ty ge EE mr ne SAE gE ES BT I a et nedend eee ee ett ee ee aa ert ew T 28S & r HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 13.420 (Seuaf pe AT, is3— fom Wolo: THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION E\pITED BY R. S. BAGNALL, D.SC., F-R.S.E. T. Bainpricce FLETCHER: Matcoum Burk, D.SC.,F.R.E.S. R.N., F.L-S-, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S- Rev. C.R.N. BuRROWS, F.R.E.S. H. E. PaGs, ¥.R.E.s. BH. A. CockAYNE, A.M., D.M., ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., J. HE. Counin, J.P., F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. H. DonIsTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. G. T. Beraunr-BAkER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus. and Henry J. TURNER, v.R.5.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary VOL. XLV. (new series). JANUARY to DECEMBER, 1983. PRICE 12s. 6d. Special Index (with every reference) ls. 6d. AC EONS WO Uh i WANE WAY ENTOMOLOGIST'S — AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Eprrep R. 8. BaGnatt, D.SC., F-R.S.E. H. DonistHoren, F.Z.8., F.1.8. Neath the Matcoum Bor, D.80., F.E.S. T. BaInpRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.z.8. ¥.Z.8., F.E.S. assistance of H- A- COCKAYNE, 4.M., D.M., F.E.S., Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S- F.R.C.P. H. E. Paas, F.z.s. J. EB. Couuin, J.P., F.E.8. ALFRED SICH, F.z.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8. G. T. Bernune-Baker, F.Z.8., F.E.8. Hditor Emeritus. By Henry J. TURNER, F.£.8., F.R.H.8., Editorial Seeretary. CONTENTS Erebiidae an Bycneusiee from Souther ae F, B. Welch and A. E. Welch .. 52 : ss 1 Further Notes on a Willow Swamp in Wirdsor Forest, H. ee ee F.Z.S., F.H.S., etc. .. 5: 50 3A 34 4 A Note on pape ea boetica, L., J. Sneyd Taylor, M.4., D.1.C., Is 5 Lepidoptera at Maurin, Basses-Alpes, France, A. E. Burras, F.H.S., W. Parkinson Curtis, F.E.S., and W. Fassnidge, M.A., F.E.S. .. 6 Notes on Cotiectine.—Notes on 1932, P. Siviter Smith .. 5 Ber 12 Current Nores .. = ss SO 55 50 25 6 35 13 Specrar, INDEX 50 ah An wi oe a 56 os »» 1,-xiil. TITLE-PAGE. 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The country visited consists every- where of low hills with pine and fir woods up to five or six thousand feet, above which stretches open wettish moorland, good for EHrebias ; the only exception is in certain regions, usually of a dolomitic nature, where the moor is replaced by nearly bare rock with hardly any vegetation or water and consequently no Hrebias. Such regions were the Dolomitie hills south of Lienz and the Weissenstein Kogel east of Obdach, forming the northern end of the Kor Alpe. We visited the following places :— 1. Wisenkappel in the Karawanken Mts. about 15 miles §.H. of Klagenfurt at the junction of the Vellach and Ebriach streams at about 2000 ft. At the top, ¢.e. south, end of the Vellach valley is the Seeberg- passe, 3900 ft., over into Jugo-Slavia, which pass we also visited. Also on the N.W. is the Hoch Obir Mt. of which we visited the slopes up to 3800 ft. In Hisenkappel is a good inn, the ‘“‘ Niederdorfer Gasthaus.” Dates July 7th-10th. 2. Obdach in Styria, 3000 ft. up, at the top of the pass north of Wolfsburg in the Lavanttal, over to Judenburg on the Mur. On the west is the Zirbitzkogel, 8000 ft., with hut on top. Dates July 11th- 14th. At Obdach is an excellent inn, the ‘ Gasthaus Grogger.”’ 3. Lienz in Ost Tirol, 2900 ft., at the confluence of the Drau and Isel rivers. Irom there we visited all the hills around up to about 6000 ft. We also worked down the valley one day at about 2200 ft. In Lienz are many hotels. Dates July 19th-25th. 4. Heiligenblut in the Mélltal on the southern slopes of the Gross Glockner. Height 4200 ft. Here the snowline was at about 8000 ft. Dates July 27th-30th. Many hotels are to be found here. The following species were taken : — Erebia tyndar us, Ksp.—At Lienz and Heiligenblut i in most localities: at 5-5500 ft. Always very local and in small patches. At Lienz in two spots were found trans. ad dromus. 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1933 FE. manto, Esp.—In one small spot below the Gross Glockner at Heiligenblut at 5975 ft. was a small colony of trans. ad py rhula, all rather worn with a few females. F. eriphile ssp. tristis, H-S.—One on the Zirbitzkogel at 5800 ft. on the Kleines Winterleitersee along with HM. epiphron and H.arete. It seems exactly like those I have taken at Prebichl further north (see Higgins, Mnt., Jan. 1929, p. 6). Ei. pharte ssp. fasciata, Spul.— One from Heiligenblut in the same spot as H. manto. It is just like those from Prebichl, ride supra. Fi. nelampus, Fuess.—Common around Lienz and Heiligenblut on the wet moors at 4800-6500 ft. The lowest taken were in a clearing at 4350 ft. E. arete, Fb.—Hight quite worn specimens were taken on July 13th around the Kleines Winterleitersee below the summit of the Zirbitz- kogel at 5800 ft. This range is really the northern extension of the Sau Alpe which is a well known locality for this rare species. FE. euryale.—Two very different types were taken :— 1. At Obdach and Hisenkappel, the type seems to be isavica, Heyne (formerly clanis, Frhstr., see Warren, Mut. Rec., Nov. 1931). On the upper side of both sexes, the brown bands have usually an irregular inside edge, few black spots (usually three and three), and without white centres; in some cases the black spots are practically absent. On the underside the forewings have the inner margin very indistinet and the brown spreads nearly to the body. In both wings the black spots usually have small white centres. Inthe g 3 the hindwings are unicolorous ; in the @ 2 they have a broad whitish or yellow sub- marginal band. 2. Around Lienz and on the Dobratch Mt. near Villach in both sexes there is a tendency on the upper side for the brown band to split up, culminating in var. ocellaris, Stdgr., in which it survives merely as rings around the black dots; in a few cases even the rings have gone and also the white fringe. On the underside however in the forewing the band remains fairly wide and of regular breadth. The hindwings are as var, tsarica. The ocellaris types formed at least half those seen. E. ligea.—Common in most places up to the forest limit. At Kisenkappel it was newly hatched on July 7th, and in the plain near Lienz equally fresh on the 28rd. E. gorge, Esp.—Mostly var. erinnys. At Heiligenblut in good condition on the Hochtor at 7000 ft. on July 29th. FE. epiphron, Kn.—On the Zirbitzkogel from just above the tree level at 4750 ft., up to 6500 ft., chiefly var. cassiope. At Heiligenblut on the Hochtor it went up to over 7000 ft. In the same district in the Fleisstal two speciinens var. nelamus were taken on July 80th at 7000 ft. FE. lappona, isp.—On the Zirbitzkogel from just below the summit, 8000 ft., down to about 6500 ft. where ’. epiphron began. Some were quite battered, others quite fresh. At Heiligenblut on the Hochtor one var. sien was taken at 7000 ft. E. ceto, Hb.—One specimen from above St. Johann im Walde near Lienz, at 6000 ft. Heodes virgaureae.—Common at all places visited between 2000- 5000 ft. Only males observed. EREBIIDAE AND LYCAENIDAK FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRIA. 3 A. hippothoé.—Both sexes common, in a worn condition. A fresh male was taken at 6500 ft. at Heiligenblut on July 29th. Rumicia phlaeas.—Single specimens taken at Obdach and Lienz. H. dorilis—A var. montana below the Seebergpasse. Typical form at Obdach. Syntarucus telicanus.—Single specimens near Wisenkappel (1850 ft.) and near Lienz (2250 ft). Evveres argiades. One worn female in the woods above Hisenkappel at about 3375 ft. Plebeius aegon.—Common at all places visited, between 2000 and 6000 ft. Polyommatus optilete.—Single fresh females at Obdach and Heili- genblut. Scolitantides vicrama (baton).—A few fresh specimens at 2000 ft. on the plain below Lienz. Plebeius orbitudus.—Common at about 6850 ft. and upwards near Heiligenblut, in very fair condition. P. pheretes.—Same as orbitulus, with lower limit (a single specimen) at 5650 ft. Aricia medon (astrarche).—Common. Polyommatus eros.—Males common in good condition on grassy . slopes above Heiligenblut, 5500-6500 ft. P. icarus.—Common at most places and altitudes. P. dorylas (hylas)—Common. Only males seen at first, the females not appearing before the last week in July. P. coridon.—Cominon up to 5000 ft. at all places except Obdach. Cupido lorquinti.Common at Hisenkappel around 2000-3000 ft. C. minima.—Common at all places up to 5650 ft. Lycaena alcon.—Both sexes in fresh condition in high meadow, 3800 ft. above Hisenkappel. L. avton.—Commion at all places up to 5000 ft. Var. obscura only taken at the lower altitudes (2400 ft.) near Hisenkappel and Lienz. Lycaenopsis argiolus.—In fresh condition at Hisenkappel. The following may also be of interest :— On July 29th the Hochtor Pass above Heiligenblut N. over to Rauris was snowbound and there was a north wind coming over the pass. A constant stream of Pieris brassicae of both sexes kept drifting over the snow from the north, sometimes as many as ten a minute. They flew at 20-80 feet up and passed down to the Molltal where they settled. On July 28rd we visited the Drau plain EK. of Lienz, about 2200 ft. up. The usual type of P. napi was var. napaeae, Esp. except in one quite small pateh of wood where all were of a type very advanced to var. bryoniae, Ochs., in fact a small island of this variety amongst a sea of var. napaeae. 4 ENTOMOLOGISL' S RECORD. 15.1.1988 Further Notes on a Willow Swamp in Windsor Forest. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. In January last I published a list of the Coleoptera taken in a willow swamp in Windsor Forest, totaling 162 species [Hnt. Rec. 44 4-6 (1982)]. In 1932 we have added 56 species bringing the total up to 218 for this one small area. Of these one is new to Britain again ; one new to science, several of the Athetae may also be new to science ; and eleven species and one aberration are additions to the Windsor list. Before giving a complete list of the additions for this year in this locality, a few remarks are necessary for some of them. Acupalpus consputus, Duft.—Recorded from Windsor by Stephens in 1828, has not been retaken there until now. Bembidium ygilvipes, Strm.—Is generally found on the banks of rivers. Helophorus strigifrous, 'Th.—Some 80 specimens of this very rare species have been taken, chiefly by sifting damp moss. The H. laticollis and H. aeneipennis of the former list have both proved to be this species. Itis the H. championi, Sharp [Ent. Mo. Mag. 54 286 (1915)], and H. strigifrons, Blackburn [Hnt. Mo. Mag. 18 40 (1876)]. I have compared the continental specimen labelled H. striyifrons, Th., in Champion's European collection (referred to by Dr. Sharp, 1.c.) with the Windsor specimens and they are identical, as is also the specimen of strigifrons in Sharp’s British Collection. As Sharp pointed out, ‘“‘ this seems to be excessively rare.” He only took one or two specimens at Thornhill in 1868, Blackburn took it at Killarney (1876), Champion three or four (round about 1915) at Guildford, and recently Mr. Blair has taken a single specimen at Horsham. Cercyon aquatilis, Donis.—Recently described by me [ Fnt. Mo. Mag. 68 129 (1982)| from two specimens taken in a pot-hole in this swamp in April last. The next week the whole of the willow-swamp was covered with water to the depth of several feet, and although it has dried off since, no more specimens of this very distinct species have been taken. Oxypoda nigrocincta, Muls.—Two more specimens of this very rare and local ‘‘ staph’ were taken in damp moss. Athetae sps.?—Three species of Atheta appear to be new; a single specimen of one, over a dozen of a second superficially like A. cambrica, Woll., and ten specimens of a third very distinct little species. Gyrophoena bihamata, Th.—A nice series in some small agarics growing under the moss. G. convexicollis, Joy.—By beating old faggots and in moss. Chorayus sheppardi, Kirby.—A dead specimen was dug out of the root of one of the willows. The following is a list of the additions in 1932. Those species new to the Windsor list are marked ‘“‘ N.W.” CaraBipan.—Acupalpus consputus, Duft.; Pterostichus minor, Gyll; P. strenuus, Pz.; P. diligens, Stm.; Anchomenus viduus, Pz.; N.W. v. moestus, Duft.; A. fuliginosus, Pz.; Bembidium obtusum, Stm.; B. guttula, F.; N.W. 2. gilvipes, Stm.; Patrobus excavatus, Th. Dyrtiscipan.— Hydroporus pubescens, Gyll.; H. palustris, L.; H. H. planus, F.; Colymbetes fuscus, Le; Dytiseus marginalis, L. A NOTE ON LAMPIDES (LYCAENA) BOETICUS, L. 5 Hypropuitipar.—Anacaena limbata, F.; Helophorus affinis, Marsh ; Ochthebius pygmaeus, F.; Hydraena riparia, Kug.; N.W. Cercyon aquatilis, Donis.; C. lugubris, Pk. STAPHYLINIDAE.— Oxypoda wubrata, Gyll.; Drusilla canaliculata, F. ; Atheta sp. ?; A. sp. ? near cambrica, Woll., 12 specimens; A. ewilis, Er.; A. elongatula, Gr.;. A. malleus, Joy.; A. melanocera, Th; A. muscorwm, Bris.; Falayria obscura, Gr.; N.W. Gyrophaena bihamata, . Th.; N.W. G. convewicollis, Joy.; N.W. Oligota pusillima, Gr.; N.W. Mylaena minuta, Gr.; Mycetoporus splendidus, Gr.; Philonthus fimetarius, Gr.; N.W. 1. fumarius, Gr.; N.W. Gabrius veloa, Shp. ; Xantholinus linearis, Ol.; Platystethus cornutus, Gr.; Oaytelus laqueatus, Marsh ; O. sculpturatus, Gr.; O. nitidulus, Gr.; O. complanatus, Er.; O. tetracarinatus, Block; Vrogophloeus rivularis, Mots. ; 7’. tmpressus, Lac. PsELapHipan.—Bryaais fossulata, Reich. CrypropHaGiIpan.—Atomaria atricaptilla, Steph. CHRYSOMELIDAE.— Plectioscelis concinna, Marsh ; Psylliodes napi, Koch. ANTHRIBIDAE.—N.W. Choragus sheppardt, Kirb. Curcunionipan.—N.W. Phyllobius wrticae, De G. ; Coeliodes 4-maculatus, Li. I am indebted to my friend Mr. Keys for the names of the Athetae. A Note on Lampides (Lycaena) boeticus, L. By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.I.C., F.E.S. During the first half of June, 1982, when the weather was mild, adults of Lampides boeticus, L., were observed flitting about over a plot of peas in a back garden in Pretoria, and, on a search being made, a number of eges were found ipon the buds and flowers. ‘lhe adults were seen to feed at the nectaries of the flowers, and oviposition was observed. ‘The egg is deposited upon the calyx of the bud, or flower, and, although as many as three eggs have been found upon a single flower, one is the more usual number. A number of freshly deposited eggs were collected, and were kept in a room which was artificially heated during the day. Under these conditions the incubation period occupied from 16 to 16 days. The larvae on hatching, bored their way into the pea pods, and commenced feeding upon the contents. Only two individuals succeeded in reaching maturity, which they did after periods of 50 and 58 days. Pupation took place in the vicinity of the pods in which the larvae had been feeding, and the adults emerged 20 and 21 days later. Both larvae and pupae were maintained under the same conditions as the eggs. A larva found in the garden about the beginning of August, pupated on the 21st of the month, 8 to 10 days after the other two, mentioned above, had done so. ‘I'he duration of the pupal period, in this case, was 16 days ; the warmer weather prevailing during the time doubtless accounted for the difference in the number of days. A few young larvae were found on the plants during June, and. one larva, already mentioned, in August, but, although the plot was under observation throughout the winter, no other individuals were observed. It seems doubtful if any larvae can have reached 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S KECORD. LS JCI maturity out of doors in the plot concerned. This may be due to the fact that very few peas developed in any of the pods during the winter, many containing none at all. On September Ist an adult was observed in the garden, and a few others, apparently of recent emergence, have since been seen. No eggs have so far been found, however, although the plants are still flowering, and are at present bearing a crop of young pods, (5.x.32). On October 28rd, while walking over one of the hills on the ~ outskirts of Pretoria, numerous plants of Vigna angustifolia, Bth., were observed to be in flower, and adults of L. boeticus were seen in their vicinity. Several of the plants were examined, and on some, eggs of the Lycaenid were found. It seems probable that, in the absence of cultivated host-plants, I,. boeticus would be unable to breed during the winter on the High Veld, as there is no growth among its indigenous hosts during that season. I[iven when cultivated host-plants are present, it appears doubtful if many individuals can reach maturity under the climatic conditions obtaining at Pretoria, and elswhere on the High Veld, during the winter months. In the Low Veld of the Mastern Transvaal (Barberton District) the species is found in all stages upon peas during the winter. In the Cape (Brain, “Insects Pests and their Control in South Africa ’’) it occurs upon Virgilia capensis and various species of Vrotalaria. Eggs have been found upon the latter during ten months of the year at Stellenbosch. LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE, From mid June to September 8th, 1932. Based on the Observations of A. E. BURRAS, F.E.S., W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.E.S., and W. FASSNIDGEH, M.A., L.E.S. Carte d’état-major: Larcuz. Altitude: 1905°54 metres. Tue Parry.—Mr. A. E. Burras (A.E.B.) of Portsmouth and Mrs. Burras, who formed the advance guard, arrived at Maurin in mid June and left on September 8th. Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis (W.P.C.) of Bournemouth was merely a bird of passage, being present only from July 28th until August 12th. Mr. W. Fassnidge (W.F.) of South- ampton and Mrs. Fassnidge reached Maurin with W.P.C. and left with Mr. and Mrs. Burras. GrocRapHicaL ParricuLars.—Maurin is a small village near the head waters of the River Ubaye in the north-eastern corner of the Basses-Alpes. It is forty kilometres from Barcelonnette, which is also on the Ubaye. Alighting from the Paris-Briangon train at Prunieres, Barcelonnette is reached by motor-coach, for the long promised railway is still in course of construction. There is no longer a courier that serves the valley of the Ubaye further than St.-Paul-sur-l’Ubaye, which is nine miles from Maurin and fourteen from Barcelonnette, so that the only method of reaching the village is by hired car. The route lies up the beautiful upper gorge of the Ubaye, right into the village, which is the limit for wheeled traffic. It is a good road of its class, LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, 7 but is not recommended for nervous people, as there are numerous hairpin bends and in places it is decidedly on the adventurous side, Tortunately the type of Renault in general use seems stout-hearted, with brakes beyond criticisra, and the driver was certainly careful and level-headed. The only thing to do is to remember that he is accustomed to drive along narrow ledges with a surface like a shingle beach, strewn with odd iumps of rock, and to hope that no one will come in the opposite direction, for possible passing places are few and far between. To add to the zest of the journey the bridges are very little wider than tbe car, and their parapets are not more than two feet high and rarely cemented, Maurin has a blockhouse occupied for ten days or so in the summer by a company of the Chasseurs Alpins, for it stands at the junction of the paths leading over three passes into ltaly, the frontier being about three hours from the village. PaysicaL aND GegorocicaL.—Maurin lies amongst lofty mountains in a massif whose centre is stated to be Monte Viso in Piedmont. It is south-west of the Mont Blanc massif and due east of the Pelvoux massif, but quite distinct from either. ‘These mountains seem to be part of the Ligurian Alps, the southern scarps of which are the Alpes- Maritimes. The rocks seem to be mainly Lower Jurassic; some appear to be Portlandian, Kimmeridgian and Liassic as at Digne. The curé of Maurin stated that they were entirely unfossiliferous ; our observations coincided, so that actual age could only be fixed with certainty by a careful correlation which does not appear at present to be available. The overthrusting from the south which is so pronounced a feature at Digne is not here evident. ‘The main upthrusts run from N.E. to S.W. with little evidence of secondary ridges. Igneous intrusions are in evidence at Maurin, not absent as at Digne, which is rather what would be expected since it is so much nearer to the igneous rocks of the Central Alps. The probable age of the intrusions would be Post Tertiary. The contortions at Maurin are exceedingly severe notwithstanding the apparent absence of overthrusting, and this is accounted for by the small distance between the summits of the anti- clinal ridges. As the anticlines have as usual been entirely erodea, the line of the bottom of the valley is the line of the anticline and the mountainous sides are the synclinal troughs. It is easy therefore to imagine the steepness of the valley sides and the exceedingly jagged nature of the peaks, which are in fact the compressed and twisted springings of the denuded anticlinal arch. The proximity of the igneous rocks has metamorphosed the Jurassic shales and limestones into schists, schistose slates and similar rocks, and they are often highly crystalline, which accounts for the lack of identifiable fossils. The planes of cleavage enable the weather to break them into jagged scree of a most uncompromising character. The hardness of the rocks composing the scree enables it to maintain a high angle so that the slopes are frequently gradients in the very small single figures, and some precipices are reflex. The igneous rocks do not form the peaks but appear in the sides of the valley at 500 to 2,000 feet above its floor. They probably also appear in its floor, but as this is covered with detritus and littered with large masses of fallen rock, they cannot be traced there. They appear to be mainly a porphyritic granite (which is worked for road and building purposes at St.-Paul-sur- l'Ubaye), diorite and serpentine. The last named was formerly 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1.1988 worked at Maurin as green marble; it is very beautiful and takes a high polish. No true moraine formation was seen, and no evidence of glacial action; this must of course have been due to the friable character of the rocks. The peaks being the metamorphosed Jurassic rocks which have been turned through an angle of 90 degrees are fretted into the most fantastic forms, and would no doubt be exceed- ingly treacherous to climb. We did not try them as there was no point in wasting collecting time on bare and dangerous rocks, and an accident far from medical aid might have curtailed or completely stopped collecting. The peaks are mainly too steep to carry much snow, which slides off them and forms masses of névé in any suitable place at about 1,500 feet below the tops of the peaks. There are however several snowfields on the flatter tops and a number of glaciers and glacial lakes in the neighbourhood. The river Ubaje is very fast and turbulent and even in summer dangerous. Its speed in the flatter parts of its course seemed to be six or seven miles an hour. In winter and spring it is so violent that the bridges of wood used during the summer are removed to safety. Although when we were there it was not carrying a big head of water, yet by reason of its speed a large volume passed down the valley, and it and its principal affluent were very difficult to cross even if one did not mind getting wet feet. Lake Prarouart is about two miles above the village and 3,000 feet higher. It is about three quarters of a mile long and about half a mile wide. It has evidently been a very beautiful lake but is now much choked with debris brought down by torrents and avalanches. ‘The lake is fed by a stream from the Grand Rubren, by another from the Col de l’Auteret or Col Chabriére, and by a third from the Col Closis. The united waters of these three streams leave the lake as the Ubaye, and a large affluent joins the Ubaye just above the village. This affluent drains the Vallée de Mary and takes the snow water from the Maurin Sal and other mountains near the Col Marinet or Col Mary. Below the village the valley widens a little and has meadows on each side of the river which are comparatively narrow; but about three miles below Maurin the valley suddenly narrows and becomes a rugged gorge. Entomological research was mainly conducted between the head of the lake and this gorge and below the barren peaks on either side of the valley. The peaks, as to whose names and spelling the various authorities do not seem to agree, mainly exceed 10,000 feet. The highest is the grimly beautiful Point de la Font Sancté, the head of the mighty mass of rock which shuts in the valley to the westward. This peak is variously given as 11,400 feet, 11,900 feet, and 13,107 feet,* and it towers above Panestre or Panestral which is 11,000 feet. It is suggested that the lower figures refer to the tiny mountain paths or passes at the base of the final, inaccessible peak. The Roche de Ricobouret or Roburent stands conspicuously at the apparent head of the valley but is not as high as Font Sancté. The real head of the valley is Grand Rubren which is masked from the valley by L’Alpet. The floor of the valley drops 850 metres in seven kms. or an average fall of one in twenty. The valley is accordingly a long narrow ellipse * W.P.C. has a gazetteer which gives this last figure and states that this mountain is the highest in that part of the French Alps, placing only the Pelvoux and one other peak higher. Visually it looks worthy of the distinction. LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, 3) with its principal axis N.E. to 8.W., forking at the top, with only one considerable side valley, and shut in by rock walls nowhere less than 8,000 feet above the floor. Crumatr.—The early part of June and amily 1932, was cold and wet. Irom July 24th onward the days were warm and sunny, but night temperatures were very low, and a wet afternoon in early August resulted in a fresh cover of snow from 9,000 feet up and a bitter night. On July 9th the lake had half an inch of ice on it as the result of a night frost. Nights were frequently in the neighbourhood of freezing and a day sun temperature of 110 degrees or upwards was often followed by a night temperature not exceeding 44 degrees. The sun dissipated the valley mists by 6 a.m. G.M.T. and by 8 o’clock was scorching. The temperature dropped with extreme rapidity after sundown. The afternoons were often cloudy, as after a hot morning the prevailing westerly winds struck the snowfields around Panestre and Font Sancté and the result was a long tail of cloud across the valley from 2,500 feet to 5,000 feet above the floor. The rapid formation and dissipation of the solid looking cumulus clouds and the extraordinary evolutions of the tails of smoky clouds from the peaks were a great source of interest and often of great spectacular beauty. Unfortunately, invariably as. the clouds spoiled the late afternoon, with equal invariability they lifted at sunset and dissolved, leaving a clear cold sky for the night- work. Darkness supervened with rapidity directly the sun left the mountain tops and twilight was often so short as to be barely notice- able. The moon was as usual a nuisance and we all noticed the odd fact that although by reason of the height of the mountains and their steepness the moon only shone on the high slopes on the western side of the valley and for about 45 minutes directly into the valley as it crossed the gorge, so that the valley and its eastern slopes were in darkness, yet the flight of moths ceased when the moon rose even in those parts of the valley which were in shadow. Dews were heavy and were partly caused by the regular daily drop in temperature, partly by the cold down draughts at night from the snowfields and partly by the intense cold of the river, which began to condense a mist on the surface the moment the sun dipped. In the daytime the men wore an open necked shirt, flannel bags anda sun bat, but at night a full kit of clothes, plus overcoat, sweater and gloves, was barely enough to keep one really warm. Som anp Veceration.—The soil is sparse and thin and full of rock, but rich, as it is decomposed Jurassic and Ieneous rocks. It ranges from a soft, light, calcareous loam of which there is very little, imperceptibly up to shingle. It affords a fine example of how rock gardening should be done, being an almost complete negation of the average rock garden in England. Nature in this locality, wherever man has left her handiwork undevastated by that curse of the Alps, the destructive flocks of sheep, has achieved such results in rock gardening that the wildest and most extravagent language can give but a dim idea of the real beauty. As the season was a late one W.P.C. and W.F. were fortunate in reaching Maurin before the meadows had been cut, and it is quite safe to say that the beauty and variety of the flowering plants afforded to the party as a whole as much joy as the insects. Never a day passed without one of the party 10 ENLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.1.1988 finding some new speciality of interest and beauty, and we decorated our rooms and dinner table with bouquets stuck in any available jamjar. The idea of vases for floral decoration is apparently unknown at Maurin. On the western side of the valley and of course in the valley itself sheep are not permitted to work havoc, and the alpine flowers blazed in all their glory transcending deseription. The mountain pine does not occur at Maurin where the only conifer is larch, which persists up to the snowline, but is slowly and surely disappearing under the demand for fuel. The season of growth is very short, and villagers experienced in woodcraft estimated the larger trees with a diameter of not much over two feet at 250 years, We counted rings on some stumps and were able to differentiate as many as 170. There are a few stunted ash trees in the village and others mixed with birch and willow at Le Barge. Aspen is common and a species of crack willow. Of shrubs another willow (?Salia purpurea), & berberis, a ribes which was not coimmon, and an alder buckthorn were the only ones that attained any size. Wild roses, white, pink and deep crimson formed fair sized bushes and were a mass of beautiful and fragrant blossom. Of smaller shrubs, found chiefly above 7,000 feet, where no sheep had grazed, we saw Daphne striata, Tratt., Rhododendron ferrugineum, L., two procumbent sallows, Arctostaphylos, Vaccinium, Helianthemum, etc. Of herbaceous perennials and annuals there was such profusion that one hardly knows whether 1t is wise even to give genera. A striking yellow gentian was abundant, with the yellow Aconite (Aconitum lycoctonun, L.), and a pale yellow foxglove (Digitalis ambiyua), There were two species of blue Aconite, one a very handsome plant, and edelweiss was found from river edge to snowline. There was a wealth of Gentiana, Silene, Lychnis, Dianthus, Atragene, Draba, Aizoon, Soldanella, Viola, Sedum, Saxifraga, Campanula, Cerastium, Sempervivum, Euphorbia, Primula, Anagallis, Pinguicula, Mrigeron, Aquilegia, Dryas, Geranium, Anemone, Polygonum, Absinthium, Echium, Labiates and Legumes each adding its quota of colour and honey, and forming a multicolor background to magnificent spikes of Verbascum, huge thistles, Heraclium, dainty lilies and Asphodel. But where the sheep had grazed everything in the way of a plant was bitten to the root; the deadly sharp hooves had laid the roots themselves bare and loosened the soil so that it was washed down to add to the silt that blocks the delta of the Rhone. Behind the sheep flowers were conspicuous by their absence and lepidopteva numbered one or two to the acre. W.F. and W.P.C. went up L’Alpet nearly to the limit of vegetation where the sheep had passed first, and the only flowers were those in the rock crevices, while the morning did not produce thirty insects; even the alpine azalea was nearly reduced to bare poles. As the Encyclopaedia Britannica points out, the inordinate and illregulated grazing permitted by the French is rapidly ruining the alpine pastures, and the curé of Maurin informed us that within his own knowledge some rare plants had completely disappeared from the neigbourhood. Fauna orneR tHAN Ligpipoprera.—The wild quadrupeds noticed were the chamois, fox, hare, marmot, pine marten, black squirrel, another species of squirrel, and a shrew. The birds included the golden eagle, peregrine falcon, lesser kestrel, ptarmigan, redbacked shrike, redpoll, linnet, alpine pipit, alpine ringouzel, alpine accentor, black redstart, LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. igs alpine chough, goldfinch, buntings, several warblers, several species of tits, two wagtails and the sandpiper. It will be noted that quite a number of the birds are known insectivores. The wagtails were con- stant visitors to the wet weeps along the road where “ blues”? and ‘“« skippers ’ congregated to drink, and W.P.C. saw them take a number of butterflies and watched a hen black redstart that was feeding young in a nest in the wall of the inn come frequently to the nest with lepidop- terous insects in her beak. W.P.C. also obtained a perfectly fresh Parnassius apollo, L. 3 with the left hindwing completely shorn off, taken within a few yards of the nesting site of a shrike. There were a fair number of bees, a few dayflying beetles, and a wealth of Tabanids right up to the snowline. Very few mosquitoes were seen, a few Tipulids, large numbers of wasps the major part of which were diggers, and a superabundance of midges. ‘The lamps did not attract the varied assortment of insects that one is accustomed to see in Hngland. Tae Vittace Community,—The village of Maurin, which is almost cut off from civilisation, consists of three small groups of houses, Le Barge at the bottom of the valley, Maurin proper in the centre, and Combe Bremond just above Maurin. This little community is one of the highest in Europe, and like so many of the Irench villages is dwindling with great rapidity. Since 1914 the population has fallen from 420 to 40. Maurin has a church, an inn plus telephone, and a blockhouse for the Chasseurs Alpins. It is the usual collection of small houses little better than hovels tucked under bluffs and built into rocks to secure some measure of protection from avalanches. ‘The houses are stonebuilt and plastered with a very indifferent cement. The shingle roofs are nearly flat, and the eaves of great depth. A balcony is frequently added for storage purposes and not for ornament or pleasure. Drainage and sanitary conveniences are practically non-existent and baths are unknown. ‘The houses have three storeys; the ground floor is a crypt-like structure housing cows, sheep, goats, fowls, ete. ; on the first floor live human beings, while the second floor is a bay loft. Owing to the gradient one can usually enter any floor from the ground, and it is possible and often convenient to walk across your neighbour’s roof in preference to climbing down round the house and climbing up again. We had a first floor over the cowsheds all to ourselves, save that immediately benind us was the cheese and sledge store. ‘The woodwork was larch and carried a fine head of Scolytus destructor. Our various chemicals caused these much uneasiness and they drowned themselves in our hand basins in order to escape a life made miserable by creosote, naphthaline, ete. The beds were clean and comfortable, and bugs and fleas were absent. The rooms were kept as clean as the primitive conditions permitted. The only boots in the village that were ever Cleaned were our own when we did them ourselves, and the only men who seemed to think it necessary to shave with any degree of frequency were the visitors. Well water was good and drinkable, but food was very limited in variety consisting mainly of home- produced mutton, salt pork and marmot. Good milk, butter and honey were abundant, and good coarse bréad caine up weekly from the nearest baker nine miles down the valley. J resh fruit and vegetables were scarce almost to famine scarcity, for transport difficulties make anything but home grown supplies very scarce and dear. How long the inhabitants will resist the call of the towns and the long and dreary 12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19338 winters is not easy to predict. This is of no benefit to the lepidopterist for the pastures are abandoned, hayfields are allowed to go wild, culti- vation ceases, and the all destroying sheep follow, as devastating as a heath fire in southern Hngland. One house in the village was excep- tionally good ; it was well cared-for without, its garden was trimly kept, and inside it had some very fine carved workwork. Many of the houses however were empty and ruinous. The life of the inhabitants is not enviable. In the six months’ summer they must perform the entire cycle of agricultural routine which in more favoured places is spread over the year. Their methods are primitive, due partly to conservatism, partly to ignorance and poverty, and partly to the character of the terrain. They use the scythe and sickle, spade and hoe, sometimes a single shared plough with a single handle, and a very primitive type of spiked harrow. There is one horse and one cart in the village, and the rest of the transport is done by pack mule or donkey. In the winter, sledge, snowshoes and skis are in common use, while many women never go out of doors at all, for there is literally nothing to do outside. Besides, we saw where an avalanche had slipped down the flanks of L’Alpet into the lake, and the mountain side had been shorn of every tree and much of the herbage and soil as if it had been pared with a gigantic knife. Jn summer the men play bowls on the rough confined surface of the village square. There are occasional pilgrimages to chapels hidden away in the mountains, reached by devious and precipitous paths, and there is an annual féte day in honour of the patron saint. There are two tiny schools with four pupils each. JF OTHES ON COLLECTING, ete. Notxrs 1x 1932.—Kurots (Apuecta) prasina, I’. (aerBipa, Hs.) IN CornwaLL.—At various times between April 4th and April 20th, 1932, I found in all six larvae of Murois prasina, F., feeding on primrose in woods near to Mawgan Park, N. Cornwall. Four perfect specimens hatched on May 80th, June 2nd, 4th, and 8th. Is this species widely distributed in Cornwall ? Weunpa LicHENEA, Hp.—Larvae of this species were not rare around Mawegan Park, N. Cornwall, between April 4th and 20th, 1932, feeding on the Thrift (Armeria vulgaris) growing upon the low walls peculiar to that part of the country. Strangely enough they seem to be almost confined to those walls running in a westerly and easterly direction, only one being found on a wall not in this position. Most of the larvae were found on a small piece of wall about 50 yards long, running to the edge of the cliff. They are easy to find with a lamp and are usually in colonies. I obtained a few larvae last year in the same place, and both lots fed up easily and well on unopened dandelion heads. J have been told this is dangerous, but I had no casualties. The imagines vary considerably between themselves, but all appear to be of the type coloration—olive green. Prusia Gamma, L.—I paid particular attention to this species in the garden this year (1982) and | noticed that early in the evening, before it was dark, the moth flew pretty generally all over it, showing preference to no special flowers, whereas when it was quite dark, they seemed to be almost confined to Valerian, with an odd one or two at CURRENT NOTES. 13 Delphinium or Catmint. From the middle of June to about the middle of July, specimens usually appeared about 9.80-9.45 p.m., and ceased flying (? for how long) at about 11 p.m. Me tiraka aurinia, Rott.—In 1981 [| reared a considerable number of Melitaea aurinia, Rott., from larvae obtained from two strong colonies in Cornwall. They all turned out to be var. scotica, Robson, not one of them being the type, which is generally obtained in English localities. The very few parasites there were turned out to be species of Tachinidae (Diptera). This year I again obtained a few more larvae from two different localities, both in N. Cornwall, and although only one emerged successfully, that one was also var. scotica. Is this the usual form of the species in Cornwall ?—P. Srvirer Sirs. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. We have got used, when Christmas comes, to expect further parts of Dr. Hering’s Minen-Herbarium, the results of his study of the mines of all orders of insects during the past season. This season parts 10, 11, and 12 have arrived and are in no way less interesting and useful than the previous issues. There are 26 mines of Lepidoptera, 22 of Diptera, 7 of Coleoptera and 5 of Hymenoptera. We note that where it has been possible the larval case is also included; e.y. Coleophora badiipennella. Still we ask for more; in the case of some species which hibernate, the mine of the prewinter stage differs considerably from that of the final stages. The sheets are labelled plainly and the specimens mounted with the utmost care. In the 12 parts already issued the inines of no less than 240 species have been included. The Order is stated as well as the name of the food plant and its natural order. It is rarely that one finds a student of such high ability and acquirement who will do such work as the present. The study of insect mines is really a labour of love with him and the work is worthy of any help which may be given him, and we trust he will get adequate support for his venture. The subscription is now only RM 4 per part. Those who wish to obtain this valuable work should not write to the hitherto publishers but send direct to Prof. Dr. M. Hering, Berlin N.2, Invalidenstrasse 43, Germany. We have received from our correspondent Rev. Canon G. Foster two separates of articles written by him for the Belfast Naturalist’s Field Club and for the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society. The first, an annotated List of Lepidoptera of County Down compiled from his own observations of many years and records which have been published from Kane’s work until now; a most useful pamphlet of over 30 pages, and made the more readily useful by an unusual feature for a List, an excellent index, but which, owing probably to the shifting of the type on the pages in the make-up of the reprint, is unfortunately not correct, e.g., 12 names at the foot of page 87 are indexed as on p. 88 and so on on p. 86. The second long article on ‘‘ The Distribution of Insects in Ireland” deserves a much larger circulation than that of a provincial journal. The author has introduced a most fascinating subject by marshalling the many recorded facts in some instances confirmed by his own observations and records 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19338 but, as he says, has “‘ not attempted any explanation.” But he points out that ‘‘it is a subject that cannot be isolated ; the lepidoptera and insects generally must be taken along with the flora; botany and geology may help in the long run to solye the problem.” For instance Platyptilia tesseradactyla from Connemara only in the British Isles ; Dianthoecia capsophila everywhere on the coast yet never in [ingland ; there D. carpophaya occurs commonly but never capsophila, while on the continent the former occurs on the uplands, the latter on the low- lands ; Nyssia zonaria, on the Antrim sandhills, Co. Mayo, the Hebrides and Cheshire sandhills, while the rest of Britain, France and Holland do not possess this insect which is spread through the Alps, Northern and Eastern HuropetoS. Russia; Zygaena purpuralis in §. Galway, one spot in Wales, and Oban in Scotland; and so forth, await study just as does the occurrence in Ireland of Dryas octopetala, Sisyrinchium, Sibthorpia, etc., among plants. Such problems await the future when the entomologist puts study before acquisition and tackles the real problems in earnest. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Museum, Tring Park, on Oct. 29th, 1932, Lord Rothschild in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the Chairman :—-Mr. Robt. Adkin, Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Prof. HE. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Me. Jas. Hi. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visttors Present :—Mr. H. E. Andrewes, Major HE. E. Austen, Mr. HE. C. Bedwell, Mr. K. G. Blair. Dr. IX. A. Cockayne, Mr. C. L. Collenette, Dr. I’. A. Dixey, Mr. H. M. Hdeisten, Sir. S. S. Flower, Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Mr. Philip A. Graves, Dr. G. D: Hale Carpenter, Capt. Francis Hemming, Mr. H. R. Hewer, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. W. H. Laing, Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, Rev. A. Miles Moss, Dr. S. A. Neave, Mr. Chas. Oldham, Mr. Louis B. Prout, Mr. W. B. Pycraft, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Capt. N. D, Riley, Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Mr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, Comm. J.J. Walker, Rev. Geo. Wheeler. The meeting was called for 11 o’clock in the morning, and the members and guests were received by Lord Rothschild at the Museum, where the entomological and other collections were open for inspection. Two special exhibits were also made by Lord Rothschild. These exhibits consisted of:—(1) The collection of British Micros placed on tables in the Bird Room, and (2) The collection of the Arctiids of the World contained in 220 drawers placed on view in the Insect Room, Both collections were arranged by Lord Rothschild himself. The Aretiid collection is of particular interest. It contains a large number of types and is especially rich in material from South America and New Guinea. The genera are arranged in the order adopted in Hampson’s Lepidoptera Phalaenae and as in that classification neuration is paramount (mere convergencies in the development of the neuration being mistaken for evidence of relationship), the sequence of genera is frequently quite artificial. Therefore, until the family is thoroughly worked out, it has been deemed advisable for practical considerations to keep to Hampson’s arrangement. In looking over the collection as exhibited, one is rather forcibly struck by the contrast in outward appearance between the Arctiids of the Old World and those of the Neo-tropic Region. The majority of the African and Indo-Australian species conform more or less closely to the familiar Spilosoma and Diacrisia type. In Central and South America, on the UURRENT NOTES. 15 other hand, the majority of species classified as Arctiids are more graceful in build, the forewing being narrow and the hindwing shortened and the colouring frequently strongly marked, many of them looking more like the Syntomids of the Neo-tropic Region than the European Arctiids. The caterpillars as far as is known are all of the rough woolly-bear type; they feed on low plants and some seek their food under water (Rhyparia metelkana in Hungary and R. palustra in South America for instance), their dense coat of bristles retaining enough air to enable the caterpillar to live under water for some time; specimens of these caterpillars are in the collection. The Arctiids, always a favourite group at Tring, are at the present time, November 1932, believed to be the most complete and best collection of this sub-family. It contains 648 types, of which 5 are Sir George Hampson’s, 23 Felder’s, 1 Guérin’s and 619 Rothschild’s, the latter being species and sub-species described by Lord Rothschild himself. A special feature of the collection is the large series of most of the species, for instance of Spilosoma turbida, Btlr., which is represented in the British Museum Collection by one specimen only, Butler’s type, whilst there are in the Tring collection 41 males and 14 females. Of our cream-spot tiger, Arctia villica, and its local races the collection embodies 500 specimens in the general series exhibited, and over 100 more in Lord Rothsehild’s purely British Collection. In the South American species the large series were collected mostly by A. Miles Moss, R. Spitz, S. N. Cloges and the elder Le Moult. Also in the Indo-Australian section the bulk of the larger species were collected by A. 8. Meek, W. Doherty, A. Erickborn and A. Fverett. A number of Oriental species came from the Van de Pol Collection ; the Algerian series were Collected by Lord Rothschild and his staff, also by Dr. Chr. Nissen and Victor Farault (the latter under Jord Rothschild’s direction) ; and the Moroccan series by Dr. Ii. Hartert and some helpers. Much interest was shown by the party in the exhibits which were fully explained by Lord Rothschild. Luncheon was served at 1 oclock, after which Mr, Collin exhibited the following :—A specimen of Leria (Spanoparea) dudai, Czerny, a Dipteron new to the British list, taken at Tubney Wood near Oxford on October 2nd, 1982, during the week-end when the Club met at Oxford. The species was described in 1924 from a pair taken at Nimptsch in Silesia; the specimen exhibited being the only other recorded captuie since the description was published. After luncheon the various collections in the Museum were again inspected, and after a most pleasant day the members and visitors left about 4 o’clock.— H.W.-E. Tue Late Mr. EH. R. Banxus’ MS8.—Mrs. EH. R. Bankes has kindly handed over to me Mr. ustace R. Bankes’ manuscript notes relating to the work he had in progress at the time he was compelled to cease, and has also generously offered to bear the cost of publication. I have - edited and published a few of the papers that were in a fairly advanced condition in the Transactions of the Hntomoloyical Society of the South of England, and J hope from time to time to be able to complete and publish in those Transactions more, but of course the less advanced a paper is the longer it takes to polish 1t for publication. I am how- ever, nearing completion of one project that Mr. Bankes had very close to his heart, viz., a revised edition of Dale’s Lepidoptera of Dorset ; this work being notoriously inaccurate and out of date. No doubt 16 UNTOMOLOGISE’S RECORD. THI OBS} even after I have completed it there will be lacunae, but with a view of making it as full as possible, I should esteem it a favour if any Lepidopterist, who has collected in Dorset, will furnish me with as complete a list as possible of his captures, giving me precise locality and if possible the geological horizon on which the capture took place. This latter is a desideratum in a County like Dorset, where parishes are often on several widely separate geological formations.—W. Parkinson Curtis, I’.1.8., 14, Alington Road, Bournemouth. The Guidesand Pamphlets issued by our British Museum (Nat. Hist.) have always attracted us, as a long row on a shelf in our library shows. They are well written, attractively written, well and attractively illus- trated, concise and full of facts and useful information, never discursive and they arecheap. ‘The pamphlet before us now, recently issued, Clothes Moths and House Moths, their Life-History, Habits and Control, by Major HK. i. Austen and A. W. McKenny-Hughes, is no exception. It consists of 56 pp. and 20 figs., deals with six species from the economic point of view, and in such a way as to be not only useful, but attractive to the man in the street. An unusual feature for a pamphlet is an extraordinary complete index of four double-columned pages in small type. The species dealt with are /ichophaga tapetzella, L., Tineola bisselliella, Humm., Tinea pellionella, L,, 1. pallescentella, Staint., Mndrosis lactella, Sehiff, and Borkhausenia psewtosprella, Staint. As the spelling of these names differed from that in our current authorities who claim revision up to date we looked up the original (priority) author except Hummel and found those in the pamphlet correct. Meyrick puts tapetiella for tapetzella. Both Meyrick and Staudinger put biselliella for bisseldiella. Staudinger puts lacteella for lactella (fenestrella of Stainton). We may well assume that the information in this pamphlet is as correct as the nomenclature, and we may congratulate the authors for their excellent work. We should be pleased if readers would send us descriptions and particulars of any variation, which has not hitherto been noted, of the following Noctuid species, for consideration in our Supplementary Notes to Tutt’s British Noctuae. Mamestra albicolon, M. brassicae, M. perstcartae, Pachetra leucophaea, Cerigo matura, Newronia popularis, Neuria reticulata, Heliophobus hispida and Charaeas graminis are shortly to be dealt with. Of the Luperina species which follow the above Mr. A. L. Rayward and Mr. A. J. Wightman are dealing with the luteayo tangle and considerable material of the testacea-nickerlii complex is on hand sent by the late Charles Oberthir. We were pleased to receive a few days ago a separate from Conte Kmilio Turati. We had feared that he had ceased the valuable contributions to Italian entomology which he wrote a decade and more ago. He describes and figures a new form of LParnassius delius (phoebus) from the high valley of the Orio, Gran Piano di Noasca, which he names f. paradisiacus, with a secondary form of it festat. He figures . the g and @ of paradisiacus, 3 and @ styriacus another high mountain race of 1’. delins, and also the festai form. ‘‘ Parco Naz. del Gran Paradiso”’ Vol. III. 1932, Turin. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusrRations are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Awrago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Urernt.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’ Holise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8p.m. January 18th, Annual Meeting, February 1st, 15th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the wonth, at 7 p.m. January 26th, Annual Meeting, February 9th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Cee or frcm the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, SSEX. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, G/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. eS Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. KH. B. Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R.N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson, Maleolm Burr, Rev. Canon Foster, J. A. Downes, Thos. Greer, A. E. Burrass, Chas. Mosley, P. Siviter Smith, and Reports ' of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘¢ Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. EMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal! of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at Jight—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. MeLANIsM AND Me anocurotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Variation (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. FEBRUARY, 1933 " ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epirep R. S. BaGNatl, D.SC., F.R.S.E. H. DonistHORPE, F.Z.8., F.1.8. eh the Matcoum Burr, D.SsC., F.E.8. T. BarinsriccE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. F.Z.8., F.E.8. ssistance of KE. A. Cockaynn, A.M., D.M., F.E.S., Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. F.B.C.P. H. E. Paas, F.@.s. J. EK. Couuin, J.P., F.E.8. ALFRED SICH, F.1.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus. —G. T. BretHuNE-BAkER, F.Z.8., F.E.S. By Henry J. TURNER, F.4.8., F.R.o.8., Editorial Seeretary. CONTENTS Va Notes on the Psychidae, XIV. (Plate I.), Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.H.S. .. 17 On Recording Entomological Publications, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 20 Notes on Erebiid species, B. C. S. Warren, TORTI: oe 2 22 Holiday Notes : Hastbourne District, 1932, J. A. Downes, and B. J. MaeNulty, 23 NotzEs on CoLLECTING. —V. ioand Swallows, P. Siviter Smith: Hibernating Insects, Id.: H. pusillata in Northumberland, Id.: B. piniaria, Canon G. Foster, B.D. oe os ic ae 25 Current Nores .. Be é Be : “oe ae Be ie 28 Socrmtrrs.—The Entomological speigty of ines 50 60 5 Be 30 Revirws.—‘‘ Insect Behaviour,’? Evelyn Cheesman, F.H.S., F.Z.S., Hy.J.T.: ‘‘In Days Agone,” W. 8S. Blatchley, Hy.J.7’. 58 36 31 ‘Supplement. —British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.H.S., F.R.H.S. (257)-(260) List of Migratory Insects. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W, ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). ® Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’’ 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P. P.O. Es No. 126 TRLEPHONE TEMPLE BAR 9451 TUR EDU Sb SSS J. J. HILL & SON, *““wanuracrurces, Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Insect Cabinets; also Gheap Storage Gahbinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ‘Phone: Winuespen 0309. POP PIIAR RIPPED RII ESD INSECT BEHAVIOUR EVELYN CHEESMAN, F.E.S., F.Z.S. “‘One of the most instructive writers of the day on entomological subjects. This entertaining and instructive book embodies the experiences and observations of the author in various parts of the world.’’—Dainy TeLeGraPa. ‘Her descriptions are of absorbing interest.’-—Tmizs Lir. Super. ‘« A most fascinating book.’’—HyEryman. The only book on insect behaviour suitable for the ‘‘ man in the street.”’ Illustrated 4/G net. PHILIP ALLAN & Co., Ltd., 69, Great Russell Street, London. The Wayside and Woodland Series. MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 accurate y cc loured examples, figuring every species and many varieties, also drawings of eges caterpillars, chrysa- lides and food-plants. Price 1@/G ne: per volume. FREDERIGK WARNE & GG. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gcurt, London, W.G.2. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andgynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. ais sh Price, one copy, ls. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennern J. Haywanp, F.H.S. .. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.E.S. (afew copies only) .. 5a .. 38s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.E.S. . ae 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37- 44 of nt. Record, new series ; including “Special Index . ae 66 De Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be obtained post oh eas H. W. Agee. 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.5.9. Vou. XLV. Prate I Trans Lint. Soc Lord. 1900 PL VT. B.C Knight del.ad-nat West Newman lith. ACAN THOR SV CE te Ol AC Tinian aise With the permission of the Ent. Soc. of London. NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDAE. 17 Notes on the Psychidae. XIV. (With Plate 1.) By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. In my last notes upon this subject, | dealt with the marked break in the continuity of species, which appears after the Humeidae, and before Epichnopteria. There is actually another earlier break between Fumea and Psychidea, a break which severs the species following into two further sections. This is in the development of the female, and in the manner of pupation. The earlier species, with winged females, are able to distribute their ova in suitable situations and to cover them with their body silk. In the next section the wingless females are possessed of serviceable legs, and Jong (often very long) ovipositors, and are able to come out of the case, clinging upon the edge, to meet the male, after which they deposit the ova within the empty pupal shell. They do not, in fact cannot, re-enter the case, therefore fall off, and perish. | Tuts OVIPOSITING INTO THE PUPAL CASE IS THE RULE THROUGHOUT THE REMAINDER OF THE PSYCHIDES. After Fumea, the degeneration of the females 1s rapid, and complete. Only rarely do we meet with even an apology for legs, antennae, or eye-spots. Psychidea, is described by Seitz as ‘“ entirely reduced.” Caneophora would appear to be the best developed, with vestiges of eyes, antennae, and legs. LPachythelia, Acanthopsyche, Amicta, and Hyalina, are more reduced than Caneophora. Unfortunately, with my limited, and dry, material, I am searcely in a position to verify these particulars, but so far as specimens are available, they do not seem to be far wrong. The head parts of these females (after Iwnea), are all confused and hardly recognisable, being generally bent over, and downwards. ‘The anal parts are somewhat dilated, and usually bear vestiges of the ovi- positor rods, while the ovipositor itself is reduced to the smallest proportions. In these species indeed there is no necessity for a directional ovipositor, for the ova can only be projected into the pupal shell. In both Tutt, and Seitz, one reads about some of these helpless females ‘‘ leaving the case.”’ This appears to me to be a somewhat ambiguous expression. I do not understand how they can do this unless by ovipositing themselves out of house and home. Their structure appears to be generally of the flimsiest, and they can scarcely possess strength, or volition, to wriggle out. There is just one thing they must do, which is, open their shell, to afford access to the male. This he could not do for himself, ‘There are two suggestive facts, which may perhaps explain how this becomes possible. First of all most, if not all, of these females, have upon the dorsal surface of the thorax, a series of stiff plates, so stiff as to make it difficult to prepare a symmetrical mount. Maybe these confer upon the insect a certain amount of “hold” or ‘‘ grip” from which sufficient leverage is obtain- able to open a way. Further than this Chapman, and others, have stated that the female as she gets rid of her ova replaces them in the vacated space by inflating her body with air. I have, in fact, mounts which show very large tracheae. It may be that both these agencies combine to give the imprisoned insect the necessary power to open the way. As however we are generally able to find the female within the 18 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.11.1988 pupa shell, it does not appear correct to assert that this sex habitually “leave the case.” ; Undoubtedly there are circumstances under which they do come out. This would appear to be when no male has arrived, and the movement may represent a second ‘‘calling.”’ This I have seen for myself, and have mentioned already (Hntom. Rec. XXXVII. 1925, p. 18). How then are these unfortunate creatures ever to find mates, imprisoned as they are in a fixed position, with the head towards the entrance of the case? This would appear to make copulation impossible. The difficulty is however met by a great development in the structure of the male. He is now endowed with a greatly extensile abdomen, which enables him to reach down, past the female body, to the far end of the pupal shell, which is, of course, closed. ‘This is certainly the explanation of the enormous powers of extension, found in the later species of the Psychides. So far as the males are concerned, so far as I know, all these late species behave in much the same manner at pupation. The time for this change having arrived, the case is first lengthened by a long narrow silken tube.* Along this tube the pupa pushes its way, and as it advances the tube tightens, until it so grips the pupa that it can get no further. It is now projecting a certain distance, and emerging, leaves the pupal shell visible, and tightly held. Collectors are thus able at a glance to detect the empty male cases. It is not so with the females, which so far as I know spin no tube, but leave only a hole. The accompanying plate (copied by permission from the Trans. Entom, Soc. Lond., 1900, Plt. VIII.) illustrates this. The figures drawn by Dr. Chapman, represent Acanthopsyche atra, Li. (opacella, H.8.), which belongs to the later section of the larger Psychides, and is of the greater interest as being one of the three large species found in Britain, though rarely. ‘The actual specimens, I deposited in the British Museum, as soon as I found them in Dr. Chapman’s collection. These remaining species from the beginning of Mpichnopterix to the end of our list fall into sections, while they are united in having helpless females. I have at present little to say about the genera intervening, Hpichnopteria, Stichubasis (of which I know nothing) and Apterona. I can only state with certainty that the pupae and pupation of the two which I do know are quite normal, with the pupal shell thin and cylindrical. From Arctus onwards there is a noticable division in the pupation of the females. [| divide these into two sections. Section A.—In the genera l’ryche, Arctus, and Sterrhopteria, at least, (I cannot be more precise, as I lack material) the pupa (or puparium) is markedly different from the rest of the group, and indeed from Lepidoptera in general. ‘lhis is now hard, segmented, but rugose, and shrivelled, with lighter red or yellow ends. The ends being much thinner than the main body, and very brittle. One, or * This tube varies amongst species. In Amicta quadrangularis it is not con- structed, nor is it in the species (probably an dmicta) which I had frem Dr. Buxton, the development of which I have previously described. (Hntom. Rec. XXXVI. p. 97) in neither of which is there a tube, so that I was able to see the dead pupa in the mouth of the case. Nor does it appear in Dr. Chapman’s species Pyropsyche moncaunella. NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDAE. 19 both, are usually broken, but the anal end is, or should be, intact. It will be noted that in copulation the male abdomen enters the pupal shell at the head. These hard pupal shells when macerated in caustic potash lose their rugosity, and may be flattened out. There does not appear to be any indication of free movement of the segments, and there is no thinning between them except towards the head parts, which do appear to be in a measure free. Indeed there may be some movements of segments, as in several of Mr. Pierce’s mounts there appears to be a distinct circular plate which is nearly free. In these pupae the spiracular scars are plainly marked, and the anal end completely rounded, and closed, when the shell is intact. The thickness and extreme stoutness of these pupae, mark them off from the rest of the Psychides. The females in this section seem to be of extreme delicacy, scarcely more than thin skin. They are attenuated towards the head, with horny plates upon the dorsal portion of the forward segments. JI have already alluded to these plates and their probable use. The ovipositor here is reduced to a mere button, but usually exhibits the vestiges of the ovipositor rods. The intrusion of these strangely modified pupal arrangements comes as a surprise. Iam following Tutt’s list, as the only available one. There is not much to be learned about them in my reach. Tutt (l.c. 428) quotes a description by Chapman, which is not very clear. Seitz mentions them several times. They do away with my assertion that the pupa-shell of the male would provide a guide to that of the female. It will be noticed that I am using somewhat new terms for describing here. The term “case,” doubtfully restricted to the larval case, produces confusion when applied to the cover of the pupa. Therefore I am using the term “ shell’”’ for the covering for the pupa, and ‘‘skin’”’ for that of the female. I am not convinced as to the point of division between this section and the next. What follows Sterrhopteryx is not clear to me, as I have no material. Ido not think the dark, red-ended pupa extends further in the list. Standfussia has certainly only a thin pale pupa shell. I have not secured female pupae, nor isolated any females, until Oreopsyche kahri, which also has a thin, pale, shell. Sec. B.—According to Tutt this section should commence with the Acanthopsychina. J have only come across Acanthopsyche atra and Pachythelia villosella. The plate shows the thin cylindrical shell of the former. P. villosella is, I believe, much the same, but [ have at present no decent mount of that species. | have however a specimen, which I propose to figure with my next notes which shows that this species has a thin cylindrical pupal shell, and not the red ends of section A. While endeavouring to complete this portion I have received from Dr. F. M. Jones of Wilmington, Delaware, a very extensive series of female larval cases, collected by himself. And I am very curious to learn whether my Section A, parallel with Psyche, Arctus, and Sterrhopterix occur in the Neo-Arctic fauna. 20 ENTOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.11.1938 Exxpnanation oF Prats. I. Fig. 1. Disposition of the male in pairing. , 2. Female latero-dorsal view. » & Female sac opened during pairing, from a specimen in glycerine. ‘The glycerine has caused some shrinkage of the female. » 4. Attempt to show the cremastral-cocoon silk in female sac with passage through this, for entry of the male abdomen. The figures 1-4 are amplified about 4 diameters. On Recording Entomological Publications. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. Dr. Walther Horn bas sent me a pamphlet in connection with Ento- mological Bibliography; at the end of the paper is a request to the Entomologists of the world, which I propose to reproduce here :— «Request addressed to all entomologists of the world to help the ‘¢ Deutsche Entomologische Institut” to build up a bibliographical card index for international references. The card index has to contain all titles which have been published in all branches of entomology in the world since 1864. 1. All entomologists are requested to publish or to compile lists of all their own entomological publications and to present or to lend one copy of such lists to the ‘‘ Deutsche Entomologische Institut.” 2. The attention of all younger entomologists is drawn to the fact that it would be very useful consecutively to number their entomolo- gical publications.” Personally I have always numbered my entomological publications consecutively, following the example of the late Charles Janet, Hric Wasmann, etc. I have recently circulated a list of wy publications for 1930 and 1931 :—1) Coleoptera and General Kntomology: Nos. 265- 297; and 2) Myrmecology Nos. 146-155. In the Hntomologists Record 87 125-161 (1925) will be found a list of 1) Nos. 1-285 ; and 2) in the 2nd edition of British Ants Bibliography pp. 412-16 (1927) Nos. 1-182. I now propose to publish 1) Nos. 286-264; and 2) Nos. 183-145, when all my publications to the end of 1931 can be traced. In future I propose to publish a list of each year’s publications at the beginning of the following year. 1. Conrorrera ann GEneRaL ENnromonoey. : No. 286. ‘Two Species of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) New to Britain.” J¢nt. Rec. 87 166 (1925). No. 237. ‘‘ A Day’s work in the Life of a Wasp.” nt. Rec. 38 12-13 (1926). No. 288. ‘A Day’s Collecting in Hainault Forest.” Ht. Mo. May. 62 39 (1926). No. 289. Huplectus afer, Reitter var. infirmus, Raffray. Ent. Mo. Mag. 62 49 (1926). ON RECORDING ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. 21 No. 240. Rhizophagus bipustulatus, F. ab. yyllenhali, Th. Ent. Mo. Mag. 62 59 (1926). No. 241. ‘ Geotrupes spiniyer, Marsh, at large in December.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 62 59 (1926). No. 242. “ Aphodius rufipes, L., at light.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 62 59 (1926). No. 243. “ Marriage ? flightof g 3 of Pseudococus yahani, Green.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 62 59-60 (1926). No 244. “A few noteson some Windsor Beetles.” Hint. Mo. Mag. 62 263 (1926). No. 245. ‘British Bark Beetles”? by Dr. J. Munro. Review. Hint. Rec. 89 61-64 (1927). No. 246. “ Cryptophagus lévendali, Gauglb., a dweller in Vespa nests in trees.” nt. Mo. Mag. 63 111 (1927). No. 247. ‘ The Bionomies of Liudius ferrugineus, Li.” Proce. lent. Soc. Lond. 2 39 (1927). No. 248. ‘ The Copulation of Scraptia fuscula, Mull., and a ease of abnormal copulation in two species of Staphylinidae of different Genera.” Hunt. Rec. 40 12 (1928). No. 249. ‘‘Homoptera devoured by a bird.” Mant. Ree. 40 27 (1928). No. 250. “ Gnrortimus variabilis in Windsor Forest.” Hnt. Rec. 40 28 (1928). No. 251. ‘Three Species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Mnt. Rec. 40 89-41 (1928). No. 252. ‘Some Aberrations of Coleoptera not previously recorded for Britain.” Mnt. Rec. 40 55 (1928). No. 258. “ Quedius infuscatus, Kr., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” Hnt. Rec. 40 85 (1928). No. 254. ‘The Bionomies of Pocota apiformis, Schrank.” Hntoim. 61 150-151 (1928). No. 255. ‘ Dorcatoma serra, Panz., a species of Coleoptera new to the British List.” Ent. Mo. Mag. 64 179 (1928). No. 256. ‘‘ Dorcatoma dresdensis, Hbst., and D. serra, Pz., two new British Insects.” Hnt. Mo. Mag. 64 196-199 (1928). No, 257. ‘‘ Anaspis flovenceae nov. sp., a species of Coleoptera new to Science, with a few notes on some other species of the genus.” Ent. Rec. 40 121-22 (1928). No. 258, “ Hydrothassa marginella, Li. ab. devillet, Bullock.” Ent. Mo, Mag. 683 207 (1928). No. 259. “ Dragon-flies.” Mint. Rec. 40 173 (1928). No. 260. “ Atomaria morio, Koleneti, a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.” nt. Mo. Mag. 64 80 (1929). No. 261. “ Histeromerus mystacinus, Wésmael, a Coleopterous Parasite.” Ent. Mec. 44 125 (1928). No. 262. ‘ Gymnetron lloydi, n.sp., a species of Coleoptera new to Science.” Hunt. Rec. 44 125 (1928). No. 268. “‘ Longitarsus nasturtit, F. var. obscura, n.var., a variety of Halticinae (Coleoptera) new to Science.” nt. Rec. 44 126 (1929). No. 264. “ Agathidium reitteri, Ganglb. A species of Coleoptera new to the British Isles.” nt. Mo. Mag. 65 82 (1929). 22. ENLOMOLOGISE'S RECORD. 15.11.1988 9. Myrmecontoey :— No. 133. “ British Ants Their Life History and Classification.” Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 18 plates, 93 Diagrams. George Routledge and Sons, London, 1927. ~ No. 184. ‘ Gynandromorphism in Ants.” Proc. lint. Soc. London 4 92-93 (1927). No. 135. ‘The Guests of British Ants. Their Habits and Life Histories,” I.-XXIJ.+244, 16 Plates and 55 Text Figures. George Routledge and Sons, Lond. (1927). No. 186. “The Formicidae of Lancashire and Cheshire.” Lanes. and Chesh. Thirteenth Annual Report and Report of Recorders for 1926, p. 4 (1927). No. 187. ‘Folia Myrmecologia et Termitologica,”’ Review. Ent. Rec. 89 79 (1927). No. 188. ‘On Silk Spinning in the Mormicidae.’ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1927) 98. No. 189. ‘The Social World of Ants.” Forel. C. K. Ogden’s translation, Review. Hnt. Record 40 64 (1928). No. 140. “Ants as Social Insects.” Science Proyress, No. 91. January, 1929. pp. 506-513. No. 141. ‘Ants, Bees and Wasps” (Lubbock). New Kdition by J. G. Myers (1929). Review. Natural History Magazine 3 No. 11, 107-109 (1929). No. 142. ‘*Gynandromorphism in Ants.” Zool., Anz., 92-96 (1929). No. 148. The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) taken by Major R. W. G. Hingston, M.C., I.M.S. (ret.), on the Mount Kverest xpedition, 1924.” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (S. 10) 4 444-449 (1929). No. 144. ‘‘Notes on the Genus laaylomma (Hym. Brac.), with the Description of a New Species taken in Britain.” Read December 4th, 1929. Ent. Soc. Lond. Trans. Mut. Soc. 18 87-93 (1980). Plate VIII. figs. 1-3. No. 145. ‘“ Ameisenkunde Hine Einfuhriinge in die Systematik und Biologie der Ameisen ” von Dr. Anton Krausse. Stuttgart, 1929. Review. Hnt. Record 42 63-4 (19380). Notes on Erebiid Species. By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. (1) E. pluto, de Prun.—In the Mntomoloyist’s Record of 1929 (page 146) | published the name ylaciale pro glacialis, Esp. In this my object was to keep the name of this well-known insect as like that under which it had been known, as possible; Wsper’s name having to fall. J am informed, however, that names only differing in gender are regarded as identical. It is therefore necessary to adopt another name. Following the excellent suggestion of Dr. Jordan, to name this insect which frequents the alpine heights to the very margins of the snowline, after the mountain nymph, I substitute the name oreas nov. pro glacialis, Ksp. (2) EH. aethiopellus, Hoffmgg.—Mr. L. G. Higgins, in his instructive paper on the butterflies of the Piedmont (Fntmol. 19380) pointed out that there are two distinct races of this species: one, the northern, HOLIDAY NOTES: EASTBOURNE DISIRICT. 23 which he correctly placed as typical aethiopellus, and a southern, which he referred to gorgophone, Bell. The principal difference between these races lies on the underside ; this in aethiopellus has a speckled appear- ance due to a thick sprinkling of whitish scales over the dark ground colour of the hindwings and the borders of the fore. The southern race is practically without this super-scaling, and appears much darker, the hindwings of the 3 being a clear brown colour. The ¢8s show the same characteristic, though not so distinctly. Unfortunately, the assumption that Bellier’s gorgophone from Barcelonette were the southern race, was wrong; specimens from Larche and as far south as Allos belonging to the northern type. As I had not actualiy seen any specimens from Barcelonette I have not referred to the question before. Some time ago, however, I found in the Oberthiir collection, in the British Museum, 3g and3@Q specimens of gorgophone, which Oberthiir got with the Bellier collection. These were labelled ‘Larche,’ presumably by Bellier. Though these specimens cannot be taken as “types,” they prove that Bellier captured the insect he called yorgophone at Larche, and of course these six specimens may have been some of his original examples. Like other specimens from Larche they were of the northern type, and there were no Barcelonette specimens of Bellier’s. Gorgophone therefore belongs to the northern race and the name falls as a synonym of aethiopellus. As already mentioned, the northern race extends as far south as Allos, and for all I know still further. The southern one, which as it happens is much the best known among English collectors, seems restricted to the south-east corner of the Maritime Alps; from St. Martin Vésubie, the Tenda and Limone districts. J am therefore adopting the name, ssp. mediterranea nov. for this race. (3) HE. dabanensis, ab. lanceolata nov.—I take this opportunity of describing this aberration, which even in this species so given to individual variation is an exceptionally striking specimen. The dark median band on the underside of the hindwings, which is always a feature of the species, normally has a very irregular outer edge, which forms a series of more or less rounded projections into the pale antemarginal band, between the nervures. In this specimen these projections are considerably deeper than usual, and distinctly lancet- shaped, terminating in a series of seven sharp points, some of which extend half-way across the antemarginal band, which is a pale bluish-grey in colour. The black spots normally situated in this antemarginal band are wanting. ‘The effect is so striking that the specimen deserves a name, although the chance of a second specimen ever being found is certainly very slight. Holiday Notes: Eastbourne District. 1932. By J. A. DOWNES and B. J. MacNULTY. Last year we spent our summer holidays, from August 2nd to the 27th, in the Hastbourne District, and except for two days, collected in the area covered by Mr. R. Adkin’s book he Moths of Hastbourne. During that time we discovered three species apparently new to the district— Nudaria mundana, Acronicta auricoma and Hydroecia paludis. H, paludis (2) were taken at sugar about August 20th; and 4. auricoma D4 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1988 was also at sugar on a telegraph post near Hastbourne and well away from any woods. The first evening was spent exploring the lanes around Alfriston and netting any moths we came across. Nudaria mundana was taken quite freely by this method. Other species found were E’pione repandaria (apiciarta) (1), Lithosia griseola (many examined but all absolutely typical) and 1. lurideola (rare). On August 16th we found dozens of Mremobia ochroleuca by day on the black knapweed heads, whereas before and after that day only 2 or 8 per day were found. Most were found between 12 noon and 1 p-m., although a fair number were still to be seen during the afternoon. The morning had been dull and slightly rainy, butit was brighter while they were about. Most of the moths were flying from plant to plant and feeding, which we did not often see them do on other days. None were found on the greater knapweed, but several were observed on scabious. On the evening of August 15th we went early to Abbott’s Wood for sugaring, taking with us a small breeding cage, with a view to assembling Psilura monacha. On arriving at the spot, where we had previously discovered this species, we conducted a thorough search but only discovered one specimen, a female, obviously freshly emerged. We had expected to find more, as on previous days they were rather more in evidence. We set the female up in the cage and set to work sugaring the trees. Returning to the cage at about 11 p.m. we founda worn wale fluttering around. ‘l'hey paired immediately and the female laid 200 to 800 eggs, which were placed deep down in minute cracks in oak bark in batches of from 40 to 70. Later on we became interested in the Dianthoecias and collected many ova and larvae of this genus. Dianthoecia cucubali was found as ova and larvae in the inland localities on Silene inflata. It was extraordinarily abundant in both stages. The ova are usually laid on ov near an undeveloped flower bud into which the larva burrows on emergence. ‘The older larvae are found in the pods that contain mature seeds. Its near ally D. capsincola” has different habits. Not enough eggs were found to say definitely where they are usually laid, but those that we did get were on petals or pods of Lychnis divica, The young larvae burrow into a pod which has already set seed, but in which the seeds are in the white immature condition. Later on they seemed to prefer the mature brown seeds. The ova of the two species are very easy to distinguish when found, apart from their occurring on different plants. The ovum of capsineola is conspicuously larger than that of cucubali. (Mr. Tonge gives the following measurements—capsincola ‘9mm., cucubali -65mm.). VD. cucubali was found on Silene inflata and on S. maritima on the Crumbles, where Mr. Sharp says this moth does not often oceur. D. capsincola was always found on Lychuis divica. D. carpophaga was also found on the Crumbles on Silene maritima, ova and larvae both being fairly common. Towards the end of the holiday we collected larvae on the banks of the Cuckmere river above Alfriston. The first kind found was a Noctuid, almost certainly Apamea wnanimis. These were feeding on the sedge growing in the stream. They roll over the edges of the sedge ‘NOTES ON COLLECTING. 25 leaf and fasten them together with silk, thus making a long tube in which they remain by day. This is not a permanent shelter and is easily constructed. ‘The larvae soon eat the leaf of which the tube is formed and then construct another. On one occasion a well-grown larva was found on a solitary sedge stem growing in the water, and well away from any solid support. As the leaves on that stem were _hardly eaten at all it was obvious that the larva must either have swum there or been put there artificially. So we later experimented with the larvae by putting them in still water in which stood an upright sedge stem, and found that under favourable conditions the larvae could climb up from the water on to the stem and that they could remain afloat without injury for a considerable time. Plusia festucae was another insect found among the sedges. On August 20th four cocoons were found. They were formed along the underside of a sedge leaf which was bent both transversely and longi- tudinally so as to form a very good shelter for the pupa. Hence the white cocoon could be seen only by getting underneath it, and as they occur only one foot or so above the water-line collecting was difficult. The methods adopted were:—1. Going for a bathe in the river and so getting underneath them. 2. Going out in a canoe and watching for the characteristic bend of a sedge leaf. ‘These P. festucae were, of course, of the second brood. ‘Two of the four just referred to emerged on August 24th. On the 27th a number of cocoons with pupae in were collected, also two empty cocoons and one full fed larva. All had emerged by September 14th. Triphaena pronuba proved to be exceptionally variable in this district, and although we took forty specimens we regretted not having taken more. We might finish this note by some remarks on Lasiocampa quercus. Several males were seen on the Downs about August 6th, but although we exposed freshly bred females on several occasions only one was assembled. Later a larva in the first instar was found in a wood near Lewes. JOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. Vanessa 10, L., anp Swattows.—On April 18th, 19382, during a holiday in North Cornwall, I paid a short visit to Portheothan, which is the next Porth above Mawegan Porth, to collect Pararye aegeria, L., var. eyerides, Stgr. Specimens of this species from Cornwall have a more fulvous tone about them than those found in other parts, more nearly approaching the type form, and having caught several nice ones there before I was anxious to obtain more. ‘There was only one however. The most interesting thing I saw was in connection with Janessa iv, L. On the north side of the Porth——a fairly steep hillside covered with heather, brambles, ete.—there were a number of hibernated specimens of Vanessa io flying about and settling. There were also many swallows flying rather low over the ground. On at least four occasions | saw a Vanessa io, which was sunning itself on the ground, dash up in the air and follow for a short distance a swallow which flew close to it. 26 ENTOMOLOGISI'S RECORD. 15.11.1933 The way in which several species (notably Rumicia (Heodes) phlaeas) will dash after other butterflies is well known, and I can only suppose that these Vanessa io mistook the swallows for specimens of their own species. This observation may be of interest, in view of the fact that butterflies have been observed migrating with birds. Might not the butterflies have been deceived momentarily and have taken the birds for other butterflies ? If several butterflies did this it might easily be the start of a migration, brought about almost, one might say, by ‘imitation.’ It is at least a possibility which might be worth con- sidering.—P. Sivirer Suita. Pebworth, nr. Stratford-on-Avon. HiBwRNatinG INsEcts.—On several occasions J have made a search in our buildings, lofts, etc., to see if | could find anything of interest in the way of hibernating insects, but the results have been rather disappointing. However, they may be of interest to one or two people so I put them on record. Unless enclosed in square brackets, the remarks are quoted from my diary. November 23rd, 1930.—Went to “Little Meadow” [an empty house} to look for hibernating moths, ete. Found six Queen Wasps —four of them in one corner of a window facing south. Wings held under abdomen, front two legs not used; head tucked under as much as possible. January 7th, 1981.—Went searching for hibernating insects again—found a Crdaria miata, L., in the kitchen, and another with a Scoltopterysx libatrix, L., in a loft. Also a beautiful Polyyonta c-album, L., in a pig-sty. It had a variegated underside, not plain. I read that spring specimens (/.e., hibernated August ones) have plain under- sides ; this definitely had not. [Resting in an inverted position on a beam. ] I also found {in Little Meadow House] four hibernating queen wasps (we looked on November 23rd and there were six wasps there) —they were hanging on by their six legs and their mandibles were nowhere near the wood (one was on the door and three on the window). [It will be noticed that they had altered their resting positions ; I imagine the two had moved off to somewhere else or died.] December 6th, 1981.—Four Cidaria miata, L., in the loft. February 22nd, 1932.— Went into the hay-loft where, on December 6th, 1931, there were four C. miata, L., hibernating and found three ; they were in good condition. Two of them were resting on wooden beams and one on the tiled roof ; the other four (6.xii.31.) were all on wood. [Again they have shifted their positions. ] December 24th, 1932.—Made another search in the buildings. There were no insects hibernating in Little Meadow House at all. This is strange as it is an ideal place. In a meal house, which adjoins the loft, there were two fine Vanessa urticae, L., resting in an inyerted position on the wooden ceiling. There was an unusually large collection of insects in the loft, which is the usual hay-loft with a tiled roof and wooden beams—it is used very little now. Vanessa urticae, L.—Two fine specimens, resting inverted on wooden beams. I imagine this species hibernated early this year, as there were few about in the autumn (although more than there were in the summer) and all four specimens found were in excellent condition. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 27 Scoliopteryx libatrix, L.—Seven fine specimens, and the wings of another in a cob-web. Five of these were resting on wood, one was half on a tile, and one was wholly on a tile. They were all inverted. Cidaria miata, L.—Five fine specimens, all on tiles, three of them very close together. All inverted, two high up. There was one Queen Wasp, resting inverted on a tile, but it was too high to examine closely. I remember finding a green Lace-wing in the loft on one occasion, but I can find no entry for it.-—Ib. HKupitHecia PusILLATA IN NorTHUMBERLAND.— lV. pusillata is recorded by Mr. C. Eales in the Entomologist for 1872 (page 174) as occurring in Northumberland. Meyrick omits this county.—Ib. Bupauus pintaria, L.—It was, I think, in June, 1890, I called on my way from school at the late Dean Bristow’s to get him to name some of my captures. I found him in a great state of delight; he had just returned from a visit to Newcastle, Co. Down, where he had hunted among the pine woods then growing on Slieve Donad. He had captured he said a moth new to Ireland; this was B. piniaria, L. Next June I was on Bray Head and there I caught it again. Kane, Lepidoptera of Ireland, pp. 106-7, only gives 5 localities (including the above 2) in his first edition. But now this species seems to be abundant wherever there are well established pine woods. It would therefore seem to have come into Ireland along with some imported pine saplings towards the end of the last century, but with its powerful flight to have quickly spread over the whole country. The only other hypothesis would be that it was there and yet escaped notice. But this is hardly likely in the case of so conspicuous a day flyer. I have found it abundant in Co. Kerry at Caragh Lake; in Co. Wicklow around Rathdrum ; at Glendaloughas wellas Bray Head, Co. Dublinand it flourishes at the Scalp. In Co. Armagh it isat Churchill. Co. Down still has it at Donad, at Tallymore, and also around Rostrevor. Mr, Greer gives three Co. Tyrone localities. It has interested me to compare the Scotch specimens with the Irish. In Scotland I have met it on Loch Lomond; in Perthshire at Itannoch, Strathyre, and Glen Lyons; in Argyll at Loch Tulla and Glen Strae. ‘l'here seems very little difference in colouring between the Irish and Scotch male specimens; both are black and white, the proportion of black and white varying. But it was Strathyre that produced both the blackest and also the whitest specimens. Those from Loch Tulla were appreciably smaller than those from the other iocalities. Again the Loch Tulla females were the strongest marked, resembling the males in the black markings while the white was instead cinnamon brown. Other females, both Irish and Scotch show very indistinct markings, the cinnamon brown running over the whole wing. Kane, p. 107, mentions var. flavescens as occurring at Agher, Co. Meath, but all the males I have met with in both countries are white and black. If then piniaria as now to be found in Ireland is not a native but introduced or re-introduced with the planting of pine, it would seem to have come with saplings from Scotch nurseries not from [English and it would be a Scotch colonist.—(Canon) G. Fosrer, B.D., Strangford, N. Ireland. 28 ENTOMOLOGIS'S RECORD. 15.11.1983 GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Nort :—All contributors, who wish for reprints, should mark their M.S. and proofs stating the fact. These reprints are run off very cheaply. If covers are required a small extra charge is made. As arule reprints cannot be guaranteed after the issue of the magazine as the type is broken up as soon as convenient after publication. The Argentine Government have conferred on our valued corres- pondent Capt. IX. J. Hayward, who has held engagements in the country for the past nine years, the highest prize they give for Natural Science, the “ Hduardo L. Holmberg,” or as it 1s more “commonly known, the “ Holmberg” prize. This is siven through the national Academy of “ Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales’’ and is awarded annually for the most meritorious paper on any Natural Science subject, the Academy having to collect and judge papers, that is to say they are not “ sub- mitted,” every paper published in the Argentine gets a look in. ‘The prize consists of a gold medal and diploma, and the sum in hard cash of $2000. ‘This is considered sufficiently important to receive large- type headlines and occupies the place of honour in the daily and provincial papers of the country. The paper was that on the “‘ Argen- tine Nymphalidae ” containing numerous plates and diagrams. Two meetings of the Entomological Club were held ‘at Oxford on October 1st and 2nd, on the former date Prof. E. B. Poulton in the Chair, and on the latter owing to the regrettable illness of: Dr. Eltringham, Prof. Poulton again presided. Members Present :—Prof. K. B. Poulton, Mr. Robt. Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye, and Lord Rothschild. Visitors Present :—Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr, EK. B. Ford, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, Comm. J. J. Walker, Dr. G. R. de Beer, Dressy Ase Neuve. Dr i Hanitsch. The Members and guests met at the Museum during the afternoon of October 1st, and were received by Prof. and Mrs. Poulton, where tea and light refreshments were dispensed by Mrs. Poulton assisted by friends. The Collections and research work in the Hope Department were on view, and the inspection occupied the whole after- noon. A retirement was then made to Jesus College where accommodation was provided for many of the guests. Dinner was served at Jesus College at 8 o’clock, Prof. HE. B. Poulton, F.RB.S., presiding. A most entertaining evening was spent. On Sunday morning entomological excursions to various localities were organized, which were joined by local entomologists. A return was made to Jesus College at 1 o’clock for Luncheon, after which an excursion was made in rather dull and showery weather by motor cars to Bagley Wood. Owing to weather conditions very little collecting could be done, but the trip was a very enjoyable one. Tea was served in the Keeper’s Lodge. A return was made to Jesus College at 6 o'clock, where Dinner was served at 8 o'clock; and in the absence of Dr. Eltringbam Prof. Poulton again took the Chair. ‘The meeting was continued to a very late hour. On Monday morning the Hope Department was again visited and the party dispersed during the day. —H.W.-E. Part 87 of the Supplement toh Seitz Palaearctic Macro-lepidoptera has just come to hand. It contams the completion of the notes on CURRENT NOTES. 29 the additions to the Sphingidae. The secondary hybrids are considered, that is the results of crossing hybrids with species and hybrids with hybrids. Those already deseribed are included and also a list of crosses made, but not yet described and named. ‘Two coloured plates of 88 species and forms of Sphinyidae not previously fioured are given. The Drepanidae are commenced and of British species with added forms are Drepana falcataria, with 8 new forms, and D. lacertinaria with 4 new forms. Full references are given for each species to the main volume, and an excellent feature of the whole work is that there are Lists of full references to all original descriptions. ‘These are appended to each family and not left till the whole work is complete. [For instance the lst atlached to the Sphingidae included in this part contains references to the 806 descriptions of the new Sphingid forms. We seem to get no news of the Paris International !Mntomological Congress. There are indefinite remarks that it was a very pleasant social gathering. ‘he number of papers to be read was far too great. At one session of two and a half hours no less than twelve papers were down for reading and discussion. No one seemed to know where the subjects they were personally interested in were to be read and discussed. The special journey around the Pyrenees and the S. West of France was far too expensive for the bulk of the delegates in these times, and incidentally those who took part in this last item were not fortunate in the weather. Part 58 of the huge Lepidopterormm Catalogus is to hand. It consists of 820 pages. Of its value we may be assured as it is compiled by Mr. G. Talbot the Director of the Hill Museum of the late J. J. Joicey. But we must protest against the change of form which the editor has made in treating every subspecies or supposed subspecies as an independent species. So accentuated a change seems quite un- necessary from a systematic point of view, as well as breaking the sequence of method followed in the 52 previous parts. We also note that the pedantic, wasteful, ludicrous and incorrect brassicae brassicae, Linn., etc., etc., is also used. In dealing with the Bionomics of a species the references are usefully classed under, Mconomic, EKmbryo- logy, Gynandromorph, Histology, Micrology, Morphology, Parasites, Physiology and Variation. To ierts brassicae there are twelve pages of references; to HMuchloé (Anthocharis) cardamines there are nearly eight; while to P. napi there are fifteen pages. As usual with Messrs. Junk’s work the get up is admirable. This partis a sine quad nun to all who are interested in the Pieridae and fills a much and long desired want. A pamphlet containing the Presidential Address to the Lane. and Jhes. Int. Soctety for 1928, by Willoughby Gardner, D.Se., I’.L.8., F’.8.A., has reached our table. It contains a most interesting account of ‘“‘A Lancashire Hntomologist in the time of Queen Klizabeth.” The subject of the Mssay is Thomas Penny, who was born about 1582 the son of a small landowner, and who after a University career, became a Prebend of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. His great interest in natural history and botany made him known to like students of naturé both in this country and on the continent, one of his particular friends being the illustrious Mouffet whose subsequent famous book Insectorwm Theatrwn has Penny’s name on the title page as one of its authors with Gesner, Wootton and Mouffet. The pamphiet is full of 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1933 facts of Penny’s life and doings, details of the above book and other publications, which preceded it, such as the work of Aldrovandus, and concludes with a good bibliography of the times. These twenty-four pages make one of the most interesting adjuncts to the history of the Klizabethan period that we have come across. The Entomological Society of the South of England is fortunate in having among its members more than a couple or so of enthusiastic entomologists to carry on their work. To bring out No. 2 of a Journal of 24 pp., to which no less than 17 members contribute notes and Part 1 of vol. ILI. of Transactions of 64 pages in November, is no slight task for the editor in hisspare time. The Journal is the first to take any notice of the Nomenclature Section of the Paris Congress. T'wo or three pages of ‘‘ opinions” expressed are given. Apparently nothing was done, nothing agreed, no backbone in anyone and so for another 8 years shall we potter along. In the Transactions the most important article is that on “ British Tipulidae,” Diptera, by H. Audcent with three diagrammatic plates. To dipterists this will prove a very useful account of the species hitherto not available in collected form. The bibliography is long and most praiseworthy. Dipterists are well served in this part for H. Rivenhall Goffe gives a summary of the much disputed ‘‘ Nouvelle Classification des Mouches a Deux Ailes” 1800, and B. M. Hobby contributes a ‘‘ Key to the British Species of Astlidae.”’ Short articles on other orders complete the number. We only hope that the circulation of the Transactions will be commensurate with the great usefulness of the comprehensive articles. By the kindness of Herr G. Warnecke of Kiel we have received the two published parts of the Noctuid Fauna of the area surrounding Hamburg, the Hamburg-Altona district. They are a summary of the observations during many years of the members of the Entomological Society of Hamburg-Altona compiled by Herr Warnecke. They comprise 50 and 62 pages including a genus index. ‘The notes are full and adequate, not only for local use, but many biological facts are of a wider usefulness, such as unusual food-plants, lines of variation, incidental methods of capture, etc. Méiana latruneula is treated as a species. The new forms of species occurring in Britain are basistriata of Acronicta auricoma, rubrifera of Aygrotis subrosea, purpurisata of © Mamestra adrena, and nigrescens of Nonayrta sparyantt. Such work as this is most useful both as a basis for future local investigation and as a source of facts and hints in the biology of individual species for the compilation of great general works such as Seitz. SOCIETIES. Tae HnromonoeicaL Society or Lonpon.—Crnrenary CrLeBra- tions, 1838-19338.—It has been decided to celebrate the Centenary of the Society on Wednesday and Thursday, May 38rd and 4th next. The celebrations will include a meeting for the reception of delegates and the presentation of addresses on the afternoon of Wednesday, May 38rd, a scientific meeting on the evening of the same day and a conversazione on the evening of Thursday, May 4th. Further details will be circulated at a later date-—S. A. Nrave, Hon. Secretary. REVIEWS 831 The Council of the Society have had under consideration the question of how best to celebrate the completion of the first hundred years of the Society’s existence. So important a landmark in the history of the Society forms a fitting opportunity for reviewing the achievements of the past, and the Council have decided to issue free of charge to all Fellows of the Society in connection with the Centenary Celebrations an illustrated volume containing an authoritative account of the foundation of the Society, its subsequent growth, its incorporation by Royal Charter, and the many-sided developments of recent years. This will, in their view, constitute not only a valuable record of past progress, but will serve also to point the way to new lines of advance. The Council are anxious that the Centenary Celebrations should themselves be the occasion of a further development in the work of the Society, and they have decided to this end to establish a special fund to be known as the Centenary Fund, ‘They propose that the cost of the Centenary Celebrations (including that of producing the proposed Centenary Volume) should be defrayed from this Fund, and that the balance should be constituted into a permanent Trust Fund to be used at the discretion of the Council, who, subject to the terms of the Trust, will be free to employ either the capital or interest of the Fund for the furtherance of entomology in any way that they may think desirable, provided only that the und is not to be used to relieve the general revenue of the Society from existing liabilities. It is unfortunate that the new venture of the Society last year, the publication Stylops, has been a loss to the Society’s Funds of about £250, and the Library and Tranactions presumably have been deprived of this amount. It is also unfortunate that this should occur with a considerable falling off in the number of Fellows and an unusual number of papers awaiting publication together with large arrears of binding. further, in these circumstances, and with the present economic general conditions it seems, to say the least, unwise to continue the issue with prospect of a similar loss in 1983. From the entomological point of view it is unfortunate also. On account of the high subscription and the extremely small circulation (not 50 “a while ago) the original descriptions will be a continued source of time, trouble and expense to consult.—Hy.J.T. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Insect Bexayiour.—By Evelyn Cheesman, F'.E.S., F.Z.S., 200 pp. illustrated. Small oct. 4/6. Messrs. Phillip Allan and Co. Ltd.—This is a small book but full of facts and thoughts. Facts gathered in many quarters of the wild world, and thoughts induced by the study of those facts as observed in their natural setting. Starting with the fact that even the lowest forms of animal life make definite responses to outside influences, a reflex action, automatic protective attitudes are discussed. Tropism is explained and discussed in its varying forms, chemotropism, heliotropism, periodicity, vibration, communal and individual needs, ete. A good proportion of the matter deals with what is called instinct. Everyone should read onward from page 81 the explanation of the “ tandem-flight ” of the dragonfly, its purpose to aid 32 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S. RECORD. 15.11.1988 the female to break the water-skin and lay her eggs well below the surface and be pulled up by the attached male, which has remained above the water. Perhaps the most thought-inspiring chapter is that on variation of instinctive behaviour; suggestive with the mass of evidence introduced that insects have no choice of action in anything they do. But in a later chapter it is shown that not allinsect actions can be explained as mechanical processes. For beyond the mere record of facts in the life and behaviour of these wonderful little creatures, the dominant inhabitants of this world, this book leads us to think and think under Miss Cheesman’s lead, and to see-that beneath it all runs the course of evolutionary development in the behaviour of insects from the simple to the complex, as well as it does in their structure and adaptation to their surround. ‘The book is well produced and the print good, fit to pocket for a rail journey or a spare half hour. Miss Cheesman has done well again.—Hy.J.T. In Days Aconse. Notes on the Fauna and Flora of Subtropical Florida in the Days when most of its Area was a Primeval Wilderness. By W. 8. Blatehley, LL.D. 3840 pp. and numerous illustrations. $2.50 net. The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis. U.S.A., 19382.— Those who like reading Belt’s ‘“* A Naturalist in Nicaragua’ will revel in this book, replete as it is with incidents in the life of an observant and reflecting, all-round naturalist. Readers of the author’s previous book reviewed in this inagazine, ‘“‘My Nature Nook,’ will like this present book equally well if not more, since it treats of Florida before it was ‘‘ desecrated by the hand of the white man,” and follows up its gradual unnaturalization (civilization in comimon parlance). The author’s sojourn each year has been in the winter months when to live there is generally pleasant, and insect life abounds, and not in the intensely hot summer period when life aestivates to a great extent. The Text consists of Notes from his daily journal and thought thereon. In 1911 he went around the Coasts of Southern Florida and quite half the book describes what he saw, what he discovered and his. running comments and quotations., In 1913 and again in 1918 he spent the winter in the Okechobee Wilderness area and the shores of the lakes were worked for insects and plants. In 1919 Cape Sable and Key West the ‘southern tip” of the United States was his study, and he quotes from R.IX. to deseribe his ‘‘ demon urge.” “Do you know the pile-built village, where the sago dwellers trade ? Do you know the reek of fish and wet bamboo ? Do you know the steaming stillness of the orchid-scented glade Where the blazoned bird-wing butterflies flap through ? It is there that I am going with my camphor, net and boxes ‘l'o a gentle yellow pirate that I know, To my little wailing lemurs, to my palms and flying-foxes, For the Red Gods call me out and [ must go.” In 1921 to the Mverglades and Ten Thousand Islands and in 1922 for the last time to the Lakeland. The book is well produced and creditable to all concerned, but unfortunate that there is nomap. ‘The good ship is ‘‘ spoiled for a haporth of tar,” as so many books of this classare. We trust that it will have the circulation it deserves..—Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Torner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications 1puNTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by nuthors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require In1iusTRatIons are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 18, Germany. Duplicates.—FPyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraferna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata vy. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgaie Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Urcrent.— Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Ealise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. _ Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIKS. Entemo!ogical Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8p.-m. March Ist. The South Londen Entomological and Natural History Seciety, Hibernin Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the wonth, at 7 p.m. February 23rd, March 9th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History fSociety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Severs: or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, SSex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST, Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. H. B. Ashby, Dr. G. 8S. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson, Malcolm Burr, Rev. Canon Foster, Thos. Greer, A. EH. Burrass, Chas. Mosley, P. Siviter Smith, A. J. Wightman, B. J. Lempke, Miss L. Fison, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, C. L. Collenette, P. C. Hawker, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. ETEMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of MWelitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymiec notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. MeLanism AND MrtanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. APR ¢ Woo ree. }3, aD Vol. XLV. No. 3. MARCH, 1983 “i } — RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epirep R. S. BaGNaLt, D.SC., F.R.S.E. H. DonistHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.8. Pith, the Matcoimm Borr, D.SC., F.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.4.8. F.Z.S8., F.E.S. sistance of EK. A. Cockaynn, A.M., D.M., F.E.S., Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.8. F.B.C.P. H. i. Paas, F.@.s. J. HK. Coun, J.P., F.E.8. ALFRED SICH, F.2.S. Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus. —G. T. Breroune-BakeEr, F.Z.8., F.E.S. By Henry J. TURNER, F.uz.s., F.2.H.8., Hditorial Seeretary. CONTENTS Lepidoptera at Maurin, Basses Alpes, 4. H. Burras, F.E.S,-W. P. eg F.H.S. and W. Fassnidge, M.A., F.E.S. (with plate IL.) C 33 Notes from Ireland, Canon G. een BEDS. oa ah ne aS 37 Orthoptera and Spiders, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S. cc cc a 38 Notes on Erebiid Species, B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S. .. 00 aww 40 Cornish Notes for 19382, Chas. Nicholson ae oc te oc c 42 NotEs on CoLLectTInG, ETC.—Items from Winchester, etc., in 1932, P. C. Hawker; L. pallifrons and L. pygmaeola, B. J. Lempke, Amsterdam ; E. jurtina, L. and ab. semialba, Bruand, B. J. Lempke; Black-veined Brown Butterfly, H. H. Hewitt; Further Notes from Kabylia, Miss L. M. Fison .. . 56 te 56 Se ne 44 Cornrent Notes .. 6c si Ed oc oc ae 46 Nomenclature, J. D. epee and Hy. J. r. ce ; are ae 48 SuPPLEMENT.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.H.S., F. R. H. 8. (261)-(264) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W, ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Hltham, 8.H.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return / Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.”’ 36, ‘Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. Ne. 126 TRLEPHOME—TEMPLE BAR 9457 ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET J ° J ° ri LL & SON, MANUFACTURERS, Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Imsect Gahbinets; also Gheap Storage Cabinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WiniEspEn 0309. THE VASCULUOM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland. assisted by R. S. Bagnall, Dice, F.R.S.E., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, FG: Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., ERS. A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. VV. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 accurate y coloured examples, figuring every species and many varieties, also drawings of eges caterpillars, chrysa- lides, and food-plants. Price 1@/G net per volume: FREDERICK WARNE & GO. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.C.2. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F-E:S; «- oe Price, one copy, ls. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenneru J. Haywarp, F.H. (ues oleae Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. EL, Durrant, F.H.S. (a few copies only) . .. 93s. Od. British Dipterolegical Literature. An annotated list. By ‘HL W. AnpDREWS, F'.H.S. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37- 44 of Ent. Record, new series ; ; imelnding "Special Index . 50 EC ae ce Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Ghana post fe pe H. W. hes 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.%. Puate II. Vou. XLV. Font Sancté. Panestre. The Gorge. \ S ce Sy Scarp of L’Alpet. Ent. Ree. and Jr. of Var. Hilda Fassnidge. Photo 1 ie VauLey oF Maurin Looking West From Roap up TO THE LAKE LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 33 LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN,. BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE, From mid June to September 8th, 1932. (Plate IT.) Based on the Observations of A. E. BURRAS, F.E.S., W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.H.S., and W. FASSNIDGH, M.A., F.E.S. (Continued from page 12.) Meruops or Work :—Besides ordinary day-hunting we worked light on every possible night. We set up five lamps on three sheets at dis- ances of from 100 yards to a mile between the furthest stations, andas the valley was worked both down to the gorge and up to the lake it was fairly well covered though no great altitude was attempted. ‘The season was at least three weeks later than normal. Heavy rains and late frosts in June and July must have been detrimental to larvae since few species were really common, and we noted a most unusually large number of more or less crippled specimens. The list shows alarge number of species, very few of which were present in any abundance. Only one night during the whole period was warm, when lightning flashed over the Italian border, and two rumbles of thunder were heard earlier in the day. ‘I'be valley is very gusty and the wind often cold, which seemed to have the greatest influence ‘on the success or otherwise of any given night. Yet we worked at light every night except two at full moon and one other following a wet afternoon, which covered the mountains with snow, when it was too bitterly cold to contemplate standing to a lamp and sheet. Searching flower-heads at night was not particularly productive. Thistles and knapweed paid best, but apart from Plusta gamma, L., which was the usual intolerable nuisance at flowers though a rare visitor at light, the bulk of the moths at flowers were Mpipsilia cuprea, Schiff., Huaoa decora, Sehiff., Lycophotia eleguns, Kvers., and L. alpestris, Boisd. We did not try sugaring, partly because of the accepted belief that it is useless at high altitudes and partly for want of suitable posts. The telephone posts were few and far between and then not always accessible from the road. \W.P.C. would like here to say a word of warning about footgear to those who like him are unacquainted with conditions in the Alps. Despite their apparent clumsiness and weight really stout weather-tight boots and really thick socks are a necessity. Thin soles and thin socks rapidly result in sore feet, and rubber is dangerous on wet and mossy rocks. GrNneRAL ConsipeRatIons :—The valley has long been known to coleopterists and botanists as a rich collecting area and, as it is almost completely shut in by mountains of 10,000 feet and upwards, it is reasonable to suppose that it might easily be the home of rare species, local races, variations and aberrations in the Lepidoptera. We took six striking aberrations and a number of minor ones, a remarkable fact considering the general scarcity of Lepidoptera. We took also several species that seem to be very rare in France, and one believed to be new to the French fauna. A giance at the detailed list will show also a curious mixture of southern forms and alpine species, and considering that migrants must travel up the valley only from the S.W., this is the more surprising. Lamping, as we did practically every night, disclosed the fact of three distinct waves of migration or at any rate of movement on the part of Nomophila noctwella, Schiff. 34 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. — 15.111.193838 The first arrived on the night of August 12th, the day W.P.C. left. A few had been noticed before, and on the preceding night about a dozen or so came to the five lamps. But that night, with only three lamps working, the species came in hundreds, flying continuously as long as we stayed out, that is until 10 p:m. G.M.T. and constituting a very serious difficulty to the capture of any particular specimen that settled on the sheet. Only an odd P. gamma came to the lights with them, and by day the only known migrant noted was Pyranieis (Vanessa) cardut, L., of which perhaps ten might be seen daily. The second wave reached us on August 29th when NV. noctuella came to our lights in thousands with only two or three P. gamma, no more than came on the preceding and following nights. A few N. noctnella turned up on August 80th; on August 31st we could not lamp owing to the cold N.H. wind already mentioned; on September Ist there was not a single specimen of N. noctuella to be seen on our sheets and only three on September 2nd. The third wave came on September 7th when lamping was poor with a half-moon behind the mountains and a chilly wind. This time there were about thirty P. gamma duriny the evening and N. noctuella came at the rate of about ten aminute. lt sbould be remembered that P. gamma is not a markedly positive » phototropic insect, and W.P.C. abandoned trying to work flowers in some still uncut meadows on August 9th and 10th because 98 per cent. of his captures were P. ganna, yet it rarely came to the sheet. Of other possible wanderers one Sideridis vitellina, Hb., was seen on September 4th, while a few Polygonia c-album, L., Pyramets (Vanessa) atalanta, L., and Colias croceus, Foure., were noted in the first week in September. One very fresh Celerio lineata, Fb., forma livornica, Esp., was brought in by the gendarmes, and three odd specimens of Herse convolvuli, L., were noted also in the first week of September. Larvae of V. cardui, Li., were moderately abundant on several species of thistle, notably on Carlina acaulis, L., during part of our stay, and a fair number of larvae of P. gamma were found feeding on various low plants toward the end of our holiday. Two species raise to our mind points, which the wider experience of other entomologists may be able to solve. How does one capture ? 9 of Hrebia scipio, Boisd.? The species wandered into the village itself and odd g g were picked up here und there, though they were always to be found in the steep torrent beds that score the slopes on the northern side of the valley, where they flew up and down in company with /¢. goante, Hsp. W.F. caught two ? 2 only, one flying high over a pool where he was dabbling his feet, and the other he netted quite casually on the road. Then how ean larvae of Celerio vespertilio, Esp., be induced to pupate healthily? These larvae were found in some abundance feeding on Fpilobtwn rosmarinifoliun, Haencke, growing in the stony bed of the Ubaye. When small they hid under stones by day, but in their jast instar they basked in the sun on the bare ground between the plants. They ceased to feed in captivity when full-fed and then simply did nothing. Some of them spun afew feeble threads and then turned black and rotten. Hven some of those few that succeeded in changing to pupae went rotten soon after the change, and at present W.I’. has two healthy pupae from at least sixty larvae taken in their last instar. A.E.B. was no more successful and we should be glad to hear from anyone who can explain our lack of SUCCESS. LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 35 List or LeprpOPpTERA OBSERVED AT Maurin, Bassxs-ALPES. We have thought it best to follow the Catalogue des Léptidoptéres frangais published by Léon Lhomme, begun in 1923 and now almost ready to begin the Crambidae, as this is the latest catalogue dealing with this faunistic region. For the Crambidae (Pyralidae) we follow the same author’s MS. list, and for the Tortricina and Tineina Spuler’s Die Sogenannten Kleinschmetterlinge Huropas, 1913. RHopaALocerRa. Papilio podalirius, L.—A few; A.E.B. LP. machaon, L.—Not common ; fairly typical; the dark margins are a little broader than in German specimens but not so wide as in subsp. britannicus, Vriy., or as in some Portuguese examples. Puarnassius apollo, L.—Fairly common ; race geminus, Stichel, was the most numerous; a few ab. montanus, Stichel, and twoab. provincialis, Kheil, were taken by W.P.C. P. delius, Esp., (phoebus, Prun.)—Fairly common ; local in the Vallée de Mary ; all belonged to race sacerdos, Stichel. Aporia crataegi, L.— Fairly common especially below Le Barge. Pieris brassicae, L.— Fairly common. P. rapae, L.—Fairly common near dwellings. P. mannt, Mayer.—lairly common on the northern slopes of the valley. P. nayi, Li.—Fairly common; the 3 ¢ mainly ab. wpunctata, Rober ; 2 2 very near ab. bryontae, Ochs. lontia (Leucoehloe) daplidice, l4.— Rare. Synchloé callidice, Ksp.—Fairly rare; wild and wary; scattered, but chiefly on the northern slopes of the valley; 9 @ very rare. Huchloé crameri, Butler.—Common; the form appears to be espe’, Kirby, mixed with ausonia, Hb., ab. am‘antiaca, Obthr., and ab. grisescens, Obithr,; larvae very common on a yellow flowered Crucifer growing in stony places. Anthecaris cardamines, L.—Fairly common ; lasted till well on into August. A. enphenoides, Stger.—One g, W.P.C. Gonepteryx rhannt, L.—Fairly common, Colias phicomone, Esp.— Fairly common and very wild ; both sexes much suffused ; some of the 3 S approach ab. vberthuri, Vrty. ©. hyale, L.—Fairly common. C. croceus, Foure.—Rare until mid August; after this date fairly common , no ab. helice, Hb., were seen. Leptosia (Leptidia) sinapis, L.—Fairly common, especially below Le Barge. Erebia eptiphron, Knoch, var. cassiope, Fb.—Common everywhere above 7,000 feet. E’, yorgophone, Bellier.—Rare at 8,000 feet and over; Font Sancté, Grand Bois above lake: compared by W.P.C. with types in the British Museum. i, stygue, Ochs.—Fairly common and well distributed. Ff. scipio, Boisd.—Fairly rare; 9 S in the dry torrent beds on the northern slopes. /. geante, Ksp.—Fairly common; partial to stony places and rock walls partly shaded with larches. LH. gorge, Esp., ab. erynnis, Hsp.—Rare; vallée de Mary, W.I. FE. neoridas, Boisd.— Fairly rare. ££. euryale, Esp.cVery common among larches; rather variable ; aberrations approaching ocellaris, Stgr., and euryalotdes, Tengs., occurred; W.P.C. got an odd looking specimen, wings very ample and round, band very deep strong Sandford’s brown, ocelli blind, white spotting of cilia nearly obsolete. H. lappona, Ksp.—Fairly rare and scattered, W.F., A.K.B. 2H. tyndarus, Esp.—Common and typical. Melanargia gaiathea, li.—One specimen, var. procida, Herbst., W.P.C. Satyrus semele, L.—One specimen, A.E.B. Nytha (S.) cordula, Fb.— W.P.C. saw several specimens or the same specimen on successive 36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1983 days of what looked like this species, but was not able to catch it. Pararge aegeria, li.—One specimen, A.E.B. P. megera, L.—Two or three seen. P. maera, L.—Rare. EHpinephele lycaon, Rott.—Fairly common in the valley. Coznonympha iphis, Schiff., race carpathica, Horm.—Common in moist meadows: seen by W.P.C. drinking at the eutters in the streets of Barcelonnette. C.philea, Hb. (arcania, L. ?) var. satyrion, Esp.—Rare, A.E.B., W.F. Limenitis camilla, Schiff. A few below Le Barge. Pyramets (Vanessa) atalanta, Li.—Scattered specimens; more in early September. P. (V.) cardui, L.—A few; more common in early September; larvae fairly common. wo; L.—Odd specimens. Aglais wrticae, L.—Fairly rare; larvae fairly common. Polygonia c-album, L.—A few in early September. Euvanessa antiopa, L.—Two broods of larvae seen on the willows; just beginning to emerge in early September. W.F’. noted larvae hanging up for pupation that must have wandered more than 100 yards, each attended by Chalcid parasites observed in one case on three successive days waiting for the chance to oviposit in the soft newly formed pupa. Melitaca cynthia, Hb.—Two 3 g seenby A.E.B. M. cinwia, L.— Fairly rare. M. phoebe, Knoch.—Fairly common; A.E.B. took a striking aberration, unfortunately with a crippled hindwing; W.P.C. took a very beautiful obsolete form described at the end of this paper. M. didyma, Ochs.—Common; g & very red; ? 2 formaalpina, Ster., sometimes so extreme as to show very little trace of fulvous. *M. parthenie, Bork.—Fairly common below Le Barge. MM. varia, Meyer- Dirr.—Rare on the high pastures. M. dictynna, Hsp.—Fairly common and very dark. Brenthis (Argynnis) selene, Schiff.cA few low down in July and early August. 8. (A.) euphrosyne, L.—Fairly common with the preceding; undersides much redder than Hnglish specimens. B. pales, Schiff.—Fairly common both in low meadows and on high pastures. B. amathusia, Ksp.—Rare opposite Le Barge. A. aglaia, L.—Common especially in low meadows; undersized and pale; no tendency to variation. A. niobe, Li. and ab. eris, Meig.—Both equally fairly common. Issoria lathonia, L.—Fairly common in the valley. Callophrys rubi, L.—Common at the end of June, A.H.B. Strymon spini, Schiff.—Fairly common at flowers of thyme. Heodes rirgaureae, L,—Fairly common in the valley; W.P.C. took a 2 ab. albo-punctata, Huene. AH. chryseis, Bergs.=hippothoé, l.—Fairly common; the usual alpine form. 4. alciphron, Rott. var. gordius, Sulz.—One very fine §, A.K.B. Rumicia phlaeas, L.—Four specimens, all very large. H, dorilis, Hufn., form subalpina, Speyer (montana, Meyer-Durr.).— Fairly common ; this form is by some considered a separate species. Cupido HDS, Fuess.x—Common; in the river valley normal to rather large, on Font Sancté very small indeed. Plebeius argus, L.— Common; ¢ ¢ at the wet mud round the lake. P. aegon, Schiff.— Common and rather small. Aricia (P.) medon, Hufn.—Common ; mainly race allous, Elb. Aricia (P.) donzeli, Boisd.—Common every- where among larches. P. pheretes, Hb.— 3 g fairly common at road- side puddles; @ @ rare in larch woods. P. orbitulus, Prunner.— Common at wet places in the hot sunshine. Polyommatus icarus,. Rott.—Fairly common. P. thersites, Cant.—Common. P. dorylas * Dr. Verity suggests that parthenie, Bork.=aurelia, Nkrl. (Ent. Rec. p. 27 etc., 1932). NOTES FROM IRELAND. 37 (hylas, Esp.), Schiff—Fairly common; very variable in size. Je escheri, Hb.—Fairly common. P. coridon, Poda.—Fairly common ; mostly referable to ab. punctata, Tutt; W-.F. took ab. cinnus, Hb. P. damon, Schiff.— Very common; the @ @ terided to ab. caerulescens, Obthr. W.P.C. took ab. eawtensa, Krod., and W.F. took two minor striated forms. P. semiaryus, Rott.—Common lowdown. P. ewmedon, Hsp. (chiron, )—Fairly common at the end of July. P. eros, Uchs.—Very common; W.P.C. and W.F. took striated forms, and W.F. took an obsolete form. Turanana baton, Bergs.—Three ¢ 3. Glaucopsyche cyllarus, Rott.—Fairly common in July ; still about in fair condition inearly August. Lycaena arion, L.—Locally fairly common ; form obscura, Christ. Lycaenopsis argiolus, L.—A few below Le Barge in early September. Carcharodus althaeae, Hb.—Two specimens, W.P.C. Hesperia carthamt, Hb.—Fairly rare low down. H. alveus, Hb.—Fairly common ; some specimens are very small and dark. lal serratulae, Rmbr.—A few, W.F., W.P.C. (genitalia examined). JB le carlinae, Rmbr.—F airly common. H. cacaliae, Rmbr.—One or two, W.P.C. H. andromedae, Wall.—Rare; near torrents. H. malvoides, El. (gen. ex.) and Edw.—Fairly rare; found right up to the snow. H. sao, Bergs. (recte sertorius, Hoftm.)— Fairly common. Nisoniades tages, L.—Common in July, A.1.B. Adopaea lineola, Ochs.— Common. 4. flava, Brinn. (thawmas, Hufn.)—Common. —_Urbicola comma, L.—Fairly common. Anytades sylvanus, Esp.—Fairly common in July, A.B. (To be continued.) Notes from Ireland. By CANON G. FOSTER, B.D. Last winter Mr. ‘'urner was Lind enough to go through a selection from my nictitans group, which till then I had been leaving undiffer- entiated. It would perbaps be useful and interesting to record the results of his examination. The specimens submitted to him have been drawn from four different Irish counties, namely Wicklow, Armagh, Down, and Donegal. ‘There is no record for paludis, but lucens, crinanensis, and nictitans all show in varying proportions— lucens 8, crinanensis 28, nictitans 18. But the county of the four for crinanensis seems to be Donegal, since out of the 28, 25 were froni Donegal, as also two of the three Jucens, while Donegal gave no records of nictitans. Wicklow shows one lucens, one crinanensis and four nictitans. Armagh gives one crinanensis and five nictitans, while Down gives one crinanensis and four nictitans. Three localities in Donegal were worked, Donegal town, Portnoo, and Gartan. Donegal town was a failure as none of the three showed. At Gartan I was handicapped by bad health, but I captured 9 at light, on ragweed, or on Buddleia variabilis. All were crinanensis except one doubtful. But at Portnoo crinanensis was in profuse abundance and the specimens were of very large size. They were so fine that I could scarcely persuade my son to stop taking them. They were most frequent on ragweed, but were also to be got on heather blossom. The ragweed grew on the land side of the sand hills along a marshy drain, while the heather was inland among rocky hills. 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.111.1983 In Co. Wicklow I only worked one locality, a sort of amphitheatre along the Avonmore River below Rathdrum. There it was the scabious flowers that attracted them, and they were just as abundant by day as by night, sometimes more so. The Co. Armagh locality was near Lurgan on ragweed growing in marshy meadows close to Lough Neagh. In Co. Down my specimens are drawn from two localities, Kirk- cubbin and Strangford, both near the sea. The ground varies, either sandhills, or ordinary rough pasturage. Of course one could capture them by the hundred, but Co. Down seems to produce mostly nictitans, also Armagh and Wicklow, while crinanensis seems to be supreme in Donegal. Here, Strangford, Co. Down, nictitans is very abundant but T have not met with either crinanensis or lucens. The inference therefore to be drawn seems to be that nictitans holds the field in Cos. Down, Armagh, Wicklow, with erratic appear- ances of lucens and crinanensis, while in Donegal crinanensis is the dominant species. Donegal Down Armagh Wicklow Total crinanensis D5 1 1 1 28 lucens 2, == = i 3 nictitans — 4 5 4 13 Mr, Thos. Greer in his “ Macro-Lepidoptera of County Tyrone,” has some very interesting observations on the subject. He speaks of crinanensts as altogether replacing nictitans. Again in his ‘‘ Lepidoptera of the North of Iveland”’ p. 49 he says “ nearly all specimens recorded as H, nictitans are referable to the present species. Generally abundant in marshy localities in Cos. Donegal, Derry, Antrim, Fermanagh, and Tyrone.” From Lough Neagh west therefore as regards the North of Ireland it is crinanensis, but eastward, Armagh and Down, nictitans. However it will be necessary to collect more material from other localities in Co. Down, before a valid conclusion as to the Co. Down and Armagh distribution can be drawn. Again as regards Co. Wicklow, on the coast crinanensis seems dominant (vide Greer ‘ Macro- Lepidoptera Tyrone” p. 15), while inland it was nictitans I found supreme ; in both cases ducens in the minority. Orthoptera and Spiders. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. The literature of spiders is not always considered by entomologists, and so I think it worth recording separately some interesting observa- tions upon Urthoptera which I have chanced upon when reading the English translation of Niclscn’s great work, The Bioloyy of Spiders (Copenhagen, 1932, Vols. J. and II.) 1. Fight between an earwiy and a spider (1., p.87). ‘ One morning the female of a Clubiona had left her retreat: she went beneath the leaf, where she found an earwig, which at once put itself on its defence with the outstretched forceps bent up above its back. Whenever the spider made an attack, the earwig quickly made a dash at the enemy with the forceps, and the spider hurried out of reach of the dangerous weapon. The attack of the spider was repeated several times, until at last the earwig withdrew.” ORTHOPTHRA AND SPIDERS. 39 Clubiona is a genus of inconspicuous tube-building spiders, As they are small creatures, it is much to the credit of this one that it was left in possession of the field. The behaviour of the earwig was characteristic. 2. Locusta viridissina attacks a butterfly. (1., p. 148). ‘A Locusta viridissima, L., was sitting on a big leaf in dense vegetation and was not very conspicuous in its green dress. It incessantly moved its antennae, and the whole of its attention was centred on a butterfly that was basking in the sun on a neighbouring leaf. Suddenly the grasshopper jumped on to this leaf straight at the butterfly, which, however, flew away; stili it was not more frightened but that it returned to the same leaf, where the grasshopper was now sitting. From the antennae of the latter it was apparent that the grasshopper had immediately discovered the return of its prey and was preparing for a fresh jump. It, however, again missed its aim, and the butterfly circled above the place and then for the third time settled close to the green leaper. Now the grasshopper leaped for the third time but was again unsuccessful and this time the butterfly did not return.” «The fact that the butterfly kept on returning to the same spot in spite of the presence of such a dangerous enemy, which each time made an attempt on its life, would seem to suggest that it did not perceive the grasshopper as long as it kept quiet, only becoming aware of its big body when it had pushed off and was in the act of jumping. This interesting scene between Locusta and the butterfly shows the quick apprehension of the latter and the lightning rapidity of its reaction with respect to a body in motion, but it also indicates either a very short memory, or an entire unconsciousness of the kind of object rushing at it three times; when each time the butterfly flew away from the locust, this may be owing to an instinct inciting it to escape whenever an object of size is approaching it.” (p. 149). “When the observer, after the disappearance of the butterfly, came close to the grasshopper, it darted down among the leaves and disap- peared ; from this it may be inferred that, when hunting the butterfly, it remained in the light, trusting to be concealed from the latter by its colour; its confidence failed, however, when it felt its own life threatened. I have seen many locusts sitting on broad leaves among herbs and every one of them disappeared into the depths when I approached,” _ The occasion of this quotation is an account of the protective coloration of the crab-spiders, Laterigradae. The disappearance of the Locusta is characteristic, but | have never before heard of one actually attacking a living creature in a wild state. B. Grasshoppers eaten by spiders. (p. 109). ‘* Agalena’s chief nourishment is grasshoppers, and the stopping-web is an excellent expedient for stopping the jumping animals. The spider always sits at the mouth of the retreat, but with grasshoppers the mode of procedure is different. Ayalena rushes at the fallen animal, bites it, retires quickly, and soon after rushes out again trying, by biting the animal once more, to stop its violent movements ; often it bites off the saltatorial legs before carrying the booty into the retreat.”’ This behaviour is different from that observed by me in Madeira, when I saw an Fpacromia leap right into a big wheel-shaped web. It started kicking and did considerable damage to the web: the spider 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.117.19838 dashed out at it at once, seized it by the two ends, holding it up as a squirrel holds a nut, and twirled it rapidly while it enveloped it in its silken thread, passing it from end to end with the same motion that a cable is wound uponadrum. Ina trice the strong grasshopper was helpless, tightly swathed, when the spider left it and returned to her lair. Notes on Erebiid Species. By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. (1) Races of E. ottomana.—In the December number of this Magazine (1982), I mentioned a race of this species taken by Herr Dannehl near the lake of Garda. For the last eighteen months Herr Dannehl has been selling this insect under the name benacensis, but in spite of frequent assurances on his part that his description of this name would shortly appear, it has not yet been published. I have refrained from publishing this name before, but it causes the descriptions of other races to become unnecessarily involved to continue referring to a race without a name, and one cannot continue doing so indefinitely. I therefore describe this race now under the name which it has been sold and exhibited under during last year. E. ottomana ssp. benacensis nov.—This race resembles the ssp. balcanica, Rbl., but differs in being much darker on the upperside, the rusty patches around the apical spots on the forewings being reduced to mere rings, and the spots on the hindwings to mere points, in some cases hardly visible. On the underside of the hindwings, especially in the gs, benacensis is strongly banded and therefore strikingly different from balcanica. The antemarginal band in the @ is also better marked than in the @ balcanica. The size of the two races is the same; but the very dark upperside renders benacensis easily distinguishable from balcanica. Types from Mte. Baldo near lake Garda; in my collection. E. ottomana ssp. bureschi nov.—This race is characterised by having the great size of typical ottomana, but the underside facies of benacensis; many specimens are actually larger than typical ottomana, but there is some variation in the size which ranges from 44-50mm. in the g ; the only ? I have seen measuring 49mm. (The average size of typical ottomana is 48-46mm., in both sexes; benacensis and balcanica are of course much smaller). The markings of the upperside are as in ottumana, but slightly more pronounced. As well as its greater size, bureschi differs from ottomana in that the underside of the hindwing is marked as in benacensis, having the ground cclour, which shows through the blue-grey super-scaling, more black-brown and not golden-brown as in ottomana or balcanica, and therefore the median and marginal bands appear niuch more strongly developed, and look much darker as is the case in benacensis, This darker appearance and the much greater prominence of the bands, distinguish burescht very clearly from both ottomana and baleanica; the far greater size, of course, further distinguishes it from the latter and benacensis. The large black spots on the upperside and the greater prominence of the rusty bands, also distinguish it from the latter. The underside of the NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 4T ? is variable in all four races, but is less unicolorous in the one ? of bureschi, for the basal. and antemarginal bands are a pale blue-grey, more the colour of the underside of the typical g ottumana. Types from the Alibutush, in the extreme southern end of the Perim mountains. A good idea of the great size of bureschi is gained by the fact that many specimens are larger than the typical pronoé from the Austrian Alps. (2) H. callias—I have recently obtained material which has enabled me to establish the identity of a remarkable Asiatic race of this species, which has been confused with the ssp. altajana. This new form 1s so like typical cadlias, that it would be correct to refer it to the latter if it were not for the fact that anatomically it is proved to be a form of the ssp. sibirica. LE. callias ssp. sibirica form simulata nov.—This form differs from sibirica, Stg. in haying three distinct black spots set in rusty rings on the upperside of the hindwings; often containing white pupils. Occasionally there are also two extra spots on the forewings, below the usual two apical ones. The insect is therefore so similar to typical callias, that excepting its large size—equal to that of sibirica—and somewhat brighter coloration on the underside, there is no superficial means of distinguishing them. Anatomically, however, they can easily be distinguished by the characters of the clasp, which are peculiar to sibirica. For this reason it is necessary to give this Asiatic imitation of callias a name. The form has been referred to ssp. altajana in the past, but is easily distinguished from the latter by the less extended reddish patch on the upperside of the forewings, and the consequently broader margin of ground colour showing along the outer margin of the wing. This dark margin is twice the width that it is in altajana. AJl the black spots are also smaller in simudata, and the insect is larger. It occurs racially in the Tunkun mountains, and the central district between the East and West Sayan mountains ; also in the Tannuola mountains in North-west Mongolia; and aberrationally wherever ssp. sibirica occurs. I cannot deal with the anatomical formations of stmulata here, it would necessitate long descriptions of the structural details of both sibirica and callias as well as other species, also extensive illustration. Full details will I hope be published eventually. I would only add, that though in a high percentage of specimens there is a recognisable difference in structure between sibirica and callias, this difference does not attain either a specific constancy or stability of formation. (3) EH. pronoé.—In connection with this species it is necessary to: make a change in one of Fruhstorfer’snames. His zyauta, the Balkan subspecies, incredible as it may seem, falls as a primary homonym. This, of course, only because Fruhstorfer had forgotten that he had already made use of this strange compound—one can hardly call it a name—in the genus. In this case the change will not be likely to be regretted by anyone. I would substitute the name ssp. fruhstorferi nov. pro zyxuta, Frhst. 42, WNLTOMOLOGIST.S RHCORD, 15.111.1983 Cornish Notes for 1932. By CHARLES NICHOLSON. I shall first refer to the ‘Nature Story,” which appeared on pp. 11-12 of the last volume, to say that I subsequently saw the writer of that story, from whom | elicited the information that the beetle in question was a Musk-beetle (Aromta moschata), but I got no light on the subject of the wonderful name it was given in the story. From what I could gather I have no doubt at all that the ‘“ parasite’ was one of the mites (Gamasus coleoptratorum) so commonly found on Geotrupes, but how it found its way to Aromia is not easy to imagine. Although I have again had no time for any systematic collecting I have seen enough to be able to dissent vigorously from all those reports that lament the poorness of the season of 1932. Possibly the S.W. of England has not been cursed in that way, for here in Cornwall the season has been quite up to the average, so faras my limited experience of the average goes, in numbers of lepidoptera, although there have been no sensational appearances to record. ‘he feature of 1932 seems to have been an unusualabundance of Dasy- chira pudibunda larvae, of which J have bad not a few shown or given to me for identification by people in different parts of the village, and I was rather surprised to pick up just inside our entrance gates on July 10th a dead oak twig on which a batch of some 400 eggs of this moth had been laid. J brought them in and on the 13th they hatched. Not wanting them I then turned them ont in the garden, but never saw any sign of them again! The young larvae of Lastocampa quercis var, callunae referred to in my notes on pp. 41-2 of last volume began to emerge as moths on July 16th in the garden shed where they were kept throughout, and the last one a fine @ appeared on August 8rd. They were all typical callunae, which thus breeds true although the larvae did not go through two winters. I again ‘‘sembled”’ and got three pairings from which I have some 50 larvae feeding on bramble. JI may add that of the hundreds of larvae I turned out in various parts of the garden last year I saw only two and they were nothing but empty skins (lying on the ground) of nearly fullfed individuals. These were not simply cast skins, but the larvae bad evidently been sucked dry by something, as both skins were fully extended and had not been long where I found thei evidently, or 1 should have seen them before. J have never met with a case of this sort previously. In August I received from the keeper of Round Island Lighthouse, Scilly, a pair of Pachygastra trtfolti and in the paper with them were 4 egos, which I am keeping to see if they will hatch, so that I may rear them and “semble,” if possible, to see 1f the species occurs in this district. [am at any rate in the fortunate position of having nearly all its recorded foodplants in my garden, including Anthyllis vulneraria (Kidney vetch) which is quite likely to be the favourite one on Round Island! On June 7th I boxed a specimen of Gnophria rubricollis flying in the sunshine in the garden—the first | have seen of this species here. On August 24th I saw a Mania maura that had been squashed flat on the main road by a motor, and it reminded me of the well-known illustrations of ‘* Archaeopteryx remains in situ”? in the text-books! CORNISH NOTES FOR 1932. 43 Anaitis plagiata turned up as usual—in the verandah this time—and no doubt it feeds as a larva on one or more of the half-dozen species of St. John’s Wort, wild or cultivated, that grow in the garden. I boxed one Lobophora (Acasis) riretata in the verandah on August 27th and am surprised this has not turned up before, as there is plenty of holly and flowering ivy on my “estate” ! Dysstroma truncata was very much in evidence in the verandah and a rather pretty form turned up in some numbers that I have not seen anywhere before. This was a dark centwii-notata form without any brown colouring, but with an oblong grey-black blotch occupying the the apical portion of the forewing and divided by the usual pale wedge- shaped upper end at the characteristic angled line; this form was quite as common as perfuscata, the prevailing form here, but centum-notata was sparingly represented and comma-notata more sparingly still. As usual I never see the first brood of this species here, and the second usually appears in August and continues out for some months; the last specimen—a worn perfiuscata, was seen in the verandah on October 31st. I was very surprised to find on the sitting-room window on the evening of January 28th a nice specimen of Calostigia (Malenydris) multistriyarta—a decidedly early date, and the first I have seen of this species here. On August 26th a Lyncometra ocellata and a Ligdia adustata were noticed in the verandah. Although Huonymus is abundant about here and there are several bushes in_ the garden this is only the second adustata I have seen. On August 10th I was pleased to see Synanthedon vespiformis again, in the shape of a pair iz cop, on a leat of Atropa belladonna, which is growing in close proximity to, and between, two old oak-stumps from one of which no doubt the moths emerged. On August 28th the only Nomophila noctuella seen last season was noticed in the verandah on a sunny afternoon. On October 2nd and November 25th respectively a good specimen of Scopula ferrugalis was boxed on our ‘“ net-window,”’ evidently attracted by the light. The end window of the bay of our sittingroom looks along the verandah and the top section of it is a transom, opening outwards from the bottom by hinges at the top. In order that this window may be open in the evening we stretched mosquito-net over the framework to keep out gnats and mosquitoes with the result that when the window is shut there is a space between the glass and the net about 2 feet square by 8inchesdeep. Moths and other insects are attracted by the light in the room and fly up into the space when the window is open, and as I shut the windew when we go to bed the insects are trapped and | examine them in the morning. As a moth trap it was as effective as one could expect seeing that the light in the room did not shine directly through it, but as a medium for the capture of rarities I cannot claim it as so successful as a direct light shining over the garden might have been. Asa sample bag the following were found in the net-window trap on the morning of August 29th, moths having been particularly abundant in the verandah the evening before: 4 Noctua c-nigrum, 4 Opisthoyraptis luteolata, 4 Dysstroma truncata (these were 2 perfuscata, 1 centwmn-notata and 1 conma-notata), 2 Plusia yanima, 1 Epirrhoé sociata, 1 Ochyria designata, and a small lacewing, besides sundry small flies. Moths were also exceptionally abundant in the verandah on August 23rd and 3 bats were busy during the evening and must have reaped a fine harvest! It 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1988 was noticeable that Apamea secalis (didyma) although quite as common as N. c-nigrum, was apparently not attracted to the light as I found none in the “ trap.” I believe the primary attraction to many of these moths was a plant of Clematis flammula, which had a mass of its almond-scented flowers in the verandah and as many more outside, and that the verandah itself with its glass roof just above the flowers acted as a kind of preliminary trap, many of the moths on leaving the flowers flying up to the glass just above them and then gradually finding their way along until they came within the influence of the light, which kept some of them busy until they entered the ‘‘ trap.’ No doubt also a plant of Clematis viticella at the ‘‘trap”’ end of the verandah helped to attract some, as Plusia gamma seems very partial to its flowers and I several times saw other moths visiting them, though they are practically scentless. The interesting form of D. truncata I referred to above did not appear in any numbers until September (the first one on the 4th) and it gradually exceeded even perfuscata in prevalence. (To be concluded.) HOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. Irems From NEAR WINCHESTER, ETCc., IN 1932.—Callophys rubi ab. immaculata was captured at Winchester, and at Crabbe Wood the larva of Pyramets cardui were numerous. At Ampfield Wood Brenthis selene was reported in abundance and in Winchester itself a Limenttis sibilla was seen, and on Oct. 19th, a solitary Colias croceus was observed. Near Tavistock (S. Devon) Dryas paphia was very common occurring in the gardens, where also a CU. croceus was noted. It was reported to me by the late Mr. John Chichester that he once saw two Huvanessa antiopa on a dung heap at Horrabridge. Bleached specimens of Mpine- phele jurtina were taken and seen near Liskeard. [verything has been very scarce and late as a rule, the whole season.—P. C. Hawker, Kingsgate House, Winchester. LirHosia PALLIFRONS AND Li. pyemarona.—In the Ent. Rec., 1982, p. 8-9, there is an interesting note on Lithosia pallifrons and L. pyymaeola, in which Mr, Kettlewell writes that, according to preparations made of the genitalia by Mr. Tams, pygmaeola is a form of L. pallifrons. This result struck me very much. Pyymaeola, formerly considered as a form of L. lutarella, is not uncommon in the dunes of Holland along the North Sea. Count Bentinck, one of our leading Dutch lepidopterists, who possesses a fine series of pygmaeola, proved already many years ago, that the genitalia of this form and of lutarella are quite different. Up to some years ago pallifrons was hardly known as an inhabitant of Holland, but the last few years Count Bentinck has succeeded in capturing a good series of this species by means of electric light. An examination of their genitalia gave the following result: they differ strikingly from lutarella, less from pygmaeola, yet the difference is great enough to consider them as separate species instead of treating pygmaeola as a form of pallifrons. A note on the differences among the three Species with figures of their genitalia is to be found in Lambillionea, 1980, p. 43-44, also 1981, p. 75. There is still another solution of the problem: viz. that our Dutch pygmaeola is a different species from the CURRENT NOTES. 45 English. The Dutch examples are much larger than the English, so at any rate they constitute a distinct race. It is to be hoped that Mr. Tams will give us a definite solution of this interesting question in which Count Bentinck (address: Overveen—Holland) will certainly assist him.—B. J. Lemexe, Amsterdam. EprInePHELE Jurtina, L., as. semratBa, Bruanp.—Could any of the readers tell me, where the original description of this form is to be found? ‘The librarian of the Soc. Ent. de France has looked for me in all publications of Bruand he could consult, but without any success. Tutt mentions the form in his Brit. Butt., 1896, from which Rebel very probably copied it. The Lep. ('at. writes: ‘‘ vide Verity, Entomol. 37, p. 56 (1907),” and Dr. Verity himself referred me to Tutt! I should be much pleased with any information.—B. J. Lempxs, Amsterdam. Buack-vetneD Brown Burrerrty.—Mr. K. Trenchard Cox may be interested to know that about two weeks ago I discovered a black-veined brown (Monarch) butterfly on a large sedum in my garden; its wing Span was certainly not less than 8in. At that moment circumstances did not permit of my photographing it, and although during the following days I looked for it many times, I never saw it again, though at times there were as many as 22 small tortoiseshells on the plant. [cannot recollect having seen a live specimen before.—Mr. Eric H, Hewett, 20, Somerset Gardens, Bognor Regis, Sussex. (The Times, Oct. 5th). [Has any one of our readers met with this immigrant? Recently we received a note of another very casual immigrant, but the writer subsequently found his capture was not the species reported. |] Furtuer Norges rrom Kasytia.—During the season 1982 we have been able to discover some new localities and add to our list of species taken in this region of the Djurjura Mountains. 1. Charawes jasius.—This beautiful insect was quite moderately common at Dellys on the coast after August 10th, and as my friend Mademoiselle Rocchietti reports it from Tigzirt further down the coast at the same date, it is probably to be found all along this part of the Mediterranean littoral. JI have not yet discovered it in the Djurjura Mountains. It would be of interest to know if this insect occurs inland or is it confined to the littoral ? 2. Lbythea celtis.—This species is more widely distributed in this region of the Djurjura than we had thought. We have discovered it in a number of new localities z.e., Ait Ailem, 2.iv; Ait Daoud, 4.iv at a distance of at least four hours from Michelet; Tagonits in the Plain of the Sebaon River on 80.iv, settled on the ‘‘ Chéne Zéen”’ ; at Ouazene two kilométres from Michelet on 1.v; and at Tirourda on 17.vi at a distance of about six hours from Michelet. 3. Huehloé charlonia.—I was delighted to capture two specimens of this very beautiful little insect near the Kabyle village of Aguemoun Izem on May 7th. This is the only locality so far where I have seen it; so I am inclined to think it is very local in this district. 4, Melanargia syllius.—This species is well distributed on the mountains around here: I have taken it at Kon-Kon, 14.v.; Izendelene 46 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.111.1933 and Tafraout, 21l.v.; Tagonits, 26.v.; Tzonbga, 30.v.; Tirourda, 17.vi.; Michelet, on a slope at back of our house, 22.vi.; Ait Bontchoune and Ait Ahamed, 24.vi. I also took one specimen of Melanargia galathea at Michelet, on 22.v1. 5. Pontia daplidice.—Is another butterfly which flies in May-June, and I have even seen it in November on hot days. 6. Dryas pandora.—My first date for pandora is 26.vi. near Ait Boutschoune. We also saw it in the forest of Akfadou at Tala Kitan in August. It flies also around Michelet. 7. Melitaea desfontaintiitWe were delighted to discover a little colony of this Melitaea on 80.yvi. near a spot called Tzonbga on marshy sround at a considerable elevation in the Djurjura on the way to the famous ‘Tirourda. 8. Hpinephele pasiphaé.—On this day we also came across this species on steep rocky slopes in the same district. It flies on all the surrounding slopes I think, as we took it again at Tirourda on June 17th, a fine race, but difficult to capture as it flew in such precipitous © places. This is the first time I have captured this species, and I was delighted to come across it. Thus little by little we are discovering many of the haunts of the insects around and, which probably up till now have remained secret. 9. Larucus theophrastes.—Ocecurred locally in June and July. 16. Scolitantides baton.— We were pleased to find a colony of this species on the slopes at tbe back of our house in June. 11. Lyeaenopsis (Cyaniris) aryiolus—Has been abundant this summet also Glancopsyche melanops in the spring—particularly on lavender slopes. I have not made mention ef every species taken, but these notes are intended to be supplementary to the former lists published. ‘This year we have not had snow until January 10th, which is most unusual. All December we have had glorious sunshine, and on New Year’s Day Coltas croceus (edusa), Pyrameis cardui and some ‘* Whites” were still flying—also Rumicia phlaeas. All November and December we came across Pararge aegeria, P. megera, Colias croceus, Rumicia phlaeas and Pyrameis atalanta. At present now we are enjoying a fall of snow, so I expect we shall not see any more butterflies until the end of February and Mareh.—— (Miss) L. M. Fison. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. < am making an investigation into the extent to which butterflies in the perfect or imaginal state are preyed upon in the British Isles by birds, and should be grateful for any first-hand observations, giving, where possible, the species of both butterfly and bird, the date and locality, whether taken at rest or on the wing, how gripped (by wings or body), whether killed by being rubbed against an object, whether consumed by adult or young, whether the wings were swallowed, whether unsuccessful attempts at catching were noticed, and other details of interest. Wines detached by the bird are of value, both ag evidence of identity, and also by reason of the imprint of the bird’s beak which is sometimes shown. CURRENT NOTES. AT Published records up to and including the year 1908 have been summarized in the admirable paper by Sir Guy Marshall, C.M.G., F.R.S., “ Birds as Factor in the production of Mimetic Resemblance among Butterflies”? (Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond., 1909, pp. 829-388). Tam making a search in both entomological and ornithological literature for British records published since this date, but as such are frequently not indexed and are easily missed, | should also be most grateful for any references which may be known to your readers, especially in the less well-known publications. Communications can be sent to me c/o the Entomological Depart- ment, British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, London, S.W.7.—C. L. Cotuenerrs. We have received the following personai separates of which we can speak with gratification. Dr. F. Heydemann of Kiel. (1) ‘A Con- tribution to our Knowledge of Oporinia christyi”” with figs. of contrasted wing-markings, and a plate of structural details. (2) ‘Two short supplements to his previously noted article on the H. sictitans group, with a plate. (8) A consideration of ssp. scandinaviaria of Selidosema ericetaria, (4) The Morphology and Variation in the Genus Miana (a) the strigilis Group. These pamphlets form a continuation to the author’s series of useful investigations on tangled biological questions in the Lepidoptera. Mr. J. 8. Taylor, M.A., ‘“‘ The Cotton Insect and Disease Investiga- tions’ Pt. If. in 8. Africa, dealing mainly with the American Bollworm (Heliothis obsoleta) and its parasites, particularly with Muicrobracon brevicornis. Herr G. Warnecke of Kiel. (1) “The Distribution of Valeria oleagina in Central Europe,” illustrated with a map showing that generally speaking it is concentrated on the higher level areas around the middle Rhine with a few outlying logalities such as Budapest, Baltic Germany, Silesia. (2) ‘A new subspecies of Papilio machaon from $.W. Arabia,” (8) ‘* Cosymbia (Evhyra) lennigiaria in France.” Conte Emilio Turati. Our fear that Conte Tuarati had ceased to contribute to Italian entomology as expressed in the January number is, we are pleased to say, unfounded. Our change of address, some five or six years ago, was unnoted so that separates did not reach us. There now lie on our table some 15 separates covering the period, sent on to us by our kind correspondent for which we tender bim our best thanks. (1) Three series of new forms of Hurcpean Lepidoptera among them being ssp. perlinaghia of Apatura iris, form silana of Zygaena meliloti, ab. minima of Z. lonicerae, and ssp. ragonoti of Salebria palum- bella, of the only species which occurin Britain. The confusion in Seitz over the group Kpinephele rhamnusia, I’. lycaon and If. lupinius 1s discussed. (2) An account of the Lepidoptera collected during’ five years in the Modenese Appenines, with two plates and text figures. (3) The account of an expedition in 1921-22 to Cirenaica, with six coloured plates containing 233 figures of new forms and species, and text figures. (4) Three separates describing and figuring further novelties obtained in Cirenaica, No. 1. with 1 plate and 34 text figures, No. 2. with one plate and text figures, No. 3. with a plate and text figures, etc. A really splendid output efficiently published with adequate illustration. Dr. U. Roeci. (1) Observations on a specific Group of the Melitaea, dealing with athalia, melathalia, helvetica, psendathalia, britomartis, aurelia and dictynna and their forms. (2) A continuance of the former 48 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.111.1988 treating of aurelia, britomartis and aureliaeformis more particularly. An attempt to unravel the complex relationship of three closely related Melitaea. Nomenclature. Our good friend J. D. Gunder, F.E.S., of Pasadena, California, has sent us the following scheme of simplifying the nomenclature in a more scientific way than the present happy-go-lucky method of applying irrelevant names to odd forms as they turn up. The bulk of our aberrational forms come under * Transition Form,” and would fall into the eight categories under it. To us the term “ Variety” has had such a generalised meaning from all time, that it is better to let it drop out. ‘‘Subspecies”’ we think the better and is the prior, we believe; it agrees with the definition given. ‘‘Race’’ we would use for the colony, which contains a certain proportion only of a peculiar form, and not occurring in other colonies, ¢.e., an incipient subspecies, or a subspecies in the making, just as a subspecies is a species in the making.—Hy.J.T. [S] pects . 5 So) tl ee SEE CIES, A prime group of jadividuals reproduce Ghet own in hind. [R lace —(Subspecies & “variety” being synonymous.) : oy CAGE A digressing near-by group or a separate far-away group of individuals taps cincie their own in kind which are constantly similar to, yet consistently atypical of,a predetermined group. LOCAL FORM een res ee EL OG. A cognate form whose congenial habitat or opal 1s t caunis red restricted to segregated localities within the range of a species or. race and generally contiguous to them; 1. e. altitude or confined desert forms. FORM—(or general form) re : cape: 1 A form occuring quite generally and Potaimonly Prouphout the range of a species or ORMS race. This term is much abused, new names being given on slight differences usually “repre- senting ordinary variance or usual variance occuring within the range of a typical series and understood by the original author.” SEASONAL FORM— . 5 5 F. VERN. or F. AEST. Forms occuring within a species or race ont at certain periods of the year. SEXUAL FORMS 605. 4y tr: jevygih KOMEe Oi Forms belonging to one sex only. Deviating, cognate individuals or group of individuals, bred continually or at cyclic periods within a species or within a@ race, and which are, as a rule, practically counterparts of one another. [Transition FORM— ie isn ayes 0 oo) 0 Ai 3 Recurrent individuals within a species or within a race ora by Dignce of Alp or by change Gi pattern graduate with persistent characteristic similarity from parental type to definitely limited variation away from parental type. These may be classified for name retention as follows: melanism—to black chromatism—+to follow color sequence albinism—to white ; pellucidism—lacking color, or to iridescence Change of color immaculism—lacking design albifusism—white design radiation chromatifusism—color design radiation melanifusism—black design radiation H YBRID—. . 2 . ee ee arity BRID: Progeny which have the combine apn Chameieninice of parenes “oes unlike in Seah character relation. NNAMABLE or SYNONYMOUS FORMS— San ee YIN OINIYAVA Hermaphrodites, mosaics, dwarfs and giants, rubbed specimens, chrysalis burns, pigmental fluid misplacements, venation malformations, wing shape distortions with resulting pattern changes, scaleless, monstrosities, degreasing or killing coler changes, fades, inverted wings, parasitic wing punctures and all so-called freaks, aberrations, mutants, illforms, malforms, de- forms and sports. Change of pattern Names given to specimens which vary from normal in an abnormal way due to the above listed lepidopterie inflictions fall into the synonymy and have no classification rating by rank in check lists or catalogues. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IpmHNTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. _ Artieles that require InnustRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. ’ Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, *‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.00. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.— Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 386, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Urerent.— Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in Huropean Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de Il’ Hglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J, Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. - MEETINGS OF SOCIETIKS. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8p.m. April 5th. The South London Entomolegical and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. March 23rd, April 11th, 25th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘' Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London Schoo! of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through a ae or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, BSEX. THE: BEST “ORS ALL READING Blackwood’s Magazine Subscribers both at Home and Abroad can have ‘Blackwood’s Magazine’ sent by post monthly for 30s. yearly, or 15s. for six months. WiLLiam BLAcKwoop & Sons LD., 37, Paternoster Row, London. 45, George Street, Hdinburgh. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. HK. B. Ashby, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R.N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson, Rev. Canon Foster, Thos. Greer, A. E. Burrass, Chas. Mosley, A. J. Wightman, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, O. Querci, G. W. Wynn, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘¢ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism AND MrtanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Variation (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E, 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. Vol. XLV. APRIL, 1933 ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epirep R. S. BaGnatt, D.SC., F-R.S.E. H. DonIstHORPE, F.Z.8., F.1.8. err the Matcoum Bore, D.SC., F.E.S. T. BaAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., | Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.u.s. ¥.Z.S., F.E.S. ssistance of EK. A. Cockayntr, A.M., D.M., F.E.S., Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. ¥.B.C.P. H. Eh. Paan, r.n.s. J. i. Conuin, J.P., ¥.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.1.S. Rev. G. WHrwLrr, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus.—G. I. Bernune-Bakur, ¥.2Z.S8., F.E.S. By Henry J. ee F.E.S., F.B.H.S., Hditorial Seeretary. CONTEN TE S Notes on the Psychides. XY. ee Pit. i, Rev. C. Rh. N. Burrows, F.E.S. na be 3 ae os 49 Cornish Notes for 1932, Chas. NPiolen. i 50 aif at me 52 _ Noetuae in 1932, Ad. J. Wightwan ae o0 54 Geographical and Seasonal Variations of S. eines niger. Ver oh M. D. 56 The Origin of Castes in Insects, Dr. H. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.H.S. 60 Notes on COLLECTING, ETC. —Resting position in Hupithecia, G. S. ee M.D. He peltigera in 1932, W. G. Wynn; P. celraee Vv. egerides, C . Nicholson : ; Newspaper Entomology, Jide we 61 Current Notes .. ut an ae We 63 Reviews.—'‘‘ What Batten is that? he Hy. J.T.; ‘* The Senses of Insects.”’ Hy.J.T. ao “3 os Oe 63 Ositoary.—Alan Druitt, Fr. E. s.. Be A Ae 64 SuppLeMEeNT.— British Noctuae, H. co Turner, P. E.S., P, R.H. LS. (265)-(268) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W, ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S..9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). tH Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.”’ 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 TRLEPHONE TEMPLE BAR 9451 ee ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET Jo J. HILL & SON, “"SiRezence Have for disposal Re-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Insect Cabinets; also Cheap Storage Gabinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WitnEespEen 0309. THE VASCULUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D. Sc., F.R.S.E., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., Geerse Bolam, William Carter, F. CG. Garvett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. W. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. W. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. AN IMPORTANT NEW WORK BEES, WASPS, ANTS, AND ALLIED INSECTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. With 44 Plates in Colour showing 470 figures, -and 67 half-tone Plates showing 170 photographic reproductions. Prospectus available Price 10/6 net. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. Chandos House, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. B Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennere J. Haywarp, F.E. iGo 9 eiee ade Biibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.E.8. (a few copies only) .. .. 3s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. AnpreEws, F.E.S. .. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-44 of Ent. Record, new eerie including "Special Index . va : Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Bae post free from H, W. Axpaave, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. 6d. ee eae ee ee NO _ ae Vou. XLY. Puate III. Entomologist’s Record, Photo: G@, Larkin. 1. Female Pupa of Psyche constancella. 2. Female Generative Organs of Lepidoptera. NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 4S Notes on the Psychides. XV. (With Plate 111.) By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F-.E.S. In continuation of my remarks in my last paper on this subject, I am now able supply, in Figure 1, on the accompanying Plate, a photo- graph of one of the very curious, hard, dark, red ended, pupae, to which I called attention, and denominated Section A. This is the pupa (or puparium) of Psyche constancella, Brd. The specimen itself comes from Dr. Chapman’s store, and is numbered 895 in the general collection of /’sychides now in my charge, The object being so opaque, and rugose, seemed to present some difficulties in reproduction ; I sent it therefore to my good friend and helper, Mr. G. Larkin, of Newark-on-Trent, to do his best with. The result is reproduced here. It was taken by the agency of infra-red- light, and certainly appears to show details better than would an ordinary photograph. ‘The soldered segments show very clearly, as also do the spiracular scars. ‘The unbroken head portion, on the right hand, indicates that the female is still within, and the anal extremity also remains intact. Mr. Pierce’s examination of Dr. Jones’ specimens mentioned before, has not revealed any corresponding formation amongst the American material, and I understand from himself, that Dr. Jones, with all his careful examination, has not met with such. This fact seems to prove that, so far as our present knowledge goes, the New World, we must suppose, has, with the exception of one or two Solenobiae, no representatives of the Psychides parallel with those of the Old, until we reach the extreme end of our list. This means that two thirds of our Genera are not represented there. There is no lack of qualified collectors and students, in America who must have found them, did they occur. ‘This may indicate that the Palaearctic races have been blocked by Bering Straits, from the Neo-Arctice world. The second, and larger figure on the Plate, | am using for two purposes, first, as a dissection of the usual females, in Lepidoptera, and secondly to try to explain the particular specimen represented. [Noru.—This is copied from a reprint of a Paper by N. J. Kusnezov, entitled “On the probable viviparity in some Danaid, 7.e., Pierid, Butterflies,” published in Leningrad, 1931. It represents Colias aurorina, H.-S.] The complete Plate exhibits dissections of three specimens of the genus Colias. I have selected one of these as it appears to exhibit best the points to which I refer. I am noticing only certain organs, neglecting the other subsidiary parts, as I do not propose to treat of them. These appear to have to do with the varnishing, oiling, and possibly colouring, of the ova. Fertilization amongst Lepidoptera in general, is well known to be effected for each ovum individually, as it passes down the Oviduet to be deposited. It would appear probable that only one ovum is actually alive in the oviduct at one time. ‘The sperm is received and stored, in the Bursa copulatrix of the female, and supplied by the mother to each ovum as it is being extruded. It will be understood that each 50 ENTOMOLOGIS®’S RECORD. 15.1V.1938 has to pass this critical point, there to receive the necessary charge. The female can store this for use, and discharge it as required. This action has to be combined with the further business of bringing each into position, in order that no sperm be wasted, and each receive the necessary share. Unless the insect has “‘ paired’ the ova though laid, very generally prove to be infertile, and I imagine that the female sometimes misses, with the result that we may find some infertile ova amongst the fertile. [Nors.—It is also certain that the female can, and does, store this sperm, for in the cases where the male dies off before the the winter, while the female survives, we find her able to lay fertile ova, in the Spring. This occurs also with Wasps, and doubtless with many other creatures. I have myself confirmed this arrangement of parts in Noctuidae, and Petersen, in his treatise on Mupithecia (1909) provides a very clear diagram for that section of the Geometridae.| There is no reason to doubt that things are much the same with the Lsychides, but owing to the small size of our easily collected species, and the extreme delicacy of their structure, it is very difficult to identify the organs, while with the larger ones much the same trouble is experienced. Jor this reason it is impossible to speak with certainty about their anatomy. Turning again to the Plate Figure 2. We observe at once the larva enclosed within the much inflated oviduct. Jt will strike us at once how extraordinarily large it is, as it lies doubled up just below the point of fertilization. [Nore.—As I have not myself any knowledge of the normal form- ation of the interior female organs in Colias, I have no right to criticise ; I only remark that this seems tv me to be very much larger than necessary for the passage of a single ovum. | It would appear that the location at this exact spot, of even a newly hatched larva, would lead us to infer that the whole process of hatching had taken place there, since the ovum had not been able to travel further along the oviduct. Indeed, unless this period had been very much reduced, it would incur a total stoppage of the process of reproduction, and reduce to a minimum the natural functions of the mother. Had the not unusual period of two or three weeks been required for this, the natural active life of most insects would scarcely allow her to perpetuate her species. It appears therefore that there must be some other explanation than viviparity, for this strange complication. So soon as I encountered the suggestion I naturally turned to my own mounts to see if I had any which would bear out the suggestion. I then discovered, in the bodies of several females of the genus Colias, just ONE larva apiece, and these in the exact position occupied in the Plate. In these however although the hard heads were quite evident the bodies were somewhat indistinct, as though not fully developed. This might indicate only the effect of the caustic potash used in preparation, or that the bodies died before being completely hardened. I found exactly the same fact in the genus Argynnis, and I thought in Pieris, though I have not been able lately to identify that particular mount. My best find was a female of Parnassius apollo. This NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 51 exhibited a very fully developed larva within the oviduct, and with its head close to the exit into the ovipositor. This appeared to afford a clue. This Alpine Butterfly, I am told, lays its ova in the Autumn, and that these hatch in the spring, several months later. This example had been killed, set, dried, and reduced to the status of a cabinet specimen, when it came into my possession. She had evidently been flitting about on her business of oviposition. One ovum was on the point of being deposited, when she was captured and killed. The ovum was not affected by poison, or whatever method was employed to kill the mother, or indeed by her death. In due course that one egg hatched. The very large size of the resulting larva suggests, as does the plate before us, a certain amount of growth and of movement. A photograph of this mount will be provided with Paper XVI. Upon what did these larvae feed, that while imprisoned in the body of the mother they could grow? I can only surmise they fed upon their parent’s body, which might retain a certain measure of moisture or of soft fat. I can indeed in no other way account for the fact that these enclosed larvae are obviously much larger than starved ones could be. It has been suggested to me that this apparent viviparity, found so far only in mountain species, may indicate a provision of Nature to enable the species to survive a severe Winter. To my mind it is however impossible to imagine such a sudden catastrophic fall in teinperature as would prevent the egg-laying butterfly completing her business. I do not think the species in question have any hybernating tendencies, and I suppose that so extreme a fall would in many cases destroy all larvae except perhaps such as remain unhatched. Some years ago I took, in the Spring, a female of J. atropos. I boxed her, and provided some sweet food. She was greatly exhausted, and past feeding, and survived only a day or two, if so long. After her death, I found that she had laidjust ON egg. This duly hatched and the larva fed well until it escaped. I took from this individual’s body just 200 fully developed ova, while the ovaries were stocked with a further supply, in graduated stages of development. None of these eges, removed after the mother’s death showed a sign of fertilization. I consider these instances are sufficient proof of individual fertilization of the ova. Description oF Puate ILI. Fig. 1. The rugose pupa of Psyche constancella. Fig. 2. Diagram of the internal organs of female Lepidoptera. be —Bursa copulatrix. ds—ductus seminalis. Id—Sienum. ov—Oviduct—ovaries not figured. db—Ductus bursae. ut—Distended oviduct. a—Normal oviduct. | b—Ostium (hidden by skin). The cross marks the point of fertilization. 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1983 Cornish Notes for 1932. By CHARLES NICHOLSON. (Concluded from page 42.) Plusia chrysitis was another visitor to the net-window, and speaking of the bats reminds me that one morning | found the forewings of Agrotis suffusa beneath the window. Now as regards the butterflies, the three ‘‘ whites’? were exceptionally abundant in their second brood and P. brassicae was particularly so. It seemed very partial to the flowers of Buddleia variabilis, on which it was quite common to see it in company with Vanessa to and Pyrameis atalanta, both of which were also common this year. It was very noticeable that io was in the majority in the first half of August and atalanta during the rest of the month, when io became much scarcer, probably due to its retiring into winter quarters as the weather cooled down. ) () (*) Not all the chrysalides of the last three broods will emerge this year. A few chrysalides of the sixth, some of the seventh and many of the eighth brood will go over winter, together with those which might produce a ninth brood, if the season favourable to the emergence of the Lepidoptera is not too short as it happened uae year. The chrysalides which will survive will emerge altogether in the spring of 1933. 66 ENTOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.V.19388 The data which I record in my table for the beginning of each brood are probably correct, because, as I already said, from most lots of eggs which I have reared until September 15th (when the temperature dropped) some imagines emerged after 18-19 days. That occurred with the greatest regularity. In fact, it 7s hard to say when the last specimens of every brood emerged. In an attempt to solve this question I have carefully examined the P. rapae in my collection to see if I might find any character, peculiar to the specimens of the same brood, and different from those of the other broods. All the specimens were taken at the same place in a field near the Fairmount Park of Philadelphia. My wife and IJ visited that locality every day, also when it was cloudy or raining, as we needed to get plants to feed our larvae. We went there in the morning and returned again to collect in the afternoon when, owing to the heat, the butterflies rest among the tall crass and in the shade of the trees, and it was easy to catch them. Often, two young German friends of mine helped us to collect. I set the Lepidoptera within rectangular envelopes, made with transparent paper, taking care not to injure those insects which must remain alive. At home I separated both the species and forms. For the P. rapae I selected first all the abnormal ones and later I mounted them. The other specimens were measured, without taking them from the envelopes, and placed in two lots: one of examples having the length of the forewing shorter than 24mm. from the base to the tip, the other of the larger ones. Hach of these two lots was subdivided according to the tint: either black or grey, of the tip of the wings. This character is better perceptible when we look for transparency at folded butterflies. When the separation was made I recorded the number of males and females of every form, and later I selected, from the four lots of the most common forms, a few examples to be mounted, and put the others into the cages to fly. At Lisbon I made a more careful separation of the 747 males and 917 females which I had mounted. I preferred to measure the length from tip to tip of the forewings, instead of measuring one wing alone, because my butterflies are uniformly set with the low margin of the forewings along a line perpendicular to the axis of the body, and measuring is quicker and more exact. To the length of 24mm. for one wing, which I took as a base when measuring folded P. rapae, it generally corresponds (except in those of the first brood): 40mm. of expanse when the wings are spread. In the following table I record the number of males and females of every form of Pieris rapae taken at Philadelphia in the year 1982. 67 STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. TFIOL 0€ &¢ SP L& 869 P9E1| GLL 9861) 086 8Sh | G6h 296 | 8g VG 69 GG ca 9 g & G ae a re ie a a I a T = 6 ar G G Es 6 = G aS aan T Tee I T am = Pv G 9 G Vv Vv Te =n G T I T =a = qT = G G Ee G 9 L 5 ma G G aise qT T s § T LG vl 69 &&1 LG 8€ &@ 86 ) P ST 9 i! ae 6 = 69 6ST | G8 vLT LT && 1 09 14 pa 8 G ae =a I I G L G Or G L Vv 6 ag a G ae = & oe I 9 G 9I GI L Gg 8 OT I = G = TE G a T L9 O9T | €8 S81 9T 8& 6& G9 T Se qT T 7a T I = bP Tél | 79 PEL 86 8¢ &G 9L & T 9 G I i T I vg 681 | 19 696 16 GP GG 661 | & G OL T Te § T I bh L8T | 601 FFG 6 GE G9 LET | & G 9 T 7 T IT g v9 Gsl | GL G06 91 GG OF 68 G G § ie 7 T T cs 9 §1 Pv ial v 6 GI 6 res T G T Tas I T a L GL O 91 6 ST L 91 I T i = aj § G = II G& 91 GE 6 1%, SI LG & T Vv v “ai if g T &F SOL | 9g G6 GG 66 && 9L G § G & i § G T 16 LG && Sgr 6G GE 1g 601 | 9 T Pe G G P G oe 16 LG && €L 96 LT ¥G S¢ I ae v = Fe § T T 86 GS 96 69 9 IT 6T VE = = I x we G T a g & g II t= v § & = Ry a5 =e I T =e G Vv Vv & 9 é g § G Te Te (as re § G § & ¢ G G G & v § g = G G L 9 06 61 ia! 96 I i IT &1 ae Vv G I & F G ae G6 § v ¢ L = az ian ber & I & g G OT oT 6 a T 6 8 eal aE ie i G G 6 F G ae ThE 5 =a L oa v & G 9 if L T g 8 & = iT SF ae 8 @ © & 3 2p 2 55 2 2 SiG 66 _O&2 SG 2 & 8 oO 2 & eo 2 2 eld yap ered yarvp ared yep aud yarrp “WUE 04 FF “ULWIOF UBTY 910M STUTMOIOJ OYJ JO Sdiq ogy 4% qoyvd 9n4 Jo YUIY, “WWPy 08 OF “WITUDF 07 9 “UME OF 66 “WWF UBT Ssey ‘sueutioeds poyunowl Ur SsUIMEAOJ O44 JO diy 04 diy wos y43uUeT] 86-91 GSI-TT Or-9 Coal 08-96 Go-1G 06-91 ST-IT O19 Coal T&-96 GE-1% 06-91 5 i 01-9 LS ae TE-96 CG1e 06-91 CUI Or-9 Ga 0€-96 Go 1é 06-91 SUE ILIL 0.9 Gt 1g 16 06ST 490 “ony THe ‘une FIL Avy skvq yqyuoy 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1983 To know whether for every brood there is either a peculiar or a dominant form, or not, I have regrouped the preceding data as it is shown in the following table: | = a — red pet emend — — — a Ss DSSS SOMO DS BONO SSLSBOSS | SS o Sane SSS SenSsasesaso- S}as ia ei et eel Nel eh et Gb et Se et iseket oO Z , = 9 OS aeons a ao are Peta me | se g ae ea) Dh Qe Se SS Ss Ss = S| i ey Ey Ss om es j=") 3 S S Ess” Foe es tee ae ea Ee sage =. Gen O4 BAAS ot weg are Stata aa | Ba a a0 = — — = — — — ~— ~— — — — seAiS + 8 a Sy, & T= O o qa aoe 100 Oi Ee OO — HD — ot ios S438 .2 gg SARS Hes SH PGtHMeSstoma- aA | Sa Be wus BS AUNT A AGA AV AHAANMHADW GAlLSN 6 oS 8 OS SS ys a8 Se 28 a = 3 H OL 53H se ~ s So CTS ao Si ee ee ee ene ein eet fm ere ee ied oe Yon oe 1D OD OB SSHANANARASHAE LHP BRAOMIAAD | AW ee 3 sl a a ee. GL Site bo GE a SS ce SE GO G8 IS Gey Bes Ele ore = SS fb) in ct) ro} ~ wn So oo cet CO =190 iN ort ON OO Oe st OOO OD = o= a9 e+ Se 2 SHeah SEAMREMABHEOEKSATES | aS 83 2 ssa s = = eae = se tl ee OU ees -s36qgsg am a oO “4 “ g9sgscoeau Se} tel SNS cs eaca eae a | ap eS ae Se CeS94 Banseosta pales esas ORa ae | yo =i APA A AON ANYVASANASRA SH TS a al Ag 4 Gy Le = Oe Lf kee QoS Ss ss GE ont el eI S) qt i) = = wn a es ee ae © | | | | oO tH OO AN Oe OD a Ss OB ei ee Sieh So Neel Shah ks), | co St See £2 8 een AE ele Te we) ca Say) oe Ol Miles See eriage asa cae 22 S 4 x ac Crys eS) ener os mo o B : To n os = =) > i=) Les) Ww cal Ss oa Yen) =) en) a SPP oe OS DG Ao gi 2 i on Ye CG) al El &) C) Cp mie) © Ors rc lo] N Le Lo ~ ies q o ) - ° : E . a = a TSI ets epee sen ep Sew lee ymetioy nue on [s} =] = = ) S (>) =o 3 = 5 S 5 = 5 o o eS 2 BS DD Se HP Dp = a BB BD oS om a ® <« aa no ie] e => Sis 3 | S| S| TS si Q wm P=) ~~ ~— a ~ g s 3 a RO eae oes ee) ° Lo} cs a 5 S = ce ees et peta aie A a oe) «8 i 6S es ° ° os lo} aq ° C rs] "S; gel “eo gs Ss a| ce 2 aI = 3 Yen} Ne} ite} > po aes te Bee, ms an rt etal oe a PR RI ie te reap cy ores a Ij GQ A @O @ @ Bw ws © © & In the preceding table the sequence of the broods is set almost in accordance with the data of the table at page 1. specimens of every form are also reduced per cent. to make possible their comparison. The numbers of The whole surface of the wings of the P. rapae of the first brood, which emerged from May 15th to 20th of 1982, is smaller than in the specimens, which emerged later having the same expanse of wings from tip to tip. In my set there are small examples : 36-40mm. (82%) ; middle size ones: 40-44mm. (449%); and large ones: 44-48mm. (24%). There are no specimens smaller than 86mm. The pattern of the wings is in STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 69 most cases reduced, but the apical scales, which remain, are either black (56%), or grey (449%). The P. rapae on the wing from June 8rd to 20th surely belonged to the second brood. in my series there are no dwarf specimens; 26% are small, 56% of middle size and 18% are large. The apical patch is either black (629%), or grey (889%). Before making these statistics I was convinced that the P. rapae of the second brood should be large and pale at the tips of the wings, but now I am seeing that this form occurs only in the 8% of the specimens taken by the end of spring. Remembering our Huropean captures I must agree that this happened almost everywhere we collected. I think that the mistaken judgment about the P. rapae of the second brood is due to the fact that the largest specimens are striking and they raise a desire to get them, while the smaller ones do not attract. The beauti- ful June P. rapae accumulated, year by year in the collections produce in the observer a conviction which does not agree with what really happens in nature. From my breeding data I inferred that the third brood began to emerge at Philadelphia on June 19th or 20th, and that its specimens overlapped with those of the second brood, which continued to emerge for a few days after that time. Irom June 21st to 80th the P. rapae were scarce, but among the 74 specimens, which we took, most must be of the third brood. I found in my series 85% small, 42% middle size, and 22% large P. rapae. The number of these last is larger than when the second brood emerged alone. By the end of June the second brood had almost certainly ended emergence and the fourth had not yet begun. From July 1st to 5th the P. rapae were very scarce, but all the fresh ones should belong to the third brood. In my set there were 25% small (86-40mm.), 60% middle size (40-44mm.), and 15% larger than 44mm. From June 21st to July 5th most P. rapae were of the third brood ; 54% of them having a black tip, and 46°/, a grey one. I must agree that it is not correct to say that the specimens of the third brood are of middle size and with the tip of the forewings deep black. As also in summer some imagines, from my breedings, continued to emerge 19 days after egg-laying I expected that some P. rapae of the fourth brood would have been on the wing on July 7th. On that day I found the first dwarf specimen of the year, and thought that the examples of the fourth brood should be very small. Also in this case the result of the study of the collection does not confirm my idea, as among 1476 P. rapae taken from July 6th to 25th, that is when probably the specimens of the third and fourth broods emerged altogether, there are only 25 P. rapae (less than 2%) having an axpanse of wings smaller than 36mm. From July 26th to September 80th we found almost every day all the different forms of P. rapae. The middle size ones were always prevailing (47 to 70%), those of small size being also frequent (25 to 47%). The average of dwarf P. rapae varied from 2 to 6%, that of the larger ones remained always less than 2%. The statistics based on the 68 P. rapae taken in the first fortnight of October have little value as, owing to the troubled metereological conditions, we were able to catch only a few specimens, and not many as in summer. 70 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.V.19383 My conclusion is that this year, at Philadelphia, no form prevailed in any brood except in the first. J cannot say whether this occurs also in Southern Hurope, where the quantity of P. rapaeisalwaysso scarce during the summer that it is useless for statistics. At Cuenga, in Central Spain, with a very favourable season and catching all the P. rapae, which we saw, from July 6th to September 5th, we took 57 specimens. This figure is very small if compared with the 5440 P. rapae collected at Philadelphia in the same period of two months in the year 1982. I believe that this year P. rapae has been exceptionally plentiful in Pennsylvania, because in July and August of 1931 when we visited our collecting place at Parkway every day, we saw not even 80 P. rapae on the wing. In my collection there are 156 P. rapae, which I refer to the dwarf form: smaller than 86mm. from tip to tip. If I had set in this lot only those smaller than 85mm. their quantity would have been about half. The lot of P. rapae larger than 44mm., are 165 in my set, but only 80 of them have more than 45mm. of expanse. Therefore the really striking examples we took this year, were no more than 150, that is 2% of the 7220 rapae which I examined to make the statistics. LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE, From mid June to September 8th, 1932. Based on the Observations of A. E. BURRAS, F.R.E.S., W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S., and W. FASSNIDGH, M.A., F.R.E.S. (Continued from page 37.) HETEROCERA. Ilema complana, Li. I. lurideola, Zinck. [ndrosa aurita, Esp. var. ramosa, Kb.,a few. Nudaria mundana, L.,one specimen, W.F. Huprepia cribraria, L. var. candida, H.-S., common at light; W.P.C. has a specimen suffused pinkish, with the entire submedian as far as vein 2 heavily scaled with black, the subcostal scaled black, and the nervures of the hindwings picked outin brown. Parasemia plantayinis, L., rare ; var. hospita, S. and D., by W.F. Arctia caja, L. Noctvae. Chloridea dipsacea, i. C. peltigera, Schiff. Actinotia radiosa, Esp. Auchmis comma, Schiff., fairly rare. EHuaoa fatidica, Hb., one ae ASH: i. segetum, Schiff., a slaty grey, rather dark form, not apparently noticed by Tutt, British Noctuae, Vol. 2. LH. corticea, Schiff., mainly neutral grey (Ridgway) in tone with the barest tinge of raw sienna. The black scaling is very sooty and the insect lacks the warmth of British specimens. Given the above general tone the forms obtained are referable to virgata-pallida, irrorata-pallida, obsoleta-fusca (the most usual form) brunnea and obscura: no nomino- typical form was taken. JH. cinerea, Schiff. var. alpigena, Turati, 3 gf fairly common, A.K.B. Jl. puta, Hb. var. renitens, Hb. EF. biriva, Schiff., fairly rare. EH. qrisescens, Fb., fairly common. HE. decora, Schiff., common and variable; W.P.C. took ab. flavomaculata, Schaw., ab. livida, Stgr., and two forms that seem to have escaped a LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 71 name, one a soft leaden grey, and one with a very strong median shade. E. simplonia, Geyer, common, both the typical form and ab. 1, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Vol. IV, p. 241 [obsolescens, Strand (Hy. J. T.)]. E. nigricans, Li., rare. HH. denticulosa, Eisp., 4 specimens. HH. recussa, Hb., common. #. vitta, Esp., fairly common at light at the end of August. /. signifera, Schiff., rare. FH. celsicola, Bellier, fairly common. Ei. lucipeta, Schiff., 8 specimens. Feltia eaclamationis, L., rare. Opigena polyyona, Schiff., rare. Ayrotis ypsilon, Rott. A. musiva, Hb., fairlycommon. A. pronuba,L. A. depuncta, L., rare. A. multangula, Hb., rare. A. rectangula, Sehiff. var. anderegyi, Boisd., common. A. augur, Bb. Epipsilia cuprea, Schiff., common at flowers and light. FE, lucernea, L., fairly common. I. helvetina, Boisd., fairly common. E. latens, Hb., rare. EH. candelarwm, Stgr. and var. signata, Stgr., fairly common. Lycophotia saucia, Hb., 2 bred, A.E.B. L. elegans, Eversmann, fairly common. UL. larivia, Gn., fairly common towards the end of August. L. ocellina, Schiff. and L. alpestris, Boisd.; Culot, Noctuelles et Géométres de l’ Hurope, Vol. 1, p. 54, states that the separa- tion of these two species is very easy ‘‘ par l’examen du thorax qui est brun fauve chez ocellina tandis qu’il est du ton des ailes supérieures chez alpestris.”” All the specimens taken have the thorax unicolorous with the forewings, and we therefore refer them to alpestris, which was common. JL, renigera, Hb., fairly rare. Mythimna sobrina, Boisd., rare. A. oxalina, Boisd., fairly rare. Triphaena fimbria, LL. Barathra brassicae, L. Seotogramma nana, Hufn. var. microdon, Haw., 9 specimens.” S. trifolti, Rott. Miselia prowima, Hb., common. M. serratilinea, Tr., very common, a nuisance at light as it is a powerful insect and very restless. M. advena, Schiff., fairly rare. M. pisi, L., common, chiefly the dark purplish form rukavaarae, Huin. MM, dentina, Schiff., common, mostly var. latenat, Pierret; W.P.C. took a specimen with the basal portion of the forewing below vein one of a lively yellow. M. glauca, Kleemens, rare, A.H.B. MM. dysodea, Schiff. M. serena, Schiff., one only of the Mediterranean form obscura, Stgr. M. carpophaga, Borkh. M. tephroleuca, Boisd., 8 specimens. M. conspersa, Schiff., rare. M. compta, Schiff., rare. AHadena reticulata, Vill., fairly common; unlike English specimens, being dark fuscous or sepia with a blackish tone. On the sheet they have a deceptive likeness to L. elegans and 1.. lariaia. Tholera popularis, Fb., ¢ g¢ common. Chabuata coniyera, Schiff., rare. Eriopygodes imbecilla, Fb., 2 2 Q by A..B.; g S common, often on flowers by day. Sideridis litharyyria, Esp. 8. albipuncta, Schiff. S. vitellina, Hb., a few. 8S. evidens, Hb., a few. 8S. caesia, Schiff., fairly common, mostly of the form wniyrescens, Stgr. Cerapterya graminis, L., fairly common on flowers by day; a pale undersized form. Cirphis conma, L., common, a dull undersized form. Leucania pallens, L. Cucullia absinthii, L., one at light, W.P.C.; larvae rare, W.F. C. lactucae, Schiff., rare. C. thapsiphayga, Tr.; both A.E.B. and W.F. found larvae attributed to this species commonly on JVerbascum ? sp. ; they were heavily parasitised but it is hoped to breed some moths. C. lychnitis, Rmbr., a few, larvae common, A.E.B. and W.F. C. verbasct, L., a few, larvae common. Calophasia lunula, Hufn., one specimen. * Warr.-Seitz gives microdon, Gu., as the dark form of Scotogramma marmorosa, Bork. (odontites, Bdy.), and Polig nana, Huin. for dentina, Schiff.—Hy.J.T. 72, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1938 Bombycia viminalis, Fb. Derthisa trimacula, Schiff., 7 9 @, one g. Eumichtis adusta, Esp., fairly rare, undoubtedly referable to the var. chardingi, Dup., and even darker than specimens of this var. that W.P.C. has from Kieff (Russia). Dasypolia templi, Thunb., one g, A.K.B. Cosmia fulvago, L., and var. flavescens, Esp. Parastichtis sublustris, Esp., fairly rare, small and _ strongly coloured. P. monoglypha, Hufn. P. rwrea, Fb., one specimen. Trachea basilinea, Schiff., one specimen, A.E.B. TZ. furva, Schiff., common. I’, anceps, Schiff., rare. ZT’. secalis, L. Procus strigilis, Cl., a few typical specimens. Ayroperina lateritia, Hutn., fairly common. Hremobia ochroleuca, Schiff., two specimens. /. platinea, Tr., rare. i. zeta, Tr., and var. pernia, Geyer, fairly rare. LE. maillardi, Geyer, fairly common. Palluperina testacea, Schiff. Trigonophora meticulosa, L., a few larvae. Bryophila perla, Schiff., the form is almost identical with var. pyrenaea, Obthr. B. yalathea, Mill., rare. Acronicta runicis, L.A. auricoma, Schiff., rare. A. megacephala, Schiff., insects and larvae. A. euphorbiae, Schiff. Laphygma exiyua, Hb.,a few. Athetis alsines, Brahm, common. A. blanda, Schiff. A. rougemonti, Spuler, rare. A. flavirena, Gn., var. noctivaga, Bell., fairly common. A. clavipalpis, Scop. Acosmetia palustris, Hb., 3 g fairly common, A.E.B. Enargia paleacea, Esp., rare. Calamia virens, L., fairly common. Buelidimera mi, Cl., A.E.B. Gonospileia glyphica, L., A.E.B. Syn- grapha ain, Hoch., three specimens. Phytometra iota, L., rare. P. gamma, L. P. bractea, Schiff., rare. P. variabilis, Piller, fairly common, larvae found on Aconitim lycoctonum, L. —P. chryson, Eisp., one specimen. P. chrysitis, L., rare. Acontia luctwosa, Esp. Calpe capuctna, Ksp., one specimen. Antarchaea viridaria, Cl. Hypena obesalis, Tr., one specimen. Dasychira fascelina, I. Stilpnotia salicis, LL. Huproctis phaeorrhaea, Don., one at light, W.P.C. Herse convolvuli, L., a few. Amorpha populi, L., afew, a form with the ground colour ashy grey. Haemorrhagia tityus, L., one specimen, A.E.B. Macroglossum stellatarum, Li. Celerio euphorbiae, L., a few. C. vesper- tilio, Eisp., a few at light; for remarks on the larvae see ante. O. lineata, Fb., var. livornica, Esp., one specimen. Pergesa elpenor, L., one seen by W.P.C. flying at flowers of Hchium. P. porcellus, L., a few. Palimpsestis or, Fb., larvaecommon. Cerura furcula, Cl., A.H.B. C. bifida, Hb., and larvae, fairly common. Dicranwra vinula, L., and larvae, common, Pheosia tremula, Cl., and larvae, fairly common. Notodonta ziczac, L., brightly coloured specimens; larvae fairly common. WN. phoebe, Siebert, a few by A.E.B. Pterostoma palpina, L., larger and more variegated than British specimens; fairly rare. Pygaera curtula, L., larvae common. P. pigra, Hufn., larvae common. GEOMETERS. Abraxas grossulariata, L. Lomaspilis marginata, L., and larvae. Cabera pusaria, Li. C. evanthemata, Scop. Ellopia fasciaria, L., A.E.B. — Crocallis elinguaria, L., rare. Ourapterya sambucaria, L. Opisthograptis luteolata, L., ALE.B. Epione repandaria, Hufn., bred by W.F. EF. vespertaria, Fb., afew. Pseudopanthera macularia, L., in July, A.E.B. Gnophos dumetata, Tr., var. daubearia, Boisd., fairly common. G. ambiguata, Dup., rare. G. glaucinaria, Hb., abundant and variable. G. myrtillata, Thunb., and var. obfuscaria, Hb., very common. 4G. sordaria, Thunb., var. mendicaria, H.-§., rare. G. occidentalis, Obthr., LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 73 fairly common from mid August; this species has been separated from G. zelleravia, Freyer. Orphne tenebraria, Ksp., one g, A.E.B. Psodos caniculata, Hoch. (trepidaria, Hb.), fairly common in high pastures, with DP. coracina, Esp. P. quadrifaria, Sulzer, common in July and early August; in pastures at 8,000 feet. Pyamaena fusca, Thunb., a few. HMmaturga atomaria, L. Itame wauaria, L., fairly common. Diastictis artesiaria, Schiff., fairly common. Chiasmia clathrata, Hb. Tephrina murinaria, Schiff., one by A.E.B. Crocota lutearia, Fb., common. Rhodometra sacraria, L., rare and scattered. Lythria plumularia, Freyer, fairly common in July, Col Marry. L. purpuraria, L., one by W.F. Larentia clavaria, Tr., common. Or tholitha cheno- podiata, L., fairly common. 0. bipunctaria, Schiff, common. 0. octodurensis, Favre, specimens approaching var. gallica, Wehrli; one by W.F. nearly unicolorous black. Anaitis praeformata, Hb., rare. A, simpliciata, Tr., one specimen, A.E.B. Nothoptery« sabinata, Hb., fairly common; this species usually feeds on juniper, but almost certainly has a substitute foodplant at Maurin, where juniper is very scarce. Ovporinia dilutata, Schiff., one bred by A.E.B. = Triphosa sabaudiata, Dup., fairly common; every night a few specimens came into our bedrooms and sought out the darkest corners at dawn. T’. dubitata, lu., and var. cinereata, Steph., a few. Calocalpe cervinalis, Scop, fairly common, A.E.B. Philereme transversata, Hufn., rare. Lygris prunata, L., common. L. populata, L., common. Cldarva fulvata, Forster, fairly rare. Lycometra ocellata, L., rare. Thera coynata, Thunb., var. gueneata, Feisth., fairly common. Dysstroma citrata, L., common and excessively variable. Xanthorhoé munitata, Hb., rare. X. fluctuata, L. X. montanata, Schiff. Colostygia aptata, Hb., common. . olivata, Schiff., fairly common. C. turbata, Hb., fairly rare. ©. aqueata, Hb., common. C. salicata, Hb., and var. ablutaria, Boisd., fairly common. C. didymata, L., common. — fnite- phria caesiata, Schiff., fairly common. EF. infidaria, de la Harpe, several by W.P.C. E. cyanata, Hb., common. £. nobiliavia, H.-5., afew; the foodplant Sawifraga oppositifolia, L., was abundant near the snow at Panestrel, and it seems likely that we overlooked this species among the crowds of Geometers at the lamps. *Coenotephria verberata, Scop. C. tophaceata, Schiff., rare. C. nebulata, Tr., rare. C. achromarvia, de la Harpe, afew. C. obsoletaria, H.-8., three by W.F., four by A.E.B.; this species does not appear to have been taken in France since the publication of Berce, Faune Hutomologique Francaise : Lépidoptéres, 1873. C. berberata, Schiff., common. Huphyia frustata, Tr. ab. fulvocinctata, Rmbr., fairly rare. FH. scriptwrata, Hb., fairly common, A.E.B. &. cuculata, Hufn., two specimens. H., molluginata, Hb., rare. Hpirrhoé tristata, L., eight specimens by A.E.B. LE. pupil- lata, Thunb., one specimen by A.E.B. FE. galiata, Schiff., rare. F.- rivata, Hb., rare. E. alternata, Muller. Perizoma taentata, Steph., rare. P. hydrata, Tr., rare. P. minorata, Tr.,common. P. albulata, Schiff., fairly common. Hydriomena furcata, Thunb., very common * Pungeler says that L. nobiliaria will go through the winter if furnished with fresh and withered rose leaves and in spring easily reared on Saxifraga umbrosa from the garden patch. Sax. oppositifolia is one of the earliest S. to appear and is apparently affected by S. nobiliaria presumbly as a matter of specific domestic economy.—Hy.J.T. 74 ENTOMOLOGIS1T’S RECORD. 15.V.1983 and excessively variable ; A.E.B. took three striking forms. Hupithecia linariata, Fb., rare. FE . venosata, Fb., rare. &. alliaria, Ster. FL. egenaria, H.-S., by W.P.C. HE. fenestrata, Mill., a few. E. icterata, de Vill. form coynata, Steph., a few. EH. semigraphata, Bruand, common. Ff. ygraphata, Tr. EH. larviciata, Freyer, common. We took several other species of Hupithecia, but have not yet succeeded in identifying them with certainty. Hovisme vitalbata, Schiff., rare. H. calligraphata, H.-§., fairly common, A.E.B. Rhodostrophia vibicarta, Cl., rare. Scopula immorata, L., rare. 8. incanata, L., fairly common. S. decorata, Schiff., common and variable. Sterrha rufaria, Hb., common. S. flaveolaria, Hb., very common. Hipparchus papilionaria, L., rare. Hemistola chrysoprasaria, Esp., rare. Odezia atrata, L. very abundant. Lemonia taraxaci, Ksp., one specimen, A.E.B. (To be continued.) TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. PyRAMEIS ATALANTA AND AGLAIS URTICAE IN Marcu.—I have received the following message from the keeper of Start Point Lighthouse, Stokenham, Kingsbridge, Devon. ‘‘On Saturday, March 11th, 1938, between 12 noon and 1 p.m., I noticed several Tortoiseshell and one Red Admiral butterflies flying along the roadside; their condition seemed to be perfect. Weather conditions at time of observation: Wind §8.K., force 3; sky almost clear ; shade temperature 49°, but rather warm in the sun.’”’ As there was only one atalanta it does not appear that there had been an immigration.—C. Nicnoxson, Tresillian, Cornwall. ‘‘ Norges From Irenanp.’’—It may be as well to point out that the plants called ‘‘ragweed ”’ in Ireland (and Scotland) are species of the genus Senecio, which are usually known as ‘‘ragworts”’ in England. I'he one mentioned by Canon Foster (pp. 87 and 88) as growing in marshy places is no doubt S. aguaticus ; elsewhere S. jacobaea would be the attraction probably. Both these species are found throughout Ireland, and S. jacobaea is the productive one along our coasts, but, curiously enough, rarely inland in my experience. The real ragweeds are American plants of the genus Ambrosia, belonging also to the natural order Compositae, but very different in appearance from, and not closely related to, the ragworts. Several of the species are occasionally found in Britain as aliens.—Ib. Nomenciature.— Would it not be better to substitute ‘ Subspecies ”’ for Mr. Gunder’s “‘ Race” (p. 48), as you suggest, and ‘‘ Race’”’ for * Local Form,” the latter being in all probability an incipient sub- species? then ‘‘ Local Form” would drop out altogether. In the ‘Transition Form” table words in italics should come next the bracket and be in pearl ordinary and the words in ordinary pearl (melanism, etc.) should be in italics after the dashes. The recognised abbreviation for Hybrid should be Hybd., and for Synonym, Syn. but I don’t consider “*‘ Unnamable ’’ = ‘‘ Synonymous.” Several of the groups included are already recognised by separate terms, e.y., Hermaphrodites (Gyn.) and others could be, e.g., Aberrations (Ab.),—In. CURRENT NOTES. 75 I'rmates or Erepia scip1o, Borsp.—In the March number of this Magazine, in an article on the Basses Alpes, the question is asked on page 34 :—“ How does one capture 2? 2 of Hrebia scipio, Boisd.?” I can answer this question as far as one locality in the Basses Alpes is concerned. On July 24th, 1928, when staying at Digne, I made an expedition to the Montagne de Lure, which lies west of the River Durance, and about 80 kilometers due west of Digne. This ‘‘ mountain” consists of a long ridge with a very gentle slope to the south, mostly covered with grass, on which Melanargia cleanthe flies in profusion. The western portion of the ridge is covered with loose stones on a gentle incline, and directly one leaves the grass and arrives on the stony ground one begins to see scipio. Males and females fly together on the same ground, and are easy to catch owing to the gentle slope. I did not discover the stony ground until the afternoon, and had, there- fore, only about an hour to spend in catching scipio; during that hour, however, I took 8 females besides about 80 males, all beautifully fresh with the exception of a few males. No doubt I could have taken many more had I chosen to return next day, but I had all I required.— Bric.-GreneraL B. H. Cooke, Inniscrona, Datchet, Bucks. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. We have been reminded that it about this part of the year that we appeal to our readers for the Wicken Fen Fund. With the strictest economy the Fen has been cared for hitherto, but it is very necessary to continue to support it, as under modern circumstances little or no income can be relied on from the fen itself. Care has to be taken that no growth is excessive so that the present flora and fauna may continue under favourable conditions, and thus a certain amount of labour must be used in addition to the mere caretaking and watching. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘ Caracas,” Ditton Hill, on March 16th, 1983, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the Chairman:—Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Prof. E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, and Mr. Jas. E. Collin. Visitors Present :—Mr. A. Hall, Mr. Hugh Main, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Dr. Karl Jordan, Dr. EK. A. Cockayne, Capt. N. D. Riley, and Mr. F. A. Oldaker. The meeting was called for 6.30 p.m., and on arrival the guests were received by Mr., Mrs. and the Misses Kaye. After refreshments has been dispensed, the Chairman’s collections were inspected and especially notable were two drawers of Jamaican butterflies, including his recently described new species and sub-species. A long series of the usually rare Lucidia cadma was included. ‘These were all males. Recently Prof. Poulton had received three feinales, which although similar to the males were rather lighter in colour and slightly larger. Supper was served at 8 o’clock, and after a very enjoyable evening the guests dispersed about 11 p.m. We have received the following personal separates. Mr. Siviter Smith. A figure and description of a striking aberration of Rumicia phlaeas to which he has given the name berviniensis ; it was taken in the Berwyn Mts. of N. Wales. Doctor Walther Horn. An Account and Criticism of the doings of the Nomenclature Commission at the International Zoological Congress held at Padua in 1980. 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V.193838 Only a short time ago we referred to the Boll. Lab. Zool. Agr. of Portici, Italy, Vol. XXIV. which was somewhat late in appearing. Now we have before us the succeeding volume of the same annual, which brings the matter they have been working at up to date. Vol. XXV. contains nearly 350 quarto pages and a vast number of sketches and illustrations wherever the text needs elucidation for clarity. Onearticle interests us greatly. It is that of Dr. Martelli, ‘‘A Contribution to the Knowledge of Aporia crataegi, and of its Parasites and Epiparasites.”’ An exhaustive and intensive study of the species in all its relations to its surroundings. It is not a mere summary of what others have done, but includes a vast amount of original investigation of the parasites and epiparasites, Chalcididae, Ichneunionidae, Braconidae and Diptera- Tachinidae, and each species involved dealt with in the same intensive way. ‘The paper is a very excellent example of the efficient and thorough work, which is carried on at the R. Instituto Superiore Agrario in Portici. We have not space to deal with the rest of the volume in detail. The remaining articles are not so comprehensive, perhaps, but are equally well produced, arranged and illustrated and must be important factors in the study of the subjects of which they treat. A separate of the Indian Jr. of Agriculture deals exhaustively with the “‘ Bird Hnemies of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria)” and will no doubt be a useful reference whenever this pest makes its intermittent intensive visits to the desert parts of the Punjaub and elsewhere. The Bol. Soc. Ent. Ary. No. 5 is an extremely interesting brochure of some 24 pages, giving, one would say, every possible information upon persons and matters entomological. The National Museum and its activities and future are described. Short accounts of these, both past such as Burmeister, Berg, Brethes, and present such as the two great patrons of aught entomological, the brothers Breyer, Pablo Koehler, R. N. Orjila, ete., and of their work, are given. References to the various exhibitions, conferences, excursions, etc., organised by the entomologists are shortly summarised. In fact everything and everybody directly or indirectly interested in entomology is brought in, and an admirable and one would judge a most useful piece of propaganda has been effected by this most exhaustive dissertation. Entomology cannot fail to be advanced in the public view by such a publication. The illustrations are also interesting to us as among them are two views of the working laboratory of our friend and correspondent Capt. K. J. Hayward. We regret to hear of the decease of Canon Cabeau, one of the strongest supporters and contributors to Lambillionea and its predecessor Rev. Mens. Namur. In the early numbers of L’ Amateur de Pap. for last year, the late M. J. de Joannis began a most useful series of Analytical Tables of the Pyrales of France and Belgium illustrated with all the necessary figures. The first portion deals with the Orambidae. These tables will no doubt enhance the collecting and study of this family as previously there has been no easily obtainable work to which the be- ginner could turn for help with these moths. Dr. F. Heydemann of Kiel is doing much intensive study of certain common species of the Macro-lepidoptera illustrating his notes and researches with admirable figures and diagrams. In the Hnt. Zt. for SOCIETIES. Tae March he deals with our old friend Hydroecia nictitans under its prior name oculea. The Int. Ent. Zt. for March 22nd contains two useful articles :—(1) An account of the breeding of Gonodontis bidentata with a plate of some striking forms, and (2) A note on Pierid forms with figures of some extraordinary forms of our three common “ whites.” SOCIETIES. Toe Royat EnyromonoeicaL Soctety.—CEnTENARY CELEBRATIONS, May 3rp.—The Centenary Meeting of the Entomological Society of London was held on the afternoon of May 38rd, 1938, at the Rooms of the Royal Geographical Society, Professor HE. B. Poulton, President, in the Chair. ‘I'he President announced that a message had been received through the Home Secretary that His Majesty the King had ordered that the Society should henceforth be known as the Royal Entomological Society ; this announcement was received with acclamation, and it was resolved that an humble message of thanks be sent to His Majesty for this favour. The Secretary (Dr. S. A. Neave), then asked the Society to confer the title of Honorary Life President on Professor EK. B. Poulton and his request was acceded to by general acclamation. In a few well-chosen words Professor Poulton acknow- ledged this testimony of the feelings with which he is regarded by the Fellows of the Society. It may be noted that this honour has previously only been awarded twice in the Society’s life-time, to the Rev. W. Kirby and to Professor J. O. Westward. It was then resolved that Commander J. J. Walker, Rey. G. Wheeler and Mr. W. G. Sheldon be elected Special Life Fellows in recognition of their meritorious work on the Council of the Society. After the admission of several Fellows, the President, in a brief address, referred to the pleasure of welcoming brother Naturalists to this Meeting, and to the function of the Society to promote union amongst all those with a fellow feeling for this branch of Science ; there was no need, he said, to refer at length to the History of the Society during the past one hundred years of its life, since an admirable account has already been published ; finally, on behalf of the Society, he extended a hearty welcome to all the Delegates. Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary of the Zoological Society, spoke on behalf of the Delegates from Great [britain and the British Empire. He pointed out that the Zoological Society, which celebrated its Centenary four years ago, and the Hntomological Society had evolved on closely parallel lines, both Societies having throughout a century been untrammelled by State aid and forming conspicuous examples of what can be done by a free association of persons united only by a common object. He said that the Delegates had come, not merely to rejoice with the Society on its Centenary, but to render thanks for all the benefits received from the Society. Professor P. Lesne, of the Paris Natural History Museum, speaking on behalf of the Delegates from Foreign Countries, felicitated the Society on its Centenary. The Secretary then read a list of Institutions, ete., which had sent Addresses or congratulatory messages without sending Delegates, and the various Delegates then presented their Addresses to the President. 78 ENTOMOLOGISE S RECORD. 15.V.1983 The Meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the Royal Geographical Society for the use of their rooms. On the evening of May 8rd a Conversazione took place at 41, Queens Gate, where numerous exhibits were shown in the Meeting Room.and in the Library. It would be tedious to catalogue all of these and perhaps invidious to mention only some of those exhibited by private individuals, where all were of the best of their kind and of equal interest. The Society’s own exhibit of rare items from its Library included the Obligation Book of the Society from its commencement and original drawings for Plates in the earlier volumes of the Transactions ; the original coloured drawings for Stephens’ Illustrations of British Mntomology; the manuscript diary kept by John Cuttis, 1840-1854; a copy of Martyn’s Psyche; and an almost unknown early publication by H. T. Stainton, entitled ‘‘ Novitates Staintonianae or Catalogue of British Lepidoptera added to the Collection of H. T. Stainton, Ksq., in the year 1842, consisting of 108 species.”’ Dr. C. B. Williams, of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, showed a Light-trap for catching insects, an automatic recording- apparatus for noting the changes in the weight of a beeshive, and other exhibits. The Plant Pathological Laboratory, Harpenden, showed enlarged illustrations of several Iinglish Insect Pests. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine exhibited living pupae and adults of Glossina, as well as Bed-bugs, Reauviids, Lice, Fleas and Mosquitos, all vectors of diseases, and the Biological Tield Station of the Imperial College of Science gave an equally lively exhibit of various insects which attack stored products. ‘The Farnham House Laboratory showed living and preserved specimens of insects utilized for the control of Insect Pests and Weeds. This Conversazione was very well attended—indeed, in the earlier part of the evening it was difficult to get around the Meeting Room to see the individual exhibits—and was undoubtedly a successful close to a very memorable day in the Society’s history.—T.B.-F. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Tue History or Entomonocioan Soomry or Lonpon. By Dr. S. A. Neave, F'.Z.S8., the Honorary Secretary, assisted by F. J. Griffin, A.L.A., the Registrar, with an Introduction by Prof. EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., President and a Jtinancial Chapter by A. F. Hemming, F.Z.S., Honorary Treasurer. Published by the Society.—This volume of some 270 pages and 8 plates is not only a faithful and detailed history of the Society from its rise in 1838 to its phenomenal position after the advent of its then great treasurer, Mr. W. G. Sheldon, some 15 years ago, but a record of incidents in the lives of many of the great sntomologists of world-wide renown, who have at some period of their lives been enrolled among its members. A perusal of the book shows, as stated in the Preface, that over this long period the Society can justify its claim as stated both in its Bye-Laws and Charter that ‘ it is a Society for the Improvement and Diffusion of HKntomological Science.” The reminiscences of the President from his entry as a Fellow in 1888, couched in such a charming manner and his references to men who have passed, Darwin, Westwood, Meldola, Trimen, P. H. REVIEWS 79 Gosse, Verrall, Miss Ormerod, Wallace, Bates, Tutt, Dunning, etc., can be read again and again. This is followed by a succession of chapters each devoted to a period of the Society’s existence until in Chapter VII. we come to a most notable decision of the Council, the doubling of the annual subscription and the acquisition of a permanent freehold building for its meetings. Probably there has existed no Society, which has doubled its subscription and at the same time immediately began to increase its membership, and which from the enthusiasm of its members now has extremely fine and artistic quarters, an extensive library of most valuable books and is entirely without debt after spending some thousands of pounds. This chapter is followed by 7 pages of a List of Benefactors. Biographies of 20 distinguished Fellows follow with reproductions of their signatures, and portraits of the Rev. Wm. Kirby and Prof. Obadiah Westwood. The remainder of the volume contains the names of every Fellow since the founding of the Society with particulars of all office they may have held, arranged according to the year of their election. For instance among the first year’s “‘ members,” as they were then called, we read the names of Babington the botanist, Bell the zoologist, Bowerbank the coleopterist, Children of the British Museum, Curtis, C. Darwin, Doubleday, Gray, Haworth, J. D. Hooker of Kew, Hope the founder of the Hope Museum, Horsfield of Indian fame, Ingpen, Jenyns (Bloomfield), Rev. W. Kirby, Edward Newman, Sir Sydney S. Saunders, W. Wilson Saunders, Shuckard, W. Spence, J. F. Stephens, Swainson, G. R. Waterhouse, Yarrell the ornithologist, etc., a goodly beginning, Lists of Presidents, Hon. Secretaries, Hon. Librarians, Hon. Fellows, Corresponding Fellows, and Special Life Fellows are also recorded. The Frontispiece is a striking portrait of E. B. Poulton, D.Se., M.A., F'.R.S., the President whose attractive personality and personal help in practically every meeting for many years past have been great aids to the enjoyment and instruction at the monthly gatherings. There is a picture of the “ Thatched House”’ Tavern where the meetings were held in 1833, and the room in which they met. The present home at 41, Queen’s Gate, is also shown, with two views of the wonderful meeting room, a copy of the famous ‘‘ Bromley” room in the S. Kensington Museum, the generous gift of Mr. R. Wylie Lloyd. In facet, there is not a page of this “ History,’’ which is not of interest to every Fellow of the Society, all of whom owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Neave the Hon. Secretary whose initiative and wonderful powers of unobtrusively doing aught in the full interests of the Society, has selected and arranged the matter in such perfect sequence. In this work the Secretary especially thanks the Registrar of the Society for the laborious task of collecting the data from all available sources. The issue of this History is a part of the celebration of the Centenary of the Society and will undoubtedly help forward the aim and work of the Council and Fellows as defined in its Charter and Bye-Laws, “the Diffusion of Entomological Science.’’—Hy.J.T. THe Morus or South Arrica. Vol. [., Sematuridae and Geome- tridae. By A. J. T. Janse, D.Sc., XII, 87pp., 15plts., 130 text figures. Price 85/-. Durban.—This is the first of a comprehensive series of 10 volumes projected. Some 815 species are dealt with of which 299 are figured as imagines on the plates. The figures in the text are com- 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19383 posite often containing 6 to 10 items, nearly all of which deal with the genitalia and venation. There are keys to both genera and species. This is a good and valuable book enhanced, of course, by the aid which L. B. Prout has given the author. The description and figuring of the genitalia and the venation are among the main features of the work—the terms used in the former are mainly those with which we are familiar in the writings of Burrows and Pierce, much to the gratification of these authors. The figures of the imagines of some 299 species are black and white, but they would have been much more referable if all had been symmetrically placed on the plate. Almost the same difficulty occurs with the 3 plates devoted to genitalia which are unsymmetrically mixed in together. The whole of the text figures of genitalia are lateral views of which the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has said ‘‘the structures must be either mutilated by the removal of one valve or be so obscured by the over- lying structure as to be useless.’’ He goes on to say, ‘“ A lotis claimed for the natural position. What is the natural position? There are several positions.” 1. “Often the 9th and 10th segments are withdrawn into the preceding 7th and 8th. ‘To snip off the tip of a body here is fatal. I hear that this has been done even with valuable type specimens, with disastrous results.”’ 2. ‘The 2 final segments may be extruded, unopened. Here shipping may be safe unless some ancillary portions of the genitalia be situated in the preceding segments. 3. ‘*In action the final segments are extruded opened. Here we see everything without mutilation in its proper position—can note readily asymmetry, etc., if present.’ Mr. Burrows expressly says ‘“‘ I stand for the open book. I want more than the exposed binding and title, I want to see the inside.” In the figures which are sketches, it. rather obscures the structures to put in the hairs, which are immaterial. Towards the end of the book there is an omnibus genus in which the author has merged some half a dozen older ones and says of the species, that they show no structural difference that can be relied on in venation, palpi, legs, antennae, genitalia, etc. This statement does not seem to be supported by an examination of the figures, where ample differences are readily apparent if only the uncus and valves be examined. And further the figures of the imagines show extraordinary divergence of appearance. Some are like Noctuids, some like ‘Thorns,’ some like other groups, so much divergence indeed as to suggest municry. When the life-histories of these species are known, they cannot fail to be separated satisfactorily, and it is a pity they have been re-lumped into one genus. The book is well edited and extremely well produced. It will no doubt prove of inestimable use to future students of the South African Fauna. But whether, in these times of stress, the work will obtain adequate support, we have our doubts. We would largely commend the careful reference to bibliography of species, but would suggest that it would have been more helpful had the original type capture been notified.—Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turnen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications iWENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InnusrRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Urerent.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Hrebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Halise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Tam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. CuHancE or Appress.—T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., to ‘ Rodborough Fort,’’ Stroud, Glos. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological! Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. June 7th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. May 25th, June 8th, 22nd.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. [IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. H. B. Ashby, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, ©. Nicholson, Rev. Canon Foster, Thos. Greer, A. EH. Burras, Chas. Mosley, A. J. Wightman, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, O. Querci, P. Siviter Smith, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘¢ Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most inuportant only mentioned.) Gunus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Mevantsm and Metanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VarraTion (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa optma —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable eee eee Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. JUNE, 1933 v4 ie ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AN JOURNAL OF VARIATION : Epirrp R. 8S. BaGNnatn, D.8C., F.R.E.S. H. DonistHoRPE, F.Z.8., F.R.1.8. ith the Matcoum Borr, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BarInspriacGe FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.8., | Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.£.S. F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. assistance of H. A. Cockaynu, a.M., D.M., ¥.R.E.S., | H. EH. Paan, ¥.R.E.8. F.BR.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.I.8. J. EH. Contin, J.P., F.R.E.8. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.8.8S., F.Z.8. ? ) Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BetHune-Baker, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.2.8., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS Plusia moneta, Fab., var. esmeralda, Obth. (Plate oo 4, P. Siviter Smith 81 Donegal in August, Rev. Canon Foster .. : 82 Paris and Monthier Pou ) in J aly saunas 1932, See E. B. Ashby, F.E.S., F.Z.S. : 84 The Mystery of ‘‘ The Little Black, Bae BG Bainbriga Fletcher, F. L. s., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., and H. Stringer F 86 Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with - other races, Roger Verity, M.D. .. 90 Notes on CoLLecrING, ETC.—Everes sien ny E. ae. Rev. @. Wheeler, M.A. , F.R.E. Gos LNMAISS 2 eae ve and H. 8 OS a Thomas Greer . 93 Current Norzs .. 36 Sc 94 Supplement. —British Nocti: H. J. Pues P. E. s., OP. R. H. 8. (273)-(276) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’’ 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box No. gee TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 Pe i Na H j il & SON, ENTCMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFAGTURERS, Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Imsect CGabinets; also Gheap Storage Gabinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: Wintespen 0309. THE VASCULUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D. Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., Geore Bolam, William Gatters eG: Garren D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., E.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastie-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt, containing a coloured examp’e of every species and many varieties also half-tone illustrations of eggs. caterpillars, foo+-plants, ete,, revised nomenclature and index of scient fic names. 6 net. FREDERICK WARNE & GC. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.C.2. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECCRD” Fublications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synony ms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenner J. Haywaprp, F.R. B.S. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.R.H.S. (a few copies only) go Gs Wile British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.R.E.S. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-44 of Ent. Record, new series ; ; including "Special Index . o6 ste a0 60 Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Pee post ee nae, H.W. Axpams, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S8.E.9-. Von. XLV. VS SSC°OLTS NATURAL SIZE Fntomologist’s Record, Plusia moneta. Typical form (1), var. esmeralda (2), asymmetrical variety (3). Below. Enlarged drawings of the ‘ear’? marks of (No. 3). Puate LY. PLUSIA MONETA VAR. ESMERALDA. 81 Plusia moneta, Fab., var. esmeralda, Oberthur. (Plate IV.)4. By P. SIVITER SMITH. Plusia moneta, Fab. is a common species in gardens at Pebworth, near Stratford-on-Avon, and larvae are not difficult to find in April and early May, feeding chiefly on delphinium. The pale variety described by Oberthiir (Ltudes d’entomoloyie, V., pt. 1, p. 85) has not apparently been definitely recorded from anywhere in the British Isles, so that the specimen figured (No. 2) may be of some interest. It was found resting just inside a window in our house in the summer (I have not the exact date) of 1929. As will be seen in the figure, it is in very good condition, and the difference in tone between this and the typical specimen above it (No. 1) will easily be seen. The illustration is actual size, and the photograph was made on a panchromatic plate, with the light to the left of the camera. It is really unnecessary to describe the insects, as details are so clearly shown on the plate, but it may briefly be stated as follows :—it is considerably paler than the typical form, having the ground colour of the forewings a yellowish-white tint, with the darker markings lighter in proportion. The hindwings are paler, and this paleness extends over the abdomen, thorax, palpi, antennae, legs, and all the underside. Mr. H. J. Turner has very kindly confirmed the correctness of my identification. There is a record of var. esmeralda in ‘¢ Sport and Wild Life in the Deccan’’ (1928) by General R. G. Burton, who mentions finding a specimen at Cheltenham, but Mr. Turner thinks that this might be a pale specimen, but not necessarily referable to esmeralda. He suggests that Gen. Burton’s and other ‘pale’ British specimens might be called ‘ trans ad esmeralda.’ I exhibited my specimen at a meeting of the Entomological Section of the Birmingham Natural History Society not long ago, and at my suggestion further specimens of the species were brought to the next meeting ; three of them proved to be var. esmeralda with two others approaching the variety. So that probably when attention is called to it, the variety will be found to be of more frequent occurrence than it appears at the moment. The remaining specimen, No. 3, is a peculiar asymmetrical variety. It was reared by Mr. J. W. Moore, F.R.E.S., at Kings Norton, Bir- mingham, on July 18th, 1981. The ‘ear’ mark on the right hand forewing will be found to be very distorted, while the left forewing is quite normal. The lower part of the plate gives enlarged drawings of the ‘ ear’ marks of both forewings of this particular specimen. The whole of the right forewing seems to be different to the left wing, and a few of these peculiarities are discernible in fig. 8. Other specimens bred at the same time were quite normal. Mr. Moore very kindly gave me the insect. J have submitted it to Dr. Cockayne, but, as he says, it is almost impossible to speculate on its nature. {I have com- pared the insect with the figure of esmeralda in Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. plt. 651 and find it exactly similar in colour and marking.—Hy.J.T.| 82 ENTOMOLOGISL’ S KIECORD. 15.V1.1983 Donegal in August. By Rey. CANON FOSTER, B.D. For the last three years I have spent the month of August in Co. Donegal, and have devoted that part of my time, which was not taken up with fishing, to entomology, and I found it a most interesting district. In 1980 I stayed at Portnoo and Marin out on the west coast. Donegal town was my habitat for 1931, while August, 1982, saw meat Gartan, inland, about the east centre of the county. Of the three localities Portnoo and Gartan were the most productive, though some exceedingly interesting micros turned up at Donegal and there the Hymenoptera were quite rich and varied. Portnoo lies on the 8. side of Giveebura Bay and has an amazingly fine outlook over sea and mountain, North, East, and West. South there is a maze of heather clad hills and lakes, where the heather is deep and brushwood such as juniper, willow and birch abundant. To the Kast there are vast stretches of sandhills and marsh lands backed by rocky hills clad with wood. The nightwork on the sands and marsh was most entrancing. On the ragweeds there was an endless number of Agrotis tritici in extraordinary variety; then Hydroecia crinanensis was most abundant, nearly every ragweed displaying numerous speci- mens along with a few of H. lucens. Agrotis praecoa was also fairly abundant, while A. cursoria of great size and beauty was the least frequent. Polia chi was rather scarce. Another moth that was most tempting owing to its splendid condition and plenty was Apamea leucostigma including grand specimens of /fibrosa. Though the work on the moors was not so thrilling as that on the sandhills, the specimens being much scarcer and scattered over miles of heather with odd ragweed, yet the net results were excellent. JH. lucens appeared again ; but perhaps the most interesting capture was that of Gnophos myrtillata. There are only two other confirmed Irish captures for G. myrtillata, namely Dowros Head, Donegal, and Clare Island, Co. Mayo, It was netted as it was flying gently along a heathery bank one night close to Pound Lough, Along the shores of the other lakes such as L. Doon, where juniper is abundant, Thera coynata was to be captured flying at night, or the caterpillar could be beaten out by day. At the same time Mupithecia sobrinata was often abundant on the wing. But I could see no signs of Thera juniperata. August, 1930, was very wet in Donegal, especially the nights, with the result that night after night no work could be done. August, 19381, was spent at Donegal Town. Here the results, especially of night work, were very disappointing. Owing to the geological strata there is no heather, and the rush grown fields with any amount of alder were not productive. But half way to Pettigo one got into the heather again and Coenonympha tiphon, Rott., was fairly abundant at the beginning of the month. The harbour and estuary at Donegal town is just slob without any sandhills for a couple of miles down. There work no doubt would have been fruitful at night, but the question of getting back up the estuary at midnight was the difficulty. Except therefore for some interesting Tortrices and Tineina the 1981 visit to the county was poor in results. August, 1932, was spent near Gartan Lake about the centre of the county. Owing to reasons of health very little night work could be done, yet the day work was deeply interesting. Numbers of DONEGAL IN AUGUST. 83 caterpillars turned up with beating and the Tortrices were very abun- dant. Gartan Lake lies in a great cleft among the mountains and is well wooded ; there is also splendid heather. Near at hand, too, lies Glenveagh, a marvellous cleft, miles in length, through the mountains occupied by Glenveagh Lake. However, this was barely touched, although it seems full of promise. ; These three districts appear to vary in an extraordinary way as regards vegetation. Around Portnoo poplar and juniper were abun- dant, neither of which have I seen before really native in this county, except for a little juniper on cliffs in Kerry. But neither of these were to be seen at Donegal town or Gartan Lake. Botanically therefore Portnoo seemed the richest locality, and this was reflected in the fauna. But the oak and birch woods around Gartan were most fascinating, yet they require a resident fully to explore their resources. Amorpha populi, L.—Ova and caterpillars abundant everywhere, both on poplar and willow. Dicranura vinula, L.—Was especially abundant at Portnoo, both on the black poplar and also on the willow bushes growing among the heather. My son reports the caterpillars as quite a good bait for trout ! Pheosia tremula, Cl.—The caterpillar was abundant at Portnoo on the poplar, but I never found it on willow. Lophopterya camelina, L.—Gartan, on birch. Notodonta ziczac, L.—Gartan and Portnoo, on willow. N. dromedarius, L4.—Portnoo, Gartan, abundant on birch. Drepana lacertinaria, L.—Was very abundant all around Gartan in the larval stage on birch. Phalera bucephala, L.—Gartan, caterpillar abundant. Pyyaera pigra, Hufn.—A feature of the Donegal hills is the extra- ordinary abundance of the larva on practically every low-growing species of willows. This was so everywhere I worked. Sometimes you would find a bush full of their empty tabernacles, and you would discover in the end the big spider, which no doubt was accountable for their disappearance. But I find them very hard to rear; they turn into pupae all right, but very few emerge. I was hopeful that I had also secured P. curtula, but it failed altogether to emerge, even if my identification was correct. Palimpsestis or, Fabr.—Aspen is another shrub occurring around Portnoo and less commonly at Gartan. A huge rock hung out over a lake near Dungloc and at its foot grew an aspen. ‘This was full of the fastened leaves containing the larvae of P. or. I regret that for fastidious reasons (they seemed such dirty creatures !), I took but few, and I have not met with it since though exploring every aspen | could get at. Orygia antiqua, L.—The “ vapourer,” though generally distributed, is mostly scarce in Ireland, but a male specimen emerged September 2nd bred from a caterpillar found at Portnoo. At Gartan the males were occasionally to be seen flying wildly around birch trees in the daytime. Macrothylacia rubi, L.—The caterpillar was very abundant at Port- noo and Dungloc in 1980, but was scarcer at Gartan in 1932. I did not notice it at all around Donegal town in 1931. _ Saturnia pavonia, L.—Caterpillar on heather, Portnoo. (To be concluded.) 84 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1983 Paris and Mouthier (Doubs.) in July-August, 1932. By Lrevr. HE. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Leaving London on July 15th, I arrived in Paris early the next morning, and I put up for the 5th International Congress week at the Hotel D’Albret in the Rue Baudin. In the afternoon of the 16th, the plenary session of the centenary of the Entomological Society of France took place at 3 p.m. in the large amphitheatre of the National Natural History Museum, in the presence of the President of the French Republic, and under the honorary presidency of Mons. A. de Monzie, Minister of National Kiducation. It was extremely hot in the building, and there was a large audience. Dr. Jeannel of Toulouse made a fine opening speech and perhaps the most interesting features of the afternoon were the presentations to the Iintomological Society of France of the congratulatory addresses ve the centenary from a large number of Universities and other learned bodies from all parts of the world. A good musical programme was followed out after the President of the Republic had left. At 8 p.m. the same day a Banquet took place at Claridge’s Hotel given by the Entomological Society of France to about 878 delegates from about 89 countries of the world. This dinner was very enjoyable, and after Dr. Jeannel had spoken, Professor Poulton voiced the appreciation of all present in a particularly well worded speech. July 17th. Visit to the tomb of Latreille in the cemetery of Peére- Lachaise at 10 a.m. In the afternoon took place the Excursion to Chantilly by autocars. The Chateau and the Forest were visited. The morning of July 18th I took an early train from the Gare de l’Kst to the Station of Ozoir-la-ferriere where I collected for the day in the forest of Armainvilliers. [ had lunch at Pontearré which village had grown somewhat since my last visit. Between Ozoir-la-ferriére station and Pontcarré I got the following insects, viz., L. sibilla, Apatura ilial 3, Aphantopus hyperantus, and Hpinephele tithonus, also 8 males and 1 female, in fair condition of the skipper Heteropterus morpheus. This forest, being very damp, is probably very suitable for the last insect which seems locally plentiful in a part of the forest where reeds abound. I regret I cannot describe the locality of about 100 yards, where [| found it, a map being necessary. July 18th was the Opening Session of the 5th Congress of Ento- mology in the large amphitheatre of the Institut National Agronomique, 16 Rue Claude-Bernard, under the presidency of honour of Mons, A. Gardey, Minister of Agriculture. This meeting was extremely well attended. At 5 p.m. a visit took place to the Entomological Laboratory, at the Natural History Museum, 45 bis rue de Buffon. From 2 p.m. to-day until mid-day on July 28rd, sectional meetings of the Congress took place at the Institut Agronomique in morning and afternoon apart from excursion days. July 19th. A Reception took place by the municipality of Paris in the fine rooms of the Hotel de Ville at 5 p.m., where the beautiful mural decorations were much admired by the Congressists. I was again in the Forest of Armainvilliers to-day at Ozoir-la- ferriére and took a series of 18 specimens of Heteropterus morpheus, in the same locality as on July 17th, together with a fair specimen of the - PARIS AND MOUTHIER IN JULY-AUGUST, 85 moth Drepana falcataria and a few specimens of Melanargia galathea and Polygonta c-album. July 20th. Excursion of the Congress to the Forest of Fontaine- bleau. The cars left 16 rue Claude-Bernard at 9.80 a.m., and after passing through a part of the old fortifications of Paris (which are rapidly disappearing) proceeded by way of Corbeil, and the Valley of the Seine to Barbizon, one or two short halts at interesting points being made en route. Barbizon is a very good collecting part of the forest, the village being still small, and there is a lot of good varied ground in the vicinity. Since I first visited the Chateau at Fontainebleau in 1910, the town has grown considerably and it takes longer than formerly to get out into good collecting ground. Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher showed me 4 specimens of the Skipper Butterfly Heteropterus morpheus that he took to-day in this Forest mostly on heather. The New Forest would only occupy a comparatively small portion of the Forest of Fontaine- bleau which is the largest in France. On the way to Fontainebleau we passed the Foret de Senart, on the left. Other good forests similarly situated in the environs of Paris, are Senlis, Bondy, Mont- morency, Chantilly, St. Germain, Armainyilliers, Hrmenonville, Compiegne, and this does not exhaust the list. The return to Paris was by way of Melun. July 21st. After an afternoon visit to the vivarium near the Natural History Museum, which proved very interesting, a Banquet took place in the evening at the Zoological Gardens at Vincennes given by the Ent. Soc. of France to the Congressists. The function was very well attended by a large number of Entomologists; before dinner we had an opportunity of walking around part of the Gardens. July 22nd. To-day after morning sessions of the Conference the excursion took place to Versailles and the Valley of the Chevreuse. July 23rd. The Final Meeting of the Conference took place this afternoon at 8 p.m, in the grand Amphitheatre of the Institut Agronomique. The President of the Congress, Mons. P. Marchal, Membre del’Institut, in the Chair. The meeting was very well attended and all present were much interested in a cinematograph lecture on Bee Culture by a German lady Member. It was announced that the proposed International Centre for Entomology had been abandoned indefinitely. There followed a short resumé on the work of the sections and the Report of the secretary of the permanent executive committee, presented by Dr. Jordan, who interested us extremely well in Hnglish, French and German. A short report of the Committee on Nomen- clature preceded the discussion on the choice of the date and place of the 6th next International Congress. After Germany and Egypt had been mentioned by their respective advocates, Sefior Bolivar, Junr., of Madrid,. so well advocated the claims of Spain, that on a vote it was decided by the meeting that the next Congress should take place at Madrid in 1985, Sefior Bolivar, Senr., of the Madrid Museum being elected President, which last fact was well applauded. The Congress closed with the speech of the President, Mons. P. Marchal, which was much appreciated. (To be: continued.) 86 ENTOMOZLOGIST’S. RECORD. 15.V1.19338 The Mystery of ‘The Little Black” . (Chrysoclista atra, Haworth.—Lep., Cosmopterygidae.) By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, F.L.S., F.R.E.S.. F.Z.S., and H. STRINGER. We trust, gentle reader, that our title has not led you to expect anything in the way of a Crime Club ‘thriller.’ We have merely tried to elucidate the identity of the small moth described by Haworth under the name of “ Recurvaria atra (The little Black)” in 1828, since which date it never seems to have been identified satisfactorily by any author owing to confusion with two or three allied forms. Haworth’s description (Lep. Brit., pp. 553-554, 1828) is brief and vague and, after a remark that the species varies, it is further compli- cated by the fact that he proceeds to give three separate descriptions under the letters a, g, and y. It is very fortunate that Haworth’s three original specimens are still preserved in the British Museum (Natural History), to which they were transferred in 1863 on the incorporation of Haworth’s Collection contained in the Entomological Society’s Collection. Examination of these three specimens shows that a and g are conspecific, although Haworth expressed a doubt (‘‘ An distincta species?’”’) of their identity, and are examples of the apple- feeding species; of y there remains only the basal portion of one forewing and it is impossible to say definitely from the specimen what it really was, but so far as can be judged from the remains of the specimen and from Haworth’s description it was an example of the species later described by Duponchel as hellerella. It may be added that Haworth in his description cites, with a query, ‘‘ Tinea eatguella, Hub. Schmet. Tin. 89, 266 and Fab. Ent. Syst. 8, 328, 179 ” as possibly the same as his species atrva; as regards this point, the Fabrician description does not seem to be identifiable at present and Hibner’s figure 266 (Zinea ewiguella) does not agree with any of the forms at present under consideration ; it is not referred to in Rebel’s Catalogue (1901) and does not appear to hava been identified. Werneburg (Beitr. Schmett, I., 482-483 and note 411 on p. 582; 1864) considered that extyuella was perhaps the same as /lachista cingilella, H.-S. It may be noted that ewiguella was originally described in Wien. Verz., and not by Fabricius. In 1829 (July 15th,) Stephens, in his Catalogue of British Insects (p. 197, no. 7210), placed atra, Hw., under the generic name Anacamp- sis, Curtis, and added, with a query, references to Tinea exiguella, Fabricius and Hubner. In 1834 (September 30th,) Stephens redescribed Anacampsis atra in his Illustrations of British Hntomology, Haustellata IV, 218-214, referring especially to ‘ Re. atra, 8, Haworth,” thereby fixing Haworth’s specimen g as the type of atra, Hw. From his description, however, it is evident that he had a mixture of species before him, as he states that ‘‘ Some examples are of a paler, others of a darker, hue, with the colours more contrasted.” In 1837 Wood, in his Indea Entomologicus, figured (t. 89, f. 1220; 1, iii. 1837) and mentioned (p. 177; 1. VI. 1837) a species under the name of Anacampsis atra with a reference to Stephen’s Haustellata and a repetition of his localities, but Wood’s figure, which is a good one, is THE MYSTERY OF THE ‘‘ LITTLE BLACK.” 87 evidently not of atra, Haw., but of hellerella, Dup., ‘of whom next,” as the genealogists put it. “ Duponchel, in his Hist, Nat. Lep. France, XI, 218-219, t. 298, f. 11, described and figured a single specimen from the Département du Nord under the name of Alucita hellerella. In this case also we have been fortunate, as the British Museum (Natural History) possesses the original water-colour drawings for Duponchel’s plates and reference to this original figure shows that his type of hellerella was distinct from atra, Hw., and identical with the common hawthorn-feeder. The date of publication of this portion of Duponchel’s book is not certain but may be taken to be at the end of 1838. In March 1889 Zeller (Jsis, XXXII, 211) pubiished the description of Elachista putripenneila, a name which he ascribed to Fischer von Roslerstamm. ‘The latter, however, doesanot seem to have published any description under this name and probably merely gave a manu- script name to Zeller, who was the first to authenticate it. Zeller’s description was made from nine specimens from Bohemia and Prussian Poland, and once again the British Museum (Natural History) is fortunate in the possession of the Zeller collection, which includes a specimen labelled as the type of putripennella, Zeller. This species comes very close to hellerella, Dup., from which it is distinguishable by the basal third of the dorsal area of the forewing being distinctly yellow (white in hellerella). Whether putripennedla is specifically distinct from hellerella we are at present doubtful. All the Continental examples in the British Museum Collection, from Central Lurope, are separable on this colour-character from British specimens of hellerella, but it is possible that putripennella and hellerella are merely eastern and western forms of a single species. We have seen no material from the Continent of Western Europe, where the two forms may meet. The late Abbé de Johannis, however, has stated (Ann. Soc. Hnt. France, LXXXIV, 98; 1915) that putripennella appears to be distinct from hellerella; and so, for the present, pending examination of further material, it seems advisable to keep these two forms as separate species. Curtis, in his British Entomology, XVI, page [2] of the explanation of Plate 785 (April 1889), was the next author who referred to atra, Haw., which he redescribed briefly and placed in his new genus Laverna (type ochraceella, Curtis). His description seems to include helleredia, Dup., as well as atra, Hw. Westwood, in his British Moths, I1., 190, t. 106 f. 6, (dated 1845 on title-page but perhaps published earlier in parts) redescribes and figures Anacampsis atra, Hw., quoting Timea exiguella, Fb., Hb., as asynonym. His description seems to include atra, Hw., and hellerella, Dup., but his figure, which appears to be original (and not copied from Wood, as so many of them are) represents a species with red-brown wings and two distinct red-brown spots on the edge of the white streak (apparently hellerella, Dup.). In 1854 Herrich-Schaffer (Schmett. Hur. V., 214, t. 119, f. 974) described and figured a new species as Tebenna vinolentella from specimens received from H. Metzner who found them on vine-stems at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder in July. This species, so far as we know at present, seems to be confined to Germany and we only mention it here as it has been introduced erroneously into the British list. In the same volume (p. 214, t. 119, f. 976) Herrich-Schaffer 88 ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.19838 redescribed and figured T’ebenna putripennella, ascribing this name to Fischer von Roéslerstamm but quoting Zeller’s Isis paper and sinking atra var., Hw., and hellerella, Dup., as synonyms. ‘This description applies to putripennella, Zeller, which, as we have already noted, is perhaps distinct from hellerella, Dup. In the latter half of 1854 Stainton (Ins. Brit. Tin. pp. 289-240, t. ff. 8’ [neuration of Fw. and Hw.] gave a detailed redescription of Laverna atra, Hw., under which name he quoted hellerella, Dup., and putripennella, Zell., as synonyms. His main description is of hellerella, Dup., but he recognized that his material contained probably more than one species as he remarks ‘‘(In some specimens the anterior wings are almost entirely suffused with black, and the head, face, and palpi are also darker) . . . . the dark variety appears exclusively attached to the apple, it is possible it may be a aistinet species.” Further evidence regarding this possibility reached Stainton in August, 1854, as we read on page 13 of the “ First Annual Supplement to Insecta Brit. Tineina”’ (issued for gratuitous distribution under date 1. XIJ. 1854 and reprinted in HMntom. Annual for 1855, p. 55) that Mr. K, Brown had bred this dark variety of Laverna atra from apple shoots and had never seen a light variety among the many scores caught and bred from these trees, which Stainton notes as being ‘‘in confirmation of the idea that the dark variety may be a distinct species.” Stainton, however, did not follow up this clue, as we find in his Manual (I1., 399, fig.; 1, VI. 1859) that he briefly redescribed and figured hellerella, Dup., under the name of Laverna atra, merely remarking that ‘‘sometimes the fw. are entirely black, but this may prove a distinct species,’ and noting without further comment the larval distinctions as :—‘‘ Larva [{hellerella] in hawthorn- berries IX; (the black var. [atva] in budding shoots of apple II, I11).” And there, apparently, Stainton left the matter without further elucidation, although one would have thought that the differences in larval habits would have put him on the right track. In 1860 Frey published a paper, ‘“‘ Das Elachistiden-Geschlecht Laverna,” in Linnaea Entomologica, X1V., 180-205. On pages 198-199 he redescribes a species which he calls Laverna atra, Hw., quoting hellerella, Dup., and putripennella, Zeller (which be also ascribes to F.R.), as synonyms; this description apparently applies best to putripennella. On page 199 he also refers to 1. vinolentella, which, however, he only knew from Herrich-Schiffer’s description and figure. In 1876 Wocke, in Heinemann’s Schmett. Deutschl. II., i. 429, gave a redescription under the name of Blastodacna hellerella, quoting as synonyms atra, Frey, Stainton, and putripennella, Zeller, Herrich- Schaffer. This description applies best to putripennella, Zeller. On pages 429-480 of the same volume he re-describes Blastodacna vinolentella, H.-§., stating that the larva is attached to apple. In 1880 Frey (Lep. Schweiz. pp. 408-404) records ‘‘ Laverna atra, Hw.,” from St. Gallen and Degersheim, quoting hellerella, Dup., and putripennella, F.R., as synonyms, and stating that the larva lives on apple stems and in Crataegus fruits. It is probable that this record is referable to putripennella, Zell., but we have seen no Swiss material. In 1895 Meyrick (Handbook, p. 678) separated the apple-feeder from the hawthorn-feeder but unfortunately used the names vinolentella, THE MYSTERY OF THE “ LITTLE BLACK.” 89 H.-S., for the former and “‘ atra, Hw., (fellerella, Dup.)” for the latter, including both in the genus Chrysoclista, Stainton. We may omit quotation of the citations in Rebel’s Cat. Pal. Lep. (1901) as these have already been dealt with as they occurred. In 1910 Spuler (Schmett. Hur. II. 887) dealt with the species of this group, under the generic name Blastodacna. Omitting any reference to the name atra, Hw., he redescribed putripennella, Zeller, figured it (t. 89 f. 60), gave its occurrence as Sweden, 8. Norway, Livonia, Central Europe, 8. France, Italy and Dalmatia, and redescribed the larva as found on apple; this reference applies to putripennella, Zell. Under the name /hellerella, Dup., he gave a short diagnosis in compatri- son with putripennella, noted its occurrence from S. Norway and Livonia throughout Central Europe to S. France, Italy and Dalmatia and redescribed the larva as found in fruits of Crataegus; this reference applies to hellerella, Dup. Under the name vinolentella, H.-S., he also gave a short redescription and stated its area of occurrence to be Central Germany and England, but without any note of the larva or foodplant ; this reference applies to vinolentella, except as regards its occurrence in England. We do not know whether Spuler’s records of occurrence of the other two species were based on actual material which he had seen or were merely taken from literature; in the latter case, they may require some modification. In 1928 Meyrick again dealt with the two British species (fev. Handbook p. 654) and, as in 1895, applied the names Chrysoclista atra, Hw., (hellerella, Dup.) to the hawthorn feeder and UV. vinolentella, H.-S., to the apple-feeder. In 1980 Mrs. M. Miles described the life-history of the apple-feeder (Ann. Appl. Biol. XVII., 775-795) under the name of blastodacna atra, Hw., and in 1982 that of the hawthorn-feeder under the name of Chrysoclista sp., (North-Western Naturalist, VII, 294-298). In the foregoing review of the literature on these species we have gone over the principal authorities affecting their nomenclature, but do not claim to have quoted every published reference, as our main object was to discover the names correctly referable to the species concerned. Of these there appear to be four (or three, if hellerella and putripennella are not really distinct species), which may be separated as follows :— 1. Palpus dark (banding not conspicuous); Kw. with distinct yellowish transverse costal streak at about 3. ; vinolentella, isle: S. (not British). Palpus conspicuously banded whitish and blackish; Fw. without distinct yellowish transverse costal streak at about 3, Bech las Dy) 2. Hw. almost unicolorous dark fuscous (sometimes with orange streaks) ; dorsal area towards base not conspicuously lighter. atra, Hw. (apple-feeder). Fw. conspicuously variegated with lighter markings; dorsal area towards base paler. . . ; SL) Me Ge 8. Dorsal area Fw. more or less yellowish. : nilevipenncliae ZL. Dorsal area F'w. whitish (no trace of yellow). hellerella, Dup. The above descriptions are, of course, merely based on superficial colour-characters. We have not gone into the question of the generic 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.19338 characters, as this would require a more extensive examination of these and numerous other species. For the present, therefore, we are content to leave all these species under the generic name Chrysoclista, of which Blastodacna may be considered a synonym. As regards the distribution of these four species (or forms) ; (1) C. vinolentelia, H.-S., seems to be known only from Germany. We have seen no British specimens and this name must be removed from the British List. (2) C. atra, Hw., is a British species, but not exclusively so, although it does not seem to be recognized on the Continent. The only Continental specimen which we have seen is one labelled ‘‘ Paris, el. Z’yrus malus,” in the Frey Collection. C. atra, therefore, occurs in the North of France but it is doubtful if it is found further Kast or South. (3) C. putripennella, Zell., (whether a distinct species or a form of hellerella) seems to be exclusively Continental, most of the specimens which we have seen being from Germany. (4) C. hellerella, Dup., occurs in England and was originally described from I'rance, but does not seem to be found further Hast, unless putripennella is an Eastern form of it. Further specimens from Irance, Holland and Belgium are desiderata at present ; meanwhile it seems better to keep hellerella and putripennella as distinct species. So far as the two British species are concerned it is sufficient to remember that A stands for atra and apple, whilst H stands for /eller- ella and hawthorn. Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with other races. - By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from Vol. XLIV.; p. 142.) Boloria amathusia, Msp., race titania, Hsp. (nec Hib.) :—Oulx (beginning of June to beginning of July); Cesana (11th and 24th of July); Clavieres (29th of July).—There is some confusion in con- nection with the name of this race, owing to the fact that Hsper and Hubner received this species from Piedmont under the name of titania and both published it nearly simultaneously, so that it is not possible to establish with certainty which of the two has right of priority: Hisper’s Supplement, which contains it at page 58, cannot have been published till after 1798, because at page 89 there is a reference to de Prunner’s Lepidoptera Pedemontana; Esper states his specimen came from Sardinia, but he evidently confused the kingdom of Sardinia with the island of Sardinia, which was part of it, but whence his amathusta certainly did not come. His figure of a female, although it is extremely rough, unmistakably represents the very distinct race proper to the Piedmontese or eastern watershed of the Western Alps: small size, pale, yellowish fulvous, extremely thin black markings on both surfaces, which are particularly faint on the underside of the fore- wings; light and broadly sulphur-yellow underside of hindwings. According to localities this characteristic form is found mixed with a variable proportion of the less extreme serena, Frubstorfer, described ZYGAENAK, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 91 from the Valais, and notably from Zermatt and the Simplon, and from the hottest valleys of the Upper Adige (S. Tyrol). At Claviéres, at 1800m., large numbers of titania were flying alone; at Cesana, 1300m., and at Oulx, 1000m., transitions to serena and a few actual serena were met with by me; at the Baths of Valdieri, 1400m., in the Maritime Alps, which are damper, the race could, on the whole, only be called serena, and titania was found as an extreme individual variation. In our Faunula Valderiensis (Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1911) Turati and [ had applied the name of titania, Hiib., to the latter race, pointing out it had precedence over serena, Friihst., a female of which it repre- sents. We did not know, at the time, of the existence of EKsper’s titania, to whose form and race it must be taken Frihstorfer has unconsciously restricted the name by erecting his serena, unless it can be proved that Htibner bad precedence over Ksper, and this is very unlikely to happen, as the latter has, on the contrary, more probabilities in his favour (according to Fernald’s and Hemming’s conclusions, the date of Hubner’s figure, for purposes of priority, is 1799). It is note- worthy that the race of amathusia which resembles titania, Ksp., most is the distant altaica, Seitz, of Siberia. At Cesana I found quite a number of extraordinarily small individuals, with very pale colours on both surfaces and minute black streaks, which might well be distin- guished under the name of microtitania (length of forewing in the males 17 to 18mm., against the average 19 to 20 of titania and 20 to 22 of serena, but appearing still smaller on account of the narrowness of their wings). 1t can also be remarked that there is a sharp contrast between the Italian titania and the race of high altitudes on the French or western watershed, which Fruhstorfer has named pralognana, from Pralognan 1400-1500m. ; it is not as small and pale as titania and the markings, especially on the outer part of the wings, are very heavy. Aryynnis ino, Rott. (=dictynna, Schiffermuller) race adula, Frhst. : Oulx (quite worn at Villant on July 17th); Cesana (males from July 11th to 24th ; females emerging on August Ist); Clavieres (on July 29th only some worn males were found).—All these specimens belong to the form in which the fulvous is of a clear, bright and rather yellowish tone and the black pattern is distinctly thin, including the narrow marginal one. The females | have met with are not of the lightest form, resembling the male sex most, but are of a deeper tinge of fulvous, with a slight violet sheen, and have quite an average amount of black suffusion on the basal portion of both fore- and hind- wing. ‘The underside of both sexes is rather of the light sort of colouring, with considerably broad yellow areas. ‘These features are quite constant, and confer a characteristic aspect to the race, which exactly resembles my specimens from the Engadine and corresponds to Fruhstorfer’s description of race adula from the latter locality, so that no other name could be applied to it. All the specimens I have from Geneva (Versoix) correspond to this race too. What I cannot understand at all are that author’s remarks concerning his race eporedia from ‘‘ Courmajeur, Cogne (Piedmont) and 8. Tyrol.” (In a letter to me he told me he had found this species at Atzwang, near Bolzano, if he well remembered, but there seemed to be some doubt about it). The statement he makes in his 92 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V1.193838 description of eporedia is that ““transalpine specimens have a broader black marginal border to all the wings and nearly doubly as broad a median band in both sexes as those from nearly the whole of Germany, Vienna and Hungary.” In discussing the validity of the specific names of ino, Rottemburg, and dictynna, Schiffermiiller, of this species in the Ent. Rec. of 1930, p. 15%, I pointed out that Rottemburg’s figure exactly represents the individual form which is prevalent at Vienna, with rather a broad black marginal band on the upperside and a purple suffusion of a deep tinge on the underside. This nomino- typical form is about the darkest produced normally by the species, so that the description of eporedia, becomes incomprehensible, if compared with it, but one does not gain much by attempting to compare it with series of examples from Northern Germany, for, there, one finds an enormous variability and the darkest forms mixed with some which are exactly like adula. Frihstorfer also adds that ‘“ the females of eporedia lack the bluish-grey suffusion and that the basal portion of the hindwings is quite insignificantly suffused with black.” Besides the fact that this feature is associated with a thin black pattern, as a general rule, in all the Argynnidi, so that it sounds somewhat contra- dictory to the first part of the description, it happens that the females I possess from the Pertud, just above Courmajeur, are amongst the darkest I have seen and have a distinct violet sheen and the whole basal half of the wings covered with black scaling; the black markings, on the other hand, are not in the least particularly large. The race [ have collected at Santo Stefano di Cadore, 900m., in the Carnic Alps, corresponds to the nominotypical form. My specimens from Estonia and one from Norryiken, in Central Sweden, answer Fruhstorfer’s description of race tergesta very well. ‘The most distinct European race.is that of the high mountains of Aragon, des- cribed from Orihuela, 1700m, as erilda, Sagarra: small and often very small size; fulvous of quite a peculiar, very clear, yellowish tone ; black markings, on an average, thinner than in adula and basal suffusion, especially, very much lighter in tone and less extensive than in any other European race; the underside, on the contrary, differs much less from adula than one might have expected from the look of the upper- side, if one did not remember that this contrast between the two surfaces 1s a feature of Iberic races and becomes particularly pronounced in those species which have a Southern, or Africo-Iberic, Exerge, like M. didyma and, probably, A. hecate. In ino there is evidently no such thing, so that that feature, acquired in Aragon, is only exhibited to a slight degree. It is one of the remarkable species, which are restricted to tho Northern Zone and which have scarcely succeeded in spreading on the southern, Italian, watershed of the Alps, but which have done so, through Northern and Western France, into Northern Spain and, in this case, even as far as Aragon at very high altitudes. As we are dealing with ino I must note that my materials from Asia answer quite well to the descriptions of the various perfectly distinct races, which have been published, but I find one of the most extreme and striking ones has been overlooked. A little series of it has been sent to me by Bang-Haas under the entirely wrong name of sibirica and labelled: ‘Chinese Turkestan, Thianchan mont. or., Juldus Tal, 2500m., Juli.” In reality it is a very much further degree » of variation in the same direction as clara, Stdgr. (renamed achasis, NOTES ON COLLECTING. 93 Frhst., on account of homonymy in this genus) from the Kentei Mts. One can consider clara to be the lightly coloured and marked Asiatic form corresponding to the European adula, whereas stbirica, Seitz, corresponds to the nominotypical ino. As in Europe, the two can be racial in some localities or exist together, and be simply extreme individual variations, in others; in the latter case, the name of clara can perfectly well be used for the light form. Now, the Yulduz race, mentioned above, stands to clara exactly as race erilda stands to adula: it is smaller (length of forewing 19 to 20, against 22, or more, in the male and 21 to 22, against 24, or more, in the female) ; the fulvous is even lighter and more yellowish than in ertlda; the black markings still thinner and very much so in the female; the basal suffusion nearly entirely effaced ; underside colours and patterns correspondingly light and reduced, to a degree no other race or form exhibits, all the russet being replaced by a very pale yellowish chestnut. I name this race asiaepallens, n. nov. It evidently corresponds to the generator, Stdgr., of Boloria pales from the same region, (To be continued) TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. HiVERES ARGIADES AND H. atcetas.—These two species were definitely separated in Tutt’s Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, Vol. IIL., but [ am not aware that the two species have hitherto been recorded as flying together. This however occurred to me this month (May) in one of the fields just beyond the Abbey of Hautecombe on the West side of the Lac de Bourget. Unfortunately the time between the arrival and departure of the boat from Aix is very limited, and the wet weather which prevailed during the last week of my stay made further investigation impossible. Consequently I only took one g and one @ of argiades though alcetas was very plentiful. The two are quite distinguishable even on the wing, argiades being slightly the larger. The specimens of the 2nd generation of alcetas taken formerly at Chindrieux, on the other side of the lake, are on the other hand at least as large as the spring form of argiades. The 2 sare very different, that of alcetas is entirely brown, while the specimen of argiades taken this year has a much blacker ground and shows a considerable amount of blue on the disc both of the fore- and hindwings and a row of black spots at the border of the latter, edged internally with the blue of the male.—(Rev.) G. Wazeter, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. Queen Wasp anp H. carpamines.—In my garden I have a big patch of Cardamine to attract the ‘orange tip’’ ladies to lay their eggs on. I also collect paired individuals and place them on this patch in the evening at sunset. In the past I have noticed that a great many of these disappeared mysteriously on days when there was no sun to induce them to fly away when separated, so I determined to watch a pair and see what happened. This morning I found a pair about ten o’clock s.t. and brought them to my patch; for some time nothing happened, I went to another part of the garden, and when [ came back, the culprit was at work, a Vespa. It had almost demo- lished the g’ when I arrived; the ? had fortunately separated. I have 94 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1983 several times observed wasps pouncing upon Geometers at rest on leaves, and devouring them but I would not believe that they would attack M. cardamines, which is so well protected by its cryptic coloration when at rest.—Tuomas Grerr, ‘“ Milton,” Sandholes, Dungannon, Co. Tyrone, May. 8th. [The Vespa sent was kindly identified by Mr. K.G. Blair of the B.M. as V’. sylvestris.—Hy.J.T.] G{URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. We have received the following personal separates which have not yet been acknowledged. Lepiportmros Arcentines. Family Hesperiidae. By Capt. K. J. Hayward, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8.—After dealing with the Nym- phaline family our friend has taken up the family which is often the last to be treated. He has contributed to the J/tevista Soc. Mnt. Argentina an account of the first of the three subfamilies, the Pyrrhopyginae. He has followed Mabille in the Cat. Lep. 1X. (1912) with the nine genera and fourteen species found in the country so far, including two new species, a Pyrrhopyge, P. ruficandi and an Oxynetra, O. rufocincta, both taken in one of the border regions, . Missiones. The subfamilies and genera are each dealt with and a few references given. -The species are described with references and localities. There is a useful plate of venation, another plate in black and white contains a figure of each of the species described. One would like to have seen the names of the two new species in the usual conventional Clarendon type. In a subsequent number of the Revista the second family, the Pyrginae is commenced; fifteen genera and fifty species, the first section, are treated. Of these, six species are newly described. The species appear to be described in the same careful way with numerous references and synonyms. Nine plates accompany this portion, illustrating the venation of the genera 13 figures, the male genitalia 36 figures, imagines 48 figures. This is a piece of work that really wanted doing as there exists no previous works on the Lepidoptera of the Argentine from a faunistic point of view. There were many records of species previously, and it was quite time that such a work be done. \ecan well say that the compilation of this matter is being done adequately and Capt. Hayward has done so much of this work that we feel sure it is quite correct and a capital basis for future work in the country, where there must be much to be discovered in the life-history of many species. To Dr. Max Cretschmar we owe thanks for his pamphlet, 44 pp. and a map, dealing with the Lepidoptera of Rheinisch Westphalia with Essen for centre and including Wesel to Dusseldorf, and Krefeld to Dortmund. He has summarised the work previously done and published and included long summaries furnished by local observers: Herr Kilian-Stromberg for the Rhein, Mosel, Saar and neighbourdhood ; Herr C. Dahn-Krefeld for the Krefeld neighbourhood; Herr T. H. Voss-Hilden for the Disseldorf neighbourhood; Herr Dr. H. Zielaskowski-Bochum for Hssen; Herr O. Volker-Dortmund for the Dortmund region. ©The influence of the geological, botanical, and climatic conditions are introduced as factors in distribution and CURRENT NOTES. 95 occurrence. A map however sketchy is always a useful adjunct to a faunistic paper. We are indebted to Dr. U. Rocci for a further Contribution on the ‘‘ Variability of the male Arinature of some of the groups of species of the genus Melitaea.”’ This is the sixth of the series all but one of which have appeared in either the Memories or Bollettinu of the Soc. Ent. Ital. There are many figures of the genitalia. Count Turati has sent a separate of a recent communication of his to the Boll. Soc. Ent. It. descriptive of several new forms and species including a new form of Parnassius apollo and of P. epaphus, both of which are figured. Part 2 of Vol. 8 of the Transactions of the Entomological Society of the South of England is to hand. Again another useful series of papers on ‘‘ other orders ’’ which cannot be overlooked by any workers in those orders. ‘‘Synonymic Notes on the Syrphidae”’ by i. R. Goffe will no doubt cause discussion ; it is well that someone should look up and collate the work of these old authors which was often far from super- ficial. B.M. Hobby continues his observation on ‘“ prey’’ of insects, this time he treats of the ‘‘ Prey of British Dragonflies ;” he also commences a very useful piece of bibliography, ‘‘ A list of Kntomo- logical Notes and Papers contained in the Serial Publications issued by local Scientific Societies in the British Isles,” a work which will unearth a host of useful matter otherwise relegated by time to the oblivion of forgotten lore. F. J. Killington, ‘‘ The Parasites of Neuroptera, with special reference to those attacking British species’’: another line of study only represented previously by isolated notes among the “forgotten lore.” H. P. Jones, whose long paper on the ‘‘ Hymenoptera of Hampshire”’ was published in our pages, gives a “Supplementary List.” F. A. Turk contributes a “ Preliminary List of British Collembola.”’ ‘The Lepidoptera is not omitted for W. Parkinson Curtis is publishing the notes left by the late Eustace R. Bankes editing them where absolutely necessary. The present notes are on Lithocolletis sorbt, L. concomitella and L. blancardella. Mr. Curtis describes a new ab. of Brenthis selene under the name obsoleta in his observations on the variation shown by an aberrant series in the collection of J. R. Freeman; at the same time he names an aberration of Plebeius (Aricia) medon as striata, in the same collection. The customary convention to indicate new species and forms by Clarendon letters is inoperative here as so much Clarendon is used throughout the publication in place of the usual italics and small and large capitals. Such practice delays the work of recorders infinitely. We congratulate the Society on its band of workers on untrodden lines. It is a pity that there seems no possibility of some of these papers being published in the Transactions of the premier Society for which they are eminently suitable. Parts 54 and 55 of Lepidop. Catalogus havecometohand. They deal with the Amathustidae by H. Stichel and the Attacinae sub-family of the Saturniidae by H. Schissler. We are glad to see that the strange and confusing innovation in Part 53 the Pieridae has not been followed. So far as we have tested it, the work seems to have been thoroughly done and is a great help to all systematists and to 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1983 those who want readily to learn all about any species or genus in which they are interested. The wonderful genus J'aenaris, with so many species in New Guinea, has 51 pages of references. The next 2 parts of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Macro- lepidoptera are to hand. Part 39 continues the consideration of the Agrotidae, 8 pp. and 2 plates. The regretted decease of Dr. Corti is most unfortunate as his completed MS. ends with the commencement of this part, Prof. M. Draudt, however, has possesion of Dr. Corti’s notes and access to his collection and hopes to continue the considera- tion of this family on the lines previously laid down. The only British species occurring in the present part are evclamationis, ripae, trua and puta. Part 38 consists of 16 pp. and 1 plate of the so-called Bombyces. No less than 19 British species come in this part to each of which a few additional named forms are added. Cerwra furcula has 5; C. bifida, 4; Dicranura vinula, 6; Drymonia chaonia, 4; Notodonta dromedarius, 4; Ptilophora plumigera, 8; Phalera bucephala, 6; and so on. The two plates of Agrotids seem to be very carefully executed and should prove of much use. We trust that all those who can in these difficult times are supporting this most enterprising and useful undertaking. ‘The information that the helpers of Dr. Seitz have collected from many and often obscure sources is here arranged and rendered useful in com- parison with previously recorded matter. The main volumes are progressing slowly, parts 547 and 548 are before us being parts of Vol. X, the Indo-australian Bombyces. ‘There are 24 pp. and 3 plts. with 154 figures in the two parts the letterpress of which deals with the Aegertidae. This volume is fast coming to tae end. It is wonderful that this work, begun in 1906, has been able to continue until the present through so many world-wide vicissitudes and says much, not only for those concerned in its issue, editor and publisher, but for the -continuance of subscribers’ adherence, and bears strong evidence of the value of the information contained in its pages. The last two issues of Iris (Dresden) contain several interesting and useful contributions. Dr. Zerny commences an article on the Lepidoptera of the Lebanon area reporting his own experiences and summarising the previous work which has been done there. The author registers a number of new forms and species from the district and the whole will form a most useful contribution to our knowledge of a little known country. Dr. Holik of Prague contributes an article on the crossing of Zygaena forms especially noting a crossing between Z, filipendulae and 7%. ephialtes. The notes on the Lepidoptera of Regensburg, the area worked years ago by Zeller, are continued. Jt is curious that the three Special Life Fellows recently elected at the Centenary of the Entomological Society of London should each be on the panel of editors of the three British entomological magazines: Commander Walker on the #.M.M., W.G. Sheldon on the Hntomologist, and Rey. G. Wheeler on the Hint. Record and Jr. of Variation. By the bye, we presume that the premier Society will now drop the local cognomen ‘of London”’ and henceforth be known as THe Royan EntomonocicaL Soormry, more especially as its purview has ceased to be local and has become preéminently national if not cosmopolitan in its application. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Tornex, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IpENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusrrRations are inserted on condition that the AurHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. hey should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—§. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nemeniag sawflies nof in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Tharlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,” Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.— yale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Panicceas Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea y. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querciis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Urerent.— Wanted English (Cumberland) Hrebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de 1’ Haolise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Jam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.— J. Soffner, Trautenau (BezirksbehGrde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. CHANGE oF Appress.—T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., to ‘* Rodborough Fort,’’ Stroud, Glos. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomolcgical Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. October 4th. The South Londen Entomologicai and Natural History Seciety, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. June 22nd, July 13th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘! Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The Londen Natural History fociety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Fissex. THE BEST OF ALL READING Blackwood’s Maégazine Subscribers both at Home and Abroad can have ‘Blackwood’s Magazine’ sent by post monthly for 30s. yearly, or 15s. for six months. WiLLiam BLAckwoop & Sons Lrp., 37, Paternoster Row, London. 45, George Street, Edinburgh. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. EK. B. Ashby, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson, Rev. Canon Foster, Thos. Greer, A. E. Burras, Chas. Mosley, A. J. Wightman, Dr. EH. A. Cockayne, O. Querci, P. Siviter Smith, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘¢ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymice notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, EHpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus — Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. f MrLaNisM AND MernanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus ZAyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, 8.E. 14 fo whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. SUL 31 1933 ot Vol. XLV, /%,%20© : Nos. 7-8 JULY-AUGUST, 19383 ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND an JOURNAL OF VARIATION R. 8. BaGNnaut, D.S8C., F.R.E.S. H. DonIstTHORPE, F.Z-8., ¥.R-I.S. Matcoum Bork, D.SC., F.R.0.S. T. BartnsriacGk FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, ¥.R.4.8. ¥.Z.S8., F.R.E.S. | with the ussistance of K. A. Cockaynnr, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., H. Ei. Paar, F.R.§.s. F.B.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.U.S. J. K. Couiin, J.P., ¥.R.6.8. Rev. G. WHeEwiir, M.A., F.R.8.8., F.Z.8. Editor Hmeritus.—G. T. BerHune-BakeEr, ¥.2Z.S., F.R.E.S. By Heyzy J. TURNER, F.2.£.S., F.B.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. CONTENTS The Larval Period of seers apiformis, H. A. te D.M., A.M. F.R.C.P. ue ae oC ee 97 Noctuae in 1932, A. J. Wightman ee ay als we eo 98 Donegal in August, Rev. Canon G. Foster, B.I D. 54 an 56 20 100 Lepidoptera at Maurin, A. #. Burras, F.R.E.S., W. P. Curtis, F.R.E.S., and W. Fassnidge, M.d., FRE. ‘s. ; ae 103 Zygaena, Ses and pes, of the Cottian n Alps, Roger ve i M.D. oc ei c Yo 106 ‘CURRENT Nore AND san Nae AG = 56 109 Revirw.—Trans. and Proceed. of the 8S. Lond. Ent. and N. H. Society, 1932-3, T.B.-F. Re 112 SUPPLEMENTS.—British ores ae J. Taner 1 Rl E.S., PR. 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COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. Barrett says ‘ the larva is full-fed in April after feeding, probably nearly two years,’ and Buckler with greater caution says ‘ the larval stage lasts for two if not three years.’ In the first edition of Meyrick’s handbook the larval period is given as ‘8-4, but sometimes living two years.’ Thus there appears to be a good deal of uncertainty about the life-history of the larva. At the end of June 1904 I took about twenty apparently full-grown larvae and three cocoons under the bark of some large hybrid poplars in Bagley Wood near Oxford. These larvae, found tunnelling between the bark and the wood, were kept alive until after my moths had emerged, and I concluded that the larva probably lives for a year in its last instar. In later years I had exactly the same experience in a Surrey locality, and returning to the place with Mr. C. N. Hawkins in February, 1932, we both found a few cocoons and a number of very large larvae boring channels between the bark and the wood. I kept about ten of them, placing them in a big flower-pot half full of earth. On the earth I put pieces of poplar bark, filled the pot with sphagnum, and covered it with a piece of linen. The pot was placed in a dish, which was filled with water from time to time. Examining it in September, 1932, and finding two larvae dead and mouldy, one still alive, and two cocoons, I left it undisturbed until April 17th, 1938. I had forgotten about it, but was reminded by finding large larvae in their tunnels and cocoons containing larvae in a wild state on the previous day. In my pot there were six cocoons containing four dead larvae, one dead pupa, and one living pupa, from which a small male imago emerged on June 4th. This proves that the large iarvae found in the spring of 1932 made their cocoons in the autumn, and pupated in the spring of 19388. The softer parts of the bark, which I had provided, had all been eaten, but the pieces were quite small, and the larvae had eaten very little during their last year of life. A comparison of the heads of the large larvae and those of skins cast at pupation shows no difference in size, apart from the difference between the two sexes, so that it is improbable that there was another ecdysis. Both in 1982 and in 1983 I found one small larva, presumably a year younger than the big ones, and both the small larvae were further below the level of the ground than the big ones, all of which were boring in an upward direction. The scarcity of small larvae and the fact that both those found were so much below the level of the ground makes it probable that the larvae begin life deep down and gradually work upwards as they grow older. Iam not sure whether the small larvae were one or two years old, but it should be possible by digging still deeper to find whether larvae of still smaller size can be taken at the same date. It is however clear that between February and April larvae in three distinct stages of growth can be found, small larvae, large larvae apparently in the last instar, and larvae in cocoons. The length of larval life cannot be less than three years or, to be exact, two years and eleven months. Jam convinced that the larva of Synanthedon scoliaeformis, has the same habit of passing a year in its last instar, or if it does change skin there is no appreciable increase in size. 98 HN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VI1.19388 Noctuae in 1932. By A. J. WIGHTMAN. (Concluded from page 56.) Xylina semibrunnea.—During October and November a number of this species occurred at sugar and ivy bloom, especially the latter, and these were placed in a large glass box, 2 ft. long and twelve inches high and wide; the lower half of this has an outer layer of wood to render it less exposed to daylight and sunlight as it is kept in an open sided outhouse, and there is a wooden rim at the top where the glass lid fits on. Inside this outer box there is a branch of sallow with the shoots cut off short 3 or 4 inches from the main stem and a small wooden box containing partitions of virgin cork so placed that moths entering it would be in darkness the whole twenty-four hours. Sweet- ened water is provided as food, the only place insects in this cage can get to be out of the light during the day is inside the inner box. I had expected that the moths would have quickly disappeared into this inner box, to pass the winter, but up to the present (February) not one has done so. Instead they sit about on the upper wooden rim, no two close together, or collect in groups of 3 or 4 closely pressed together on the stunted sallow shoots always with their heads just protruding beyond the end, and in this position they are wonderfully hidden, the shoot appearing slightly swollen just towards the end where the thoracic crests come and then rounding off where the heads are bent inwards to the centre. There are a few X. socia in this cage and they also behave in this way, but the species keep separate; there are no mixed groups. There does not appear to be any true hibernation in the sense of a dormant period of months. Except in the coldest weather there is a good deal of movement at night and positions are frequently changed. When touched during the day with a camel hair brush legs are moved and in some cases the moth wakes up and walks several inches to a fresh spot. : Apamea didyma.—During July and August this species occurred as usual in enormous numbers in the Pulborough Marshes, the moths coming freely to sugar, as well as being found and easily examined at Juncus flowers. The number examined must have run into very many thousands, and from these I selected and set up rather more than two hundred. The forms obtained are not so numerous as I had expected, but this may be in part due to the fact that I was very intent on only taking insects in bred condition and so may have given rather too little attention to the matter of forms. The forms taken are :— grisea-albo, Tutt. rufa-albo, Tutt. nigra-flavo, Tutt. grisea-flavo, Tutt. nictitans, Esp., Hb. nigra-albo, Tutt. reticulata-albo, Tutt. secalina, Hb. lugens, Haw. secalina (y), Haw. nictitans linea, Tutt. lugens-flavo, Tutt. I-niger-albo, Tutt. secalina-linea, Tutt. albistigma, Tutt I-niger, Haw. didyma, Esp. leucostigma, Esp. oculea-flavo. didyma-flavo, Tutt. All the above names are taken from the table in Supp’. Notes to Brit. Noct. and Vars. by H. J. Turner, page (224). There is also a NOCTUAE IN 1932. > 99 single example which agrees well with Warr.-Seitz description of his ab. lilacina, Pal. Noct. 11. 171 (1911), fig’d. at 40h, except that it has a yellowish reniform=Jilacina-flavo. Heliothis peltigera and parasites.—In my 1931 notes on Heliothis peltigera, | mentioned that, although I was confident I was right in saying that the flies Orthostigma pumila, Nees., and Aspilota insidiatria, Marsham, which had occurred in the breeding cage were from the larvae of peltiyera and not, as had been suggested, from some Dipterous larvae which might have been present in the leaves of the foodplant (Senecio), I was not prepared to bedogmatic. This year I did not breed any more peltigera, but kept a quantity of the foodplant, which came from the same locality as the larvae and their food supply in 1931 and this was taken at the same time of the year, but it failed to produce any flies at all, and [ am now quite certain that the flies were from the peltigera larvae, quite possibly of course as super parasites. Abrostola tripartita, Hutn.—In the Victoria History of Sussex the statement is made that, while this species is plentiful in Hast Sussex, its congener triplasia is the more plentiful species in West Sussex and the locality of Bury is given as specially favoured by that species. Having been resident and active in the search for Noctuae in this district, which includes Bury, for upwards of ten years without ever to have taken a single example of triplasia among the large number of tripartita taken and bred froni wild larvae, ] feel sure there must be an error in the statement referred to, possibly a confusion of names, tripartita, Hufn., being the same species as triplasia, Hubner (fig. 269), I can hardly think there has been a change in the local fauna as great as would be required to reconcile that statement with the result of my collecting. This year having decided to confine my collecting largely to Pul- borough district, I made a special effort to find this species triplasia, _ Linn., and fora period of 6 weeks beat both nettle and hop several evenings a week in different spots, Pulborough, Littleworth, Bury, Amberley, Burham and Arundel. Abrostola larvae were plentiful in all stages of growth throughout the whole district, all, when beaten, being pale green in colour, but after a while I noticed in the breeding cages a good number of very different looking larvae to those which I had been beating and it was obvious that some of the small green larvae had changed to other colours upon approaching full growth. These larvae varied from deep olive green (rare) to deep purplish brown, and I at first imagined that I had at last taken larvae of triplasta from nettle. The hop having failed to produce any larvae at all, as however I continued to take only green larvae wild and could never beat a purple brown one, I felt perplexed, and submitted a few larvae of each shade to Dr. H. A. Cockayne who at once informed me that all were tripartita, the green form being the usual one wild and the purple brown the more usual one in captivity ; in fact, wild larvae of this last colour are distinctly rare. I continued to beat for these larvae in the hope of at last finding the desired species (triplasia) and finally I did beat three purple brown larvae of tripartita all close together. The percentages proved to be. Wild larvae when beaten :—Green 99%, purple brown 1%. Larvae in cages when full fed and ready to spin up:—Green 37%, purple brown 63%. () 100 ENTOMOLOGIS?’ S RECORD. 15. VIL.193838 The larvae of this species do not invariably turn brown when ready to pupate. J examined many cocoons and found green larvae as long as ten days after spinning up, and wild full-fed green larvae never change to purple brown. Late in November the larvae of this species were still to be found, often quite small; none made any attempt to suspend feeding and winter as a larva. But the larvae of Plusia chrysitis taken with them absolutely refused to be coaxed by being kept warm, into feeding after the usual hibernation size was reached. I noted that in the late summer larvae pupated a few days after spinning up and pupation gradually lengthened, and some | had after the weather had become cold had not pupated until fourteen days after spinning up. Highty or ninety per cent made earthen cocoons, the rest spinning up in a dead leaf, except one, which made an independent cocoon such as Plusia moneta does. Donegal in August. By Rev. CANON FOSTER, B.D. (Concluded from page 8&3.) Hipocrita jacobaeae, Li.—Larvae abundant at Portnoo. Demas coryli, L.—On hazel. Portnoo and Gartan. Agrotis cursoria, Hufn.—I secured 12 specimens on ragweed, which grew on or about the sandhills‘at Narin and Portnoo. Some of the forms were very fine and of great beauty. But the border line between cursoria and tritici is very close at Portnoo, and some specimens were not easy to discriminate. A. tritici, L.—Very abundant at Portnoo and even more varied than elsewhere. A. praecox, li.—At Portnoo in 1980 this species was very abundant and I only regret I did not secure more of them. A. lucernea, li.—One specimen turned up at hghtat Portnoo. But it never showed at the ragweeds. ; A. saucia, Hb.—Two very worn specimens were taken ; no doubt it was too early for the autumn brood, and these had survived from the early summer. Noctua dahlii, Hb.—On ragweed at Gartan. N. rubi, View.—Donegal ; very richly coloured. N. glareosa, Ksp.— Heather bloom and ragweed, Portnoo and Gartan. N. baja, F.; N. c-nigrum; N. awanthographa, Fabr.; N. brunnea, Fabr., at ragweed; Triphaena comes, Hiibn.; 7. pronuba, Linn.; 7. janthina, Esp., all abundant. Charaeas graminis, Li.—Was often to be seen day and night on ragweed, especially at Gartan, 19382. Cerigo matura, Hufn. —On ragweed. Portnoo. Miana anon: Haw.—Abundant. : Potia chi, L.—Three specimens turned up at Portnoo, on ragweed. Helotropha leucostigna, Hb., and var. fibrosa, Hb.—Were both very abundant on ragweed at Portnoo. They were so fine that it was hard to resist taking them. Hydvroecia crinanensts, Brws.—These were even finer and my son DONEGAL IN AUGUST. 101 when out with me was so delighted with their size and colouring that he often compelled me to take them. They were in numbers on the ragweed both on the shore and also up among heather at Portnoo. At Gartan they came to light and were also on ragweed and other flowers, all at night. Here they were not so abundant as at Portnoo. H. lucens, Frr.—8 specimens at Portnoo on heather and on ragweed among the sands. Stilbia anomala, Hw.—Some lovely specimens turned up at Portnoo at night on ragweed or heather blossom, and by day just sitting on the ground, Xanthia flavago, F.—Was abundant on ragweed at Portnoo and also at Gartan. Plusia bractea, F.—One specimen was caught at thistle blossom at Portnoo in August along with the more abundant P. chrysitis and P. pulchrina. It was a very worn specimen and no doubt merely a survival from July. Other abundant Noctuae were H. micacea, Ksp., Leucania impura, Hb., Tapinostola fulva, Hb., Caradrina quadripunctata, F., Amphipyra tragopoygonis, Li., Rivula sericealis, Se., Hypena proboscidalis, L., etc. GEOMBTRAR, Eipione repandaria, Schiff. (apiciaria, Sehiff.)—Appeared at Gartan both on ragweed at eee and by beating willow by day. Ennomos alniaria, L.—Came to light at Gartan. _ Aybernia epee Esp.—The larva was beaten out of birch at Gartan, and a male emerged the beginning of November. Acidalia aversata, L.—A fine banded specimen turned up at Portnoo. Anattis playgiata, L.—Was abundant on rocks and among heather at Portnoo. é Ortholitha chenopodiata, Li. (limitata, Se.)—Lygris populata, L., Cidaria fulvata, Forst. and Dysstroma citrata, L. (immanata, Hw.) were all abundant. Calostigia (Malenydris) salicata, Hb.—Was resting on the rocks at Portnoo in August, and came to light the same month at Gartan. -C. (M.) didymata, L.—Was common everywhere, Xanthorhoé fluctuata, L.—Abundant. X. galiata, Hb,—abundant near Portnoo among the sandhills. Hulype hastata, L.-—The black larvae were often to be seen at Portnoo, Gartan, etc., in the tips of bog myrtle. Thera cognata, Thnbg.—On juniper around Portnoo the caterpillar was pretty frequent in August, and the perfect insects emerged the first week of September. They were also to be found flying over juniper, or settled upon it, at night, during August. Alone with them fairly abundantly was to be beaten out in the day time Hupithecta sobrinata, ‘Hb. Hydriomena furcata, Thnbg. (surdidata, F.)—Was in great variety among the willows at Gartan. One specimen of Triphosa dubitata, L., came to light at Donegal town, as also Crocallis elinguaria, L. Perhaps the most interesting Geometer to turn up was one speci- men of Gnophos myrtillata, Thun. ; it was flymg gently along a heathery 102 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.V11.1988 bank one night at Portnoo. This would be the third Irish specimen. Of the other two, one was also from Donegal, and the other taken during the Clare Island survey. Selidosema plumaria, Schiff. (ericetarta, Vill.).—The males were flying strongly one mid August day over the heather near Dungloe. Crambus geniculeus, Hw.—Was abundant at Portnoo. C. margaritellus, Hb.—Was in great abundance in various places around Gartan Lake. Among the Plumes there occurred at Gartan Stenoptilia pterodactylus, Linn., (fuscus), Amblyptilia cosmodactyla, Hb. (acanthodactylus, Brit. authors) and Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schiff. There were some interesting Tortrices among the heather at Portnoo; at Donegal the best ground was the wooded path south of the town along the west bank of the Hske; this was also a good locality for Hymenoptera. At Gartan the Tortices were very plentiful and /’aedisca solandriana was in great variety and abundance. Scrub birch was the most prolific tree to work, although not so plentiful as willow or hazel. Tortrix rosana, L.—The pupa was fairly common in the spun-up shoots of various shrubs, e.g., willows, at Portnoo and Gartan. T. heparana, Schiff.—Portnoo and Gartan. Amphisa gerningana, Schiff—Among heather at Portnoo, and Barnesmore Pass. Peronea variegana, Sehiff.—Donegal Town. P. ferrugana, Schiff.—Beaten out of birch abundantly near Churchill station. P. hastiana, lu.—Donegal town. P, schallertana L4.—Donegal town, very abundant at Gartan in the following varieties; perplexana, labeculana, comparana, and latifasciana. P. aspersana, Hb.—Portnoo, Gartan, Donegal town. Teras caudana, F.—Donegal town ; very abundant, Gartan. Cnephasia subjectana, Guen.—Gartan. C. virgaureana, Tr.— Gartan. Eucosma solandriana, Li.—The following varieties were all abundant at Gartan ; solandriana, parmatana, trapezina 2%, Ui, Vit, scotch a and b. F. semifuscana, Stph.— Gartan. E. similana, Hb.— very abundant among birch at Gartan. Phtheochroa maculosana, Haw.—Donegal town, Portnoo. Hucosma cana, Haw.—Donegal town. I. ramella, li.—Gartan. EF. nisella, Clerek.—Gartan. E. trimaculana, Don.—Gartan. HE. penkleriana, Fisch.—Donegal town, Gartan. Acroclita naevana, Hb.—Gartan. Eucosma cructana, L.—Portnoo, Gartan. FE. corticana, Htibn.—Portnoo. E. trigeminana, Stph.—Gartan. Cnephasia osseana, Scop.—Portnoo, Gartan. Notocelia incarnatana, Hibn.—Gartan. Among the Tineina were noted :— Simaethis pariana, Clerk.—Donegal town. LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. : 103 Plutella costella, ¥.—Gartan very abundant. Gracilaria elongella, L.—Gartan. Argyresthia senescens, St.—Gartan. Cerostoma awylostella, L.—Gartan, Donegal town, very abundant. Chelaria hiibnerella, Don.—Gartan. I wish to thank the Rev. R. i. EK. Frampton for overhauling all the ‘ Micros.’ LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE, From mid June to September 8th, 1932. Based on the Observations of A. EK. BURRAS, F.R.H.S., W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S., and W. FASSNIDGH, M.A., F.R.E.S. (Continued from page 74.) Psycuipas. Oreopsyche muscella, Fb., common in July, A.H.B.; the scaling seems to be very heavy for this species, and this seems to be the only difference between it and G. stcheliella, Bruand, if this latter is really distinct. O. plumifera, Ochs. form mediterranea, Led., common in July, A.H.B. Cochliotheca crenulella, Bruand, fairly common at light. Bankesia alpestrella, Hein, six § g , cases common. CossIDaz. Cossus cossus, L., a few. Dyspessa ulula, Bork., rare. LiastocaMPIDAE, Malacosoma castrensis, L., a few by W.F. Lasiocampa quercus, L., small larvae. Maerothylacia rubi, L., larvae fairly common. Epicnaptera tremulifolia, Hb., larvae rare on aspen. ZYGAENIDAE. Procris globulariae, Hb., a few. P. geryon, Hb. form chrysocephala, Nickerl, common at 8,000 feet. Zygaena exulans, Hoch., fairly common. Z. achilleae, Kisp., fairly common. Z. carniolica, Scop., rare. Z. trifolii, Kisp., not common ; chiefly race palustris, Obthr. ; W.P.C. took ab. orobi, Hb., and a black ab. described in the addenda. Z. transalpina, Kisp., fairly rare. The scarcity of Zygaenids was very noticeable although larvae were reported very abundant in early July by A.E.B. No doubt the severe frosts and heavy rains were responsible for this scarcity. PyRaLes. Ephestia elutella, Hb,, very common in the Café Bertrand. Homoeosoma nebulella, Hb., fairly common. Nycteyretis achatinella, H.-S., abundant. Ancylosis cinnamomella, Dup., common. Pempelia ornatella, Schiff., common. Huzophera cinerosella, Zell., a few. Hypochaleia decorella, Hb., common. H. lignella, Hb., rare. Catastia marginea, Schiff., rare. Hpischnia ampliatella, Hein., common. Ff. boisduvaliella, Gn., fairly common. Psorosa palumbella, Schiff., a few. Nephopteryx hostilis, Steph., larvae very common on aspen. Megasts rippertella, Zell., a few by A.E.B. Selagia spadicella, Hb., rare. 104 ; ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15. V1I1.1923 Myelois cribrella, Hb., a few. Crambus lithargyrellus, Hb., common. C. zermattensis, Frey., two specimens, Panestrel. OC. furcatellus, ZLett., fairly common, a very distinct form. C. conchellus, Schiff., fairly common. C. speculalis, Hb., common. C. luctiferellus, Hb., rare. C. falsellus, Schiff., fairly common. C. culmellus, L., common. CC. dumetellus, Hb., locally common. C. pratedlus, L., common. Argyria cerussellus, Schiff., common, a very dark form. Aglossa pinguinalis, L., indoors. Botys angustalis, Sebiff., rare. Scoparia zelleri, Wocke., det. Lhomme. S. ambigualis, Tr., common. S. valesialis, Dup., det. W.P.C. S. sudetica, Zell., det. W.P.C. and Lhomme. S. resinea, Haw., det. Lhomine.~ Orenatia rupestralis, Gey., rare. O. alpestralis, Fb., fairly common. Orobena sophialis, Fb., common. Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. Cynaeda dentalis, Schiff., fairly common and very large. Titanio pyrenealis, Dup., rare. T. phrygialis, Hb., common, especially near water. Mesoyraphe crocealis, Hb. M. costalis, Ev., seven each by W.F. and W.P.C. See addenda for synonymy and dis- . tribution of this interesting species [Notel.]. M.dutealis, Hb., common. Pyrausta fuscalis, Schiff. P. terrealis, Tr., rare. P. flavalis, Schiff. var. lutealis, Dup. common. P. aeralis, Hb. var. opacalis, Dup., common. VP. austriacalis, H.-S., very common. P. uliginosalis, Hb., common. P. alpinalis, Schiff.,common. P. rhododendronalis, Dup,, rare. PP. cespitalis, Schiff. P. costalis, Tr., rare. P. purpuralis, L., common. P.aurata, Scop. P. niyrata, Scop., rare. P. cingulata, L., fairly common ; see addenda for the form. Heliothela atralis, Hb., fairly common on steep and sunny paths; very- difficult to catch. [Note II.]. Aphomia sociella, L., common. PreRoPHIDAE = ALUCITIDES. Eucnemidophorus rhododactylus, Fb., rave. Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schiff., fairly common. Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Hb.,=cosmodactyla, Hb., common. Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla, Haw. Marasmarcha phaeodac- tyla, Hb. =lunaedactyla(us), Haw., common. Oxyptilus distans, Zell. O. pilosellae, Zell., fairly common. *O. teucrtt, Jordan =heterodactyla, Mull., afew. Pterophorus lithodactyla(us), Tr., three specimens. P. monodactyla(us), Li, P. (Leioptilus) osteodactylus, Zell. L. tephradactylus, Hb. Alucita vanthodactyla, Tr., fairly common. ToRTRICINA. Acalla hastiana, L., a few bred. A. varieyana, Schiff. Dichelia gnomana, Cl., common. Cacoecia rosana, Li. Eulia rigana, Sodof., var., monticolana, Frey, rare. Tortria bergmanniana, L., common in September. 7’. viburniana, Fb. Cnephasia osseana, Scop., common. C. alticolana, H.-8., (det. H. Stringer.) C. chrysantheana, Dup. C. penziana, Thunb., common. C. canescana, Gn., (det. H. * «¢ Oxyptilus teucrii, Jordan. =heterodactyla(us), Miller.’’ Presumably the species intended is Oxyptilus heterodactyla(us), Miller 1704. As regards the “* teucrit, Jord.’’ part of it, I cannot trace any description by Jordan. In #.M.M. VI., 14-15 (1869) Jordan referred to Pterophorus teucrtt and in #.M.M. VI., 122 (1869) to Oxyptilus teucrit and in 1870 Stainton (Ent. Ann. p. 143) also referred to Oayptilus teucrti, but in no case is any description given, so that the name teucrit does not seem to be valid from tnose dates, or describable to Jordan. (It was apparently a M.S. name of Greening’s. See Tutt Brit. Lep. Vol V. p. 471.)— aS aye LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 105 Stringer.) C. sinuana, Steph., rare. Phalonia aleella, Schulze, common and very large. P. ciliella, Hb. P. pallidana, Zell. P. dubitana, Hb. —-P.. hybridella, Hb. Euwanthis hamana, l. FE. angustana, Tr. Argyroploce charpentierana, Hb., rare. A. lacunana, Dup., common. A. rivulana, Scop., common. A. branderiana, L., common; larval habitations very common on aspen, often utilized later by larvae of N. hostilis, Stph. A. mygindana, Schiff., locally very common. A. rufana, Scop., very common, and var. arcwana, Lah. Olethreutes scoviana, Gn., rare, Panestrel and Fort Sancteé. Ancylis lundana, Fb. A. comptana, Frél. — A. wnguicella, L. Enarmonia diniana, Gn., fairly common. E. cruciana, L., fairly common. Pamplusia merceuriana, Hb., very common. Gypsonoma aceriana, Dup. Cydia neglectana, Dup. C. ramella, W., rare. C. fractifasciana, Haw. Semasia pupillana, O©l., fairly common. Thiodia citrana, Hb., fairly common. Timetocera ocellana, Fb., var., lariciana, Hein, rare. Notocelia roborana, Tr., common. N. incarnatana, Hb. fairly common. Epiblema cana, Haw. JB pflugiana, Haw. FE. tripunctana, Fb. E. subocellana, Don. E. cinerana, Haw., fairly common on aspen trunks. f. solandriana, L., rare. Hemimene plumbagana, Tr.,common. H. simpliciana, Haw., rare. Lipoptycha plumbana, Scop., common. —Laspeyresia succedana, Frol., and var. ulicetana, Haw. TINEINA. Choreutis myllerana, Eb. Glyphypteryx equitella, Scop., a few. Aegeria apiformis, Cl., one specimen by W.F.; larval borings very common in stunted aspens. Dipsosphecia ichneumoniformis, Fb., fairly common; larvae apparently fullfed common in roots of Anthyllis. Psecadia pusiella, Rom., fairly common. P. bipunctella, Fb., a few. Depressaria liturella, Hb. D. pimpinellae, Gell. D. angelicella, Hb. Pleurota aristella, L., common. Anchinia daphnella, Hb., fairly common. A. grisescens, Frey, one specimen by W.F. Symimoca siynatella, H.-S., rare. Acompsia tripunctella, Schiff., common. Sophronia semicostella, Hb., fairly common. S. humerella, Schiff., very common; W.F. saw aswarm of g g assembling toa ?. Nothris verbascella, Hb., a few bred. N. lemniscella, Zell., afew. Tachyptilia populella, Cl. Gelechia hippophaélla, Schrk., common. G. holosericella, H.-S. G. distinctella, Zell., common. G. nigricans, Hein. (separated from G. oppletella, H.-S., by Chrétien). G. rwmicivorella, Mill. = G. perpetuella, H.-S. G. interalbicella, H.-S. G. solutella, Zell. G. elatella, H.-S. (bagriotella, Dup.) G. albifemorella, Hofm. G. tessella, Hb. G. longicornis, Curt. Lita vicinella, Dgl. L. samadensis, Pfaff. Bryotropha senectella, Gell. Metzneria neuropterella, Zell. Anacampsis patruella, Mann. A. coronillella, Tr. A. anthyllidella, Hb. A. vorticella, Scop. Argyritis pictella, Zell. Pancalia leuwenhoekella, L. Coleophora spissicornis, Haw. (. ornatipennella, Hb. O. bilineella, H.-S. C. onosmella, Brahm. C. laripennella, Zett. C. auricella, Fb. Eipermenia securella, H.-S., common among bearberry. Scythris fallacella, Schlig., common. S. chenopodiella, Hb. Hyponomeuta padellus, L. H. padi, Gell., (evonymella, L.) (det H. Stringer.) Plutella gentatella, Zell. P. maculipennis, Curt. Tinea hedemanni, Rbl. Nemotois metallicus, Poda (scabiosellus, Scop.), common on Scabious heads. N. minimedlus, Zell. Opostega salaciella, Tr. 106 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V11.1933 MicropreryGInA, Hepialus sylvinus, Li. Micropteryx aureatella, Scop. To Monsieur Léon Lhomme and to Mr. H. Stringer of the British Museum our best thanks are here offered for their kindly help with numerous difficult determinations. [Nore 1.—Mesographe costalis, Hy., is the determination of certain French entomologists. W.P.C. determined itas Hapalia itysalis, W1k., with which Mr. Meyrick agreed. Mr. N. Filipjev has been good enough to send W.P.C. a topotype and metatype of costalis, Hv. These differ markedly from the Maurin insect in genitalia. The matter is still under investigation, but it is almost certain that the insect will prove to be itysalis, Wlk., a N. American species. | [Norn 2.—H. atralis, Hb. is the determination of the same Irench entomologists. W.P.C., after careful inspection of Frey’s type of praegalliensis, determined the specimens as praegalliensis. The B.M. has a specimen from Larche standing under praegalliensis identical with the Maurin species. If sufficient material, at present not available, can be obtained this will be closely investigated as great confusion at present seems to exist in this genus.| (To be concluded.) Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with other races. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from page 93.) Argynnis daphne, Schiff., presumably race tenwitermaculosa, Vrty :— Higgins states he has found this species at Oulx. AsI have not met with it, | cannot make sure of the race from actual specimens, but on the other hand, there can be little doubt it is that mentioned above, because that is the one of the Baths of Valdieri, in the Maritime Alps, and at Oulx most species resemble those of Peninsular Italy considerably more than they do there. When Turati and I applied the name of nikator to the Valdieri race, the very distinct further grade of variation tenni- termaculosa had not been detected and distinguished by me from specimens of Florence. We must now be more exact and note that it decidedly belongs to the latter grade, with only just a few individuals approaching nikator, such as one does not find in Tuscany. It must furthermore be added that there exist two more grades in Switzerland and in the Upper Adige (S. Tyrol), which are well worthy of distinction : Frihstorfer included them both in his description of nekator, but he added the remark that ‘“‘females from the Valais were, anyhow, still more conspicuous than the finest ones he had from Klausen.”’ Comparing two large series of specimens I have collected in these localities, I find those from the Upper Adige are, on the whole, exactly intermediate between the nominotypical race of Vienna and those from Lavey and Martigny. ‘The average size is smaller in both sexes and the largest Swiss form is never equalled by any individual ; the fulvous is usually a little richer and warmer in tone and the underside vinous colour is deeper and less broken by clearer spaces ; the black markings are markedly more pronounced and those of the underside of the ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 107 forewing are not as reduced. I consequently suggest restricting Friihstorfer’s name to the Valais and Vaud race and naming the Upper Adige one praenikator, n. nov., from my series of cotypes of Chiusa (Klausen). The race of the coast range of Calabria, which | have pointed out, in the Ent. Rec., 1924, p. 41, as quite similar to nikator, should retain this name, because the underside colours and markings correspond exactly to the Swiss specimens and are lighter than in praentkator ; the upperside ones are, perhaps, more like the latter. A few individuals point to the race of the extreme south of Calabria, which Stauder has described from S. Fili and Aspromonte and named japyyia (Iris, 1921, p. 80 and Societas Entomologica, 39 (1924), p. 19): male of normal size, but of a fiery red colour; female large and of a pale, reddish tone; markings larger than in any other race, but distinctly separate, as in ochroleuca figured by Seitz, also in the outer part of the wing; their black colour has a sheen. It thus corresponds to A. niobe race rubida, Vrty. My examples of daphne from Ax-les-Thermes, in the Pyrenees of the Ariége, belong to race tenuitermaculosa, so that, probably, all the French daphne should bear this name, as all the localities from which it is known are even warmer and drier than Ax. In Italy the habitat of tenwitermaculosa extends from the hills of the province of Modena, on the northern watershed of the Apennines, and from the pine-woods on the coast of Tuscany, north of Viareggio, down to the Mainarde Mountains (Mollarino Valley, 500m.), north of Naples. In Sicily there exists a most remarkable dwarf race. It has, probably, not yet been described on account of the fact it scarcely exists in collections, owing to the restricted localities it inhabits in the Caronie and in the Madonie mountains (Madonna dell’ Alto and M. San Salvadore), but its appearance had struck Calberla over fifty years ago and he remarks it is extremely small and its underside strongly recalls that of ino, to which Ragusa had referred it at that time. Having been fortunate enough to secure a set, collected for me by Mariani, in July, 1929, in the two aforesaid localities of the Madonie, I now name it siciliaenana, n. nov. The length of the forewing, in the male, is of about 20mm. against the 23 or 24 of tenwitermaculosa and nikator ; in the female it is 28 to 24 against 25 to 27 ; the impression is of a smaller insect than these figures convey. The fulvous is about the same as in nikator, t.e., a little richer and warmer than in tenwiter- maculosa and so is the size of the black spotting ; the underside of the hindwing is, on the contrary, considerably lighter than in the latter and is rendered quite peculiar and more like ino, by the presence of broad pinkish areas, on which restricted vinous patches, eye-spots, a series of premarginal lunules and a thin streak along the margin stand out separately ; most of the vinous colour is also replaced by chestnut, clearer in the male and partly overshaded with greyish in the female. Argynnis (Issoria) lathonia, L., race emiflorens, Vrty., trans. ad florens, Vrty., at Oulx (from July 6th onward). Species seen also at Cesana and Claviéres.—The Oulx race is the only one I am acquainted with, outside Peninsular Italy, which approaches the handsome one from this region, I have described under the name of florens. No 108 ; ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15. V1.1933 specimens actually reach the size of the largest ones of the latter, but many are larger than the, smaller, emiflorens ones and all exhibit the rich, warm and vivid tone of fulvous, which is quite a peculiarity of those two forms from Peninsular Italy. Argynnis aylaja, ., race emilocuples, Vrty.: Oulx (males from July 6th, females from 9th and some still fresh at the beginning of August) ; Cesana (males on July 15th and females emerging on August Ist); Clavieres (a few of both sexes on July 29th).—Whilst most butterflies, as we have seen, exhibit the facies of different races in these three very different localities, aylaja does not change aspect. In all three it has the smallest average size of emilocuples and the female is especially noteworthy by never developing into the larger sized ones which are met with in most localities of this race. I have discussed the aglaja of this region in a paper on this species to be published shortly. Argynnis niobe, Li, race pinyuwis, Vriy: Oulx (males from end of June, females from July 12th till the end of the month) ; race alpiwm- stricta, Vrty : Sestriéres (both sexes abundant and in fresh and worn conditions on August 8th).—The Oulx race is exactly similar to that of the Baths of Valdieri, in the Maritime Alps, which varies, in fact, very little, as far as | know, in the whole of the Western Alps, except in that it is replaced in the highest and coldest localities by race alpiwm- stricta, 1 have described precisely from the peat-bogs of the Col de Sestriéres, 2050m., in the Bull. Soc. Ent. de France, 1929, p. 248. The latter is very similar to the very small, pale, dull and heavily marked nominotypical race of Sweden and the former is certainly much brighter, larger and flourishing, in aspect, as compared with them, but the name of pinguis does not, on the contrary, suit it at all, if one compares it with most other Alpine races. Like aylaja, it keeps, at Oulx, to the smallest size one meets with at low altitudes in the Alps; in my typical series, from Valdieri, there are some slightly larger individuals, but they give anything but an impression of pinguitude, there or any- where else in the Western Alps, if one puts them side by side with the giant and magnificent alptwnlaranda, Vrty., of the mountains around Lake Maggiore, and with the largest niobe one knows of from the Alps, of the Anzasca Valley, at the foot of Mt. Rosa, I have named alpiumlata in the aforesaid paper. At Oulx I found a fine female example of ab. fasciata, Black. Argynnis adippe, Rott. (nec L.), race adippe, Rott. =phryxa, Bergstr. : Oulx (males from July 14th; this species was not uncommon atthe end of the month and fresh females were still found on August 11th).—I have discussed the specific name of this species on several occasions and 1 have given my last view, in connection with this difficult question, in the Hntom, Record of 1980, p. 150. If one accepts the conclusion that Rottemburg is its author, and not Linnaeus, the nominotypical form and race of adippe is that of Germany, which has a very uniformly clear yellow ground-colour on the underside of the hindwings, with very slight traces of green or of russet patches, just as Bergstrasser has figured it, under the name of phrywa. Such is, precisely, and, to my knowledge, quite constantly, the race of Oulx, which only differs from the average German examples of this sort by its smaller size and CURRENT NOTES. 109 by its slightly warmer tone of fulvous, evidently due to the warmer and drier surroundings. Thess, however, have evidently not produced, as in many other species, any tendency to the clear, yellowish fulvous of clarens, Vrty., from Central Italy, nor to the disappearance of the silver spots and to the effacement of the pattern on the underside, which the latter exhibits. Argynnis (Dryas not valid as a name for this section of the Aryynnidi, because Hiibner only uses it in the ‘* Tentamen”’ leaf, which has been rejected by the Zoological Nomenclature Commission, so that I think the name of Argyronome, Hiib., is the one to use) paphia, L., race paphia, L.: Oulx (a few, at the middle of August, but very scarce).—Of small size, like the other Argynnidi at Oulx, and thus, in this case, similar to the northern, nominotypical, form. Pyrameis cardui, L., race wniversa, Vrty.: Oulx.—As a contribution to the puzzling question of the number of emergences and generations of this species, I can state that worn and fresh individuals existed at the end of June and at the beginning of July, that it then entirely disappeared and that a number of perfectly fresh ones, which had, no doubt, just emerged, made their appearance on August 3rd, at the same time as the G. c-album in the same condition, so that they must have been the offspring of the first lot observed and thus, the second genera- tion at Oulx. Both lots had the usual average facies of cardi in most localities. Pyrameis atalanta, L., race atalanta, L.: Oulx.—In this case hyber- nation at the imago stage isa well known fact and the bad conditions of all the individuals I found at the same time as the first lot of cardui plainly showed they had undergone it. The first freshly emerged specimen was found on August 10th and others on the 16th and 17th. This seems to indicate that there is only one generation. (To be continued.) GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Dr. Malcolm Burr sends us the following cutting. It seems incredible. Is it really true ? “A Srranecs Inpustry.—Hiven many fishermen have been puzzled by the wording of a Treasury Order adding untrimmed natural silk- worm gut to the Imports Free List. It is stated that this article is ‘‘the raw material for making gut for fishing tackle and for surgical suture.” This would suggest that actually the interior of the silkworm is used, and not, as is generally supposed, some product of the insect, whose interior economy would seem to be about the last thing to provide the required consistency and strength, But it is so. The gut comes from Murcia, in South-eastern Spain, where millions of silkworms are killed atatime. The intestine, which would otherwise form the silk-spinning apparatus, is extracted, dried and packed in bundles.”—Sunday Hapress, 25.vi.33. (Yes: quite true. This is the usual method of making “ gut” for 110 KENIOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15. V11.1988 surgical and fishing purposes. It is also made in Japan, India, France and Italy.—T.B.-F.] The Zeit. Osterr. Ent. Verein. (Wien). 1-6 (1938) contains a large amount of interesting matter, and is illustrated rather more than is usual in our smaller magazines. ‘There are no less than 11 plates so far. The first illustrates Dr. Galvigni’s article on a new subsp. of Pyrausta alpinalis from the Oststeier, which he names valerialis. We took a very pale form of this species at Andermatt a few years ago. The second plate illustrates an article by Kautz on some notable forms of Pieris bryontae and P. napi, with reference to the question whether there be one or two species. Herr Foltin gives a useful account of the Lepidoptera found on the highland moors around Mondsee in Upper Austria. The third plate gives 7 figs. of the forms of the ‘clearwing ”’ of the Euphorbia, Chamaesphecia stelidiformis. This feeds on Huphorbia epithymotdes, but the new form amydaloidis feeds in EH. amydaloides. Plate four is devoted to the forms of a species of Huchloris, EH. plustaria. Plate five illustrates a new aberration of Schoenobius giyantellus, 1n Which the forewing is much darkened discally and with a number of deep black dots in the darkened area. It is named ab. punetivittellus. The rest of the plate figures Cerostoma sequella ab, stygtella, Ksp. a very dark form, and the upper and underside of Melitaea trivia ab. ardens, Esp., showing extreme obsolescence of marking on both sides. They have both been described previously. Dr. Schawarda continues his articles on his experiences in Corsica in 1982, his eighth visit. Two plates illustrate this. Herr Skala discusses the Nepticula species on Quercus pubescens, on apple, on elm and on Populus alba, with figures of the mines. Plate six fivures still another new form of Parnassius apollv. Three further plates illustrate an article by Herr Reisser on New Heterocera of the Atlas Region of N. Africa. The very useful little French magazine, |) Amateur de Papillons, during the past few months has dealt largely with the Micro-lepidoptera. In this section the death of the Abbé Joannis has been a great loss. The editor writes an introductory article on the Collecting of Mines and subsequently Dr. Martin Hering contributes ‘“ Notes on a few French Micro-lepidopterous mines,” and continues with an annotated List of Mines found in the Paris area. M. Praviel gives a List of captures at Nevache (Hautes Alpes) during several yearly visits with notes on the district and remarks on various species. There is a figure of Papilio machaon ab. minor from the Alpes Maritimes measuring 43mni. In expanse, and a photograph of an irregular union between Hrannis marginaria gf and Selenia tetralunaria 9. M. Marchand contributes an article on the Tortrices, of much importance apropos of the next section of the “‘ Catalogue of French Lepidoptera’ by M. Léon Lhomme. The present portion deals particularly with the first large eroup, the Phaloniidae. It is illustrated by diagrams. We congratu- late the editor M. Léon Lhomme that he has been able to carry on for nearly twelve years and that he has got together such a panel of able helpers. A file of the more recent numbers of the Hnt. Zeit. contains among other matters, two articles on Colias hyale; the first deals with the general distribution of the species and notes the 20 forms met with in and around Regensburg (Zeller’s old town) and contains a coloured CURRENT NOTES. 111 plate of 20 figs., the other article deals with the distribution of the same species in Western Europe. Researches in Lepidopterous hybrids are continued and there is a plate of Celerio forms; Herr Dannehl, with whose accounts of collecting trips one is familiar, contributes a series of notes on hitherto uudescribed forms of European Lepidoptera in his collection; Herr Bang-Haas also gives a series of notes and descriptions of new forms of Palaearctic Lepidoptera; among the individual species discussed we note an unusual form of Cidaria affinitata in which the white band is totally effaced and the forewings have a dark outer half and a lighter inner half; the example was one of about 130 examples bred; it has been named ab. jenischi. Temperature experiments with Aglais urtieae are illustrated with a plate. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Hastbourne on Saturday, June 17th, 19838, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the Ohairman:—Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Willoughby-Hllis, Mr. Jas. E. Collin, and Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitor's Present :—Mr. B. W. Adkin, Mr. R. A. Adkin, Mr. H. W. Andrews, Dr. R. Armstrong, Major EH. E. Austen, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Mr. E. C. Bedwell, Mr. K. G. Blair, Mr. G. V. Bull, Dr. M. Burr, Dr. Hi. A. Cockayne, Mr. C. L. Collenette, Capt. Dannreuther, Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, M. F. W. Frohawk, Mr. C. N. Hawkins, Col. F. A. Labouchere, Mr. H. Lankester, Mr. Hugh Main, Mr. A. L. Rayward, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. Edwin D. Sharp, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Mr. J. R.le B. Tomlin, Mr. Henry J. Turner, Rev. Geo. Wheeler, and Mr. G. C. M. de Worms. On Saturday, the Chairman received the members and guests at the Grand Hotel at 12.45 for 1 o'clock lunch, which was served in the Private Room, at which 33 sat down. In the afternoon excursions were made to the Crumbles and to the Downs. ‘The walks were interesting, but the wind much too high for collecting. The company again assembled in the lounge of the Grand Hotel at 5.45 for the Club Supper at 6 o’clock, which again was held in ths Private Room. After Supper the Chairman exhibited the original British specimen of Nepticula decentella, H.-S., together with another specimen recently captured. Both were taken in his garden at M[Mast- bourne. He also had on view a photograph of the delegates to the Centenary Celebrations of the Royal Entomological Society of London recently held in London. Mr. Jas. E. Collin also showed some interesting Diptera. A most successful meeting concluded in time to catch the main line trains for London and elsewhere. Many of the guests were able to accept the Chairman’s invitation to stay over the week-end, where accommodation was provided for them at the Grand Hotel. On Sunday, June 18th, cars left the Grand Hotel immediately after breakfast for a collecting trip at Whitefield Wood in fine weather, and a very enjoyable morning was spent in this well known entomo- logical locality. After returning to the Grand Hotel luncheon was served at 1.45, and during the afternoon a visit was paid to the Chair- man’s house, ‘‘ Hodeslea,’”’ Meads, where Mrs. Adkin dispensed tea. The Chairman’s Library, which contains many rare entomological books, gave much pleasure; and after inspecting the garden, which was looking at its best, a business meeting of the Club was held. The Chairman gave a dinner party in the evening at the Grand Hotel at 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VI1.1933 which the ladies were present, after whieh the Concert given by the Grand Hotel Orchestra was attended. The Company dispersed on Monday morning after having spent a most enjoyable week-end.— H.W.-E. FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. The volume of Transactions and Proceedings of the South London Hntomological and Natural History Society for 1932-83 (pp. xx.+187, 9 tabs. ; price 12/-), records excellent work carried out by the Society. The Proceedings of the various meetings contain numerous interesting notes on various insects, too diversified to summarize here. ‘The ‘'ransactions include papers on Boarmia repandata and B. rhomboidaria, by H. B. Williams; on the eggs of the British Geometridae and of other groups included in South’s second volume on Moths, by A. HE. Tonge; on Plant Galls, by M. Niblett; whilst Usturgia carbonaria is the subject of two papers, one on its life-history, by Dr. H. A. Cockayne, and the other on its pupa, by C. N. Hawkins. M. and EH. Stanley- Smith describe a home-made light-trap for Moths, which appgars to have given good results, although perhaps of too elaborate construction for everyone to be able to apply the term ‘‘ home-made”’ to his own trap made after this model. A paper by K. G. Blair, on Wegener’s Theory of the Displacement of Continents, strikes a rather unusual note in a volume of this kind. It is difficult to summarize Wegener’s book in a few pages and exigencies of space have doubtless restricted this paper to nine pages and one plate. A fuller summary, by W. E. Wait, will be found in the Bombay Natural History Soctety’s Journal, XXXIV. 754-771, December, 1930, by those unable to consult Wegener’s book, whilst a still later critical summary is included in J. A. Steers’ The Unstable Earth (Methuen: 1982), which had not appeared at the time that Mr. Blair’s paper was read. So far as the distribution of Insects is concerned, Wegener’s theory certainly seems deserving of more consideration than it has received up to the present. So far as we recollect, only one entomological criticism of it has appeared, in a letter to Nature (CXV., 884; 30th May, 1925) by Mr. EH. Meyrick, who concluded that, so far as concerns the Micro-lepidoptera, Wegener’s hypothesis is disproved by facts, although he also considered that “there must anciently have been some better communication between South America and Africa, and that this was probably equatorial and southern.” Wegener’s theory, however, states that the disconnection between these two continents began at their southern extremities and that they were still united a little North of the Kquator so late as the Eocene, so that on this point of view there seems to be no real dis- agreement. In a process of this sort, extending over millions of years, it seems unlikely to find many comparable relationships amongst existing genera, especially perhaps in the smaller moths which are peculiarly liable to be distributed to great distances by the upper air- currents, and it would seem that a study of the distribution of some ot the geologically-older group;, especially those which are little adapted to distribution by natural causes (e.g., the Phasmoidea) would be likely to throw a more correct light on Wegener’s theory so far as insects are concerned.—T.B.F. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications 1pENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require Iniusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D.caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.— yale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—liiving larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querciis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Urernt.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Krebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in Kuropean Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Eglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. CHanecr or Appress.—T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.H.S., to ‘Rodborough Fort,’’ Stroud, Glos. S. G. Castle-Russell, to ‘‘ The Homestead,’’ Crawley, Winchester, Hants. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. October 4th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. July 27th, August 10th, 24th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘' Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. See. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M: CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. HE. B. Ashby, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson, Rev. Canon Foster, Thos. Greer, A. E. Burras, Chas. Mosley, A. J. Wightman, Dr. H. A. Cockayne, O. Querci, P. Siviter Smith, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Kditor, Hy. J. TURNER, “ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Gunus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection — Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus — Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Murantsm and Mrtanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VaRtaTIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus ZAyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, ‘“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, 8.E. 14 fo whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. ENTOMOLOGIST'S. RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION . Eprrep R. S. BaGNALL, D.SC., F-R.E.S. H. DonIsTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.R.1.9. Mancoutm Bork, D.SC., V.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burkows, ¥.R.u.8. ¥F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. ) with the issistance of E. A. Cockaynr, A.M., D.M., F-R.E.S., H. EE. Paau, F.R.£.8. F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.8. J. BK. Connin, J.P., ¥.R.E.8. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.H.8., F.Z.8. Editor Hmeritus.—G. T. BevHune-Baksr, ¥.2Z.8., F.R.E.S. By Hewny J. ae F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Mditorial Secretary. CONTENTS Notes on a Visit to the Northern Transvaal, J. eee lage M.A., D.I.C., F.R.E.S. ste Se 36 on oc 113 Paris and Mouthier (Doubs.) in July- Aust, 1932, Lt. H. B. ashy, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. ae : - - 119 peers Se and Bpepelocers of the Cottian Alps, Roger Verity, M.D 123 NorEs AND Go tone. _The true Habitat of G. lucidula boa G. convexicollis, H. Donisthorpe ae $0 ae Bs we bos 126 Notes on Cotrectina.—Notes on Migratory Species of Lepidoptera, Hy.J.T.; The Season 1933, G. S. Robertson, M.D... se we 127 Ruyrews.—Supplement to Seitz: British Beetles by Norman Joy .. S6 128 SupPLEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (277)-(288) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Koad, Eltham, 8.1.9.3 Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. 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NOTES ON A VISIT TO THE NORTHERN TRANSVAAL. 113 ‘ Notes on a Visit to the Northern Transvaal. By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.1.C., F.R.E.S. During April of this year I spent ten days on a farm near Potgietersrust in the Northern Transvaal. The district is a very dry one, particularly so at present after several abnormal seasons of drought. Except in the kloofs among the mountains, the streams and river beds were all dry; here and there one found pools of water, but these were ’ few and far between. The farm adjoins another named Makapan on which is situated Makapan’s Cave, mentioned by W. L. Distant in his “A Naturalist in the Transvaal,’ published in 1892. The cave is high up on the side of a mountain gorge and is of large proportions. In 1854 the Chief Makapan and his tribe were besieged in the cave by an avenging party of Boers (a hunting party had previously been massacred by Makapan) and many hundreds perished from thirst inside. Distant found human relics in considerable numbers, but these seem by now to have disappeared, although there are still to be seen erinding stones, pieces of grass matting and numerous fragments of pottery. There is a delightful little stream running through the gorge, at the head of which is a fall of some three hundred feet. The vegetation in the gorge, in contrast to that of the open country, is most luxuriant and there are many trees of considerable height. Maiden-hair and other ferns occur in profusion along the banks of the stream, also a large species of arum lily. Above the falls bracken, very similar in appearance to that found on our hillsides at home, was seen growing among the rocks. Various species of Aloe abound, also the large candelabra-like Huphorbia or ‘‘ naboom.”’ Gorges, or kloofs, like the one described, are numerous among the mountains, otherwise the country is poor in vegetation. The grass is*sparse and dried up, while there are not many trees with the exception of the typical Acacia thorn bush. On the farm a number of bushman stones have been found. These are artificially rounded pieces of stone up to about ten inches in diameter, with a round hole pierced through the centre. They are of ancient origin and their purpose is obscure. One theory is that they were handles for sticks used as spades or hoes, to give weight to the latter. Another suggestion is that a piece of metal was passed through the hole, then bent back again, and the stone rolled backwards and forwards in an effort to thresh the grain, or even used on the end of a stick for the same purpose. Whatever the purpose of these stones, the present native inhabitants appear to be totally ignorant of it. There are also traces of iron smelting having been carried on on the farm, in the shape of fragments of clay pipes, presumably used for blowing on to the fire, and quantities of slag. Probably on account of the dry conditions prevailing and the con- sequent sparsity of vegetation, in addition to the lateness of the season, insects were not particularly abundant at the time of our visit. Among the butterflies Precis oenone, Li, var. cebrene, Trim., Papilio demodocus, Kisp., and a few species of Pieridae and Lycaenidae were the most numerous. Very few moths were seen at light: of those observed Phytometra orichalcea, I’., and the fruit-piercing Sphingomorpha chlorea, Cram., predominated. The Sphingids, Herse convolvuli, L., and 114 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15.1X.1938 Basiothia laticornis, Butl., were seen hovering over flowers. In the Makapan kloof one specimen of the large, hairy and handsome larva of the Striphnopterygid, Janomina westwoodi, Aur., was found feeding upon a species of shrub. I am at present endeavouring to rear it upon willow leaves, with which it is apparently satisfied. The most interesting entomological feature of the farm, however, was the insect fauna of a large water tank situated close to the house. The tank is circular in form, the sides are made of corrugated iron, and the bottom is coated with cement. It measures 80 feet in diameter, the height is 4 feet 6 inches, while the capacity is 20,000 gallons. It is supplied by pipe from a small stream in one of the mountain kloofs, a mile and a half away. There is no aquatic vegetation in the tank save for a short coating of green alga on the sidesand bottom. Beside the tank there is a young willow tree growing, a few of the branches of which dip into the water. In this bare tank, in which copper sulphate had been placed in order to keep down the growth of algae, in a parched district, and one and a half miles away from the nearest water, a tiny trickling stream, [ was surprised to find quite an abundant and varied insect fauna. The following is a list of the insects observed; unfortunately I have not yet succeeded in having all the species named. Coleoptera. Dytiscidae 6 species. Gyrinidae : 1 species. Hydrophilidae : 2 species. Rhynchota Hydrometridae : 98 species. Belostomidae : 1 species. Nepidae : 4 species. Notonectidae : 4 species. Corinidae : 1 species. Odonata. Aeschnidae : 1 species. Total : 28 species. I made a small eollection and endeavoured to bring some of the insects back with me to Pretoria alive. All the Coleoptera survived, but the Rhynchota did not fare so well, the Belostomid, one of the Nepids, all the Notonectids and the Corixid dying on the journey. By far the most numerous of these insects was one of the Noto- nectids, which literally abounded, while next in numbers came the Gyrinid of which some twenty to thirty individuals were to be seen disporting themselves in the sunshine. The Gyrinid was followed in point of numbers by one of the Hydrometrids, a species of Gerris, Apart from these three species none of the insects were observed in any numbers. In several cases only one individual of a species was seen, while in few did the number exceed six. Of the Dytiscidae the largest, Cybister tripunctatus, subspec. africanus, Cast., of which two females were obtained, is about 80mm. in length. The dorsal surface, including the elytra, is olive green with a dull gold marginal band. This band at the anterior end of the elytra brancbes into two, and they continue to run close to one another to the posterior end where they join again. The under surface, as well as the third pair of legs, are dark brown. The first pair of lees is yellow with dark patches on the inner sides of the femora, while the femora of the second pair are yellow, the remainder being brown. Unlike D. NOTES ON A VISIT TO THE NORTHERN TRANSVAAL. 115 marginalis, the elytra are smooth, while the third pair of legs, the tibiae of which bear two strong spurs, are more paddle-shaped. It is a very active and voracious species, feeding readily in captivity upon grasshoppers, termites (Zermes badius, Hav.), and raw meat. The _ next species in point of size, Hydaticus flavolineatus, Bohm., of which one male was taken, is some 19mm. in length, and its most obvious feature is a series of narrow longitudinal yellow stripes on the elytra given off by a broader horizontal one at the anterior end of each. These stripes fade away towards the posterior end of the elytra where there is a group of small yellow spots on each side. A somewhat smaller species, H. bivittatus, Cast., of which one female was obtained, is quite the most handsome of any of the Dytiscids observed. It is about 14mm. in length, the head is black, the pro-thorax orange with a short and broad black median bar on the posterior margin. The elytra are smooth and shiny black with a bright yellow marginal line bifurcating at mid length, the upper branch uniting posteriorly with another bright yellow band which runs the length of each wing-case, down the centre, from the anterior margin to the posterior. It is a most conspicuous object in the water, and is very wary, being more difficult to catch than any of the other species. It also appears to be less voracious than the others, although it readily feeds upon termites, and has not been observed disputing over food as is frequently the case with the others. Another species, of which one male was taken, is about 12mm. in length, and is generally dull coloured. The elytra are black with a dingy brown sheen, and there is a light yellow marginal band. A slightly smaller species, Rhantaticus congestus, Klug, of which two males and one female were obtained, is from 9 to 10mm. in length. The dorsal surface of the pro-thorax of the male is pale yellow with a black horizontal streak on the anterior margin and a similar one on the posterior margin, while that of the female is more orange and has two black horizontal streaks with a dot between across the centre in addition to the marginal streaks. The elytra, which are smooth in both sexes, are greyish brown to black with black markings in the shape of two broad irregular bands, one across the centre and one towards the posterior. In the case of the female these bands are more clearly defined while the general colour is somewhat lighter. The under surface of the thorax is light brown in both sexes, while that of the abdomen is darker, particularly in the case of the male. This species is most voracious and is frequently seen disputing over the termites of which all the soft parts are devoured. ‘The remaining two species are very small, being some 3 to 4mm. in length, and I did not retain any living specimens. I haye since found individuals of one in large numbers in a small stream in the vicinity of Pretoria. It hides under the grassy bank of the stream, and seems fond of crawling up the grass in the jar in which it is confined. It has been seen feeding upon termites, but is not sufficiently powerful to draw them under. The elytra are smooth and are streaked with gold, and also have patches of gold, one situated near the anterior margin, one towards, and one at the posterior margin. ‘The other, a species of Laccophilus, is an inconspicuous insect with elytra of a dull greyish black colour. In all the female specimens mentioned above the elytra are smooth while the hind legs are more paddle-shaped than in D. marginalis. 116 _ - KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.19383 The former fact is interesting in view of Professor Miall’s remarks in his ‘“‘ Aquatic Insects’ in which he refutes the suggestion of Kirby and Spence that the elytra of the female are ribbed in order to aid the male in copulation. Mliall states that the sculpturing of the elytra of female Dytiscids becomes less marked in southern countries. The Gyrinid, Dineutes aereus, Klug, which is one of the most numerous species in the tank, is about 14 mm. in length, and is steely black in colour. I kept one specimen alive in a jar for some time, and it was frequently observed darting at and seizing living termites lying on the surface. After seizing a termite it could be seen chewing it and tearing it to pieces, and sometimes swimming violently about while doing so. After a moment or so the beetle would drop the remains of the termite and, following another violent swim, would frequently return to the charge again. Of the Hydrophilidae, one species, Hydrous senegalensis, Percheron, in size and colouring is very similar to the Kuropean Hydrophilus piceus, and the single specimen taken feeds on grass in captivity. It is also suspected of feeding upon termites as these, when placed in the jar with the beetle, always disappear. The other Hydrophilid, a species of Regimbarcia, is very much smaller, measuring about 5 mm. in length. It is black and shiny, and is without the long ventral spine of the larger species. We now come to the Rhynchota. The Hydrometrids included two species of Gerris, one of which was fairly numerous. This is a comparatively large species, being about 12 mm. in length. It was frequently observed feeding upon flies, which had fallen on to the surface of the water, some of which were still quite active. One indivi- dual was seen feeding upon a species of Lygaeid. The other species, of which only one individual was obtained, is smaller. The third species, of which at least half a dozen individuals were observed, is a slender and delicately built insect not unlike Hydrometra stagnorum in appearance and size, but with wings. It runs lightly and in a series of short rushes over the surface of the water; it was sometimes observed at rest on the sides of the tank above the surface and under the shade of the overhanging willow tree, as well as on the twigs of the tree. The single species of Belostomidae is Lethoceris niloticus, St., and only one individual, which unfortunately did not survive the journey to Pretoria, was seen. It was found late one night resting on the side of the tank a few inches below the surfece. It is a massive and powerful looking insect, some 65mm. in length, and of a dull brown to black colour. I have one other specimen taken at light at Barberton, Hastern Transvaal, three years ago. While at Barberton | was informed that some people bathing in a dam in the neighbourhood were attacked by giant water bugs, presumably a species of Belostomid from the description given. I have no reason for doubting the veracity of my informant, but I should have thought that the insects would have been more anxious to escape from the bathers than to attack them. I heard no reports of insect attack in connection with the tank at Potgietersrust, which is frequently used for bathing. Of the Nepidae, or water scorpions, three certain and one doubtful Species were obtained. Of the three certain species two resemble the Kuropean Ranatra in shape and the other Nepa. The larger of the NOTES ON A VISIT TO THER NORTHERN TRANSVAAL. 117 two ‘‘ Ranatra’”’ measures some 96mm. from the tip of the rostrum to the posterior end of the respiratory tube, which itself is about 55mm. in length. It isa slender and elongate insect with long thin legs. The raptorial forelegs and the prominent eyes give it a somewhat Mantid-like appearance. It is dull coloured, the pro-thorax being light brown and the hemelytra light to dark brown. ‘Two specimens were obtained and a few others observed. In the tank it was usually _found on the sides near the surface or lying just below the latter, and it was also occasionally seen hanging on to the willow twigs projecting into the water. It is a sluggish species and swims in a slow and jerky manner. In several instances it was seen holding a small Notonectid with the forelegs. In captivity it remains, for the most part, below the surface in a slanting position, head downwards, with the second and third pairs of legs holding on to a plant and the end of the respiratory tube at, or near, the surface, while the forelegs are held laterally outwards ready to seize any likely prey that may happen to come along. It readily seizes termites dropped in front of it, and is very adept in doing so, whether the termite is towards one side, or straight in front. After grasping the termite between the tarsus and tibia, which, as stated by Miall, ‘‘can be folded like a clasp knife,” the ‘‘ Ranatra’”’ brings the termite close to its head end pierces it with its rostrum. It remains thus feeding for a considerable time sometimes releasing its hold with one or both legs while the termite remains transfixed by the rostrum. Although | have not actually seen it happen, I have reason to believe that the “ Ranatra”’ sometimes takes its prey from the surface. It has occasionally been observed picking a termite off the bottom of the jar until the tip of the respiratory tube comes in contact with the surface of the water. The other species resembling Ranatra is considerably smaller, and only one pair was seen. ‘lhe pair was found in cép on one of the willow branches above the water late one night. The female is pearly grey in colour and some 48mm. in length, while the male is light brown and about 4mm. shorter. Neither survived the journey to Pretoria. The species resembling Nepa, of which two individuals were observed, measures some 106mm. in length, including the respiratory tube which occupies about 66mm. of the total length. ‘lhe dorsal surface is greyish black, the ventral surface of the abdomen is of a dull red, and the legs are mottled. It is, of course, a much more massive looking insect than ‘“« Ranatra,”’ and it has more of the look of a scorpion about it. In the tank it was usually seen on the side a few inches below the surface, or else swimming sluggishly on the latter. It feeds upon termites and grasshoppers in captivity and frequently spends several hours over a meal. ‘To-day it spent about five-and-a-half hours clutching a grass- hopper with its powerful raptorial forelegs and apparently feeding most of the time. The fourth, and uncertain, species was at first thought to belong to the Naucoridae on account of its general appearance and shape. Unlike the Naucoridae, however, it has a pair of retractile appendages, as in the Belostomidae, which are projected through the surface when the insect comes up for air, while the membrane is reti- culate. A character which it has in common with the Naucoridae is slender and spinulose hind tibiae, while those of the Belostomidae are broad and flattened. Were it not for the hind tibiae I would be inclined to place it in the last-mentioned family. Mr. G. van Sonn, of the 118 HNTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1X.1938 Transvaal Museum, to whom ] am much indebted for a number of determinations, considers it to be more nearly allied to the Nepidae. The insect concerned is about 13mm. in length, and is of a dull greyish brown colour with black markings on the hemelytra. It is a strong swimmer, and was found to frequent the sides of the tank and the willow branches touching the water. Four individuals were obtained, one of which punctured my finger. In captivity it feeds upon termites and spends most of its time at rest, head downwards, under stones and pieces of weed, coming occasionally to the surface for air. Four species of Notonectidae were observed, one of which was the most abundant insect in the tank. This is a small species, some 7mm. in length. The scutellum is of a bright red colour, either wholly or in part, and the hemelytra are clear, while the abdomen, seen through them, has a silvery blue appearance. ‘Two other species, of which ouly one individual of each was taken, are slightly larger and dull coloured. The remaining species is considerably larger and is also dull coloured. Only one specimen was obtained. Of the Corividae one individual of a small blackish species was taken. There remains only the dragonfly to be mentioned, a species of Aeshnidae. Late one night, about 10 p.m., an adult was seen emerging on the side of the tank a few inches above the surface. By next morning nothing but the empty pupal skin remained. Several species of dragonflies were observed flitting about over the surface during the daytime. At night, by flashing a torch on the surface of the water, one could see numerous small Crustacea swimming about. These, together with the small Notonectids, and the terrestrial insects fallen on the surface, probably form the main source of diet of the larger inhabitants of the tank. Apart from the aquatic insects I came upon little of any great entomological interest. There are, however, two other items which are perhaps worth mentioning. The building in which I was quartered was a rondavel, the rounded walls of which consisted of mud bricks, whitewashed on either side, and with a thatched roof. In one or two places cracks had appeared on the outer side, and in one of these I found a specimen of a peculiar looking Reduviid nymph. The entire dorsal surface, the legs and part of the antennae are covered with particles of earth, probably from the bricks, while there are also some patches of whitewash on the dorsal region. Another specimen was found crawling on the wall late at night. When at rest the insect might easily be taken for part of the wall where some of the whitewash has flaked off. J have both specimens alive still and am feeding them upon termites to which they seem to be partial, in captivity at any rate. One cannot say, of course, if this is their natural food, but there were certainly termites at work in the walls and roof of the rondavel. Both specimens have now the remains of a considerable number of termites adhering to them, in addition to the particles of earth. On July 28th one of them moulted for the last time, and I have now been able to determine the species, which is an Acanthaspis obscura, St., a common species at light at Barberton. The other incident was one illustrating the useful work which can be done by Coccinellids. On the farm there was a large field of kaffir- PARIS AND MOUTHIER IN JULY-AUGUST. 119 corn (Soryhum) through which I walked on the day of my arrival, April 14th. The kaffir-corn was then heavily infested by a species of Aphid, presumably Aphis sorghi, Theo. This species frequently causes severe damage to kaffir-corn, particularly if the latter is planted late in the season. ‘This crop, however, was planted early and the majority of the plants were almost ready for reaping before the Aphid got a hold and was able to do any damage. Several species of Coccinellidae were abundant in all stages, and I resolved to collect some material before returning to Pretoria as I am at present working on the biology of a number of species. On the day on which I left (the 23rd,) I again visited the field, and although I went through it carefully, I only succeeded in finding a few aphids, where nine days previously there had been millions. The natural enemies, of which Coccinellids predominated, had apparently wiped them out. The most abundant species, all of which are common and widespread, were Chilomenes lunata, F., Cydonia quadrilineata, Muls., and C. geisha, Gorh., which were to be found in all stages and-in large numbers. They had certainly accomplished excellent work in a short space of time, but had the crop been a late planted one their efforts would have been too late to save 1t, which frequently appears to be the case, under natural con- ditions, with insect parasites and predators. A species of Scymnus and one adult of Haochomus nigromaculatus, Gze., were also observed, as well as a Syrphid which was fairly numerous. Paris and Mouthier (Doubs.) in July-August, 1932. By Lirevr. EH. B. ASHBY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. (Continued from p. 85.) I left Paris on the night of July 23rd at 10.50 p.m. arriving at Pontarlier station next morning about 6.30, the train being late. I was met by the Auto from the Hotel “Le Manoir” at Mouthier (Doubs.) where I stayed for some weeks. Mouthier is situated in a valley about 19 kilometres to the north of Pontarlier, bounded on both sides by high spurs of the French Jura, and with a river, the Loue, rushing down the Valley. There are some pretty cascades in the neighbourhood, which is highly cultivated, with, however, some woods and a fair amount of unused land at a moderate distance, where there is a good variety of wild flowers. ‘The scenery in general is decidedly pretty, and in spring, when many hundreds of cherry trees would be in white blossom, it would be still more entrancing. The Hotel, an old Manor House, kept by Monsieur and Madame Miller, is quiet, very clean, and has a fine old terraced garden. Madame Muller looks after her guests in a very charming way, and there is a nice assortment of English and other books in the Grand Salon. I spent July 24th and 25th in the near vicinity of Mouthier, on both days ascending twice by roads and paths, through vineyards and partially wooded areas to more rural country. Jlolygonia c-album and Parnassius apollo were in some numbers. I took the latter insect in fresh condition throughout the whole of my visit, and note that of the 32 specimens, which I brought back, 15 are definitely referable 120 2 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1X.1933 to the form var. psewdonomion, Christ (mentioned by Wheeler in “ Butterflies of Switzerland”). Two females (out of a total of eight), have practically no white pupilling inside the red spots on the upper- side of the hindwing; and two males are without white pupilling inside the upper two of the red spots on the upper side hindwing. As Mr. Wheeler does not mention these forms, I do not know if they have been named. Perhaps some readers would very kindly inform me. I took also beautifully fresh specimens of drgynnis aglaia, A. cydippe (adippe); and A. niobe var. eris ; Polyommatus coridon (about % of the males of this species are referable to the form ab. striata, Tutt, in which the spots on underside are more or less joined into streaks) ; Hugonia polychloros; Strymon ilicis; Leptosia sinapis; Erebia ligea ; Coenonympha iphis, and OC. arcania; all in quite fresh condition. The Neuropteron Osmylus maculatus was in numbers in the’ late afternoon along a small stream to the left of the police-station. The following Coleoptera were also taken Hoplia farinosa, Li. very abundant ; Stenopterus rufus, L.; Clythra laeviuscula, Ratz. ; Melasoma populi, L. ; and Byrrhus pilulus, Li. ; the Plecopteron Chloroperla grammatica, Scop. the Hymenoptera Allantus perkinsi,; A. dahlii, K1.; Leionotus nigripes, H.-S.; the Rhyncotid Aeocephalus nervosus, Schrnk., and the Geometer Ortholitha bipunctaria (this species was quite fresh all the time). 'here are many footpaths besides the roads and tracks which wind up amongst the hills; and there is therefore a variety of walks. The one main road from Pontarlier through Mouthier down to Lods (where there is a railway station) was also productive, especially in the direction of Pontarlier after passing the Mouthier Cemetery. There is a certain amount of pasture land above the vine area on the Mouthier side of the valley and I imagine the still higher altitudes should be productive. July 26th.—After very heavy rain throughout the night and for some hours in the morning I was unable to use my net much. The following Coleoptera were taken, viz., Carabus awatus; Leptura bipunctata ; Strangalia melanura; Stenopterus rufus, Li; Silpha obscura, L.; Melasoma populit, L.; a beautiful g of Carabus monilis, F.; Cryptocephalus sericeus, L.; C. violaceus, Leach.; C. hypochaeridis, L. male and female in cép.; Pterostichus vulyaris, L.; Phyllobius urticae, De Geer, and 8 specimens of Chrysomela cerealis, L.; the Rhyncotids Graphosoma italicum, Much., a pair in cop. ; and Carpocoris fuscispinus, Boh., a pair mm cép.; and the Hymenoptera Halictus zonulus, Sm. ; Bombus halperanus, a worker var. ; Megalodontes klugi, Leach. (This beautiful insect, new to my collection, was very common evyery- where during the whole of my visit, I usually boxed it when feeding, and I found it on the blossoms of many flowers.) I took also the ‘‘ Burnet Moths” Zygaena transalpina, which was common; a single specimen of Z. transalpina var. occidentalis, a few specimens of Zygaena filipendulae and a single specimen of 7%. meliloti, Esp. A single specimen of Polyommatus damon quite fiesh was the only example of the species seen during my visit. A Satyrus (Hipparchia) hermione was also taken. I ascended this afternoon towards the heights of Haute Pierre and collected in a wood on the hillside some way below these summits, where | found a single male specimen of the “ Fritillary”’ Melitaea didyma ; and the Tortrix moth Cacoecia podana, Scop. PARIS AND MOUTHIER IN JULY-AUGUST. 12% July 28th.—After a period of bad weather and only intermittent collecting, it cleared up and the sun shone all day. As so often happens, the main road (towards Pontarlier) has proved productive and this in spite of frequent motor traffic, this being the only through road. Passing the police station on the right and the Cascade on the left after a short distance, a large sloping field of uncut grass and thistles opened out on left of the main road. ‘This field produced P. apollo (which also appeared along the main road) ; A. adippe (cydippe) 5 A. aglaia ; A. nivbevar. eris ; Brenthis ino; Hrebia ligea; and I. aethiops var. violacea; C.iphis sand 2s; also odd specimens of 1’. coridon together with a fine specimen of Plebeius medon ; and on the way back one specimen of the geometer moth Gnophos lignicolor=furvata, W.F. ; a male and female of the pretty beetle Tvichodes alvearius, Fabr., also the beetles Pterostichus transversalis, Strm.; and -Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suff., the Diptera Hristalis tenavx and a single Chilosia pebonata, L.W. (not represented in the Brit. Museum). ‘The following species of Hymenoptera were also met with.—Hylotoma cyanocrocea ; Nomada ochrostoma; Ctenopelma mesowantha, Grav.; Maochilenm ctrcumpleaum, Li, @ ; Anomalon wanthopus, Scla.; and Campoplex pugillator, Grav. °. July 29th.—This afternoon I descended to the River Loue and crossed over the only bridge at Mouthier-bas. A specimen of Apatura tris not wishing to be caught made away and I ascended the road to the right behind the only house, shortly afterwards leaving the road and taking a path on left parallel to a hedge which led long upwards in the direction of two large masses of crag, I ascended gradually through the woods between these rocky masses by means of the road which I had by now regained. This road leads on and upwards passing on left a clearing where Hrebia ligea was in some abundance. Much further on, on the right is another but much larger clearing where /’. ligea and B. ino were in some abundance amongst numbers of commoner insects. The view from this large clearing revealed pastures in the distance on top of such other rocky heights and at least one village, which cannot be seen at all from the valley at Mouthier. I also took a fresh specimen of Strymon spini and the Hymenoptera Zaraia fasciata, L.; Amblyteles wniyuttatus, Grav. g ; and Tryphon elongator, Fab. 2 ; also the Coleopteron Silpha obscura, L.; and the Geometers Coremia ferrugata (unidentaria) ; and Acidalia nigropunctata, Hutn. (strigilarta, Hb.). July 80.—The heat now became great. Ispent this morning along the main road in the direction of Pontarlier. The new insects noticeable on the wing to-day were males of Diyas paphia and of Polyommatus hylas. I was close to a fine A. iris but missed it by an inch. P. apollo is very frequent all along the road and nearly always in fine condition and C. iphis 3s are not infrequent. I descended the path leading to the Source Pontet, but I did not find it very productive. I took the Crambid moth, OC. pinetellus, L. and the Coleoptera Hippodamia variegata, Goez.; Agapanthia cardui, L.; and Rhizotrogus fuscus, and 2 males and 2 females of the Hymenoptera Halictus calceatus; and 1 specimen of H. calmentaria, Gerst.; and 2 specimens of H. fulvicornis, R.; and the Rhyncotid Adelphocus seticornis, F.; and a species of Trichoptera, Odontocerum albicorne, Scop. ; one specimen of the ee ae Syrphus lasiophthalmus, Zt. 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.19838 August 2nd.—After another period of hard rain with thunder, I started this morning in good time and carrying my lunch to walk up to Haute Pierre with a view to ascend to the Cross on the Crags behind the small village there. It is not a long walk as the crow flies, but uphill all the way. The sun hardly shone to-day and the long grass on the heights was extremely wet; still I was lucky to get there moderately cool. The heat of the atmosphere started insects flying towards midday and I secured a nice bag of the following: a male P. machaon, just emerged ; a pair of P. apollo in cép.; C. satyrion; one specimen of H. sertorius (sao); 4 females of Thecla spini in good condition ; males and females of H. hermione smaller than those from Digne ; the moth Plusta gamma was extremely common everywhere by day and night. Blues were extremely scarce with the exception of odd specimens of P.coridon, males. M. yalathea was everywhere and I took one fresh male of Zyyaena carniolica, the only one seen. I also took 2 specimens of Hymenoptera Abia candens, Kono.; also Sphecodes pili- frons ; Coeliowys acuminata ; Perispadus sulphuratus, Grax., § ; Geotrupes vernalis, L.; Lagria hirta, F.; Cryptocephalus aurcolus, Suf.; and C. hypochaeridis, L.; the Rhyncotids Syrmastes marginatus, Li, pair in cdp. ; and Aphrophoria alni, Fall., also a pair in cép. and Adelphocoris seticornis, F., var.; the Dipteron Chrysotoaum arcuatum ; and the very beautiful Geometer Ortholitha moeniata, Scop; of which I secured several more specimens during my visit. I took a very interesting Noctuid moth Oligia captiuncula, Treit., new to my collection. Kirby states that the British form of this moth, evpolita, Staint., is common at Darling- ton and Galway. August 4th.—To-day as on July 29th, I crossed the river Loue and ascended to and between the two large masses of rock which are seen immediately facing the garden of the Hotel du Manoir. This walk is known locally as ‘Le Moine,” from the large piece of rock seen standing up singly amongst the crags, with something of the appearance of a capuchin monk. To-day 1 kept on the road all the way, not taking the path up through the fields, but where the road bifurcates taking the left hand fork. It was again hopeless as to weather. The only interesting items to be noticed were the advent of a perfectly fresh male of Lycaenopsis argiolus; a single specimen of Aphantopius hyperantus, var. arete; a g Adopaea flava (thaumas) and the ichneumon wasps Cratichneumon dissimilis, Grav., g ; Ichnewmon confusorius, Gray. S ; and Murylabus tristis, Grav. g ; the Rhyncota Centrotus cornutus, L., Calocoris norvegicus, Omel.; together with the Coleoptera Silpha tristis, Ilig.; Chrysomela fastuosa, Scop.; and Carabus auratus, L., and the Neuropteron Chrysopa perla. August 6th.—The weather has at last cleared up after two days of almost incessant rain. This morning [ went in the direction of the crag, ‘‘ Le Moine,” as on August 4th, but instead of walking up through the woods between the two ranges of crags, I took a rough path at the top to the right through fields and eventually, some dis- tance on, I struck the road which leads from Lods to Longeville and walked along it towards Longeville. Along this road I took P. poly- chloros ; E. ligea; and I saw several A. iris including one beautifully fresh female, but I failed to secure any. I was struck by the number of Araschnia levana form prorsa in the ascent this morning, and again this afternoon on the main road, on the way back between the wood ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA, 1238 factory at Lods and Mouthier, where J also took a beautifully fresh male specimen of the Dragon Fly Calopterya splendens, Harr. The Hrebia aethiops of the form ab, violacea, Wh., has also appeared to-day, and I took 2 specimens in perfect condition, Descending from the Longeville Road on the way back, by a side path on the right, which passes through woods to Lods, I took a single specimen of Pararge aeyeria form egerides, similar to our English form. ‘To-night a very fresh specimen of the moth Notodonta dromedarius was captured at the electric light in my bedroom. During the day I secured specimens of the Rhyncota Lepyronia coleoptrata, L. 3 , and of Adelphocoris seticornis, F, August 9th.—After two days of sickness | have been able to resume operations. | walked up fairly early to “Le Moine,” the crags denoted by “‘ Rochers du Capucin”’ on the map, Carte de France au 50:000e, Type 1922, Ornans, obtainable at Stanfords, London. On the way up | took a male and female of the prorsa, which is now more abundant; near the woods towards the top I took the first female of P. coridon which I have seen, and several more Hrebia aethiops var. violacea, Wh., which are absolutely fresh; a perfect female of 4A. paphia with rather extra large black spotting; and on the way down near to Bas Mouthier, a single specimen of Apatura ilia; and of the Coleopteron Ocypus cyaneus, Pk. (To be concluded.) Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with other races. _ By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from page 109.) Aglais wrticae, L. race opima, Vrty.: Oulx (a few, in very fresh condition, at the beginning of July and then not seen again, so that the second generation, which is usually believed to be produced at low altitudes in the region of the Alps, presumably emerged at the end of August, after my departure) ; Claviéres, on July 29th.—The materiais I have collected from all sorts of localities in Hurope, since describing my opima from the Baths of Valdieri, 1400m., in the Maritime Alps, and from Puybilliard, in Vendée, show that the form I have so named is by no means the most usual and characteristic one in the southern parts of Central Europe. As far as the Alps are concerned, my only specimens, which agree with it, are those of Oulx, and I have no others from the Western Alps to see whether this is usual there, but from the Vaud and the Valais to the Carnic those | have invariably found, on both watersheds, are urticae, which do not differ, on an average, from the nominotypical Scandinavian and the broadspread form of Central Europe. ‘The characteristics of opima are the lighter, yellower and brighter tone of red, and the reduced extent of the black markings and notably the smaller size of the two dots on the disc of the forewing and of the one near their hindmargin, together with a considerable reduction of the yellow patch on its outer side and the narrower, lighter and outwardly shaded and indistinct black zone at the base of the hindwing. It thus is distinctly intermediate between nomino- typical wrticae and turcica, Stdgr., which, in its turn, is a near approach, 194 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.19388 but never a complete transition, to ichnusa, Bell., quite exclusively and constantly proper to Corsica and Sardinia, and never occurring any- where else, even individually. The same cannot be said of turcica, as, notwithstanding it is in Asia Minor a very constant and distinct race, it occurs individually in Peninsular Italy and even racially in some localities there, such as Oricola and Mt. Uavo, on the boundary between the Latium and the Abruzzi, besides being racial on Mt. Parnassus, in Greece, as stated by Staudinger in Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., VII., p. 57 (1871), where he describes it from Brussa, in Asia Minor. In our “ Annotated List of the butterflies of Peninsular Italy’ (int. Rec., 1924, p. (43)) Querci and I applied the name of turcica, in a general way, to the wrticae of this country, but, now I have been able to compare them with the race of Anatolia, I find this to have been quite a mistake, for the usual form stands much closer to opima and, apart from extreme variations similar to twrcica, it chiefly differs from my typical one by its slightly smaller average size, so that the proper naiue for the race of the Apennines and, strange as it may seem, also for that of the Caronie Mountains, in Sicily, is opema. To establish the position of these races in connection with each other and to try and infer their history from their present distribution, one must take into account the handsome Iberic race, which Sheldon has described from the region of Albarracin and named teruelensis. Its author points out its resemblance to ichnusa by “the richness of the tawny ground colour,’ and to this one might add the ‘almost total suppression of pale patches in the tawny bands, especially the one nearest the anal angle of the superiors,” which he gives as a feature too. On the other hand, Sheldon also says, very rightly, that it is a well marked geographical race, which approaches by its large size and other characteristics the Chinese race chinensis, Leech. This connection does not surprise one, considering the well known resemblance of several Iberic races to those of the far East, such as that of beyarensis to coreanain Lycaeides [= Plebeius] argus, that of chlorodippe to the voraxand pallescens group in Argynnis adippe | =cydippe} or that of true occidentalis, Hub., to pekinensis in Melitaea didyma ; teruelensis woula, according to the general hypothesis about this phenomenon, be one of the early Miocene migrators, but not one of the first subtropical group, which went from the Himalaya to Morocco, because it does not exist in Africa nowadays, so that it more probably passed, in this case, by the Northern Medi- terranean route to Spain; these species are supposed to have survived the Glacial Periods and preserved their Asiatic facies along the Atlantic coast, which was then considerably nearer the warm current of the Gulf-stream than it is now. ‘The successive grades of variation represented by optima, turcica and ichnusa can very well be supposed to have been derived, too, from Miocene stocks, but from the later migratory flows, the latest of which brought the mouftlon to Asia Minor, Sardinia and Corsica, and which often underwent transformations in the various parts of the Mediterranean region, for we have a strikingly parallel case in the much greater ones of Hpinephelidi, whose common ancestor is, apparently, janiroides, H.S., of Morocco, and from which ida and tithonus have been derived, on the one hand, and jurtina, telmessia, cypricola and nwray, corresponding, on broad lines, to the distribution of the wrticae races, have been derived on the other. I notice, in this respect, that one of the specimens of terwelensis figured by Sheldon ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 125 points distinctly to opima by the small size of its black spotting; I have similar ones from the Pyrenees and Oberthur records two uwrticae, he captured at Cauteret, with extremely small dots on the dise of the forewing. Also the unusually large size and aspect of my opima from Vendée, as compared with the wrticae of that latitude in Hurope, can be accounted for by a strain of the same origin as that of tervelensis, that region being well known for the presence of some southern species, such as Dryas (Argynnis) pandora, and for the Iberic facies of others, such as E’pinephele jurtina, which recalls hispulla, and, furthermore, a single specimen from St. Come Bazas, in the Gironde, quite giving one the impression of being an actual teruelensis. The conclusion, one comes to, is that there remains a doubt as to whether tervelensis is a remnant of the Southern Hxerge, but that it more probably must be referred to the same Central one as opima, turcica and ichniusa. The branching of the Central and of the Northern Exerges in Asia is as about as difficult to make out exactly here as in most species: the divergence, apparently, began at a stage of evolution of the wrticae phylum, similar to chinensis, Leech., niva, Gr.-Gr., and milbertt, Godart, characterised by the fact they all three still retain the entirely darkened underside of the forewing, as it is in rizana, Moore, and in caschmirensis, Koll., which are a stage further back and connect urticae also by other features to the Mugonia and especially to californica and by this underside feature to to, antivpa, etc., as well. The separa- tion of the milberti phylum and of the wrticae one evidently followed on that of the Aylais and the Mugonia, and probably took place long before any were Vanessidi and they still resembled the Phyciodes. Race lada- kensis, Moore, so strongly recalls milberti on the upperside and seems so well connected to it by the newly discovered race obtusa, O.B.-H., of the Tatung Valley, in the N.-W. of the Kan-su province of W. China, described as exhibiting such an extensive dark pattern that the tawny sround-colour is only left uncovered in part of the cell of the forewings and in a narrow submarginal zone of fore- and hindwing, that one is tempted on the strength of the well known resemblance of other butter- flies and animals of the Himalaya to Nearctic ones, such as that of Parnassius himalayensis, Klwes., to smintheus, Doubl., to believe in a more or less direct connection and common origin, followed in Asia by a transformation somewhat parallel to that of true wrticae, as it develops from caschmirensis and rizana, through chinensis and niva, and acquires the characteristic white underside of the forewing, which ladakensis has too. Groum-Grshimailo deseribes in the M/ém. Romanoff, vol. IV., p. A425, the gradual transformation in the Pamir, of his niava from the Darvaz, through specimens from Artcha-Bach, to perfectly nomino- typical wrticae in the Transalai Mts, near the Myn-Djar river. His description of mtxa in which the lack of blue on the forewing and the broad dark shade along the marginal band of the hindwing, suggest that also the peculiar melanic race conneva, Btc., of Japan bas derived from a similar ancestry. This would complete the history of the Northern Exerge ; that of the Central one, derived from the more gaudy chinensis, as described above, is very much parallel to it, except that it is carried much further, by the reduction of the black markings on both surfaces, culminating in ichnusa. The scale of variation in the extent of the dark pattern, from milberti to this extreme opposite degree (a character they, nevertheless, have acquired in common is the loss of the 126 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.1X.1983 two black spots on the dise of the forewing) apparently takes place, following a very general law and corresponding, for instance, to the scale of the allied tropical genus Junonia= Precis, from the Nearctic éavinia, Cr., whose pattern recalls, on broad lines, that of midberti, and from the female of the Asiatic orithya, L., to the very scantily spotted almana, L. Grapta c-album, Li. race c-album, L.: Oulx.—I have spoken in the Ent. Record, 1919, p. 199, of the two generations of this species and of the confusion that some writers have made in this connection, including unfounded doubts about their perfectly constant and marked distinguishing features. The following data, obtained at Oulx, corres- pond to what [ have seen in many other localities of the Alps, from the Baths of Valdieri, in the Maritime ones, to the Vaud and the Valais and to the Carnic Alps. The confusion, as far as I can make out, has arisen from the fact that, in the Alps and, I presume, also further north, individuals of the first generation are still on the wing when the second emerges and shows itself for a few days before retiring to its winter quarters. In Peninsular Italy things are clear, because this does not happen: the hibernated individuals fly in March and April, their offspring constitutes a first generation in June and at the beginning of July and the second generation only emerges and shows itself, in the usual transient manner, at the end of August and in Sep- tember. At Oulx, instead, I saw, but failed to capture, at the end of June some individuals, which I take to have been fresh and active examples of the first generation Autchinsont, Robson; I then caught a worn female of this form on July 28rd, another, very old one, on August 10th, and a similar male on the 12th. In the mean time, I collected several specimens of both sexes of the hibernating nomino- typical form, with black undersides, so freshly emerged that their wings were still flimsy, from July 27th to the 31st, and, after these five days, I saw no more, although I was on the look out for them in all the usual and in other likely spots of the neigbourhood, until August 17th. The two points one would like to ascertain are whether the emergence of the last days of July actually is constituted by the offspring of the June one, which is nearly certain, as 24 to 28 days is just the time required by many butterflies of all sorts to develop from the day the egg is laid to the emergence of the imago from the chrysalid, and what happens to the offspring of the very late females of the first generation ; presumably, they produce other broods of the second generation at the end of August and in September, but at Oulx there happened to be a long interval between the early emergence I witnessed and these late ones, so that I came across no others before leaving. SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. THe true Hasirat or GyRoPHAENA LucipuLA, Iir., anp G. CONVEXICOLLIS, Joy.—These two small ‘‘ Staphs”’ are usually recorded from damp places, by beating faggots in marshes, etc., and not in fungus as with the rest of the genus. G. lucidula, Er.—Fowler writes—‘‘ In flood refuse, etc., in marshy places’; and in the supplement we add—‘‘In damp sticks.” Joy recorded, however, that he once took it in two small white fungi on a REVIEWS | OAT water-soaked log. Ganglbauer says in tree fungi and in damp leaves. G. convewicollis, Joy.—Joy says that it occurs in marshy places as with G. lucidula, and that he took a few specimens in flood refuse, and that Walker had found it among wet dead sticks. I have taken both these species sparingly in Windsor Forest, in flood refuse, by sifting damp moss, and by beating what was left of faggots of former yeirs. This year however I discovered a small fungus growing on the roots of the willows in a willow-swamp and captured a fair number of both species, which were living in these fungi. Mr. Ramsbottom tells me the fungus is Lentinus trigrinus, and that the roots of willows in swamps are its usual habitat.—Horace DontsrHoreg, British Museum (Natural History), 12.vii.33. FWOTKES ON COLLECTING, ete. Norrs on Micratory Species or Leprpoprera (Mainiy Surrny).— A short summary of the records which have been received may be inter- esting. Perhaps the most noteworthy is a record from Timoleague, Co. Cork, Ireland, of the capture of both Pyrameis cardui and P. atalanta on March 29th, the weather being “‘ warm for the time of year.””’ Another record is that of Polyyonia c-album on April 10th and 18th, near Chid- dingfold and Pitch Hill respectively with the note from the observer “ I consider this species as an ‘immigrant’ from the West Country. It first appeared in my garden in August, 1929, and has visited the Buddleia every autumn since. This year I have seen it in spring for the first time. Weather fine and warm.” An observer from Haslemere, records the capture of 4 Macroglosswm stellatarwn in mid June. The rest of the records received relate to Pyrameis cardui (18) and to P. atalanta (7). The former species was seen first at Ashtead, Surrey, on May 20th and on May 21st at Eltham, and so on till July 18th, after a month had elapsed from June 23rd. One observer notes the species in his garden at the end of May. The latter species was recorded on May 6th at Ashtead and so on through May and June. Plusia gamma has only been recorded from Haslemere, June 4th and 5th, both examples in good condition. A report has appeared in the Kastern Hveniny News that on June 3rd, 4th and 5th there was a considerable immi- eration of Pieris brassicae and P. rapae arriving at Scolt Head from the H. and N.E.—Hyv.J.T. THe Season 1933.—During the present month of July I have noted in this neighbourhood that Polygonta c-album is common in the form hutchinsoni. Pyramets cardut has been fairly common with odd specimens of Colias croceus (edusa). Limenitis sibilla has also been common.—G. 8S. Rozertson (M.D.), Storrington, Sussex, 25.vii.33. FR EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Part 40 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Fauna has recently come to hand. In the three sheets is contained a considerable amount of matter useful to and of interest to the English lepidopterist. Con- cerning Habrosyne derasa, reference is made to the discovery by 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.19338 Houlbert, (mentioned by us in our notes on the species in Sup. to Brit. Noct.) that the prior name is pyritoides, Hufn., and published a year before Linne’s derasa. Dr. Seitz remark is “As a redenomination would lead to an immense amount of confusion ; we are retaining the name (derasa).” Thyatira batis has five newly described forms ; Palimpsestis fluctiuosa hasone; P.duplaris has four; P. or has fourteen ; Dr. Seitz here refers to the synonymy of this species and says, ‘“‘ The fanatics in the question of priority have not been able to lodge any definite claim.” ; P. ocularis has four; Polyploca diluta has three; P. flavicornis has nine; P. ridens has four; and Diloba caeruleocephala has three. Many of these forms are illustrated on the plates. It is said that “‘ The name ‘“‘ridens” (Latin for laughter) has nothing to do with the bright coloration, which some continental authors seem to indicate, but with the markings of the head of the larva which has a‘ deriding ’ look.” The relationship of this species to other Heterocern is so un- certain that it has been suggested to create a new family forit, Dilobidae. While referring to the Supp. to Seitz. it may be as well to mention that the other, main volumes, are progressing slowly, probably as slowly as subseribers ave prepared to pay for them under the present difficult times. Current numbers of Vol. X. deal with Indo-Australian Cossidae, (Zeuzera, Xyleutes, etc.) and Phaymataecia castuneae is discussed with five exotic forms. Vol. VI: the American Bombyces are continued with a plate of Sphingidae. Vol. XII: 2 sheets and 4 plates of Indo- Australian Geometers are just issued for which our friend L. B. Prout is responsible. There are some 250 fies. on the plates mostly the green coloured species.— Hy.J.T. British Besrtes: Their Homes and Habits. By Norman Joy, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. Messrs. EF. Warne & Co. 5/-.—The book before us is one of those elementary teaching-books of Natural Science of which so many are being issued in the present age mostly by ‘‘ book-makers’’ whose practical knowledge is almost nil. The author of the present work has been, on the contrary, a very well known field- worker for many years past and whose writings should be the outcome of his life-long experiences. After a short introduction the author treats of his subject in a series of chapters on the principal groups of the Coleoptera in a chatty manner. The noyelty of the treatment lies in the brief remarks with figures on the larvae of Coleoptera, which is further advanced by four plates of life-histories by the well-known exponent Mr. Hugh Main. The text is further illustrated by a series of plates occupying nearly half the volume with many outline figures (enlarged) of common species illustrative of the various sections dealt with. This method of illustration has been adopted previously but whether the young collector can recognise a small beetle by u large diagram can only be settled by the collector himself. We would have preferred the plates to have been made from photographs the natural size such as those in W. EK. Sharp’s little books some years ago. ‘To deal with over 8000 British species in a small book is, of course, impossible. The object of this book is “ to stimulate interest ’’ in one of the orders of the insect world, upon whose control the wellbeing of the human race depends. As is usual with our British Publishers, Messrs Warne have done well. —Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications iyKNLICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require Innusrravions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘*‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. _ Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excnaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Saticis, Janthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhcmboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, D.ffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.— A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—liiving larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. _ _Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Urernt.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Kolise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. CHANGE oF ApprEss.—T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.H.S., to “‘Rodborough Fort,’’ Stroud, Glos. S. G. Castle-Russell, to ‘‘ The Homestead,’’ Crawley, Winchester, Hants. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomoiogical Society of London.— 41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8 p.m. October 4th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. Sep. 14th, 28th, Oct. 12th.—Hon. Secretary, 8. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’”’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London Schoo! of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. All communications to be addressed to :— VV M. CRAWFORD: BIAS ERE S, 25. a blonesecy= ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. HE. B. Ashby, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, Rev. Canon Foster, Thos. Greer, Rev. G. Wheeler, D. G. Sevastopulo, Dr. G. B. Robertson, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Tiatemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. ((Iost important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection — Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many) — Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina —Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Nifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus — Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Munanism anD MeraNnocnrotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Vanrration (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betuwlaria—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generiec nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera —Notes on Genus Zyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanburgh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. IOV 1 1933 yD iene No. 10 OCTOBER, 1933 oi -ENTOMOLOGISTS. RECORD AND | JOURNAL OF VARIATION Bioine R. 8. BAaGNALt, D.SC., F-R.E.S. H. DonistHoRPH, F.Z-S., ¥.R.E.B. 5 Matcoum Born, D.-SC., V.R.u.S8. T. BarnpRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S. with the ) , Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, r.r.n.s. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. issistance of HK. A. Cockaynn, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., H. E. Paar, F.R.0.s. F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. J. BH. Counin, 5.P., ¥.R.2.8. Rev. G. WHEcLER, M.A., ¥.R-E.S., F.Z.8. ‘Editor Emeritus.—G. TT. Beruune-Baker, ¥.2Z.8., F.R.E.S. By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.5.8., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. CONTENTS A Butterfly Hunt in South Finland, Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S. (with 2 plts.) .. as ‘ Additional Records of Ants and Mynmecopites 166; Donisthorse, FZ. s., 3 F.R.E.S. ne : 132 The Karly Stages of Indian Terao seed, D. @. ae F.R.E. 's. sf 136 Scrzentiric Notes.—Movement of Butterflies, W. Parkinson Curtis, F.R.E.S.:; Strange feeding habit of a Dipteron, Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R.E.S. and K. G. Blair, B.Sc., F.R.H.S.: Behaviour of Larvae of T. viridana, H. Donisthorpe, F. R. L.S., F.Z.S. 5 138 Short Notes on the Season ae St ee as es i Fs 140 Current Notes .. ar 147 Reviews.—Ann. Report of the Eton College N. H. g., TE. I. Eee aie to Seitz Pal. Macro-Lep. Id.: Report on Insect Pests, 1928-31, Id. ae 142 SuppLements.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (298)-(296) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Elthum, 8.0.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintamed for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.”’ 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England id Box. Nol ede Me TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET J. J. H | LL & SON, MANUFACTURERS, Have for aizposal' Re-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Insect Gabinets; also Cheap Storage Gabinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WiturspEn 0309. THE VASCULUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D-Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastie-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 accurate y colcured -xamples, figuring every species and many varieties, also drawings of eggs caterpillars, chrysa- lides and food-plants. Price 10/6 net per volume. FREDERICK WARNE & GOQO.. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.G.2. ‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Keynuty J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.R.H.S. (a few copies only) Ge Beas. Ode British Dinterologica) Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.R.H.S 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37- Ad of Ant. Record, new series ; including “Special Index . ave 50 Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Sinnen post fee fiom H. W. eens 6, Footscray Road, Hltham, 8.H.9. ee ee a os Vou. XLV. Puate V. The flowery field at Ryémalaé where many species were obtained. < “ Sol Cabs The railway bank at Savonlinna where M. maturna and the very small specimens of B. selene occurred. Entomologist’s Record. Photo: E. Scott. WOibs SID PLatE A corner of the Bog at Kankarijarvi, where B. arsilache was tirst taken. ITT i as The moss at Ahvenusjirvi, where C. palaeno and B. aphirape race ossianus fly. Entomologist’s Record. Photo: G. Wheeler. A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOUTH FINLAND. 129 vw A Butterfly Hunt in South Finland. (With 2 plates.) By Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. Finland appears to be almost an unknown land to British Lepidop- terists, partly, at any rate, owing to the wrong impressions of the country which seem to be prevalent. Finland is not (as a rule) cold, it is not flat, and it is very far from being uncivilized. It is true that it is subject to sudden changes of temperature, but the cold in June is not extreme, nor is the out-door heat at all unbearable, being generally tempered by a cooling breeze, and rarely much exceeding 80° Fahr. There are no mountains in the south of Finland, but on the other hand there is very little flat country; the general surface is hilly, the highest hills only reaching about 500 ft., and 200 to 800 being much more usual. There are lakes large and small in every direction, the neigh- bourhood of which is often marshy, and these marshes afford the best collecting ground for the most characteristic forms. The butterflies on the whole turned out to be rather disappointing, as, with two exceptions— Brenthis aphirape race ossianus, and a single specimen of Carterocephalus silvins @—no specially northern species were found. I left England in company with Dr. and Mrs. Scott of Ashford on June 21st, crossing from Hull to Helsingfors where we arrived in the early morning of the 26th, having stopped at Copenhagen from 6 p.m. on the 28rd till noon the following day. I had hoped to obtain one or two Danish specimens of some sort, but did not see a single butterfly, though we passed some hopeful looking spots in driving round Copen- hagen in the morning. One of these might easily have been visited on our return journey, when we remained for six hours, but it was unfortunately a pouring wet day. After depositing our bageage at the very comfortable Grand Hotel at Helsingfors, in the large Station Square, we drove to the neigh- bouring island of Brandé where we lunched and then explored the neighbouring ground in a completely unsuccessful search for butterflies. Finding this to be the case we drove on to another place about three miles from Helsingfors called Munksnas, where Dr. Scott took one specimen of Brenthis ino, and we both came across a few B. selene. Walking most of the way back, it is amusing to recall the care with which we stalked a few specimens of Pararye maera, and the joy with which this fine dark form was hailed, since it afterwards became one of the commonest roadside insects, swarming everywhere. The following day we took the train to Borga, a place recommended to us by the Purser on board our boat (the Arcturus), who had himself been a butterfly collector in former days. Here we found an old disused quarry close to the station in which we spent almost the whole time of our visit there. The sunshine was intermittent, but a good many species were taken. Coenonympha iphis was abundant in both sexes and very fresh; Polyommatus amandus was not uncommon, though it had lost its first freshness, and I had the good fortune to take a ? (unfortunately not in very good condition) much suffused with blue on the upper side, the only 2 of this form that I have ever met with from any locality. Other species taken or seen were Brenthis selene (common in the field on the other side of the road) Pieris rapae, 130 3 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.X.1933 P. napi, Chrysophanus hippothoé, Rumicia phlaeas, Polyommatus tcarus,— Coenonympha pamphilus, Aphantopus hyperantus, Pararge maera and P. achine. The following day we left Helsingfors for the west of Finland, going by train to Tampere (Tammerfors) where we were met by a car from our destination, RyOmalé Farm, a kilometre from the village of Mouhijarvi, and about 25 miles from Tampere. The heat at Helsingfors had been so great that we had all left our warm clothing behind; but the first two days at Ryémila were very cold, the thermometer rarely rising above 40° Fahr. The next day however it rose to 80°, and the rest of our stay in Finland was decidedly hot. We found excellent hunting ground in the immediate neighbourhood of the house, on the path bordering a wood, on the sloping track down to the lake, and especially in a field on the further side of the wood, and occasionally in the wood itself. Four species swarmed, viz., Vacciniina optilete, Brenthis selene, Pararge maera and Aphantopus hyperantus. On the narrow track leading down to the lake Brenthis ino was not uncommon ; Huchloé cardamines, very worn, and Leptosia sinapis, not very fresh, Coenonympha pamphilus, Melitaea athalia and Pieris napt flew at the edge of the wood; in the flowery field, reached by a path through the wood, Polyommatus icarus, Aricia medon, and Chrysophanus hippothoe, were by no means scarce, while occasional specimens of P. semiargus, P. amandus, Issoria lathonia and other species were met with. In the wood itself a few specimens of Hrebia ligea occurred at the end of our stay. We also collected along the Tampere road. On the Monday morning, July 8rd, our host, Herr Laitakari, piloted us to a marsh about two miles away called Kankarijirvi. The day was not all that could be desired, but there were bright intervals and it was here that we first found Brenthis arsilache which appeared to be Just coming out. It is to me amazing that this was ever supposed to be a form of B. pales, which it does not resemble on either surface. The black markings on the upperside are not only much broader, but are differently placed, while the underside hindwing, which varies remarkably little in its different localities, is thoroughly distinctive both in colour and markings, especially at the border ; add to this the fact that B. arsilache is exclusively a marsh insect wherever it occurs, that it is usually, though not exclusively, found at much lower altitudes than b. pales, and that even when they occur in the same neighbour- hood they fly on very different kinds of ground, and that B. arsilache then comes out considerably later, and one wonders what further proofs are required of difference of species. On the following day we went, again accompanied by our host, to another marsh named Ahyenusjirvi, some 12 or more kilometres distant, the last three of which consist of a narrow path through very beautiful woods. ‘The marsh, or rather moss, itself is of considerable extent, and contains the largest piece of flat ground (some three quarters of a mile each way at the broadest) that we came across in Finland. This was the first occasion on which we found Colias palaeno, mostly 2s, but they were very difficult to catch ; the moss being ankle- deep, pursuit except on the narrow path was almost impossible. Brenthis arsilache was very common here, and of course b. selene; B. euphrosyne, rather small and dark, but mostly very worn, occurred in small numbers, and here also we took a few worn specimens of B. ead A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOUTH FINLAND. 131 aphirape race ossianus, which was so like B. euphrosyne on the wing, and even when settled, that it was only by accident that the discovery was made. At the edge of the lake a few specimens of Coenonympha typhon were picked up by Dr. Scott, so small and ill-marked that we may have passed others over as C. iphis. The moss here is in a wood with scattered pine-trees, though surrounded by a thick under- growth and trees of several kinds, only becoming wet on approaching the lake. Except the ubiquitous P. optilete there was not much else to be obtained, but the few species there were afforded sufficient excitement. On the Wednesday morning I went across to the other side of the lake (on a steep cliff above which the house is built), to a wood where Dr. and Mrs. Scott had found Plebeius aegon in some numbers and a few P. argus a couple of days before, but was quite unsuccessful. This was our last day at Ryémiili, as we left about 11 p.m. for Tampere for an all-night journey across to Kast Finland. Our stay had been most enjoyable and we felt as if leaving old friends when parting from our host and hostess and their family. Besides the farm house itself there are several small bungalows, and the whole place is used in the summer as a boarding house. Though our journey across Finland was a night one, it was never dark. The sun sets only about an hour later than in England, and rises rather less than an hour earlier, but is so short a distance below the horizon that it was never too dark while we were at Rydémiéla to see the time by one’s watch even indoors; by 4 a.m. the sun was quite hot. Our destination, Savonlinna, was one of the most beautifully situated, indeed I think the most beautifully situated little town that I have ever seen. Built on an island and surrounded by others, mostly well wooded and hilly, the views in every direction are enchanting ; they are beyond description and must be seen to be appreciated. We arrived between 11 and 12, having engaged rooms at the Hotel, but I was too tired to go out in the afternoon. Dr. and Mrs. Scott went to one of the neighbouring islands and took among other things a specimen of Parnassius apollo. On the following day we drove about 9 kilometres to a small lake and marsh called Sylkynjarvi. Here again we met with CU. palaeno and B. aphirape race ossianus but in the immediate neighbourhood of the marsh the only other species that occurred, except the ubiquitous P. optilete and B. selene, were B. euphrosyne and M. athalia. On the grassy margin of the larger lake on the other side of the road P. aegon of both sexes was to be found, and Dr. Scott and I each took a black and white skipper; mine was certainly Hesperia alveus, and a close examination of his in the light of Warren’s monograph has convinced me that his is also H. alveus but of the serratulae-formis aberration. P. maera was as common here by the roadside as elsewhere, as also was A. hyperantus, and in the wood Dr. Scott saw (and missed) a specimen of Papilio machaon and saw on a tree trunk what at sight he took to be a 2 Apatura iris, but was not near enough to be absolutely certain. Since however A. iris does not occur in [inland we concluded that it must have been a 2 Limenitis popult which does. The only skipper I saw here was Pamphilus sylvanus both sexes of which occurred. Dr. Scott also found M. maturna in the wood. 182 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X.1938 On the following day we crossed by the railway bridge to another island and hunted along the sides of the railway. People move freely along the railway lines here, and as there are only two trains each way in the day it is not a dangerous practice. P. amanda occurred again here but was too worn to keep, and a few worn M. maturna were also taken. On the railway bank, amongst other specimens, were a good many tiny specimens of B. selene, some not larger than P. coridon or a large P. icarus such as we found at Ryémalé. P. aegon occurred on the same ground. After a time Dr. and Mrs. Scott went off across the hill on a voyage of discovery, and found P. apollo in considerable numbers. In the afternoon they went a long expedition by boat to Punkaharju where they found Pararge hiera but too worn to be worth taking. Meanwhile I went across to one of the further islands, but only brought back four specimens, all however well worth the walk: they consisted of a @ P. apollo, a good 2 M. maturna (all the others were worn) a specimen of Argynnis niobe g and a light clay-coloured 2 of B. selene, very fresh. On our last day I was unfortunately unable to leave my room, but Dr. and Mrs. Scott went to try and find specimens of P. apollo for me where they had taken them the previous day, but none were forthcoming. (To be concluded.) Additional Records of Ants and Myrmecophiles in Britain since the 2nd edition of ‘ British Ants” (1927) and my Paper on the Ants and Myrmecophiles of Windsor Forest (1930). By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. (1) Additional Records :— PONERINAE. Ponera coarctata, Latr. Devon, §.: Slapton Lea (Donisthorpe). Glamorgan: Llandaff (Hallett). MYRMICINAE. Monomorium pHaraonis, L. Kent, E.: Maidstone (f7risby). Myrmioa tagvinopis, Nyl. Berks : Windsor Forest (Donisthorpe). Main Argyle: Bencruchan (Waterston). Myrnica Larvinopis, Nyl., var. RuGINopO-LaEvinopIs, Forel. Shetland (Squire). Myrmica ruernopis, Nyl. Monmouth: Trelleck (Hallett). Myrmica scasrinopis, Nyl. Kincardineshire: Auchenblae Fordown (JWaterston). Myrmuica scasrinopis, Nyl. var sapuLeti, Mein. Sussex, H.: Bexhill (C. O. Waterhouse), in Brit. Coll. B.M. Berks: Windsor Forest (Donisthorpe). Myrnroa tosicornis, Nyl. Westmoreland: Windermere, and Langdale (Slair.) Berks: Windsor Forest (Donisthorpe). ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF ANTS AND MYRMECOPHILES, 183 Myrmica scHENCKI, Hmery. Wicklow: South Strand, and Arklow (Stelfox). Carlow: R. Slaney, Kilcarry Bridge (Stelfox). LEPTOTHORAX ACERVORUM, I’. Norfolk, W.: Lynn (S. O. Taylor). Monmouth: Trelleck (Hallett). Notts: Thoresby Park (S. O. Taylor). Westmoreland: Ulleswater, and Foulshay (Blair). Main Argyle: Ben Cruchan (Waterston). LeEptToTHoRAX TUBERUM, I’. Devon, S.: Branscombe, nesting in stem of burdock (Blair). TETRAMORIUM CaESPITUM, L. Devon, 8.: Hallsands (Donisthorpe). Wexford: Ballyteige Burrows (Stelfox). FORMICINAE. AcantHomyors (DonistHorPEA) NIGER, L., var. ALIENO-NIGER, Forel. Berks: Windsor Forest (Donisthorpe). AcantHomyops (DonIsTHORPEA) ALIENUS, I6rst. Berks: Windsor Forest (Donisthorpe). Down: Greencastle (Johnson). AcantHomyops (DonisTHORPEA) BRUNNEUS, Latr. Oxford: Oxford (Richards). AcanTHomyops (CHTHONOLASIUS) FLAVUS, F. Westmorland: Haveley (Blair) ; Langdale Pikes (Miss Longfield). AcantHomyors (CutHonoxasivs) umBRatus, Nyl. Surrey: Putney (Donisthorpe). Berks: Windsor Forest (Donisthorpe). Cornwall 8: St. Ives and Carbis Bay (Thornley). AcantHomyors (CHTHONOLASIUS) UMBRATUS, Nyl., var. MIxXTO-UMBRATUS, Forel. Isle of Wight: Blackgang Chine, in Brit. Coll. B.M. AcantHomyors (CHTHONOLASIUS) mixrus, Ny]l. Berks: Windsor Forest (Donisthorpe) Formica RuFa, L. Gloucester, H.: Overly Woods near Cirencester, and Sapperton (Wormersley). Formica ruFa, L., var. RUFO-PRATENSIS, Forel. Monmouth: Trelleck (Hallett). Formica sanguinea, Latr. Monmouth: Trelleck (Hallett). Formica Fusca, L., var., GLEBARIA, Nyl. Essex S.: Benfleet (Donisthorpe). Formica Fusca, L. var. RuBESCENS, Forel. Middlesex: Hampstead (Farren-White Coll. in B.M.) INTRODUCED SPECIES :— PONERINAE. NEopoNERA THERESIAE, Forel, Aberdeen in banana store. 134 ENTOMOLOGISY S RECORD. 15.X.1988 MYRMICINAE. PHeIDOLE MEGacEPHALA, FE. Botanic Gardens, Cambridge. PaEIpoLe anastasu, Kmery. var. ceLLarum, Forel. Cookbridge in Orchid farm (Donisthorpe) ; Botanic Gardens, Dublin (Bulloch). SOLENOPSIS GEMINATA, F. Kew Gardens in numbers. Its first record for Britain. Habitat: S. America. One of the 11 species given by Forel as having become cosmopolitan. TRIGLYPHOTHRIX LaNuGINosa, Mayr. York in numbers in [llepic nuts (Britten). DOLICHODERINAE. TRIpoMYRMEX HuMILIs, Mayr. Windsor, in hot houses, abundant (Donisthorpe); Cheltenham (Taylor); Kxeter in house (Rowley). FORMICINAE. ParatreoHina (Nynanperia) viviputa, Ny]. Greenhouses at the Duffryn, Glamorgan (Hallett). PaRATRECHINA (PaRATRECHINA) LoNGICoRNIS, Latr. Tropical Gardens, Reading (Hodson). . Camponotus (CAMponoTUS) HERCULEANUS, lL. subsp. PENNSYLVANICUS, Retz. The specimens recorded under this name in British Ants, p. 402, from Alfreton, Derbyshire=C. (C.) Lanvicarus, Smith. Camponotus (TanaEMYRMEX) BRITTENI, Donis. Liverpool, on one of Messrs. Bibbey Bros. Steamers, causing damage to the wood easing of the refrigerator chamber (Britten). Camponotus (TanarMyRMEX) AETHIOPS, Latr. London, in hollow rhizome of orchid (C. O. Waterhouse) B. M. Coll. Camponotus (Myrmotarix) Buenioni, Forel. Wye, Kent in Jamaican bananas (7’heobald). The two specimens taken by Miss Tassart on apples Clapham Common and recorded in in British Ants, p. 404 as C. (M.) abdominalis, F., are really C. (M.) bugnioni. Camponotus (Myrmorurix) aBpomINnaLis, F. Borough of Luton, inoranges. Eltham, Kent in bananas (Channer). Camponotus (Myrmorurix) aBboMINALIs, F., var. cosTaRIcENsIS, Forel. Cambridge in bananas. Camponotus (Myrmorurix) aBpominalis, F’. var. atRickPs, Smith. Streatham in bananas (Philpott). Camponotus (Myrmorurix) aBpominatts, I’, subsp. stercorarius, Forel. London in West Indian bananas (Miss fF. Hde): Oldham, Janes. in bananas (Stubbs). é Camponotus (Myrmospuinota) sexcurtatus, F. London in bananas (Scott-Elliot) : Romsey in bananas. Camponotus (Myrmorrema) GRranpipieRI, Forel subsp. ruspotu, Forel var. ROLLEI, Forel. Stonehouse, Gloucester (Farren- White). In “ Ants and their Ways ” p. 53 (1884), Farren- White writes that he discovered some years back several representatives of a new species of ant in his own Vicarage. ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF ANTS AND MYRMECOPHILES. 135 He also mentioned that he found specimens in Smith’s collection labelled ‘‘ Stonehouse Vicarage ” which he had given to the latter. I have found these specimens and have identified them as above. Now in introduced coll. B.M. (2) New Windsor Forest Records :— MYRMICINAE. Myrmica rucinopis, Nyl. A large colony nesting in moss; the beetle Othius myrmecophilus, Kies., was also present in some numbers, 31.viil.32. Marriage flights of several colonies in various parts of the Forest, 18.vii.33. Myruica Larvinopis, Nyl. A colony under stone; a number of dealated 2 2 present, 26.iv.33. The first record for Windsor of this species. Myrmica sutcrinonis, Nyl. A @ was taken on the wing 24.vii.31. Myrmica scaBrinopts, Nyl. A deilated ¢ found in a moor-hen’s nest, 22.vi.81; a winged 9° swept up, 22.x.31; marriage flights occurred 18.vii.33. SrenamMa westwooct, West. A number of % 8 were found in “ Cossus”’ frass in a hole in an oak tree, 16.vi.31; a % was swept off grass 30.v.33. Leproraorax acervorum, F, A 3g was taken on the wing, 24.vii.31. LeprorHoRaX NYLANDERI, F rst. A colony was taken nesting under bark at the foot of an oak 13.v1i.383. This was taken home and fixed up in an observation nest. No ants have died, and several § g are now present. A small colony was found nesting in a dead branch beaten off a lime tree, 24.viil.32. FORMICIDAE. AcantHomyors (DENDRoLasIUS) FULIGINosUS, Latr. A @ was found with three wings, which she got rid of when put ina box, 18.viii.81. She was almost certainly fertilized, and was looking for a nest of wmbratus to found her colony in. AcantHomyops (DonistHorPEA) NIGER, L. A specimen of Pezomachus instabilis, Férst. was taken running in company with niger 8 ¥ ; superficially very like the ants. A & of the spider Theridion bimaculatum, L., was running over a niger nest 3.vil.82 ; it waved the legs about in a very ant like manner. Marriage flights occurred 18.vii.38. AcantHomyops (DonisTHORPEA) NIGER, Li. var. ALIENO-NIGER, Forel. A number of 8 8 were beaten off aspens, 15.vili.83. They were, no doubt, attending plant-lice. This is the first record of this variety for Windsor. AcanTHomyops (DonistHoRPEA) BRUNNEUS, Latr. The Proctotrupids, Callicerus myrmicarum, K., 22 9, and Conos- tigmus antennalis, K.,1 3, were taken in a brunnews nest in an oak stump 27.v1.88. The Conostigmus is new to Britain. Iam indebted to Mons. Ferriére for the names of these insects. 136 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X.1983 AcantHomyors (CHTHoNoLAsIuS) FLAvus, F. Marriage flights occurred on 18.vii.33. AcantHomyops (CHTHONOLASIUS) UmBRaTUS, Ny]. The mite Urodiscella ricasoliana, Berl., 1 g and several hypopi were found on the body of an wmbratus 8 in a nest of this ant in the base of a large dead oak, 24.viii.28. Several deiilated % % were taken running on the ground with dead, and half dead niger % 8 in their jaws. This was after a mar- riage flight, and having got rid of their wings they had captured the niyer % % preparatory to founding colonies in niger nests. . Formica ruFa, lL. A 3 was taken by beating hawthorn blossoms, 19.yv.33. Coccinella distincta, was abundant on and near several rufa nests, 18.vii.88. This is a new record for Windsor Forest, and also for Berks. Several specimens of Ashmedopria sociata, Kief. were taken in a rufa nest 15.1x.33. Formica Fusca, L. A ofthe mite Laelaps (Hypoaspis) myrmecophilus, Berl., was taken in a fusca nest under a board 24.viii.88, A specimen of the beetle Atemeles emarginatus, F., was taken in a small fusca nest at the roots of a stump, 17.vil.31. A slowworm was seen in a fusca nest at the roots of a tree, §.vili.31. A winged ? was swept up, 10,x.81; a very late date. A larva of Atemeles emarginatus, ¥., half grown, was found amongst the brood in a fusca nest under e sod containing a deiilated 9, many 8 3, eggs and young larvae, 16.vili.32. Formica sancuinea, Latr. A 2 was taken on the wing, 24.vii.31. Many Sanguinea 8 % very active from different colonies were running with cocoons in their jaws, 18.vii.83; slave raids must have taken place. The Early Stages of Indian Lepidoptera. By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S. Iyrropuction.—The more easily obtained books on Indian Lepidop- tera are, I have found, of very little help in the identification of the early stages; a large number of the few descriptions appearing in Sir George Hampson’s Moths in the Fauna of British India and in the Indo-Australian section of Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera of the World are vague, incomplete and even inaccurate, whilst Evans, in his /dentification of Indian Butterflies, ignores the early stages altogether. I have, therefore, made a point of recording brief descriptions of the various larvae that have passed through my hands, in the hope that they may prove of use to other Entomologists working in India. When numbering the somites I have in all cases ignored the head, the 1st somite is, therefore, the one immediately behind the head, 7.e., the first thoracic somite. Further, in spite of the fact that most of the descriptions are noted as being made from a single larva, they have all been checked with other examples, so that there is no danger of an THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 137 aberration masquerading as the usual form. There is, however, always the possibility of some of these descriptions applying to local forms only. In cases where the description given in the four volumes of Moths by Sir George Hampson in the Fauna of British India, or in the English Edition of the Indo-Australian section of Seitz’s Macrolepidop- tera of the World, is particularly incomplete, or misleading, I have added it to mine with the reference “ Hampson” or “ Seitz” as the case may be. PapILIoNIDAE. Moore, Lep. Ind., V. 178, plt. 442, figs. 1, la-1e (1901-3). Byasa aristolochiae, ., avistolochiae. Head and legs black. Body velvety black, the 6th somite with a white transverse band. The skin between the somites dark purplish crimson. 1st to 8rd somites each bearing eight coral red fleshy tubercles, the dorsal four on the 1st somite being very much smaller than the others. 4th to 10th somites each bearing six of these tubercles, those on the 6th being white, except the lowest one which is red. 11th and 12th somites with four tubercles. Osmeterium yellow. Pupa fawn, very like a curled dead leaf. Thorax keeled with five white lines anteriorly and two posteriorly diverging from the keel. Wing cases darker brown and developing into a lobe anteriorly. The first three abdominal somites each with a white lateral U-shaped line. 4th to 7th abdominal somites each bearing a pair of conspicuous rounded lobes. Suspended by a girdle and a tail pad of dark brown silk. Foodplant.—Aristolochia sp. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 8.x.381, pupated 12.x.81 and a female emerged 26.x.31. Seitz does not mention the number of tubercles nor the inter- segmental colour and omits the colour of the pupa. Chilasa clytia, L., clytia. Moore, Lep. Ind., VI. 80, plt. 506, figs. 1, la-1d (1903). Head and legs black. Ground colour black. A wide cream dorsal stripe from the Ist to the 9th somite, a cream lateral stripe from the 1st somite joining the dorsal stripe on the 7th and forming a trident, and a cream lateral stripe extending backwards from the 10th somite. A subdorsal series of fleshy black tubercles with a rose pink spot at the base of each. A double lateral series of rose pink spots, the upper complete and the lower with spots on the 8rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th somites only. The osmeterium blue. Pupa like a broken piece of stick, mottled with various shades of brown. Cylindrical, the last four abdominal somites hollowed out below. Thorax not keeled, but projecting forward over the head, which is truncate. Supported by a girdle and tail pad of dark brown silk. There is no difference between the type and v. dissimilis in the early stages. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 20.iv.31, pupated 23.iv.81 and a female emerged 4.v.31. Seitz does not mention the cream coloured markings and states that the ‘‘ fork on the neck ” (osmeterium ?) is pale coloured. 138 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X.1988 PigRipan. Huphina nerissa, Fab., ssp. evagete, Cr. Moore, Lep. Ceyl., I. 186, plt. 58, figs. 1, la, 1b (1881): Bell, Jr. Bomb. N.H.S., x. 574 (1897). Typical Pierid larva of a dark velvety green. Very like that of Pieris rapae. Pupa very like that of a Pieris rapae in shape. Two colour forms: one green, with head, thoracic keel and a triangular patch on each side of the meta-thorax pale brown, the other with ground colour darker and the same markings in paler brown. Foodplant.—Capparis sp. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 22.xi.380, pupated 24.x1.380 and a male emerged 5.x1i.30. (To be continued.) SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. MovEMENT OF BUTTERFLIES, POSSIBLY MIGRATORY.—Ballard Down, Dorset is about 400 ft. above sea level and is nearly waterless. North of the Down is wide expanse of nearly treeless heath of Hocene and post-Eocene deposits, entirely devoid of calcium. On July 22nd, 1988, Captn. Cecil Diver, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., told me, that that morning fairly early he had observed a movement from the Down to, and across the heath, of Pieridae, the three common whites, a few Colias and with them a number of Polyommatus (Agriades) coridon, Poda. I arrived on the heath about three in the afternoon not knowing of Captain Diver’s observation ; there were then not more than the normal number of “ Whites” about, but there were a number of Pyrameis cardui, Li. present and to my surprise A. coridon, The wind had been South veering with the Sun to South West by West as the day progressed. The morning movement had been nearly due North but the A. coridon I saw of both sexes ware then travelling against the wind back to the Chalk Down unaccompanied by any Pierids. About 10 p.m. G.M.T. a single Jodis vernaria came to my lamps, which were out on the heath at least one mile from the nearest Clematis. There are several possible explanations: the movement may have been a true migration and the Pierids having travelled some 4 miles to the edge of Poole Harbour continued across the water to the mainland. This I have seen the larger butterflies do on several occasions. I have seen more than one Pyrameis atalanta, L., half way across the Harbour say 24 to 3 miles from shore. The smaller Lycaenids may have been turned by the water and reversed their direction. The Lycaenids may have come down to the swampy places to drink and been going back to the Hills to roost and their presence amongst the Pierids in the morning a mere coincidence. I hardly think this is the true explanation, and I have never seen any Lycaenids engaged in drinking on the heath swamps. On the other hand, Mr. S. C. Scarsdale Brown tells me that he has seen A. coridon out on this heath before on more than one occasion, and both he and J have taken Aricia medon (astrarche, Bgst.) out there repeatedly, and this species is no more an inhabitant of the Dorset Heaths than A. coridon is. SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 189 It will be noted that the Geometer is not a heath species and it had travelled from the Chalk Down habitat to the totally unsuitable heath on the same path as the Lycaenids had taken. I came around the Harbour in a car to Studland and in the Wareham district at about 2.80 p.m. there were a number of the common ‘«« Whites,” which were more than the normal population. Wareham would be about ten miles due North of the place of Capt. Diver's observation. Coming from Bournemouth my road did not take to the Harbour shore at the most likely point for a Purbeck migration to land, and I did not notice many Pierids till within a mile of Wareham, nor were they noticeably numerous between Wareham and Studland, If this note be read and the places looked out on the geological survey map the suitability and otherwise of the habitats will be abundantly evident.—W. Parkinson Curtis, (F.R.E.S.), 14, Alington Road, Bournemouth. Srrance Frepinc Hapit or A Dipreron (DESMoMETOPA M-ATRUM, Me.).—On the morning of August 31st on the day following my arrival at Jaca, Spain, I noticed a ¢ green Mantid of a species rather smaller than Mantis religiosa, eating a worker honey bee which it had evidently caught as it was visiting a flower near by. I watched the Mantid feed on the thorax of the bee, making a ragged hole in the side with its jaws; and then to my surprise I saw a small fly settled on the under- side of the Mantid’s jaws, and another on the bee’s still struggling body. I repeatedly saw both these flies draw near to the edge of the wound in the bee’s thorax and apparently feed on the flesh of the insect while the Mantid was busy masticating its previous bite. A third fly appeared from somewhere and joined in the gaine while the Mantid seemed to take no notice of them whatever, even when they crawled over its legs and body. The observation was made at the end of my first morning’s hunt in a rich locality and I had only one rather small box left, so decided to attempt to box the bee from the Mantid’s claws together with the flies, if possible. My attempt resulted in the capture of only one fly with the bee, which by now had ceased to struggle. The other two however, did not fly away, but settled one on the box and the other on my hand. JI opened the lid very slightly —watching to see that my one captured fly did not escape—and one after the other they crept into the box to resume their interrupted meal. As they could no longer see the mangled corpse of the bee, they must have been led by some other sense to enter the box. I am sending on the three flies for identification and will keep a lookout for similar phenomena, which may be quite common, though this is the first time I have observed anything of the kind.—Wm. FassnipeE (M.A., F.R.E.S.) 47, Tennyson Rd., Southampton. [The flies have been kindly determined by Mr. J. EH. Collin as Desmometopa m-atrum, Mg. (fam. Agromyzidae). Mr. Collin gives a reference to a note by Mik (Wien. nt. Zeitschr. XVII., 1898, p. 146) describing how he found a number of the flies on a fresh killed worker in a spider’s web, and states that he has himself found the flies on dead bees. The presence of the Mantis in Mr. Fassnidge’s account would therefore appear to be quite fortuitous, merely providing the freshly killed bee.—K. G. Bra. | 140 ENTOMOLOGIS1?’S RECORD. 15.X.1983 Unusuau Bexaviour oF Larvar or Tortrrix virrpana, L.—When in Windsor Forest on May 6th last we noticed long cords of web reaching from the very tops of some high oak trees to the ground. We broke off one of these cords as high up as possible with a long beating stick, as a number of larvae were attached to each cord. Some of these larvae were taken to the British Museum where they bred out and proved to be Vortriw viridana, L. I understand that a single larva descends to the ground on a thread of web to pupate: but in this case there must have been hundreds of larvae on each cord, and I am told this kas not been observed before. It has been suggested that a number of threads might have been joined together by the wind, but it certainly did not look like that, and the cords descended singly from different parts of the trees.— Horace DonistHorpn, (F.Z.8., F.R.H.S.), British Museum (Natural History), 12.vii.33. (Similar behaviour was noted at Ashtead this May.—T.B.-F. and H.J,.T.] Short Notes on the Season. In an Evesham local paper we read of Manduca atropos pupae and larvae being found at Ashton-under-Hill, Offenham, Alderton and Bishops Cleeve. ‘There is a very creditable portrait of a moth in the above paper. With regard to the old haunt of Lycaena arion in the Cotswolds we quote from a correspondent’s letter ‘‘ There are some disgusting instances of over collecting by comparatively well-known people.” Mr. Routledge of Headsnook, Carlisle, writes, ‘‘ The collecting here has not been very good. Very few Noctuae at sugar. I generally have a good time in September and October.” Mr. H. Haynes of Salisbury writes, “I and my son-in-law have devoted most of our spare time to the ‘Blues.’ Polyommatus icarus (alewis) has been abundant in both broods. We took a very fine series, the best being a very fine obsoleta form as depicted in South’s ‘ Butterflies’ plt. 119, figure 5. It is a very good specimen, the best we have ever taken. We all had a nice range of Polyommatus thetis (adonis) including some good variations; this insect was in greater numbers than it had been for some years. P. coridon was plentiful but variation not so good as usual although we had a few good ones. The flight was soon over, practically by mid-August. This I attribute to the extreme heat which brought all the insects out at once. In past vears we have taken good varieties in mid-September. On the whole we had a good season. It was the first. time that we had paid strict attention to the ‘ Blues’ other than P. coridon and we were well repaid.” Capt. C. 9. Parsons of Torquay writes “A full fed larva of Deilephila galii was given me by a caddie on August 12th last, found on Brancaster golf course, Norfolk coast, where the Galium grows as it does at Deal. It pupated 2 days later.” Mr. P. Brodie of Sutton, Surrey reports a newly emerged Manduca atropos at Brancaster near King’s Lynn on Sept. 26th from a pupa dug up from a small potato patch. Also that on Oct. 10th near CURRENT NOTES. 141 Haslemere, a fresh dark form of Polygonia c-album was noted by him sitting on a michaelmas-daisy. Mr. G. S. Robertson (M.D.), Storrington, records the following Lepidoptera at light.—It may be of interest to record my captures last night at the electric light in my bungalow, as it was, to me at least, a very exceptional experience. There were threats of a thunder- storm in the sky, a warm S.W. wind, but very little, dry and a new moon. Between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. summer-time the following species were taken:—Cosmotriche potatoria, common, Leucoma chrysorrhoea (similis), Pterostoma palpina, Lophopterya camelina, MMilto- christa miniata, Lithosia griseola, common, Plusia gamma, Ulastents retusa, Leucania pallens, L. conigera, including very pale forms, Gonoptera libatrix, Ennomos alniaria (tiliaria), Selenia bilunaria the summer form tllunaria (juliaria), Hipparchus papilionaria, Ptychopoda aversata, Triphosa dubitata, Perizoma alchemillata, Hupithecia centaureata (oblonga), Chloroclystis coronata, Abraxas grossulariata, Aventia flewula 2, Pyralis costalis, EHindotricha flammealis, Pionea forficalis, Spilodes verticalis, Crambus culmellus, C. tristellus, C. latistrins, Aphomia sociella, Hypena proboscidalis, Rivula sericealis, several, Orneodes heaadactyla ( polydactyla), and Alucita pentadactyla.—25.vii.33. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Two meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford on Saturday, July 1st and Sunday, July 2nd, 1933. On the former date Prof. E. B. Poulton was in the Chair and on the latter Dr. Eltringham presided. Members present :—Mr. Robt. Adkin, Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Dr. Harry Eltringham, F.R.S., Mr. W.J. Kaye. Visitors present:—Mr. H. EH. Andrewes, Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., Mr. E. Bolton-King, Prof. G. D. Hale Carpenter, Dr. I’, A. Dixey, D.M., F.R.S., Mr. E. B. Ford, Dr. Karl Jordan, F.R.S., Sir Guy Marshall, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. C. J. Wainwright, Comm. J. J. Walker, Dr. C. A. Wiggins. On Saturday the party met at the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum, and were joined by many friends to tea. Dinner was served in the evening at Jesus College, where six of the party stayed for Saturday and five for Sunday night. On Sunday the party started in cars from the front of the University Museum for Bagley Wood, and had tea in the Forest Room by kind permission of St. John’s College. In beautiful weather the party spent a pleasant time in the wood. Many ‘‘ White Admirals”’ were seen and a few captured. They seemed to be unusually skittish and lively, and the familiar floating flight conspicuously absent. Dinner was served in the evening in College and a very interesting evening was spent. The party dispersed on Monday morning.— H.W.-E. We hope to be able to complete the Maurin article next month with detailed descriptions of special forms, and notes on a few par- ticular species, and also hope to be able to issue two further plates with it. The Annual Exhibition of the S. London Entomological and N.H.S. takes place on October 26th at their Meeting Room, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. It is important that all those intending to exhibit will notify me at 25, West Drive, Cheam, the amount of 142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1933 space they require, before Saturday, October 21st that it may be reserved, together with details of their exhibit suitable for record and publication in the Annual Proceedings. _ eae In recent months the study of Lepidoptera has had an unusual number of losses by death. J. de Joannis the great French micro- lepidopterist died at the age of 79; Ptngeler of Frankfurt-a-Main, a macro-lepidopterist of world-wide knowledge ; Vorbrodt who devoted himself to the Swiss fauna and was particularly interested in the Alpine distribution of the macros; Corti, than whom no one had a greater knowledge of the Agrotidae ; and Petersen who as traveller and collector, and student of the study of the genitalia had earned a lasting reputation, have all passed away. Vol. V. The Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc. Transactions is now in the Press and will contain we are informed a History of the Society, and sections dealing with Collecting at Light; the Neuroptera of Cumber- land, Westmoreland and Furness; Additions to the Lepidoptera Fauna of the district; the Ants, Bees and Wasps of Cumberland; Additions to the Coleoptera of Cumberland; with several articles on Birds and Mammals. Members of this Society may come and go, but our corres- pondents of long ago, Mr. G. B. Routledge and Mr. F. H. Day seem to go on for ever in their zeal for entomology and for their local Society. The Lepidopterology in the Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesel. Wien. 1982 consists of a Lepidoptera Fauna of the Oetztal by Moriz Kitt, and fifteen pages of Proceedings in which Hans Reisser recounts his holi- day in Spanish Morocco; Josef Nitsche, his experiences with light, etc., in the Carnic Alps; Dr. Zerny, his summer in the Lebanon ; Fritz Wagner, his fourth visit to Anatoha; and Fritz Preissecker, his recent experiences in field work in Lower Austria. Kitt also discusses the variation of Angerona prunaria with 6 figures, showing the form alpina. The full account of Dr. Zerny’s experiences in the Lebanon are printed in the current part of Jris. There is a plate of some 40 figures of new forms and species. The London Naturalist for 1982 contains the following items in entomology :—The Report of the Entomological Section for the year, shows that there were 5 meetings with nine field meetings, and 4 papers were read. Among the papers printed is an interesting and useful one on the “ Dragonflies of Epping Forest,” by E. B. Pinniger, and ‘ British Butterflies in 1932” by H. J. Burkill who annually collects items of interest on this topic. His remarks on Limenitis sibilla, Melanargia galathea, Aphantopus hyperantus, Agriades coridon and Urbicola comma are worth noting. Mr. Burkill also gives a series of notes for the year on various entomological topics, Butterflies and Birds, Larval Notes, Parasites, etc., and three pages of his annual report on Plant Gall records. FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Awnnuat Report or tae Hron Conuece Naturat History Soctery, 1932-3.—This well produced report contains an account of the Society’s activities, their indoor meetings with summaries of two lectures, visits REVIEWS 143 to the Zoological Gardens, collecting trips, and museum work. The subject with which we are immediately concerned received a considerable amount of attention by a small section in which our sometime corres- pondent Brig.-Gen. B..H. Cooke continues to take a real interest. For this year he has presented to the Museum a book compiled by himself on “ Collecting Lepidoptera on the Continent,” and has contributed to the Report an “Annotated List of the Lepidoptera from the Eton District.” One of the members had a moth trap working for the months of May and June and lists no less than 83 species obtained and containing several species not hitherto recorded for the district. In a note on the Season it is recorded that on April 80th at Chiddingfold 138 species of butterflies were reported and that 3 Odontosia carmelita were obtained near Ascot at the end of April. The Museum was enriched by a gift of a Collection of Huropean Butterflies contained in two cabinets and many boxes. A Collection of Indian Butterflies were also received. Of the 5 plates produced from members’ photographs, that of a Tiger’s head is particularly striking. The Report is a very interesting account of sterling educational work and method ably carried out.—Hy.J.T. Tue Suppremenr to Seitz Patagarcric Lepmoprtera.—Pts. 41 and 42 have just appeared. Part 41, Vol. II. contains two sheets of additions to the Palaearctic Psychidae by Dr. E. Wehrli. The views of Burrows on the inter-relationship of the Psychidae with other families are mentioned with a summary of his observations and those of Jones (America) and of Seiler are comprised in two folio pages of most interesting notes, a summary of much biological matter on a family, whose species are small, insignificant in appearance, generally rare and much neglected by the average entomologist. The British species dealt with are Acanthopsyche atra, Pachythelia villosella, Sterropterya hirsutella, Epichnopteryx pulla, Fumea casta (the work of Burrows, Chapman and Tutt is summarized) and F. crassiorella. On plate 14 there are 81 figures of the forms dealt with in the section Psychidae. Part 42, Vol. III., 8 sheets contains the conclusion of the notes on the genus Agrotis, which the much lamented Dr. Corti left, and the consideration of the additions to the genus Rhyacia, formerly a part of the huge genus Agrotis. The British species of the Mhyacia in this part are Rhyacia subrosea (8 forms), R. ylareosa (2 forms), R. margaritacea (4 forms), A. depuncta (4 forms), R. flammatra (8 forms), Li. stmulans (1 form), R. lucernea (8 forms), R. ashworthii, R. candelarwm (8 forms), R. saucia (4 forms), R. hyperborea (4 forms), R. dahlii (4 forms), Ri. festiva (2 forms), R. brunnea (2 forms), fh. baja (2 forms), A. c-niyrum (4 forms), R. ditrapziwn (2 forms), R. plecta (5 forms), R. xantho- gvapha (9 forms) and R. putris (1 form). To the student of Variation in the Noctuae this part is quite useful and necessary. At the same time as the receipt of the above, we received pts. 199, 200 of the Main Volume of the Fauna Indo-australica being 8 sheets and 8 plates of Vol. X., the conclusion of which is rapidly approaching. The Hepialidae of the area are dealt with by the late R. Pfitzner and by M. Gaede. There are three plates of figures of many of the extraordinary species of the tropical ‘ swifts.’—Hy.J.T. 144 ENLOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.X.1988 The Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina Vol. V., No. 24 contains the third part of the comprehensive Monograph of the Hespertidae of the country by our friend Capt. Hayward. In this portion the Pyrginae are dealt with, comprising 75 species of which 14 are new described with 3 new subspecies. ‘There are 14 black and white plates containing over 220 figures of imagines, venation and genital armature. Not only are the species illustrated, but numerous forms of each species are pictured. The matter is systematically presented and contains the summary of Capt. Hayward’s discoveries during the years he has been in the country as well as those of the Breyer brothers for many years past, and of other entomologists. Such a work as this is a stimulus to those taking up the study, gives them references for ready identification of captures, saves aN immense amount of time, so that the future students can the sooner commence to advance the knowledge of the biology of these beautiful creatures. Other articles in this number treat of (1) The Parasites of the Psychid, Oceticus kirbyi. (2) Notes on the Biology of Castnia archon. (3) The Systematic Position of the Moth, Mesoleuca bruchi. (4) The Variability of Dysdaemonia fostert, and (5) The Life- history of Avtomeris grammivora. All these are well illustrated with plates, figures and diagrams.—Hy.J.T. Report on Inseor Pests or Crops 1x Hneuanp anp Watss, 1928-31, Issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. (Price 1s. net. postage extra.)—This Bulletin No. 66, for which Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, the Director of the Plant Pathological Laboratory, is responsible has been compiled from the communications of the 14 Reporters, each of whom is responsible for one of the 14 Provinces into which England and Wales has been parcelled out for observation. ‘There is first an account of the developments in the Methods of Control of Pests during the Period. This is succeeded by details of recent Foreign Introductions. Then comes Particular Considerations of the Specific Pests of the Different Crops under Cereal Pests, Potato Pests, Grassland Pests, ete.; Fruit Pests, are considered at length. The Report concludes with a List of References to Papers published during the period on the subjects of the Report. A capital Index is appended. A concise and useful report.—Hy.J.T. A Note. The first volume of the Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae and their Varieties will be concluded next year. The later volumes of Tutt’s work were more complete than the first, and hence the additions will take less space. The following species will complete the volume. Chareas yraminis, Arorophyla australis, Luperina luteago, L. dumerilit, L. cespitis, L. testacea, L. gquenéeit, Grammesia trigrammica, Hydrilla palustris, Acosmetia caliyinosa, L. exigua, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C. ambigua, C. superstes, C, tarawici, and C. quadripanctata. If those interested in the Noctuae would go through their series and see the range of variation shown, locate this if possible, and if possible point out the extremes with any more or less definite intermediate form, and describe comparatively any striking aberration in marking from the usual registered and typical pattern it would be of great service to me. No one can work satisfactorily without help, and consultation with others. The ‘‘ others” at present are so extremely few that it suggests one is labouring in vain.—Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications 1pHNTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require I~nLUsrRATIoNS are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.—h. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuanars.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. lLittoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Urcrent.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in Kuropean Lepidoptera.n—B. C. 8. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Eglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sogfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. CuancE or Appress.—T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., to ‘ Rodhorough Fort,’’ Stroud, Glos. 8. G. Castle-Russell, to ‘‘ The Homestead,’’ Crawley, Winchester, Hants. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. October 18th, November Ist, 15th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. Oct. 26th Exhibition, Noy. 9th.—Hon. Secretury, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’’? Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. 9 @ Blackwood’s Magazine Subscribers both at Home and Abroad can have ‘ Blackwood’s Magazine’ sent by post monthly for 3Os. yearly, or 15s. for six months. WiLL1am BLAcKwoop & Sons Ltp., 37, Paternoster Row, London. 45, George Street, Edinburgh. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. H. B. Ashby, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, Rev. Canon Foster, Thos. Greer, Rev. G. Wheeler, D. G. Sevastopulo, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“« Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of IMelitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 —Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Cxptures at light —Aberdeenshire notes, ete., ete., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism AND Munanocnroism—Bibliovraphy—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VaRIATION (many) —How to breed {grotislunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidac—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus ZAyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanburgh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. ENTOMOLOGISTS RI | AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BeroHune-BakeEr, ¥.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By Henry J. TURNHR, F.R.4.S., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. CONTENTS A Butterfly Hunt in South Finland, Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S. (with 2 plts.) .. . The Early Stages of iach dace: D. @. Source. RB R.H.S. Paris and Mouthier (Doubs.) in Jule Aueusy: 1932, Lieut. E. B. ee Ist) De Sy VISAS a oe A Few of the Hen Described Fore of Specte ita occur in ihe British Isles ScIENTIFIC ar Uaaeadl ee of pies a Tortrix ae 0. Nicholson ; Tutt’s British Noctuae and their Varieties, C. Nicholson. . Norges on Contectinc.—Notes from Hast Tyrone, Thomas Greer; A Unique Variety of Arctia caja, J. W. Saunt, A.L.S. .. 5 CurRENT NotTEs Reviews.—A Fossicker in = unecle Hy. Tr. iadien Microlepidopters, Hy.J.T. 2 ae 154 154 165 SUPPLEMENTS. _British one Hy. I Turner, F, RI E.S., P. R.H.S. (297)- (304) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W, ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net). ys R. S. BAaGNaut, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonISTHORPE, ¥.Z.8., !.R.1.8. Matcoum Burr, D.sc., F.R.E.8. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.1.8. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. EB. A. Cockaynr, a.M., D.M., F.R.E.8., H. Ei. Paan, F.R.E.8. F.B.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.U.S. J. KH. Contin, J.P., ¥.R.E.8. Rev. G. WHErrLER, M-.A., F.R-6.S., ¥F.Z.8. ‘The Macro-Lepidoptera of the World’ (Dr. A. SEITZ.) 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Our New Catalogue of Apparatus, Cabinets, Books, Specimens, etc., sent immediately on request. The Wayside and Woodland Series. BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Editor of the * Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt, containing a coloured examp ’e of every species and many varieties also half-tone illustrations of eggs. caterp Ilars, food-plants, ete., revised nomenclature and index of scient fic names. 7/6 net. FREDERICK WARNE & GO... LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.G.2. ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET J. J.-H & SON; MANUFACTURERS, Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Insect Gabinets; also Gheap Storage Gabinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WitiEspEN 0309. A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOUTH FINLAND. 145 A Butterfly Hunt in South Finland. (With 2 plates.) By Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. (Concluded from page 132.) Early the following morning we started on our return journey to Helsingfors. It took us over twelve hours and the thermometer in the railway carriage rarely registered less than 92° Farh.; moreover only a little sloping piece at the top of the windows would open! Apart from this the trains are extraordinarily comfortable, but even the ‘‘ expresses ”’ are incredibly slow; a bicycle (not a motor-cycle) can normally almost keep up with them, as ] have several times seen when the road ran parallel with the railway. We arrived at Helsingfors in the evening, returning to the Grand Hotel, but did not go beyond the town the following morning, and in the afternoon after packing went on board the Arcturus for our return journey. The Wednesday was spent at Hango where the boat remained for 24 hours, but the weather was so bad that I did notland. Dr. and Mrs. Scott however did so, and during a short spell of sunshine found Hipparchia semele, Plebeius argus and P. aegon in numbers, as wellasa second specimen of Heodes virgaureae 3, the first having been taken at Ryomiala just at the end of our visit there. Two warnings occur to me. Tirstly it is quite useless to look in 8. Finland for really arctic species, and secondly it is well to divide one’s luggage among fairly light packages. There are no porters at the Finnish stations except Helsingfors and Viborg, even at Tammerfors there were none, and one has to manoeuvre one’s own luggage. Honesty is practically universal and it is quite safe to leave some packages on the platform while one puts others in the train. The following list comprises all the species we came across and includes (at his request) Dr. Scott’s captures as well as my own. In fact he was more successful than I was, partly because there were two nets to my one, and partly because he and Mrs. Scott were able to take one or two expeditions on which I was unable to accompany them. Carterocephalus silvins.—1 ¢ in one of the woods at Mouhijarvi. Hesperia alvens.—Two gs at Sylkynjarvi, very fresh. Augiades sylvanus—A few at Mouhijairvi, Sylkynjarvi and Savonlinna. Adopaea flava,—One only, not good enough to keep. Chrysophanus hippothoé.— gs rather worn, 9? s fresh, at Borga and Ryomalaé. One g has an antemarginal row of 5 black spots, up.s.h.w. ; the 2s vary greatly from the completely brown form (var. ewrybia ab. nigra) to bright copper ground with black spots. Heodes virgaureae.—2 gs only, one at Ryémala, the other at Hango, very fresh; they are small and seem to approach the northern race oranula. Rumicia phlaeas. —Only at Borga, vii.27, worn; very pale but bright. Nomiades semiargus.—At Borgo and Ryomala, gs rather small and dull, 2s unusually large. ellaiamronncines icarus.—Not common except at Ryomalai; generally large, 2s much varied, some being quite brown, others with bright 146 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X1.19383 blue on fore- and hindwing, in one specimen reaching as far as the orange-spotted border. P. amandus.—At Borga, common; a few, worn, at Ryomala and Savonlinna; 1 ? strongly suffused with blue. Aricia medon.—At Mouhijirvi, both at Rydméaléi and along the Tampere. road; very large, the largest ? being 82mm., the gs quite without orange up.s., the 9s with very small orange dots; one gS is striated, and one @? has nearly all the spots un.s.h.w. missing. Vaccintina vptilete-—By far the commonest Lycaenid if not the commonest butterfly met with, in fields and marshes, woods and road- sides ; they are larger than the alpine specimens, and about the same size as those from Hinterzarten in the Black |forest. Some of the 2s have a suspicion of orange up.s.h.w. Plebeius argus.—Taken in several places and common at Hango ; flying with 1’. aegon. They are generally slightly larger than alpine specimens, and Dr. Scott has one very large § measuring 32mm. Both gs and @s have a border of black spots, sometimes large, up.s.h.w., followed in the 9° by dull orange lunules, not very distinct. The gs have a narrow black border, the 9s a slight blue suffusion, indistinct as a rule, but one has bright blue on the disc of the f.w., and to the border of h.w.up.s. P. aegon.—At Mouhijarvi, Savonlinna, Sylkynjarvi and Hango; common at the latter place; small but larger than the alpine race, and even than the small race from Plouharnel in Brittany. The gs have a fairly broad black border, the orange spots of the @ are very small. The fact that the two species fly together points to the probability that Linnaeus regarded both as one species, which from other considerations seems almost certain. Papilio machaon.—One seen at Sylkynjarvi. Parnassius apollo.—Only taken at Savonlinna, but there not scarce. It is a very large race, the largest 2 measuring 104mm., but even the smallest gs look very large beside most other races; the ground colour is very white, and both red and black markings pronounced. Aporia crataegt. —Only seen from the train, but generally common in §. Finland. Pieris brassicae. —Not uncommon. P. rapae.—Very few and those in bad condition ; probably we were between broods. P.napi. Not uncommon, but few were fresh. This race approaches sub-sp. britannica from Scotland and Ireland but is not nearly so fine. It is not very far removed from the specimens | took at Rognan in Lapland five years ago, but larger, the latter being small. Huchloé cardamines.—At Ryomila, mostly very worn, though only 3s were seen, rather large and lightly coloured. Leptosta sinapis—A few, worn, at Ryémala and Abhvenusjarvi ; quite typical. Colias palaeno.—Not uncommon at Ahvenusjiarvi and Sylkynjarvi ; apparently confined to the marshes. The gs are rather small and pale in tint, with rather narrow border; the ¢@s larger, white, with broader border; the former are unlike any other race that I know. Argynnis aglaia.—At several places, not uncommon at Savonlinna, but wild and difficult to catch. All those taken were small, ¢ 58mm., @ 56mm. of the ab. nana, which here seems racial. A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOUTH FINLAND. 147 A. niobe.— Just coming out at Savonlinna and Punkahurju ; rather small, but rather heavily marked un.s. Issoria lathonia.—At Mouhijirvi ; large and bright. Brenthis euphrosyne.—At most places visited, but nearly over ; small and dark, approaching and sometimes reaching the form /ingal. The antemarginal spots un.s.h.w. very pronounced, giving a distinct look of B. aphirape. B. selene.—Abundant everywhere; generally rather small. Many specimens from the railway bank at Savonlinna tiny; one ¢g only 32mm. On one of the islands at Savonlinna Dr. Scott took a g with a broad black central band up.s.f.w., and at the same place on a subsequent day I took a 2 with pale clay-coloured ground up. and un.s., very fresh. B, aphirape race ossianus.—In the marsh at Sylkynjirvi, and the moss at Ahvenusjiirvi, but worn in both places, and not common. The specimens are rather larger and slightly duller than those from Lapland. B, arsilache.—Abundant in the marshes; rather smaller than the Belgian specimens from Hockai, but generally larger than the Swiss specimens from the Engadine; the 9 s also lighter than the last named, and also than those from Hinterzarten in the Black Forest. The undersides from all localities vary very little. B. ino.—Not common, but occurring in damp spots in most localities ; rather below average size and rather light in colour, esp. the @s.; the amount of purple un.s.h.w. varies a good deal in different specimens. Melitaea maturna.—Only at Savonlinna; one 9 is very bright, but all the other specimens are rather worn. The g's are of the wralensis form, the light bands up.s. being almost white; this is also the case with one of the ¢@s. Only a few specimens were seen, and the race, as a whole, may be taken to be wralensis. M. athalia.—Not uncommon, especially at Ryomali; except for one @ with rather obsolete markings up.s., the specimens are quite typical. M. dictynna.—Dr. Scott took one ¢ at Mouhijirvi, with very dark sround colour, but with the antemarginal spots up.s.h.w., and some of those on f.w. nearly white; only one other specimen was seen. Aylais urticae.—Only a few, and with no tendency towards the polaris form. Polygonia c-album.—One very worn specimen at Mouhijarvi. 2 Limenitis populi. Probably one @ at Sylkynjarvi. Pararge maera.—Very abundant everywhere; gs with very little rust-colour up.s.f.w. some being of the monotonia form. One very small 9, 40mm., from Hango, The un.s. very strongly marked in all specimens. P. hiera.—A few at Mouhijarvi and Punkaharju, but too worn to keep; said to be very common in I'inland. P. aeyeria race egerides.— Very few at Mouhijirvi, and quite worn out. P. achine.— One small g at Borga, which unfortunately met with an accident and was spoilt. Aphantopus hyperantus.— Just coming out at Borga, abundant at Ryémila and elsewhere around Mouhijirvi, also at Sylkynjarvi; very fresh, but of small size. 148 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X1.19383 Coenonympha iphis—Abundant at Borga, and common at Ryomala and Ahvenusjirvi; of average size, the eye-spots un.s.h.w. varying in size especially in the ¢. CO. pamphilus.—Not very common, rather worn, and pale in colour. QO. tiphon.—A few at the edge of the lake at Ahvenusjiirvi; small, without spots up.s., spots on f.w.un.s. very small, two at anal angle of h.w. very small but pupilled, the other four being merely white dots :— a very poor form. Epinephele jurtina.—Just coming out at Hango ; only one ¢ taken ; small, 42mm., the orange suffusion f.w.up.s. rather small and light in colour. Hipparchia semele—Only at Hango, but abundant there and very fresh; rather small, but with dark un.s., strongly marked :—a very handsome race. Krebia ligea.—A few just coming out in the wood at Rydmiala ; smaller than the average, 48mm., very dark up.s. with only two, or sometimes three, eyespots up.f.w., and very little white on un.s.h.w. Norr.—All measurements are taken from centre of thorax to tip of f.w. x 2. the Early Stages of Indian Lepidoptera. By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.B.E.S. (Continued from p. 138.) Catopsilia crocale, Cr. Moore, Lep. Ceyl. I. 122, plt. 48, figs. 1, 1a and 1b (1881). Bell, Jv. Bomb. N.H.S . 570 (1897). Typical Pierid larva. Head green with minute black dots. Skin of the body very rough, green with minute black dots. A white spiracular line, above which is a black dotted one and below an olive green stripe. Ventral surface whitish green. ' Pupa boat-shaped with the thorax slightly keeled and the head produced to a point. Two colour forms. The one apple-green with a yellow line on the thoracic keel and another lateral one running from the head along the dorsal edge of the wing-case to the tail. The other form grey-green, a dark brown dorsal line and a pale lateral one. The wing cases and the side of abdomen suffused with dark brown striae. Suspended by a girdle and tail pad. Foodplant.— Cassia sp. Described from two full fed larvae found in Calcutta 7.ix.31, pupated 9.1x.31 and two females emerged 14.ix.31. Seitz described the pupa as having black tubercles. Terias hecabe, Li., hecabe. Moore, Lep. Ceyl. I. 118, plt. 45, figs. 1, la-1e (1881). Bell, Jr. Bomb. N.H.S. X. 570, plt. 6, figs. 5, 5a (1897). Typical Pierid larva, green with a white spiracular line. The skin rough. Pupa with thorax slightly keeled. Very variable incolour. Some grass green with a dorsal line and a black spot at the base of the wing cases ; others have in addition a square black subdorsal spot on the THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 149 2nd abdominal somite and others again have the wing cases more or less suffused with black and black lateral suffusion. Foodplant.—Cassia sp. Described from a batch of nine full fed larvae found in Calcutta 17.x.31, pupated 19.x.31 and five males and four females emerged 24.x.31. Seitz states that the larva has a large black head, this was not the case with my specimens. Pareronta valeria, Cram., ssp. hippia, F. Bell, Jr. Bomb. N.H.S. X. (1897). Typical Pierid larva, bright green with a pale dorsal line. Legs pinkish. A lateral fawn coloured blotch of granular appearance on the 4th and 11th somites. A series of oblique dark lateral lines from the 5th to the 10th somite. Anal plate projecting and slightly forked. Pupa compressed laterally. Wing-cases very large. The head produced into a beak forming an almost unbroken curve with the dorsum. Colour whitish green with a dark dorsal and pale lateral line. 2nd abdominal somite with a pair of small black dots. Wing cases with a red central and a series of white submarginal spots. Foodplant.—Capparis sp. Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 10.1.81, pupated 12.1.31 and a female emerged 22.1.31. Seitz describes the larva as being green but mentions no markings. He compares the shape of dorsal distal margin of the pupa to that of an enormous sun helmet. DanarpDak. Danais chrysippus, Li. Moore, Lep. Ind. I. plt. 8, p. 36 (1890). Head grey with two black rings. Ground colour grey, 1st to 11th somites each with a black transverse central stripe and a black line on each side. ‘The 2nd to 11th somites each with a pair of subdorsal elongate yellow spots. 12th somite with a transverse yellow stripe edged with black. 2nd, 5th, and 11th somites with a pair of subdorsal black filaments, those on the 2nd longest and pointing forward, the base of the pair on the 5th somite reddish. A yellow lateral stripe. Legs black. Claspers black banded with grey. Anal plate black. Veutral surface blackish with a few grey dots. Two pupal forms, the one blue-green, the other pinkish-buff. Both with a golden spot on the eye, one in the middle of the wing case, one at its base and two near the lateral edge of the meta-thorax. The abdomen with a dentate ridge on the 4th somite, black anteriorly and gold posteriorly. Cremaster black. Suspended by the tail from any suitable support. ‘The green form is usually found among leaves, the buff form in other situations. Foodplant.—‘* Ak” (Calotropis procera). Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 27.x.81, pupated 29.x.31 and a male emerged 6.xi.31. Seitz mentions a wax-yellow pupal form, but I have never seen it. (To be continued) 150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1933 Paris and Mouthier (Doubs.) in July-August, 1932. By Linur. HE. B. ASHBY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. (Concluded from page 123.) August 10th.—This morning I again walked up to “Le Moine.” It is important to start this walk early, as there is but little shade on the way up until the woods are reached. A small image of the Blessed Virgin in a small natural grotto with the date 1915, on the right of the path through the woods, and opposite to the first clearing mentioned under July 29th, will serve to clinch this walk for those who may come after me. To-day I walked far up, past the second clearing on right, and beyond the woods; past the small farm house on left, and straight along the flat, keeping to the only track. Where this divides, I took the right fork leading through a delightful uncut mountain meadow in the fir zone, above which several buzzards hovered. I was told at Mouthiers that these birds frequent these crags as far as Pontarlier. When the path narrowed I stopped and rested under the shade of the pines owing to the great heat. Otherwise I should have followed the path, which I feel sure would shortly have brought me out into the Longeville Road and the presence of Apatura iris, though I had already seen it in small number on all the high ground. During the whole day I took a specimen of the Hymenopteron Lissonotus nigripes, H.-S.; 2 males of A. iris; 1 male of Heodes virgaureae (worn); I also saw but did not succeed in taking a fresh male of Chrysophanus hippothoé. Perhaps the most interesting insect I got was a female of Aryynnis niobe with increased tendency to black markings on the upper wings. This beautiful dark form I have never found common anywhere so far. In the forest on the way back I dis- turbed and boxed a specimen of Necrophorus mortuorum as this beetle was feasting on a small carcass, and I took a specimen of the beautiful purple beetle Chrysomela luctuosa and also one of Leptura melanura, K., and the moth Eubolia limitata completed the interesting features of to-day’s catch. August 11th.—This afternoon I walked along the Pontarlier road, and some way on after passing under the Cascade on left, and not long after the path marked Source de Pontet (on right) is passed, there was an entrance to a large field still uncut on left. During this walk Krebia aethiops, var. violacea, Wh. was very abundant; I also took the moth Callimorpha quadripunctaria (hera); the butterfly 18) eana, Hucosma ae as so 10h) canaria (lychnidis ab.), Amathes.. 159 Caneophora .. 17 canidia, Pieris 59 capsincola, Dianthoecia 24 capsophila, Dianthoecia 14 captiuncula, Oligia, Miana 122 carbonaria, Isturga.. 12 ardamines! Euehlos 29, “93, 94, 130, 146, 152, 154, 159, 160 cardui, Pyrameis 34, 44, 46, 53. 109, 127, 180, 138, 152, 154, 165 carelius (apollo r.), Parnassius 159 carmelita, Odontosia, Lophopteryx 143, 160 earniolica, Zygaena 122, 15 carpophaga, Dianthoecia 14! cashmirensis (urticae ssp.), Aglais 125 cassiope (epiphron ssp.), Hrebia 2 castaneae (arundinis), Phragma- taecia 54, 55, 128, 169 caudana, Teras : 102 cebrene (oenone 7.), Precis 113 Celerio iD celtis, Libythea oe pie). 25 centum-notata (truncata ab.), Dysstroma eecr 25) ceto, Erebia .. 2 chaonia, Drymonia. . 96 charlonia, EKuchloé .. = oo (CS chenopodiata (limitata), Ortholitha 101, 150 chi, Polia ee 82, 109 chinensis (urticae ssp. ), Aglais 124, 125 chlorea, Sphingomorpha 113 chlorodippe (cydippe av.), Argynnis 124 christyi, Oporinia 47 chrysidiformis, Synanthedon 169 chrysippus, Danais. oo ally) chrysitis, Plusia “52, 100, 101 Chrysoclista . 89, 90 cinerea, Agrotis so JY cingilella, Elachista 86 cinxia, Melitaea 158 desfontainii, Melitaea PAGE clanis =isarica : : Se pe clara =achasis (ino, ssp.), Brenthis 92, 93 clarens (adippe r.), Argynnis 109 cleanthe, Melanargia 75 cleobule, Gonepteryx 59 cleopatra, Gonepteryx 59 clytia, Papilio 137 c-nigrum, Noctua 43, 44, 100 cognata, Thera 82, 101 Colias F 49, 50, 138 comes, Triphaena .. 100 comma, Urbicola 3 do le!) comma-notata (rpnenta ab.), Dysstroma .. 48 concomitella, Lithocolletis. . 95 connexa (urticae ssp.), Aglais 125 conspicillaris, Xylomiges op 16Y constancella, Psyche 49, 51 _contigua, Mamestra xe fo LOG convolvuli, Herse 34) 113) 154 coreana (argus r.), Plebeius 124 coridon, Agriades 3, 120, 121, 122, 132, 138, 140, 142, 151, 157, 158, 159, 160 corticana, Hucosma a a, LOZ corydonius (coridon ab.), Agriades 158 coryli, Demas -. 100 cosmodactyla, Amblyptilia. . .- 102 Cosmopterygidae co © &KD) Cossidae 128, 168, 169 costalis, Mesographa 106 costella, Plutella 103 crabroniformis, Sphecia .. 168 Crambidae .. 35, 76 crassipuncta (thetis ab. ) Agriades.. 158 crataegi, Aporia 76, 146 crinanensis, Hydroecia 37, "38, 82, 100 cristana, Peronea nt .. 160 crocale, Catopsilia a .. 148 croceus (edusa), Colias 34, 44, 46, 52, 59, 127, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 165, 166 cruciana, Kucosma .. aa .. 102 cucubali, Dianthoecia 94 cuprea, Epipsilia : na) Be cursoria, Agrotis .. mie &2, 100 curtula, Pygaera.. : 83, 157 cydippe —adippe, Argynnis 120 cypricola, EKpinephele 124 dabanensis, Erebia .. 23 dahlii, Noctua A 100 damon, Polyommatus oo LAO) daphne, Argynnis 106, 107 daplidice, Pontia .. 46 dardanus, Papilio 158 decentrella, Nepticula 157 decora, Huxoa 33 delius = phoebus 16 demodocus, Papilio .. 113 deplana, Lithosia 160 depressa=deplana . .. 160 derasa, Abrosyne 127, 128 SPECIAL INDEX. designata, Ochyria, Coremia 43, dia, Brenthis a ae Diacrisia : as a dictynna =ino, Rott. oo tly BPs, didyma=secalis .. ve 744; didyma, Apamea 44, didyma, Melitaea 92, 120, didymata, Calostigia diffluata(papilionariaab.), Geometra digitata (thetis a.), see Dilobiidae .. 9 diluta, Polyploca discoidalis-nulla Agriades o dissimilis (clytia ssp. ) Papilio dorilis, Heodes, Loweia .. 3, dorylas (hylas), Polyommatus 8, Drepanidae . a 60 dromedarius, Notodonta . 83, 96, dromus (tyndarus ab.), Erebia dryas, Hipparchia dubitata, Triphosa .. ie duplaris, Palimipsestis 128, edusa = croceus ai sonal ala efformata, Anaitis ic ae egerides (aegeria ssp.), Pararge 25, 62, 123, (thetis ab.), 150, electo, Colias.. ; elegans, Lycophotia elinguaria, Crocallis elongella, Gracillaria elpenor, Humorpha . 6 a0 emiflorens (lathonia r.), Issoria, Argynnis 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, emilocuples (aglaia r.), Argynnis .. Kois : 50 epaphus, Parnassius ephialtes, Zygaena .. Epichnopterix Epinephelidi. . epiphron, Erebia a eporedia (ino r.), Argynnis Hrebiidae : ericetaria (plumaria), Selidosema 47, erilda (ino r.), Argynnis .. 92, erinnys (gorge ab.), Krebia eriphile, Krebia eris (niobe f.), Argynnis it 91, 120, 121, eros, Polyommatus .. as esmeralda (moneta ab.), Plusin EKuchloris Kugonia Er 60 axe Kupithecia .. 50, euphrosyne, Brenthis 130, 131, 147, Hurois euryale, Erebia ; eurybia (bippothoé Fy phanus .. evagete (nerissa ssp. i Hupbina exclamationis, Agrotis exiguella, Tinea .. a expolita (captiuncula r.). Oligia fagata, Operophtera Chryso- 150, v. PAGE fagi, Stauropus .. 160 faleataria, Drepana.. 29, 85 fasciata (fagata ab.), ‘Operophtera_ 159 fasciata (niobe ab.), Argynnis 108 fasciata (pharte ab.), Erebia 2 fenestrella =lactella. . 16 ferrugalis, Scopula .. 43 ferrugana, Peronea .. ie .. 102 ferrugata (unidentaria), Coremia.. 121 festai PE ocnees ae nue f.), Parnas- slus. oe lG festucae, Plusia 25 fibrosa (leucostigma f. ), Apamea 82, 100 ficklini (barrettii f-), Dianthoecia 159 fieldii, Colias : ae So.) filipendulae, Zygaena 96, 120 fimbria, Triphaena . 60 .. 160 fingal (euphrosyne f.), Brenthis 147 fissipuncta (ypsilon), Dyschorista 153 flava (thaumas), Adopaea .. 122, 145 flavago=lutea, Xanthia .. 101 flavescens (perla ab.), Metachrostis 159 flavescens (piniaria f.), Bupalus .. 27 flavicornis, Polyploca 128 flaviventris, Synanthedon .. 168 flexula, Aventia a go G0) florens (lathonia r.), Issoria 56, 58, , 67, 109 fluctuata, Xanthorhoé 101 fluctuosa, Palimpsestis 128 fluviata =obstipata .. 169 fosteri, Dysdaemonia 144 fowleri (coridon ab.), Agriades 160 **fruhstorferi (pronoé ssp.), Hrebia 41 fuliginaria, Parascotia .. 158 fulva, Tapinostola 101 Fumea, idae (Fumaria) 17 furcata (sordidata), Hydriomena .. 101 furcula, Cerura 96 furvata = lignicolor, Gnophos . 121 fuscata(abruptariaab.), Hemerophila 157 fuscus = pterodactyla By a2 galathea, Melanargia 46, 85, 122, 142 galiata, Xanthorhoé : oo Oil galii, Deilephila ... O6 .. 140 gamma, Plusia 12, 33, 34, 43, 44, 122, 127, 165 geminipuncta, Nonagria co BIT generator (pales ssp.), Brenthis 93 geniculeus, Crambus 2 LO? Geometridae. . ee 50, 101 gerningana, Amphisa bo Jy gigantellus, Schoenobius .. 110 glacialis=oreas, Krebia 22, 167 clareosa, Noctua .. 100 glauca, Mamestra 50 mie lor) goante, Erebia aa -. 34 gonodactyla, Platyptilia 102 gorge, Hrebia oe 2 gorgophone, Erebia .. Be 23 graeca (pales r.), Brenthis.. 60 graminis, Charaeas.. 100 grammivora, Automeris 144 griseola, Lithosia 24 vi. SPECIAL PAGE gularis, Aphomia 158, 160 gysseleniella, Cedestis .. 160 hahneli, Papilio . . 155 haliphron, Ornithoptera 155 hastata, Eulype 101 hastiana, Peronea 102 hecabe, Terias 148 hecate, Argynnis 92 hecta, Hepialus 5 56 oo JY) helice (croceus f.), Colias 52, 155, 158, 160 hellerella=atra 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 heparana, Tortrix 102 Hepialidae 143, 168, 169 herbida=prasina 12 hermione, Satyrus .. 120, 122 Hesperiidae .. 94, 144 hiera, Pararge 132, 147 himalayensis, Parnassius .. 59, 125 hippia (valeria ssp.), Pareronia 149 hippothoé, Chrysophanus, Heodes 3, 130, 145, 150 hirsutella, Sterrhopteryx 143 hirtaria, Lycia 160 hispidaria, Apocheima 06 56 CO hispulla (jurtina ssp.), Epinephele 125, 153 hiibnerella, Chelaria LOS humuli, Hepialus as oo GY hutchinsonii Cee f.),Polygonia 126 hyale, Colias.. .110, 151, 157, 160 Hyalina 17 Hybernia = Erannis.. ; oo. alate! hylas=dorylas oc 3, 121 hyperantus, Aphantopus - 53, 84, 122, 130, 181, 142, 147, 158, 159, 161 icarus, Polyommatus Si le), GIB, 140, 145, 157, 158, 159, 160 ichneumoniformis, Dipsosphecia .. 169 ichnusa (urticae ssp.), Aglais 124, 125 ida, Epinephele ae 55 NOE ilia, Apatura.. 84, 123 ilicis, Strymon ‘ a8 50° LAD immaculata (rubi ab.), Callophrys 44 impura, Leucania at 101 incarnatana, Notocelia : 102 infuscata (monoglypha ab. eh Xylo- phasia 159 ino, Rott. —dictynna, ‘Schiff, fe Argynnis, Brenthis 91, 92, 93, 107, 121, 129, 130, 147 interrogationis, Plusia emo io, Vanessa PA, PAD, Ge, JAS,” iby! iphis, Coenonympha 120, 121, 129, 131, 148 iris, Apatura 47, 121, 122, 131, 150, 151, 160 isarica (euryale f.), Krebia 2 issaea (lathonia ssp.), Issoria 58, 59, 60 itysalis, Hapalia 106 jacobaeae, Hipocrita 100 janiroides, Epinephele 124 janthina, Triphaena : 100 japygia (daphne r.), Argynnis 107 INDEX. jasius, Charaxes .. axe O00 jenischi (affinitata ab.), Cidaria .. johni (cardui ab.), Pyrameis juniperata, Thera : Junonia no O06 50 ot jurtina, Epinephele 44, 45, 124, 125, 148, kahri, Oreopsyche . 20 Sb kirbyi, Oeceticus oo lacertinaria, Drepana 29, lactella, Endrosis (not lacteella) 50 ladakensis (urticae r.), eae l-album, Leucania .. Be ST AGI (dabanensis ab.), Erebia lanceolata (hyperantas ab. ), ‘Aphan- topus 20 é so dsyeh, lappona, Erebia F : lapponaria, Nyssia, Poecilopis laranda (niobe f.), Argyanis Larentia ae ae 00 Lasiocampidae lathonia, Issoria, Argynnis 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 107, 130, laticornis, Basiothia a latruncula, Miana .. lavinia, Junonia lenningiaria, Cosymbia leucographa, Pachnobia leucostigma, Apamea, Helotr ophas?, levana, Araschnia .. 122, libatrix, Scoliopteryx 56 lichenea, Epunda .. ane ligea, Sielkin Y. UPD), NA 122, 130, lignea, Blastobasis j me lignicolor, Gnophos ligniperda, Cossus .. limitata =chenopodiata lineata, Celerio literosa, Miana livornica, Phryxus (Celerio) lonicerae, Zygaena .. loriolella, Xunthospilopteryx lorquinii, Cupido lucens, Hydroecia lucernea, Agrotis lupinus, Epinephele lurideola, Lithosia . lutarella, Lithosia .. luteago, Dianthoecia luteolata, Opisthograptis lutulenta, Epunda .. Lycaenidae lycaon, Epinephele . . . lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes . machaon, Papilio 47, 110, 122, 131, 146, 151, maculosana, Phtheochroa . 101, 47, 37, "38, 82, 113, maera, Pararge 129, 130, 131, 147, **magisnigrata (lathonia Po))c Issoria 58, majuscula (saucia ab. ), Agrotis manni, Pieris Oc manto, Erebia a0 mayraschi (jurtina r.), Epinephele SPECIAL PAGE margaritellus, Crambus . 102 marginaria, Hrannis oo alii) maritima, Senta 54, 158 matura, Cerigo 60 50) JK00) maturna, Melitaea .. 131, 132, 147 maura, Mania no as 55 4 **maximemaculosa (lathonia f.), Issoria . 3d8 **mediterranea (aethiopellus ssp.), Krebia 23 medon (astrarche), Aricias 3, 95, 121, 130, 138, 146 megacephala, Acronicta 50 Alii megera, Pararge : 46, 52 melaleuca (conspicillaris ab.), Xylomiges.. c .. 152 melanopa, Anarta 157 melanops, Glaucopsyche 46 melampus, Hrebia .. 60s iB meliloti, Zygaena a3 47, 120 Melitaea 46, 47, 95, 167 menelaus, Morpho .. : oo al{sti) menyanthidis, Acronicta 157 Metalkana, Rhyparia ome miata, Cidaria 263) 27, micacea, Hydroecia. . 6 JO, Tay **microtitania (amathusia f.), Brenthis 20 : oo wl milberti, Aglais 125, 126 minima, Cupido so 56 minima (lonicerae ab.), Zygaena.. 47 minor (machaon ab.), Papilio 110 minor (pamphilus ab.), Coeno- nympha o0 $0 158 minor (thetis ab.), Agriades 158 moeniata, Ortholitha 122 monacha, Psilura ae 24 moncaunella, Pyropsyche .. lS moneta, Plusia ; 81, 100 monoglypha, Xylophasia oo JG) monotonia (maera ab.), Pararge .. 147 montana, (dorilis r.), Heodes hist} morpheus , Heteropterus 84, 85 multistrigaria, Calostigia .. so 4B} mundana, Nudaria . 235 24: myopaeformis, Synanthedon .. 168 myricae, Acronicta . og Jair myrtillata, Gnophos | 82, 101 naevana, Acroclita .. 3 e- 102 nana (aglaia ab.), Argynnis 146 napaeae (napif.), Pieris .. 3 napi, Pieris 3, 29, 53, 110, 130, 146 nelamus (epiphron a ab. 2) Hrebia 2 Nepticula On 110 nerissa, Huphina .. 36 .. 138 nictitans =oculea, Hydroecia 37, 38,47, 77 nigra (hippothoé ab.), Chryso- phanus 145 nigra (vestigialis ab. Agrotis 55 nigrescens (sparganiiab.), Nonagria 30 **nigriorattenuata (lathonia f.), Issoria : oe 58, 59 nigrocincta (maritima ab.), Senta 158 nigrocosta (saucia ab.), Agrotis 55 INDEX. vii. PAGE **nigroprivata (lathonia f.), Issoria 7,58, 59 nigropunctata (strigilaria), Acidalia 121 nikator (daphne r.), Argynnis 106, 107 niobe, Argynnis 59, 107, 108, 120, 121, 132, 147, 151, 150 nisella, Hucosma ue 102 nixa (urticae r.), Aglais 125 nobiliaria, Entephria de oo) (as Noctuae, idae 50, 98, 157, 167 noctuella, Nomophila 33, 34, 43, 165 nurag, Ejpinephele .. 124 obscura (arion r.), Lycaena eens obscurata, Gnophos 54 obsoleta, Heliothis . 47 obsoleta (coridon ab.), Agriades 158 obsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 140 obsoleta (selene ab.), Brenthis 95 obsoleta (thetis ab.), Agriades 158 obstipata Gata) Nycterosea, Orthonama o6 36 >. 169 obtusa (urticae ab.), Aglais 125 occidentalis (cydippe r.), Argynnis 124 occidentalis (transalpina Polo Zygaena .. 5.0 20 -. 120 occulta, Aplecta ve 157 ocellaris, Mellinia 160 ocellaris (euryale ab.), Erebia .. 2 ocellata, Lyncometra 43 ochraceella, Laverna So. Sit ochroleuca, Kremobia ; 24, 151 ochrolenca (daphne r.), Argynnis.. 107 ocularis=octogesima, Palimpsestis 128 oculea (nictitans), Hydroecia 77 oenone, Precis me 113 oleagina, Valeria 47 onosmella., Coleophora 160 opacella=atra og 60 og. dlis} opima (urticae 7r.), Aglais 123, 124, 125 optilete, Polyommatus, Vacciniina 3, 130, 131, 146 or, Palimpsestis A 83, 128 oranula (virgaureae r.), Heodes 145 orbitulus, Plebeius, Latiorina eee 94A3 **oreas=glacialis, Krebia .. 22 orellana, Papilio 155 orichalcea, Phytometra 113 orientalis (niobe f.), Argynnis 59 orithyia, Junonia 50 126 Ortholitha 169 osseana, Cnephasia.. O° se lO2 ossianus (aphirape r. ‘; Brenthis129, 131, 147, 160 ottomana, Erebia 40, 41 Oxynetra a ane 60) Ch: Pachythelia .. G0 o0 pisces Le palaeno, Colias ste 130, 131, 146 pales, Brenthis ; ..09, 94, 130 pallescens (cydippe ab.), Argynnis 124 pallescentella, Tinea 50 60 AG pallida (pisi a>.), Hadena .. .. 159 pallida (thetis ab.), Polyommatus 158, 159 pallifrons, Lithosia .. .. 44 paludis, Hydroecia .. 23, 37 , sed vill. SPECIAL PAGE palumbella, Salebria 47 palustris, Rhyparia .. 15 pamphilus, Coenonympha 130, 148, 158 pandalis, Microstega 160 pandora, Dryas c 2 46, 125 paphia, Dryas 44, 53, 109, HOE. TW} papilionaria, Geometra, Hipparchus 152 Papilionidae .. is ae so RY paradisiacus (phoebus f.), Par- nassius.. so UG pariana, Simaethis, “Anthophila .. 102 parthenoides (parthenie), Melitaea 57 pasiphaé, Epinephele -. 46 pavonia, Saturnia at 83, 158 pekinensis (didyma ssp.), Melitaea 124 pellionella, Tinea .. ate aes el peltigera, Heliothis... 61, 62, 99, 160 pendularia, Ephyra, Cosymbia 157 penkleriana, Hucosma é -. 102 perfuscata (truncata f.), Dysstroma , 44 Pericopidae =: Callimorphidae 155 perla, Metachrostis, Bryophila 159 perlinaghia (iris ssp.), eps 47 Phaloniidae .. 36 110 pharte, Erebia ae 2 pheretes, Polyommatus, Albulina. . 3 phlaeas, Rumicia 3, 26, 46, 53, 75, 130, 145, 158, 159 phoebus (delius), Parnassius 16 phryxa (adippe =cydippe r.), Argynnis .. 3t bc -. 108 Phyciodes ae ee sion lo Pieris, idae 29, 50, 95, 113, 138 pigra, Pygaera Ee ca GR pinastri, Hyloicus 160 pinetellus, Crambus 121 pinguis (niobe r.), Argynnis 108 piniaria, Bupalus 27 pisi, Hadena.. ° 159 pistacina =lychnidis 50 Ua) plagiata, Anaitis 43, 101 plumaria, Selidosema s6 102 plumigera, Ptilophora 96 plusiaria, Huchloris.. 110 pluto, Erebia 5 22 podalirius, Papilio .. 151 podana, Tortrix : cit co 1M) polychloros, Hugonia 120, 122, 151 polycommata, Peponhares Nothop- teryx 157 populi, Amorpha 83, 160 populi, Limenitis 131, 147 populi, Peecilocampa 157 poseidon, Ornithoptera .. 160 **postlathonia (lathonia f.), Issoria 57, 58, postvittana, Tortrix, Cacoecia 165, 166 potatoria, Cosmotriche 157, 160 praecox, Agrotis .. ais 82, 100 praegalliensis, Hapalia 7 06 **praenikator (daphne r.), Argynnis 107 pralognana (amathusiar.), Brenthis 91 prasina (herbida), Hurois, Aplecta 12 Precis.. oC 6c 5¢ -. 126 INDEX. PAGE proboscidalis, Hypena 101 promissa, Catocala . 160 pronoé, Hrebia Baie iil pronuba, Triphaena 25, 100 pronubana, Cacoecia 164 prorsa (levana /.), Araschnia 122, 123, 150 pruinata, Pseudoterpna 151 prunaria, Angerona.. 142 pruni, Strymon 160 pseudathalia, Melitaea .. 167 pseudonomion (apollo f.), Parnas- sius 120 pseudospretella, Borkhausenia - 1G Psyche, idae 17, 18, 19, 49, 50, 143, 168 pterodactyla, Stenoptilia 102 Ptychopoda = Sterrha .. 169 pudibunda, Dasychira 42, 157 pulchrina, Plusia SO pumilata, Kupithecia ¢ co ll punctivittellus © (gigantellus ab.), Schoenobius ; oc so iil) purpuralis, Zygaena 14, 169 purpurisata (advena ab.), Mamestra 30 pusillata, Hupithecia 27 pustulata, Phorodesma 157 puta, Agrotis 96 putripennella, Elachista 87, 88, 89, 90 pygmaeola, Lithosia 44 Pyralidae 35 pyramidea, Amphipyra 157 pyrenaeella, Gracillaria .. 158 Pyrginae 0 oc 94, 144 pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera ae) GY) pyvitoides=derasa .. 127, 128 Pyrrhopyge, inae, .. ae Sect pyrrhula (manto ab.), Krebia 2 quadrangularis, Amicta so le quadripunctaria (hera), Calli- morpha . ; 150, 151 quadripunctata, Caradrina oe OU querctis, Lasiocampa 25, 42 radiata (phlaeas ab.), Rumicia 158 ragonoti (palumbella ab.), Salebria 47 ramella, Hucosma 102 rapae, Pieris 53, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 127, 129, 138, 146 rectilinea, Hyppa .. 157 repandaria (apiciaria), Bpione 24, 101 repandata, Boarmia 112 rhamni, Gonepteryx 52, 159 rhamnusia, Epinephele BE Ie! Rhodometra . c 169 rhomboidaria, “Boarmia 112 Rhyacia 143 ridens, Polyploca xe, ee! ripae, Agrotis i a 55, 96 rizana (urticae ab.), Aglais 125 rosana, Tortrix ; 102 rubi, Callophrys 44 rubi, Macrothylacia. . OS rubi, Noctua .. ae oe Ea LOO rubida (niobe ab.), Argynnis 107 rubricollis, Gnophria Bena rubrifera (subrosea ab.), Agrotis .. 30 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE ruficauda, Pyrrhopyge 94 rufocincta, Oxynetra 94 rufomaculata (croceus ab.), Colias 166 ruralis, Botys 150 sacraria, Rhodometra so Ale) salicata, Ualostigia .. LOW sao =sertorius 50 26 sree saturata (lathonia r.), Issoria 59 Saturniidae . so | OS satyrion, Coenonympha a: .. 122 saucia, Agrotis 55, 100, 153 scandinaviarius (ericetaria 1.), Selidosema, Aelia off schalleriana, Peronea 0 .. 102 schmidtii (phlacas ab.), Rumicia.. 158 scipio, Hrebia : 34, 75 scoliaeformis, Synanthedon 97 Scopula . 169 scotica (aurinia 7.), Melitaea 13 secalis, Apamea 44 selene, Brenthis 44, 53, 96, 129, 130, 131, 132, 147, 158, 159, 160 selenia (selene ab.), Brenthis . 160 semialba (jurtina ab.), Epinephele 45 semiargus, Polyommatus, Nomiades 130, 145 semibrunnea, Xylina o OS semifuscana, Hucosma 102 semele, Hipparchia 53, 145, 148, 160 senescens, Argyresthia 103 sequella, Cerostoma so JO) serena (amathusia 7.), Brenthis 90, 91 sericealis, Rivula Sp. 50. LON serratulaeformis (alveus ab.), Hesperia 56 131, 160 sertorius (sao), Powellia .. 55, ey sibilla, Limenitis 44, 84, 127, 142 sibirica (callias ssp.), Hrebia sibirica (ino r.), Argynnis.. 92, **sicillaenuna (daphne iPo)\s Argynnis .. so NO silana (meliloti f.), Zygaena 47, 102 silvius, Carterocephalus 129, 145 similana, EKucosma.. ae 5. dle **simulata (callias 7.), Hrebia 4] sinapis, Leptosia 120, 130, 146 smintheus, Parnassius oo tte sobrinata, Kupithecia 82, 101 socia, Xylina ac OS sociata, Epirrhoé ie 43 solandriana, Paedisea 102, 152 Solenobia ' ae 35 49) sorbi, Lithocolletis .. 5 OH sordidata=furcata .. LO sparganii, Nonagria 30, 160 Sphingidae .. se Ae 29, 128 Spilosoma a cave a spini, Strymon 121, 122 Standfussia . so 1® statices, Adscita 154 stellatarum, Macroglossum, Sesia 127, 165 stelidiformis, Chamaesphecia 110 41 93 ix. PAGE Sterrha (Ptychopoda) 50 Aly) Sterrhopteryx ee fe NG Ig) sthennyo (lappona ab.), Hrebia 2 Stichobasis 30 40 18 striata (coridon ab.), Agriades 120 Striata (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 158, 160 striata (medon ab.), Aricia 95 strigilis, Miana : se eee WT stygiella (sequella ab. i Cerostoma 110 styriacus (phoebus f.), Parnassius 16 subjectana, Cnephasia . 102 subrosea, Agrotis re 60) al) subtaurica (variata ssp.), Cidayria, Thera 152 suffusa =ypsilon, Aprotis 30, 52, 55, 153 syllius, Melanargia.. 45 sylvanus, Pampbila, “Augiades aie 145 sylvinus, Hepialus . 169 syngrapha (coridon ab.), ‘Agriades 151 syringella, Xanthospilopteryx 167 tabaniformis, Paranthrene 168 Taenaris : 96 tapetzella, Tinea, Trichophaga 16 telicanus, Syntarucus 3 telmessia, Epinephele 3 2. 124 tenuiter-maculosa Coe r.), Argynnis 106, 107 tergesta (ino r.), Argynnis .. 92 teruelensis (urticae ssp.), Aglais 124, 125 tesseradactyla, Platyptilia .. 14 tetralunaria, Selenia 6 110 teucrii=heterodactyla, Oxyptilus.. 104 thaumas = flava 122 theophrastus, Tarucus oc .. 46 thetis, Agriades 140, 158, 159 Thyrididae . .. 168 tibiale, Odezia A 157 tiliae, Mimas Se a 160 tincta, Aplecta : 30 .. 160 tiphon, Coenonympha 82, 131, 148 titania, (amathusia r.), Argynnis Brenthis .. 90, 91 tithonus, Epinephele 84, 124 tityus, Hemaris DO .. 154 tragopogonis, Amphipyra .. 101 transalpina, Zygaena .. 120 transvestita (cardamines ab.), Euchloé ae $6 .. 152 tremula (dictaea), Pheosia.. 83 trifolii, Pachygastria 42 trifolii, Zygaena 158 trigeminana, Kucosma 102 trimaculana, Eucosma 102 tripartita, Abrostola 99 triplasia, Abrostola .. 99 tristata, Epirrhoé 151 tristis (eriphile ssp.), Erebia 2 tritici, Agrotis 55, 82, 100 trivia, Melitaea 5 110 truncata, Dysstroma 43, 44 trux, Agrotis.. -. 96 turbida, Spilosoma .. 15 Xa SPECIAL . INDEX. PAGE turcica (urticae r.), eee 123, 124, ue tyndarus, Erebia unanimis, Apamea .. os unipuncta, Leucania : 50. UY) universa (cardui 7.), Pyrameis + 1109 uralensis (maturna ssp.), Melitaea 147 urticae, Aglais 26, 52, 74, 111, 128, 124, 125, 147, 159 urticalis, Botys O6 60. 1t5K0) valeria, Pareronia ae oa 24) valerialis (alpinalis ssp.), Pyrausta 110 Vanessa ne 60 On .. 125 varia, Melitaea alton variata, Cidaria, Thera oo wee variegana, Peronea.. 5 LO vernaria, Iodis O95 TBYS} versicolor, Endromis .. 160 vespertilio, Celerio . 55 (Gy! vespiformis, Synanthedon. . 43, 168 vestigialis, Agrotis .. 55, 160 vicrama (baton), Scolitantides .. 3 villica, Arctia : UGS, GPA. 1U5s9/ villosella, Pachythelia 19, 143 vinolentella, Tebenna 87, 88, 89, 90 vinula, Dicranura E 83, 96 violacea (aethiops ab.), Erebia 121, 123, 150, 151 viretata, Lobophora, Acasis 43 virgata (convolvuli ab.), Herse .. 154 virgaureae, Heodes .. 2, 145, 150 virgaureana, Cnephasia 40, 102 viridana, Tortrix oo INO), aleis} vitellina, Sideridis, Leucania 34, 158, 159 vorax (cx dipue-sadinpe: Th Argynnis .. .. 124 w-album, Strymon.. Sié 54 wambachi (villica ab.), Arctia 152 westwoodi, Janomina ‘ 114 wiskotti (cardui ab.), Pyrameis 152 xanthographa, Noctua 100 Xanthorhoé .. oes 169 xylostella, Cerostoma Be Os ypsilon (suffusa), Agrotis ..30, 52, 153 ziezac, Notodonta si bo ee zonaria, Nyssia ald: Zygaena, idae ae ee 96, 169 zyxuta (pronoé ssp.), Krebia ww. 41 NEUROPTERA. maculatus, Osmylus 120 perla, Chrysopa 122 vulgaris, Chrysopa .. 151 PAGE Tine uae SS Epacromia 39 gregaria, Schistocerca 76 Locusta oo 39 Panchlora 53 religiosa, Mantis 139 viridissima, Locusta 39 PARANEUROPTERA. Aeshnidae so dkilel, Tl} annulatus, Cordulegaster : 53 splendens, Calopteryx 123 RHYNCHOTA. Lists of Rhynchota at Mouthiers 120, 121, 122 alni, Aphrophora .. 06 .. 122 Aphididae Gc 20 so Ail Belostomidae 114, 116, 117 fuscispinus, Carpocoris oo AD) Cercopidae .. 168 Corixidae 114, 118 geisha, Cydonia ells Gerris.. 114, 116 Hydrometridae .. 114 italicum, Graphosoma .. 120 lunata, Chilomenes.. elke) marginatus, Syromastes a5 dl2P Membracidae los Naucoridae .. 117 Nepa, idae “114, 101, 117, 118 neryosus, Acocephalus 120 niloticus, Lethoceris .. 116 Notonectidae. . ; 114, 118 obscura, Acanthaspis oo tts) Psyllidae 50. dil quadrilineata, Cydonia so dlilfs) Ranatra : : 116, 117 seticornis, Adelphocoris 121, 122 sorghi, Aphis so Je) stagnorum, Hydrometra 9) LNG Agalena (Spider) 39 albicorne, Odontocerum 121 badius, Termes (Termite) . .. 115 Clubiona (Spider) : 38, 39 coleoptratorum, Gamasus (Mite) .. 42 srammatica, chlerorer (Plecop- tera) é 120 hoffmanseggi, Platyarthrus (Mollusea) 162 Laterigradae (Spiders) 39 Scymnus 119 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (257) The description in Haworth of oblonga is ‘‘ Alis cinereis nebulosis, costa maculaquae oblonga fuscis, strigdaque alba postica undulatissima.”’ ‘* Alae anticae, longitudinaliter semifuscae, in qua parte puncta costalia, apex, et stigmata ordinaria, cinerascentia. Altera pars alae etiam cinerascit, macula majuscula postica cuneiformi fusca, et alia in medio oblonga marginem tenuiorem versus.’’ Based on 1 example only. I cannot reconcile this description with our species; in which the only white J] have ever seen is the sometimes present white colon dots as in albicolon. Stephens omits reference to oblonga as does Wood. Tutt, Hint. XXII. 209 (1889): Brit: Noct. 1. 109 (1891): Smith, Cat. Noct. N, Am. 186 (1895): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. 1V. 848, plt. 175 | (1897): Stder., Cat. I1led. 173 (1901); Splr., Schm. Hur. 1. 198, plt. 40 (1905) : South, Moths Br. Is. I, 270, plt. 181 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 208, 446, plt. 119 (1908) : Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct. 111. 167, plt. 40b. (1911): Culot, N. et G. 1(1). 159, plt. 29 (1909-13). Freyer’s figure, /.c. plt. 149, 1, named nigricans is greyish-black with indistinct markings and in reference to Hubner’s fig. 589 he says that is too bright, the ground colour should be darker brown. Freyer’s figure, U.c. plt. 8311, 1, named abjecta, is slightly red-brown not comparable to the rich colour of Htibner’s 539. Gn. says Freyer’s fig. 311, 1, is the fribolus, Bdv., /c. plt. 84, f. 4. He says that since there are at least two other niyricans and some doubt has been expressed as to niyricans, View., being abjecta, Hb. that it is better to call his figure 811 by Hutibner’s name abjecta as it repre- sents the same species. He also says Htibner’s figure 539 is not good. Guenée Noct. I. 193, accepts the decision that abjecta, Hb. is nigricans, View. and also that the dunuwlina, Haw. is the same species. H.S., Sys. Bearb. Il. 270, said that the figure is too light and too yellow, the waved line too sharp, the reniform is frequently not so white. He said that Freyer’s fig. 311 is not more recognisable than that of Hiib., the markings much too distinct especially the waved line too coherent. The fig, 631 H.-S. is rather too large and the marking rather obtrusive, with a brown shade in places interspersed with blackish and greyish shading, the transverse lines and stigmata pale, especially the waved line. Stgr., Cat. led. 173 (1901), says of the abjecta form ‘forma al. ant. fere unicolor nigris,” which is certainly not a short description of abjecta, Hb., but may represent the black N. Kent form, which Tutt named nigro-distincta. South, 17. B7./. I. plt. 181, has two very good figures, 5 wnicolor, 6 what one takes to represent lunulina, Haw., or oblonga, Haw. Spuler, Schm. Kur. I. plt. 40. f. 13, is a very good figure but there is not grey enough in it. The brown is too emphasised by the method of plate production. Warr.-Seitz gives seven figures, J.c. plt. 40b: abjecta, Hb. which has not the ground colour of fig. 589 Hb. which is dominantly red, while this is a medium brown neither red nor ochreous: oblonga $ and ? which are both very varied brown with distinct dark and light markings: danulina a darker brown with distinct markings: fribolus a decided black brown with very obscure markings except the stigmata which are outlined in black, with a colon mark: unicolor g and ¢ of (258) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. an almost uniform grey brown, deeper in the male, which certainly does not reproduce the colour of our Thames estuary wnicolor which it is intended to do and is not “ grey brown.” J cannot understand Warr.-Seitz saying that the figure 539 abjecta, Hb. is grey brown when it is a rich brown and no trace of grey in it. Culot N. et G. I(1), plt. 29, figs. 4, 5, has figured in 4 our unicolor form fairly well but hardly grey enough. Fig. 5 he calls ab. fribolus of which it is a very good representation. Of the Variation Barrett says—‘‘ In our most frequent form the markings are barely perceptible, nearly unicolorous shining dark smoky-brown or brown-black; yet in almost every example some of the markings exist, the whitish dots of the reniform stigma and the subterminal line being the most constant, and the rest showing them- selves in ever varying degrees.”’ Barrett records specimens “of a paler ground colour in which the markings are thrown into far greater distinctness.” Another specimen he describes as ‘‘very strongly blotched with three long pale stripes lengthwise, partly obliterating the usual markings.” He records another in which “the orbicular and reniform stigmata are both yellowish-white; the ground colour almost pale grey with distinct black blotches, one near the base of the dorsal margin, one larger, near the middle of the wing, uniting the first and second lines, and several along the subterminal line, these last very velvety.” List of Forms and Names to be considered.— nigricans, View. (1789) Tab. Verz. II. 66. (ab.) abjecta, Hb. (1818) Sam. Noct. 539; Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. plt. 40b. ab. oblonga, Haw. (1809) Lep. Brit. 188 ; Warr.-Stz. l.c. plt. 40b. ab. lunulina, Haw. (1809) U.c. 192; Warr.-Stz. l.c. plt. 40b. subsp. devastator (trix), Brace (1819) Am. Jr. Sct. 184. ab. fribolus, Bdy. (1832) Icones, plt. 84, 3; Warr.-Stz. l.c. plt. 40b. ab. varieyata, Stdgr. (1871) Cat. Iled. 101. subsp. nigro-distincta, Tutt (1889) Hint. XXII. 209. ab. unicolor, Tutt (1889) L.c. Tutt deals with (1) abjecta, brownish grey with distinct markings. (2) varieyata blackish grey varied with small amount of black and white markings. (8) wnicolor brownish grey, with slight ochreous tinge, no distinct markings, with appearance of indefinite irroration. (4) “fribolus greyish black with indistinct markings. (5) nigro-distincta blackish grey, with distinct markings. (6) Junulina which Tutt says ‘‘aorees pretty correctly with abjecta, olloeey Hiib., Saml. Text 188 (1805-18) says that his abjecta is the nigricans of Vieweg. Orica. Descrie.— Blackish coloured: the wings marked with palish stigmata and waved lines, and also bestrewn as it were with black streaks and atoms between: the lower wings brownish white shaded blackish grey: the abdomen a similar grey.”” Brandenburg. This is a very inadequate and incorrect description of the figure. Newman remarks, “ This obscurely marked insect is the lunulina, Haw. (Lep. Brit. 192).”” His, Newman’s, figure is not too obscure. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (259) But Tutt, B.N. II. 110, writes that dunulina, Haw. “agrees pretty correctly with Htibner’s type.” This I am unable to agree with since Haworth’s lunulina is described as “ Alae fuscae, vix cinerascentes strigis quatuor obsoletis pallidioribus nigro adnatis, quasi ex lunulis minutis: prima basi fere omnimo obliterata, secunda undate ante, tertia arcuata pone medium; inter has lunula punctisque aliquot pallidis loco marginis stigmatis postici. Stigma anticum deest. Tune striga quarta dentata,’’ which surely does not describe Htibner’s fig. 539 but does describe our “obscurely marked” insect ordinarily known as abjecta, the British form. It is based on one specimen only. Stephens, ///. II. 130, translates Haworth’s descriptions of dunulina but does not comment on it. He places it in Graphiphora near pyro- phila and augur. Hubner’s fig. 539 is certainly not ‘‘ obscurely marked,” and I have not seen a specimen nor any other figure of the almost “ reddish grey” of Hibne’s fig. It is a very extreme varietal form. Staudinger’s variegata is an Asia Minor form. Warr.-Seitz says it must be very nearly the same as the oblonga, Haw. form they have figured. Guenée describes, but does not name, under abjecta B., a grey black form from the Kastern United States, New York and Canada. Tutt remarks on this that his form nigro-distincta from Greenwich and Cliffe (Kent) is one and the same. But Smith in his Cat. Noct. N.A. 186 (1898) identifies Guenee’s B as the devastator (trix), Brace. (1819) =ordinaria, Wlk. (1878)=contenta, Walk. (1882), and mar- shallana, Westw. (1882). This is figured by Holland, Moth Bk. plt. XIX. £. 44 poorly, but recognisable as a brownish grey insect with very obscure darker markings except the lighter dots on costa and white remnants around the stigmata of some forms of abjecta. It is also figured by Warr.-Seitz Am. Noct. Vol. XI. plt. 34e and is the brown form not the grey-black of Tutt’s form nigro-distincta. Hampson, Lep. Phal. VII. 446, has altered the spelling to devastatria, he identifies it with abjecta B., Hb. of Gn. and figures it on plt. 119, f. 2. Mamestra, Ochs, and Tr. (1816-1825), Hb. (1822) Ent. List., Tutt, Pierce, [ Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Stder., Meyr.: Polia, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) H.-S.: Trachea, Ochs. and Tr, (1816-25) Hamps.: Brotis, Hb. (1822): Hama, Steph. (1829) South: Neuwria, Gn. (1841-52) Dup. (1844): Parastictis, Hb. (1822)| sordida, Bork. (1792). Borkhausen, Naturg. IV. 500, gives references to Schiff., Goeze and Jung forsordida. (1) Schiff. Sys. Verz. 81 (1775) no 17, Deserip.— «The earth-coloured, dull marked noctua.”’ Larva unknown. A totally unrecognisable description (2) Géze, Mnt. Beitr. I11(3) 216 and (3) Jung, Verz. 185 are merely copies. Borkhausen had identified his insect with the w-latinum, Rott. Naturforsch., but one finds on comparison of the present insect with Rottemberg’s description that they do not agree. (260) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Tutt, B.N. I. 111. gave p. 2839 for Borkhausen’s reference instead of p. 578. The names sordida and anceps were introduced by Schiff. in the Verz. p. 81. (1775) but since from the imperfect and meagre descriptions it was impossible to identify the insects intended, particularly as in the Schiff. collection there were forms of segetuwm and corticea under these names, Ochs. in 1816 named a species he had recently met with unnamed and thought it might be one of these forms of the Verz., as infesta. Thus the doubt was partially allayed. Treit. in 1825, Schm.. V(1) 146 placed sordida, Schiff. conjecturally under rwris, and on p. 305 he put anceps, Schiff. as either perplewa or carpophaga. However when he, Treit. came to the as yet undescribed infesta of Ochs. in l.e. V(2) 118, he described it fully as including both sordida, Bork., and anceps, Ub. Werneb., Beitr. I. 419, 516, places the sordida, Schiff. with infesta, Tr. on the ground that the stigmata are very indistinet in the latter but always clear in rwris, but he decides the identification with doubt. On the same page (81) Schiff. describes anceps as the ‘ honey- brown noctua with white veins,’ larva unknown. This Werneb. l.c. does not identify. The references to Schiffermiiller in the Verz. 1775 must be ignored, Tutt, Hnt. 280 (1889): Br. Noct. I. 111 (1891): Barr., Lep. Br. Is, LY. 349. plt. 175 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 172 (1901): Splr. Schm. Eur, I. 192. plt. 40. 18 (1905) : South, Moths. Br. Is. J. 271. plt. 131. 1-2 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. VII. 207 (1908): Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Ill. 167. plt. 40a (1911): Culot, NV. et G. I(1). 155. plt. 28. 8 (1909-13). Ernst and Engr., Pap. d’Hur., VII. 107. figs 484 a.-b. have 2 of the best of the old figures (1790). Hubner’s fig. 484, anceps has the submarginal band too definitely a band compared with my series of 40. The large mottling of the fore- wing is too definitely irregular, and the hindwing submarginal suffusion is intersected by two narrow light bands neither of which in my series are so conspicuously developed, although they can be traced in most examples ; one would say they were obsolescent. The fig. of Dup., Hist. Nat. VII(1). plt. 107. 5 (1827), anceps is in no way recognisable as the anceps, Hb. 484, either in colour or marking, but the fig. of aliena, plt. 102. 6 has much more the appearance of the anceps, Hb. form of sordida. H.-S., Sys. Bearb. II. 278 (1845) says of Hb. fig. 484 anceps, that it is not good, the colour too clearly cut, the h.w. with the bands too distinct. It is the aliena of Dup. plt. 102. Spuler, Schm. Hur. I. 192, plt. 40, fig. 18, is a very fair portrait of the banded form mediana, Warr.-S. South’s figures are moderately sufficient M.B./s. I. plt. 181. Warr.-S. fig. plt. 89h is a very bad one of sordida (typical), figs. plt. 40a are much better showing sordida, mediana, ochracea, and anceps. Culot, N. et G., 1(1). plt. 28, f. 8 (1909-13) is a good figure of the darker anceps form. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (261) Of the Variation Barrett say—‘ Usually not variable, or only slightly so in the depth and extent of brown marbling and marking on the forewings.” Barrett records a specimen which ‘had a curious curved white streak from the reniform stigma running into the apex of the wing.” Tutt says of the species B.N. |. 111, ‘‘ Another very variable species,” but both Guenée, Noct. V. 195, and Barrett say that the variation is unimportant, and so far as I know I agree with them. The Forms and Names to be discussed are— sordida, Bork. Naturg. IV. 578 (1792). Culot. N. et G. I(1) plt. 28 lis (So ab. anceps, Hb. Samml. Noct. fig. 484 (1808-18). f. infesta, Ochs. and Treit. Schm. V(2). 112 (1816-25). race aliena, Dup. (nec Hb.) Hist. Nat. VII. 29. plt. 102. 2 and 6 (1827). ab. renardii, Bdy. Ind. Meth. Add. 5 (1829). ab. engelhardtii, Duur. H’nt. Med. Il. 85 (1889). ab. ochracea, Tutt. Hnt. XXIL. 230 (1889). Warr.-S. lc. ab. mediana, Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. IIL. 167. plt. 40a. (1911). ab. sordidula, Strnd. (Hamp). Lep. Phal. VIL. 207. (1908). ab. nigricans, Hanne. Int. ent. Zeit. X. 121 (1917). ab. lactea (Cockayne in lit.). Tutt dealt with (1) sordida, Bork. the typical grey with dirty brown mottling. (2) anceps, Hb., a dark grey mottled with reddish ochreous. (3) ochracea, Tutt, wholly reddish ochreous and (4) renardii, Bdv., a pale unicolorous grey form. f. tnfesta, Ochs. and Treit. Schm. V(2). 113 (1825). Orie, Descrire.—‘‘ Head, thorax, collar and patagia are earth grey ; the two last with a blackish edging. ‘The antennae light grey with fine teeth in the male. On the thorax stands a double crest. ‘The abdomen is lighter than the thorax, with whitish hairs at the base, a strong anal tuft, and small dark tufts on the middle of the upperside. | The feet are grey, annulated yellowish white below. The forewings have the ground colour of the thorax and are mottled grey and pale grey. The shape and size of the whole creature is like the well-known M. brassicae. ‘The transverse lines are mostly indistinct. That at the base is half; the first complete, light on the inside, dark margined on both sides, with the second line wholly enclosing the reddish central area containing the half-moon like discoidal. The two stigmata have blackish centres, the reniform somewhat white, the claviform indistinct. The waved band is light, with somewhat glossy and obsolescent blackish spots towards the outer margin. ‘The toothed line contains in its centre a dull W. The fringes are chequered grey and yellowish. The hindwings are white-grey, with blackish veins and an obsolescent band towards the yellowish white fringes. The wings are white-grey on the underside, the fore-wings more so than the hindwings, grey powdered and with a glossy curved line.” aliena, Dup. Hist. Nat. VII(1). 29 (1827). nec. Hb. and Tr. Fie.—l.c. VI. plt. 102, 2 and 6. (262). THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. Oric. Descrip.—< This Noctua much resembles that of the cabbage (brassicae) by the characters of the forewings; but their colour is consistently of a flaxen grey. They are crossed by three waved lines which are of a lighter colour and margined by red, as are also the two ordinary stigmata. A sinuous band of a bluish tint runs along the outer margin. The fringe is brown and interrupted by yellowish. The lower wings are of a pale flaxen, and suffused with brown at their margin. The underside of the four wings is of the same flaxen, and slightly dusted with brown at their anterior margin.” France. In his Cat. Meth. p. 127 (1844) Dup. places aliena, Dup., anceps, Hb., and sordida, Bork. as the infesta, Ochs. and Treit. His fig. 6 is a generally much paler insect throughout with a tendency to ochreous. ab. engelhartii, Duurloo. nt. Med. Il. 86 (1889). Oric. Descrip.—* Hadenae sordidae affinis, sed multo dilutior, alis anterioribus supra albido-cinereis, interdum pallide brunneo mixtis, maculis orbiculari et reniformi, strigis transversis margineque auteriore aliquanto dilutioribus ; linea undulata obsoleta, apicali solum distincta ; binis brevibus strigis longitudinalibus nigris, vulgariter valde distinctis, a basi exeuntibus ; costis areae limbatis nigro-et albo punciatis: subtus et alis posterioribus Hadenae sordidae similibus sed dilutioribus.”’ Jutland. In ora maritima versans. ab. mediana, Warr.-S., Pal. Noct. III. 167 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 40a. Orie. Descrrp.—* The brown grey ground colour is without dark speckling; the inner and outer lines are single, black, and distinct, the outer with clear black teeth on the veins, the median shade, generally inconspicuous, is thick and black, distinctly angled outwards on subcostal and veins 1 and 2.; the space between it and outer line deeper brown; the markings of the hindwing clearer.” Germany. 3. ‘“« Appears very distinct.” ab. sordidula, Strand. Arch. Naturg. LXXXI. 154, abt. A. Heft. 11 (1915), Orie. Descrip.—‘ The ground colour of the forewings is greyer and. the post-median area is coloured bright red.” Amur, Korea, Japan. f. nigrescens, Hanne. Int. ent. Zt. X. 121 (1917). Orig. Descrip.—‘ Ground colour much darkened with black grey.” ab. lactea, ab. nov. (Cockayne in litt). Oric. Drscorip.—‘ Head, thorax, abdomen, and ground cream- coloured. Thin blackish transverse line on middle of collar ; abdominal crests tipped with light brown; basal, first, and second lines brown with lighter brown clouding proximal to first line; the central shading in orbicular and reniform and.the lines between first and second lines are also lighter brown and and very distinct ; distal to second line is a row of black dots on nervures 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, and 7 and along termen is a row of minute interneural black crescents; the marginal dark band is only indicated as a faint shade between nervures 5 and 6 and as a crescentic mark near inner angle; fringes checquered, cream-coloured THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (263) at nervures and brown between; hind-wings cream:coloured with brown sealing along, proximal part of nervures and with the usual dark bands cream-coloured and only slightly darker than the ground ;. a very narrow brown line runs along the marginibetween the nervures; fringes white. The almost unmarked creamy outer part of the fore-wings gives it. an appearance very different from other forms: I have seen two specimens, of which mine, a male, is from Freyle, Hants.” Dr. EK. A. Cockayne has very kindly made this description: after showing me the specimen. So far as one can understand from the descriptions the pale forms named register degree of albinistic character :—renardii, engelhartit, lactea. The aliena.of Steph. Ill. II. 4, is often included as a: sordida form but the description is not that of a sordida form, but may be the aliena of Hb. 441 (a continental species), Mamestra, Ochs., Hb., Treit. (1816-22-25) Dup. Gn. Tutt [Hadena, Sehrnk. (1802) Frr., Stder., Barr., Splr., Cul., Meyr:: Tholera, Hb. (1822): Polia, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25) Hy.,.H.-S.: Trachea, Ochs. Hb. Treit. (1816-22-25), Hamp. : Hama, Steph. (1829) Sth. ; Crymodes, Gn. (1852) Warr.-S.] — furva,, Hb. (1808). The species name furva occurs in Schiff. Verz. 81 (1775) but the description is quite inadequate for discrimination. Illiger and Hafali, Verz. Iled. (1801) give Esp. Abbild. Bomb. plt. 64, fig. 5 of melaleuca (1786) as representing furva, Schiff. and Bork. Naturg. 1V. 587 for a description of it. Esper’s fig. represents:a form of lutulenta with its white hindwings and white body. (Teste Werneberg.) The description in Bork. Naturg. IV. 587 corresponds with this figure under the species name furva. In such absolute confusion Hiibner’s name furva stands by priority for our species, 7.e., furva, Hb. (1808). Tutt, Hint: XXIT. 231 (1889): Brit..Noct. 1. 118 (1891), IV. 107 (1892): Lep. Br. Is. TV. 382, plt. 176 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 172 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 191, plt. 40, 12 (1905): South, W.B.7., 1. 271, plt. 181, 8-4 (1907) ; Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 206 (1908) : Warr.-S. Pal. Noct. III. 177, plt. 41 (1911): Culot N. et G. I(1). 158, plt. 28, 6-7 (1909-138). Hub. Sammi. fig. 407 is a unique form, with which no one is acquainted exactly. H.-S. says, Sys. Bearb. I]. 276. ‘I know of no example'so red brown, nor so large, nor with so broad forewings.”’ Hubner’s notes on N. furva, Samml. Noct. Text. p. 187. refer to fig. 407. (1808). ‘‘ Antennae stone brown: wings with the usual-shaped, pale, dark-centered spots (stigmata), bestrewn with short black streaks, and marked: with pale waved lines; the lower wines greyish white, shaded: on the outer margin and with a pale waved line running through this shade; the abdomen coloured as the hindwings.” =furva of! Schiff.. A poor and insufficient description. Freyer’s fig. Abbild. I1. 159, is dark with marking typical in position but the:lighter portions are too light in contrast. (264) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Evers. F'n. Vol.-Ural. p. 248 says that infernalis is furva, and in his Noct. LV. (1856) p. 108 treats his stlvicola as a Dianthoecia, as it “ has ereat affinity with glauca.” Dup. Hist. Nat. Sup. III. 276, plt. 25, f. 5, has a good figure of the Hiibner type, but the light markings are too white, an emphasis which British examples never show; it represents one of the darker forms. Stder., Cat. IIled., treats sylvicola as a distinct species. Hampson Lep. Ph. 1X. categorically omits it. Warr.-Seitz restores it to furva as a melanic race of that species. : Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. plt. 41f gives 3 figs.,a g , which to my mind is certainly not furva,a @ darker, and freyert still darker brown. In the g fig. the black edging of the 2 transverse light lines, defining the wide central band, is outside these lines instead of being inside as it always is in furva. Culot N. et G. I(1). plt. 28 f. 6, has a very good figure of the usual form of furva. In f. 7 he shows italica, Trti. a larger, darker ground and whiter lined form. Barrett says of the Variation ‘‘ Hardly variable except that it becomes more richly coloured and darker in the North of Scotland, and very black in the West of Ireland.” The Names and Forms to be discussed are as follow :— furva, Hb. (1808). Samml. Noet. £. 407. ab. freyert, Frr. (1838). New. Beitr., IL. 107. plt. 159. ab. infernalis, Hvers. (1842), Bull. Mosc, 547. ab. silvicola, Evers. (1842). lc. ab. gemmosa, H.-S. (1846). Sys. Bearb. II. 276. f. 427. ab. ochracea, Tutt (1889), Hnt. XXII. 231. r. italica, Mrin (1911). Bull. (Soc. ent. 1. XI, 182 ;~ Culot) Nevct. G. pit. 28. 7. ab. nictitans, Lenz (1927) Osth. Sch. Sudbay, IL(2). 275. plt. XIV. ie In the Appendix, Brit. Noct. JV. 107 (1892) Tutt gives the omitted original descriptions of both infernalis, Kvers. and silvicola, Kvers. and points out that Staudinger Cat. Iled. suggests that silvicola is a dark var. of rubrinena. ‘Tutt adds that the description of silvicola would do very well for the very dark Irish form of furva. ab. yemmosa, H.-S. Sys. Bearb. (no description). Fie.—l.c. fig. 427 (1846). Ortatnaz Desorrp.—(I have described the figure as follows) “ Slaty brown ground, with a reddish brown broad central fascia bounded by the broad light grey inner and outer crenulated lines ; the crenulations of the inner line being few. The discal side of these lines is edged with deep black and an irregular black narrow band crosses the wing irregularly between the stigmata, but is only deep black to the centre of wing. There is a broad partial line from costa near base to another in the submargin, both edged by deep black on the discal side. The latter has a W quite unemphasized. | There are numerous lighter smears along the costa, in the wide discal band, and near the base. The two stigmata are broadly outlined with THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (265) light grey. The hindwings are dark slaty grey with a lighter ill- defined band across the disc, and light marks near the margin.” Inthe Index H.-S. suggests Polia as the genus. It is quite unlike our furva in general appearance and colour. f. italica, Trti. and Vrty. Bull. Soc. ent. It. XLII. 182 (1911). Fic.—Culot. N. et. G. I(1). plt. 28. f. 7 (1909-13). Orie. Descrie.—< It is separable from the typical form by its very bright brown colour, and by a very suffused yellowish colour which wholly avoids the lines and spots, in this recalling somewhat the figure 497 of H.-S. named pavida. Thus the smaller lines show very white and not yellowish; the hind wings too are differently marked. The marginal fascia of the hind wings of ttalica is in fact very diffused and obsolete and the discal area is quite clear. Most of the specimens are larger than normal furva, Hb. One places them therefore somewhat nearer to the maillardi, Hb.-G.” Italian side of Mt. Rosa. ab. nictitans, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. I1(2). (1927). Fic.—l.c¢. plt. XIV. 12. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ With conspicuously pale reniform.” Mamestra, Ochs. (1816) Hb. (1822) Treit. (1825) Steph., Led., Stdgr. I]., Ent. L., Pierce, South. [Polia, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25) H.-8.: Melanchra, Hb. (1822) Meyr.: Trichoclea, Grote. (1883) Hamp., Warr.-8.: Barathra, Hb. (1822).] albicolon, Hb. (1808-18). Sepp’s figure Besch. Wund. Gods, II. plt. 1, 1-8, is the original, but is without name, which was bestowed by Hubner (1808-18), figs. 542-8, and described (roughly) in his Tewt p. 192. Treit. Schm. V(2). 147, describes it more adequately. ‘Thus Stdgr. is correct in ascribing the name to Hb. and not to Sepp nor Treit. Hubner’s example agreed with eight other specimens, which Treit. compared and from which he made his description. Tutt Hnt. XXIJ. 251 (1889): Brit. Noct. I. 114 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. WV. 207. plt. 160 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. Ed.III. 156 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. J. 170. plt. 86 (1905): Hamp. Lep. Phal. V. 238 (1905): South, Moths Brit, Is. 1. 240. plt.. 120 (1907): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 83. plt. 21 b. c. d.: Culot. N. et. G. 1(1). 100. plt. 17 (1909). Sepp’s figure is a good one but the wings are too long and pointed. Stephen’s figure 8 on plt. 24, Zllus. IL (1829) looks more like brassicae. Dup. Hist. Nat. VII(1). plt. 117, f. 8. has a good figure, somewhat small, with the colon mark. Freyer, Nev. Beitr. VI. 501, gives a very good well-marked figure, and on plt. 592 he gives a second figure with more white minute warkings. Splr. Schin. Hur. I. pli. 86, f. 21., gives a fair figure, somewhat small, but without the colon mark. South. M.B./., I. plt. 120. 7-8, has two very good figures. Warr.-S. Pal. Noct. II]. plt. XXI. b.c.d. figures albicolon, which he (266) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ascribes to Sepp, a very good figure; cinerascens, Tutt, 2 figs. hardly separable ; odiosa, Stdgr. dull ochreous brown. Culot, N. et G. I(1). plt. 17, f. 2, has a very good figure of albicolon. On plt. 18, f. 8, egena from §. Russia is figured, but it does not agree with the description as given below, in fact is not recognisable as being a form of albicolon. Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ Usually very little variable except in the degree of umbreous rippling and dusting ; occasionally this is so increased as to obliterate all the pale ground colour. There seems to be a slight variation on the North-east coast, specimens from Durham being sometimes more prettily mottled, with the tranverse lines usually more distinct.” Barrett records a specimen ‘‘ in which the yellow dots of the sub- terminal line run inwards in yellow dashes.” He also records specimens, ‘“‘ from the east coast of Scotland which are nearly black.” Hamp. Lep. Ph. V. also gives Sepp as author, his short diagnoses are :—egena paler, more luteous, even in colour; arida duller, more fuscous, h.w. unif. fus. brn. ; odiosa dull ochr. brn. h.w. ditto. Stdgr. Cat. Illed. 156, refers to (1) arida, Stdgr. Iris, IX. 255 as ‘Cab. minor, multo pallidior al. ant. lutescenti-griseis”” as the same as egena, Led. and (2) to arida, Led. as ‘“‘paullo obscurior, al. ant. rufescenti-griseis.”’ Hubner, Sammi. Noct. figs. 542-3 figures 2 forms, 542 a dark greyish black form with most markings indistinct, the typical form, and 543 a yellowish testaceous grey, which Gn. calls var. A. and to which Tutt gave the name brunnea. Guenée says he does not know the type form. Guenée refers to the form of Stephen’s Jilus. II. 195, plt. 24, f. 3, (1829), a cinereous grey form, which Tutt subsequently named clnerascens. The Names and Forms to be considered are :— albicolon, Hb. (1808) [Sepp. II.] Samml. Noct. £. 542-3, Text. 192 (1905-18). ab. egena, Led. (1853). Verhand. z.-b. Ges. Wien. 371. Culot, N. et G. plt. 18. f. 3. ab. avida, Led. (1855). l.c. 108. plt. 1. fig. 7. ab. brunnea, Tutt (1889). Ant. XXII. 251. ab. cinerascens, Tutt (1889). l.c. Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. plt. 41. ab. odiosa, Stdgr. (1895). Iris. VIII. 815. Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. plt. 41. r. amydra, Pung. (1901). U.c. XIV, 182. plt. 2, f. 4. Tutt deals with brunnea, dark brown with clear markings; and cinerasceus, ashy grey, thickly sprinkled with darker atoms. albicolon, Hb. Samml. Noct. (1805-18) ? Fig.—l.c. 542-3. Oric. Descrip.—*‘ Clay grey, the wings of this species marked with pale and black wavy streaks ; the reniform indicated by only two white dots, the lower wings are brownish white, bordered with blackish grey scaling. The abdomen also almost blackish.’’ Austria. From Ochsenheimer’s specimens. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (267) ab. egena, Led. Verhand. z.-bot. Gess. Wien. 871 (1858). Fieg.—Culot. N. et G. (1). plt. 18. f. 8. Orie. Descriep.—‘ Is very like albicolon, but yet distinctly differs from it. The ground colour of the forewings is a uniformly (tribes) clay yellow (as in tununda). ‘The reniform stigma does not stand out so sharply as in albicolon, the hindwings are much aarker and from the base to the outer margin are uniformly grey, but their fringes are darker ; all the rest as in albicolon.” Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. Y. 238 (1905), “‘ Fore-wing paler, more luteous and even in colour.” The figure is sinall for albicolon, and as the author says, although very indistinctly marked it is more marked than any other example he has, it may be an exceptionally marked high level form. ab. arida, Led. Verh. zo0-bot. Ges. Wien. 108, plt. 1, f. 7 (1855). Fie.—l.c. plt. 1, f. 7. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘In size and appearance like gemina, in colour more like basilinea, but easily distinguished from basilinea by the want of the black longitudinal branched streaks at the base of the forewings, from the pale varieties of yemina by the absence of the W marks in the light waved line, from both of these by the want of the tuft of the abdomen and therein agrees more with testavea and rubella. Forewings dull clay yellow, arrangement of markings as in basilinea, the branched transverse line at the base, as already noted, wanting, the half transverse line in its place very obsolescent. The two middle lines arising as in basilinea from darker costal spots, but are nearer towards the base, the discal area is therefore more narrowed than in basilinea. This is not darker than the rest of the ground, the central shade is distinct, dusky grey-brown, the stigmata are shaped and figured as in basilinea (the orbicular is of too great a length in my figure) both filled in with dark grey brown, the other stigma is not emphasised. The light waved line is a little paler than the ground, obsolescent and without the W. Between it and the outer middle line stand on the costa two pale clay yellow spots. Fringes clay yellow, on the veins somewhat paler. Hindwings light yellow grey with paler fringes separated by blacker marginal line.’ Central Asia. The figure of arida is small and very well-marked for the usually obscure albicolon. Lederer says that the 3 genitalia places it near to testacea, dumerilii, ete., and the facies near to basilinea, gemina, etc. ab. odiosa, Stdgr. Iris. VIII. 315 (1895). Fieg.— Warr.-8. Pal. Noct. plt. 41. Orig. Descriep.—* Fore-wing dark blackish-grey with 4 slightly emphasised darker transverse lines, lighter margined and two stigmata not visible in the upper part. Of the transverse lines the extra basal and the outer in the 2 males show quite distinct, the latter is strongly toothed. ‘The outer line was brought out by the light dot-like spots darkly margined on the inner side in one male. Except from the far darker colour, the somewhat variable markings of odiosa are so like those of eyena that I can find no difference. Before I had very light grey specimens of eyena from Central Asia, I was certain that odiosa was a dark form of that. The hindwings are also far darker, (268) THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. they show on the underside a distinct dark discoidal and also a perfect dark transverse line, which is only very rudimentary in my Central Asian egena.”’ Hamp. Gat. Lep. Ph. V. 288 (1905). Fore-wing dull ochreous brown ; hindwing uniform fuscous brown. race amydra, Ping. Iris. (1901) XIV. 182. Fic.—l.c. pl. 2, f. 4. Orta. Descrip.—‘‘ Expanse 86mm. Forewing 16mm. Forewings dull yellow-grey, the inner middle line toothed, slightly bowed, the outer distinctly toothed on the veins, the upper stigmata are very indistinct, the median area and included with it the central shade a little darker, also the waved line not distinctly marked; fringes with a paler basal line; hindwing darker not lighter towards the base, the fringes paler; underside uniform yellow-grey with indistinct curved line and pale centred middle spot in the hindwing: antenna-shaft smooth, in the 9 short haired, palpi thickly haired straight, terminal joint stumpy and short ; eyes thickly haired, legs without spines. “‘ There lie before me many pairs of this inconspicuous and uniformly toned species of which the g figured is the strongest marked example. It is classed with albicolon, Hb., v. egena, Led. and sabulorwm, Alph. ; the colour is duller and the marking is more obsolescent than in egena ; the forewings are more pointed, the hindwing similarly dark, also the underside ; the ciliation of the 9 antenna is somewhat longer. The equally dull but more distinctly marked insolita, Stdgr. is almost similar, which I consider for a true Mamestra, but it has somewhat different markings, longer ciliated antennae in the male, whitish hindwings with wider, darker outer band and strong middle character, the underside is much paler with a more distinct curved line.” Central Asia. Mamestra, Ochs. (1816), Hb. (1822), Treit. (1825), Hamp. and Westw., South, L., Tutt, Barr., Stdgr., Pierce [Polia, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25): Barathra, Hb. (1822), Hamps., South, Warr.-S. : Melanchra, Hb. (1822) Meyr.] brassicae, Linn. (1758). All the old authors treat of this species as do the modern ones, and there are many figures largely indifferent or bad. Tutt, Hut. XXII. 251 (1889): Brit. Noct. I. 115 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. TV. 210, plt. 160, 2 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 156 (1901) : Hamp. Lep. Phal. V. 12. (1905): Splr. Schmett. Hur. I. 169. plt. 36, 18 (1905) : South, Moths Br. 1s. I. 289, plt. 120, 3, 6 (1907): Warr.- Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 67, plt. 15ef (1909): Culot, N. et G. I(1). 99, plt. 16, 18, plt. 18, 2 (4909-1913). Roesel, Belust. I. plt. 29 (1746), has a v. good fig. except that the brown tint is too emphasised. Ernst and Engr. Pap. d’Eur. VII. f. 456 give three forms called brassicae. 456d has a ground of yellowish brown, never seen in British examples, 456e is almost unicolorous very dark grey, while 456f is a more mottled form, with a not so dark ground and having on the outer marginal area of the forewing an irregular wide light ochreous line (albodilinea ?) THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (269) Esper., Abbild. IV , plt. 159, gives two poor figs. of the continental form, a g with ochreous marking and a dull grey ? ; both have the contrast of light and dark far too emphasised. Hiibner in his Verz. 218 (1822) gives fig. 88 and 484 as brassicae. On the plate 484 is named anceps (1808-18). In his Text no reference is made to fig. 484 (1805-?). Fig. 88 of Hib. is a strong brown example. I have never seen one like it in general colour. The “ anceps”’ fig. 484 is of a very rich brown, russet colour and although the markings are brassicae it has no tone of our brassicae in it. The white is totally suppressed. Hiibner’s description, Text Noct. 191 (1805-2) is ‘ Dark clay grey: earth brown mixed: the wings with pale ordinary spots (stigmata) and waved line; black marked as the more common species; the hindwings shaded ashy-grey: the abdomen similar.” Kohlfelder= brassicae, L. Although briefly indicating brassicae, this description hardly agrees with the two figures 88 and 484 of Hb. Of Hiibner’s fig. 88, H.-S. says ‘‘ Too light and yellowish, forewings somewhat too pointed.” Dup., Hist. Nat. VII. plt. 102, gives a very good figure of the common form of brassicae. Steph., ///., II. plt. 24, fig. 8, is given by Tutt as the form albicolon of brassicae. It is only with great doubt that one can put this bad figure down as albicolon (sens. str.) or even a brassicae form (in my copy of Stephens). There is no ochreous mottling as Tutt says, nor ochreous stigmata. The submarginal waved line is wide and almost straight, and perhaps slightly ochreous on the left side, on the right side it is broken up into spots badly defined. The general mottling is very unlike that of brassicae. There is no claviform and the general tone is darkish dove-colour, such as I have never seen in this species. The figure and description are not in agreement. It is possible, and may be probable, that Stephens confused a mottled form of brassicae with albicolon. Tutt appears to have used Stephens’ albicolon for both species. Mr. Fletcher points out (in lit.) that Stephens refers to Hubner’s figures of albicolon, 542-8, which are undoubtedly not brassicae but albicolon, and that in his List of Brit. An. Macrolep. p. 98 (1856) Stephens considered his brassicae and albicolon to be distinct. In the copy of Stephens ///. in the Ent. Soc. Library the fig. named albicolon is a brassicae form and not like the figure in my copy in general tone, etc. ‘There is a white subterminal line with a wide black outer margin, the two stigmata are black with dirty white surround, and there is a dirty white line from base along the top of the two stigmata, ‘Tbe ground colour is not dove-colour. Hump. and West. Brit. Moths, I. plt. 386, illustrate our browner form of brassicae and the very dull form, but the figures are badly drawn with wings too pointed. Newman’s fig., Brit. Moths. 800 (1869) is a wnicolor, dull blackish grey form with much suppression of markings. In Brit. Noct. IV. 107, Tutt gives the original description of decolorata, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zeit. p. 84 (1889), and as the description agrees with that of Tutt’s ochracea described in nt. XXII. some months later, the name decolorata takes precedence. Amur. Warr.-Seitz III. plt. 15ef, has 6 figures, but the coloration is very inferior. Markings only can be noted. They are albidilinea with a (270) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. light submarginal line, wnicolor of Tutt, straminea g and @ of Failla- Ted., which Warr. says=? andalusica, Stdgr., decolorata of Stdgr. and brassicae typical. Warr. puts albicolon, Steph. and ochracea, Tutt, as identical with the typical form. He suggests that canescens, Moore, may be decolorata, Stder. Culot, N. et G. figures a typical brown form not so dark as a British form on plt. 16, f. 18, and on plt. 18, f. 2, andalusica with much dull ochreous coloration. ‘The figures are very good. Barrett says of the Variation:—‘ Usually only variable in the extent and depth of the black or dark mottling, and this to no very great degree; also in the distinctness or obscurity of the subterminal line; but occasional specimens are extremely pale, while others have the dark mottling so increased as to render the entire forewings black- brown, the reniform stigma and the subterminal line only remaining normal.” Barrett records a specimen ‘in which the subterminal line is wholly obliterated.” He also records others ‘‘in which it is very broad and of a clear yellow.” ; Stephens, Jd/us. If. 195, speaks of cinereous and dusky examples, and one ‘ suffused with a rosy tinge and with a distinct ferruginous spot on the inner margin near the base.” List of Forms and Names to be considered. brassicae, Linn. Sys. Nat. Xed. 516 (1758). ab. albidilinea, Haw. Lep. Brit. 191 (1809): Warr.-8. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 15. r. albicolon, Steph. Jd. Il. 194, plt. 24, 3 (1829). ssp. andalusica, Stdgr. Cat. led. 90 (1861): Culot N. et G. plt. 18, 2 (1909-13). r. canescens, Moore, Ann. and Mag. (1878) 5 ser. I. 233. ab. scotochroma, Rob., Iris. 1. 840, plt. 12, 13 (1884). ab. decolorata, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zt. 84 (1889): Warr.-S. lc. plt. 15. ab. ochracea, Tutt, nt. XXII. 251 (1889). ab. unicolor, Tutt, l.c.: Wazrr.-S. l.c. plt. 15. r. straminea, Failla. Nat. Sic. X. 80, plt. 1, 5 (1890): Warr.-S. l.c., plt. 15. Tutt says in Br. N. LV. 107, that his ochracea falls before decolorata, Stder. Tutt treats of (1) brassicae; (2) ochracea, the pale ochreous form ; (3) albicolon, Steph. the more mottled form ; (4) wnicolor ; (5) albidilinea with white marking ; (6) andalusica ; (7) decolorata. f. albicolon, Steph. (Tutt). It does not seem to me that this name has any validity as the data are most confusing and uncertain. ab. canescens, Moore Ann. & Mag. 5 ser. I. (1878) p. 233. Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Forewing brownish grey; orbicular and reniform marks greyish white, with narrow black border; a short double black streak below the base of the cell, and a quadrate mark below the orbicular spot ; an indistinct pale submarginal, irregular fascia, and THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (271) black marginal Junular line with whitish inner border; hindwings pale greyish brown. Thorax and abdomen greyish brown; antennae brown. Underside glossy pale greyish brown, both wings with indistinct short transverse discocellular streak.” Yarkand (4449 ft.). Hamp. included canescens, Moore, under the synonymy of trifolit (chenopodii) but does not otherwise mention it. Lep. Phal. V. 29. Swinhoe, Cat. Moths of India, p. 819, places canescens next to brassicae but without comment. ab. scotochroma, Rob. Iris. 1. 840 (1884). Fie.—l.c. plt. 12. fig. 13. Ortc. Descrip.— There lie before me two specimens 3 and @? of a Mamestra caught at Dresden in the summer of 1887. Both examples are distinguished by the almost complete absence of the golden sheen usually found on the inner margin of the forewing near the base and along the white border line, thus there are only rudimentary traces of the white border line, and the much darker ground colour prevails. The usual large white spot present in the reniform stigma in the female, is only represented by a quite insignificant whitish atom, while in the male it shows no divergence from the usual form. Although the female is in nearly faultless condition, yet it contains no trace of a thoracic crest, the male possesses a quite undeveloped one on the first three segments. In both specimens the hindwings approach the colour of the forewings, much darker than in brassicae, and the dark marginal band on the underside is sharper, bent and more removed to the middle. Eyes antennae and annulation of the fore-legs are as in brassicae.” Hamps. Oat. Lep. Ph, V. 12 (1905) merely says “‘ Melanic.” ab. decolorata, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zt. 34 (1889). Fic.—Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 15. Orie. Degcrip.—‘s A number of specimens of this common species, collected (die Ruckbeil) south from Issykul, are far paler and marking- less than typical brassicae, and | denote them as var. decolorata. They come near my var. andalusica, but are not as they are yellow- or brownish-grey, but white-grey. The black transverse lines are more or less rudimentary, the rest of the markings in individual specimens of var. decolorata are almost obsolescent, so that the transverse line with the M before the outer margin in one female is quite gone, in two others nearly. The hindwings also, particularly on the underside, are lighter and the latter completely wants the dark transverse line. Single examples come almost quite like the typical brassicae, so that this var. decolorata appears to be only the prevailing form of this locality ‘S. of the Issykul.”’ The brassicae which I have from Margelan are as dark and almost identical with the European specimens. ab. straminea, Failla. Nat. Sic. X. 80 (1890). Fig.—l.c. plt. I. fig. 5. Orie. Drscrie.—‘‘ This very beautiful aberration is distinguished chiefly for its general tone of pale straw yellow, by the usual lines being well marked in black and by the stigmata of a deep yellow colour, as ds also the antemarginal fascia. ‘The lower wings as well as the whole body is of the colour of the forewings. The rest of the markings (272) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. conform to the diverse appearance of the other forms.” A single example from near Castelbuono. Hampson’s short diagnoses are :— ab. scotochroma, Rober.— Melanie. ab. andalusica, Staud.—Paler, the forewing yellowish grey, and without rufous tinge.—S. Europe. ab, decolorataa—Much paler, forewing whitish grey.—W. Turkestan. Mamestra, Ochs..and Treit. (1816-25) Dup., Gn., Tutt, Barr., Stdgr., South, Splr., Pierce, Culot. [Polia, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25) H.-S., Hamp., Warr.-Seitz: Melanchra, Hb. (1822) Meyr.] persicariae, L. (1761). Hufnagel, Berlin May. III. 308 (1766), described this species under the name sambuci. Orig. Drscrie.—‘‘ Black with a few pale indistinct markings, and a white spot in the middle of the upper-wing.” Rott. Naturf. IX. 128, testifies that this is the persicariae, Linn. Illig. Verz. I. 198, testifies to the persicariae of Schiff. Verz. 71 (1801). Tutt, Bout. Noct. 1. 117 (1891): Barr: Lep. Brit. Ts. VV., 2125 pit. 160 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 156 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 170, plt. 76 (1905): Hamp. Lep. Ph. V. 105 (1905): South, Moths Br. 1. 239, plt. 180 (1907): Warr.-S. Pal. Noct. Il]. 72, plt. 16hi (1911): Culot N. et. G. 1(1). 100, plt. 17 (1909-13). Rosel Jns. Belust. I(2). plt. 80, has two good figures. Ernst. and Ener. Pap. d’ Eur., VI. figs. 885, give 8 very good figures, 355d. a typical form with dominantly white reniform, 3835f. a grey form with brownish bands and markings which may represent the “hoary grey” form of Barrett, and 335g. a wnicolor form (not acctpitrina, Warr.-S. and Auct.) Spuler, Schm. Hur. I. 107, takes the brown reniformed accipitrina as the wnicolor, Stdgr. Hampson, Lep. Phal. V. 105, by inference, does the same, he says, the ‘‘ reniform is not filled in with white.” In my copy of Hb. the fig. 64 of persicariae has a reddish reniform encircled with white, and in his Text, p. 176, he says of the reniform, ‘‘a white brown-centred spot.” These items do not agree with our British form where the white of the reniform is dominant in amount and in purity. Dup., Hist. Nat., VII. plt. 102, has an excellent figure: although the white is well pronounced in the reniform the red central portion is somewhat too spread. South, 1/.B.J., I. plt. 120., gives two very good figures. Culot, N. et G. I(1). plt. 17, has a very fine fig. The reniform is dominantly pure white. The fig. 4 on Esper’s plt. CXXIX., as Stdgr. says, does not look like either a persicariae or even a Mamestra. The wing-shape is totally THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (273) different from that of the perstcariae on the same plate. The markings, both on the upper and underside, are not those of persicariae. Treit., Schm. V(2). 140, says that ‘‘ acctpitrina, Esp. cannot be a var. of persicariae,”’ but he suggests it may be a form of aliena, Hb. He says that he has bred an example in which the reniform is wholly obsolete resembling the accipitrina form of aliena. Gn., Noct. V. 200, says that from Ksper’s text accipitrina must be an accidental var. of persicariae. Werneburg, Beitr. II. 42, says that the fig. accipitrina would pass for saportae, but that saportae does not occur in that part of Europe, where accipitrina was captured. It is not a variety of persicariae and can only be a variety of adusta. Warr.-Seitz. says that accipitrina, Esp. and unicolor, Stdgr. are one and the same. Japanese examples of persicarviae are all larger than Kuropean. It would appear that the accipitrina, Esper., plt. 129, and the Warr.-Seitz figure plt. 16i which has a reniform filled in with dark brownish yellow represent two different forms. The former as Werneburg suggests belongs to another species, possibly adusta, the latter the accipitrina of Continental collections, and not the wnicolor of Stdgr. in which the reniform is completely obsolescent. Variation.— Barrett says ‘‘ Usually very constant in colour and marking.” He records a specimen ‘having the forewing suffused with hoary grey.”’ The Names and Forms under consideration are :— persicariae, Li. (1761), Fn. S., 819. sambuci, Hufn. (1766), Berl. Mag., II. 808. ab. accipitrina, Esp. (1788), Abbl., [V(2)., 393, plt. 129, ab. wnicolor, Stdgr. (1871), Cat., Ied., 91. Tutt dealt with (1) typical persicariae. (2) ab. accipitrina. (8) unicolor, the form without white in the reniform. Hampson says that accipitrina bas “‘ Forewing with the reniform not filled in with white.” The name sambuci, Hiifn. is dealt with above. Crymodes exulis, Lefbv. Crymodes, Gn. (1852) Barr., South, Warr.-Stz. [Hadena, Shrunk, (1802) Dup., Zett., Frr., Wocke, Hoffm., Stdgr., Splr., Cul., Meyr. Polia, Hb. (Tent. 1806), O. and Tr. (1816-25), Hb., H.-S. : Xylophasia, Steph. (1829), Smith: Hremobia, Steph. (1829), Hamp.] eaulis, Lefby. (1836) =? maillardi, H.-G. (1834). This boreal species shews extreme variability, hardly two specimens are alike, which added to its distribution in Labrador, Greenland, Ieeland, Norway, the Shetlands, Scotland and, if it be the same as maillardt, the Pyrenees, Alps, Hungarian Mts., Finland, N. Russia ?, W. and E. Turkistan Mts., renders it a most difficult species to discuss. It seems advisable to treat of all the named forms to both the above and there leave the matter for future work. Hampson, Ley. Ph. VIII. 423 (1908) from a study of the B.M. (274) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. series, containing examples from the whole area of their distribution, states that the original was the oleracea, Mohr., Isl. Naturh. (1786). But as this name was already occupied in the then genus (Noctua) he (Hamps.) took the next available name, which was maillardi, Geyer, for the species name. Now maillardi, Gey., depicted a different form from the Icelandic oleracea, and Hampson, apparently, therefore took the description and figure in the Zut. 9, fig. 821-2 (1837) difflua, the form with whitish streaks from the same locality, Iceland, as typical, and using for it the name maillardi, while in his summary of forms he places ab. 5 maillardi, as a large fuscous brown form without streaks on veins of fore-wings. This action of Hampson’s has added still more to the confusion. Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 118 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. 1V. 124, plt. 151 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 172 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 191, plt. 40 (1905): South VM. BG. 1. I. 262, plt. 123 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Ph. VII. 428, fig. 70 (1908): Wavrr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. IIL. 177, plt. 41g, (1911): Culot N. et G. I(1). 153, plts, 27, 28 (1909-13). Freyer’s fig., New. Beitr. V. plt. 411, 3 (1845), is a poor one. Bdv. had an insect in his collection under the name groenlandica. He did not describe it but subsequently it was described by Duponchel in 18386 (Hist. Nat. Sup. IIL. p. 228). Dup. l.c. refers to the names and descriptions of somnert, exulis and yelata by Lefby. (Ann. Soe. ent. Fr. 392, plt. 4 published just previously) and comments that the specimens were in such bad condition that he dare not be positive that his groenlandica was related to one of them. Lefebvre’s figures (Ann. Soc. ent. Hr.) of sommeri, eaulis and gelata are very clear and distinct although we are told that the insects them- selves were in such bad condition that every doubt existed as to their identity in comparison with other material. (1) sommeri.—Alis anticis fusco cinereoque marmore, strigis duabus dentatis nigris albolimbatis, maculis ordinariis cineraceis porticis fulvo cinereis. Greenland. (2) ewulis.—Alis anticis fuscocineroque variis, fascia media rufescente, maculis ordinariis cinereis, reniformi dilutiori striga postica dentata fulva, fimbria fulvo-fusco intersecta ; posticis fulvo-cinereis, ciliis flavidis. Labrador. (3) gelata.—Alis anticis fusco-cinereoque nebulosis, strigis tribus dentatis nigro fuscis, maculis ordinariis distineté albidis; posticis fulvo-cinereis margine fuscis ciliis flavidis. Labrador. All three figs. have the crenulated trans. line almost exactly similar and with light emphasis outside. The central band in all three darkest on the inner margin. The inner line is also bounded by light emphasis but on the inside. In (1) the submarginal line is only just discernible; in (2) it is light cream; in (3) it is jet black. The disposition of colour and shading about the same in all three but varying in area more or less. In (1)-(8) there is a dark area between the stigmata which is not so pronounced in (2) exutis. On plate XXI., figs. 8-4, Dup. figures g and @, the former dark grey with dark brown median band bounded by whitish lines, inner and submarginal lines also whitish, as is the surround of the stigmata. The female is a rich chocolate brown with lighter and broader lines THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (275) and markings. The reniform and orbicular both extend to the costa and are lighter in colour, especially the reniform. Dup., l.c., plt. 49. 2, figures ewulis. A good figure with light trans- verse lines and stigmata surrounds, but without the light veins. The inedian band is very dark chocolate, the ground is a much lighter mahogany brown. Fig. 3. l.c. depicts gelata, a dull red brown form clearly marked by somewhat lighter and somewhat darker markings, the main veins being also lined out; the h.w. have the basal two thirds much lighter brown. ‘The space between the stigmata is the darkest. He also figures maillardi, lc. plt. 18. 3. All are in the genus Hadena. None of Duponchel’s figures indicate at all the woolly appearance of all the forms of the species or species. Milliére, Jcon. (1867), plt. 84. 8, has a very fine figure of assimilis from a specimen sent him by its describer Doubleday. It is an extremely rich dark black-brown with marking very slightly impressed. The veins are not marked out. He also gives, l.c. plt. 65. 11, a figure of exulis, dark brown, with a darker central shade, the veins being lined with a lighter brown, there is also a darker shade in the submarginal area. The stigmata are the lightest feature, dirty white. Newman has two very good figures of the typical forms, but not assimilis. South, Moths B.I. 1. plt. 123, gives three good figures, lst the Shetland exis and 8rd the Rannoch assimilis. Weir, Hnt. XVII. plt. I. figs. 4-7, gives 3 very beautiful fieures of the large white-lined insect taken in Unst. These lines, both the longitudinal and transverse ones are well emphasised and answer to Hampson’s maillardi description of difflua, only moreextreme. Figure 4 is the small very dark uniform Rannoch form, which Doubleday named assimilis, and which we should call a form of eaulis. Variation.— Barrett says ‘‘ The variation of this species abroad is extraordinary.” Barrett records a specimen of which ‘Its more important character of supposed distinction is the comparatively greater length and narrowness of the forewings, and their more pointed apex. Its ground colour is drab-brown abundantly marbled with umbreous and dusted with black, and its only conspicuous marking is the reniform stigma, which is distinctly edged with white in such a manner as to give it a singular resemblance to WM. brassicae; a row of white dots which is fairly distinct between the second and subterminal lines in the figures of maillardi is only faintly visible in this specimen, yet recognisable under a lens; it is moreover a little smaller than the figures quoted.” Herr Leo Schwingensehuss (Verh. z.-b. LXXIII. (22) 1922) says that matllardi has a series of variations parallel to that of monoylypha. Browne’s notes on the 17 specimens (some bred) in the Dobrée Collection are interesting. Descrip. Cat. Hur. Noct. 31 (1909). The Names and Forms to be considered are :— oleracea, Mohr. Is]. Nat. 90 (1786). [zeta, Tr. ] (276) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. [pernta, H.-G.] maillardi, H.-G. Saml. Noct. 883 (18384). eaulis, Lefbv. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 392, plt. 10, 2-3 (1836). gelata, Lefbv. l.c. groenlandica, Dup. Hist. Nat. Sup. Il]. 228, plt. 21, 3 (1886). difflua, H.-G. Zut. p. 9, £. 821-2 (18387). marmorata, Zett. Ins. Lap. 987 (1840). [clandestina, Bdv.| cervina, Germ. F'n. Ins. Kur. XX. plt. 19 (1842). [marmorata, H.-S. Sys. Bearb. Il. 267, figs. 451-3 (1845).] borea, H.-S. l.c. Addenda p. 55, 3 and 9? (1845). assimilis, Dbldy. Zool. V. 1914 (1847). poli, Gn, Noct. V. 187 (1852). gelida, Gn. l.c. V. 196, plt. IV. 7 (1852). [vivalis, Gn.| schildei, Stdgr. Cat. I1led. 172 (1901). infuscata, Schwing. Verh. Ges. z. b. Wien. p. 29 (1928-4). H.-S., Sys. Bearb. II (1845) treats borea, maillardi and groenlandica as separate species well separated from one another, in the genus Polia. He treats gelata and marmorata as synonymous; also in Polia. He puts cervina in the genus Neuria and refers to marmorata figure as the same !! Of eaulis he says nothing except putting it in the Synonymic List without reference. Of these maillardi is large and the others small, the size of British assimilis from Rannoch. Groenlandica is the largest of the small forms. Barrett says of matllardi, ‘‘ That it is a variety of this species I feel no doubt,” l.c. LV. 1238. Staudinger, Stett. e Zt. (1857) p. 238, dealing with the more than 400 examples obtained by him in Iceland, after enumerating the forms hitherto named gives a dozen vars. a. Forewings black, marbled with white; gf and 9. b. Forewings black. central band broadly paler; 3. c. Forewings variegated with black, yellow and white g and @. d. Forewings yellowish, dusted with black; 9°. e. Forewings yellowish marbled with white. f. Forewings unicolorous grey, with the lines black; g and 9. g. Forewings unicolorous reddish; gf and ¢. h. Forewings unicolorous ochreous yellow; 3g i. Forewings grey, subterminal line spotted with yellow; g and 9°. k. Forewings black, stigmata yellow; g and 9°. 1. Forewings black, stigmata white; ? m. Forewings wholly black; of and OF. He did not attach any names to these. Staudinger said that no Noctuid known to him varied to the extent this species does, and he therefore commented on the names he found for the various forms, especially because of the possibility of error from authors mostly describing from worn examples :— Gréndlandica, Dup. was thought to be eaulis, Lefby. but the latter was so worn that Dup. was doubtful as to the identity. Gelata, Lefbv. was recognised by most authors quite certainly as the @ of eawlis and therefore should fall although published prior to gronlandica. Borea, Boisd. is only a Catalogue name with no description. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (277) Cervina, Germ. is only an eaulis, Cervina, Evers. (H.-S. figs. 168, 164), [=Jleinert] is not the same insect as cervina, Germ. Difflua, Hb. -Gey. obtained ore Grénland by Sommer, with some doubt belongs here. All species in Guenée under Crymodes except sommert belong here. Both poli and gelida can belong only here. The gréndlandica, Frey, belongs here certainly, but the grdéndlandica, Zett., | place here with a ?, since its description is that of sommert. The oleracea, Mohr., can only be placed here. Wocke in an article on Norwegian Lepidoptera, Stett. ent. Zt. 183 (1864) discusses the possibility of maillardi and ewulis being the same species. Hoffmann, in an article on the Shetland Islands, expressed the strong opinion that zeta, Tr., pernia, H.-G., maillardi, H.-G., and exulis, Lef., were one and the same species. The Rev. Dr. Walker, Proc. [Mnt. Soc. Lond. (1890) XXXIV. exhibited a large number of Crymodes exulis picked from more than 350 specimens obtained by himself in Iceland. He pointed out the forms comprised, as follows— Marbled, dark marbled, light brown marbled, brown marbled, dark, dark one- spot, light brown one- spot, marbled one-spot, marbled two- spot, brown white- patch, light brown, dusky marbled, and brown. He stated that the brown forms predominated. Smith Cat. Noct. Bor. Am. 187 (1898) says ‘In the Jardin des Plantes at Paris is a long series of specimens separated out by Guenée and containing types of his names. ‘They all refer to one species.” He refers to eaulis, gelata, yroenlandica, marmorata, difflua, gelida, polt and borea. Meyrick, Hand. 123 (1896) has genus, Caradrina; in Rev. Hand. has the genus, Hadena. In his description he describes eaulis but puts Fe rininh as synonymous, which it cannot be as the latter is very dark and almost unicolorous. Stdgr., Oat. IIled. 172, classifies evulis with the prior described maillardi and describes a form schildet from Finland as ‘‘ Magnitudine maillardi al. ant. rufescenti—brunneis.”’ He considers difflua, Hb. Zit. p. 9, fig. 821-2 (1828) as one of the forms, of which eanlis, Lef. isa synonym, with 9 other forms yelata, groenlandica, cervina, marmorata, assimilis, gelida, poli, oleracea and borea. In bis Cat. Ied. (1871) Stdg. had already united maillardi to evulis, putting ‘‘ Darwinian form” with a query. Spuler omits eanlis altogether. He has maillardi and zeta-pernia. He treats difflua as a species. Rebel, Berye. Schm. Buch. p. 198 (1909) has maillardi and difflua (ewulis). His dates are difflua, Hb. (1823), maillardi, H.-G. (1826). He notes that many authors consider diflua as the northern form of maillardt. Hamp. (1908) considered exulis as a form of maillardi, Hb.-G. He notes :— maillardt, A large fuscous brown form without streaks on veins © of forewings. exulis. A small grey brown form without pale streaks on veins of forewings. (278) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. schildeit. A large red brown form, assimilis. Much blacker. groenlandica. A small pale grey-brown form without streaks on veins of forewings. Hamp. describes the species from Hb.-Geyer’s fig. Zut. p. 9, fig. 821-2 (1837). diflua. Forewing olive brown irrorated and suffused with black- brown, the veins with pale streaks. Warr.-Seitz U.c. (1911), considered oleracea, Mohr. (nec L.), gelata, Lef., groenlandica, Dup., difflua, Hb.-G., marmorata, Zett., borea, Bdv., cervina, Germ., and poli, Gn. as synonyms of ewulis, Lefbvr. He says ‘“« Always smaller than maillardi, Hb.” which he treats as a separate species. He also treated zeta, Tr., with its forms rivalis, Gn., pernia, Hb.-G. and zetina, Stdgr., as a separate species.. Culot, N. et. G., 1(1). 158, in dealing with maillardi, refers to the great confusion around this species, of which he gives a very good figure on plt. 27. The exulis, Lefbvr. he holds as the same as difflua, Hb. and strongly holds that it is quite a different species froi maillardi. He refers to the eleven different designations of forms of this species but says he dare not unravel the difficulties with his paucity of material. He figures groenlandica from the type specimen of Dup. in the Oberthur coll. and also borea, Bdv. from the two type specimens, and a recent very pale example of eaulis from Lapland. Further, he expressly excludes zeta (pernia), which is so often confused with matllardi (ewulis), since he has never seen an example of pernix of the yellow shade which “‘ seems to characterize’ madllardt. In his figures Culot depicts maillardi of large size (27:17), yroenlandica somewhat smaller (27-18), eaulis (28:1-2), borea (28°3-4), ewulis (28°5) all of small size. Tutt dealt with the eaulis, Lefbvr., gelata, Lef., groenlandica, Dup., marmorata, H.-S. (=cervina, H.-8.) (not the marmorata, Zett.), assimalis, Dbldy., gelida, Gn., poli, Gn., and borea, H.-S. (borea, Bdv. was without description). The borea, Gn. is different from the borea, H.-S., teste Tutt, Br. Noct. I. 121. The form cervina was described by Germar and not by H.-S. diffua, Geyer, Zut. 9 (1837). Fies.—l.c. 821-2. Orie. Descrre.—Hamp. describes the fig. of which he gives a copy, Lep. Ph. VII. p. 424, fig. 70. ‘‘ Head and thorax dark reddish brown mixed with grey; tarsi blackish with grey wings; abdomen deep seal-brown. Horewing olive brown irrorated and suffused with black brown, the veins with pale streaks ; sub-basal line represented by black striae from costa, and cell definitely whitish on outerside ; antemedial line black defined by pale brown on inner side, oblique, waved, angled inwards to white points on the veins; claviform slightly defined by black, elongate and acute at extremity; orbicular and reniform greyish or olive-brown with slight whitish annuli defined by black; the former rounded or oblique elliptical; traces of a waved medial line; post-medial line defined by pale brown on outer side, bends outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to white points on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line pale brown defined on inner side by small, somewhat dentate THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES, (279) blackish marks, excurved below vein 7, excurved and minutely waved at middle; a terminal series of slight black lunules; cilia ochreous white with blackish line near base and blackish tips.” Labrador, Iceland, Shetland. matllardi, Hb.-G. (1884) Samm. Fig.—l.c. 888. Orie. Descrie.—Described from the figure (Hy.J.T.). General ground colour a dark leather brown slightly tinged with rufous. The four usual transverse lines are all band-like, narrow, lighter than the ground, a light brown or very dirty white. The basal line is incomplete, poorly marked with jet black on the outer side, general direction oblique and zigzag. The second line also oblique with very irregular dense black projections between the veins emphasizing the crenulation on the outer side. ‘The transverse line outside the stigmata is parallel to the outer margin with a sharp deflexion inwards to the costa; the crenulations of it are inwards and each is surmounted by a dense black wedge-shaped spot: the outside is not defined except by colour shade. The waved line roughly parallel to the hind-margin is zigzag with a slightly developed W, edged inwardly by a very uniformly even jet black broad line. In the clear space of somewhat light ground between the two last lines runs a row of very uniform white dots, the last on the costa being accompanied by one on each side. On the outer margin there are a series of stumpy black triangles each touching at their bases, with a white spot at each juncture. The fringe is the same colour as the wing ground. The reniform stigma is marked by a narrow band of lighter colour emphasized inside and outside by a more or less black line. The orbicular is irregular and difficult to trace. The claviform is marked by a jet black line, it rests on the 2nd line but is not further indicated by colour difference. A few veins are marked out in black, one below the costa somewhat conspicuously. Above the reniform there are two small blotches on the costa, a black and a white one. The hindwings are dirty grey, shading darker to- wards the hind margin, but without further differentiation. marmorata, Zett. Ins. Lap. 937 (1840). Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ Alis anticis griseo fuscoque variegatis, maculis ordinariis strigaque postica undulata pallidis, serie punctorum nigrorum intra marginem apicalem ; posticis fuscis.”’ Lapland. He further states that Hadena leucophaea, Hb. and H. yelata, Lefbvr. (dann. Hr, X. 398) are related and similar. Of groenlandica, Lefbvr. he says “ Alis anticis cano nigroque variis, strigis 8 dentatis distinctioribus albis, maculis ordinariis obsoletis ; posticis fuscis, basi dilutioribus.”” Greenland. This description seems to refer to an eaxulis-matllardi form as usually accepted. var. cervina, Germ. F'n. Ins. Hur. XX. plt. 19 (1842). Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Head, thorax and abdomen grey. Fore-wings fawn-coloured irrorated with fuscous black atoms, traversed by grey veins irrorated with black. The transverse waved line near the base and the other before the middle grey, on the outer side bordered with black lines. The stigmata grey irrorated fuscous, surrounded with a black shade. Two parallel lines, dentate, transverse, curved, grey, (280) : THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. bordered on the inside with black lines across the wing before the outer margin. The hind-marginal black line separates the wing from the fawn-coloured cilia. The under surfaces of the forewings are cinereous, the reniform stigma and the two transverse lines before the outer margin are light in the middle.” ‘‘Hindwing grey, fuscous at the margin, the waved transverse line is obsolescent on the much paler central area ; cinereous below.” Iceland. ab. infuscata, Schwing. Verh. z.-b. LX XII. (29)(1922). “Tn a female maillardi caught (ebendort) in a similar locality the whole of the forewing is suffused with blackish, and no other marking can be seen except the outer whitish surround of the reniform and the distinctly visible waved line. It is comparable to the similar aberration of monoglypha.” ab. schildet, Stdgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. 172 (1901). Orie. Descrip.—‘ Magnitudine maillardi al. ant. rufescenti- brunneis.”’ Pachetra leucophaea, View. Pachetra, Gn. (1852) New., Barr., Hamp., South. — [Melanchra, Hb. (1822) Meyr. : Mamestra, Hb. (1822) Stdgr., Splr., Cul. : Heliophobus, Bdy. (1829) non descrip.: Hadena, Schrnk. (1832) Tr., Frr.| lewcophaea, View. (1790), Schiff. (1775) =fulminea, Fb. (1776) =sagittifera, Hutn. (1766). On account of the feathered antennae the early authors classed this species as a Bombya. Tutt did not take the original description which was in Schiff. Verz. 82 (1775), where it is placed among those species ‘“ with streaked larvae on Achillea millefolim, the imago upper wings greyish with white lines.” ‘The thousand leaf noctua.” A wholly inadequate description but Illiger, Verz. Iled. 271 (1801) refers it to the leucophaea of Bork. and of Brahm, to the B. fulminea, Fb., and the Bb. vestiyialts, Esp. The Verz. is now considered to be the last work published in 1775. Tutt noted that the name fulminea, Fb., Hnt. Syst., II(1). 484 (1793) was this species, but again did not trace the name back through the Mantissa and Species Ins. to the Genera Ins. p. 282, (1776). [Fabricius placed fulminea in Bombyx. The fulminea, Scop. in the Noctua was the prior name of paranympha. | Hiibner’s Tewt. p. 186 (1805—) gives references to Schiff. Verz. (1775), to fulminea, Fab. and ravida, Hsp. Orie. Dusorip. (of fulminea)—* Alis incumbentibus griseo fuscoque variegatis, thorace antice albo striga nigra.” ‘«« Antennae pectinatae ferrugineae. Thorax griseus antice albus striga tenui nigra. Ad latera utrinque lunula alba. Alae anticae basi albidae lituris nigris, tunc griseae, in medio fascia lata fusca, quae antice posticeque a striga undata alba includitur. Maculae ordinariae albidae in hac fascia. Alae apice griseae striga undata nigra. Posticae eriseae.” Hamps. Lep. Ph. V. 208 (1905) attributes leucophaea to Schiff. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (281) (1775) and relegates fulminea, Fb. (1776) to synonymy. Warr.-Seitz, on the other hand, Pal. Noct. III. 79 (1909) ignores the inadequate description of Schiff. and attributes lewcophaea to View. (1791), adopts fulminea, Fb. (1781) and relegates lencophaea to synonymy. Illiger in Verz. Iled. 1801, p. 271 refers leucophaea to the fulminea of the Ent. Sys. emend, I1I(1). 184 (1798). [III(2). given in text is an error. |. Werneberg, Beitr. I. 211 (1864) refers the vestiyialis, Hutn. to valligera, Tr.; the sagittifera, Htifn. to leucophaea, Tr.; the leucophaea, Schiff, and the Bombya fulminea, Fb. to sagittifera, Hutn. ; the Bombya vestigialis, Hsp. to sagittifera, Hufn.; the ravida, Hsp. to sayittifera, Hufn.; and in all cases lewcophaea, to the same. Hufnagel’s description of sagittifera is as follows.—‘‘ The arrow bearer. Brownish grey with sundry black markings, some of them are the shape of an arrowhead. 2nd size. In the grooves on fences and tree trunks. June-July. Rare.” [Copied from Werneb. 1J.c. 252]. This seems to apply to lewcophaea and if so is the prior name. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 121 (1891); IV. 108 (1892): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. IV. 145, plt. 153 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 155 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Phal. V. 208, fig. 27 (1905): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 168, plt. 86 (1905) : South Moths Br. I. I. 257, plt. 158 (1907): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 79, plt. 19ef. (1909): Culot Noct. et Geom. T(1). 97, plt. 16, fig. 11 (1909-18). Esper, Abbild. on plt. LIII., figs. 4-5, gives two recognisable figures of a form of leucophaea, which he calls vestigialis under the impression that it was the vestiyialis of Hufnagel, Berlin Mag. Il. p. 422, and of Rott. Natwf. VIII. p. 107, but as Bork. points out Schm. LV. 411, Hiifnagel’s insect had only the size of chrysorrhoea and the marking was not that of lewcophaea. Esper on plt. CXLV. fig. 1 depicts an insect which he calls ravida. ‘There seems little doubt that it is a form of leucophaea. In this Werneberg, Beitr. 11. 45, agrees. Bork. l.c., LV. 412 says that this figure is that of a leuwcophaea. Ernst and Hner., Pap. d’ Eur. V. fig. 245 (1786) give 4 figures of the imago : c—a darkish banded form possibly representing ravida ; e— a small dark form, possibly referable to bombycina; f—a very grey form with numerous light bluish slate-grey areas; y—a rather rich brown form but the reniform stigma encircled with white (the most stable and emphasized feature in all examples) and numerous black features including the next stable “‘ arrows.” Hiubner’s fig. 80 (1802) has a central band of purplish tint. Hubner’s (Geyer) fig. 817 (1884) also has the purplish tinge, but is a figure of very bad shape. ' Hiibner’s description of fig. 80 runs, ‘ Bluish-grey, brownish shaded; the forewings marked with pale central spots and waved lines, also a black spot near and similar small streaks. The hindwings shade ashy grey marked with a pale line. The body similarly ashy grey.’ A poor description. Stephen’s fig. ///. plt. XXIV. (1829) is, absolute rubbish in my copy. He calls it a fine example ! Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 90, 6 (1826) has a very good figure but small, the veins are well emphasized in white ; plenty of ‘ arrows.”’ (282) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Freyer, Neu. Beitr. (1842) has two good figures on plt. 382, in both of which the claviform is unusually indistinct. Newman, Brit. Moths. 295 (1871) has a very good black and white figure. Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. LV. plt. 158, gives several good figures of light and dark forms of both sexes. Hamps., Lep. Phal. V. 204, fig. 27 (1905) has a good black and white figure. Spuler, Sch. Hur. 1. plt. 86, 8 (1905) has a very fair figure as to marking but the general colouring is brown suffusion, no grey or black, nor are the “ arrows ”’ distinct. South, 1.8.1. I. plt. 128, 1 (1907) gives a very good figure of a somewhat dark British specimen. Warr.-Seitz, l.c. gives seven figures; plt. XIXef. (1909), g and 2 fulminea, vestiyialis, bombycina g and Q, grisescens and XXa. pyrenaica. The colour is not at all good, otherwise they are good figures. Culot, N. e¢ G. I(1). plt. XVI. 11 (1909-18) has a good figure. Of the variation Barrett says—‘ Usually not very variable.” This is true of our British specimens more or less, but from examination of the figures of many authors and the examination of various specimens from British and continental sources no two specimens seem to agree. The innumerable minor differences in marking are extreme although the texture, basal colour and emphasis agree in the main. Barrett records a specimen ‘having the forewings remarkably white, with the claviform stigma as usual, large and dark, but the other markings only margined or faintly indicated.” This may be the incana of Milliére. The Forms and Names to be considered are :— sayittifera, Hutn. Berlin Mag. I. 422 (1766). fuliinea, Fb, Gen. Ins. 282 (1776-7). f. restiyialis, Wisp. Abbild. III, 270, plt. 58 (1782). f. ravida, Esp. Abbild. 1V(2). 462, plt. 145 (1789). lencophaea, View. Tab. Verz. II. 23 (1790). ab. bombycina, Evers. Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. (1847), 78, plt. 6. ab. incana, Mill. Cat. vrais. Sup, Il. 17 (1875). subsp. pyrenaica, Obthr. Et. Ent. VIII. 50 (1884), IX. plt. 8, f. 10. ab. yrisescens, Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. IL. 79, plt. 19f, (1909). ab. brunnea, Reb. Berge. 178 (1909). ab. diluta, Bialby EG, ab. conjuncta, Hirschke., Verh. Ges. Wien. LX. 416 (1910). ab. melaena, Hartw. Wnt. Zt. XXVI. 187 (1910). subsp. syriensis, (Hamp.) Strand. Cat. Lep. Phal. V. 204 (1905) : Arch. Natg. LXXXII. A. 2, 2 (1917). ab. nigra, Wagn. Int. Ent. Zt, XXIV. 476 (1981). race (ssp. ?) britannica, nov. Tutt deals atl (1) leucophaea, (2) fulminea in pt., (3) vestiyialis speckled with ochreous, (4) ravida with with central area red, (5) bombycina a small form, (6) pyrenaica the melanie subsp. Eversmann Bull. Mose. plt. V., figs. 1-2 (1847), under the name THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (283) bombycina, $, gave a figure which much resembles typica in size, marking and shape. The wings are short, antennae well pectinated, light markings conspicuously accompany every other marking; bind- wings do not show the differentiation of marginal and discal areas to any degree; there is also a dusky line midway across the dise of hindwing. In l.c. (1856) plt. I1., fig. 5, has markings similar to the 1847 fig. but all quite narrow lines and in some cases suppressed to mere traces of those of the previous fig. The hindwing has a decidedly dark marginal area and a clear light discal area. Hsper remarks re his fig. called ravida, Abbild, TV. plt. 145 on p. 462, 1V(2). that it has almost wholly the markings of his vestiyialis on plt. 58 and that Bork. calls it a var. of vestiyialis. ‘The ground colour is a mixture of brown, grey and blackish, the stigmata are so pale and slightly marked that the white line with which they are edged can scarcely be seen.” But the black submarginal streaks and markings are so run together as to form a very irregular narrow band. ab. incana, Mill. Cat. rais. Sup. IL. 17 (1875). Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The imagines reared from St. Martin Berthemont are always very light.” subsp. pyrenaica, Obthr, Ht. Mnt. VIII. 50 (1884). Higa lc) DX pits 3 i110: Orie. Descrr.—‘ A very remarkable local variety and _ very ‘constant, distinguished from the ordinary type of France by the obscure coloration of its wings. It seems that the lewcophaea of Cauterets is entirely covered with a blackish slaty grey colour, upon which only the black marking and the white circle which surrounds the orbicular and reniform stigmata stand out.” ab. grisescens, Warr.-Seitz Val. Noct. LI. 79. Fie.—l.c. plt. 19f. (1909). Orie. Descrip.—‘ Rather smaller than typical fulminea, dark grey suffused with fuscous, without any admixture of brown or ochreous ; the upper stigmata grey with white outlines, the claviform black; the underside is whitish powdered with grey; the cell spots large; an outer line on both wings.” Calabria, Lila Mts. ab. brunnea, Rbl. Berge. 178 (1909). Orie. Descrie.—‘ Forewing alimost unicolorous brown mostly with the orbicular and reniform stigmata defined with white.” ab. diluta, Rbl. Berge. 178 (1909). Orig. Descrre.—‘ Much paler than the typical form, the forewings white-grey, with obsolescent dark markings, only the claviform stigma is dark, generally also the marginal area towards the waved line.” ab. conjuncta, Hirschke. Verh. Ges. Wien. LX. 416 (1910). Orig. Drscrie. —‘“ |’rom the lower margin of the reniform runs a brond white streak to the lower part of the orbicular and makes a complete junction of the two stigmata here.’ A ? was found at Zuckiiantel in Silesia sitting ona birch. (284) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. ab. melaena, Hartw. Ent. Zt. XX VI. 187 (1913). Orig. Descrre.—‘: Distinguished by the absence of the white brighter markings on the upper wings; the orbicular, reniform and claviform stigmata are dark like the rest of the wing and have in place of a white or light margin a deep black one.” Brunswick. ab. Hoffm. and Kloss. Schm. Stierm., 382 (1914). Orica. Descrip.—‘‘ Many specimens are noted with varied longitu- dinal markings, very dark and pale white.” race syriensis, Hamp. (Strand) Cat. Lep. Ph. V. 204 (1904) [Arch. Naturg. UXXXII. A. 2, 29 (1917)]. Orica. Descriep.—* Hindwings white, the veins only tinged with brown.”’—Syria. ab. nigra, Wagn. Int. Ent. Zt. XXIV. 476 (1981). Orie. Descrie.—‘ In Anatolia the form of leucophaea is bombycina, fy.” Among those taken was ‘‘ One example obtained on May 23rd a 3d is almost uniformly dark (blackish) slate grey.” race (ssp. ?) britannica, nov. Orie. Descrie.—Barrett says l.c., ‘‘The white ground colour appears to be more especially visible in our native specimens, those from abroad having the ground colour much tinged with pale umbreous or smoky-brown.” “ British examples are usually of lighter ground.” South. There appears to be at least a racial, if not a subspecific distinction, in our British examples. In fact, a close examination of our British examples seems to show that in all the lighter shades of this very variegated insect there is a. whiter element particularly in the hind marginal area. The markings seem to show a greater contrast between the darker and lighter. In British examples there are always some veins strongly emphasized whereas in continental examples the light veins are extensively missing. I think that one might venture to call this race (ssp. ?) britannica from its isolation.and its general impression. Cerigo matura, Hufn. Cerigo, Steph. (1829) Gn., Newm., Barr., Obthr., South, Cul. [Polia, Treit. (1816-25) H.-S.: Thalpophila, Hb. (1822), Splr., Hamps., Warr.-Seitz: Caradrina, Hb. (1822) Meyr.: Celaena, Steph. (1829) Stdgr.] matwra, Hufn. (1766). Meyr., Hand. 124 (1896) places it last in his omnibus genus Caradrina, and immediately followed by Senta maritinia. In the Revised Edition, p. 77 (1927), matura is retained in Caradriua but is immediately followed by Mania maura, Polia, Tr. is a non-deseript until 1825. Werneberg, Beitr. I. 219 (1864) gives texta, Tr. as the matura, Hufn.; the cytherea, Fb. as matura, Hufn. (p. 429); the teata, Hsp. as matura, Hufn.; and the teata of View. as matura, Hufn. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (285) Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 128 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. 1V. 342, plt. 174, 3 (1897) : Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 169 (1901): Splr. Schin. Hur. 1. 187, plt. 39 (1905): South Moths Br. Is. I. 269, plt. 128 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 679, fig. 176 (1908): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 199, plt. 44ik. (1911): Culot NV. et G. I(1), 148, plt. 26, 4-5 (1909-13). Ernst. and Eng., Pap. d’ Hur. VII. 33, fig. 480, (1790) give three pictures all quite good, which they identify as forms of texta, Hsp. They say that Hsper’s text has not yet appeared (1790). Treit, Schm. Hur, X(2). 41, (1835), speaks of the larva being like that of popularis and in his description of the imago compares it with the same species. Hubner named both figs. 109 and 548 as connewa but subsequently identified them as the teata, lisp. Revisers since Hub. have agreed to consider fig. 548 as connewa. But fig. 109 is certainly not ‘‘ obscure ”’ in its marking and hence cannot be allotted to the obscure tevta form, but may be considered as representing the typical form matura. Dup. Hist. Nat. V. 147, plt. 57 (1824), has a good figure of a non- variegated form, brownish grey, the central area darker and obscure red grey. | Frr. Neu. Beitr. II. 91, plt. 257 (1839) has a very good figure of the variegated form cytherea under the name tewta. Splr. Schin. Hur. I. 187, plt. 89 (1905), gives a good figure of matura the more uniform dark brown form. South, M.B./. I. 269, plt. 128 (1907), gives 2 very good figures. Hamp. Lep. Phal. VIL. 579 has a good black and white figure. The fig. matura in Warr.-Seitz, plt. 44i is a highly variegated form, which is not typical but a much emphasized cytherea, Fb. The fig. texta, plt. 44k is a less variegated form much nearer to the typical form of Hub. 109. Culot gives a good figure of a uniformly dark brown form with a lighter inner line and the outer line white except the near costa portion. The rest of the markings obsolescent. The reniform and orbicular are indicated by slight black outlines without any differentiation of centres and are much more obscure than in the form tevta, Esp. As a well authenticated form this may be called f. or r. (not subsp.) obscura. Obthr. Bull. S. ent. Fr, (1908) points out that this Geneva form is local and this statement Culot confirms. Barrett Lep. Brit. Is. LV. plt. 174, figuresa g with outer, inner, and submareinal lines clear white; a ¢@ with inner line obsolescent, outer and submarginal lines indistinct, and lighter brown between outer and submarginal lines; both rather rich brown but not red. Variation.— Barrett says ‘‘ Usually very little variable, except in the depth of the yellow colour of the hindwings; but in Iveland Mr. Kane finds it more so, some examples being of a dark lustre-brown with pale lines, the stigmata ferruginous, and the band of the hind- wings more than usually dark; also others of brighter colour, but with the nervures beyond the middle very pale.”’ Barrett records one ‘‘ with the forewings unicolorous dark yellow- brown shaded with dull grey.” The names and Forms to be considered are :— (286) THE ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. matura, Hufn. Berlin Mag. ILL. 414 (1766). Hib. l.c. 109 (1802). ab. tewta, Hsp. Abbild. IV. 185, plt. 108, 5-6 (1787). f. cytherea, Kb. Hint. Sys. emend. I11(2). 57 (1794). 2? prospicua, Haw. Lep. Brit. 160 (1806-10) nec Hb. ab. conneaa, Hb. Samm. Noct. [109 (1802)] 547-8 (1808-18). Text. 179 (1805 ?—). ab. amathusia, Rmbr. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 119 (1870). lc. plt. 15 (1871). r. provincialis, Obthr. (Culot) Noct. et G. I(1). 148, plt. XXVI. (1909-13). r. iberica, Obthr. (Culot). lc. ab. pallida, Rbl. Rev. Lap. XXIII. 109 (1916). ab. infuscata, Hoffm. Verh. zoo.-bot. Ges. Wien. LXTX. (139) (1919). r. (ssp. ?) sanyuinea, Dnhl. Mitt. Munch. XTX. 108 (1929). r. (ssp. ?) variegata, Dnhl. L.c. f. or r. (not ssp.) obscura, nov. Tutt dealt with (1) matwa the brownish grey (not red) form; (2) connewa the reddish form ; and (8) tevta, the obscure form of Hsp. ab. teata, Esp. Abbild. 1V. 185, plt. 108. Tutt describes the figure 5 of Hisper thus ‘ Anterior wings almost unicolorous, dull purplish brown with a dark streak parallel to the costa from base to reniform, and two dull basal lines, no orbicular but distinct reniform; a dull wavy line parallel to hind margin. Hindwings yellowish with a dull purplish grey hind margin.” Brit. Noct. I. 124 (1891). This description is far from correct. The ground colour is not uniform. The outer marginal area on both upper and undersides is much paler than the rest of the wing. The renifom is circular in shape. ‘The outer line is wide and white, and instead of going to costa is continued completely around the so called reniform. There is a black line parallel to the hind margin, limiting the light marginal area on the inner margin, with still lighter chevrons on the outside, and there are various suppressed bluish markings accompanying the other marking. The hindwings are as near white as can be. The male, fig. 6, much more resembles a form of matwra, than does fig. 5. Jt can be recognised as a matura but very obscure with no trace of white. Steph. uses the name teata, Esp. for this species, lJ. II. 107 (1829). In his Syn. Cat. II. 64, he gives prospicua, Haw. (nec Hb.) as the name of the @, but omits all mention of it in the JJ1. Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 199, treats cytherea and connewa as synonyms and recognises only the dull obscure form teata. Hsper’s description reads, ‘“‘ Alis superioribus fuscis albido-nebulosis, stigmatibus ordinariis, striis tribus flexuosis albis nigro inductis: inferioribus luteis, margine lato fusco.” With such diversity of description and figures all one can say is, as Tutt said, that teata is the name for all the very obscure specimens. Hubner, .c. fig. 109, connewa, is an excellent figure as to marking, shape, size and hindwing colour but the red is only a faint shade and by no means dominant as in the copy Tutt used (Ent. Soc. copy ?). Fig. 548 is not nearly so good a figure. The lines are not whitish but dull orange, the base of forewing is very distinctly orange as well as THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (287) the inner margin between the inner and outer transverse lines. The reddish suffusion is much more apparent and tending to orange and the transverse area between the outer line and the waved line is blackish brown, whereas in the fig. 109 the blackish brown covers only the inner half of the area. It certainly portrays a different form. Hiib. Teat. p. 179, calls both figs. 109 and 548 teata instead of connewa as on the plates, and gives Hsp. as reference. His description runs ‘ Greyish dusky: the wings marked with varied pale central spots and waved lines: the hindwings pale, clay yellow, bordered blackish grey; the body the same.’ An inadequate description certainly, as the figures show different forms. f. cytherea, Fb. Ent. Syst. emend. II1(2). 57 (1794). Tutt omits the fuller description of cytherea, Fb. and does not include it after saying it represents a “variegated form.” The full description is as follows :— “Alis incumbentibus variegatis: striga alba, posticis flavis: margine fusco.—Alae anticae cinereo fuscoque variae maculis in medio ordinariis. Pone maculas striga distincta, undata, alba. Posticae flavae margine fusco. Subtus anticae obscurae, posticae pallidae.”’ Habitat in Suecia. That is, a form variegated with whitish or white markings. Haw., Lep. Brit. p. 160 (1806-10), describes a species, ‘‘ Alis subcinereis, obsolete strigatis, posticis luteis fimbria angusta fusca submarginali ? under the name prospicua, and says that he has seen it. Subsequently, p. 162, under cytherea, after again seeing it he supposes it will prove to be a large variety of this species, as it does not possess a large lunar spot on the underwing. Gn. l.c. says that the prospicua, Haw. l.c. is the @ of matura. Rambur, Ann. Soc. ent. France (1870) p. 819 describes at great length an insect under the name amathusia, “ a little larger than cytherea which it much resembles.” He says that he has compared it with figures of vittalba (=vitalba) in H.-S. and Bdv., etc., but the differences were very noticeable. It differs from cytherea by the inner line having three teeth, the costal one being bifid ; the outer line sinuate, not dentate as in cytherea, strongly white, bordered by a black line and bent outward just on the inner margin; the submarginal line badly expressed, the white dots being scarcely traceable; the band of the hindwing wider and extended along the costa above and below; the hindwing very pale yellow almost white. Perpignan, France °. The following year the insect was figured by Mabille, Ann. Soc. ent Fr, (1871) plt. 15 f. 8, with the comment that from the description and figure it could not be vitalba, but was very near matura, Hutn. Vitalba is exclusively a Sicilian and Algerian insect. Amathusia occurs only in Spain and S$. France. Stder. Cat. IIled. (1901), Hamps. Lep. Phal. VII. (1908), Warr.- Seitz Pal. Noct. ILI. all consider and treat amathusia as a vitalba, Frr. Culot treats amathusia as a species but very near matura, Hutn. Splr. treats amathusia as a separate species but his figure is probably a figure of vitalba as it is too much like popularis and does not agree with that of Culot nor with iberica, Obthr. (288) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. The original fig. of vitalba, Frr. New. Beitr. II. 49, plt. 124, 3-4 (1834) gives not the slightest suggestion of matura. The text refers to the strong likeness to popularis and to typica. Oberthtir in 1908 Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. p. 291, says ‘‘ Vitalba is a Species quite distinct and well separated from cytherea. Amathusia has nothing in common with vitalba from a specific point of view, and it is necessary to correct the error in the German Cat. Amathusia is an extreme albinistic and pale reddish expression of cytherea of which the most obscure form which I know occurs near Geneva.” He goes on to record that Powell had just rediscovered it (amathusia) at Ille- sur-Jet, and that all intermediates occur among the 200 odd cytherea before him. r. provinctalis, Culot, Noct. et G. I(1). 148 (1909). Fie.—l.c. plt. XXVI. 5. Obthr. Etudes. IX. plt. 8, no text. Orica. Descrip.—‘ Characterized by very neat markings and a great diversity of tints which give the forewings a marbled appearance. A suggestion of a southern race.” Digne. Obthr. fig. is a very good black and white, neither dark nor light. The darkest lines are, the outer margin of the inner transverse line and the outer boundary line of the basal side of the reniform. The chevrons are complete in number and dark. The inner line (narrow band) is terminated on both costa and inner margin by two strong black dots. r. iberica, Obthr. Lep. comp. ILI. plt. 27, 140 (no descrip.\. Culot l.c., plt. XXVI. The fig. is rather small for matura. Hindwing very dull worn look, v. pale dirty straw colour. The forewing has paler veinings and outer line. ‘The inner line very strongly(2) toothed. Ground colour brown of various light shades. Chevrons black and long all cut asunder by the light submarginal transverse line. A light cloud before the apex of wing. A comparison of Culot’s figure with the figures of vitalba and | aniathusia shows that it is much nearer. to the latter than to the former. Lhomme, Cat. Lep. France p. 264, includes amathusia and iberica as forms of matura, but with the reservation that they may belong to a distinct species. ab. pallida, Rbl. Rev. Lep. XXIII. 109 (1916). Orie. Descrie.—< A few specimens had pale grey, slightly marked forewings and whitish-yellow hindwings with only light grey traces of the dark marginal band. These specimens agree with the ab. pallida (Bang-Haas in lit.).”’ [I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Zerny for this description. ] ab. infumata, H6f, Verh. Ges. Wien. LUXIX (189) 1919). _ Orie, Descrie.—“ The yellow black bordered hindwings in normal coloured examples, are here unicolorous russet brown, somewhat as in tragopogonis and this darkening shows itself correspondingly on the underside.’”’ Rohrwalde, Vienna, race (subsp. ?) vartegata, Dnhl., Mitt. Mun. XIX. 108 (1929) THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (289) Orie. Descrie.—< Very variegated; black-brown markings with grey to grey-yellow ground, often with a purple suggestion. Markings very emphasized, the stigmata are especially very prominent and the edging of the outer transverse line, chiefly in the lower curve, distinctly white. Between the strongly emphasized veins in the outer area there are fine white streaks. Often the central area is somewhat darkened and the blackish chevron (claviform ?) follows along vein V. The yellow hindwings are light, fresh pale yellow, to more whitish yellow. The dark margining is sharply defined.”” Mts. of Central Italy. race (subsp. ?) sanguinea, Dnhl. Mitt. Miinch. XIX. 108 (1929). Orie. Drscrip.—‘In the lower situations, particularly in the Campagna Romana variegata was supplanted by a very dark, intensively violet-red suffused form, which here and there also flies with the above named form (vartegata). In this especially large form the dark elements of the marking are quite ordinary not more emphasized, while the paler spots are no whiter, but appear rosy-red, especially so the whole of the stigmata. Below the cell, also across by the reniform lies a rosy-red mark. The yellow of the hindwing is much duller than in variegata with not so much gloss; the band on the outer margin varies in breadth and considerably in the depth of the suffusion.” Neuronia popularis. Neuronia, Hb, (1822), Meyr. praeoc.? [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Tr.: Tholera, Hb. (1822) Warr.-S., Hamp.: Heliophobus, Bdv. (1829- 40) Steph., Gn., Newm., Barr. : Mpinewronia, Rbl. (1901) Stdgr., South, Splr., Culot, Meyr.] popularis, Fb. (1775) =decimalis, Poda (1761). Karly authors classed all Noctuae with pectinated antennae as Bombyces. Fb. Haw. Hsp. Tr. The original description of popularis, Fb. was not as Tutt gave it, in Fab. Hint. Sys. auct. (1793), but in Fab. Sys. Hnt. 577 (1775), before the Verz. of Schiff. It runs Orie. Descrip.—* Bombyx popularis alis deflexis fuscis, albo striatis, stigmatibus albis, pupilla brunnea.” Wholly inadequate but as sub- sequently amplified and supported by references must pertain to our species. Werneberg Beitr. I. 508 (1864), points out that Fab. first described this species in the Sys. Ent. 577 (1775)-as popularis, but in Sp. Ins. II. 205 (1781), considered it a form of yraminis, L. quite in error, which error he retracted in the Mantissa (1787) and again in Hint. sys. (1798). Bork. Naturg. 1V. 401 bad already pointed out this error of Fab. and its rectification. Werneberg also, l.c. p. 298 shows that popularis, Fabr. (1775) is the dectmalis, Poda. 1761. Which last is the prior name without doubt. Bork. Naturg. 1V. 401, refers to Rottemburg, Natwrf. VIII. 105. “ Probably this Noctua is that insect, which Rott. considers to be the graminis, of Linn,” Rottemburg, Natwrf. VII. 105, says that Hufnagel has not described the graminis, Linn. but (Huclidia) mi, with which graminis (/.e. popularis) has no similarity, but is most of all like typica, from which (290) THK KENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. it is distinguishable by its feathered antennae, ete. He (Rottemburg) has frequently taken the 3 but never obtained a female. Treit., Schm. V(1). 818. says that because the authors of the Vienna Verz. placed this species (popularis) under their araminis, it had been carefully compared with the true yraminis. And Illiger’s citations, Wien. Verz. Iled (1801), applied to this species therefore are altogether wrong and belong there (to the true graminis). See also Laspeyres in Illiy. Mag. Il. 105 (1808). Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 124 (1891): Barr., Lep. Brit. Is. IV. 185. plt. 152 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., Iled. 155 (1901): Splr., Sch. Hur., I. 167. plt. 86 (1905): Hamp. Lep. Phal. V. 216. fig. 31 (1905): South, Moths. Brit, Is. I. 255. plt. 127 (1907): Warr.- Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 80. plt. 19h. (1909): Culot, N. et. G. I(1). 96, plt. 16 (1909-18). Krnst and Ener., Pap. de Hur. V. 59. fig. 244, have 2 good figures except that the greyish along the veins has become obsolescent through ave. They identify it with lolit, Hsp. Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 90, (1826) has a very good figure: the veins perhaps hardly light enough. Spuler, Schm. Hur. I. 167. plt. 86 (1905), has a very good figure. Barrett, /.c. gives two figures g and @ on plt. 152, which show extreme sexual dimorphism. The female is much larger than the male. The forewing is dark olive brown with a clouded central broad band, with paler brown venation. The hindwings are dark smoky grey the veins being darker. The male is generally darker brown, the veins lighter but not so light as in the female. The hindwings are nearly white with a smoky marginal band of medium width. The submarginal line of the forewings shows up more than in the female. Hamp. Lep. Phal. V. p. 217. fig. 31 (1905), has a good b. and w. fig., he mentions Ailaris but does not note it as very small as Warr.-5S. fioures it. He puts the yraminis, Schiff. as this species and the same as graminis, Hb. South. J. B. I. plt. 127 (1907), has 2 quite good figures, they show a very slight shade of pink. Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. 111. 80. plt. 19h., has very good figures of g and @ and of a very small form of hilaris, Stdgr. Culot, N. et. G. [(1). plt. 16. 7-8 (1909-18) has two excellent figures. Barrett says of the Variation—‘ Hardly ever variable except in the colour of the hind-wings in the male, the smoky-brown transverse band near the margin being in some individuals dark but narrow, sharply but irregularly defined behind, and even broken up by the white ground; in others cloudy and extended so as to shade nearly one half of the surface.” The Names and Forms to be considered are. decimalis, Poda (1761), Alus. Graec. 92. popularis, Fab. (1775), Sys. Ent. 577. South, l.c. plt. 127. lolii, Esp. (1782), Sch. Abbild, III. 241. plt. 48. 1-5. ab. graminis, Hb. (1802). [Schiff. Vere. 82 (1775) ] ? popularis, Haw, (1808), Lep. Brit. 117. typicoides, Don. (1811), Nat. Hist. Br. Ins. plt. 505. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (291) race hilaris, Stdgr. (1901), Cat. Illed. 155. Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. plt. 19h. subsp. nervosa, Zerny (1927). Hos. ILI. 366. plt. IX. f. 14. ab. amarainata, Schaw. (1927). Verhand. zoo.-bot. Wien. LUXXVII, (82). Tutt dealt with popwlaris, Fb. and graminis, Hb., both in part. decimalis, Poda. Mus. Graec. 92 (1761). Orie. Descriep.—‘ P. Geometra pectinicornis alis cinerascentibus : primoribus fibris, mariats et zero albidis notatis.”. ‘* Pectinatae alis rotundatis.”” Poda placed it among the Geoinetors lolti, Wisp. Schm. Abbild. II]. 246. plt. 48. 1-5 (1782). Orie. Duscrie.—‘‘ Alis fuscis, venis albidis, fascia marginali macu- larum nigra, media disci majori albida, minori adjacente circinali, utrisque puncto seu linea nigra notatis.” Esper goes on to compare this with typica referring to the feathered antennae of the male, the light stigmata of the same sex and to the curved discoidal of the female. He notes that it varies much, some examples being quite unrecognisable at the first glance. Both description and figure more or less agree with the typical form. Esper’s lolii is placed among the Bombycees. Werneberg put Esper’s lolii as decimalis, Poda, which is N. popularis, Fb. Warr.-Seitz. puts lolii, Hsp. and graminis, Hb. as synonyms of popularis. Hb. Saml. Noct., fig. 59 (1803) with the name graminis; in his Text, p. 174 (1805-18), he calls it popularis, Fb., graminis, Schiff. and lolit, Hsp. The description is very inadequate mentioning only the general pale ground colour with neat black markings of the fore-wings, the greyish hind-wings with dark band, and the long greyish body. There is no reference to the pinkish suggestion of the figure mentioned by Tutt. Stder. puts yraminis, Hb. as an ab. of popularis. Haworth, Lep. Brit. p. 117 (1808) simply altered the termination of Fabricius’ name, Donovan, N. H. of Brit. Ins. XY. p. I. plt. 505 (1811), figures this species under the name typicoides, no doubt on account of its similarity to typica, race hilaris, Stdgr. Cat. Ley. Pal. 155 (1901). Fie.— Warr.-S., l.c. plt. 19h. Orie. Descrip.—‘ Dilutior, al. ant. albidius venatis, al. post 9 (fere) totis albidis (candidis).”’ : Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. V. 216. (1905) “ Paler; hindwing of male almost entirely white.’—S. EK. Russia, Armenia, Asia Minor. No mention is made of size. ab. amarginata, Schaw. Verhand z. b. LX XVII (82) (i927). Orie. Descrip.—‘ g Strongly marked white veins and stigmata, (292) THE ENTOMOLOGISL'S RECORD. normally dark ground and hindwings, but without the whitish pre- marginal zigzag-line.” subsp. nervosa, Zerny. Hos. II. 866 (1927). Fire.—l.c. plt. IX. f. 14. Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ Smaller build than typical examples (F.w. 16-17-5mm.) with sharp clearly cut markings; so also the veins are clearly whitish defined, and the subterminal line which is more strongly toothed than in typical examples. The orbicular is larger, the whole breadth of the cell filled in and its upper and lower margins blending with the white powdering of the veins, the claviform shorter and more rounded. In the hindwings the whitish veins stand out sharply on the darkened border area, etc.” Arragon, Spain. Neuria reticulata, Vill. Newra, Gn. (1841 or 4?) Dup., H.-S., Tutt, Barr., South, [ Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Tr., Steph., Wood., Bdv., Frr., Hamp., Warr.-Seitz: Melanchra, Hb. (1822) Meyr.: Mamestra, Hb. (1822) Stdgr., Splr., Cul.] reticulata, Vill. The older authors seem doubtfully to consider anceps, Schiff. Verz. p. 81 (1775) to be this insect. The original description of anceps is “The honey brown, white-veined Noctua.” Fabricius excludes it from all his works published subsequently. Goze (1781) only hsts the reference. Villers (1789) does not refer to it at all. Borkhausen refers to the doubt surrounding the identification of anceps, Schiff. with the insect described by De Geer., Mem. Ins. I1(1). 441 plt. 7, as “ A brown Phalaena with a grey network of streaks,’ and names the latter as saponaria, Natury. 1V. 870 (1792). This name was used by many authors until recently. Llliger in 1801, Verz. Iled., refers to the remarks of Bork. and notes that the ground colour ‘“‘ honey-brown ”’ does not agree with the colour mentioned in the descriptions of Bork. and De Geer. Vieweg. Tabell. Verz. II. 71 (1790) gives a very good description of reticulata (saponaria) under the name calcatrippe. Bork., LV. 872 (1792), emphasizes the disagreement of his saponaria with anceps, Schiff., by pointing out that the former has more the life- history facts of cucubali and capsincola in that the larvae fed on seeds or seed vessels alone of species of soapwort, and rested during the day on the plants or in the seed vessels, whereas the latter was associated with species whose larvae had quite different habits, feeding generally on low plants and hiding during the day in the earth (‘‘ Larvae terri- colae’’) |such as brassicae, furva, nigricans, etc. | Haw. Prodromus (i801) used the name typicoidina for this species, but as there was no description the name falls, and in his Lep. Brit. Haw. calls it maryinosa, p. 195 (1806-10). Meyrick, Rev. Fd. Brit. Lep., 152 (1928), places it in the genus Melanchra, Hb. -with a mixed assemblage to say the least, trifolii, conspicillaris, yenistae, oleracea, brassicae, tincta, myrtilli, melanopa, ete. The genus Melanchra appears based on ‘“‘ Head rough-scaled; eyes hairy.” All the other characteristics appear “ more or less.” There are about 250 species in this ‘‘ omnibus” genus, as Meyrick conceives it. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (293) Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 125 (1891): Barr. Lep., Br. Is. IV. p. 1651, plt. 153 (1897); Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 159 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Phal. V. 212, fig. 29 (1905): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 174, plt. 87 (1905): South Moths Br. 1. J. 254, plt. 126 (1907): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. IIL. 79, plt. 19g (1909) : Culot N. et G. I(1). 109, plt. 18, f. 16 (1909-18). Ernst and Ener. Pap. d’ Hur. have 3 good figures 462 (a, b, c), which they misidentify with the leuwcoyrapha, Schiff. Werneberg, Beitr. II. 110, identifies them with calcatrippe, View.=saponariae, Treit. Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 90, 2, gives a good figure which shows a very slight flush of violet or purple (1826). Wood, Indew Ent. plt. XII. fig. 246, has a good figure of the British form (1884). Herr.-Scbaff., Sys.-Bearb. Il. 298, (1846) says that Hubner’s fig. 58 (typrca) is much too dull, the curved line too little brought out. Frr., N. Beitr. ILL. plt. 231 (1839), has an excellent figure. Hamps., Lep. Phal. V. 212, fig. 29, has a good b. and w. illustration but with the ‘“‘ net’ markings rather too prominent. Splr., Schm. Hur. I. plt. 87, bas a good figure of the typica with vinous shade. Barrett, J.c. figs. 2 and 2a are poor, too dull brown, omitting proper emphasis of marking in the submarginal area, and the hindwing in 2a has a discoidal transverse line I have not seen in any specimen. South, M.B.1. I. plt. 126 has goods figures of g and ?, perhaps somewhat too brown. Of the Variation Barrett says “‘ Very slightly variable in depth of ground colour, extremely constant in markings.” The Names and Forms to be considered are :— [anceps, Schiff. (1775) Verz. 81.] reticulata, Vill. (1789) Hnt. Linn. IL. 254. calcatrippe, View. (1790) Vabell. Verz. U. 71. saponariae, Bork. (1792) Naturg. LV. 370. typicoidina, Haw. (1801) Prodromus. ssp. typica, Hb. (1802) Sammi. 58, Teat p. 174 (1805-?). marginosa, Haw. (1806-10) Lep, Brit. 195. ssp. wnicolor, (1889) Alph. Mem. Itom. V. 147. ab. kitti, Schwrd. (1914) Jah. Wien. ent. Ver, XXIV., 125. Tutt deals with (1) reticulata ; (2) the violet tinted ssp. typica, Hb. ; (3) marginosa, Haw.; (4) the more uniform coloured ssp. unicolor, Stdgr. Stdgr., Cat. IlIed. 159 mis-spells the name reticutala. Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. 272, speaks of the ground as a deep bistre tending to violet in fresh specimens. Neither Stephens nor Barrett speak of a violet, vinous or purple shade. Umber brown is the colour of the ground. Hubner, Samm. fig. 58. named typica is a reticulata form. In his Text, p. 174. Hb. alters the name to saponariae, Bork. and his descrip- tion runs :— “ Purple grey, Head and thorax blackish marked: the upper wing very pale with paler blackish marked central spots and waved line, with (294) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. other black markings the lower wing greyish, grey banded; the abdomen greyish, shaded grey over the back.” That is a rich purple-brown form, as Tutt says. Of the wnicolor in the Dobrée-Fox Coll. Browne says, Cat. p. 48, that the “ ground colour is pale brownish grey, and the pale lines there- fore not so distinct, giving a washed out appearance.” Kaschgar (1888). oy unicolor, Stdgr.. Warr.-S. Pal. Noct., III. 79, remarks that recticulata loses its violet sheen shortly after emergence, suggesting that unicolor is only a flown specimen. ab. kitti, Schwrd. Jah. Wien. ent. Ver, XXIV. 125 (1914). Orie. Descrre.—< A fresh pair were remarkable by their black eround colour and pure white markings, without reddish suggestion. The white transverse lines appear single and are not doubled. The hindwings blackish grey. These imagines appear very distinct from the strong contrast of the white veins and transverse lines and the quite pure white expressed stigmata.” Neubruck, S.W. Lower Austria. Heliophobus, Bdv. (1829) Gn. (1852), Newm., Tutt, Stdgr., South, Meyr.: [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) (Bdy.) Tr. Roths.: Hpisema Ochs.- Tr. (1816-25) Bdv.: Orthosia, Hb. (1822) H.-S.: Hurochlaena, Led. (1857 for hirta, Hb. only) Barr.: Lencochlaena, Hamps. (1906) Warr.- Seitz] Aispida, Hb.-G. (1828-383) =oditis, Hb. (1822). The genus Heliophobus of Bdy. was not described by him, but only certain species were indicated and placed under that name in Ind. Meth. 1829. But this name was abandoned by him in his Ind. Meth. of 1840 and the genus name Episema, Ochs.-Tr. (1816-25) was substituted. It was fully described by Guenée Noct. V. 168 and hence should bear his name. Boisduval and others put down oditis (o:ites in error) as a Russian insect, but Eversmann does not even mention it in either the Fauna Voly. ov in his special article on the Russian Noctuae. About 1822 Hiib. Sammi. 694-5 figured a species he called oditis. About 1827 Geyer l.c. 784-6 figured a very similar species which was called hispida. In 1849 an insect was taken at Exmouth and recorded in the Zoologist for that year, identified as the hispida, Hb.-G. It had previously been taken in the I. of Portland but not recorded. In 1889, Hint. XXII. 186, Tutt refers to the “ purplish-brown ”’ of the forewings and the ‘“ delicate violet’ of the pale markings of the hispida, Hb.-G. as not being present in our British examples and suggests that the Torquay specimens in particular appear to be Hubner’s oditis. No one followed up this clue until Warr.-Seitz in Pal. Noct. III. (1910) substituted the name oditis for hispida. In fact Herr.-Schaff. appears to have been the only author with any knowledge of the species. He says in a mote under hispida, Sys. Bearb. II. 186 (1845). ‘Here might perhaps be placed the oditis from S. Russia, Hub. fig. 694-5 which no one knows. The fig. appears to be a female, much worn and with imperfect fringes. The difference of this from the THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (295) female of hispida is not much, only the waved line is irregular and the light edging of veins 3 and 4 before it is wanting.” Hven Stdgr. does not include oditis in either of his three editions, but adds a note in Cat. Iled. 1871 that oditis does not appear to belong to the European fauna. In 1919 Count Turati, Nat. Sicil. nos. 7-12, made an intensive study of the hispida group of species with an investigation of their genitalia as a basis, illustrating his remarks with 13 very clear black and white figures of imagines and 4 of the genitalia. He found that the appendages of hispida were distinct from that of oditis and also that his description of the appendages of oditis agreed with that of Pierce of the appendages of the British ‘“‘ hispida,” thus proving that our species was not hispida but true oditis. Further he found that the appendages of Guenée’s var. A. of hispida named intermedia by Tutt, were quite distinct. That is that intermedia, Tutt, was a good species. The forms pallida, Tutt, argentea, Tutt and obsoleta, ‘Tutt were forms of oditis, while hispanica, Warr. was a form of hispida. To these must be added Tutt’s suffusa, which apparently Turati did not possess to discuss. Since these results of Turati’s investigation were published, Dr Zerny makes the suggestion of error in Turati’s descriptions of the ancillary appendages in that he did not clear the thick-lying hair from the valves. He himself had not sufficient material to test the accuracy of these results. (‘‘ Lep. von Abarracin,” Hos. (1827) 875.) Incidentally Turati pointed out that on Warr.-Seitz plt. 29c¢ the figure labelled oditis should be hispida, Hb.-G. and that the hispanica marked g should be 9. Hampson ignores the name oditis altogether, not even including it in his list of “‘ species omitted.” Tutt Hnt. XXII. 186 (1889), Brit. Noct. I. 125 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. LV. 269, plt. 88, 7 (1905); South, Moths. Br. I. I. 267, plt. 127 (1907): Turati, Nat. Sic. p. 89 (1919): [Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 177 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 198, plt. 88 (1905): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VI. 188, fig. (1906) : Culot N. et. @. I(1), 175, plt. 32, 7 (1909-13)]. Newman, Brit. Moths 292 (1870) has a very good b and w fig. ‘Barrett, /.c. plt. 165, figs. 3 and 3a are not good as regards colour and emphasis of marking, and the hindwings have the transverse dis- coidal line in the wrong position and far too straight. Fig. 86 is an extreme pale form, ‘‘ yellowish grey ”’ ground. South, “ M.B.I.” I. plt. 127 (1907) has two rather fuzzy figs. Of the Variation Barrett says, ‘‘ Rather variable in the tone and depth of the ground colour, which in some individuals is tinged with chocolate-brown, in others with grey-brown, or slate-grey ; also in the colour of the pale markings, which often are of a brownish-white, or, on the other hand are broadened and rendered more conspicuous. More rarely the markings are partially obliterated, the basal portion and that between the second and subterminal lines becoming almost wholly dark brown. These variations are rather of a local character, though every intermediate shade is found ; specimens from the Isle of Portland being often of a dark grey colour, while those from Devon (296) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. have the white markings tinged with brown. Occasional specimens are found of a pale olive-grey with very faint markings. Barrett records a specimen ‘‘ which has the row of black-brown wedges before the subterminal line very large, conspicuous and complete.” He also records an example which ‘‘ has the two upper stigmata joined together and converted into a single loop.” Barrett also records another in which ‘‘ the ground colour is pale yellowish-grey.” see l.c. plt. 165, fig. 3b. The Names and Forms to be considered are :— oditis, Hb. (1822) Sammi. 694-5. hirta, Dup. (1826) Hist. Nat., VI., 275, plt. 90, 8 (nee. Hb.). hispida, Hb.-G. (1828-33) Smml. 784-6. pilosa, Bdv. (1840) Ind. Meth. 139. intermedia, Tutt (1889) Hnt. XXII. 136. ab. suffusa, Tutt, (1889), Jc. ab. argentea, Tutt (1889) L.c. ab. pallida, Tutt (1889) J.c. ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1889) J.c. Tutt dealt with (1) the dark brown and deep ochreous form suffusa ; (2) the dark brown form with silvery white markings, argentea ; (8) the pale brown grey form with white h.w. pallida ; ‘and (4) a very peculiar dull grey form with a sparsity of pale markings, obsoleta. Intermedia, Tutt, is not a British species. It is a continental form of the continental species hispida. In his description of pilosa, Bdy. Ind. Meth. (1829) p. 70, says ‘“‘cuprets micantibus’’ on the fore-wings, which certainly does not apply to our oditis. He says it is the hirta, Dup. (1826) described and figured plt. XC. 8 in Hist. Nat. VI., 275 and there referred to Hubner’s fig. 591 labelled hirta. The fig. of Duponchel is certainly not that of Htbner’s insect hirta, hence the action of Bdy. In his Vat. 1844. p. 155, Dup. rectifies his name hirta to hispida, Hb. He had previously (1836) recognised his error, Hist. Nat. Sup. II]. 177 but made a further error in ascribing the name pilosa to Hb. instead of to Bdv. Charaeas, Steph. (1829) Dup., Gn., Barr., Meyr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot. [Hpisema, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25): Lycophotia, Hb. (1822): Heliophobus, Bdv. (1829 ?) Steph. (Cat.) : Cerapteryx, Curt. (1838) Ljung, Hump. and W., Hamp., Warr.-S., Meyr.] graminis, L. (1758). Heliophobus, Bdv. was not described until Dup. Cat. (1844). All the older authors placed graminis in Bombya following Linn. on account of its strongly feathered g antennae. Esp., Bork., Fab., Hb., Steph., ete. Tutt, Ent, XXII. 154 (1889) ; Brit. Noct. 1. 127 (1891); IV. 109 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Br. 1. IV. 129. plt. 151 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. [Iled. 154 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Ph. V. 462. fig. 184 (1905) : Splr. Sehm. Eur. I. 167. plt. 36 (1905): South, M.B.1. I. 256. pit. 1907) ; Warr.- THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (297) S. Pal. Noct. III. 98. plt. 2Ohi (1910): Culot, N. et. @. 1(1). 95. plt. 16. 4. (1909-18). This species being a pest of pasture fields has been noticed by nearly every writer on the natural history of insects on the continent for more than 200 years. Esper. Abbdild. III. plt. 68 (1782) has two good figures of graminis, fig. 1 a g with white reniform and orbicular on a white connecting line running finely to the base, with the outer end swollen terminating in a bifid point and with a spur below the reniform. Fig. 2 has a similar arrangement but in light brown with a curve towards the costa from the outer end, and below the line from the base another wider and shorter one somewhat lighter in tint. The ground colour too is more uniform without the black submarginal marks of fig. 1 on the forewings. Fig. 8 was described as another species and named tricuspts. It is of ochreous ground with white markings on the disc, the termin- ation of the white line, the reniform, the lower branch forming the 3 cusps of a trident, and the orbicular with an extension basalwards. The submarginal marks are present. The hindwings also lighter. Ernst. and Ener., Pap. d’ Eur. VI. 174. fig. 395 (1788), have 2 figs, one with light brown ground, the other with a brown orange ground ; the former has fairly normal marking, the latter only the three stigmata, the trident line being absent. Fab. Sp. Ins. II. 204 (1781), in error places his B. popularis of the Sys, Ent. as a var. of graminis. This he corrects in his later works. (Werneb. Bettr. I. 508). Schiff. Verz. 82 (1775) calls it the ‘‘ Futtergras ” moth. Curt. Br. Ent. plt. 451 gives an excellent figure which Gn. says is the tricuspis, Hsp. Don., “NV. H. Br. Ins.” (1808) XIII. plt. 458, has 2 very good figs. of g and ? forms. Hib. Saml. 480-(401) 481, (1808-18) has figured two mutations, 480 being more rosy than any example [have seen. He had previously, (1802), fig. 148, pictured the tricuspis form, which in his Teat. 187 (1805-?) he says is a female graminis as is fig. 481, 480 being a male. He calls it the ‘‘ meadow-grass owl-moth.”’ Hump. and Westw. Brit. M. I. plt. 22 have a good average figure. Dup. fig. 4. on plt. 85 Hist. Nat. VI. (1826) is a very poor one. Barrett gives seven figures of graminis on plate 151.; fig. 2a is that of an unusually large female, the others show various mutations of the discal markings on fore-wings, etc. The figures compared with Seitz are immeasurably to the detriment of the latter. South’s figures, Moths Br. Is. 1. plt. 127, are very poor fuzzy pictures, without definition. Warr.-Seitz., l.e. gives 7 figs. on plt. 20. all of which are so similar in coloration as to be of little value, except as registering slight variations in the emphasis and development of the markings. The fig. of megala does not agree with its description on p. 94 in various particulars as well as size. Culot, Noct. et G. I(1). plt. 16, gives three figures; 4 and 5 are both unusually rufous in colour and rather extreme in their paucity of marking and are certainly not approaching typical; 6 is a very good (298) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. figure of the form albinenra. On p. 95 Culot himself notes fig. 4 as a remarkable example suggesting that it is extreme. Of the Variation Barrett says: ‘‘ Variable in the ground colour from olive-brown to red-brown, and more rarely to very pale olive- brown on the one hand and to rich, dark, chocolate-brown, on the other; often also the smaller nervures are obscured by the ground colour in varying degrees, till sometimes the margins and portions of the larger nervures, are also of the general colour, leaving the “ antler ” alone pale; more rarely this also is curtailed, but the reniform stigma and the portion of the median nervure attached to it appear always to retain the pale colouring. Variations in this direction are usually of a reddish colour, and are very much more frequent in the female ; they are also more abundant in Ireland. In the opposite direction the white colour of the nervures often spreads into whitish stripes, leaving the dark ground colour only in elongated blotches darkest around the stigmata; but on Dartmoor this variety has these blotches quite black.” Barrett records specimens from Shetland “of a pale olive-brown varying to olive-buff or pale yellowish-buff, some of them with the markings scarcely visible.” He records another from County Antrim, “a large female of a smooth pale reddish-brown devoid of dark clouding and with the pale markings very obscure.”’ Another Irish form “has the ‘antler’ mark strangely jagged on each side and quite extended beyond its usual shape.” Stephens, /J/. II. 111 (1829) refers to examples (1) ‘‘ the row of black streaks towards the hinder margin nearly obliterated”; (2) “the anterior wings with the exception of the stigmata and trifurcate line, of an uniform colour”’; (8) ‘‘ the space between the stigmata, and _on the hinder margin, deep fuscous”’; (4) “the stigmata edged with deep black on a plain ground.” The Forms and Names to be discussed are as follows :— yraminis, Li. (1758). Sys. Nat. Xed. 506. ab. tricuspis, Esp. (1782). Schin. Abbild. III. 348. plt. 68. 1. {tricuspis Hb. (1802).] Saml. 143. gramineus, Haw. (1808). Lep. Brit. 117-8. (graminis Hb. (1808-18)]. Z.c. 480-1. subsp. hibernicus, Curt. (1838). Brit. Hnt. 451. ab. albinewra, Bdv. (1841) Icones, plt. 74. 4. subsp. megala Alph. (Stdgr.) (1882) Hor. Ross. XVII. 64. plt. 3. 55. ab. albipunctata, Sven. (1884) Hint. Tidskr. 161. ab. brunnea, Sven. (1884) l.c. ab. rufa, Tutt (1889) Hnt. XXII. 154. ab. rufo-costa, Tutt (1889) l.c. 154. ab. ochrea, Tutt (1889) l.c. 155. ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1889) l.c. 155. ab. pallida, Tutt (1889) l.c. 155. ab. grisea, Splr. (1905) Schin. Har. I. 167. 36. [megala, Bng. Hs. (1910). Iris. XXIV. 38.] subsp. furtosa, Bng. Hs. (1910) Zris, XXTV. 38. ab. manca, Ljung (1918) Ent. Tid. XXXIX, 83. fig. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (299) Bork., Naturg, IV. 427, (1792), says that tricuspis is, he believes, the German form of the northern graminis. Haw. Lep. Brit. 117 (1803), included it in Bombyx and called it the ‘¢ Antler.” Stder. ‘‘ Cat.” Illed. 154, includes megala, Alph. asa graminis form with a query as to being a species. Hamp. Lep. Phal. V. 463 puts megala as a form of graminis. “Tyarger, fg antennae more strongly pectinated, markings as in tricuspis.” Brown, Cat. Dob.- Fx. Colln. (1909) 29 says hibernicus is “ small” (88mm.) Both Curt. and Steph. say it is ‘‘ v. large.” (See Barrett's fig. 2c. on plt. 151.) Brown, l.c. says that rufa, Tutt=tricuspis, Hb. (nee. Esp.) and that Barrett’s fig. plt. 151, 2a is rufa. Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 98, puts tricuspis 9, Hsp. and ochrea, Tutt, as the same as the typical graminis, L.; the rufa, Tutt as tricuspis §, Esp.; the albinewra, Bdy. as the graminis, Haw.; the megala, Alph. as a separate species. Tutt dealt with (1) graminis, L., grey, with 3-branched central line and stigmata glaucous. (2) gramineus, Haw., grey with white 3- branched central line and stigmata yellowish. (8) tricuspis, Hsp., red-brown, with ochreous ramose central line and stigmata. (4) rufa, Tutt=tricuspis, Hb., red-brown with white ramose central line, whitish stigmata. (5) rufo-costa, Tutt=graminis, Hb., grey with red costa, ochreous ramose central line and stigmata. (6) hybernicus, Curt., dull yellowish brown, ochreous ramose central line and stigmata. (7) ochrea, Tutt=tricuspis, Esp., @, pale ochreous yellow, with dark nervures, white orbicular and reniform, with a bifid line joining base of reniform. (8) megala, Alph. small (large ??) faintly marked more unicolorous than trieuspis, Hsp. (9) obsoleta, Tutt, unicolorous grey with sparse marking. (10) pallida, Tutt, extended white over whole centre of wing including the stigmata. (11) albipunctata, Sven., red- brown with black nervures and white spot at end of reniform. (12) brunnea, Sven., forewings ground-colour red-brown (‘a description so general as to be useless,’ Tutt). (18) albineura, Bdy., dealt with in vol. IV., 109 (1892) brown grey reddish towards inner margin, nervures pale (whitish) reniform and orbicular white. In Br. Noct. LV. 109, Tutt gives a description of albineura, Badv., and says it closely resembles his rwfa which itself =tricuspis, Hb., 7.e., fig. 148 of the Sam. subsp. megala, Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. XVII. 64. (1882). Fie.—l.c. plt. 3. f. 55. Orie. Descrip.—< Major, colore valde varians, saepe alae anticae ad basin palliores.” ‘“‘The colour varies from clear or dark testaceous to the red of Agrotis castanea, The characteristic angular spot is always very white and differs in no way from typical graminis. The base of the forewing is very often lighter than the ground. Very often, too, one finds two shades taking the place of the extrabasal and the elbowed lines of Agrotis, The area between the elbowed line and the outer margin (800) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. appears as a wide band somewhat wavy, lighter than the ground and traversed by blackish nervures.”’ Thian Shan. Of this Bang-Hs. says, Iris XXIV. 38 (1910) “ Of a yellow brown- ish colour.” Central Asia. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. V. 463 (1905) says “‘ Larger; the antennae of male more strongly pectinated ; markings as in tricuspis.” —Armenia ; —W. and KE. Turkestan. ab. grisea, Splr. Schm. Eur. 1. 167 (1905). Orie. Descrip.—< A grey form is found in N. Germany with an extremely well defined dark central area: in the male the dark markings are strongly developed ; in my opinion they are covered by none of the many described forms of this very variable species; it stands out well from the rest and might be called grisea (the grey).” ab. furiosa, Bng. Hs. Iris., XXIV. 88 (1910). Oric. Descrie.—‘ By far the greater number of the subsp. megala obtained in large quantity from Central Asia have yellow- brownish coloration; to the specimens coloured bright rose occurring less commonly which we obtained particularly from the Juldus neigh- bourhood, I have attached the name ab. furiosa. They often reach the expanse of 35mm. for the g and 40mm. for the ?.” ab. manca, Liung. Hnt. Tidskr. XX XIX. 83 fig. (1918). Fie.—l.c. Oric. Descrip.‘ The forewing on the outer half is uniformly grey-brown without trace of the arrow-head spots or otherwise coloured veins; the central area is dark shaded; the orbicular is absent; the reniform which is lighter than the ground colour adjoining is like a sickle-shaped streak, the prominent spot below the reniform is continued along below the discal vein as a wide obscurely margined streak.” The figure is very poorly executed and does not agree with the above description. Aporophyla, Gn. (1841) Bell., Mill., New., Barr., Meyr., Stder., Splr., South, Hamps., W.-8., Cul. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Bav., Curt. : Agrotis, Hb. (1806) Curt., West. and H.: Xylina, Tr. (1816-26) Bdy., Frr., H.-8.: Xylophasia, Steph. (1829) H.-S.: Hyira, Dup. (1844)] australis, Bdv. (1829). Treit. quoted the name Xylena, Hb. as AXylina, Hb. and actually was the first to describe the genus. Curtis had named the British form pascuea in 1827, Brit. Ent. V., 185, but gave no description or figure. This was done by Westw. and Humph. in 1841, Brit. Moths I. 123, plt. 25. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 181 (1891); Uc. IV. 109: Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. IV. 282, plt. 167 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. Iled., 173 (1901): Splr. Sch. Eur. I. 199, plt. 88 (1905) : Hamps. Lep. Phal. V1. 237 (1906): South M. B. I. 1. 284, plt. 187: Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 128, plt. 30e (1907): Culot Noct. et Geom. I(1). 170, plt. 33 (1909-18). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (801) Humphreys and Westwood, Brit. Moths, I. plt. XXIV. fig. 2 (1841) ; the pascuea, Curt. is a dreadful attempt at colour, but the markings and shape are better. These authors were the first to describe and figure the insect named pascuea by Curtis, in the genus Agrotis. Freyer, N. Beitr. Ill. plt. 209, has a good figure of the usual continental form ; fie. 2 on plt. 255 is the dark scripturxa, which has more ample wings and is very smoky above and below. In vol. VL, plt. 508, fig. 1 is ingenua, forewing a dark slate colour with submarginal white dots, black on inner sides of each and white defined reniform. Lower wing much paler. Dup. Hist. Nat. Sup. I]. plt. XXXYV. 5 (1836) gives a much too light figure for a continental form of australis, with too great a contrast between the general ground colour and the dark brown costal area and submarginal flush of the fore-wings. Her.-Sch., Bearb. II. 804 (1845) says that both Freyer’s figs. 209 and 412 are only very slightly recognisable, that his own fig. 406 (407 in error) has wings too short, that fig. 151 is probably imperfect, and Frr’s. fig. 255 may be accepted as the true scriptura. He refers ingenua to his orientalis. Herr.-S., gives figs. 159, 160, 406 of australis; figs. 404, 504, 505 of scriptura; and figs, 502, 508 of orientalis. Figs. 159, 160 are too dark to have the silvery suggestion of our British form, pascuea, Curt. ; fig. 406 (not 407) not only has the wings too short but also has the marginal band of the hindwing too heavy. Figs. 404, 504 gs are very dark scriptwra but 505 one would hardly call an australis form, probably a bad fig. Figs. 502, 503 orientalis is a Turkish insect, darker than seriptura, of which Tutt, B. Noct., 183, says, ‘‘ Whether this is an exteme variety of australis or not is open to question,” and from the figure I agree. However Stder., Stett. ent. Zt. (1869) who had the originals of orientalis and scriptura before him, said they were undoubtedly forms of australis. Gn. says that Rambur’s fig. on plt. 1X. Ann. Soc. ent. Hr, (1832) is more correct as to marking while Duponchel’s fig. Hist. Nat. Sup. III. plt. 85 is more correct in shape. Newman, Brit. Moths, 289 gives 2 good b. and w. figures, somewhat on the large size and too dark for British specimens. Spuler’s fig. Schin. Hur. I. plt. 88, 12, is recognisable only. South, M.B.I. I. 284, plt. 187, has 2 good figures, perhaps some- what too dark. Warr.-Stz. .c. plt- 30 b.c.d. figures australis @ and @, costata g and 92, scriptura S and Q, ingenua g and @, and pascuea g and 9. None of the figures do justice to the ground colour of the forms as we know them. Culot, NV. et G. I(1). plt. 83, has 2 excellent figures, 1, typical australis, 2, the very dark ingenwa, but without the white dots and the surround of the reniform. Gn. points out that Dup. had united the Aporophyla with the Aylomiges (conspicillaris) and given the genus a new name, Hygira, Cat. (1844) without adequate reason. The fundamental differences he (Guenée) pointed out were that the Huropean Xylomiges appeared in early spring from a larva of the previous summer, whereas the Aporophyla emerged at the end of autumn from a larva found in early spring. Noct. V. 151. (302) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Both Hamps. and Warr.-S. quotes Curtis Vol. V. instead of Vol. IV., and Gn. quotes Vol. III. Curtis names an Agrotis as pascuea, but gives no description, Brit. Hnt, [V. 165 (1827). Warr.-S. Noct. III. 128 gives orientalis, H.-S., and morosa, Bell., as synonyms of ingenua, Frr. and britannica, Stdgr. as a synonym of pascuea, Curt. Barrett says of the Variation—‘ Not very variable, specimens taken at the Isle of Portland have the males especially of a light bright grey, or even chalky-white, with the marking brought much more sharply into notice than is usual.” Barrett records a specimen “ entirely suffused with dark grey.” Also another “ nearly black,” in the Isle of Wight. And one at Wexford, “ rather strongly marked with black.” Tutt says, Br. Noct. I. 181, “This is an exceedingly variable species.”’ Hamps. Lep. Phal. VI. 237, gives the following forms. ab. pascuea. Thorax and forewing whiter, the latter with the black streaks on basal area and dentate subterminal marks more prominent.—Britain. ab. scriptura. Forewing duller grey. ab. ingenua. Forewing almost uniform fuscous grey. ab. cinerea. Forewing almost uniform pale yellow.—Morocco. He treats orientalis, britannica and morosa as synonyms. The Names and Forms to be considered are :— australis, Bdy. (1829) Ind. Meth. Append. 6: Culot. N. et G. I(1). plt. 33. subsp. scriptura, Frr. (1839) N. Beitr. II. 87, plt. 255. subsp. paseuea [Curt. (1827)] H. and Westw. Brit. Moths. I. 128, plt. 24 (1841). subsp. orientalis, H.-§. (1846) Beard. II. 282, figs. 502, 5038. [sertptura, H.-S. l.c. figs. 404, 504, 505.] ab. ingenua, Frr. (1848) N. Beitr. VI. 42, plt. 508. subsp. morosa, Bell (1862) Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 616, plt. XIV. 7. subsp. britannica, Stdgr. (1869) Stett. e. Zt. 91. ab. cinerea, Stdgr. (1901) Cat. led. 178. ab. albidior, Bng.-Hs. (1906) Jris. XTX. 184. ab. costata, Warr.-Stz. (1910) Pal. Noct. ILI. 123, plt. 30c. Tutt dealt with (1) australis the continental form; (2) pascuea (Curt.) H. and W. the British form; (8) seriptura, the Turkish dark form ; (4) orientalis the extremely dark oriental form ; and (5) tngenua, a form intermediate between the last two forms. Gn. J.c. was not the first describer of the pascuea, Curt. (1852). He treats the scriptura, Freyer and the orientalis, H.-S. as good species, but says the former is very near australis, while the latter resembles Epunda nigra. Tutt did not give the Original Description of pascvea the British form, which occurs in Humph. end Westw. Brit. Moths. I. 123 (1841) as follows : — subsp. pascuea, H.-Westw. (Curt). Brit. Moths. J. 123 (1841). Fie.—l.c. plt. XXIV. 2. Orte. Descrre.—Distinguished ‘“ In the acutely dentated dark ine THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (808) succeeding the outer stigma. The expansion of the forewings is nearly 12 ins. their ground colour being of a very pale buffish white, varied especially towards the costa and middle, with darker brownish clouds ; there is also a dusky patch along the posterior margin towards the base. From the base runs a nearly straight black line to near the middle of the wing, but towards the hind margin, where it unites with the dentate line above mentioned ; the basal stigma is pale and slightly margined, with black, and preceded by a short, oblique, black line; behind it is a small oval dusky patch, attenuated towards its base and slightly edged with black; and behind this, towards the centre of the hind margin of the wing, is a larger, oval oblong, pale space, margined with a black line. The second stigma is dusky in the centre, and edged with a narrow black line. Towards the apical margin is a row of dusky cuneated patches, followed by a marginal row of black dots. The cilia alternately pale aud darker brown. ‘he costa is marked with several - minute white dots. The hind-wings are almost white, with the margin slightly undulated.’’ Mr. Marshall’s specimen from Lowestoft. subsp. morosa, Bellr. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 616 (1862). Fie.—l.c. plt. XIV. 7. Orie. Descrir.—< Forewing of a uniform very dark brown, scarcely allowing the lines and markings, which in typical specimens stand out in black on a clear cinereous ground, to be seen. The reniform stigma is somewhat lightened exteriorly with yellowish grey in the males. The lower wings of the male white with nervures brown; the lower wings of the female entirely brown and bordered with a wide fringe of very pure white.’’ Corsica. Bellier’s figure is presumably a female in which the reniform is not emphasized, although the hindwings are not entirely brown, being lighter at the base. subsp. dritannica, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zeit. 91 (1869). Orie. Descrie.—‘ The Hnelish australis are very peculiar; they have very sharp markings (black and white) and never appear to be dark.” ab. cinerea, Stdgr. Cat. I1led. p. 178 (1901). Orie. Descrie.—‘ Al. ant. (fere) unicoloribus, cinereis.” ab. albidior, Bng.-Hs. Iris. XIX. 184 (1906). Orie. Descrip.—‘ The white ground colour distinguishes this form from all the rest of the known forms. The arrangement of the marking approaches that of the English var. pascwea, Curt., but that is of a much more yellow brown colour.” Brittany. costata, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 128 (1910). Fiag.—-l.c. plt. 30c. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Is a larger form, with the brown tints of the type replaced by blackish fuscous, the costal area of forewing and the pee especially darkened ; the lines equally indistinct.’’ Amasia, ome. (304) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Luperina, Bdy. (1829) [Dianthoecia, Bdy. (1834): Polia, Och. and Tr. (1816-25) Hamps., W.-S.: Harmodia, Tr. (1816-25) Hamps., W.-S.] barrettii, Dbldy. (1864) nec luteago. The genus Liuperina, as considered by Tutt, contained luteayo, dumerilit, cespitis, testacea, and quenéet (as a var. of testacea). Hamps., Lep. Phal. VIII., includes of these only dumerilii (misspelled dumerilt) and testacea in this genus with a number of American, Huropean and Asiatic species, a somewhat unnatural association. Cespitis he puts in Tholera with popularis. Luteago he puts in the huge genus Polia with over 200 other species, very far removed from the group of species we are accustomed to call Dianthoecta. Warr-Seitz, Pal. Noct, I11., place testacea, quenéei and dumerilit with a few extra-British speciesin Luperina ; cespitis he puts in Tholera following Hampson: while he places luteago in Polia, again following Hampson, but the Dianthoecia group he separates under Harmodia, Hb. based on the structure of the imagines and pupae and the larval habit of feeding on the seeds of the species of Caryophyllacece. Pierce, Genit. Brit. Noct. showed that the Dianthoecia (British) species fall into two groups, in the first of which he places barrettit (=luteago ?), capsincola, carpophaya, cucubali, trregularis, ete. Cespitis he leaves in Luperina with testacea and dumerilit but remarks that there is nothing in common with these three species. It is evident from the above opinions that the genus Lupermna as thus constituted has no natural status. Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. p. 70 has treated literata, F. v. Wald. as a distinet species, ‘‘ known at present only from Sarepta, 5. Russia and Askhabad.’’ The first few figures on plate 16 are particularly poor in coloration, but the markings of literata given are not those of a luteago form. Mr. W. F. de V. Kane, Ent. Rec. II. 275, etc., pointed out that the imago of barrettii conformed to the Dianthoecia type; the antennae are Dianthoecia not Luperina ; the emergence is Dianthoecia ; the pupa distinctly Dianthoecia with the well-marked protuberance at the end of the wing-cases ; it feeds on the Dianthoecia food Silene species; the larval head and first segment are those of Dianthoecia ; the shape and pattern of the imago is Hadenidae and the other species in Luperina are conspicuously devoid of these characters. In Brit. Noct. Vol. IV. 110 (1892) Tutt said ‘ This species (luteago =barrettii) is now generally considered to belong to the genus Dianthoecia.” Stdgr., Cat. [Lled. 161 (1901) placed it in Dianthoecia. Warr.-8., Pal. Noct. Il]. 70 (1907) placed it in the huge omnibus genus Polia with persicariae, pisi, dissimtlis, oleracea, etc., while our British Dianthoecia are placed in a separate genus Har modia, no doubt following Hamps. Lep. Ph. V. 79 (1905). Barrettii has been considered as a subspecies of the continental luteago by Staudinger and others, but in 1919 Messrs. Edelsten and Pierce examined continental Juteayo from various localities, as well as barrettti and found that their genitalia did not agree (Proc. Mnt. Soc. Lond. 1919, p. XLY. plt. B.). Some of the forms named argillacea from Digne, hitherto attributed to luteago were found to be barrettii. In barrettit and the argillacea from Digne the spine of the aedeagus is broad and stunted, that of luteago and its form argillacea from else- where have an elongate spine. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (805) Quite recently Messrs. Wightman and Rayward have gone over the same ground and the results of the previous investigation were amply confirmed as to the differentiation of the two species. But they have gone further. Mr. Wightnian has sent me the mounted wing specimens and writes as follows.—‘‘ The points I wanted to clear up were that Edelsten and Pierce had shown that there were two species in the barrettii-luteago muddle, but had left the matter with both species having a subspecies argillacea, which, to my mind is an impossible position, and they had in their paper taken no account of the species called literata, also no specimens from Digne (where the barrettii occurred) other than the form (called subspecies) argillacea, were examined, and in point of fact not all Digne specimens belong to that form.” ‘‘ The results of the examination of the genitalia, as ascertained by Mr. Rayward, confirms, as was expected, the distinction between barrettit and luteayo as noted by Edelsten and Pierce, they also prove as far as was possible with the limited material available, that literata is a third species very closely allied to both barrettii and luteago.” ‘“‘ He also found one of the Amasia specimens to be barrettii, while the yellow type-like form of the Digne specimens proved to be luteago and not barrettii (as were all the argillacea specimens from that locality examined by Pierce.) ‘‘ The results can therefore be summed up, I think, as follows :— J. There are 3 very closely allied but definitely distinct species occurring on the continent, one only of which occurs in this country. 2. One of these species is correctly called luteago and is evidently widely distributed. 3. Another called literata is, as far as at present recorded, much more local ; Askabad, Transcaspia. 4. While the third species is the one which also occurs in Britain and seems to be correctly called barretéii ; bui it must not be overlooked that when shown the type of barrettii, Staudinger said that he considered it the same species as the continental insect known as aryillacea and if he referred to Digne-taken aryillacea he was correct.” ‘This last point is beyond me, and needs a search of records and possibly examination of museum specimens. So far as is known the distribution of the three species is as follows :— “ TD), luteago:—Germany (Berlin), Austria (Vienna), Hungary, Ravone, Corsica, Tunis, Latvia, Saratov, Amasia, Uralsk, Spain, Italy, Turkistan, Siberia, France. D. literata :—Askabad, Sarepta. D. barrettii:—Cornwall, Devon, Ireland, Channel Islands, Digne, Amasia. (The above list includes localities of Pierce and Rayward’s specimens and those of Seitz- Warren.) «There still remains the status of the Spanish andalusica form, whether it be barrettii or luteayo. That question, however, must be deferred until material can be obtained. Tutt dealt with it under luteago following Staudinger’s lead. (See below also). Also what is ab. pallida, Zerny, Hos. 1927 ? * Tam much indebted to Mr. Rayward and to Mr. Wightman for their very kind help in the consideration of this species. (806) ‘HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Tutt, Brit. Noctuae I, 184 (1891): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is. IV: 261, plt. 165 (1897): Stdgr., Cat. I[led. 161 (1901): Hamps. Lep. Phal. V. 79 (1905): South, Moths Br. 1. 1. 847, plt. 128, 2 (1907): Ware.- Stz. Pal. Noct. IIL. 70, plt. 16 (1907): Culot, N. et G. I(1). 212, plt. 19, fig. 15 (1909-13). If the figure of barrettii, Dbldy. in Stainton’s Ann. plt. (1864) be carefully compared with the figure of andalusica, Ramb. plt. XI. (1858) there appears to be very few characters in common. The latter is a heavier insect and very few markings coincide with those of barrettit. The general aspect, shape, etc., does not suggest the figure of barrettit. The general concensus of opinions agrees, or the name andalusica would have been suggested as the prior. Nor does Rambur’s figure agree in anyway with that of Birchell, #.M.M. LI. plt. 1 (1867), which is darker than the Stainton’s dnnual figure. Newman, Brit. M. 390, fig. 620 (1870) has two good b. and w. figures. Barrett, l.c. LV. plt. 165, gives 4 figures: 2, the original specimen gS ; 2a, 2 ; 2b, a darker g from 8. Wales; 2c, a much lighter grey @ from N. Devon, which last is probably the form jicklini, subsequently named by Tutt. South, l.c. I. plt. 128, gives a very good figure of barrettii ; Irish. Warr.-Stz. does not figure barrettii, but on plt. 16 gives two figures of argillacea of which the Digne examples have been proved to be barrettiit. Both are strongly olive brown. Culot, l.c. 1(1). 118, plt. 19, figs. 14-15, gives argillacea and barrettit. Two excellent figures in which argillacea agrees generally well in marking, ete., with Hubner’s fig. of luteago except that it has a somewhat less yellow shade, and is much more delicate than the figures of Warr.-Seitz. It was from the Geneva area. Hubner-Geyer’s fig. 590 named aryillacea is extremely like Culot’s figure in marking, ete., but the dull yellow colour is much too spread over the whole surface just as in the two figures of Warr.-Seitz and probably should be luteago f. avyillacea. Whereas the Digne aryillacea so called is a barrettii form and from the first wrongly identified, hence it might well have a subspecific name, dignensis, to identify it apart from argillacea, Hb.-G. Barrett says of the Variation, ‘‘ The insect (barrettii, Irish form) is extremely constant in colour and marking.” Wightman says (in lit.) ‘‘ With us barrettit varies greatly and although forms as yellow as those from Digne must be rare even in — Cornwall ; they certainaly do exist. I have one almost as yellow as the continental duteago but more heavily marked; now that literata is proved to be a distinet species, | think it may be said that they do not, on the continent, get a form as dark as that which with us is normal.” In illustration of these remarks Mr. Wightman has sent for examination a fine very varied series of 10 Cornish and Devon specimens and further writes ‘‘ My experience is that barrettii is a very variable species in any locality, where enough can be taken to see the extent of the local variation. You will see the colour, markings, presence or absence of central band, and size are very varied.” THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (807) The specimens sent represent as follows :— Melanic with oblique pale streak well displayed. S. Devon. Same form with streak obsolete. Blacker. S. Devon. Large size. S. Devon. Small size. §. Devon. Ochreous ground. Dark banded. S. Devon. Grey-brown ; almost greyish mauve shade. §S. Devon. Blackish brown. Cornwall. Ochreous. Cornwall. Ochreous brown. Species marking clearly displayed. §S. Devon. ‘T could easily pick out 80 different forms showing a much wider range than these.’’ The Cornish specimens Wightman puts down as ficklint, of which he says. “Tam quite sure that the /icklini description only applies to a small proportion of Cornish barrettii and is really a form name wrongly given subsp. rank by reason of ignorance of the facts due to lack of material at the lime.” It is quite certain that the name ficklini can- not stand for a British subsp. of barrettii, since so far there seems no dominant or general form. Ss COACH Ge ES ns The Names and Forms to be considered are :— barrettti, Dbldy. (1864), Stainton’s Annual, p. 124, plt. 1, fig. 5. f. ficklini, Tutt (1898), Hnt. Record, 151. [Barr. H.M.M. 172, (1897) ]. f. lowei, Tutt (1898), J.c. (ab. pallida, Zerny (1927), Hos. “ Lep. Andalusica ” 869, doubtfully barrettit.) subsp. dignensis nov. (1933) [See Culot. N. et G. I(1). 118, plt. 19, f. 14, and Tutt Br. Noct. I. 186.] Other Names which drop out of consideration are brunneago, Esp. (1796) =possibly to luteago (not a Digne specimen). luteago, Hb. (1802). argillacea, Hb. (1808-18) =to luteayo. albiena, Hb.-Gy. (1834) = to luteayo, andalusica, Ramb. Cat. Andal. plt. XI. 4 (1858) doubtfully barrettit. literata, F. de W. (1840) =a distinct species. niyricans, Wenr, (1926) =to luteago. andalusica, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zt. 214 (1859) =luteayo form. Tutt dealt with barrettt?. All the rest were luteayo forms. Notr.—A @ specimen of so-called brunneago from Digne does not agree with the description of Esper’s figure given by Tutt. The insect Hsper figured was probably a duteago form and certainly was not named from a Digne specimen. subsp. ficklini, Tutt, Hnt. Rec. 3 (1898) name only. Orie. Descrip.—Barrrett, H.M.M. 172 (1897)—“ Leaning towards the Irish variety [barrettiz, Dbldy.| ; but the light clouding at the base of their forewings, and also in the hinder area, is extended and of a distinctly glaucous hue, while the pale middle cloud is less distinct, and the broad oblique stripe consequently less noticeable. The hind (308) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. margin also appears to be slightly more dilated, and the forewings consequently broader and more blunt, but this may arise in part from the perfection of the cilia.” Cornish Coast near Land’s End. Subsequently a N. Wales 2° was obtained “ Darker and without tinge of purple in its brown colour, this being replaced by a greyer black tinge and the pale shades are scarcely so large as in typical specimens. subsp. lowet, Tutt, Hut. Record 151 (1898). Orie. Descrip.—‘ 3 smaller than the @, ochreous in tint, not unlike the hue of Hremobia ochroleuca. Forewings with abbreviated basal line, followed by complete basal line; these with the angulated and subterminal lines, pale whitish grey, edged with fuscous. ‘I'he costa marked with pairs of short fuscous streaks, one on either side of the commencement of each of the transverse lines. An ochreous yellow patch (below the cell) between the base of the abbreviated and the complete basal lines; the orbicular pale and conspicuous, an ochreous patch below it. The reniform also moderately well marked, pale greyish in colour. ‘These look more conspicuous because of the dark fuscous colour that fills up the central area of the wing between the complete basal and the angulated lines. Between the angulated and subterminal lines the wing is also fuscous, with three small yellow ochreous blotches, one towards tip and one on inner margin, the third just above the latter. The wing beyond subterminal line of the same pale ground colour. ‘The fringes alternately light and dark. The hindwings dark grey, basal area lighter (more especially in male), cilia ochreous grey. Antennae of the male ciliated with a single row of tooth-like projections almost to the tip, those of @ not ciliated but very distinctly segmented. The male is paler than the female, both on the forewings (having less fuscous) and hindwings (towards base).”” Guernsey. ab. pallida, Zerny. Hos. 868 (1927). Orie. Drscrip.—Of the Spanish andalusica, Zerny says, ‘“‘ Hxtra- ordinarily like the Irish barrettii, Dbldy.” ‘A g has pale yellowish grey-brown ground colour, with a little of the marking absent.’’ Albarracin in Arragon. subsp. dignensis, nov. (19383) =argillacea, Hb. in error. Orig. Derscrip.—Forewings ground colour dull orange much clouded with grey ; the two stigmata lighter and of a pale dull fulvous ; a band of darkish brown lying between the outer line and the reniform stigma running from the costa to the centre of the inner margin, there joined by a similar band from about three quarters along the costa, the two forming a large V enclosing the two pale stigmata with a surround of ground colour, and a darker triangle from costa to between them. The submarginal band between the outer and submarginal waved lines is more or less uniform, both the lines are paler; there are two darker blotches outside the submarginal waved line, one near the anal angle and the other below the apex; inside the inner line there is a lighter pale blotch and near the base the ground is somewhat paler. The inner and outer lines which are both doubled have several curves on their discal sides lined with deep black. There are also CONTRIBUTIONS TO LEPIDOPTEROLOGY OF THE ARGENTINE. (9) Contributions to the Lepidopterology of the Argentine. II. By Cart. K. J. HAYWARD, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. (Continued from July-August, 1931, p. (8).) [Further Notes are in hand ready for publication as soon as identifications come to hand.—Hps.] yellow or buff yellow (IV. b.d.) spot edged outwardly black, the lateral spot larger. A row of marginal tubercles, lighter coloured, the hairs grey and fanned out to form a fringe to the larva so that any dark shadow at the line of junction of the body with the bark of the food- plant is thus completely eliminated. I*rom the marginal tubercle on the first abdominal segment a compact bunch of very finely shafted, spear headed (diamond shaped), black hairs project at right angles to the body for a distance of from 5 to 6mm. The lateral area of the first and second abdominal segments always darker than the remainder of the abdominal colouring and carrying slightly above the margin on each segment an orange spot (generally very near to flame scarlet (If.) ). This orange patch occasionally occurs in a subdued form on all the segments of the abdomen. The eighth abdominal segment has the two dorsal tubercles replaced by a pair of processes resembling truncated horns slightly over a millimetre in length, crowned with a berry-like (brambled) cap of more or less the same colouring as the remaining dorsal tubercles, the whole process clothed with short black hairs, those from the brambling from black bases. The marginal tubercle of this segment, which is placed more posteriorly than on the other segments, carries a some- what similar bunch of hairs to that on the first abdominal segment, the hairs spear headed as before, but fewer, finer, less compact in arrangement, and also shorter. The general appearance of this segment leads one at first glance to mistake the anal end of the larva for the head end, especially so as the head end is slightly flattened. What purpose this serves I do not quite see, as the Jarva is so very highly procryptic when on the foodplant, whether at rest or feeding, that further protection seems unnecessary. The ninth abdominal segment has a pair of more lightly coloured dorsal tubercles. _ By far the most striking aspect of this caterpillar is however obtained when it is turned over to show the ventral portion. The thoracic segments are velvet black, the prolegs and the ventral portion of the first and second segment (except for a black central line between the base of the pro- and meso-thoracic legs and two black dots on the meso-thorax) vary from Brazil red to the brighter scarlet (I). ‘The first and second abdominal segments have a very beautiful net leopard marking, the sides fine black spotting on white, ventrally larger black spotting of Brazil red to scarlet, the red stripe about a millimetre and a half wide. This form of colouring continues over the following segments up to the seventh, the red central stripe however widening out to fill the space between the legs, the black spotting thereon confined to spotting on the segmental folds, and two larger spots immediately posterior to this latter spotting on the segment proper. On the remaining segments the outer black and white leopard (£0) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. markings are replaced by velvet black, the central area, and the whole of the underside of the last segment, being Brazil red to scarlet, the only black spotting being the pair of spots immediately posterior to the fold between the seventh and eighth segments and a large central spot slightly anterior to the anus. The abdominal legs are without of the black and white leopard marking, within of the red colour. I first found this larva seeking a place to pupate, crawling over the bare sand, but the almost immediate finding of two more under similar conditions caused me to look around for the foodplant. From the superficial similarity to the larva of Artace lilloi and the fact that a quebracho blanco tree, foodplant of the latter, was the only tree anywhere near, I concluded that both larvae fed on the same tree, but beating this quebracho produced only some larvae of lilloi. As I was fairly certain that the larvae found on the sand had not travelled far I searched for some bush with dark bark similar to that of the quebracho, and almost immediately noted two, locally called pata and jarilla negra. On the former, pata locally but better known as albaricoque (Ximenia americana, L.) the larvae were found in some numbers, highly procryptie but given away to the entomologist by the dark frass lying on the yellow sand. The pupa is contained in a Zygaenid-like cocoon, yellowish at first but usually quickly bleaching lighter, rarely brownish. It 1s however only on the very rarest occasions that the larvae pupate on the foodplant (out of several hundred I have examined only once have I found it on X. americana), the insect choosing some adjacent bush, the commonest in this neighbourhood being jarilla (Larrea divaricata) and occasionally a stunted Prosopis. The bark of the foodplant as also the leaf is very dark and placed on this plant the cocoons would be very conspicuous. The pupa itself is about 15mm. in length, more or less olive green at first but normally a coffee brown, darkening immediately after pupation. Apart from having the posterior ridge of the abdominal segments highly polished whilst the remainder of the segment is very finely punctate, the pupa shows no outstanding markings. The larvae are very numerous but appear to be highly parasitised, very few imagines emerging from a great number of specimens collected, whilst not less than 50% of those observed in the wild state had been either partially devoured or contained a small hole from which without doubt a parasite had emerged. The descriptions have been composed from many larvae collected around Guayapa (near Patquia—Prov. of La Rioja) during the early portion of the month of February, 1931, the pupal period at this time being eight days. Colours from Ridgeway’s Color Standards and Nomenclature, 1912. DescrIPTION OF THE -liARVA AND Pupa or T'ERIAS DEVA. Length 45mm. Face and mouth parts dirty greenish brown, the eyes dark and prominent. A larva of almost uniform colour, nearest to bice green (XVII k.), the upper and underside being alike. Of soft velvety appearance due to a great number of tiny whitish spots covering the larva, the majority of which have minute black hairs or indications of CONTRIBUTIONS TO LEPIDOPTEROLOGY OF THE ARGENTINE. (11) hairs. On the thoracic segments a ring of more pronounced. black hairs, albeit very minute, these on the first sub-segment. On the prothorax the post trapezoidals are well defined. On the abdominal segments the anterior and posterior trapezoidal, supra-, post-, and sub-, spiracular, lateral, and marginal tubercles are more or less distinct. Along the dorsum the alimentary canal shows somewhat darker, whilst there is a poorly defined spiracular line where the green general colouring is somewhat more brownish. The spiracles very small, whitish, only visible on very close examination. The legs, prolegs, and anal claspers dirty whitish, rather small. The larva was examined for description as it was commencing to pupate, and at this time all the main setae carried minute drops of liquid. As the larva was found at dusk the previous evening the poor light did not permit of close examination, so I cannot say whether the drops of liquid appear always or only when in the commencement of pupation. The angulated pupa, chromium green (XXXII. f.), the dorsal area deep lichen green (XX XIII. d.). The pupa sharply angularly pointed at either end, the wing cases nearly at right angles to the axis of the body, forming with the thoracic and fixed abdominal segments a graceful curve, half-pear shaped, the line from the head to outer angle of the wings being twice the length of that from the outer angle to the abdomen at the inner angle of the wing. The remainder (moveable portion) of the abdomen sharply tapered. The pupa with a slight dorsal, lateral, and ventral keel. The second thoracic segment slightly humped dorsally. The dorsal portion of the pointed head brownish, this colour running back for from one to two millimetres along the dorsal and lateral keels. There is a spot of the same colour at the base of the wings, on the abdomen above the inner angle, and laterally at the junction of the fifth and sixth abdominal segments. The black setae of the larval stage reappear as minute black spots, the anterior trapezoidals being more prominent. The dorsal ridge or keel of a slightly more yellowish colour, the lateral ridge less coloured, clearer, especially so at the anal end. Suspended from the cremaster from a pad of silk and girdled across the centre of the wing cases. When nearing emergence the area around the ‘“‘ hump” on the dorsal face of the mesothorax becomes more bluish, wing cases strongly yellowish. About 36 hours later the wing apices become black. Described from a single larva found on a species of Cassia (on which plant it is difficult to see), at Guayapa near Patquia, Prov. uf La Rioja, Argentine, during the third week of February, 1931. The insect remained in the pupal state 7 days. Colours from Ridgeway’s Color Standards and Nomenclature, 1912. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications 1buNTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusrRations are inserted on condition that the AuTHOR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erjurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. é Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Liying larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Koad, Wimbledon. Ureaznt.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Hrebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in Huropean Lepidoptera.—B. C. &. Warren, 14, Avenue de I’ Kglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIKS. Entomological Society of London.—4!, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W.7. 8 p.m. January 17th (Aun.), February 7th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth hursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. January llth, 25th (Ann.).—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’”’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 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Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, *¢ Tatemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Holiontisbice hisptdus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism AND MenanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Variation (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidac—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, YVanburgh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. fo whom Oheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. ease ERNST MAYR LIBRARY ion | Date Due Fane ot aan er r rene