao, JLo
lacticolor (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas we 43, 104
laertes, Morpho .. 104
laeta, Terias.. : Me 204
laetior (dia J. gen.), Brenthis 226
laius, Chilades oF .. 124
l-album, Polygonia .. au 62, 67
**lumonti, Hesperocharis .. se alss
lanceolata (hyperantus ab.), Aphan-
topus ot ae Me 9, 42
lanceolata (tiphon ab.), Ccno-
nympha ee ae ele AD
Japidella, Luffia 211
lariciata, Eupithecia 114
larissa, Melanargia.. 105:
Lasiocampidze a so alee
**laterubra (oxytropis race), Zy-
geena ‘ : 158, 160, 161
**laterubra (rhadamanthus race),
Zygena : 158, 160, 161
lathonia, Issoria 10, 14, 15, 66, 70,
98, 144, 174, 192, 208, 226
lathyri (sinapis I. gen.), Leptosia.. 225
**latina (transalpina race), Zvgena
98% 30, 31,132) Wie 78:
Latiorina .. 220
latona, Cycligramma 103:
lavandule, Zygena.. oh .. 158
lavatheree, Hesperia 68, 70, 218,
223, 227
| lefebvrei, Gegenes .. 5, 68
Jemonias, Junonia .. a -. 206
lepidii (raps vern. gen.), Pieris 169
leporina, Acronicta .. 89, 190
leucomelas (gulathea ab.), Melan-
argia be os oe
leucopheearia, i Eibemia MS, L235
173, 215
leucophana (cinxia race), Melita
41, 84
levana, Araschnia 67

xii.

PAGE
libythea, Terias 204
libatrix, Scoliopteryx 93
lidderdalii, Armandia 201 —
ligea, Hrebia.. : 69
ligniperda, Cossus .. 116
ligula, Orrhodia 92
ligurica, Plebeius 67
ligustri, Craniophora 89
ligustri, Sphinx 54
liliana, Pinacopteryx .. 40
limacina, Cycligramma . 103
limitata, Ortholitha ee dkilil
limniace, Danaida ... e205
linearia, Ephyra . lll
lineata, Deilephila .. : . 169
lineata (dealbata), Scoria .. 212
lineola, Augiades .. 68, 70, 125, 224
lipsiana, Peronea 20
literana, Leptogramma ao 12}
Lithacodia an 39, 36
lithargyria, Leucania so Gk
lithoxylea, Xylophasia seo
liturata, Semiothisa : 43, 115
livornica (lineata race), Phryxus

156, 169, 196, 213, 230
loeflingiana, Tortrix we ca 38)
loniceree, Zygena 77, 155, 228
lota, Amathes See
loti, Zygena.. : 26, 28, 29, 32
loti=transalpina 76, 77, 78, 158, 159
lotrix (pulchella ab.), Utetheisa .. 173
Loweia ; , 219
lubricipeda, Spilosoma SO
lucilla, Neptis : ae Oe
ima, Hamearis 54, 67, 68, 70,
105, 110, 193, 225, 229
lucipara, Huplexia .. 91
luctuosa, Acontia 231
lupinus, Epinephele 68
lupulina, Hepialus .. squleli7,
luridata, Tephrosia .. 116, 173
lurideola, Lithosia .. 89, 208
lusoria, Toxocampa. . 208
lutea (flavago), Xanthia 92
luteago, Dianthecia 41
luteata, Asthena Le oo WIZ
luteolata, Opisthograptis .. 115, 212
lutosa, Calamia a on ry ne DD
Liyceena (-ide) 8, 35, 54, 152, 166,
212, 219
Lyceides = Rusticus 13
lycaon, Epinephele .. 69
Lymantvriide 4a 56
lysimnia, Mechanitis 13
lysimon, Zizera 124
Macaria =Semiothisa 24
maccana, Peronea .. oe 20
machaon, Papilio 8, 20, 62, 66, 70,

71, 106, 108, 109, 169, 192, 208, 231
macilenta, Amathes as Bo 02
**macra (meleager race), Polyom-

matus : 1 ‘ 144
macrops, Crishna 215
macularia, Venilia .. us 115
maculosa (vanille race), Dione 21

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

mera, Pararge 67, 70, 211, 221, 226
meecenas, Iraota 205
magnificella, Elachista .. 122, 123
maha, Zizera . 204
major, Satyrus ne ye 68
malve, Hesperia 34, 43, 45, 46,
50, 54, 85, 97, 105, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 231
malvoides, Hesperia 45, 47, 50, 67,
85, 105, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,
a 192, 223
manni, Pieris 66, 106, 125, 220,
‘ 225, 227
manto, Erebia . 222
margaritaria, Metrocampa. . 115
margaritosa (saucia ab.), Agrotis.. 42
marginaria, Hibernia Bo welllisys 2k7s)
marginata, Lomaspilis 42, 114
marginata (cardamines ab.),
Kuchloé ° .. 154
marginepunctata, Acidalia 233
marianne, Ixias .. 203
yaeriticnel Senta fo dly/4l, Beil
maritima (transalpina race), Zy-
gena F 4 Boo er
maritima- trimaculata (transaipina
race), Zygena 28
marloyi, Hallia Be se (OL
masseyi (gon race), Plebeius 22, i
41, 6
maturna, Melitea 62
maura, Mormo Be 91
maurus, Attacus .. att 43
Mechanitis = Neréis : eerie;
mediolugens (megera ab.), Pararge 84
medon (astrarche) (agestis), Avicia
34, 48, 66, 79, 71, 105, 106, 108,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 219, 224
medusa, Krebia ee ae sa) 168
megera, Pararge 9, 15, 16, 17, 53,
62, 66, 67, 70, 84, 98, 106, 107,
208, 221, 226, 227
mehadiensis (athalia race), Melitza 105
Melanargia 222
melanops, Glaucopsyche .. 219
melanosticta (machaon ab.), Papilio 20
melanosticta (revayana ab.), Sarro- -
thripus fs 22
meleager, Polyommatus 68, 69, 144, 145
melete (xanthocles ie Helico-
nius 50 om ‘ 194
meliloti, Zygena .. Re 76, 77
Melita ae ae 45, 221
melotis, Hesperia .. 47
melpomene, Heliconius 104
memnon, Papilio 214
mendica, Diaphora .. so. BY
menthastri, Spilosoma 43, 57
meridiana (thersites race), Agriades 224
meridionalis (cardamines race),
Kuchloé -. 225
meridionalis (crategi race), " Aporia 225
mesentina, Anapheeis .. 203
mesomella, Cybosia. . 89

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
mestralii, Syntomis.. 134
meta (polyxena race), Thais 192
meticulosa, Phlogophora 17, .91
metra (rapae var.), Pieris .. .. 225
mi, Huclidia.. ..22, 93, 155
micacea, Hydroecia.. é Joahoy
Micropteryx .. Be oc .. 103
miltosa (loti) (transalpina ab.), Zy-
gena 45 -. 158
miniata, Miltochrista { 89
minimus, Cupido 34, 41, 54, 67,
68, 70, 108, 208, 224
minima (oxytropis ab.), Zygeena .. 160
miniosa, Taeniocampa _ 91, 190
minoides (trifolii ab.), Zygena 21,
40, 116, 167, 191
mirabilis (alciphron ab.), Loweia.. 224
misippus, Hypolimnas 43, 206
mnemosyne, Parnassius ..62, 68, 107
modeeriana, Tortrix ee OA:
monacha, Lymantria 55 Oo)
moneta, Plusia 22, 93
monilifera, Narycia.. He .. 216
monoglypha, Xylophasia .. 15, 91
montana = nevadensis (medon race),
Arvicia .. 145, 148, 150, 152
montanata, Xanthorhoé oo Jit3}
morpheus, Heteropterus 4, 68
morpheus, Caradrina co. BI
multistrigaria, Melenydris. . -. 112
munda, Taeniocampa 92, 154
muralis, Bryophila .. pene
murinata, Minoa 111
myrmidone, Colias . .. 66
myrtilli, Anarta 92, 155
nanata, Kupithecia. . 114
napi, Pieris 9, 53, 66, 71, 97, 100,
106, 154, 155, 169, 192, 208, 215,
220, 225, 226
napoleon, Dynastor.. 173

neapolitana (ida race), Kpinephile
nebulosa, Aplecta .. 60 22),
neglecta, Noctua 89,
nera, Hesperocharis o6
Neréis (Mechanitis). .
neoridas, Hrebia
neustria, Malacosoma
nevadensis = montana 145, 148, 149,
150,
nictitans, Hydreecia
nigra (bidentata, ab.),
(Odontopera) ¢ sb
nigra (trapezina ab.), Calymnia
nigricans, Agrotis ae a
nigrina (sibilla ab.), Limenitis 21,

Gonodontis

**nigrioreleus (phlaas tage Ru-
micia : : , 6,7,
nigrisparsata Rerclninta "ab. )
Abraxas ae ate
nigrofasciaria, Anticlea 50
nigrofulvata (liturata ab.), Semio-

thisa : ne
nigronotata (brassicse ab.), ‘Pieris. .
nigropunctata (brassice ab), Pieris

xiii

PAGE

nigrovirgata Lene ab.), Ca-
lymnia ; : 196
nimbana, Catoptria. 5 .. 14
niobe, Argynnis 68, 208, 221
Nisoniades Ses AMS)
nobilis, Papilio aenmOe
Noctuse 154, 156
Nolide ae 42, 57
nomius, Parnassius. . ee Oey
nora, Nacaduba 124
noreia, Nacaduba .. 124
nostrodamus, Gegenes 5, 68
notata, Semiothisa .. oo Bill
Notodontide. . 55
nubilus, Aphneeus 124
numida, Hesperia oo) wt
nupta, Catocala 15, 93, 171
Nymphalide. . 53, 64
Nycteolidse .. 42
nyseus, Valicada .. 204
obeliscata, Thera §2, 112
obliterata, Huchceca oo LNB
obscura, Agrotis 231
oblongata, Eupithecia 113
obscurana = ciliana . .. 94
obscuraria, Gnophos | 22, 116
obsoleta, (segon ab.), Plebeius 42
obsoleta (coridon ab.), Agriades 42.

obsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyommatus

122, 191
occidentalis (side race), Hesperia 223
occidentalis (transalpina race), Zy-
gena -29, 32, 158
occitanica (phcebe race), Melitea.. 193
ocellata, Mesoleuca.. : 113
ochracea, Gortyna .. 99 91
ochracea (zonaria ab.), Nyssia 22
ochrea (cardamines ab.), Huchloé.. 154
ochrearia (strataria ab.), Amphida-
sis .. 26 a6 22
Ochsenheimeria es .. 214
octogesima, Palimpsestis ..52, 55, 231
cedipus, Ceenonympha oa OY
cme, Hrebia.. : 222,
neis 166
oleracea, Mamestra. . 90
olivacea (chi ab.), Polia 216
onopordi, Hesperia 46, 47, 51, 67,

80, 82, 125, 126, 127, 130, 2293, 227
ophiogramma, Apamea 52, 9
opima, Txeniocampa 117, 154
Opsiphanes .. .. 173
or, Palimpsestis .. 55
orbifer, Powellia 67, 106
orbitulus, Latiorina. . ee:
orientalis, Hesperia. . 105, 106
orion, Scolitantides .. 67, 70
orithya, Junonia -- 206
ornata, Idea .. : oR 45 Us?
ornata (medon ab.), Aricia 148, 150
ornatrix, Utetheisa . srelivies
ornithopus, Xylina .. 92

orobi (trifolii ab.), Zygena 40, 116,
1

ottomanus, Chrysophanus. .

xiv.
PAGE
ottonis (erato var.), Heliconius .. 104
oxyaeanthe, Miselia ee 16, 91
**oxytropiferens (rhadamanthus
race), Zygena 158, 161
oxytropis, Zygena 21, .43, 158,
159, 160, 161, 226
paleemon (paniscus), Cyclopides a.) 162
paleno, Colias : -2) 162
pales, Brenthis “ik id 5, 68
pallens, Leucania sc 35. Wil
pallidefulva (medon race), Aricia
149, 150, 151, 152,. 224
palpina, Pterostoma 2 55, 208
paludata, Carsia .. 231
Pamphiline .. .. 54
pamphilus, Coenonympha 49, 42,
43, 54, 67, 68, 70, 98, 105, 107,
108, 122, .123, 192, 208, 223,
225, 227, 232
pandava, Catochrysops .. .. 124
pandora, Dryas . 62, 68, 106
paniscus = paleemon 62
paphia, Dryas.. 10, 21, 37, 42, 43,
53, 68, 106, 189, 196, 208, 220,
228, 232
**pnaphos, Glaucopsyche 124, 195
Papilio (onidz) 52, 201, 226, 227
papilionaria, Geometra 110, 155
Pararge a 1 221
paripennella, Coleophora 36 don gle!
Parnassius .. v.) 201, 220
parthenias, Brephos | 22, 110, 172,
173, 190, 209
parthenie, Melita.. 5, 67, 68, 169
pauper (cyllarus race), Glaucopsyche 224
pavonia, Satarnia... 56, 98, 193, 196
pedaria, Phigalia 84, 115, 123
peltigera, Heliothis. . & Wane
pendularia, Cosymbia 5024, Pe II
penelope (melpomene tae Heli-
conius : 104
pennaria., Himera 16, 17, 42, 44,
115, 122, 232
perius, Athyma aoe {92 206
perla, Bryophila 5 44, 89
permixtana, Lobesia 25 .. 102
perseus, Mycalesis .. 205
persica (icarus race), Polyommatus 191
persicaria, Mamestra wa 90
perspicillaris= polyodon ~. 42
petraria, Lozogramma 116, 190
**netri (thetis ab.), merase 140, 142
phalantha, Atella -- 206
Phasiane 50 .. 24
phegea, Syntomis .. 208, 228
pheretes, Albulina.. -. 152
phicomone, Colias ... 62
phidias, Papilio .. 103
phiewas, Rumicia 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, 19,
23,33, 43, 54, 66, 70, “98, 105,
108, 133, 151, 156, 171, 173, 192,
he 208, 215, 219, 224, 227, 229
pheebe, Meliteea 67, 70, 193, 226
phormia.(jurtina race), Epinephele 225
104

phyllis (erato race), Heliconius

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
picata, Euphyia 53 wie LB:
**picena (foulquieri race), Hesperia 4

Pieridee (nz) (i) .. 8, 52, 188
Pieris . 5 .. 220
pigra, Pygera, zie 55
piniaria, Bupalus ... “16, 135, 215
pinastri, Hyloicus .. 215
piniperda =griseo- variegata sia) UO
plagiata, Anaitis .. ... 22, 111
plantaginis, Parasemia .. 214
Plebeius Bee 50 a LIS
plecta, Noctua 2 bas 16, 90
plexippus, Danaida. . a -. 205
plinius (telicanus ab.), Tarucus 124
plumbana, Tortrix .. ai 94, 95
plumbaria, Ortholitha em sled:
plumbeolata, Eupithecia 114, 231
Plusia 26 104, 173
podalirius, Papilio 66, 70, 99, 106,
108, 192, 214, 231
peeyi (drusilla swbsp.), Glutophrissa 188
**poliodes (tages ab.), Nisoniades 170
pollutaria (arene var.), Lomas-
pilus 2 ; o5 = a4
polonus (thetis ab.), " Agriades 140,
141, 142
polychloros,. Kugonia 53, 60, 67,
70, 98, 109, 122, 173, 208
polygale (purpuralis ab.), Zygena 159
polymnestor,. Papilio ae -. 202
polymnia, Mechanitis (Neréis). 13
polyodon (perspicillaris ab.),
Cloantha a : -- 42
Polyommatus 8, 220
polytes, Papilio 36 50 .. 202
polyxena (hypsyphile), Thais 62,
68, 192
pontica, Hesperia -. BN -. 105
popularis, Neuronia. . a so SW)
populata, Lygris 52, 112
populi, Amorpha 42, 54, 208
‘populi, Limenitis 62
populi, Poecilocampa <0 296
porata, Ephyra 111, 214
poseidon, Troides Sig 3202
posteromaculata (napi ab.), Pieris 169
**potara (nera subsp.), Hespero-
charis Uk -. 188
potatoria, Cosmotriche -22, 56, 232
praecocior (baton J. gen.), Scolitan-
tides : f -. 224
praecox (transalpina. ab.), " Zygrena 30
prasinana, Hylophila, Halias 22,57, 212
prasina, Kurois 90
primule (festiva), Noctua .. 90
proboscidalis, Hypena 42 55 SB
procida (galathea naee Melan-
argia a 62, 208
pronuba, Triphena... 16, 90
pronubana, Tortrix . 52 -. 38
prosapiaria, Ellopia Be 22, 114
protea, Hadena xe -- 90
protea.(didyma J. gen.), Melitwa .. 226
proto, Pyrgus SS 55 67
Protoparce 3¢ 43

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

provincialis=centralis (transalpina
race) Age 40

pruinata, Pseudoterpna

prunaria, Angerona

prunata, Lygris ..

pruni, Strymon 22, 40, 43, 52, 54,

62, 68,

pseudomalvze (malvoides race), Hes-
peria :

pseudomaritima (transalpina race),
Zygena .

pseudosorrentina (transalpina ab. iN
Zygena ..

pseudosorrentina- depuncta " (trans-

115, 190,

aipina ab.), Zygena 50
psi, Trivna .. Le 89,
Psychides . ae a
pudibunda, Dasychira 15, 56,

pudorina, Leucania. .
pulchella, Utetheisa, Deiopeia 15,
pulchellata, Hupithecia .. 50

pulchrina, Plusia .. 63,
pulveraria, Numeria 3 on
pulverulenta, Tzniocampa
pumilata, Gymnoscelis dss
**pumila (oxytropis race), AZygena
ie ue 2 160,
punctaria, Ephyra .. “
punctularia, Tephrosia 116,
punctum, Zygena .. 43,
purdeyi, Retinia 56
purpuralis, Zygena.. 158,
pusaria, Cabera te
pusillata, Eupithecia
puspa, Cyaniris
pustulata, Kuchloris
puta, Agrotis
putris, Axylia 310
pygarga—fasciana .. 35,
pygmexata, Hupithecia Ss
Pyrales se sie 30
pyraliata, Cidaria .. 0
pyralina, Calymnia .. 36
pyraridea, Amphipyra
pyranthe, Catopsilia Bo
pyrenea (rhadamanthus race),
Zygena és :
pyrene, Ixias Bo 56
pyri, Saturnia 60, 133,
-Quadrifinee © : He
**queércil (oxytropis: race), “ Zygena
160,
querctis, Bithys, Zephyrus 22, 33,
7, 54, 68,
-quercis, Lasiocampa 56,

radiata (aragonensis ab.), Agriades
radiata (cardamines ab.), Euchloé
radiata (grossulariata ab.), Abraxas
radiata-lutea (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas 36 30 50
ramburi (idas), Aricia 149,
ramosana (revayana ab.), Sarro-
thripus.
rapae, Pieris 9, 16, 17, 37, 53, 62, 66,

5 aL@

208
112

208

KV.
PAGE
71, 97, 106, 108, 123, 169, 192,
208, 215, 216, 225, 226
rasa (icarus ab), Polyommatus ..-148
Raywardia ; a NI
rectangulata, Chloroclystis . 114
reducta (alveus ab.), Hesperia 51
reducta (andromedz ab.), Hesperia
119, 130
reducta (cacaliz ab.), Hesperia 121, 130
reducta (camilla ab.), Limenitis .. 226
reducta (carthami ab.), Hesperia.. 88
reducta (malve ab. )s Hesperia 127,
128, 130
reducta (malvoides ab), Hesperia 130
reducta (onopordi ab.), Hesperia
126, 130
remus, Troides ; 65 Pe
remutaria, Leptomeris, Acidalia 55 ull
repandata, Boarmia . 116
reticulata (contaminana), Acalla 93,
94,95, 96
retusa, Plastenis .. 92
revayana, Sarrothripus 22, 44, 57, 232
rhadamanthus, Zygena 158, 159,
160, 161
rhamni, Gonepteryx 9, 37, 53, 60,
61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 71, 106, 108,
173, 192, 208, 225, 226, 227
rhodomelas (transalpina vay ZLy-
gena : sar e283
rhombana (reticulata var. ), Acalla
94,95, 96
ridens, Polyploca 55, 211
ridleyanus, Papilio .. 3 2 103
rivularis=camilla . 66, 70, 71, 226
roboraria, Boarmia. . ae 56 IG
romana (ausonia race), Anthocharis 225
rondoui (escheri race), Polyom-
matus 512 .. 144
rosana, Tortrix 95
rosimon, Costalius .. Ss 205
rossil (manni II. gen.), Pieris 225
rostralis, Hypena .. 93
rubi, Gallophrys 33, 41, 43, “BA, 68,

90, 108, 192, 195, 208, 225
rubi, Macrothylacia 16, 56, 62, 190
rubicundus, Zygena 21, 159
rubiginea, Dasycampa ue
rubricosa, Pachnobia 91
rufa, Coenobia or 50
Rumicia : es 8, 219
rusina, Dasyophthalma 103
russula = sannio 57
Rusticus (Liyczides) 13
rurea, Xylophasia: .. 91
rutilus (dispar race), Chrysophanus

, 230
ryffelensis, Hesperia 47, 50, 78,
79, 117, 120, 218
| salicis, Stilponotia .. BE SH 518
salmacis (medon race), Aricia 145,

“5 150, 151
sambucaria, Ourapteryx 115, 212
**samsoni (coridon-var.), Agriades -

140, 141, 142

xvi.

PAGE
sannio (russula), Diacrisia.. no Nl
Sao, Powellia . 67, 68, 70, 224
sari, Terias .. . 204
sarmatis (medon race), Aricia 147,

148, 150, 151, 152
sarpedon, Zygena . Re .. 159
Sarrothripine 57
satellitia, Scopelosoma 92
Saturniidee 50 A)
satyrata, Eupithecia 52, 114
Satyridee (-us) : 53, 222
satyrion, Cenonympha e222,
saucia, Agyrotis 42, 156
scabiose, Zygena .. sf .. 226
scabriuscula (pinastri), Dipterygia 91
schmidtii (phleas ab.), Rumicia
ES oe 171
Scoparia 102
Scythrus As 169
sebrus, Cupido 67, 106, 208, 219,
225, 227, 228
secalis, Apamea 3s .. 90
segetum, Agrotis .. oe =o 6&8)
selene, Brenthis 8, 10, 22, 43, 53,
67, 170, 192, 208, 228, 231
selene, Tenaris we ae oo ie
semele, Hipparchia 9, 43, 53, 68,
106, 122

semi-allous (medon ab.), Aricia
146, 147, 150, 151

semiargus (acis), Cyaniris, Poly-

ommatus 34, 67, 70, 106, 208,

219, 224, 227
semibrunnea, Xylina 92
semifuscata (aurinia ab.), " Melitea
41, 84
semilutea (grossulariata var.),

Abraxas ; 43
Semiothisa (Macavia) .. 24
pemisynerepha (coridon ab. ), Agri-

ades us 23, 34
septembrella, “Nepticula 196
serena, Hecatera 90
sericialis, Rivula .. 92
serratule, Hesperia 3, 4, 5, “47, 50,

68, 85, 86, 87, 117, 119, 121,130, 218
Sesiidee 116
sexalisata, Mysticoptera(Lobophora) 112
sibilla, Limenitis 9, 21, 42, 43, 53,

189, 208, 228
sibyllina (oxytropis race), Zygena

, 161
side, Hesperia 47, 68, 223, 227
signatipennis (elinguaria ab.), Cro-

callis P : oe ag) ee
silaceata, Eustroma 112
similis, Porthesia .. AP a6 (10)
sinapis, Leptosia 53, 66, 71, 106,

192, 208, 223, 225, 229
sinuana, Cnephasia 169
sobrinata, Humthecia na ddd
socia, Xylina 92, 156
sociata, Xanthorhoé — -. 113
sorbi, Lithocolletis .. a5 122

SPECIAL INDEX.

’

PAGE
sororcula, Lithosia.. 89
sorrentina (transalpina race),
Zygena i 3, Sh eile: BY
sorrentina-sexmaculata (trans-
alpina race), Zygena ho 28
spartiata, Chesias sep 12,
| spheciformis, Trochilium, ‘Sesia SERS
Sphingidee 23, 54
sphyrus (machaon ab. ), Papilio 62
Spilosoma ae .. 24
spini, Klugia. . c 5, 68
splendens (escheri race), Polyom-
matus ; : 0, 144, 224
**squalida (meleager race), Polyom-
matus 30 : -- 145
stabilis, Teeniocampa : 92
statices, Adscita, Procris 155, 195,
226, 231
statilinus, Hipparchia, Satyrus
68, 107, 229
steeveni (meleager var.), Polyom-
matus ane . 145
stellatarum, Sesia, Macroglossa 14,

If, 5, 61, 62, 133, 139, 208, 230
steechadis, Zygena 21, 29, 31, 43, 226
stoninus (revayana var.), Sarro-

thripus : we ‘22
strabo, Catochrysops | 204
straminata, Ptychopoda 111
straminea, Leucania -. 231
strataria, Amphidasis, Pachys 22, 115
striata (gon ab.), Plebeius 6) 4B
striata (coridon ab.), Agriades 23, 42
Striata (thetis ab.), Agtiades 23
strigata, Hemithea .. : lil
strigilis, Miana so) SO
strigillaria, Perconia 116, 155
strigula, Agrotis 5 Ee
strigula, Nola 57
stygne, Erebia a 56) Ge
subalpina (dorilis race), Loweia .. 219
**subcalida (medon race), Aricia.. 150
subfulvata, Eupithecia 114
subnotata, Kupithecia 55 ay
**subornata (medon ab.), Aricia

148, 150, 224
subroseata (pendularia ab.), Cosym-

bia . 26 So EB
subsericeata, "Ptychopoda se. alk Sei
succenturiata, Eupithecia . . 156
suffumata, Lampropteryx . 112
sutfusa = ypsilon se soo
suffusa (phleas ab.), Rumicia | 6, 229
sulfureo-venata (cardamines ab.),

Kuchloé SC os .. 154
**supra-bellieri (foulquieri b.),

Hesperia Ltn ee
suspecta, Dyschorista, Orthosia .. 155
sylvanus, Augiades 54, 67, 68, 70, ;

193, 208, 224

sylvata, Abraxas 30 .. 153
sylvina, Hepialus as eile)
syngrapha (coridon ab.), Agriades ‘
y 42.

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

Syntomide 55 dlis}®)
syriaca, Satyrus eOL
syringaria, Hygrochroa . 115
tabaniformis, Sciopteron .. 174
tages, Nisoniades 54, 67, 68, 70,
100. 106, 170, 192, 219, 223, 227
taras (malve ab.), Hesperia 34, 127
taras (malvoides ab.), Hesperia 192
**tarasina (coridon ab.), Agriades 169
tarasoides (serratule ab.), Hesperia 87
faraxici, Caradrina.. Bigs “oh
tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha 93
Tarucus ie oe 205
tau, Aglia .. or He a5 AS
telicanus, Langia .. 62, 68, 106, 124
tellus (erato race), Heliconius 104
temerata, Bapta oo alle!
tenebrata, Heliaca . 92, 193
tenebrosa, Rusina no ol
tenuelimbo (areania I. gen. ) Cceno-
nympha es : .. 225
tenuiata, Hupithecia c 114
**tenuis (athalia ab.), Melitsea 226
**tenuistriga (vulcanus suwbsp.),
Heliconius oO .. 188
Teracolus a BT
Terias 204, 215
tersata., Phibalapteryx Pret oan Ly
tessellum, Hesperia. . -. 67
testacea, Luperina .. 42, 90
testata, Lygris ba
tetralunaria, Selenia 115, 214
thalassina, Mamestra eg)
tharos, Phyciodes fe ce UGS
thaumas = flava ..04, 70, 224
Theclinz Sg; le 56
thelxiope (melpomene race), Heli-
conius -. 104
theophrastus, Tarucus 67, 204
Thermopila (Zygeena) as ac IB
thersamon, Thersamonia ..67, 97, 106
Thersamonia 8
thersites, Agriades 67, 68, 105, 106,
123, 147, 224
thetis (bellargus), Agriades 8, 23,
34, 37, 48, 67, 140, 141, 142, 143,
144, 145, 147, 151, 193, 208, 220,
224, 226, 228, 232
thetis, Curetis ne .. 206
Thyatiride 55
thyodamus, Cyrestis. Si .. 206
thyter (pulchella wb.), Utetheisa .. 1738
tiliz, Mimas.. : 24, 43
tiliavia =alniaria 1G; Wy
tincta, Aplecta i” ao oo)
tineana, Ancylis .. var) EEG
Tineina : 216
tiphon, Ccenonympha 42, 68, 155,

222, 231
tipuliformis, Aegeria , cae etl
tithonus=eros, Polyommatus 5, 69
tithonus, Epinephele 9, 24, 43,

54, 68, 107, 173, 196, 222, 225,

226, 229
tityrus, Epargyreus.. se UG)

| variata, Thera

tityus, Hemaris

Tortricina (ide) 24,
Tortrix on ss He ays
trabealis (sulphuvalis), Agrophila

36,
tragopogonis, Amphipyra .. 20,

transalpina, Zygena 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 43, 76, 77, 78, 104,
158, 159, 213,
transfuscata =mediolugens(megera)
transiens (rhamni ab.), Gonepteryx
transiens (transalpina ab.), Zygrena
8, 30,
trapezina, Calymnia 92,
tremule (populi ab.), Limenitis
trepida, Notodonta ..
triangulum, Noctua
tridens, Trisena
Trifine :
trifolii, Zygena 21, 38, 39, "40, 77,
116, 167, 168, 190, 191,
trigeminata, Ptychopoda
trigrammica, Grammesia ..
trimacula, Drymonia
tripartita, Abrostola
triplasia, Abrostola. . 4s oF
triptolemus (achilles race), Zygena
tritici, Agrotis ae :
tritophus, Notodonta
trivia, Melitea

89,

_ Bs GI

truncata, Dysstroma, Cidaria 22,
Pek TD, 2), NA,
tubulosa, Taleporia. .
turfosalis, Tholomiges se
turnus, Papilio a 20,
tusca (phleas I. gen.), Rumicia
tyndarus, Hrebia oh a
typhe (arundinis), Nonagria 21,

ubaldus, Azanus
uliginosellus, Crambus
ulmivora, Nepticula
umbratica, Cucullia
unangulata, Xanthorhoé
unea, Hydrelia
uncula, Hydrelia
undulata, Kucosmia
unicolorella, Aristotelia
unidentaria, Ochyria
unita (oxytropis ab.), Zygena
uranus, Azanus BS ate
urtice, Aglais 10, 21, 38, 43, 09,
62, 63, 67, 70, 98, 102, 110, 122,
156, 173, 193, 232,
urvilleana, Troides.. ‘
Utetheisa
vaccinii, Orrhodia, Cerastis
vaculella, Oohsenheieria’.
v-album (l-album ab.), Polygonia. .
valesina (paphia ab.), Dryas 10, 42,
Vanessidee .. 67, 68, 226,
vanille, Dione : a

172,

variegata (revayana var.), Sarro-

thripus

Xviii.

PAGE

**varieleus (phleas race), Rumicia

varleyata (grossulariata _ var.),
Abraxas : os
vauaria, Thamnonoma

venosa (biundularia av.), Tephrosia
venusta (bella race), Utetheisa
verbasci, Cucullia

vernalis (edusa I. gen.), Colias
vernalis (hyale I. gen.), Colias
vernaria, Geometra.. 52,
versicolor (meleager race), Poen

matus .
vestigialis, Agrotis .. oe 52,
villica, Arctia 58, 100,

viminalis, Bombycia, Cleoceris 23,
vinula, Cerura an sts
viola (etheocles var.), Charaxes
viole, Telchinia
viretata, Tricopteryx a
virgatus (rubi race), Callophrys
virgaures, Heodes .
virgularia, Ptychopoda
viridana, Chariptera
viridaria, Amcebe
viridaria, Phytometra
vishnu, Trabala
vogleri, Citheronia ..
vulcanus, Heliconius
vulgaris (napi race), Pieris
vulgata, Eupithecia
w-album, Chattendenia 33, 62, 68,

y 5)

SE ikeri (menthastri var.), Spilo-

soma is
xanthocles, Heliconius 104,
xanthographa, Noctua Hil.

xanthographa
Zygena
Bee ioiielae: Eugonia
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia
xiphia, Nychitona ..
xylosteana, Tortrix..
xylosteana =reticulata
ypsilon (suffusa), Agrotis ..
Ypthima

(tr ane ab.),

zelleri (icarus ab. nt Polyommatus
145,
zickerti (transalpina ab.), Zygena

28, 31, ae
ziezac, Notodonta “a
zolicaon, Papilio
zonaria, Nyssia
Zyeiena (idee)

: 50 22,
13, 25, 26, 28, 29,
43, 83, 116, 158, 159,

NEUROPTERA.

Ascalaphus ..
armatus, Siphlurus. .
bicaudata, Perla
Chrysopa

communis, Panorpa
eruciatus, Stenopsocus
darwinensis, Mastotermes |
dipterum, Cloéon

"37, 121,

SPECIAL INDEX.

flavicornis, Phryganea
erandis, Phryganea
Hemerobius . ui
Myrmelion

Osmylus

Perla ..

Raphidia C aes
vulgaris, Chrysopa .

ODONATA.

annulatus, Cordulegaster ..
cyanea, Aeschna ..
depressa, Libellula ..
erythrea, Libellula..
fonscolombii, Sympetrum .
forcipata, vem
formosa, Aeschna ;
Libellulidee ;
nigra, Selysiothemis
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma
pedemontana, Libellula
puella, Agrion

pulchella, Agrion

pumilio, Ischnura :
quadrimaculata, Libelluia. :
sanguinea, Sympetrum
scotici, Sympetrum..
splendens, Calopteryx
striolata, Sympetrum
virgo, Calopter yx
vulgatissimus, Gomphus

ORTHOPTERA.

seyptica, Acridium
auricularia, Forficula
bicolor, Stauroderus
bimaculatus, Gryllus, Liogryllus ..
brunneus, Megoplistus

cerulans, Sphingonotus 15,
crerulescens, Gidipoda 5s Gs
campestris, Gryllus, Liogryllus 59,
dalmatina, Gryilomorpha .

15,
193,

16,

15,
193,
15,
193,
193,

97,

danicus, Pachytylus 60,
domesticus, Gryllus. . 28
falcata, Phaneroptera 16,

fuscum, Stethophyma, Aveyptera.
Mantidee : i
miniata, Oedipoda ..
morio, Stauroderus. .

morosus, Carausius.. 172,
nasuta, Acrida 16,
perspicillaris, Ectobius bes

pulvinatus, Chorthippus
religiosa, Mantis
sylvestris, Gryllus
thalassina, Hpacromia
viridissima, Locusta
vulgaris, Gryllotalpa

RHYNCHOTA.

seneus, Hysarcoris ..
Aleurodes (Meyroge)
Antheroides ..

aan,

194,

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
aurita, Ledra Be .- 196
beckeri, Megacoelum ee oo hil

buxtoni, Aphis co. Lee
carpinicoli, eee . 168
Coccidee ellos
coryli, Evlecanium . Se .. LOO
electa (nigrocincta var), mer 104

Flatidee ra 104
gregoryl (nigrocincta. var.), “Ttyriea 104

kirschbaumi, Anacopus .. 168
lineata, Graphosoma .. 208
lonicerze, Aleurodes. - as a8
maculata, Aprophora a 68
maculatus, Corizus. . : 6) 2)
marginatus, Meracurus .. 194
melisse, Hupteryx .. We a ee)
nigrocincta, Ityrea .. .. 103, 104
obtusa, Clastoptera .. = .. 64
patricia (nigrocincta var.), Ityrea 104
persimilis, Limotettix .. 168
personatus, Reduvius 208
pipistrellus, Cimex .. 213

pomi, Aphis .. a2 36
prunastri, Spherolecanium
punicae, Aphis
rhododendri, Stephanitis .
sagittifer, Rhapigaster
sanguinolentus, Cercopis
scotti, Macropsis
speciosa, Ityrea 24
speciosa (nigrocincta var.), Ityrea
103,
tripolii, Aphis :

SIPHONAPTERA.

cheopis, Xenopsylla
fasciatus, Ceratophyllus

TRICOPTERA.
Hydropsyche 56 60
Hydroptila

simulus, Hydroptila

CORRIGENDA, Erc.
Corrections in spelling of scientific names are made in the Special Index.

line 4 from bottom, for ‘‘ north-western’ read ‘‘ south-western.’’
Dr. Chapman points out that the footnote is in error, and refers me to

read ‘‘ frontal ’’ and ‘‘ parietal.”

Page 45. line 4 from bottom, for ‘‘ habits’’ read ‘‘ habitats.”
;, 67. last line transferred above footnote.
>, 118. line 21, ‘‘ when ’’ should read ‘‘ where.”’
fs 128)
ay 1b
a result subsequent to that I had relied on.

,, 157. for ‘‘ frontale’’ and ‘ parietale ”’

207. line 6 from the bottom, for ‘100’ read ‘‘ 194.”’

Pl. wa figs. 2 and 2a, ‘‘muariae, sp. nov.,’’ should read ‘‘‘pallidum, ener

Vol. xxxi.,

p, 170, 172, etc., delete ‘‘ Strymon pruni’’ in Lieut. K. B

. Ashby’s notes.

ACG RARE

inf

ie

Cy Oar ai wills
RESORT BEC ia

Vou. XXXII.

PLATE

Ent Rec.

CoccINELLA DISTINCTA, FALpD.

Puate II.

Vout. XXXII.

CoccINELLA DISTINCTA, FALD.

Ent. Rec.

Prate III.

Vou. XXXIII,

Photo. B. C. Warren.

Ent. Rec.

THe Genus Hespenta.

“pLovay $.gsybopowowug i. ],

‘VAUVI ‘ ‘SIULSOULLVT SONIHUALVIG

“AT S8vId “THUD “LOA

eB
seta
t

Vou. XXXIII. P Puate Y.

W. C. Crawley del.

Fig. 1. Thorax and Pedicel of Monomorium buxtoni, sp. nov.
Fig. 2. i a ae Monomorium mariae, sp. nov.
Fig. 2a. Funiculus of same.

Fig. 3. Thorax and Pedicel of Messor platyceras.

Fig. 3a. End of Scape and first 3 joints of Funiculus of same.

The Entomologist’s Record.

pn Pais ee ed ta mall ll Ae

oe
a Por:
v2 wk uy
.

wu ny

4 198 260

2g ps es ESS

: TT